Oxford English Dictionary [13, 2 ed.]

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ilDOMJ MINA* lINVJf TIO 1 ilitiv MEA 1

flDOMI MINA* In VS TIO 1 iiiiv MEA II

iDOMI MINA* 1 NVS TIO ILLV MEA

! DOMI MINA* NVS TIO : j lELV MEA

(iDOMi MINA* iInvs TIO 1 iiiv MEA

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY First Edited by

JAMES A. H. MURRAY, HENRY BRADLEY, W. A. CRAIGIE and

C. T. ONIONS

COMBINED WITH

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY Edited by

R. W. BURCHFIELD AND RESET WITH CORRECTIONS, REVISIONS AND ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Prepared by

J. A. SIMPSON and E. S. C. WEINER

VOLUME XIII Quemadero—Roaver

CLARENDON PRESS•OXFORD 1989

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ISBN o-jg-861225-y (vol. XIIT) ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Oxford English dictionary.—2nd ed. prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner Bibliography: p. ISBN o-ig-861225-7 (vol. XIID ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) I.

English language—Dictionaries. I. Simpson, J. A. HI. Oxford University Press. PEi625.o8y ig8g 423—dcig 88-5330

II. Weiner, E. S. C.

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KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION The pronunciations given are those in use Standard’), and the keywords given are to be

I. Consonants b, d, f, k, 1, g as in go (gau)

9 as in thin (Bin), bay dom vs alle quemes. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 273 Every newe love quemeth To him which newefongel is. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 196 Tyl it hym queme To returnyn ageyn. a How the good wife etc. in Hazlitt E.P.P. I. i88Adede wele done herte it whemyth. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 15 Such merimake holy Saints doth queme [gloss, please]. 1602 Davison Rhapsody (1611) 53 Like peerlesse pleasures wont us for to queeme.

b. To be suitable or fitting/or. rare~^. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3404 Paris .. Worshippit pat worthy in wedys full riche As qwemet for a qwene.

3. trans. To satisfy, appease, mitigate, rare. c 1250 Gen. Ex. 408 Swilc tiding 6hugte adam god. And sumdel quemeS it his seri mod. Ibid. 978 At a welle quemede hire list. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas (1494) i. xxiii. 125 All the worlde outcrieth of vs tweyn Whos hatful ire by vs may nat be quemyd.

4. To join or fit closely. Sc. rare. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. Ixvii, And thame [the stones] coniunctlie jonit fast and quemit. 1808-80 Jamieson, To Queem, to fit exactly; as, to queem the mortice, or joint in wood. Upp. Lanarks.

5. To slip in. rare~^. 1727 Bailey vol. II, To Queme, as to queme a Thing into one’s Hand, to put it in privately.

Hence tQuemed^^/. a.\ f '^tieming vbl. sb. C1250 Gen. ^ Ex. 86 Til ihesus crist fro helle nam His quemed wid eue and adam. 01300 E.E. Psalter cxlvi. 10 Noght..in schines of man queming bes him tille. 1340 Ayenb. 26 \>e ilke ssame comp of kueade kuemynge. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 420/1 Qwemynge, or peesynge, pacificacio.

t'quemeful, a. Obs. Also quemful(l, qwem-, queemeful. [f. queme sb. + -ful.] Pleasing, pleasant, agreeable; kind, gracious. 01340 Hampole Psalter, Cant. 499 Dwelland out tharof, psalme is noght quemeful til ihu crist. 1388 Wyclif Job xxxiii. 26 God .. schal be quemeful to hym.

Hence f'Quemefully adv. Obs. rare-^. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints i. {Katharine) 1204 To leyd cure lyff sa quemfully till hyme, |7at we ma cum.. to pat loy.

'quemely, adv. ? Obs. Also 5 qwem-, 8 wheem-, whim-, 9 queem-. [f. QUEME a. -H -LY^. Cf. MSw. qvdmelika.] In a pleasing, agreeable, or becoming manner; neatly, gently, smoothly, etc. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 361 No hing is more resonable pan to quemely serve God. CI400 Destr. Troy 11783 The golde was all gotyn, & the grete sommes.. qwemly to-gedur. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 684 The flure.. couerit full dene, Cummand fra the Cornellis closand quemely. 1703 Thoresby Let. to Ray (E.D.S.), Wheemly, neatly. 1708 W. Marshall Yorksh. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Whimly, softN, silently, or with little noise. 1824 Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. s.v. Queem, ‘The gled glides queemly alang’; the kite glides smoothly along.

So t 'quemeness, pleasure, satisfaction. rare.

Obs.

egoo tr. Bseda's Hist. i. xvi. [xxvii.] (1890) 82 Cwemnis uncysta. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 55 Ne muge we noht singe pe blissfulle songes . .gode to quemnesse.

quen, obs. form of queen, when.

b. Quiet, still, etc. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints v. {John) 324 Sa p\x wil J^is folk mak quern.. I sal sone consent ]?ar-to. 1873 Swaledale Gloss., Wheem, smooth, demure, still, slyly quiet, mock-modest. 1883 Almondb. & Huddersf. Gloss., Weam or Weme, quiet .. ‘A weme woman in a house is a jewel’.

fc. Skilled, clever; smart, active. Obs. rare. c 1400 Destr. Troy 4202 WTo is now so qweme or qwaint of his wit, That couthe mesure our might. 1611 Cotgr., Adroit,.. Handsome, nimble, wheeme, readie or quicke [etc.].

t4. As adv. = QUEMELY. Obs. rare.

quence, obs. form of quench, quince. quench, sb. [f. the vb.] 1. The act of quenching; the state or fact of being quenched. 1529 More Dyaloge ii. Wks. 184/1 [To] lye and smolder as coles doth in quenche. 1546 J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 9 A whyle kepe we in quenche AH this Case, c 1611 Chapman Iliad XIX. 365 A harmfull fire let runne.. none came To giue it quench. 1818 T. Brown in Welsh Life vi. (1825) 389 The quench Of hope.. Made even the ghastly change.. Seem ghastlier. 1972 A. D. Franklin in Crawford & Slifkin Point

Defects in Solids I. i. 33 The special property of ductility possessed by many metals allows thin wires to be drawn, which may be very rapidly quenched, at maximum cooling rates of lo^ deg/sec or higher. With such rapid quenches, one may hope to retain the equilibrium defects present at the high quench temperature.

2. Electronics. The process of stopping an oscillation, esp. in a superregenerative receiver; a signal used for this. Freq. attrib., as quench frequency, the frequency with which oscilla¬ tions are stopped. 1938 Proc. IRE XXVI. 94 The use of a rectangular wave quench voltage would not be practicable in most applications of superregenerative receivers. Ibid. 96 In a given design of a separately quenched superregenerative receiver there is a particular quench frequency which gives maximum sensitivity. 1948 Electronics Sept. 98/3 This action .. is eliminated by restricting the frequency content of the quench. 1950 J. R. Whitehead Super-Regenerative Receivers vii. 125 A super-regenerative receiver with grid quench and a.g.s. controlling the oscillator grid bias. 1959 G. Troup Masers vii. 118 A 600 c/s quench frequency was used. 1965 Wireless World ]u\y 336/2 Quench oscillators in super-regenerative receivers.. have.. set their own problems. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. IX. 56 Electron current flow is initiated by an rf input signal and is terminated at the end of the rf input signal either by a voltage pulse or a dc bias voltage applied to a quench electrode.

quench (kwsnj), v. Forms: 3 Orm. ewennkenn, 3-5 quenchen, 3-6 quenche, 4- quench, (also 4-5 qwench, whench, 5 quynche, 6 quence, -she, 7 quensh). Pa. t. 3 cwen(ch)te, quein(c)te, 5 queynte, 6 qwent; 4- quenched (4-5 -id, -yd). Pa. pple. 3 Orm. ewennkedd, (-enn), 4 ykuenct (-3t), -quenct, 4-5 (i)queynt, (5 yqueynte), 4-6 queint, quaynt, 6 quent; 4- quenched (4-5 -id, 5 -yd). [Early ME. ewenken, quenchen-.—OE. *cw§ncan (cf. dcw^ncan aquench):—*cwancjan, causative form corresponding to the strong vb. cwincan {acwincari) to go out, be extinguished = Fris. kwinka (see quinkle): cf. drench, drink.\ I. trans. 1. a. To put out, extinguish (fire, flame, or light, lit. or fig.). fAlso with out. Now rhet. 0 1200 Moral Ode 249 \>et fur.. ne mei nawiht hit quenchen. C1200 Ormin 10126 Waterr \\aiepp mahht To sleckenn fir & ewennkenn. c 1320 Cast. Love 1708 Fyre that may not be queynte. 1340 Ayenb. 186 Huanne hit failej?, J^et uer is y-kuenct. 1387 Trevisa(Rolls) I. 119 3if ]?e lijt is i-queynt, it duppe)? doun and drynchej?- 1481 Caxton Myrr. iii. xiii. 161 In one day alle the fyre thurgh out Rome faylled and was quenchid. 1581 Rich Farew., I.. will not.. extinguishe or quence the flames of so fervent and constaunte a love. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies HI. viii. 142 Greene wood .. smoakes most when the flame is quenched. 1622 Massinger & Dekker Virg. Mart. II. iii, O! my admired mistress, quench not out The holy fires within you. 1713 Berkeley Guardian No. 35 ff5 He had almost quenched that light which his Creator had set up in his soul. 1810 Scott Lady of L. iii. xi, Quench thou his light, Destruction dark! 1863 E. Wetherell Old Helmet (1864) I. xi. 230 In Africa they sit in the darkness of centuries, till almost the spark of humanity is quenched out. 1880 Mrs. Forrester Roy ^ K. I. 49 A tear comes into either eye and quenches the fire there.

b. To put out, extinguish, the fire or flame of (something that burns or gives light, lit. or fig.). fAlso with away, out. Now only rhet. 1382 Wyclif 2 Chron. xxix. 7 Thei.. quencheden the lanterns. 1382-Isa. xlii. 3 Flax smokende he shal not quenchen. 1382-Eph. vi. 16 3e mown quenche alle the firy dartis of the worste enmye. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle ii. Ixi. (1859) 58 Wax smelleth wors after it is quenchid, than doth any talowe. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. ii. 60 The lycht of day Ay mair and mair the mone quenchit away. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xii. 71 He wyll not quenche out the smokyng flaxe. 1604 Shaks. Oth. ii. i. 15 The winde-shak’dSurge .. Seemes to .. quench the Guards of th’euer-fixed Pole. [1667 Milton P.L. xii. 492 Able to resist Satans assaults, and quench his fierie darts.] 1810 Scott Lady of L. III. xi, The .. points of Sparkling Wood He quenched among the bubbling blood. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xxii, There stood the candle quenched on the drawers. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. i. 392 As she turned.. To quench the lamp.

c. To destroy the sight or light of (the eye). 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 25 These eyes, that rowle in vain.. So thick a drop serene hath quencht thir Orbs. 1792 S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. ii. 137 When age has quenched the eye and closed the ear. 1850 Mrs. Browning Lam. for Adonis ii, His eyeballs lie quenched.

d. Radio. To cause (the spark in a spark transmitter) to eease by mechanical means, so that the secondary (aerial) circuit is no longer coupled to the primary; hence, to stop (oscillation). 1910 G. W. Pierce Princ. Wireless Telegr. xxiii. 267 The spark is quenched when the energy in the primary attains its first minimum. 1913 Chambers's Jrnl. Mar. 232/2 The oscillatory current in the aerial, and therefore the wave-train radiated, continue long after the spark has been quenched. 1927 O. F. Brown Elements of Radio Communication iv. 53 The spark is produced between projecting studs on a rapidly revolving metal disc and two fixed electrodes... The rotation of the disc will rapidly increase the distance between the studs and the electrodes, so that the spark is quenched and the oscillation in the primary circuit ceases. 1938 Proc. IRE XXVI. 76 In a typical superregenerative receiver the regenerative coupling between the plate and grid circuits of the detector tube is great enough so that selfsustained oscillations are produced, and these oscillations are periodically quenched, by applying.. an alternating voltage having a frequency much lower than that of the

QUENCH oscillations. 1959 G. Troup Masers vii. 117 These authors measured the noise figure of an ammonia maser amplifier operated superregeneratively: that is, oscillations were allowed to build up and then quenched. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. ^ Technol. I. 362/1 A regenerative detector in which the oscillations are periodically stopped or quenched is called a superregenerative detector.

2. a. To extinguish (heat or warmth, lit. or fig.) by cooling. fAlso with out. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 135 Heuy purs, with herte liberal, Qwenchith the thirsty hete of hertes drie. c 1410Mother of God 28 That al the hete of brennyng Leccherie He qwenche in me. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. Prol. 119 Heit.. in to agit fail3eis, and is out quent. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. ix. 150 A kinde of cold so piercing, that it quencheth the vitall heate. 1884 Tennyson Becket II. ii, Pity, my lord, that you have quenched the warmth of France toward you.

b. To cool (a heated object) by means of cold water or other liquid. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. xxxv. (1495) 250 Gotes mylke in the whyche stones of ryuers ben quenchyd. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 7 )?anne quenche joure floreyn in J>e beste whi3t wiyn. 1584 Cogan Haven Health x. (1636) 34 [Rice].. boyled in Milke wherein hot stones have beene quenched. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 358 Hot Bricks, somewhat quenched with water. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 61 Quench it in half a Pint of French white Wine. 1826 Scott Woodst. i, Was the steel quenched with water from Rosamond’s well. fig. 1719 Young Paraphr. Job Wks. 1757 I. 208 Who can refresh the burning sandy plain, And quench the summer with a waste of rain?

fc. To slake (lime). Ohs. rare. 1577 Harrison England ii. xii. (1877) i. 234 The white lime.. being quenched. 1643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. i. 3 When Lyme is quenched.. it is.. heated.

3. transf. a. To put an end to, stifle, suppress (a feeling, act, condition, quality, or other non¬ material thing, in early use chiefly something bad). C1200 Ormin 4911 All idell 3ellp & idell ros t>u cwennkesst. C1325 Songs of Mercy in E.E.P. (1862) 120, I whenched al p’\ care, c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16357 Louerd! j?ou quenche his wykkednesse. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. xci. 67 In thyse Prouynces the faythe of Criste was all quenchyd. 1545 Brinklow Compl. iii. (1874) How mercifully dyd God quench the fury of the peple. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iii. 84 Quenching the least suspition he might conceiue. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 340 All god-like passion for eternals quencht. 1833 Ht. Martineau Loom Lugger II. V. 81 The observance of this rule would soon quench the desire for protection. 1876 Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Sc. vii. (ed. 2) 172 The final effect of the tides in stopping or quenching the earth’s rotation.

sure that the discharge is quenched after the first stage and we will have a clean, fast pulse. 1942 Pollard & Davidson Applied Nucl. Physics iii. 30 A very common device to quench a counter is to employ a vacuum tube. 1958 O. R. Frisch Nucl. Handbk. xv. 14 The discriminator circuit used with Geiger counters.. should provide facilities for quenching the counter for a period of several hundred microseconds after each pulse. 1963 W. E. Burcham Nuclear Physics vi. 218 It is the function of the alcohol in the gas filling to ‘quench’ the discharge. 1975 K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist’s Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 178 To overcome this, the tube is quenched by the addition of a suitable gas, which reduces the energy of the ions.

4. a. To destroy, kill (a person); to oppress or crush. fAlso with out. Now rare. c 1200 Ormin 19632 )>e33 wolldenn himm forrfarenn all & cwennkenn. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 363 He wij? his part )?at love)? )?e world quenchen men pat speken )?is. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles iii. 327 They constrewed quarellis to quenche the peple. 1567 Triall Treoi. (1850) 44,1.Tyme,.. uenche out the ungodly, their memory and fame. 1850 Dobell Roman iv. Poet. Wks. (1875) 54 Oh sea, if thou hast waves, Quench him! 1859 Tennyson Vivien 216 (67) His greatness whom she quench’d. absol. CI200 Ormin 15213 Swillc iss winess kinde, 3iff.. mann drinnke)?)? itt att oferrdon, itt cwennke)?)?.

S

b. To put down (in a dispute), to squash. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge ix, I knew I should quench her, said Tim. 1868 Miss Alcott Lt«/c PPomen (1869) I. vi. 94 Jo quenched her by slamming down the window.

15. To destroy some quality of (a thing). Obs. 1398 Thevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. vii. (1495) 556 Quycke syluer..is quenchyd wyth spotyll whanne it is frotyd therwyth.

e.

Physics and Chem. To suppress (the orbital angular momentum of an electron and the associated magnetic moment). 1932 J. H. Van Vleck Theory of Electric & Magn. Susceptibilities xi. 282 Solids or solutions in which inter¬ atomic forces quench the orbital angular momentum but leave the spin free. 1955 Townes & Schawlow Microwave Spectrosc. vii. 175 In nonlinear molecules, the orbital motion of electrons is almost completely ‘quenched’ or suppressed, and a spin momentum is the only angular momentum in the molecule of distinctly electronic origin. 1962 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xxiv. 508 The electric fields of other atoms, ions, and molecules surrounding the metal ion in its compounds interfere with the orbital motion of the electrons so that the orbital angular momentum and hence the orbital moment are wholly or partially ‘quenched’. 1971 J. D. Patterson Introd. Theory of Solid State Physics iv. 240 The cubic field acts to ‘quench’ the orbital angular momentum.

f. To prevent (the discharge in a Geiger counter) from continuing too long and reducing the possible counting rate; also with the counter as obj, 1940 Physical Rev. LVII. 1036/1 If we merely assure ourselves that the counter wire is falling somewhat below the starting potential with each discharge, then we can be

[f.

prec.

+

-ABLE.] That may be quenched. 1611 COTGR., Amortissable, quenchable, stintable, dissolueable. er is panne selde wete to maken quenchingue of fuyre. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. V. XXX. (1495) 141 Quenchyng and deynge of the herte is in the nayles moste openly schewed. 1544 Phaer Regim. Life (>553) lij. Stinking thinges, as assa fetida..and the quenchyng out of candels. 1664 Marvell Corr. Wks. ■872-5 II. 176 Engins, such as are used frequently in the quenching of great fires. 1730 Savery in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 307 Steel hardened by quenching. 01864 Hawthorne Amer. Note-bks. (1879) I. 222 A quenching of the sunshine. 1908 J. A. Fleming Elem. Man. Radiotelegr.

QUENCHLESS

b. spec. The process of throwing water upon the molten metal in a refining-hearth or crucible, so that it may be removed in disks or ‘rosettes’. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1847/2, 1984/1.

2. attrib. and Comb, as qtt&nchitig cracky fnedium, rate^ -testy troughy -tub. 1926 A. Sagveur Metallogr. & Heat Treatment of Iron & Steel (ed. 3) xv. 220 Water quenching is to be preferred to oil quenching if it can be performed without producing quenching cracks. 1966 C. R. Tottle Sci. Engin. Materials X. 224 The strain in the transformed martensite is tensile, in the circumferential direction, and so radial cracks form in the martensite to relieve the stress; these are known as maenching cracks. 1932 E. Gregory Metallurgy iv. 112 Water is obviously the cheapest quenching medium, and is invaluable for tools and purposes where an extremely hard surface is desired. 194^ Nature 31 Aug. 308/1 Experiments with various iron carbon alloys quenched in various ways tend to show that the amounts of ferrite, martensite and retained austenite obtained in the quenched specimen are independent of the quenching-rate so long as a certain critical rate.. is not exceeded. 1879 Cassell's Tech. Educ. IV. 373/1 These conditions provide for the so called ‘quenching’ and bending tests being applied to a piece cut from each plate and bar. 1875 Diet. Mech. 1847/2 Quenchingtub. 1896 F. S. Meyer Handbk. Art Smithing ii. 19 In the front part of the forge are found, as a rule, a quenching trough, hollows and receivers for fuel and slack. 1973 Canad. Antiques Collector May-June 7 {caption) The stone quenching trough from the oldest smithy in eastern Ontario.

So 'quenching ppl. a., that quenches. 1382 W’yclif Wisd. xix. 19 Water for3at his quenchende kinde. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. x. ix. (1495) 379 Cinis is lytyll asshes lefte of quenchynge and sparklynge matere. 1559 Mirr. Mag., George Plantag. fiv, Like quenching blastes, which oft reuive the flame. i6n Bible Wisd. xix. 20 The water forgat his owne quenching nature. 1954 [see QUENCH V. 3 d]. 1958 W. K. Mansfield Elem. Nucl. Physics vi. 50 Positive ions arriving at the cathode are sometimes able to eject an electron. If this were to occur.. a continuous series of pulses might be observed. This is prevented in a Geiger counter by the inclusion of a quenching agent. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. iii. 154 The addition of a small amount of a second, ‘quenching’, gas.. serves to prevent secondary electron emission by the positive ion bombardment of the cathode.

quenchless ('kwsnjlis), a. [f. as quenching vbl. sb. + -LESS.] That cannot be unquenchable, inextinguishable.

quercitron

3

^ Radioteleph. 338 (Index), Quenching noise of an electric spark. 1928 Proc. Nat. Acad. Set. XIV. 849 {heading) The quenching of cadmium resonance radiation. 1943 B. F. Weller Radio-Technol. iv. 114 Quenching may be effected by a separate valve,.. or the reacting detector valve may be arranged to oscillate at the quenching frequency, as well as the radio-frequency. 1963 B. Fozard Instrumentation Nucl. factors ii. 25 Because of the need for ‘quenching’ in a Geiger-Mueller counter for example, its detailed design may be quite different from that of an ionisation chamber. 1972 De Puy & Chapman Molec. Reactions ^ Photochem. iii. 37 Sensitization and quenching are important methods for determining the spin multiplicity of excited states responsible for photochemical reactions.

quenched;

1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 137 These hellish houndes, with paines of quenchlesse fyre. ^1632 Cowley Elegy Ld. Carleton, An angry Fever, Whose quenchless Thirst, by Blood was sated never. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 473 In faculties of endless growth, In quenchless passions. 1816 Byron Ch. Har. iii. xlii. Fire.., but once kindled, quenchless evermore. 1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. II. I. ii. 35 The Romances of Scott.. have .. piled quenchless fuel on this social flame. 1877 c. Geikie Christ Ivii. (1879) 691 A last sad look of quenchless pity. 1895 Yeats Poems 12 And with quenchless eyes and fluttering hair A beautiful young man followed behind. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid iv. 78 And consecrated their quenchless flames. 1976 New Yorker 15 Nov. 59/1 Vaccaro and Jack Smith, the underground filmmaker, shared a quenchless passion for ‘Siren of Atlantis’, ‘White Savage’, ‘Cobra Woman’, and other nineteen-forties epics starring Miss Montez.

Hence 'quenchlessly adv.\ 'quenchlessness.

Punch 27 Oct. 737/1 Is it also prejudice.. to prefer quenelles to fish cakes, to hate Coca-Cola and adore wine? 1977 C. McFadden Serial (1978) vi. 18/1 She could really dig quenelles about now.

tquengeoun, var. congeon. Obs. £1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 1339 Thou mysproude quengeovn, Whi answerst thou not to my reason.

tquenger, obs, var. conjure. 1567 Tales ©■ Quicke Answ. (Berthelet) Contents Ixxx, Of the olde man that quengered the boy oute of the apletre with stones.

t quenqueste, obs. form of conquest. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 171 Ihon de curcy, and many otheres of the quenqueste of Irland.

quenselite ('kwensalait). Min. [ad. G. quenselit (G. Flink 1925, in Geol. Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandl. XLVII. 377), f. the name of P. D. Quensel (b. 1881), Swedish mineralogist: see -iteL] An oxide of lead and manganese, PbMn02(0H), found as black, tabular, monoclinic crystals. 1926 Mineral. Abstr. III. 110 Quenselite, another new mineral from LSngban, Sweden, occurs as small (i mm.) pitch-black crystals with calcite and baryte in crevices of the granular haematite ore. 1958 Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India A. aXIV. 95 This is probably the first reported occurrence of quenselite in manganese ores of metamorphic origin. 1971 Zeitschr. fur Kryst. CXXXIV. 331 The significance of the quenselite structure lies in its role as a connecting link between certain of the Pb oxides and the lithiophoritechalcophanite group... In addition to red and yellow Pb(), quenselite has structural similarities to Pb203.

quenstedtite ('kwenststait). Min. [Named in 1888 after Prof. F. A. von Quenstedt: see -ite*.] Hydrous sulphate of iron found in Chile. 1888 y^mer.yrn/. 5c. XXXVI. 156 The name quenstedtite is given to a salt occurring in reddish-violet, tabular crystals.

tquent, $6. Obs. rare. [ad. Sp. quento, cuento = It. conto, OF. conte, count y6.] A million (of maravedis). *555 Eden Decades 314 Luys of S. Angell.. sente theym syxe quentes of marauedes. 1577 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. 68 A.. gentleman of more than a Quent of rent.

tquent, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 queint. [erron. f. queint, obs. pa. pple. of quench u.] trans. and intr. To quench. 1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 262 Set about my hersse. Two lampes to burne and not to queint [rime spent]. 1567 Turbefv. Epit., etc., Myrr. Fall of Pride, He thought forth¬ with his thirst to quent.. But there he found or ere he went a greater drougth.

tquent. Sc. f. a(c)quent, acquaintpp/. a. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 149 New servandis ar in derisioun amang the quent servitouris.

quent, obs. f.

quaint

a.\ obs. pa. pple. of

QUENCH V.

quentance, -ise, var. quaintance, -ise. quenthing, erron. f. quething. t'quentin. Obs. rare-^. [a. F. quentin ‘French Laune’ (Cotgr.). Cf. quintin.] ‘A sort of French Linnen-cloth that comes from S. Quentin in Picardy’ (Miege 1687; also in Phillips 1706, Bailey 1721).

queor, obs. form of choir. quep, erron. archaism for guep: see gup. 1822 Scott Nigel iv. Marry quep of your advice. 1825 -Betrothed ix, Marry quep, my cousin the weaver.

1594 Kyd Cornelia v. 403 Sacred Temples quenchlessly enflam’d. 1848 Craig, Quenchlessness.

t quequer, late var. cocker, a quiver. Obs.

t'quenchour. Obs. rare-^. Quenching.

C1500 Robin Hood & Potter 51 in Child Ballads HI. 112 To a quequer Roben went, A god bolt owthe he toke.

1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 6 Loke pat 3e haue a sotilte and a slei3pe to quenche sodeynly pe fier.. and whanne 3e haue do 30ure quenchour, putte alle pe watris togidere.

quer, obs. form of choir, where.

quency, obs. form of quinsy.

*533 Gad Richt Vay 85 Mony prayis ye psalter of our ladie .. vith queral bedis.

tquene, obs. form of coin sb.

tquerant. Obs. rare-', [a. F. quer ant, pple. of

1505 Will of Leek (Somerset Ho.), Exspencis bielding of the church and makyng of my tombe w' such Quene as I shall leve in their hande.

quene, obs. form of queen, when. I quenelle (ks'nel). [F., of uncertain origin.] In Cookery, a seasoned ball, of which the chief ingredient, commonly meat or fish, has been reduced to a paste. Also quenelle de volaille, a ball made with chicken or other fowl meat. 184s E. Acton Mod. Cookery vi. i8o French Forcemeat called Quenelles. This is a peculiarly light and delicate kind of forcemeat. 1846 [see croCton]. 1861 Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 202 Veal Quenelles... If the quenelles are not firm enough, add the yolk of another egg. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 296 Savoury quenelles of mutton enveloped in fennel leaves. 1888 Queen 15 Dec. 786/2 The insipid sweetbread.. the pasty quenelle, the sticky jelly. 1889 J. Whitehead Steward's Handbk. iv. 420/1 Richelieu garnish, quenelles of chicken, cockscombs and slices of fat livers in brown onion sauce. 1936 Lucas & Hume Au Petit Cordon Bleu 53 Decorate the tops of each paupiette with small fillets of anchovy and the quenelles with strips of anchovy. 1976

tqueral, obs. form of coral.

querir to inquire (cf. QUERE u.).] = querent sb.' 1591 Sparry tr, Cattan's Geomancie 81 The questions., touching the siluer of the brother or sister of the querant.

tquerbole, obs. form of cuir-bouilli. 1453 Test. Ebor. (Surtees, 1855) II. 190,] par of tables.. case of querbole.

quercetin ('kwaisitin). Chem. [Arbitrarily f. L. querc-us oak -b -iNh (Cf. L. quercetum an oakwood.)] A yellow crystalline substance widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, but usually obtained by decomposition of quercitrin; 3, 3', 4', 5, 7-Pentahydroxyflavone, CisHioO?1857 Miller Elem. Chem. iii. 512 When quercitrin is boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, it is decomposed into glucose and quercetin. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. ist Suppl. 982 Gintl.. has found quercetin in the leaves of the ash-tree. 1949 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) IX. 300/2 Quercetin gives red-brown, brown-orange, bright orange and olive-black shades on wool mordanted with chromium, aluminium, tin, and iron, respectively.

1962 T. R. Seshadri in T. A. Geissman Chem. Flavonoid Compounds ii. 9 Quercetin and its glycosides can be conveniently extracted by borax and can be liberated by acidification.

Hence quer'cetamide, an amide obtained from quercetin in the form of an amorphous orange-yellow powder, quercetic (kw3:'s£tik) a., derived from quercetin, as in quercetic acid. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 3 On adding ammonia to the acid filtrate, quercetamide is obtained. Ibid. 5 Quercetin heated with potash yields quercetic acid and other products. 1893 T. E. T horpe Diet. Chem. Ill, 324 If the melting is continued longer than necessary to obtain quercetic acid, then quercimeric acid is obtained.

t querch(e, obs. forms of curch, kerchief. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints ii. {Paul) 265 With pe querch [he] hid his face. Ibid. 295 Paule myn querche gaf to me.

quercimeric (kwairsi'menk), a. Chem. [f. querci-, comb, form of L. quercus oak -b Gr. fiepos part + -ic.] quercimeric acid, an acid derived from quercetin or quercetic acid. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 5 Quercimeric acid.. Produced by the action of melting potash on quercetic acid. 1893 T. E. Thorpe Diet. Chem. III. 324 Quercimeric acid.. is isolated in the same manner as quercetic acid, from which it differs by being much more soluble in water. [See also Quercetic.]

quercin ('kwaisin). Chem. [f. L. quercus oak -b -IN^.] (See quots.) 1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 349/2 Quercin, a neutral crystalline substance procured from the bark of the oak. 1894 Watts' Diet. Chem., Quercin.. occurs in oakbark, being obtained from the mother-liquors in the preparation of quercite.

quercine ('kwaisain), a. [ad. L. quercin-us, f. quercus oak: see -ine®'.] Of or pertaining to the oak; made of oak, oaken. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Quercine, oken, make of Okes. 1658 Phillips Quercine, belonging to an oak. 1854 B. Taylor Lands Saracen xxxvii. (1855) 440 The mast.. was as sweet and palatable as chestnuts, with very little of the bitter quercine flavour.

quercitannin (kwaisi'taenin). Chem. [f. L. querci- oak- + tannin.] A form of tannin obtained from oak-bark. So querci'tannic a., in quercitannic acid = quercitannin. 1845 W. Gregory Outl. Org. Chem. 416 Tannic Acid.. Syn. Quercitannic Acid, Tannine. This acid occurs chiefly in oak-bark and in nut-galls. 1852 Morfit Tanning and Currying {1%$^) 78 The tannin of tea is similar in properties to quercitannin. 1895 Naturalist 25 A tannin, which is probably quercitannin.

quercite ('kwaisait). Chem. [f. L. quercus oak -b -ite‘ 4.] A sweet crystalline alcohol obtained from acorns. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem. iii. 72 Quercite.. from acorns. .. Transparent prisms. 1863 Fownes Chem. 434 The juice of the acorn is submitted to fermentation. The fermented liquor, on evaporation, yields small prisms of quercite.

Hence quercitin(e) = quercetin (Webster 1864, citing Gregory), 'quercitol = quercite (Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1881). quercitron ('kwaisitran). [Abbreviated for querci-citron, f. L. quercus oak + citron. Named by Dr. Bancroft about 1784.] 1. a. The black or dyer’s oak of N. America {Quercus tinctoria)'. also called quercitron oak. b. The inner bark of this, used as a yellow dye and in tanning: also quercitron bark. 1794 Bancroft Philos. Perman. Colours xii, The Quercitron bark.. is one of the objects of a discovery, of which the use and application for dying, calico-printing, See. are exclusively vested in me.. by an act of parliament passed in the 25th year of his present Majesty’s reign. 1852 Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 100 The black, or quercitron oak, is a large tree found throughout the United States. Ibid. loi The quercitron, so much used in dyeing, is obtained from the cellular integument. attrib. 1823 Ure Diet. Chem. (ed. 2) 398/1 Cloth., subjected to the quercitron bath.

2. Special Combs, quercitron lake, yellow, the yellow pigment obtained from quercitron bark, yielding quercetin and rhamnose on hydrolysis; quercetrin. 1886 H. C. Standage Man. Pigments iv. 43 Yellow Lakes (Madder Yellow,.. Quercitron Yellow or Lake). 1918 Perkin & Everest Natural Org. Colouring Matters xix. 628 Quercitron-yellow lake. Flavin-lake, or Dutch pink can be made.. by precipitating a decoction of quercitron bark containing alum with chalk. 1934 Quercitron lake [see Italian pink]. 1947 L. S. Pratt Chem. Sf Physics Org. Pigments vii. 65 Quercitron lake is a yellow coloring matter made from the inner bark of a species of oak, Quercus tinctoria, that is indigenous to North America.

Hence quer'eitrein, a product of quercitrin. ? Obs. quer'citric a., derived from quercitrin, as in quercitric acid (Watts Diet. Chem. 1868). 'quercitrin, the yellow crystalline colouring matter of quercitron bark. 1833 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) VHI. 320/2 To this colouring matter Chevreul has given the name of quercitrin. Ibid. 321/i Yellow crystals possessing the characters of quercitrin. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 21 i/i The tannin which quercitrin contains.. gives a green colour with peroxide of iron. 1845 Ibid. Suppl. I. 349/2 On boiling a solution of

OUERCIVOROUS

QUERN

4

quercitrin, it becomes turbid, and deposits a quantity of small acicular crystals of quercitrein.

spec, one who consults, or seeks to something by means of, an astrologer.

quercivorous (kwai'sivarss), a. [f. L. quercus

1598 F. Wither tr. Dariot Astrol. Judg. O 3, By this meanes the Querent shall not haue his desyre. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. vi. 49 [see quesited]. 1653 Sir G. Wharton Comets Wks. (1683) 141 Many Queries.. which I have answered, .to my own and the Querents admiration. 1696 Aubrey Misc. (1784) 129 The Magicians now use a crystalsphere, .. which is inspected.. sometimes by the Querent himself. 1705 Bosman Guinea 152 If the Priest is enclined to oblige the Querent, the Questions are put. 1845 Whitehall xxi. 151 The astrologer, fixing his keen, cunning eyes on the querent. 1881 [see quesited].

oak + leaves.

-vorus devouring.]

Feeding on oak-

1858 Zoologist XVI. 6154 An individual [caterpillar] which had already become quercivorous.

querck,

obs. form of quirk sb.'^

tquerculane, a. Obs. rare-^. [ad. mod.L. querculan-us, f. quercus oak.] = QUERCINE a. 1656 Blount Glossogr.

querdlynge:

[Hence in some later diets.]

see codling^.

t quere, v. Obs. rare. Also 5 quire, [a. OF. quer-re (in conj. quier, quer-; mod.F. querir): — L. quaerere: see inquire.] To ask, inquire. 13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXXI. 319/7 He wolde wite and quere What-maner mon )?at he were. 01400-50 Alexander 1703 His qualite, his quantite, he quirys [Dubl. MS. enquirez] all-to-gedire. 01425 Cursor M. 19611 (Trin.) As he )7us went to quere [Cott. sek] & aske.. fuyr of helle him smot. c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 691 Alas! that thow grevest the so sore, Or thow haddyst queryd more, {c 1810 Merry-Cock Land vii. in Child Ballads (1888) III. v. civ. 250 And if my play-fellows come to quere for me, Tell them I am asleep.]

quere,

obs. form of choir, quaere, queer.

quereboly,

obs. form of cuir-bouilli.

t querelatory, a. Obs. rare~^. [f. ppl. stem of med.L. querelare to complain (see querele) + -ORY.] Of the nature of a complaint. *553 iti Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. i. ii. 23 [Bonner did present his libel called in the instrument] appellatory and querelatory Libel.

a

certain

querele, sb. Obs. [Orig. form of quarrel sb.^ (q.v.), occasionally employed (prob. under influence of L. querela) after quar{r)el had become the usual form.] 1. A complaint; an action. = quarrel i. t

1494 Fabyan Chron. an. 1123 To go before the king with a lamentable querele expressing how with true despites he was deformed. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 146 Such persones, as dooe by a wrongfull querele obiecte vnto me, that [etc.]. 1628 Coke On Litt. 292 If a man release all Quereles.. all actions reall and personall are released. 1726 Ayliffe Parerg. [189] Not in Causes of Appeal, but in Causes of first Instance and simple Querele only. 2. A cause, affair, etc. = quarrel 2, 1552 Order St. Bartholomew's Av, So sufficiently.. set forth this enormitie of the Citezeins, as semed behouefull for the querele of charitie. 1566 Grindal Lett, to Sir W. Cecil Wks. (Parker Soc.) 289 All ministers, now to be deprived in this querele of rites. So t querele v. = quarrel v. Hence

tquereler, quarreller, objector.

Obs.

1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 306 The faulte fynder or quereler. 1548-Par. Luke xv. 133 The elder sonne.. proudely quereled and reasoned the mattier with his father.

querele, -ell,

obs. forms of quarrel sh.^

tquerelous, a. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. querelosus, f. querela querele.] = querulous (q.v.). For earlier examples of the form see quarrellous. 1581 J. Hamilton in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 84 Thir ar murmurers, querelus [L. querulosi]. 1614 Bp. Hall No Peace with Rome §2 That querelous libell of the Macedonians, a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Kent ii. (1662) 74 Though generally the Irish are querelous of their Deputies .. yet Sir Henry left a good memory. 1751 Affecting Narr. of Wager 32 A Midshipman.. of an insolent querelous Temper.

Hence fquerelousness.

Obs. rare-^.

learn

'querent, sb.'^ and a. rare. [ad. L. querent-erriy pres. pple. of quert to complain.] a. sb. complainant, plaintiff (J.). b. adj. Complaining. 1727 in Bailey, vol. II. 1845 Whitehall li. 363 A process in which Joyce assisted with manifest sulkiness, and many a querent glance at his young commander.

quereour, queresoeuer, querester(e, querf, querfore, obs. ff. QUARRiERh wheresoever, CHORISTER, WHARF, WHEREFORE.

Queres, var. Keres. IIQuerfldte ('kveirfloita). Mus. [a. G. querflote cross-flute, f. quer transverse + flote flute.] 1. A transverse flute, blown through an opening at the side; = cross-flute s.v. cross B. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 373/1 Querflote {Ger.),.. The flute played sideways, as opposed to the flute which was blown at one end, and held straight in front of the performer. 1914 H. M. Fitzgibbon Story of Flute iii. 30 {caption) Praetorius’ Bass Querflote, 1620. 1959 Westrup & Harrison Collins Mus. Encycl. 525/1 Querflote, .. ‘Cross’ or ‘transverse flute’, i.e. the modern flute as distinct from the recorder or Blockflote. 1976 D. Munrow Instruments Middle Ages Sf Renaissance 53/3 Back in medieval times the different playing positions of the two instruments had provided a means of distinction ..: hence the use of.. Querflote, or Querpfeife (German, cross flute) for the transverse flute.

2. An organ stop that resembling that of a flute.

emits

a

sound

1921 G. A. Audsley Organ-Stops 217 Querflote... The name.. has been frequently used by German organ-builders to designate the stop which, in its voice, imitates, as closely as practicable in organ-pipes, the tone of the Flute of the orchestra. 1966 P. Williams European Organ 1450-1850 286 Querflote (Ger. ‘cross flute’), properly, an open cylindrical metal or wood flue stop (usually 4'), over¬ blowing to the first or second overtone due to the pipe’s narrow scale, large foot-holes and fairly low cut-up.

t'querical, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. quere qu/ere sb., or QUERY sb. + -ical.] a. adj. Of the nature of a query or queries, b. sb. A query. 1699 {title), Querical Demonstrations writ by Prince Butler Author of the Eleven Queries [etc.]. Ibid. 24 Don’t disdain, My Querical Strain, And I.. have yet in store. Of such Quericals more, At least a whole Score.

Ilquerida (ke'rifSa). [Sp. querida, pa. pple. querer to seek, desire, f. L. quaerere to seek.] A sweetheart, darling: freq. used as a term of address. Also querido (-5o), the male equivalent. 1846 R. Ford Gatherings from Spain xx. 274 His shortpetticoated querida. 1926 W. N. Burns Saga of Billy the Kid xiv. 185 In every placeta in the Pecos some little senorita was proud to be known as his querida. 1963 E. Linington Death of Busybody i. 9 Be careful now, querida. Lock both doors on your way home. 1970 Koenig & Dixon Children are Watching iii. 23 Did her querido have to go back to work at the restaurant? 1976 ‘S. Woods’ My Life is Done 40 Everything will be well, querido.

querie, obs. var. equerry (q.v.).

1643 Prynne Open. Gt. Seal Ep., The querelousnesse of the clamorous Opposites.

'queried,/)/)/. a. [f. query t;. + -edL] Called in question; marked with a query.

Ilquerencia (ke'renGja). [a. Sp. querencia lair,

1772 Ann. Reg. 241/2 You have insisted.. that you should not have rejected the queried votes, if you had not been convinced, .that they were all corrupted.

haunt, home ground, f. querer to seek, desire, f. h. quserere to seek.] Bullfighting. The part of the arena where the bull takes his stand; stamping ground. 1932 E. Hemingway Death in Afternoon xiii. 150 A querencia is a place the bull naturally wants to go to in the ring; a preferred locality. That is a natural querencia and such are well known and fixed, but an accidental querencia is more than that. It is a place which develops in the course of the fight where the bull makes his home. 1957 R. Campbell Portugal vi. 115 He [sc. the bull] may choose his querencia for some strategical advantage—near the body of a dead horse, for instance. 1964 Listener 27 Aug. 317/1 It is when the bull leaves his querencia—the place where he feels safe—that he falls a victim to delusion. 1974 F. Nolan Oshawa Project i. 3 Some taunted fighting bull seeking its querencia.

2. fig. A (person’s) favourite place; home ground, refuge. 1952 R. Campbell Lorca i. 8 Andalusia is Lorca’s querencia. 1977 A. Scholefield Venom in. 98 Returning always to the centre of the gold carpet for there, like a bull in a ring, he had instinctively made his querencia, his territory.

querent ('kwwrant),

Also 7 quser-. [ad. L. quaerent-em, pres. pple. of quaerere to inquire: cf. QUERANT, QUERIST.] One who asks or inquires;

querier ('kwi3ri3(r)). [f. query v. + -er*.] One who queries; also slang, a chimney-sweep who asks for work. 1672 Penn Spir. Truth Vind. 93 That would have been no Answer to their weighty Question, nor any allay to that earnest Enquiry.. the Queriers were under. 1861 Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 377 The knuller is also styled a ‘querier’, a name derived from his making inquiries at the doors of the houses as to whether his services are required.

querimonious (kwEri'mauniss), a. Also 7 quere-. [ad. late L. querimdnids-us\ see next and -ous. Cf. obs. F. querimonieux (Godef.).] Full of, addicted to, complaining. 1604 in R. Cawdrey Table Alph. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Epigr. xxxvi. Wks. ii. 266/1 Querimonious paines Doe puluerise the concaue of my braines. 1658 Osborn Adv. Son (1673) 206 Querimonious accusations of his best Servants. 1791 CoLLiNSON Hist. Somerset 608 It was on this solitary island that Gildas.. composed his querimonious treatise. 1848 Mozley Ess., Luther {1S7S) I. 354 That passionate and querimonious temper.

Hence queri'moniously adv.; queri'moniousness (Bailey vol. II. 1727). a 1668 Denham A Dialogue, Most queremoniously confessing That I of late have been compressing.

querimony ('kwerimam). [ad. L. querimonia, f. queri to complain: cf. F. querimonie (i6th c.).] Complaint, complaining. 1529 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1856) 1. 217 By way of querimony and complaint. 01548 Hall Chron., Echo. IV 239 b, The king.. troubled with hys brothers dayly querimonye. i6io Bp. Hall Apol. Brownists 39 marg.. To which vniust and triuiall querimony, our most iust defence hath beene [etc.]. 1887 Blackmore Springhaven (ed. 4) 1. viii. 61 The scholars of the Virgil class.. had recovered from the querimonies of those two sons of Ovid.

t'querism. Obs. rare-^. [f. as next + -ism.] The practice of inquiring or asking. 1648 Jenkyn Blind Guide iv. 88 Your engagement against querism or seeking .. will come to nothing.

querist ('kwiarist). [f. L,. quaer-ere to ask + -1ST: cf. QUERENT, QUERY.] One who asks or inquires; a questioner, interrogator. 1633 Earl Manch. Al Mondo (1636) 147 Those Querists who must haue a reason for every thing in Religion. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 5. 31 This Querist thinks himself., very seasonable in the Questions. 01774 Goldsm. Surv. Exp. Philos. (1776) II. 2 Were we asked..what is air, we should refer the querist to his experience alone. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) HI. 92 A troublesome querist comes and asks, ‘What is the just and good?’

querister,

variant of chorister.

querity, querk,

obs. ff. queerity, quirk sb.^

querken ('kw3:k(3)n), v. Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 5 querkyn, qwerken, -yn, 6 quarken, 7 quirk-, whirken, 8 dial, quacken, 9 dial, wirken, quocken, 5-6 (8-9 dial.) querken. [ = OFris. querka (mod. querke, quirke), ON. kvirkja, kyrkja (Da. kvaerke, kyrke), f. OFris. querk, ON. kverk (MSw. qv'drk), OHG. querca throat.] trans. To choke, suffocate, stifle. Hence 'querkening vbl. sb. C1440 Promp. Parv. 420/2 Querkenyd, suffocatus. Querkenynge, suffocacio. Querkyn, idem quod quellyn. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 249 The bytternesse of sorowe querkynde & stopped..the virgins harte. 1540 Palsgr. Acolastus Hij, I haue a throte bolle almoste strangled, snarled, or quarkennyd with extreme hunger. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirug., Maner exam, lazares, Qiv, Yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken [sfc]. 1^07 Walkington Opt. Glass 124 It wil.. send up such an ascending fome that it will bee ready to quirken and stifle vs. 1611 Cotgr., Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, or stifle with water, etc. Ibid., Suffocation, a suffocation,.. whirkening. 1783 Lemon Eng. Etym., Querkened, sometimes written, and pronounced quackned. 1828 Craven Gloss., Querkened, suffocated. 1848 A. B. Evans Leicestersh. Words s.v.. The wind was so high.. that I was welly quockened. 1880 in Cheshire Gloss. (1886), Wirken.

queri (kw3:l), sb. U.S. Also quirl. [? var. of CURL, or a. G. queri, quirl from MHG. twirl TWIRL.] A curl, twist, twirl. 1854 B. F. Taylor Jan. fef June 23 [The grape vine’s] aspirations were manifested in the display of divers mermaidish-looking ringlets, with two or three dainty ‘quids’ therein. 1871 L. M. Alcott Little Men v. 78 Sally, loading her pie with quirls and flourishes. 1880 in Webster Suppl. 1883 Cent. Mag. Dec. 201/1 The forms are grotesque beyond comparison: twists, querls, contortions. 1885 Harper's Mag. LXX. 219 The crooks and querls of the branches on the floor. 1889 R. T. Cooke Steadfast xv. 162 A hundred resolute little quirls above the low forehead. 1950 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xiv. 55 Quirl, a curl, as on a watermelon vine. A melon is supposed to be nice when the quirl is dead.

So queri, quirl v., to twirl, coil, etc. (Knowles, 1835); queried ppl. a., 'querling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1787 Amer. Museum II. 571/1 She thought there was something alive in her side, for, to use her own expression, she plainly perceived a tickling and quirling in it. Ibid. 574/1 She next complained of a quirling pain, that would last three or four hours with the utmost violence. 1830 Northern Watchman (Troy, N.Y.) 30 Nov. 3/5 We.. come out of the plagid lock, wrong eend foremost, all quirled up in a h-1 of a twist. 1840 J. F. Cooper Pathfinder 1. xiii. 206 One of his hands coiled a rope against the Sun, and he called it querling a rope, too, when I asked him what he was about. 1890 Dialect Notes 1. 75 ‘Quirled way up’... ‘Quirl, both noun and verb, is familiar to me.’ 1893 H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities of Speech in Mississippi 52 Quirl,.. this word is largely used by negroes, and to some extent by white people, for curl. It is also thus used in New England. In Mississippi a snake is nearly always said to be quirled or quoiled up, instead of curled or coiled up. 1944 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. ii. 30 Quirl, to curl. ‘Does hit quirl like a pig’s tail?’... Common.

quern^ (kw3:n). Forms: i eweorn, ewyrn, (coern, cern), eweorne, eweame, 4 queern(e, quyerne, qwhern, 4-7 queme, 5 queren, 5-6 qwern, 6 quearn, (wherne, wyrne). Sc. queirn, 7 quarn, 8 Sc. quirn, 7- quern. [(DE. eweorn, ewiprn str. fern., eweorne wk. fern. = OFris. quern, OS. quern (or querna, MDu. queren-e, Du. kweern), OHG. quirn, churn and chuirna (MHG. kurn, kiirne), ON. kvern (Icel. kvbrn, Sw. qvarn. Da. kvaern), Goth, -qairnus, from a pre-Teut. stem *g'°ern-, variations of which appear in synonymous forms in other Aryan languages, as Lith. girnos, OSl. zruny and zrunuvu, Russ. zhernov, Pol. zarna, OIr. bro (gen. broon), W.

OUERN breuan, etc.] A simple apparatus for grinding corn, usually consisting of two circular stones, the upper of which is turned by hand; also, a small hand-mill for grinding pepper, mustard, or similar substances (see pepper-, mustardquern). r950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 41 Tuu wif jegrundon on coernae aet cweorne]. ciooo ^lfric Exod. xi. 5 )?asre wylne..l?aet sitt set pxre cweornan. C1305 Pilate in E.E.P. (1862) III Bi a melewardes dou3ter he iai..And bijat on hire vnder pe querne pt Iit>ere bem. 1340 Ayenb. 181 Samson.. uil into pe honden of his yuo, )?et him deden grinde ate querne. c 1374 Chaucer Former Age 6 Onknowyn was p^ quyerne and ek the melle. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 831 Eek as for hail a russet weede is To kest vpon the querne. *5*3 Douglas ^neis i. iv. 39 For skant of victuall the comes in quemis of stane Thai grand. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 10 A Querne or a hand Mill doth but a little good. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. I. 354 Some necessary thing .. to use in his house, as a Furnace or Quern, or such like. 1699 Evelyn Acetaria (1729) 148 The seeds are pounded in a Mortar, or.. ground in a Quern contriv’d for this Purpose. 1771 Pennant Tour in Scotl. (1794) 232 Saw here a Quern, a sort of portable mill made of two stones. 1841 S. C. Kale Ireland III. 296 Two women generally worked the Quern, one sitting facing the other, the quern between them. 1884 J. COLBORNE Hicks Pasha 60 The circular querns of Lower Egy pt, which are turned by means of a wooden handle.

b. attrib. and Comb., as quem-chant, -house, -mill, -picker, -song, -staff', quem^like adv. See also QUERN-STONE. 1898 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 440 In the North, where he often heard the rhythmical •quem-chant. 1525 in Southwell Visit. (1891) 123, ij leads that standes in •wherne-house. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi. 595 Two equal! ranks of Orient Pearls.. (•Quern-like) grinding small Th’ imperfect food. 1600 Holland Lity xxxiii. xlv. 706 Troughs and •querne mils, in Bury Wills (Camden) 256 [The will of William Toly], ‘•quemepykker’, [1441, is in Lib. Osbern, f. 247]. 1816 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. LXXXI. 73 We will now subjoin the Grotta-Saungr or •quern-song. 1483 Cath. Angl. 297/1 A •Queme-staffe, molucrum.

tquem^. Obs. rare—^.

In 5 qwerne, qweryn. App., a large piece of ice. a 1400-50 Alexander 3003 Alexander.. rydis To pe grete flode of Granton & it on a glace fyndis. Or he was so3t to pe side jit sondird |>e qwerjms [Dubl. MS. qwemes].

quern,

obs. variant of kern w.*

'quemal, a. rare. [f. L. quern-us, f. quercus oak + -ALb]

11. Made of oak-leaves; oaken. Obs. rare-'. *599 Thynne Animadv. (1875) 49 The Quemall crowne gyven to those whiche had saued a cytyzen.

2. Bot. quemal alliance, Lindley’s name for his ‘alliance* of diclinous exogens, containing the orders Corylaceae and Juglandacess. 1846 Lindley Veget. Kingd. 289 If it were not for the minute embryo., it might take its place in the Quemal Alliance.

t querne. Obs. rare~^. [a. OF. querne (Godef.) for quaterne, after terne.'\ A quatre or four in dice-playing (in quot. 13.. Coer de L. 2009 Richard .. gave him a stroke on the molde .. Temes and quemes he gave him there.

quemell,

square: see quarnell.

quemer, obs. form of

corner sb.^

'quem-stone. [Cf. ON. kvernsteinn.^ One of the two stones forming a quern; a millstone. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt, xviii. 6 Behofas him p^t he sehongija coem-stan.. in suire his \c 1000 Ags. Gosp. cwym-, cweorn-stan]. 1388 Wyclif Num. xi. 8 And the puple 3ede aboute, and gaderide it, and brak with a queerne stoon. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wiilcker 725/24 Hec mola, a qwernston. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) 23 Theyre come in quemstoans they doe grind. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. l. 760 Round stones as much as milstones or quemstones. 1662 Ireland, Stat. at Large (1765) II. 416 Quem-stones, large, the last, jCij. lo^. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 242 Quern Stones under three feet in diameter, and not exceeding six inches in thickness. 1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 43 Opposite the east gable of the Church a quem-stone. .has been stuck up.

querof,

obs. form of whereof.

tqueror. Obs. rare~^.

[a. OF. quereor, -eur, agent-n. f. querre, querir quere v.^ An inquirer. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 610/18 Scitor, a querour.

querpo,

variant of cuerpo Obs.

querquedule ('kw3:kwidju:l). Ornith. [ad. L. querquedula a species of duck.] a. ‘A genus of ducks, one species of which.. is the common teal’ (Worcester, i860), b. ‘The pin-tail duck* (Webster, 1864, citing Eng. Cyc.).

querre,

var. quar v.\ obs. f. quarry sb.^

querrell, querrister, querrour, querry, obs. ff. QUARREL sb.^ and V., CHORISTER, QUARRIERS equerry.

quert: see

QUERY

5

quart a. and sb.^

t querulation. Obs. rare~^. [n. of action f. med.L. queruldri to complain, f. querul-us: see querulous a.] Complaint, complaining. So also

(from stem querul-) queru'lental, -'lential a., querulous, 'queruling vbl. sb., complaining, 'querulist one who complains, que'rulity, queru'losity (cf. querulous a.), habit or spirit of complaining. 1614 T. Adams Sinners Passing Bell Wks. (1629) 264 Will not these mournings, menaces, •querulations, stirre your hearts? 1785 R- Cumberland Observer No. 103 If 3 A lady.. rather captious and •querulental. 1806 - Mem. 17 Walpole had. .a plea for being captious and •querulential, for he was a maiTyr to the gout. 1038 S. Bellamy Betrayal 94 The Devil give thee heed! Haply he’ll better care thy •queruling Than He I follow mine. 1788 T. Touchstone Trifier 431,! have carefully examined the various subjects of complaint.. If my third fair •querulist would [etc.]. 1922 C. E. Montague Disenchantment iv. 52 The querulist of the book took it hard.. that more kind words did not come to the men. 1866 Pall Mall G. 27 June i The Premier had.. very insufficient grounds for his •querulity. 1882 F. T. Palgrave in Grosart Spenser's Wks. IV. p. Ixiv, Unreasonable •querulosity.

querulous ('kwerjubs), a. Also 6 -ose, 7 querr-. [ad. late L. querulos-us, f. querulus, f. queri to complain: cf. querelous, quarrellous.] 1 Of persons: Complaining, given to complaining, full of complaints, peevish.

.

In first quot. possibly for querelous quarrellous; a certain confusion between the words is also suggested by some 17th c. quots., which at least do not imply peevish or whining complaint. ? a 1500 Mankind (Brandi 1896) 46/200 My body wyth my soull ys euer querulose \rime house]. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pot. III. xi. §9 A people..by nature hard-hearted, tmerulous, wrathfull. 933 b. Bloomfield in Saporta & Bastian PsycholinguisUcs (1961) 24.4I2 Yeah? and Is that so? with a peculiar modification of the question-pitch, have been used as facetious vulgarisms expressing disbelief. 1964 C. C. Fries in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 244 Formal yes-or-no questions, along with question-pitch. 1884 E. W. Hamilton Dior>» 30 July (1972) II. 663 My main points are:,. 2. Confinement of question¬ putting to Private Members’ nights [etc.]. 1910 Question¬ raising [see question-begging above]. 1959 Times 25 Sept, 8/4 Curious and question-raising as they are, the megapodes are worth a more serious.. programme of research. 1647 Trapp Comm. Acts viii. 24 All Christ’s scholars are questionists, though not question-sick. 1862 T. A. Trollope Marietta I. xi. 200 Looking at her like a question stop. 1852 Mrs. Gaskell Let. 4 Sept. (1966) 197 {heading) Saty schoolroom, Question-time. 1085 Manch. Exam. 28 Feb. 6/1 Sitting pathetically through a rather lively question time. 1891 W. Fraser Disraeli & his Da>» 381 Colonel Makins, the.. Member for Essex.. said, ‘They have got it hot this afternoon about a Dissolution.’ I replied, ‘Oh, nonsense!’ This was during ‘Question-time*. 1936 H. Nicolson Diary 3 Dec. (1966) 281 Members crowd in as question-time draws to its end. 1976 H. Wilson Governance of Britain vii. 132 Harold Macmillan, a highly successful performer at Question time. 1642 R. Harris Sermon 29 If wee follow Chrysostom’s sense..and read the words Questionwise, Will hee suffer long? 1924 H, E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. 263 In Direct Questions, the question-words are said to be interrogative; in Indirect Questions, they are said to be conjunctive. 1964 E. Uldall in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 274 Question-word question: ‘What did he think they were doing?* 1978 Language LIV. 86 In English, questions are typically initiated by question words or verbs, so as to distinguish them from declarative sentences.

question ('kwestjan), v. Also 5-6 -yon, (5 -one), [a. OF. questionner (i3thc.), f, question question sb.]

1. a. trans. To ask a question or questions of (a person or fig. a thing); to interrogate. fAlso with double object (quot, 1604). 1490 Caxton Eneydos xv. 58 Fame.. sette herself.. with the porters and mynystres for to questyone theym. 1600 Shaks. a. Y.L. ii. iv. 64 One of you question yon’d man. If he for gold will giue vs any foode. 1^4-Oth. i. iii, 129 Her Father.. Still question’d me the Storie of my life. 1714 Swift Imit. Hor. ii. vi, And question me of this and that. 1814 Cary Dante, Paradise iii. 133,1 to question her became less prompt. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola Introd., The nightstudent, who had been questioning the stars or the sages.. for that hidden knowledge.

b. To examine judicially; hence, to call to account, challenge, accuse (of). Now rare. 1637 Heylin Answ. Burton 60 When you were questioned publickely for your misdemeanours, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 240 Socrates was questioned and condemned at Athens. 1656 Bramhall Replic. ii. 96 He had rather his own Church should be questioned of Idolatry. 1789 Constitution U.S. Art. i. §6 For any speech or debate in either house [members of Congress] shall not be questioned in any other place. 1830 Macaulay Ess. (1843) II. 458 [He] cannot be questioned before any tribunal for his baseness and ingratitude.

fc. To challenge, defy (one) to do something. Obs. rare-^. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §27, I cannot see why the Angel of God should question Esdras to recall the time past, if it were beyond his owne power.

12. intr. to qvtestion with: To ask questions of; to hold discourse or conversation with; to dispute with. Obs. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. iv. These two knyghtes mette with syre Tristram and questyoned with hym. 1555 Eden Decades 10, I questioned with hym as concernynge the eleuation of the pole. 1614 Jackson Creed iii. i. §5 Little would it boote vs to question with them about their meaning. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 97, I was not far from murmuring and questioning with my God.

3. a. intr. To ask or put questions. 1584 Lyly Campaspe v. ii, Thy sighs when he questioned, may breed in him a jealousy. 1593 Shaks^ Hen. VI, ill. ii. 122 Goe wee.. to the man that tooke him To question of his apprehension. 1626 D’Ewes in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 217 Others hearing not well what he saied hindred those by questioning which might have heard. 1725 Pope Odyss. xxiii. no, I scarce uplift my eyes. Nor dare to question. 1858 Longf. M. Standish ix. 53 Questioning, answering,.. and each interrupting the other.

b. trans. with clause stating the question. ?Obs. 1592 Greene Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 237, 1.. was so bould as to question what they were, and of their businesse. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. i. ii, 4^3 ’Tis safer to Auoid what’s growne, then question how ’tis borne. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxi. no They never questioned what crime he had done.

fc. intr. rare-^.

To inquire or seek after.

Obs.

1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxi. 105 Which flatteiy.. so much delighted him that them which before his affection hated, now his desire earnestly questioned after.

4. a. trans. To make a question of, to raise the question (whether, if, etc.); hence, to doubt, hold as uncertain. *533 Frith Answ. More Wks. (1573) 33 Whether it be so or not it may be questioned. 1659 Slingsby Diary (1836) 356, I sent TOu a leter.. but I question whether you received it. 174s P. Thomasyrnf. Anson’s Voy. 286,1 much question if those who left them had once fired them. 1758 Johnson

Idler No. 4 IP9 No man can question whether wounds and sickness are not really painful. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 408/1 Whether the request.. can be complied with.. may be questioned.

b. In negative expressions, sls I do not qttesUon {but, etc.) = I have no doubt, I am sure (that); also pass. (cf. 5) it cannot be questioned — it is certain; etc. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, ii. iv. 50 It is not to be ^estion’d, That they had gather’d a wise Councell. 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 82,1.. question not but you’ll do me and these two martyrs justice. a\TZO Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) L Pref. 23 Some cases which I did not uestion to be true. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xviii. ii. He id not in the least question succeeding with his daughter. 1869 Huxley in Sci. Opin. 21 Apr. 464/3 Nor can it be questioned that [etc.]. 1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 120 He did not question but the native Irish would join him.

5. a. To call in question, dispute, oppose. 1632 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 478 Wee question the truth of your informacion. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lix. (1739) 112 This the wilful Archbishop never questioned, till he questioned all Authority. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 3 The worthless delegates of his power, whose merit it was made sacrilege to question. 1832 Ht. Martineau Life in Wilds vii. 96 There would be no true humility in questioning your decision. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. i. 164 Any one who openly questioned the truth of Christianity was treated as a public offender.

b. To bring into question, make doubtful or insecure, rare. 1637 Heywood Royall King iii. Wks. 1874 VI. 43 This emulation Begets our hate, and questions him of life, a 1643 Suckling Goblins v. (1646) 58 Behold (grave Lords) the man Whose death questioned the life of these, 1879 G. Meredith Egoist III. xiv. 291 At the game of Chess it is the dishonour of our adversary when we are stale-mated: but in life., such a winning of the game questions our sentiments. fc. To State as a question. Obs. rare~^. 1643 Sir T. Browne Med. i. §21 Myself could shew a Catiogue of doubts, never yet imagined nor questioned.

t6. To ask or inquire about, to investigate (a thing). Obs. rare. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, ii. iv. 142 Dispatch vs with all speed, least that our King Come here himselfe to question our delay. 01633 Austin Medit. (1635) 133 When they Question such things, as the Holy-ghost is silent in. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, iii. (1701) 87/1 Socrates asked them if .. he might be permitted to question what he understood not.

questiona'bility,

= questionableness, 1845 Carlyle Cromwell (1871) V. 125 Widening into new dreariness, new questionability. 1966 Listener i Sept. 317/3 It is in the fact that only one of this grossly neglected composer’s works has appeared that the questionability lies. 1969 R. Harper World of Thriller ii. 51 Only occasionally for most men is life reduced to total questionability by any particular situation.

questionable V.

+

('kwestj9n3b(3)l), a. [f. question

-ABLE.]

11. a. Of a person: That may be interrogated; of whom questions may be asked, b. Of a question: That may be asked or put. c. Of a place: Where questions may easily be asked. Obs. rare. 1590 C. S. Right Relig. i It is a cmestion, scarse questionable. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. iv. 43 Thou com’st in such a questionable shape. That I will speake to thee. 1607 Middleton Five Gallants ii. iii. In such public as a tavern, such a questionable place. [1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. II. 119 (tr. Prodigal Son) Hollah! boy.. Stay still and be questionable. Tell me [etc.].]

t2. Of persons or acts: Liable to be called to account or dealt with judicially. Obs. 1639 Gentilis Servita's Inquis. (1676) 833 The delinquent shall be sent to the place where he is questionable for spiritual Matters. 1660 Trial Regie. 51 Whatever was done by their Commands, or their Authority, is not questionable by your Lordships. 1685 Cotton tr, Montaigne (1877) I. 60 Many have thought we are not fairly questionable for anything but what we commit against our conscience.

3. Of things, facts, etc.: That may be questioned or called in question (rarely const. by)', open to question or dispute; doubtful, uncertain. Freq. in phr. it is questionable (whether, if, etc.). 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 96 It is questionable, whether they have any Hindes or females. 1643 Prynne Treach. & Disloyalty iii. 127 (R.) Making it a thing not questionable by our Prelates and Clergie. 1685 Lady Russell in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 341 The Queen, is not at all well;.. ’tis questionable if she can endure the ceremony of the Coronation. 1772 Junius Lett. Ded. 6 The right of juries to return a general verdict, in all cases whatsoever is.. not.. in any shape questionable by the legislature. 17^^ Burke Fr. Rev. 63 Whatever rendered property questionable, ambiguous, and insecure. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed, 2) IV. 147 This doctrine is very questionable. 1882 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. exxiv. Introd., They have ventured upon so many other questionable statements that we are not bound to receive this dictum. 1883 Sir J. C. Mathew in Law Rep. ii Queen's Bench Div. 492 It was very questionable whether the words used were defamatory per se.

b. Of doubtful or obscure meaning, rare. 1742 Richardson Pamela III. 408 When I cannot answer for myself, to render anything dark or questionable in it. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, iv. 119 In the lapse of ages, the phraseology of law may become first obsolete, and then questionable.

QUESTIONABLENESS

QUESTION MARK

9

c. of qualities, properties, etc.: About the existence or presence of which there may be question. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. vii, The propriety of importing any of our school books from Great Britain is very questionable. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xii. 123 The questionable privilege of having as many wives as he could support. 1885 Manch. Exam. 20 Feb. 5/1 Either its object is of questionable expediency, or its work is imperfectly done.

questions as he pleased. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 60 The r^ply confirms the meaning of the questionary salute. 1838 Chalmers Wks. XIII. 75 Let us institute a questionary process upon the doings.

2. That asks questions.

rare~^.

1711 Steele Sped. No. 80 iffi Let those two questionary Petitioners try to do thus with their Who’s and their Whiches.

d. Of doubtful nature, character, or quality; dubious in respect of goodness, respectability, etc.

t'questionatively, ad?;. Obs. rare^K [Perh. on anal, of interrogatively, imperatively, etc.] As a question.

1806 Sure Winter in Land. II. 261 There are a thousand questionable thoughts rushing at once upon my mind. a 1822 Shelley Chas. I, ii. 203 Stick not even at questionable means. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iii. 79 A coolness ensued between the principal and his partners in consequence of these questionable dealings.

1657 Reeve GocT s questionatively.

'questionableness. [f. prec. + -ness.] The state of being questionable; doubtfulness, etc. 1668 H. More DiiK Dial. 11. xxii. (1713) 158 marg.. From the Questionableness whether.. there does not as much good redound to the Universe. 1857 De Quincey Keats Wks. 1862 V. 270 The questionableness of its particular statements. 1867 C. J. Smith Syn. & Antonyms s.v. Apparent, The adverb apparently admits the sense of questionableness still more strongly.

'questionably, adv. [f. as prec. + -ly^] In a questionable manner. 1859 Wilson & Geikie Mem. E. Forbes i. 8 This dim prehistoric dawn, through which the shadowy figures of.. Druids questionably hover. 1885 Mag. of Art Sept. 443/1 An eccentric and questionably drawn performance.

t'questional, a. Obs.rare-^. [f. question -AL^.] Relating to questions.

-f

1607 R. C. tr. Estienne's World Wond. xxxix. 327 The Decretals haue had their part,.. the Questionall, Distinctionall, Quodlibeticall bookes .. theirs.

question and answer. A dialogue consisting of alternate question and answer. Also (with hyphens) attrib.; occas. also question-answer. 1817 Keats Let. 10 Sept. (1931) 39 My dear Fanny, Let us now begin a regular question and answer—a little pro and con. 1839 Lett.fr. Madras (1843) 255 The question-andanswer lessons on Scripture History. 1908 Mrs. H. Ward Diana Mallory ii. xii. 237 The trivial question-and-answer of the tea-making. 1940 N. Marsh Surfeit of Lampreys (1941) xiii. 187 She maintained a question-and-answer attitude, replying in the most meagre phrases. 1941 L. MacNeice Poetry of W. B. Yeats i. 14 He may be answering quite different questions from mine but the questionanswers which he evolves are the same kind of organism, and result from the same kind of activity as my own questionanswers. 1945 C. S. Lewis Great Divorce 41 That questionand-answer conception of thought only applies to matter of fact. 1957 E. Bott Family & Social Network ii. 42 The ^estion-and-answer pattern of fact-collecting. i960 Guardian 9 June 9/1 Police interrogators .. now hold a daily .. question-and-answer session with the former Nazi. 1965 Language XLI. 387 The question-answer pair What does he do? He draws cartoons can be analyzed in the same way. 1977 Oxford Diocesan Mag. Oct. 20/2 It was decided to organise .. a question-and-answer programme on an electronic screen. 1980 English World-Wide 1. I. 28 It is not easy to elicit syntactic information by using the short direct question-answer technique.

t'questionary, sb.' Obs. rare. Also 9 qusest-. [ad. med.L. questiondri-us: see question and -ARYL]1. = QUESTIONIST. 1435 Misyn Fire of Love 3, I trowe }>ies )?inges here contenyd, of J^ies questionaries .. may no3t be vnderstandyd. 1563 Fox A. & M. 589/2 Then did he rede openly .. Paules Epistles, and put by Douns and Dorbel, & yet he was a questionary him selfe. 1787 Minor ii. xx. 141 Are you become a questionary at this time of day? 2. = QUESTOR I. 1820 Scott Abbot xxvii, A quastionary or pardoner, one of those itinerants who hawked about.. reliques.

'questionary, sb.^ [ad. med.L. quesUdnarium\ or, in mod. use, ad. F. questionnaire: see -ARY*.] A list of questions; fa treatise in the form of questions, a catechism. Also attrib. Now largely superseded by questionnaire, exc. in Med. use. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Pref., This lytell questyonary Sc formulary.. haue ben often requyred and soughte for. 1887 Athenaeum 10 Sept. 345/3 Answers to the society’s questionary of sociology and ethnography. 1951 Lancet 7 July 23/1 The questionary method used in this particular study has certain limitations. 1957 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 Sept. 550/2 The clinical concept of the disappointed undergraduate is therefore given some support by the answers to a general questionary. 1959 Times 5 Sept. 10/2 The proposed Welsh dialect atlas, information for which was gathered by means of a questionary of about 1,000 items. 1970 Gen. Psychol. Jan. 97 How did you answer when the item was difficult? And why did you answer in such a manner? (verbalization questionary). 1977 Lancet 27 Aug. 417/2 After 21 days, the patient was interviewed by one of us.. using a standard questionary.

questionary ('kwestjanan), a.

[ad. late L. qusest-, questiondri-us (Boethius): see question and -ARYb] 1. Having the form of a question; consisting of questions; conducted by means of questioning. 1653 Manton Exp. James iii. 13 The questionary proposal intimateth the rare contemporation of these two qualities. at al pe erthe per-of quajte a myle & more on lenghpe. t3. intr. To stir or move from one place to another; to go, run, hasten. Obs. c 1205 Lay. 826 Ne lete 36 nenne quick quecchen to holte [c 127s scapie to felde]. Ibid, yzyi pa heo weoren ouercumen pte quahten [c 1275 wenden] heo wide. 01350 Will. Palerne 4344 pat werwolf.. queite toward pe quene. 4. intr. Of persons (or animals): a. To move the body or any part of it; to stir; in later use esp. to shrink, wince, twitch (with pain), and usually in negative clauses. Obs. exc. dial. The phr. cwich ne cwe9 in Leg. St. Kath. 1261, quic ne que9 in Ancr. R. 122 (two MSS.), app. belongs here, meaning ‘stirred nor spoke’, though the form is difficult to account for. c 120$ Lay. 25844 J>a fond he per ane quene quecchen mid hafde. a cw®)? Neron to Petre, jehyrstu, Petrus, hw®t Simon cwi)>’? c 1175 Lomb. Horn. 37 Do summe of l^isse t>inge pe ic w'ulle nu cwej>en. c 1250 Gen. Ex. 149b Sel me 60 wunes, 6e queOen ben 6e firme sunes 01300 Cursor M. 22973 Mani man .. Wat noght pis word i for-wit quath. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1224 Sertes, pys were our most profit, Wi)? loue & leue he que^e [v.r. quede] vs quyt. a 1400-50 Alexander 4325,1 sail quethe pe forqui & quat is e cause.

b. intr. in phr. quick and quething: Alive and able to speak. 1529 More Dyaloge i. Wks. 131/2 A man and a woman whyche are yet quicke and quething. 1546 Gardiner peclar. Jfoye 39 b, I meruayle where he had lemed that lesson being yet quicke and quethynge.

2. To promise, rare.

3. To assign oy will, to bequeath. 1303 Brunne Handl. Synne 6294 Hous, and rente, and ouf>er )?yng, Mow j>ey quej>e at here endyng. CI330Chron. (1810) 135 To temples in Acres he quath fiue housand marke. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 321, I quei?e me to pe trone of l?at luge pat neuere hal> ende. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 4794 My body, I quethe also To the sepulkre, for dayes thre. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 16 Item I geue and quethe to William Hussher iijs. iiiji/. 1530 Palsgr. 676/2 Hath he queythed you any thyng in his testament?

? To bestow, deliver. rar€~^.

C14M Destr. Troy 6973 To Qwintilion the quern he qwithit a dynt, Woundit hym wickidly.

Hence f'quething vbl. sb., bequeathing; quething word, last farewell. Also f 'quetheword, a legacy, bequest. r 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 373 By beggynge, by queethyng [v.r. quehinge].. and ol>er fals meenes [they] cryen evere after worldly godis. 1481 in T. Gardner Hist. Dunwich (1754) 148 Of Cutberd Eyer, for the Queth Word ofTymChawmbyr40s. c 1490 Promp. Parv. 420/2 (MS. K.) Qvethe worde. .legatum. 1513 Douglas ^neis ix. viii. 62 Thi last regrait and quething wordis to say. 1532 Churchw. Acc. Wigtofty Lines, in Nichols Illustr. Ane. Mann. (1797), Item, receyvyd of Margaret Brygg for y« quethword of Rob* Brygg fiir husband i/-.

quethe, var. qued(e, bad. queSen, var. quethe

v.,

whethen

adv.

quethen, -un, varr. whethen, whence. queSer,

quedir,

-ur,

obs.

ff.

whether,

WHITHER.

quether, -ur, obs. ff. whether. quetor, -our, -ure, obs. ff. quitter sb.'^ quetsch (kvetj,

kwetj), sb. Also quetsche, tquitch. [a. G. quetsche, dial, form of zwetsche plum.] A variety of plum with oval, darkskinned fruit; also, the liqueur made from plums of this kind. Also attrib. 1839 C. McIntosh Orchard & Fruit Garden 327 The German Quitch Plum is dried and preserved in immense quantities. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist iii. jv. 559 Quetsche... A good bearer, and well adapted for drying, i860 R. Hogg Fruit Man. 251 Quetsche... Fruit medium sized, oval... Skin dark purple... A culinary plum. 1936 Bentley & Allen Trent's Last Case xi. 130 His wife was a Lorrainer and responsible for the Quetsch, the liqueur made from her father’s plums. 1940 [see mirabelle]. 1961 Sunday Times 16 July 36/6 Of plums and damsons there will not be a single one, and worst of all there will be no quetsch for jam making. Quetsch jam is one of the very best. 1966 P. V. Price France: Food ^ Wine Guide 51 Two [plums] that may be met with in open tarts are mirabelles.. and quetsches. 1969 Listener 2 Jan. 31/1 The [Romanian] national drink .. is a plum brandy like quetsch or slivovitch. 1975 Wood & Crosby Grow it & cook It vi. 234 Quetsche. .. (October. Long oval, black. When stewed has the flavour of Carlsbad plums. 1977 M. Jancath Seatag ii. v. 99 A heavy lunch of Quenelles with sauerkraut and.. a Quetsch tart.

quetstone, obs. f. whetstone. quetzal ('ketssi). Also quezal, quesal. [a. Sp. quetzals older quetzals^ a. Aztec quetzalli a tailfeather of the bird called quetzaltototl (f. the comb, form of quetzalli + tototl bird).] 1. An extremely beautiful bird {Pharomachrus mocino) of Central America (esp. Guatemala), belonging to the Trogon family; the cock is remarkable for its long tail-coverts, of a resplendent goldengreen colour, J. Wilson Let. in Mem. iv. (1859) 124 That long-tailed fellow, the quezal from Vera Paz. 1838 J. Gould 1827

2. (PI. quetzales.) The name of a silver Guatemalan coin, initially equivalent to one U.S. dollar, and comprising loo centavos. 1938 Whitaker’s Almanack 778 Revenue (Budget, 1927-28) Quetzals 11,031,102. 1962 R. A. G. Carson Coins 433 The coinage reform [in Guatemala] of 1924 created a new unit the quetzal in silver with subdivisions and with multiples in gold.. on obverse the quetzal, a Central American bird of the parrot family. 1974 Nat. Geographic Nov. 673 For five quetzals (five dollars, U.S.) 1 savored a grilled filet mignon, [etc.]. 1977 Westworld (Vancouver, B.C.) May-June 20/2 The average income of a [Guatemalan peasant] family ranges from 200 to 300 quetzales a year (a quetzal equals one American dollar).

Quetzalcoatl

c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 64 God hem quuad 6or seli suriurn. Ibid. 2788 Nu am ic ligt to fren hem CeCen And milche and hunige lond hem aueSen.

b,

Plate 21, Trogon resplendens.. Habitat Guatimala in Mexico, where it is called Quesal. 1864 G. R. Mathew Let.m Ld. Malmesbury Mem. Ex-Minister (1885) 586 (Dne of the famed ‘quezals’, whose plumage under the Aztec Emperor w^ reserved for imperial wear. 1887 W. T. Brigham {title) Guatemala, the Land of the Quetzal. 1930 R. Macaulay Staying with Relations ii. 26 Above their heads a quetzal, bright emblem of his country, his lovely tail caught in a liquorice vine. 1950 Caribbean Q. II. ii. 24 The ^rgeous plumage of the Macaw, the Quetzal and the Wild Turkey were sewn or gummed, feather by feather, onto cotton cloth to form resplendent cloaks. 1961 Guardian 22 5/4 The quetzal is a bird of rainbow plumage which symbolises Central America. 1978 Washington Post 7 July B2/3 The normal heart rejoices to think of wolves and quetzals flourishing in the great world.

(,ketsaslk3u'a:t(8)l). Forms: 6 Quecalcouatl, 7 Quetzaalcoalt, Quezalcouatl, 8 Quatzalcoatl, Quezalcoatl, 8- Quetzalcoatl. [a. Nahuatl quetzalli (see quetzal) -h coatl snake.] The Plumed Serpent of the Toltec and Aztec civilizations, traditionally known as the god of the morning and evening star, later as the patron of priests, inventor of books and of the calendar, and as the symbol of death and resurrection. Hence .Quetzalco’atlian a. and ,Quetzalco'atlism. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. L. de Gomara’s Pleasant Hist. Conqu. Weast India 203 There was one rounde temple dedicated to the God of the ayre called Quecalcouatl. IW4 E. GRiMSTONEtr. Acosta'sNaturall & MorallHist. E. Gf W. Indies v. ix. 354 In Cholula which is a common-wealth of Mexico, they worshipt a famous idoll which was the god of marchandise, being to this day greatly given to trafficke. They called it Quetzaalcoalt. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage 1. viii. ix. 656 They had sacrificed ten children.. to uezalcouatl their god. Ibid. 657 Their chiefe god was uezalcouatl, god of the Aire. 1725 J. Stevens tr. de Herrera's Gen. Hist. Amer. II. ii. v. vi. 375 There were forty or more great or small, and other lesser Temples.. which being all of different Sizes, and each of them dedicated to a several God, there was one among them round, consecrated to the God of the Air, call’d Quezalcoatl. 1726-Ibid. III. II. x. iii. 206 At Chulula, a City near Mexico, they ador’d a famous Idol that was the God of Commerce... His Name was Quatzalcoatl, he stood in a very lofty Temple, in a spacious Square, with Gold, Silver, Feathers, and costly Cloaths about him, bearing the Figure of a Man, his Face like a Bird... His name signify’d Snake of rich Feathers. 1787 C. Cullen tr. Clavigero's Hist. Mexico I. ii. 88 The Toltecas.. built in honour of their beloved god Quetzalcoatl, the highest pyramid of Cholula. 1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conqu. Mexico I. i. iii. 53 A far more interesting personage in their mythology was (Quetzalcoatl, god of the air, a divinity who, during his residence on earth, instructed the natives in the use of metals, in agriculture, and in the arts of government. 1907 L. Spence Mythol. Anc. Mexico ^ Peru ii. 20 The worship of Quetz^coatl was antipathetic if not directly opposed to that of the other deities of Anahuac. 1924 D. H. Lawrence Let. 15 Nov. (1962) 820 Well, I shall try and finish my Quetzalcoatl novel [sc. The Plumed Serpent^ this winter. 1926 - Plumed Serpent xxvii. 459 If you want to be so—so abstract and Quetzalcoatlian, then bury your head sometimes, like an ostrich in the sand, and forget. 1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 300 The Indians.. can.. practise whatever queer blend of Catholicism and Quetzalcoatlism pleases them best. 1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions i. i. 56 True, many stirred with indignant discomfort.. to find they had been attending, not Christ, but.. Balder, Attis, Amphion, or Quetzalcoatl. 1973 Guardian 23 Mar. 12/4 Quetzalcoatl, the ancient god of the Toltecs.

B

queue (kju:), sb. Also 9 queu. [a. F. queue, OF. coue, cue, coe'.—L. cauda tail; see cue s6.®]

1.

Her. The tail of a beast.

queue fourche{e, having a forked or double tail. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 41 Gold ramping Lion queue doth forked hold. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. xiv. (ed. 3) 164 The lion of Gueldres is also queue fourchee. 18^8 CussANS Her. (1893) 86 A Lion, with its tail between its legs, is said to be Coward', when furnished with two tails, Queue fourche, or Double queued.

2. A long plait of hair worn hanging down behind, from the head or from a wig; a pig-tail. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand. (1760) II. xlix. 116 A..coat over which his own hair descended in a leathern queue. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. II. v. too The largeness of the doctor’s wig arises from the same pride with the smallness of the beau’s queue. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Queue., an appendage that every British soldier is directed to wear in lieu of a club. 1843 Le Fevre Life Trav. Phys. I. i. viii. 183 Old cocked-hats, and tied queues, still stalk about the town. 1888 W. R. Carles Life in Corea iii. 40 These boys were all bachelors, and wore their hair in a queue down their backs. 1904 L. Hearn an Attempt at Interpretation xii. 257 All classes excepting the nobility, samurai, Shinto priests, and doctors, shaved the greater part of the head, and wore queues. 1947 R. Benedict Chrysanthemum ^ Sword iv. 77 Insignia and distinctive dress of caste were outlawed—even queues had to be cut. 1959 E. Tunis Indians 117/1 The Hopi had brown skins and straight black hair. Men wore it either in a queue bound up in the back or in the long bob

QUEUE they inherited from the Basket-makers. 1976 ‘D. Fletcher’ Don't whistle 'Macbeth' 22 One of her habitual wigs.. that.. ended in a pert queue at the back.

3. A number of persons ranged in a line, awaiting their turn to proceed, as at a ticketoffice; also, a line of carriages, etc. Also transf. and fig. to jump the queue', see jump v. ioc. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vii. iv, That talent..of spontaneously standing in queue, distinguishes.. the French People. 1862 Thackeray Philip II. viii. 177 A halfmile queue of carriages was formed along the street. 1876 C. M. Davies Unorth. Lond. (ed. 2) 120 A long Aug. 267/3 Are we going to wait until Marxism and socialism have conquered the world, and then stand there last in the queue, waiting for its return to us? 1977 Spare Rib May 19/4 Women in poor areas are always at the end of the queue for anything.

4. A support for the butt of a lance. 1855 in Ogilvie Suppl. i86o Hewitt Ancient Armour Suppl. 647 The butt of the lance .. is supported by the piece called the queue: this was of iron, and made fast to the bodyarmour by screws.

5. a. ‘The tail-piece of a violin or other instrument.’ b. ‘The tail of a note’ (Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 1876). 6. (Perh. a different word.) A barrel or cask capable of holding approximately one and a half hogsheads of liquid, usu. wine. 1777 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey I. vi. 47 The carriage of a queue of wine from Dijon to Dunkirk.. costs an hundred livres.. but if sent in the bottle, the carriage will be just double. 1851 C. Redding Hist. ^ Descr. Mod. Wines v. 91 The names applied in various wine districts of France to the casks which they use, differ without reference to the measure; in the department of the Marne, the tonneau is called the queue. 1931 W. E. Mead Eng. Medieval Feast iii. 81 In 1385-6 Jean de Neele declared that his household used in one year between six and seven ‘queues’ of verjuice or between 2,346 and 2,737 litres. 1956 Atlantic Monthly June 94/2 In Burgundy the barrel is called piece and contains from 226 to 228 liters, in the Maconnais 215 liters, in the Beaujolais 216 liters, in Alsace 114 liters. In the Champagne it’s called a queue and contains 216 liters.

7. attrib. and Comb., as queue day, discipline, driving, form, number, system, theory (hence qvieue-theoretic adj.); queue-barging vbl. sb., QUEUE-JUMPING. 1977 Time Out 30 Sept.-6 Oct. 15/1 The elaborate queue system is an attempt to eliminate queue barging. 1908 Daily Chron. 4 Aug. 3/4 It was queue day at the Franco-British Exhibition yesterday. At 6 o’clock.. a line of people a quarter of a mile long extended on either side of the Flip Flap, ly^i jrnl. R. Statistical Soc. B. XIII. 152 The queuediscipline is the rule or moral code determining the manner in which the customers form up into a queue and the manner in which they behave while waiting. 1972 Guardian 29 Aug. 2/1 The high standard of British queue discipline. 1970 Sunday Tel. 20 Dec. 7/5 Yet another factor contributing to fast ‘queue’ driving in fog on motorways.. is that drivers with their families as passengers tend to drive quickly for fear that a car behind might ram them. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 14 Nov. 10/1 From the pens to the steps of the car the intending passengers will go in queue form, as now adopted with so much success at most of the theatres. 1956 R. Braddon Nancy Wake i. i. 9 Each day they received queue numbers so that they could take up their correct ^sitions next morning. 1941 New Statesman 27 Dec. 523/2 The argument that the queue system is fair to everybody. 1966 S. Beer Decision & Control ix. 176 This thoroughly basic situation is so important in operational research as applied to dynamic systems that a whole branch of mathematical statistics, known as queue theory, has been developed round it. Ibid. 178 Some of the earliest queue-theoretic notions were developed around the problem of the doctor’s waiting room.

queue (kju:), v. [f. prec. sb.] 1. trans. To put up (the hair) in a queue. Also with personal obj. 1777 W. Dalrymple Trav. Sp. & Port. Ixvi, They came not out.. in the morning till their hair was queued. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 385 Their hair generally queued in the fashion of the times. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1872) II. iv. viii. 19 While they are combing and queuing him. 1885 Century Mag. XXIX. 891/2 Some of them clubbed and some of them >* standis p&r on. 1552 Huloet, Quyeke sandes or shelues, syrtes. 1^2 Carew Cornwall 8 b, The quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued with the floud. 1696 Phil. Trans. XIX. 352 Great Freshes.. make the Sands Shift, and consequently Quick. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 12 Sept., The Solway sands,.. as the tide makes,.. become quick in different places. 1890 Emerson Wild Life 58, I pulled my legs out of the soft ooze, and was soon across the patch of quick ground. 1895 Trans. Australasian Inst. Mining Engin. III. 141 Quick. Veins are said to be quick when productive, and dead when non-productive. Quickground, ground in a loose incoherent state; soft watery strata, e.g., running sand. 1901 Norges Geol. Undersegelse No. 32. 221 All kinds of soft clay are often called ‘quick’ clay; in a more restricted sense it means clay which has the property of being comparatively stiff when it lies in its original bed, but becomes fluid when it is set in motion. 1963 Means & Parcher Physical Prop. Soils xi. 333 The velocity of the upward flowing water required to cause the soil to become quick. 1967 A. R. Jumikis Introd. Soil. Mech. iv. 32 Quicksand is not a special type of soil, but a condition. Any granular material through which an upward flow of water takes place may become ‘quick’ under proper hydraulic conditions. 1978 Sci. Amer. Nov. 143/2 Sand does not become quick without an influx of water, because any extra water separates out on top of a bed of closely packed sand, creating a situation similar to the ones encountered on the beach and in the demonstration with a bottle.

*** Having some form of activity or energy. 11. fa. Of coals: Live, burning. Obs. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 224 Do to fyre on croccan, ofer wylle on godum gledum claenum & cwicum. 1340 Ayenb. 205 A quic col beminde ope an hyeape of dyade coles, c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxi. 142 If a man.. couer pe coles j^eroff with aschez, pai will hald in quikk atwelfmonth. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. ix. 55 Quyck coles whiche brente them full bytterly. 1581 T. Howell Deuises (1879) 200 Kindled coales close kept, continue longest quick. 1657 Trapp Comm. Ps. cxx. 4 Juniper.. maketh a very scorching fire, and quick coals, such as last long. 1764 Harmer Observ. iii. 118 They..put it into an oven upon the quick coals.

b. Of fires or flames: Burning strongly or briskly. Also of an oven: Exposed to a brisk fire. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) A ryht lyfly and quyk fyre of thowht. 1604 E. G[rimstone] U' Acosta's Hist. Indies ii. vii. 96 If it [the fire] bee quicke and violent, it doth greatly evaporate the quick-silver. 1624 Quarles Sion's Sonn. xx. 19 Thy breath.. incends quicke flames, where Ember’d sparkes but shine. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 16 It makes a hot quick Fire. 17^ Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 4 Bake it in a quick oven three hours. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. iii. i. 38 God! Spare me! I sustain not the quick flames. 1863 Reade Hard Cash xiv, You will cook your own goose—by a quick fire.

112, Of Speech, writings, etc.: Lively, full of vigour or acute reasoning; smart, sprightly. Obs. a feifful presrto multiply quek resouns. r53T Elyot Gov. i. X, Some quicke and mery dialoges elect out of Luciane. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xxviii. (Arb.) 70 An inscription.. in few verses, pithie, quicke an =. 1956 Nature 14 Jan. 79/2 The quinonoid product of the catecholase reaction.. is an active oxidase in the cresolase reaction. 1974 Ibid. 20 Dec. yiofi The sclerotisation and tanning of insect cuticles is generally thought to result from a crosslinking of the cuticular proteins by quinonoid derivatives of tyrosine. quin-a -I- -o- + quinotannic acid, a form of tannic found in cinchona bark. Hence

quino'tannic, a. Chem. [f. TANNIC.]

acid

quino'tannate. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 30 Quinotannic acid is a lightyellow, friable, very hygroscopic mass, which becomes electric by friction. Ibid., The quinotannate of lead.

quinova- (kwi'nauva), an arbitrary comb, form of mod.L. quina nova false cinchona bark, as in quinova-bitter = quinovin; qulnova-red, a resinous substance obtained from quinovatannic acid; quinova-sugar, a saccharine substance obtained from quinovin; quinova-'tannic (act'd) a., derived from quina nova. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 31 The alcoholic solution.. leaves the quinova-sugar, on evaporation, as an uncrystallisable hygroscopic mass. Ibid. 32 Quinova-bitter [see CJuinovin]. 1894 Ibid. IV. 392 Quinova red is a nearly black resin. Ibid., Quinovatannic acid.

quinovic (kwi'nauvik), ki'novic, a. Chem. [See prec. and -ic.] quinovic acid, an acid found in false cinchona bark (see quot. 1868). 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 805 The kinovic acid of Pelletier and Caventou has considerable analogy with the oily acids. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 31 Quinovic Acid .. was originally used as a synonym for quinovin or quinovabitter, but is now applied.. to an acid produced, together with quinova-sugar, by the decomposition of quinovin. So qui'novate, ki'novate [-ate ic], a salt of

quinovic

acid

(Mayne

Expos.

Lex.

1855).

qui'novin, ki'novin [-in'], an amorphous bitter

compound found in (false and other) cinchonabarks. qui'novite, a product of the resolution of quinovin. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinovin... Quinovabitter; formerly also called Quinovic, Quinovatic or Chiococcic acid. 1894 Ibid. IV. 392 Quinovin.. occurs also in true cinchona bark., and in tormentilla root. Ibid., Resolved by acids into quinovic acid and quinovite. quinoxaline (kwi'nDksaliin). Chem. [ad. G.

chinoxalin (O. Hinsberg 1884, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XVH. 319), f. chin-olin quinoline + -oxal (f. glyoxal glyoxal) -i- -in -ine^. So named on account of its structural similarity to quinoline and its preparation from glyoxal.] A weakly basic colourless crystalline solid, C8H5N2, which was first prepared by reaction of glyoxal and o-phenylenediamine, and has a bycyclic structure formed from fused benzene and pyrazine rings; any substituted derivative of this compound. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVI. 1052 He [ie. Hinsberg].. proposes to call this series of compounds quinoxalines. The formula of quinoxaline (the lowest homologue) is undoubtedly

1887

[see

azine].

1926

H. G. Rule tr. J. Schmidt's Text-bk. Org. Chem. 700 Quinoxalines.. are weakly basic compounds, which may be reduced to hydro-quinoxalines, but are stable towards oxidising agents. 1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. x. 189 It [jc. glyoxal].. combines with o-phenylenediamines to form quinoxalines..; e.g., with o-phenylenediamine it forms quinoxaline itself. ,974 Nature 20 Dec. 654/1 The quinoxaline chromophores of echinomycin are similar in size to the quinoline chromophore of chloroquine, which is known to bind to DNA by intercalation.

quinoyl ('kwinsuil). Chem. Also kinoyle, quino'il. [f. QUIN-A -h -o- + -YL.] a. = QUINONE. b. (See quot. 1868.) Woskresensky, the discoverer of quinone, named it chinoyl, for which Berzelius substituted chinon. 1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 350/1 Quinoil, a neutral substance obtained when kinic acid is decomposed by heat. .. It is of a golden yellow colour. 1848 Craig, Kinoyle, a sublimate obtained in golden yellow needles when a kinate is distilled, 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinoyl, a diatomic radicle, which may be supposed to exist in quinone and its derivatives, quinone itself being regarded as the hydride.

tquin'quadrate. Math. Obs. rare-', [f. L. quinique) + quadrate.] A thirty-second power. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 273 [see quaquadrate].

quinquagenarian and a.

(,kwinkw3d3i'ne3n3n), [f. as next -I- -an.]

sb.

sb. fl. A captain of fifty men. Obs. rare.

OUINOUAGENARY 1569 J. Sanford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 130 Moses did men appoint them .. Centurians, Quinquagenarians, and Decans. 1609 Bible (Douay) Exod. xviii. 21 Centurions, and quinquagenarians, and deanes.

2. A person aged fifty; or between fifty and sixty. 1843 New Mirror (cited in Cent. Diet.).

B. adj. 11. Commanding fifty men. Obs. rare. W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 356 Two Quinquagenarian Captains. 1629 Mabbe tr. Fonseca’s Dev. Contemp. 592 One Elias consumed with fire Ahabs Quinquagenarian Captaines and their souldiers.

2. Of fifty years of age; characteristic of one who is fifty years old. 1822 New Monthly Mag. V. 46 The quinquagenarian bachelor. 1848 Clough Amours de Voy. ii. 141 The trembling Quinquagenarian fears of two lone British spinsters.

quinquagenary (kwin'kwaBd3in3n), sb. and a. [ad. L. quinqudgenari-us consisting of fifty, fifty years old, captain of fifty, f. quinqudgent, distrib. of quinqudginta fifty: cf. F. quinquagenaire.] A. sb. fl- = quinquagenarian sb. i. Obs. rare. 1382 Wychf Deut. i. 15, I haue ordeynd hem .. tribunes, and centuriouns, and quynquagenaryes. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 59/2 Moyses.. ordeyned them.. tribunes Centuriones quinquagenaries.

2. A fiftieth year or anniversary. 1588 J Harvey Disc. Probl. 25 The Quinquagenarie, or 50 yeere,.. termed the yeere of lubilee. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 28 June 2/2 Rossall, which has been celebrating its jubilee—not a quingentenarj' like Winchester, but a modest quinquagenary. B. adj. = QUINQUAGENARIAN a. 2. 1715 tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. iv. viii. 171 The Servant of Claudius, had in his Time a Quinquagenary Charger, which was valu’d at 5000 Crowns. 1829 Bentham Let. to O'Connell 10 Nov., Wks. 1843 XI. 28 My dear quinquagenar>^ child shall never more be thus tormented by .. his octogenary.. guardian.

t'quinquagene. Obs. rare. [ad. L. quinquageni^ distrib. of quinqudginta fifty.] A set of fifty. 1560 Abp. Parker Ps. ii. {title). The Seconde Quinquagene of Dauids Psalter translated into Englishe Metre.

! I Quinquagesima (kwinkw3'd3Esim3). [med.L., fem. (sc. dies) of L. quinqudgesimus fiftieth. It is not certain whether the name is due to the fact that the Sunday in question is the fiftieth day before Easter (reckoning inclusively), or was simply formed on anal, of Quadragesima (cf. sex-, septuagesima).)

fa. The period beginning with the Sunday immediately preceding Lent and ending on Easter Sunday. Obs. fb. The first week of this period. Obs. c. (Also Quinquagesima Sunday.) The Sunday before Lent; Shrove Sunday. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 297 He..was icrowned.. pe Sonday in Quinquagesima, pat is J?at day a fourteny3t after Alleluya is i-closed. 1398-Barth. De P.R. IX. xxix. (1495) 364 Quinquagesima begynnyth the thyrd Sondaye after Septuagesima and endyth in the sonday of the Resurreccion. 1432*50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 143 This emperoure goynge to here masse .. in the Sonneday of Quinquagesima. 1612 Selden lllustr. Drayton's Polyolb. xi. 185 Tlie foure last dales of the Quinquagesima, that is Ash Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. 1656 Blount Glossogr., (Quinquagesima Sunday is always that which we vulgarly call Shrove Sunday. 1710 Wheatly Bk. Com. Prayer iv. §8. 78 The Tuesday after Quinquagesima Sunday is generally call’d Shrove Tuesday. 1885 Catholic Diet. (1897) 5 59/2 St. Ambrose.. censures those who began Lent with Sexagesima or Quinquagesima. attrib. 1885 Catholic Diet. (1897) 559/1 On the Monday in Quinquagesima week. 1901 Proctor & Frere Bk. Com. Prayer 533 The Quinquagesima Collect.

quinqua'gesimal, a. [f. as prec. + -al‘.] Belonging to a set of fifty; containing fifty days. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xi. 179 note, The quinquagesima! days were the fifty days between Easter and Whitsunday. 1884 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 1801/2 As designating the last day of this quinquagesimal period, the word ‘Pentecost’ is first found in.. 305.

t Quinquagesime, -gesme. Obs. Also 5 quynquegesym, qwynquasim (?), 6 -gissime. [a. OF. quinquagesime (14th c.) or ad. med.L. quinquagesima: see above.] = Quinquagesima. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 40 pe Gospel on I?ursdai in Quinquagesme. Ibid. 265 On Quinquagesme Sondai Pistle. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 143 J>e emperour comynge ones on pe Sonday of Quynquagesme to a chapel. 1483 Cath. Angl. 297/2 Quynquegesym {A. Qwynquasim), quinquagesima. 1533 More Debell. Salem Wks. 1030/2 The priestes should eate no flesh fro quinquagissime to Easter. c 1535 Fisher Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 434 Y« gospell, redde in the church this quinquagesime sondaye. 1658 in Phillips.

quinquagint ('kwinkw3d3int). nonce-wd. [ad. L. quinqudginta fifty.] A set of fifty persons or things. 1843 Thackeray Irish Sk.-Bk. II. xiv. 264 There are 220 voters, it appears;.. but as parties are pretty equally balanced, the votes of the quinquagint.. carry an immense weight.

t 'quinquangle, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. quinquangulus, -um (Priscian, Boeth.), f. quinque

quinquennial

35 five + angulus angle. Cf. obs. F. quinquangle (Godef.).] A. adj. ‘Having five angles or corners’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656). B. sb. A pentagon. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. I. 29 To inscribe a Quinquangle into a Circle. 1677 Plot O^ordsh. 334 Rather a quinquangle thari a square. 1788 T. Taylor Proclus I. 178 A triangle.. will in this case have all its angles acute, and a quinquangle all its angles obtuse.

quinquangular (kwin'kwaei]gjob(r)), a. [f. as prec. + -ar: cf. F. quinquangulaire.] Having five angles or corners; pentagonal. 1653 H. More Antid. Atk. ii. vi. (1712) 54 If it [a stone] be but exactly round .. or ordinately Quinquangular. 1657 Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 258 The leaves of Briony are broad, and quinquangular. 1704 Collect. Voy. (Churchill) III. 7pi/t The .. Fortress .. was of a Quinquangular Figure. 1826 in Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 262. 1872 E. Trollope Sleaford 430 Its east end terminates in a quinquangular apse.

So quin'quangulate, -ous adjs. (Lee Introd. Bot. 1788; Mayne Expos. Lex. 1858). quinquarticular (kwinkw3'tikjub(r)), a. [ad. mod.L. quinquarticuldr-is, f. quinque five + articulus article.] Relating to the five articles or points of Arminian doctrine condemned by the Calvinists at the Synod of Dort in 1618. 1661 Glanvill Van. Dogm. 102 That darkness and confusion that is upon the face of the quinquarticular debates. 1674 Hickman Hist. Quinquart. (ed. 2) 2 Our Subject must be the unhappy Quinquarticular Controyersie. 1755 Carte Hist. Eng. IV. 53 The troubles complained of by the Dutch deputies related to what was called the quinquarticular controversy. 1834 Faber Lett. (1869) 17 The quinquarticular doctrines of the Synod of Dort. 1861 W. S. Perry Hist. Ch. Eng. I. x. 348 One long versed in the intricacies of these quinquarticular disputes.

Quin'quatric, a. rare. [f. L. quinqudtrus f. pi. or quinqudtria n. pi. + -ic.] Rom. Antiq. Pertaining to the festival of Minerva (March 19-23)*839 J. Taylor Poems (sf Transl. 210 The name of the Quinquatric Festival is derivable from the 5J days by which the year exceeds twelve months of thirty days each.

quinque- (’kwinkwi), a first element (a. L. quinque- five-) employed in combs, with the sense ‘having, consisting of, etc. five (things specified)’. Examples of such formations in classical L. are the sbs. quinquefolium, quinquennium, quinqueremis, quinquevir(t), the adjs. quinquefolius, -mestris, quinquenndlis, and the ppl. form quinquepartitus’, others appear in the later language. Those adopted or formed in English are chiefly terms of Bot. or ZooL, and correspond to similar formations in F., as quinquedente, -digite, -lobe, -loculaire, -nerve, valve, etc. For the meaning of the second element in the following compare the corresponding forms under BI-, QUADRI-. t quinque-'angle, -'angled, -'angular adjs., quinquangular, pentagonal; quinque-'annulate, -ar'ticulate, -'capsular, -'costate, -'dentate, t-dentated, -'digitate(d), -'farious adjs.’, 'quinquefid a. (see quinquifid); f quinquefoil, cinquefoil; quinque'foliate, f -foliated, -'foliolate, -'jugous, -'lateral, -'libral adjs.-, quinque'literal a. and sb.-, quinque'lobate, -lobed, -'locular, f-tnestrial adjs.’, f-metre; -'nerval, -nerved, -pedal, -pe'dalian, -'petaloid, -‘punctal, -'punctate, -‘radiate, -'septate, -'serial, -'seriate, -sy'llabic adjs.’, quinque'syllable; quinque-tu'bercular, -tu'berculate adjs.’, quinquevalent a. = quinquivalent; 'quinquevaive a. and sb., t -'valvous, -'valvular, -'verbal, -'verbial adjs. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iii. iii, In champion grounds what figure serves you best, For which the *quinque-angle form is meet. 1679 Moxon Math. Diet. 125 * Quinque-Angled. 1760 P. Miller Introd. Bot. 21 A •quinqueangular or five cornered leaf. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 318 Abdomen *quinqueannulate. Ibid. 300 Antenn® filiform, *quinquearticulate. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 74 A pair of quinquearticulate legs. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xxix. (1765) 145 In Aconitum some are tricapsular, and others •quinquecapsular. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 152 It is said to be.. five-ribbed or •quinquecostate. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xx. (1765) 116 The Brim •quinque-dentate. 1870 Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 217, 5-toothed or quinquedentate. 1777 Pennant British Zool. (ed. 2) IV. 4 Smooth body, *quinque-dentated front. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinquedigitatus, .. •quinquedigitated. 1828 Webster, *QwiVzoue/oriows. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, *Quinquefoile, or Cinquefoile. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 620 It is a *Quinquefoliate and Siligniferous Tree, with winged Seed. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 170 It is quinate or quinquefoliate, if there are five [leaflets]. 1727 Bailey vol. II, ^QuinquefoliatedLeaf. 1832 Lindley Introd. Bot. (1839) 463 We say.. *quinquefoliolate or quinate, if there are five [leaflets] from the same point. 1819 Pantologia X. *Quinquejugous leaf,.. a pinnate leaf, with five pairs of leaflets. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 157 Body cylindrical or •quinquelateral. 1656 Blount Glossogr., *Quinque-libral,.. of five pound weight. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 91 Some mention a Triple Choenix, as

Bilibral, Quadrilibral, and Quinquelibral. 1793 Beddoes Math. Evid. 133 They assume triliteral and quadriliteral.. roots, and are doubtful whether there are not •quinqueliteral. 1846-52 B. Davies tr. Gesenius' Heb. Gram. II. §30 Combining into one word two triliteral stems, by which process even quinqueliterals are formed. 1819 Pantologia X. *Quinquelobate leaf. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 875/1 Sometimes it [the tooth] is made quinquelobate by a double notch. 1775 J. Jenkinson tr. Linnaeus' Brit. PI. Gloss. 255 ‘Quinquelobed. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xxxii. (1765) 157 Campanula, with Fruit *quinquelocular. 1870 Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 290 The ovary is quinquelocular. 1611 Coryat Crudities Char. Authour, Author of these •Quinque-mestriale Crudities. C1560 Abp. Parker Psalter Bj, Dauid Metres made; •Quinquemetres: some trimetres. 1671 Grew Anat. PI. vii. §4. 45 Some just *Quinquenerval, as in Anisum. 1856 Henslow Diet. Bot. Terms 151 *Quinqu€n€rved. 1855 Fraser's Mag. LI. 63 A series of tripedal, quadrupedal, and *quinquepedal cocks. 1841 Hodgson Life Napoleon in R. Oastler Fleet Papers (1842) II. 397 Its lengthened •quinquepedalian notes. 1678 Phillips (ed. 4) List Barbarous Words, *Quinquipunctal, having five points. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinquepunctatus, .. *quinquepunctate. 1886 Athenaeum 12 June 782/3 There are four, six and seven rayed forms as well as the more ordinary •quinquiradiate specimens. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinqueseriatus,. .*(\u\T\is?* Ibid. 19311 (Edinb.) ‘Lauerdingis, it es selcul^e,’ cod J?ai. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. ii. 5 ‘Loke on pt lufthond,’ quod heo ‘and seo wher [he] stondej?.’ ^1420 Sir Amadace (Camd.) xxxviii. Quod the quite knyjte, ‘Quat mon is this’? c 1470 Henry Wallace vi. 133 ‘Quhom scornys thowP’ quod Wallace, ‘quha lerd the?’ 1513 Douglas ASneis viii. Prol. 122 Quod I, Lovne, thou leis. 1549 Coverdale etc. Erasm. Par. I Tim. 2, I haue not chosen (quod he) out of an other mannes flocke. ri620 A. Hume Brit. Tongue (1865) 18 Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour.

8. 5 quo, 6 ko, ka, 8 Sc. co’, 8-9 quo’. CI450 Merlin 33 ‘In feith,’ quo the oon, ‘I sholde suffer grete myschef er he had eny harm.’ a 1553 Udall Royster D. III. iii. (Arb.) 44 Bawawe what ye say (ko I).. Nay I feare him not (ko she) 1756 Toldervy Hist. 2 Orphans I. 39 Marry (quo’ she) I think it is the province of our elder brother, a 1774 Fergusson Iron Kirk Bell Poems (1845) 44 Quo’ he.. ‘This bell o’mine’s a trick’. 1818 Scott Rob Roy xxiv, Whae’s Mr. Robert Campbell, quo’ he? 1893 Crockett Stickit Minister 127 ‘Horse or mule,’ quo’ she [etc.].

t b. Used at the end of a piece to introduce the name of the author. Obs. (Chiefly Sc.) a 1500 King's Quair (S.T.S.) 48 Explicit, &c. Quod Jacobus Primus. 1508 Dunbar Lament *101 Quod Dunbar quhen he was seik. C1550 Lusty Juventus. Finis. Quod R. Weuer. 1583 Satir. Poems Reform, xlv. *1118 Finis. Quod R. S. [1788 Burns Friars Carse 55 Quod the Beadsman of Nith-side.]

12. Used interrogatively with a pronoun of the second person, with the same force as quotha. Obs. The form quothee may be a var. of quotha. a 1553 Udall Royster D. i. ii. (Arb.) 17 Enamoured, quod you?.. Enamoured ka? Ibid. iii. iv. 54 Scribler (ko you). 1573 Hew Custom i. ii, Primitiue Constitution (quodes Stowe) as much as my sleeve! 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 12 Rich, quoth you? They are rich indeede toward the deuill and the world, a 1600 Grim, the Collier of Croydon II. iv. (1662) 30 As it falls! quoth ye, marry a foul fall is it. 1681 T. Flatman Heraclitus Ridens No. 5 (1713) I. 28 Earn ..And what Trade do they intend to drive? Jest. What Trade, quothee?

^ Hence (erroneously) 'quothing, saying. 1864 Sir F. Palgrave Norm, hf Eng. HI. 402 The owner had the power of transmitting the possession to an heir by bequest, by quothing or speaking forth the name of his intended successor to the lord.

quotha ('kwsuBa), int. Now arch. Also 6 catha, quod a, quodha. [Tor quoth he (^ec^\pron.).The phrase ‘said he?’, used with contemptuous or sarcastic force in repeating a word or phrase used by another; hence = indeed! forsooth! 1519 Inter! Four Elem. (Percy Soc.) 24 Thre course dysshes, quod a. 1528 Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 86 Wat. Hath Christ amonge theym no place? Jef. Christ catha? c 1550 Lusty Juventus Ciib, Lawfull, quodha, a, foole, foole. 1600 Heywood 1st Pt. Edw. IV Wks. 1874 I. 33 Forbid, quotha? I, in good sadness. i68o Dryden Span. Friar iii. ii, A novice quotha! you would make a novice of me too, if you could. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. i. i. Learning, quotha! a mere composition of tricks and mischief. 1835 Willis Pencillings II. xliii. 38 The ‘fickle moon,’ quotha! I wish my friends were half as constant. 1884 Browning Ferishtah's Fancies,

Mihrab Shah 99 Attributes, quotha? Here’s poor flesh and blood. 1917 W. Owen Let. 4 Feb. (1967) 432 Distaste? Distaste, Quotha? 1958 L. Durrell Mountolive v. in A fellow-romantic quotha!

tquothe, quoath, obs. varr. cothe v. to faint. 1567 Golding Ovid's Met. v. (1593) 107 He quothing as he stood Did looke about where Atys lay. Ibid. vii. 179 She quoath’d, and with her bloud Her little strength did fade.

quothernicke: see cothurnic.

B. sb. 1. A quotidian fever or ague.

II quot homines tot sententiae (kwnt 'homineiz tot sen'tentiai). [L.] An observation on the diversity of opinions, deriving from Terence Phormio ii. iv. 14 quot homines tot sententiae: suus cuique mos ‘there are as many opinions as there are men: to each his own way’, 1539 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus's Proverbes or Adagies f. xiii, Quot homines, tot sentencise. So many heades, so many iudgementes. 1575 G. Gascoigne Certayne Notes of Instruction concerning Making of Verse or Ryme in English, And therwithall I pray you consider that Quot homines, tot Sententiae, especially in Poetrie. 1602 W; Watson Quodlibeticall Questions concerning Relig. ^ State 343 They follow each one of them their owne priuate foule spirits of deceit and error, & so quot homines tot sententiae. So many men so many minds. 1869 Fraser's Mag. LXXX. 68/1 Here all is to be pleasure. The (minions as to what is pleasure vary as a matter of course. Quot homines tot sententiae. 1969 Listener 13 Nov. 680/2 A visitor from another planet might well have marvelled at the fertility of the human race in generating opinion—quot homines tot sententiae with a vengeance. 1975 Times 13 Nov. 17/6 No one has ever agreed entirely about Kipling; Quot homines, tot sententiae.

tquo'tidial, a. Obs. In 6 cotidial, -yall, 7 quotidiall. [f. L. cot-, quotidie daily + -al'.] Daily. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (i8i i) 125 Mekly besecheth.. your cotidial oratur. 1540 Boorde The boke for to Lerne Cjb, Many other cotidyall expences. 1609 W. M. Man in Moone D ij b. Denoting your selfe to quotiiliall daliance.

tquo'tidially, adv. Obs. Also 5-6 cotidi-, 6 cotydy-. [f. as prec. + -ly'*.] Day by day. ri430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 63 The monke.. thought he wolde.. Cotidially withe hem only oure lady please. 1542 Boorde Dyetary x. (1870) 226 Cotydyally remembryng your bountyful goodnes. 1547 - Brev. Health cxiv. 43 Then cotidially.. use stufes wet and dry. 1623 Cockeram II, Continually, Sempeternally,.. Quotidially.

quotidian (kwau'tidian), a. and sb. Forms: 4, 6 cotidien, (4 -ene); 4-6 cotidian, -ane, (5 -yan, cotydian, -yan, 6 -yane); 4- quotidian, (6 -ane, -ene, quotydian). [a, OF. cotidien^ ~ian (13th c., mod.F. quotidien), or ad. L. cot~y quotididn-uSy f. coUy quotidie every day, daily.] A. adj. 1. a. Of things, acts, etc.: Of or pertaining to every day; daily. ri38o Wyclif Wks. (1880) 62 3if pei preien, |>at is., comunly

for offrynge & cotidian distribucion. 1406 La Male Regie 25 My grief and bisy smert cotidian. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 307 He made the preface quotidian. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 274 b/2 [A] cotidyan fornays is oure tonge humayne. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. xx. 5 The cotydyane labours her body to chastyce. 1550 Veron Godly Sayings (ed. Daniel) 55 Though your sinnes be daily and quotidian, let not them be deadly. 1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost, xxiii. 158 A Quotidian imaginarie oblation of a Sacrifice. 1635 Quarles Embl. i. xi. (1718) 45 And brazen lungs belch forth quotidian fire. a 1711 Ken Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 29 Thence our Quotidian Raptures were begun. 1849 Longfellow Kavanagh xi. 53 Five cats..to receive their quotidian morning’s meal. 1861 Thackeray Philip xvi, Every man who wishes to succeed at the bar.. must know the quotidian history of his country. Hoccleve

b. spec, of an intermittent fever or ague, recurring every day. Cf. B. i. In early use placed after the sb.; cf. quartan. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2987 Som for pride.. Sal haf.. a fever cotidiene. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 142 A Fievere it is cotidian, Which every day wol come aboute. 1530 Palsgr. 209/1 Cotidien axes, fievre quotidienne. 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth. 41b, Of the dayly ague or fever quotidiane. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 37 In chronical diseases, as Quartane and Quotidian diseases. 1718 Pope Let. to R. Digby 31 Mar., That spirit.. which I take to be as familiar to you as a quotie quocient. 1542 Records Gr. Artes 129 Then I seke howe often the diuisor maye be founde in the diuident, and that I fynde 3 tymes, then set I 3 in the thyrde lyne for the quotient. 1614 T. Bedwell Nat. Geom. Numbers i. 8 The quotients of 60, by i, 2, 3,.. are 60, 30, 20. 1695 Alingham Geom. Epit. 73 If.. I divide 54 by 3 the quotient is 18. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Division, For 3 being only contained twice in 8, the last number in the quotient will be 2. 1840 Lardner Geom. 124 Multiply b by c and divide the product by a, and the quotient will be d. 1884 A. Paul Hist. Reform ii. 29 The total was to be divided by 558, and the quotient to be deemed the proportion of voters entitled to elect one member.

b. attrib., as quotient figure, line, number, ring-, quotient representation (see quot. 1884 above); quotient group = factor group s.v. FACTOR sb. g. c 1430 Art Nombryng (E.E.T.S.) 12 Above pat figure.. me most sette a cifre in ordre of the nombre quocient. 1542 Recorde Gr. Artes 48 b, That is called the quotiente numbre. 1557-Whetst. K ij. The roote .2. I sette behind the quotiente line. 1709 ]. Ward Introd. Math. i. xi. §7 (•734) 139 You must Increase.. the Divisor with Thrice the Quotient Figure. 1889 Universal Rev. 7 Jan., Equal electoral districts, quotient representation of the population,.. are a deduction from the democratic principle. 1893 Bull. N. Y. Math. Soc. III. 74 The quotient-group of any two consecutive groups in the series of composition of any group is a simple group. 1911 W. Burnside Theory of Groups of Finite Order (ed. 2) iii. 39 Herr Holder has introduced the symbol GjH to represent this group; he calls it the quotient of G by H, and a factor-group of G. 1958 R. V. Andree Mod. Abstract Algebra iv. loi The order of the quotient gr/.). b. Used as an ejaculation or retort, to express incredulity, contempt, etc. 1790 Bystander 93 Mr. World [the newspaper] might retort that Mr. Herald was a Quoz, and a low print. 1796 Mad. D’Arblay Camilla vii. xiii. 200 Upon my honour,.. the quoz of the present season are beyond what a man could have hoped to see! 1802 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. VI. 197 At length it was announced, that Pic-Nic, like Quoz, which was chalked some years ago on windows and doors, really meant nothing. 1841 C. Mackay Mem. Pop. Delus. I. 325 Many years ago the favourite phrase (for, though but a monosyllable, it was a phrase in itselO was Quoz.

Quran, Qur’an, Qur(’)anic. A frequent esp. scholarly variant spelling of KoranS Koranic

a. CfQ. 1876 T. P. Hughes in A. Qadir Quran, Transl. into Urdu Language p. iii, There is no authorized translation of the Quran in any language. 1885-Diet. Islam 483/2 Qur'an .., the sacred book of the Muhammadans. 1905 W. St. Clair Tisdall Orig. Sources of Qur'an iii. 63 The Source of the rest of the Qur’anic account of the murder is the legend in the Pirqey Rabbi ElVezer. 1919 H. U. W. Stanton Teaching of Qur'an 5 The best studies on quranic theology in English are the pamphlets by Rev. W. R. W. Gardner. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 June 459/2 The tales.. vary from Qur’anic legends to popular stories of the most ribald and grotesque description. 1932 Ibid. 17 Mar. 185/1 He had forgotten the Quran and could not recite one of the suras. 1939 L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 363 Arabic, famous as the language of the Qur’an. 1954 Scott. Jrnl. Theol. VII. 334 The non-expert will find this an eminently readable and absorbing book, and one that might well stimulate to a lasting interest in the Qur’an and the Islamic world. Ibid., Again, the book is the fruit of a lifetime’s devotion to Qur’anic studies. 1971 Nigerian Jrnl. Islam II. 45 Thus, the emphasis in the Quranic School is on the moral development of the child. 1972 Computers Humanities VI. 195 Arabic, the native language of 100 million people, is also used by many more millions as the language of the Quran and Islamic Law. 1976 Daily Tel. 6 Apr. 11/3 Their loans have been supplemented by Qur’ans from the British Library’s own collection. 1980 Oxf. Diocesan Mag. Feb. 9/1 The total restriction of women to their homes.. has been a matter of social custom, not Quranic law.

qussyon, obs. form of cushion. tquu-, obs. (chiefly early ME.) var. of QU- and WH-, as in quuad quoth, quuam whom, quuan when, quuat what, quue cue, quuen queen, quuo who, quuor where; also quuow how.

quuik, obs. Sc. pa. t. of quake quurt, variant of quirt

v."

v.

Obs.

quy, obs. form of quey, why. a common ME. variant of qui-. Examples (exclusive of mere doublets of forms already given under QUi-) are quyach queyock, quyc(c)he quetch, quye quey, quylet quelet, quyn tquy-,

qv-, occasional ME. var. of QU- (and wh-), as in qvan when, qvare, qvayr quire, qvarelle quarrel. qveise quease, qverel quarrel, qvycchyn, qvyhehyn quetch, qvysperyn whisper, qvytaunce quittance, qvytchyn quetch, qvyrlebone whirlbone; etc. So also qvh-, var. of QUH-, as qvhischen = whishen cushion, Qvhissonday Whitsunday. tqw-, freq. ME. (esp. northern) var. of qu(and WH-), as qwa = qua who, qwal = qual whale, qwarell quarrel, etc. (see the forms with QU-). Also qwaintan quintain, qwalester chorister, qwarto whereto, qwatteer quarter, qwaylle whale, qwe whew, qweasse quease, qweel wheel, qwelke whelk, qwenock whinnock, qweschyn, qweseyn cushion, qwinaci quinsy, qwissel whistle, qworle whorl. So qwh-, var. of Quh-, as qwhele wheel, qwhen when, qwhete wheat, qwhite white, qwhylum whilom; etc. Also qwy-, var. of quy-, Qui-, as qwy{e quey, qwyce quice, qwych(e which, qwynne whin, qwynse quinsy, qwysschewes cuisses, qwyuer quiver; etc. (See the forms with QUi-.) QWERT, QWERTY, qwerty (kwsit, kwsiti). Part of the series of letters that label the first row of letter keys on typewriters in English-speaking countries; also qwert yuiop, the full series in that row. Also (in form qwerty) used attrib. or as adj. to designate a keyboard or machine that incorporates this type of non-alphabetical lay¬ out. 1929 Times Lit. Suppl. ii July 552/2 The ‘qwerty’ keyboard appears first on the Yost in 1887. 1961 CourierMail (Brisbane) 5 June {heading) ‘QWERTS’ girls are in demand. 1962 Which? Dec. 356/2 The keyboards of all the machines were laid out in the traditional—and irrationalpattern, sometimes called ‘qwert yuiop’, which gives the left hand a lot of work to do, and its little finger too big a share of that. 1967 Crescendo Dec. 15/1 As soon as I had the virgin sheet of paper threaded into my type-writer I discovered that I was at peace with the world. Not a single hostile thought came to mind. I wrote QWERT a couple of times and gazed at my brain-child. 1975 Nature 16 Oct. 556/1 I^ut is usually by Qwerty keyboard, either direct entry or off-line, using punched tape. 1976 Times 9 Nov. 16/7 Mutterings .. are to be heard among non-French secretaries employed by the European Commission in Brussels over plans to introduce a standardized typewriter based on the French AZERTY keyboard... The Commission .. points out that if English QWERTY machines had been chosen .. this decision would have been just as open to accusations of discrimination. Germans .. operate QWERTZ machines, while Italians.. prefer QZERTY.

qy., abbrev. of query. 1819 M. Edgeworth Let. 17 Apr. (1971) 195 We had been presented to the (Qy.) Duchess of Sussex. 1838 Civil Eng. fef Arch. Jrnl. I. 390/1 Qy. Is this pitch the Trinidad asphalte?

R R (a:(r)), the eighteenth letter of the modern and seventeenth of the ancient Roman alphabet, is derived through early Greek [?, from the Phoenician at bene of noble fames. 1530 Palsgr. 34, R in the frenche tonge shalbe sounded as he is in latyn without any exception. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner M viij b. Oysters.. in those Moneths that have the letter R. in their names. 1636 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. (1640) 47, R is the Dogs Letter and hurreth in the sound. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Hebrews allow the r the privilege of a guttural; that is, they never double it. a 1854 Caroline B. Southey Poet. Wks. (1867) 21, R’s whose lower limbs Beyond the upper bulged unseemly out. 1888 Cornh. Mag. Oct. 365 The letter R is not yet menaced with extinction in Washington.

b. the ‘r’ months: Those months in the name of which an r occurs (September to April), during which oysters are in season (cf. quot. 1599 above). So also r-less month. 1764 Chesterf. Lett, cccxlvi. Here is no domestic news of changes and chances in the political world, which, like oysters, are only in season in the R months, when the Parliament sits. 1856 Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 301,1 don’t believe even the oysters found out what r-less month it was. 1888 Pall Mall G. 21 Sept. 7/2 The ‘r’ months have, however, opened at Brussels in the usual way; the Zeeland and Ostend oysters .. made their welcome appearance.

c. Phonetics, r-less adj.; r-colour, the modification of a vowel sound caused by a following r, as in the U.S. pronunciation of bird, etc.; hence r-coloured adj., r-colouring. Also intrusive r (see introductory note above); linking r: see linking ppl. a. d. 1887 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1885-6 3 The intrusive r has actually produced an additional syllable in modem English. 1902 H. L. Wilson Spenders xxiv. 277 Her speech bore just a hint of the soft r-less drawl of the South. 1909 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. I. 372 In literature the intrusive r is frequently indicated as a characteristic mark of vulgarity; the oldest example, perhaps, is in Smollett. 1928 I. C. Ward Phonetics of Eng. xiii. 130 There is no doubt that the intrusive r is spreading; even in districts where it has not been known, the younger generation is using it. 1935 J. S. Kenyon Amer. Pronunc. (ed. 6) 158 In Southern American speech, instead of accented 3, an ‘r-colored’ vowel varying to 5 is often heard. Ibid. 191 The retroflexion is slight, or replaced by raising and retraction of the tongue, but.. the vowel is stiil ‘r-colored’, giving the impression of an r sound. Ibid. 193 In South England.. the V color’ itself disappeared, leaving the sound 3. 1940 Maitre Phonetique Oct.-Dec. 63 6a nouteijnz.. witf dinout prisaisli vaudlz wi6 r-kAlariq. 1941 Language XVII. 240 This occurs frequently in the mixed dialect of those who have both V-pronouncing’ and ‘r-less’ forms in their speech. 1950 D. Jones Phoneme xvi. 82, rcolouring, when vowels are said with simultaneous lowering of the soft palate. Ibid., r-coloured vowels are found with signiflcant function in various types of American and British English. 1965 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XI. i. 65 Nine free vowels occur under stress in all dialects..; a tenth occurs only in r-less dialects. 1977 P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching of English xii. 151 In American English, in all words spelled with r there is an r sound which occurs simultaneously with the vowel before it. (.. The vowels in such cases are said to be r-coloured.)

2. Used to denote serial order, as ‘R Battery’, ‘MS. R’, etc., or as a symbol of some thing or person, a point in a diagram, etc. II. Abbreviations. 1. Of Latin words or phrases, a. fR (in mediaeval notation) = 8o. R. = rex king, regina queen. In medical prescriptions: R, R = recipe take. b. R.I.P. = requiescat in pace, ‘may he (or she) rest in peace’; or requiescant in pace, ‘may they rest in peace’; also (occas.) as v. intr. i8i6 Catholicon II. 264 Obituary... On the 24th inst. Mr. Cornelius Peter Murphy.. possessed of a heart glowing with the most generous sentiments, he contracted his illness by the devotedness of his friendship to a deserving youth, from whom, during the course of his long and fatal malady, he could not be separated. R.I.P. 1917 A. G. Empey Over Top 306 ‘R.I.P.’ In monk’s highbrow, ‘Requiescat in pace’, put on little wooden crosses over soldier’s graves... Tommy says like as not it means ‘Rest in pieces’, especially if the man under the cross has been sent West by a bomb. 1962 Punch 5 Sept. 334/1 We had a field mouse RIP-ing under the cupboard. 1976 Liverpool Echo 22 Nov. 4/1 Fortified by rites of Holy Church (R.I.P.). Requiem Mass Thursday, November 25.

2. Of English words and phrases; a. R. = various proper names, as Richard, Robert, etc.; R. = Rabbi; R. = radius; R. = Railway; R = RAND sb.'^ 2; R. = Reaumur; R. = frest; R, restricted (rating) (U.S.); R, reverse (as on the selector mechanism in a vehicle with automatic transmission); R. = River; R. = frogue; R {Bacterial.) = rough a. i e; R. = Royal; R. (Naut.), run (see quots. 1706 and 1867); R. = rupee; R = response (to a versicle); (g), registered (of a trademark: incorporated in Statutes at Large U.S.A. ig46 (1947) LX. i. 436); R, r, right; also spec, of a stage; r = radius vector; r {Naut. in log-book) = rain; R.A. = Rear Admiral; R.A. {Astron.), right ascension;

R.A., Royal Academy or Academician (hence RA.-ship); R.A., Royal Artillery; R.A.A.F., Royal Australian Air Force; R.A.C., Royal Armoured Corps; R.A.C., Royal Automobile Club; R.A.E., Royal Aircraft Establishment; R.A.F. [G. Rote Armee Fraktion], Red Army Faction (in West Germany); R.A.F.V.R., Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve; RAM {Com¬ puters), random-access memory; R.A.M., Royal Academy of Music; R.A.M.C., Royal Army Medical Corps; R and B, R & B, R’n B, r’n’b = rhythm and blues; R and D, R & D, research and development (chiefly U.S.); R and R, R & R, rest and recreation (leave) (orig. U.S.); R. and R., R.’n’R., r’n’r = rock and roll; R.A.O.C., Royal Army Ordnance Corps; R.A.P., Regimental Aid Post; R.A.S.C., Royal Army Service Corps; R. Aux. A.F., Royal Auxiliary Air Force; R.B.C., red blood cell or corpuscle; red blood (cell) count; R.B.E., relative biological effectiveness (of radiation); R.B.I. {Baseball), run batted in; R.C., r.c., reinforced concrete; RC {Electronics), resistance/capacitance (or resistor/capacitor); R.C., Roman Catholic; R.C.A., Radio Corporation of America; R.C.A.F., Royal Canadian Air Force; R.C.M., radio (or radar) counter-measures; R.C.M.P., Royal Canadian Mounted Police; R.D., refer (also loosely understood as return) to drawer (of cheque); R.D.C., Rural District Council; R.D.F., radio direction-finding, -finder (in quots., referring to radar); also as v. trans., to employ R.D.F. against; RDV, rdv = rendezvous sb. (orig. U.S.); R.E., religious education; R.E., Royal Engineers; r.f., R.F., radio-frequency; R.F., representative fraction; usu. attrib.; R.F.A., Royal Field Artillery; R.F.A., Royal Fleet Auxiliary; R.F.C., Royal Flying Corps; R.F.D., rural free delivery (of letters) {U.S.); R.G.A., Royal Garrison Artillery; R.G.N., Registered General Nurse; Rh, rhesus (blood group); usu. attrib.; R.H. = Royal Highness; R.H.A., Royal Horse Artillery; R.I., religious instruction; RIAA, Record (since 1970, Recording) Industry Association of America; R.I.A.F., Royal Indian Air Force; R.I.B.A., Royal Institute of British Architects; R.I.C., Royal Irish Constabulary; R.I.N., Royal Indian Navy; R.K., religious knowledge; R.M., Reichsmark; R.M., Resident Magistrate; R.M., Royal Marines; R.M.A., Royal Marine Artillery; R.M.C., Royal Military College (at Sandhurst); R.M.L.I., Royal Marine Light Infantry; r.m.s., R.M.S. (chiefly Electr.), root mean square; usu. attrib.; R.M.S., Royal Mail Steamer (also Ship); R.N., Registered Nurse; R.N., Royal Navy; R.N.A.S., Royal Naval Air Service; R.N.D., Royal Naval Division; R.N.L.I., Royal National Life-boat Institution; R.N.R., Royal Naval Reserve; R.N.V.R., Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve; R.N.Z.A.F., Royal New Zealand Air Force; ROA [Russ. Russkaya osvobodttel'naya drmiya), the Russian Liberation Army; R.O.C., Royal Observer Corps; R.O.K., Rok (mk). Republic (also Relief) of Korea; also pi., soldiers of the Republic of Korea; ROM {Computers), read¬ only memory; R.O.P., rop, run of paper (as of advertisements not booked for a specific position in a newspaper); also^ig.; also in colour printing (see quot. 1967); ROSLA (also with pronunc. ('rozls), raising of the school-leaving age; RoSPA ('rospa). Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents; RP, rp = received pronunciation s.v. received ppl. a. 1 b; R.P.M., r.p.m., resale price maintenance; r.p.m., R.P.M., revolution(s) per minute; RPV, remotely piloted vehicle (orig. U.S.); R.Q. {Med.), respiratory quotient; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; R.S., rs, received standard; formerly, received speech; R.S. = Royal Society; R.S.A., Royal Society of Arts; also pi., R.S.A. exarninations; R.S.F.S.R. [Russ. Rossiiskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; RSJ, rolled steel joist; RSLA

R — ROSLA above; R.S.M., Regimental Sergeant Major; R.S.P.B., Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; R.S.P.C.A., Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; R.S.V., Revised Standard Version (of the Bible); RSV (Biol, and Med.), Rous sarcoma virus; R/T, R.T., radio-telegraph or -telephone; usu. attrib.\ RTE, Radio Telefis Eireann, the official broadcasting authority of the Republic of Ireland; R.T.O., Railway Xransport(ation) Officer, Railroad Transportation Officer; R.T.U. (Mil.), returned to unit; R.U.C., Royal Ulster Constabulary; RV, rateable value; RV (earlier RecV), recreational vehicle, as a motorized caravan {U.S.)\ hence RVer\ RVing ppl. adj.; R.V., r.v. = rendezvous sb. and v. tntr.\ R.V. = Revised Version (of the Bible); R.W. = Right Worthy or Worshipful. See also R.A.D.A., R.A.F., RDX, REM sb.^, R.E.M.E., RNA, R.O.T.C. (as main entries). f 133® Brunne Chron. (1810) 156 To mak certeyn partie, •R. a quitance toke. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. iv. §3 R. Solomon makes this hill to be Kirjath-jearim. 1819 Pantologia X. Fj b, Then the radius vector r is expressed by either of the following formulae. 1625 Massinger New Way IV. ii, My hand hissing, .with the letter R printed upon it. 1961 Times zy Jan. 19/4 Offers of‘one-ninetyfour’and‘oneninetyfive’.. were chalked up as ‘R1.94’ and ‘R1.95’. 1961 Africana Notes dsf News Mar. (recto rear cover), Subscription R2 per annum .. Holt, B. Place-Names of the Transkeian Territories, 1959. Ro-75. 1971 J. McClure Steam Pig iv. 40 She kept her money in the post office, just over R200. 1925 Registration of Trade-Marks (U.S. Congress Senate. Comm, on Patents) 20-1 Jan. 8 It shall be the duty of the registrant to accompany a registered trade¬ mark with the words ‘Registered in U.S. Patent Office’,.. or by letter ‘R’ in a circle, thus (g). 1977 Gloss. Terms Unfair Competition (U.S. Trademark Assoc.), (gi, one of several notices prescribed by law to indicate that a mark is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Jnstr. Dvj, Set the same down..on this Creditor side..with an R before it, signifying rest. 1965 Acronyms & Initialisms Diet. (Gale Research Co.) 589 R... Restricted (Militar\' document classification). 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 6 Feb. 2/3 The Strawberry Statement, the MGM version of a campus rebellion.. was rated R (no one under 17 admitted without parent or guardian). 1976 New Yorker 12 Jan. 70/2 Peckinpah was forced to trim ‘The Killer Elite’ to change its R rating to a PG. Ibid., Many of these theatres wouldn’t have taken it if it had an R and the kids couldn’t go by themselves. 1951 R = reverse [see L = low s.v. L 7]. 1846 J. R. Planche Bee Orange Tree ii. 7 On (r.) a Cavern. Tempest. A Vessel is seen in distress. When it is out of sight, enter (r.) from Cavern, Princess Amy. 1893 G. B. Sh.\w Let. 27 Apr. (1965) I. 392 The old style—the Princess & the audience grouped R, and Adrienne beginning L in profile. 1976 M. S. Hoque Hunger I. i. 1, Moina and Latif appear—R. They are just visible by the door. 1977 Rolling Stone 24 Mar., {caption) (Opposite, 1 to r): John, Mick, Christine MeVie, Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. 1920 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Path. Bacterial. XXIII. 359 The R form grows in colonies which have a more or less jagged outline, are flatter and often have an irregular, rough, or dull surface and are slightly opaque. 1973 Klainer & Geis Agents of Bacterial Dis. i. 23 Rough (R) colonies have a dry, flat, irregular, wrinkled appearance and are generally formed by cells that lack a capsule. 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4216/3 All such Seamen.., that are made Run, for not repairing to their Duty, shall have their R’s taken off. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., R. in the musterbook means run, and is placed against those who have deserted, or missed three musters. 1885 Kipling Let. 30 July in C. Carrington Rudyard Kipling (1955) iv. 67 One Proprietor offered My Mother Rs i ,000 for an Anglo-Indian story. 1971 Shankar's Weekly (Delhi) 4 Apr. 9/3 ‘It won’t cost much.’ ‘No, about Rs. 10,000.’ 1813 Examiner 17 May 316/1 Far above the mediocrity of most of our •R.A.’s. 1829 J. Constable Let. 5 Apr. (1965) III. 21, I beg my best regards to Mrs Leslie—I am always dear Leslie. / your obliged friend / John Constable R.A. 1881 Athenaeum 5 Nov. 603/2 The year of his R.A.-ship. 1890 Lloyd George Let. 10 June (1973) 28 He had numerous R.A.’s & in fact I should fancy his picture gallery alone must have aggregated /|io,ooo in value. 1970 Oxf. Compan. Art S^ll^ He was trained as a chorister in the Chapel Royal, and later received an allowance.. to study at the R.A. Schools. 1815 J. Kane List Officers R. Regiment Artillery 65 List of Subaltern Officers of the Corps of •R.A. Drivers. 1955 Times 16 June 4/3 Both achieved a creditable rate of ’oangs per minute, the R.E. with various demolitions and a set piece assault by flail tanks, the R.A. with gunfire. 1936 Age (Melbourne) 5 May 13 {caption) Aircraftsmen making adjustments to fuselage and bomb racks on the •R.A.A.F. Hawker Demon at the Exhibition. 1955 Times 21 June 9/5 Melbourne, June 20... Four hundred soldiers, police and bushwalkers, helped by R.A.A.F. Dakota aircraft are searching 5,000ft. Mount Baw Baw for Mihran Haig. 1973 Parade (Melbourne) Sept. 22/1 The RAAF Lockheed Hudson, carrying a VIP load, was about to land at Canberra from Melbourne. 1942 Partridge Diet. Abbrev. 81/1 *R.A.C., Royal Armoured Corps; armoured fighting vehicles and tanks. ig$o Jlrnl. R. United Service Inst. XCV. 289 The Royal Armoured Corps, as such, did not come into being until April 1939 (A.O. 58/1939)... In the same Army Order it was also stated that on transfer to the R.A.C. the R.T.C. would be re-designated Royal Tank Regiment. 1908 Autocar Handbk. (ed. 2) xxvi. 201 Members of most of the best clubs require only one proposer when joining the *R.A.C. 1934 Glasgow Herald 11 Apr. 13/3 The R.A.C. will continue to press for a regulation that all pedal cyclists should be compelled to carry red rear lamps. 1977 J. Bingham Marriage Bureau Murders v. 61 A large, respectable hotel, mentioned in the A.A. and R.A.C. handbooks. 1926 Encycl. Brit. I. 20/2 {heading) The •R.A.E. Bubble Sextant. 1977 R.A.F. News i r-24 May 11/2 Over at the R.A.E.’s Air Transport Flight. Ibid. 11/3 The Experimental Flying Squadron.. is widely referred to as the sharp end of RAE flying. 1977 Time 19 Sept. 8/3 It was

57 signed ‘Kommando Siegfried Hausner, ’R.A.F.’—referring to a terrorist who died after a 1975 attack on the West German embassy in Stockholm. 1980 C. Moorehead Fortune's Hostages viii. 155 The freeing of six jailed ‘RAF’ prisoners. 1938 Times 2 Feb. 18/6 {heading) New branch of y.A.F.V.R. 1951 Sunday Pictorial 21 Jan. 13/6 (Advt.), They must undertake to fly with the R.Aux.A.F. or R.A.F.V.R. during their subsequent reserve service. 1957 R. K. Richards Digital Computer Components ^ Circuits 347 ‘Random access storage’ (or ’RAM, for ‘random access memory’). 1977 Design Engin. July 15/2 The MM5799.. contains 1,536 8-bit instructions in its ROM, and its RAM can store 96 BCD digits of 4 bits each. 1891 G. B. Shaw in World 23 Dec. 15/2, I am not in the habit of advising novices to lay the foundations of their vocal methods in the ’R.A.M. 1954 Grove's Diet. Mus. (ed. 5) 271/i The R.A.M. continues its own separate examination in London.. of music teachers and performers. 1900 Morning Post 25 July 5/6 Surgeon-Captain Rupert Fawssett, ‘R.A.M.C. at was meche & noping lite. a 1400 Octouian 1415 Thys ys a stede of Arabye, ..A rabyte..Therto was mare. 01400-50 Alexander 1320 Be rawe of par rabetis he ruschid to pe erthe.

ra'bitic, a. Rabid.

[Irreg.

f.

rabies:

cf.

1888 Whitmarsh Pasteur Treatm. 33 generally take three days before they die.

rabietic.] Rabitic

dogs

IIRabkrin ('raebkrin). [a. Russ, rabkrin f. rab{dche)-kr(est'ydnskaya) in{spektsiya) workerpeasant inspectorate.] An organization established in 1920 by Lenin to examine the conformity of state organizations to official policy. 1926 Observer 18 Mar. 19/5 The Rabkrin (the Russian abbreviation for the Commissariat of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection) is a supreme controlling and auditing department, which is supposed to expose deficiencies in the work of State and industrial institutions. 1949 I. Deutscher Stalin vii. 230 The Rabkrin, as the Commissariat was called, was set up to control every branch of the administration.

rable, obs. form of rabble sb.^ and v. rablin, obs. form of ravelin. frabone. Obs. rare. [? ad. Sp. rdbano, f. raba RAPE.] A radish. Also attrib. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. v. §4. 184 Radish is called..in English Radish, and Rabone. i6ii Cotgr., Raifort, the raddish, or the Rabone, root (or hearb).

RABOYT

67

raboyt, obs. Sc. form of rabscallion, rabuke, rabul,

rebut v.

obs. variant of rapscallion.

obs. form of rebuke, roebuck.

obs. form of rabble sb}

t’rabulane.

Obs. rare-'. [Of formation: cf. rabone.] ? A radish.

obscure

•593 Munday DeJ. Contraries 97 The Rabulanes, Onions and Beanes of these seuerall Soiles.

t'rabulous, a. Obs. rare-', [f. L. rabula a brawling or wrangling advocate.] Scurrilous. •538 State Papers (1834) III. i He hath.. rayled and raged ayenste me, calling me heritike and begger, with other rabulouse revilinges.

rabut, obs. Sc. var. raby,

obs. f. rabbi.

rabyll, obs. f. rabyne,

rabble sb.^

obs. f. rabbin.

rabysch, -yssh» rabyt(e. -yght, rabytt, rac,

rebut sb. and v.

varr. rabbish Obs. varr. rabite.

obs. f. rabbit.

obs. f. rack sb.^, sb.^

Racah ('rseka:). Physics and Chem. The name of Giulio Racah (1909-65), Italian-born Israeli physicist, used attrib. with reference to his work in quantum mechanics, as Racah coefficient or parameter, either of two coefficients representing electrostatic interactions within a system of equivalent charged particles, esp. electrons within an atom. 1952 Physical Rev. LXXXVIII. 581/2 The coefficients of the transformation have been given by Racah .. in terms of his W function and are called the Racah coefficients. 1959 Astrophysical Jrnl. CXXIX. 441 By means of a few simple formulae, all multiplet strengths .. can be expressed in terms of only two basic quantities, viz., the Racah coefficients and the coefficients or fractional parentage. 1962 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xxvi. 595 The Racah parameters are measures of the energy separations of the various Russell-Saunders states of an atom. 1966 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xxiii. 162 The total electronelectron repulsion energy of each LS state arising from a d" configuration can be calculated and expressed in terms of socalled Racah parameters. 1968 A. B. P. Lever Inorg. Electronic Spectroscopy vii. 207 The Racah inter-electronic parameter B (and to a lesser extent C) is a function of ligand, central ion and stereochemistry. 1975 Physics Bull. Apr. 169/3 The classification of particle and nuclear properties uses techniques such as spinors and Racah algebra which are not for the first degree student.

racand,

obs. f. rackan.

rac-a-pee, racare,

var. rackapee.

obs. f. raker.

racch(e,

varr. rache.

racckee,

obs. f. raki.

II ra'ccolta. Obs. Also 7 re-, ro-, 7-8 racolta; 6 pi. raccolte. [It., = fern. pa. pple. of raccogliere to collect (f. L. re- + ad- + colligere).] A gathering, collection; harvest; crop. 1591 Garrard's Art Warre 65 That at all times he may make Raccolte, and gather his souldiers togither. a 1625 Jas. I in Hacket Abp. Williams i. (1693) 115 This motion., carries all my Raccolta’s, my Counsels at the present, and my prospects upon the Future, with it. 1748 in Hanway Trav. (1762) I. V. Ixxv. 345 To invest it in raw silk cannot be done in less than three racoltas.

t racco'mmode, v. Obs. Also 8 racomm-, raccomode. [ad. F. raccommoder, f. re- -Iaccommoder to accommodate.] trans. To restore to good relations {with a person); to set right. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode v, i, My dear French sir, stay but a minute, till I raccommode myself with the princess. 1754 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) III. 60 If you will take this occasion to write him a line of joy, I am persuaded it will raccomode everything. 1756 Mrs. F. Brooke OW MflidNo. 16 (1764) 130, I.. deranged the right wing a little, but Betty has racommoded it passablement bien.

traccom(p)t, raccount,

obs. varr. recount.

(Cf. F. raconter and raconteur). 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 300 In the beginning is raccomted, how oftentymes the Emperour hath desired a counsell. Ibid. 316 Kynge Ferdinando raccompteth, how he ..made truse with the Turke. 1663 Flagellum or O. Cromwell (ityz) 18, I have seen it r’accounted by a Worthy and Learned hand.

raccoon,

variant of racoon.

ra'ccourcy, a.

Her. ? Obs. 8 -ci. [ad. F. raccourci, pa. pple. of raccourcir, f. re- + accourcir to shorten, f. court curt.] = couped 2. i727-4t Chambers CycL, Raccourcy, in heraldry, signifies the same as coupy, that is, cut off, or shortened. 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Raccourcy, or Recourcie, is the same as Coupee.

race (reis), sb.^ Forms: 3-4 ras, 4-5 raas, 4-6 rase, Sc. raiss, 5 north, rass, 6 Sc. raice, rais, rays, 4- race. [a. ON. rds (Norw. and Sw. dial. ras), running, race, rush (of water), course, channel, row, series = OE. rxs rese; of obscure etym. Orig. a northern word, coming into general use about the middle of the i6th c.] I. 1. a. The act of running; a run. Freq. in phr. m, on, with a race. Now Sc. C1325 Metr. Horn. 141 To the bischope in a ras He ran. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 8938 Assahelle.. thurgh rase wald tume bath buk and ra. 1375 Barbour Bruce v. 638 In a raiss to the king he ran. C1460 Towneley Myst. xxii. 145 Thyn apostels full radly ar run from the a rase. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 118 This nobill Dongard.. Than with ane raice amang thame entert in. 1557 TotteWs Misc. (Arb.) 199, Chast Diane.. And all her maides that sue her in the race, a 1637 B. Jonson Discov. Wks. (Rtldg.) 756/1 In the contention of leaping, they jump farthest, that fetch their race largest. 1687 Dryden Hind. & P. i. 46 The bristled baptist Boar.. mountains levelled in his furious race. 1810 Scott Lady of L. i. v. The noble stag.. Held westward with unwearied race. Mod. Sc. If ye’re to jump that, ye’ll need to tak' a race. fis- *553 T'- Wilson Rhet. 48 Talking of faith, thei have fetcht their ful race from the xii signes in the zodiake. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 20 Blocks of the Diuel that are cast in our wayes, to cut off the rase of toward wittes. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. Introd., Wks. (1851) 273 This loose rayler,.. having once begun his race, regards not how farre he flies out beyond all truth and shame.

fb. Phr. to rue a (or one's) race. Chiefly to repent of the course one has taken. Obs. CI440 York Myst. xxx. 214 Rugge hym in ropes, his rase till he rewe. c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab., Wolf & Sheep xiv. Ye sail rew this rais. Quhat was the caus, ye gaif me sic ane catche? 1560 Rolland Seven Sages 32 He knew That it wald caus ane greit OflPence, Kend weill that race that he wald rew.

c,fig. The course of life or some portion of it. *5*3 Douglas JEneis iii. x. 122 The prince Eneas,.. The fatis of goddis and rasis mony ane Rehersing schew. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse i The Race that euery man in this his transitory life haue to runne. 1667 Milton P.L. XII. 505 Thir Ministry perform’d, and race well run,.. They die. 1671-Samson 597 My race of glory run, and race of shame. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 301 Thus thro’ the Race of Life they [bees] quickly run. 1709 Watts Hymn, 'Awake, our Souls' i, Awake, and run the heavenly Race. 1784 CowPER Tiroc. 315 The well-known place Whence first we started into life’s long race. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. ix. My Arthur, whom I shall not see Till all my widow’d race be run.

t2. A rush, onset, charge; a raid. Obs. *535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 498 Fulgentius, with mony Pecht and Scot,.. Full mony raice attour the wall hes maid. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 621 The sowr persute, and syne the resistance, The rigorous rais. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1986/1 Badlie yet could they make their rase, by reason the furrowes laie trauerse to their course.

RACE Sun. 10 The immortal Sun, Who, borne by heavenly steeds, his race doth run Unconquerably,

c. The course of time. (Chiefly used as in b.) *595 Shaks. John iii. iii. 39 If the mid-night bell Did.. Sound on into the drowzie race of night. ? 1630 Milton On Time i Fly envious Time, till thou run out thy race. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. iv. 15 Majestick Months set out..to their appointed Race, a 1729 Congreve Imit. Horace, Odes II. xiv. I Eternity! that boundless race Which Time himself can never run.

fd. The course or progress of events, or of a narrative. Obs. rare. C1590 Bruce XI Serm. i. (1591) 6 Gif 3ee.. consider the race of the historie. a 1626 Bacon On War with Spain 7 The Prosecution and Race of the Warre, carrieth the Defendant, to assaile and inuade, the.. Patrimony of the first Aggressour.

fe. Impact; a shock, blow. Obs. rare. C1400 Sowdone Bab. 1349 He raught a stroke to Ferumbras.. It brast his hawberke at pat ras. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 124 Sum gat ane rais gart all hir ribbis rak. 6. a. A strong current in the sea or a river. Perh. partly ad. F. raz, ras in same sense, commonly regarded as a. Breton rdz, a strait, narrow channel. *375 Barbour Bruce iii. 697 By the mole thai passyt 3ar, And entryt sone in-to the rase, c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 774 Wynde him blewe..over the salte flode And over the profounde rase. 1506 Kalender of Sheph. Hij, Amonge the waues perylous on rases holowe. 1597 J. Payne Royal Exch. 33 In your Sea stormes,.. cross tydes, dangerouse races. 1625 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. vii. (1635) 130 Hee found a strong race, a Tide running sometimes Eastward, sometimes Westward. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 82 A short cockling Sea, as if it had been a Race, or place where two Tides meet. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840) 238 Among innumerable islands,.. without any pilot that understood the channel and races between them. 1828 Planche Desc. Danube 72 The river narrows, and a slight fall, or what our sailors call a race, ensues. 1884 igth Cent. Feb. 245 We were able to head the races that spun out from submerged trees. transf. 1894 Clark Russell Good Ship Mohock I. 15 The sky was a race of large torn cloud, white as milk.

b. Used in the names of special currents. *375 Barbour Bruce iii. 687 Quhar als gret stremys

ar

rynnand,.. As is the raiss of Bretang3e. c 1530 Hickescorner B iiij, I sawe them all drowned in the rase of Irelande. 1596 Fitz-Geffray Sir. F. Drake (1881) 80 In that faire palace neere the milken race. 1697 Lond. Gaz. No. 3317/4 He saw 5 Sail of Ships standing through the Race of Fountney. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776) Eeeijb, The race of Portland. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. i. ii. 18 Through this channel, the sea, at high spring tides, sweeps at the rate of eight miles an hour... This passage is called the Race (or Ras) of Alderney.

III. 7. As a portion of time or space: fa. A space of time; a while. Obs. rare~^. 13 .. K. Alis. 7830 They lyved here bote lite ras; And sone echon forgete was!

fb. The distance or space between two points. knights race (from 4 a): see quot. 1562. Obs.

a 1300 Cursor M. 26732 Ne tell noght [pi dedis] ouer wit renand ras, als dos pis men pat penis tas. C1400 Sowdone Bab. 489 ‘Arise vp’, he saide in a ras, ‘We bene elles alle Itake’. a 1400^50 Alexander 1996 And paim redes on a rase he & rechez to pe sedes. c 1440 Partonope 846 [She] ryseth vp in a grete raas.

1562 Leigh Armorie 58b, Alciatus saith that a man shall disceme colour, if he may come within a knights rase of any banner, but 1 neuer hard of any man, that came within an 100 rases of the Sun. Le: What is a knights rase? Ge: It is lx. foote of assise in length, of the field, and is of Here-haughts so called. 1600 Holland Livy 1348 The plaine and base plot of the cittie.. comprehendeth a Diameter or race almost of 8 Stadia.

t4. a. The act of riding rapidly on horseback; a course in a tournament (cf. 7 b). Obs.

c. A piece of ground suitable for running or racing (see 10). rare.

a 1400 Sir Perc. 1145 In he rydes one a rase Or that he wiste where he was. ci5CK> Lancelot 3088 Thir sex in a Ras Deliuerly com prekand our the feldis. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 3 Scudamour.. issewed, To have rencountred him in equall race. 16.. Tom Potts 286 in Child Ballads II. 445/2 Then they turned their horsses round about, To run the race more egarlye.

i6i2 Drayton Poly-olb. in. 23 Nor yet the level South can shew a smoother race, a 1783 Fair Annie 64 in Child Ballads II. 75/1, I wish that they were seven hares To run the castle race. 1890 R. Bridges Shorter Poems 11. 7 Perilous in steep places Soft in the level races.

t3. Rapid action, haste, hurry. Obs.

fb. A journey or voyage. Obs. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 4252 Prothesaly the formast was Off alle the schippis In that ras. 1513 Douglas JEneis iii. vi. 22 To me all devote godlie wychtis Schew we suld haue a prosper rais. Ibid. iv. x. 48 Sail I.. Bid thaim mak sail anone, and a new rais? 1557 TotteWs Misc. (Arb.) 212 A Man may .. Thrise wander out Vlisses race; Yet neuer finde Vlisses wife.

II. 5. a. Onward movement of a thing, as the heavenly bodies, a vehicle, etc.; running or rush of water (cf. 6). ? Obs. fAlso, a sudden deviation from a line (quot. 1670). 01300 Cursor M. 23588 Sun and mon, and water and stern, pat rinnes nu wit ras sa yern. 13.. Childh. Jesus 845 in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXIV. 338 Twa stremys.. That neuermare of rase salle blyne. 1480 Robt. Devyll 948 He spyed a great race of bloude in Robertes face. 1557 N.T. (Genev.) 2 Tim. ii. 9 note, The worde of God hath it race and increaseth. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 164 The Chariot came nigh unto them with a great race and mightie force. 1586 Bright Melanch. xiii. 66 Some wheeles passing swifter than other some, by divers rases. 1633 D. R[ogers] Treatise of Sacraments i. 168 Your streame weake;.. and the staves of your wheele which should support the race of it pittifully broken, a 1649 Winthrop New Eng. (1853) I. 4 The tide set in with so strong a race. 1670 NARBOROUGH^rw/. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. 1. (1711) 76 It points off with a Race from the other Mountains.. into the Channel.

b. esp. The daily (or annual) course of the sun through the heavens. Similarly of the moon. Chiefly by conscious metaphor from sense i, and usually with vb. to run. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. v. 44 The mother of dredd darkness . .took her wonted way To ronne her timely race. Ibid. xi. 33 Titan rose to runne his daily race. 1662 Tuke Adv. 5 Hours II, The sun.. ere half his race be run. c 1742 Gray Ignorance II Thrice hath Hyperion roll’d his annual race. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 126 Should God again.. interrupt the race Of the undeviating and punctual sun. a 1822 Shelley Horn.

fS. a. The course, line, or path taken by a person or a moving body. Also fig. Obs. ?ci4oo Ser. J. Mandevelle Sf Gt. Souden 17 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 15s Your prestes that suld tech vertus trace. They ryn rakyll out of gud race. 1513 Douglas Mneis v. xiv. 84 Prince Enee persauit by his rais, Quhow that the schip did rok and tai^evey. 1555 Eden Decades 28 He diuerted from his accustomed rase which was by the Ilandes of Canarie. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 3 Of the auncient Mathematiciens, a Line is called the race or course of a Point, c 1580 Sidney Ps. XXVI. i, I have made my race Within the boundes of innocence to bide.

fb. A reach (of a river). Obs. rare-^. 1611 Speed Theat. Gt. Brit, xxxix. (1614) 77/1 A long race of the river Ouse.

c. The channel or bed (of a stream); esp. an artificial channel leading water to or from a point where its energy is utilized, as in a mill or a mining claim. See also head-, mill-, tailrace. It is not clear whether there is any connexion between this sense and OF. rase, rasse, raze (15th c. in Godef.), watercourse, trench, ditch, (mill-) race. *565-73 Durham Depos. (Surtees) 212 The [law-] suit., for the raic[e] of the said water come myln. 1777 Wallingfen Inclos. Act 45 The beck, race, water, or watercourse. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 536 The race,.. a canal 20 to 30 feet wide, and carried.. through rocks and hills. 1805 West's Antiq. Furness 74 There has been also a subterraneous passage, leading from the race of the rivulet. 1868 Rep. U.S. Commissioners Agric. (1869) 334 The bottoms of the races are covered with small stones and a layer of fine gravel. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 293 The water, brought through races by miles of fluming, spouted clear and strong over heaps of auriferous earth. 1901 M. Franklin My Brilliant Career xiv. 117 They have cut races between the two creeks. 1912 B. E. Baughan Brown Bread 99 Little runnels and ‘races’ of water led through the plain from the mountain rivers. 1941 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang xxxi. 243 We would take the water from a creek on one side of a mountain and by means of a race (channel)

RACE take it completely around the mountain. 197^ Jrnl. Lakeland Dial. Soc. 35 Ah thowt Ah wud ga up t’ race an’ then cross t’ beck on t’ steppin steans.

d. Weaving. The path or channel in the lay or batten along which the shuttle moves in crossing the web; the board or other support on which the shuttle slides. 1855 [see lay-race s.v. lay sb.‘]. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1263/1 The picker.. which strikes the fly-shuttle and drives it along the race. 1879 Barlow Weaving 87 The warp threads are pressed down upon the race.

e. A circular path for a horse employed in driving machinery. 1833 J-.C. Loudon En^cl. Archit. 470 The back wall of the barn is to be sunk sufficiently deep for the wheel of the threshing-mill and the race (horse-course) from it. 1862 [see gin-race s.v. gin sb.^ 12].

f. Austral, and N.Z. (See quot. 1872.) 1865 M. A. Barker Station Life in N.Z. (1870) v. 34 The newly-shorn [sheep].. have passed thro’ a narrow passage, called a ‘race’. 1872 Rtldg.'s Ev. Boy's Ann. 53/2 Each lamb was driven through the narrow hurdle-passage.. called a race. 1878 E. S. Elwell Boy Colonists 214 They made a ‘lead’ in the stockyard for branding the cattle. This was something like a ‘race’ for drafting sheep, with a swing gate. 1934 T. Wood Cobbers iv. 41 ‘Bullicks come aboard along a race. This is a race,’ and he pointed to narrow gang-ways, railed in on both sides, which sloped from the main deck down to the cattle deck. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Apr. 373/3 The units [of the pig house] are usually placed side by side under one continuous roof, a service race being provided along the front. 1963 A. Lubbock Austral. Roundabout 180 The cattle were in the yards and the drovers and dogs were putting them through a ‘race’—two rows of wooden fencing with a swing gate at the end. 1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 4-7/9 (Advt.), At present dairy and beef. Good race and fencing, tidal boundary, ample hay storage.

g. Mech. The space in which a drum or wheel revolves. (Cf. wheel-race.) 1825 J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 104 The stones of the race are hewn to a mould, and laid in their places with great care. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 197.

h. Each of the two grooved rings of a ball or roller bearing. 1903 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 2, Feb. 22689/1 The rollers are made to fit the inner and outer treads of the roller race. 1907, 1908 [see ball-race s.v. ball sb.^ 22]. 1930 Engineering 4 Apr. 462/1 There are two rings of rollers running side by side between hardened and ground inner and outer races, i960 [see COIN 3 b]. 1968 Autocar 25 Jan. 49/2, I drove the 2-litre car at Monte Carlo and we had transmission trouble there which was bad luck because it was a ball race that broke. 1971 B. Scharf Engin. its Language xii. 135 Ball bearings .. consist of.. an inner race, which is a grooved ring firmly attached to the shaft, and an outer race in the stationary housing. The balls which are free to rotate between the races are kept apart by means of a cage. 1980 Dirt Bike Oct. 33/1 You may even need to replace the balls and races if they’re dented or worn.

9. Mining. ‘A small thread of spar or ore’ (Raymond Gloss. Mining i88i). 1580 Frampton Dial. Yron & Steele 144 If..of brimstone and quicksilver they were ingendred, there would be some rase of them, in the mynes of golde and silver. 1747 Hooson Miner's Diet. Kivb, This Keckle-Meckle Stuff has the Ore run with it in small Strings and Races,

b. A row or series, dial, and techn. 1880 E. Cornwall 1883 Gresley Gloss.

Gloss., Race, a string, e.g. of onions. Coal-Mining 197 Race. See Journey. [= ‘A train or set of trains all coupled together.’] 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Race, a range or series. A race of pits. 1901 Scotsman 8 Mar. 5/1 They were run into by a race of runaway hutches.

IV. 10. a. The act of running, riding, sailing, etc. in competition with one or more rivals; a contest of speed; in pi. usually denoting a series of horse-races held at a fixed time on a regular course. 1513 Douglas Mneis v. vii. i Eftir thir raissis done, and giftis gif. 1582 Bible (Rheims) j Cor. ix. 24 They that runne in the race, al runne in deede, but one receiueth the price. 1641 Brome Joviall Crew ii. Wks. 1873 III. 372 In HidePark, to see the Races, Horse and Foot. 1667 Milton P.L. IX. 33 To indite Warrs. .or to describe Races and Games. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xxiii. 429 Young Nestor leads the race; Eumelus then. 1781 Cowper Truth 13 He that would win the race must guide his horse Obedient to the customs of the course. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xvii. We’re going on to the races, i860 Longf. Wayside Inn, K. Olaf ii. xi, Swimming, skating, snow-shoe races. transf. andfig. t vengeaunce Forto be raced dene out of my bokes. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 96 They ordeynyd hys name.. From noumbyr of popys racyd to be, e ronke racches pat ruskit pe ron. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 274 Brocours that renne aboute Lich unto racches in a route. 1433 Lydg. St. Edmund ii. 881 With blast of hornys, with rachchis & with houndys. C1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Ratche, hownde, odorinsecus. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 592 Here is a leysshe of ratches to renne a hare, c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xviii. 23 Throw out this Realme lyke Ratches se 3e range. 1576 Fleming tr. Caius' Eng. Dogges (1880) 7 Albeit some of this sort in English be called Brache, in Scottishe Rache, the cause hereof resteth in the shee sex and not in the generall kinde. [1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ii. v. 873 Small Ladies puppies, raches, and Bastards.] a 1733 Ramsay Highland Lassie iv. With cockit gun and ratches tenty, To drive the deer out of their den. 1829 Scott Demonol. iv. 131 Three raches, or hounds of scent, followed her closely. 1875 J. Veitch Tweed 56 By her side seven raches running free. transf. 1597 J. Melvill Diary (1842) 428 Craftie men.. Wha houndit furthe these ratches under night. Comb. 1732 Macfarlane Geneal. Coll. (1900) 306 Three Wolves Heads erased supported by two Ratch hounds. Hence f ratchet (? after bracket from brach). 1563 Becon Acts Christ & Antichr. Wks. III. 400 Antichrist hunteth the wilde dere..with houndes and ratchettes running.

1570 Levins Manip. 72 A racer, scalprum.

rache, ratch (reitj, rastj), sb.‘^ Obs. exc. dial.

2. Hort. (See quot.)

Forms: 6 ratche, 6-8 rache, 8 raich, 7, 9 rach, 9 dial, raitch, ratch. See also reach. [Of obscure etym.; cf. race sb.^ and rake 56.A (white) line or streak down a horse’s face.

1819 Rees Cycl. XXIX, Racer, in Gardening, a name applied to a sort of sward-cutter, or cutting implement, used in racing out or cutting through the surface of grass sward.

race-tool. [f. race v.®] = race-knife. 1867 [see

RACE

RACHI-

73

1649 Lovelace Poems 30 Flye on, flye on swift Racer. 1717 Berkeley Tour in/ta/y 22 Jan. Wks. 1871 IV. 533 Two ^wers where the racers used to prepare themselves. 1743 Bulkeley & Cummins l^oy. S. Seas 150 They rode backwards and forwards like Racers. i8i8 Keats Endym. ii. 932 Some breathless racers, whose hopes poise Upon the last few steps. 1879 Browning Pheidippides 94 Henceforth be allowed thee release From the racer’s toil. fiS‘ *742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 2388 Leave the racers of the world their own, Their feather, and their froth.

I.].

raceway ('reiswei). Chiefly U.S. [f. race 1. a. A passage or channel for water; the bed of a canal, etc. Cf. race sb.^ 8 c. 1828 in S. Jenkins Story of Bronx (1912) ix. 199 Fourteen mill sites, each fifty by one hundred feet, were mapped out along the raceways. 1837 Knickerbocker IX. 254, I was jerked out with great spite, and, with an imprecation, thrown into the raceway. 1868 Rep. U.S. Commissioners Agric. (1869) 335 The sand and gravel which covers the bottom of the raceway. 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines &

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. (1598) §68 Of markes..a white snyp, or a white rache is good. Ibid., A blacke Horse, so he haue white feet, white ratche, and white feather. 1558 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 173 My blacke geldinge hauing a white Rache in his forehead. 1610 Markham Masterp. i. X. 27 A blacke with white starre, white rache or white foote. 1689 N. RidingRec. VII. 99 One b^ guelding with.. a white rache down his face. 1725 Lond. Gaz. No. 6403/3 A black Filly, ..with a Raich down her face. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 135 He is a good chesnut, no white, except a rach down his face. 1833 New Sporting Mag. V. zjSjz A dingy looking bay filly, with a great white ratch down her face. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Raitch, a white line down a horse’s face.

t rache, Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.] intr. and refl. ? To hasten, make ready in haste. ^1400-50 Alexander 1239 Meliager with hys men., rachen with pair route & ryden bott a while. Ibid. 2031 Alexander.. Rachez hym radly to ride.

trache, Obs.-'^ [a. OF. racher, aphetic f. arracher arrache.] trans. To pull off. Z1400 Laud Troy Bk. 5689 His bed was bare, his helme was rached.

rache,

obs. f. reach v.

racheat,

obs. f. recheat.

rachel (ra'Jel).

Also Rachel, [f. Rachel, the stage-name of Elisa Felix (1820-58), French actress.] A light, tannish colour (used orig. and chiefly of face-powder). Also attrib. or as adj. 1887 Illustr. London News 6 Aug. 163/1 (Advt.), Toilet powder... In three tints: Blanche, for fair skins; Naturelle, for darker complexions; and Rachel, for use by artificial light. 1907 [see papier]. 1907, 1927-8 [see naturelle a.]. 1936 M. Kennedy Together & Apart iv. 320 ‘If you must use powder at your age, do at least find a more becoming shade.’.. ‘It’s not dead white,’ muttered Elisa furiouslj^. ‘It’s Rachel.’ 1970 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly ^ Cookie Bird xii. 195 She has facial plates like a rachel armadillo.

rachen, rachet,

var. rechen reche. var. ratchet; obs. f. rochet.

rachetic,

irreg. var. rachitic.

rachi- ('reiki), rachio- ('reikisu), comb, forms of RACHis, used in some (chiefly recent) terms of Anat. and Path, relating to the spine or vertebral column. (Also written rha-: see below and RACHIS, etc,) rachi'agra (see rachisagra). rachi'algia [Gr. -aXyla pain], pain in or due to the spine; painter’s colic; hence rachi'algic a. rachial'gitis [see -itis], inflammation of the spinal chord, myelitis (Dunglison 1893), rachi'glossate a. [Gr. yXoxjoa tongue], of certain mollusca: having a median row of teeth on the odontophore (Cewt. Diet. 1891). 'rachiodont a. [Gr. dSovT- tooth], of a genus of serpents (Rachiodon): having vertebral processes which penetrate the gullet and serve as teeth (CasselTs Encycl. Diet. 1887). ,rachi(o)pa‘ralysis, para¬ lysis of the spine (Craig 1848). 'rachiotome [Gr. -ToprO? cutting], a dissecting instrument for cutting open the spinal canal (Knight Diet. Meeh. 1875). rachi'otomy [Gr. -ropla cutting], the operation of cutting into the spinal canal (Dunglison 1893). ra'chischisis (-skisis) [Gr. oxloLs cleavage] = myelocele i b. 'rachitome, (a) = raehiotome (Ogilvie 1882); {b) Palaeont., a labyrinthodont belonging to the suborder Rhachitomi; usu. written rh-. ra'chitomous a,, {a) of vertebrae: segmented, as in batrachians and other low vertebrate types; {b) having segmented vertebrae; usu. written rh~. 1811 Hooper Med. Diet., *Rachialgia. 1822-34 Good’s Stud. Med. (ed. 4) ll. 472 This disease was.. a modification of rhachialgia. Ibid. 1. 172 Without any ‘rhachialgic pains. 1890 Billings Med. Diet. 427/2 *Rachischisis, congenital posterior fissure of spinal column, a form of spina bifida. 1900 Boston Med. Sf Surg.Jrnl. CXLIII. 458/2 {heading) A case of rhachischisis. 1901 T. M. Rotch Pediatrics (ed. 3) v. 301 Rhachischisis is one of the principal forms of congenital defects of the spine. It is characterized by a deficiency of the vertebral arches either complete or partial. 1963 K. M. Laurence in A. P. Norman Congenital Abnormalities in Infancy ii. 26 Myelomeningocoeles, myelocytocoeles, hydromyelocoeles, and syringomyelocoeles, localized rachischisis and myelocoeles are all essentially the same lesion, and best regarded as myelocoeles. 1966 Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. II. xxxiv. 1234/2 Spina Bifida... The severest and rarest form is rachischisis, in which the spinal canal is open to the exterior, either for a short distance or over its whole length. 1947 Bull. Museum Compar. Zool. Harvard Coll. XCIX. 103 In the skull roof [of Edops], a primitive character is the presence of a distinct intertemporal element, lost in characteristic *rhachitomes. *964 Jrnl. Animal Morphol. Physiol. XI. 7 The temnospondyls, forming the ‘main line’ of labyrinthodont evolution, began with Carboniferous types of primitive structure but with rhachitomous vertebrae, evolved in the later Carboniferous and Permian into typical rhachitomes, and eventually gave rise to stereospondylous forms. 1971 E. C. Olson Vertebr. Paleozool. iv. iv. 591 In the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Scotland.. is the Gilmerton ironstone from which a number of labyrinthodonts have coTn&:. .Loxomma, a rhachitome; and .. an anthracosaur, Crassigyrinus. 1882 E. D. Cope in Amer. Naturalist XVI. 334 {heading) The ‘rhachitomous Stegocephali. 1884-in Ibid. XVIII. 30 Rachitomous vertebrse from the same locality are of larger size and resemble those of Eryops. 1887 E. D. Cope Orig. Fittest 317 The reptiles, in their primary representative order,.. have been probably derived from the rhachitomous Batrachia. 1947 Bull. Museum Compar. Zool. Harvard Coll. XCIX. 102 The skull pattern is typically rhachitomous in key features, such as the firm fusion of cheeks and table. 1964 [see rachitome above]. 1971 E. C. Olson Vertebr. Paleozool. iv. iv. 591 Although rhachitomous amphibians occur early, in the upper Mississippian, the limbs from this age have not been worked out.

RACHIAL

RACIALIST

74

1958 Times 3 Nov. 14/4 In their recital.. there was only one original composition, a Toccata by Murgatroyd Farrar, which made suitably Rachmaninovian noises. 1962 Times 5 July 15/1 A verbose Rachmaninovian Scherzo by John White. 1973 Times 27 July 15/4 Mr Previn drew the right pliable phrasing from the LSO without overdoing the succulence (like some older Rachmaninovians one could name). 1976 Gramophone May 1816/3 The Rachmaninovian flavour of ‘Whitechapel’.. making a delightful treasure of sound. 1977 Ibid. Nov. 874/1 What Rachmaninovians ought to be shouting for now, however, is a recording of the Liturgy, Op. 31.

Century of Common Man (1944) vi. 32 In June of 1941 he [s^:. Roosevelt] issued an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in the employing of workers by national defence industries. 1942 Z. N. Hurston in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 32/2, I did not have to consider any racial group as a whole. 1943 E. H. Brooks Bantu in S. Afr. Lifeii. 3 When I say ‘asimilar point of view’, I mean the doctrine of racial domination: there are Africans who still think that the Europeans can be driven into the sea. 1947 ‘G. Orwell’ in Tribune 7 Feb. 12/2, I should like to think that the position of the racial minorities could be safeguarded. 1954 H. Gibbs Background to Bitterness 7 Racial conflict between the groups has not been witnessed on a major scale for many years. 1954 Harvard Law Rev. XXIV. 80 Judge Edgerton wrote that as the Supreme Court had.. recognized that enforced racial segregation in housing was unconstitutional, it followed that enforced racial segregation in schooling was even more so. 1955 B. Schwartz Amer. Constitutional Law ix. 224 There has been a profound change in recent years in the attitude of that tribunal [5C. the Supreme Court] toward racial discrimination. 1958 Spectator 22 Aug. 239/1 The Little Rock High School must resume racial integration when the new term began, i960 J. Rae Custard Boys ii. xix. 210 You think this is a case of racial prejudice and you’re probably right, i960 ‘1. Ross’ Murder out of School i. 7 There’s none of what the papers like to call ‘racial tension’ at Mark Hopkins [School]. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald7 May iii. 4/1 ‘Racial imbalance in Parochial Schools’ is the topic for a panel discussion. 1971 R. Bendix in A. Bullock Twentieth Cent. xv. 357/1 Racial minorities.. constitute a lower class as women obviously do not. 1971 Publishers' Weekly 2 Aug. 46 Mr. Fuller finds that the anthology’s one story by a black author—an Eldridge Cleaver story first published in Playboy—is racial tokenism. 1976 CRC Jrnl. July 3/1 All of the recent immigration debates.. have connected the general anxiety about immigration with the current racial tension. 1977 Whitaker's Almanack igyS 595 South African Government declared that where feasible there should be an end to racial segregation on buses. 1979 Miles & Phizacklea Racism i. 17 A reaction by blacks in Britain to racial discrimination and violence.

Rachmanism ('r£ekm9niz(3)m). [f. the name of

racialism ('reij3liz(3)m). [f.

-al^.]

Gleeson, 1650, in his work De Rachitide as a learned form of rickets.^ 1 = rickets.

1848 Macdonald in Proc. Zool. Soc. 140 The Rachidian development.. is the longest, and forms the Rachial type.

1727-41 in Chambers Cycl. 1799 Underwood Treat. Dis. Childr. (ed. 4) I. 339 It was named Rachitis, from the Greek, implying that the spina dorsi is particularly affected by it. 1830 R. Knox Bedard's Anat. 241 The vertebral column presents this softening in a very marked degree in cases of rachitis. 1847-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 712/2 In rachitis, the bones may be bent in any direction. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol, (ed. 6) 14 Phthisis and rachitis, which usually last for years.

rachial ('reikial), a.

[f. Characterized by a rachis.

rachi-s

+

rachidian

(rs'kidian), a. Also rha-. [f. r{h)achid-, assumed stem of Gr. payis rachis + -IAN. Cf. F. rachidien.] Of or pertaining to a rachis, chiefly in sense 3 b. So also ra'chidial a. 1848 [see rachial]. 1851 Woodward Mollusca iv. 27 The rachidian teeth sometimes form a single series. 1866 R. Tate Brit. Mollusks iii. 51 Each transverse row consists of one median or rachidian tooth. 1880 Macdonald in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XV. 167 If the rhachidian series is suppressed.

rachiform ('reikifoim), a. Bot. [f.

rachi-

+

FORM.] Having the form of a rachis (i a). 1866 J. Smith Ferns Brit. & For. (1879) 274 Fertile segments rachiform, compound paniculate.

rachill,

var. ratchel.

Ilrachilla (ra'kib).

Bot. RACHIS.] (See quot. 1842.)

2. Bot. ‘An abortion of the fruit or seed’. 1864

Webster cites Henslow.

rachitogenic (r2ekit9u'd3enik), a.

[f. rachit(is

+ -o + -GENIC.] Tending to cause rickets. 1932 Biochem. Jrnl. XXVI. 202 The rachitogenic property of Steenbock’s diet is due to its high value for Ca/P together with its lack of vitamin D. 1976 Lancet 20 Nov. 1132/2 The rachitogenic activity of oatmeal.

Rachmaninovian (.riexmaem'naovian), a. and [mod.L.

dim.

of

1842 Brande Diet., Rachilla, a branch of inflorescence; the zigzag centre upon which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses. i88i Bentham in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 367 The rhachilla present, but not exceeding the glume.

II rachis

('reikis). Also rha-. PI. rachides ('reikidiiz). [mod.L., a. Gr. payis spine, ridge, rib (of a leaf), etc. The more precise spelling rhachis is chiefly confined to sense 2. The pi. rachides is erroneous, as the stem of payu is not paxiS- but

1. Bot. a. The axis of an inflorescence in which flower-stalks occur at short intervals from each other, as in grasses. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xiii. (1794) 146 The teeth of the rachis or receptacle of the spike bearded. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 258 Terminal flowers sessile upon a 2- or 3-branched rachis. 1861 S. Thomson Wild FI. ii. (ed. 4) 132 The grass blossoms are arranged upon a central stem or rachis. 1875 Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 544 The ebracteate flowers stand on the rachis of the inflorescence.

b. The axis of a pinnately compound leaf or frond, corresponding to the midrib of a simple leaf. 1832 Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 107 The term rachis is applied by Willdenow and others.. to the petiole and costa ofFems. 1861 Miss Pratt F'/otcer. P/. VI. 139 The stalk [of fern] is often called the rachis, but strictly speaking, it is composed of two parts. That part which bears the green leaf is the rachis. 1880 C. & F. Darwin Movem. PL 86 The rachis of the bracken fern.. rises above ground under the form of an arch.

2. Anat. The vertebral column, or primitive cord from which it develops.

the

1842 Brande Diet., Rachis, a term applied by Illiger and other zoologists to the vertebral column of mammals and birds. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 428 The separation of the rachis into skull and vertebral column is not completely effected in Amphioxus.

b. The median part of the odontophore of a mollusc, resembling a series of vertebrae. 1851 Woodward Mollusca iv. 27 The tongue, or lingual ribbon, usually forms a triple band, of which the central part is called the rachis. 1866 Tate Brit. Mollusks iii. 50 The central area is called the rachis, and the teeth form usually a single series.

c. A cord of protoplasmic matter in the ovary of nematoid worms, round which ova are developed. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. xi. 640 An axile cord of protoplasmic substance—the rhachis—and peripheral masses, each. . connected by a stalk with the rhachis.

3. Ornith. The stem or shaft of a feather, especially the part bearing the vexillum, as distinguished from the quill. 1874 CouES Birds N.W. 607 The central pair..form an angle of 45® with the rachis. Ibid. 616 Rhachides of the first two or three primaries pure white. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 245 In Casuarius each primitive feather consists of a long and slender rhachis bearing two series of rami.

rachi'sagra. Path. [Irreg. f. Gr.

rachis,

after x^tpdypa, TToSdypa PODAGRA. Some recent medical diets, also give rachidagra and (correctly) rachiagra.] Pain in the spine; spinal gout. 1753 in Chambers

.

Cycl. Supp.

rachitic (ra'kitik), a. Also rh-, and (irreg.) -etic. [f. RACHIT-IS + -ic. Cf. F. rachitique.] a. Affected with rickets, rickety, b. Connected with, pertaining to, rickets. 1797 Nicholson Jra/. Nat. Phil. I. 175 The nature of rachitic acid. Ibid. In general the bile is wanting in rachitic infants. 1822-34 Good's Stud. Med. (ed. 4) II. 486 A constitution naturally feeble and rachetic. 1855 Household Wds. 25 Aug. 89 Unfortunate little objects.. with rachitic limbs. 1876 Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 919 The shape of the chest in rachitic children becomes remarkably modified. transf. 1864 R. F. Burton Dahome I. 25 The youngest, and the most rachitic of Great Britain’s large.. family of colonies.

II rachitis (ra'kaitts). [mod.L., a. Gr. paxins (f. pdxts RACHIS + -iTiy -iTis), properly meaning ‘inflammation of the spine’, but adopted by

sb. [f. the name of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninov (1873-1943), Russian pianist and composer.] A. adj. Of or resembling the style or the works of Rachmaninov. B. sb. An admirer of Rachmaninov.

Peter Rachman (1919-62), a London landlord + -ISM.] Exploitation of slum tenants by unscrupulous landlords. Hence 'Rachman, any such unscrupulous landlord. Also 'Rachmanite a., of or resembling a Rachman, and other nonce or occasional derivatives.

Wallace

racial a. + -ism.] Belief in the superiority of a particular race leading to prejudice and antagonism towards people of other races, esp. those in close proximity who may be felt as a threat to one’s cultural and racial integrity or economic well¬ being.

1963 H. Wilson in Guardian 23 July 2/3 The disease of Rachmanism is to buy controlled properties at low prices, and to use every means.. to bring about evictions which.. have the effect of decontrolling the property. 1963 Daily Tel. 23 July 10/2 {Editorial) Emotion appeared to get the better of precision in Mr. Harold Wilson’s opening contribution to the Rachman debate yesterday... More powers.. will not remove the basic conditions in which the Rachmans of this world can thrive. That can only be done by increasing the supply of housing space and bringing down rents. 1963 Guardian 7 Aug. 8/3 {heading) Rachmanship lives on. Ibid. 8/5 The sprawling, sordid acres of what has become known as Rachmanland. 1963 Daily Tel. 30 Aug. 19/3 Bringing Rachman-type racketeers to heel. Ibid. 22 Nov. 28/4 ‘Rachman-like’ landlords illegally withheld deposits totalli^ more than £1,400. 1965 Economist 6 Mar. 976/2 The poorer tenants who have suffered most from Rachmanite and neo-Rachmanite intimidation. 1968 Guardian 13 Sept. 3/3 Rachmanism— harassment of unwanted tenants—has simply grown more subtle since the 1965 Rent Act. 1969 D. Widgery in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 137 The same crisis which forces council rents up and allows the domination of the Rachmans of Islington, Moss Side and Liverpool 9. 1973 C. Mullard Black Britain ii. iv. 46 Rachman-type landlords offered as little as they could for as much as they could get. 1973 Times 29 Dec. 11/4 Rachmanite landlords.. make millions out of office blocks and luxury flats. 1975 Times 8 Jan. 15/3 On a fair rents basis.. the transaction.. would not be attractive to the speculative builder or the Rachman. 1977 R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 116/2 Recently, we have added to the problem by extending the area of control to include furnished tenancies. Mr. Tilbe of Shelter will no doubt tell you in two weeks time that this was necessary to prevent Rachmanism. 1981 Times 9 Feb. 17/5 The long-term tenant’s legitimate need for protection against the Rachmanite landlord.

1907 Daily Chron. 2 Jan. 6/5 The two principal planks in the party platform are opposition to all racialism and co¬ operation with the Government. 1910 Westm. Gaz. 11 Apr. 10/3 What appears to me to be the greatest results of the Botha-Smuts Government is the abolition of Racialism and the construction of roads. 1925 E. S. Jones Christ of Indian Road ii. 67 Amid the racial clash and bitterness there stands one who is the Son of man. Racialism withers at his touch. 1934 R. Macaulay Going Abroad xv. 127 A Cape Afrikander.. had renounced Dutch racialism and the detestation of the English. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 2 Sept, lo/i The Italian Jews are thus to be added to the victims of Hitler’s imbecile ‘racialism’, now adopted by Mussolini as a sop to superior force. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 215 Racialism has become involved in scientific absurdities under the Third Reich. 1955 Times 20 Aug. 5/5 The Prime Minister spoke on race relations, commenting that in the last session of Parliament there had been less racialism in debate and more moderation, i960 Spectator 6 May 650/1 The two main convictions of racialism are, firstly .. ‘The highest aim of human existence is the conservation of the race.. the maintenance of the racial stock unmixed’.. and secondly, that once a man’s mind is made up about this, he can never think of changing it. 1971 S. Abbott Prevention of Racial Discrimination i. 16 Britain’s long history of colonialism over-seas does not sufficiently explain the present racialism in this country. 1975 Daily Tel. 13 Nov. 16/3 Racism, or racialism, or racial discrimination,.. covers everything from a vile form of monomania to the innocent preference of human beings for association with their own kind. 1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Soc. ii. 25 Racialism was linked to wishful-thinking, and almost deliberate self-deception.

racht,

1917 Deb. House of Commons Canada 5870/2 We all become nationalists in the true sense of the word, as distinguished from provincialists and racialists. 1930 Observer 22 June 13/4 Some of its characters said things that were calculated to make the blood of headstrong racialists boil. 1937 Discovery July 224/2 Curiously enough.., the ‘nigger’ is much more likely to be treated with contempt by the half-educated in Fngland than among the politicallyorganised racialists of Germany. 1939 A. Toynbee Study His't. IV. 19 We can even drive the racialists out of their one remaining Italian stronghold by finding an alternative explanation for the rise of the Roman Republic. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Scierue Politics i. 6 The racialists have rewritten history to provide the scion of such a race with a long and glamorous group ancestry. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 28 Mar. 164/3 It is easy today for Britain to see Hertzog as a bitter, anti-British racialist, who deprived the remaining Cape Africans of their vote. 1960 Spectator 6 May 650/1 A racialist.. lives according to what most people think is a fantasy. 1977 M. Walker National Front iv. 85 He [sc. A. K. Chesterton] went on to warn of the perils of racialist extremism, while wholeheartedly agreeing with the racialists’ arguments about ‘.. mongrelization’.

obs. Sc. pa. t. of reach, reck.

rachter, obs. Sc. form of

rafter sb.^

racial ('reijial, -Jal), a.

[f. race sb.^ + -ial.] Belonging to, or characteristic of, race.

A word of considerable frequency in the 20th century. The examples that follow illustrate some of the more usual collocations. 1862 R. H. Patterson Ess. Hist. (S Art 448 These racial diversities are reflected in the character of the religion. 1883 S. Wells Williams Mid. Kingd. (ed. 2) I. iv. 199 The racial distinction between the Mongols and Manchus. 1885 Clodd Myths Gf Dr. i. viii. 131 The light which this has thrown upon the racial connection of peoples. 1889 [see nurtural a.]. 1892 F. W. Gage Negro Problem iii. 56 If it be demonstrated that individual members of the race under favourable circumstances are capable of mature mental development, then the question of racial development is settled. 1899 A. Nutt in Folk-Lore]\im 146 In determining the relative importance of either element for racial discrimination in folklore, I was guided by observation of man in the civilized stage. 1899 C. Waldstein Expansion of Western Ideals 141 An historical basis for German unity was not enough; an ethnological, racial unity had to be established. 1914 G. K. Chesterton Wisdom of Father Brown ix. 266 An attitude we must always remember when we talk of racial prejudices. 1929 H. Miles tr. P. Morands Black Magic i. 63 He supported.. racial equality. 1935 Huxley & Haddon We Europeans ix. 286 Ethnic intercrossing and culture-contacts have proceeded so far that ‘racial purity’, like complete isolationism or selfsufficiency, is impossible of attainment. 1942 H. A.

racialist (’reifalist), sb. and a. [f.

racial a. + -1ST.] A. sb. A partisan of racialism; an advocate of a racial theory.

B. adj. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by racialism. 1946 W. S. Knickerbocker 20th Cent. Eng. 81 It would be, however, an error to consider this Nazi literary history simply as racialist. 1952 B. Davidson Rep. S. Afr. i. vii. 75 Members even of the highly racialist Electors’ Union of Kenya.. have expessed to me their horror at the explosive possibilities induced by white policy in South Africa. 1960 [see Africanistic s.v. Africanist sb. (and a.)], 1971 E. Powell Let. in Observer 14 Mar. 8/6 The adjective ‘racialist’

RACIALIZATION

RACIST

has gamed a strange sort of currency in recent years and seems to wear all sorts of meanings. I have even once or twice heard it applied to myself. Hence racialistic a. i960 Guardian 14 Dec. 16/2 The extreme racialistic African leaders. 1969 Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 18/4 Coomaraswamy was more than a little influenced by the sort of racialistic sentiment applied to art that has become one of the curses of the 20th century. 1977 P, Johnson Enemies of Society xix. 248 The statement is purely racialistic.

racialization (.reijalai'zeijsn). [f. racial a. + -IZATION.] The process of making or becoming racialist in outlook or sympathies. Hence 'racialize v. trans. 1918 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics X. 557/2 Why should the most progressive Muslim populations be affected most powerfully by racialization , which is clearly a retrogressive tendency? 1930 Month Dec. 485 A Catholic, following St. Paul, will repudiate this attempt to racialize the universal genius of Christianity. 1977 M. Banton Idea of Race 18 There was a social process, which can be called racialization, whereby a mode of categorization was developed. racially ('reijali), adv. [f. racial a. + -ly^] In

respect of race. Freq. linked with a ppl. adj. to form adjs., as racially-blended, -integrated, -selected. 188s Clodd Myths & Dr. 1. viii. 133 [They] were., probably racially connected with the complex group of peoples embracing the Tatar-Mongolians. 1914 ‘Saki’ When William Came x. 170 The record of your raciallyblended supper-party. 1921 J. Bryce Mod. Democracies 1. xiy. 163 Where a racially distinct body of unwilling subjects is included within a State.. are they to be reckoned as part of the people? 1962 Racially-integrated [see colour¬ blindness b]. 1976 Drum (E. Afr. ed.) Sept. 13/2 The team pulled out of the Olympics.. in protest against New Zealand sending a rugby team to play in South Africa against racially-selected sides. 1976 E. K. Francis Interethnic Relations xxii. 280 Particular populations that are racially distinct from their social environment occasionally show typical mental and cultural differences.

raciationfreisi'eijsn). [f. RACEife.^ + -ation; cf. SPECIATION.] The evolutionary development of distinct biological races. 1952 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 5 July 16/3 The methods he [sc. Edgar Anderson] describes are very like those used by the anthropologist interested in tracing the wanderings of peoples, their mixture, and ‘raciation’, 1971 Nature 28 May 250/1 This approach to microsystematics has been of particular value in the study of raciation .. in commercially important marine fishes. racily ('reisili), adv.

[f. racy a.

-1- -ly^.]

In a

racy manner or style. 1843 J. T. Coleridge in Stanley Arnold I. i. 17 His language was quaintly and racily pointed with phrases from [Aristotle]. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 15 Apr. 3/1 We have.. quoted largely from Major Y.’s racily-written pages.

Obs. rare~^. [a. F. racine:—pop.L. *rddicina dim. of radix: see radix.] A root. tra'cine.

c 1400 Rom. Rose 4881 Of ech synne it is the rote Unlefulle lust.. And of alle yvelle the racyne. raciness (reisinis).

[f. racy a. + -ness.] The fact or condition of being racy: a. Of wine, fruit, etc.

l682 44rt fef Myst. Vintners {1702) 51 Nutmegs and Cloves .. give a kind of Raciness. 1823 Lamb Lett., to B. Barton xiii. 122 My jargonels.. were of exquisite raciness. 1829 De Quincey in ‘H. A. Page’ Li/e (1877) I. xii. 265 New potatoes of celestial earthiness and raciness. b. Of speech, writing, manner, etc. 1778 Johnson L.P., Milton I. 247 His images and descriptions.. do not seem .. to have the freshness, raciness, and energy of immediate observation. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XXVI. 545-6 That raciness, that taste of the soil, which can alone endear any laws to a free people. 1834 De Quincey in Tait's Mag. 1. 200/2 An apparent strength of character.. and a raciness of manner. 1884 W. J. CouRTHOPE Addison ix. 188 Using the language with a raciness and rhythm probably unequalled in our literature. racing ('reisii]), vbl. sb.'

[f. race sb.' or

-(-

-INGb]

1. The action of race vb.^ in its various senses. 1680 Cotton Compl. Gamester (ed. 2) xxxv. Of Racing. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Racing, the riding heats for a plate or other premium. 1808 Scott Marm. v. xii, There was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lee. 1832 Lieder Encycl. Amer. X. 474/1 Subsequent sovereigns have also encouraged racing. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Aristocracy Wks. (Bohn) II. 86 Yet gaming, racing, drinking,.. bring them down. 1901 Chambers'sjrnl. Apr. 221/2 The Turbinia has been run.. in almost all states of the sea, and on no occasion has the slightest symptom of racing occurred. 1912 G. Greenhill Dynamics of Mech. Flight v. 106 Racing of the screw is due chiefly to variation of axial flow. 1980 G. M. Fraser Mr American xviii. 336 Pip’s method of travel was.. constant racing of the engine. 2. attrih. and Comb.., (some functionally indistinguishable from racing used as ppl. adj.)

racing hicycle, -boat, canoe, car, change sb. I g), club, colt, correspondent, cycle, cyclist, driver, eight, establishment, -gig, -glass, guide, jacket, man, motor-car, motorist, outrigger, pace, page, -path, place, result, rig, saddle, season, stable, stud, -track, -vohip, -world, yacht, racing-like, -tyred adjs.; t racingas

(change

bell, a small spherical bell formerly given as a prize in a horse-race (see bell sb.^ 7); Racing

a yearly publication giving particulars of horse-races run or to be run; racing colours, the colours (colour, color sb. 6 a) by which an owner’s racehorses are identified; racing demon (see demon 2 f); racing dope U.S., information about races contained in a dope-sheet (see dope sb. 5); racing flag Naut. (see quot. 1961); racing game = race-game s.v. race sbf 11 b; f racing-loser, one who loses in or by horse-racing; racing pigeon, a homing pigeon taking part in competitions to complete a specific journey as quickly as possible; racing-plate (see quot.); racing-tail, the tail of natural length worn by race-horses; hence racing-tailed a. Calendar,

Baltic Emerald xxiv. 189 A racing stable with high pasturelands for gallops. 1828 T. Creevey Let. in Creevey Papers (1963) xii. 241 We started about 3 for Petworth.. Sefton’s object being to see Lord Egremont’s ‘Racing Stud before dinner. 1840 Whyte Hist. Turf I. 36 Oliver Cromwell.. kept a racing stud. 1863 Ouida Held in Bondage (1870) 51 She will cost..more than a racing stud. 1843 Thackeray Paturot 361 A great floundering ‘racingtailed horse. 1913 O.E.D. s.v. Track sb. 6 b, ‘Racing-track. 1917 [see morning sb. 7^]. 1929 W. E. Collinson Spoken Eng. 72 They’ve built a greyhound racing-track just near the house. 1891 Pall Mall G. 29 Oct. 1/3 A Clincher ‘racingtyred Humber safety. 1864 Reader No. 97. 568/2 A ‘racingwhip he had brought. 1841 ‘Wildrake’ Cracks of the Day 212 The grand emporium of the year [1838] in the ‘racing world, was the Epsom Races. 1885 Royal River xii. 338 The •racing yachts are clearing for action. t'racing, vbl. $b.^ Obs. [f. race ij.^] The action of scratching, cutting, or scraping out.

1910 Encycl. Brit. III. 915/1 Wood rims are used on 1576 Baker Gesner's Jewell of Health 8 b, A waxed threede •racing bicycles. 1959 I. & P. Opie Lore &f Lang, of was fastened about that place.. for the strayghter and evener Schoolchildren x. 191 Who’s teacher’s pet boy and was given racing of the Glasse. 1592 West ist Pt. Symbolaeogr. §56 a racing bicycle? 1850 Kingsley Alton Locke xii, I stood .. Cijb, Ingrossed in paper or parchment, without blotting, gazing across the river, heedless of the *racing-boats. 1861 racing, interlyning. 1633 Hart Diet of Diseased iii. ix. 264 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. 68 The flooring, lines, and By meanes of scarification or racing of the skinne. keel of a racing boat. 1709- {title) The ‘Racing Calendar. attrib. 1794 Rigging ^ Seamanship I. 8 Racing-knife, a 1838 De Quincey Wks. 1863 XV. 114 He would suppose small tool to race with. 1819 [see race 56.®]. himself reading the ‘Racing Calendar’. 1876 ‘Racing-canoe [see long-spooned s.v. long a.’ 16]. 1932 Man May 106 The racing ('reisiij), ppl. a. [f. race v.^ + -ing^.] coffin is placed in a large racing canoe. 1909 ‘Racing car [see That races, in various senses of the vb. power producer s.v. power sb.' 18]. 1977 M. Kenyon Rapist iv. 44 He said he .. had been an important racing car driver. 1720 Pope Iliad xxiii. 342 The Prizes.. decreed To the brave Rulers of the racing Steed. 1811 W. R. Spencer Poems *959 I- Fleming Goldfinger vii. 86 James Bond flung the DB 111 through the last mile of straight and did a ‘racing change 23 How swift from left and right. The racing fields and hills down into third. 1840 Whyte//ist. Turfl. 191 Members of recede. 1876 G. Meredith Beauch. Career xxxii, Levelling a ‘racing or fox-hunting club. 1907 Yesterday's Shopping his telescope to sight the racing cutters. (1969) 302/2 About seven days required to execute orders for ‘Racing Colours. 1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions i. v. 196 Racinian (ra'sknran), a. and sb. Also Racinean. She handed a folded twenty-dollar bill to a boy wearing her [f. the name of Jean Racine (1639-99), French racing colors. 1961 A. Clarke Later Poems 87 At Maynooth, dramatic poet.] A. adj. Of, pertaining to, instead of skulls. His racing colours were displayed. 1828 characteristic of, or resembling Racine or his Darvill Treat. Race horse 454 On breaking ‘racing colts. 1961 E. Waugh Unconditional Surrender iii. ii. 240 His brief writings. B. sb. An admirer or imitator of experience as a ‘racing correspondent seemed irrelevant to Racine. the Zeitgeist. 1976 ‘J. Welcome’ Grand National i. ii That 1927 Sunday Times 13 Mar. 8/3 He [5c. Otway] still is Andrew Mostyn, our chief racing correspondent. 1976 remains the most Racinian of all our poets. 1931 Times Lit. Eastern Even. News (Norwich) 22 Dec. 11/3 (Advt.), Suppl. I Jan. 1/3 Shakespearian, Racinian or Sheridanesque •Racing cycles at discount prices. 1974 Times 29 Oct. 17/4 convention. 1946 Month May-June 229 His brilliant and Scores of club ‘racing cyclists. 1945 N. Mitford Pursuit of enthusiastic appreciation of the great cycle of tragedies, Love ix. 74 The Kroesigs obviously longed for bridge, and above all Athaiie, will please the most ardent Racinian. 1950 did not seem to care so much for ‘racing demon when it was M. McCarthy in Reporter 18 July 2'7l2 This Racinean offered as a substitute. 1977 Times 24 Dec. 10/2 Try racing world, where stepmother Phedre and grandmother Athaiie demon for the party card game if you have a large table and queened it. 1948 L. Spitzer Linguistics & Lit. Hist. 178 The fast-playing, shouting screaming players. 1931 F. L. Allen Racinian, the Vergilian power of poetic alchemy whereby Only Yesterday iv. 81 Workmen forgot to be class-conscious brute reality is transmuted. 1962 Listener 30 Aug. 315/2 as they.. studied the ‘racing dope about Morvich. 1961 This Racinian reading of modem life which is dramatized in Daily Tel. 21 May 10, I used to be a ‘racing driver. 1977 ‘D. terms of passion versus reason, will versus duty. 1974 Ibid. Cory’ Bennett iii. 88 Shop girls identify themselves with 8 Aug. 185/2 A Month in the Country.. harks back to Racine. film stars, bank clerks with racing drivers. 1866 ‘Argonaut’ There is the Racinian web of emotional incompatibilities. Rowing & Training 12 Length of boat (‘Racing eight) 56 feet. 1811 J. Steele Let. 29 Jan. in Papers (1924) II. 649 raciology (reisi'Dbd3i). [f. race sb.^ + -ology; There is nothing.. which wd. afford me greater pleasure cf. F. raciologie.] The study of the races of man. than to see a respectable ‘racing establishment at this place. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse 6 The home stables of a Hence racio'logical a.; raci'ologist, a student of large public racing establishment, i860 ‘Vanderdecken’ raciology. Yarns 135 Cut the ‘racing flag clear, and send a hand aloft 1924 Glasgow Herald 7 Feb 6/5 Societies were formed for to lash it to the stump as a signal that you’ll fight to the last. the study of their language and raciology, just when the 1961 F. H. Burgess Diet. Sailing 167 Racing flag, a private authentic gipsies themselves had begun to disappear. 1926 flag hoisted when racing, instead of the burgee; it is hauled Ibid. 27 Jan. 10/4 A new and searching process of selection down only on retiring, or when a race is completed, i860 C. .. will result in a revisal of our preconceived notions of M. Yonge Hopes ^ Fears I. i. v. 123 She beheld his sister African raciology. 1939 C. S. Coon Races of Europe viii. 286 .. at the ‘racing game... Honor waited, however, till the Von Eickstedt, the most articulate of the modern German little white horseman had reached the goal. 1890-More raciologists. 1950 E. W. Count This is Race 703 For a Bywords 154 The ‘racing game’,.. which was now spread on commentary on Buflfon’s raciology, see Scheldt. Ibid. 734 the dining-table, with all the young people playing in high The Russian raciologists were very actively engaged.. in glee. 1884 Harter's Mag. Feb. 344/1 A long ‘racing-gig combating..‘bourgeois’ racism in general. Ibid. 735 Some swept by us. 1082 Graphic 25 Oct. 437/3 Putting off the other works of Fleure have a raciological bearing. shibboleth of the turf with his ‘racing-glasses. 1909 A. L. Bruce Bridge-Fiend 12 A peppery, red-faced old gentleman, racism ('reisiz(3)m). [f. race sb.'^ + -ism; cf. F. who was reading a ‘racing-guide.. was then appealed to. racisme (Robert 1935).] a. The theory that 1833 New Sporting Mag. V. 398 The ‘racing jacket, with fancy buttons and velvet collar. Ibid. 132 The ‘racing-like distinctive human characteristics and abilities style in which he did his work. 1852 R. S. Surtees Sponge's ^^:^^=»e-4etermined by race. b. = raciausm. Sp. Tour (1893) 290 Sound, springy, racing-like turL 1680 1936 L. Dennis Coming Amer. Fascism 109 If..it be Cotton Comtleat Gamester (ed. 2) xxxv. 148 The woful assumed that one of our values should be a type of racism experience or too many ‘Racing-losers. 1828 Darvill which excludes certain races from citizenship, then the plan Treat. Race horse 218 ‘Racing men endeavour, .to keep the of execution should provide for the annihilation, secrets of their stables. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 21 Oct. 5/1 Fewer deportation, or sterilization of the excluded races. 1938 E. & accidents have happened to aviators in proportion to their C. Paul tr. Hirschfeld's Racism xx. 260 The apostles and numbers than to ‘racing-motor-car drivers in the same energumens of racism can in all good faith give free rein to period. 1^6 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 347/1 The trophy which impulses of which they would be ashamed did they realise is the prize for which ‘racing-motorists compete. 1866 their true nature. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science Gf ‘Argonaut’ Rowing & Training 56 A regular ‘racing Politics i. 7 Racism is an ism to which everyone in the world outrigger may be substituted for the tub. 1828 Darvill today is exposed. 1952 M. Berger Equality by Statute 236 Treat. Race horse 172 To come a long length at a ‘racing Racism, tension in industrial, urban areas. 1952 Theology pace. 1948 J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xiv. 156, I went to rest LV. 283 The idolatry of our time—its setting up of every afternoon with.. the ‘racing page of the daily paper. nationalism, racism, vulgar materialism, i960 New Left 1978 Islands (N.Z.) Aug. 78, I got the paper of course. For Jan./Feb. 21/2 George Rogers saw fit to kow-tow to the the racing page really. 1884 Longm. Mag. Mar. 484 The incipient racism of his electorate by including a line about feats accomplished.. on the ‘racing-path. 1910 A. H. getting rid of ‘undesirable elements’. 1964 Gould & Kolb Osman Pigeon Bk. xiii. 148 It is impossible to say what Diet. Social Sci. 571/2 Racism is a newer term for the word breeds have and have not been used to ‘make’ the ‘racing racialism... There is virtual agreement that it refers to a pigeon. 1933 Discovery Nov. 344/1 Racing and homing doctrine of racial supremacy. 1971 Ceylon Daily News pigeons are often captured, i960 Farmer ^ Stockbreeder 26 (Colombo) 18 Sept. 8/5 Mr. Seneviratne is welcome to his Jan. 4/2 Demand is expected to broaden as the racingideal of inter-racial marriages as panacea for Racism. 1972 pigeon season approaches. 1977 Wandsworth Borough News J. L. Dillard Black English iii. 90 In the British sailors’ 16 Sept. 15/5 Literally rescued from the teeth of a predatory reactions to the slaves.., the very early existence of racism cat, a blue racing pigeon now awaits a claimant at the home is as well documented as the difference in language. 1974 M. of Mr. I. A. McWilliam. 1741-3 Pococke Descr. East I. 10 Fido R. Kipling 50/2 In The Story of Muhammad Din he The ‘racing place, call’d the Hippodromus. 1958 J. Hislop wrote one of the most economical and bitter attacks on From Start to Finish 174 * Racing-plate, a light shoe (usually British racism ever penned. 1976 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, made of some form of aluminium) with which horses are Ohio) 4 Mar. A2/4 The Vatican radio said,.. ‘Racism might shod when they race. 1926 ‘Racing result [see bedtime story have diflferent faces but it will always be reprehensible.’ s.v. bedtime]. 1976 ‘J. Welcome’ Grand National ii. 27 He 1977 M. Walker National Front vi. 155 A strike of the Asian turned on the radio to get the racing results. 1906 Conrad workers against racism in the factory. Mirror of Sea viii. 39 Of those three varieties of fore-and-aft rig, the cutter—the ‘racing rig par excellence—is of an racist ('reisist), sb. and a. [f. race sb.^ + -ist.] appearance the most imposing. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race A. sb. = RACIALIST sb. horse 22 Racks and pegs for the ‘racing saddles. 1840 Whyte Hist. Turf II. 600 The conclusion of the ‘racing 1932 M. Eastman tr. Trotsky's Hist. Russ. Revol. i. 27 season. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse p. v, Any one who This brief comment completely finishes off not only the old has not been brought up in ‘racing stables. 1981 E. Ward philosophy of the Slavophiles, but also the latest revelations

RACK of the ‘Racists’. 1934 H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. I. iii. 107 So much for the Hitlerite stage of my development, when I was a sentimentalist, a moralist, a patriot, a racist. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 214 Classic German racists.. ascribed all achievements beyond the Alps to infiltrations of northern blood. 1959 New Statesman 30 May. 754/2 They see nothing to be gained.. if they are dismissed and replaced by fanatical racists. 1965 San Francisco Examiner 15 Apr. 34/5, I recently heard a man denounced as a racist for having observed that the rate of illegitimacy in New York is 14 times as high among the Negro population as among the white. 1973 A. Dundee Mother Wit p. xii, Folklore has been used as the tool of racists. B. adj. = RACIALIST a. 1938 E & C. Paul tr. Hirschfeld's Racism xv. 201 Elective affinity laughs at the maxims and prohibitions of racist wiseacres. 1938 Mag. Digest Aug. 22 The racist revue, Archiv fiir Biologic und Rassengesellschaft, one of the organs of the National Socialist Party, published an article..on ‘The utility of aerial bombardments from the point of view of racial selection and social hygiene’. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 14 Nov. 6/2 On Thursday.. Rome approved new decrees increasing the severity of Italian Fascism’s new ‘racist’ principles. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 188 The racist traditions.. of the fair, blue-eyed narrowheads. 1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound App. 268 Racist doctrines and rule by force ‘worked’ to a degree in the short run of Nazidom, they failed in the (not veiy) long run. i960 Guardian 23 Mar. 8/2 The President is trying to knock out the racist props from under the present immigration law. 1970 E. Bullins Theme is Blackness 167 I’m too mature and sophisticated to get sucked in by racist arguments. 1979 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 28 Nov. 8/4 [Mr. Levesque] can’t bear any suggestion that he or his party could be racist, could treat non-francophones as secondclass citizens.

Hence ra'cistic a. (rare). 1950 E. W. Count This is Race 734 Combating racistic theories. 1963 Observer 7 Apr. 22/2 This society is dedicated to pleasure and not over-concerned with the big racistic abstractions.

rack (raek), Forms: 4 rac, 4-5 rakke, 4-6 rak, (5 rake), 6-7 racke, 5- rack. [Chiefly a northern word, and perh. of Scandinavian origin; cf. Norw. and Sw. dial, rak (Sw. vrak, Da. vrag) wreck, wreckage, refuse, rubbish, etc., f. reka to drive, reke. The only form recorded in ON. is rek wreckage, but the forms cited above seem to indicate an ON. *rakf parallel to OE. wrsBC from wrecan wreak. The history of the word is not quite clear, however, and some of the senses may have a different origin.]

fl. A rush, shock, collision, ? hard blow or push. Also, a noise as of a shock; a crash. Obs. a 1300 Body & Soul in Map's Poems (Camden) 335 Thou3 me lete have rap and rac. c 1330 Arth. ^ Merl. 3476 (Kolbing) Vlfines launce tobrac. Jjre come po gret rac. c 1400 Melayne 1249 Thay ruysschede Samen with swilke a rake That many a Sara3ene laye on his bake, c 1470 Gol. Gaw. 918 The bernys bowit abak, Sa woundir rude wes the rak. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 240 Thay fyrit gunnis.. The rochis all resownyt wyth the rak. 1513 Douglas JEneis xi. xii. 41 Thai meyt in melle with a felloun rak.

t2. A rush of wind; a gale, storm. Obs. rare. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1984 There a tempest horn toke.. A rak and a royde wynde rose in hor saile. 1513 Douglas Mneis x. V. 127 Thai fle the weddris blast and rak of wynd.

3. a. Clouds, or a mass of cloud, driven before the wind in the upper air. (The main use.) 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 176 What may gome trawe, Bot he p^x. rules pe rak may rwe on ]?ose o^er? c 1440 York Myst. xvi. 7 The rakke of pe rede skye fulle rappely I ridde. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xxxv. 386 The Schipe wente.. Swiftere than pe Rakke In l?e Eyr. 1590 Greene Never too late (1600) 34 The welkin had no racke that seemed to glide. 1626 Bacon Sylva §115 The Windes in the Vpper Region (which moue the Clouds aboue which we calf the Racke). 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 435 With such a force the flying rack is driv’n. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 53 Now a speck is seen! And now the fleeting rack obtrudes between! i8o8 Scott Marm. iv. Introd., Along the sky. Mix’d with the rack, the snow mists fly. 1840 Thackeray G. Cruikshank (1869) 317 A great heavy rack of clouds goes sweeping over the bridge. 1886 Hall Caine Son of Hagar i. viii. 150 The stars struggled one by one through a rack of flying cloud. fig. 1641 Curates' Confer, in Harl. Misc. I. 499, I am almost at the same ebb: but let us hope better: things will not always ride in this rack. Comb. 1618 S. ^k^D Jethro's Justice (1627) 57 It is the ground wind, not the rack-winde, that driues mils and ships. 1620 T. Scott God ^ King (1633) 16 It is for me to observe the ground-winde, not the rack-winde.

fb. Driving mist or fog. Obs. 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 1695 In rede rudede vpon rak rises pt sunne. 1418-20 Siege Rouen 993 in Archaeologia XXII. 373 The clothis.. Kepte hem there from rayne and rack. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. Prol. 131 Wyth cloudy gum and rak ourquhelmyt the air. 1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ Cl. iv. xiv. 10 That which is now a Horse, euen with a thoght the Racke dislimes, and makes it indistinct. fig. 1610 Shaks. Temp. iv. i. 156 The great Globe it selfe .. shall dissolue. And .. Leaue not a racke behinde. [1874 Pusey Lenten Serm. 100 The most plausible will not leave a rack behind.] 4. a. A (narrow) path or track. (Cf. rake sb.^) The identity of the south-western word (cf. also b) with the northern is somewhat doubtful. With some of the senses cf. also Du. rak a stretch (of road, river, etc.). 01400-50 Alexander 3383 Oute of pe rakke \v.r. rake] of rightwyssnes rynne shuld he neuer. 1825-46 Brockett N.C. Gloss (ed. 3) II. 86 Rack, a narrow path, a track, a trace. 1879- In dial, glossaries (Shropsh., Glouc., Wilts, etc). 1899 H. T. Timmins Nooks & Corners of Shropshire 65 We go down a rough footpath, or ‘rack’, as they call it here-abouts. 1904 G. A. B. Dewar Glamour of Earth v. 81, I came down the rack—the narrow path which is cut through ripe

76 underwood fifteen years old, and marks the end of one lot and the beginning of another. 1919 T. Wright Romance of Lace Pillow xii. 110 What a relief.. to be absolutely free for a few hours; to be able to.. roam the ridings, racks, and glades of Yardley Chase. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. II. 149 Rack, (0) A narrow woodland track maintained for inspection and communication and for extraction of poles, etc. by hand or animal haulage.

b. The track made by an animal; esp. that of a deer, as marked by gaps in hedges, etc. 1611 CoTGR., Lespassees (Tun Cerf, His racke, or passages; the places which he has gone through, or by. 1817 J. Mayer Sportsm. Direct. 23 Rabbits are taken in various ways... If they lie in hedge-rows.. plant one or two guns at the end where the racks meet. 1862 C. P. Collyns Notes Chase Wild Red Deer 79 Can he find the ‘rack’ or place where the deer broke the fence into the wood?

c. Sc. A ford in a river, d. Sc. The course in curling (Jam.), e. north. A reach of a river. c. ?i6.. Kinmont Willie iv. in Child Ballads III. 472/1 They led him thro the Liddel-rack, And also thro the 0!arlisle sands e. 1832 J. F. Watson Historic Tales of Olden Time N.- Y. City. 27 The ‘Racks’ so called, along the [Hudson] river, were Dutch names for Reaches. 1838 T. Wilson Keelman's Tribute (Northumbld. Gloss.), The keelman’s dues tiv iv’ry rack..knew Faddy. 1930 Amer. Speech. V. 164 The Dutch navigators divided the Hudson into racks or reaches. The former word remains in Claverack.

f. rack of {the) eye: (see quots.). dial. 01796 Pegge Derbicisms (E.D.S.) 117 To judge of the value of a thing by ‘the rack o’ th’ eye’, by view or sight, without weighing or measuring. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Rack of eye, to work by. To be guided by the eye in the execution of work done. 1886-7 Cheshire glossaries.

rack (rjek), sh."^ Forms: 4-5 rekke, rakk(e, 5 rak, 5-7 racke, 6- rack; also 5-6 rake. [App. a. MDu. recy reck- (Du. rek, rekke) or MLG. rek, rekkey rik (LG. and G. reeky recke; hence Da. raekkey Sw. rdeky rdcke)y applied to various contrivances (as a horizontal bar or pole, a framework, shelf, etc.) on which things are hung or placed, a henroost, rail, etc., prob. f. recken to reach, stretch; see rack v.^ The usual vowel of the Eng. word appears also in Du. raky (L)G. racky variants of reky reeky but may have been developed independently.] fl. ? An iron bar or framework to which prisoners were secured. Obs. The exact sense in the first quot. is doubtful. C1305 St. Cristopher 192 in E.E.P. (1862) 64 O womman he let honge, Heuye rekkes bynde to hire fet. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 92 Y® warde must haue a racke w* ij. longe cheynes of yme. 1572 Nottingham Rec. IV. 145, viij. lb. of eyron to the town’s rackes and mendyng. 1590 Spenser F.Q. II. iv. 14 Both his hands fast bound behind his backe. And both his feet in fetters to an yron racke.

2. A bar (usu. in pi.) or set of bars of iron or wood (see quot. 1617) used to support a spit or other cooking utensil. Obs. exc. dial. 1390 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 18 Pro ij paribus rakkes pro caudrons pendendis. 1424 E.E. Wills (1882) 56 Too spytes, and a peyre rakkes of yryne, and to brandernes. Ibid. 102 Also a rake of yren forto rost on his eyren. 1467 Mann. ^ Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 399 In makenge of rakkes of tre to roste one, xij d. 1564 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 223 Toynges, giberokes, rakincroke, and rackes. 1617 Minsheu, a Racke or Cobborne to lay the broch in at the fire. .. A racke is properly that which is of yron which hath a long ranke of barres in it, and a Cobborne or Coleburne are the little ones of wood. 01643 Cartwright Lady Errant, v. i, Spits, Andirons, Racks and such like Utensils. 1706 Phillips, Rack, a Wooden Frame..to lay Spits on in a Kitchin. 1888 Sheffield Gloss., Rack, a piece of iron to hang a spit on. 3. a. A frame made with upright bars of wood

or metal to hold fodder for horses and cattle, either fixed in a stable, or movable so as to be placed where desired in a field or farmyard; a heck. 14.. in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 124 To se that lord in a racke lye That hathe hevon under hys poste. 1443 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 212 In a streiht rakke lay ther the kyng of pees. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. Ixxxiii. 61 The Calfe.. forthwith ete haye with the dame at the Racke. 1540-54 Croke xiii. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 9 Bynde fast theire iawes vp to the racke. 1607 Markham Caval. iii. (1617) 21 You shall put into his racke a..bottle of hay. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 606 Salt Herbage for the fodd’ring Rack provide. 1781 Cowper Charity 173 He breaks the cord that held him at the rack. 1859 Dickens T. Two Cities 11. ix. The horses in the stables rattled at their racks. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 65 A rack nine feet long will accommodate twenty sheep... Whenever the racks are taken out to the fields [etc.].

b. Coupled with manger. 1391 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 205 Pro factura de rakks et mangers in diuersis stabulis. c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 610 in Babees Bk., Euery horse schalle so muche haue, At racke and manger. C1475 Partenay 913 Both rekke and manger at their ease gan make. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 35 A racke and a manger, good litter and haie. 1707 Ld. Raby in Hearne Collect. 14 Sept. (O.H.S.) II. 42 His Horses stand .. w'^out either Racks or Mangers. 1868 Regul. & Ord. Army §570 To prevent infection from glanders.. the rack and manger are to be scoured. fig- 1.577 Harrison Englandii. ii. (1877) i. 44 Canturburie was said to be the higher racke, but Winchester.. to be the better mangier.

c. Phr. at rack and manger: in the midst of abundance or plenty, wanting for nothing. fAlso rarely without prep. (Cf. heck sb.^ 3.) C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 435 It is yuel to kepe a wast hors in a stable.. but it is worse to have a womman wij?-ynne

RACK or wijj-oute at racke & at manger. 1592 Warner Alb. Eng. viii. xii. (1612) 200 A Queane coriuall with a Queene? Nay kept at Racke and Manger? 1593 Bacchus Bountie in Harl. Misc. (1809) II. 275 Plaine rack and manger, where euery one dranke himself out of danger. 1679 Mrs. Behn Feign'd Curtizan iii. i. Danger,.. once o’recome, I lie at rack and manger. 1843 Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. i, John Lackland., tearing out the bowels of St. Edmundsbury Convent.. by living at rack and manger there.

d. Hence rack and manger, want of proper economy or management, waste and destruc¬ tion. (? Associated with rack and ruin.) Now dial. 1687 Miege Gt. Fr. Diet. ii. s.v., To leave all at Rack and Manger, laisser tout a Vabandon. 1731 Fielding Grub St. Op. III. ii. The moment my back is turned, everything goes to rack and manger. 1785 Grose Class. Diet. Vulgar Tongue s.v. Rackrent, To lye at rack and manger, to be in great disorder. 1883 in Hampsh. Gloss.

e. to stand (or come) up to the rack: to face or bear the consequences of what one has undertaken; to take one’s share of hard work or responsibility. U.S. 1834 D. Crockett Narrative of Life iv. 6i, 1 was determined to stand up to my rack, fodder or no fodder. 1835 -Col. Crockett's Tour 69 It was a hard row to hoe; but I stood up to the rack. 1837 R. M. Bird Nick of Woods II. xiv. 183 But, you see, captain, there’s a bargain first to be struck between us, afore I comes up to the rack. 1848 J. F. Cooper Oak Open. II. iii. 43 The English used to boast that the Americans wouldn’t ‘stand up to the rack’, if the baggonet was set to work. 1890 Stock Grower ^ Farmer 12 July 4/2 For several years cattlemen have been severe losers but most of them have stood pluckily to the rack.

4. a. A framework (varying greatly in form as used for various purposes) in or on which articles are placed or suspended. Freq. with defining word prefixed as hacofu, bottle-, case-, cheese-, galley-, hat-, plate-rack (see the first element). 1537 Bury Wills (Camden) 130 The tramely yn the chemney, and the rackes on the soler. CI590 Greene Fr. Bacon iii. When we haue.. set our cheese safely vpon the rackes. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xix. IP7 Every Stick-full [of letters] is set up upon the Racks, ready for the Dresser to Dress. 16^4 Motteux Rabelais v. xxvii. (1737) 120 Having laid their Boots and Spurs on a Rack. 1842 Dickens Amer. Notes (1850) 2/1 A rack fixed to the low roof, and stuck full of drinking glasses and cruet stands. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 323 A wooden rack round the centre pillar receives the rifles. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xviii, The dishes on the rack above.

b. Spec. One on which items of clothing are transported and displayed for sale. Phr. off the {ova) rack = off the peg zdv. phv. s.v. peg sb.^ i e. 1948 H. McClennan Precipice (1949) ii. 189 Shipping clerks pushing racks of women’s dresses. 1962 W. Schirra in Into Orbit 47, I acted as a kind of consultant tailor on the pressure suit. It is not possible just to walk in and buy one off the rack. 1976 ‘R. Boyle’ Cry Rape xx. 91, I chose a simple navy shirtmaker dress from the $20-and-under rack. 1976 Times 2 Nov, 12/2 In the women’s outfitting department, there was..a scramble around the racks of camel coats. 1978 R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant xxxiii. 385 His suit was off a rack.

5. In various special or technical uses. a. An openwork side for a cart or wagon. ? Obs. b. A framework set in a river to obstruct the passage of fish. c. Naut. (see quots.); also = halyard-rack (halyard 2) and = FIDDLE 3 a. d. An inclined frame or table on which tin-ore is washed (cf. wreck), e. In organ-building = pipe-rack, fl* Part of a moulding-machine (see quot.). Obs. 1593 Hollyband Diet. Fr. Eng., Bers de chariot, the sides or racks of a wagon. 1687 Miege Gt. Fr. Diet. ii. s.v.. The Racks of the Cart are broken. b. 173s Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 24 That Racks are a much greater Obstruction to Navigation than Wears. c. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776), Rack,.. a frame of timber, containing several sheaves, and usually fixed on the opposite sides of a ship’s bowsprit. 1794 Rigging ^ Seamanship 1. 171 Rack, a short thin plank, with holes made through it, containing a number of belaying-pins. Ibid. 172 Rack, a long shell, containing a number of sheaves, formerly fixed over the bowsprit to lead in the running rigging. 1841 Dana Seaman's Man. 119 Rack,.. z. fair-leader for running rigging. d. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 1244 The rough [tin ore] is washed in buddies;.. the slimes.. upon a kind of twin tables, called racks. 1893 Longm. Mag. Feb. 375 note, A mine-girl that works at a ‘rack’, and who separates the particles of tin from the finely crushed ore. f. 1678 Moxon Mech. Exerc. I. 104 To this Engine belongs a thin flat peece of Hard wood, about an Inch and a quarter broad.. called the Rack. It hath its under flat cut into those fashioned waves.. your work shall have.

g. A large, vertical, metal framework, usu. of standardized dimensions, for supporting items of telephonic or electronic equipment and allowing ready access to them. 1893 Preece & Stubbs Man. Telephony xix. 311 An even more effective contrivance for cable racks .. is shown in fig. 240. 1906 J. Poole Pracr. Telephone Handbk. (ed. 2) Condenser Rack.—This frame is for the accommodation of the al-microfarad condensers used in connection with the incoming junction lines... The frame is 7 feet 3! inches wide and 7 feet 10 inches high. 1930 Proc. /PfiXVIll. 1320 The amplifiers are mounted on relay racks and connected by twin lead wire pulled in rigid conduit. 1951 Short Wave Mag. May 179/1 The left-hand rack, No. i, starting at the bottom, contains the filament supplies for all transmitters; the 1000 V. HT supply for the 430 and 144 me exciters; [etc.]. 1977 Gramophone June 118/2 In the professional world it is common practice for tuners, preamplifiers, power amplifiers, equalizers, etc. to be mounted on slotted panels, which are mounted vertically into racks. Now several domestic manufacturers are also mounting their units in neat vertical racks, but usually they are less than the professional 48cm (19-inch) width.

RACK

RACK

77 h. U.S. (See quots.) 1903 Nation (N.Y.) 6 Aug. 115/2 Another Americanism we miss under Racks, the technical name for the side plankings or buffers of our ferry slips, 1905 JV. Y. Even. Post 20 Dec. I Three of the Lackawanna ‘racks’, as the arrangement of piles to fit the ferryboats are called, were left intact. i. N. Amer. A set of antlers. Also attrib. 1945 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 27 July 14/1 There is no real means of comparing a rack of antlers killed in Bath County and one in New Kent, unless they are placed side by side. 1958 Outdoor Life Sept. 34/1 I’d shot moose in British Columbia but never a really big one. This trip I was determined to get a trophy rack. 1971 D. C. Brown Yukon Trophy Trails i. 22 ‘Wow, he’s sure got a big rack,’ someone else yelled. 1976 Listener 15 Apr. 466/2 The moose.. had a rack of five points, which meant that it was five years old and almost fully grown. 1978 L. L. Rue Deer JV. Amer. iv. 66 A deer with more than four points is called a rack buck. Some racks are large but have few points, some are small but have more points.

j. U.S. Naut. slang. (See quot, 1962.) 1955 C. Kentfield Alchemist's Voyage I. iii. 68 ‘Where’s D’Alessio?’ ‘In his rack.’ 1962 Amer. Speech XXXVII. 288 A Marine’s bed is not a sack, but a rack. He hits the rack or puts in rack time. 1963 Ibid. XXXVIII. 78 The term rack was borrowed by the Marines from the Nav'y, and it began to supersede sack as the popular term in Marine speech during the early 1950s.

b. Mech. A bar, straight or slightly curved, haying teeth or indentations on the side or edge, which gear into those of a wheel, pinion, or worm (for the conversion of circular into rectilinear motion or vice versa), or serve to hold something in a desired (and easily alterable) position. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 19 The teeth of these four wheels take alternately into the teeth of four racks. 1^5 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 39 The friction-bar.. being connected .. to the front [of the cart] by a closely notched or toothed rack. 1830 Loudon Cottage Arch. §630 The writing-board, or flap, might be made to rise with a rack and horse. 1881 Young Every man his own Mechanic 238 The inner jaw is immovable and to the bottom of it a steel rack is fastened. b. Coupled with pinion. 1814 Buchanan Millwork (1823) 85 The rack and pinion should be made upon the principles of spur geers. 1858 Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 32 Sliding shutters, which are raised and lowered by racks and pinions. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai ix. 134 Up again, straining on the rackand-pinion of the Rigi. c. Hence rack^and^pinion used attrib., with

adjustment, movement, etc. 1837 Goring & Pritchard Microgr. 217 Various ingenious contrivances.. retaining the rack-and-pinion movement- 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 283 Rack and pinion focussing. Ibid. 285 Rack and pinion adjustment. 1903 Baedeker's Northern Italy 13 From Capolago to the Monte Generoso, rack-and-pinion railway in 56 minutes. 1958 R. Liddell Morea ii. ii. 55, I took the rack and pinion railway up to Calavrytt. 1969 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 23 Mar. 29 Rack-and-pinion steering ‘can be twirled from lock to lock with the flat palm of one hand’. 1972 Modern Railways Sept. 334 This was overcome on the BOB [rr. Berner Oberland Bahn] by the use of rack-and-pinion operation with gradients as steep as i in 8. 1973 Country Life 18 Oct. 1172/1 The Haflinger, a forward-control platform truck.. seems to wind on inexorably, rather like a rack and pinion train climbing a mountain. 1978 DmTy Tel. 16 Aug. 10/6 The ride is on the firm side with the handling being safe and predictable from the rack and pinion steering.

7. In lace-making: (see quots.). Also attrib. 1831 Morley in Ure Cotton Manuf. (1861) II. 356 A rack is a certain length of work counted perpendicularly, and contains 240 meshes or holes. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. XXX. (ed. 3) 296 The introduction of the ‘rack’, which counts the number of holes in the length of the piece. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 733 A 24 rack piece.. is now sold for 75. 8. a. Abbrev. of rack-deal. 183s White in Pari. Rep. Timber Duties 206 The merchants would not sell a cargo without taking some rack and some seconds .. and generally the timber merchants had a great many of what were called second rack. b. = rack-rail in sense 9. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug. 7/2 The greater part of the line would traverse exceedingly difficult country, necessitating .. possibly a few short lengths of rack. 9. attrib. and Comb., as rack-block Naut. (see

quot. and cf. sense 5 c); rack-board, one of the boards forming the pipe-rack of an organ (also attrib.)-, rack-calipers, calipers fitted with a rack and pinion (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875); rack car, (a) a railway-car having open-work sides (cf. sense 3); (b) U.S. Logging-, see quot. 1958; rack chain, a chain by which a horse is fastened to the rack in a stall; rack chase Printing, a chase having racked sides into which fit two adjustable bars; rack-compass, a pair of compasses fitted with a rack (sense 6), so also rack-easel; rackhook, a hooked lever which catches into the rack in the striking mechanism of a clock; rackhurdle, -hurry (see quots.); frack lever, a lever terminating in a rack formerly employed in the escapement of a clock; rack-meat, fodder placed in racks for horses; rack mounting vbl. sb., the use of the standardized racks for supporting telephonic or electronic equipment; so rack mount sb. and v. trans.-, rack-pillar, one of the small upright pieces of wood supporting the rack-boards in an organ; rack pole, one of

the bars or staves forming a rack (sense 3); rackrail, a cogged rail, into which a cogged wheel on a locomotive works; rack railway, a railway having a rack-rail laid between or beside the bearing-rails; rack-rod = rack-bar; rack saw, {a) a saw with wide-set teeth (Simmonds Diet. Trade 1858); (6) see quot. 1971; rack-side, one of the horizontal bars of a rack (sense 3); rackspring, the spring attached to the rack in a clock; rack-stave, one of the upright staves of a rack (sense 3); rack-table = sense 5 d; racktail, an appendage to the rack in a clock; racktube, a tube (in a microscope) worked by a rack (sense 6); rack-way, (a) = rack-rail-, (b) a path through a wood, esp. one used for timber extraction; rack-wheel, a cog-wheel; rackwork, mechanism of the nature of, or containing, a rack (sense 6); rack-yard, a stockyard provided with racks (sense 3). •794 Rigging & Seamanship I. 156 * Rack-blocks are a range of small single blocks, made from one solid. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 557. 1855 E. J. Hopkins Organ 39 Some thin planks of wood, called ‘rack-boards.. laid arallel with, but four or five inches above, the upper oards. Ibid., Through these rack-board-holes the lower and narrrow ends of the pipe-feet pass. 1881 C. A. Edwards Organs 57 The Rack-boards.. are frames by which the pipes are supported in a perpendicular position over the upper boards. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1863/1 [Railway-cars] had four wheels, no springs, and no roof; similar cars, termed ‘‘rack-cars’, are still in use. 1958 W. F. McCulloch Woods Words 145 Rack car, a railroad car specially equipped with stakes or racks to handle pulpwood. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse 55 A ‘rack-chain may be fixed in the centre of the stall. 1958 J. Hislop From Start to Finish iv. 20 Do not leave your horse tied up by the rack-chain, in your hurry to get away. 1963 E. H. Edwards Saddlery xxii. 167 Usually a rope .. to the rear of a head collar is best for tying up unless one has rack chains. 1882 J. Southward Practical Printing vi. 72 ‘Rack chases for fixing small formes on presses are made the size of a press table, and obviate the use of furniture. 1898 — mod. Printing I. ix. 66 Rack chases.. are made to fit the carriage of a press and the bed of a machine. 1859 Gullick & Timbs Paint. 199 The square ‘‘rack’ easel which allows the painter greater facility in raising or lowering his picture. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1852/1 *Rack-hook. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch ^ Clockm. 251 The rack hook is lifted free of the first tooth only at the half-hour. 1770-4 A. Young in A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1803) HI. 145 ‘Rack-hurdles, which are made.. [by] leaving the middle rail out and nailing spars across. 1888 Berksh. Gloss., Rack-hurdles, hurdles of substantial lathing or split wood. 1788 J. Ritson Borrowd. Letter (Cumb. dial.). They feed em [Sea-Nags = ships] wie beck-sand,.. but nut out o’ •rack-hurries. 1899 Cumbld. Gloss., Rack-hurry,. .21 rack formed of iron bars fixed in the shoot or hurry, which allowed the small coal.. to drop through. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch ^ Clockm. 219 The ‘rack lever is said to have been invented by the Abbe Hautefeuille. 1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Dec. vii. 46 To.. further their Fattening, by enough of dry, hearty Trough and ‘Rack-meat in Time. 1849 G. A. Dean Essays on Construction of Farm Buildings & Labourers' Cottages 23 Many persons consider that the racks are best placed by the sides of the mangers.. others, that horses who work hard should have no rack-meat given to them, considering that they satisfy their hunger much quicker.. from the manger. 1965 Wireless World July 2 (Advt.), Series ‘Y’ instruments are housed in strong metal cases and, in some instances, can be ‘rack-mounted. 1976 Physics Bull. Jan. 9 Available in either a rack-mount or a cabinet configuration, it is designed to be used by persons with little or no previous experience with signal averagers. 1978 Chicago June 106/1 Rack mounts, for instance, are ‘in’. .. These racks will hold pre-amps, amps, equalizers, tuners and t^e decks. Some can even accommodate a turntable. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 697/1 *Rack mounting, the use of standard racks .. for mounting panels carrying apparatus .. with a uniform scheme of wiring. 1977 Gramophone June 118/1 A Sony rack mounting amplifier using pulse width modulation. 1979 Sci. Amer. June 8/2 (Advt.), The 5315B is essentially the same instrument housed in a metal case for rack mounting or stacking. 1881 C. A. Edwards Organs 57 Rack-boards.. are supported by ‘rack-pillars. 1662 Gerbier Principles 32 The ‘Rack Poles three Inches asunder and upright. 1038 Wood Pract. Treat. Rail-roads (ed. 3) 281 The toothed or ‘rack rail, was only laid on one side of the road. 1918 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 13/1 See hazardous bridges being built, and the rack-rail employed to surmount steep gradients. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 21 Feb. p. iii. An engraving showing a Blenkinsop rack-rail engine and train. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 734/1 *Rack Railway. 1895 Daily News i Mar. 5/3 Tourists .. who ‘do’ the Alps in rack railways, Chambers's frnl. Jan. 128/2 This railway introduces a cheaper means of ascending rugged mountains than the rack-railway laid upon the ground. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 21 Feb. p. iii, John Blenkinsop, the inventor of the rack railway, died 100 years ago. 1973 C. Bonington Next Horizon xii. 183, I.. plunged through the deep powder snow .. down to the rack-railway track that led up to Kleine Scheidegg. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 360 A pushing rod.. that ^sses behind the ‘rack rod. 1898 Daily News 8 Feb. 3/5 The ‘rack saw, with its 50-feet running platform. 1971 F. C. Ford-Robertson Terminal. Forest Science 209/2 Rack saw, a head saw (circular or band) with a travelling table operated by rack-and-pinion. 1830 Loudon Cottage Arch. §1103 The ‘rack sides (top and bottom rails) to be 4 inches by 2 inches and a quarter, and to be fitted in with turned rack-staves. 1892 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. (ed. 8) 87 If the spring is weak, and the ‘rack spring strong, it sometimes gives a little. 1587 Mascall Govt. Cattle, Sheep (1627) 202 Their racks to be made.. with ‘rack-staues set nigh together of a good length. /. a.*]. 1633 Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 330 To the cooper for rackinge 2 hogsheades of sack. 1694 Falle Jersey ii. 71 [To] ferment, rack and bottle our Cidar. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece l. v. 275 Rack off your Wine into another Vessel. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 416 Whenever the wine becomes dry, rack off the clear into a clean and sulphured cask. 1880 Act 43 ^ 44 Viet. c. 24 §64 The proprietor of spirits.. may.. vat, blend, or rack them in the warehouse. absol. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 303 It will be necessary to rack off from one cask to another. transf. 1683 A. Snape Anat. Horse i. xxviii. (1686) 64 Serving as a Pme to rack the Urine as it were out of the Bladder of the Young.

1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. v. iii, The court is rackt to pleasure; each man straines To faine a jocund eye.

fe. To stretch or raise beyond the normal extent, amount or degree (cf. 4). Obs. 1596 Shaks. Merch. K. i. i. 181 My credit.. shall be rackt euen to the vttermost. 1603 Florio Montaigne iii. xii. 598 Striving about my ransome, which they racked so high [etc.]. 1618 Chapman Hesiod ii. 22 Hasten thy labours, that thy crowned fields, May load themselues to thee, and rack their yeelds.

4. To raise (rent) above a fair or normal amount. Cf. rack-rent. 1553 Primer Edu>. VI, P v b, [That they] may not racke and stretche oute the rentes of their houses and landes. 1598 Bp. Hall Sat. iv. ii. 20 They racke their rents vnto a treble rate.

b.fig. in various senses.

1653 Gauden Hierasp. 74 Rack him off further, and refine him from the lees of sensual and inordinate lusts. 1696 Brookhouse Temple Open. 17 Christ Racks off his Truth from Vessel to Vessel. 1^9 Malkin Gil Blasv. i. If 73 Every morning I wrote down in my pocket-book such anecdotes as I meant to rack off in the course of the day. 1861 Sala in Temple Bar Mag. II. 302 His speech was of the finest jackeen just racked through a cask of Cork whisky.

t2. To empty (a cask) by racking. Obs. rare. 1626 Bacon Sylva §306 Rack the one Vessell from the Lees. 1703 Art ® Myst. Vintners 65 Rack your Cask very clean, and let it remain full of water all night.

rack (raek), v.^ Naut. [Of obscure origin: perh. a use of v."^ or v.^] (See quots.) 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776), Racking, the fastening two opposite parts of a tackle together, so as that any weighty body suspended thereby shall not fall down, although the rope.. should be loosened by accident. 1841 Dana Seaman's Man. 119 Rack, to seize two ropes together, with cross-turns. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 131.

rack

(raek), v.’’ Building, [var. rake trans. To build (a brick wall) by stopping each course a little short of the one below, so that the end slopes (usu. temporarily until the work is completed). Usu. with back. Cf. raking vbl. sb.^ 1873 F. Robertson Engin. Notes ii. 35 In repairing masonry where there is a crack or junction, or where new work is to be connected with old, the adjoining ends should be racked back from each other, as it were in ascending steps, and the resulting wedge-shaped void subsequently built in. 1904 C. F. & G. A. Mitchell Brickwork ^ Masonry ii. 77 (caption) Angles of walls racked preparatory to building. Ibid. 78 The base of the corner is extended along the wall, and is racked back as the work is carried up. 1945 E. L. Braley Brickwork iii. 58 Usually five or seven courses are built at each corner, the work being racked back, e.g. first of all three stretchers, then four headers and one closer, then two stretchers, two headers and a closer, one stretcher, and finally the heading face of the top brick. 1972 S. Smith Brickwork iv. 17 When building a wall, it is usual to raise the ‘quoins’ (corners) first, ‘racking back’ the work as necessary.

rack,

obs. var. rake sb.'^, v.^ and v.^\ obs. north,

and Sc. f. reck; pa. t. of reke v. Obs.

tracka, obs. form of areca. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims iii. 304 Their lading..was principally dryed Coco Nuts, .and Racka Nuts. rackan ('r£ek(3)n), reckon ('rEk(9)n). Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms: i racente, racete, 4 rakente, 5 rakende, racand, 6 raken, racon, 9 rackan; 4 recawnt, 5-6 rekand, 5 rekande, rekanth, -enth, 6 reckand, -en, recon, 7 reckan, 9 reckon. [OE. racente wk. f. = ON. rekendi (usually in pi. rekendr as if from sing. *rekandi), OHG. rahehinza (Graff): cf. rakenteie. In ME. and later use only north, dial., and chiefly in forms rek-y reckan(d, which app. represent the Scand. rather than the OE. word (but forms with rak-, rack-, prevail in the comb. rackan-crook).'\ 11. A chain, fetter. Obs. c888 K. i^LFRED Boeth. xvi. §2 he wearS jebunden mid hira racentum. 971 Blickl. Horn. 43 Hie hine haefdon jepreatodne mid fyrenum racentum. a 1050 Liber Scintill. (1889) 59 jebeorscipas swylce racetan.. forfleo lusta. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 188 \>tT ragnel in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes. e jailers liggen bothe dede & Beues lip bounde in rakende.

2. A chain or other apparatus by which cooking vessels are suspended over a fire; now usually a vertical bar pierced with holes, into one of which the pot-hook is inserted. 1400 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 268 Unum recawnt de catenis ferreis. 1445 Ibid. II. 194,). rekand de ferro. 1485 Ibid. III. 300, j pare of coberdis, ij potte-hyngyls, j racand. 1534 in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 186 Thre racons wt a peire of galows of yron. 1566 Richmond. Wills Inv. (Surtees) 184, j paire of tongs, j iron scummer and one recken. 1582 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 172 One recon,., one fier shole, one pare of tanges. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words 58 Reckons, Hooks to hang Pots or Kettles on over the Fire. 1876 Mid- Yorksh. Gloss, s.v., A pot-hook .. sliding through a hole in the bottom piece of the reckon.

rackan-crook. north, dial. Forms: 5-6 taken-, 6 rakon-, racon-, rackyn-, rayckin-, rakin(ge)-, 6, 9 rackin-, 7-9 racken-, 9 rackan-, rack-an’-; 7 rekin-, 7-9 reckin-, 9 reckon-, [f. prec. + crook. Rackan-hook is used in the same sense in mod. dial.] A rackan serving as a pot-hook, or a pot¬ hook used with a rackan. 1469-70 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 280 In repar.. unius rakencroke, iiijd. 1564 Wills ^ Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 223 Giberokes, rakincroke, and racks,.. two Rayckincrokes and iiij spetes. 1648 Lancash. Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 254 The very racken crocks and pot hooks. 1684 Meriton Yorksh. Dialogue 39 Hing the Pan ore’th fire ith RekinCreauk. 1781 J. H. Gloss. N.E. Words (E.D.S.), Rannlebalk, a piece of wood in a chimney, from which is hung the pot-crook, or racken-crook. 1869- In dialect glossaries (Lonsdale, Rochdale, Sheff., Northumb.).

rackan hook. form),

Also reckon hook (the usual [f. RACKAN -I- HOOK s6.] = RACKAN-

CROOK. 1645 Essex County (Mass.) Probate Rec. (1916) I. 50 Estate of William Goog of Lynn... One gridiron & recke hookes

I

RACKAROCK

RACKET

80

1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage viii. iv. 753 Their Dogges.. haue rackets tied vnder their feet, the better to runne on the snow. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative ii. 130 Unless they carried Rackets under their Feet, wherewith to walk upon the Top of the Snow. 1758 Michmakis & Maricheets 55 Much more capable with their legs only, than we with our rackets. 1790 Bewick Hist. Quadrup. (1792) 111 The sports¬ man pursues in his broad rackets or snow-shoes. 1875 Temple & Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 84 Travel was next to impossible, except upon rackets.

[etc.]. 1647 Ibid. 99 Estate of John Jarrat of Rowley.. Reckon hooks & some small things, 4s. 1867 B. Brierley Mar locks of Meriton 41 His eyes still intent upon the ‘rackan’-hook’ hanging in the kitchen. 1961 M. W. Barley Eng. Farmhouse & Cottage iii. v. 175 In such houses as these, cooking was usually done in the house body. There, along with the iron range and the reckon hook, were the bakestone and the wooden boards.. with which oatcakes were made.

rackee,

obs. f, raki.

racken,

north, and Sc. var. reckon.

rackarock ('raekarok). [f.

1845 [see corn-cracker i]. 1854 Putnam's Mag. HI. 665/2 Artillerists and dragoons, suckers and rackensacks, were all mixed up in confusion.

b. A broad wooden shoe for man or horse to enable them to walk over marshy ground.

racker^ (*raek9(r)). [f. rack v.^ + -erL] 1. One who racks, in senses of the vb.

Webster.

rack v.^ +

a

+

ROCK ^6.] An explosive consisting of potassium

chlorate and nitrobenzol. Also attrib. 1885 Daily News 12 Oct., A six-pound cartridge of rackarock. 1891 Times 8 Oct. 5/4, 200 lb. of rackarock powder..were set off. 1891 Thorpe Diet. Appl. Chem. I. 84/2 The rackarock cartridges were not fired electrically.

rackat,

obs. form of racket.

'rack-bar. 1. Mech. [f.

RACK sb.^ 6.] A bar fitted with a

rack or racks. 01824 A- Scott in Trans. Highl. Soc. (1824) VI. 31 The teeth of these two spur-wheels are to work .. into the teeth of the rack-bars. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 395/1 A strong semicircle of cast iron, with which the telescope is connected by a rack-bar. 2. Naut. [f. RACK v.^] (See quot.) 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Rack-bar, a billet of wood used for twisting the bight of a swifter round, in order to bind a raft firmly together.

rack-bolt,

variant of rag-bolt. L. §58 Of trenails, screws, and

1793 Smeaton Edystone rack-bolts 2500 each.

t 'rack-bone. Obs. [rack sb.‘^] A vertebra. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 775 The transuerse processes of the racke-bones of the necke. Ibid. 800 The last spondels or rackbones of the chest. 1656 W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Uni. (1659) 259 The chine or back bone.. is made up of four and thirty rack-bones, c 1720 W. Gibson Farrier's Guide I. V. (1738) 67 The Rack-bones that are between the sixth Vertebrae of the Chest, and the middle of the Os sacrum. 1831 W. YouATT Horse ix. 153 The other neck, or r0c/?-bones, as they are denominated by the farrier,.. are of a strangely irregular shape.

rackcoone,

obs. form of racoon.

'rack-deal. [f.

rack sb^'\ Deal set up in a rack

or framework and dried by exposure to the air. 1807 C. Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 96 The floor above is made of rack deal, or any soft wood plank. 1835 White in Pari. Rep. Timber Duties 206 By being cut out with the sap running to them, they would be both sappy and slabby; those are what we call rack deals. 1887 Diet. Archit. s.v. Rack, The name of the framework in which deals or boards are placed on end for air-drying... Hence the term ‘rack deals’.

racked

(raekt), ppl. a.'

[f. rack v.^

+ -Eoh]

Driven along, as clouds by the wind. 1858 Kingsley Poems 150 Winds, upon whose racked eddies, far aloft, My thoughts in exultation held their way.

racked (raekt), ppZ.

a.2 [f. RACK56.'“ort).2 + -ed.]

Fitted with a rack or racks. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. HI. 128 A metal racked frame to fit inside a plain wooden box.

racked

(rsekt), ppl. a.^ [f. rack v.^ + -ed^]

1. That is racked, in various senses of the vb.;

stretched, strained, tortured by stretching, etc. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. iv. i Wheras some translate thys woord (for ever).. I do reject as a racked translation. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. i. (1882) 24 They will be sure to make price of their racked cloth, double and triple more than it cost them. 1611 Chapman Widowes T. Wks. 1873 HI. 59 Much more worth than the raekt value. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 484 The maintayning of my Lame and Racked body. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset I. i. ii He endeavoured to tell the truth, as far as his poor racked imperfect memory would allow him. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman v. xix. 341 The torn heart and racked brain could bear no more. 2. Of rent; Raised to excess. Cf. rack-rent. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. i. (1882) 29 He might haue it freely for this racked rent. 1668 R. L’Estrange Vis. Quev. (1708) 164 Impositions, hard Services, and Raekt Rents. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. ii. i, Never did he stent Us in our thriving with a racket rent. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 404 Racked rents.. disable the tenant to improve.

b. Of men, their living, etc.: Oppressed by or subjected to extortion or excessive rent. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. ii. 1713 That Crew of Spend¬ thrifts.. Were now, among their racked Tenants faine To seeke for shelter. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. ii. 30 Weekely or monethly assessements and contributions., exceeding many mens racked incomes. 1781 Cowper Expost. 304 Thy racked inhabitants repine, complain.

3. racked-out, {a) completely exhausted; {b) passed through with suffering. 1870 Sir S. Northcote in Life (1890) II. xii. 30 The old racked-out tobacco and corn lands. 1900 W. A. Ellis Life Wagner 332 The harvest of the last outlived, or rather racked-out Summer.

racked (raekt), ppl. a.*

[f. rack v.^

+ -Eob]

Drawn off or emptied by racking. 1519 Horman Vulg. 294 b, Whither so euer I go: I haue with me racked w'yne. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. ii. 83 In the latter drinke we haue vsed to put in rackte Renishe Wyne. 1626 Bacon Sylva §306 Powre the Lees of the Racked Vessell into the vnracked Vessell. 1764 Mass. Gazette No. 3149/4 Good rack’d and refin’d Cyder.

racken-,

var. rackan-crook.

rackensak ('raekanssek). [Prob. altered form of Arkansan.^ }Obs.

U.S. colloq. A native of Arkansas.

1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Contortor legum, a racker of lawes. 1607 Dekker Knt.'s Conjur. (1842) 72 Landlords dare not quarter themselves here, because they are rackers of rents, a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. (1688) 15 These Rackers of Scripture are by St. Peter stiled Unstable. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. 11. i, Rackers aft tine their rent. 1820 Southey in Q. Rev. XXHI. 568 The constant employment of rackers and executioners.

t2. (See quot.) Obs. rare~^. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 70/1 The Farmer, or Racker, or Dairy-Man.. hold Lands.. from the Lords thereof upon Rack or half-Rack, that is upon the yearly value or half value, having no certain term of holding [etc.].

racker^ (Taek3(r)).

[f. rack v.^ 4-

-er^.]

A

racking horse. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXHI. 266 The racker comes to us from our North Western territory. 1856 Thoreau Lett. (1865) 146 The swiftest equine trotter or racker. 1891 Harper's Mag. Aug. 366/1,1 have seen more than one racker of true Norman blood. 1903 A. D. McFaul Ike Glidden xiv. 108 Lickety got ter puffin’ up his ole hoss, soze you’d a thought it was the Millbridge Racker.

racker® ('rsek3(r)). [f. rack w.® + -er'.] 1. One who racks wine or other liquor. 1611 CoTGR., Frelateur, a racker of wine. 1865 Pall Mall G. I Apr. 8 Harris was what is called a racker.

2. An apparatus for racking. 1846 Tizard Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 551 The Floating Racker. [Description follows.]

t'racket, Obs. rare. Also 4-5 raket. [Etym. obscure.] Some game played with dice. C1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 432 (460) Canstow pleyen raket, to and fro, Netle in, dokke out, now this, now that, Pandare? 1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i. ii. (Skeat) 166, I haue not plaid raket, Nettle in, Docke out. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas V. xxix. (1554) 140 Kyng Phrahartes, in token he was unstable. Sent him three dees, forged square of golde. To play racket as a chylde chaungeable.

racket ('raekit), sb.'^

Forms: 6 rackat, -it. Sc. rakkett, rakcat, 6-7 rackette, 8 -ett, 5- racket; 6-9 raquet, 7 -ett, 9 racquet. See also raquette. [a. F. raquette (i6th c.) = Sp., Pg. raqueta. It. racchetta, lacchetta, of uncertain origin (see Littre and Devic): hence also Du. raket (in Kilian racket), G. rakete, -ette.) 1. a. A bat used in the games of rackets, tennis, etc., consisting of a network of cord or catgut stretched across a somewhat elliptical frame formed of a bent strip of wood, metal, etc. to the base of which a handle is attached. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xiv. 66 Sa mony rakkettis, sa mony ketche-pillaris. 1540 [see b]. 1574 Newton Health Mag. 6 Striking and receaving the balle with a raquet. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia n. 27 The Beaver.. His taile somewhat like the forme of a Racket. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. xxi. §9 A Tennis-Ball, whether in motion by the stroke of a Racket, or lying still at rest. 1763 C. Johnston Reverie II. 206 He was seated at table with a parcel of shuttle-cocks before him, and mending a racket. 1^5 Scott Last Minstr. II. xxxi. Like tennis-ball by raquet tossed. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 100 [In Lacrosse] one catches the ball in his racket, and.. endeavors to carry it to the goal. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, I. ii. 22 In the tennis-court he toiled with the racquet. 1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis 208 The main object of modern lawn tennis is to meet the ball with a full racket. fig. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 51 Finding opportunitie to giue her both bal and racket. i6io Healey St. Aug. Citie of God (1620) 616 Friuolous pamphlets, the very rackets wherewith Greece bandieth ignorant heads about. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-cr. 11. iii. 38 Antichrist is the common Tennis-Ball that every malicious Racket bandies and tosses against each other. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias VIII. ix. fP9 You have a racket for every ball; nothing comes amiss to you.

b. A game of ball played by two persons, who strike the ball alternately with their rackets and endeavour to keep it rebounding from a wall. Now always pZ. Also^g. Compl. 175 Sum gart him raiffell at the rakcat; Sum harld hym to the hurly hakcat. 1540 Heywood Four P.P. 882 All the soules were playnge at racket. None other rackettes they hadde in honde [etc.]. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iv. xii. 221 Such [games] are.. Racket, Balloone. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) HI. xxxii. 191 All his address and conversation is one continual game at raquet. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. 11, vii. 161 Rackets., is, like any other athletic game, very much a thing of skill and practice. 1890 E. O. P. Bouverie Rackets 359 The game of rackets is now exclusively played in a court enclosed in four walls. 1529 Lyndesay

t2. A military engine (see quot.). Obs. rare-^. 153s Coverdale I Macc. vi. 51 He made all maner ordinaunce: handbowes, fyrie dartes, rackettes to cast stones.

3. a. A snow-shoe made after the fashion of a racket (sense i), as used in Northern America.

1846 P. J. DE Smet Oregon Missions (1847) xiv. 193 The savages travel over these marshy places in Rackets. 1864 in

4. Ornith. A bird’s tail-feather shaped like a racket, a spatule. {Cassell’s Encycl. Diet. 1887.) 5. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) racket-frame, -maker, -seller', racket-like adj.; (sense i b) racket-hall, -bat, -court, -ground, -match, -player', (sense 3) racket-string', racket-press (see quot.). 1651 Ogilby JEsop (1665) 164 Like *Racket-Bals with Argos’s I sport And the whole Ocean is my Tennis-Court. 1837 Thackeray Ravenswing vi, Who hit [him] across the shoulders with a *racket-bat. 1604 Middleton Father Hubbard's T. Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 103,1 am no day from the line of the *racket-court. i860 All Year Round No. 66. 366 It is thoroughly inconvenient and defective as a racketcourt. 1837 Dickens Pickw. xii, This area.. was the *racketground. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 168 The outermost pair [of feathers] are enlarged at the end in a ‘racquet-like form. 1611 CoTGR., Raquetier, a ‘Racket-maker. 1838 Jas. Grant Sk. Lond. 57 Employed to supply the ‘racket-players with balls. 1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis 204 Among those [implements] which.. are useful, may be mentioned the ‘racket press to keep the racket from warping. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 75 The pressure of my ‘racket strings brought the blood through my socks and mockinsons.

racket (‘raskit), sb.^ Also 8-9 racquet. [Prob. onomatopoeic. Gael, racaid, sometimes cited as the source, is no doubt from Eng.] 1. a. Disturbance, loud noise, uproar, din; usually such as is produced by noisy or disorderly conduct on the part of one or more persons. In quot. 1597 with pun on racket sb.’^ 1565 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 234, I send you a letter sent to me of the racket stirred up by Withers. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 11. ii. 23 But that the Tennis-Courtkeeper knowes better then I, for it is a low ebbe of Linnen with thee, when thou kept’st not Racket there, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 323 Antonius.. hearing what racket the Parthians kept in Syria. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 336 If 3 After all this Racket and Clutter [etc.]. 1792 Elvina II. 98 We wanted quiet, not racket. 1877 Black Green Past. xlii. (1878) 336 A quiet country life—no racket except the roosters in the morning.

b. With a and pi. An instance of this. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman cTAlf. ii. 261 Then will shee keepe a racket, and cry out. 1683 Pol. Ballads (i860) I. 243 And made such a riot.. That never before such a racket was known. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 53 Your daughter has made a strange racket in my family. 1777 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary 7 Apr., The drums and trumpets again made a racket. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's i. Such dashers occasioned many a racket in Meg’s house. fig- 1855 J. H. Newman (1890) 87 There is such a racket and whirl of religions on all sides of me.

c. A noisy expression of opinion or feeling; clamour, outcry; excitement or fuss {about something, or with a person). 1652 Culpepper Eng. Physic. 182 What a noise Authours have made of Roses, what a ‘Racket’ they have kept up. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 270 She was astonished, .at the racket which was made about a son of such a creature. 1789 Charlotte Smith Ethelinde (1814) I. 11 Though her father has always made such a racket with her.

2. a. The noise and whirl of society; excessive social excitement or dissipation. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 118 Charm’d with dress and trumpery, with racket and dissipation. 1822 Scott 4 Sept, in Fam. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 149, I did not wish for you in the midst of all this racquet of mirth and war. 1850 Thackeray Lett., to Mrs. Brookfield, With all this racket and gaiety, do you understand that a gentleman feels very lonely? 1886 Spectator 6 Feb. 175/1 Dr. Johnson .. did not live in the racket of Society.

b. A large or noisy social gathering. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Spect. No. 12(1748) 11. 269 She told me, that when the number of company for play exceeded ten tables, it was called a racquet. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 97 ^4 To idle amusements, and to negligence of domestic business, to wicked rackets. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta (ligo) 402 She’ll have her routs and her rackets as well as the high-bom ones.

c. A dance: see quots. 1882 L. O. Carpenter X JF. Pepper's Universal Dancing Master 33 Racquette.. Make three galop steps or slides to the left, throwing the foot out in second position... Slide to right [etc.]. 1882 P. V. Cartier Practical Illustrated Waltz Instructor 45 The Racquet.. Take two long galop slides with left foot on accent, and as right foot is brought up to left foot for second time, rest, and hold left foot in air. Repeat by sliding with right foot, etc. 1885 A. Dodworth Dancing vii. 51 Racket Waltz (One-Slide Racket in Waltz Time). Ibid. 52 Changes are made.. by alternating the one-slide racket with the three-slide. 1935 D. N. Cropper Dance Diet. 54 Racket, popular 6/8 number of the ‘nineties’. Basic step: a waltz form with leap (i) slide (&) change-cut (2).

3. slang, a. A trick, dodge, scheme, game, line of business or action. Now usually, any scheme or procedure which aims at obtaining money or effecting other objects by unusual, illegal, and

RACKET often violent means; organized crime.

8i a

distinctive

form

of

1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet,, Racket, some particular kinds of fraud and robbery are so termed. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 224/1, I did wear a shovel hat when the Bishop of London was our racket. 1884 Bread-winners 183 That’s just our racket. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept, i/i The ‘racket’ has for years been distinctively a Chicago institution; and it has been found to be such a profitable form of crime there that It IS spreading to the other large cities of the Middle West 1931 Sun (Baltimore) 4 Apr. 1/4 One racket in New York State alone that of fake securities— is known to total approximately 8100,000,000 a year. 1940 E. GliA. Autobiogr. vii. 259 It [jc. politics] is all a confused business of ramps and rackets—pretended quarrels and dishonest commercial schemings, having no relation to the real interests of peoples, neither to their spirtual nor their material welfare. •944 M- Laski Love on Supertax xii. 117 You organised all this Black Market racket, didn’t you? 1950 G. Brenan Face ^ Spain ii. 54 Of all the rackets recorded in history, the Spanish Inquisition, during the first hundred years of its career, was perhaps the most mean and repulsive. 1956 ’C. Blackstock Detuey Death iv. 83 Mr. \Vilson is now telling everybody that I.L.D.A. is the secret headquarters of the drug racket. 1974 J. Gardner Return of Moriarty 31 All our family is affected if we start to lose in any racket, any lay. •977 Times 29 Nov. 14/2 Ulster by the middle of 1974 was suffering from rackets and violent crime on a scale equal to some of Europe's most notorious cities.

b. In more weakened senses: an activity, a way of life; a line of business. 1891 Kipling & Balestier Naulahka vi, What’s your lay? What’s your racket? 1907 R. Dunn Shameless Diary of Explorer xviii. 251 The Professor is working his faith-inGod-and-self, and line-of-least resistance racket, a mite too strong. 1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle i. 4, I thrive on the racket and eat and sleep like a schoolboy. 2927 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) XXIX. 132/3 'What’s your racket?’ meaning ‘W'hat do you do for a living?’ 1930 Sun (Baltimore) 12 Feb. 10/7 My satisfaction would be complete if there were a 100 per cent rush for the doors that would entirely eliminate the encore racket. 1931 F. L. Allen Only Yesterday vii. 172 At the beginning of the decade advertising had been considered a business.. by the end of the decade many of its practitioners.. were beginning to refer to it—among themselves—as a racket. 1936 Amer. Speech XI. 274/2 Nowadays a racket may be a legitimate business... A man may say..'I rather like the racket I’m in’, referring to his business, Downside Review LVI. 100 It is true that the phrase ‘muscling in on the culture racket’ reflects a development of English word-usage from which the present reviewer had perhaps been preserved by monastic seclusion. 1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. ii, I sold insurance, and.. that’s the racket to develop your wits. 1944 J. S. Huxley On living in Revol. 23 What with football, racing, the cinema, the theatre, popular literature, and holiday resorts, recreation is today one of the most profitable commercial rackets. 1978 J. Updike Coup (1979) vi. 239, I am in the insurance racket. I am a claims adjuster.

4.

An exciting or trying situation or experience; an ordeal, to stand the racket, (a) to hold out against strain or wear and tear; (b) to face the consequences of an action; (c) to pay. 1823 ‘J. Bee’ Diet. Turf, 'Racket—to stand the’, when one of a set stands forward to bear all the blame. 1827 T. Wilson Pitman's Pay ii. 63 Sic tussels nobbit pluck could settle, For nowse less could the racket stand. 1837 W HiTTOCK Bk. Trades (1842) 404 {Shoemaker) Upon this.. preparation depends his work standing the racket of adverse seasons. 1846 Swell's Night Guide 132/2 Stand the racket, treat, pay for all. 1878 Besant & Rice Celia's Arb. xxxii. (1887) 237, I escaped and came out of the whole racket unwounded. 1904 G. K. Chesterton Napoleon of N.H. iii. iii. 168 ‘Can we do fifteen hundred pounds.^’ ‘I’ll stand the racket.’ 1905 Pall Mall Mag. Dec. If there is trouble, it will be for Great Britain to stand the racket. 1930 Punch 19 Feb. 204/3 If her., friend had been a sportsman he’d have stood the racket himself.

5. Sc. A hard blow; a severe slap. 1710 Ruddiman Douglas JEneis, Gloss, s.v. Rak, More frequently, .we use Racket, as he gave him a racket on the lug, i.e. a box on the ear. 1810 Cock's Simple Strains 135 (Jam.) The wabster lad bang’d to his feet. An’ gae ’im a waefu racket.

6. attrih. and Comb.y as racket-buster^ -busting (sb. and adj.), -ridden (adj.), ring. 1940 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Nov. 1/2 Sol Gelb..had been assigned by the New York ‘racket-buster’ to watch the hearing. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 30 Jan. 55/4 Mr Danforth was senior investigator.. from 1935-1951, when former Governor Thomas E. Dewey was the courageous D.A... and his famous racket-busting took place. 1972 ‘H. Howard’ Nice Day for Funeral iv. 58 Until the motive is established beyond doubt this case remains part of the DA’s racket-busting programme. 1978 Time 3 July 55/2 Died. Luther W. Youngdahl, 82, unflappable federal judge who.. was appointed to the bench in 1951 after five years as a racket-busting Republican Governor of Minnesota. 193* P* D. Pasley Muscling In v. 138 New York stood revealed as the most racket-ridden city in the country. 1973 Black Panther $ May 2/2 It is widely known that Inman is himself a king pin in the city’s organized crime and racket rings.

t'racket, v.^ Ohs. Also 7 rackat. [f. racket sb.^] 1. trans. To strike with, or as with, a racket; to toss or bandy about. Chiefly fig. 1603 Florio Montaigne iii. ix. (1613) 540 The Gods perdie doe reckon and racket us men as their tennis balles. 1609 B. JONSON Case is Altered iv. iv, Then think, then speak,.. And racket round about this body’s court These two sweet words, ’tis safe. 1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature xiv. §2. 244 They are moveable as Shittlecockes, or Tennis Balls, now rackated here, now there. 1705 G. ScROPE Epit. on himself {St. Michael’s, Coventry), Here lyes an Old Toss’d Tennis ball Was Racketted from Spring to Fall.

b. to racket away: To lose (money) in playing with a racket. Also transf.

•612 Webster White Devil ii. i, I shall not shortly Racket away five hundred crowns at tennis But it shall rest upon record! i86i F. W. Robinson No Church I. iv, 95 An improvident young man, who.. would racket away all the money he might be able to leave her.

2. to racket it: To carry a racket. rare~^. 2605 Chapman, etc. Eastw. Hoe 1. i, There’s thy fellowe Premise, as good a Gentleman borne as thou art.. But does he pumpe it or Racket it?

racket ('raekit), v.^ [f. racket sb.^] intr. To live a gay life, to take part in social excitement. Also with about. 1760 Gray Lett,, to Dr. Clarke, Poems (1775) 282 Company and cards at home, parties by land and water abroad, and .. racketing about horn morning to night. 1792 Elvina II. 132 Sir Edward will not allow Elvina to racket any more for some time. 1833 Macaulay in Life ^ Lett. (1880) I. 346, I have been racketing lately, having dined twice with Rogers and once with Grant.

2. intr. To make a noise or racket; to move about in a noisy way. Also const, about, along, around. 1827 Capt. Hardman Waterloo 16 A ball from their infantry went through my jacket, Took the skin off my side, and made me racket. 1851 S. Judd Margaret xvii. 151 The wind blazed and racketed through the narrow space between the house and the hill. 1885 B. PoTTERjrn/, 6 May (1966) 141 How is it these high-heeled ladies who dine out..can racket about all day long, while I.. am so tired toward the end of the afternoon that I can scarcely keep my feet? 1897 R. Kipling Captains Courageous iv. 86 The pots and pans.. jarred and racketed to each plunge. 1914 W. Owen Let. 21 Dec. (1967) 309, I racketed about all Saturday making luggage out of lumber. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 197 A dozen paces away two of the battalion machine-guns were clattering and racketing in rapid gusts of fire. 1929 M. de la Roche Whiteoaks xiv. 188 Aha..that’s what I like to hear! Young lads racketing about! 1936 A. Ransome Pigeon Post vi. 69 But do you think we’ll hear it?’ said Mrs. Blackett, ‘when we’re racketing about and busy with other things.’ 1967 J. C. Holmes Nothing More to Declare i. 20 We read it in an empty subway car racketing along under the deserted streets. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 331 The first significant discovery we shall make as we racket along our female road to freedom is that men are not free. 1977 ‘L. Egan’ Blind Search i. 12 That girl racketing around heaven knows where or with what sort of characters. 1977 W. M. Spackman Armful of Warm Girl 34 Guests.. racketing up into the bedroom.

b. To get up with noise and confusion. 1847 Alb. Smith Chr. Tadpole Iii. (187^) 445 They’re.. obliged to racket up too early in the morning to catch the train, to take anything.

3. trans. To keep lively, to disturb, destroy (also with away), etc. by racketing, rare. 1753 Richardson Grandison (1781) VI. xxvii. 166 Dearly do we love racketing; and, another whisper, some of us to be racketed. 1777 Lady S. Lennox in Life Lett. (1901) I. 261 The racketting their health so entirely away. 1827 Hone Every-day Bk. 11. 820 A racketty life had racketted his frame. 1886 H. Ward Beecher in Horn. Rev. May 421 We hear the whole land racketed with the disturbance produced by labor and capital.

racket, var. rackett.

RACKETT money from business firms by intimidation, violence, or other illegal methods. Also attrib. 1928 N.Y. Times i8 Aug. 15 Two gang murders within the last week prompted Judge Edwin O. Lewis..to order the August Grand Jury to delve to the bottom of ‘racketeering’ in Philadelphia. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept. 1/4 ‘Racketeering’ is the new word that has been coined in America to describe the big business of organised crime. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 10 Jan. 1/6 The defendants are charged with compelling, .manufacturers to pay tribute to them by threatening to call strikes. The indictment was one of the first to be returned here in connection with a Federal investigation of racketeering. 1930 Observer 19 Oct. 17 He had hoped.. perhaps to introduce and organise ‘racketeering’ processes. Ibid., The only new detail is the paid protection of blackmail which now exists in many cities, described by the term ‘racketeering’. 1931 Sun (Baltimore) 29 Jan. 1/6 Another effort is to be made to prohibit congressional nepotism now commonly recognized as ‘pay-roll racketeering’ on the part of members of both the House and Senate. 1941 L. B. Namier Conflicts (1942) 163 Look at this Jew! What did he do in the war? Some racketeering? 1959 Ann. Reg. 1958 187 Only on three major Bills was the President defeated.. the attempt to regulate the affairs of trade unions to cut out racketeering [etc.]. 1978 S. Brill Teamsters ii. 41 It was at the time when he was being charged with racketeering that Bufalino joined Hoffa’s legal team.

racke'teering, ppL a.

[f.

racketeer

v.

+

-ING^.] Characterized by or engaging in rackets. 1931 Times 30 July 11/3 Sometimes employers trying to operate an ‘open shop’ hire strike breakers... In other cases ‘racketeering’ gangs take the initiative in intimidating employers with ‘open shops’. 1967 Sunday Times 8 Oct. 24/8 Kim, at this period, ‘gave the impression of being a complaisant passenger in a racketeering upper-class world’.

racketer* ('raekit3(r)). rare. Also 6 rakketter. [f. RACKET sb.^ -I- -ER*.] 1. One who plays with a racket. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxvii. (1887) 105 The rakketters in tennyse play.. must shew them selues nymble. i860 All Year Round No. 66. 366 These listless racketers rarely, if ever, hit the ball twice before it dropped.

2. One who wears, or walks on, rackets or snow-shoes {Funk's Stand. Diet. 1893). 'racketer^. rare. [f. racket gay or noisy person.

or

+ -erL] A

1661 Sir A. Haslerig's Last Will 3 The discontented Party . .may find our impregnant City a ready Foster-Mother to nurse these distempers in her ranting Racketers. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) I. xvi. 109 At a private concert last night.. and again to be at a play this night: I shall be a racketer, I doubt.

racketiness ('rEekitinis). [f.

rackety + -ness.] The quality of being rackety; fondness for noise, excitement, etc. •939 C. Day Lewis Child of Misfortune in. ii. 270 No doubt racketiness was just part of the fashionable sexual lure then. 1979 Listener i Nov. 508/2 Her racketiness and smart friends arouse less appreciation.

racketing ('raekitii)), vbl. sb. [f.

racket v.'‘

+

-ING^.] The action of the vb., esp. in sense i; an

racketeer (raeki'ti9(r)), 56. orig. U.S. [f. racket sb.^ + -eer.] a member of a gang or association of criminals practising extortion, intimidation, violence, and other illegal acts on a large scale; any person making easy money by such means. Also transf., one who achieves an easy result by illegitimate means. 1928 Time 9 July 14 In the old days it was a mark of distinction to be seen at gangster funerals, but during the Loesch prosecutions, probably not even U.S. Senator Deneen of Illinois would care to be seen near the bier of a ‘racketeer’. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept. 1/4 ‘Racketeers’.. now control 150 lines of business in Chicago, and collect an enormous tribute for immunity from their violence. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 15 Nov. 1/6 ‘Spike’ along with six police captains and a dozen politicians and racketeers, is accused of participation in the profits of gambling machines placed in speak-easies. 1931 Times 24 Sept. 11/2 The campaign against gangsters and ‘racketeers’ in New York City has resulted today in the arrest of..one of the most powerful ‘labour racketeers’ in the city. 1935 J. T. ¥Judgment Day iv. 76 We got to get a strong man in the White House .. to kick out the bankers and grafting politicians and racketeers. 1939 Scrutiny VII. 439 The older generation of middlebrow propagandists, whom Scrutiny used to refer to as literary racketeers. 1948 Sunday Pictorial 18 July 7/1 The public are completely at the mercy of these racketeers. 1956 ‘C. Blackstock’ Dewey Death iii. 52 You romantic writers are as much a menace to the community as drug racketeers. 1967 Wall Street Jrnl. 24 Apr. 32/2 Rosenberg, according to Illinois authorities, was secretly associated with.. an important Chicago racketeer. 1978 Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 3/1 Metrication will be an open invitation for every spiv and racketeer to cheat the British public.

racketeer (raeki'ti3(r)), v. U.S. [f. the sb.] a. trans. To subject to racketeering, b. intr. To engage in fraudulent business. 1928 Time 30 Jan. 11/2 In 36 years in Chicago I have never been held up, robbed, or racketeered. 1933 G. B. Shaw Polit. Madhouse in Amer. 56 What is the use of paying you money to racketeer with? 1934 Words Nov. 5/2 To pressagent,. .to service,., to gesture, to racketeer.. are new, and most of them are obviously American.

racke'teering, 1^6/. 56. U.S. [f. racketeer 5^1. h-ING^.] The business of racketeers; a system of organized crime directed chiefly to extorting

instance of this. •753 [see racket o.* 3]. 1795 Scott 23 Aug. in Lockhart, I wish they may come down soon, as we shall have fine racketting. 1822-25 June in Fam. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 139 Late hours and raqueting. 1843 Miall in Nonconf. HI. 745 No racketing of engines to turn his domain into a modern Babel. 1886 Baring-Gould Mehalah 183 There’ll be junketings and racketings.

racketing ('rsekitiij), ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + That rackets, in senses of the vb.; characterized by racket or racketing. -ING^.]

•763 Eliz. Carter in Mem. (1808) I. 362 We live a vep' racketting life at the Hague, 1821 Jeffrey in Cockbum Life 11. Ixxxvi, We have had a racketing feverish life since we came here. 1847 W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) IV. 25 One of the most racketing cities in the world. 1895 Besant Westminster iii. 88 A place filled with noisy, racketing, even uproarious life.

racketry ('raekitn).

[f. racket sb.^ + -ry.] Systematic or continuous noise or disturbance.

1884 in Bryce Amer. Commw. II. 639 The non-voters., constitute the muscle and sinew of the campaign racketry —a word made indispensable by political conventions. Ibid. 640 All this racketry has been going on .. for seven minutes.

rackett ('raekit). Also racket, ranket(t. [a. G. rackett, rankett.] 1. A Renaissance musical instrument of the oboe family, consisting of a squat cylinder containing nine parallel channels joined alternately at top and bottom to form a continuous tube nine times the length of the cylinder. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 374/1 Rackett, Rankett, (i) an obsolete wind-instrument of the double bassoon kind. 1891 C. R. Day Catal. Mus. Instr. R. Milit. Exhib. i8go 100 Racket. This beautiful instrument is constructed in the form of an ivory cylinder, and it is played by means of a rather large double reed. 1910 F. W. Galpin Old English Instr. of Music ix. 167 A yet shorter instrument of bass pitch with a cylindrical-shaped tube.. was called the Racket. 1939 A. Carse Muscial Wind Instr. xiv. 206 In the racket or sausage-bassoon the air-passage is doubled and redoubled to such an extent that the sounding-length of the tube is quite nine times as long as the body of the instrument. 1961 A. Baines Mus. Instr. through Ages ix. 232 The deep soft buzz of one racket among recorders, cornetts, etc., made a better effect than a whole consort of them [sc.

1966-Europ. & Amer. Mus. Instr. 98 The racket contains a number of short parallel bores connected in series to make up a total windway of a metre or more. 1968 Radio Times 26 Sept. 48 A unique collection of medieval instruments—including rackett, rebec, crumhorn. 1970 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 26 Feb. 28/1 They have chosen to play medieval music on a number of rare and little-used instruments, including the krummhorn, rauschfeiffer, ranket, and baroque oboes. 1976 D. Munrow Instr. Middle Ages Isl Renaissance 46/1 The rackett’s narrow cylindrical bore consists of no less than nine parallel channels drilled in a wooden or ivory cylinder and connected alternately top and bottom. mixed instruments],

12. An organ stop. Ohs, exc. Hist. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms Rackett, Rankett. .(2) An organ stop of 16 ft. or 8 ft. pitch now obsolete. 1897 H. Riemann Diet. Mus. 629/1 Rackett (Ranket),.. in the organ an obsolete reed-stop almost entirely covered, of quiet tone (16 and 8 feet). 1962 S. Irwin Diet. Pipe Organ Stops 160 Rankett, a very old form of shortresonatored Reed stop, at 16' or 8' on both manual and pedals.

'racket-tail.

[f. racket A (bird’s) tail shaped like a tennis-racket; hence used as a name for various species of humming-birds and motmots having tails of this form. 1851 Jardine Contrib. Ornith. iii The beautiful species S\pathura'\ Underwoodii, with its white boots and racket tail. 1861 Gould Humming Birds III. PI. 162 Spathura Underwoodi, white-booted Racket-tail. Ibid. 164 S. Peruana, Peruvian Racket-tail. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 446 The lateral feathers may.. suddenly enlarge into a terminal spatulation as in the forms known as ‘Racquettails’.

So 'racket-tailed a., having a racket-tail. 1812 Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. i. 317 The Racket-tailed Humming Bird is a rare species, and is a native of South America. 1833 Jardine Humming-Birds II. no Rough¬ legged Racket-tailed Humming-Bird. 1894 Naturalist on Prowl 178 The ever-changing.. notes of the Racket-tailed Drongo.

rackette,

obs. form of racket sb.'^

racket-wheel,

variant of ratchet-wheel. 1794 W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 78 The brace is fixed to a spindle.. and is there confined by a small racket-wheel and ketch. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 150/1 There is also a racket-wheel to prevent its unwinding.

rackety ('raekiti), a. Also

RACK-JOBBING

82

RACKET-TAIL

-tty. [f. racket sb.^ +

-Y.]

1. Addicted to making a racket; noisy, gay, fond of excitement. This and sense 2 are tending to merge. *773 Berridge Chr. World Unmasked (1812) 27 Some players are rude and racketty. 1857 Kingsley Two Years Ago I. vii. 192 This strange metamorphosis in the rackety little Irishman. 1885 Manch. Exam. 9 Apr. 5/3 The rackety winds of March and April. 1975 I. Murdoch Word Child 257 It was raining, and a rackety wind was sweeping the rain in little wild gusts across the windows. 1976 A. Powell Infants of Spring v. 80 In the middle age-group of most houses there inclined to occur a cluster of fairly rackety boys, from whom the house-tutor might expect trouble. *977 Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 12/1 Crosby did not much like Harvard, but he seems to have been a fairly conventional undergraduate there, even if wilful and rackety.

2.

Characterized by noise, dissipation, or disturbance.

excitement,

1827 [see racket v.^ 3]. 1840 Hood Up the Rhine 61 Foreign travelling is very racketty work. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. x. ii. (1872) III. 221 He..studies and learns amazingly in such a rackety existence. 1927 C. Connolly Let. 11 Feb. in Romantic Friendship (1975) 250 One misses the thrilling rackety journey to the wagon restaurant. 1961 A. Ritner Seize Nettle 158 The big basket of clothes to be coaxed through the rackety old washer. 1974 C. Milne Enchanted Places xix. 129 A room designed—as a nursery should be—for doing things in, messy things, racketty things, rough-and-tumble things. 1975 J. Symons Three Pipe Problem xviii. 201 He unlocked the door, switched on the engine, and listened to its rackety coughing. 1|3. = RICKETY. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 55 An old rackety inn, that

*937 G. Frankau More of Us viii. 91 While Art Department hummed like dynamo As frenzied hands tore pictures from their racking. 1976 Gloss. Documentation Terms {B.S.I.) 52 Racking, shelving, usually of a cheaper quality, used for storage purposes in non-public stacks and areas of a library.

racking (*r£ekii]), vbl. sh.^ [f.

rack

v.^]

1. a. The action of stretching, extending, straining, etc.; pulling tight or making fast by rack-lashings. Also with down. 1463-4 Rolls Park. V. 501/1 Brode Cloth.. after almanere rakkyng, streynyng or teyntyng therof. 1565 Jewel Repl. Harding (1611) 364 It cannot be drawen, nor by racking can be stretched to any other sense. 1577 Holinshed Chron. II. 1751/2 Thys grieuous racking and extending of this worde Procurement. 1764 Churchill Gotham 12 The daily, nightly racking of the brains. To range the thoughts. 1853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges 170 The oars and poles were used as ribands for racking. 1876 Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Diet., Racking-down, an operation performed with the aid of rack-lashing in laying a gun or mortar platform.

b. Torturing by means of the rack. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 490 Dyuerse tourmentes, as rakkynge, heddynge, and hangynge. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 284 All racking and torture, that exceadeth a meane, is uncerten and perillous. a 1653 Gouge Comm. Hebr. xi. 36 If racking, if scourging.. be reall persecutions, then were theirs reall. 1732 Neal Hist. Purit. I. 429 He had condemned racking for grievous offenders, as contrary to Law. i868 Browning Ring & Bk. v. 13 Noblemen were exempt, the vulgar thought. From racking.

c. Raising (of rents) to an excess. Also with up. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. iii. (1876) 82 This rackynge and hoyssing vp of Rentes. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 522 By unconscionable racking of rents and wresting from them excessiue fines. 1690 Child Disc. Trade (1694) 50 The racking up of rents in the years 1651 and 1652.

2. The undergoing or causing of strain, distortion, or dislocation, spec. Distortion of a structure under shear. 1739 Labelye Short Acc. Piers Westm. Bridge 18 The Frames could move.. without any Danger of racking or straining. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §306 Nothing to oppose the racking of the frame. 1868 Rep. Munitions War 267 The ‘Bellerophon’ could pass the forts at New York within 200 yards without suffering except by racking. 1869 Sir E. Reed Shipbuilding ii. 23 This plan.. has the important advantage of opposing the racking of the floor plates longitudinally. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. II. 149 Racking, in timber testing, the application of loads to an assembly, tending to deform it in shear. 1976 W. J. Patton Construction Materials 386 Racking, tendency of a rectangular frame to distort from its rectangular shape due to lack of stiffness against shear forces. 1977 Engin. Materials & Design Aug. 17/1 A batch of fifty radiators made in this way have been subjected to tests against thermal shock cycling, pulsating pressure, vibration and racking. attrib. 1865 A. L. Holley Ordnance fef Armor 212 The ‘racking’ system, by means of heavy projectiles at low velocities.

3. Intense pain. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. of Med. I. 680 Violent aching of the head .. with racking in the bones.

'racking, vbl. sb.* [f.

rack v.*] Of a horse: The action or fact of moving with a rack. Also attrib., as racking event, horse. *530 Palsgr. 260/2 Rackyng of a horse in his pace, racquassure. 1607 Markham Caval. iv. 5 Taking his time¬ keeping from trotting, and his motion of legges from ambling, and so compound this which is called a Traine, or Racking. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Rules for buying Horses, Racking.. ’tis the same Motion as Ambling, only it is a sweeter Time. 1818 J. Palmeryrn/. Travels 51 Racking is a favourite ambling pace. 1974 Marlboro Herald-Advocate (Bennettsville, S. Carolina) 18 Apr. 10/3 In ladies racking. Sherry Jean Nolan..rode King to a first-place win. Ibid., Lariy Griggs rode King to a first place victory in the junior racking event. 1974 Greenville (S. Carolina) News 23 Apr. 11/2 Friday performances, beginning at i p.m. and 7 p.m., have the pleasure horse classes,. .along with three racking horse classes.

rack ^6.^] The fill of a rack. 1898 C. G. Robertson Voces Academ. 190 A rackful of sticks and pipes.

Rackhamesque (rseks'mesk), a. [See

-esque.]

Characteristic of or resembling the drawings of Arthur Rackham (1867-1939), book illustrator. *935 Forestry IX. 15 There was also strong feeling about the way in which Rackhamesque trees of the forest were rapidly being replaced ^ pines. 1936 ‘G. Orwell’ Keep Aspidistra Flying iv. 88 The trees .. twisted themselves into whimsy Rackhamesque attitudes. 1961 S. Gilruth Drown her Remembrance iii. 30 A few isolated olive trees, gnarled and twisted into weird Rackhamesque shapes.

rackin-crook,

variant of rackan-crook.

'racking, vbl. sb.' [f.

rack

+

-ing'.]

The

action of driving before the wind. rare-'. 1631 Celestina Prol. Avjb, Those rackings to and fro of the clouds.

'racking, fW. if)." [f. rack t)."] 1. a. Fitting with, placing in, etc., a rack or racks, b. The washing of ore on a rack (Knight 1875). 1888 Daily News i8July2/6 Restitution of ‘pennies' if the girls do their own racking.

2. Shelving designed to be functional and inexpensive rather than decorative.

1689 Pol. Ballads (i860) II. 8 The Queen and Prince banisht for what none dares own. Unless for the racking and ruin o’ the state.

'racking,/>/>/. a.^ [f. rack + -ing^.] 1. Of clouds; Driving before the wind. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iv. iv, Draw my chariot swifter than the racking clouds. 1697 Dryden ^neid iv. 361 Drives the racking clouds along the liquid Space. 1808 Scott Marm. iii. xxii. Of middle air the demons proud. Who ride upon the racking cloud.

2. Of Winds: Driving, carrying along. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 182 The sport and prey Of racking whirlwinds. 1840 Carlyle Heroes iii. (1858) 255 The racking winds, .whirl them away again.

racking ('raekir)), ppl. a.^ [f. rack v.^] 1. Extortionate; exacting. 1580 Sidney Arcadia i. (1598) 2 The court of affection, held by that racking steward, Remembrance. 1636 Featly Clavis Myst. vii. 90 Hee layeth the blame on.. racking Landlords. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases Consc. (1650) 12 Let those ..learn to make no lesse conscience of a racking bargain. 1817 Scott Search after Happiness xvi, Cursed war and racking tax Have left us scarcely raiment to our backs.

fb. Let at rack-rents. Obs. rare~^. a 1619 Beaum. & Fl. Wit without M. i. i, Your racking Pastures, that have eaten up as many singing Shepherds, and their issues, as Andeluzia breeds.

2. Torturing; causing intense pain, physical or mental. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 481 Maladies Of gastly Spasm, or racking torture. 1693 Congreve in Dryden's Juvenal xi. (1697) 296 The most racking Thought, which can intrude. 1752 Hume Ess. Gf Treat. (1777) II. 106 A man lying under the racking pains of the Gout. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. xxii. Getting up for a journey with a racking headache. 1873 G. C. Davies Mount. Gf Mere viii. 57, I had been kept awake by a most racking tooth-ache.

3. Straining, strain.

dislocating;

breaking

under

1868 Rep. Munitions War 262 To neutralize the vibration, when struck a racking blow on one side. 1874 Thearle Naval Archit. 118 Great racking strains are set up, tending to alter the relative positions of the beams to each other and to the ship’s side. 1895 R. Kipling in Pall Mall G. 25 Oct. 3/2 Spirits, goblins, and witch-people were moving about on the racking ice.

Hence 'rackingly exhausting manner.

adv.,

in

a

racking

or

1857 Chamb. Jrnl. VIII. 33 They will certainly become .. monotonous by virtue of being so rackingly relevant.

'racking, ppl. a.® [f. rack v.*'\ 1. Of a horse: Moving with a rack. 156* Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 166 One old rackynge riagg. 1585 Wills Inv. N.C. (Surtees i860) 108 My rackinge blacke nagge. 1817 Paulding Letters fr. South (1835) 1. 86, I bought a new horse,—one of your capital racking ponies, as they are yclept. fig. ai66i Fuller Worthies, Staffordsh. (1662) 41 He himself became a racking but no thorough-paced Protestant. 2. racking pace = rack sb.^ 1611 CoTGR., Amble,.. an ambling, or racking pace. 1676 Lond. Gaz. 1138/4 Two Cart-Geldings,.. a little rackingpace. 1721 Dudley in Phil. Trans. XXXI. 167 A Moose.. shoves along side-ways, throwing out the Feet, much like a Horse in a racking pace. 1819 Rees Cycl. XXIX. s.v. Rack, The racking pace is much the same as the amble.

'racking, ppl. a.* Naut. fastens ropes together.

[f. rack t;.*]

That

1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v. Nippering, Fastening nippers by taking turns crosswise between the parts... These are called racking turns. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 34 It is.. secured with a racking seizing. 1886 J. M. Caulfeild Seamanship Notes 3 Secure.. reef-pendant to boom with a racking or rolling hitch.

racking, var. raking vbl. sb.^ frack jack. Obs. rare-'. A racket.

looked ready to fall to pieces.

'rackful. [f.

fracking, vbl. sb.'^ [f. rack wrack v. Cf. rack sb.^] Wrecking, destruction.

rack d.^] Drawing

1582 Stanyhurst JEneis 1. (Arb.) 22 Dare ye.. Too raise such raks iaks on seas, and danger vnorderd?

c 147s Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 74 The rackinge, coynynge, rebatinge, and other salvations of wynes. 1626 Bacon Sylva §305 It is in common Practise, to draw Wine, or Beere, from the Lees, (which we call Racking). 1703 Art ^ Myst. Vintners 23 The usual times for Racking, are Mid¬ summer and Alhallontide. 1783 B. J. Bromwich Exper. Bee-keeper 59 If it does not become fine after the first racking, the operation should be repeated. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 169 The manufacture of cider may be divided into twelve heads:.. 8. The racking.

'rack-jobbing, vbl. sb. [f. rack sb.^ + jobbing vbl. sb.^ 2.] The supplying of goods to a retailer for display on racks on condition that the supplier undertakes to accept unsold stock after an agreed period. Hence (as a back-formation) 'rack-job v. intr. and sb. (used attrib.). Also 'rack-jobber.

racking ('rEekii)), vbl. sb.^ [f. off wine, etc. from the lees.

b. attrib.., as racking-back, -can, -cellar, -cock, -engine, -faucet, -hose, -fnimp, -shed, -tap, -vessel. 1846 Tizard Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 547 A more perfect racking-engine than such as are in ordinary use. Ibid., The racking tap. 1890 Pall Mall G. 4 Aug. 3/1 The cask., is further cleaned with steam.. before being allowed to roll off into the ‘racking shed’, where it is filled with porter. 1892 H. E. Wright Handy i3k. Brewers 37 ‘Settling backs’ or ‘racking backs’. Ibid. 42 The fermenting or racking vessels. Ibid. 503 Racking hose..and racking cocks.

'racking, vbl. sb.^ [f. rack v.^] A piece of spun yarn or other material used for racking ropes. 1711 W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 143 Racking and Seizing for the Parrel. ci86io H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 34 It will greatly assist the spunyarn racking. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 116 Cast off the racking.

1959 Economist 12 Dec. 1090/1 A complete ‘rack jobbing’ service. Here the supplier takes responsibility for the stock and display from week to week; the retailer simply provides the space, and accepts a lower margin on the goods that are sold. 19^4 Credit Trends Sept. 5 Some supermarket operators are new to these lines, and the profession of rack¬ jobbing has grown up. The retailer leases out shelf space to these specialist concessionaires in return for an agreed profit margin related to normal earning for the space used. 1967 Economist 15 July 238/3 Smith and other wholesalers can help by teaching them [sc. newsagents] and stocking for them—as some paperback publishers already rack-job for the small newsagent or supermarkets. 1968 Times 29 Nov. p. iv/5 E.M.I., Decca and Pye have recently set up a joint company called Record Merchandisers to exploit what is referred to in the trade as rack jobbing. This is a system where the servicing company supplies the records for display on racks in non-conventional outlets (such as stationers and supermarkets) taking full responsibility for what is put on display and taking back unsold stock. 1969 JEMF Quarterly V. iii. loi In recent years, the

RACK-LASHING

'rack-,^shing. Mil.

[f. rack i;.®] A lashing consisting of a piece of stout rope fastened to a short tapering stick, by means of which it may be twisted tight. *834-471- S. Macaulay FieW Forfi/. (1851) 74 A piece of smaller scantling is laid on the top of the plank .. to which it is secured with rack-lashings. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Anil Man. (1862) 257.

rackle ('raek(3)l), a. Obs. exc. Sc. and north, dial. Forms; 4-5 rakel, -il, 4-6 -yl, (5 -yll), racle, 6 ra(c)kle, Sc. rakill, 7 rackel, 8 raucle, 9 rackle, rau(c)kle. [Of obscure origin.] Hasty, rash, impetuous, headstrong; rough or coarse in action; also Sc. possessed of rude strength, vigorous at an advanced age. a. of persons; a 1300 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1875) 37 To rakele po pei were, jware fore po huy fullen pere. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 526 He pat is to rakel to renden his elopez. Mot efte sitte with more vnsounde to sewe hem togeder. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 30 To wyving be thou nat racle. 1433 - St. Edmund ii. 512 The kyng, nat rakel, but of hih prudence. 1570 Levins Manip. 129/8 Rakyl, insolent, c 1670 Poor Man's Cup in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery (1680) 10 Samson was a Rackel and Rough-handed Saint, ready to Pelt the Philistines on all occasions. *785 Burns Jolly Beggars 4th Recit., Then niest outspak a raucle carlin. 1826 T. Wilson Pitman’s Pay 1. Ixvi, Te guide a rackle ram-stam wife. 1876 Waugh Hermit Cobbler (Lancash. dial.) 29 Is there ony news o’ that rackle (reckless) brother o’ thine?

b. of things, actions, feelings, etc. f *374 Chaucer Troylus in. 380 (429) Eche rakil dede, and eche unbridelid chere. e 1386 - Manciple’s T. 185 A thousand folk hath rakel Ire Fully fordoon. Ibid. 235 Wostow wherof a rakel tonge serueth. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 83 His rakil wit only to him souflfysith. c 1550 R. Bieston Bayte Fortune Aij, Thy tounge is racle, thy wit is rechles. 1786 Burns Earnest Cry & Prayer xxii, Auld Scotland has a raucle tongue. Comb. 1715 Wodrote Corr. (1843) 11. 39, I suspect this will be a very rackle-handed committee.

? Hence t rackle v. intr., to act rashly or roughly. Obs. rare-'. c*374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 1593 (1642), I nil notrakleas for to greven here.

rackleness ('raek(3)lnis).

Obs. exc. dial. [f. RACKLE a. + -NESS.] fa. Rashness, hastiness. Obs. b. Sc. (See quot. 1825). c 1386 Chaucer Manciple's T. 179 O euery man be war of rakelnesse Ne trowe no thyng withouten strong witnesse. 1549 CovERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. James 29 True godlynes can in no wise agree with racklenes of tongue. i8a5 Jamieson Suppl., {Rackleness), Raucleness, vigour and freshness in an advanced period of life.

'rackless, a.

rare-', [f. rack sb.^ Produced without a rack. 1867 G. Gilfillan

rackless,

+

-less.]

Night ix. 310 Rackless torture.

obs. (north and Sc.) f. reckless.

t'rackly, adv. Sc. Obs. rare-^. In 6 raklie. [? f. RACKLE a. -h -LY^.] Rapidly, impetuously. c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab. xi. (Wolf & Sheep) xix, Went never hound mair haistelie fra the hand, Quhen he wes rynnand maist raklie at the ra.

'rackman. U.S. [f. rack sb.^ + man sb.^] A man who distributes newspapers from the publishing office to local newspaper racks. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Sept. 20/2 The..Court of Appeals upheld today a lower court decision that rackmen distributing papers.. for the publishing company of the Baltimore Sun were not engaging in interstate commerce within the meaning of the Fair Labor Standards Act. 1944 Ibid. 18 Jan. 17/7 {heading) Rackmen decision refused review.

rackoon(e,

obs. forms of racoon.

rack-out, a. [f.

rack v.'‘ 5.]

Designed to rack

out. 1893 Photogr. Ann. 333 This camera is well known. It has double extension leather bellows... The extension is rackout, but by an ingenious arrangement instantly extended as required.

'rack-pin. 1. [f. RACK t;.®] = rack-stick. 1832 Blackvj. Magazine XXXH. 471 Friend, if thou be’st not nautical, thou knowest what a rack-pin^ something of the stoutest, is. 1859 J. Brown Rab & F. (1862) 33, I had to brain him wi’ a rack-pin. 2. [f. RACK yi>.^] One of the pins supporting the

rack-boards in an organ. 1881 W. E. Dickson Pract. Organ-building 91 The rackboard .. may be placed on its rack-pins, and the feet dropped into their places.

rack-punch, [f.

rack sb.’’

RACOON

83

introduction of rack-job merchandising of LPs in supermarket and other retail outlets has obviated the need for printed graphics to complement record distributions. *977 Rolling Stone 19 May 14/4 It further states that Klein instructed ‘another person’ to sell the records at a profit to wholesalers, rack jobbers and distributors.

-h

punch.]

Punch

made with arrack. 1713 Steele Guard. No. 143 P 3 Rack-punch, quickned with brandy and gun-powder. 1752 Fielding Amelia Wks. 1775 X. 155 The governor.. trumpeted forth the praises of his rack-punch. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair vi. He insisted upon having a bowl of rack punch; everybody had rack punch at Vauxhall.

'rack-rent, sb. [f.

rack v.^ 4 + rent. Rackrented is found in 1591.] A very high, excessive, or extortionate rent; a rent equal (or nearly equal) to the full value of the land. 1607 J. Norden Surv. Dial. v. 80 An obseruing and painefull husband.. thriueih as well upon his farme of rack ^nt, as many.. Freeholders. 1715 Act Reg. Papists in Lond. Gaar. (1716) No. 5455/3 Any Farmer or Tenant at RackRent. 1745 Season. Adv. Protest. 18 They steal from their Neighbours, to enable them to pay the Land-Jobber his Rack-Rent. 1818 Jas. Mill BriL/«dia 1.11. v. 184 note, One third to the cultivator, and two thirds to the proprietor, would be accounted a rackrent in England. 1879 H. George Progr. ^ Pov. II. ii. (1881) iii They lived on the potato, because rack-rents stripped every thing else from them. attrib. 1778 [W- Marshall] Minutes Agric. 4 Dec. 1775 Obs., The rack-rent Gentlemen of landed property. 1834 Tait's Mag. 1. 17/1 Every year growing worse than the last in this rack-rent country. transf. and Jig. 1608 Middleton Fam. Love i. ii, Nil muliere levius. Tut, man, every one knows their worth When they are at a rack rent. 1768 Woman of Honor II. 178 Subjecting to the rack-rent of avarice and insolence that country of theirs.

'rack-rent, v, [f. prec.] 1. trans. To subject (a person) to the payment

II raclette (raklet). [Fr., = scraper.] 1. Archseol. [A. Cheynier 1930, in Bull. Soc. Prehist. Frartfaise XXVH. 488] An end-, or side-scraper, of a type discovered in the valley of the Vezere, dating from the Early Magdalenian age. Also attrib. 1931 Proc. Prehist. Soc. E. Anglia VI. 322 Dr. Andre Cheynier,.. working at Badegoule, has obtained from a special layer several hundreds of..tools, to which he has given the name of Raclettes. 1936 Nature ii July 79/2 {heading) An Early Magdalenian ‘raclette’ industry in the Lower Thames valley.

2. A fondue-like dish consisting of cheese melted before an open fire, scraped on to the plate, and served with potatoes. Also attrib. 1949 A. L. Simon Diet. Gastron. 200/2 Raclette, the name given in the Valais Canton of Switzerland to the local Fondue. 1958 Times 15 Nov. 11/6 There is dried meat of the Valais, .and there are raclettes and fondues. 1961 Times 23 Mar. 16/7 The Seiler family arranged an enormous raclette party on the slopes of the Riffelalp. 1971 Vogue 15 Sept. 118/1 Raclette. .is. .A speciality of the Valais... A whole side of cheese is grilled in front of a brazier.. the sizzling bits scraped on to your plate.. served with potatoes boiled in their skins and gherkins. 1974 Times 4 Feb. 17/5 Six helpings of raclette cheese with potatoes.

of rack-rent. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xiii. 83 It was a maxim with his family.. never to rack-rent old tenants or their descendants. 1879 H. George Progr. ^ Pov. 105 Who rack-rent the cultivators most mercilessly. absol. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro'M. 138 He hunted, and drank, and feasted and rack-rented.

2. To let (a farm, etc.) at a rack-rent. 1882 in Ogilvie.

Hence rack'rentable a., capable of being rackrented; 'rack-,rented/)p/. a. (in quot. 1591 app. f. the sb.); 'rack-,renting vbl. sb. and ppl. a, 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 1154 The needy, hardrack-rented Hinde. 1663 E- Butterfield Let. i Feb. in M. M. Verney Memoirs of Verney Family (1899) IV. ii. 43, I hate this rack-renting ’tis worse than usury. 1840 J. S. Mill in Edin. Rev. LXXII. 46 Much alteration may be requisite in the system of rack-renting and tenancy at will. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro'M. 398 Is it rack-renting.. would make them popular? 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. vi. 175 They were the first ‘tenants at will’.. and.. were always theoretically rackrentable. 1893 Peel Spen Valley 120 The appeal of the poor rack-rented tenantry. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 Sept. 7/1 Even the most rack-renting of landlords will find .. the impossibility of extortion. 1^3 Economist 3 Aug. 421 /1 The rack-renting of London’s tenantry. 1969 Listener 12 June 815/3 Communism appeals to hundreds of thousands of peasants who hate corruption, rack-renting and foreign intervention.

'rack-,rental. rare~^. The value (of land) at rack-rent. 1812 Southey in Q. Rev. VIII. 328 The rack-rental of England in that year [1803] was about forty millions.

'rack-,renter. 1. One who pays rack-rent. 1680 Spirit of Popery 45 If they were Rack-renters. 1733 Horse-hoeing Husb. Pref. 6 ’Tis a publick Calamity, that the Lands of a Country must be all or mostly in the Hands of Rack-Renters, whose Interest it is., that they never may be improv’d. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 224 These meadows the rack renters are bound to dress after every third crop of hay. 1826 Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 236 The farmers were real yeomen, and not miserable rack-renters. Tull

2. One who exacts rack-rent. 1880 Times 23 Oct. 6/5 Not. .one [landlord] in 500 [will] be found to merit the name of ‘rack-renter’.

racks (reeks). Television slang. (See quots.) i960 O. Skilbeck ABC of Film & TV 104 Racks, colloquial term for the vision control department (T.V.) between cameras and vision mixer. 1974 Some Technical Terms ^ Slang (Granada Televison), Racks, the television control area between studio camera and control box.

frack-sauch. Sc. Obs. rare-^.

[f. rack v.^ 4-

SAUCH, sallow, willow.] A gallows-bird. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 245 Filling of tauch, rak sauch, cry crauch, thow art our sett.

'rack-staff. ? Obs. (See quots.) 1611 CoTGR., Frayoire, the racke-staffe, or nog of a mill; the little peece of wood which rubbing against the hopper makes the come fall from it. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 340/2 The parts of a Wind-Mill.. The Rack-staff, that shakes the Shough. 1847-78 Halliwell, Rack-staff, a kind of pole or staff used for adjusting the mill-stones.

racloir ('raeklwa:(r)). Chiefly Archseol. [Fr., = scraper.] A scraper, esp. of a type discovered amongst the remains of the Mousterian period of the Middle Palaeolithic period. 1892 P. L. Simmonds Commercial Diet. Trade Products 311/2 Racloir, a scraper; a grater; an instrument to strike off the heaped com in a measure. 1923 Nature CXII. 118/2 The latest group which is found upon the Stoke Newington ‘floor’ is a clearly-defined Mousterian industry, with fine examples of both racloirs and of the equally characteristic trimmed-flake points. 1935 Antiquity IX. 118 [Flint] blades of Upper Palaeolithic facies, racloirs, tranchets, and carinated fragments. 1956 A. L. Armstrong in D. L. Linton Sheffield vi. 94 Zones II and III yielded quartzite hand-axes, racloirs, and scrapers displaying great skill and a refined technique.

racoille, racolta,

var. recueil v. var. raccolta.

racommode,

var. raccommode.

racon (‘reikon).

orig.

U.S.

[f.

ra(dar

+

BEa)con i6.] = radar beacon s.v. radar*®. 1945 Army ^ Navy Jrnl. 18 Aug. 1534/4 Racon, radar beacons. Stations which serve as the radar equivalents of lighthouses. 1947 L. A. Turner in L. N. Ridenour Radar System Engin. viii. 246 Beacons of the synchronous sort just described have been variously called ‘radar beacons’, ‘responder beacons’, ‘racons’, and ‘transponders’. 1958 Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers CV. b. Suppl. No. 8. 351/1 A racon has recently been developed at the Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment for use on lightvessels, the intention .. being that a number of such racons shall be fitted around the shores of Great Britain on both lightvessels and lighthouses. 1967 B. Knox Blacklight vii. 142 ‘The screen was registerin’ one o’ those blacklight beacons.’.. ‘The deep-water racon,’ nodded Garrick. 1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 Feb. bi6 Lakes shipping.. can also obtain guidance from racons (shore-based radar reflectors).

racon,

obs. f. rackan.

II raconteur (rakotoer). [F., f. raconter to relate; see RECOUNT t;.*] One skilled in relating anecdotes or stories. 1828 J. C. Young 3 July in Memoir Charles Mayne Young (1871) I. V. 169 Sir Charles is a handsome, thoroughbred gentleman, and a capital raconteur. 1829 Disraeli Yng. Duke I. xii. (1831) 97 Stamped the illustrious narrator as the most consummate raconteur. 1855-6 Thackeray Four Georges (1861) 183 Scott..the very best raconteur of his time. 1885 Manch. Exam. 13 Apr. 5/7 He was a good raconteur. No one knew more good stories or could tell them so well. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 604 A gifted man, Mr Bloom said of Mr Dedalus senior, in more respects than one and a born raconteur if ever there was one. 1937 Discovery Oct. 326/1 Mrs. Johnson says little about herself, indulges in no purple passages, and without the conscious effort of the raconteur she manages to introduce many good stories and telling anecdotes. 1958 L. Durrell Mountolive XV. 296 The inevitable anecdote of a famous raconteur to round off the letter. 1972 J. Mosedale Football iii. 35 {caption) Jimmy Conzelman functioned as quarterback, coach, raconteur, songwriter, .and promoter.

So raconteuse (-toz), a female raconteur.

[f. rack t;.^] A stick used for tightening a rope placed round anything.

1863 OuiDA Held in Bondage {i^^o) 46 ‘There’s not one of you men now-a-days like Selwyn’, began the old raconteuse again. 1892 Daily News 2 Aug. 5/1 Let us admit that she is a good raconteuse, for the sake of grammar.

1859 F. A. Griffiths Man. (1862) 258 Rack-sticks, and lashings. Ibid. 259 The. .officer carries the rack sticks.

racoon, raccoon (rs'kum, rae'kuin), sb. Forms:

'rack-stick,

rackt, obs. form of raked,

rake v.'

t rack vintage. Obs. (See quot. 1617.) 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 For the freight of euery tun wyne at the racke vintage, xvi.i. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, Racke vintage, An. 32. H. 8. cap. 14, is a second vintage or voyage for wines by our Merchants into Fraunce, &c. [Hence in Blount and later Diets.]

rack-wind: see

rack sb.' 3.

rackyn-croke, obs. form of racle, obs. f.

rackle a.

rackan-crook.

7 (see etym. note; also) racoone, -oune, -owne, 7-8 rackoon, (7 rack-, rockoone), 7- raccoon, 8racoon. See also coon sb. and rattoon. [Powhatan (Virginia) dialect of Algonquian. The following quots. show more precise reproductions of the native word: 1608 Capt. Smith True Relat. Wks. (Arb.) 19 Couered with a great Couering of Rahaugcums. Ibid. 23 Presents of Deare, bread, Raugrougheums. ci6io W. Strachey Virginia (1849) i. x. 122 There is a beast they call arocoune, much like a badger. Ibid. 183 Diet. Ind. Lang., Arathkone, a beast like a fox. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia ii. 27 There is a beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger. Ibid. iii. ii. 48 A great robe, made of Rarowcun skinnes.]

a. An American nocturnal carnivore of the genus Procyon. The common N. American species is P. lotor^ a grayish-brown furry animal with bushy tail and sharp snout. 1619 Middleton Love & Antiq. 19 Minck, Stote, Miniuer, Racoone, Moashye, Woluerine. 1632 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan v. (1838) 54 The Racowne is a beast as bigg.. as a Foxe, with a Bushtayle. 1672 Josselyn New Eng. Rarities 17 The Raccoon liveth in hollow trees. 1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 326 Of wild Creatures, there are Raccoons, Hares, Rabbits, &c. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 333 The racoon, which some authors have called the Jamaica rat, is about the size of a small badger. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 204 They were gallant bush¬ whackers and hunters of racoons by moonlight. 1856 Bryant Winter Piece 52 The lighter track Of fox, and the racoon’s broad path, were there. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 434/2 The American raccoon.. is practically a bear. b. The skin or fur of the racoon. 1815 C. Wilt Let. in J. C. Luttig^rw/. Expedition Upper Missouri (1920) 130 Raccoon from your country will not bring b2\c in Kentucky. 1901-2 T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 42/1 Alaska Sable... Black Persian Lamb... Raccoon. 1976 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Nanny Bird ii. 28 Hefty young men clad in Timberwolf, Raccoon, Scimmia, Tibetan Yak and Natural Unplucked Nutria.

c. attrib. and Comb., as racoon-hunt, -hunting, -skin; racoon-berry U.S., the May-apple or mandrake (Miller, 1884); racoon-bridge (see quot. 1791); racoon-cap U.S., a cap made from the dressed skin of the racoon; racoon dog, a mammal about the size of a fox, Nyctereutes procyonoides, belonging to the family Canidae, native to eastern Asia, and distinguished by thick greyish-brown fur and black, racoon-like markings on its head; so racoon-like dog (in same sense); racoon oyster U.S., a small, brown-shelled oyster, Ostrea frons, found in clusters off the shores of south-eastern North America. 1791 W. Bartram Carolina 445 No other bridge than a sapling felled across it, which is called a *raccoon bridge. 1840 Knickerbocker XVI. 163 He then made me a rakish *raccoon-cap, with a flaunting tail to it. 1848 in H. Howe Hist. Coll. Ohio 151 For..several years after the war, raccoon-caps, with fur outside.. were almost universally worn. [1833 J. E. Gray Illustr. Indian Zool. II. plate i {caption) Racoon-faced Dog.] 1868 Proc. Zool. Soc. 522 •Raccoon Dog. Tail short, bushy. 1876 A. R. Wallace Geogr. Distrib. Anim. I. x. 226 The quadruped figured is the curious racoon dog. 1959 Times 23 Feb. 10/5 Two of the strangest members of the dog family arrived recently at the Regent’s Park Zoo. They are the maned wolf..and the raccoon-dog from Siberia. 1974 L. E. Bueler Wild Dogs of World 217 In Japan.. the raccoon dog was once common to all the principal islands. 1864 C. Geikie Life in Woods xix. (1874) 317, I remember one ‘racoon hunt. 1809 A. Henry Trav. 131 ‘Racoon-hunting was my., daily employ. 1890 St. G. Mivart Dogs^ Jackals, Wolves, & Foxes: Monogr. Canidee 135 The ‘Raccoon-like Dog is an inhabitant of Japan, the valley of the Amoor, and China. 1931 Proc. Zool. Soc. 174 A female Raccoon-like Dog.. lived .. 5 years. 1964 L. S. Crandall Managem. Wild Mammals in Captivity 280 The raccoon-like dog., is a small grayish animal,.. with a black facial mask which is the basis for its name. 1834 J J Audubon Ormth. Biogr. II. 504 Shrimps.. have been detained at low water on the banks of‘racoon oysters, a kind of shell-fish so named under the idea that they are eaten by that quadruped. 1854 W. G. Simms Southward Ho! iii. 28 They procure the ordinary ‘racoon oyster’—the meanest of the tribe. 1883 Simmonds Useful Animals, Raccoon Oysters, a variety of American oysters from Appalichicola Bay, Florida. 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Usef. Aquatic Anim. 752 From.. overcrowding the shells of the individual Oysters become very narrow and greatly elongated; the peculiar forms which result are known to oystermen as ‘Raccoon Oysters’ or ‘Cats-tongues’. 1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 219/1 When the mangrove grows on the outer edge of the water¬ line, and drops its aerial roots, ..the spat of the raccoon oyster finds a lodgement. 1624 ‘Racoon skin [see etym. note]. 1670 D. Denton Descr. New York (1845) 2 Bevers, Otter, Raccoon skins, with other Furrs. Hence ra'coon v. intr., to walk about at night,

like a racoon,

nonce-wd.

185s Mrs. Gaskell North Gf S. xiii, She heard him pacing about (racooning, as she and Edith used to call it).. long after she began to listen as she lay in bed.

racord,

obs. Sc. form of record.

Also attrib. Hence 'racquet,bailer, one who plays racquetball.

rad (raed), sb.^ Also Rad. Abbrev. of radical sb. 5.

1972 WiCKSTROM & Larson {title) Racquetballpaddleball fundamentals. 1974 Wall Street Jrnl. 12 June i Mr. Kendler split with the International Racquetball Association last year to form a rival organization, the National Racquetball Club, which sponsors a professional tour for 16 top-ranked racquetballers. 1976 Milton Keynes Express 23 July 17/4 Over the five week period they will include trampoline, squash, volley-ball, racquet ball, gymnastics, football, table tennis, five a side football,.. chess and draughts. 1978 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 29 May 3B/7 The newest indoor sports craze for physical fitness nuts is racquetball. The game is a cross between tennis and handball. 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 55/1 Racquetball courts and numerous other recreation centers are spotted throughout the city.

1820 Lady J. Campbell Let. 18 Nov. in Duke of Argyll Intimate Society Lett. (1910) II. 654 We shut all our shutters for fear our lights shd seem Rads too. 1831 Lincoln Herald 7 Jan., The tricolor rads of this Borough. 1852 Col. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 344 Hooted at by the scum and rads at this dirty end of the town. 1882 Besant All Sorts (1884) 139 He is the reddest of red-hot Rads and the most advanced of Republicans. 1898 H. N. Page Red Rock xxxiv. 411 He.. was abusing Leech and Still and pretty much all the Rads. 1912 J. Galsworthy Eldest Son i. ii. 27 Plenty of time to work up the constituency before we kick out these infernal Rads. 1973 R. Hayes Hungarian Game viii. 61 A clumsy bribe and a gambit about student rads.

ract,

obs. Sc. form of rack sb.^

racunnis,

etc., obs. Sc. forms of recognize.

racy

('reisi), a. Also 7 racie, razy, 8 razie. [f. RACE sh."^ 10 + -yL] 1. a. Of wine or other liquors, vegetable juices, fruits, etc.; Having a characteristically excellent taste, flavour, or quality. So of taste, flavour, etc. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. vi. 102 The generous oyle of Sack, nitty, roapy, and razy. 1676 Worlidge Cyder (1691) 210 If ground early then is the cider more racy. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 244 The racy flavour and strong body of this wine. iderward wes swiSe raed. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 2730 Du art of dede and o word to rad. 2et 6u m^se hrsedlicost cumon .. to J?inre ajenre cy88e. c 1131 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1127 Swa radlice swa he pzer com [etc.]. C1205 Lay. 25603 t>es drake and beore.. radliche sone to-gadere heo come. 13,. E.E. Allit. P. B. 797 He ros yp ful radly & ran hem to mete, c 1400 Destr. Troy 6904 Radii on pe right syde Rakit he furth. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. 126 (Halliw.) That blessud virgyn.. badde hym arys radeliche and blyve. c 1477 Caxton 104 Therwith was the boote seen approchyng moche radely the Ryuage. 1515 Scot. Field 417 in Chatham Misc. (1856) II, Every ryncke to his reste full radlie him dressed, a 1600 Floddan F. vii. (1664) 60 Who radly by the ranks did ride.

radman ('raedman). Eng. Hist. [OE. *rddmann, f. rad (road) + MAN.] = RADKNIGHT. 1086 Domesday Book (1783) I. 174 b/2 Ipsi radmans secabant una die in anno. Ibid. 270/1 Sunt in dominio.. vi burgenses et iij radmans. 1628 Coke On Lift. i. 5 b, Coleberti often also named in Domesday, signifieth Tenants in free socage by free rent, and so it is expounded of.. Radmans.. there also often named. 1778 Pennant Tour Wales (1883) I. 56 (Coleshill) had at the Conquest four villeyns, two boors, and a Radman. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 139 A similar character seems traceable in the Radman or Radcnecht of Southumbrian England.

t'radness. Sc. and north. Obs. Also 5 Sc. rednase, -nes. [f. rad a.^ -b -ness.] Fear, fright. a 1300 E.E. Psalter liv. 4 Radnes of dede felle ouer me. ^1375 Sc. Leg. Saints iii. {Andrew) 1099 J>e portare.. come ..but delay, haffand wondir with rednes. ? a 1400 Mort. Arth. 120 The Romaynes for radnesse ruschte to the erthe. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. v. i. 172 Thare Mary wes And Joseph bathe in gret radness.

radome ('reidaum). [Blend of radar and dome s6.] A dome or other structure, transparent to radio waves, protecting a radar aerial. 1945 ID Amer. Speech XX. 310/2 Radome, housing enclosing a radar scanner. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 29 Dec. 5/1 Supported by air pressure.., the balloon-like buildings.

RADON called radomes, are ideal for the housing of large radar antennae. 1951 Electronics Aug. 89/2 The radar antenna is enclosed m a streamlined radome aft of the big bomb bay 1962 Guardian 3 Oct. 3/7 The Air Ministry should., mitigate the ‘nuisance’ of a station in the National Park by keeping buildings.. away from the main road .. and by making the radomes a pale blue to tone with the sky. 1968 New Scientist 21 Mar. 631/2 The Vladimir Komarov is distinguished by two massive radomes of some 50ft diameter and a smaller radome amidships. 1973 C. Mason Hostage x. 136 Radar picket aircraft.. with grotesque radomes projecting above and below the fuselages. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/1 A mushroom-shaped ‘radome’ 30 ft. in diameter and 6 ft. thick sprouts from the rear of the grey fuselage on two large struts.

radon ('reidon). Chem. [a. G. radon (C. Schmidt igiS,in Zeitschr.f. Anorg. Chem. CIII. 114): see rad(ium and -on^] 1. A short-lived radioactive element which belongs to the group of noble gases and occurs naturally in trace amounts as a result of the decay of radium and other radioactive elements; orig. spec, the longest-lived isotope, radon 222, having a halflife of 3 82 days. Atomic number 86, symbol Rn (orig. Ro). Cf. radium emanation s.v. radium 3 b. 1918 Jrw/. Chem. Soc. CXIV. ii. 306 Radium emanation is given the name Radon, Ro, which at once indicates its origin and its relationship to the argon group. 1927 Observer 3 Apr. 20/2 The Radium Institute sends radium, or rather radon, its active principle, to hospitals all over the country. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy ^ Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xxiii. 227 The first five disintegration products of the gas radon are isotopes of the metals polonium, lead, bismuth, or thallium. 1942 S. Tolansky Introd. Atomic Physics xiii. 218 A body exposed for a short time to radon coats with an active deposit which emits a-, and y- radiation and exhibits a regular decay. 1974 Environmental Conservation I. 24/1 Uranium miners are known to suffer from an increased risk of lung cancer from inhaled radon. 1977 Time 22 Aug. 8/2 The radon in these waters is supposed to be good for everything from paralysis to curvature of the spine.

these types of treatment... Type III, radurization. 1973 N. F. Lewis et al. Radiation Preservation of Food (Internat. Atomic Energy Agency) 201 ‘Radurization’ is essentially a pasteurization treatment that results in prolonging shelf-life of foods by a selective control of spoilage microflora. 1977 Biol. Abstr. LXIII. 5003/1 Irradiation preservation of Korean fish: I. Radurization of croaker, yellow corvenia and roundnose flounder.

radwaste (’rzedweist).

orig, U.S. Also radwaste. [Short for radioactive waste.'\ = radioactive waste s.v. radioactive a. 4. *973 Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. XVI. 176/1 (heading) A cyrogenic approach to fuel reprocessing gaseous radwaste treatment. 1975 Proc. Symp. on Reliability of Nuclear Power Plants (Internat. Atomic Energy Agency) 373 A computerized reliability-risk model has been developed to simulate the rad-waste system. 1978 Times 28 July 1 Principal components of typical radwaste calcin[ation]. 1979 Nature 15 Mar. 219/1 The most popular procedure advocated by the nuclear power establishment during the ast 25 yr has been to incorporate the radwaste into a orosilicate glass.

radyll, -y(s)she, rae,

raed(e:

see reach, recche, reck.

see rad a.*, red a. and sb.', rede.

raedi(3,

obs. ff. ready.

raedlice,

var. radly.

var. reap, obs. f. reif.

rsefde, raefT,

obs. pa. t. reave, rive.

rae3e: see reh a.

r£e3(e)l,

obs. f. rail s6.'

raeh(3e, raEi(h)e:

containing radon that is used in radiotherapy as a source of alpha radiation.

rsei3e: see reh a.

1925 A. E. H. Pinch Clin. Index Radium Therapy 61 Treatment by the burying.. of numerous unscreened radon ‘seeds’.. will often prove effective. 1930 Sunday Times 12 Oct. 24/2 Medical evidence showed that the child was placed under an anaesthetic and radon seeds.. were placed in the growths. 1966 Henschke Sc Hilaris in G. H. Fletcher Textbk. Radiotherapy i. 43/1 Ninety radon seeds each o 75 cm. were permanently implanted through 17 needles and the uterus was sutured over the implant.

fra'dote, ZJ. Sc. Obs. rare-^. [ad. F. radoter: see DOTE 1;.] intr. To mutter disconnectedly. 1595-6 Burel Pilgr. in Watson Coll. Sc. Poems (1709) II. 34 Than softlie did I suoufe and sleep.. Radoting, starnoting. As wearie men will do.

radoun, obs. Sc. f. redound.

raeil, raein, rsem, var. raemen,

see reh a.

obs. ff. rail sft.h rain.

ream sb.^

var. reme v.

raem(i)en,

var. ream v.

raen,

var. rane v., obs. f. reign sb.

raep,

obs. Sc. f. rape, rope.

fraer, obs. var. rathe, rave, cart-rail. 1688 R. Holme Armoury in. 339/2 The two Cart Raers, the Railes on the Cart top. The Cart Staves are those that hold the Cart and the Raers together, which maketh the Cart Body.

radour, var. radeur.

raetful, var.

redeful a.

radres, obs. Sc. f. redress. (Tsedjub).

[L.

rddula

raeth, var.

11. Surg. (See quot.)

rathe sb.

scraper,

scraping-iron, f. rdd-ere to scrape: see rase v.]

Obs.

1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Radula, the raspatory, a chirurgical instrument used to cleanse foul bones.

2. Zool. The odontophore or lingual ribbon of certain molluscs. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 488 The radula is a cuticular chitinous product of the epithelium of the subradular membrane. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 341 They form the supporting apparatus of the radula and the parts connected with it. 1901 E. Step Shell Life iii. 42 The number of these teeth to one tongue or radula varies to a remarkable extent. 1928 Russell & Yonge Seas ix. 202 In common with many other members of the snail family they [ic. limpets] possess a very characteristic feeding apparatus consisting of a long horny ribbon, made up of many rows of fine teeth, and known as the ‘radula’. 1959 A. C. Hardy Open Sea II. vi. 128 A radula is a remarkable structure found in the mouths of all typical gastropods; it is a long ribbon, bearing a vast number of transverse rows of sharp homy teeth. 1975 Sci. Amer. Feb. 106/3 The snail combines the functions of teeth and tongue in a single organ: the radula, a toothed, filelike muscle inside the mouth.

Hence Tadular a., pertaining to the radula; 'radulate, radu'liferous adjs., provided with, bearing a radula; 'raduliform a., rasp-like. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 874/1 The teeth of the sheat-fish present all the gradations between the villiform and raduliform types. 1885 Pennell Hist. Brit. F.W. Fish 34 Teeth.. when much shorter than the latter [card-like].. become raduliform, or rasp-like.

radure, var. raddour*. radurization (rsedjuarai'zeijan). [f. L. radidre to furnish with rays, shine -I- dur-dre to make hard, preserve -I- -ization.] The treatment of food with ionizing radiation so as to enhance its keeping qualities by killing many of the micro¬ organisms in it (see quot. 1964). Cf.

RADAPPERTIZATION, RADICIDATION. 1964 H. E. Goresline in Nature 17 Oct. 237/2 Type III is the application to foods of doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to enhance keeping quality by causing substantial reduction in the numbers of viable specific spoilage micro¬ organisms. .. The following are the names we suggest for

Rsetian, Reetic: raeue:

see Rh^^itian, RHi^ETic.

see reap.

raeuthe, raew,

obs. ff. ruth, rue.

R.A.F. Also {colloq.) raf, raff (r£ef), [f. initial letters of RoysA Air Force, founded in 1918 on the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps with the Royal Naval Air Service.] The British Air Force or {collect.) members of this organization. 1920 M. Baring R.F.C., H.Q. xxi. 276 On the 20th of May we started on a long expedition to the R.A.F. Headquarters. 1924 G. hELLLet. 2 July (1927) II. xxiv. 701 The most interesting thing which happened during this week was a performance by the R.A.F., a bombing demonstration. 1941 W. S. Churchill Into Battle 310 Operating from new Greek bases, the R.A.F. attack Bari and Brindisi, and bomb military objectives in Naples. 1946 ‘Tackline’ You met such Nice Girls vii. 73 And it is a peculiar thing, but the Raff and the Wavy Navy do not mix at parties, and in fact the only place the Wavy Navy like the Raff to be is in the air. X950 C. MacInnes To Victors the Spoils ii. 227 They’re Raf bods, escaped prisoners. 1954 ‘E. C. R. LoRhc' Shroud of Darkness xvi. 173 I’d fly the plane for you if the Raf d let me. 1957 M. Swan Brit. Guiana iv. 76 He was a big man, in his late twenties, with an R.A.F. moustache, wearing a bush-hat and a bush-shirt whose breast pockets bulged with papers. 1965 J. Porter Dover Two V. 60 ‘A decent lad like our Rex.. in the Raf.’ ‘R.A.F., Dad... I’v€ told you before not to call it Raf’ 1974 S. Milligan Rommel 186, I never dreamed, one day he, I, and a lone RAF erk called Sellers.. would make a sort of comic history. 1980 J. Ditton Copley's Hunch i. i. ii For a Raff bloke, that’s good going. You’re not trained to make full use of ground cover, are you?

Hence as v. trans. (see quot. 1940) and intr. (rare). 1930 T. E. Lawrence Let. 8 Jan. (1938) v. 675, I spend innocent days R.A.F.ing. 1940 Daily Mail 28 Aug. 3/1 Yesterday I heard: ‘He’ll get R.A.F.’d if he doesn’t mind.’ There’s surely a rousing neologism in this—to ‘ralT the Nazis instead of the old ‘strafing Fritz’. Why not say ‘Berlin has been raffed to blazes?’

raf,

II rafale (rafal). [Fr., lit. a gust of wind.] A series of bursts of gun-fire; a roll of drums. Also

fig1903 P. de B. Radcliffe tr. G. RouqueroVs Tactical Employment Quick-Firing Field Artillery li. i. 33 To obtain the instantaneous effect, to produce that which he [sc. Gen. Langlois] vividly termed the rafale, or shell-storm, he conceived a special device which he called 'echelon fire’. 1914 Sphere 3 Oct. 8/1 The second diagram shows a ‘rafale’, or ‘shell-storm’. This is the method practised by batteries of French artillery to prevent the advance of infantry. 1916 Chambers's jfrnl. Sept. 604/2 The 75, by rafale and curtain tactics, is able to isolate an attacking force by keeping the supports at bay. 1922 Public Opinion 28 July 85/1 If I had a few private batteries I should fire a private rafale in honour of the best book of the year. 1928 Blackw. Mag. Jan. 69/1 This was delivered with a slobbering roll of ‘r’s’ like a rafale of water-logged kettle-drums. 1931 E. Linklater Juan in Amer. ii. xii. 137 Now the staccato ear-splitting rafale of cheering rowels them afresh.

rafar, rafe,

obs. f. raver.

obs. f. raff, rave; obs. pa. t. rive.

raff (raef), sb.^ Also 4-5 (9) raf, 6-7 raffe. [app.

rae(c)che:

raef,

obs. ff. raddle sb.^, radish.

var. ra*, roe.

2. Special comb.; radon seed, a short tube

Ilradula

RAFF

109

obs. f. raff; obs. pa. t. rive.

the second member in the phrase riff and raff one and all, every one, everything: see riff and riff-raff. But senses 3-6 may be (at least in part) of different origin: cf. raff v. and Sw. rafs rubbish, rag-tag.] 1. north, and Sc. Abundance, plenty. } Obs. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 328 He 3af has he gan winne In raf [rime 3af]. 1768 Ross Helenore ii. 90, I thought ay ye wad brak naething aff, I mind ye liked ay to see a raflf. 1806 Jamieson Dey's Sang in Popular Ball. II. 363 He’ll bless your bouk whan far awa,.. And scaff and raff ye ay sail ha’. b. A large number or collection. = raft sb.'^ 01677 Barrow Unity of Church Serm. (1687) 321 The Synod of Trent [was called] to settle a raff of Errours and Superstitions. 1825 Brockett, Raff,.. a great quantity, a great number. ‘A raff of fellows’, a great many men,

t2. A class of persons. Obs. rare~^. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 136 Fiue pousand marke he gaf, Tille heremites & tille seke men, & o]?er of suilk raf.

3. a. Worthless material, refuse. Now only dial.

trash,

rubbish,

rl420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 827 Take chaf & raf [L. purgamenta] And ley hit on thy lond., And when thou sist the myst, let brenne vp chaf And raf. 1645 Ward Serm. bef. Ho. Comm. 31 Whatever seed is cast in, it returns nothing but Carlock and such like raffe. 1811 Willan Archaeologia (E.D.S.), Raff, scum, refuse, 1869- In dial, glossaries (Lonsd., E. Angl., Cornw.). b. Spec. Ore which requires re-crushing; raff-

wheel, a wheel for lifting such ore. 1867 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 6) II. 72 The hopper is continuously charged, and that portion which is not reduced sufficiently fine is returned by the raff wheel to be recrushed, 1902 Trans. Inst. Mining & Metall. X. 459 The stuff rejected by., [a cylindrical trommel] is brought back by means of a Raff wheel and re-crushed.

4. collect, a. The common run (of people); the ruck or rag-tag; the lowest class of the populace. 1673 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 413 Among the raffe of the meaner and most unexperienced mariners. 1823 C. Westmacott Points of Misery 34 The impertinent curiosity of the town raff. 1838 Dickens O. Twist 1, Ragged children, and the very raff and refuse of the river. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. vi. xlii, The raff and scum go there to be maintained like able-bodied paupers. b. Without article: Persons of the lowest class. 1811 Wolcott (P, Pindar) Carlton House Fete Wks. 1812 V. 413 Raff that we Britons with our freedom trust. 1824 Hist. Gaming 27 He took to drinking and frequented low houses of Irish raff. 1848 Dickens Dombey ix, Mrs. MeStinger immediately demanded whether.. she was to be broke in upon by ‘rafF.

5. A low worthless fellow. 1785 Grose Diet. Vulgar T., Raffs, an appellation given by the gownsmen of the university of Oxford to the inhabitants of that place. 1800 Sporting Mag. XV. 86 Went down into St. Thomas’s, and fought a raff. 1827 Scott Two Drovers ii, You..have behaved to our friend..here like a raff and a blackguard. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet of Owlst. 184 That raff of a fellow that had ‘Swindler’ stamped on every feature of his dirty fece. 6. attrib. or as adj. = raffish. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 485 My Lady has no disposition To have her name seen., with the raff Opposition. 1848 Thackeray Bk. of Snobs xxx, There is the English raff snob that frequents Estaminets.

fraff,

Obs. [Onomatopoeic.] A word used by itself or in combination with similar forms, to denote verse (alliterative or riming) of a rude kind, or in which sound is more prominent than sense. a 1300 Body & Soul 57 in Map's Poems 340 For to here thi word so wyde And maken of the rym and raf. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. Prol. 43 (Harl. MS.), I can not geste rum raf ruf by letter. 1418-20 J. Page Siege Rouen in Hist. Coll. Citizen Lond. (Camden) 46 Thys procesce made John Page, Alle in raffe and not in ryme. 1575 Gascoigne Weedes, Gr. Knt.'s Farew. Fansie, A fansie fedde me ones, to wryte in verse and rime,.. To rumble rime in raffe and ruffe. 1600 Nashe Summer's Last Will D 3 To hold him halfe the night with riffe, raffe, of the rumming of Elanor.

raff (raef), sb.^ Also 5 raaf, raf, 7 raffe, 9 raft. [? a. G. raf, raff(e, obs. or dial. ff. rafe rafter, beam.] Foreign timber, usually in the form of deals. C1440 [see raff-man, -ware in b]. 1667 Lond. Gaz. No. 124/1 The Three Kings, belonging to Stockholm,,. laden

RAFF with RafFe,.. about 7000 Deals. 1774 Hull Dock Act 6 Hemp, iron, flax, yarn, timber, raff. 1794 Lowe View Agric. Notts. 51 By the Trent are carried.. Upwards Raff or Norway timber, hemp, flax, iron. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Raff, timber, especially in boards and kinds ready for use.

b. attrib. and Comb., as raff man, -merchant, -ware, -yard (also attrib.). c 1440 Prontp. Parv. 421/2 *Raaf man. [No Latin.] i459 Kirkpatrick Relig. Ord. Norwich (1845) 168 William Norwyche, senior, citizen of Norwich, rafman. I533 Blomefield Topogr. Hist. Norfolk (1745) II. 148 This year was setled the Order of the Procession of the.. Crafts or Companies... 18. The Grocers and Raffmen. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 125 The *ralfe-merchant may lawfully stile them good deales. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raff Merchant. CI440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 ‘Raaf ware. {No Latin.] 1606 Charter in Brand Newcastle (1789) II. 700 Hemp, pitch, tarr, or any other goodes or raffe wares. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 51 There should be room for •raftyards and timber-yards. 1886 Linskill Haven Hill I. i. 12 Tall, white hanging cranes were gleaming in the raff yards. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raff yard Labourer.

fraff, sb.* Obs. rare^'^. A grain-measure (see quot. and curnock). 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Dry cumocks make a quarter seam or Raff.

Measure,

Two

raff (raef), v. Obs. exc. dial. Also 7 raffe. [Of obscure origin: cf. obs. F. rafer ‘to catch, or snatch, also to scrape' (Cotgr.); Sw. rafsa ‘to sweep together, huddle up'.] trans. To sweep together. 1602 Carew Cornwall 69 b, That Church-ales ought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, may be gathered from their causes and effects, which I thus raffe up together. 1876 Mid. Yorksh. Gloss., Raff,.. to brush or rake together promiscuously.

raff, obs. form of Raffaelesque,

raft sb.^

variant of Raphaelesque.

raffan, variant of raffing. Sc. raffe, obs.

RAFFLE

I lO

f. raft

rave; obs. pa. t. rive.

raffee (rze'fii). Also raffee. [Of obscure origin.] (See quots. 1880 and 1891.) Also attrib. 1880 D. Kemp Man. Yacht & Boat Sailing (ed. 2) 547 Raffee, the square topsail set flying on the foretopmast of schooners, and formerly often set on cutters and ketches above the squaresail. Sometimes this topsail is triangular in shape, like a scraper. 1891 H. Patterson Illustr. Naut. Diet. 144 Raffee Rail, a sail in the shape of an equilateral triangle .. which is sometimes set over the highest yard... This sail is common to English schooner yachts rigged to carry a squaresail, as the raffee is set over the yard. 1922 Field 8 July 59/1 A square sail and a raffee, or the topsail set over it, are such old-fashioned sails that many modem yachtsmen have never seen them. 1942 C. Crockett House in Rain Forest i. 18 The southeast trades filling our square-sail and raffee. 1976 Oxf. Compan. Ships (St Sea 687/1 Raffee, another name for the sail in a square-rigged ship known as a moonraker, set only in light weather.

t'raffell, raphell, ? Sc. ff. roe-fell roe-skin. 1474 Rees. Burgh Edinb. (1869) 29 Quha that, .sellis the samin poyntis for raphell. 15.. Christ's Kirk ii in Bann. MS. 282 Thair gluvis wes of the raffell rycht, Thair schone wes of the straitis.

gardeners for tying up plants, cut flowers, etc. Also, extensively employed in the making of baskets, lamp-shades, mats, and similar articles.

23 May 126/3 He has a tendency..to favor his vigorous vulgarians at the expense of his effete raffines.

1882 J. Smith Diet. Econ. Plants 231 The cuticle of the leaves of this palm has of late years been imported into this country in considerable quantities for tying plants,.. under the name of Raffia or Ruffia. 1897 Jrn/. R. Agric. Soc. Dec. 615 Raffia..is now largely imported for tying purposes. 1901 M. White How to make Baskets ii. 11 It is a rare thing to find a material at once so soft and so strong as raffia. 1912 Educ. Handwork Nov. 201 /1 The materials most suitable for weaving are, wool, bast or raffia, and cane. 1937 A. H. Crampton Raffia Work & Basketry 7 Raffia work although allied to the ancient craft of Basket Making, may be termed a modern craft. 1951 ‘R. Brinley’ Raffia Work i. 11 One of the chief advantages of working with raffia is the very low cost of the material. 1978 p. Van Greenaway Man called Scavener vi. 84 He noticed a confusion of raffia, macrame and pieces of knitting.

formation.] Merry, hearty; noisy.

3. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 2) raffia bag, basket, cloth, fibre, grass, la.ee, mat, needle, tape, work, workbag; raffiia-embroidered adj. 1932 S. Gibbons Cold Comfort Farm viii. 121 Raffia bags and linen bags embroidered with hollyhocks. i960 G. Durrell Zoo in my Luggage iii. 77, I bent down, picked up a raffia bag and held it aloft. 1914 S. G. Fitzgerald Priscilla Juniors' Basketry Bk. 19 {heading) Handle for raffia basket. 1977 G. Scott Hot Pursuit iii. 25 Dried fish, piled in raffia baskets, on the pavement. 1932 D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 59/1 Raffia work is really another form of embroidery... The materials for working on are .. hessian, raffia cloth, and woven straw. 1967 E. Short Embroidery Gf Fabric Collage iii. 84 Fabrics with unusual textures, raffia cloth, for instance, can be decorated with simple embroidery such as bands of drawn threads. 1904 Daily Chron. 3 May 8/3 A pretty and attractive novelty., is the raffia embroidered cushion. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 Sept. 8/1 The natives gather the rafia fibre. 1910 M. T. Priestman Handicrafts in Home 207 Delicate strands of raffia fibre should be secured for this purpose. 1904 Daily Chron. 3 May 8/3 The embroidery is worked with raffia grass dyed in various colours. 1906 Queen 5 May 757/1 Raffia lace hats are the choicest things in headgear that ingenuity has ever devised out of vegetable fibre. 1914 S. G. Fitzgerald Priscilla Juniors' Basketry Bk. 6 {heading) Woven raffia mat. 1953 E. Simon Past Masters iv. 263 Raffia mats, cutlery and glasses defined the full number of places. 1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 22 Sept. 16/4 To build a crib to store maize harvested from a one-hectare plot requires only six 12-ft (36o-cm)-long bamboo poles; another six of such poles of 180 cm length each; ^ raffia mats; [etc.]. 1914 H. C. Walker Rafia Work 7 The reasons for urging the claims of rafia work are many... It requires no tools beyond rafia needles, wool needles..and knitting needles. 1932 D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 226/2 Use a small packing needle, or a raffia needle, and a backing of Helvellyn canvas with Persian, or Straight, or Shetland rug wool. 1979 Dryad Catal. 89/3 Raffia needles.. For coiled raffia basketry. 1907 Daily Chron. 5 Jan. 9/1 Sometimes the flowers require staking, and this should be done.. with stiff, straight wires or sticks, to which the stems should be fastened with West’s Raffia Tape. 1939-40 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 956/1 Raffia Tape..balls in coloured string nets. 1908 M. E. Morgan How to dress Doll vii. 65 Little girls who know how to do raffia work can easily make such a hat. 1974 C. Fremlin By Horror Haunted 88 He attended his own classes in Braille and raffia-work. 1928 Chambers's Jrnl. 24 Mar. 261/1 From a corner of one of the baskets she unpacked her raffia workbag.

Rafferty ('rsefsti).

Austral, and N.Z. slang. [Eng. dial, corruption of refractory (Eng. Dial. Diet.).] Used attrib. or in the possessive, as RaffertyCs) rules, no rules at all, esp. in boxing.

The customary initial capital suggests that the word is felt by many to be the Irish surname Rafferty. 1928 Bulletin (Sydney) 5 Jan. 37/4 M.Q. (and Rafferty) Rules. 1935 Sydney Morning Herald 28 Dec. 11 Rafferty rules may suit Mr Keenan and the Communist party, but they are repugnant to the trade union movement. 1941 Baker Diet. Austral. Slang 58 Rafferty rules, no rules at all, applied to any system, organisation or contest run in slip¬ shod fashion. 1958 A. Wall Queen's English xxxii. 112, I do not know that the Queensberry Rules ever acquired any figurative usage; but the ‘Rafferty Rules’ certainly did. This term means no rules at all; in Australian, and hence New Zealand slang, it means any free and easy way of running things; ‘Rafferty’ here is thought to be an English dialect corruption of‘refractory’. 1964 H. P. Tritton Time means Tucker (ed. 2) 34 The Show adjourned at noon for the races. They seemed to be run on the ‘Rafferty Rules’ principle, but I heard no complaints. 1974 Bulletin (Sydney) 18 May 63 Rafferty’s rules predominate. 1977 Financial Times 17 May 37/8 Because or the nature of the town and its ‘Rafferty’s rules’ violence is a way of life and it is a well known haunt for criminals and tribal outcasts.

'raffery. rare-', [f.

raff sb.'^ + -fry.]

Raffish

conduct. 1819 Southey in Life Sf Corr. (1850) IV. 343 The college .. is no longer the seat of drunkenness, raffery and indiscipline.

raffia

(‘raefis). Also rafia. [var. raphia, q.v.] 1. A palm of the genus Raphia. In quots. attrib.

1897 Mary Kingsley Trav. W. Africa 600 A slip of rafia palm drawn .. across a notch in another piece of rafia wood. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 Sept. 8/1 Mr. William H. Hunt., announced the discovery, in the leaves of the rafia palm, of a product which.. may be classed between wax and gum. 1958 C. Achebe Things fall Apart i. viii. 57 Obierika was sitting outside under the shade of an orange tree making thatches from leaves of the raffia-palm.

2. The soft fibre from the leaves of Raphia Ruffia and Raphia tsedigera, largely employed by

raffinate ('raefineit). [ad. G. or F. raffinat, f. G. raffinieren (F. raffiner) to refine + -at -ate' (as in distillate, filtrate, etc.).] The refined fraction which results after removal of impurities by solvent extraction, spec, in oil refining. Also attrib. The term was first used in oil refining, in connection with the solvent extraction process invented by the Romanian chemical engineer L. Edeleanu and introduced on a commercial scale at Rouen c 1911. 1928 L. Edeleanu U.S. Pat. 1,661,565 2/1 The finished hot raffinate is taken from the last evaporator 21 by the pump 23 and passed..to the storage tank, i^yijrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists XVIII. 919 Dr. Edeleanu could lay claim to a further distinction, in having added two words to the English language—the words ‘edeleanize’ and ‘raffinate’ —words which, if not already in the dictionary, soon would be. 1941 W. L. Nelson Petroleum Refinery Engin. (ed. 2) xxvii. 617 Elaborate equipment is required to distill the solvent (or oil) from the extract and raffinate solutions. 1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXH. 12/2 Now the flask in the ‘R’ )Osition contained penicillin which was emptied into a arger container as raffinate pool. 1958 Engineering 14 Feb. 205/2 The presence of this dissolved salt in the fissionproduct raffinate stream limits the degree of concentration which may be achieved by evaporation while still keeping all the material in solution. 1970 W. G. Roberts Quest for Oil ix. 95 The raffinate is given a final sweetening and is ready for use as premium kerosene.

f

|raffin6 (rafine), a. (_sb.) [Fr.] Of manners or judgement: refined. Also as sb., a person distinguished by the possession of refinement in manners, action, or feeling. 1876 [see mefiance]. 1883 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 179/1 The ingenious Catherine—she was a raffinee. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl i. 10 No French marquis.. could have been more elegant and raffine. 1943 Scrutiny XI. 317 He is an older and wiser Tonio Kroger who has broken away from the precious and the raffine. 1966 Punch 2 Feb. 173/1 The waiter, the actor, the communist, the painter all have their says [in a play] but it is through the analyst and the raffine aristocrat.. that we learn of hate-objects. 1970 New Yorker I

V

'raffing, a. Sc. rare. Also 8 raffan. [Of obscure 1719 Ramsay 3rd Answ. Hamilton xiii, Thy raffan rural rhyme sae rare. 1824 Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. 403 Raffing Fallows—Ranting, roaring, drinking fellows.

raffinose ('raefinauz, -s). Chem. [a. F. raffinose (D. Loiseau 1876, in Compt. Rend. LXXXII. 1058), f. raffiner to refine; see -ose^.] A non¬ reducing trisaccharide sugar found in sugarbeet, cotton seed, and many cereals. 1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXX. 398 At 20** water dissolves one-seventh of its weight of raffinose. 1881 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1743 Raffinose.. is crystalline, colourless, easily soluble in water, sparingly in alcohol. 1894 Morley & Muir Watts' Diet. Chem. IV. 394 In a mixture of cane-sugar and raffinose, the amount of raffinose may be determined by observing the change of rotatory power after hydrolysis. 1934 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Apr. 462/1 The cottonseed meal has been the raw material from which most of the small supply of pure raffinose has been obtained. 195^ Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 468/1 The arrangement of the hexoses in raffinose is galactose-glucose-fructose. 1970 A. L. Lehninger Biochem. xi. 227 Raffinose (fructose, glucose, galactose) is found in abundance in sugar beets and many other higher plants.

raffish ('raeftf), a. [f. raff Disreputable, vulgar, low.

sb.^

+

-ish.]

1801 Jane Austen Lett. (1884) I. 295 He is as raffish in his appearance as I would wish every disciple of Godwin to be. 1818 Blackw. Mag. III. 527 A raffish sort of a fellow calling himself Menippus. 1879 Miss Braddon Clov. Foot xv. 130 An older man, of somewhat raffish aspect. Comb. 1842 T. Martin My Namesake in Fraser's Mag. Dec., A raffish-looking youngster. Hence 'raffishly adv., 'raffishness. 1850 L. Hunt Autobiog. xx. (i860) 320 A fine head, but still a beggar. Some were of portentous raffishness. 1887 Spectator 5 Nov. 1513 There was nothing of the character of raffishness or Bohemianism in David Kennedy. 1897 Crockett Lads’ Love xi. 116 Her water-can, raffishly adangle at her side.

raffle ('ra2f(3)l), sb.'^ Forms: 4 rafle, 5 rafell, raphill, 7- raffle, [a. F. rafle, fraffle (1399 in Du Cange; also med.L. raffia 1362), and raffe, raphe (Godejf. CompL), of uncertain origin. In later F., rafle has also the sense of ‘clean sweep’, and Diez supposes the related vb. rafter, ‘to carry off completely, make a clearance of, to be derived from the synonymous MHG. raffen; but the existing evidence is against his view that these senses are the original ones.]

11. A game of chance played with three dice, in which the winner was the person who threw the three all alike, or, if none did so, the one who threw the highest pair; also, the throwing of a doublet or triplet in this game. Obs. exc. dial. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. IP719 Hasardrie with hise apurtenances as tables and Rafles. 1468 in Records Peebles (1872) 159 Quhat nychtbur that rasettis playaris at the dyss, other hasart or rafell, in hys hows [etc.]. 1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 422 The towne clerke to fynde theym Dyce, and to have id. of every Raphill. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Raffle, a game with three Dice, wherein he that throws the greatest Pair-Royal, wins. 1668 Dryden Even. Love iii. i. Most commonly they use Raffle. That is, to throw with three Dice, till Duplets, and a Chance be thrown; and the highest Duplet wins, except you throw In and In, which is call’d Raffle; and that wins all. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The raffle is properly the doublet or triplet: a raffle of aces, or duces, carries it against mere points. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Raffles, plays with dice.

2. A form of lottery, in which an article is assigned by drawing or casting of lots (properly by casting of dice as in sense i) to one person among a number who have each paid a certain part of its real or assumed value. 1766 [Anstey] Bath Guide xv. 24 Balls, Raffles, Subscriptions, and Chairs. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia v. xii, Has there been anything of the nature of a lottery, or a raffle, in the garden? 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 489 He.. had made such sums by raffles that he was able to engage in very costly speculations. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xxx. There was to be a raffle for a silver watch. transf. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. (1869) II. iv. vii. 205 The little prizes which are to be found in what may be called the paltry raffle of colony faction. 1840 Hood Kilmansegg, Courtship viii. She had won the ‘Man of her choice’ In a matrimonial raffle!

3. attrib., as raffle prize, ticket. 1976 Milton Keynes Express 16 July 9 The raffle prize of a 10 foot canoe went to Mr Sheldrick of Tandra, Bean Hill. 197^ 7rn/. (Newcastle) 26 Nov., Mr. Large produced a bundle of official raffle tickets offering Michael’s models, which include a gypsy caravan, as prizes.

raffle ('raef(3)l), sb^ Forms: 5 rafull, 7 Sc. raphall, 7- raffle. [? a. OF. rafle, raffle in phr. rifle ou rafle anything whatsoever, ne rifle ne rafle nothing at all; cf. raff i6.'] 1. Of persons, a. A rabble, b. Raff, riff-raff. i486 Bk. St. Albans F vj b, A Rafull of knauys. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals I. I. 12 The Priests, and the Friers, and such other raffle. 1921 G. C. Shedd Lady of Mystery House xix. 171 Probably the drunken raffle were seeking far and near to take me. 2. a. Of things: Rubbish, refuse. 1848 A. B. Evans Leicestersh. Words, s.v., I have cut the hedge; what shall I do with the raffle? 1899 Kipling Stalky 73 Plaster, odd shavings, and all the raffle that builders leave in the waste-room of a house. 1906 Macmillan’s Mag. Aug.

RAFFLE

b. Naut. Lumber, debris, a confused tangle of ropes, canvas, broken spars, etc. Ocean Free Dance I. vi. 278 Others were making some half-hearted efforts to clear away the raffle. 1892 Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker 208 The loose topsail had played some havoc with the rigging, and there hung.. a raffle of intorted cordage. transf. 1887 Stevenson Merry Men, etc. (ed. 2) 285 Huddled from the wind in a raffle of flying drapery. 1881 Clark Russell

raffle ('raef(3)l), sb.^ rare. [a. F. rafle, of uncertain origin.] A kind of net used in fowling and fishing. Also raffle-net. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. 11. 5 U iij/i There is a triple or counter-mesh net, called by some a Raffle, wherewith they likewise catch Birds. 1823 Crabb, Raffle-net, a sort of fishing net.

raffle ('raef(3)l), v.^ [a. F. rafler in same sense, or directly f. raffle sb.^ An earlier synonym was RIFLE v^'\ 1. a. tntr. To cast dice, draw lots, etc., for something; to take part in a raffle. a 1680 Butler Rem. (1759) I- 84 Those jew troopers, that threw out. When they were raffling for his Coat. 1689 Shadwell Bury F. 11, Will you please to raffle for a tea pot. 1711 Swift^rn/. to Stella 10 Apr., I was drawn in .. to raffle for a fan,.. it was four guineas, and we put in seven shillings a piece. 1811 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. U. 365 It is as rational to raffle for a residence as to choose one. 1849 Lytton Caxtons 21 That work-box which you enticed Mrs. Caxton into raffling for, last winter.

b. Hence in pass., of a thing. Const./or. Lond. Gaz. No. 4687/3 The winning Horse to be sold or raffled for at the value of 40/. 1884 Graphic 21 June 595/3 A quilt.. to be raffled for at a charitable bazaar. 1710

2. trans. To dispose of by means of a raffle. Also const, off. 1851 Mayhew' Lond. Labour I. 372/1, I can’t recollect how many ornaments I raffled. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xxii. 309 Drow'ned the precentor, and raffled the church bell. 1877 —— Green Past. xxix. (1878) 236 We raffled a rug. 1889 'M.ark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xv. 175, I shan’t know what to do with them; unless I raffle them off. 1976 Washington Post 7 Nov. K2/3 We’ll raffle off a ’possum and award a prize to the wearer of the biggest beehive hairdo.

'raffle, v.^ rare. Also 8 rafle. [? var. ruffle v. Cf. Sw. raffia to scrape, fret, grate; F. erafler to graze.] trans. a. To indent, serrate (a leaf), b. To crumple, c. dial. To ruffle. Hence'raffled pp/. a.', 'raffling vbl. sb.^ a. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 134 You must then.. part and raffle the Leaves. 1817 Rickman Goth. Archit. 26 The best examples have all some trifling difference, principally in the raffling of the leaves. Ibid. 32 The first has.. water leaves instead of raffled leaves under the volutes. 1895 Burns Gloss. Archil., Raffling, the notched edge of foliage in carving. b- C1728 Earl of Ailesbury Mem. (1890) I. 211 He despatched Mr. Carleton.. with a bit of paper rafled up. c. 1868 Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Raffle, to raise the skin slightly by abrasion.

'raffle, v.^ north, dial. [var. ravel ti.] trans. To ravel, entangle. Hence 'raffled ppl. a.‘ 1800 I. Milner in Life xii. (1842) 216 A sad raffled letter. a 1843 Southey Doctor (1847) VII. Interch. xxiv. 80 T’ Maister wad wind 3 or 4 clues togedder, for 3 or 4 Bairns to knitt off—that ’at knit slawest raffled tudder’s yarn. 1863 in Robson Bards of Tyne 86 Pee Dee ran to clear the anchor, ‘It’s raffled’! right loudly he roar’d. 1876- In dial, glossaries (Yks., Rochdale, Sheff., Line., etc.).

t'raffle, v.* Obs. rare. [? var. ruffle To quarrel, wrangle.

v.'\

intr.

B. Acupov(i66i) 99 They were too base to make Gunpowder on, and below the Market of a Ragman. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. ii. §2 He sets the Paper-mills at work, by which the poor Rag-man is supported. 1763 T. Price Life B. M. Carew 217 Happening to meet with a brother ragman.. they joined company. 1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/4 The ragman came up, and began to call me about the cards. 1966 F. Shaw et al. Lern Yerself Scouse 24 De ragman, the oldclothes man. 1976 New Yorker 23 Feb. 39/2 The street down which will sometimes come, on his rattling wagon, a ragman. b. Contemptuously, a banker. (Cf. rag sb.^ 3.) 1821 CoBBETT Rur. Rides (iSSs) I, 18 [Tax collectors] will receive the country rags, if the rag-man can find, and will give security for the due payment of his rags.

4. [See RAG sb.^] A musician who plays ragtime music. 1938 J. R. Morton in Downbeat Sept. 4/1 Blues players who could play nothing else... What we call ‘ragmen’ in New Orleans. 1950 Blesh & Janis They all played Ragtime (1958) vi. 108 Following 1907-8 there comes a second generation of ragmen. 1970 C. Major Diet. Afro-Amer. Slang 96 Ragmen, jazzmen who play that type of music.

t'Ragman'^. Obs. Forms: 3-5 rageman, 4 -mon, -ment; 4, 6 raggeman; 4-7 ragman, 5 -man(n)e; 5-7 Sc. ragment, (6 -men). [Of obscure origin and history. In the absence of any plausible etym. the development of senses can only be conjectural, and is perh. not properly illustrated by the existing material. In early examples the invariable spelling is rageman, app. implying three syllables; but the form ragman is clearly proved for the 15th c. by the rimes in the Towneley Myst.)

RAGMAN’S ROLL 1. The name given to a statute of 4 Edw. I (appointing justices to hear and determine complaints of injuries done within 25 years previous), and to certain articles of inquisition associated with proceedings of Quo Warranto under this statute. See Placita de Quo Warranto (i8i8) pp. xvi-xvii, 1276 in Statutes Realm I. 44 Statutum de justic’. assign’ ; quod vocatur Rageman. 1280 Assize Roll (P.R.O.) No. 670 Placita de Ragemannis et de Quo Warranto coram J. de Vallibus et sociis suis, justitiariis itinerantibus in comitatu Notinghamiae. 1292 in Placita de Quo Warranto (1818) 378 Juratores de Ragemann’ pnesentaverunt quod [etc.]. Ibid. 382 b, De hiis quae praesentata sunt in le Rageman.

2. A roll, list, catalogue. Also Roll of Ragman = Ragman roll. C I394 P. PI. Crede 180 Yrer is none heraud pat hap half swich a rolle, Ri3t as a rageman hap rekned hem newe. c 1450 Pol. Poems (Rolls) U. 228 Pite for to here the people .. riken up the ragmanne of the hole rowte, That servyth silvyre and levyth the law oute. 01460 Towneley Myst. xxx. 224 Here a rolle of ragman of the rownde tabille, Of breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.

b. Sc. A long discourse, rhapsody, rigmarole. 1506 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 162, I sail a ragment reveil fra [the] rute of my hert. 1513 Douglas viii. Prol. 147 He raucht me a roll: to reyd I begane The riotest ane ragment wyth mony rat rane. 1536 Lyndesay Answ. King's Flyting i Redoutit Roy, 3our ragment I haue red. u 1585 PoLWART Flyting w. Montgomerie 142, I laugh to see the bluiter Glor in thy ragments, rash to raill.

3. A game of chance, app. played with a written roll having strings attached to the various items contained in it, one of which the player selected or ‘drew’ at random. In one form the game was a mere amusement, the items in the roll being verses descriptive of personal character: see Wright Anecd. Lit. (1844) 76-82 and Hazlitt E. Pop. Poetry (1864) I. 68. But that of quot. 1377 was probably a method of gambling, forbidden under penalty of a fine. In the other quots. the word may be a proper name, as in b. c 1290 MS. Digby 86, If. 162 [Heading of a set of French verses.] Ragemon le bon. 1377 Durham Halmote Rolls (Surtees) 140 De Thoma Breuster et Ricardo de Holm quia ludaverunt ad ragement contra poenam in diversis Halmotis positam 20j. condonatur usque 2j. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 355 Venus, which stant., In noncertein, but as men drawe Of Rageman upon the chance.

b. King Ragman, feigned to be the author of the roll used in playing the game. C1400 MS. Fairfax i6 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 69 This rolle which.. Kynge Ragman bad me sowe in brede... Drawith a strynge [etc.], c 1500 Lenvoy of Prynter in Dodsley O. PI. (1827) XII. 308 Go lytyl rolle.. Excuse thy prynter.. Layenge the faute on kynge Ragman holly, Whiche dyde the make many yeres ago.

4. A document (contract, agreement, indenture, etc.) with seals attached. App. by transference from sense 3, the pendent seals being compared to the strings, etc. attached to the roll used in the game: cf. quot. a 1350 in b. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. Prol. 72 [The pardoner] rauhte with his ragemon ringes and broches. 1376 Rolls Parlt. II. 324/2 Une lettre .. sealees des sealx des plusours Seignurs de Bretaigne, appellee Ragman. Ibid., Le dit Rageman. 1399 in Rymer Fadera (ed. 2) VIII. 109 De Raggemannis Comburendis. Ibid., Per diversa Scripta, Cartas sive Literas Patentes, vocata Raggemans sive Blank Chartres, Sigillis eorumdem Subditorum separatim consignata. ^1425 Wyntoun Cron. vi. xvii. 1722 Thai consentyd than And mad apon this a ragman Wyth mony sellys oflflordys. c 1470 Henry Wallace x. 1149 The Bruce and he completyt furth thar bandis; Syn that samyn nycht thai sellyt with thar handis. This ragment left the Bruce with Cumyn thar.

b. Spec. The document by which the Scottish nobles in 1291 acknowledged Edward I as their overlord (given up by Edward III in 1328). Ao6ajcum. [For elaphoboscon (Pliny) = Gr. IXatbo^ooKov.]

t ragwort^. Obs. [ad. G. ragwurz, f. rag stiff: see Grimm s.v.] = gandergoose {Orchis mascula). 1552 Elyot, Orchis,.. some call it in English gandergoose some raggewoorte. 1578 Lyte Dodoens ii. Ivi. 222 In English some cal it also Orchis,.. Ragworte, Priest pintell. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 265 As for Ragworts [margin, Orchis] they cure morimals also, either drie or greene.

ragyous, obs. form of rageous. rah (ra:), int. and sb, U.S. Also ra. Aphetic for HURRAH. 1870 D. J. Kirwan Palace ^ Hovel xxiv. 372 The ’Rah, ’Rah, ’Rah, of Harvard pierces the air... Oxford has just got into her careless, easy swing. 1887 Harper's Mag. Feb. 395/1 The junior class filed into the green enclosure amidst the ’rahs of their friends. 1889 ‘Mark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xxxiii. 421 ’Rah for protection—to Sheol with freetrade! 1894 R. H. Davis Eng. Cousins 120 An American misses the rah-rahs and the skyrocket cries. 1905 N. Y. Even. Post 29 June, Harvard almost immediately increased her stroke, and the way their cut-water slid along called forth the nine long ’rahs again and again. 1917 R. Frost Let. 3 Dec. (1972) 20 Rah rah rah for some other college than Wellesley. 1924 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. Mann's Buddenbrooks II. vii. iv. 24 A voice..shouts suddenly: ‘Heine Seehas is ’lected—’rah for Heine Seehasl’ 1942 Ade Let. I Feb. (1973) 227 We didnt play basket-ball or foot ball [at school in the ‘seventies and eighties’] and we never learned to stand up on our hind legs and let out a rah-rah. 1972 ‘E. Lathen’ Murder without Icing (1973) iv. 41 ‘Way to go, Billy!’ ‘Rah! Rah! Billy Siragusal’ igj'j Lancashire Life Mar. 56/1 Ra-ra-ra! Give a cheer from the sidelines for Accrington, the town that is instilling new life into American baseball.

trahate, obs. variant of rate v., to scold. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 77 b, He neuer lynned rahatyng of those persones [etc.]. Ibid. 84b,To bee chidden and rahated of all the worlde.

Ilrahat lokum ('raih^et lo'kum). Also rahat lakoum, lahkoum, lakuhm, etc. [a. Turk, rahat lokum, ad. Arab, rahat al-hulqum throat’s ease.] Turkish delight. Also (occas.) ellipt. as rahat. Cf. LOCOUM. 1856 R. F. Burton Personal Narr. Pilgrimage to ElMedinah III. 362 Squares of Rahah, a comfiture highly prized in these regions, because it comes from Constantinople. 1861 Punch 12 Jan. 12/1 Rahat lahkoum, or lumps of delight! 1894 [see delight sb. 4]. 1900 Confectioners' Union Handbk. 167 Butter-Scotch, nougat, rahat lakuhm. Ibid. 169 Hawes, J., & Son.., Rahat Lakoum and water mould fancies. 1907 Yesterdays' Shopping (1969) 32/1 Rahat La Koum or Turkish Delight. 1931 A. J. Cronin Hatter's Castle i. vii. 126 They come off to the ship in boats at Port Said and sell very good rahat-lakoum which is an excellent sweet. 1931 Discovery Nov. 359/2 Today the Turks here [on the island of Ada Kaleh] live by some gardening and fruit cultivation, a little cigar manufacture, the preparation of rahat (‘Turkish Delight’) and mild catering for the few individuals who visit the island. 1935 M. Morphy Recipes of All Nations 767 The Turks are extremely fond of sweetmeats.. and among the most popular is rahat el halkum. Make a thick syrup.. adding.. lemon juice.. starch.. almonds, pistachio nuts,. hazel nuts .. cut into squares. 1945 C. S. Forester Commodore xviii. 198 He had eaten Westphalian ham and Italian beccaficoes and Turkish rahat lakoum. i960 Times 24 Oct. (Financial Rev.) p. xiv/6 The sweetmeat was called Rahatlokum, but today it is better known as Turkish delight. 1963 Punch 20 Nov. 748/2, I.. went for coffee and rahat lakoum. 1968 C.

RAHATOUR

123

Roden Middle Eastern Food xv. 295 Rahat Lokum, 1 urkish Delight. This little sweet epitomizes luxury pleasure and leisure. 1970 [see locoum].

rahatour, variant of rehator. Obs. Sc.

^23 St. Papers. Colon. 1622-4, *7® The rahdars or duties at Daita, &c., shall be remitted. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) II. XV. li. 412 The rahdars were ordered to examine passports. 1764 Ann. Reg. 188 To all governors, officers,.. rahdars .. in the provinces of Bengal.

(in

7

rhadorage)

=

1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 222 Safe Travelling.. for which Rhadorage, or high Imposts, are allowed by the Merchants.

11'rahdaree. In 7 rattar(r)ee, 9 rahdarry. [Urdu (Pers.), f. RAHDAR.] a. A transit-duty, toll; a tax paid to secure safety in travelling. Also attrib. b. = rahdar a. 1685 Hedgk Diary 15 Dec. I. 213 Here we were forced to compound with the Rattaree-men, for the Dutys on our goods. 1686 Ibid. 13 Feb. I. 218 Here we paid Rattarree 1804 Wellington in Gurw. Disp. (1844) H. 1182 A rahdarry will go to you this day for the convoy.

'railing, vbl. sb. — hurrahing vbl. sb. 1904 Daily Chron. 25 July 7/7 There was not nearly so much ‘rahing’ and flag-waving as in 1899.

rah rah (ra: ra:), sb. and a. slang (orig. U.S.). Also rah rah rah, ra ra. [Reduplication of rah int.^ A. sb. A shout of support or encouragement, as for a college team: see rah int. and sb. B. adj. with hyphen. Of or pertaining to college, collegiate; (of behaviour, etc.) characteristic of college students; marked by the generation of enthusiasm or excitement, as in cheer-leading, etc. U.S. 1911 [see ccT-vp sb. i b], 1914 S. Lewis Our Mr. Wrenn iii. 41 Bunches of rah-rah boys wanting to cross..to England. 1924 Public Opinion 15 Feb. 152/1 When father was a rah-rah boy and wore those comedy clothes. 1945 L. Shelly Jive Talk Diet. 31/2 Rah rah drapes, collegiate clothing. 194^ Landfall 11. 312 Of course, it was all eyewash — rah-rah publicity if you like. 1959 Economist 27 June 1151 /1 If there is an October election there will be time only for a two-day ra-ra conference before going into battle. i960 1. Cross Backward Sex iii. 72 The team and three bus¬ loads of their ra-ra supporters arrived about midday. 1970 People (Austral.) 25 Mar. 24/3 The possible solution to the growing world-wide problem of football game disorder comes clad in a delightfully brief skirt and twirls a baton. In America she is known as a ‘Rah-Rah girl’, in Australia as a Drum Majorette. 1972 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 24 June 18/2 People .. are real rah-rah, knocking on doors and asking you to come to parties. 1974 Sunday Sun (Brisbane) 18 Aug. 5/4 The rah-rah teams. Brothers, University and GPS have won 28 of the past 30 grand finals. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 3 July 8/2 ‘In spite of all the rah-rah rhetoric about recycling’s merits, a large market share eludes recycling,’ says M. J. Mighdoll, executive vice president.

Hence rah-'rahing ppl. a., rah-'rahism. 1892 Outing Oct. 37/1 He no longer felt stage-fright surrounded by the ‘rah-’rahing mob’. 1930 Chicago Daily Maroon 9 Dec. 4/1 Students engage in rah-rahism because it gives them a certain simple amount of enjoyment.

raht(e, obs. forms of pa. t. reach. Rai (rai), sb. and a. [Native name.] A. sb. a. A member of a tribe of eastern Nepal; this people collectively, b. The language of the Rai people. B. adj. Of or pertaining to the people or their language. 1906 E. Vansittart Gurkhas xi. 128 In the history of Nepal it is stated that the Rais conquered the Nepal Valley. Ibid. 129 It would be merely a repetition.. to enter into details regarding Rai customs. 1928 Northey & Morris Gurkhas xv. 216 Khambus and Yakhas..are now both regarded as Rais. They both speak the Rai language. 1957 F. Tuker Gorkha v. 37 For every Rai a different language, the Gurkhas say. 1962 D. Forbes Heart of Nepal xi. 119 Beyond .. lies the territory of the tribes .. the Magars and Gurungs to the west, Rais and Limbus to the east. 1970 L. Caplan Land & Social Change in E. Nepal v. 96 The land was repossessed .. and re-pledged to a Rai landholder. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XII. 954/1 The languages of the north and east belong predominantly to the Tibeto-Burman family. These include Magar, Gurung, Rai, [etc.]. 1975 C. VON Furer-Haimendorf Himalayan Traders iii. 63 Grain which the Sherpas brought from the Rai country.

rai, variant of ray sb. Obs. II raia ('reis). Zool. Also raja. [L. raia (pi. raz®).] = RAY (the fish). 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. iv. xii, His fashion like the fish a Raia nam’d. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 169 The severall sorts of Raia’s, Torpedo’s, Oysters. 1752 Hill Hist. Anim. 304 The apertures of the gills in the Raia are five on each side. 1804 Med.Jrnl. XII. 550 The rajse.. are provided with glandulous grains. 1878 Bell Gegenbaurs Comp. Anat. 500 There is a pseudo-electric apparatus in Raja.

raia(h, -aw, obs. ff. raja(h. raiah, obs. f. rayah. raiat, var. rayat.

raible, var. rabble v.^ raice, obs. f. race sb.^

Il'rahdar. Anglo-Ind. [Urdu (Pers.) rahdar, f. rah road.] a. a road-keeper, toll-gatherer, fb. erron. = rahdaree a. Obs.

Hence f Tahdarage RAHDAREE a. Obs.

raiband, var. raband.

raich, obs. f. rache sb.^, rash sb. raicke, obs. f. raik v. raid (reid), sb. Forms: 5-6 rade, 7 radde, 5 raide, 5-6, 9 raid. [Sc. form of OE. rad road, revived by Scott and subsequently adopted in general use, with extension of meaning. In sense 4 perh. partly a. F. rade, fradde: see also reid.] 1. 1. a. A military expedition on horseback; a hostile and predatory incursion, properly of mounted men; a foray, inroad. ^1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxxiv. 5034 Schyr Andrew syne wyth stalwart hand Made syndry radis in Ingland. 1528 in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) II. 348 note. The said Erie .. procurit divers radis to be maid upon the brokin men of our realme. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 61 The Scottis maid d> 'werse incurtiouns and raidisin Ingland. 1805 Scott LarZ Slinstr. v. xxviii, In raids he spilt but seldom blood. i8i8-Rob Roy Introd., A war which opened the low country to the raids of the clan Gregor. 01839 Praed Poems (1864) II. 14 His Highland plaid, Long borne in foray and in raid. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv. 215 The people of Uruguay accuse the Rio Grandians of making raids into their territory. attrib. 1806 Jamieson Pop. Ball. & Songs I. Pref. 7 A parcel of raid ballads of the Border.

b. A ‘lifting’ of cattle by means of a raid. rare. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. v. 153 A ‘raid’ of cattle.. by the tribe of whom their escort was composed.

c. = AIR-RAID. Also attrib. and Comb. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air xi. 354 The Asiatics endeavoured to establish.. fortified centres from which flying-machine raids could be made. 1916 Mrs. Belloc Lowndes Let. 2 Nov. (1971) 77 The Raid night was horrid. .. Every moment we expected to hear the bombs drop close by or on us, for the machines sounded overhead. 1917 R. Fry Let. 6 Oct. (1972) II. 417 There was a scare of a raid on Monday while I was hanging at Heal’s. We were all shepherded down into the basement. 1939 H. Nicolson Diary 3 Sept. (1966) 422 We learn afterwards that the whole raid-warning was a mistake. 1940 [see auxiliary a. ib]. 1942 ‘N. Shute’ Pied Piper i. 9, I thought of ringing her up, but it’s not a very good thing to clutter up the lines during a raid. 1953 C. Day Lewis Italian Visit ii. 31 Recall how flyers from a raid returning, Lightened of one death, were elected for another. 1974 Listener 7 Feb. 176/3 My father.. had the idea that we were being shelled from the river—no one thought anything about a raid from above. Ibid. 177/1 By the autumn of 1915, there had been 19 zeppelin raids... They were raids intended to bring Britain to her knees.

2. transf. and fig.

a. An invading troop or company, as of raiders. 1826 Scottyrnl. 8 Apr., We expect a raid of folks to visit us this morning.

b. A rush, charge, hurried movement. 1861 N. A. Woods Tour Pr. Wales Canada 50 In the reckless indiscriminate raid made to all parts of the States, emigrants often commit the most ruinous mistakes. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile iii. 51 A rapid raid into some of the nearest shops, for things remembered at the last moment.

c. A sudden or vigorous descent, onset, or attack upon something which it is intended to seize, suppress, or destroy. Also, = police raid S. V. POLICE sb. 6. 1873 Smiles Huguenots Fr. i. ii. (1881) 14 There was.. a general raid upon Protestant literature all over France. 1878 Morley Diderot I. 106 A stem raid was made upon all the scribblers in Paris. 1892 A. W. Pinero Magistrate iii. 109 Lugg.. {Reading) ‘Raid on a West End Hotel. At an early hour this morning-’ Wormington. Yes.. a case of assault upon the police, a 1922 T. S. Eliot Waste Land Drafts (*97t) 5 We’ve only had a raid last week, I’ve been warned twice. 1924 J. Buchan Three Hostages xv. 215 It would never do for him to be caught in a raid on a dance-club. 1973 W. McCarthy Detail iii. 264 We’re making a raid and will need your help. Can you have your cars and sheriffs’ cars block all the roads from Palm Springs?

d. A forceful or insistent attempt at making a person or group provide something. Const, on, upon. 1931 Economist 10 Jan. 58/1 Although he is willing to ask for a further $100,000,000 to $150,000,000 for constructional and other public works, he is averse to spectacular raids on the Treasury for relief purposes. 1940 T. S. Eliot East Coker v. 14 Each venture Is a new beginning, a raid on the inarticulate With shabby equipment always deteriorating In the general mess of imprecision of feeling. 1967 Listener 23 Mar. 404/2 Here.. we have.. one who has.. devoted long years.. to a series of attempts, raids upon the articulate, at making available to the English tradition this least accessible of German poets.

e. daitm raid (Stock Exchange slang), a swift operation effected early in trading whereby a stockbroker obtains for his client a markedly increased shareholding in a company (freq. preparatory to a take-over) by clandestine buying from other substantial shareholders. 1980 Times 28 May 17/6 ‘Dawn raids’, in which a stockmarket raider suddenly buys a substantial stake in a company and possibly denies non-professional shareholders the opportunity to sell at a price above that in the market, were causing a ‘great deal of anxiety’. Ibid. 22 July 17 De Beers went into the market on the morning of February 12 and bought another 11-6 per cent in a ‘dawn raid’. 1981 Bookseller 21 Feb. 568/3 Following his ‘dawn raid’ last July, which gained him 29 4 per cent of BPC, Robert Maxwell.. clearly plans to secure and consolidate his control of the group.

RAIDING II. fS. A roadstead for ships. Obs.

Cf. road.

1445 Rees. Burgh Edinb. (1869) 8 Shipps that commys in the havin or in the raide. c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 264 Be this the schippis was in the Rochell raid. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 10 Sone tha let saill and straik into the raid. And ankeris cast. 1609 Skene tr. Reg. Maj. 122 {Burrow Lawes c. 27) His shippe is in the radde. 1636 Charter in Maitland Hist. Edin. (1753) iii. 264 The aforesaid Port,.. Harbour, Soil, and Raid of Leith.

raid (reid), v. Also 8 rhaad. [f. prec. sb.] 1. a. intr. To go upon, or take part in a raid. 1865 Intell. Observ. No. 38. 104 To raid in the surrounding country. 1879 Academy 11 Oct. 261/2 English sportsmen who raid with rifle and hound among the Rocky Mountain game. 1885 Manch. Exam. 28 May 4/6 He hides in the mountain fastnesses.. whence he raids into the settlements.

b. Of speculators in a market or stockexchange: To act so as to depress prices or create uncertainty as to values. 1889 Times 9 Mar., A further decline..due to a ‘bear’ clique raiding.

2. trans. To make a raid on (a place, person, cattle, etc.), to raid the market (see i b). 1880 New Virgin. II. 208 Their ajmle and peach orchard had been ‘raided’. 1887 J. Hatton Old Ho. at Sandwich I. in. vii. 200 The police had raided the house almost simultaneously with my entrance. 1894 [see raider a]. 1902 R. Machray Night Side of London xi. 173 Such dens have been raided by the police out of existence. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air xi. 351 The Germans were.. already raiding London and Paris when the advance fleets from the Asiatic air-parks.. were reported. 1930 L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs ist Set. vi. 138 A cowboy of his brought a disastrous career to an end by raiding the pantry. 1940 C. Milburn Diary i July (1979) 49 b is a few days since the Channel Islands were raided. 1953 K. Tennant Joyful Condemned ii. 12 This place .. is .. never raided... The Vice Squad are always in and out of the place two doors down—but us—we never seem to have them. 1970 Daily Tel. 2 June 1/7 The Israeli Air Force yesterday raided Egyptian military positions near Port Said, killing five soldiers and wounding eight.

Hence 'raided ppl. a.\ 'raiding vbl. sb. 1785 W. Hutton Bran New Work 40 What debateable wark, what rhaading, and watching, and warding.. alang the Border Service. 1824 J. Hodgson in Raine Mem. (1858) II. 29 Such a race as figured in it during the border raiding. 1891 Daily News 16 May 6/1 To arrest.. every person.. who might be found on the raided premises.

raid, obs. variant of red(d, spawn. Sc. raid, obs. Sc. pa. t. ride, ray. raider ('reid3(r)). [f. raid v. h- -erL] a. One who raids; a plundering invader, a marauder. Also transf. 1863 Boston Commonwealth (U.S.) 30 Oct., Governor Bramlette of Kentucky.. telegraphs that the rebel raiders are within forty miles of his capital. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. III. 481 Hearkening the raiders call The cattle o’er the meads. 1878 Jefferies Gamekeeper at H. 142 There are three kinds of poachers, the local men, the raiders coming in gangs from a distance—and the mouchers. 1894 ‘Mark Twain’ in Century Mag. XLVII. 776/2 It’s perfectly plain that the thief took advantage of the reception.. to raid the vacant houses... It’s the same old raider. 1976 Daily Record (Glasgow) 4 Dec. 26/1 Seldom do we find Irish raiders at the Market Rasen track, but trainer Moore has sent two over in a bid for a winning double. 1979 Austral. Financial Rev. 7 Aug. i/i {caption) Raider [5c. a stock-exchange speculator] hits Ansett.

b. An aircraft on a bombing operation. Hence phr. raiders passed (or past), the ‘all clear’ signal given by sirens, etc., after an air-raid. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air viii. 248 He is now in the act of bombarding the chief manufacturing city.. by means of three raider airships. 1917 ‘Contact’ Airman*s Outings II. iii. 258 Certainly they do not include speculation about the men who man the raiders. 1940 New Statesman 19 Oct. 372/1 The ‘Raiders Passed’ went and the tens of thousands of East Londoners poured out of the shelters. 1941 Ann. Reg. 1940 69 The damage inflicted by the raiders was little less serious, R.A.F. Jrnl. 13 June 27 When the ‘raiders past’ had sounded.. we emerged, coughing, from our subterranean dens. 1943 G. Greene Ministry of Fear i. i. 22 Three flares came sailing.. down... Yet another raider came up from the south-east. 1966 A. Powell Soldier's Art ii. 158 ‘That one didn’t take long.’.. ‘Another tip-and-run raider,’ said Pilgrim.

raider, dial. var. rather. 'raiding, ppl. a. [f. raidzj. -h -ing^.] a. In senses of the verb. b. raiding party, a small military group taking part in an organized foray into enemy territory, esp. in order to seize prisoners or supplies. 1865 R. H. Kellogg Life ^ Death in Rebel Prisons iii. 97 All communications were interrupted by our 'raiding parties'. 1866 J. B. Rose tr. Ovid's Met. 45 Jove now circuits heaven and taketh note Of raiding flames. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 611/1 Washington detailed soldiers to guard them from British raiding parties. 1892 M. A. Jackson Life ^ Lett. Gen. Jackson xxiii. 462 The raiding-parties of the enemy were operating all through the intervening country. 1914 G. Bell Let. 21 Jan. (1927) I. xiii. 327 They had spied us as we passed under the Thlaithuwat and, taking us for a raiding party, had followed us to see where we were going. 1918 E. A. Mackintosh War iv. 126 Xhe raiding party dispersed each to a dug-out to feed at other people’s expense, 1923 Kipling Irish Guards in Gt. War I. 220 Raiding-parties dove in and out of the front lines, 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Apr. 300/2 When he saw a German raiding-party approaching he forgot in his excitement to take off his safety-catch. 1977 B. Lucas tr. C. De Foucaulds

Lett, from Desert vii. 140 He was killed on 13 December.. by a raiding party of thirty horsemen who then disappeared.

raie,

obs. f. ray.

II raie ultime (re yltim). Spectroscopy. [Fr. (A. de Gramont 1907, in Compt. Rend. CXLIV. iioi), f. raie line + ultime ultimate, last.] An emission line in the spectrum of an element which is the last (or one of the last) to remain detectable as the concentration of that element is decreased. 1922 W. F. Meggers et al. in Sci. Papers U.S. Bureau of Standards XVIII. 239 The raies ultimes are the most sensitive spectral lines of an element. 1923 F. Twyman Wavelength Tables for Spectrum Anal. 79 It is in the ultra¬ violet that the ‘Raies Ultimes’ almost always lie. 1937 C. Candler Atomic Spectra II. xvii. 120 As the proportion of calcium in the powder is diminished step by step, the weaker lines successively disappear until finally only one is left; this is known as the raie ultime. 1948 G. R. Harrison et al. Pract. Spectroscopy xv. 429 The raie ultime is the last line of an element to disappear as the quantity of the element burned in a sample is decreased to the vanishing point. 1962 Walker & Straw Spectroscopy I. i. 94 The identification of the persistent (the raies ultimes) lines proves without doubt the presence of the corresponding element.

raif(f,

RAIL

124

RAIE

obs. Sc. f. rave, reeve, reif, reive; obs.

pa. t. RIVE.

CI340 Hampole's Whs. (1895) I. 140 bas pat eauer raikis aboute to fede paire wittis with vanitees and lustis. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 89 benne he ryses radly, & raykes bylyue lonas toward port laph. 01400-50 Alexander 5555 ban raikis he by pe reede see & rides ay pe sannd. I53S Stewart Cron. Scot. HI. 40 The men of weir.. In gude array come raikand fra the schoir. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie’s Hist. Scot. VI. 349 He raikis throuch the hail realme. fig. a 1300 Cursor M. 20798 It es better to be stell, pan raik on reson pat es will. 1340-70 Alex. & Bind. 467 We raiken to oure romauncus & reden pe storrius.

b. of things. = rake v.^ i b. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 112 be water con swepe Wyth a rownande rourde raykande arygt. 1375 Barbour Bruce iii. 627 Thar schip .. Raykyt slidand throw the se. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 212 Lat the cop raik for my bennysoun. fig. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Ixxxv. 5 bai suffire paire hert to rayke in ydel thoghtis. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3048 Hir chekes . .as the chalke white. As the rose, was the rud pat raiked horn in.

c. of cattle, deer, etc. = rake v.'^ i c. OI22S [see RAiKiNGppf. fl.]. C1470 Henryson Robene & Makyne 12, T.keipis my scheip undir yone wude, Lo! quhair thay raik on raw. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 643 The fallow deir, to see thame raik on rawe.

2. reft. To betake oneself, rare.

fraiffell, X). Sc. Obs. rare. (Meaning not clear.) ? Cf. north, dial, raffle to lounge about, dissipate. 1529 Lyndesay Compl. 175 Sum gart hym raiflfell at the rakcat.

traifort.

Obs. Also 6 rayf(f)ort, -ert; Sc. raphorte, 7-8 ri-, ryfart, 9 reefort. [a. F. raifort, ■\reff-, riffort (i6th c. Littre and Godef.), f. raiz root, RACE -I- fort strong.] Horse-radish. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terap. Div, He..fyrste of all vsed his salue of mustarde,.. 8c than his vomyte of rayffort. 1578 Lyte Dodoens v. xxxvii. 599 Mountayne Radish or Rayfort hath great brode leaues, in fashion lyke to the great Docke. anne was before his bed iti3t.. A couertine on ‘raile tre. For noman scholde on bed ise. 1825 Jamieson Suppl., Rail-tree, a large beam, in a cow-house, fixed about two feet above the heads of the cows, into which the upper ends of the stakes are fixed. Teviotdale. 1930 J. Masefield Wanderer of Liverpool 23 The ship.. Beaten ‘rail-under by tempest and deluged by billows. 1828 Lights Shades 1. 287 A little green crossbarred ‘railwork for mignonette.

b. In sense 4, in a large number of compounds, mostly of recent origin, as rail-bed, -bender, -borer, -chair, -clamp, -joint, -layer, -laying, -maker, -making, -mill, -parallel, -trade, etc.; rail bond, an electrical connection between consecutive lengths of rail in a railway or tramway. 1880 ‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxix. 306 There was no level ground at the Kaltbad station; the ‘railbed was as steep as a roof. 1969 E. W. Morse Fur Trade Canoe Routes II. vi. 78 The portage is rough, and at its western end leads into an abandoned rail-bed once used for logging. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1859-60 * Rail-bender, etc. 1893 in K. Hedges Amer. Electr. Street Railways (1894) iii. 22 Each

RAIL joint of the rails is supplied with two ‘rail bonds of No. 0000 copper wire, each only 12 inches long. 1907 Wilson & Lydall Electr. Traction 1. vi. 107 The ‘Protected’ rail bond is made by fusing terminals of solid copper upon a loop of flattened copper wire. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 737 *Rail-borer, etc. 1864 Webster, *Rail-joint. 1835 Barlow 2nd Rep. Direct. Lond. ^ B'ham Railw. 49 Both sides being alike, the ‘rail-layers may select the side that fits best. 1838 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. I. 166/1 In all present systems of ‘rail-laying the supports.. simply rest upon the ground. 1835 Barlow 2nd Rep. Direct. Lond. B'ham Railw. 22 The ‘rail parallel weighing 42 lbs. per yard.

c. In sense 5, as rail-hanky -hridgBy -car, -carriagBy chargeSy distancBy -end, -/are, -heady operationSy -serutce, -stde, tankeVy -tracky -voaggon; raiUbomey -mindedy -mounted adjs.; rail-bus, {a) a vehicle resembling a bus but running on a railway track; {b) in Denmark, etc.: a tramcar running on tram-lines set in the road; rail-car, {a) = car sb. 2; {b) (see quot. 1949); railcard, a pass entitling the holder to reduced fares on the railway; rail-cutting, the destruction of railway communications; rail¬ head, {a) the furthest point reached by a railway; {b) the point on a railway from which branch-line or road transport of supplies begins; hence railhead facilities; also fig,; rail-line, a railway line; rail link, a railway service joining two established transport systems; rail-motor, a passenger train which consists of a single coach attached to a small locomotive or having its own engine; a rail-car; also attrib.; railplane (see quots.); railsickness, sickness caused in a passenger by the motion of a train. 1852 Wiggins Embanking 67 Shaping the material for the ‘rail-bank. 1928 Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inquiry) IV. xxiii. 313 In Germany the tonnage of canal and river traffic is equivalent to one-fifth or one-sixth of ‘railborne traffic. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 52/4 The trend has been for rail-borne freight to lose ground to passenger traffic and to road transport. 1963 Times 8 June 14/3 Two-day talks between English and French Government officials on whether there should be a Channel ‘rail bridge or road rail tunnel ended in London yesterday. 1978 H. R. F. Keating Long Walk to Wimbledon iv. 59 The massive yellow-brick rail-bridge. 1933 Morning Post 30 Aug. 10/4 The London and North-Eastern Railway Company will put the new.. stream-lined Diesel-electric ‘‘railbus’ into regular service on the suburban and outlying railway systems round Newcastle, within the next two weeks. 1956 Railway Mag. Mar. 195/1 The ‘railbus’ advocated for branch-line use by a correspondent in your January issue may have disadvantages. 1968 Drive Spring 37/2 British Rail could save many of their rural routes by introducing rail buses—a sort of single-decker diesel tramcar, operated by a driver-conductor not as a train but as if the vehicle were on the open road. 1976 J. Tate tr. Bodelsen's Operation Cobra viii. 42 The access road.. is to be blocked.. where the rail-bus cuts across it. Ibid. x. 54 The empty road along which the rail-bus ran. Ibid. xi. 56 Frederik cycled across the rail-bus tracks. 1977 Modern Railways Dec. 485/3 An early example was the German MAN railbus built in 1932, which remained in service for 30 years. 1834 Knickerbocker III. 112 After two hours past in this fair presence on ‘rail-cars, I returned with my head running most uncomfortably upon this new acquaintance. 1843 Whittier Pr. Wks. (1889) I. 352 Steam-boats and railcars. i860 J. S. C. Abbott South & North ix. 206 Thence, in rail-cars .. through the heart of Alabama. 1934 Discovery Nov. 314/1 The term railcar is a convenient one to apply to the fast self-contained passenger units now running on many of the world’s railways. 1949 Richmond (Virginia) Times-Dispatch 27 Oct. 4/2 This new-fangled transport is called a ‘rail-car’.., principally for the reason that it is built compactly into a single unit... It operates much on the same principle as a streetcar, with controls at each end so that it can travel in either direction. The car, with a seating capacity of 90 persons, is especially designed for local passenger traffic. 1959 A. McLintock Descr. Atlas N.Z. 63 New Zealand Railways: Some Facts.. Wagons 18,650.. Railcars 23. 1963 Times zj Feb. 5/1 Fiat was the first to start mass production of railcars. Its products are used by the railways not only of Italy but of a number of other countries. Fiat railcars are in service in Spain, Portugal, Egypt, Greece, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, India and elsewhere. 1971 Railway World Mzt. 116 There are also several diesel locomotives and a couple of railcars. 1976 Sci. Amer. Jan. 27/2 After the cooling period the fuel will in the future be shipped in specially protected trucks or railcars to a chemical-reprocessing plant. 1977 Times 16 Mar. 6/4 The senior citizens’ ‘Railcards will become available from April i for a full year regardless of the date of purchase. 1978 Oxford Consumer Mar. 18/1 Railcards for the 14-17 yr olds will be able to be purchased at most local stations from the above mentioned date. 1867 G. Musgrave Nooks Old France II. 204 A hybrid combination of ‘railcarriage, omnibus and diligence. 1880 Q. Rev. CXLV. 319 On the question of ‘rail charges a good deal might be written. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 9 Dec. 5/3 We shall hear a good deal more of ‘rail-cutting operations on the part of the enemy. 1944 Rail-cutting [see interdiction 4]. 1882 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1889) 1. 489 An hour’s ‘Rail distance from here. 1869 W. Barnes Early England 106 When the railway was taken into the hands of more learned men, we had .. the terminus instead of the ‘rail-end. 1955 R. W. & M. L. Settle Saddles ^ Spurs xii. 205 The first rail was laid in Sacramento October 26, 1863. Two years later rail-end had reached Colfax, fifty-five miles away. 1976 S. Hynes Auden Generation vii. 229 Details of landscape—the mountains, the pass, the rail-end—take on symbolic meanings. 1974 Times 22 Oct. 14/4 I’ll pay‘rail fares, of course. Second class. 1976 B. Williams Making of Manchester Jewry vi. 157 If the synagogue was prepared to pay the rail fare of a Jewish pauper as far as Hull, the society undertook to see him across the North Sea. 1896 Daily News 13 May 9/3 The advanced base camp has been transferred to the vicinity of the ‘rail

RAILED

RAIL head. 1905 Daily Chron. 14 June 4/2 The political rail-head ..has not got beyond Balfour Junction, and there are no definite lines of policy laid down beyond that point. 1905 Athenseum 24 June 7S1I2 When Lord Kitchener, during the operations of the Soudanese war, sternly relegated the war correspondents to the railhead, he earned the hostility of those who regard the distribution of news as of more importance. 1915 A. D. Gillespie Lett, from Flanders (1916) 243 There are some hills not far away, beyond the rail-head from which I marched in February. 1941 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang xvii. 119 Now mineral wealth comes in—copper at the Duchess, with a railhead at Dajarra. 1955 Times 22 July 9/7 The Indian Government pays for the long, expensive haul from Pathankot, the rail-head on the plains. 1961 Times 30 June 9/4 Railwaymen have come to talk of such goods stations as ‘railheads’. 1972 Oxford Times 5 May 4/1 Culham, Clifton Hampden, Stadhampton and Little Milton are all on the route from the Didcot railhead — and lorries are due to start rolling in three weeks’ time... No-one.. expected Didcot to be the railhead for the materials. 1973 Times 29 Nov. 16/7 Every factory and warehouse and all the rest—is provided with railhead facilities. 1974 Times 8 Jan. 2/5 We have said we would go ahead provided all those who wanted a railhead were prepared to make good the financial shortfall. t^7^Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 412/2 This was in general only temporary until the pipeline, gathering stations and railhead installations.. had all been fully run in. 1961 E. F. McKinney Educ. in Violence 365 Garrard’s Covington raid and Rousseau’s Opelika raid cut two-thirds of the *rail lines he had to break. 1976 Jrnl. (Newcastle) 26 Nov., Holly Avenue, a quiet street sandwiched endways between Osborne Road and the rail-line. 1978 Amer. Poetry Rev. Nov./Dec. 6/3 The linear travel of the rail-line has become three-dimensional. 1975 Guardian 21 Jan. 12/1 The *rail link from Folkestone to London. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 52/1 The first rail link with Britain by train and boat had been opened with the Calais Docks station in 1849. 1963 Times 23 May 13/7 Switzerland is the most ‘rail-minded country in the world. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 5 June 5/3 An excursion train on the Great Western line colliding.. with an empty ‘rail-motor coach. 1927 Observer 13 Nov. 13/3 ‘Rail motors’ or ‘motor trains’, may either take the form of self-contained vehicles having a steam or petrol engine built into the coach, or of trains hauled by very small engines and arranged to be driven from either end. 1962 Coast to Coast ig6l-62 202 Rattling along on a rail-motor somewhere south-west of Bundaberg, recollection nagged busily and painfully. 1967 G. F. Fiennes / tried to run a Railway iii. 24 They allocated a ‘railmounted gun.. to Norfolk. 1969 Jane's Freight Containers ig6S-6g 241/3 All these cranes are rail-mounted, pneumatic tyred cranes will not be used. 1855 Carlyle in E. FitzGerald's Lett. (1889) I. 235 The end of my shrieking, mad, (and to me quite horrible) ‘rail operations. 1933 Sun (Baltimore) 25 Sept. 6/8 A ‘railplane car, built along the lines of airplane architecture and designed to carry passengers over railroad tracks at ninety miles an hour, was announced today by the Pullman Car and Manufacturing Corporation. 1968 S. E. Ellacott Everyday Things in Eng. igi4-68 xii. 185 A gallant pioneer effort.. to revolutionize rail travel by suspending a carriage on an overhead rail.. was the invention of a Scot, George Bennie, who built his first railplane in 1929... Ironically, a monorail service was running with apparent success in Tokyo in 1957. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 29/2 The most effective way of providing a ‘rapid transit’ is to improve the ‘rail service. 1892 Swinburne Lett. (1962) VI. 30, I have got over the unnerving effects of ‘railsickness. 1928 Daily Tel. 17 July 4/5 Freehold ‘railside factoiy. 1959 Listener 8 Jan. 50/1 Iron ore is brought down to rail-side by country carts from the nearby mountains. 1958 Times Rev. Industry Feb. 74/1 ‘Railtankers standing in readiness then loaded up and took the crude oil the remaining 250 miles to the sea at Philippeville for storage. 1979 Jrn/. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 406/1 The oil would be transmitted by pipeline to a rail terminal for transmission by rail tanker. 01824 Robertson in Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 68 The ‘rail-track was now made of cast-iron and concave. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. Note-bks. (1883) 42 On our left, the rail-track kept close to the hills. 01824 A. Scott in Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 30 Simple as the common ‘rail-waggon convoy may appear [etc.].

Hence 'railage, conveyance by rail, or the charges for this; also attrib.; 'railery nonce-wd., travelling by rail; 'rally a. nonce-wd., railway¬ like. 1852 Ld. Cockburn Circuit Journ. (1883) 373 Too much railery is an unbecoming thing for an aged judge. 1859 Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 42 These vegetable Titans are of the rail, and raily. 1891 Auckland (N.Z.) Star i Oct. 4/2 Labour, cartage, and railage. 1903 Daily Chron. 19 June 5/2 Food and forage .. are continually coming forward from the coast at high cost for railage. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 19 Jan. 7/1 Welsh smokeless coal is now 19s. per ton at the pit’s mouth, and to that has to be added 8s. 4d. per ton for railage to London. 1955 Times 3 June 10/6 Further increases in the cost of commodities and stores, the latter resulting largely from the higher railage rates introduced in recent years. 1972 P. Newton Sheep Thief i. 14, I would require two horses.. and I would like to take my own. This would involve the cost of railage.

rail (reil), sb.^ Forms: 5-7 rayle, 5, 8 rale, 6-7 raile, 7- rail. [a. F. rale (Picard reille), OF. raale (i3-i4th c.), of uncertain origin. Hence also G. ralle, med.L. rallus.] A bird of the family Rallidae and especially of the genus Rallus: see LANDRAIL, WATER-RAIL. c 1450 Two Cookery-bks. 69 Votrellez, Rales, Quayles. 1483 Cath. Angl. 299/1 A Kzy\e, glebarius. 01529 Skelton Col. Chute 870 Some., by the barres of her tayle Wyll knowe a raven from a rayle. 1615 Markham Eng. Housew. (1660) 76 Sauce for a Quail, Raile, or any fat big bird. 1755 Mem. Capt. P. Drake H. xviii. 273 We diverted ourselves in the Meadows, where my Lord shot some Rales. 1843 Lever J. Hinton xxxv, All was hushed and still, save the deep note of the rail. 1885 G. S. Forbes Wild Life in Canara 207 The rails tried all they knew to stop the cobra. attrib. 1573 Baret Alvearie, A Raile bird, rusticula. 1808 T. Ashe Trav. H. 67 Rail-bird, Rallus Virginianus.

raU (red), sb.* rare. Also 6 rayle. [f. rail w."] An act of railing or reviling.

brochure has just come... For many years I railed my car to Scotland. Not again, at 3C100 a time.

6. intr. To travel by rail. Also with it.

a 1529 Skelton Caudatos Anglos 30 With thy versyfyeing rayles How they haue tayles. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. i. 43 All carelesse of his taunt and bitter rayle. 1869 Manning Petrt Privileg. (1871) ii. 9 Some half-educated minds .. who keep up the old rail against the Catholic religion.

1842 Lady Granville Lett. (1894) II. 337 We rail to Munich to-morrow. 1853 Vise. Stratford de Redcliffe in Lane-Poole Life II. 243 Next day we railed it away through Gratz and Laibach.

rail (red), sb.^ Sc. rare-K [f. rail v.^: cf. quot. 1887 in sense 2.] A row (of nails).

1889 Nature XLI. i8o In England, the summer fishing for mackerel is carried on by means of hand lines, and small boats may be seen ‘railing’ or ‘whiffing’ amongst the schools of mackerel.

1776 C. Keith Farmer’s Ha’ v. They.. set about their heels wi’ rails O’ clinkin rackets.

rail (red), sb.'^ [Origin uncertain: cf. rail hot-rod or dragster.

A

Punch 17 Oct. 560/2 A dragster, or rail, is the most skeletal vehicle of all. 1965 Daily Mail 2 Oct. 5/5 There is no lonelier place on earth than the cockpit of a rail... A rail? That is race-jargon for a dragster. 1977 Hot Car Oct. 42/2 A reasonable crowd showed to watch rails, gassers, comp altered, and street saloons race together. 1962

rail (red), v.^ Obs. exc. Sc. Also 4 raill-, 4-6 rayl(e, 5 rayll(e, 6 Sc. ralye. [a. OF. reiller:—pop. L. *reglare, L. reguldre, f. regula: see rail sb.^ 11. trans. To set in order or array; to arrange; to regulate. Obs. U1310 in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 43 The rose rayleth hire rode, a 1352 Minot Poems iv. 83 Both alblast and many a bow Was redy railed opon a row. c 144a Capgrave Life St. Kath. IV. 1020 Soo weel can oure mayden hir proporsyons rayll. Ibid. v. 1168 Whan that no counseill may you reden ne rayle. c 1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 181 Than his peo^ rayled theym togyther.

fb. To tie or fasten in a string or row. Obs. rare. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 141 [The rebels] were brought to London, all rayl’d in Ropes, like a Teame of Horses in a Cart. 1634 Ford Perk. Warb. iii. i, The ringleaders of this commotion, Railed in ropes, fit ornaments for traitors Wait your determinations.

2. To array, adorn, set {with something). c 1350 Will. Palerne i6i8 Eche a strete was.. realy rallied wip wel riche elopes. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3264 The rowelle whas rede golde.. Raylide with reched and rubyes inewe. C1430 Lydg. Reas. Sens. 2561 To conserve hyt, and to Raylle With fresh and lusty apparaylle. 1542 Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 85 Ane cott of blak sating ralyeit with gold and silver. Jamieson's Scot. Diet. Suppl. 317 To rail shoon, to fill the soles with rows of iron nails. fig. C1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iii. 1230 Wyth many ioyes I wyl 30W newly rayle.

rail (reil), Also 4-7 rayle, raile, 7 5^:. raill. [f. RAIL sb.^] 11. trans. To provide (vines, etc.) with rails; to train on rails. Obs. 1389 Helmingham MS. 21, If. 17b, J>e vyne..schal wax wilde but if she be railid. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 805 Now rayle hem, and of closure is no doute. 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. xvii. clxxvii. 717 Vynes ben perched and rayled and bounde to trees that ben nye to them.

2. a. To furnish or enclose (a place) with rails. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 820 (771) This yerd was large, and rayled alle the aleyes. c 1400 Beryn 291 A1 the Aleyis feir .. I-raylid. 1587 Nottingham Rec. IV. 215 Chayney Pooll the syde towardes Est Crofte to be rayled. 1641 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 286 All the streets are railed for the advantage of the show. 1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. & Jas. (Camden) 125 In rayling the walke called Swinley Rayles, in the forest of Windsor. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 173 The Church-yard., ought to be fenced in and railed. 01817 T. Dwight Trav. New Eng.f etc. (1823) I. 456 The sides of the causeys are stoned, capstained, and railed.

b. With adverbs, esp. to rail m, to enclose (a space or thing) with rails; to rail offy to separate by a railing. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. xxxi, Ane herbere grene, with wandis long and small Railit about. 1576 Gascoigne Kenelworth A iij, A bridge, the which was rayled in on both sides. 1604 Manchester Court Leet Rec. (1885) II. 205 Raphe Hulme hath Rayled in a parcell of land. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 112 If2 Sir Roger has..railed in the Communion-Table. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) 1. 221 A space was railed in for the reception of the. .jurors. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. V. 451 The footpaths were railed off along the whole distance.

fc. To confine (sheep) by rails. Obs. rare-^. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 84 Yett some will perswade to rayle them a little before they goe to field.

3. To provide (a hedge, bench, etc.) with a rail or rails. Also with abouty in (cf. 2 b). rare. B. Googe Heresb. Husb. (1586) 50 The common hedge made of dead wood, well staked and thicke plashed or railde. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xi. If 11 The Inck-Block. .is Railed in on its farther and hinder-sides.. with Wainscot Board. Ibid. xx. If 3 The Bench hath its farther Side, and both ends, railed about with slit Deal about two Inches high. 1577

4. To lay with rails (in sense 4 of the sb.). 1888 Harper's Mag. LXXVII. 125 One hundred and fifty miles of new road graded last year, which was to receive its rails this spring, will not be railed.

5. To convey by rail. 1865 Pall Mall G. 4 Sept. lo/i Fat cattle and fat sheep .. to be railed to market. 1916 E. W. Hamilton First Seven Divisions 142 Four Army Corps were railed up from the eastern frontier. 1936 R. C. K. Ensor England^ 1870-igi4 ix. 299 It cost as much at that time to rail coal from the Rhondda to North Dorset as to ship it 3,000 miles to Alexandria. 1973 Sunday Times 7 Oct. 46 Forty-fourthousand gallons of sterile milk are daily railed from Anand to Bombay. 1975 Times 27 Dec. 9/7 Next year’s Motorail

i

7. To fish with a hand-line over a boat s rail.

trail, v.^ Obs. Forms: 5 raylle, rayl, reyle, 5-6 rail(e, rayle, 6 Sc. rale. [Of obscure origin.] intr. To flow, gush {down). Usu. said of blood. c 1400 Laud Troy-bk. 6842 Thei mette so well.. That the blod fro hem rayled. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. v. 1720 Ffro thi eynez lete the water now be thi cheekis reyle. 1513 Douglas jEneis xi. xiii. 172 The blude haboundantly furth ralis. 1591 Spenser Vis. Bellay 155, I saw a spring out of a rocke forth rayle. 1600 Fairfax Tasso iv. Ixxiv, A tempest railed downe her cheekes amaine.

rail (reil), v.* Forms: a. 5-7 rayl, 6 Sc. ral-, raill, 6-7 rayle, rayll, 6- rail; p. 6 Sc. ral^e, rail3e, rel3ie. [a. F. ra///er (15th c.), of uncertain origin. Cf. RAILLY, RALLY.] 1. a. intr. To utter abusive language, 1460-70 Gregory Chron. (Camden) 229 He raylyd soore and grevysly to fortefy hys bretherynys sayyngys. 01529 Skelton Caudatos Anglos 63 Walke, Scot, Walke, sot, Rayle not to far. c 1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) iii. 44 Be 3e rank quhen thay begin to rebie. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia in. xi. 86 To force you from your Idlenesse, and punish you if you rayle. 1735 Berkeley Def. Free-think. Mathemat. §8 To see you rail and rage at the rate you do. 1781 Cowper Charity 500 Satire..Too often rails to gratify his spleen. 1871 B. Taylor Faust G875) I. xiv. 152 You rail, and it is fun to me.

b. constr. against, at, ^of, on, upon, ^with. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Ixxi, Sire Dynadan rayled with sir Tristram. 1519 Horman Vulg. 61 He is so pacient, that he suffereth men all to rayle and rage vpon him. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 23 [He] raileth against all the discipline of the church. Ibid. 47 The Masse is railed on. 1588 Babington Prof. Exp. Lord's Pr. (1596) 267 They rayle of al compulsion to the contrarie. 1602 Marston Ant. ^ Mel. V. Wks. 1856 I. 60 Hee railes at mee beyond reason. 1611 Bible Mark xv. 29 And they that passed by, railed on him. Ibid. Luke xxiii. 39 And one of the malefactors.. railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thy selfe and us. 1660 Wood Life Dec. (O.H.S.) I. 369 Who rayl’d more.. than he, against both Presbyterians and Independents? 177* Junius Lett. Iv. 291 Enemies.. rail at him for crimes he is not guilty of. 1819 Shelley Cyclops 98, I am the same, but do not rail upon me. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xii. 213 His very soldiers railed on him in the streets of Dublin. 1866 Miss Braddon Lady's Mile i. 6 Don’t rail against the women. 1872 Bagehot Physics Sf Pol. (1876) 195 We are beginning to see this, and we are railed at for so beginning.

t2. a. To jest, to rally. Also const, with. Obs. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 480 Sum rownis; and sum rabeis, and sum redis ballatis. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle, I jeste meryly, je me gaudis. 1590 Burel in Watson Coll. Poems (1709) II. 12 Let no man me esteme to raill, Nor think that raschelie I report. 1685 Evelyn Mrs. Godolphin G888) 98 Severall Ladyes..were railing with the Gallants triflein^ enough.

fb. To brag or boast. Obs. rare~^. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle in bostyng, jV me raille. He doth naught els but rayle at the ale house all daye.

3. a. trans. To bring (a person) into a certain condition by railing. Also rarely with a thing as obj. in other constructions. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iv. i. 139 Till thou canst raile the seale from off my bond Thou but offend’st thy Lungs to speake so loud. 1606-Tr. Cr. ii. i. 17, I shal sooner rayle thee into wit and holinesse. 1642 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. ii. §4 Noble natures., are not railed into vice. 1823 Lockhart Reg. Dalton i. xiii. (1842) 88 Trying..to rail his old English heart out of his bosom?

b. With adj. expressing the result, rare—^. 1676 Otway rail me dead.

Don Carlos v. i. You spightfully are come to

frail, Obs. rare. [Of obscure etym.] intr. To go about, wander, roam. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 6845 Aboute Ector euere thei rayled. Ibid. 7432 Ther come two kynges In that batayle. That saw Ector aboute rayle. As faucoun flees afftir dr^e. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle, I straye abrode, je trace, je tracasse. He doth naught els but rayle here and there.

rail(reil), zj.® [Prob. echoic.] trans. and intr. To rattle. 1770 Armstrong Imitations 85 Every petty brook that crawled.. Railing its pebbles. 1844 [see railing ppl. 0.®].

railed (reild), ppl. a. [f. rail sb.^ and z;.^] 1. Enclosed with a rail or rails (sense 2). Also with advb., as railed~in, -off. 1639 Rec. Dedham, Mass. (1892) HI. 58 One litle parcell of meadow.. within a Rayled neck of Land. 1832 G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 205 The railed inclosure of the altar. 1868 E. Yates Rock Ahead ii. iii, The crowds kept pouring in to the railed-off space. 1892 Zangwill Bow Myst. 97 A woman.. standing before a railed-in grave. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 23 Aug. 364/4 A railed-off enclosure. 1973 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Starry Bird ix. 119 The man we were following.. gazed.. at the railed-off pieces of terrazzo on the pavement.

2. Laid with rails (sense 4). 1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 276 The. .Waggons.. are easily pushed by a Man, on a railed Way, to a Stage over the Canal. 1800 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 235

RAILER A waggon way or Railed Road for conveying stone from the quarry.

railerM'reib(r)). [f. rail rails; a reviler.

railroad

127

+ -erM One who

Douglas JEneis viii. Prol. 66 The rail3ear raknis na wordis, but ratlis furth ranis. 1575-85 Abp. Sandys Serm. xw. 242 He IS a railer, he doteth, he wanteth discretion. 1642 Milton A.pol. Smect. Introd., I go on to shew you the unbridl’d impudence of this loose rayler. 1726 Pope Odyss. 328 Dread not the railer’s laugh, nor ruffian’s rage. 1810 Crabbe Borough xiii, Thou writ’st of living men, And art a i^der and detractor then. 1859 Smiles Self-Help (i860) 216 The grumblers and the railers against fortune.

Hence Tailinged a., enclosed by a railing; also railinged off.

'railly, sb. Sc. rare-K woman’s jacket.

1862 Temple Bar Mag. V. 181 A turfed and railinged square. 1938 Archit. Rev. LXXXIV. 104 The plain railinged balcony outside the first floor windows was replaced, for obvious aesthetic as well as structural reasons, by balconettes related in style to many which adorn the *^24 K; Royce Trap Spider ii. 37 The houses were railinged oft, with sub-basements. Ibid. vii. 120 The squares were big., with a railinged green in their middle.

i8i8 Scott Br. Lamm, xii, What’s the colour o’ her hair? —and does she wear a habit or a railly?

railing ('reilii)), vbl. sb.^ [f.

rail v.* + -ing*.] The action of the vb.; abusing, abuse.

14.. Sir Beues (MS. M.) 149/3217 losyan made On her gurdill a knott rennand.. ouer a rayler sche it drew.

1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Ixxii, For this entente syr Dynadan said alle this raylynge and langage ageynst sir Tristram. 1533 Frith Another Bk. agst. Rastell ii. (1572) 66/2 He recounteth it to be rayling, gesting, and scolding. c 15S0 Sidney Ps. xxxi. vii, I understand what railing greate men spredd. 1681 Dryden Abs. & Achit. 555 Railing and praising were his usual Themes. Jfunius Lett, xviii. 77 Railing is usually a relief to the mind. 1873 Dixon Two Queens II. xi. vi. 255 He was proof against the railing of a mob. pi. 1526 Tindale I Tim. vi. 4 Stryfe, realinges [1534 raylinges], evyll surmysinges. 1612 T. Taylor (7owim. Titus ii. 8 Hee heard raylings and reproaches of many, a 1704 T. Brown Satire Antients Wks. 1730 I. 17 The gall, the railings ... which made these satires t^e with so much applause. 1854 Macaulay Biog. (1867) 30 It does not appear.. from the railings of his enemies, that he ever was drunk in his life.

railery, obs. form of raillery.

railing ('reiliB), ppl. a.^ [f. as prec. +

railerH'reib(r)). [f. rail f + -er'.] 1. A railmaker; one who fits or furnishes with rails. 1882 in Ogilvie. (Cf. stair-railer.)

2. One who travels by rail. 1874 J. Albery Two Roses i. 12 Wherever you go there’s Stone before you... Stone’s a railer. 1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 102 Your constant ‘railers’ are blindly Ignorant of the localities they scud over.

3. Racing. A runner that stays close to the rail. 1958 Times 29 Nov. yly A ‘railer’ will always stick to the rails and a slow starter will always be such.

frailer®. Obs. rare-^. = rail

i.

rail-fence, orig. U.S. [f. rails6.® + fence i6.] 1. A fence made of wooden posts and rails. Hence rail fencing. 1649 Charlestown (Mass.) Land Rec. (1878) 110, I doe sell .. five Akers of planting Land,.. Bounded on the .. North by the ould raile fence. 1725 Manchester (Mass.) Town Rec. (1889) 166 For making a rail fence from y' s[ai]d pound. 1807 Salmagundi 15 Oct. 331 Some.. enjoy the varied and roman tick scenery of.. rail fences.. potatoe patches, and log huts. 1848 Webster, Rail-fence. 01864 Hawthorne Grimshawe xii. (1891) 142 Simple and rustic as the gap in a rail fence. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. 18 One of the male birds accompanies me, flitting from post to post of the railfence. 1902 S.^E. White Blazed Trail xxxix. 355 It was near the ‘pole-trail’, which was less like a trail than a rail-fence. 1924 Lawrence & Skinner Boy in Bush i. 7 Her easy indiff^erence to English rail-fences. 1945 J. Horn in B. A. Botkin Lay my Burden Down 181 He was so fat he couldn’t git through the fence. You know what sort of fence, a rail fence it was. 1968 J. Arnold Shell Bk, Country Crafts v. loi Rail fencing usually consists of cleft or sawn oak posts set at 9 ft interv’als, each mortised to take three rows of rails. 1973 L. Russell Everyday Life Colonial Canada ii. 32 Easiest to construct w as the rail fence... Rails were about six inches in thickness and something like 12 feet long. 1979 Yale Alumni Mag. Apr. 24/3 The rail fence, the center of campus life for many years, was originally erected in the 1830s.

2. Cryptology. A cipher or code olrtained by splitting the plaintext between two or more lines in a zig-zag pattern (see quot. 1963). Also railfence cipher. 1939 H. F. Gaines Elementary Cryptanalysis iii. 12 Passing on to irregular types [of cryptogram], we find these in all degrees of difficulty, from the very simple ‘rail fence’ to the formidable ‘U.S. Army’ double transposition. 1943 J. M. Wolfe First Course in Cryptanalysis (rev. ed.) II. x. i During the Civil War the rail fence transposition was one of the cryptographic systems used as a field cypher. 1963 D. Kahn Plaintext 16 The rail-fence cipher can extend the number of lines in which the plaintext is distributed beyond two... If the key is 3, the cipher is still a rail-fence.

rail3e, -3ear, obs. Sc. ff. rail v.^, railer*. railing ('reilii)), vbl. sb.^ [f. rail v.^] tl. The training of vines upon rails, b. A shoot of a vine so trained; also attrib. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Ps. Ixxix. 12 [Ixxx. ii] He stra3te out his braunchis vnto the se; and vnto the flod his railingus [L. propagines'\. - Isa. xvi. 8 His railing braunches [L. propagines] ben forsaken, thei passeden the se. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. xviii. 614 Balsamum.. spredyth as a vyne wythout raylyng and vndersettinge.

2. The action of making fences, or enclosing ground with rails. Also railing-in. 1543 Act J5 Hen. VIII, c. 17 § 6 To.. take any of the same [coppies woodes] for palyng raylyng or enclosing of parkes. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 11. iii, The railing in of a repugnant and contradictive mount Sinai in the gospel. 1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. ^ Jas. (Camden) 139 Expended in., rayling and paleing in Bushy Parke.

b. concr. (also in pi.) A fence or barrier made of rails, or in some other fashion. 1471-2 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 94 Pro factura Ixiiij rod’ del Ralyng. 1826 Scott Woodst. i. The gilded railing, which was once around it, was broken down. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xii. 105 Tom .. stood listlessly gazing over the railings. transf. i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 125 From roof to ledge stretched a railing of cylindrical icicles.

c. Material for railings. 1812 Sir j. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. 336 Railing must be nailed across the boss .. but when railing is not at hand, a strong straw rope is commonly used in its stead. 1847 Smeaton Builder s Man. 147 Bars of fancy railing, and balusters of stairs consist of cast iron.

3. The laying of rails; a set or line of rails. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 655 The railing must.. be set out in levels, or in lines nearly level.

4. Comb, railing-line, a hand-line used over the rail of a boat. 1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 5 Rayling lines for Mackerell. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 12 Handlines and Long Lines.. railing Lines for Mackerel.

-ing^.]

That rails; characterized by railing. 1526 Tindale 9 Michael.. durst nott geve raylynge sentence, c 1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. lxxiv, ix, The wrong Of thy reviling railing foe. 1697 Dryden Virgil Life (1721) I. 53 The railing Eloquence of Cicero in his Philipics. 1724 Pope Lett. 10 Sept., The railing Papers about the Odyssey. 1821 Byron Sardanap. i. ii. The railing drunkards! why, what would they have?

t'railing,/)/)/. a.^ [f. rail v.^] Flowing. 1590 Spenser

F.Q. iii. iv. 57 Instead of rest thou lendest

rayling teares.

'railing, ppl. a.® [f. rail d.«] Rattling. 1844 Lever T. Burke II. 163 The railing crash of falling branches, and the deep baying of the storm. railingly ('reiliijli), adv. [f. -LY®.]

railing ppl. a.* -I-

In a railing manner.

Bauldwin Mor. Philos, (Palfr.) 132 When wee do railingly burst out against any man into slanderous and contentious words. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 65 They will railingly return them answer.

rai'lipotent, a.

nortce-wd. [f. rail v.*, after omnipotertt.] Powerful in railing. *593 G. Harvey Piercers Super. Prol. **46, Spare me, o super-dominering Elfe, And most Railipotent for euer raine.

raillery ('reibri). Also 7 railery. [a. F. raillerie, f. railler to rally: cf. rallery, a form which represents the older pron. ('raebn), given by Sheridan, Walker, Smart, etc., and still used by some (esp. U.S.) speakers.] 1. Good-humoured ridicule, banter. 1653 R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 245 The word Raillery you return’d me for interpretation.. is now grown here so common with the better sort, as there are few of the meaner that are not able to construe it. 1656 Cowley Misc. Pref., I am not ignorant, that by saying this of others, I expose my self to some Raillery. 1756-82 J. Warton Ess. Pope II. xi. 257 The raillery is carried to the very verge of railing, some will say ribaldry. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vii. X, A company in which you have been galled by the raillery of some wag by profession. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus Ixi. 127 The countryman’s Ribald raillery.

b. With a and pi.: An instance of this. 1654 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 100 He sayes Sir E. H. found fault with the meat and such like railleries. 1683 D. A. Art Converse 100 An Innocent Railery is their greatest delight. 1710 Addison Whig-Exam. No. 1 IP I There is a shocking familiarity both in his railleries and civilities. 1829 Lytton Devereux i. ii, All his purposed railleries deserted him.

t2. Railing, reviling. Obs. rare. 1709 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) II. 180 He fell into a great Passion, and began to call Names.. He continu’d his Raiile^. Ibid. 193 The very stile, w'^ is nothing but Raillery and Billingsgate.

railless ('reillis), a.

[f. rail sb.‘‘ Devoid of rails; having no railway.

+

-less.]

1887 Hissey Holiday on Road vii. 123 The railless, almost roadless downs. 1897 Daily News 25 Jan. 3/1 The slippery and railless gangway. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 11 Mar. 7/2 Considerable amusement was created among the crowded audience by the pictures of bygone ‘railless engines’. 1981 Daily Tel. 6 June 11/3 It will be sad..to see the rail-less cutting and the crumbling station.

Ilrailleur. Obs. Also 7-8 raillieur. [Fr., f. railler to rally.] One who practises raillery. 1667 Sprat Hist. R. Soc. 417 The Family of the Railleurs is deriv’d from the same Original with the Philosophers. 1675 Wycherley Country Wife 11. Wks. (Rtldg.) 75/2 His acquaintance were all wits and raillieurs. 1751 J. Brown Shaftesb. Charac. 62 note, Setting aside all raillery, advising the railleurs to be serious.

t'raillier. Obs. Also 8 -yer. [f. -ER^]

railly v.

+

= RALLIER**. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. 288 An airy Gentleman of the World, and a thorow Raillyer. 1754 Richardson Grandison IV. vi. 50 The free, gay, Raillier.. of all our Sex’s Foibles.

[f. rail s6.* + -y.] A

frailly, v. Obs. Also 7 rayly, raillie. railler to rally t;.^] 1. a. intr. To rally, to jest.

[ad. F.

.*^35"56 Cowley Davideis i. Note 18 He would not railly with the God from whom he hoped for Relief. 1673 (3. Walker Educ. v. 45 If they railly, droll, and speak evil of others, a 1760 I. H. Browne Poems (1768) 111 Train’d up to laugh,.. And railly with the prettiest air.

b. trans. To rally, ridicule, tease (a person). 1673 Lady's Call. i. v. §26 The jollier [sort] that would railly them out of their faith. 1740 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 269 He began to railly himself with .. much wit and humour.

2. intr. To mock, scoff, or jeer at. 1678 Wood Life ii Dec. (O.H.S.) II. 426 Barnesley a Jesuit., came then through Oxford.. attended by a guard and a tipstaff; raylied at by the boyes.

Hence 'raillying vbl. sb. rare~^. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. Auth. Pref., There would be .. scoffing and flouting, with raillying and reparteeing.

raillyer, obs. form of raillier. railman ('reilman). [f. rail 6 c.] A person employed on a railway; a railwayman. 1923 Weekly Dispatch 11 Feb. 3 {heading) Lord Lascelles and the Railmen. Ibid. 25 Mar. i {heading) Railmen forbidden to obey the French. 1927 Sunday Times 6 Mar. 15/6 {heading) Duke and the railmen. 1967 Guardian ii Dec. i/i Management proposes to replace the many dozens of [railway] job classifications.. by four broad and flexible grades. They would be called Railmen.. Leading Railmen .. Senior Railmen.. and Chargemen. 1976 Milton Keynes Express ii June 5/4 Wolverton Works this week scotched rumours that psychological tactics were being used in an attempt to squeeze out any of the local railmen involved in the closed shop row. 1977 Listener 2 June 703/1 Our industry is always associated with rattling a begging bowl. Some railmen are even embarrassed about going into the pub.

t railodok ('reibdok). Obs. Also -doc, -dock, R-. The name given to an observation car, running on rails and conveying visitors round the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924. Also attrib. 1924 Glasgow Herald 31 May 8 {heading) Railodok Tour of the Exhibition. Ibid., Her Majesty.. toured the Exhibition in a railodok car. 1924 Times 29 July (Brit. Empire Suppl.) p. xxi/6 The Railodok cars .. travel from point to point and make circular tours. Ibid., It is possible for goods to be taken right up to the stalls.. inside the bigger halls by Railodok trolley. 1924 British Weekly 21 Aug. 446/3, I made the complete tour in the railodoc. 1925 Ibid. 9 July 331/3 Boats on the lake were well patronised, and the railodok cars were partly full. 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 16 The tenns for the various vehicles to take visitors round like the railodocks are probably doomed to extinction.

t railophone (’reibfsun). Obs. Also with capital initial, [f. rail -I- -o -I- phone ^6.®] A telephone in a train. Also attrib. Hence as v. trans., to telephone by means of such a phone. 19H Times 8 Feb. 25/2 Any train fitted with the Railophone can be instantly spoken to. 1911 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 268/1 {heading) The Railophone system of wireless telephony on trains. 1912 Morning Post 29 June 10/7 Last year the first public installation of the railophone .. was made on the Stratford-on-Avon and Midland Junction Railway, and the process of telephoning to and from moving trains and the sending of messages from stations to trains and vice versa was then clearly demonstrated. Ibid., These instruments are electrically connected with two large insulated copper coils mounted in a wooden casing called the railophone frames. Ibid., Messages to and from passengers can be railophoned with ease.

railroad ('reilrsud), sb. Also 8-9 rail road, rail¬ road. [f. RAIL s6.® 4. Now chiefly U.S., the usual term in Great Britain being railway.] 1. a. = RAILWAY I. *757 b Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymmrodorion i8gy-g8 (1899) Laying rails or making a railroad to the pits from the main or great road. 1771 T. Pennant Tour in Scotl. iy6g 29 The collieries lie at different distances.. and the coal is brought down in waggons along rail roads. 1775 Smeaton Rep. (1837) II. 411 It seems perfectly practicable to carry the coals upon a rail-road. 1793-Edystone L. §167 note, The timber road, commonly called at the Collieries, where they are used, a Rail Road. 1805 Trans. Soc. Arts XXIII. 318 A horse employed on a rail-road. 1832 Act 2 (Sl 3 Will. IV, c. 64 Sched. O. 40 Along Smithsons railroad to the point at which the same meets the Dewsbury road. 1855 ‘Q. K. P. Doesticks’ Doesticks what he Says xvi. 138 Every stitch was as long as a railroad. 1873 ‘Mark Twain’ Gilded Age xvii. 163 Yes, this is the railroad, all but the rails and the ironhorse. 1888 Ruskin Praeterita III. iv. 174 You enterprised a railroad.. you blasted its rocks away... And now, every fool in Buxton can be at Bakewell in half-an-hour, and every fool in Bakewell at Buxton. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 28 Sept. 14/5, I came along the old railroad to town this morning.

b. = RAILWAY I b. 1852 Caroline Fox Old Friends (1882) 276 The speculum [of Lord Rosse’s telescope].. has its own little railroad, over which it runs into the cannon’s mouth.

2. a. = RAILWAY 2. 1825 T. Tredgold Rail-Roads ^ Carriages i. 15 The Surrey rail-road commences on the south bank of the Thames, near Wandsworth..and proceeds..to Croydon, and from thence.. to Merstham, making a total distance of about 18 miles. 1830 M. Edgeworth Let. 18 Oct. (1971) 419 A regular communication goes on now by trains of cars on

RAILROAD this railroad backwards and forwards to Liverpool and Manchester. 1831 Scott Ct. Robert Introd., The giddiness attendant on a journey on this Manchester railroad. 1835 Moore Mem. (1856) VII. 95 To Liverpool by the railroad; a grand mode of travelling. 1856 Mod. Paint. III. iv. xvii. §35 Your railroad., is only a device for making the world smaller. 1969 New Statesman 4 July 23/3 I’d also like to know whether the late Peter Arno coined, or merely repeated, three of his cartoon captions.. ‘What a way to run a railroad’. 1976 New Former 16 Feb. 75/1 Here, at last, is an explanation of why the railroads in the United States have been decaying. fig. 1847 Hamilton Let. to De Morgan 5 Mathematicians .. leaving the level railroad of their own [science],

b. pL Railway shares. 1848 J. J. Ruskin Let. 17 Mar. in M. Lutyens Ruskins & Grays iigy2) xi. 98 If you do not.. deceive yourself or are led to plunge farther into Railroads—your situation is much better than I expected. 1916 C. Sandburg Chicago in Poetry Mar. 191 Hog Butcher for the World, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and the Nation’s Freight Handier. 1957 [see Dow-Jones]. 1964 Financial Times \ 2 Mar. 3/1 All the Dow Jones Indices made headway, with new all-time closing peaks again recorded by Industrials and Railroads. 3. attrib. and Comb. (cf. railway 3).

a. attrib., as railroad agent, bill, bookstand, box-car, brakeman, camp, car, carriage, charge, coach, companion, company, conductor, conveyance, crew, cut, depot, detective, engineer, equipment, fare, hat, hotel, land, line, man, map, omnibus, pace, pass, police, president, security, shares, speed, spur, station, town, track (also as v. trans.), train, travelling, tunnel, whistle. 1859 Redpath & Hinton Handbk. Kansas Territory ii. 24 Select your route before buying your ticket, without consulting any ’railroad agent. 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. 1. 296/1 The Aylesbury and Thame ’Railroad Bill. 1847 F. A. Kemble Rec. Later Life (1882) HI. 289 One of those pale green volumes headed, ‘Reading for Travellers’, to be found on all the ’railroad bookstands. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 4 July i-c/3 ‘Beet shacks’ vary in luxury. But few are as primitive as the old ’railroad boxcars that once housed migrants and still dot the area. 1898 Kansas City Star 18 Dec. 2/3 Grant Meade became a ’railroad brakeman. 1976 Washington Post 19 Apr. C1/2 When Mack was born in 1902 in Greeley, Colo., his father, a railroad brakeman, named him William Edward Maguiness. a 1927 F. M. Canton Frontier Trails {ig^o) ii. 33 Stolen cattle were driven into ’railroad camps and sold to contractors at half their value. 1977 H. Fast Immigrants 11 He was nursed in railroad camps while his father drove spikes and handled steel rails. 1830 Mechanics' Press (Utica, N.Y.) 17 Apr. 183/3 Prizes.. are offered on the following subjects: Iron castings,.. Steam Carriages, ’Rail Road Car, [etc.]. 1863 B. Taylor H. Thurston v. 71 We ask that his boasted chivalry be put into practice, not merely in.. giving us his seat in a railroad-car. 1923 C. R. Cooper Under Big Top i. 4 A circus .. has its own railroad cars. 1967 N. Y. Times (Internat. Ed.) 11-12 Feb. 4/6 The snow, loaded in 14 railroad cars, arrived here yesterday as Chicago officials sought to clear out some of the nearly 40 inches that has fallen there since Jan. 26. 1839 Parkin in Barlow Railw. Eng. Wheels (1848) 26 Improvements in ’railroad and other carriages. 1865 Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 85 Your one conception of pleasure is to drive in railroad carriages round their aisles. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) vi. 92 The entirely different development of the railroad and the railroad carriage in the United States. 1848 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 29 July 481/1 We wish to call attention to the subject of ^railroad charges, ioi passengers 2nd freight. 1833 Niles's Reg. XLIV. 98/2 Comfortable naps may be taken in the ’rail-road coaches, if desired. 1839 Bowdler Sujiday Trains 15 Proprietors of Railroad coaches. 1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain 363 The troubled thoughts from which his ’railroad companion had extricated him. 1815 New Jersey Acts 69 The New-Jersey Rail Road Company. Said president and directors so to be chosen shall be called The New-Jersey ’Rail Road Company. 1825 Hone Every¬ day Bk. I. 173 Twenty Rail Road Companies. 1903 E. Johnson Railway Transportation 73 The railroad company derives its powers from a charter granted to it by the State. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) ii. 35 The railroad companies’ monopoly on transportation. 1842 Liberator (Boston) 21 Jan. lo/i The kingly power of a ’rail-road conductor. 1942 E. Paul Narrow St. vii. 61 The time came for Mariette to marry the railroad conductor of her choice. 1967 Railroad conductor [see BRAKESMAN 2]. 1825 Wood Pract. Treat. Railroads Introd. I The acknowledged importance of ’Railroad conveyance. 1976 Times 23 July 11/6 Buffalo Bill.. had been .. buffalo hunter for a contractor supplying food to the Kansas Pacific ’railroad crews. 1862 Rebellion Rec. V. ii. 403 On Friday morning we held the ridge, in front of which runs an incomplete ’railroad-cut. 1940 Quiz on Railroads & Railroading (Assoc. Amer. Railroads) Quest. 13 What is a railroad cut? When the right-of-way of a railroad is cut through a hill, knoll or slope to provide a roadway, the excavation is called a cut. 1836 Southern Lit. Messenger II. 735 Away we whirled with great rapidity to the ’railroad depot, where the cars were ready to receive us. 1980 L. St. Clair Obsessions i. 36 Companies of Red troops..were marching toward the railroad depot. 1903 R. L. McCardell Conversations Chorus Girl 78 Aunt Em says the ’railroad detectives seen him in a saloon. 1942 Z. N. Hurston Dust Tracks on Road xii. 229 De white man .. he was a ’railroad engineer. 1976 A. White Long Silence vi. 44 The signals office contained the latest ’railroad equipment. 1910 N.Y. Even. Post 17 Dec. 7 The round-trip ’railroad fare will be $6.80. 1957 J. Kerouac On 1. iii. 15 All the men were.. wearing ’railroad hats, baseball hats. 1869 Bradshaw's Railway Manual XXI. 427 Expended ..’Railroad hotel—86,082. 1872 F. F. Victor All over Oregon & Washington xvi. 188 The ’railroad lands will be mostly taken in the foot-hills. 1872 Newton Kansan 17 Oct. 3/3 Mr. Wm. B. Blake.. having purchased railroad land east of town, is about building a fine residence thereon. 1908 Pacific Monthly Jan. 6/1 The people on the railroad lands

128 began to want deeds. 1841 Punch 16 Oct. 165/2 The infernal smashes that have recently taken place on several ’railroad lines. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) vi. 98 American railroad lines proceed by curves. 1845 Thoreau Jrnl. 14 July in Writings (1906) VII. 366 ’Railroad men who take care of the road. 1980 L. St. Clair Obsessions i. 21 The yard superintendent tells us you are a good railroad man. 1976 J. Lee Ninth Man 70 He would need ’railroad maps and timetables. 1858 C. M. Yonge Christmas Mummers i. 9 They had actually hopes of being able to hire the ’railroad omnibus. 1838 Dickens Let. 20 May (1965) I. 400, I hope to make a great dash tomorrow, however, to proceed at ’railroad pace. 1840 Thackeray Catherine i, Hope, glory, ..and such subjects,.. whirled through their brains at a rail-road pace. 1895 W. H. Chambliss Diary 48, I did not come out on one of those ’railroad passes especially designed for the accommodation of senators. 1976 New Yorker 15 Nov. 41/3 They also included bookplates, letterheads, railroad passes, commercial paperweights and music sheets. 1913 J. London Valley of Moon in Cosmopolitan July 241/1 Up Pine Street.. was coming a rush of ’railroad police.. firing as they ran. 1914 Sat. Even. Post 4 Apr. 52/3 The train slowed down. The Kid swung off. He feared the railroad police in the terminal yards. 1892 ‘Mark Twain’ Amer. Claimant xiv. 134 There isn’t a lawyer, doctor, editor, author, tinker, loafer, ’railroad president, saint.. in the United States that wouldn’t jump at the chance. 1949 Chicago Daily News 9 Aug. 10/5 His chance of becoming an American railroad president is probably about one in ten million. 1912 ’Railroad security [see killing vbl. sb. 2]. at al )7is werld J>aim mai not raim. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 185 We clayme t>is our heritage& porgh hard woundes of pam salle reyme it eft.

2. To put to ransom, exact ransom from; hence, to spoil, plunder, deprive (of). c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (i8io) 43 Eilred has no ping. Eilred is so reymed [F. raynt] of his tresorie. 1340 Ayenb. 44 Sergons pet accusep .. pet poure uok and ham dop raymi [F raembre] and kueadliche lede. a 1400-50 Alexander 2488 his souerayn.. J>03t to ride & to ravme pe regions of barbres CI460 Towneley Myst. xiii. 16 We ar so hamyd, Fortaxed, and ramyd.

b. To take away from a person, rare. ai400-so Alexander 2S10 ]?en am I raddest all our realme be raymed vs first.

c. ? To rare~^.

treat

with

violence,

to

torment.

C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 185 False marchauntis.. preisen hym most pat foulest raymep alle pe membris of crist falsly.

3. a. absoL To take at will. b. trans. To get possession of; to have control of; to rule over. C1325 Pol. Songs (Camden Soc.) 150 Thus me pileth the pore and pyketh ful dene, The ryche raymeth withouten eny ryht. C1330 R. Brunne C/iron. (1810) 263 If he had., gyuen pam.. per wynnyng ilk a dele, pat pei mot reyme & g>'ue. J362 L.angl. P. pi. A. i. 93 Kynges and knihtes scholde.. rihtfuliche raymen the realmes a-bouten. 1393 Ibid. C. XIV. g6 Al that the ryche may reyme and ryghtfulliche dele.

raim, variant of rame v., to cry. raiment (’reimsnt), sb. Forms: 5-7 rayment, (5-6 -e), 6 rement, 6- raiment. [Aphetic form of arrayment: cf. ray 7;.] Clothing, clothes, dress, apparel. Now' rhet. C1440 Promp. Part'. 422/1 Rayment, or arayment.., ornatus. 1470-85 Malory Arthur viii. xxviii, They brouat hym thyder in a fysshers rayment. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §151 An other symple man.,seynge him to weare suche rayment, thynketh.. that he maye were as good, a 1625 Fletcher Women Pleased i. ii, Do you think to. .keep me like an alms-woman in such rayment, Such poor unhandsome weeds? 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) 72 Provision for Food, Rayment, and the like. 1781 CowPER Truth 235 You .. cast his filthy raiment at them all. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xxv. 96 The white raiment destined to the saints. 1868 Miss Braddon Dead Sea Fr. I. i. 3 Bright with the holiday raiment of busy multitudes. fig. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 41 The masking rayment of Poesie. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. xxii. All that beauty that doth cover thee Is but the seemly raiment of my heart. 1819 Shelley P. Bell jrd Prol. 5 Wrapped in weeds of the same metre. The so long predestined raiment [etc.].

fb. With a and pL : An article of clothing, a garment, a dress. Obs. 1483 Caxton Cato F ij. Thou oughtest not to haue .. ouer precyous Jewellys ne raymentes. 1527 Lane. Wills (1857) I. 6 The residue of my raymentes not beqwhethed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. vi. 9 With ruffled rayments, and fayre blubbred face. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, iii. {1701) 122/1 A new Rayment for your use this Winter. fig. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. 1. i. §7 Error seldom walks abroad the world in her own raiments.

Hence f'raiment v. trans., to clothe; 'raimented ppl. a., clothed (lit. and fig.)\ 'raimentless a., destitute of raiment. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law 57 He robes, raiments, and ornaments him from head to foot. 1833 Tennyson Poems 16 All raimented in snowy white. 1861 Bp. G. Smith Ten Weeks Japan xix. 272 Raimentless, naked, tattooed bodies. 1887 D. C. Murray & Herman Traveller Returns w. 132 No woman of Coerlea had ever before her been so gorgeously raimented.

raimondite ('reimandait). Min. [Named in 1866 after A. Raimondi, an Italian scientist: see -ITE.] A hydrous sulphate of iron, occurring in hexagonal yellow crystals. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. ist Suppl.

rain (rein), sb.'^ Forms: i rejn, rsejn, 1-2 ren, 2 rien, 2-4 rein, (3 -e), 3 re33n, 3-5, rayn, (4-6 -e), 3-6 reyn, (4-6 -e, ? 5 reynne), 4 rene, 4-5, 6 Sc. rane, 4-7 raine, 3- rain. [Comm. Teut.: OE. re^n, ren = OFris. rein (mod. reijn), OS. regan, -in (Du. regen), OHG. regan (MHG., G. regen), ON. (Sw., Da.) regn, Goth. rign. There are no certain cognates outside of Teut.] 1. a. The condensed vapour of the atmosphere, falling in drops large enough to attain a sensible velocity; the fall of such drops. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxlvi. 8 Se oferwirS heofen mid wolenum & gearwaC eorSan regn. aiooo i^)LFRlC Gen. vii. 4

Ic..sende ren nu..ofer eorSan. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1117 Mid punre & lihtinge & reine & hagole. are l^is holie man stod Ne fel neuere a reynes drope.] CI400 Solomon's Bk. Wisdom ii Who schulde l?e rein-dropes telle. 1560 Pilkington Expos. Aggeus 180 The teares like rayn droppes come tricklinge doune his cheekes. 1698 Keill Exam. Th. Earth (1734) 163 We must not imagine, that rain drops have the same form and density in the Clouds with which they arrive at the ground. 1^5 Wordsw. Waggoner i. 156 Large rain-drops on his head Fell, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. x. 65 The rounded rain-drops had solidified during their descent. attrib. i860 G. H. K. in Vac. Tour 117 Sprinkling sweet odours and sparkling raindrop gems. 1879 Dana Geol. (ed. 3) 84 Rill-marks, mud-cracks, and rain-drop impressions.

2. The dropping of rain or rain-water, rare. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. xxiv. 108 Of reste he is vr tabernacle To schilde vs from reyn-drope. 1880 Muirhead Gaius ii. § 140, Urban servitudes are.. the rights of roof-gutter and rain-drop.

raine,

obs. form of rain, reign, rein.

'rainer. [f.

rain v. + -er*.] One who rains. a 1845 Hood To St. Swithin v. Mother of all the Family of Rainers! Saint of the Soakers! 1889 Max Muller Nat. Relig. XV. 484 The human mind must think a rainer behind the rain.

t Raines. Obs. Forms: a. 4-6 reynes, 5 raynez, -ys, raygnes, 5-6 raynes, 6 rein(e)s. Sc. rence, 6-7 rains, 6-8 raines. /3. 5 rayne. [f. Raynes, obs. f. Rennes-, see def. The place-name occurs in the form Raynes c 1460 in the Play Sacram. 107: also 1489 in Paston Lett. (1897) III. 358.]

1. cloth of Raine{s)y a kind of fine linen or lawn made at Rennes in Brittany. Also with a or one: a piece of this. C1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 255 Many a pelowe, and euery bere Of clothe of reynes. 14.. iSor. lowe Deere 842 Your shetes shall be of clothe of rayne. 1405 in J. M. Cowper Churchw. Acc. St. Dunstan's, Canterbury p. xi, j cloth of raynez for the lectron. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 281 b. Clothed in purpull & cloth of reynes. 1558 Morwyng Ben Gorion (1567) 61 Upon the beere was also a cloth of raynes.

b. Similarly with names of garments or other articles made of this cloth. *395 E.E. Wills (1882) 4 A peyre schetes of Reynes. a 1400-50 Alexander 1550 All samen of a soyte in surples of raynes. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 130 ban take a towaile of Raynes. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus I. 127 [A] noble seme was on his sark of Rence.

2. absoL = Cloth of Raines. 1526 Tindale Luke xvi. 19 Clothed in purple, and fyne raynes. a 1571 Jewel On 2 Thess. (1611) 141 That great City that was clothed in reines, and scarlet, and purple. 1607 J. Carpenter Plaine Mans Plough 26 The which in the Apocalips are called the pure raines of the Bride. 1721 C. King Brit. Merch. I. 283 Boulteel Raines, 368 Pieces.

raine-sacking,

obs. f. ransacking ppL a.

'rainfall, [f. rain sbf + fall sb.] 1. A fall or shower of rain. 1848-58 Kingsley Poems 15 Pawing the spray.. till a fiery rainfall.. Sparkled and gleamed. 1884 Manch. Exam. 6 June 4/6 Early in the game there was a smart rainfall.

2. The quantity of rain falling in a certain time within a given area, usually estimated by inches (in depth) per annum. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. iii. (1860) 139 The Rainfall of this year.. must have stood .. above even this average. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 282 There is one arid region, with a normal rainfall of less than fifteen inches. attrib. 1868 Symons's Meteorol. Mag. HI. 204 Rainfall Registration. 1869 Ibid. IV. 133 Report of the Rainfall Committee. 1872 Meldrum in Q. Jrnl. Meteorol. Soc. (1873) I. 131 The rainfall tables of land-stations.

rainforce, ?

obs. Sc. form of reinforce.

rain

forest. Also with hyphen, [tr. G. regenwald (A. F. W. Schimper Pftanzengeographie (1898) iii. iii. 281): see RAIN sb.^ and FOREST sb.] A dense forest in an area of high rainfall with little seasonal variation, esp. a tropical forest characterized by a rich variety of plant species. Also attrib. 1903 W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-Geogr. i. iii. 260 The Rain-forest is evergreen, hygrophilous in character, at least thirty meters high, but usually much taller, rich in thick-stemmed Hanes, and in woody as well as herbaceous ^iphytes. 1922 W. G. Kendrew Climates of Continents 327 The air is always moist, and the forests are very luxuriant. Dense rain-forest, with rubber, vanilla, and cacao, flourishes up to about 4,000 feet. 1926 T. F. Chipp in Tansley & Chipp Aims & Methods in Study of Vegetation x. 207 The tropical rain forest is a type developed under abundant water supply, with high temperature of little variation, and but a short, if any, dry season. 1937 Allee & Schmidt Hesse's Ecol. Animal Geogr. xxi. 428 This rain¬ forest reaches its largest continuous extent in South America. 1952 P. W. Richards Tropical Rain Forest i. i The name ‘Rain forest’ is commonly given, not only to the evergreen forest of moist tropical lowlands.. but also to the somewhat less luxuriant evergreen forest found at low and moderate altitudes on tropical mountains, and to the evergreen forests of oceanic subtropical climates. 1956 Nature 25 Feb. 367/2 A detailed entomological survey .. has been commenced in and around Ilobi, a typical rain-forest belt village fifty miles from Lagos, i960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xiv. 430 In lowland rain forest any luxuriant herbaceous ground-vegetation is found chiefly in clearings .. where illumination is above the average. 1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 59/1 Sizable areas of rain forest still stand in Amazonia, Africa, Borneo and New Guinea, but.. the rain forest is

retreating. 1974 Country Life 9 Oct. 894/3 Apes, monkeys, rhinoceroses, okapis, bongoes, tapirs and antelopes are just some of the other rain forest animals dependent on this habitat for their survival. 1978 Ko/cDec. 25/1 Tropical rain forests are one of the world’s main remaining wild places.

rainment, rains:

'rain-fowl.

1947 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch i June 12-C/3 Barring professional uncertainties such as rainouts, wrecks, engine trouble, etc., a racer has a chance for good money. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 14 May ii. 3/5 National League figures show the senior circuit was hit hardest with 20 rainouts compared with 11 for the same period last year. 1977 New Yorker 15 Aug. 24/3 The day after the rainout, the sun emerged, and that evening Jimmy Buffett and his band, the Coral Reefers, finally made it to Wollman Memorial Rink, in Central Park. 2. [After fall-out.] Incorporation into

? Obs. 1. a. = rainbird i. C1440 Promp. Parv. 428/1 Reyn’ fowle, bryd (or Wodewale, or Wodehake), gaulus. 1678 Ray Willughbys Ornith. 135 The green Woodpecker.. called also the Rainfowl. 1769 J. Wallis Northumberland I. 321 The lesser spotted Woodpecker,. Our common people call them Picka-trees, also Rain-fowl, from their being more loud and noisy before rain.

b. The Mistletoe Thrush. 1817 T. Forster Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 70 Turdus viscivorus.. Stormcock, Stormbird,.. Rainfowl. 2. = RAINBIRD 2. 1694 Ray in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 200 The referring of the (Dld-men, or Rain-fowls, to the Cuckow. 3. = RAINBIRD 3. 1849 tr. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 215 The Australian Rain-fowl {Scr. australasia)^ a grey bird of the size of a crow.

'rainfuh a. [f.

rain sb.^ + -ful.] Rainy. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop v. viii, This yere shalle be raynfull and grete habondaunce of waters shalle falle. 1877 Blackie Wise Men 126 Dionysus, born Of rainful Jove.

rainge(r,

obs. forms of range(r.

'rainily, adv.

[f. rainy a. + -ly^] In a rainy manner; with rain falling. 1835 New Monthly Mag. XLIII. 495 The day now went very rainily and pleasantly on. 1887 Bowen Virg. j^neid iii. 516 Palinurus .. observes .. the Hyads rainily bright. raininess ('reininis). [f. rainy £2. + -ness.] The

fact or condition of being rainy. 1727 in Bailey, vol. II. 1849 Kingsley Misc. N. Devon II. 298 The very raininess of the climate.. leaves the clear air.. all the more pure.

raining ('reinir)), vbl. sb. [f.

rain v.

+ -ing^.]

The action of the vb. 1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 190 As shinyng sunne refreshe the frutes When rainyng gins to cease. 1611 Bible Ecclus. xliii. 18 The heart is astonished at the raining of it [snow]. 1633 P. Fletcher Elisa i. xlix, So high her eye-banks swell’d with endlesse raining. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Rain, Preternatural rains, such as the raining of stones, of dust, of blood .. and the like.

'raining, ppl. a. rare. That rains, rainy. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss, I. ccvii. 244 The season was sore reyning and weyt. 1647 Fuller Good Thoughts in Worse T. 17 A husbandman at plow in a very raining day. 1829 Amer. Jrnl. Science Gf Arts XV. 170 Raining Trees... There has been found in Brazil a tree the young branches of which drop water. t'rainish, a. Obs. rare

[f. rain sb.^ + -ISH.]

Somewhat rainy. 1530 Palsgr. 322/1 Raynisshe, belonging to rayne, pluuial. 1598 Florio, Piouaiuolo, rainish, waterish, shourish.

raink,

obs. Sc. form of rank.

rainless ('reinlis), a. [f.

rain sb.^ + -less. Cf. G. regenloSf Sw. regnlos.] Destitute of rain.

1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 177 Gaping ground that raineles can not close. 1596 J. Norden Progr. Pietie (1847) 104 No shaft, no shot, no rainless cloud. Can daunt his spouse with woe. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. The Law 528 Rainlesse their soyl is wet. 1842 J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) I. 242 An hour of rainless sunshine. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 457 The sandy deserts of the rainless districts of Chili.

Hence 'rainlessness. 1879 Miss Bird Rocky Mntns. 2 The look of long rainlessness, which one may not call drought.

'rainmaker, rain-maker, MAKER.]

RAINY

136

RAIN-FOWL

[f.

rain

sbf

+

a. A member of a tribal community

believed or claiming to be able to procure rain by the use of magic, b. One who attempts to cause rainfall by a technique such as seeding. Hence 'rain-making sb. and a. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 89 The old women were less honest in paying their rain-makers. 1775 J. Adair Hist. Amer. Indians 87 Rain-making, in the Cheerake mountains, is not so dangerous an office, as in the rich level lands of the Chikkasah country, near the Mississippi. 1856 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. i. 25 The poor African, who.. seeks the conjurations of the rainmaker. 1889 Rider Haggard Allan's Wife 158 This old rain-making savage. 1890 J. Frazer Golden Bough I. i. 13 The third, who was called ‘the rain-maker’, had a bunch of twigs with which he sprinkled water from a vessel. 1903 Folk-lore Sept. 252 The sorcerers .. are capable of rain-making, sun-making, and wind¬ making. 1930 E. R. B. Gribble 40 Yrs. with Aborigines ix. 87 One old fellow was a noted rain-maker. 1934 V. G. Childe New Light Most Anc. East i. 10 These are ruled by rain-maker magicians or by divine kings who were until recently ritually slain, i960 Times 22 Apr. 9/2 The rainmaker must try to induce artificially the formation of ice crystals. 1971 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 18 July 12/3 Here in Canada, where lawmakers are now eyeing rainmakers suspiciously, I might not have been able to try at all. 1976 G. A. Browne ^ide (1977) 14 The Air Force had been conducting rain-making manoeuvres above the Mojave and Death Valley. 1978 D. Bates in C. Allen Tales from Dark Continent vi. 88 They took chickens or pots of beer to a rain¬ maker in order to pray for rain.

see raignment, Raines.

'rain-out. Also rainout. [f. rain v. + out adv.^ 1. U.S. The termination or cancellation of an outdoor event because of rain. Cf. rain v. 9 b.

raindrops of radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion and its localized deposition on the Earth’s surface (see quot. 1974)1954 Science 7 May 619/1 The extent of the rainout was much greater than that detected in the area from any previous nuclear detonation. Ibid. 620/1 Although there were several days of rain immediately after the rainout, the activity was firmly adsorbed on the pavement and disappeared at a rate about equal to that for decay alone. 1955 Set. News Let. 25 June 406/3 ‘Rain-out’ might take place instead of fallout, Dr. Lapp suggested, thus producing localized areas of contamination ‘hotter’ than the surrounding region by a factor of ten or more. 1974 Population Dose Evaluation 492 Several mechanisms have been conceived for deposition from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface. In addition to dry deposition, there is washout by rain falling through a cloud of activity in the atmosphere, or rainout in which the activity is incorporated into rain drops at the time of their formation.

'rainproof, rain-proof, a. (and sb.). [f. rain sb.^ + PROOF s6.] Impervious to rain. Hence as sb., a rainproof garment, esp. a raincoat. Also 'rain-proofed, (a) rendered impervious to rain; {b) wearing a rainproof; 'rainproofer, a manufacturer of rain-proof fabrics. 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. ii. vii, Their old Temples..for long have not been rainproof. 1870 Emerson Soc. ^ Solit. vii. 131 Rain-proof coats for all climates. 1^2 Daily Chron. 7 Jan. 6/3 The greatcoat is to be made of rain-proofed drabmixture cloth. 1908 Ladies' Field 25 July p. iii/3 (Advt.), J. W. Elvery & Co., waterproofers and rain-proofers,.. London, W. 1923 W. Deeping Secret Sanct. xiii. 136,1 was a wiser virgin than you. I did take a rainproof with me. i960 News Chron. 6 May 8/4 His identically raiimroofed escorts prepare to shoot him. 1965 D. Francis For Kicks ii. 29 Everything from under-clothes to washing things, jodhpur boots to rainproof, jeans to pyjamas. 1967 N. Freeling Strike Out 34 The figure wears a black track-suit now gone greenish, with khaki rainproof trousers and an English suede windcheater. 1977 M. Kenyon i?a/>f5txu. 165 George in rainproof hat.

'rain-shower. [OE. renscur = ON. (Sw., Da.) regnskury G. regenschauer: see rain sb.^ and SHOWER.] A shower of rain. riooo i^^LFRic Horn. II. 16 Se 6e..syl6 renscuras Sam rihtwisum & Sam unrihtwisum. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4317 Fra heven he sal do falle rayne-shours. 1513 Douglas Jtneis V. viii. 76 Als fast as rayne schour rappis on the thak. 1868 Lossing Hudson 40 Towards morning there was a rainshower. 1910 W. Owen Let. 29 Dec. (1967) 66 We have been prevented from going this morning by the first rainshower of the week. 1981 L. Deighton XPD xxvi. 214 London..The chilly climate with frequent rain showers.

'rain-water.

[OE. (regn-), renwseter = Du. regenwater, MHG. regenwazzer (G. -ivasser), ON. regnvatn (Sw. -vatten, Da. -vand): see rain and WATER.] a. Water that falls from the clouds as rain. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. 11. 26 Sefylle J?onne mid ren wjetere. CI200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 151 \>t teares pe man wepeS for longenge to heuene ben cleped rein water, oSer deu water. C1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 770 Let make a stewe With rayn watir, thyn herbis to renewe. 1481 Caxton Godfrey clxxiv. 257 The Cysternes where as was rayn water. 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 49 The raine water doubtlesse doth more encrease and cherish things growing on the earth, than any other water. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme 1. iv. 12 The best and most wholesome water..is raine water falling in sommer. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. vii. 214 To caulk the decks.. of the Centurion, to prevent the rain-water from running into her. 1827 Faraday Chem. Manip. ii. 50 As pure or purer than rain-water. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 6 Rain-water is collected from roofs. pi. 1692 Ray Dissol. World v. (1693) 299 We daily see, that the Rain-waters wash away the Superficies of the Mountains.

b. attrib. and Comb., as rain-water butt, cistern, pipe, spout, tank, rain-water goods, exterior pipework, guttering, etc., designed to conduct rain-water from a building; rain-water head, a collecting piece, freq. ornamental in design, at the top of a drainpipe. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz v. (1850) 18/1 An open rain¬ water butt on one side. 1842 Gwilt ,4rc/»L 1022 Rain-water pipe, one usually placed against the exterior of a house to carry off the rain-water from the roof. 1851 Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 540/2 The form of a rain-water cistern. Ibid. 533/1 Rain-water spouts, or rones as they are commonly termed. 1876 W. P. Buchan Plumbing xiii. 86 Fig. 149 shows conductor with rain-water head, carrying off water from gutter. 1884 Meteorology in rel. to Health 30 With regard to this rain-water tank. 1936 P. E. Thomas Mod. Building Pract. IV. 225 The lower end of a gutter.. can be formed so as to discharge direct into a rain-water head. 1949 J. F. L. D’Este in A. C. Martin Mod. Pract. Plumber (ed. 3) III. xiv. 321 {caption) Surveyor’s dimensions for quantities

of rainwater goods. 1955 TzVnes 8 July 3/3'T'he Government would have to look at the restrictive practices and rings m the building industry, particularly in the rain-water goods section. 1963 Times 8 May 6/2 Mr. Lipton (Brixton, Lab.) asked if the Minister would give a list of the persons whose initials were inscribed on the rainwater heads in the new buildings in Downing Street. 1981 London {North) Telephone Directory: Yellow Pages Jan. 401/1 Bond & White Ltd. Suppliers—sanitary ware—plumbing—rainwater goods.

'rainworm.

[OE. {repi-)y renwyrm = Du. regenwortriy MHG. reginwrm (G. regenwurm): see rain sb.^ and worm.] The common earth¬ worm. ciooo i^)LFRic Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 122/22 Lumbricus, renwyrm, uel angeltwicce. 173* Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope II. 184 In the Cape countries there is a sort of Rain¬ worms that are altogether like the Rain-worms of Germany. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 23 May 10/2 Putting a live rain worm between the halves of a stoned black plum.

rainy ('reini), a. Forms: i renig, 4-5 reyny, (4-i, -ie), 5-6 rayny, (5 -eny, 6 raynye, -ney. Sc. rany(e), 6-7 rayn-, rainie, 6- rainy, [f. rain sb.^ + -Yb Cf. Sw. regnig.] 1. Of weather or climate: Characterized by rain. a 1000 Riddles i. lo (Gr.) bonne hit CI380 Wyclif Serm. Ixxiii. Sel. Wks. 1.

waes renij weder. 235 Ofte tyme, in reyny wedir, chirchis don good on halidai. ci449 Pecock Repr. II. viii. 183 In reyny and wyndy wedris. 1535 Coverdale Ezra x. 13 It is a raynye wether, & they cannot stonde here without. 1604 Rowlands Looke to it 26 An Almanacke.. To search and finde the rainy weather out. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. vii. 214 A rainy climate. 1828 J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 128 When the wind was easterly, the weather was gloomy, dark, and rainy.

2. a. Of periods of time: During or within which rain is falling, or usually falls. In Meteorology, a rainy day is one having at least one millimetre (formerly one hundredth of an inch) of rain. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. HI. 162 bonne bi6.. windij lengten & renis sumer. c 1460 Launfal 169 Upon a rayny day hyt befel. An huntynge wente syr Launfel. 1481 Caxton Godfrey cciv. 299 The moneth of luyll, whiche is moche rayny customably in that countrey. 1555 Eden Decades 28 The fyrst day was fayre: but all the other, dowdy & rayny. 1660 T. Blount Boscobel 40 The night was very dark and rainy. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. iv, The rainy season came on. 1816 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 60 An unproductive year mostly succeeds a rainy winter. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. xviii. 207 Monday and Tuesday were rainy days.

b. fig. a rainy day : a time of need. c 1580 J. Jefferie Bugbears in. ii. in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. (1897) 23 Wold he haue me kepe nothyng agaynst a raynye day? 1677 Yarranton Eng. Impr. 115 In the Time of Plenty, they lay up for a Rainy-day. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) 11. 300 It behoves us to provide against a rainy day while the sun shines. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. HI. viii. vi. 53 The massive silver did prove a hoard available, in after times, against a rainy day.

c. rainy season: in certain, esp. tropical, regions, an annually recurring season of heavy rain (in MeteoroL, of at least one month’s duration). 1720 Defoe Capt. Singleton 135 We could not expect to reach it till an other rainy Season would be upon us. 1817 S. R. Brown Western Gazetteer 13 The rainy season., commences after midsummer. 1872 R. G. McClellan Golden State xxii. 294 December.. and the succeeding months until May are termed winter, or the ‘rainy season’, in California. 1910, 1922 [see bai-u]. 1977 ‘J. Le Carre’ Hon. Schoolboy xvii. 410 ‘This [tarmac road is] where he lands?’ ‘Only in the rainy season.’

3. a. Of places: In which it rains or is raining; where rain is frequent; subject to rain. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 333 \>t lond is nesche, reyny, and wyndy. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 437 Southward to the Rainy Regions. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain i. i The north western provinces are more rainy than Devonshire. 1885 R. L. & F. Stevenson Dynamiter vi. 91, I wandered bedless in the rainy streets.

b. Of an action: Done in the rain. rare~^. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. iii. iii Besmyrcht With raynie Marchir^ in the painefull field.

4. a. Of clouds, mist, etc.: Bringing rain; laden with rain; of the nature of rain; connected with rain. rainy 6oni, the rainbow. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 65 The colour of the reyni Mone With medicine upon his face He set. Ibid. 312 The reyni Storm fell doun algates. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. Prol. 27 Rany Orioune wyth his stormy face. 1563 Mirr. Mag., Lord Hastings ii. 108 As beastes forshew the drought or rayny dropps. 1604 Jas. I Counterbl. (Arb.) 104 The raynie cloudes are often transformed and euaporated in blustering winds, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711) 56/2 The seas we may not plow, Ropes make of the rainy bow. 1818 Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 217 As rainy wind [sweeps] through the abandoned gate. 1876 Gibbon Robin Gray iv, A white rainy mist lowered upon the water.

b. yig. of the eyes; Shedding tears; tearful. 1563 Mirr. Mag., Compl. Dk. Buck, xcvii. With rainy eine and sighes cannot be told. 1633 P. Fletcher Pise. Eel. iv. i Why drop thy rainie eyes? 1774 J. Adams Diary 5 Mar. Wks. 1850 II. 332 A pathetic, .performance. A vast crowd, rainy eyes, &c. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus Ixiii. 48 O’er the waste of ocean with a rainy eye he gazed.

5. rainy-shimmeryy -soundingy -voet adjs. 1930 J. Dos Passos 42nd Parallel 27 Through the rail of the bridge we can look way down into the cold rainy shimmery water. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxvi. 37 Overhead the aspen heaves Its rainy-sounding silver leaves. 1952 R. Campbell tr. Baudelaire's Poems 70 There the suns, rainy-wet. Through clouds rise and set.

RAIOID raioid (’reioid), a. and sb. [f. rai-a + -oid.] a. adj. Resembling, or related to, the Raia; or rays. b. sb. A fish of this type. (In recent Diets.) raion, var. rayon^. raip, north, and Sc. var. rope.

like clockwork to protest high prices, and nearly always win raises from management.

raise (reiz), sb.^ north, dial. [a. ON. hreysi (Norw, roys, ro5, Sw. rdse)^ cairn.] A pile of stones, a cairn. (Freq. in place-names in Cumbria.)

raird, var. reird.

1695 Kennett Par. Antiq. (1818) I. 50 Such risings as are caused by the burial of the dead; which in the northern parts raises. 1794-8 Hutchinson Hist. Cumbld. (Halliwell), There are yet some considerable remains of stones which still go by the name of raises. 1869 A. C. Gibson Folk Sp. Cumbld. 7 Dunmail Raise is t’ biggest cairn 1 t’ country.

rais, obs. Sc. f. race sb.', rase t;.*; var. reis; obs.

t raise, sb.^ Obs. (See reise.)

raipe, obs. Sc. var. reap. rair, obs. Sc. f. rare, roar.

pa. t. RISE.

raisable (■reiz3b(3)l), a. Also 9 raiseable. [f. RAISE V.' + -ABLE.] Capable of being raised. 1644 New Eng. Hist. & Gen. Reg. (1850) IV. 51 A third of the clear profitts raised or raisable of all my other lands m9 Lord Hardwicke in Atkyns Rep. Cases (1781) I. 512 The infant, dying.. makes this legacy not raisable. 1855 M. H. Bloxam Fragm. Sepulch. iv. 83 An interior lid .. raisable by means of two iron rings. 1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xliii. 188 The time soon arrived when the rent was not raiseable.

raise (reiz), sb.' Also 5 reise, 6 rayse. [f. raise n.'] 11. A levy. Obs. rare-'. CI500 Three Kings' Sons 91 Than may ye make a newe reise, bothe of people & tresour.

+ 2. The act of raising; uplifting, elevation. Obs. 1538 Bale Gotf s Promises iii. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 301 The sure health and raise of all mankind, c 1560 Abp. Parker Ps. cxli. 405 My rayse of handes: as sacrifice,.. let it bee. 1626 Bacon Sylva §699 In Leaping with Weights..the Hands goe backward before they take their Raise.

3. A rising passage or road. spec, in Mining, a sloping shaft excavated from the lower end. Cf. RISE sb. lob. 1877 R.AYMOND Statist. Mines & Mining 197 We are., engaged in running a raise up from west drift on eighth level. 1887 Hall Caine Deemster xxxiii. 222 Sometimes at the top of a long raise they stopped to breathe the horse. 1898 S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii, 293 It being usual in that mine for the man who is driving the levels with machines to come back and put up the raises. 1930 Economist 26 Apr. 951/2 The work done by means of drives, winzes, raises and incline shafts to open up new ground. 1973 b. J. Thom.as Introd. Mining vi. 167 Most raises are in the orebody and follow the footwall in grade in narrower stopes. 4. to make a raise = raise v.^ 27. U.S. 1837 Neal Charcoal Sketches (Bartlett), I made a raise of a horse and saw, after being a wood-piler’s apprentice for a while. 1845 J. J. Hooper Some Adventures Simon Suggs iv. 48 The chances were altogether favourable for making a ‘raise’. 1878 J. H. Beadle Western Wilds ii. 41 At last I made a little raise..and concluded to come home. 1900 S. Handsaker Pioneer Life (1908) 35 The two brothers ‘made quite a raise’ in the California mines soon after their discovery. 1914 ‘High Jinks, jr.’ Choice Slang 15 Make a raise, to secure a loan.

5. a. An increase in amount. Also, an increase in the price, rate, or value of a thing. Cf. rise sb. 16 a. 1728 Maryland Hist. Mag. (1923) XVIII. 335 You wil certainly find Crops short this year., which I hope may contribute to the Raise of that on hand. 1883 ‘Mark Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxix. 366 France and Italy.. cracked on such a rattling impost that cotton-seed olive-oil couldn’t stand the raise. 1891 A. Welcker Wild West 21 By continued raises, Potlatch had everything which he possessed .. at stake. 1894 Wilkins & Vivian Green bay tree I. 108 Pimlico had obtained a raise of the limit to £20. 1904 [see JACK t>.‘ I b]. 1931 W. G. McAdoo Crowded Yrs. xxx. 469 A gigantic raise in [freight] rates would have added materially to the inflation.

b. An increase of a stake or bet at poker; in Bridge, a higher bid in the same denomination as a previous bid by one’s partner. 1821 Hoyle's Games Improved 164 The player who last goes the double, raise, or brag, has the right, in his turn, of increasing either. 1887 ‘S. Cumberland’ Queen s Highway vi. 277 You feel certain that every ‘raise’ he makes will be his last. 1887 J. W’. Keller Draw Poker ii Limit, a condition made at the beginning of the game limiting the amount of any single bet or raise. 1921 C. E. Mulford Bar-20 Three vii. 86 He had a reputation to maintain, and he saw the raise and returned it. 1923 [see pre-emptive a. 2]. 1929 [see good a. 22j]. 1959 [see limit sb. zg (6)]. 1964 Official Encycl. Bridge 192/2 A raise to two spades would be appropriate when one spade has been overcailed by two hearts. 1976 Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xxxii. 236 They were making another raise in that poker game, they were threatening to break off diplomatic relations. c. An increase in wages or salary. Cf. rise sb.

15 b. Chiefly U.S, 1898 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 489/1 A. J. Packer.. had begun to ponder doubts of his wisdom in agreeing to the second ‘raise’. 1902 G. H. Lorimer Lett. Merchant xiii. 187, I earmarked Charlie for a raise and a better job right there. 1921 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. (1922) iv. 131 When her wages are increased she does not get a raise, but a rise. 1934 T. Wilder Heaven's my Destination 28, I keep getting raises all the time. 1956 S. Ertz Charmed Circle xiii. 217 She could go on working. She had lately had a raise. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 37/1 ‘Stay in shape and I’ll give you a raise next season,’ advised coach George Imlach. 1971 C. Fick Danziger Transcript (1973) 25 My bureau..were delighted that I got to Cambodia... I got a raise.. when I went back to Cuba. 1977 Time 10 Jan. 46/2 Workers strike

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raise (reiz), v.^ Forms: a. 3 reisen, re33seiin, 4 reys(en, 5 -yn, 4-6 reise, reyse, 5 rese, reze, 6 reyze, rease; /3. 4 raisin, 4-6 rays, 4-8 rayse, 4-7 rais, 8 raize, 4- raise; y. 4 rase(n, 4-6 ras, 8 raze, [a. ON. reisa (used in most of the main senses of the Eng. word; Sw. resa^ Da. rejse) = Goth. (ur)raisjany OE. rseran {\—*raizjan)y causative f. rais- ablaut-variant of *m- to rise. First prominent in the Ormulum, in which it occurs freely in various senses. In the Wyclif Bible, up to the end of Jeremiah, the earlier version regularly has rear, while the later has raise, but from Ezekiel onwards raise appears in both versions. From an early period the word has been extensively used in a great variety of senses, the exact development of which is not always perfectly clear. The main senses (here distinguished by Roman numerals) are distinct enough in themselves, but tend to pass into each other in transferred uses, while with certain objects more than one idea may be present. The addition of up to strengthen the verb is less common now than formerly.]

I. To set upright; to make to stand up. 1. a. trans. To set (a thing) on end; to lift up one end or side of (a post, stone, etc.) so as to bring into or towards a vertical position; to restore (a fallen thing) to its usual position. Occasionally with suggestion of sense 8 or 17. 01240 Wohunge in Cott. Horn. 283 A, nu raise pai up pc rode. 01350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 170/527 J>e Emperoure .. Gert pir wheles be smertly graid & on pe thrid day pam rayse. 1388 WycLiF^er. li. 12 Reise 3e a signe on the wallis of Babiloyne. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxviii. 4 The signe trivmphall rasit is of the croce. 1530 Palsgr. 684/1 Reyse this speare and set it agaynst the wall. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jut. v. iii. 299, I will raise her Statue in pure Gold. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, La Motte and Peter endeavoured to raise the carriage. 1813 Scott Trierm. I. vii, Stones of power By Druids raised in magic hour. 1847 R. & J. A. Brandon Anal. Gothic Archit. (i860) 99 It [a door] consists of battens slightly raised towards the centre.

h. fig. To set Up, establish, restore, etc. C1200 Ormin 5327 To swelltenn bli)7eli5 Fort Crisstenndom to re33senn. Ibid. 5685 To re33senn rihhtwisnesse. 1388 Wyclif Ruth iv. 5 Thou owist to take .. the wijf of the deed man, that thou reise the name of thi kynesman in his eritage. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xxxvi. 15 Geue wytnes vnto thy creature.. and rayse vp the prophecies that haue bene shewed in thy name. 1559 Abp. Hethe Sp. in Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. ii. App. vi. 400 We .. are muche .. inclined to rayse uppe the errors and sects of ancyent and condemned heretickes. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes IV. XX. 268 He undertook to raise up the almostperished name of Chivalry.

c. Spec. To set up (paste, crust) without the support of a dish. 1594 Good Huswifes Handmaide 17 To make Paste and to raise Coffins. i68i W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 335 Tom Cooke can neither tie brawn nor raise past[e]. 1712 Steele No. 306 IP 8 Miss Liddy can dance a Jig, raise Paste, a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present (1771) 187 Make the flour and butter into a pretty stiff paste .. then raise it for the pastry. 1845 Miss Acton Mod. Cookery xvi, 346 The paste must be sufficiently stiff to retain its form perfectly after it is raised.

2. a. To lift (a person or animal) and place in a standing posture; to assist (one) to rise from the ground, etc. (Freq. in fig. context.) CI220 Bestiary 671 Mitte helpe of hem alle 6is elp he reisen on stalle. Ibid. 676 Dus fel Adam.. Moyses wulde him reisen. e moder him prayd to rays hir sun. c 1420 Prymer 69 Lord, J7at reisidist stynkynge lazer from his graue. 1566-7 L. Wager Marie Magd. (1902), At Naim a dead chylde agayne he did rayse. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 296 So Man.. Shall,. dying rise, and rising with him raise His Brethren. er pepull by the wey. 1510 Virgilius in Thoms Prose Rom. (1858) II. 23 And forthewith he caused his kynsfolke to reyse theyr people. 1674 Cotton tr. Montluc's Comm. 363, I then dispatcht away Captain M.. giving him order.. to raise all the people of the Valleys and Villages. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 157 The mother crying and raising her neighbours. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. 1. 544 Danvers undertook to raise the City.

b. Const, against, upon. 1382 Wyclif Amos vi. 2 Loo! Y shal reyse a folc vpon 30U .. and it shal to gydre breke 30U.-Ezek. xxiii. 22, Y schal reyse alle thi loueris a3ens thee. 1608 Yorksh. Trag. i. vii, It shall be my charge To raise the town upon him. 1854 Tennyson Geraint 457 He.. Raised my own town against me in the night. 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 190 The whole country was raised upon him.

c. To Stir up, incite, instigate (one or more persons) to do something or to some feeling. 1581 J Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 106 b. To rayse up all men in every place, to the dewe feare of Gods law. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 99 That fixt mind And high disdain.. That with the mightiest rais’d me to contend. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 127 This suggestion raysed the Prince on a resolution to undertake the Irish expedition. 1814 Byron Lara ii. viii, A word’s enough to raise mankind to kill.

d. To excite, agitate, provoke, rouse to excitement or anger. Chiefly Sc. Also raisedlike.

CI200 Ormin 504 Whillc lott himm shollde re33senn To cumenn inntill 3errsal2Bm. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. v, i. 231 Let me in safety raise me from my knees. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 119 We..haue all a vniuersal strength.,to raise our selues being fallen. [1715 Pope Iliad ii. 127 The king of kings his awful figure raised.] 18.. Hogg Field of WaterlooYoct. Wks. 1838-40 II. 161 Our soldier raised him from the sod, And .. leaned upon his bloody wrist.

1768 Ross Helenore 17 Up there came twa shepherds.. Rais’d like. Ibid. 39 She ran aff as rais’d as onie deer. 1786 Burns To Auld Mare ii, He should been tight that daur’t to raize thee, Ance in a day. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxvi, His countenance was wild, haggard, and highly excited, or, as the Scottish phrase expresses it, much raised. 1889 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms vii, When she was a little raised-like you’d see a pink flush come on her cheeks.

3. a. To restore (a dead person or animal) to life.

6. a. To rouse up, to give or add vigour to (the mind, spirit, etc.); to animate, stimulate.

Orig. implying the lifting up of the dead, or enabling them to rise to their feet, but freq. also including the idea of bringing up out of the grave, and thus associated with sense 17. Also with again = resurrect. a 1300 Cursor M. 9156 Helias,. was pe first,.. |?at ded man raisd in form dais, a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881)

In later use associated with the ideas of elevating (the heart, spirit, etc.) and increasing (courage, etc.). 1388 Wyclif Ezra i. 5 Ech man whos spirit God reiside [L. suscitavit] for to stie to bilde temple of the Lord. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ii. ii, Balen.. sawe this aduenture werof hit reysed his herte. 1508 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. Wks. (1876) 39

RAISE The prophete.. wyllynge to excyte and reyse vp the myndes of synners. 1567 Gude ^ God/ic B. (S.T.S.) 231,1 will speik planelie, to rais 30ur hartis quiklie. 1641 Hinde J. Bruen xlvi. 146 Much after this manner did this faithful Servant of Christ raise up his thoughts and quicken his soule. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. xvi, His spirits being a little raised with the dram I had given him, he was very cheerful. 1728 Pope Dune. II. 223 To move, to raise, to ravish ev’ry heart, With Shakespear’s nature or with Jonson’s art. 1839 Thirlwall Greece xxii. III. 251 The immediate effect was to raise the spirit of the Athenians.

fb. To encourage, inspire (a person) with courage, confidence, hope, etc. Obs. 1533 Bellenden Livy iii. xxi, The horsmen.. rasit pare futemen with new curage. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. Ep. Ded. 12, I am raised with more than ordinary confidence, that the same Spirit of Justice will carrie you on. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 555 Rais’d with so blest an Omen, she begun, With Words like these, to chear her drooping Son.

7. to raise the wind: to cause the wind to blow; hence(with ref. to wind as a motive power), to procure money or necessary means. ^21350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 33/421 ]>an deuils .. raysed pe wynd with weders wik. a 1515 Droichis Part of Play in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 316 At Norway coist scho raisit the wynd. 1880 T. A. Spalding Eliz. Demonol. 113 Charged .. with having raised the wind. jig. 1789 Loiterer No. 42. 10 He..never offered to pay earnest. I suppose, poor fellow, he could not raise the Wind. 1857 Trollope Three Clerks xxxiv. He came to me this morning to raise the wind. 1885 Manch. Even. News 23 June 2/2 A large number of people still rush to such methods of raising the wind.

II. To build Up, construct, create, produce, etc. 8. a. To lift up and put in position the parts of (a structure); to construct by piling up, building, or fitting together; spec, in U.S. to set up the wooden framework of (a house or other building). C1200 Ormin 15591 UnnbindeJ>l> all t?iss temmple, & icc Itt i l?re da3hess re33se. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6059 Engyns dide pe Bretons reyse, & mangenels. c 1386 Chaucer Sompn. T. 394 Many a Muscle and many an oystre.. Hath been oure foode, our cloystre for to reyse. 1458 MS. Christ's Hosp., Abingdon in Turner Dom. Archit. III. 42 They reysid up the archeys be gemeotre in rysyng. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 37 The Carpenter rayseth not his frame without tooles. C1615 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems ix. 9 So shall my Muse rich trophes rayse. 1657 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1865) VII. 40/1 The said John norman is.. to be paid in come & cattell the one halfe att or before the house be raised. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, ni. 19 Of Parian Stone a Temple will I raise. 1712 S. Sewall Diary 15 July (1879) II. 355, I, and Mr. Gerrish went to Hog-Island and saw the Bam Rais’d. 1735 B. Lynde Diary (1880) 144 Mr. Fisk’s people.. raised a new meeting house. *779 J- Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xl. 342 Encouraging them to raise magnificent churches. 1846 Knickerbocker XXVIII. 338 After the usual amount of eating, drinking, swearing, and joking, the house.. was raised and covered in. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §4. 129 In the fields to the north the last of the Norman Kings raised his palace. 1879 Harper's Mag. June 142/1 If a man raised a house or barn, the rum flowed freely. 1943 W. Faulkner in Sat. Even. Post 13 Feb. 70/3, I told you we would meet here tomorrow to roof a church... We’ll meet here in the morning to raise one.

fb. Math. To construct or draw (a figure or line) upon a certain base. Obs. 1660 Barrow Euclid 1. ii, Join AC\ upon which raise the equilateral triangle ADC. 1706 J. Ward Introd. Math. iii. (1734) 294 To Erect or Raise a Perpendicular upon the End of any given Right-line. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 85 Raising a Square.. is, when, upon a strait Line .. you cause another Line to fall.. perpendicular.

c. To found, build up, make or construct (a scheme, plan, description, etc.) ? Obs. 1652 J. French Yorksh. Spaui ii. 14 Neither is it rais’d upon that account of condensation, & rarefaction [etc.]. 1706 J. Ward Introd. Math. v. (1734) 431 From hence we may also raise a Theorem for finding the Frustum .. of the last Figure. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 339 If 6 What a beautiful Description has our Author raised upon that Hint in one of the Prophets. 1802 James Milit. Diet., To Raise a plan of a fortress.

d. To form (a small projection or elevation), to cause (a blister, etc.) to rise or form. 1551 Turner Herbal (1568) *11], Medicines that are hote in the fourth degre, rayse vp bladders. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 14/1 Shavings of Leather., of wich a Heel is raised. 1712-14P0PE Rape Lock iv. 68 Spoil a grace. Or raise a pimple on a beauteous face. 1810 Henry Elem. Chem. II. 371 Acetic acid, thus prepared.. raises a blister when applied to the skin. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Raising a Mouse, the process of making a lump on a stay.

e. U.S. To form, appoint (a committee). (Perh. orig. in sense 28). 1816 Pickering Vocab. Amer. 160 A member moves that a committee should be raised.. and a committee is accordingly raised.

9. a. To bring into existence, to produce, beget (offspring). Now rare. C1200 Ormin 9852 Drihhtin haffde mahht inoh To re33senn off pa staness Rihht apell streon till Habraham. a 1300 Cursor M. 1199 Ur lord had aghteld yete A child to rais of his oxspring. 1388 Wyclif Gen. xxxviii. 8 Entre thou to the wijf of thi brothir.. that thou reise seed to thi brothir. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 476 Take her, faire Sonne, and from her blood rayse vp Issue to me. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 123 God., from him will raise A mightie Nation. 1711 H. Martyn Spect. No. 180 If 11 Will any man think of raising children without any assurance of clothing for their backs? 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xii. 79 It was before .all things needful that William should raise up sons of his own.

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b. To produce a supply of (persons of a certain class); to breed (animals). 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commto. (1603) 89 France wanteth shipping.. can raise no good Sailers. 1632 Massinger City Madam ii. ii. Some innocent country-girl .. That could give directions.. when to raise up goslings. 1798 WoRDSW. Last of Flock iv. From this one, this single ewe. Full fifty comely sheep I raised. 1891 E. Kinglake Australian at Home 154 We ‘raise’ our own ministers and judges.

10. a. To foster, rear, bring up (a person). Now chiefly U.S., and commonly in pass, with specification of place. 1744 M. Bishop Life & Adv. 268 The Child.. she.. says .. is the Picture of his Father, and that she would endeavour to raise it for his Sake. 1795 Fate of Sedley II. ix. 104 My dissolution will be made more sweet by dying in the arms of one whom I raised. 1817 Paulding Lett.fr. South (1835) I. 85 You know I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the north. 1824 A. Hodgson Lett, from N. Amer. II. 208 One of my young Canadian female companions.. was raised, as they say here, in Portsmouth. 1837 Haliburton Clockm. (1862) Pref. 6, I don’t know as ever I felt so ugly afore since I was raised. 1846 J. Hall Wilderness df War Path 160 T can’t back out,’ said he, ‘I never was raised to it, no how.’ 1870 Marcy Border Rem. (1872) 117 A second lieutenant.. was bom and ‘raised’ in the wilds of Indiana. 1882 G. C. Eggleston Wreck of Red Bird 3 Maum Sally was born and ‘raised’, as she would have said, in ‘Ole Firginny’. 1929 D. Runyon in Hearst's International Oct. 63/1 She slips this baby off to her sister in a little town in Spain to raise up. 1953 Manch. Guardian Weekly 15 Jan. 13/3 It [sc. Wenatchee, Wash.] is a pleasant town of sixteen thousand home-loving people, mostly engaged in raising nice children and very good eating apples. *977 ‘J- Le Carre’ Hon. Schoolboy xv. 354 The American wife asked Jerry where he was raised and.. where his home was.

b. To rear or bring up (animals). 1767 G. White Selborne 9 Sept., The young of the barnowl are not easily raised. 1859 Marcy Prairie Traveler iv. HI Horses which have been raised exclusively upon grass.

c. To cause or promote the growth of (plants), to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.). 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 99 The Alaternus.. is raised from Seeds. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. v, I.. got into the method of planting and raising my corn. 1780 Coxe Russ. Disc. 7 Greens and other vegetables are raised with great facility. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. viii. 59 A rose, .raised in a conservatory. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 301/1 No notice is taken of either clover or turnips as crops to be raised.

d. Said of the soil producing the plants. 1720 Swift Modern Education, The dung-hill having raised a huge mushroom of short duration, is now spread to enrich other men’s lands. *797 J. A. Graham Pres. St. Vermont 31 The soil is excellent, and raises vast supplies of wheat, Indian com.

e. transf. To produce (manure), rare-'. 1792 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) III. 58 They [Hogs] would certainly, in a yard properly littered, raise dung enough to manure one acre very amply.

11. To cause (a person of specified character) to come into existence or appear: a. of God. 1382 Wyclif Zech. xi. i6 Y shal reyse a sheperd in erthe. *388 - Deut. xviii. 15 Thi Lord God schal reise a prophete of thi folk. 1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 6* God raisit vp in Ingland, lohne Uicleif. 1611 Bible Pref. jpii We acknowledge them to haue been raised vp of God, for the building and furnishing of his Church. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 318 Provoking God to raise them enemies. 1785 Burns Cotter's Sat. Nt. xxi, [Do Thou] still the patriot, and the patriot-bard, In bright succession raise. 1083-97 Catholic Diet. (ed. 5) 632/1 Great saints are raised up in different ages to renew the ^rvour of Christians.

b. of persons or impersonal agencies. c *717 Pope Ep. Craggs 11 Nor [do thou] wish to lose a Foe these Virtues raise. 1765 H. Walpole Otranto i. Her gentleness had never raised her an enemy. 1821 Shelley Hellas 597 The sins of Islam Must raise up a destroyer even now. 1881 Stubbs Early Plantag. ii. (ed. 3) 19 In trying to make himself friends he raised up persistent enemies.

c. To establish contact with (a person, etc.) by radio or telephone. 1929 Amer. Speech V. 49 Raise, to secure [radio] communication with. 1969 ‘J. Morris’ Fever Grass xxii. 208 Raise McKay on that [radio] set of yours. *974 ‘M. Hebden’ Pride of Dolphins ill. i. 210 She’s gone off the air... We can’t raise her. 1976 G. Seymour Glory Boys vii. 87 She raised Jimmy, still waiting beside the receiver. 1979 Daily Tel. 3 Jan. i/i A British Airways plane which tried to get into Teheran had to turn back to Kuwait when it could not raise air traffic control.

12. To produce, bring into existence or action (various natural phenomena or forces; also^ig.). c*375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 303 It a fyre mad alsone pzt broynt pe watir, & lo rasyt. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 109 The Sterne stormes that reufulli 3e reisin. 1513 Douglas ^neis v. xiii. 58 Sa maisterfull storme amyd the Libyan see Scho raisit sone. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 469 These sediciouse persones, which as certen bellouse seke to reyse up flame. *654 Gayton Pleas. Notes IV. XX. 269 The joyfull departure of their suspected guest, rais’d this merry showre in their eyes. 1741-2 Gray Agrip. 91 One.. may still With equal power resume that gift, and raise A tempest. 1820 Scott Monast. i. motto, I will as soon believe.. That old Moll White.. raised the last night’s thunder. 1884 W. E. Norris Thirlby Hall v. All she can do is to raise a storm in a tea-cup.

13. a. To utter (a cry, etc.) with loud voice; to produce (a loud noise) by shouting or otherwise. ai350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 100/261 A hidose cry pzr\ raysed p^\. c 1470 Henry Wallace v. 40 Gret noyis & dyne was rayssit thaim amang. 1582 Stanyhurst dEneis II. (Arb.) 68,1 stoutly emboldned with night shade raysed an howting. 1611 Bibleyo6 iii. 8 Let them curse it. .who are ready to raise vp their mourning. 1671 Milton Samson

1124, I only with an Oak’n staff will meet thee, And raise such out-cries on thy clatter’d Iron. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. II. xliv, Th’ inferior demons of the place Rais’d rueful shrieks and hideous yells. 1808 Scott Marm. vi. xxxiv, To tell red Flodden’s dismal tale. And raise the universal wail. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 18 The Frank warriors., raised a fierce shout of indignation.

b. Hence simply, to utter or produce (a sound). 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. xi. 7 Fayre Goddesse,.. to my tunes thy second tenor rayse. 1602 Shaks. Ham. ii. i. 94 He rais’d a sigh, so pittious and profound. *743 Garrick Lethe i. Wks. 1798 I. 5 I’ll raise music shall dispel their fears.

c. To sing; also, to begin to sing, to strike up. *653 Milton Psalm vii. 62 Then will I Jehovah’s praise According to his justice raise. 1727-8 Pope Mem. of P.P. in Swift's Wks. (1751) IV. 230 When I raised the psalm, how did my voice quaver for fear! 1808 Scott Marm. iii. Introd., I love the license.. In sounds now lowly, and now strong, To raise the desultory song. 1856 Olmsted Slave States 25 An old negro,.. who raised a hymn, which soon became a confused chant.

14. To cause, originate, give rise to, bring about, set going. Used with a variety of objects, as: a. strife, dissension, or other disturbance {among or between persons, in a place, etc.). Cf. 16 a. 1:1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 185 J>ei..reisen debatis & enemytes bitwene weddid men & here wiwes. c 1400 Cursor M. 27728 (Cott. Galba) Wreth es raysand.. missaw, flit, and malisoune. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 17 Thayme quhilk rasis discord amangis nichtburs. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane*s Comm. 4 So muche contention is reysed in these oure daies about matters of learnyng. Ibid. 13 But in case we preferre Charles . .what tumultes shall we raise up in Italy. 1667 Milton P.L. V. 226 Thou hear’st what stir on Earth Satan.. Hath raisd in Paradise. 1719 Ramsay Ricky fif Sandy 58 How the ill sp’rit did the first mischief raise. 1781 Cowper Table Talk 317 Liberty.. Shall raise no feuds for armies to suppress. 1843 Mill Logic i. iii. §7 There are metaphysicians who have raised a controversy on the point. *875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 384 Do not raise a quarrel.. between Thrasymachus and me.

b. a report or rumour, slander, etc. 01350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 29/91 b^i said he suld a sklaunder rays Of God. 1576 [see i6b]. 1611 Bible Exod. xxiii. I Thou shalt not raise a false report. *678, 1685 [see i6b]. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 13 IP5 A groundless Report that has been raised, to a Gentleman’s Disadvantage.

c. a feeling, idea, etc. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 40 pzx noon euyl suspecion may be reysed of hem. 15*3 Douglas Mneis x. xiii. 2 Thus awfull Mars..The sorow rasit apon athyr hand. *596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 385 Quhilk rumour in Scotland rayset not lytle invie in ffrance. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. IV. iii. 51 If the scome of your bright eine Haue power to raise such loue in mine. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 806 Thence raise.. discontented thoughts. Vain hopes, vain aimes, inordinate desires. 1729 Butler Serm. Resentm. Wks. 1874 II. 94 Momentary anger is frequently raised., without any apparent reason. 1855 Pusey Doctr. Real Pres. Note A. 2 Opponents have succeeded in raising an almost insurmountable prejudice.

d. the expression of some feeling. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. vi[i]. 207 The publique worship.. rais’d a condemning, but selfe-absolving blush into her cheeks. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 652 The comic muse.. raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 1781 Cowper Table Talk 658 They raised a smile At folly’s cost. 1892 G. S. La YARD C. Keene viii. 176 He never fell into the habit of raising a laugh at the expense of individuals.

e. an action, process, condition, etc. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xl. 3 The Kyngoff Frawns set hym to ras And set a sege befor Calays. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 28 b, Suche as eyther Reyse up new customes, or extorte that is forboden. 1611 Bible Pref. 1^2 They raise vp a tragedie, and wish.. the Temple had neuer bene built. 1671 Milton Samson 625 Thoughts my Tormenters.. raise Dire inflammation. 1706 E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 86 The Rogue.. has rais’d such a Funk in the Forecastle. 1765 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 145 The application of such manures as raise a fermentation. 1831-3 E. Burton Eccl. Hist. iii. (1845) 54 The watchword.. was sufficient to raise a ferment from one end of Jerusalem to the other. 1876 Paton in Encycl. Brit. IV. 688/1 The requisite heat for the dyeing operation is raised and maintained. 1890 Kipling Barrack-Room Ballads (1892) 53 Ship me somewheres east of Suez, where the best is like the worst. Where there aren’t no Ten Commandments an’ a man can raise a thirst. 1892 Speaker 3 Sept, The outbreak has raised a demand for restriction [etc.]. 1930 ‘Sapper’ Finger of Fate 79 He grinned and said, ‘We’re not all savages, Mrs. Dankerton. Even though there aren’t no Ten Commandments, and a man can raise a thirst.’

15. a. Law. To draw up, frame (a summons, letter, etc.), institute (an action or suit), establish (a use). 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 45 Raising of new letteres for balding of siclik courtis justiciare. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 109 b, The name of the Judge, at quhais command the summons is raised, and directed. 1632 in Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 126 He..out of one cause ill begunne, raysed 20 severall actions. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 85 Criminal Letters, raised at the Instance of D.F. his Majesty’s Advocate. 1766 Blackstone Comm. ii. xx. 330 A use could not be raised without a sufficient consideration. 1877 Act 40 Gf 41 Viet. c. 50 § 8 Actions relating to questions of heritable right.. raised in a Sheriff Court.

b. To bring up (a question, point, etc.); to bring or put forward (a difficulty, objection, etc.); to put forward, advance (a claim). 1647 Gentilis tr. Malvezzi's Chiefe Events 159 In raising difficulties hee makes them easie. 1722 Steele Conscious Lovers ii. i. (1723) 26 This will certainly give me occasion to raise Difficulties. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xiii. III. 285 The question of the union therefore was not raised. Ibid. xv.

RAISE

RAISE

139 602 A day was appointed for considering the point raised by Crone. 1881 Stubbs Early Plantag. iv. (ed. 3) 70 John the Marshal.. raised a claim touching one of the archiepiscopal manors. ^

16. With various constructions: a. To begin, make, institute, against a person or thing.

direct,

etc.

01300 Cursor M. 1071 Allas!.. A-gain abel he raysed Douglas ^neis viii. x.,98 Thar most thou behald The wens rasit aganis Romanis bald. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 29 The summondis raisit be the said Lord agaims the said James. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 252 He., raysed warre against us, and was taken therin. loll Bible Acts xiii. 50 The lewes.. raised persecution agamst Paul and Barnabas. 1822 Scott Pirate Advt. 6 A variety of sham suits, raised against him by Newgate solicitors. 1873 Max Muller Sc. Rel. 356 The objections which have been raised against this view.

b. To bring, send, or direct on or upon one. 01300 Cursor M. 7949 luel he sal apon pe rais. 1375 “■'oo?.';'’’ 276 Fra thai had rasit on him the cry. 1388 WYCLiFj'er. li. I Y schal reiseon Babiloyne .. as a wynd of pestilence. I535 Coverdale .Amos v. 9 He rayseth destruccion vpon the mightie people. 1576 Oppress. Orkney ^ Shetland (1859) 49 Gif ane brute be rasit upon thame 1^678 CuDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 846 This was., a meer Slander raised upon Atheists. 1685 Acct. Execution Dk. Monmouth 2, I have had a Scandal raised upon me.

c. To draw, obtain, derive (one thing) out of or from another, rare. 1627 Donne Serm. v. (1640) 48 Moses third excuse, raised out of a naturall defect. 1732 Pope Ess. Man. ii. 245 Heav’n’s great view .. Virtue’s ends from Vanity can raise 1772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. Pref. 12 Abstruse speculations.. have been raised from every branch of my speculations.

III. To remove to a higher position. * To lift up by direct effort. 17. a. To lift as a whole, to put or take higher, to elevate. Also, to pull up, hoist (sail, etc.). a 1300 Cursor M. 22109 Jiof pou pe rais up intil heven. To hell depe sal pou be driuen. a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 88/685 Angels .. raysed hir vp into pe ayre. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvi. 692 Thai rasit salys but abaid. 15€M>-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxii. 71 Him all nakit on the tre Thai raisit on loft. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 18 She..all attonce her beastly body raizd. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, i. i. 254 Then will I raise aloft the Milke-white-Rose. 1728 Pope Dune. ii. 39 Such a bulk as no twelve bards could raise, a 1771 Gray Dante 1 The griesly Felon raised His Gore-dyed Lips. 1805 Scott Last Alinstr. ii. Concl., He raised the silver cup on high. 1814-Ld. of Isles ii. xxxii, The train .. Embark’d, raised sail, and bore away. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset II. liii. 100 Should he try to catch her eye, and then raise his hat? 1886 Froude Oceana 296 She could have struck him, and had her arm raised to do it.

b. Spec. To draw or bring up (water, minerals, etc.) to the surface of the ground. 1745 PococKE Descr. East II. i. xvi. 61 The oxen raise the water by a bucket and rope. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 65 Much Ore has been formerly raised on this Hill. 1851 Blacku'. Mag. Dec. 639 The coal raised in 1829 was 37,000 tons. 1872 R. B. Smyth Mining Statist. 44, 12,656 tons of quartz.. raised from depths between 240 and 690 feet.

c. In various special uses; (see quots.). 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Raise is likewise used for placing a horse’s head right, and making him carry well, and hindring him to carry low, or to arm himself. 1775 A. Burnaby Trav. 87 When the trees are fallen, they.. drag them along the snow. It is exceedingly difficult to put them first in motion, which they call raising them. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., To raise the metal, to elevate the breech, and depress thereby the muzzle of a gun. To raise tacks and sheets, the Lifting the clues of the courses, previously to bracing round the yards in tacking or wearing.

d. To turn (the eyes or look) upwards. 1388 Wyclif Ps. cxx. I, I reiside myn i3en to the hillis. 1599 JoNSON Ev. Man out of Hum. ii. iii, Gentle friend be merry, raise your lookes out of your bosome. 1703 Rowe Fair Penit. l. i. Wherefore are your Eyes Severely rais’d to Heav’n? 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam v. xxii, Nor spoke.. nor raised his looks to meet The gaze of strangers. 1859 Tennyson Vivien 787 He raised his eyes and saw The tree.

e. Fig. phr., to raise its (ugly) head, to make an (unwelcome) appearance; to present itself as a (troublesome) subject for attention. Cf. rear v.^ 10 b. 1822 Scott Peveril II. i. 27 The ancient superstition .. is raising its head. 1930 Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves! ix. 230, I am starving on my feet. Well, when I tell you that it’s weeks since a beefsteak pudding raised its head in the house, you’ll understand what I mean. 1966 Listener 28 July 141/3 The subject of money for the arts raised its head again when New /^e/e [f. rally ti.* + -ing*.] That rallies (reassembles, revives, etc.). 1896 Daily News ii June 2/4 Sir Wilfrid saw signs of encouragement in the rallying spirit of the Liberal party.

rallying ('rasing),/)^/. vyld bestis.. Within the wallis, rampand on athir sid. a 1605 Montgomerie Devot. Poems ii. i Quhy doth the Heathin rage and rampe? 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xiv. 414 By this time the long dormant Usurer ramps for the payment of his money. 1648 Regall Apol. 39 He saw the House of Commons begin to ramp upon him. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 168 The lion-hearted Peter roared and ramped, i860 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. HI. cxli. 120 They had ramped and sworn that drawing by the tail was an ‘institution’.

b. transf. of things. Also with it. . [-ing*.] The action of the vb. RANKLE. 14.. Stockh. Medical MS. i. 310 in Anglia XVIII. 303 A1 pe rancelynge schall owyr gon. Ibid. 316 be rank[l]ynge schal swage away, c 1450 M.E. Med, Bk. (Heinrich) 224 Hyt wolle aswage ranclyng of woundes. 1578 Lyte Dodoens i. xlix. 71 Corruption, festering or inward ranckling. 1614 Markham Cheap Husb. (1623) 127 To preuent the ranckling and impostumation of the soare. 1719 De Foe Crusoe I. xx, His limbs .. swelled with the rankling of his.. wounds’ r795”r8i4 Wordsw. Excurs. iv. 212 Ill-governed passions ranklings of despite. 1832 Macaulay Ess., Hampden, A rankling which may last for many years.

Hence rank-order v. trans., to arrange in such a way. 'L^TzJrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVIII. 169 The concepts are rank-ordered in terms of the pre-GSRI attitude change correlations.

'rankshift, sb. Linguistics, [f. rank sb.^ + shift sb.] A downward shift in the grammatical unit (see quot. 1966).

rank

of a

1961 M. A. K. Halliday in Word^VW. 251 The theory allows for downward ‘rank shift’: the transfer of a (formal realization of a) given unit to a lower rank.., It does not allow for upward rank shift. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ii. 20 Embedding is a shift in rank, whereby a group acts as a word, or a word acts as a morpheme, etc... The nominal genitive is another case of double rank shift: (((Mary)’s aged grandmother)’8 faithful servant). The nominal groups ‘Mary’ and ‘Mary’s aged grandmother’ act as morphemes. 1969-Towards Semantic Descr. Eng. iii. 52 Rank-shift or downgrading, as forms of subordination, introduce an extra factor of order into semantic structure, so that by reversing the relation of dependence between two predications, one may account for a difference of meaning. 1972 M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evolution iv. 59 Many later additions to the inventory of English prepositions resulted from a similar process of historical rankshift, e.g. concerning, regarding, according to, owing to, and (more recently) due to. 1977 Language LIII. 192 Although the men's halls and the women's halls is a group consisting of two smaller groups, B does not regard this as an instance of ‘rankshift’: this is restricted to cases where an element of a multivariate structure is filled by an expression of higher or equal rank.

Hence as v. tram., to assign an inferior rank or function to a unit in a grammatical structure. Also 'rankshifted ppl. a.; 'rankshifting vbl. sb. 1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Linguistic Sci. 27 In English some clauses are rankshifted and work inside the pattern of a group. If I say ‘where I live it always rains’, this sentence consists of two clauses, which together make up the structure of the sentence. But if I say ‘the house where I live

is very damp’, the sentence consists, in its structure, of only one clause; the clause ‘where I live’ is rankshifted and operates in the structure of the group ‘the house where I live’. 1969 Eng. Studies L. 36 We shall not go into the question of whether examples here quoted under the heading of headlines with FB structure do not really belong in the section rankshifted clauses. 19^ G. N. Leech Towards Semantic Descr. Eng. ii. 26 There is no defined limit of tolerance to the depth of constituent structure produced by rank-shifting one predication inside another. 1972 Language XLVIII. 451 Limitations of space permit both L [sc. G. N. Leech] and myself only to raise, but not to answer, the question whether one can express within the notation of logic the operations of rank-shifting and down-grading. 1973 G. W. Turner Stylistics iii. 82 ‘If you expect to get something good, for nothing, you are likely to get something good for nothing’.. in the second clause ‘good for nothing’ is rank-shifted to behave as one word and become a single ^alifier. 1977 Language LIII. 192 It follows that/rom Glasgow is rankshifted in the man from Glasgow, where it functions as qualifier in a multivariate nominal group.

'ranksman. rare. [f. rank sb.^] a. (See quot. 1880.) b. One drawn up with others in a rank. 1880 Jamieson, Ranksmen, a name given to two or more boats’ crews fishing together and dividing the catch equally. Shetl. 1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 89 Hosts of ranksmen round.

t'rankum. Obs. rare-^. ? A noisy chorus. 1693 Southerne Maid's Last Prayer iv. iii, Pox a’ this scraping and tooting; shall we eclipse, Tom, and make it a Rankum.

rankyll, obs. form of rankle

v.

Ilrann (rsen). [Ir.] A verse, a strain. 1843 Carleton Traits Irish Peas. I. 338 The ranns, an’ prayers, an’ holy charms, a 1849 J. C. Mangan Poems 388 [To] chant aloud the exulting rann of jubilee. 1895 W. B. Yeats Poems, To Ireland 234 Who sang to sweeten Ireland’s wrong, Ballad and story, rann and song.

ranne, ranndon, rannee, rannegald, obs. flf. RANK a., RANDOM, RANEE, RANNIGAL.

'rannel-balk. north, dial. = rannel-tree. 1790 Grose Provincial Gloss, (ed. 2) sig. K4, Rannel-tree, cross-beam in a chimney, on which the crook hangs; sometimes called Rannebauk; North. 1817 Edin. Monthly Mag. June 241 The rusticity of their benisons amused me. —One wished them, ‘thumpin luck and fat weans’; another, ‘a bien rannle-bauks, and tight thack and rape o’er their heads ’. 1859 A. Whitehead Legends of Westmorland (1896) II Fair shack’d the rannel bawk et swang The keayle pot ower the grate. 1906 FI. D. Rawnsley Months at Lakes 236 A great cauldron of spiced ale.. hung on the ‘rannel bowk’, and was ladled out from time to time into basins and presented to the guests. 1910 W. G. Collingwood Dutch Agnes 47 In the chimney at this time of the year muttonhams hanging from the rannelbalk. 1931 H. S. Walpole Judith Paris ii. i. 218 He was aware of..sides of bacon hanging, the oak settle screened by the ‘heck’, the ‘rannel¬ balk’ or great wooden beam across the chimney.

t'raimell,

Obs. A hussy, jade.

1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 113 A beastely rannell, A filthy cannell. 1592 - Pierce's Super. 146 Though she were a lustie bounding rampe.. yet was she not such a roinish rannell.. as this wainscot-faced Tomboy.

'rannel-tree. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9 rannell-, randle-, rangel-, 8-9 Sc. rantle-tree. [App. of Scand. origin; cf. the synonymous Norw. dial, randa-tre and rand-aas, f. rand the space above the fire-place. But the appearance of I in all the English forms is difficult to account for.] A horizontal bar of wood or iron fixed across a chimney, on which the pot-hooks or rackans are hung. Rannel-perch is also common in north, dial.; see also rannel-balk.

1755 Forbes J^rw/./r. Lond. 4 The lum o’ a house that wanted baith crook an’ rantle-tree. 1785 Hutton Bran New Work (E.D.S.) 380 A seaty rattencreak hang dangling fra a black randle tree. 1790 Grose Prov. Gloss., Rannel-tree. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xviii, An unguent to clear our auld rannell-trees. 1829- in northern glossaries. 1887 Hall Caine Deemster xix. 113 Over the rannel-tree shelf a huge watch was ticking. transf. 1815 Scott Guy M. xxvi, If ever I see that auld randle-tree of a wife again.

'rannigal. Sc. and north, dial. Also Sc. 6 rannegald, 9 rannygill. [? Alteration of renegade.^ (See quots.) 15.. Kennedy Flyting w. Dunbar 401 (Bann. MS.) Rawmowd rebald, rannegald [ed. 1508 renegate] rehatour. 1825 Jamieson SuppL, Rannygill, a bold, impudent, unruly person... Roxb. 1847-78 Halliwell, a worthless fellow. Rannigal is also used. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Rannigal, a masterful child or animal.

ranny (’r^ni). Obs. exc. dial. Also 9 -ey. [App. ad. L. araneus mus (Colum. and Pliny) ‘a kind of small mouse, acc. to some the shrew mouse’.] The shrew mouse, or field mouse. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 173 Venomous beastes, and Wormes, as Ranny, Tode, Edder. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 153 Sammonicus and Nicander do call the Mus-Araneus, the shrew or Ranny, blinde. 1787 in Marshall Norfolk (1795) H- Gloss. 1823 Moor Suffolk Words, Ranny, the long-nosed, small-eyed, fetid shrew or field mouse... Hence anything long nosed is called rannynosed.

RANNY

181

ranny, Sc. var. randy a., obs. f. ranee. rannygazoo (.raeniga'zu:). Chiefly U.S. dial, or slang.

Also ranikaboo, reinikaboo, renicky-boo.

[Origin unknown.]

A prank, trick; horseplay,

‘nonsense’. (See also quots. 1901, 1940.) 1^01 Dial. Notes II. 146 Reinikaboo.., a newspaper story which is midway between a fake and a statement of fact; a statement of news out of all proportion and almost out of relation to the facts, yet having a certain origin and shadowy foundation. 1907 S. E, White Arizona Nights iii. 255 ‘You bluffer!’ shouted a voice, ‘don’t you think you can run any such ranikaboo here!’ 1917 Dial. Notes IV. 328 Renicky .. or renicky-boo. ‘He wants to run some sort of bluff or renicky on us.’ 1924 WoDEHOUSE Bill the Conqueror xi. 204 I’ll hang around for a while just in case friend Pilbeam starts any rannygazoo. 1940 Time 14 Oct. 28 Wilkie went to N.Y.C. to tour Democratic Brooklyn... Still he refused to make a.. speech, stil turned down .. pleas.. to let loose with a ring¬ tailed, rabble-musing rannygazoo. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Jan. 1/2 A ranikaboo in Arizona would be known as a prank in other states. 1974 W’ODEHOtiSE Aunts aren't Gentlemen vii. 59 Her lips were tightly glued together, her chin protruding, her whole lay-out that of a girl who intended to stand no rannygazoo. ran-pick, -pike(d: see rampick, -pike(d. ranque, obs. form of rank sb. ransack ('rsnsEek), sb.

[f.

the vb.

Cf.

ON.

rannsak.] The act of ransacking. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie ii. xi[i]. (Arb.) 118 In the ransacke of the Cities of Cartagena and S. Dominico. 1635 Quarles Embl. iv. xii. (1818) 241 W’hat unwonted way Has 'scap’d the ransack of my rambling thought? 1649 Earl Monm. tr. Renault's Use Passions (1671) 137 His Choler committed no less ransack. 1887 Blackmore Springhaven (ed. 4) HI. XV. 208 ‘There are no official papers here’, he said, after another short ransack. ransack ('raenssek), v.

Forms: 3-7 ransake, (3

-en, 5 -yn; 4 ron-, 5 ? raun-; also 5 ransek, ? runsik, 6 ransik, -sike), 5-7 ransacke, (8 -sac), 6ransack. [a. ON. rannsaka (Sw. ransaka, Da. ransage), f. rann house (= Goth, razn, OE. xrn) + -saka, ablaut-var. of sdekja to seek; cf. saka to blame, accuse, harm. Guernsey dial, ransaquer, Gael, rannsaich are from Eng. or ON. ON. rannsaka is esp. used in the legal sense of searching a house for stolen goods: cf. senses i and 2 below.] 11. trans. To search (a person) for something stolen or missing. Obs. ri250 Gen. & Ex. 1773 Du me ransakes als an 6ef. Ibid. 2323 He gan hem ransaken on and on, And fond it 6or sone a-non. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xix. 122 Filius.. flegh .. To ransake that rageman and reue hym hus apples. 1493 Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 22 They.. sayd it was not so, and he [Joseph] ransaked them by and by. 2. To make thorough search in or throughout (a place, receptacle, collection of things, etc.)/or something (in early use, something stolen: cf. i). Also (rarely) with up. a 1300 Cursor M. 4893 (Gott.) 3on er theues .. Foluis paim and ransakis [Cott. ripe] pair ware. 1530 Palsgr. 679/1 He hath ransaked all the chystes I have for his beades. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 595/2 He sayth..that the woman had lost her money, though by ransaking vp her howse and seking she founde it at last agayne. 1592 Greene Art Conny catch. 30 The Knight sat downe with him and fell a ransacking his budget. 1644 H. Parker J'ur Populi 42 We have ransacked the bosome of Nature for all species of Power. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) II. 80,1 am ransacking my memory for..scraps of theatrical history. 1805 Wordsw. Prelude v. 255 She scratches, ransacks up the earth for food. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iii. 135 The Latin language is ransacked for strange and out-of-the-way terms. b. absol. To make thorough search. Now rare. C1386 Chaucer Knt.’s T. 147 To ransake in the tas of bodyes dede.. The pilours diden bisinesse and cure, c 1440 York Myst. xlvi. 215, I shall renne and reste not to ransake full right. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas i. v. 749 We.. ransack deeply in her bosom tender. 1732 Neal Hist. Purit. I. 253 This raised a clamour as if the Queen intended to ransack into mens consciences. 3. To examine thoroughly, to subject to close scrutiny; to overhaul and investigate in detail. a 1300 E.E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 bai ransaked wicnesse, and iuel thinge. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 684/40 Hou schulde a leche this mon releeve But 3if he mi3te ronsake the wounde. ^1440 Jacob's Well 109 J>ere is no man, & he raunsake his conscyens, but he schal fynde. .manye [sins], to schryuen him of. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xiii. xiii, Anone he ransakyd hym & thenne he saide vnto syr galahad I shal hele hym of this wounde. 1533 More Apol. xiii. Wks. 912,1 purpose not to ransake and rebuke either the tone lawe or the tother. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 9 Reade then this book.. and thou shalt ransacke the affections, yea and consciences of the hearers. 1684 J. Goodman Old Relig. (1848) 160 Ransacking a man’s own heart in secret. 1850 Hawthorne Scarlet L. xx. (1852) 207 She ransacked her conscience.. and took herself to task.. for a thousand imaginary faults. 1872 Ruskin Eagle's N. §66 In astronomy, the fields of the sky have not yet, indeed, been ransacked by the most costly instruments. fb. fig. of things: To search, explore, penetrate. Also intr. Obs. 1562 Phaer JEneid ix. Bb iij b, The sword .. Had ransakt through his ribs. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abme (Arb.) 38 One dramme of Eeleborus ransackes euery vaine. 1590 Spenser F.Q. III. V. 48 The mightie ill, which, as a victour proud, gan ransack fast His inward partes. 4. To search (a place, person, etc.) with intent to rob; hence, to rob, plunder, pillage {of).

1390 Gower Conf. II. 331 He can the packes wel ransake, .. Thus Robberie goth to seke. 1465 Marg. Paston in P. Lett. II. 251 They stodeuppon the hey awter, and ransackyd the images and toke a way such as they myght fynd. 1522 More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 94 In what painefull plight they shall lye a dying, while theyr executours afore their face ransake vp theyr sackes. 1638 R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) no Hee hath beene robbed and ransacked in France. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 145 That poor country had been pillag’d, plunder’d and ransack’d by the Persians. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 413 Those whose houses are ransacked by invading enemies. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias vii. xv. If 4 They rob, ransack, and devour me. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 109 The palaces were ransacked of their valuables and then ruthlessly set on fire. absol. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. iii. 179 To robbe.. and ransack, whereby to sustaine themselues. 1642 Lancash. Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 46 The Souldier hath ransakt and pillag’d.. in the country thereabouts. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 53 A furious and insolent enemy ransacking among the Sepulchres of their Ancestors.

b. To search for and take {away) or carry off as plunder. Also with up. Now tare. C1400 Beryn 3652 Hanybald shall.. delyvir the good ageyn, pat from 3ewe was ransakid. 1523 [Coverdale] Old God & New (1534) Fijb, The nations dyd ransake away whatsoeuer thinges they myght. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribae 463 To spoyle the whole Countrey: and rake and ransake vp all thin^ that are for mans vse. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 57 Refined gold, which greedy Antiochus thought to haue ransackt. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. viii. 218 Even scented soap and toilette-vinegar.. were ransacked from his stores.

t5. To visit with harshness or violence; to assail, drag, shake, etc. roughly. Obs. c 1375 Cursor M. 15825 (Fairf.) Forj? his maister pa\ drogh & ronsaked him vnrekenli baj? ouer hil & seogh. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7967 Many a kny3t fel to the grounde. Ful sorily he hem ransaked. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 92 A yong man.. Whom deeth so ny ransakid had, & soght.

RANSOM Slayand thame without ransoune. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 102 Whan he for man the raunsom on hym tooke. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 60 Four consules, the quhilkis the inymyes wald nocht lat to ransoun. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn 89 He wolde take to raenson pt knyght that was a straunger. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 295 They slue many a man that could not come to raunsome. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xxvii, An honourable imprisonment.. as is due to one who is in treaty for ransom. Ibid, xxxii, Let us put the Jew to ransom. 1859 Jephson Brittany xy\. 261 Gwesklen, taken prisoner by Chandos, was held by him to ransom.

2. a. The sum or price paid or demanded for the release of a prisoner or the restoration of captured property, a hinges ransom^ a large sum. t wan of ransom^ one able to pay ransom, or for whom ransom will be paid. 01225 Aticr. R. 124 A mon )>et leie ine prisune, & ouhte muche raunsun. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6046 bis folc bisette kaunterbury.. & gret raunson of horn wirinne esste. c 1350 Will. Palerne 1251 Y am prest as pi prisoun to paye pt my ransum. 1390 Gower Corif. III. 220 A gaz made gret beheste Of rancoun which he wolde yive. C1470 Henry Wallace ii. 150 His kyn mycht nocht him get.. Mycht thai hawe payit the ransoune of a King. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 163 b, Thei had been leat.. without any peny of raunsome paiyng to escape. C1590 Marlowe Faust, vi, I’ll not speak another word for a King’s ransom. 1636 Massinger Bashf. Lover ii. vii, I know him: he’s a man of ransom. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 145 Here we staid till the sixth day, in hopes to get a Ransom for the Town. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. (1887) I. 239 Her brother.. sent the sum of four thousand pounds sterling as a ransom for his sister. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 208 Like all.. prisoners of war, she must., pay her ransom in gold. 1829 Mrs. Hall Sketches Irish Char. I. 75, I couldn’t look upon the babby’s face for a king’s ransom. 1882 OuiDA Maremma I. 11 The stranger had been waiting for a ransom to be sent.

h.jig., in religious use, of Christ or His blood.

^1440 Promp. Parv. 423/1 Ransakyd, investigatus, ^rscrutatus. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 194 The spoile of the ransaked pouertie. 1659 Sprat Plague of Athens (1790) 249 The ransack’d memory Lai^uish’d in naked poverty. 1697 Dryden jEneid ll. 1040 The Spoils which they from ransack’d Houses brought. 1862 Lytton Str. Story II. 175 A Flora and a Fauna which have no similitudes in the ransacked quarters of the Old World.

01300 Cursor M. 21731 On cros godd boght ur saul Hues bar-on he gaf him-seluen ranscun. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 290 b/2, O crosse.. which only were worthy to here the raunson of the world. 01569 Kingesmyll Confi. Satan (1578) 37 Looke, Christe is called a ransome, that is, a price of redemption. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 61 Sending thee, .his Mediator.. Both Ransom and Redeemer voluntarie. 0 1711 Ken Christophil VotX. Wks. 1721 I. 511 A Price inestimable paid. The Blood of God our Ransom made. 01854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. vii. (1878) 236 A soul., not unworthy the awful ransom of the Redeemer’s blood.

ransacker ('raensaek3(r)). Also 4 raunsaker. [f. as prec. -(- -er.] One who ransacks; a pillager.

01400-50 Alexander 1665 Besands to pe bischop he bed out of nounbre, Reches him of rede gold ransons many.

ransacked ('rasnsaekt),/>/>/. a. [f. prec. + -ed^.] Searched into, explored, plundered, etc.

CI340 Hampole Prose Tr. 42 Raunsaker of pe myghte of Godd. 1609 Bible (Douay) Judg. ii. 14 Our Lord., delivered them into the handes of ransackers. 1862 Gladstone in Times 8 Apr. 9/1 He is a ransacker of Hansard.

ransacking ('raenssekiij), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. -I-ING^] The action of the verb ransack. a 1300 E.E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 \>a\ waned .. of ransakinge. 1435 Fire of Love 60 Be ransakynge of rightwys mens lyfis fro all pryde pi self refreyn. 1579 E. K. Gloss, in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Oct. 65 He came to ransacking of king Darius coffers. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone {1674) 262 Naples.. is now brought to utter desolation .. by the general ransacking of the Vice Roys. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 28 Their Ransackings, Groundings, Dockings, and Repairings. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. I. ii. (1710) 349 {Orkneys) They., make search for the Theft, which is called Ransaking. 1955 H. Roth Sleeper i. 10 What.. happened before the ransacking? Misyn

ransackle, v. Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms: 7 ransacle, 8 -shakle, 9 -s(h)ackle (also ram-), [f. ransack V. -LE.] trans. To ransack. 1621 B. JoNSON Gipsies Metam. ii. vi, They ha’., ransacled me of every penny, a 1802 Jamie Telfer iv. in Child Ballads IV. 6/1 They.. ranshakled the house right weel. 1825 in Brockett N.C. Gloss. 1877 in Holderness Gloss.

ranse, variant of rance sb.^ and v.

fc. A large sum. Obs. rare~‘^. d. Sc. An exorbitant price, rent, etc. 1816 Scott Antiquary I. iii. 59 Could a copy [of Caxton’s ‘Game of Chess’] now occur.. Lord only knows what would be its ransom. 1824-7 Moir Mansie Wauch i, Grannie.. sold the milk.. at the ransom of a ha’penny the mutchkin. 1875 W. Alexander Sk. Life among my Ain Folk viii. 133 Some said Sandy Mutch had taken the farm ‘at a ransom’. 1932 A. J. Cronin Three Loves 11. xviii. 352 But the price of things... It’s shameful. Everything a ransom now.

fe. The thing ransomed. Obs. rare-'. a 1300 Cursor M. 28023 Fra godd his ful dere ranscon yee stele, es pat ilk saul pat he Cost wit his ded.

t3. a. The action or means of freeing oneself from a penalty; a sum of money paid to obtain pardon for an offence; a fine, mulct. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 1970 Qua I>at slas or man or wijf par gas na ransun bot Hue for lijf. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 329 Som gaf raunson after per trespas. c 1386 Chaucer Wife's Prol. 411, I wolde no lenger in the bed abyde... Til he had maad his raunson vn to me. 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 22 § I To abyde in prisone therfor unto the tyme he have made fyne and raunsom for the same. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 42 Pardons payeth most properly the raunsom of payne due in purgatory. C1585 Faire Em iii. 768 Thy death should pay the ransom of thy fault. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. I. xxxix. (1739) 59 Then might that Penance be reduced to a Ransom (according to the grain of the offence). 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. 373 This is the reason why fines in the king’s court are frequently denominated ransoms.

fb. A sum paid as a tax or tribute. Obs. ransel, ranselman: see rancel, -man. ransom ('raensam), sb. Forms: a. 3-4 ransun, (4 -coun, -cun-e, -scun, -scon), 4-6 ransoun, 4-7 ranson, (5, 7 -sone); 4 raunsun, (-scun, -ceoun, -zoun, etc.), 4-5 raunson, -soun (also 4 ron-, 5 rawn-, rawun-, etc.). /3. 4 rans(o)um, -scum, -scome, 6-7 ransome, (7 randsom), 4- ransom, (4 rauns(o)um, 4-6 rawnsom-e, 4-6 raunsom, 6 -some, raundsom, -sum), y. 4 raymson, 4-5 raumso(u)n, 4-6 ramson. S. 5 raen-, reanson, reaunceoune. [a. OF. ranfon, ran-, raunson, raenfon, -son, ra(a)nceun, rampfon, etc. (see Godei.):—*re(d)empfon:—L. redemptidn-em: see redemption. For the change of -on to -om, which appears quite early, cf. randon, random.] 1. The action of procuring the release of a prisoner or captive by paying a certain sum, or of obtaining one’s own freedom in this way; the fact or possibility of being set free on this condition; the paying of money to this end. In older use freq. in phrases \to make ransom, \to let or take to ransom. In the 19th c. the sense appears to have been revived by Scott, and now occurs chiefly in the phr. to hold to ransom. a 1300 Cursor M. 9772 (Cott.) Angel ne might wit na resun Mak for adam his ranscun [Gott. raunsum]. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2834 ‘In helle’, he says, ‘es na raunceon’. For na helpe may be in pat dungeon. 137s Barbour Bruce xiii. 72

C1320 Sir Tristr. 935 Mani man wepen sare For ransoum to yrland. Marke schuld 3eld .. pre hundred pounde of gold. 01327 Poem Time Edw. II 302 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 337 If the King in his lond maketh a taxacioun. And everi man is i-set to a certein raunzoun.

4. A ransom bill or bond (see 5 b). 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv, V. 75 The St. Christopher arrived, whose Crew..had taken and dismissed on a Ransome for Four thousand Dollars an English Frigate.

5. attrib. and Comb.y as ransom-free adj.; ransom demand, -gift, -gold, -money, package, -payer, -price, purchase. 1976 R. L. Boyer Giant Rat of Sumatra (1977) x. 150 None of the staff., were aware of the *ransom demand. ^1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xxxvi. 76 Thy haly grave, Quhilk makis ws ‘ransome fre. 1715 Tickell Homer 8 Till Ransom-free the Damsel is bestow’d. 1848 Buckley Iliad 107 My sire will bestow on thee countless ‘ransom-gifts. 1815 Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxiv, He proffer’d ‘ransom-gold to pay. 1722 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 198 We bilked the captain of his‘ransom money. 1848 Buckley 7/10^351 Two men contended for the ransom-rmoney of a slain man. 1969 B. Malamud Pictures of Fidelman iii. 69 The insurance company.. would at once kick in with the ransom money. 1970 T. Heald Let Sleeping Dogs Die vii. 130 These particular villains were interested in ransom money, not selling. 1974 Aiken (S. Carolina) Standard 24 Apr. 5-A/3 Police said a dummy ‘ransom package with a note asking the alleged abductors for more time was delivered according to the instructions Dantzler said his kidnapers had given him. 1645 Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 186 You shame the glory of the ‘ransom-payer. 1872 J. H. Ingraham Pillar of Fire 329 The King may be redeemed .. with a vast

•ransom-price. 1865 BusHNELL Vicar. Sacr. v. (1868) 113 To be the ’ransom purchase of others.

b. ransom-bill, -bond, an engagement to redeem or pay ransom, in later use esp. for a vessel captured by the enemy; ransom note, a letter sent by a kidnapper or kidnappers to interested parties demanding ransom money or other satisfaction, and specifying the consequences should this not be forthcoming. 1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 7 Releasing many of his fellow-captives, on his own ransom-bond. 1764 Ann. Reg. 138 The ransom bills for preserving Manilla from pillage. 1767 Blackstone Comm. III. 436 The privileges of embassadors, hostages, or ransom-bills. 1896 Daily News 29 Feb. 6/2 The Alabama burned fifty-seven ships besides releasing on ransom-bond a great many with neutral cargo on board. 1935 M. M. Atwater Murder in Midsummer xiv. 13s Maybe it's a kidnapping, but there’s no ransom notes. 1975 D. Pitts This City is Ours viii. 28 That ship might explode if it’s tampered with. That’s what the ransom note says, and I believe it.

ransom ('raenssm), v. Forms; see the sb. (also 4 raunsene, 5 rampsoum, 6 ramsion, Sc. ransson; pa. t. 4 raunsede). [a. OF. ransonner, -gonner, etc. f. ransom see prec.] 1. trans. To redeem (from captivity or punishment); to procure the release of (a person) or restoration of (a thing) by payment of the sum or price demanded. Also fig. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. X. 420 A robbere was yraunceouned, rather than thei alle. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 211 Withbrandes kyng of Longobardes.. raunsoned [v.r. raunsede] f>e relikes of seint Austyn. c 1470 Henry Wallace viii. 452 Quha 3eildis him, sail neuir ransownd be. 1513 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 395 That no dweller of this towne become suertie for no gent of the countrey, ne ramson none of them. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia vi. 215 Their Canowes.. they ransomed for Beuer skinnes. 1667 Sprat Hist. R. Soc. 434 To randsome the minds of all mankind from Slavery. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. 73 They were obliged to ransom not only their prisoners but their dead. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. viii. 280 His wife ransomed him at a heavy price.

b. To redeem, deliver, in religious sense. 01300 Cursor M. 9784 If godd had wroght ano)?er man For to ransun wit adam. 1414 Brampton Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 28 Cryist, that deyid up on the rood, To raunsoun synfull creature. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Epistle **j, He was solde to ransom vs. 1667 Milton P.L. hi. 297 His Brethren, ransomd with his own dear life. 1784 CowpER Tiroc. 128 We.. learn with wonder how this world began, Who made, who marr’d, and who has ransom’d man. 1859 Tennyson Guinevere 677 Poor sick people, richer in His eyes Who ransom’d us .. than I.

c. To purchase (life or liberty) by a ransom. 1630 Dekker 2nd Pt. Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 170 If my life May ransome thine, I yeeld it to the Law. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 75 The Men.. made them send ashoar for Cattle to ransom their Liberties. 1801 Lusignan III. 82 The design she had long meditated.. of endeavouring to ransom his liberty.

d. To atone or pay for, to expiate; fto procure respite of (time); to bring into by ransoming. U1300 Cursor M. 14427 pat he suld flexs take.. For to ranscun wit adam sin. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiii. (George) 77 To ransone pe tyme & to sauf pame fra his venyme. c 1600 Shaks. Sonnets xxxiv, Those tears.. are rich and ransom all ill deeds. 1604-0th. in. iv. 118 Nor my Seruice past, nor present Sorrowes,.. Can ransome me into his loue againe. 1796 Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 152 Its moments of extasy would be ransomed by years of torment and hatred.

2. a. To permit to be ransomed; to admit to ransom; to set free on payment of a sum of money; fto fix one’s ransom at a certain sum. 1375 Barbour Bruce 11. 466 Off othir, that war takyn than, Sum thai ransownyt, sum thai slew. 1442 in Proc. King's Council Irel. (Rolls) 274 He.. put him in great duresse of prisoun, and rampsoumed him at c. marcs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 348 That he were streyght put in pryson, and not to be raunsomyd nor delyuered tyll the Kyngys pleasure were forther knowen. /)/. a. [f.

rarefy v. + -ed.] That is made less dense. (Chiefly of air). Also transf. and fig. 1634 Peacham Gentl. Exerc. iii. 140 The higher parts of the ayre, which,. are more rarified and pure then the neather. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. i. 17 That a Bullet should be moved by the rarified fire. 1785 Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 VI. 506, I need not explain to you,.. what is meant by rarefied air. 1855 Prescott Philip II, ii, iv. (1857) 243 The brisk and rarefied atmosphere of Madrid proved favourable to Charles’s health. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII, 482 Mast-cells closely packed in columns in a rarefied tissue. 1961 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 290/1 From the light of common day into the rarified atmosphere of the late eighteenth century. 1977 G. Michanowsky Once Future Star iv. 33 In the rarefied world of cuneiform scholarship, it is known as BM—86378. 1978 N. Moss What's the Difference? (ed. 2) 93 Professor, n—a less rarefied post than at a British university, since there are usually several professors to a department.

'rarefier. rare. which rarefies.

[f. rarefy v.

+ -ERb]

That

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies i, ii. 6 Such infinite variety of Rarefiers and Condensers. 1798 Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 240 The air-pump, or rarefier.

rarefy ('rsarifai, 'rasnfai), v. Also 5-6 rere-, 5-9 rari-, 7 reri-. [a. F. rarefier (14th c., Oresme), or ad. L. rdre/accre (Lucretius), f. rdr-M5RAREa.* -I-

rarely (’reali), adv. [f. rare a.'^ -h -ly^.] fl. a. Thinly, scantily. Obs. rare. 1523 Cromwell Sp. in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 40 How should we be Able to possede the large Cuntreye of Fraunce which haue our owne Realme so meruelous rarely storyd of inhabytauntes and hable men.

fb. In a wide-set or open manner. Obs. a 1547 Surrey JEneid iv, (1557) Ei, The hayes so rarely knit [L. retia rara]. 1622 Sir R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 196 Shee.. being rarely built, and utterly without fights or defences.. wee cleered her decks in a moment.

2. Seldom, infrequently, in few instances. Formerly compared rarelier, rareliest {quots. 1640, 1656). 1552 Huloet, Rarelye, raro. 1570 in Levins Manip. (31618 Raleigh Rem. (1664) 121 Benefits are sometimes acknowledged, rarely requited. 1640 Bolton Comf. Affl. Consc. (ed. 3) Ep. Ded., They are rarelier, and hardlier wrought upon by the Word. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. 1. xxxix. (1674) 51 Those precious Stones are most esteemed of, which are rareliest found. 1712 Budgell Spect. No. 277 If 16 She was not Talkative, a Quality very rarely to be met with in the rest of her Country-women. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 3 They rarely, if ever., are perfectly frozen. 1861 Flo. Nightingale Nursing 7 The windows are rarely or never opened. 1880 Geikie Phys. Geog. ii. § 11.85 How rarely does the air seem to be perfectly motionless!

b. With ever added. 1694 W. Wotton Anc. Mod. Learn. (1697) 403 The most verbose Mathematicians have rarely ever said any thing for Saying sake. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. II. 167 They, .rarely ever examin into the true Motive. 1728 Ramsay Health 355 Who rarely ever cures, but often kills. 1857 [see ever adv. 7 c].

c. rarely or ever, by confusion of ‘rarely if ever' and ‘rarely or never’. Cf. ever adv. jh. 1768 Woman of Honor 1. 139 But those schemes.. rarely or ever answer the end. 1811 Syd. Smith Wks. (1850) 200/1 The contest would rarely or ever take place, where the friends of the Establishment were not numerous enough.

d. it is rarely that = It is rare or seldom that. (See RARE a. 5 b.) *753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Louse, He observes, that it is rarely that flies are found infested with them. 1825 G. N. Collingwood in Parr's Wks. (1828) I. 505 It was rarely indeed that any such request was denied.

RASA

196

RARENESS 3. Unusually or remarkably well; finely, splendidly, beautifully. (Freq. in 17th c.)

fra'riety. Obs. [f. rare a.h on analogy of variety. Pretty frequent in early part of 17th c.]

1590 Shaks. Mids. AT. I. ii. 31, I could play Ercles rarely. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. v. i, I could belch rarely, for I am all winde. 1667 Dryden Sir Martin Mar-all v. i, I’ll instruct him most rarely, he shall never be found out. 1703 Maundrell yourw. Jerus. (1732) 136 A stately Architrave, and Cornish rarely carv’d. 1786 Burns Dream x, Down Pleasure’s stream, wi’ swelling sails I’m tauld ye’re driving rarely, i860 Geo. Eliot Mill on Floss iii. iii, You can write rarely now, after all your schooling, I should think.

= RARITY (chiefly in senses 4 and 5).

4. In an unusual degree; exceptionally. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 158 Villain, Dog. O rarely base. 1661 Boyle Spring of Air 11. v. (1682) 56 It will agree rarely-well with the Hypothesis. 1681 R. Knox Hist. Ceylon 15 It is rarely sweet and pleasing to the pallat. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp.xxi'i. i74. I was one of the oarsmen, and sweated rarely. 1882 Jessie Fothergill Kith & K. xxx, I believed him to be rarely good and wise.

b. With (ppl.) adjs. used attributively. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. vii. 16 The rarely learned Marcus Aurelius Severinus, i860 G. H. K. in Vac. Tour 117 Bits of rarely-scented shrub here and there. 1866 Macm. Mag. Apr. 521 Investigated by.. That rarelygifted Scholar.

rareness (Teams), [f. rare af + -ness.] The fact or quality of being rare, fl. Thinness; fewness, scantiness. Ohs. rare. 1588 Whitehorne tr. MachiaveVs Arte of Warre iii. 43 The Hastati.. retyred by a litle, and litle, by the rarenes of thorders betweene the Principi. 1610 J. Forbes Cert. Rec. x. (1846) 390 The said Assemblie.. having weighed the rareness of their own number [etc.]. 2. = RARITY 2. 1614 W. B. Philosopher's Banquet (ed. 2) 45 The lightnesse and rarenesse of the substance. 1714 Halley in Phtl. Trans. XXIX. 160 The extream Cold and Rareness of the Air in those upper Regions. 1857 R. Tomes Amer. in Japan xii. 287 The not infrequent rains .. give an occasional humidity and rareness to the atmosphere. 3. = RARITY 3. 1551 R. Robinson tr. More's Utopia ii. vi. (1895) 174 Yf that the folly of men hadde not sette it in hygher estymacyon for the rarenes sake. 1620 Venner Via Recta iv. 74 It may be.. doubted, whether it be so greatly esteemed for the rarenesse of it, or for the goodnesse of meate. 1721 R. Keith tr. d Kempis' Solil. Soul xviii. 262, I rather accuse the Rareness than the Frequency of thy Approaches. 1884 Contemp. Rev. July 63 A noteworthy fact is the comparative rareness of ruined villages of the age of bronze. 4. = RARITY 4. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 167 This kind of Foule, both for their rareness, and also the greatnesse of their body, is at this daie kept in great ftockes. 1575-85 Abp. Sandys Serm. xviii. (1585) 308 Their prerogatiues.. were manifolde, and for the preciousnesse and rarenesse of them most wonderful. 1683 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 185 The greatest master both for invention and rareness of work, that the world ever had. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt xlv. That childhood to which common things have rareness.

'rare-ripe, a. and sb. dial, and U.S. [f. rare a.® + RIPE.] 2i.adj. Rathe-ripe. b.sb. An early fruit or vegetable. Also transf. c. attrib. Of the colour of a peach called the rare-ripe. 1799 Washington Writ. (1893) XIV. 231 All that part.. is to be planted with rare-ripe corn. 1799 S. Freeman Town Officer 162 Onions for shipment in bunches shall weigh as follows, viz. rare-ripes two and a half lbs. i860 O. W. Holmes Elsie V. (1861) 75 Brunette, with a rareripe flush in her cheeks. 1890 Lowell Poems II. 181 President Lincoln said of a precocious boy that ‘he was a rareripe’.

Rarey (’reari). The name of the horse-breaker J. S. Rarey, used attrib. and in the possessive to denote methods or equipment employed by him for the taming of horses. Hence 'Rareying, the action or fact of breaking in a horse by Rarey’s methods. Cf. Rareyfy v. [1856 J. S. Rarey (title) The modern art of taming wild horses]. 1875 S. Sidney Bk. of Horse xxvi. 562 The Rarey pnnciple consists in teaching the colt as much as possible without putting him in any pain, and without frightening him by any strange sight or sound. Ibid. 565 (caption) Horse, with Rarey fittings. Ibid. 567 The application of the Rarey straps in the following manner affords a better chance of success than the ordinary exhausting plans of old-fashioned colt-breakers and of circus-riders. 1896 M. H. Hayes Illustr. Horse-Breaking (ed. 2) iv. 124 Having ‘picked up’ the foot, we may secure it.. by Rarey’s leg-strap, which is about 3 ft. long, and is furnished at one end with a buckle, below which a leather ‘keeper’ is placed on both sides. Ibid. 175 Mr. Norton Smith adopted.. a modification of Rarey’s systern. 1905 S. Galvayne 20th Century Bk. on Horse 100 (heading) The Rarey system. Ibid., It may not be uninteresting to the reader to briefly explain the method of ‘Rareying’ a horse. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XHI. 725/1 The method of subduing a colt by ‘galvayning’ is as good as any. It is a more humane system than ‘rareying’, which overcame by exhaustion under circumstances which were not fruitful of permanent results. 1942 Rareying [see Galvayne]. 1979 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Oct. 724/2 The ‘Rarey’ method of throwing a horse is explained.

1596 Edward III, II. ii. sig. D 4. The register of all rarieties Since Letheme Adam, till this youngest howre. 1611 Heywood Gold. Age in. Wks. 1874 III. 52 Let all raryeties Showre downe from heauen a lardges. 1636-Challenge for Beauty iv. Wks. V. 52 If any clyme Could yeeld rarietie to equall ours. 1659 Fuller App. Inj. Innoc. i. 44 Give me leave to record the first Essays of this Pious Prince, especially they being unprinted rarieties.

rarifaction, -fy: see rarefaction, rarefy. rarin, obs. form (inf.) of roar v. raring: see rare v. i b. Ilrariora (resri'osra, raeri-), sb. pi. [L., neut. pi. comparative of rarus rare.] Rare books. Cf. rare a.* 5 e. 1863 Macm. Mag. VIII. 36 {heading) Rariora of old poetry. 1908 Daily Report 26 Aug. 8/3 Such books fetch far better prices in London and Paris than in New York, where the demand for such rariora is small. 1932 J. Buchan Gap in Curtain iv. 189 There was a fine set of Donne, two of the Shakespeare folios,.. besides a quantity of devotional and political rariora. 1964 D. Cox in D. Daiches Idea of New University ix. 162 Where sufficient copies of not only European but of American rariora have been unavailable, microfacsimile has been called in.

'rarish, a. Also Somewhat rare.

rare-ish.

[f.

rare

a.^]

1844 Tupper Heart iv. 35 These instances are rarish too. 1875 Browning Inn Album iii. 92 Would.. I winged were.. And so could straightway soar.. Back to my nest where broods whom I love best—The parson o’er his parish— garish—rarish—. 1959 N. Marsh False Scent (i960) i. 19 It’s rare-ish. The frame’s contemporary. I’m afraid it’s twelve guineas.

jlrarissima (rea'nsima, ra'ri-), sb. pi. [L., neut. pi. superlative of rarus rare.] Extremely rare books. Also ra'rissime a. [lit. ‘very rarely (ic. found)’], extremely rare. 1903 A. Bennett Truth about Author iv. 56, I possessed a rarissime illustrated copy of Manon Lescaut. 1952 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Nov. 752/3 The.. books.. of which Mr. Wing has been able to locate only a single copy.. are not as rarissime as one would infer. 1972 Ibid. 29 Sept. 1173I2 A few of the important rarissima, like Fust and Schoeffer’s Canon Missae of 1458.

t'raritive, a. nonce-wd. [Irreg. f. rare a.] Indicating rareness of occurrence. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. iii. vii. 342 The opposite to each of these, viz. Desinative and Raritive [words].

rarity ('reariti, 'raeriti). Also 6-7 -itie, 7 -ietie, -iety, -yet-, [ad. L. rdritds, f. rarus rare: see -ity. Cf. F. rarete (isth c.), ■\rarite (i6th c.). On the pron. see note to rarefy.] 11. a. Of a number of things or persons; The fact of being set at wide intervals. Obs. rare. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres in. ii. 78 So will it be of no force to fight, by reason of their raritie & their standing.

fb. Of the pulse: Infrequency. Obs. rare. 1590 Barrough Meth. Physick 238 The pulses do keepe their naturall slownesse and raritie.

2. Of substances (now chiefly of air): Thinness of composition or texture. (Opposed to density.) 1644 H. Hammond Pract. Catech.'v. iv. (1847) 335 Bodies .. spiritualized into a high agility, rarity, clarity. 1684 tr. Boneps Merc. Compit. i. 8 Falling of the Hair, caused by rarity of the skin. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. II. xxi. 404 Though the transparency of bodies were explicable on the supposition of infinite strength and infinite rarity. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. §xvii. (1849) 164 The air, notwithstanding its rarity, is capable of transmitting its undulations. 1887 R. L. Stevenson Merry Men v. ii. 224 An atmosphere of more than usual rarity.

3. Relative fewness in number; the fact of occurring seldom or in few instances. 1560-1 First Bk. Discipl. in Knox Wks. (1846) II. 194 The cheiffest remedy., in all this raritie of trew ministeris, is fervent prayer unto God. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Raritie, fewnesse, scarseness. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 477 IP I, I am so far from being fond of any particular one, by reason of its Rarity [etc.]. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, HI. xi. 243 These libels, which enter into our national history, are of the greatest rarity. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. vii. (1858) 287 Confined to rare and remote occasions, the more remarkable from their very rarity.

4. Unusual or exceptional character, esp. in respect of excellence. 1601 R. Chester in Shaks. Cent. Praise 43 A Poeme enterlaced with much varietie and raritie. 1695 W. W. New Lt. Chirurg. Put out 30 His Method of Cure. Which hath several Pieces of Rarity in it. I7at raskayl [rerfore pei ratellen pat it is a3enst charite to tellen opynly here cursed disceitis & synnes. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 64 Thou ratelist many thinges, bot grounde hast thou non. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 223 An other rattles his woordes. 1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne (1877) I. 75 It amuses me to rattle in their ears this word. 1785 Burns Death Gf Dr. Hornbook xx. Their Latin names as fast he rattles As ABC. 1808 Southey Let. 20 May, Rhyme must be rattled upon rhyme, till the reader is half dizzy with the thundering echo. 1858 Lytton What will He do II. xi, Lionel rattled out gay anecdotes of his schooldays. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 321 In his revulsion of feeling [he] rattled off these greetings.

fb. To give out (a rattling sound). rare~^. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis ii. (Arb.) 53 Thee towns men roared, thee trump taratantara ratled.

c. To play (music) in a rattling fashion. Also with away, off. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xlviii, Sitting down to the piano, she rattled away a triumphant voluntary on the keys. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xvi. 149 He sat down to the piano, and rattled a lively piece of music. 1852 Dickens Bleak Ho. II. vii. 101 [She] sat down at a little jingling square piano, and really rattled off a quadrille.

d. To fire (bullets) rapidly; to carry off (a person) by firing.

1890 Kipling in Scots Observer 12 July 200/2 If a beggar can’t march, why, we [ic. machine-guns] kills ’im an’ rattles ’im into ’is grave. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 198 He rattled off burst after burst of fire.

7. a. To scold, rate, or rail at, volubly. Common c 1580-1730. 1542 N. Udall Erasmus's Apophthegmes sig. K5, How Diogenes ratleed & shooke vp couetous persones. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 373 For which doctrine.. yet was he ratled of Sisimus the Novatian bishop. 1600 Abbot Exp. Jonah 68 He so rebuketh Jonas, and ratleth him for his drowsiness. 1667 Pepys Diary 9 Aug., I did soundly rattle him for neglecting her so much as he has done. 1710 S. Palmer Proverbs 70 A man’s own friends will.. reprove, catechise, and rattle him at so severe a rate. 1736 [Chetwood] Voy. Vaughan (1760) I. 132 My Uncle perceiving his Behaviour, rattled him, in his merry Way. 1931 S. W. Ryder Blue Water Ventures xvi. 217 He should have rattled his officer-of-the-watch for slackness.

t b. So with up or off. Obs. 1547 Latimer in Foxe A. & M. (1563) 1349/2 Peraduenture ye wyll set penne to paper, and al to rattle me vp in a letter. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 202 b, The diuines of Collon assailed Bucer sore, and rattled hym vp with manye opprobrious wordes. £-1650 Heylin Laud (1668) 263 The King so rattled up the Bishop, that he was glad to make his peace. 1709 Hearne Collect. 4 Apr. (O.H.S.) II. 182 He.. rattled him off for Printing the Book. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull iii. viii, She, that would sometime rattle off her servants pretty sharply.

fc. With complement. Obs. 1624 Massinger Pari. Love ii. ii, Ser. Madam, I rattled him. Rattled him home. Le. Rattle him hence, you rascal. 1669 Pepys Diary 25 Mar., I did lay the law open to them, and rattle the master-attendants out of their wits almost. 1722 De Foe Relig. Courtsh. i. iii. (1840) 89, I believe I rattled her out of it when I came away. 8. a. To stir up, rouse; to make lively. 1781 D. Williams tr. Voltaire's Dram. Wks. II. 119 Come, let us away, to hasten his scrawling redundancies, and rattle the old, plump gentlemen. 1879 McCarthy Own Times I. xvi. 397 A timely philippic rattling up an exhausted and disappointed House.

b. Sporting. To beat up or chase vigorously. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 303 A small covert close by the kennel, being well rattled, the varmint broke away in gallant style. 18& Whyte Melville Mkt. Harb. 88 A fox well rattled, up to the first check, huntsmen tell us, is as good as half killed. 1878 E. W. L. Davies Mem. Rev.J. Russell xi. 259 To rattle.. every stronghold visited by the foxes.

9. to rattle aivay, to lose by dicing; to rattle off, to dispose of in a rapid manner; also spec. Cricket: to score or ‘knock ofF with ease (the runs necessary for victory); to rattle up (chiefly Cricket): to score rapidly, within a certain time, or before enforced retirement. 1808 E. S. Barrett Miss-led General 161 Another considerable estate, called Wheatlands, was rattled away in one night. 1822 Blackw. Mag. XII. 47 Currently rattled off at the Edinburgh book auctions. 18^ Baily's Mag. Sept. 427 Captain Bathurst, in the fine old family style, rattled up 10 and 21. 1875 Ibid. June 108 Ultimately the South were left with about 40 to get to win, and Mr. W. G. Grace and Jupp rattled off these without difficulty. 1896 G. B. Shaw Let. 15 Feb. (1965) I. 597, I do not make a third of the income expected by men who rattle off their copy at anything from 20/- to 40/- a thousand. 1926 H. S. Altham Hist. Cricket xviii. 208 Jackson and Sellars rattled up 24 in a quarter of an hour. 1973 Advocate-News (Barbados) 20 Feb. 14/5 Such an ‘uncertainty’ would take the form of a dramatic batting collapse, giving the Australians enough time to rattle up a good second innings score. 1976 o-io Cricket Scene (Austral.) 30/2 And to show he has lost none of his zest for runs, he rattled off scores of 171 not out, 12, 114 not out and 36 in the World Cup series in England.

10. To impel, drive, drag, bring, etc., in a rapid rattling manner. Freq. in recent use, esp. with advbs. or preps. 1825-8 Croker Fairy Legends 342 As bold a rider as any Mallow boy that ever rattled a four-year-old upon Drumrue race course. 1840 J. Devlin Shoemaker 10 The sweep ascends to his task, rattles down the soot about our feet. 1867 J. Macgregor Voy. Alone (1868) 81 The anchor was rattled up in a minute. 1880 Mai oppynd on me paire mouth as lyon rawysand and rumyand. ri400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 Diuerse maners of nedders and oper rauyschand bestez. 1535 CovERDALE Gen. xxxvii. 33 A rauyshinge beast hath rauyshed loseph. 1605 Shaks. Macb. II. i. 55 With his stealthy pace, With Tarquin’s rauishing sides [emend, strides].

3. Exciting ecstasy or transports. C1430 Lydg. Reas. & Sens. (E.E.T.S.) 3656 Whan they harpe pley, and synge, The noyse is so ravysshynge, That [etc.]. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 3 O rauishing perswasion, to deale with a Science, whose Subiect is so Auncient. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. i. 783 Those ravishing and charming Graces. 01703 Burkitt On N.T., Matt. xvii. 4 O what a ravishing comfort is the fellowship of the saints. 1840 Browning Sordello iii. 351 Then, ravishingest lady, will you pass Or not each formidable group? 1873 Hamerton Intell. Life i. iv. (1875) 24 His ears drank ravishing harmonies.

■[h. as adv.

Ravishingly. Obs. rare.

1570 Levins Manip. 68/6 A W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine ii.

rauishmente, rapina. 1606 G. 9 The foule rauishments they had offered them by the Athenians. 1650 B. Discolliminium 24 That Scotish Invasion and our English Defeat..was a very Ravishment.

'ravissant, a. Also 3, 6 rauisaunt, -ant. [a. F. ravissant, pple. of ravir: see ravish.] fl. Of beasts: Ravening. Obs. rare. C1290 MS. Laud 108 If. II i>e wolf wilde and rauisaunt with pe schep 3eode so milde so lomb. 1549 Compl. Scot. Prol. 2 Tha said rauisant volfis of ingland hes intendit ane oniust veyr.

b. Her. (See quot. 1780.) rare-^. The attitude of a ‘wolf ravissant’ corresponds to that of a ‘lion salient’. 1727 in Bailey (vol. II). 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Her. H. Gloss., Ravissant, a term used by French Heralds to express the posture of a wolf, half raised, and just springing forward upon his prey.

2. Ravishing, delightful. Now only as F. (ravisa), with fern, ravissante (-at). 1653 Gauden Hierasp. 254 The ravissant happiness of the blessed Angels. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode i. i, O, ’tis the sweetest Prince! so obligeant, charmant, ravissant. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair li, The most ravissante little Marquise in the world. 1885 Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman ix. She is not ravissante like her sister.

1616 Breton Goode & Badde §8 The rauishing sweet in the musique of Honour. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. I, 57 Devotions .. like a melodious Consort ravishing Sweet.

ravissh-,

adv. [f. prec. + ravishing manner, enchantingly.

ravoun, obs. form of raven sb.^

'ravishingly,

-ly^.]

In a

1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 96 [They] sing sweetly, glance piercingly, play on Lutes rauishingly. 1615 Chapman Odyss. x. 151 To heare a voice so rauishingly rare. 01672 Sterry Freed. Will (1675) 105 An unbounded, equally-beautiful, ravishingly-harmonious variety. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand, xxxix, [Her] whole person was ravishingly delightful. 1848 Thackeray Lett, i Nov., They have a full chorus of boys,.. who sing quite ravishingly. t ravishmeal,

RAW

236

RAVISHING

Obs.rare-'^. [f. ravish

+

-MEAL.] In a ‘ravishing’ manner. 1382 Wyclif J06 vi. 15 My brethern passeden beside me, as a strem that raueshe melum \v.rr. rauyshe meel, raueshemeles; L. raptim] passeth in valeis. ravishment (’raevij'mant). Also 5-6 rauisshe-, 6

rauysshe-, rauishe-, etc. [ad. OF. ravissement (14th c.): see ravish v. and -ment.] fl. The act of carrying off a person; in ravishment of ward or de gard^ the taking away of a ward; also, the writ issued in consequence of this. Obs. *530-* 22 Hen. VIII, c. 15 And also excepted and forprised out of this pardon all rauysshementes of the Kynges wardes. C1640 J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys {1SS2) H. 351 This lord Henry brought his Writ of ravishment de gard against Robert Hill. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. i. §30. 13 If Lord and Tenant be by Knights service and the Tenant die, his heire within age, and a stranger take him away, the Lord shall have a ravishment of ward. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 1107 Penalties for Ravishment of a Ward from his Lord’s Custody.

2. Forcible abduction or violation of a woman. 1529 S. Fish Supplic. Beggers (1871) 8 For the murdre of his auncestre, rauisshement of his wyfe, of his doughter. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry iii. ix. loi Tatius King of the Sabines coming against him to revenge the ravishment of their women. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 533 ff 2 Why should there be Accessaries in Ravishment any more than Murther? 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias I. 39 She was there informed, by Chrysanthis, of the ravishment of her daughter, c 1850 Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 679 He begged the princess to acquaint him of what had passed from the time of her ravishment. transf. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xliv. (1739) 72 For though he might have taken it by ravishment, yet he chose the way of wooing it by a kind of mutual agreement. 01671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 125 Even this I hope all impartial judges will interpret as force and ravishment of a good name, rather than a voluntary consent. b. With a and pl.\ = rape sb.^ 3 b. 1576 Act 18 Ehz. c. 7 § I Felonious Rapes or Ravishements of Women Maydes Wieves and Damsells. i686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2120/2 All Ravishments and wilful taking away or Marrying of any Maid. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 188 Murders, ravishments, and barbarities. 1890 W. Booth In Darkest Eng. i. i. 13 Ravishments as horrible, as if we were in Central Africa. fig. 1693 G. Firmin Rev. Mr. Davis's Vind. i. 9 Our coming to Christ, and union with him, is compared to Marriage,.. but Dr. Crisp makes it a Ravishment.

3. Transport, rapture, ecstasy. C1477 Caxton Jason 67 b, In this rauisshement, him thought that the God mars saide to him, Appollo, Appollo. 1546 Primer Hen. VIII 146 In the mouth honie so mellifluous, In the heart ravishment celestious. 1627 W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 89 Cursed Moamed calls the dead fits of his falling Sicknesse, his Exstasie and rauishment at the appearance of the Angell Gabriel. 1718 Entertainer No. 21. 144 That Heavenly Bliss, which has absorb’d their Souls in Ravishment and Rapture. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xiv. 115 A melody That, indistinctly heard, with ravishment Possess’d me. 1873 Browning Red Colt. Nt.-cap IV. 270 What folks nickname A lyre, those ancients played to ravishment,

b. With a and pi. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 655 Some of them haue visions, ramshments, & traunces. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr- XVI, To make joy in heaven,.. oh what a ravishment is It. 1744 J- Paterson Comm. Milton's P.L. 266 Ravishments ^Stacies, or transports of the mind for joy. 1841-4 Emerson Ess. Scr* I- ix. (1876) 227 What was in the case of these remarkable persons [Fox, Swedenborg, etc.] a ravishment.

14. An act of plundering or ravaging. Obs.

ravle,

obs. variant of revest v.

dial, form of ravel.

ravyn(e,

obs. forms of raven, ravin^.

ravyner, -ous,

obs. forms of havener, -ous.

fraw, sb.'

Obs. rare. catching fish.

Some contrivance for

1533-4 rict 25 Hen. VIII, c. 7 [No person shall take in any] crele, raw, web, lister, fier, or any other engine.. the yonge frie .. of any kinde of salmon. 1558 Act I Eliz. c. 17 § i No Person .. withe any.. Crele, Rawe, Fagnett, Trollnett, Trimmenet.. shall take.. Spawne, or Frye of Eeles, Salmon, Pyke or Pyckerell,

raw (ro:), a. (sb.^).

Forms; a. i hreaw, hrtew, (Phreow), 3 ravj, 4 raughe, 4-6 rawe, 4- raw. jS. north. 5 ra(e, 8 rey, 9 ray, reea. [Comm. Teut.: OE. hreaw = Fris. rd, re, OS. *hrdo {hra-, MDu. raeu, rou, ro, Du. rauw), MLG. ro (LG. ran, rd, ro), OHG. rdu-, rou-, ro (MHG. raw-, rouw-, ro, G. roh), ON. hrd-r (Sw. rd, Da. raa):—OTeut. *hrawa-z, pre-Teut. *krouo-z related to OIr. crti, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, OSlav. kruvi blood; Gr. Kpeas, Skr. kravts raw flesh. The northern forms ra, ray, etc. are app. ad. ON. hrd-r.'I

A. adj. 1. a. Uncooked, not prepared for use as food by the action of fire or heat. fOf water: Unboiled {obs.). raw cream dial, (see quot. 1796). Also, raw milk. a. c 1000 i^LFRic Horn. II. 264 Ne ete ge of 6am lambe nan 6ing hreaw. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 102 Meng wi8 hreaw $5ru. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 304/152 J?ei heo hadde fisch and drinke, 3e wuten wel it was rav3. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 27 He ete nevere no)?er drank his fulle, noj?er ete rawe fruyte. c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 44 Take raw porke and hew hit smalle. CI511 istEng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 People the whiche ete none other than rawe fleshe. 1577 Frampton Joyfull Newes ii. (1596) 46 With the noughtie meates and drinking of the rawe waters,.. the most parte of them fell into continual! Agues. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 693 If we killed a beast for our use, they would aske the inwards, and eat them raw. 1658 A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better than if boyled. 1704 Diet. Rust, et Urb. s.v. Appetite, You must cause them to swallow raw Eggs. [1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 48 If we make raw Milk Cheese.] 1796 W. Marshall W. England Gloss. (E.D.S.), Raw cream, cream raised in the natural way, not scalded or clouted. 1861 Flor. Nightingale Nursing a8 A patient should, if possible, not.. even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state. 1871 N. & Q. 4th Ser. VIII. 415, I think that ‘rammilk’ is rahm milk—f.e. cream milk and not raw milk. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Mar. 221/2 Some doctors say raw milk is better for health than pasteurised milk, so who is to be believed? 1979 A. Parker Country Recipe Notebk. viii. 103 Raw milk (‘farm milk’) is at present officially described as untreated milk. CI400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 pai ete ffesch and fisch rae. C1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 662/16 Caro cruda, ra flesche. 1740“ in Lane, and Yks. dial, (in forms rey, ray, reea). transf. 1652 Tatham Pref. Verse in BTomeJoviall Crew, It is unhallowed heat, That boyles your Raw-brains.

fb. Applied to blood from a wound. rare~^. 01529 Skelton Ware Hauke 58 The bloude ran downe raw Vpon the auter stone.

fc. Undigested. Obs. rare. 1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. ix. [see crude a. 3]. Ibid. ii. xxix, In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of concoction.

d. Unburnt, unbaked; not hardened or fused by fire. Cf. green a. gd. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India fef P. ,131 The Castle..was large, but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the common pottery... They are generally composed of white-lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill. 1882 [see green a. 9d]. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The ‘raw’ vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed.

fe. Of fruit: Green, not preserved. Obs. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 391 They export from thence vast quantities of Fruit dry’d and raw.

f. Applied to the taste of tea: mellow.

harsh, not

1881 Tea Cycl. iii. 220/1 To obtain a raw, rasping and pungent flavor I am compelled to underferment, the indication of which is that the colour of infused leaves are of a greenish brown tint. 1892 J. M. Walsh Tea, its Hist. Myst. vii. 170 Ceylon and Javas are either ‘raw’, ‘uncooked’ ..or sour in flavour. 1933 C. R. Harler Culture Marketing of Tea xiv. 278 The infused leaf of tea made from under-withered leaf is generally greenish. The infusions from such leaf are usually raw and rasping. 1958 T. Eden Tea xiv. 176 Tea-Tasting Terms.. Harsh, Raw, Rasping. Bitter due to the presence of unfermented polyphenols; a common defect of non-wither teas.

g. raw humus, vegetable matter not yet fully decomposed; incompletely formed humus. 1891 W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. i. 32 {heading) Accumulation of raw humus. 1926 Tansley & Chipp Study of Vegetation vii. 117 In cold, moist soils poor in mineral salts and acid in reaction.. the leaf litter and other plant debris remain on the surface very little changed and often form a thick layer which is called raw humus. Ibid. 132 The soil is covered with a thick layer of raw humus. 193S Forestry IX. 43 Raw humus is characterized by its excessive accumulation (slow decomposition), expandibility, and frequently by the presence of some structural remains of plants... [It is] characterized also by an extremely low base content. 1952 S. A. Waksman Soil Microbiol, v. 136 In evergreen forests, the largely organic surface layers are usually not mixed with the inorganic soil layers; the former are referred to as the ‘raw humus’ or ‘duflP. Ibid. 144 The surface layer of the raw humus soil may undergo considerable leaching. 1975 Soil Sci. XX. 25/1 The raw humus.. has been extracted successively with hexane, ether, and ethanol. h. to come the raw prawn: see prawn sb. 3 c.

2. In a natural or unwrought state; not yet subjected to any process of dressing or manufacture: a. of the materials of textile fabrics; esp. raw silk, silk simply drawn from the cocoons by the process of reeling; also, a fabric of spun silk. Also fig. C1315 Shoreham Poems iii. 150 For wel to conne and nau3[t] to don Nys naj>er rawe ne y-sponne. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 790 Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke. 1463-4 Rolls of Parlt. V. 506/1 In rawe Silke allone unwrought. 1503 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 21 All other maner of Sylkes,.. rawe or unwrought. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. iv. 245 Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Hand. 1712 Gay Story of Arachne 27 Whether raw wool in its first orbs she wound. 1831 G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 207 The merely nominal duty of one penny per pound on raw silk. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods would be far preferable to one on raw cotton. 1866 A. D. Whitney in Our Young Folks Feb. 104 Two pairs of bright brown raw silk stockings.. completed the mountain outfit. 1953 M. McCarthy in Harper's Mag. Mar. 42/1, I was wearing a bright apple-green raw silk blouse. 1965 D. Mackenzie Lonely Side of River i. 18 Raw-silk summer curtains rustled in the drawing room. 1978 Observer 29 Jan. 25/4 There are lots of clothes around made in what is loosely termed ‘raw silk’. This is a misnomer as raw silk is actually the silk before it has been woven into fabric and what we call raw silk is actually a slub silk.

b. of cloth: Unfulled. 1381 in Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol II. 7 Nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth. 1467-8 Rolls of Parlt. V. 621/2 To bie Wollen Yarne..and also to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled. 1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 175 vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de Randea. 1582 N.T. (Rhem.) Matt. ix. 16 No body putteth a peece of raw cloth to an old garment. 1723 Ramsay Monk Miller's Wife 140 Knaves.. Whase kytes can streek out like raw plaiding. 1868 Chambers's Encycl. X. 265/2 When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look, and is called the raw thread. 1886 Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk. S.V., The room in which goods are placed when taken from the weaver is always the ‘raw-piece shop’.

c. of leather or hides: Untanned, undressed. Cf. GREEN a. 9 c. Also rawhide, a rope or whip of undressed hide; hence rawhiding, a whipping; also^g.; rawhide vb. trans., to whip; also fig. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xiv. ii8 Covered wyth lamynes of yron or wyth rawe leder, 1585 T. Washington tr, Nicholay’s Voy. iv. xxxiv. 156 b, Their headpeece was of a raw oxe hide. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 29 Her lips were, like raw lether, pale and blew. 1704 Lond. Gaz. No. 4004/3 A Parcel of Raw Hides. 1829 Massachusetts Spy 16 Sept. 2/4 She .. took down a raw hide.. and .. kept the whip moving. 1847 Grote Greece ii. xlix. (1862) IV. 306 Hides, raw as well as dressed. 1848 Knickerbocker XVHI. 519 The editor, it was predicted, would catch a raw-hiding before sun-set, 1858 Spirit of Times 6 Feb. 356/3 One of our citizens was rawhided in the street.. by a Mr. Huntington. 1890 L. C. D’Oyle Notches 174 He called to Peters and his companions to slacken the rawhide, and by this means they lowered him. 1935 W. Faulkner As I lay Dying 109 Like as not you got to take a rawhiding for thinking they meant it. 1935 H. L. Davis Honey in Horn viii. 100 He had been rawhided into a hunt that showed up his lack of endurance. 1944 H. Evatt Snow Owls Secret 85 The huskies do like the sound of the singing rawhide, 1949 5at. Even. Postj May 103/1 Joe went along as packer, rawhiding a string of bony horses up into the brownie country. 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 28/2 Sometimes the whole door was of rawhide. attrib. (alsofig.) 1841 G. Gatlin Lett, on N. Amer. Indians 1. X. 71 The raw-hide thong, with which it was tied to a stake. iS-ji Smithsonian Misc. Collect. XIH. No. 6. 83 Splitleather, grain-leather, rawhide thongs. 1883 Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas i. 18 I’m just pining away for a fight. I’m a rawhide Texan, I am. 1897 Slocan (B.C.) Pioneer 8 May 1/2 A rawhide and pack trail has been

RAW constructed from the town of Brandon to the Xwo Friends mine. 194^ Chambers's Techn. Diet. 704/1 Rawhide hammer, a hammer the head of which consists of a close roll of hide projecting from a short steel tube; used by fitters to avoid injuring a finished surface. 1957 J. Kerouac On Road(igsS) iii. 21 Here came this rawhide old-timer Nebraska farmer. 1973 J- Wainwright Devil you Don't 14 The expensive, rawhide shirt. 1976 A. Murray Stomping Blues iv. 51 Down from the cloudlike realms of abstraction and fantasy to the bluesteel and rawhide textures of.. the everyday struggle for existence.

d. of Other substances (or their qualities), e.g. undiluted (spirits), unrefined (oil), unmalted (grain), undistilled (water), etc. Also not filtered or otherwise treated; unrefined or partly refined (sugar), undeveloped (land) {N. Amer.), untreated (sewage). 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 3 b, [The beryl] is first found also raw’ and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe. 1626 Bacon Sylva §347 Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters. 1651 Publ. Gen. Acts 1336 Melting down Iron, Oare and Sinders into Raw Iron. 1787 Winter Syst. Husb. 9 The application of raw dung unmixed with earth. 1797 Raw sugar [see sugar sb. i b]. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 247 New spirit is stored in wooden vessels until the raw flavour is ameliorated. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications during the process of malting. 1839 Ure Diet. Manuf. (1853) II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale straw colour. 1845 M'^Culloch Taxation 11. x. (1852) 361 Raw spirits could not be purchased.. for less than 45. 6d. 1868 Chem. News 20 Nov. 248/2 Several accidents happened; one.. by which no less than 150,000 gallons of raw sewage were pumped into a tank holding 430,000 gallons of purified sewage. 1882 C. G. W. Lock et al. Sugar Growing ^ Refining p. vii, Sugar-cane .. is extensively cultivated, and the manufactured product, under the name of ‘raw sugar’, forms the staple produce of many of our colonies. 1883 Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas xxi. 282 [He] came to Atascoso County, Texas, and bought a piece of raw land. 1925 G. F.^irrie Sugar vii. 151 At the commencement of the nineteenth century the methods of converting the juice of the cane into raw sugar and the process of refining the raw sugar were very different from what they are to-day. 1930 Engineering 25 July 121/1 The net quantity of raw water distilled and passed into the feed line as make-up amounts to 1,138 tonnes per day. 1939 Sun (Baltimore) 11 Apr. 2I2 His agency is not interested in the price paid for the ‘raw land’ on which such developments were built. Ibid. 28 Sept. 12/1 The work might be done in part by carrying raw sewage lines to Colgate creek. igs6yrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. XLVIII. 1281 (heading) Relation of treatment methods to limits for coliform organisms in raw waters. 1958 Raw sewage [see recirculate u.]. 1972 Works Engineer Nov./Dec. 32/1 Raw feed may contain domestic detergents, in which case, antifoaming agents must be added to the treated water. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 7 July 3/1 Speculation in raw land is a major contributor to high housing costs.. according to Mayor Art Phillips. 1976 Chem. in Brit. XII. 375/3 A recent exercise which nicely illustrates the applications of radiotracers in large systems was carried out, in a raw-water reservoir of capacity 3.10® m^. 1978 Daily Tel. 7 July 19/1 The slide in the daily price of raw sugar on the London futures market continued yesterday. 1978 Oxford Times 15 Dec. 4/6 Raw sewage has been bubbling up through manhole covers.

e. with general terms, as raw commodity, material, produce, etc. (Freq. in 19th and 20th c.) 1738 Burke Rep. Ajf . India Wks. 1842 II. 28 This forced preference of traffick in a raw commodity. I79^ Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary instruments of all manufactures. 1825 M^^Culloch Pol. Econ. HI. V. 273 A farmer who rents a farm,.. employing upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw produce, enable him to pay his rent. 1846-Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 109 The earths, the metals, and other substances.. sent abroad, either in a raw or manufactured shape. 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia vii. 392 The raw material of human nature. i8M Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 675 Here is quite raw material enough for a legend-maker. 1930 R. Campbell Poems 12 Taking as raw material for his lays The good old English beer he loves to praise. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/2 The processes of erosion, which provide the raw materials of the sedimentary rocks.

f. Of measurements, data, or the like: not yet subjected to a process giving them significance; unadjusted; naively calculated. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XV. 263 Weight.. has a raw correlation of 0.34, after correction we eventually get 0.43. 1920 Yoakum & Yerkes Mental Tests iii. 78 The result of examination alpha is expressed in a total score which is the sum of the raw scores of the several tests. 1945 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. XXXV. 46 Only the general problems involved in the evaluation of the raw data will be treated in this paper. 1950 Sun (Baltimore) ii May 4/3 McCarthy’s frequent statements that the proof of his charges of Communist infestation in the State Department lies.. in the ‘raw files’ of the FBI. 1954 A. Anastasi Psychol. Testing ii. 24 The ‘raw score’ on the test.. may be expressed as number of correct items, time required to complete a task, number of errors, or some other objective measure appropriate to the content of the test. Such a raw score is meaningless until evaluated in terms of a suitable set of norms. 1971 World Archaeql. III. 120 Naroll’s formula.. shows too much variation in raw numbers of population and square meters. 1974 Nature i Nov. 27/1 A raw spectrum was obtained by averaging the values for a given grating position weighted according to the reciprocal of their variances. 1975 Ibid. 31 Jan. 327/2 The raw magnetic field data are translated to a Jupiter centred spherical coordinate system. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/2 The console operators do not see a raw radar picture. The information is translated into digital bits and then filtered through complicated computer programming. 1978 Daily Tel. 16 Jan. 2/1 Sir Charles.. said he had been given warnings as far back as April about the deteriorating

RAW

237 situation but had not been prepared to release what he felt were ‘raw’ forecasts about losses.

g. Of manufactured material: unused, 1917 Bennett & Heron Guide to Kinematogr. i. 12 Raw stock is divided broadly into two classes. Ordinary and Non Flam. 1934 Tit-Bits 31 Mar. 12/2 Exposed film is ‘stuff ; unexposed film is ‘raw stock’. 1968 Globe Sf Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 27/3 She paints on the floor of her.. studio, beginning with raw canvas. 1971 W. G. Salm Stereo in your Home xii. 168 Prerecorded open-reel tape production line in Ampex plant records all four tracks simultaneously, taking raw tape from large blank pancake. 1973 Center City Office Weekly (Philadelphia) 9 Oct. 5 We could not shoot today. No money to buy the raw stock film. 1979 N. ^ Q. Aug. 348/2 Print¬ outs from the raw text tapes.

h. Of a glaze: (see quot. 1934). 1934 Webster, Raw glaze, a glaze made from materials which need no preparation, but can be bought ready for use. 1964 H. Hodges Artifacts ii. 46 Any glaze in which the raw materials are simply ground up and applied in this way is called a raw glaze.

3.

a. Crude, not brought to perfect composition, form or finish. (In mod. use chiefly of colouring.) raw sienna, umber, sienna and umber which have not been calcined; also, the colours of these pigments; raw deal, see DEAL sb.^ 4 c; raw edge, the unfinished edge of a cut piece of fabric; also^ig.; (cf. raw-edged, sense 9); t to leave raw, to leave unfinished (cf. rawly adv. i). 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. ix. (1495) 94 His vryne is white and thycke, rawe and euyll coloured [L. cruda et discolorata). 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 71 Softe, my frende; herein your reason is but rawe. 1551 T. Wilson Logike 86 b, The Judges.. left the matter raw without judgement for that time. 1^7 Norden Surv. Dial. iii. 137 Some Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record. ^21715 Burnet Own Time iv. (1724) I. 629 A raw rebellion would soon be crushed. 1720 Waterland Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. §7 To set his raw conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of a word, against such valuable authorities. 1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 10 The colouring of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular. 1869 Bradshaw's Railway Man. XXI. 460/1 (Advt.), Raw Turk. Umb. 1871 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 183 The.. scenery, so provokingly raw and deficient in harmony. 1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 13 That great raw pretentious building. 1886 H. C. Standage Artists' Man. Pigments iv. 43 Yellow ochres (these include Jaune de Mars, Sienna, or Raw Sienna), c 1^0 tr. T. de Dillmont's Encycl. Needlework 6 Rounded seam.—Back-stitch your two edges together., then,, roll the outer one in, with the left thumb, till the raw edge is quite hidden, hemming as you roll. 1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 252/3 Artists tube oil colors... Prussian blue. Raw sienna. Raw umber. Roman ochre. 1906 R. Fry Let. 17 Apr. (1972) I. 263, I did the wood-work in one coat, pure raw umber and white over a burnt sienna stain. 1908 M. Morgan How to dress Doll ii. 20 Overcasting is only used to keep raw edges on a seam.. from fraying. 1948 F. A. Staples Watercolour Paintings (1951) iv. 49 Raw sienna. Bright yellow with slight reddish tone. Transparent. 1951 R. Mayer Artist's Handbk. ii. 59 Raw umber... Its composition is similar to that of sienna but it contains no manganese. A dark brown, its tones vary from greenish or yellowish to violet-brown. 1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. D9/1 Stitch a one-inch item on each side, turning under raw edge. 1979 A. V. Badgley Rembrandt Decisions (1980) viii. 108 Hot cups of coffee.. slowly salved the raw edges of Duncan Forbes’ departure.

b. Uncultivated, uncivilized, brutal, rare. 1577 Harrison England in Holinshed C/iron. (1587) I. 2/2 Men, being as then but raw and void of all ciuilitie. 1847 Tennyson Princ. ii. 106 The man.. Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. ii. iii. (1868) 182 When raw force was everything.

c. Psychol, raw feel, a term for the immediate impression evoked by a stimulus, prior to conscious evaluation. 1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals ^ Men 250 The dyed-in-the-wool mentalist will again protest. Such discrimination-box experiments.. will not and cannot convey what may be called the ‘raw feel’ of these discriminanda. Ibid. 452 Raw feel, a name for the peculiar quale of experience. 1950 Mind LIX. 174 What a psychology of discriminations leaves out.. he calls ‘raw feels’. 1956 Meehl & Sellars in FeigI & Scriven Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci. I. 249 To suppose that ‘raw feels’ as we shall call them, will be found to be emergent.. is to suppose that raw feels.. are the a’s and 6’s in the generalized function. 1969 H. D. Lewis Elusive Mind ix. 181 There seems, in short, to be some ‘immediate data of first person experience .. (e.g. directly experienced sensations, thoughts, feelings.. etc.)’. These are also described in many places as ‘raw feels’, a somewhat inelegant but suggestive term made popular, I believe, by Professor R. W. Sellars.

14. a. Unripe, immature. Chiefly

Ohs.

1477 Norton Ord. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 47 For foule and cleane by naturall lawe Hath greate discord, and soe hath ripe and rawe. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. ii. (W. de W.) 596 The last frute rypeth nat, but abydeth rawe and grene. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 357 Alowing one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but rawe, yet in tracte of time.. it wil waxe riper. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, II. iii. 41,1 tender you my seruice, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young. Which elder dayes shall ripen. 1652 Bp. Patrick Funeral Serm. in^. Smith's Sel. Disc., etc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of rawer and greener heads.

fb. New, unfamiliar. Obs. rare-K

Heylin Cosmogr. n. (1682) 33 The ill smells. .are ready to stifle and choak up the Spirits of raw Travellers. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 288 IP i A raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as herself. 1791 Cowper Iliad XI. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xvi. Surely, my Lords, you will not unnecessarily entrust this great business to a raw hand! 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset I. xv. 122 It was remembered., how raw a lad he had been when he first came there.

b. esp. of soldiers experience in fighting.

without

training

or

1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 107 This is the cause why there are found so many rawe captaines and soldiers in Englande. 1685 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 352 The horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one shock. 1761-2 Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. Ivi. 302 Raw troops, conducted by unexperienced commanders. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. ii. 195 Like raw recruits drawn forth for exercise. 1879 Froude Csesar xxii. 394 With a raw and inexperienced army he engaged legions in perfect discipline.

c. Const, at, in, \to. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 23 The disciples, who were as yet rawe in their profession. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. 109 So that when they are called, they be not altogether rude and raw to discipline, a 1668 Davenant Man's the Master v. i, I have been a raw fellow at fighting. 1697 Dryden JEneidxi. 235 Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. ii. (1827) I. 398 So raw and unexperienced in naval affairs. 1790 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Wks. 1812 II. 259 Stiffer than Recruits so raw at drill. 1842 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. ii. Black Mousquetaire, But painting’s an art I confess I am raw in. d. of things, qualities, actions, etc. rare. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. ii. 129 [Q.] The concemancy. Sir? why do we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath? 1672 Otway Titus & Berenice i. i. His Fancy does with wild Distraction rove, which thy raw Ignorance interprets Love. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Old Margate Hoy, The raw questions which we.. would be.. putting to them. 6. a. Having the skin removed, so that the flesh

is exposed; excoriated. Also transf. of the eyes: Unprotected, raw side, the flesh side of a skin. Obs. 14.. Lat. ^ Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 589/25 Incrudo, to make rawe. c 1410 Lydg. Lyfe Our Ladye xxi. i. (Bodl. MS. 75) 25 Eyen raw may not abyde ffor to behold a3ens her bemys brijt. 1550 Crowley Epigr. 323 Sore legges, most lothsome to se; al rawe from the fote. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 28 The woundes which..haue beene healed vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe rawe and greene. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (ibsS) 186 The man.. in Winter time, turneth the hairy side next to his body,.. and in Summer the raw side. 1719 Young Busiris i. i, Felt him as the raw wound the burning steel. 1788 Falconbridge Afr. Slave Tr. 41 They were both flogged till their backs were raw. 1886 Burton Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 70 She.. flogged him cruelly... Then she drew the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin. fig. 1864 Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 263 Always sore upon the question of the.. native, he now became positively raw and festering.

b. Painful, as when the raw flesh is exposed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. x. 2 All his sinewes woxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 11 It [the local pain in bronchitis] is variously described as ‘sore’, ‘raw’, or ‘burning’.

c. Showing through the skin boned.

(obs.)-,

raw-

1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. xii. 20 His wonted chearefull hew Gan fade,.. His cheeke-bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew. 1849 E. B. Eastwick Dry Leaves 75 They were., miserably mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on sand for the last year. fd. Affected with indigestion = crude 3 b.

Obs. 1574 Homilies ii. Sacrament 412 Wholesome meate receiued into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all. 1591 [cf. raw-stomached in 9]. 1621 Fletcher Pilgrim iii. vi, Gent. Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, as all have That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks.

e. Of a person: naked (esp. when sleeping). colloq. 1931 D. Runyon in Hearst's International May 64/2 He puts her in the ‘Vanities’ and lets her walk around raw. 1952 M. R. Rinehart Swimming Pool xx. 185 Or maybe she sleeps raw. 1962 J. F. Straker Coil of Rope vii. 69 Did I shock you? I always sleep raw. 1974 H. Waugh Parrish for Defence (1975) Ixvii. 309 She didn’t own any nightgowns. She slept raw.

7. Of the weather, etc.: Damp and chilly; bleak. 1546 St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 162 Mr. Wotton beyng so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold. 1601 ? Marston Pasquil & Kath. v. 70 The evening’s raw and danke; I shall take cold. 1^7 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 673 When the raw Rain has pierc’d them to the quick. 1729 Savage Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all th’ inverted year. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. i. i. You shan’t venture out this raw evening. 1822 Scott Pirate xxix. The young ladies spend the night under cover from the raw evening air. 1876 J. R. Hind in Chambers' Astron. 197 The weather.. was raw and uncongenial.

18. Hoarse. rare.

(Perh. after obs. F. rau.)

Obs.

1474 Caxton Chesse in. vi. (1883) 132 Luxurye.. blyndeth the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe. 1480-Ovid's Met. xiv. xi. There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys.

5. a. Of persons: Inexperienced, unskilled, untrained; quite new or fresh to anything.

9. Comb., as raw-coloured, -devouring, -edged, -headed, -jawed, -looking, -mouthed, -nosed, •\-reeked, -ribbed, -seamed, -skinned, -smell¬ ing, t stomached adjs.

1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. iv. 23 They so framed them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come vnskilfull and rawe to the executyng of their office. 1652-62

1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) p. vii, A *rawe coloured portraiture that lacketh licking. 1848 Buckley Iliad 404 The ‘raw-devouring dogs whom I have nourished

1447-8 Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 38 The ij‘>' Chif Justise .. to whom oure mater myche was rawe.

in my palaces. 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) II. 75 *Raw-edg*d, not hemmed, without a seifedge. 1847 Halliwell, Raw-edged, not hemmed. 1876 Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. viii. 92 A newness of oldness; there was nothing raw-edged; nothing unmellowed. 1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 105 Where raw-edged shadows sting forlorn As dank dark nettles. 1972 Ulster (Sunday Times Insight Team) ix. 151 How raw-edged the relationship was .. was demonstrated by.. the first Army ‘victory in^Ulsteij 1586 E. K. in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Feb. (Emblem), The old man checketh the ‘raw-headed boy. 1932 Flynn s 24 Dec. 136^ They. .resort to what they call a ‘cold-turkey heel or a ‘*raw-jawed clout’... They refer to the act of going into a store and carrying out several articles without using any finesse at all. 1967 R. Lowell Near Ocean 13 The chinook Salmon.. Raw-jawed, weak-fleshed. 1827 Scott Chron. Canongate i. iv, A broad, ‘raw-looking, new-made road. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 27 ‘Ramowd rebald. Ibid, ^cn Rawmowit ribald. 1679 Lond. Gaz. No. 1423/4 A white Gelding ‘raw-nosed, tender-footed. 1432 Nottingham Rec. II. 132 Dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei ‘rawe reket. 1638 Ford Lady's Trial ni. i. The ‘raw-ribb’d apothecary. 1922 Blunden Shepherd 81 The young black heifer and the rawribbed mare. 1957 T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 51 Suddenly he awoke and was running-raw In ‘raw-seamed hot khaki. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 233 A ‘rawskinned crown, scantily haired. 1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 476 Next morning I woke in the ‘raw-smelling dawn, feeling like a corpse. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Ahitado, ‘rawe stomacked, crudus.

B. Ellipt. or absol. uses passing into sb. 11. An unfulled portion of a cloth. Obs. 1463-4 Rolls of Park. V. 501/2 In case that eny such diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell or fagge happen to be in eny part of the seid Clothes.

2. a. the raiv, the exposed flesh. Chiefly in phrases to touchy etc. (one) on the raw (usually fig.)\ in the raw (see quot. i934); also, naked. 1823 BYRONyuaw VIII. 1, The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings So much into the raw. 1837 Marryat Dogfiend xxxvii. This was touching up Vanslyperken on the raw. 1866 W. E. Forster 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life (1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of newspaper hits.. and these, too, on the raw. 1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage 71 He had a knack of saying bitter things, which caught people on the raw. 1926 A. Bennett Lord Raingo ii. Ixxiv. 341 What got ’im on the raw was Tommy Hogarth going against ’im in that business. 1934 Webster s.v. Raw n., In the raw, in one’s natural or crude state; hence, in one’s or its true nature or character; in naked truth; as, to present life in the raw. 1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run?v'in. 188 To go swimming in the raw. ig42R.A.F.yrnl. 27 June 24 There is a long tale of other victims of nature in the raw. 1944 E. Waugh Diary 16 Apr. (1976) 561 Auberon surprised her in her bath and is thus one of the very few men who can claim to have seen his great-great-grandmother in the raw. 1959 Times 9 Nov. 6/7 That is an argument which gets me very much on the raw. 1961 New Eng. Bible Acts V. 33 This touched them on the raw, and they wanted to put them to death. 1970 V. Canning Great Affair iv. 68 As Xavier’s pyjamas were much too small for me I slept in the raw. 1972 L. P. Davies What did I do Tomorrow? vii. 93 My, my. Village life in the raw.

b. A raw place in the skin, a sore or sensitive spot. Freq. fig. 1825 Scott Fam. Lett. II. 235 Using the hackney coach¬ man’s phrase of a raw. 1840 Mrs. Gore in New Monthly Mag. LX. 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost unfailing symptom of a raw. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. (1883) 243 Parties of travellers have a morbid instinct for ‘establishing raws’ upon each other. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed now that their saddle cloths were removed.

c. the rawSy the bare fists, slang. 1899 C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 27 The average Hooligan .. has usually done a bit of fighting with the gloves. .. But he is better with the raws.

3. the raWy applied to any raw article (esp. raw spirits) or quality. Also transf. 1844 J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh v. 100 After swallowing a single glass of the ‘raw’. 1864 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. XV. xii. IV. 182 The raw of a September morning. 1928 Daily Mail 16 Aug. 19/3, I am not at all sure that here is not a star in the raw.

4. a. A raw person, article, product, etc.; spec, in pi. raw sugars, or raw oysters. Also Comb, in raw bar U.S.y a bar selling raw oysters. 1868 Chamb. Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an’ delicate boys with romantic heads. 1884 New York Herald 27 Oct. 6/2 Sugar—Raws steady but inactive. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Oct. 16/6 The boys at the raw bar in the end of Bill’s place last night said the way oysters are this season a feller’ll have to eat shells and all to get a mess. 1973 Washington D.C. Yellow Pages 1314 Chuck O’Brien’s Riverboat. Featuring fine seafood and steaks. Informal raw bar. Cocktail lounge.

b. U.S. An untrained pony. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 389/2 The animals are mostly from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They pay for a ‘raw’ on an average fifty dollars.

raw (ro:), t;.‘ [f. raw a.] 11. intr. To become raw.

rawlplug

238

RAW

Obs. rare.

1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Rawe as flesche, crudere, crudescere. 1765 Compl. Maltster ^ Brewer p. xxii, Acrospired malts.. are not subject to raw nor rope.

2. trans. To make raw, to excoriate. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 135 Some of them haue grated and rawed their smooth tender skinnes, with haire shirts and rough garments. 1613 Heywood Braz. Age Wks. 1874 III. 250 Helpe me to teare this infernall shirt, Which rawes me where it cleaues. 1893 Black & White 4 Mar. 262/1 He.. carries his head a little forward, just where the collar raws him. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 646 The ends of the nerve being rawed and brought together by suture.

raw, obs. or dial, form of row.

Rawang (ra'waeri). [Native name.] A TibetoBurman language. 1934 J T. O. Barnard Handbk. of Rawang Dial, of Nung Lang. p. V, This is the first book on the Nung language, which has many dialects, of which, however, Rawang may be taken as the one most commonly spoken. 1954 E. R. Leach Polit. Syst. Highland Burma iii. 45 Nung—several distinct dialects. Rawang and Daru dialects said to be mutually unintelligible. 1964 E. A, Nida Toward Set. Transl. ix. 202 In Rawang, a language of Burma, a somewhat similar distinction between dead and alive is employed, but with special restrictions. 1976 Sci. Amer. Oct. 140/1 A translator has had to restate most of them, from the Japanese or the Xhosa or the Rawang (‘just one of hundreds of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken’).

t raw-bone, a. and sb. [f. raw a. 6 c.] A. adj. — RAW-BONED. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 65 So many men as were in lerusalem, so many pale raw-bone ghosts you would haue thought you had seene. 1660 Albert Durer Revived 5 A thin slender wast, a raw-bone arm. 1686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2122/4 A slender raw-bone Man. 1704 N. N. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. 1. 235 Mounted on Sir Hudibrass’s raw-bone Steed. 1772 Brydges Homer Trav. (1797) I. 10 His quiver .. Rattled against his raw-bone back.

B. sb. A very lean or gaunt person, a mere skeleton; pi. Death. 1638 Burton Anat. Mel. in. ii. iv. i. (1651) 519 A long lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker. 1784 Unfortunate Sensibility I. 116 Till old Raw-bones .. strips them till they are, like himself, naked to the very bone.

Taw-boned, a. [f. as prec.] Having projecting bones, barely covered with flesh; excessively lean or gaunt. Also transf. 1591 Shaks. I Hen. VI, i. ii. 35 Leane raw-bon’d Rascals, who would e’re suppose. They had such courage and audacitie? 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 229 Those that are dry, raw-boned and bloudlesse. 1686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2127/4 Edward Woodcocke, a tall raw-boned Man, down lookt. 1762 Foote Lyar ii. Wks. 1799 I. 305 A raw-bon’d, over-grown, clumsy cook-wench. 1802 C. WiLMOT Let. 19 Oct. in T. V. Sadleir Irish Peer (1920) 102 A cold wild desolate country bare and rawboned. 1818 Scott Heart Midi, xxix, Dick turned again to the raw-boned steed which he was currying. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxiii. An elderly raw-boned woman with a skin burnt.. brown. 1886 W. Morris Let. 23 June in Mackail Life Morris (1899) II. xvi. 161 Stirling, a very raw-boned town.

rawcht, obs. Sc. pa. t. reach v.' rawchter, obs. Sc. form of rafter sb.^ t rawed, a. Obs. [Of obscure origin: the sense is that of rayed a., but connexion between the

forms appears unlikely.] Striped. 1534 in Eng. Ch. Furniture (Peacock 1866) 205 The xth is of blak & Red velvett.. & the other side of rawed satten of brigges. 1552-3 Inv. Ch. Goods, Staffs, in Ann. Lichfield IV. 73 One vestement off rawed saye, an albe to it. 1608 in Best's Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 162 note. Two dozen of fyne lynnen napkins, the one dozen is rawed with blewe. 1624 Invent, in Archseologia XLVIII. 136 A livery cubberd, a rawed-work cover on it. 1633 Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 325 For 29 yeardes dimid. of rawed stuffe for hanginges.

rawen, -eyne, obs. variants of rowen. rawenge, rawess, obs. Sc. ff. revenge, revest.

borne target with instrument itself.

radar;

also

transf.,

the

1946 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. XXVII. 371/1 A system of obtaining winds-aloft reports by electronic means known as rawins is now gaining great favor. 1948 T. A. Blair Weather Elements (ed. 3) lii. 70 By the use of radar methods developed during World War II, a balloon carrying a radar target (reflector) can be followed through and above the clouds, making possible the determination of upper-air wind direction and force in all kinds of weather... Such soundings are known as rawins. 1951 Jrnl. Meteorol. VIII. 126/1 Monthly resultant rawins for 24 United States stations were obtained for the layer surface to 10,000 ft and for the io,ooo-ft level. 1967 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Atmospheric Sci. 581/1 It [sc. a radiosonde] consists of a small radio transmitter sent aloft by a helium or hydrogenfilled balloon which transmits the values of the meteorological elements in code to ground stations. If the instrument is tracked by radar to determine wind speed and direction aloft, it is called a rawin. If the two are combined in one, it is called a rawinsonde. 1979 U. Kilian Icequake vi. 103 A few tractors and a collapsed rawin tower were all that was left of the station.

rawine, obs. Sc. form of raven sb.' rawing, dial, variant of rowing rowen. rawinsonde (’reiwinsond). Meteorol. [f. rawin + SONDE.] A balloon-borne device coniprising a radiosonde and a radar target which both transmits meteorological data to ground stations and permits rawin observations to be made, freq. applied to the balloon and instrument package combined. 1946 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. XXVH. 371/1 The recent trend in practice is to combine radiosonde observations and winds-aloft observations in one operation, a Rawinsonde. I9S5 Sci. News Let. 24 Sept. 197/1 Fquipment the Weather Bureau plans to purchase includes:.. sixty-five new rawinsondes, to measure winds aloft, including the 20o-mile-per-hour river of air known as the jet stream. 1959 Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXIV. 1835 Because of the great altitude of the core of the ‘polar-night’ jet stream, only isolated rawinsonde observations have penetrated the core. 1970 Jrnl. Atmospheric Sci. XXVH. 420/1 Sufficient information content exists within the operational U.S. rawinsonde network to resolve the three-dimensional structure of frontal zones. 1975 Q- Jrnl. R. Meteorol. Soc. CL 336 "rhe rainfall patterns are interpreted within a framework provided by routine upper air data supplemented by long sequences of nominally i-hourly rawinsondes.

rawish('ro:iJ), a. [f. RAWa. + -isHb] Somewhat raw, in the various senses of the word. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. Prol., The rawish danke of clumzie winter [cjramps The fluent summers vaine. 1667 Poole Dial. betw. Protest. ^ Papist (1735) 194 Every Man that Eats rawish Meat may be said to drink the Blood which he eats in it. 1674 Lond. Gaz. No. 875/4 One white Pad Nag, with a rawish Nose. 1828 Blackw. Mag. XXIII. 494 The mouth of the drunkard.. contracts a singularly sensitive appearance—seemingly red and rawish. 1858 Hughes Scour. White Horse viii. 195 You’ll find the night rawish.

Hence 'rawishness. 1628 Venner Baths of Bathe in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) IV. 123 The water seems, by reason of the rawishness of the place, to be colder at its issuing forth, than it is otherwise. 1662 H. Stubbe Ind. Nectar iii. 25 It had also a rawishnesse in it, as if the fat required boiling.

rawk, vapour, fog: see roke.

t raw-flesh. Obs. rare~’^. = raw-head. 1598 Florio, Caccianemico, a bragging craking boaster, a bugbeare, a rawe-flesh and bloodie-bone.

rawk, variant of rauk a., hoarse. Obs.

rawght, obs. pa. t. reach t;.^

t'rawky, af Obs. rar€~^. [f. dial, razvk gum (of the eye), slime.] Slimy, gummy.

raw-head^, [f. raw a. 6 + head ^6.^] a. The name of a nursery bugbear, usually coupled with bloody-bones. (Cf. raw-flesh

1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 229 Their noses dropping,.. Their eyne rawky, and all their face unpure.

and RAW NECK.)

ROKE + -Y. Cf. ROKY a.^]

c 1550 [? Gascoigne] Wyll of Deuyll C iij b, Written by our faithful Secretaryes, Hobgoblin, Rawhed, & Bloody-bone, 1659 Leveller 4 Most People are agast at them, like children at Raw-head and Bloody-bones. 1694 Motteux Rabelais iv. Ixvi. (1737) 271 Ruffians and Murtherers, worse than Rawhead and Bloody-bones. 1773 Life N. Frowde 19 Already I thought that I beheld Raw-head and Bloody-Bones stalking about my Garret. 1819 L. Hunt Indicator No. ii (1822) I. 81 He was the Raw-head-and-bloody-bones of ancient fable. 1882-9 ID Lane, and Line, glossaries. attrib. 1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well II. vi. no Tell a rawhead-and-bloody-bone story about a footpad. 1828 Scott Jrnl. I Apr., They are very angry at the Review for telling a raw-head and bloody bones story. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton xx, A raw-head-and-bloody-bones picture of the suspected murderer. 1918 [see funk-hole].

1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. Eiij, The gloomie morning.. Muffled in mists and raukie vapours rose. 01864 Clare Rem. (1873) 227 Nameless flowers.. Culled in cold and rawky hours. 1869-82 in Lane, glossaries. 1935 E. R. Eddison Mistress of Mistresses x. 194 The air between the cliffs, ruffled in mists and rawky vapours. 1936 J. G. Horne Flooer o' Ling 22 Or rawky day creeps up the sky.

b. In allusive or figurative use. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. ii. 682 For Zeal’s a dreadful Termagant,.. Turns meek and sneaking Secret ones, To Raw-heads fierce and Bloody Bones. 1727 Swift Art Polit. Lying Wks. 1755 III. l. 119 Bringing out the raw-head and bloody bones upon every trifling occasion. 1849 D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 70 They will welcome the little strangers by making raw head and bloody bones of them.

frawhead'*. Obs.-° [-head.] Rawness. C1440 cruditas.

Promp.

Parv.

42^12

Rawnesse,

or

rawhede,

rawhide: see raw a. 2 c. rawin ('reiwin). Meteorol. [f. ra(dar + win(d s6.‘] A determination of the atmospheric wind speed and direction made by tracking a balloon-

'rawky, a.^ rare. Also 7 raukie. [f. rawk var. Foggy, misty; raw.

rawlin pollack (see quot. a 1672 and rauning). 01672 Willughby Hist. Piscium (1686) 23 Asellus niger, the Cole-fish or Rawlin Pollack. 1674 Ray Coll. Eng. Words Fishes 100 The Rsewlin-Pollack. 1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling 144. 1884 Goode Usef. Aquat. Anim. 228.

Rawlplug ('roilplAg), sb. and v. Also Rawl-plug, and with small initial, [f. the name of J. J. and W. R. Rawlings, English electrical engineers, who introduced it + plug r6.] A. sb. A proprietary name for a kind of thin cylindrical plug, made of fibre or plastic, which can be inserted into a hole in masonry, etc., in order to hold a screw or nail. Also applied loosely to any plug of this type. 1912 Trade Marks Jrnl. 30 Oct. 1648 Rawlplug... A wall plug for electric wiring made of fibre. Rawlings Bros., Limited, 82, Gloucester Rd., London, S.W.; Electrical engineers. 1923 Radio Times 28 Sept. 35/1 For any job connected with Wireless where you use a screw.. always use Rawlplugs. 1941 M. Treadgold We couldn't leave Dinah vii. 124 The shelf for brushes that Nick Lindsay had fixed up with rawl-plugs. 1947 ‘G. Orwell’ in Tribune 7 Feb. 12/1 The amateur handyman, with his tack hammer and his pocketful of rawlplugs. i960 WiLLMOTT & Young Family Class in London Suburb, ii. 24 Her role is.. to stand at the

RAWLY bottom of a ladder handing up his power-tool.. or a box of Rawlplugs. 1962 H. Thurston M^here is thy Stingl w. 55 A long panel of looking-glass which Philippa had fixed with rawlplugs on one side of the fireplace. 1972 D. Haston In High Places i. 9 The climber drills a hole in the rock, hammers in an expansion bolt (something like the domestic Rawlplug), attaches a carabiner and proceeds in normal fashion.

Also Rawl, a proprietary term used attrib. or as a prefix in names of tools, screws, bolts, and related accessories. 1937 Trade Marks yrnl. 29 Sept. 1151 Ratoi... Cutlery and edge tools. The Rawlplug Company Limited. 1958 Engineering 14 Feb. 54 (Advt.), The holes are drilled with a Rawltool to the exact size, the Rawlbolts dropped in and after the machine has been positioned the bolts are tightened. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face 246 American rawl stud bolts for hard rock. 1976 Shooting Mag. Dec. 9/1 (Adv^t.), 1 he cabinet has been designed for fixing to the wall by means of three Rawlbolts through strengthening bars.

B. V. trans. To attach by means of a Rawlplug or the like; to drill a hole in (a wall, etc.) and insert a Rawlplug. Hence 'rawlplugging vbl. sb. i960 A. Burgess’ Right to Answer i. 5 He’d rawlplugged his pictures.. deep into the walls. 1964 E. & M. A. Radford Hungry Killer xiv. 133 The bookcase, Rawlplugged to the wall. 1971/dea/Home Apr. 52/1 Brass hooks rawlplugged to the wall hold it in place. 1972 R. Quilty Tenth Session 92 You should have Rawl-plugged the wall. You’re cracking the plaster. 1974 M. Butterworth Man in Sopwith Camel i. 17 Plastering, paperhanging, rawlplugging, joinering.

rawly (’roili), adv. [f. raw a. + -ly^. Common c 1570-1670, often in quasi-adjectival use.] tl. With to leave: a. In an unfinished state. Obs. 1538 Leland Itin. IV. 33 Eiton College, begon to be buildid by Henr>' the vj. but left very onperfect and rauly. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 217 Nichomachus left Tindarides rawly, for feare of anger, not for want of Art. 1615 Hieron Wks. I. 599 If I left the matter so rawly, I might fall at vnawares into tw’o extremities.

fb. At an immature age. Obs. rare-^. 1599 Shaks. Hen. K, iv. i. 147 Some swearing, some cr>'ing for a Surgean; some vpon their Wiues, left poore behind them;.. some vpon their Children rawly left.

t2. Ignorantly; without sufficient knowledge or experience. Obs. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 108 Had you well considered these things, M. Harding, ye would not so rawly haue thus concluded. 1593 R. Harvey Philad. 13 To reject it. as this one Scot hath done very rawly and unadvisedly. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. 309 How many euils doe come vpon the sending of schollars so rawly thither. 1680 Baxter Let. in Answ. Dodwell 97 To tell you the truth, I entered so rawly, that.. I remember not that I took that Oath.

t3. a. Crudely; imperfectly, in an insufficient or unsatisfactory manner. Obs. 1576 Foxe a. ^ M. 1895/2 The Story is but rawly and imperfectly touched before. 1581 Mulcaster Positions v. (1887) 32 Counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first rawly and rudely. 1634 W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. i. ii, The English comming over so rawly and uncomfortably rovided. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 334 Were these rinciples which I rawly and briefly touch on here, pursu’d by Learned Men [etc.],

P

fb. Barely, scarcely. Obs. rare. 1607 Middleton Michaelmas Term iv. iv. 21 The world is ver\' loath to praise me; ’Tis rawly friends with me. 1651 H. L’Estrange Answ. Mrq. Worcester 65 Amongst the antients there is none at all, or very rawly any mention of Purgatory.

fc. With difficulty or annoyance. Obs. rare-^. 1586 J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in Holinshed H. 89/1 The archbishop of Dublin rawlie digesting the vicedeputie his long absence.

4. Immaturely (opposed to ‘ripely’)1875 Browning Aristoph. Apol. 135 He who wrote Erechtheus may be rawly politic, At home where Kleophon is ripe. 1955 E. Blishen Roaring Boys ii. 99 For.. two years I had been rawly warring with my classes. 1979 Chatelaine Jan. 64/3 The secret realm in which their love flowered—so rawly, with such unanticipated greed!

5. So as to be bare or exposed. 1924 ‘L. Malet’ Dogs of Want ix. 270 Every nerve of his body seeming rawly outside his skin instead of normally and decently covered by it.

rawmpe, obs. form of ramp v. rawn (roin). Sc. and north, dial. Also 8 raan, 9 raun, (roan), ran. [Of Scand. origin, = Da. ravn roe; the relationship of this to Da. rogUy ON. hrogn (see roe) is obscure.] The roe of a fish; a female fish, ravon-fleuky the turbot. 1483 Cfli/i. .4ng/. 301/1 Rawne of a fysche,/criri. 1584 Burgh Edinb. (1882) 343 The heiring to be callour slayne.. having heid and taill with melt and rawne. 1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 78 Evin so of rawnis do mightie fishes breid. 1785 Hutton Bran New Wark 85 An unshot codfish hes maar raans in its belly than thare be people on the face of the earth. 1810 Neill List of Fishes 12 (Jam.) Turbot... This species is here commonly denominated the rawn-fleuk, from its being thought best for the table when in rawn or roe. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet let. vi, The water being in.. rare trim for the saumon raun. 1877 Holderness Gloss, s.v., ‘Melts an rauns’, male and female fish.

Hence rawned a.y full of roe (Jam.); 'rawner, a female salmon, spec, one which has not spawned at the proper time. 1808-25 Jamieson. 1901 Dundee Adv. 26 Feb. 6 The fish was found to be unspawned, or what is known on the Tay as a ‘rawner’, and deemed an illegal fish to take.

RAY

239 rawn,

1829 Brockett N.C. Gloss, (ed. 2), s.v., As applied to the weather, to rax out means to clear up, when the clouds begin to open, and expand themselves, so that the sky is seen.

dial, variant of rowen.

rawndoune, -down,

obs. forms of random.

3. To extend the hand, etc.; to reach out (for).

frawneck. Obs. rare~^. = raw-head. Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 596 Boiled rabbits are trussed up to appear as frightful as possible, and made to resemble that terror of our childhood, raw neck and bloody bones. 1768-74

rawness ('rDinis). [f. raw a. + -ness.] 1. The state of being raw or crude; fig. imperfection, incompleteness. n^o Promp. Parv. 424/2 Rawnesse, or rawhede, cruditas. 1616 Hieron Wks. I. 586 The rawnesse and raggednesse and independance of that which is deliuered. 1646 P. Bulkeley Gospel Covt. To Rdr. 2 The rawnesse of the draught which I had written for the help of myself. a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) HI. 108 His book, known by the name of ‘Coriat’s Crudities’, nauseous to nice readers, for the rawness thereof. 1809 Pinkney Trav. France 204 What we should call in wine, their rawness and their freshness. fig. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv, iii. 26 Why in that rawnesse left you Wife, and Childe.. Without leaue-taking?

2. Inexperience, ignorance. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxii, Tempering his woordes to the rawnesse of his disciples, which rawenes he suffred.. to remaine a long season in them. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 272 Considering the rawnesse of his seamen, and the manifold shipwracks which they sustained. 1710 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 94 The denied him Orders for his Rawness in Divinity. 1736 Carte Ormonde II. 81 The inexpertness of..the Irish officers..and the rawness of their soldiers. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xxxvii. In my first rawness and ignorance.

3. Bareness of flesh, excoriation, soreness. 1607 Markham Caval. iii. (1617) 144 His nostrils wide and without rawnesse. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Iviii. 9 Annot. 298 So shall rawness, so shall anger, or inflammation ..affright or perplex them. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 525 Universal rawness and soreness in the trachea and chest. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. HI. 944 A sense of rawness and even actual tenderness in the abdomen.

fb. Indigestion.

Obs.

Elyot, Cruditas, rawnes, or lack of digestion. 1587 Golding De Mornay xiv. 209 Our minde.. for all that, neuer feeleth any rawness or lacke of digestion. 1671 H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq. 61 He felt neither pain in his head, nor rawness in his stomach. 1538

4. Chilly dampness, muggy cold. 1608 Heywood Lucrece iv. ii, Hath not..the moist rawness of this humorous night. Impair’d your health? 1684 SouTHERNE Disappointment iii. i, I am to blame to call thee forth Into the rawness of a midnight air. 1818 Mrs. Shelley Frankenst. let. iv. He is far too weak to sustain the rawness of the atmosphere.

rawng(e, rawnke,

obs. ff. range.

var. rampiked.

rawnsake, -some,

obs. ff. ransack, ransom.

rawranoke, rawthe, rawunson, rawyn, obs. ff. ROANOKE, RUTH, RANSOM, RAVEN.

rawyne, -ynnis,

obs. Sc. ff. ravin', ravenous.

rax, sb.^ Sc.

[f. racks, pi. of rack sb.'^ 2.] roasting-rack (see quot. 1808). Chiefly/)/.

A

1697 Inv. Furniture in Scott. N. & Q. (1900) Dec. 90/2 A pair of raxes, two spits, a frying pann. 1717 Ramsay Elegy Lucky Wood v, Rax, chandlers, tangs, and fire-shools. 1808 Jamieson, Raxes, iron instruments consisting of various links, on which the spit is turned at the fire, andirons. 1824 Scott Ep. Lockhart 42 Speates and raxes.. for a famishing guest, sir.

rax, sb.^

Sc. and north, dial. [f. rax u.] A stretch, an act of stretching; a strain, wrench. 1790 D. Morison Poems 118 To tak a turn an’ gi’e my legs a rax. I’ll through the land. 1819 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd (1827) 146 They grippit,.. And, wi’ enormous raxes, soucht T’ unsaddle ane anither. 1855- in northern glossaries (Northumbld., Yks.).

rax, V. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9 Sc. raux. [OE. raxany of obscure formation. The word is rarely found in ME. (cf. also the variant rask), but is common in older and modern Sc.] 1. intr. 1. To stretch oneself after sleep. ■\to rax upy to start or waken up from a swoon. a 1000 Prose Life Guthlac xii. (1848) 60 Swa he of hefejum slspe raxende awoce. 01300 Cursor M. 24351 (Gott.) hat suime was of mi soru suage, Bot quen i raxed vp.. I ne wist bot walaway. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. v. 398 He roxed [v.r. raxed] and rored and rutte atte laste. 1715 Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. i. Carles wha heard the cock had crawn, Begoud to rax and rift. 1805 A. Scott Poems (1808) 109 (E.D.D.) The drowsy queen Raise rauxing, gaunting rub’d her een.

2. To become longer by pulling, to stretch; fto be hanged. 1508 Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 368 Thou has a wedy teuch .. about thy crag to rax. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 1165 The Rauin said: god, nor I rax in ane raipe. 1785 Fergussons Sc. Prov. No. 730 Raw leather raxes. 1876- in northern glossaries (Northumbld., Yks.).

b. To wax, grow, become. rare~^. 01774 Fergusson Farmer's Ingle Poems (1845) 36 Wad they to labouring lend an eident hand, They’d rax fell strang upon the simplest fare.

c. to rax out: (see quot.).

t4. To extend one’s sphere or power; to have sway or rule; to prevail or have course. Obs. (i5-i6th c. Sc.) c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab. iii. {Cock & Fox) xxi, He.. traistit ay to rax and sa to rin [etc.]. Ibid. v. {Pari. Beasts) xlvii, Than sail ressoun ryis, rax, and ring. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 91 Mony theif and tratour in his tyme Raxit and rang. Ibid. 11. 465 In Albione than wes gude peax and rest, Bot rycht schort quhile tha leit it rax or lest. 0 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 346 He will not rax long nor 3eit haue his realme in peace and rest.

II. trans. 5. reft. To stretch or strain (oneself). C1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Rel. Ant. II. 80/1 Raxes him, se espreche. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. {Ninian) 703 b^t bysnyne.. vaknit as of hewy slepe, & raxit hyme. 1513 Douglas j^neis iv. xi. 93 Thrise scho hir self raxit vp for to rise. Ibid. vi. xiv. 45 Considdir Torquatus 3ondir doith hym rax. 01670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 28 He should seem to rax himself, and shake loose off his arm. 1829 Brockett N.C. Gloss, (ed. 2), s.v.. To rax oneself, is to extend the limbs, after sleep or long sitting. 1863 G. Macdonald D. Elginbrod i. x, Tak’ care an’ nae rax yersel ower sair.

6. To stretch (a thing) by pulling. *513 Douglas JEneis xi. xvi. 61 Now hir handis raxit it euery stede. 1613 P. Forbes Comm. Revelation 229 He had a long chaine, which yet was further raxed. 1786 Burns Ordination i, Ye wha leather rax an’ draw. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi. V, When ye gang to see a man.. raxing a halter. 1861 Ramsay Remin. Ser. ii. 106 If I could win at him, I wud rax the banes o’ him.

b. To strain (the eyes), rare. 1819 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd{i^2’]) 94 A man mith rax his een in vain Ere he could spy.. an idol.

7. To reach or hand (a thing) to one; to deal (a blow), 1711 Ramsay On Maggy Johnstoun vii, Death wi’ his rung rax’d her a yowff. 1792 A. Wilson On a Man sawing Timber, Rax me your haun. 1825 J. Wilson Noct. Ambr. i. Wks. 1855 I. 8 Rax me ower the loaf. 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets, etc. 70 Rax me the brandy bottle, an’ pit it doon beside me.

8. To stretch or hold out (the hand, etc.); to elongate (the neck). 1742 Forbes Ajax iii. Raxing out his gardies. 1788 Picken Poems 88 The darksome e’ening raxes Her wings owre day. 1810 Cock Simple Strains I. 89 (E.D.D.) Ye’ll shortly see me rax my neck and craw. 1854 H. Miller Sch. ^ Schm. vii. (i860) 76 Just rax out your han’ and tak’ in my snuffbox.

Hence raxed/)/)/, a.; 'raxing vbl. sb. and/)/)/, a.

obs. f. rank a.

rawnpiked,

01585 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 367 Then Dreid.. Forbad my minting anie mair, To raxe aboue my reiche. 1720 Ramsay Wealth 10 Wha rax for riches or immortal fame. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's x, Ye.. raxed ower the tether maybe a wee bit farther than ye had ony right to do. 1893 Crockett Stickit Minister 145 Raxing for a peat to light his pipe.

1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 323 The raxeing consciences of conforme men. 1785 Burns Ep. M'Math iv. Their three-mile prayers,.. Their raxin’ conscience. 1822 Scott Nigel iii. That might have cost my craig a raxing. 1824-Redgauntlet ch. xi, Cloured crowns were plenty, and raxed necks came into fashion. 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Mid- Yorks. 110/2 A person will tell of ‘a nasty raxin’ pain’ he is subject to. 1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona i. xiii. 143 My craig’ll have to thole a raxing. 1898 N. Munro Splendid xv. 147 A raxed shoulder he had met with at Dumbarton. 1935 A. J. Cronin Stars look Down i. ix. 67 What he did mind was the bother when a tub ran off; it nearly killed him, the raxing and straining to lift it back upon the line.

traxle, v. Obs. Also raxhil, raxsil, raxill(e, -el. [Frequentative f. rax v. Cf. raskle.] intr. and trans. To stretch, etc.: = rax v. c 1205 Lay. 25992 Seo6Sen he gon raemien and raxlede swiSe. 01300 Cursor M. 2209 (Cott.) Oueral he raxhild him wit rage. Ibid. 24447 (Gott.) Apon mi taas oft sith i stod, Roles raxland to pe rode. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 1174 b^n wakned I.. I raxled & fel in gret affray. 0 1400-50 Alexander 4930 be renke within \>t redell pan raxsils his armes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Raxill(e, alo {exalo A.).

ray (rei), s/).' Also 7 rale, raye; pi. 5, 7 rayes, (6 ? rayse), 6-7 rales, [a. OF. acc. rai, ray (nom. rais, raiz, etc., see Godef.; in mod.F. rais) = Prov. rai(g, rail, etc., Sp. and Pg. rayo. It. raggio (pi. raggi, rai):—L. radium, acc. of rad/ur radius sb. Occasionally employed in Eng. from the 14th c. onwards, but not in common use until the 17th.]

I. 1. a. A single line or narrow beam of light. In popular use applied to each of the lines in which light seems to stream from a distant glowing body or luminous point, and to similar lines, produced by the reflection of light from a polished surface, lens, etc.; also to a narrow line of light passing through a small opening. In early scientific use defined by Newton as the least portion of light which can be stopped alone or propagated alone; more recently as the motion of a simple particle of light, or the smallest conceivable line of light, and now usually regarded merely as the straight line in which the radiant energy capable of producing the sensation of light is propagated to any given point. Ray is usually distinguished from beam, as indicating a smaller amount of light; in scientific use a beam is a collection of parallel rays. In ordinary language ray is the word usually employed when the reference is to the heat rather than the light of the sun (as in quot. 1698). 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 160, I sey..A crystal clyffe ful relusaunt; Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere. 1483 Caxton Cato F ij, Lyke hym whyche is blynde of the rayes of the sonne. CI586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cii. vii. The sunn of my life daies Inclines to west with falling raies. 1665 Glanvill Def.

240

RAY Van. Dogm. 34 ’Tis as conceivable as how the Rays of Ligh^t should come in a direct line to the eye. 1698 Fryer India ^ P 242 We had our skins head off of those Parts exposed to the Solar Rays. C1750 Shenstone P^ogr. Taste II. 116 The sheathless sword the guard displays, Which round emits its dazzling rays, a 1800 Cowper Glow-worm 6 Disputes have been, and still prevail, From whence his rays proceed. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 59 Ifa ray of light is admitted, the vegetable grows with greater vigour. 1849 James Woodman iii, The rays of the moon stole through the leafless branches and chequered the frosty turf. fig. 1831 Lytton Godolphin 4 A ray shot across his countenance as he uttered his last words. transf. 1741 Shenstone Judgm. Hercules 202 Thy robe shall glow with Tyrian rays. 1830 Tennyson

costly Arab. Nts. 136 With argent-lidded eyes Amorous, and lashes like to rays Of darkness. / tj \

b. A representation of a ray (esp. Her.); a material thing representing or resembling a ray of light, a brilliant stretch (of something). 1729 Savage Wanderer iii. 84 O’er altars thus, impainted, we behold Half-circling glories shoot in rays of gold. 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Rays, when depicted round the sun, should be sixteen in number, but, when round an etoile, six only. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 457/1 Azure, one Ray of the Sun, bendways Gules, between six Beams of that Luminary Argent. 1835 Lytton Rienzi v. i. Hung with silk of a blood-red, relieved by rays of white.

c. fig. of mental and moral influences, etc., comparable to light. 1634 Milton Comus 425 The sacred rayes of Chastity. 1674 Boyle Excell. Theol. i. ii. 75 Reason is such a ray of Divinity [etc.]. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. i. §2 A ray of truth may enlighten the whole world and extend to future ages. 1781 J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. vi. 63 This never fails to dart such a ray of comfort into my heart. 1838 Thirlwall Greece III. xxiii. 265 Only one ray of hope broke the gloom of her prospects.

d. A trace negatives.)

of

anything.

(Chiefly

with

1773 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. I. 97, I am resolved to push on in my career as long as I see a ray of the ladder, which is within my compass, to mount. 1847 Dickens Haunted M. (C.D. ed.) 219 Isn’t it enough that you were seven boys before, without a ray of gal. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, The ^Times' Wks. (Bohn) II. 117 Rude health and spirits,.. and the habits of society are implied, but not a ray of genius.

e. Fig. phr. {little) ray of sunshiney a person (freq. a young woman) who enlivens or cheers another; a happy or vivacious person. Cf. SUNSHINE sb. 2 a. 1915 A. Bennett These Twain (1916) xx. 485 You’re a little ray of sunshine, and all that, and I’m the first to say so. 1929 J. B. Priestley Good Companions ii. iv. 364 Why are you now our little ray of sunshine? 1959 M. Scott White Elephant v. 56 Are you two in this to make money or just to be little rays of sunshine? 1972 C. Fremlin Appointment with Yesterday iv. 31 Milly rather fancied herself in the role of little ray of sunshine to brighten his declining years. 1978 ‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions xxxvii. 540 He hasn’t exactly been a ray of sunshine up to now.

2. a. (Chiefly/)oeL) Light, radiance; (freq. also implying heat: see note to sense i). 1592 Davies Immort. Soul Ded. vii, Where the Sun.. never doth retire his golden Ray. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 673 Earth, made.. apter to receive Perfection from the Suns more potent Ray. 1748 Gray Alliance 66 Lamps, that shed at Ev’n a cheerful ray. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 347 Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam VI. xxii, A mountain,.. whose crest.. in the ray Of the obscure stars gleamed. 1830 Lytton P. Clifford xxviii. The ray of the lanterns glimmered on the blades of cutlasses. fig. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 47 In stormes of Fortune . .in her ray and brightnesse. 1635-56 Cowley Davideis ii. Wks. 1710 I. 346 Fair was the Promise of his dawning Ray. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 465 Reared by his care, of softer ray appears Cimon sweet-souled. 1741 Shenstone Hercules 77 Her air diffused a mild yet awful ray.

tb. concr. A star, nonce-use. Ohs. 1700 Prior Carm. Sec. 398 Thou smiling see’st great Dorset’s Worth confest, The Ray distinguishing the Patriot’s Breast.

3. a. (Chiefly poet.) A beam or glance of the eye; falso, sight, power of vision {obs.). 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. xii. The rayes or beames issuinge from the eyen of her,.. hath thrilled throughout the middes of my hart. 1616 Chapman Homer's Hymn Hermes 368 To me then declare, O old man,.. if thy grave ray Hath any man seen [etc.]. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 619 The Aire, No where so deer, sharp’nd his visual ray To objects distant farr. 1728 Pope Dune. ii. 7 All eyes direct their rays On him, and crowds grow foolish as they gaze.

b. A line of sight. 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 177 The Visual Point..is a Point in the Horizontal Line, wherein all the Ocular Rays unite. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty v. 25 A ray may be supposed to be drawn from the center of the eye to the letter it looks at first. 1842 Gwilt Encycl. Arch. §2391 The visual rays upon every object may be compared to the legs of a pair of compasses. 14. Astral. = aspect sb. 4. Obs. rare. 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 137 In Astronomy, a Radius or a Ray is taken for the Aspect or Configuration of two Stars: so we say Saturn beholds Venus with an Hostile Ray, &c. when she is square with him.

5. a. Used (on the analogy of sense i) in reference to the emission or transmission of non-luminous physical energies propagated in radiating straight lines after the manner of light (in modern use esp. of heat: cf. radiation 2, XRAYS sb. pi.). Roentgan rays: see Roentgen. 1664 Power £’x/). Philos, iii. 159

If the Magnetick rayes proceeded intrinsecally from the Stone. 1813 Sir H. Davy

Agric. Chem. (1814) 39 The beautiful experiments of Dr. Herschel have shewn that there are rays transmitted from the sun which do not illuminate. 1865 Reader 28 Jan. 105/1 The term dark, or invisible, or obscure rays, stimulates the imagination by its strangeness. ^ _

fb. A series (of atoms) moving m a straight line. Obs. rare. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 196 Those rayes of other atoms that are shacking all over the worlds wasts.

c. Chiefly Science Fiction. A supposed destructive beam of energy emitted by a ray-gun or similar device. Cf. death-ray s.v. death sb. 19. 1898 H. G. Wells IVar of Worlds vi. 39 Only the fact that a hummock of heathery sand intercepted the lower part of the Heat-Ray saved them. 1919 G. B. Shaw Heartbreak House 39, I will discover a ray mighter than any X-ray; a mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me. 1926 G. Hunting Vicarion xiii. 215 Tm glad they never perfected that ray they used to talk about for disposing of an enemy at a distance without betraying the disposer. 1940 Graves & Hodge Long Week-End vi. 93 An inventor.. claimed to have produced a ray that would set fire to anything inflammable. 1969 E. VON Daniken Chariots of Gods? ii. 25 They will hammer and chisel in the rock pictures of what they had once seen: Shapeless giants... staves from which rays are shot out as if from a sun. II. 6. Math. a. = radius sb. 3. Now rare. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 73s If the Ray AC of the Concentrick ACEF be supposed to be equal to the Ray BD of the Eccentrick BDEF. 1704 C. Hayes Treat. Fluxions 45 The Arch of the Circle MQ, bounded at Q by the Ray FA. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Ray of curvature, in geometry, is used to signify the semi-diameter of the circle of curvature. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 129 From each of these points draw a line to the opposite end of the base, as so many rays to a centre. 1835 Lindley Introd. Bot. (i848)I.336A corolla is said to be regular when its segments form equal rays of a circle.

b. Any one of the lines forming a pencil or set of straight lines passing through a point. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 389/2 Through every point in p one line in the pencil will pass, and every ray in Q will cut p in one point. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 73 The locus of the points of intersection of pairs of corresponding rays of the pencils.

7. One of any system of lines, parts, or things radially disposed. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. ii. v. 131 A kind of Geliy,., having several kinds of rays like legs, proceeding from the middle of it. 1672-3 Grew Anat. Roots i. iii. §7 These Parts, are like so many White Rays, streaming, by the Diameter of the Root, from the inward Edge toward the Circumference of the Barque. 1748 Sir J. Hill Hist. Fossils 654 Of these [Asteri®] some have five angles, or rays, and others only four. 1849 Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 350 The radii of the wheel must be so arranged that each ray shall touch the surface of the mercury, before the preceding ray shall have quitted it. 8. Bot. a. The marginal portion of a composite

flower, consisting of ligulate florets arranged radially. = radius sb. 2c (a). 1785 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. vi. (1794) 65 Botanists have given the name of ray to the set of semiflorets which compose the circumference. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 422/1 Every head of flowers.. has a central part, or disk, and a circumference, or ray. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 195 In Daisy, the outside florets are irregular,.. and white, constituting the ray. b. A pedicel or branch of an umbel. = radius

sb. 2 c {b). 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. v. (1794) 51 The rays of the little umbels are no farther subdivided. 1776-96 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV. 375 The Rays may be sometimes 3 or 5, but only accidentally. 1870 rfooKER Stud. Flora 155 Umbels lateral and terminal, subglobose; rays few or many, long or short. C. = MEDULLARY tay. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary’s Phaner. 458 With reference to their origin at the first commencement of the woody ring, the former have also received the name of the original primary rays. 1925 Eames & MacDaniels Introd. Plant Anat. vii. 176 The ray is more or less like a brick wall, the individual cells representing the bricks. 1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. xi. 252 The dicotyledons typically contain only parenchyma cells in the rays. 9. Zool. a. = fin-rayy fin sb.^ 6. i668 Wilkins Real Char. ii. v. 142 Pike... Two finns; the hindermost of which is small, fleshy and without rays. 1769 Pennant Zool. III. 166 The first ray of the first dorsal fin is very long. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 400 One great genus, characterized by the first dorsal fin with soft rays, followed by a second smaller one,.. not supported by rays. 1872 Baker Nile Tribut. ix. 156 The back fin resembled that of a perch, with seven rays.

b. One of the radial divisions of a star-fish. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Star-fish, There are many species of the star-fish,.. they have different numbers of rays, but the most common kind have five. 1834 M^Murtrie Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 466 There are also two ovaries in each ray. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 16/1 Specimens of star-fish with four large rays and a small one still growing.

10. Astr. Any of the long bright lines of pale material that can be seen to radiate from some lunar craters. 1838 J. P. Nichol Phenomena Order Solar Syst. II. vi. 171 The most remarkable circumstance connected with this variety in the Moon’s shining power is those rays issuing chiefly from craters and extending over a large space. 1873 R. A. Proctor Moon iv. 253 The telescope.. has discovered numerous small craters of varying depth in the midst of many of the rays, and it reveals the fact, that these small craters.. do not penetrate through the matter we are examining, inasmuch as there comes from their bases always

RAY the same kind of light that characterizes the ray. 1895 T. G. Elger Moon 27 The rays emanating from Tycho surpa^ in extent and interest any of the others. 1922 H. S. Jones Gen. Astron. iv. 102 From some of the craters, under favourable conditions of illumination, bright rays or streaks can be seen radiating radially in all directions. 1962 Listener 1 Feb. 223/2 The mysterious lunar rays issuing from Tycho, Copernicus, and other craters also fit better into an igneous theory. The rays cross mountains, walled formations, ridges, and seas without marked deviation.

11. attrib. and Comb. a. In sense i, as rayfringed, -gilt, -girt, -shorn, -strewn adjs. 1830 Tennyson To- 6 ‘Ray-fringed eyelids of the morn. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide il. 54 (MS.) Those yet faithful, round his ‘ray-gilt throne Bask in their Maker’s smile. 1797 T. Park Sonnets 29 Glory’s‘ray-girt head. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. II. xxxvii. 265 The other great dread —of himself becoming dimmed and for ever ‘ray-shorn in her eyes. 1859 G. Meredith R. Feverel xxi. The dim ‘raystrewn valley.

b. In sense 8 a, as ray-corolla, -floret, -flower, -petal, sense 8 c, as ray cell, initial, tracheid. 1907 D. P. Penhallow Man. N. Amer. Gymnosperms v. 83 Pits on the lateral walls of the ‘ray cells are an invariable feature of all investigated species of.. Coniferales. 1933 Forestry VII. 93 It is essential to study.. the development of the ray cells in the wood. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 203 Artemisia.. ‘Ray-corollas dilated below. 1845 A. H. Lincoln Lect. Bot. (1850) 185 Flowers without rays, or the ‘ray florets indistinct. 1877 Darwin Forms^ FI. Introd. 5 The ray-florets of the Composite often differ remarkably from the others. 1852 Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. V. VI. 107 Perityle aglossa... This species is remarkable for the want of ‘ray-flowers. 1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. vi. 126 'The ‘ray initials give origin to the ray cells. 1975 Sci. Amer. July 102/2 Among the components of the cambium are what are called ray initials; the continuation of a ray initial down into the sapwood of a stem, a branch or a trunk is known as a wood ray. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. v. (1872) 116 'That the development of the ‘ray-petals by drawing nourishment from the reproductive organs causes their abortion. 1907 D. P. Penhallow Man. N. Amer. Gymnosperms yi. 88 In the higher Coniferse the medullaiy ray is distinguished by the presence of an element which differs materially in its structure from the associated parenchyma cells. These elements have been designated as ‘ray tracheids. 1940 Brown & Panshin Comm. Timbers tJ.S. vii. 128 Ray tracheids attain their best development in the genus Pinus. 1956 F. "W. Jane Structure of Woodv. 91 Ray tracheids often form the marginal cells of the rays.

c. In sense 9 a, ray-finned adj.; sense 9 b, as ray-margin, -plate, -scale, -spine, etc. 1841 E. Forbes Brit. Starfishes 28 The lateral ray-plates. Ibid. 50 Upper ray-scales transversely oblong. Ibid. 51 The ray-spines are long, slender, and sharp. Ibid. 133 The number of plates on each ray-margin. 1933 A. S. Romer Vertebr. Paleontol. iv. 85 That [jc. the history] of the later ray-finned fishes has no such interest. 1968 [see lung-fish s.v. LUNG sb. 7]. 1970 R. M. Black Elements Palaeont. xvii. 249 The ray-finned fish have had an expansionist evolution.

d. ray blight, a fungus disease of chrysanthemums caused by Ascochyta chrysanthemi, which attacks the flowers, causing discoloration and shrivelling of the petals; ray diagram, a diagram showing the paths of light rays through an optical system; ray-filter, a means of separating the obscure from the luminous rays of electric light (see quot.); ray-fin, a fish belonging to the subclass Actinopterygii, to which most living bony fish belong and which includes those having thin fan-like fins with dermal rays; ray fleck, the marking caused by the exposure of a ray in sawn timber; ray-fungus, a fungus (Actinomyces) which enters the body and produces the disease Actinomycosis; ray gun, a hand-held device that can be made to emit rays, esp. (in Science Fiction) destructive or harmful ones; ray therapy, the treatment of disease with radiation; radio-therapy; ray-tracing, the calculation of the path taken by a ray of light through an optical system; ray treatment = ray therapy. 1907 F. S. Stevens in Bot. Gaz. XLIV. 241 The Chrysanthemum Ray Blight... The common name chosen for the disease.. is taken from the most conspicuous symptom of the malady, a blighting of the corolla. 1961 Amat. Gardening 21 Oct. 6/2 Ray blight is much less common than the other two bloom diseases. 1965 Nakajima & Young Art of Chrysanthemum vii. 81 If the ray blight is not checked, it may continue on to destroy all blooms in the immediate area. 1980 J. W. Hill Intermediate Physics xii. 123 Draw two ray diagrams to show how a real and virtual image may be obtained of an object placed the same distance away from two different mirrors. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. iii. 86 A substance.. has been discovered, by which these dark rays may be detached from the total emission of the electric lamp. This ray-filter is a liquid, black as pitch to the luminous, but bright as a diamond to the non-luminous, radiation. 1945 A. S. Romer Vertebr. Paleontol. (ed. 2) v. 89 Most of the more characteristic Paleozoic ray-fins were once assigned to Palaeoniscus. 1963 P. H. Greenwood Norman's Hist. Fishes (ed. 2) xvii. 306 The Bony Fishes can be divided into three main groups or subclasses: Actinopterygii (ray-fins), Crossopterygii (fringe-fins) and Dipneusti (lung-fishes). 1934 Brown & Panshin Identification Comm. Timbers U.S. 211 Ray fleck: a portion of a ray as it appears on the quarter surface. 1940 -Comm. Timbers U.S. viii. 201 Some woods possess low, closely spaced, but relatively conspicuous ray flecks. 1968 Canad. Antiques Collector July 26/1 Quarter sawed figure is characterised by the annual growth rings appearing as parallel stripes and by the appearance of rays on the surface. In such woods as oak and chestnut these rays are called ray fleck or flake. 1897 Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Ray-fungus, The ray-

RAY fungus consists of a dense mycelium of interlacing hyphse, with club-shaped extremities extending radially into the tissues. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 890 The livers contained a large focus of pus, in which colonies of the rayfungus were found. 1931 Amazing Stories Dec. 804/1 The rayguns of the battlecraft, being of superior range, melted down the mortars of the fort at the magazine. 1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars iv. 40 It was a modified air pistol... ‘If you say it’s like a ray-gun I’ll certify you.’ 1957 [see bug¬ eyed a.]. 1958 Spectator 19 Sept. 379/1 But as a spaceveteran who once triggered a ray-gun with Flash Gordon, let me advise you to read on. 1967 Autocar 28 Dec. 29/3 As the car nears each set of lamps a patrolman .. points the ray gun at the cell situated between the two lamps. A beamed radio signal from the gun activates the fog warning lamp switch. 1977 W. McIlvanney Laidlaw xxvi. 116 It was a beautiful smile... It hit Harkness like a ray-gun and he felt his concentration atomise. 1928 Daily Express 20 Dec. 8/3 When the phrase ‘ray-therapy’ crept into one of the royal bulletins, I heard educated persons explaining that it meant treatment by wireless! 1943 Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. {B.S.I.) 144 Radio-therapy, [deprecated synonym] ray therapy, the treatment of diseases by radiation. 1918 L. SiLBERSTEiN Simplified Method of tracing Roys p. v. Our purpose is not to treat the whole subject of geometrical optics, but.. that part of it which is called by the short name of ‘ray tracing’... Given the ray incident upon any system of lenses..find the emergent ray. 1943 D. H. Jacobs Fund. Optical Engin. xxiv. 381 Ray-tracing equations are all derived from one exact law: Snell’s law. 1974 W. T. Welford Aberrations of Symmetrical Optical Syst. iii. 41 This process of finding a ray path in terms of the numerical values of the incidence heights and convergence angles at each surface in turn is called raytracing. 1904 Science Siftings 12 Mar. 320/2 The Finsen light concentrates as much violet rays as can be found in a hundred square feet of sunlight. The same principle enters into all ray treatment. 1905 W^estm. Gaz. 4 May 12/2 Six patients suffering from skin diseases.. died after the ray-treatment.

ray (rei), sh.^ Also 4 ray3e, 4-7 raye, 5 raie. [a. F. raie (13th c.) = Sp. and Pg. rayay It. raja:—'L. raia raia.] A selachian fish of the family RaiidaSy having a broad fiat body (sometimes of enormous size) and inferior gill-openings; esp. a skate. 1323-4 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 13 In.. vii Rayes et ix turbot emptis. c 1400 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) App. T., Pole ptT was inne.. hengim on his clones fisch tayles of ray3e [r.r. ray]. C1450 Two Cookery-bks. 103 Ray boiled. Take a Ray, and draw him in he bely [etc.]. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Batis.. the fishe called ray or skeate. 1588 Hariot Virginia Diij, There are also Troutes: Porpoises: Rayes. 1623 CocKER.AM HI, Pasiorica, a fish like a Raye, with strong pricks. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World 55 All their bays and creeks are well stock’d with mullets, large rays,.. and drum-fish. 1833 J. Rennie Alph. Angling 11 In some fishes, such as the rays and the sharks, the nostril opens by a considerable chink into the mouth. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. II. ix. (ed. 2) 211 The ray is taken largely for bait, and is also sold for human food.

b. With defining adjs. (see quots.). Also eagle-, rock-, shark-, sting-, -whip-ray, etc.; see these words. For an enumeration of the various kinds of rays, see Couch Brit. Fishes (1862) I. 97-144. 1611 CoTGR., Raye estelee, the starrie Skate, the rugged Ray. Raye lize, the smooth Raye... Raye au long bee, the spotted, long-snowted, or sharp-snowted Ray. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Raia, Rays are generally divided by authors into the smooth and the prickly. The smooth are what we call skates and flairs; the prickly we call thornbacks. 1769 Pennant Zool. III. 64 Sharp-nosed Ray..(Rai4 oxyrinchus Lin.). 1862 G. T. Lloyd jj Yrs. Tasmania iv. 51 The ray is termed in the colonies the ‘stinging ray’ from its possessing a barbed spear-bone. 1869 [see beaked 2C.].

c. attrib. and Comb.y as ray-fishy -mouthed adj.,-tail, ray-dog, ? the ray-mouthed dog-fish; ray-maid, -oil (see quots.). 1857 Kingsley Two Y. Ago I. 60 In the shallow muddy pools, lie..some twenty non-exenterated ‘ray-dogs and picked dogs {Anglice, dog-fish). 1611 Florio, Rhina, the Skate-fish, a *Raye-fish. 1611 Cotgr., Coliart, a kind of smooth, and straw-coloured Ray-fish. 1862 J. Couch Brit. Fishes I. 99 Thornback Ray. ‘Ray-maid (Linn. Raia clavata). This is one of the commonest of the Rays, and the most valued. 1884 F. Day Fishes Gt. Brit. II. 344 The young [of the Thornback ray] termed maids, maidens, or maiden-skates: ray-maids. 1875 Trans. Devon. Assoc. VII. 145 It [Mustelus l^evis] is known in Plymouth and Cornwall as the ‘‘ray-mouthed dog-fish’. 1881 Span’s Encycl. IV. 1376 ‘Ray-oils are very extensively procured from the livers of Raja clavata, R. pastinaca, and other species indigenous to Indian seas, and possess qualities like those of cod-liveroil.

fray, sb.^ Obs. Also 4-6 raye, 6 raie (rey). [Aphetic form of array sb., perh. a. ONF. *rei, OF. rot: see array w.] 1. Order, arrangement, array, esp. of soldiers. In 16-17th c. also freq. in the comb, battle-ray. ri470 Henry Wallace v. 59 Butler be than had putt his men in ray. 1519 Horman Vulg. 274 Whan the ray of the hoste is all to scatered,.. and one byddeth sette in a newe raye. ^21553 Udall Royster D. iv. vii. (Arb.) 71 Nowe sirs, keepe your ray, and see your heartes be stoute. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. 119 Dispersed here and there out of ray. 1632-Cyrupaedia 26 The setting of a battayle in ray was but a small part of the art. fig. ) I. 382 To euery of theym iij yerd of cloth Ray. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 663 To be ladde aboute the towne w* raye hoodes vpon theyr heddes. 1533 Wriothesley Chron. (1875) I. 21 Their was a raye cloath, blew, spreed from the highe desses of the Kinges Benche unto the high alter of Westminster. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xix. § 12 Himselfe and Queene vpon ray Cloth .. went into King Edwards shrine.

ray (rei), sb.^ rare. [App. a. F. rafe stripe, streak (see prec.), but in some cases perh. apprehended as a use of ray sb.^] 11. A stripe, streak, line. Obs. a 1327 Poem Time Edw. 7/283 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 336 A newe taille of squierie is nu in everi toun; The raie is turned overthvert that sholde stonde adoun. a 1500 Chaucer's Dreme 1824 A bird, all fedred blew and greene, With brighte rayes like gold betwene. As smalle thred over every joynt. 1573 Baret Alvearie s.v. Ray, Wrought with little rayes, streames, or streaks.

2. A groove in a rifle-barrel. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rifled, The rifled barrels in America, during the last war, contained from 10 to 16 rays or threads... Some persons have imagined, that those of 16 rays were the best.

tray, sb.^

Obs. Forms; 4 reye, 6 ray(e. [a. MHG. reie (reige), rei, re, etc. (see Grimm: mod.G. reihetiy reigen), or MLG. rez(e, Du. (late MDu.) reiy of obscure origin.] A kind of round dance. C1384 Chaucer H. Fame iii. 146 Pypers of the Duche tonge, To lerne love-daunces, springes, Reyes, and these straunge thinges. 1514 Barclay Cyt. ^ Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) ii, I can daunce the raye, I can both pipe & sing, a 1529 Skelton Replyc. i 69 Ye dawns all in a sute The heritykes ragged ray.

ray, sb,"^ rare. [Of obscure origin.] fl. Darnel. Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. Ixv. (Bodl. MS.) If. 206 Amonge pe beste wheete somtyme growel> yuel wedes & venemos as Code & ray & oper suche. 1578 Lyte Dodoens IV. XV. 469 In Englishe it is also called luraye, Darnell, and Raye. Ibid. xlv. 504 Wall Barley or Way Bennet..may be called Red-Ray, or Darnell. 1597 [see ivray]. 1601 Holland Pliny xviii. xvii, As for the graine of Raie or Darnell, it is very small. 1617 in Minsheu Ductor. 2. ellipt. = ray-grass. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 351 Being laid down with fourteen pounds of white clover, and one peck of ray, the grass lets at twenty shillings.

fray, sb.^ Obs. rare. [a. ONF. rei = OF. roi ROY.] A king. a 1400 Sir Perc. 178 Scho tuke hir leve and went hir waye, Bothe at barone and at raye. ri46o Emare 430 Then sayde that ryche raye, I wyll have that fayr may, And wedde her to my quene.

b. Erroneously used for ‘man’, ‘person’. 1513 Douglas JEneis viii. Prol. 157 Thir romanis ar bot rydlis, quod I to that ray.

fray, sb.^ Obs.

[Of obscure origin; perh. a concrete application of RAY ^6.*] A small piece of gold or gold-leaf; a spangle. c 1450 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 633 Pro xxvj rayis pro garniamento. .senescalli d’ni Prioris, vjs. xjd. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Bracteola, a little leafe or raye of golde, silver or

ray (rei), sb.^^ Now dial. [cf. ray Diarrhoea in sheep or cattle.

5 c.]

1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. (1586) 133 The Flix, or the Laske, which in som places they call the Ray. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece iii. 491 This Salve is very speedy..in curing the Distempers called the Ray and the Scab in Sheep. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Ray, a diarrhoea.

Ray (rei), sb,^^ The name of the English naturalist, John Ray (1627-1705), used in the possessive to designate Ray’s bream, a deep¬ bodied, dark brown and silver, European, marine fish, Brama brama (formerly B. raii)y of the family Bramidae, which was named in his honour by M. E. Bloch {Ichtyologie (1797) vii. 75)1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes I. 117 Ray’s Bream.. appears to have been less perfectly known to the older writers than might have been expected. 1925 J. T. Jenkins Fishes Brit. Isles 74 Ray’s Bream is a fish of characteristic appearance, with a body elevated and compressed, and a very long dorsal fin. 1959 A. C. Hardy Open Sea II. x. 208 This species should not be confused with Ray’s bream.. which has also been called the black sea-bream. 1969 A. Wheeler Fishes Brit. Isles & N.-W. Europe 339/2 Ray’s bream has little commercial value in northern waters though its flesh is very palatable.

ray (rei), v.^ [f. ray sb.^, or ad. F. rayer, OF. raier:~'L. radidre to emit beams, furnish with beams, f. radius 56.] 1. intr. Of light; To issue from some point in the form of rays. Also with beams, etc. as subj. (Zonst. forth, off, out. 1598 Florid, Radiare, to shine.., to radiate, to ray. 1635 Quarles Embl. v. xiv. 302 The brighter beams, that from his eyeballs ray’d. 1698 Norris Praci. Drir. (1707) IV. 158 This excellent Glory that ray’d forth through our Saviour’s Body at the Transfiguration. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 87 A molten glory.. That rays off into the gloom. 1890 Murray's Mag. May 698 A glitter seeming to ray out from his cold, pale eyes.

b. transf. and fig. 1647 H. More Song of Soul iii. ii. xxviii. The soul.. when it raies out,.. Oretakes each outgone beam. 1710 R. Ward Life More 41 Early in the Morning he was wont to awake.. with all his Thoughts and Notions raying (as I may so speak) about him. 1797 Burke Regie. Peace iii. Wks. 1808 VIII. 283 Philosophy, raying out from Europe, would have warmed..the universe. 1865 Mrs. Whitney Gayworthys xxiii. (1879) 213 On the side of God her soul lay open, and her thought rayed wide.

c. In indirect passive, with upon. 1656 Trapp Comm. Phil. iv. 19 So they are rayed upon with a beam of divine love.

2. intr. Of luminous bodies or points: To emit light in rays. rare. 1647 H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. ii. xvi, In a moment Sol doth ray. 1655-87-App. Antid. iii. §2 What we fansy .. to befal light and colours, that any point of them will thus ray orbicularly.

3. intr. To radiate, extend in the form of radii. 1659 H. More Immort. Soul 196 That the Nerves.. may ray through the sides. 1873 Mrs. H. King Disciples, Ugo Bassi ii. (1877) 88 Gold-threaded hair that rayed from lips and brow. 1896 Spectator 12 Dec. 851/1 Iron roads raying out to the ends of the kingdom.

b. To move in to a centre along radial lines. 1876 Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. xxxv. 332 Those in the far outskirts catching the impulse gradually, and raying in.

4. trans. To send out or forth, to emit (light) in rays. Also const, into. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 75 The star of Autumn rays his misty hair. 1850 Blackie Mschylus I. 26 The flaming pine Rayed out a golden glory like the sun. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) I. 192 As the sun rays forth its natural light into the air. 1899 P. H. Wicksteed tr. Dante's Paradiso 341 A point I saw which rayed forth light. 1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros xxx. 372 Yellow flames of candles .. on either side of the mirror rayed forth tresses of tinselling brightness.

b. transf. and fig. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scint., Isaac's Marriage 8 Religion was Ray’d into thee as beames into a glasse. 1701 Norris Ideal World i. ii. 52 It being impossible.. that a figure that is not exactly round in itself should ray forth the image of a perfect circle. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. v. ii. (1872) II. 74 He kept all Europe in perpetual travail;., raying-out ambassadors, and less ostensible agents. 1863 Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. xiii. 337 His presence rays life and manliness into every part of the drama.

5. a. To furnish with rays or radiating lines, b. To irradiate. 1750 G. Hughes Barbados 199 It bears..many yellow papilionaceous flowers, ray’d with purple veins. Ibid. 201 It is generally rayed with fine streaks of red. a 1835 Hogg Grk. Pastoral Poet. Wks. 1838-40 II. 148 Such a grace Ne’er ray’d a human virgin’s face. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. II. ii. 94 It rays the darkness with its lightning.

6. trans. To treat with, or examine by means of, X-rays or other invisible radiation. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 278/1 The total number of offspring by the pairs in which the females were rayed.. was 2460.

1933 Discovery Feb. 46/2 Tissues taken from an animal which had been rayed [with doses of Gamma rays]. 1955 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLI. 155 The Tradescantia microspore chromosomes react.. as double threads when rayed at prophase.

Hence raying vbl. sb} (also with out). 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics {1S60) I. 65 There is a raying out of all orders of existence. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 278/1 Eggs which were laid during the first six days after raying and mating. 1933 Discovery Feb. 46/2 The dose of gamma rays needed to kill a culture at once .. is enormous, and as the dose decreases the interval between the raying and the death of the culture becomes larger. 1955 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLI. 150 Accurate analysis of chromosomal aberrations could not be made until about 6 hours after raying.

ray (rei), v.^ Obs. exc. dial. Also 4-7 raie, 5 rai, 6 raiy. [Aphetic f. array v. Cf. ray sb.^] 11. trans. To put (men) in order or array. Obs. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 77 After long pees he rayed batailles, and overcom pt Albans, a 1450 Morte Arth. 2720 Ychone theyme rayed in alle ryghtis: Novther party thought to flee. C1470 Henry Wallace iv. 681 The rang in haist thai rayit sone agayne. & mete J?at was ful richly raied in disches of golde fyn. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7522 J>e saint be dreme him slepand fiayde, And bade him sone away be rayde. Ibid. 7812 Raying pe cors in to pe bote J?ai led it to Jarow mynster. C1475 Partenay 3090 The helme rent And foulle raide. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxi. viii, Wyth him dismayde which you have rayed so.

t3. refl. (oneself).

RAYLEIGH

242

RAY

To make ready,

prepare,

equip

c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 270 Euere sut>t7e y haue me raid redely to py seruyse. c 1400 Arth. ^ Merl. (D.) 436 (Kolbing) pey raydyn [v.r. dighten] hem t?anne to in hast, In to pat batayle for to wende. C1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Rayd, or (a)rayde, or redy, paratus.

4. To dress (oneself or another). = array v. 8. Now dial. Also absol. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles iil. 120 Ffor ben they rayed arith they recchith no fforther. c 1400 Beryn 3812 Beryn rose, & rayd him, & to pt chirch went, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Rayd, or arayd wyth clothynge, or other thynge of honeste, ornatus. 1509 Barclay Shyp o/Fo/yi (1570) 9 Both man and woman..Are rayde and clothed not after their degree. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. vi. 105 Their clothes were made large and loose,.. so that they might run, and ray themselves. 1675 Hobbes Odyssey (1677) 169 If true, with coat and vest my news requite; If not, then not; although ill raid am I. 1886 in W. Som. and Dorset glossaries. 1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 118 She rose and rayed, and decked her head.

t5. To smear, bespatter, or soil with blood, dirt, etc.; to dirty or defile; to beray. Also const. in. Obs. (freq. in i6th c.). 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 257 All his precyous body wounded & rayed with blode. a 1535 More Wks. 614/1, I.. shall shew you shortly how angrely he ryseth vp, and royally rayed in dyrte. 1618 Bolton Floras ii. xviii. (1636) 150 That those should bee rayed with durt, who would not be smeared with blood. 1663 Mennes & Smith Witt's Recreations §469 His scarlet hose, and doublet very rich. With mud and mire all beastly raid.

fb. Without const, in same sense. Obs. ^^533 J- Heywood Merry Play (1830) 31, I burned my face, and rayde my clothes also. 1588 Kyd Househ. Phil. Wks. (1901) 272 Soyled places which may spoile or ray her garments. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iv. i. 3.

fc. absol. Of sheep: To become foul.

Obs.-^

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §41 If any shepe raye or be fyled with dounge about the tayle.

Hence f 'raying vbl. sb.^ Obs. 1552 Elyot, Baris,., roundels made to set vnder wyne pottes for raiying of the table. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Encenagamiento, raying with durt, oblimatio.

ray, var. ra' Sc. Obs.-, var. ree v. to sift; obs. Sc. f. ROE.

raya, obs. form of raja(h. I rayah Now Hist. ('raia). Also raiah, raya. [a. Arab, rae-lyah flock or herd, subjects, peasants, f. raf-d to pasture or feed. Cf. next.] A nonMuslim subject of the Sultan of Turkey, subject to payment of the poll-tax (see kharaj). 1813 Byron Br. Abydos ii. xx, To snatch the Rayahs from their fate. 1863 Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. v. 77 They might rise against their Government and fall upon the Christian rayahs. attrib. 1886 A. Weir Hist. Basis Mod. Europe (1889) 298 The Greeks..possessed a..status to which other Rayah populations could lay no claim.

Ilrayat ('raist). Also rayet, rai(y)at. [Indo-Pers. var. of prec.: see ryot.] A cultivator of the soil; a peasant. 1818 in G\e\g Life Sir T. Munro (1830) II. 278 Every rayet should be at liberty to cultivate as much or as little as he pleases. 1844 J. Tomlin Miss. Jrnls. 99 A small dry patch of ground had just been cleared by the rayats. 1896 Sat. Rev. 18 Apr. 389/2 The murder of a raiyat was a matter of easv settlement. ^

raychter, obs. Sc. f. rafter sfc.i raycin, obs. f. raisin.

rayckin, rayd, rayd(e, raye,

the unit is dyne-sec/cm), or the rayl.) 1971 W. W. Seto Schaum's Outl. Theory Sf Probl. Acoustics ii. 40 At standard atmospheric pressure and 20°C.. the characteristic impedance of air is.. 415 rayis.

obs. ff. rackan, raid sb.

obs. Sc. pa. t. ride.

var. ra^, obs. f. ray.

rayed (reid), ppl. a.* [f. ray sb.^ or ti.*] 1. a. That has or consists of rays; arranged radially. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxv. (1856) 322 The rayed prolongations stretched nearly across the sky. 1890 Anthony’s Photogr. Bull. III. 31 Dark paper having some fine perforations, cross lines or a rayed star cut out of it.

b. Having rays of a specified number or kind. 1748 Sir j. Hill Hist. Fossils 654 Some have one of the rays bifid, so as to emulate the figure of a six-ray’d kind. 1825 Greenhouse Comp. I. 130 Of the barren-rayed [Dahlia], .. of the fertile-rayed species. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 156 Umbels compound, few-rayed. Ibid. 158 Umbels rather irregular, many-rayed. C. Zool. = RADIATE A. I. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 319/1 Rayed or Radiated Animals. 1851 Richardson Geol. viii. (1855) 224 In the rayed families, the organs of locomotion are disposed around a central axis. 2. = IRRADIATED ppl. a. I C. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 277/2 Wild type (red-eyed) females .. were X-rayed... Sisters of the rayed females were used as controls. 1938 Hevesy & Paneth Man. Radioactivity xxiv. 245 The rayed rock-salt assumes a blue-violet colour.

frayed,/)/)/, a.““ Obs. [f. RAYr.* + -EDh] Drawn up, arranged, dressed, etc. 1382 Wyclif Esther i. 6 Also goldene setis and siluerene, vp on the raied pament [1388 pawment arayede with] smaragd and pario stones, weren disposid. c 1470 Henry Wallace IX. 535 Throu Cyan land in rayid battaill thai raid. 1513 Douglas zEneis vi. xiv. 62 Pompey.. With rayit hostis of the orient. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 271 The Earle of Huntlie an/. a.^ Obs. exc. arch, or poet. [ad. OF. raie in same sense: streaked.

see ray sb.*]

Striped,

C1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 252, I woll yeue him a feather bed, Raied with gold, c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xviii. 198 Theise Cocodrilles ben Serpentes, 3alowe and rayed aboven, and han 4 Feet. 1481 Caxton Myrr. ii. vi. 78 Ther ben the basylicocks,.. he is whyte rayed here and there. 1598 Stow Surv. (1603) 539 In the year 1516. .it was agreed .. that the Shiriflfes of London should.. giue yearely Reyed Gownes, to the Recorder, Chamberlaine [etc.]. [1866 Rogers Agric. ^ Prices I. xxii. 578 The rayed, or variegated cloth being the cheaper.] 1905 W. H. Hunt PreRaphaelitism I. 163 From the depth of this rayed region we ascended to the further margin of the mist lake into the crystal air. 1918 W. Stevens in Others Dec. 11 We hang like warty squashes, streaked and rayed.

rayeny,

obs. f. rainy a.

rayes,

obs. f. reis.

rayet,

obs. f. rayat.

rayfart, -ffert, -ffort, rayge, obs.

varr. raifort Obs.

f. rage sb.

ray^e, obs. form of ray sb.^

raygn, var. raygne,

raign v. Obs.

obs. f. reign.

raygnes, var.

Raines Obs.

'ray-grass. Also 7

rea, 8 rey-.

[f. ray 56.’]

=

RYE-GRASS (now the usual form). 1677 Lond. Gaz. No. 1176/4 Pure and unmixt Trefoile Seed.. freed and acquitted from all Rea, and other course Grass Seeds. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 154 They have lately sown Ray-grass or the Gramen Loliaceum, by which they improve any cold, sour, clay-weeping ground. 1763 Museum Rust. I. 224 Saintfoin receives great benefit from this manure, and so does clover, ray-grass, and trefoil. 1831 Sutherland Farm Rep. 74 in Lib. Usef. Kn., Husb. Ill, On soil of the second quality, one bushel and a half ray-grass. 1886 Britten & Holland Plant-n., Italian Ray Grass,.. a commercial name for Lolium italicum.

t'rayie, a. Obs.-^ [f.

ray s/).‘] Ray-like. a 1687 Cotton See, how the Twilight Slumber falls Poems (1689) 353 See how Light.. Beautifies The rayie fringe of her fair Eyes.

'raying,/)/>/. a.

[f. ray v.* + -ing^]

a. Moving in rays. b. Emitting rays; radiating. 1891 G. Meredith One of our Conq. HI. vii. 131 Popular artists.. have figured in scenes of battle the raying fragments of a man from impact of a cannon-ball on his person. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 25 Apr. 2/3 The day That crowns us royal with the raying sun.

rayis,

obs. Sc. pa. t. rise v.

rayk(e, rayl(e,

obs. ff. rake, rail.

rayl (reil). Acoustics, [f.

Rayl(eigh.] A unit of specific acoustic impedance equal to one dynesecond/cm.^ (in the C.G.S. system) or one newton-second/m.3 (in the S.I.). 1954 L. L. Beranek Acoustics i. 11 The specific acoustic impedance is the complex ratio of the effective sound pressure at a point of an acoustic medium or mechanical device to the effective particle velocity at that point. The unit is newton-sec/m), or the mks rayl. (In the cgs system

)

Rayleigh ('reili). Physics. [The title of J. W. Strutt, 3rd Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), English physicist.] 1. Used, usu. attrib., to designate various concepts, devices, and phenomena he invented or investigated, as Rayleigh(’s) criterion, the criterion by which adjacent lines or rings of equal intensity in a diffraction pattern are regarded as resolved when the central maximum of one coincides with the first minimum of the other; Rayleigh disc, a lightweight disc suspended by a fine thread so that when it is placed at an angle to incident sound waves their intensity can be calculated from the measured torque on the disc; Rayleigh instability (see quot. 1977); also called Rayleigh-Taylor instability [Sir Geoffrey Taylor (1886-1975), English mathematician]; Rayleigh limit, the upper limit of a quarter of a wavelength placed on the difference between the optical paths of the longest and shortest rays of those going to form an image in order that the definition shall be close to the ideal (which corresponds to no path difference); Rayleigh number, a dimensionless parameter that is a measure of the instability of a layer of fluid due to differences of temperature and density at the top and bottom (see quot. 1950); Rayleigh scattering, the scattering of light by particles small compared with its wavelength, the intensity of the scattered light being inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength (and therefore much greater for blue light than for red); so Rayleigh-scattered a.-, Rayleigh wave, a type of wave that travels over the surface of a solid with a speed independent of its wavelength, the motion of the particles being in ellipses so that the surface undulates. *937 Jenkins & White Fund. Physical Optics v. 123 Extending Rayleigh’s criterion for the resolution of diffraction patterns, .to the circular aperture, two patterns are said to be resolved when the central maximum of one falls on the first dark ring of the other. Ibid. vii. 159 The Rayleigh criterion for resolving of images. 1970 D. W. Tenquist et al. University Optics II. v. 197 The chromatic resolving power of a prism, defined as A/SA where 8A is the smallest change of wavelength discernable [siV] in accordance with the Rayleigh criterion at a mean wavelength A, is given by [etc.]. 1913 Physical Rev. I. 309 (heading) A method of producing known relative sound intensities and a test of the Rayleigh disk. 1972 J. M. Taylor tr. Meyer & Neumann's Physical Appl. Acoustics vi. 209 The Rayleigh disk.. is practically never used any more to determine particle velocity, which can be derived much more quickly and conveniently from electroacoustic sound pressure measuring devices. 1961 S. Chandrasekher Hydrodynamic Gf Hydromagnetic Stability x. 428 An important special case.. is that of two fluids of different densities superposed one over the other (or accelerated towards each other); the instability of the plane interface between the two fluids, when it occurs (particularly in the second context), is called Rayleigh-Taylor instability. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xix. 277/1 A Rayleigh instability .. does not necessarily depend upon the existence of a density inversion... Where the depth of the fluid is very large, the fluid at the bottom is compressed by the overlying fluid and, in many cases, an instability develops before the temperature is high enough to produce a density inversion. 1977 Sci. Amer. Oct. 144/2 The instability at the interface between a denser fluid overlying a lighter fluid, when the interface is otherwise in hydrostatic equilibrium, is called a Rayleigh instability (or sometimes a Rayleigh-Taylor instability). 1923 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics IV. 216/1 The adoption of the Rayleigh limit thus makes it possible considerably to increase the aperture of a lens system of any given type and to come close to the full theoretical resolving power with systems which, judged geometrically, would appear hopelessly over- or under-corrected. 1976 Sci. Amer. Aug. 77/2 Ideally a lens should be at the Rayleigh limit for light of all wavelengths. 1950 O. G. Sutton in Proc. R. Soc. A. CCIV. 298 The existence of a sustained convective regime depends upon the value of the nondimensional quantity Ra = —^gah^jKv, which we shall call the Rayleigh number. 1980 Sci. Amer. July 82/2 Convection begins when the Rayleigh number excee I, which in eq. (3.16) or (3.13) leads at once to the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation for the energy density per unit frequency range.

rayler, obs. f. railer. rayless (Teilis), a. [f. ray sb.^ -less.] 1. Devoid of, not illumined by, any ray of light; dark, gloomy. 1742 Young Nt. Th. i. 20 Night.. In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden sceptre. 1820 Shelley Orpheus to Hid by a rayless night. 1850 Blackie jEschylus II. 68 The rayless homes Of gloomy Hades. 1875 L. Morris At Last v, Those dear souls, who sleep.. In rayless caverns dim. fig. 1820 Ellen Fitzarthur 52 Ah rayless, joyless, lifeless state! 1845 J.AMES Smuggler HI. 94 Rayless, dull despair.

2. a. That sends out no rays; dull. 1832 Fraser's Mag. V. 123 The lamp of poesy was flickering and almost rayless. 1842 Motley Corr. (1889) I. iv. 115 The sun .. round and rayless in the centre of its low arch. 1878 Browning Poets Croisic clii. Gold which comes up rude And rayless from the mine.

b. Of the eye (cf. ray sb.^ 3). 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood iv. viii. Her eye gazed.. with a dying glare —then grew glassy, rayless, fixed. 1871 Macduff Mem. Patmos xv’iii. 241 That eye which once beamed aflfection now rayless.

c. Physics. Not accompanied by or emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays. Obs. 1904 Proc. R. Soc. LXXHI. 493 The first change is a ‘rayless’ one, i.e., the transformation is not accompanied by the appearance of a, jS, or y rays. 1906 [see actinium 2]. 1907 N. R. Campbell Mod. Electr. Theory ix. 210 It appears that many changes which are usually classed as ‘rayless’ are accompanied by the emission of ^ rays without a rays, but the liberation of energy in such changes is so small compared to those in which a rays are emitted that it seems desirable to make the distinction implied by the term.

3. Excluding, dispensing with, rays of light. 1896 Cosmopolitan XX. 391/1 W’hen they reached the tree, they sat down under the rayless boughs. 1898 Daily News 6 May 5/3 Revelations of what may be called Rayless Photography.

4. Having no ray-like parts. 1769 Pennant Zool. HI. 316 That they are not the young of smelts is as clear, because they want the.. rayless fin. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 422/2 The rayless Corymbiferae.

Hence 'raylessness. 1843 Poe Premat. Burial Wks. 1864 I. 336 The intense and utter raylessness of the Night that endureth for evermore.

raylet Credit), [f. as prec. + -let.] A little ray. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VI I. 603 Across the floor is sunny raylet shot. 1851 S. Judd Margaret xvii. (1871) 144 A shower of fine tiny raylets of snow. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 62 From the sides of these rays, secondary rays, or raylets, may be given off.

rayll(e, obs. ff. rail. rayly, var. railly

v.

Obs.

raym, rayment(e, raymson, obs. ff. rame

RAYONISM

243

Understanding Earth xxiv. 336/1 (caption) A Rayleigh wave irom an earthquake m Columbia recorded in Montana.

v.',

RAIMENT, RANSOM.

raymonder ('reimsndsfr)). Cricket. = ramrod

2 a. 1870 [see RAMROD 2 a]. 1878 H. C. Adams Wykehamica xxiii. 431 Raymonder, a ball bowled underhand, in a series of hops along the ground, (traditionally said to be derived from

one Raymond, who bowled after this fashion). Sometimes it was pronounced ‘ramroder’.

rayn,

var. raign v. Obs.\ obs. f. rain, reign,

REIN.

raynard,

rayndoun,

obs.

ff.

Reynard,

RANDOM.

Raynaud ('reinau).

Med. [The name of Maurice Raynaud (1834-81), French physician, who described various cases displaying Raynaud’s phenomenon in 1862 {De I'Asphyxie Locale et de la Gangrene Symetrique des Extremites).] Raynaud’s disease or syndrome'. an ill-defined disease or syndrome characterized by Raynaud's phenomenon, in which spasm of the arteries of the digits (often due to low temperature or vibration) leads to pallor, pain, and numbness, and in severe cases to gangrene. 1883 Trans. Clin. Soc. XVI. 179, I have watched three cases which came within the category of Raynaud’s disease. 1901 J. Hutchinson in Med. Press Circular CXXHI. 403/1 The expression ‘Raynaud’s disease’ would imply that there is some one malady complete in itself, and having all the symptoms the same in all cases which is suitably denominated by that name. That is not the case. Ibid., I would rather speak of Raynaud’s phenomena than of Raynaud’s disease, for the former are things which we understand and are the same in all cases... What do we mean by Raynaud’s phenomena?.. Local syncope, local asphyxia, symmetrical gangrene of the extremities are synonymous terms. 1925 Raynaud’s disease [see ganglionectomy]. 1932 Amer.Jrnl. Med. Sci. CLXXXIII. 188 The increasing amount of literature attests to the tendency to utilize the terms ‘Raynaud’s disease’ or ‘Raynaud’s syndrome’ as a general depository for a heterogeneous group of cases far removed from the condition originally described by Raynaud. 1936 Q. Jrnl. Med. XXIX. 399 For more than sixty years the term ‘Raynaud’s disease’ was used as a convenient label for case after case of obscure aetiology in which pallor, cyanosis, pain, or gangrene of hands, feet, nose, or ears, happened to be symptoms, prominent or otherwise. Ibid. 401 ‘Raynaud’s Phenomenon’ may, therefore, be defined as ‘Intermittent pallor or cyanosis of the extremities, precipitated by exposure to cold, without clinical evidence of blockage of the large peripheral vessels and with nutritional lesions, if present at all, limited to the skin’. 1937 Raynaud’s syndrome [see ganglionectomy]. 1946 E. V. Allen et al. Peripheral Vascular Dis. vii. 185 The predilection of Raynaud’s disease for the female is one of the outstanding etiological factors. Ibid. viii. 206 Raynaud’s phenomenon may occur primarily as in Raynaud’s disease or it can occur secondarily in association with a number of conditions and diseases. 1973 Times 26 May 3/3 The name for the unusual affliction was Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Mr Alan Lipfriend, Mr Lambert’s counsel, told Mr Justice Mocatta. It was also known as vibratory white finger. The fingers went white, numb and stiff. 1975 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 18 Nov. 2/1 My doctor says I have Raynaud’s disease... It is just like I am allergic to cold... My hands and feet are affected and hurt.

trayne. Obs. rare. (Meaning not clear.) The rime-words are slayne and Gawayne. a 1450 he Morte Arth. 1980 Weilaway, the reufulle Rayne That euyr Launcelote was my fo. Ibid. 3223 The kynge gan woffully wepe and wake, And sayd, ‘Allas, thys RewffuIIe Rayne’.

rayne, obs. f.

rain, rainy,

rane sb.,

reign,

rein; var. Raines Obs.

raynecle:

see raynoll.

raynede(a)re,

obs. ff. reindeer.

raynes, -nez, varr.

Raines Obs.

rayney, -nie, obs. ff. raynge, raynold, raynish,

rainy a.

obs. ff. range, Reynard.

obs. f. Rhenish.

t raynoll. Obs. Also 5 ? raynecle. [Form and origin uncertain: cf. raymolles in Cotgr.] pi. Small cakes or balls made of pork with a large number of other ingredients. c 1430 Two Cookery~bks. 42 Raynollez. Nym sode Porke & chese, & set7e y-fere [etc.], c 1440 in Househ. Ord. (1790) 461 Put in therto the raynecles [«c], and when thai byn boyled take horn up.

rayny(e,

obs. forms of rainy a.

raynys, variant of

Raines Obs.

rayograph ('reiaugraif, -ae-). Also with capital initial, [f. the name of Man Ray (1890-1976), U.S. artist and photographer + -o + -graph.] A type of photograph made without a camera by arranging objects on light-sensitive paper which is then exposed and developed. Cf. photogram 3. Also rayogram. 1932 N.Y. Times 17 Apr. viii. 11/5 Julien Levy Gallery — Photographs by Man Ray. A fine retrospective, including a group of ‘rayograms’. 1937 Photography iSsg-igjy (Museum of Mod. Art, N.Y.) 68 Man Ray refers to his shadowgraphs as ‘rayographs’ or ‘rayogrammes’. 1942 P. Guggenheim Art of This Century 106 Man Ray. .took up photography in 1917. Invented Rayograph technique, 1921, and explored other possibilities of photography, especially in making Dada and Surrealist compositions. 1951 J. I. H. Bauek Revolution & Tradition Mod. Amer. Art iii. 28 Dada

attracted only one distinguished American follower, the painter and photographer Man Ray, much of whose life was spent in Paris where he produced without the use of a camera his extraordinary ‘rayographs’. 1956 Focal Encycl. Photogr. 836/2 Further developments came about 1921 when Man Ray and L. Moholy-Nagy.. made their ‘rayographs’ and photograms, using not merely opaque flat objects but also three-dimensional and translucent ones. 1972 C. W. E. Bigsby Dada & Surrealism ii. 19 The photomontage consisted of a collage of photographs. Like the Rayogram (a photographic process devised by Man Ray) it was a joke at the expense of realism. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XIV. 320/2 Man Ray was supporting himself by making fashion photographs in 1922 when he accidentally set a glass funnel, a graduate, and a thermometer on a piece of photographic paper, thus producing ‘Rayographs’. 1975 New Yorker 19 May 13/1 (Advt.), The prices are more out of the ordinary: $7,500 is asked for Ray’s rayograph ‘Egg-beater and Abstracted Segment of Living Space’.

rayon^ ('reisn, 'reion, F. rejo).

[a. F. rayon

(1539)1 f- I'oi (mod. rais) ray ii.*] 1. A ray of light, rare. 1591 Spenser Vis. Bellay 21 Shining Christall, which, .a thousand rayons threw, a 1609 Alex. Hume Day Estivall 177 The rayons of the Sunne we see, Diminish in their strength. 1859 Singleton Virgil H. 244 Here stood A cave, .. unreached by rayons of the Sun. II 2. = RADIUS sb. 4. 1878 Lady Herbert tr. Hubner's Ramble in. i. 459 Within a rayon of a certain number of miles. 1879 Daily News 26 S/6, I found myself within his rayon at Newcastle, which is one of his bases of supply.

3. a. Any of the class of fibres and filaments composed of or made from regenerated cellulose; also, fabric or cloth made from these. Formerly known as artificial silk. 1924 Drapers' Record 14 June 685/2 ‘Glos’ having been killed by ridicule, the National Retail Dry Goods Association of America has made another effort to produce a suitable name for artificial silk. This time their choice has fallen on ‘rayon’. 1925 Glasgow Herald 26 Mar. 15/1 The Viscose Company states that it will discontinue the use of wood pulp as a base for rayon when its wood pulp contracts expire. 1927 T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk i The sight of almost any article made from artificial silk (or Rayon, as it is also called) is sufficient to arouse admiration. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 230/2 Rayons are classified according to the highly technical processes by which they are manufactured. 1966 [see man-made a.]. 1969 Encycl. Polymer Sci. ^ Technol. XL 844 High-tenacity rayons are consumed by industry as reinforcing cords for manufacturing all types of rubber tires, drive belts, highpressure hoses, and straps and tapes. 1973 H. McCloy Change of Heart ii. 18 Her stockings were real silk, not flimsy nylon .. or coarse rayon.

b. attrib. and Comb., as rayon damask, gabardine, jersey, satin, stocking, taffeta, yarn', rayon-containing, -corded adjs. 1930 Daily News Rec. 17 Feb. 19/2 The manufacture of rayon-containing fabrics normally is a highly competitive business. 1964 Economist 26 Sept. 1254/1 The rayon-corded SP tyres. 1952 M. Laski Village iv. 66 The rayon-damask couch of the three-piece suite. 1930 Silk & Rayon Directory &' Buyer's Guide of Gt. Brit. 296/2 {heading) Gabardine, Rayon. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 31 Oct. 3/7 (Advt.), Confident of its own good looks, this rayon gabardine wins your heart at once. 1965 Which? Mar. 94/2 Rayon gaberdine, a fabric with a diagonal rib effect. Ibid. 94/3 Rayon jersey, a soft stretch, knitted fabric. Drapes well. 1973 Guardian 19 June 15/1 Matte viscose rayon jersey, long evening dress. 1977 B. Pym Quartet in Autumn v. 51 The dressing gown was a jazzy rayon satin. 1929 Rayon Record HI. 587/1 The lower temperature up to about 110“ is utilized for silk or rayon stockings. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xi. 119 Fawn-grey rayon stockings. 1974 M. Kelly That Girl in Alley iv. 70 She was wearing.. beige rayon stockings. 1952 M. Laski Village viii. 137 A counterpane of rayon taffeta machineembroidered with flowers. 1929 Rayon Record HI. 411/2 A few samples of yarns and fabrics illustrating the decorative value of rayon yarns.. have been received. 1947 British Rayon Man. x. i68 Much attention was given to the question of the best kind of package for rayon yarns.

II rayon^ (ra'jon). Alsoraion. [a. Russ, raion.] In the U.S.S.R., a small territorial division for administrative purposes. 1936 [see oblast]. 1948 J. Towster Polit. Power in U.S.S.R. iv. 66 All the units are divided into districts {raions). 1959 Economist 14 Mar. 946/1 In at least two of Moscow’s fifteen raions, the chaps at the local Agitpunkts seem to have been lying down on the job. 1964 S. P. Dunn tr. Levin ^ Potapov's Peoples of Siberia 9 The creation in 1931" 1932 of nomadic and rural soviets, rayons and national okrugs on a territorial basis finally undermined the importance in the social structure of the peoples of the North, of their former clan and tribal organizations and of the social elements which headed them. 1976 [see okrug].

Rayonism, Rayonnism ('rei3niz(3)m).

Also rayon(n)ism, Hrayonnisme. [ad. F. Rayonnisme, f. rayon RAYON* -I- -isme -ISM; cf. Russ, luchizm, f. luch ray.] A style of abstract painting developed c 1911 in Russia by M. Larionov (1881-1964) and N. Goncharova (1881-1962), in which projecting rays of colour are used to give the impression that the painting floats outside time and space. Hence 'Rayon(n)ist a., of or pertaining to Rayonism; also as sb.', Rayo'nistic a. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 9/1 Gontcharova’s setting for the 1914 production of the ‘Coq d’Or’ and Larionov’s ‘Les Contes Russes’ of 1915 mark the invasion of the theatre by cubist ideas. The colour scheme was still that of Russian peasant art; but the design was based on abstract forms, and

aimed at a rhythm in harmony with the music and the dances. To this development the name of rayonnisme has been given. 1956 B. S. Myers EncycL Painting 295 Larionov, Michel (1881-), Russian abstract painter who in 1909 developed a type of painting known as Rayonnisrn, a dynamic form of space penetration consisting of rays of light and suggesting in some ways the work of the Futurists. 195^ Lake & Maillard Diet. Mod. Painting 241/1 Rayonism,.. launched by Michael Larionov in 1911-12... A Rayonist canvas must give the impression of gliding out of time. 1968 D. Barran tr. Veroneses Into Twenties iii. 76 Larionov founded the rayonnist movement, loosely based on the concepts of the futurist movement. 1969 Denis & de Vries World's Art II. xi. 224 Rayonism in Russia was of the same nature, {Rayonistic Manifesto, 1912, by Larionov). 1972 C. W. E. Bigsby Dada & Surrealism ii. 10 In some ways it [sc. Dada] was a part of that artistic re-examination which spawned such schools as impressionism, cubism, futurism and, more exotically, suprematism, rayonism, plasticism, vorticism and synchronism. 1975 Physics Bull. Feb. 60/3 The art world was no less fertile with the cubists, the futurists, vorticists, rayonnists and the Blauer Reiter group all active. Ibid. 61/1 Rayonnisrn was a style of painting invented by Mikhail Larionov and used by him and Natalia Goncharova around 1912-14. New Tor/ier 2 May 31/3 What makes it unique is the inclusion of some da2zling experimental pictures from the early twentieth century Cubist, Futurist, Rayonist, and Suprematist.

'rayonnance.

rare”',

[f.

F. rayonnant: cf.

RAYONNE a. and -ance.] Radiance. 1848 Bailey Festus xix. 206 Some of a cold, pure bodily rayonnance As is the moon’s of naked light.

II rayonnant (rejona), a. Also fern, rayonnante (-dt); pi. rayonnants. [Fr.] Beaming, radiant. Also rayonnant de joie, radiant with joy. The form with -te in quot. 1825 is erron. 1821 M. W. Shelley Let. 2 Apr. in P. B. Shelley Lett. (1964) II. 278 Yesterday he came rayonnant dejoie—he had been ill for some days, but he forgot all his pains. 1825 H. Wilson Mem. II. 79 The next evening found us all quite rayonnante, waiting for our dinner. 1831 C. C. F. Greville Mem. (1874) II. xiii. iii The Ministers were rayonnants. 1965 Lady Birkenhead Illustrious Friends w. 92 Her ladyship was rayonnante... She sallied forth in a blue silk ball-dress and lively spirits.

II rayonn6 (rejone), a. [F., pa. pple. of rayonner, f. rayon rayon^.]

11. Of a kind of hood: Rayed. Obs. rare-^. 1690 Evelyn Mundus Muliebris 7 Round which it does our ladies please To spread the Hood call’d Rayonnes. [Ibid., Fop Diet. 20 Rayonne, Upper Hood, pinn’d in Circle, like the Sunbeams.]

strong sense of racial and cultural identity held by Mexican-Americans. 1964 W. Madsen Mexican-Americans of S. Texas lii. 15 The Mexican-American thinks of himself as both a citizen of the United States and a member of La Raza (The Race). 1968 Economist 8 June 54/1 The preservation of La Raza within the dominant American culture means that MexicanAmerican families observe the Roman Catholic faith, speak Spanish and yield to the male the authority associated with Mediterranean custom. 1969 Time 4 July 14/2 La Raza, the race, meaning all Mexicans and Mexican Americans, and derived from the mystical theory of the 19th century philosopher, Jose Vasconcelos, that people of mixed race will inherit the earth. At best, it is a rallying cry betokening a mild form of cultural nationalism; at worst, it connotes outright racism, 1973 Black Panther 7 Apr. 4/3 The Oakland Mexican-American ‘Raza’ community continues its boycott of public schools,

IIRazakar (raeza:'ka:(r)). Also Razakhar. [Urdu razakdr.^ A Muslim who voluntarily pledges to fight in defence of his religion; hence, a member of a fanatical semi-military faction with this end. Also attrib. 1948 Keesing’s Contemp. Archives 31 July-7 Aug. 9421 Hyderabad’s Moslems formed the Razakar (volunteer) movement which, in recent months, has in effect become the private army of the Moslem party in Hyderabad. 19S7 PGriffiths Mod. India xii. 107 The Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, with its semi-military organisation known as the Razakars, took a bitterly communal line. Each Razakar vowed to ‘fight to the last to maintain the supremacy of the Muslim power in the Deccan’. 1968 H. Gray in M. Weiner State Politics in India viii. 402 Kasim Razvi organized a voluntary group of fighters named ‘Razakars’, who provided protection to landowners and the government administration during a Communist-led uprising. 1970 R. Wingate Ismay viii. 180 Attlee replied in a long personal letter [c. Sept.-Oct. 1948] pointing out that in fact the Nizam had not been a free agent, but in the hands of the ‘Razakars’ (the extreme Muslim party). 1971 Guardian 29 Oct. 13/1 They [sc. Pakistani army units] have left in the countryside a patchwork of police and Razakhar regimes. 1971 Peace News 29 Oct. 5/1 The mukti fouj attacked a radio station occupied by the Pakistani army and their civilian hirelings, the razakars. 1972 M. Shakir Muslims in Free India iv. 56 The emergence of the Razakars was a logical corollary of the Ittehad’s political doctrine of collective Muslim sovereignty,.. It is the biggest exclusive Muslim Party in Hyderabad. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia IX. 76/1 Immediately after Indian independence a fanatical Muslim faction, the Razakars, fomented tensions in the state and the city [sc. Hyderabad].

razamataz(z,

varr. razzmatazz, razzamatazz.

2. Her. Of a division between parts of the field: Having alternate pointed projections and depressions, whose sides are formed by wavy lines. (Cussans 1868.) 3. Of a person: radiant, effulgent.

razant,

i860 Queen Victoria Let. 20 June in R. Fulford Dearest Child (1964) 260 She is so embellie and rayonne as to look like a young girl.

1610 Markham Masterp. ii. c. 383 If you make two razes on each side, it shall bee so much the better. 1656 Sanderson Serm. (1689) 370 A man had better receive twenty wounds in his good Name, than but a single raze in his Conscience.

II rayonnement (rejonma). [Fr.] Radiance, effulgence; influence (of culture, etc.). 1910 Wyndham Lewis Lett. (1963) 45 The benevolence and rayonnement that is the sign and beauty of a fine nature shines on faults without hiding them. 1966 Economist 23 Apr. 340/2 Nor are the producers allowed to show the film outside France, because it might damage the reputation of ‘communities’ which contribute to the ‘cultural and humanitarian rayonnement of France’.

Rayonnisrn,

Rayonnist:

Rayonism,

rayr,

obs. f. rope.

obs. f. rear v., roar v.

rays, obs.

f. race sb.^, raise v.\ obs. pa. t. rise v.

frayse, v. Ohs. rare. [Of obscure origin; perh. a special use of raise v.^ or v.^] trans. (Meaning not clear.) Hence raysed ppl. a.; 'rayser; 'raysing vbl. sb. 1641 S. Smith Herring Buss Trade 25 Of the choise, packing, and raysing of the Herrings. Ibid., It is forbidden that no body may rayse or packe any Herrings but in the Lords street.. and that with dores open. Ibid. 26 The Packer, Rayser, Cooper.. that are imployed about the packing of the said Herring. Ibid. 27 The Coopers may not hoope any dryed or other raysed Herring barrell, with halfe barrel! hoops.

rayse,

obs. f. raise, rase v.'--, obs. pa. t. rise v.

raysen,

obs. f. raisin.

raysin,

obs. f. raisin; var. rasen Obs.

t'raysing. Obs. rare-', [f. raise

A cut.

*593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 146 As many iagges, blisters and scarres, shall 'Toades.. make on your pure skinnes in the graue, as now you haue cuts, iagges or raysings, vpon your garments.

raysing, rayso(u)n, raysure, raysyn, obs. ff. raisin, reason, razor sb.

rayt, obs. f.

rate.

rayte, obs. f. rail

variant of rasant.

razbooche,

obs. variant of Rajput.

fraze, sb.' Obs. [f.

Cf. rase sb.', race ^6.“] A slash, scratch, cut, slit. raze v.

fraze, sb.^ Obs. rare~K (See quot.) a 1728 Woodward Fossils 54 The Tin-Veins, .are either in Strata of Growan, or of that grey, Talky, Slaty Stone, that the Tinners call Killas, Raze, or Delvin.

raze (reiz), v. [var. rase Cf. also race n.®] 11. trans. To scratch, cut, slit, etc. = rase n.* I. Obs.

see

Rayonnism.

raype,

RAZEE

244

RAYONNANCE

(Common in 17th c.)

1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 279 His death did raze hir harte. 1610 Markham Masterp. ii. c. 382 Then raze both the quarters of the hoofe with a drawing-knife,.. so deepe that you may see the dew come foorth. 1684 R. Waller Nat. Exper. 102 It appeared rough, as if it had been prettily razed with the point of a Diamond.

b. esp. (often with limiting word expressed): To cut or wound slightly, to graze (the skin, a part of the body, etc.). 01586 Sidney Arcadia iii. (1629) 314 The point swirved and razed him but on the side. 1667 South &erm.. Chance (1715) 317 Might not the Bullet, that perhaps razed his Cheek, have as easily gone into his Head? 1719 Young Busiris v. i, I could not bear To raze thy skin to save the world from ruin. 1808 Scott Marm. iii. xxiv. Yet did a splinter of his lance Through Alexander’s visor glance, And razed the skin—a puny wound.

2. To remove by scraping; to scrape off or out; to cut or shave off. Now rare. 1567 Turberv. Epit. etc. 33 Drowsie drouping Age.. With pensiue Plough will raze your hue. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 361 Earths..which the..salt in the water razeth off from several rocks, a 1708 Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1711) HI. 347 Drunkenness.. razeth out the image of God, and stampeth the image of beasts upon us. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles VI. xxxii, An axe has razed his crest. 1871 Palgrave Lyr. Poems 14 Most men raze her stamp, and prove untrue.

3. spec. To erase or obliterate (writing, etc.) by scraping or otherwise. ? Obs. 1581 Savile Tacitus, Hist. iii. xxxi. (1591) 132 The principal! men.. razed Vitellius name, and defaced his images. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 100 [They deserve] their writings to bee razed with sponges. 1646 J. Hall Poems I. 67 Now I will raze those Characters 1 wrote. 1709 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. 11. 489 The clause formerly razed.. is agreed to be kept in the bill.

b. Const, out adv.; from, out of preps. ret v.

IIRaza (’rasa). [Mexican Sp., a. Sp. raza race.] Usu. in phr. La Raza, the race, designating the

1577 Fenton Gold. Epist. 74 He hath razed them out of the register of heauen. 1641 Milton Reform, i. (1851) 20 Of those Books.. who knows.. what hath bin raz’d out, what hath bin inserted. 1693 Wood Life (O.H.S.) IV. 19 Altered the aforesaid original! papers, by razing out many lines,

sentences, and words. 1735 Swift Corr. Wks. 1841 II. 735 Having first razed out the writer’s name, I have shown it to several gentlemen. c. transf. and fig. (cf. RASE v.' 2c.) 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 285 As for that which is euil, they raze it out of their memories. 1654 tr. Scudery’s Curia Pol. 147 This base and ingrate person razed me out of her affection. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. i. i. The first feeble Blow I meet shall raze me From all Remembrance. 1720 Mrs. Manley Power of Love (1741) I. 32 He became formidable enough to raze the vep" Name of Mendoza. 1877 Gladstone Glean. IV. xxii. 355 If we raze out all our earlier protests.

4. fa. To scrape (a writing) so as to erase something; to alter by erasure. Obs. 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido iii. ii, I will.. raze th’ eternal register of Time. 1602 Fulbecke 2«d Pt. Par all. 31 A deede razed is not good in your Law. 1720 Land. Gaz. No. 5825/2 The Decrees.. were razed. 1724 Sp- Wilson in Keble Life (1863) II. xviii. 609 Razing or adding to records being ever accounted.. penal.

fb. To shave.

Obs.

Cf. rase v.' 4 c.

1667 Evelyn Public Employm. Misc. Writ. (1805) 544 Trifling amongst barbers, razing and sprucing himself. 1732 Hist. Litteraria HI. 421 Both had their Heads raz’d,

c. To scrape, or come close to, in passing. 1598 Florio, Radere,.. Also to raze or go along the shore as a ship doth. 1885 M. Blind Tarantella 1. iii. 29 [The swallows] dive low, razing the grass, then soar aloft.

td. absol. (see quot.) Obs. rare 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., A horse is said to have razed, whose comer teeth cease to be hollow; so that the cavity, where the black mark was, is filled up.

5. a. To sweep away, efface, or destroy (a building, town, etc.) completely. In later use esp. to raze to the ground. a 1547 Surrey .^neid ii. 707,1 saw Troye fall.. N^tunus town dene razed from the soil. 1582 Stanyhurst ii. (Arb.) 60 Now thee statelye pilers with gould of Barbarye fretted Are razde. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice xvii. Some said, that I the Temple to the fioore In three dayes raz’d. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. (1869) 1. xxiv. 690 The fortifications were razed to the ground. 1843 Prescott Mexico (1850) I. 354 If it were refused, the Aztecs would raze their cities to their foundations. 1870 Bryant Iliad 1. ii. 40 Having razed Troy with her strong defences I should see my home again.

b. To take away, remove (from a place), in a thorough manner. (With various objects.) 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 360 That the heat of thy loue might clean be razed with ye coldnes of my letter. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. i. Ixxvii. (1674) 102 [God] by sending universal Deluges of water, razed mankind.. from off the World. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. IV. i. 238 In Henoch, ‘the Son of Man’ is about to raze kings from their thrones.

Hence razed, 'razing ppl. adjs. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis ii. (Arb.) 67, I ran too Priamus razd court. 1598 Yong Diana 60 His short cape cloke was .. lined with razed watchet satten. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 229 Amongst other things remarkable, there were three pages in raz’d tissue. 1715-20 Pope Iliad v. 419 Her snowy hand the razing steel profaned. 1813 Scott Trierm. ii. xx. No striplings these, who succour need For a razed helm or falling steed. 1882 W. B. Weeden Soc. Law Labor 180 A razed table on which new classes build themselves.

raze, obs. form of race sb.^, raise ii.* razee (rs'zi:), sb. Also 8 fraze. [ad. F. rase{e, pa. pple. of raser to rase v.'-. cf. raze v. and -eeL] a. Naut. A war-ship or other vessel reduced in height by the removal of her upper deck or decks. 1794 R. F. Greville Diary 14 Sept. (1930) 335 Two large Ships razes which are line of Battle Ships cut down & mounted with very heavy guns 24 Pdrs. 1803 Sir R. Wilson in Life (1862) I. iv. 216 The Captain of a twenty-four-razee. 1815 Burney Falconer's Mar. Diet, s.v.. The Indefatigable, Majestic.., and Saturn have been cut down for Razees. 1844 Harwood Irish Rebellion 232 Two frigates and a sixtygun razee bearing down upon him.

b. transf. and fig. 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay iv, This was the sole cause of my chest being converted into a razee, i860 O. W. Holmes Elsie V. xviii. (1891) 253 The hulks and the razees of enslaved or half-enslaved intelligences.

razee (rs'zi:), v. [f. razee sft.] 1. trans. To cut down (a ship) to a lower size by reducing the number of decks. 1842 Brande Diet. Mech. s.v. Razee, By razeeing, the draught of water is diminished, while the centre of gravity is lowered, and the qualities of the vessel have generally.. been improved. 1862 W’. H. Russell in Times 27 Mar., The Merrimac.. has been razeed and iron-plated. 1894 C. N. Robinson Brit. Fleet 240 In 1793 .. old sixty-fours were cut down a deck, or ‘razeed’ (a term that now came into use) into forty-fours.

2. fig. To abridge, prune, dock. 1820 Deb. Congress U.S. 28 Jan. (1855) 1008 It would not follow that they should have power to razee a State..by depriving the admitted State of equal rights. 1837 Marryat Dog-fiend v. He was like a man razeed or cut down. 1882 Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. H. 77 They were razeed to the smallest possible dimensions as to numbers and endowment.

Hence ra'zeed ppl. a. 1847 Knickerbocker June 496 The ‘Chicken Mauma’ was persecuting the Cherokee advocate with her razeed (i.e., reduced,) offers in reference to the sale of the ‘funny chickens’. 1867 Harper's Mag. Oct, 679/2 This ‘mittimus’ of the Squire’s was a razeed, square-topped old chaise. 1884 Daily News 23 Sept. 3/1 The .. Castles of Walmer, Deal, and razeed Sandown. a 1895 Adm. Phczr Autobiog. iii. (1896) 71 The command of the Aigle, razeed frigate.

RAZER razer, var. raser*. !1 razet (raze). Bullfighting. [Provenfal raset.'\ In southern France: a contest in which teams of combatants compete to snatch a rosette from between the bull’s horns. 1932 R. Campbell Taurine Provence ii. 43 The finest thing in the French arena.. is the razet, or the course of the racarde-bearing bulls. 1967 McCormick & Mascarenas Compl. Aficionado vi. 210 Confusion with Spanish toreo arises in the sport which the French call the course de cocardes (or razet), in which the athlete, unarmed with cape or muleta, attempts to snatch from between the bull’s horns the rosette (cocarde), or divisa, of the owner.

Ilrazeteur (razetoer). [Provencal, f. prec.] A member of a bullfighting team which engages in a razet. 1932 R. Campbell Taurine Provence ii. 43 They [rr. the bulls] know every habitual razeteur by sight. 1961 Times 8 July 10/6 There are two classes, a tourneur or decoy, whose function is to turn the bull in order to favour the chances of his partner, the razateur (sometimes crocheteur). 1963 E. & A. Heimann tr. Droit's Camargue iii. 28 The razeteurs... Called thus because they pass so close to the bull that they literally graze, or shave, by him. 1976 N. Roberts Face of France ix. 106 The razeteurs, the young men who get their name from the razet, or running half circle, which they describe in their efforts to snatch the [bull’s] cocarde.

razie, obs. form of racy a. raziere, variant of raser*. Obs. razine, obs. form of raisin.

razing (’reizii)), vbl. sb. [f.

raze v. + -ing*.] The action of cutting, erasing, levelling, etc.

1611 CoTGR., Rature,.. a razing, or scraping out. a 1640 J. Ball Ansvi. to Can ii. (1642) 7 What hath beene their seeking from time to time? a razing of the communion booke! No. 1669 Dryden Tyrannick Love v. i. The rough razings of the pointed Steel. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. I. 126 The Messiah and his Messenger must have come, before the razing of that Temple. 1890 Child Ballads IV. 55/2 note, A letter of Arglye’s .. would seem to show that he was not there in person during the razing and burning.

b. A scraping; a particle scraped off. rare-'. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 363 Particles.. as if they had been razings of crystals.

razmataz(z, varr. razzmatazz, razzamatazz. razom, obs. variant of rizzom dial. razoo* (ra'zu:). N. Amer. slang. Also razzoo, razzooh. [Prob. alteration of raspberry 4 (cf. RAZZBERRY, RAZZ sb.) with arbitrary suffix -00, perh. after KAZOO.] Ridicule; the arousing of indignation or the like, provocation; a sound of contempt, a ‘raspberry’. Also in phr. to give the razoo: to ridicule. So as v. trans., to arouse or provoke; to manhandle. 1890 Grip (Toronto) i8 Jan. 40/1 Shall I razoo old Mowat on the Separate School business? Ibid. 19 Apr. 265/1 What is all this racket about the Independence of Parliament?.. It is dependent on the presence of Members, .on the whips razoo round. 1908 H. Green Maison de Shine 208 Can’t a man take a flat o’ beer wit’ out gittin’ the razoo? 1926 Flynn's 16 Jan. 639/2 The ginny with th’ poke gave th’ fly th’ razoo an’ we split a bunch of nifty kale. 1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxvi. 235 My information is Apartment 301, but all I get there is the big razzoo. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §297/1 Ridicule; banter,.. razoo. Ibid. §297/4 raspberry or razzberry, razoo, a sound of contempt by vibrating the tongue between the lips, loosely any expression of derision or ridicule, hence ridicule. Ibid. §297/5 Ridicule; banter,. .give the razz or the razoo. 1944 H. W’entworth Amer. Dial. Diet. 496/1 Razoo, to manhandle, use roughly. 1959 Washington Post 22 Dec. c-18/5 Yesterday’s hero, Fidel Castro, now gets the lustiest Bronx razzoohs since Adolf Hitler was flipping his wig for the cameras.

razoo^ (Taizu:). Austral, and N.Z. slang. Also rahzoo, razhoo. [Origin uncertain.] A (non¬ existent) coin of trivial value, a ‘farthing’. Also in phr. brass razoo. Used in neg. contexts only. 1930 Bulletin (Sydney) 5 Nov. 21/1 The useless graft on patch and flat! They never think a bloke has earned a darned razoo for that. 1931 W. Hatfield Sheepmates xxx. 268 Richards never has a rahzoo. 1940 F. D. Davison Woman at Mill II. 151, I found myself on the streets again, without a brass razoo. 1943 Coast to Coast ig42 118 Up till the present he hadn’t a brass razoo towards the seven and sixpence. 1947 J. Morrison Sailors belong Ships 187, I wouldn’t give you a razhoo for anything between there and Charmian Road. 1964 J. Flight of Chariots \\\\. 361, I wouldn’t give a brass razoo for his chances out there. 1968 R. Clapperton No News on Monday vii. 80 He isn’t rolling in the stuff—he hasn’t got two brass razoos to rub together. 1976 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 25 Apr. 16/7 Last week he signed a contract for the new $356,000 building and then cheerfully announced: ‘I haven’t a razoo.’

razor ('reiz3(r)), sh. Forms; a. 3-4 rasor, 4-7 rasour, (5 -owre, -owyr, 5-6 -oure, 6 Sc. -iour, 6-7 ra(y)sor, 7 rasoir); 6- razor, (6-8 -our). jS. 4-7 rasure, (6 ray-), y. 5-6 raser, (5 -ere, 6 -ier, -ar), 6-7 razer. [a. OF. rasor^ -our, -ur (12th c.), f. raser to rase v.^ Cf. OF. rasoir = It. rasojo\—\2ite L. rasdrium.] 1. a. A sharp-edged instrument, specially used for shaving the beard or hair.

245 ‘In modem razors the blade has usually a slight curve backwards, and is of wedge-shaped section, or has the back much thicker than the edge; the sides are often made concave by grinding (‘hollow-ground’). The blade is attached to the handle by a tang and rivet, so that it can be folded into this when not in use.’ N.E.D. a. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 98/222 Four 3weles of Iren he let fullen with rasores, kene I-nowe. 1340 Ayenb. 66 )>e tonge more keruinde panne rasour. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 325 For he dredde pe harbour to schave with rasoures ful score. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. i. 50, I wol be vpon a pyler fitched ful of sharp keruyng rasours. 1555 Eden Decades 186 To annoynte the place with oyle and scrape it with a rasoure. 1655 Culpepper Riverius vi. vii. 144, I got ready my Raysor,.. and there 1 made a deep incision. 1700 Dryden Pal. & Arc. 1629 This length of hair.. Guiltless of steel and from the razour free. 1765 Foote Commissary i. Wks. 1799 II. II His little weezen face as sharp as a razor. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Ability Wks. (Bohn) II. 39 At.. Sheffield, where I was shown the process of making a razor and a penknife. a 1340 Hampole Psalter li. 2 As sharpe rasure pou did treson. i486 Bk. St. Albans A iv, Thou most cutt it with a Rasure. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices ii. (1540) 82 The eldre Dyonisius.. dreding Rasures dyd syndge his heere with a cole. 1570 Levins Mamp. 192/29 A raysure, noi/flcw/a. 1576 Newton Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 240 He..with a Barbers Rasure finely cut away the Nose. y *483 Caxton Cato C iv b, Doo so moche that thys nyght ye haue a rasere and.. cutte the heeris of hys berde. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xvii. 102 These.. cause their hayre and beard to be cut with a raser. 1599 Ann. Barber~Surg. London (1890) 192 Grindeinge of rasares.

b. fig. and in fig. context. Occam's (also Ockham's) razor, the leading principle of the nominalism of William of Occam (see Occamism), that for purposes of explanation things not known to exist should not, unless it is absolutely necessary, be postulated as existing; usually called the Law of Parcimony. on the razor's edge (after Gr. im |upoD aKuhs), in a precarious position (cf. razor-edge in 3 c). c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 198 Wyntris rasour doth al away arrace. 1594 Willobie in Shaks. C. Praise 7 The sharpe rasor of a willing conceit, c 1611 Chapman Iliad X. 150 Now on the eager razors edge, for life or death we stand. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxxix. (1859) II. 395 We are, therefore, entitled to apply Occam’s razor to this theory of causality. 1879 Browning Pheidippides 86 Here am I back.. we stand no more on the razor’s edge! 1901 T. C. Allbutt Science & Medieval Thought 57 Now this scientific economy, perhaps first formulated, or effectively used, by William Ockham, in the phrase ‘entia non sunt multiplicanda’—known as ‘Ockham’s rasor’—is what is called now-a-days ‘materialism’. 1907 Ld. Curzon Frontiers 7 Frontiers are indeed the razor’s edge on which hang suspended the modern issues of war or peace, of life or death to nations. 1936 J. Buchan Island of Sheep xii. 235 In the Norlands life had always been on a razor’s edge. 1944 W. S. Maugham {title) The razor’s edge, i960 A. Huxley Let. 17 July (1969) 894 Perhaps Ockham’s razor isn’t a valid scientific principle. Perhaps entities sometimes ought to be multiplied beyond the point of the simplest possible explanation. For the world is doubtless far odder and more complex than we ordinarily think. 1976 A. White Long Silence vi. 49 He was living on a razor’s edge. Sooner or later, the Germans were going to begin to suspect. 1977 M. Goulder in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate iii. 60 Natural explanations, where they are at all plausible, are surely to be preferred on the basis of Occam’s razor.

fc. transf. The tusk of a boar (Phillips 1706). 2. fa. Applied to certain fishes: cf. razorfish 2. Obs. rare. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Rasowre, fysche, rasorius. 1530 Palsgr. 261/1 Rasour a fysshe. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 428 There is a fish called a Rasoir: looke whatsoever toucheth it, senteth presently of Yron.

b. = RAZOR-FISH I, RAZOR-SHELL. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. xxiii. (1611) 170 The rest of the crusted sort of fishes I will passe ouer viz. Crabs, Lobsters, Creuisses, Cuttles, Razers, Shrimpes &c. 1805 Barry Orkney Isl. 287 The Razor.. or, as we name it, the ^out-fish, is also found in sandy places. 1869 Wood Com. Shells (ed. 3) 32 The common species, the Sabre Razor {Solen ensis).. another species the Pod Razor {Solen siliqua). Ibid. 34 It would scarcely be recognized as belonging to the Razors.

3. attrib. and Comb. a. With sbs., as razor blctde, case, handle, hone, knife, -maker, mettle, -seller, sheath, strop, -stropping, wit. 1846 Holtzapffel Turning III. 1051 The ‘razor blade is polished on a soft buff wheel fed with dry crocus. 1936 Discovery Aug. 255/1 Glass razor blades can be ground to powder under foot when used. 1945 ‘G. Orwell’ Animal Farm viii. 64 Making cocks fight with splinters of razorblade tied to their spurs. Jersey Even. Post 26 July 18/3 Also reported stolen is a silver razor-blade-shaped pendant. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2410/4 A black Velvet embroidered •Rasor Case, with 3 or 4 Rasors. 1833 Macaulay in Trevelyan Life ^ Lett. (1880) I. 323, I have bought a new ..razor-case. 1846 Holtzapffel Turning III. 1069 Two •razor handles or scales are.. held at the one end in a pair of clamps. Ibid. 1066 [The] German ‘Razor Hone..is universally known throughout Europe. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 187 In his hond a ‘rasour knif He bar, with which hire throte he cutte. 1865 Lubbock Preh. Times 20 A razor-knife said to have been found together with objects of the latter metal. 1677 Moxon Mech. Exerc. No. 3. 56 ‘Razor-makers generally clap a small Bar of Venice Steel between two small Bars of Flemish Steel. 1767 S. Paterson Another Trav. I. 416 An infinite number of. .jack-smiths and razor-makers. 1679 J. Goodman Penit. Pardoned iii. i. (1713) 264 Great wits and curious tempers are like ‘razor-mettle quickly turned. 1782 Wolcott (P. Pindar) {title) The ‘Razor Seller. 1812 W. Dooley in Examiner 31 Aug. 552/1 A ‘razorsheath was found. 1759 Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury 26 June 4/3 Hones, ‘Razor-strops &c. 1822 Gill's Techn. Repos. III. 42 On Improved Razors and Razor-Strops. 1866 Harper's Mag. Nov. 788/2 Packwood, some fifty years ago, led the way in England of.. systematic advertising, by impressing his razor-strop indelibly on the mind of every

RAZOR bearded member of the kingdom. 1946 G. Millar Horned Pigeon i. I, I only heard the noise of a man’s razor strop. 1815 SiMOND Tour Gt. Brit. II. 278 He gave me a lesson of ‘razor-stropping. 1786 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ep. Boswell Wks. 1816 I. 246 No ‘Razor-wit, for want of use, grows rusty.

b. With adjs., as razor-bladed, -bowed, -edged, -leaved, -shaped, -tongued, -weaponed', razorkeen, -sharp, -thin', razor-like. 1765 Ann. Reg. 215 The two boys had found a ‘razor bladed clasp knife. 1885 Royal River xii. 338 The ‘razor bowed craft move slowly out. 1807-8 W. Irving Salmag. (1824) 128 The ‘razor-edged zephyrs of our ‘balmy spring’. 1831 J. W. Choker in C. Papers (1884) II. xvi. 143 Warburton has given us razor-edged disquisitions, fine and false. 1972 K. Bonfiglioli Don't point that Thing at Me xiii. 98 Even the shadows, razor-edged, purple and green, were painful to look at. 1955 Times 11 May 14/6 Political interest is ‘razor keen. 1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. (Parade Suppl.) 14D/1 (Advt.), With special Holder hands never come near razor-keen stainless steel blades. 1878 T. Hardy Return of Native ii. iv. Urns.. used as flower-pots for two •razor-leaved cactuses. 1842 PoE in Gift 148 The ‘razor-like crescent. 1977 Rolling Stone 19 May 93/2 The sultry title cut, with its razorlike clarion guitar lead. 1829 P. Egan Boxiana 2nd Ser. II. 299 He had now not the slightest chance with Curtis, who.. drew streams of blood from his •razor-shaped nose, and knocked him down. 1897 Mary Kingsley W. Africa 236 Small black and white birds.. with heavy razor-shaped bills. 1921 R. Hichens Spirit of Time v. 80 Something of it he must have seen—but what?.. The suggestion of a ‘razor-sharp silhouette? 1975 J. Grady Shadow of Condor viii. 132 She carried..a flat, thinly sheathed razor-sharp knife taped to her stomach. 1979 N. Y. Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 48/1 (Advt.), A witty, razor-sharp satire on monogamy. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face viii. 95,1.. peered over the top, to see that the ridge was now ‘razor-thin and looked even more diflicult beyond the point I had reached. 1973 P. Evans Bodyguard Man viii. 64 He cut razor-thin slices through the most congested areas of traffic. 1873 O. W, Holmes Rhymes of an Hour i. The saucyaproned, ‘razor-tongued soubrette. 1828 Southey Let. to A. Cunningham, When at the looking-glass with lather’d chin. And ‘razor-weapon’d hand I sit.

c. Special combs., as razor-bridge, the bridge Al Sirdt, believed by Muslims to lead over hell; t razor-chirurgeon, a barber-surgeon; razor clam (U.S.) = razor-shell, razor-fish i; razorcut V. trans., to cut (hair, etc.) with a razor; also fig.', hence as sb., a haircut effected with a razor instead of scissors; also as ppl. a.; razor-cutting vbl. sb.; razor-edge, a keen edge, fig. a narrow foothold, a critical situation (cf. razor’s edge in I b); also attrib.; razor gang, (a) a gang of thugs armed with razors; {b) Railway slang (see quots. 1966 and 1970); razor-grass, a West Indian sedge belonging to the genus Scleria, esp. 5. pterota, which has sharp-edged leaves; razor-man, a thug armed with a razor; razorpaper, paper specially made for sharpening razors on (Knight 1875); razor-paste, a paste of emery- or crocus-powder for improving razorstrops; razor plug, point, a power-point for plugging in an electric razor; razor-slasher, one who slashes another (usu. across the face) with a razor; a member of a razor gang; hence razorslash V. trans. [back-formation], to slash with a razor; also as sb., the action of lacerating thus; a wound so made; razor-slashing vbl. sb.; razor strop fungus, the birch polypore, Piptoporus betulinus; razor toe, a pointed toe on a shoe; an (outmoded style of) shoe with a razor toe. 1812 Sir R. Wilson Diary in Life I. 380 The paths., almost realize the perils of the ‘razor-bridge of Mahomet. 1624 Gee Foot out of Snare Xzb, The ‘Rasor-Chirurgions, very many of them Popish. 1882 Simmonds Diet. Usef. Anim., Razor Fish, in America Solen ensis is called the ‘razor clam. 1935 J. C. Lincoln Cape Cod Yesterdays 48 The dictionary.. even mentions the ‘razor clam’ among them. i960 M. Sharcott Place of Many Winds ix. 162 Commercial crab fishermen often use clams, particularly razor clams, as bait. 1964 F. Warner Early Poems 77 Cruelty ‘razor-cut my arteries. 1965 Family Circle Oct. 60 Hair as dark as this ideally goes into a sleek and sophisticated styling of the very short tapered razor cut. 1969 J. N. Smith Is he dead. Miss ffinch? vi. 27 I’d had time for a hair-do.. a razor-cut, tapered down to the neck. 1971 R. Falkirk Chill Factor vi. 57 His hair was razor-cut. 1974 R. B. Parker God save Child (1975) iv. 33 He was dark-skinned with longish black hair carefully layered with a razor cut. 1976 Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xii. 66 Their hair was razor cut to j ust above the collar line. 1968 J. Fashion Alphabet 197 ‘Razor cutting became popular in the 1950s, first in men’s barber shops and later in women’s hairdressers. The use of a razor means that the hair can be layered and thinned when wet and shaped more effectively. 1977 Oxford Consumer June 6/1 Razor cutting is now a rarity,.. and only 7 people had had a perm recently. 1687 Dryden Hind ^ P. iii. 688 You have ground the persecuting knife And set it to a ‘razor edge on life. 1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 238 On the closest verge of destruction,.. on the very razor-edge of fate. 1877 E. Cairo Philos. Kant ii. xix. 664 Kant is solicitous to maintain himself on the exact razor-edge of critical orthodoxy. 1927 D. H. Lawrence Mornings in Mexico 61 The instant moment is forever keen with a razor-edge of oblivion. 1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? iii. 49 With one razor-edge phrase he had cut me down to his level. 1962 H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. i. 7 Ours is a razor-edge economy and maintaining our balance of payments.. becomes a matter of overriding importance. 1976 ‘A. York’ Dark Passage xiii. 152 His finances.. were in a razor edge state... He lived like a millionaire,,. but there was no cash around. 1957 Essays in Criticism VII. 311, I suppose that

Mr. Conquest would not consider deliverance from the caprice of motorists, or even of wide boys and *razor gangs, altogether undesirable for the free mind. 1966 H. Sheppard Diet. Railway Slang (ed. 2) 10 Razor gang, economy men from Headquarters. 1970 F. McKenna Gloss. Railwaytnen s Talk 38 Razor gang, an investigating committee, searching rosters and rotas for ‘unproductive time’. 1977 Times 4 May 10/6 There were razor gangs on our race-courses. 1864 A. H. R. Grisebach Flora Brit. W. Indian Islands 787 •Razorgrass: Scleria scindens. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last viii. Yonder beautiful green pest,.. namely, a tangle of Razorgrass. 1879 Baron Eggers Flora St. Croix 109 Razor-grass. 1922 Blackw. Mag. July i i/i The great sweep of razor-grass rustled golden. 1954 Farmer's Guide (Jamaica Agric. Soc.) 587 Razor-grass... At least nine different kinds of Scleria occur in Jamaica, and all of them can be unpleasant weeds due to the cutting edges of the leaves. 19^9 S. M. Sadeek Windswept & Other Stories 29 The cart rolled on.. into the savannah of.. beezie-beezie reeds and razor-grass. 195^ New Statesman 5 Apr. 436/3 The •razor-men arrive at his door. 1977 E. W. Hildick Loop vii. 36 Noah..was..a ‘painter’ or razorman with some northern racetrack gang. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 429/2 Of the Street-Sellers of.. •Razor Paste. 1961 Times 26 May 9/6 Putting •razor plugs in the bathrooms. 1969 C. Hodder-Williams 9^.4 *• 7 There was a •razor point so I went out to the car and fetched my shaver. 1978 Cornish Guardian 2^] Apr. 15/1 (Advt.), 21 letting bedrooms (basins, razor points). 1958 M. Procter Man in Ambush xiv. 162 This girl had reason to be afraid. She had been •razor-slashed once. 1959 N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 292 In the worst of perversion, promiscuity, pimpery,.. rape, razor-slash, bottle-break.., the Negro discovered a morality of the bottom. 1963 T. Tullett Inside Interpol, xi. 160 A razor-slash across the face. 1976 R. Hill Another Death in Venice i. iii. 55 Dunkerley the pimp, razor-slashing young prostitutes who wouldn’t pay. 1980 P. Ableman Shoestring’s Finest Hour ii. 30 The pimp.. is called.. Ted the Slash because he’s got a razor slash on his cheek. 1951 S. Spender World within World iv. 213 Some of the recruits turned out to be a gang of Glasgow •razor-slashers. 1961 John o’London’s 6 July 24/2 Greene’s slum Faust was articulate in a way unlikely in the most intelligent razor-slasher. 1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xix. 204 Warfare between the gangs was confined to individual beatings-up and •razorslashings. 1979 W. J. Fishman Streets of E. London 106/2 His face.. resembling the cross lines of a railway complex as a result of razor slashing. 1923 J. Ramsbottom Handbk. Larger Brit. Fungi 129 The name ‘•razor-strop fungus’ is often given to P{olyporus'\ betulinus, as up till the early part of last century it was used for making strops. 1966 F. H. Brightman Oxf. Bk. Flowerless Plants 116/2 Piptoporus betulinus.. has also been recommended for stropping razors, and is sometimes referred to in books as the ‘Razor Strop Fungus’. 1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 509/1 The •Razor Toe... This style shoe is becoming very popular on acount of the long narrow toe, and patent tip. 1897 C. T. Davis Manuf. Leather (ed. 2) xxii. 303 The pedestrian or runner avoids ‘razor toes’.

razor (Teiz3(r)), v. [f. prec.] a. trans. To shave as with a razor; to cut down. Also, to cut out (with a razor blade); to shave away, off. 1827 POLLOK Course T. vii. (i860) 182 Upon the head that time had razored bare Rose bushy locks. 1872 De Morgan Budget of Paradoxes 337 He has announced his intention of bringing me .. 4159265 .. razored down to 25. 1974 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 July 5/1 Articles taken out of magazines in the libraries..‘I’ll just say they were razored out. Definitely.’ 1975 M. Kenyon Mr Big xviii. 175 He..had razored off the moustache. 1977 D. Seaman Committee 42 A roughness on the chin each morning that had to be razored away.

b. To slash or assault with a razor. 1937 E. Ambler Uncommon Danger viii. 110 By the time I’d finished with the beggar he would have.. razored his own father and mother if I’d told him to. 1954 ‘N. Blake’ Whisper in Gloom vii. 91 They might.. terrorise a suspected informer—beat him up or razor him.

Hence 'razoring vbl. sb. 1950 W. Sansom in Penguin New Writing XL. 44 It was not the kind of shop one would have expected of Sally—and perhaps this proved a key to the outcome of that night’s razoring. 1963 Times 5 June 16/1 Mr. C. Lindsay, for the defence, said Osborne had been afraid of possible razoring by the barons over a debt of £i and four or five ounces of tobacco.

t'razorable, a. rare-', [f. razor of, or fit for, being shaved.

RAZZIA

246

RAZOR

Capable

1610 Shaks. Temp. n. i. 250 The man i’th Moone’s too slow, till new-borne chinnes Be rough and Ra2or-able.

'razor-back, sb. and a. [f. razor s6.] A. sb. 1. The Razor-back whale or Rorqual. 1823 W. ScoRESBYj'rn/. Voy. Northern Whale-Fishery 143 Several razor-backs (Balaena physalis) had been seen, but no whales. 1832 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 278 The other [whale]., mentioned by Sibbald .. was probably a Razorback. 1850 SCORESBY Cheever’s Whalem. Adv. vi. (1858) 77 The razor-back is sometimes met with one hundred and five feet long.

2. A pig having a sharp ridge-like back. Now chiefly applied to a half-wild breed of hogs common in the southern United States; cf. razor-backed. 1849 J- Barrow Facts Texas iii. 57 Hogs are a very numerous family, but they are of very indifferent breed, and receive the appellation of ‘razor backs’, which is significant enough of their appearance. 1867 Hawker Prose Wks. (1893) 149 Prominent among them the old Cornish razorback asserted his pre-eminence of height and bone. 1878 C. Hallock /Imer. Club List ^ Sportsman’s Gloss, p. ix, I^z^back, a domestic hog which runs wild in the woods of the Southern States. 1901 Munsey's Mag. XXIV. 494/1 In the vernacular of the South, they were razor backs Nevmheless, these two hogs had a value. 1941 Arkansas: Guide to State 99 Outside the imagination, a true razorback probably does not exist. 1976 N. Thornburg Cutter & Bone xiii. 302 It has come to him now, what it was about the razorback.

3. A narrow ridge-like back in cattle and horses. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 164 A high narrow shoulder is frequently attended with a rigid back bone, and low-set narrow hooks, a form which gets the ^propriate name of razor-back. 1908 Animal Managem. 25 The ‘razor’ back may .. be due only to want of muscle which judicious rest, food, and work will produce. 1943 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang vii. 51 Fine upstanding beasts... No ‘razorbacks’ going away with nothing behind. These were ‘tabletops’; you could throw your blanket on any beast and camp on his back.

4. Chiefly Austral, and N.Z. A steep-sided, narrow ridge of land. 1874 W. M. Baines Narr. E. Crewe xi. 247 From a high ‘razor-back’, I had a magnificent view. 1889 Trans. N.Z. Inst. 110 Supposing the traveller to be standing on a narrow spur, or razorback, leading to the mountain-top. 1902 [see cow-track s.v. COW sb.^ 7]. 1911 Chambers’s Jrnl. Dec. 30/1 Twice the way led along a real ‘razor-back’. On both sides the mountain sloped precipitously. 1957 P. White Voss vi. 153 Presently the path, which had reached a razorback.. wound suddenly.. and plunged down.

5. U.S. Circus slang. A circus hand; spec, one who loads and unloads the wagons. 1904 Everybody’s Mag. X. 658/1 That night it took the Old Man ’n Early Jim both to keep a razorback from carvin’ up Ibree. 1909 Youth's Compan. LXXXHI. 2S9I4 There was too much worth seeing outside. The loaders—‘razorbacks’, in circus language—were putting the great clanking parade wagons on the flat cars. 1926 R. E. Sherwood Here we are Again 162 Canvasmen or ‘razorbacks’, as they are known in the slang of the circus, are rarely in funds. 1975 New Yorker 13 Oct. 38 Some people..were watching the roller coaster... I went up to the razorback who ran the controls.

B. adj. Having a very sharp back or ridge. 1836 Uncle Philip’s Convers. Whale Fishery 34 The ‘Razor-back whale’.. is longer and stronger and swifter than any other sort. 1851 G. S. CooperExpedition Overland no Gullies..ran down from each side of the razor-back ridge. 1859 Trollope West Indies iii. (i860) 50 Riding over some of these razorback crags. 1896 [see hump-backed o.]. 1899 B. Tarkington Gentleman from Indiana iv. 44 A squad of thin, ‘razor-back’ hogs. 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker III. 126 It was one of the half-wild razor-back hogs which the negroes allowed to stray in the woods there. 1976 N. Thornburg Cutter Bone xiii. 302 As it fell open Bone was able to see his T-shirt underneath, and the emblem on it: a red Arkansas razorback hog, name and symbol of the state university’s sports teams.

So 'razor-backed a. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 116 A razor-backed yellow tit. 1846 You ATT Pig vi. (1847) 69 The old Cornish hog, a large .. razor-backed animal. 1885 (weekly ed.) 13 Feb. 1/3 A high ridge of razor-backed hills. 1894 Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 336/2 Their.. razor-backed hogs climb the steep hills like goats. 1904 Daily Chron. 12 May 5/3 A fierce struggle ensued for the possession of two razor-backed ridges above which runs the main Peking road.

'razor-bill. [f. razor sb. -h bill 1. A name given to various birds. a. A species of auk {Alca torda). 1674 Ray Collect. Words, Water Fowl 92 The Rasor-bill: Auk or Murre. 1768 Pennant Zool. H. 403 Razor-bill... These birds, in company with the Guillemot, appear in our seas the beginning of February. 1865 Gosse Land & Sea (1874) 40 The guillemots sitting in rows,.. bolt upright, the manner of sitting common to the puffins and razor-bills.

h.U.S.

The Cut-water or Skimmer,

rare-'.

1794 Morse Amer. Geog. (1796) I. 214 Shear Water or Razor Bill. 1832 in Webster.

c. ‘The red-breasted merganser, serrator’ {Hants Gloss. 1883). 2. attrib. Razor-billed.

Mergus

1894 Westm. Gaz. g Aug. 4/2 A young razorbill puffin came alongside.

So 'razor-billed a., having a bill resembling a razor (applied spec, to certain birds: see quots.). 1748 Catesby California App. 103 The Razor-billed Black-bird of Jamaica. This Bird is somewhat less than our Jack-daw. 1824 Latham Gen. Hist. Birds63 Razor-billed Auk.

t'razored, a. rare-'. Sharp-edged. 1613 Heywood Silver Age iii. i, Be his teeth razored, and his talons keen,. .Yet I ere night will case me in his skin.

'razor-fish. [f. razor r6.] 1. Any bivalve mollusc of the genus Solen or family Solenidae, having a long narrow shell like the handle of a razor; esp. the European species Solen ensis or siliqua, common on sandy shores. 1602 Carew Cornwall i. 32 The Sheath, or Razor-fish, resembleth in length and bignesse a mans finger. 1632 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan ii. vii. (1838) 62 Raser-fishes there are. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Dactylus,.. a name used by many authors for the solen or razor-fish. 1802^3 tr. Pallas's Trav. (1812) II. 466, I have nowhere met with any rare sea-muscles; only the razor-fish, or Solen, of the Bosphorus. 1884 Goode Usef. Aquatic Anim. 707 The Californian Razor-fish (Siliqua patula) is also edible.

2. A Mediterranean labroid fish {Xyrichthys novacula)', also, a related W. Indian fish {X. lineatus). *753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Novacula piscis, the rasorfish.. the name of a sea-fish caught in the Mediterranean, and some other seas. [Description follows.]

'razor-,grinder, [f. razor 56.] 1. One who grinds or sharpens razors. 1789 Boston Directory 184 Fillis William, razor-grinder. 1798 D. Wordsworth yrfi/. 22 Feb. (1941) I. 9 Met a razorgrinder with.. a boy to drag his wheel. 1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/3, I afterwards met a razor grinder and his wife.

1886 Besant Childr. Gibeon ii. ii, They are buhl cutters,.. razor grinders, glass bevellers.

2. A name given to various birds: a. The Australian Dishwasher or Restless Fly-catcher {Seisura inquieta). b. dial. The Night-jar. c. dial. The Grasshopper Warbler. a. 1825 Vigors in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV. 250 A loud noise .. caused by a rasor-grinder when at work. 1848 R. Howitt Australia 332 The razor-grinder, fitly so called from making a grinding noise as it wavers in one position a foot or two from the ground. b. 1895 P. H. Emerson Birds, etc. Norfolk 153 The nighthawk, or big razor-grinder, as he is more rarely called in the Broadlands. c. 1895 P H. Emerson Birds, etc. Norfolk 50 This shy, mysterious bird, the ‘razor-grinder’, as he is often called in the Broad district.

'razor-shell,

[f. razor sb,: see quot. 1869.] The shell of a Razor-fish, or the mollusc together with its shell. Also attrib. 1752 Sir j. Hill Hist. Anim. 170 The large, brown, common Solen, called the Razor-shell and Sheath-shell. 1792 J. Belknap Hist. New Hampshire HI. 183 The Razorshell clam ’Solen ensis’. 1794 Collect. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1810) III. 199 The shores and marshes afford large and small clams, quahaugs, razor-shells,.. and cockles. 1869 Wood Com. Shells (ed. 3) 31 That curious family which are appropriately termed Razor-shells, because, when perfect, the shell looks something like the handle of a closed razor. Ibid. 32 All the Razor-shells are edible. 1901 E. Step Shell Life ix. 155 We now reach the Razor-shell family, characterised by having the valves of the shell of equal length. 1928 Russell & Yonge Seas ii. 38 The long razorshells (Solen) may occasionally be dug at low tide. 1971 Oxf. Bk. Invertebrates 80 The razor shells, looking like the oldfashioned cut-throat razors, are among the most specialized of the burrowing bivalves.

razour, obs. form of

rizzar. Sc.

razure, variant of rasure. razy, obs. form of

racy.

razz (rtez), sb. slang (orig. U.S.). [Short for RAZZBERRY.] = RASPBERRY 4. a 1919 C. Briggs Oh Man!, She’ll prob’Iy give me the razz for being out late last night! 1920 S. Lewis Main Street xxiii. 282 The Red Swede got the grand razz handed to him. 1921 Collier’s 15 Jan. 20/1 The mob gave him the razz. 1926 N. V. Lindsay Going-to-the-Stars 52 Let us think of the Irish flute in the morn,.. And forget our jazzes and our razzes and our hates. 1935 Punch z'j Feb. 248/2,1 wasn’t asked parties; I got no rise..; the girls gave me the razz—and all for the reason I’d no badge to show, i960 E. W. Hildick Jim Starling ^ Colonel viii. 62 That band chap blew him the razz! 1961 Punch 18 Jan. 129 What say, honey?—let’s give this communal living the razz and just go off somewhere, the two of us. 1961 Spectator 9 June 835/1 He selects one of them for punishment.., delivers a sonorous ‘razz’ and pretends to cane him. 1967 J. D. R. McConnell Eton 61 Offenders may be summoned to the Library for a ‘razz’. *977 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Apr. 534/5 Even the peppiest, most two-fisted and up-and-coming borough librarian would get the razz for buying it.

razz (raez), v. slang (orig. U.S.). [f. the sb.] trans. To hiss or deride; to make fun of (a person). Hence 'razzing vbl. sb. 1921 Collier’s 19 Feb. 5/3 It [sc. a crowd]..will razz its local favorite with as much enthusiasm as it will the visitin’ boxer at the first sign of foul fightin’. 1921 Sat. Even. Post 18 June 65/2 I’d of rather took fifty socks on the jaw than the razzing the crowd give Bat. 1924 P. Marks Plastic Age 52 The fellows razzed the life out of me. Ibid. 60, I don’t mind the razzing myself,.. but I don’t like the things they said to poor little Wilkins. 1932 J. Lawson Man’s Li/e xvi. 161 The person who never could appreciate institutional life.. is always with us... His chief hobby when at home has been razzing the wife, or his mother, because the bacon is too fat or too lean.. and anyhow he doesn’t like bacon at all. 1939 L. Jacobs Rise Amer. Film 378 He turned out a series of domestic comedies that caused him to be hailed for his ‘razzing’ of American foibles. 1941 J. McCormack in L. A. G. Strong yo/in McCormack x. 168, I have seen a great deal of baseball in America, but I have never been able to reconcile myself to the continuous razzing of the pitcher. 1956 B. Holiday Lady sings Blues (1973) 33 When I came to work the other girls used to razz me, call me ‘Duchess’ and say, ‘Look at her, she thinks she’s a lady.’ 1968 Punch 24 July 129/2 Ilya Ilf, pooh-poohing purges. Razzed Red Russians with wry stories. 1975 A. Bergman Hollywood ^ Le Vine ii. 29, I continued on down the street. .. I anticipated the razzing of the Dead End Kids. 1977 TV Times (Austral.) 20 Aug. 29/1 My kids will get razzed about it at school the next day. No one knows more about my mistakes than I do.

razzamatazz, razzberry

var. razzmatazz.

('rEezbari).

N. Amer. slang.

Also

razbery. [Var. of raspberry.] = raspberry 4. 1922 Collier’s 15 July 4/3 No matter if all the rest of the crowd gives me the razzberry, why they’ll be at least two guys pulling for me. 1927 [see bird sb. 5 b]. 1928 C. Sandburg in Woman’s Home Compan. h\ig. 112/3 Hand’em the razzberries. 1948 Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, Okla.) 27 May 8/3 Here in the home of the Bronx jeer it usually is rewarded with a noisy razberry. 1975 E. Iglauer Denison's Ice Road ii. 35, I sure got the razzberries from the boys.

II razzia ('raezia). [a. F. razzia, ad. Algerian Arab, ghaziah, var. Arab, ghazwah, ghazah war, battle, military expedition, raid against infidels.

RAZZLE f. ghasw to make war. Cf. Pg. gazia, gaziva, from the same source. The initial r of the French form represents a pron. of the Ar. £r approaching to a guttural r ighr), also indicated in the form ghrazzie formerly used by some English writers: —1821 Capt. Lyon Trav. N. Africa vi. 262 None ^t the Bedouins appear to approve of these ghrazzies. 1826 Denham TrazK 75 These people could lead 3000 men into action, for his ghrazzie was to consist of that number. Some Diets, give the pron. as (Vastsia) on the analogy of Italian words of similar form.]

a. A hostile incursion, foray or raid, for purposes of conquest, plunder, capture of slaves, etc., orig. as practised by the Muslim peoples in Africa; also transf. of similar raids by other nations. 1845 2jt/ienffum 8 Feb. 144 If half those seized survive the atrocities of the razzia and the march, it is considered an excellent speculation. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome ix. 5]5 The wars of Charlemagne..were something very different from the freebooting razzias of his Merovingian predecessors. = raid 2C. tSsS Poultry Chron. 4 Apr. 98/1 The owners of manors .. carried out a 'razzia' on the enemy’s territorx' of Leadenhall market. 1859 Green Lett. (1901) 29 One of our maids has been making a razzia in my study. 1865 Merivale Rom. Emp. Vm. Ixiii. 25 He executed what.. we might call a razzia upon the remnant of the culprits. 1965 C. D, Eby Siege of Alcazar (1966) v. 100 Small bands had been stealing out of the fortress at night to scavenge in the houses near by. The purpose of these razzias was to bring back food for the infirmary.

So 'razzia v. intr., to maraud. 1846 R. Eord Gatherings from Spain iv. 34 The object of these border guerri7/a-\varfares was .. to 'harry', to 'razzia'.

razzle (r®z(3)l), sb. slang. [Short for razzledazzle.] a. A ‘good time’, a spree; usu. in phr. on the razzle. 1908 A. Bennett Old Tale iv. i. 435 ‘What puzzles me most is what the devil you were doing in a place like that. According to your description, it must be a-‘I went there because I was broke,’ said Matthew-. ‘Razzle?’ Matthew nodded. 1915 W'. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage 249 W’e won't 'alf go on the razzle. 1927 Daily Express 2 June 6/4 Its heroine.. is a Frenchman’s idea of a great English lady out on the razzle. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement v. 213 And now w-e’re going on the razzle. 1943 - Daylight on Saturday xxvi. 201 I’ve got three [absentees]... One’s off on a razzle. 1968 'J. Le Carre’ Small Town in Germany 210 Your wife was in England, and you went on the razzle with Leo. 1978' L. Black’ Foursome vii. 56 He loved making new friends, joining up with them for a razzle in the nightspots. b. = RAZZLE-DAZZLE sb, b. 1969 Wall St.Jrnl. 30 Sept, i/i His specialty is ‘Razzle’, a game that in one form or another has entranced fair-goers since ancient times.

'razzle, v. slang, [f. the sb.] intr. To live a life of pleasure, to enjoy oneself; to go ‘on the razzle'. 1908 G. B. Shaw Lett, to Granville Barker (1956) 120 He will probably put it to you whether, as a gentleman, you can ask for a salary when you have been doing nothing but razzling in America. 1951 E. B.agnold Loved Envied iii. 39 W'e ought to be fairly flush... It’s not an expensive island. W'e ought to be able to razzle a bit, if there’s anywhere to razzle.

'razzle-'dazzle, sb. slang, a. A word, app. of U.S. coinage, used to express the ideas of bewilderment or confusion, rapid stir and bustle, riotous jollity or intoxication, etc. Also, deception, fraud; extravagant publicity. 1889 Gallup (New Mexico) Gleaner 18 Mar. 4/2 A Kansas paper .. recently told of a ‘regular old razooper, who, having got a skate on, indulged in a glorious razzle-dazzle’. 1890 Gunter Miss Nobody xv {heading) Little Gussie’s Razzle Dazzle. 1892 Kipling & Balestier Naulahka 88 There isn’t enough real downright rustle and razzle-dazzle .. to run a milk-cart. 1898 G. B. Shaw Mrs. Warren's Profession i. 175, I don’t bet much and I never go regularly on the razzledazzle as you did when you were my age. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 10 Mar. 3/1 Dick, who is still on the ‘razzle dazzle’. 1928 New Yorker 15 Dec. 24/1 Suspecting some sort of razzledazzle, the wiser of the two men said he would buy the seats at their box-office value. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Jan. 3/2 With such razzle-dazzle financing the general practice, it is not surprising to find oil derricks sprouting up on the grounds of the State capitol. 1962 ‘K. Orvis’ Damned fef Destroyed vii. 51 The razzle-dazzle I had handed the two drug-ring musclemen. 1969 New Yorker 29 Nov. 47/1, I want models, I want a private plane, I want this, I want that, I want some razzle-dazzle. 1977 Time 19 Sept. 25/1 Lance ran for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, using the financial razzle-dazzle that later was to become such a liability. 1978 New York 3 Apr. 17/3 It [sc. a musical] has pizzazz and razzle-dazzle, bursts of energy and invention, music and laughter.

RE-

247 c. attrib. or as adj. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, razzle-dazzle; dazzling, spectactular. 1889 Road (Denver, Colorado) 28 Dec, 5/1 Clint Butterfield incloses us a razzle-dazzle card of some kind that has a very neat little design of a nightmare etched in blood red and India ink. 1946 N. Y. Times Bk. Rev. 4 Aug. 5/1 A great many people are reading Mr. Wakeman’s razzledazzle novel these days. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 10/2 The newsreel is provided with a razzle-dazzle accompaniment. 1965 Economist 22 May p. xxiv/i A front page [of a newspaper] full of short items and a CJallic profusion of typefaces, alike in text and headlines— .. what the Americans call ‘circus’ or ‘razzledazzle’ make-up. 1971 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 19 Mr Thorley’s chairmanship is, or was, intended to be an interregnum between the razzle-dazzle rule of Sir Derek Pritchard and the accession of the Showering dynasty. 1974 Plain Dealer (Cleveland) 13 Oct. c. 12/6 Freshman halfback Pat Healy scored three touchdowns, the last on a razzle-dazzle 32-yard pass from quarterback Bruce Basile. 1977 Time 13 June 39/1 Erdman comes to his subject with the sure hand of one who knows, from the inside, what lurks in the hearts of financial razzledazzle artists. So razzle-dazzle v. trans., to dazzle, daze,

‘bamboozle’, etc. razzle-dazzler (see quot.). 1890 Gunter Miss Nobody xiv, I’m going to razzle-dazzle the boys, .with my great lightning change act. 1897 Daily News 10 Aug. 5/2 Two dozen pair of plain socks and half a dozen pair of the sort known as ‘razzle-dazzlers’. 1976 Houston (Texas) Chron. 22 Sept. 7 -4/4 Lady Bird eats it in an orange print pants suit and that Texas smile that razzledazzles ’em.

razzmatazz,

razzamatazz

.raezsms’taez).

colloq.

(.raezms'taez, U.S.). Also razafnataz(z, ra2mataz(z, razz-ma-tazz, etc. [Origin unknown; perh. alteration of razzledazzle.] a. A type of rag-time or early jazz music; old-fashioned ‘straight’ jazz; sentimental, ‘corny’ jazz; hence anything oldfashioned; stuff, rubbish, b. Noisy, showy publicity; meretricious or extravagant display; an event surrounded by such publicity or display; fuss, commotion, garishness. Also attrib. or as adj. (orig.

In quot. 1899 the sense is uncertain but may be ‘up-todate, stylish’ or ‘cultured, superior’. 1899 G. Ade Fables in Slang 37 It would be a Big Help to the Poor and Uncultured to see what a Real Razmataz Lady was like. 1901 T. D. Collins (title of piano music) Raz-ama-taz. 1901 W. H. Smith (title of piano music) Raz-ma-taz. 1936 Amer. Mercury XXXVIII. p. x/2 Rooty-toot,— unadulterated corn; razz-ma-tazz. 1937 Amer. Speech XII. 48/1 Razmataz band, a band which plays in an outmoded style. 1938 Brit. Empire Mod. Eng. Illustr. Diet. 1257/1 Razz-ma-tazz (Am.), old-fashioned jazz. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §579/2 ‘Straight Jazz.’ (Old-fashioned jazz, which reproduces the score faithfully, as distinguished from .). .razzmatazz. 1947 Sat. Rev. Lit. (U.S.) 25 Oct. 65/2 Expert horsing of the old razzmatazz style by an expert horsewoman. 1950 C. Coben Old Piano Roll Blues (song). And while we kiss, kiss, kiss away all our cares, The player piano’s playin’ razzamatazz, I wanna hear it again. 1953 Berry & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang (1954) (ed. 2) §233/5 Something old-fashioned, .. razzmatazz. 1958 People 4 May 8/2 She will, from next Friday when she flies to Cannes, be getting the full razzama-tazz, big-star build-up. 1958 Spectator i Aug. 174/3 Don’t you remember anything about the Twenties but crime, booze, flappers, religious razzmatazz? 1959 J. Wain Travelling Woman x. 148 The enormous selling bonanza that was going on about him, in its astonishing flood of genuine goodwill, even a grain here and there of genuine piety, with unscrupulous salesman’s razzmatazz, heightened his sense of living in a dream. 1961 Sunday Times 26 Nov. 48/3 Barbara Murray, a girl who is entirely wasted on rats, retorts and all that razzmatazz. 1963 The Beatles 9 Though some of our material is a bit out of the way for a razzamatazz chap like him. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai iv. 59 The great wide streets have an air of grandeur which even the razz-ma-tazz of neon cannot wholly mar. 1969 Listener 17 Apr. 544/1 Oh! What a lovely war (Paramount) is a razz-ma-tazz spectacular. 1970 Times 9 Mar. 13/1 He turned, as might have been expected, a fairly serious event into a razamataz. 1971 Morning Star 8 Mar. 4/7 Some of the hotels and centres can be a bit razzamataz and noisy, especially at night. 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 16 Feb. 32/1 There was no need to go through ‘all this razzmatazz’. The replacing of white centre lines with yellow ones wasn’t all that difficult to comprehend. 1973 Daily Tel. 8 Nov. 5 (Advt.), We thought the car good enough not to need any launch gimmicks or razmataz. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 23 Nov. 22/3 Opening day Thursday had all the razzmatazz of a revival meeting. 1974 Time Out 27 Sept. 23/1 There is the host, resplendent in white satin, razmatazz shirt. 1977 Listener 20 Oct. 508/3 This programme included a razzmatazz of presentational devices which seemed better suited to a giveaway quiz show. 1979 Guardian i May 30/1 In keeping with the showbiz, razz-niatazz side of the election, the most glamorous transport belongs to the media.

razzo ('raezau). slang. RASPBERRY.] The nose.

[Prob.

alteration

of

1899 [see LOWER V. i e], 1936 [see ACID sb. 3].

b. (See quots.) 1891 Daily News 27 July 3/1 A new type of roundabout, called ‘Razzle-Dazzle’, which gives its occupants the pleasant (or otherwise) sensations of an excursion at sea. 1896 [see switchback a.]. 1935 Amer. Mercury June 230/2 Razzle-dazzle, kelsy [i.e., a prostitute]; also used by the public in reference to carnival rides, although not so used by carnies themselves. 1968 D. Braithwaite Fairground Archit. iii.'34 The steam swing and ‘Razzle Dazzle’ drew inspiration from mechanisms in the spinning frame, [etc.]. Ibid. 60 Four years before his death in 1897, Savage patented the ‘Razzle Dazzle’, otherwise known as ‘Whirligig’ or ‘Aerial Novelty’.

razzoo(h,

varr. razoo'.

R-boat.

[Partial tr. G. R-boot, abbrev. of raumboot minesweeper.] In the war of 1939-45, a German minesweeper.

1942 Times lo June 4/3 An R-boat is stated to be an armed motor minesweeper. 1945 P. Scott Battle of Narrow Seas ii. 5 Besides E boats there were flotillas of R boats (corresponding roughly to our M.Ls.), used for minesweeping and defensive patrolling along the occupied coasts. 1961 Granville & Kelly Inshore Heroes vii. 71 The

Raumboot (R-boat) was a patrol vessel of between 85 and 115 feet, with a speed of about 20 knots. 1978 F. Maclean Take Nine Spies v. 183 A whole group of German R-boats was sent from Sicily to the Aegean.

RDX (a:di:'eks).

[f. i^esearch (Woolwich, England) Explosive.]

Department

= CYCLONITE. 1941 Newsweek 8 Dec. 43/2 One [explosive], developed in cooperation with the British and identified with the stuff used in Britain’s ‘superbombs’, is known as RDX and credited with 40 per cent more bursting power than TNT. 1947 Times 9 July 5/7 RDX, the main high explosive development of the war, was yet another chemical contribution to victory—opening up, incidentally, a new field of organic chemistry. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia VII. 89/1 The torpedo warhead torpex.. is a cast mixture of RDX, TNT, and aluminum.

re (rei), sb.^ Also 6 rey. [The first syllable of L. resondre\ see GAMUT.] a. The second note of Guido’s hexachords, and of the octave in modern solmization. b. (As in Fr. and It.) The note D, the second of the natural scale of C major, (rare.) C1325 [see g-sol-re-ut]. a 1529 Skelton Bowge Courte 258 A balade boke before me for to laye, And lerne me to synge, Re, my, fa, sol. c 1550 Armonye of Byrdes 185 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 194 Chaungyng their key From ut to rey. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iii. i. 74 A re, to plead Hortensio’s passion. Ibid. 77 D sol re, one Cliffe, two notes haue I. 1636 Waller To Mr. Henry Lawes, Let those which only warble long,.. Content themselves with Ut, Re, Mi. 1818 Busby Gram. Music 60 Whatever the key in which the octave is taken, do is the tonic, re the supertonic.

Hence f re v. (in nonce-use). 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iv. v. 121, I will carie no Crochets, He Re you, He Fa you, do you note me?

j|re(ri:), [AblativeofL. res thing, affair.] In the matter of, referring to. Cf. in re s.v. in Lat. prep. 24 {d). Now freq. apprehended as a preposition, and used in weakened senses to mean ‘about, concerning’. re infecta, ‘with the matter unfinished or unaccomplished’, has also been freq. employed in Eng. The use as a preposition has freq. been condemned: see Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage (1926) s.v. illiteracies and A. P. Herbert in quots. 1707 Hearne Collect. 17 May (O.H.S.) II. 14 Amused by Charlett’s trick re Tacitus. 1926 in H. W. Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage 484/1 Dear Sir,—I am glad to see that you have taken a strong line re the Irish railway situation. Ibid. 484/2 Reference had been made in a former issue to some alleged statements of mine re the use of the military during the recent railway dispute. 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! iii. 80 We herewith enclose receipt for your cheque on a/c re return of commission re Mr. Brown’s cancelled agreement re No 50 Box Street top flat. 1939 [see inclusivity]. 1976 Time 27 Dec. 2/2 Re your article on legitimized gambling., and specifically state lotteries: the inefficiency of revenue collection is horrendous and the odds for winning are unconscionable. 1977 Time 7 Feb. 1/3 Re my archaeological explorations in Syria: it is not true that ‘.. the Italian archaeologists have been slow to publicise their discoveries’. 1979 Verbatim Summer sjz G. Bocca’s observations re public signs.

re,

abbrev. of rupee. 1913 W. T. Rogers Diet. Abbrev. 164/1 Re. (money), rupee. 1962//ourerei/e (Ceylon) Apr. 10'These courses are practical, economical (Re. i/- for 3 lessons). 1971 Hindustan Times Weekly (New Delhi) 4 Apr. 11/2 Gramdal was better by Re i on good offtake.

re, obs. sing, rees REIS (Portuguese money). re, obs. Sc. form of roe, deer. re-, prefix, of Latin origin, with the general sense of ‘back’ or ‘again’, occurring in a large number of words directly or indirectly adopted from Latin, or of later Romanic origin, and on the model of these freely employed in English as a prefix to verbs, and to substantives or adjectives derived from these. In earlier Latin re- was used before consonants, and redbefore vowels or h-, as in redire, redimere, redhibere (rarely in other cases, as in red-dere). The latter form appears in Eng. only in a few words which are ultimately of Latin origin, as redeem, redemption, redintegrate. In later Latin the form with d was no longer in use, and re- was employed before vowels as well as consonants, as in resedifiedre, reagere, reexpeetdre, reillumindre, etc. In a few words adopted from French the prefix has so coalesced with the main part of the word that its real nature is obscured. In some cases this is due to the combination of re- with another prefix, as ad- (Fr. a-) or in- (Fr. en-). For examples of these types, see ransom, rally, rampart.

2. The original sense of re- in Latin is that of ‘back’ or ‘backwards’, but in the large number of words formed by its use, the prefix acquires various shades of meaning, of which the following are the most clearly marked, a. ‘Back from a point reached’, ‘back to or towards the starting-point’, as in recedere to draw back, recurrere to run back, reducere to lead back, referre to carry back, refugere to flee back, remittere to send back, respicere to look back, retrahere to pull back, revocare to call back. Sometimes the sense of ‘backwards’ is also implied, as in resiltre to spring back or backwards. The return of light and sound is

248

reexpressed in such verbs as relucere and renidere to shine or flash back, rebodre to bellow back, resondre to echo, resound. In many cases the idea of force is present, as in reflectere to bend back, repellere to drive back, reprimere to force back, rescindere to cut back; hence arises the sense of resistance, as in reluctdri to struggle against, repugndre to fight against, reclamdre to cry out against, recusdre to refuse. Occasionally the sense passes into that of ‘away’, as in removere to move back or away, revellers to pull away or off. b. ‘Back to the original place or position’, as in recondere, reponere, restituere, etc. to put back, replace; freq. implying ‘back to one’s hands or possession’, as in recipere to take back, redimere to buy back, rependere to pay back, resumere to take back. c. ‘Again’, ‘anew’, originally in cases implying restoration to a previous state or condition, and frequently occurring as a secondary sense in verbs of the two classes already mentioned; further examples are recredre to create again, reficere to make again, reformdre to form again, renovdre to make new again, refrtgescere to grow cold again, revirescere to grow green again. This naturally passes into cases where the action itself is done a second time, as recoquere to cook or bake again, refricdre to rub again, regenerdre to produce again, retractdre to handle again, etc. This class of words is largely augmented in later Latin, as resedificdre to build again, rebaptizdre to baptize again, etc. Many of these later compounds have been adopted in English, and have chiefly supplied the models for the new formations illustrated in §5, d. In some cases re- has the same force as Eng. un-, implying an undoing of some previous action, as in recingere to ungird, recludere to unclose, to open, refigere to unfix, resigndre to unseal, reveldre to unveil. More rarely it expresses direct negation, as in reprobdre to disapprove of. e. ‘Back in a place’, i.e. ‘from going forward’, with verbs of keeping or holding, as retinere to hold back, religdre to tie back or up, refrendre to rein back, reprehendere to (seize and) keep back; or ‘without going on or forward’ with verbs of rest, as remanere, residere, restdre to stay or stop behind, requiescere to stay quiet, etc. Other shades of this sense appear in relinquere to leave behind, reservdre to keep back, store up. Even in Latin the precise sense of re~ is not always clear, and in many words the development of secondary meanings tends greatly to obscure its original force. This loss of distinct meaning is naturally increased in English, when the word has been adopted in a sense more dr less remote from the strict etymological significance of the two elements which compose it. In many cases the simple word to which the prefix is attached is wanting in English; in others a change of sound or shifting of stress frequently assists in disguising its original sense. In the Romance languages, as in later Latin, extensive use was made of re- as a prefix in verbs and verbal derivatives, and some of the words thus formed are among the earliest which were adopted in English, the immediate source being OF. To these and later adoptions from French belong many of the commonest words beginning with re-, as rebate, rebound, rebuke, rebut, recoil, redress, refresh, regain, regard, regret, remark, etc.

3. Words formed with the prefix re- first make their appearance in English about the year 1200. In the Ancren Riwle, the first text in which such forms are prominent, there occur recluse, recoil, record, relief, religion, religious, and remission. Towards the end of the century Robert of Gloucester uses rebel, receit, release, relic, relief, remue, repent, restore, revest. In the 14th c. the stock is largely increased, especially in the writings of Langland, Chaucer, Wyclif, and Trevisa, and by the year 1400 the number in common literary use is very considerable. During the 15th c. the additions are of less importance, but about the middle of the i6th an extensive adoption of Latin forms or types begins; the French element at this time is small in comparison, though it includes some important words. Towards the end of the i6th c. re- begins to rank as an ordinary English prefix, chiefly employed with words of Latin origin, but also freely prefixed to native verbs, a practice rare before this period, though Wyclif, Trevisa, and others have renew (after L. renovdre). Such formations, however, are common in Elizabethan writers; Shakespeare has recall, regreet (frequent), relive, requicken, resend, respeak, restem, retell (thrice), and reword, and many others occur in contemporary literature, as rebuild, recast, refind, reflow, regather, etc. Since 1600 the use of the prefix has been very extensive, though the number of

individual formations appears to have been smaller in the i8th century than in the 17th and 19th. The rapidly increasing use of re- in the early part of the 17th c. is strongly marked in the dictionaries of Florio and Cotgrave, both of whom freely invent forms with this prefix to render Italian or French words which begin with it. Many of these reappear at a later date, and most of them might be formed again at any time: the following may be quoted as specimens of those which have obtained little or no currency in later writers. 1598 Florio, Rabbellimento, a .. rebeauetifying. Rimeritare, to remerit or deserue againe. 1611 Raccordare,.. to reaccord. Ricapricciare, to re-affright. Ricombattere, to recombat or fight againe. Ricompire, to recomplish or end againe. Riboccare, to re-enbogue, to re¬ mouth. Rimaledittione, a remalediction. Rimolltre,.. to remollifie, to resoften. Risperso, resprinckled. Ristoppare, to restop, to stop againe. 1611 CoTGR., Rabuser, to re-abuse. Reaffranchi, reaffranchised. Reblandir, to re-blandish. Redaigner, to redaign. Rabituer, to .. reinure.

4. a. In English formations, whether on native or Latin bases, re- is almost exclusively employed in the sense of ‘again’; the few exceptions to this have been directly suggested by existing Latin compounds, as recall after L. revocdre. In one or other application of this sense, re- may be prefixed to any English verb or verbal derivative, as rearrange, rearranger, rearrangement', reignite, reignitible, reignition', resaddle, resaddling', resettlement, etc. In all words of this type the prefix is pronounced with a clear e (ri:), and frequently with a certain degree of stress, whereas in words of Latin or Romanic origin the vowel is usually obscured or shortened, as in repair (ri'p63(r)), reparation (reps'reijan). In this way double forms arise, with difference of meaning, which in writing are usually distinguished by hyphening the prefix, as recoil and re-coil, recover and re-cover, recreate and re-create. The hyphen is also frequently employed even where there is no doublet, when emphasis is laid on the idea of repetition, as bind and re-bind, or when the main element begins with a vowel; before e it is usual to insert the hyphen, as re-emerge, re-enter, re-estimate, the use of the dijeresis, as reemerge, reenter, being much less frequent. There is naturally a greater tendency to give full stress to the prefix when the simple word precedes the compound, as in make and re-make^ state and re-state’, this may also happen, but in a less degree, in cases where re- does not mean ‘again’, as act and react.

b. Re- is occasionally doubled or even trebled (usually with hyphens inserted) to express further repetition of an action, but this practice is rarely adopted in serious writing, although reis readily prefixed to words of which it already forms the first element, as re-recover, re-reform. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 3 April 1775 Re-rere-tried the drill. Not yet compleat! 1838 Moore Mem. (1856) VII. 218 A late publication (or rather re-re¬ publication of Bowles’s). 1844 Southey Life Andrew Bell II. 483,1 have read, re-read, and re-re-read your dedication. 1885 G. B. Shaw Let. 14 Dec. (1965) I. 146, I re-return the cheque, and if you re-re-return it I will re-re-re-return it again. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 526, I rererepugnosed in rererepugnant. 1954 New Biol. XVI. 43 Under the title ‘Vital Blarney’..! reviewed, or to be pedantic I re-rereviewed, Bernal’s book The Physical Basis of Life.

5. The extent to which this prefix was employed in English during the 19th c., and especially during the latter half of it, makes it impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use. The number of these is practically infinite, but they nearly all belong to one or other of three classes, which are illustrated by the quotations given below. The first of these is also abundantly represented in formations of the 17th and i8th centuries, which are entered in their alphabetical places. a. Prefixed to ordinary verbs of action (chiefly transitive) and to derivatives from these, sometimes denoting that the action itself is performed a second time, and sometimes that its result is to reverse a previous action or process, or to restore a previous state of things (cf. 2 c), e.g. re-abolish vb., -alliance, -apportion vb., -apportionment, -bandage vb., -beam vb., -biff vb., -break vb., -cable vb., -calibrate vb., -calibration, -canalization, -canalize vb., -canvass vb., -carve vb., -centrifuge vb., -certification, -certify vb., -chromatograph vb., chromatography, -clean vb., -clone vb. (hence -cloning vbl. sb.), -codify vb., -conceptualiza¬ tion, -conceptualize vb., -configure vb., -conscript vb., contamination, -contrast vb., -cool vb. (hence -cooling vbl. sb.), -debit vb., -decontaminate vb., -decontamination, -de¬ marcation, -differentiate vb., -differentiation, -enrich vb., -enrichment, -equilibrate vb., -equilibration, -estimate vb. and sb., -evocation.

RE-exploration, -explore vb., -expose vb., -fabricate vb., -feature vb., -fecundate vb., -flush vb., -foliate vb., -foliation, -format vb., -forward vb. (hence -forwarding vbl. sb.), -incubate vb., -infarction, -initialize vb., -input vb., -intensify vb., -isolate vb., -license vb., -list vb., -lubricate vb., -mapping vbl. sb., -nucleation, -orchestrate vb., -orchestration, -origination, -originator, -pattern vb. (hence -patterning vbl. sb.), -peg vb. (hence -pegging vbl. sb.), -phosphorylate vb., -pile vb., -postpone vb., -proportion vb., -proportioning vbl. sb., -punch vb., -pyunctuation, -rat vb., -recovery, -remember vb., -remembrance, -riddle vb., -scrutinize vb., -scrutiny, -sex vb., -sexing vbl. sb., -shade vb., -show vb. (hence -showing vbl. sb.), -stack vb., -stage vb., -structuration, -suspend vb., -suspension, -suture vb. and sb., -synthesis, -synthesize vb., -tailor vb., -target vb., -tightening vbl. sb., -time vb., -triangulate, vb., -triangulation, -uptake, -walk vb., -winded ppl. a., -zip vb. With nouns of action the force of the prefix may frequently be rendered by ‘second’ or ‘new’, and on the analogy of these words it has sometimes been used in this sense with other sbs., as re-charter, re-invoice. 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. III. ix. 135 To induce him to *reabandon his original belief. 1963 Auden Dyer's Hand 461 The distinction between the things of God and the things of Caesar is *reabolished. 1879 Temple Bar Mag. Oct. 252 With a view to their *reacclimatisation in Switzerland. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet Owlst. 164 Mr. Page was too discreet to *readjudicate the matter. 1885 Law Rep. Weekly Notes 151/2 Each lot will be sold subject to •re¬ admeasurement. 1847 Webster, •Realliance. 1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. Mar. 137 Their [sc. neo-Freudians’] realliance will contribute something to the explanation of the latter theory. 1883 Knowledge 6 July 6/2 When the metal becomes dull, •reamalgamation is necessary. 1874 Sully Sensation & Intuition 80, I regret having overlooked this •reannouncement of Mr. Bain’s views. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 103 To •reapportion the supply of labor. 1967 M.E. Jewell Legislative Representation in Contemp. South v. 124 The Kentucky legislature was one of the first to reapportion both houses substantially on a population basis. 1971 C. A. Auerbach in N. W. Polsby Reapportionment in 1970s ii. 90 All state legislatures will be reapportioned according to the principle of one vote, one value. 1884 Fortn. Rev. Nov. 707 The •reapportionment of electoral power. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 June 476/4 There should be a reapportionment of seats. 1974 Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 19 Apr. i b/i Members of the House-Senate conference committee asked .. for free conference power that would allow them to re¬ write district lines in the House reapportionment bill. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xlii. (1856) 394 Acting as checks or wedges to prevent their *reapposition and cementation. 1821 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XCVI. 195 The reexamination and *reappreciation of the assertions. 1880 Nichol Byron 84 His frequent resolutions, made, •re¬ asseverated, and broken. 1802-12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) HI. 285 The force of expansion and contraction (repulsion and •re-attraction). 1920 C. H. Stagg High Speed X. 180 Dan helped him *rebandage his hands. 1979 Sunday Express 28 Jan. 3/8 Within an hour of starting that wound had been stitched and rebandaged. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey i. i, ‘I won’t have my hair curl’,.. •rebawled the beauty. 1919 E. Pound Quia pauper Amavi 16 The infant beams at the parent. The parent •re-beams at its ofiPspring. 1934 Blunden Choice or Chance 53 Ye men of England, hear the clarion. If Inferior nations biff you, them •rebiff. 1869 Eng. Mech. 31 Dec. 389/3 The wax is then, .•re-bleached. 1881 Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 375 A refurbishing and •rebrandishing of weapons. 1^5 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. 11. 943 And when the weather is bad these cocks are never •re-broken out, being only lightened up to let the air pass through them more freely. 1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. (1879) 8 These.. are broken and rebroken until the rock is reduced to dust. 1905 Daily Chron. 31 July 4/7 The leg was badly set, and had to be re-broken. 1943 V. Sackville-west Eagle ^ Dove i. xv. 89 Her left arm..had had to be re¬ broken and re-set most painfully several times. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. iii. 74 The •re-bursting forth.. of the pacificated cities. 1908 Daily Chron. 7 Apr. 1/7 Chicago, Monday... This afternoon.. an alleged interview with Hackenschmidt is •re-cabled from a London newspaper. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl., •Recalibrate. 1971 Nature 6 Aug. 391/2 We are currently recalibrating our Dobson ozone spectrophotometers. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 34/3 In the 1980’s shuttle-recoverable instruments that can be recalibrated and still better instruments in high orbit may answer the questions. 1911 Webster, •Recalibration. 1977 Nature 6 Jan. 18/1 Node markers, .can thus easily be reset by 93 yr periodic recalibration observations of maximum northerly midwinter full moonrise azimuth. 1961 R. D. Baker Essent. Path. v. 82 New blood vessels form in the lumen (•recanalization). 1943 Amer. Speech XVHI. 222 General semantics.. is offered as a means of •recanalizing those responses.. that cause morbid over-excitation of the nervous system. 1962 Punch 12 Sept. 366/2 Water conservation.. to the extent of recanalising the water. 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. 11. iii. xxvi. 329 The twelve men .. •re-canvassing for their own mental satisfaction the fine points made by Mason. 1880 E. Oppert Forbid. L. iv. no Serious efforts for their recovery or •recaptivation. 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker 4 Men remembered this rhyme, and pled that it should be •recarven. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iv. i. 417 Tycho Brahe.. •re-catalogued the stars. 1956 Nature 7 Jan. 45/2 The homogeneous supernatant was •recentrifuged once or twice. 1976 Ibid. 15 Jan. 114/2 The supernatant was recentrifuged at 20,ooog for 10 min. 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 217/2 The effect of •re-certificating a man who has been dishonest. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport i. 20 Maintenance facilities may be very lirnited, problems of major overhaul and *recertification being handled by sale of a vehicle to a dealer who provides a reconditioned vehicle in part exchange. 1978 Jrn/. R. Soc.

reLXXI. 13 Such developments.. could be more effective and acceptable than some form of periodic recertification in maintaining standards in practice. 1934 Webster, ‘Recertify. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 17 July 11/3 The Israelis were recertifying their credentials as a people of almost unbelievable resourcefulness and courage. 1977^^0^ R. Soc. Medicine LXX. 58/2 Only the American Board of Family Practice is putting the idea into practice by an MCQ recertifying exam from October 1976. 1863 N. & Q. 3rd Ser. III. 218 Jupiter..was ‘re-chiselled into St. * Rechromatograph [see rechromatography]. 194° Amer. Scientist XXXVI. 511 If either of these two zones is cut out, eluted, and rechromatographed on a fresh column, it will form a single zone. 1971 Nature 16 Apr. 456/2 After 24h dialysis against o-oi M phosphate buffer .. the residual fibre was rechromatographed, the peak fractions were pooled and reduced to a final volume of i ml. *945 Biol. Chem. CLVII. 327 ‘Rechromatography was usual, especially w'hen tw'o zones were bordering upon one another. In such instances they were cut out as one and rechromatographed. 1950 L. Zechmeister Progress in Chromatogr. xii. 162 The peptides were characterized by the ratio, total nitrogen/amino nitrogen. Such ratios observed were not altered by rechromatography. 1978 Nature 14 Dec. 735/2 Rechromatography on Sephadex G-50 gave only a single peak. 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria. B.C.) 29 Oct. 8/1 (Advt.), Fine ‘re-cleaned currants. 1960 Farmer ^ Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 5/1 The following are wholesale prices for recleaned seed per cwt ex-store unless otherwise stated. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 437 The catheter must be thoroughly ‘recleansed. 1971 Nature 30 July 313/2 Six clones were mixed (Gd" /Gd^), two of these were ‘recloned, and 106 out of 107 of these sub-clones showed either Gd^ or Gd^ while one was again mixed. 1962 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XXVII. 410 ‘Recloning of these clones gives rise to all converted clones. 1973 Listener 20 Dec. 846/3 We shall not avoid increasing dislocation., unless we can ‘recodify large areas of international behaviour. 1961 Webster, ‘Reconceptualization. 1973 Sci. Amer. Sept. 120/2 With a reconceptualization of the hospital as a therapeutic community.., many of the chronic inpatients were able to be returned to the community. 1977 Fontana & V^an de Water in Douglas & Johnson Existential Social, iii. 126 Understanding the world in this manner demands a thorough-going reconceptualization of our usual notions of truth and progress in knowledge. 1961 Webster, ‘Reconceptualize. 1977 A. Giddens Stud, in Social Polit. Theory ii. 118 Let us at this juncture reconceptualize 'structure’ as referring to generative rules and resources that are both applied in and constituted out of action. 1884 Laic Times LXXVII. 331/2 The Divisional Courts have been ‘re-condemned. 1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. xxxi. 313 The viewer of the TV mosaic, with technical control of the image, unconsciously *re-configures the dots into an abstract work of art. 1946 L. B. Lyon Rough Walk Home 17 Only his singular, ‘re¬ conscripted breath Could fan to a purpose all that pyre his death. 1961 Webster, ‘Recontamination. 1962 Economist 19 May 706/2 The gas must be protected against re¬ contamination through leaks. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 187 The gas used must be extremely pure if immediate re-contamination of the surface is to be avoided. 1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xlviii. 160 In connection with the Brest-Litovsk treaty [Lenin] ‘recontrasted those who were ‘revolutionaries out of sentiment’ with ‘real revolutionaries’. 1934 Webster, ‘Recool. 1969 Gloss. Terms Water Cooling Towers {B.S.I.) 5 Recooled water temperature, average temperature of the circulating water entering the basin. 1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity v. 93 These nucleation centres are remarkably stable—they often survive the heating of the specimen to room temperature and subsequent ‘recooling. 1862 T. A. Trollope Marietta II. xii. 205 Corrected and ‘recorrected sheets, i860 Farrar Orig. Lang. iii. 60 ‘Re-corrupted into a purely mechanical word. 1836 Fraser's Mag. XIII. 306 Will the recognition of the independence of Buenos Ayres.. ‘recrowd its abandoned harbours? 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 432 Sent back.. to the first pair of rolls for ‘recrushing. 1934 ^S. W. Rowland Hughes-Onslow's Lawyer's Man. Book-keeping (ed. 3) i. 9 The bank, for its part and from its point of view, credited when the cheque was paid in. Consequently when the cheque is found to be worthless, it ‘redebits. 1968 Lebende Sprachen XIII. 87/2 The bank may redebit the account. 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 418 He consented to ‘re-decimate those on whom the lot had fallen. 1815 Jane Austen Emma i. ix. He re-urged—she ‘re-declined. 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! vi. 187, I do not think that she [5f. the Ship of State] was ever.. ‘‘redecontaminated’. Ibid. i. 21 The answer from high places was: ‘A process of ‘redecontamination would be advisable.’ 1969 P.E.N. IX. 48 He recalled that at the beginning of the 1939 War the use of the word ‘contaminate’ for a gas attack had seemed comic, particularly when it involved ‘decontamination’ and ‘redecontamination’ stations. 1938 Times 17 Jan. 11/5 The chief violations [of the Soviet constitution] have been the ‘redemarcation of internal frontiers and the formation of new territorial and administrative units, i960 Observer 20 Mar. 1/4 The Ghana Government claimed that 14 people arrested last week .. had conspired to conduct a campaign of violence and civil disturbance there to provoke ‘foreign intervention’ and the redemarcation of frontiers. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. 572 He ‘redeserts, and offers to negotiate for return of colonies to allegiance. 1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry II. 76 [A panegyric which] has not been ‘redeserved by any subsequent poet. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xv. §119 (1875) 335 Meanwhile each of these differentiated tissues is‘re-differentiated. 1911 Cornh. Mag. Apr. 497 It is as if John Brown on his death-bed were to have his tissues pass into a state of flux, and then get simpler and simpler, until you would have to say, This is no longer a man, but merely a mass of man’s protoplasm, and as if finally this mass were to redifferentiate up again. i960 New Biol. XXXI. 90 A second possibility is that tissue cells undergo an apparent de-differentiation to form the young regenerate or the bud but, like cells in tissue culture, retain their tissue specificity and later re-differentiate into tissues of the same kind as those from which they came. 1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 182 He must again re-differentiate these boundaries. 1889 Cent. Diet., ‘Redifferentiation. 1921 Discovery Feb. 28/2 Such a process, which we may style dedifferentiation followed by redifferentiation, is clear

249 evidence of the possibility of reversing development, i960 New Biol. XXXI. 89 Some cells. . normally change their shapes and functions in the fulfilment of their proper roles in the organism’s economy. Such reversible changes have been called ‘modulations’ by Weiss, and the distinction between them and more profound re-differentiations may seem rather arbitrary. 1875 Blackmore Alice Lorraine II. xxiii. 315 The British army,.. sternly ‘redisciplined, was eager to bound forward. 1807 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. XI. 353 The first expedition.. was embarked, disembarked, reembarked, ‘re-disembarked, about ten times in ten months. 1811-31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 261 No counting, no collection, no ‘re-display, is necessary. 1856 Q. Rev. XCIX. 396 We are not going to ‘re-disseetthe ‘Essais’. 1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 623 The gold has been •redissolved and reprecipitated. 1872 4th Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. II The ‘re-docketing and revival books. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 87 Malt that has suffered injury.. will not be recovered by ‘redrying it. 1879 Macm. Mag. XL. 135 The opportunities of ‘re-earning a character. 1811-31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 225 Recession out of or ‘re-emanation from it. 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 374 The torpid creatures..‘re-empowered with life. 1815 Zeluca III. 212 Zeluca devoted all her attention to ‘reengrossing him. 1823 Bentham Not Paul 376 Peter imprisoned, enlarged, recommitted, examined, and ‘reenlarged. 1951 Sci. Amer. Nov. 18/2 The gas is. .cycled back into the reservoir several times to be ‘re-enriched. 1976 Ibid. Dec. 33/3 If the uranium is to be returned to the gaseous-diffusion plants for ‘reenrichment, it is converted into uranium hexafluoride. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 65 Let us ‘re-enumerate them. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 27/1 Once an igneous rock has completely solidified, however, the absence of a fluid phase and the reduction of temperature make it very difficult for the minerals to ‘re-equilibrate to new assemblages which would be stable at lower temperatures. 1869 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. 283 The ‘re-equilibration of constitution and conditions. 1970 G. Germani in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. xvi. 591 It satisfied their need for re-equilibration through the emphasis on ‘order, discipline, hierarchy’, and through the demobilization of the lower classes. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 33/1 The process of re-equilibration .. is materially aided by the introduction of water in the environment of weathering. 1851 C. L. Smith tr. Tasso ii. Ixxxix, His reasoning in these words he ‘re-essayed. 1934 W’ebster, ‘Re-estimate, v.t. 1952 S. Spender Shelley 44 Not so much a ‘re-estimate, as a restoring of some sort of balance. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Analysis ix. 89 An alternative is to insert the actual (or re-estimated) times. 1924 S. Joyce in J. Joyce Lett. (1966) III. 104 This ‘re-evocation and exaggeration of detail by detail and the spiritual dejection which accompanies them are purely in the spirit of the confessional. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics 138 The re¬ evocation of the repressed memory, though painful like an incision, cured the sufferer. 1812 J. Henry Camp. agst. Quebec 195 It often ‘re-exhilarates my mind to remember the occurrences. 1804-6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 282 A writer has no such, .power of ‘re-explaining them. *977 Ptoc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 One ‘re-exploration was done over the same period as 36 cholecystectomies overall. 1933 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXLII. 350 For this reason we have not ‘re-explored this region, since we could not hope to detect the presence of groups of such weak intensity. *977 Pj'oc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 Over the same period another 22 patients were reexplored after operation elsewhere. 1946 Nature 28 Dec. 946/1 The slides are located in their former position and ‘re-exposed. 1950 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past (ed. 2) 264 A Final wet phase, of a very minor character re-exposes by stream erosion the levels containing Middle Stone Age. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 301 The Portuguese.. first made the power of Europe ‘re¬ extend over the realms of Asia, a 1942 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory of Culture (1944) 164 In a small farcical form, such a charter has been ‘refabricated in the Blut und Boden doctrine of modern Naziism. 1976 Dumfries ^ Galloway Standard 25 Dec. 12/2 The policy favoured at present is to re-process all nuclear fuel in a few politically-stable countries, return the re-fabricated fuel to the country of origin, and retain the wastes for ‘safe’ storage. 1846 Landor Hellenics Wks. 1846 II. 485 With blood enough will I ‘re¬ fascinate The cursed incantation. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 554 The face of Martin Cunningham, bearded, ‘refeatures Shakespeare’s beardless face. 1957 L. Durrell Jujiiwe iii. 199 The resonance of this one phrase ‘refecundated his powers of feeling. 1898 Mag. Art Feb. 220 Firing and ‘refiring the bronze with different acids. 1882 St. James's Gaz. 24 June ii/i The same offender has., become liable to be ‘reflogged. 1880 ‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xlvii. 495 The tints remained during several minutes, .paling almost away for a moment, then re-flushing, —a shifting, restless, unstable succession of soft opaline gleams. 1937 Discovery Aug. 246/2 Wintering, ‘refoliating, flowering, and seeding. 1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Feb. 143/1 The Book of Durrow .. was taken to pieces,.. rearranged, refoliated, repaired, reconditioned and.. superbly rebound. 1956 Nature 31 Mar. 619/2 Oidium heveae is most prominent in Malaya at the time of ‘refoliation after ‘wintering’ of the trees. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xii. 398 Defoliation is often complete and is followed by refoliation. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 200 He quenches his thirst as he ‘re-fords the stream. 1967 E. R. Lannon in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer iv. 88 The user may initially employ his own Preprocessor to edit and ‘reformat his data. *973 Computers ^ Humanities VII. 214 The cards were built onto a disk file by a program that reformatted the material into fixed-length records. 1911 Mrs. H. Ward Case of Richard Meynell xxiii. 484 Hester’s telegram, sent originally to Upcote and ‘reforwarded, had reached Meynell in Paris. 1957 M. Lowry Let. 29 Apr. (1967) 407 Your letter of March 12.. Cape sent it back to Canada again, so that it had to get reforwarded again from B.C. before I received it. 1947 J. Hilton So well Remembered iv. 265 George’s last two letters had never reached Charles... (They did arrive, eventually, after a series of fantastic ‘reforwardings.) 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 131 ‘Refurl the sails. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 411 The Warehouse-keeper.. issues a Note for ‘re-gauging in the following form. 1884 Athenseum 9 Feb. 191/3 The ‘rehanging of the Turner pictures .. is now completed. 1853 Clough Poems, etc. (1869) I. 359 note. The word spoom.. seems hardly to deserve ‘re-impatriation. 1962 H. L. Kern

REet al. in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 386 The lenses were subsequently removed, dipped in saline containing antibiotics, and ‘reincubated at 37°C. 1863 Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 497 To *re-indorse old quotations in compliance with custom. 1961 Lancet 22 July 213/2 Absence of‘reinfarction. 1972 Computers ^ Humanities VI. 282 As before, the user must establish output procedures and appropriate tests for upper and lower limits and ‘reinitialize counters. 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. vi. 246 It is very easy to make the mistake of transferring back to the start of the loop, forgetting to re-initialize variables when it is required. 1964 C. Dent Quantity Surveying by Computer vi. 88 The items are queried and ‘re¬ input, except for zero items, which will not be required to appear in the bill in any case. 1967 J. D. Dews in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer ii. 24 The tape .. can then be corrected and re-input to correct the file. 1872 Bushnell Serm. Living Subj. 281 To be unsphered here and ‘reinsphered in a promised life. 1826 W. Irving in Life ^ Lett. (1864) IV. 403, I have, as usual, intended and ‘reintended to write to you. 1963 Daily Tel. i Nov. 14/2 To these torments must be added that of ‘reintensified bombing. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset ix. 133 Reintensify if added contrast is required. 1868 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. III. xxxiv. 255 Nothing less than the ‘reintervention of the Deity was thought adequate. 1871 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) II. vii. iv. 356 The Space.. in which the ‘re-intuition or imagination of things occurs. 1946 Nature 14 Sept. 379/1 Leaf infection of onion seedlings was obtained by ascospore inoculation, and the fungus was ‘re-isolated from the lesions. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol, of Plants xi. 348 The bacterial agent must be re¬ isolated from the experimentally infected plant. Ibid., The re-isolated micro-organism and that originally inoculated must be tested for identity. 1934 Webster, ‘Relicense. a 1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) HI. 870,1 then said that we must break this relicensing operation into two stages. 1977 Times ii Oct. 4/3 Dr Lemon.. did not favour relicensing all pilots who had suffered heart attacks. 1963 Times 29 May "jjz The practice of ‘stop-listing’, ‘delisting’, and then ‘‘relisting’ areas can be a powerful deterrent to industrialists. 1976 Times 25 Oct. 14/7 Save in cases of nullity, the jurisdiction to relist depended on the likelihood of an injustice having been done. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes x. 474 Old grease should be removed and the gears ‘re-lubricated every one million impressions. 1882 Knowledge No. 16. 332 He.. reduces the image.. and then shows it by ‘re-magnification. 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. viii. 99/1 A detailed ‘remapping of the area will reveal the importance of deep pre-Second Period weathering. 1878 F. S. Williams Midi. Railw. 359 Being ‘re-marshalled as empties for the down traffic. 1859 F. Mills in Athenaeum 9 July 49 Ere the shining valves ‘remeet. 1881 H. Phillips tr. Chamisso's Faust 19 Thy empty sounds..‘Re-mirror all the shadows of thy brain. 1861 Lytton & Fane Tannhduser 34 That.. ‘Remultiplies the praise of what is good. 1863 Lytton Caxtoniana I. 160 In proportion as he is always ‘renourishing his genius. 1933 H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come iii. 261 The need for a planned ‘‘renucleation’ in the social magma that arose out of this dissolution. 1934-Exper. Autobiogr. II. vii. 481 Socialism, if it is anything more than a petty tinkering with economic relationships is a renucleation of society. 1881 Athenaeum 18 June 824/3 A considerable portion of the work was ‘re-orchestrated. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 13 May 4/3 The ‘Marseillaise’ has just been reorchestrated by order of the Minister of War. 1975 NettJ Yorker 19 May 85/1 It seems to me that the actual personalities and events of the Nez Perce war were possibly even more interesting.. than were the respectfully created counterparts.. reorchestrated for us today. 1940 L. MacNeice Poems 251 Smuggling over the frontier Of fact a sense of value, Metabolism of death, ‘Reorchestration of world. 1975 New Yorker 16 June 97/1 In the late sixties, the opera was quite often given .. but always in an edition by Claudio Abbado marred by many cuts, by some reorchestration, and, most gravely, by the recasting of Romeo as a tenor. 1854 Thoreau Walden 163, I occasionally observed that he was thinking for himself and expressing his own opinion, a phenomenon so rare that I would any day walk ten miles to observe it, and it amounted to the ‘re-origination of many of the institutions of society. 1832 J. S. Mill Let. 22 Oct. in Coll. Wks. (1963) XII. 128 They were the ‘reoriginators of any belief among us. 1935 L. MacNeice Poems 32 The basic facts ‘repatterned without pause. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics x. 246 The gene-complex has a holistic or integrative action of its own, a capacity to undergo changes, to adjust itself to a ‘repatterning of its constituent elements. 1972 Guardian 28 Oct. 24 It is open to Mr Barber .. to ‘repeg the pound at an exchange rate far above the level to which it has now fallen. 1978 N. Y. Times 30 Mar. Di/6 The yen .. has actually been revalued upward by 38.43 percent since it was repegged at the Smithsonian rate of 308 to the dollar in December 1971. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 12 July 14/5 Accompanied by rumors .. of a possible ‘‘repegging’ at its old ratio of between $4.86 and $4.87, the British pound sterling declined today.. to its lowest point in more than a year. 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. vi. 182 {caption) An enzyme at the inner boundary ‘rephosphorylates the diglyceride to phosphatidic acid, in interaction with ATP. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvii. 638 The ADP is then rephosphorylated via various sugar-phosphates and the oxidation of glycogen. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. HI. 400 ‘Re-photographing this positive and ruled screen together. 1877 Nature 27 Sept. 468/2 In ‘repiling and reheating this iron several times this defective appearance is gradually removed. 1947 Penguin New Writing XXX. 104 The lame boy stayed behind and helped me re-pile the tins. 1884 St. Nicholas XI. 379 They begin at once to ‘repitch their tent. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 112 The.. monopolist slowly and blankly ‘repocket-booked his authorities. 1956 D. Gascoyne Night Thoughts 37 To swell the roar that rises with each climax ‘repostponed. 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 83 The wheat thus pounded was ‘re-pounded and sifted. 1828 Lights & Shades II. 87, I heard a shot.. and saw a fellow with his gun ‘reprepared. 1813 T. Busby Lucretius II. iv. Comm, xxviii, Before the sound can be ‘re¬ propagated from that point, a 1878 Sir G. Scott Recoil, iii. (1879) 172 ‘Re-proportioning it with reference to its earlier form. 19167 Karch & Buber Offset Processes iv. 125 Modification is possible to condense, expand,.. reproportion height and width. 1969 P. L. Berger Rumor of Angels V. 121 The openness and the ‘reproportioning this

REattitude entails have a moral significance, even a political significance, of no mean degree. 1857 Toulmin Smith Parish 136 Its adoption cannot be *re-proposed under a year’s time. 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 194/2 At noon the *repuddling was completed. 1833 Keble in Newman s Lett. (1891) I. 453 Their continual puffing and *repuffing each other. 1963 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Decimal Currency xiv. 138 Ancillary machine costs:.. *re-punching card and tape records. 1965 Math, in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) ll. 48 A start has now been made on re-punching the British Columbia marriage records for 1946-55 in a form suitable for testing such a system. 1887 G. B. Shaw Let. 7 Feb. (1965) I. 162 The American printer., has taken upon himself the *repunctuation of ‘Cashel Byron’. 1966 Mod. Lang. Q. Sept. 256, I was, I believe, responsible for most of the detailed examination of poems in A Survey of Modernist Poetry—ior example showing the complex implications of Sonnet 129 before its eighteenth-century repunctuations. 1804 Eugenia de Acton Tale without Title III. 87 ‘Then you think .. that Mr. Conyers is to be married to-morrow!’ •requestioned Mrs. Lambert. 1807 J- Barlow Columb. viii. 323 To tongue mute misery, and •re-rack the soul With crimes. 1815 Mary Frampton Jrnl. (1885) 246 If [Talleyrand] has refused to *re-rat. 1975 D. W. S. Hunt On Spot iv. 54 As I heard him say over the lunch table once, ‘to rat is difficult; to re-rat.. ’ and he broke off as though to show that to find a description of a second change of party was beyond even his eloquence, i860 Capt. Denham in Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 263 [We] •re-rated chronometers. 1891 H. Spencer 54 This violent reaction will be followed by a •re-reaction. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel iii. 136 Its provinces rebelled, and •re-rebelled. 1882 H. S. Holland Logic Life (ed. 3) 129 In token of his •re-recognised allegiance. 1938 Times 22 Jan. 5/1 The prospects of a •rerecovery in the United States. 1837 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) IV. 248 We must have a •re-reformed one. 1810 Southey in Q. Rev. III. 451 No expression of regret escapes the •re-regenerated sinner. 1884 H. Spencer in Contemp. ReiK July 30 A very reasonable rejoinder this seems until there comes the *re-rejoinder. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 671 With greater difficulty remembered, forgot with ease, with misgiving *reremembered. 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 24 For we are on the brink of •re-remembrance. 1861 Wheat & Tares 284 He would repent and •re-repent, and die the same. 1891 H. Spencer Justice 47 Such acts of revenge and •re-revenge. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iii. ii. 268 We can even see the •re-reversal of the lines already reversed. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 133 But my riddle! he said. What opera is like a railway?—Opera? Mr. O’Madden Burke’s sphinx face •reriddled. 1875 Ruskin Fors Clav. 1. V. 29 Needlessly •re¬ routing myself in the old [ground]. 1897 P. Warung Tales Old Regime 148 The Comptroller •re-scans the parchment and the application-form. 1973 Nature 6 Apr. 377/1 The role of postgraduate students may well be •rescrutinized. 1963 Punch 6 Feb. 182/3 T'he whole business.. deserved •re-scrutiny. 1809 Char, in Ann. Reg. 734/1 An incessant succession of conscious sensations of •re-sensations. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 172 Only seventy-five.. were •resentenced to the convict prisons. 1884 Harper's Mag. Aug. 431/1 Henry has.. •resepulchred the Confessor’s bones. 1869 Bushnell Worn. Suffrage v. 89 The •re-sexing of their sex, they knew to be impossible. 1955 Auden Shield of Achilles ii. 45 Re-sex the pronouns, add a few details. 1951 L. MacNeice tr. Goethe's Faust i. 14 The little god of the world, one can’t reshape, •reshade him. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. i. ii, He •re¬ shakes hands with Twemlow. 01849 j- C. Mangan Poems (1859) 128 When spring *reshowers her beams on the plains. 1961 Webster, Reshow. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 May 620/5 Pabst’s maligned film, which is still frequently •reshown. 1977 Listener 24 Mar. sSsIz Most programmes are not re-shown. 1976 K. Benton Single Monstrous Act iii. 17 Let’s go and see that film at the local. It’s a •re-showing of The Godfather. 1820 Coleridge Lett. (1895) II. 709 A horrid appetite of •re-skinning himself. 1873 Bennett & ‘Cavendish’ Billiards 6 When the red was holed it was •re¬ spotted. 1822-34 Good’s Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 534 The superincumbent hairs falling off and never •resprouting. e wombe oway he bare, c 1450 Holland Howlat 839 He cryid: ‘Allace.. revyn is my reid! I am vngraciously gorrit, baith guttis and gall!’ 1601 Holland Pliny I. 342 All creatures hauing a Stomack or Read, are not without a belly vnder it. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (1676) 84 That is that which Anatomists call, Omasum, and our Butchers, the Read. 1701 Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. v. 29 Most of those [animals] which have no upper Teeth, or none at all; have Three Stomachs: As in Beasts, the Panch, the Read and the Feck. 1782 A. Monro Compar. Anat. (ed. 3) 40 From this it passes into the fourth [stomach],.. or the red, which is the name it commonly has because of its colour. 1808 Jamieson s.v., A calf sreid, the fourth stomach of a calf, used for runnet or earning. 1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. ii/i The food is finally deposited in the fourth stomach, the abomasum . .or reed. 1886 W. Barnes Dorset Gloss., Read. attrib. a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present {lyyi) 191 Get four pounds of reed tripe. 1895 Daily News 13 Dec. 8/1 Such technical particulars (to be understanded by butchers only) as ‘weights of suet, caul, and reed fat’.

read (ri:d), sb.^ [f. read v.] An act of perusal; a spell of reading; also Sc.y a loan of a book, etc., for the purpose of reading it. transf.y something for reading, esp. with ref. to its value as entertainment or information (freq. with qualifying adj.). 1825 Jamieson Suppl. s.v., Will ye gie me a read of that book? 1838 Thackeray Hist. Sam. Titmarsh x, When I arrived and took., my first read of the newspaper. 1862 Darwin in Life (1887) II. 391, I have just finished, after several reads, your paper. 1870 Lowell Stud. Wind. 39 A good solid read..into the small hours. 1902 J. Milne Epistles Atkins i. 8 The soldiers.. have ‘another good read’. 1958 Observer 9 Feb. 15/3 A.G.’s usual solid, lively read. 1961 John o' London's 21 Sept. 327/3 My Friend Sandy can be hugely recommended.. as a pleasantly light, bright sophisticated read. 1963 T. Parker Unknown Citizen v. 136 He’d come back to the prison, had his tea, and gone to bed to lie down and have a read. 1975 L. Trilling in Times Lit. Suppl. (1976) 5 Mar. 250/4 Was she [rc. Jane Austen] perhaps to be thought of as nothing more than a good read? .. Now that we have before us that British locution, which Americans have lately taken to using, the question might be asked why the phrase should have come to express so much force of irony and condescension. 1977 J. I. M. Stewart Madonna of Astrolabe xviii. 256 Tamburlaine is a tolerable read... As a stage play it is pretty hopeless. 1981 Times 2 Mar. 12/6 The labels are informative to the point of saturation. If you do not like the wine, you might at least enjoy the read.

READ read (ri:d), v.

Pa. t. and pa. pple. read (red). Forms: Inf. i radan, (-on, rseddan, north, reda, reSa), 3 raeden(n), raden, 2-4 reden, 5 redyn; (and^res.) 2, 4rade, 3-6 rede, 5-6 reede. Sc. red, reid, 6 (8 Sc.) reed; (3) 6-7 reade, 6- read. (Also 3 sing. pres, i rset, 2-4 ret, 3 red, 3-4 rat.) Pa. t. I pi. reordun; i rabdde, 3-4, 6 radde, (4 rade), 4, 6 rad, (4 rat); i pi. red(d)on, 3, 6 (9) redd, 4 redde, 4-6 rede, 4-6 (7-8) red, 7- read. Pa. pple. i raeden, 4 reddynn, 6 readen; i raeded, 3-4 redd, 3-6 redde, (4 radde), 3-6 (7-8) red, 4 rede, 6 reed(e, 6- read; i jeredd, 3 ired, 3-4 irad, 4 iredde, yrade, 4-5 iradde. [Comm. Teut.: OE. rxdan = OFris. reda, OS. radan (MLG. raden, MDu. and Du. raden), OHG. ratan (MHG. raten, G. raten, rathen), ON. rd3a (Sw. rada. Da. raade), Goth, -redan: — OTeut. *rsedan, prob. related to OIr. im-rddim to deliberate, consider, OSl. raditi to take thought, attend to, Skr. rddhto succeed, accomplish, etc. The Comm. Teut. verb belonged to the reduplicating ablaut-class, with pa. t. *rerdd and pa. pple. *garsedono-z, whence Goth, -rairop, *-redans, ON. redy radtnn, OHG. riat, giratan (G. riety geraten), OS. ried or red, *girddan (Du. ried, geraden). The corresponding forms in OE. are reord and (g€)rsdeny but these are found only in a few instances in Anglian texts, the usual conjugation being rsedde, gersed{e)dy on the analogy of weak verbs such as Isdan: cf. MLG. raddcy redde, Sw. radde, and G. rathete (for usual riet), Da. raadede. The typical ME. forms are redde or radde in the pa. t., and (O^’^^^or {i)radin the pa. pple.; in the later language (from the 17th c.) all tenses of the verb have the same spelling, read, though in pronunication the vowel of the preterite forms differs from that of the present and infinitive. Individual writers have from time to time denoted this by writing red or redd for the pa. t. and pa. pple., but the practice has never been widely adopted. The original senses of the Teut. verb are those of taking or giving counsel, taking care or charge of a thing, having or exercising control over something, etc. These are also prominent in OE., and the sense of ‘advise’ still survives as an archaism, usually distinguished from the prevailing sense of the word by the retention of the older spelling rede. The sense of considering or explaining something obscure or mysterious is also common to the various languages, but the application of this to the interpretation of ordinary writing, and to the expression of this in speech, is confined to English and ON. (in the latter perhaps under Eng. influence).]

1. Transitive uses. * To consider, interpret, discern, etc. tl. a. To have an idea; to think or suppose that, etc. Obs. rare. C900 tr. Baeda^s Hist. iii. x, )>a ongann he..J?encean & raedan, pstte nan o5er intinga wasre [etc.]. C1400 Destr. Troy 3308 Tho truly pat are takon.. Shalbe plesit with plenty.. red ye non o^er. 1600 Breton Pasquils roolescappe (1879) 22/1 Let him be sure that better wits doe reede Such Madhead fellowes are but Fooles indeede. 1768 Ross Helenore iii. 122 Goodwife, I reed your tale is true. Ibid. 125, I reed ’iwas they that me a dreaming set.

fb. To guess, to make out or tell by conjecture what., who, why, etc. Obs. a 1000 Riddles Ixii. 9 R®d, hwset ic maene! c 1000 i^LFRic Horn. II. 248 ludei.. heton hine raedan hwa hine hreopode. a 1300 Cursor M. 597 J>ow mai ask.. qui god him gaue sua mikel a nam; Parfay pat es bot eth to rede. 1530 Palsgr. 681/2 Rede who tolde it me and I wyll tell the trouthe. 1564 Child-Marriages 124 This deponent askid the said Margaret, who that shuld be; and the said Margaret bade this deponent reade if he cold. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 70 Right hard it was for wight which did it heare To reade what manner musicke that mote bee.

fc. To take/or something. Obs. rare. 1591 Spenser Ruins of Time 633, I saw a stately Bed,.. That might for anie Princes couche be red. [1813 Scott Rokeby in. xvii, I read you for a blod Dragoon, That lists the tuck of drum.]

2. a. To make out or discover the meaning or significance of (a dream, riddle, etc.); to declare or expound this to another. ciooo i^^LFRic Gram. (Z.) 179 Comcio..ic raede swefn. at can rede J?es signes. CI440 Promp. Parv. Redyn or expownyn redellys, or parabol, and other privyteys, idem quod ondon’. 1593 Drayton Eel. iv. iii, Let vs passe this wearie winters day In reading Riddles. 1768 Ross Helenore iii. 124 I’m right, I’m right! My dream is read. 1810 Scott Lady of L. v. xiii. Then, by my word,.. The riddle is already read. 1887 Ruskin Prseterita II. 24 Neither he nor I were given to reading omens, or dreading them. refi. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xiv. vii. (1872) V. 239 The small riddle reads itself to him so. b. To foresee, foretell, predict. Chiefly in to

read one's fortune. In quot. 1647 passing into sense loc. 159* Spenser M. Hubberd 698 For he mongst Ladies could their fortunes read. 1647 Cowley Mistress, My fate 19 You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read. 1790 Shirrefs Poems 122 Like gospel. Sir, she credits a’ ye said. And says, she’s sure ’twill happen as ye read.

t3. To count, reckon, estimate. Obs. rare. a 1225 Jutiana 51 (Bodl. MS.) Ne mahte hit na mon rikenin ne reden [v.r. tellen]. 01300 Cursor M. 2570 pe barns Jjat o pe sal bred Namar sal ;tou pam cun rede, ban sterns on light and sand in see. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc 2484 Swa may we ay rekken and rede An hondreth syns agayne a gude dede. 1790 Grose Prov. Gloss., Read, to judge of, gue^. At what price do you Read this horse? Glouc.

t4. To see, discern, distinguish. Obs. rare (in Spenser only).

260 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 21 Such ygly monstrous shapes elswhere may no man reed. Ibid. ill. ix. 2 Good, by paragone Of evill, may more notably be rad. 1596 Ibid. v. xii, 39 Bit him behind, that long the marke was to be read.

♦* To peruse, without uttering in speech.

5. a. To inspect and interpret in thought (any signs which represent words or discourse); to look over or scan (something written, printed, etc.) with understanding of what is meant by the letters or signs; to peruse (a document, book, author, etc.); to understand (musical notation); spec. = sight-read s.v. sight 17. Formerly used in imperative (as in quot. 1563) in referring the reader to another book or author for information. c888 K. j^^lfred Boeth. Proem., He halsaS aelene |>ara J^e pas boc rxdan lyste. ^950 Lindisf. Gosp. John xix. 20 Diosne ..taccon menigo redon reddon]. ri200 Ormin Ded. 328 pa Crisstene menn patt herenn oJ?err redenn piss boc. a 1300 Cursor M. 8495 bis writte wit fele was red and sene, Bot fa it wist quat it wald mene. 1375 Barbour Bruce I. 17 Auld Storys that men redys, Representis to thaim the dedys Of stalwart folk. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xxii. (1859) 23 He hath redde and knowen bothe wordes and werkes of the rather seyntes. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 684/2, I can proue that he red some commentours and holy doctours, that write exposicions vpon it. 1563 Shute Archit. Bij, The Pyramides.. and manye other beautifull buildinges of that nacion. Reade Diado. Sic. li. i. 2. 1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 230 Because I am not sure whether you can perfectly reade her Maiesties hand, I send you the same in a coppy. 1646 Hamilton Papers (Camden) 126 One word of it which I reade without my cipher. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 233 A perfect Judge will read each work of Wit, With the same spirit that its author writ. 1774 Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 16 What has been printed on both Sides is little red. 1792 H. Newdigate Let. Mar. in A. E. NewdigateNewdegate Cheverels (1898) ix. 133 Her Voice was not strong but.. they are quite astonish’d with her knowledge of Music & facility in reading it. 1864 Sir H. Taylor Autobiog. (1885) I. 198 My father, who had read the work.. in MS., rejoiced in it more and more when he came to read it in print. 1871 Smiles Charac. i. (1876) 23 He was always the most national of the Italian poets,.. the most read. 1894 G. B. Shaw in Fortn. Rev. Feb. 258 To do half-a-dozen things much more difficult than reading music. 1918-in Nation 22 June 308/1 To wile away the time by reading at sight a bundle of band parts and vocal scores of a rather difficult opera. 1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn 1. v. 56 Jeff’s band didn’t play from music, though they could dl read music. 1974 Listener 24 Jan. 106/3, I could read the music and be able to make it work right away with five minutes’ rehearsal.

b. To peruse books, etc. written in (a certain language); esp. to have such knowledge of (a language) as to be able to understand works written in it. spec, to peruse books, newspapers, etc., for quotations suitable for inclusion as illustrative examples in a dictionary. 1530 Palsgr. 681/2, I rede latyn better nowe than I wene I shall do frenche hence of a yere. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. iii. (1627) 22 Now they may goe thus forward.. in reading English perfitly. 1692 Locke Education §163 When he can speak and read French well.. he should proceed to Latin. 1779 Johnson L.P., Milton (1868) 62 He read all the languages which are considered either as learned or polite. aiTO2 Hogg in Dowden Shelley I. 73 He [Shelley] had in truth read more Greek than many an aged pedant. 1873 Hamerton Intell. Life iii. vii. 109 By far the shortest way to learn to read a language is to begin by speaking it. 1876 J. A. H. Murray Let. 29 Nov. in K. M. E. Murray Caught in Web of Words (1977) vii. 146,1 dont for words of that kind believe in the quotation test at all.. because you know that not one millionth of current literature is read, & that it is the veriest chance or succession of chances which has caught carriageless. .& missed a thousand others as good. 1961 R. W. Burchfield in Essays & Studies XIV. 39 A large number of literary sources.. are being systematically read against an Oxford dictionary. 1977 K. M. E. Murray Caught in Web of Words xii. 235 Lowell’s book of literary essays, My Study Windows, was one of those read for the Dictionary.

c. transf. and fig. in various applications. 1581 J. Hamilton in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 87 Thou hes red (sayis he) the varkis of the varld. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. V. i. 302 01. How now, art thou mad? Clo. No Madam, I do but reade madnesse. i6ii- Wint. T. iv. iv. 172 Hee’l stand and reade. As ’twere, my daughters eyes. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xxv. 154 [They] are the Alphabet of Science, and Nature cannot be read without them. 1741-2 Gray Agrip. 65 The dreadful powers That read futurity. 1782 CowPER Charity 333 He reads the skies. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. viii, All the ways of men among mankind he read. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. xxvi. 191 Indians can ‘read’ the smoke at a great distance. 1867 Craig Palmistry 42 One of the greatest of all difficulties in reading the hand. 1890 W. A. Wallace Only a Sister? 88 What’s a man worth that cannot read his own watch? 1921 P. L. Haworth Trailmakers of Northwest 206 As Brennan had lost one eye and could not see any too well out of the other, he was glad to have one of us ride in his canoe and read water for him. 1932 L. Golding Magnolia St. ii. ii. 300 In the little town in.. Lancashire where she was born quite as many people read tea-leaves as read their ABC. 1951 E. Rickman Come racing with Me iii. 19 We are talking about ‘reading’ a race, which is the practice on the spectator’s part of a comprehensive and discriminating view of a field of horses from start to finish, so that the performance of all or most of the runners, and their relative positions at various stages, are intelligently observed and memorised. 1965 Priestley & Wisdom Good Driving xi. 81 You get into the habit of registering mentally all the signs..which enable you to ‘read’ the road in front of you. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. IV. 3/8 An optical scanner..may eliminate the sorting machines by ‘reading’ the zip code on the letter and dispatching it accordingly. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes ii. 20 An optical system ‘reads’ the photograph, and a heated stylus is directed to penetrate the plate to be printed, producing halftone dots. 1969 R. Welsh Beginner's

READ Guide Curling xvii. 120 The ability to read strange ice.. and knowing exactly when to sweep are other qualities of a good skip. 1970 G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard vi. 159 Ambition drowning the man was how she would read his promotion. 1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 17/1 You read a putt, stroke it properly along the line you have chosen, and then the ball breaks off in the opposite direction. 1972 Daily Tel. 5 May 3/3 A meter reader rang the bell and told my wife he wanted to read the meter in the garage. 1974 Times 19 Feb. 15/3 Most people are not used to ‘reading’ plans.. and have only slightly less difficulty with architectural photographs. 1977 Time 14 Nov. 48/1 They broke down and then analyzed the RNA in the archaebacteria’s ribosomes, the structures that ‘read’ the message of the master molecule DNA and produce the protein necessary for life. 1978 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 12 Feb. i-b/i This generation of Gypsies.. will wake up to modern life and give up many of the old customs... My job was supposed to be reading palms. 1979 SLR Camera Jan. 36/3 Like the now discontinued EF the AE-i uses a silicon photocell to read the light.

d. transf. To make out the character or nature of (a person, the heart, etc.) by scrutiny or interpretation of outward signs. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iii. iii. 73 Though I am not bookish yet I can reade Waiting-gentlewoman in the scape. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Pref. (1739) 7 Historians.. for the most part read Men. 1727 Swift Letter on Eng. Tongue, This they call knowing the world, and reading men and manners. 1838 Lytton Alice i. x, I wish you could read my heart at this moment. 1902 Edna Lyall Hinderers ix. We ordinary mortals are at the mercy of you artists... You read us like books.

e. To interpret (a design) in terms of the setting up needed to reproduce it on a loom. Also with in. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 267 In both modes of manufacture, the piece is mounted by reading-in the warp for the different leaves of the heddles. 1895 T. F. Bell Jacquard Weaving & Designing i. 9 The straight-edge EE.. will slide up and down in the frame, to mark the line on the design paper that is next to be read by the lasher. 1897 [see reading-machine s.v. READING vbl. sb. lob]. 1924 T. ^OODHOLSE Jacquards (sf Harness iv. 107 Before describing the remaining parts of the machine, it will.. be best to indicate how the design is read. 1958 A. Hindson Designer's Drawloom xi. 105 The weaver can tie up the pattern single-handed, but it can be done more easily and quickly if there is a helper to read the pattern draft.

f. To Study (a subject, a ‘school’) at a university; to read for (a degree). Cf. sense 15 c. 1884 [see Greats s.v. great C. 10]. 1955 Times 23 May 6/1 Agriculture is no longer a subject to be ashamed of; it produces no inferiority complex in those who read it. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. II. 49 Graduates reading first degrees. Ibid. 85 Women undergraduates reading arts. 1970 [see English sb. 3 d]. 1977 Professional Careers Bull. Autumn i/i Partially it has been due to an ever increasing demand from sixth formers to read law.

g. Phr. to read one^s shirt (see quot. 1925). slang. 1918 Nat. Geogr. Mag. June 499 They.. speak of ‘reading their shirts’. 1925 Fraser & Gibbons Soldier ^ Sailor Words 237 To read a shirt, to search it for lice. 1931 ‘D. Stiff’ Milk Honey Route xiii. 144 It is said, for instance, that the hobo spends a great deal of his time reading his shirt, seeking certain animals known as ‘seam squirrels’.

h. Computers. To copy or extract data on or in (any storage medium or device); to copy, extract, or transfer (data). Also const, into, out of. 1940 W. J. Eckert Punched Card Methods Scientific Computation 4 The number are.. read into the machines by .. electrical contacts made through the holes. 1945 Jrni. Franklin Inst. CCXL. 277 When the punched tapes are ready, the problem is placed on the machine by automatic controls which ‘read’ the first tape and make the specified assembly. 194S Math. Tables ^ Other Aids to Computation III. 123 The speeds at which words can be read (or written) by the machine will be much less than the speeds at which the machine can transfer words internally. Ibid. 124 When additional instructions are received they can be read into the machine from an instruction tape. 1950 High-Speed Computing Devices ix. 151 The tape reader automatically reads punched tape.. and transcribes the data represented by the holes in the tape to a deck of cards. Other equipment can perform the reverse operation, reading the holes punched in the cards and producing a tape. 1959 E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer ix. 135 The tape is then connected into the computer system and the information read from it to the computer. 1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers i. 2 The card or tape is then ‘read’. This may be done by allowing the holes to pass under tiny wire brushes. Ibid. iv. 59 To read a word out of the store we have to open a gate at the end, and this permits pulses to escape. 1964 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. CXV. 654 The length of time required to read information from or store information into one of the 1,024.. 12-bit memory locations. 1970 O. Dopping Computers Gf Data Processing xiv. 226 The computer time for file maintenance.. is often mainly determined by the time for reading and writing magnetic tape. 1972 Computer Jrnl. X\. 201/1 The commonest way of reading a file into the system. 1972 Guardian 14 Aug. 10/3 Computers can already ‘read’ a high speed disc-store at around 500,000 characters a second. 1978 J. K. Atkin Basic Computer Sci. vii. 92 To read a bit from the memory it is necessary to interrogate a particular core by sending current pulses.. along the appropriate xand y-wires.

i. To receive and understand the words of (a person) by radio or telephone, to hear; to detect (an object) by sonar; transf., to understand the words or intentions of (a person). 1956 Amer. Speech XXXI. 228 [U.S.A.F. slang] Do you read me? As in conversation by radio, this means ‘Do you understand me?’ The answer might be, 'Yes, five by five', meaning loud and clear. 1956 ‘E. McBain’ Cop Hater

READ

261

(*958) ix. 85 Are you stoned now, or can you read me?’ ‘I hear you,’ Ordiz said, i960 Master Detective July 83/1 ^atic-laced code crackle sounded from the speaker. Poelzell. I read you. Keep the Dodge in sight.’ 1963 Times 25 May 10/7 ‘Does anyone read poor Philip?’ A comforting voice from a glider, still airborne: ‘Humphrey to Philip. Loud and clear.’ 1967 R. J. Serling President's Plane is Missing (1968) ix. 164 ‘Don’t be so oversolicitous. Rod. It’s as bad for a marriage as being too inconsiderate. Do you read me?’ ‘I read you, Nancy.’ 1968 R. Severn Game for Iiawks X. 120 How d you read her, Cass?’ he asked, sourly. ‘Could she be taking you for a ride?’ 1970 B. Knox Children V. 103 If you can hear.. this is an emergency call.’ .. Thane pressed the microphone button. ‘Fenn, we read you.’ 1972 J. Porter Meddler & her Murder x. 131 The girl friend listening?.. Oh, I read you. Well, I’ll make it short and sweet. 1974 L. Deighton Spy Story xviii. 193 A couple of conventional subs steaming a parallel course... We read them on the sonar and ranged them. 1977 D. Bennett Jigsaw Man xi. 203 As from the end of this call, this number will be discontinued. I am reading you back for the fast time.

1847 Helps Friends in C. (1851) I. ii This is a matter which, as I read it, concerns only the higher natures. 1866 J. Martineau Ess. I. 190 Every relative disability may be read two ways. 1962 Listener 22 Nov. 886/3 When East removed the double into One Spade, West read his partner for a psychic opening and bid Three No Trumps. 1967 Ibid. 28 Dec. 846/3 He.. wants.. the celebration of the Eucharist (so I read him) to take the form of a prayer meeting. 1970 Sunday Tel. 20 Dec. 21/7 Gleeson mesmerises batsmen unable to read him, not into error but into strokelessness.

6. With adverbs, a. To go over (a letter, book, etc.) in the act of perusal. Also transf.

1879 H. Spencer Princ. Social., Ceremonial Inst. §346 Men read back developed ideas into undeveloped minds. 1882 Ainger Lamb 173 He reads something of himself into the composition he is reviewing. 1895 Sir A. Kekewich in Law Times Rep. LXXIII. 663/1 This is a sensible limitation which can easily be read into deed or will. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 13 Nov. 7/2 The learned counsel argued that his lordship must read in a negative... In a contract for personal service you must have in it a negative, express or implied. 1919 ‘C. Dane’ Legends 96 She said to me once that the critics had ‘read in’ things that she had never dreamed of—that it made her doubt her own motives. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xv. 141 In ‘lovely, oveny biscuits’, ‘oveny’ can only be made denotatively meaningful by reading in something extra. 1979 E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order iv. 99 Finding it difficult, if not impossible, to tell at any point where we see elements and where texture..; where we are reading and where we are ‘reading in’.

^ ^374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 1036 (1085) He.. radde it over, and gan the lettre folde. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 133 The Lantgrave readinge over their booke and their letters, noted what he thought blame worthy. 1594 Lyly Moth. Bomb. III. iii, Fooles .. Haue farre more knowledge To reade a woman ouer [etc.]. 1683 H. Prideaux in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 185 Some booke or other., which he will read over, and then bring me again. 1768 Gray Let. 28 Oct., The first act of Caractacus is just arrived here, but I have not read it over.

b. to read through (for out): to peruse from beginning to end. fAIso to read out, to read to the end of, to finish the reading of. Obs. 1638 B.aker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 196, I may boldly say, I never yet read a Gazetta through. 1652 Gataker Antinom. 21 Had this Autor but writ or red out the text he cites he had found somewhat more then faith in it. 1662 Newcome Diary 6 Sept. (Chetham Soc.) 120, I read out w^ remained to be read in Rushworth. 1715 Swift Let. 28 June, Wks. 1841 II. 526/1, I borrowed your Homer from the bishop, and read it out in two evenings. 1747 Mrs. S. Fielding Left. David Simple II. 151 The pretence of being eager to read out some new Book which 1 have borrowed. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. vii. (1870) II. 113 He read it through, and replied that.. for himself it was impossible [to take the oath].

c. to read off: to note in definite form (the result of inspection, esp. of a graduated instrument). Perh. originally used as in sense 11 d. 1816 J. S.MITH Panorama Sc. Art II. 69 Before the height of the mercury is read off. 1.%^^ Penny Cycl. II. 525/2 The angle read off on the interior edge of the ecliptic is the longitude. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 435 Passing the tip of the finger over the outlines of the letters and so reading off the result. 1956 E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics vi. 262 The empiricist prejudice.. is, indeed, very strong, but it is obviously not true that we simply read off our hypotheses from data.

d. To mark or impress on (a fabric). 1831 G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 258 The workman proceeds to read on the design.

e. to read up: to study (a subject, a topic, etc.) intensively and systematically; to familiarize oneself with (a subject) by reading. 1842 J. S. Mill Let. 22 Aug. in Wks. (1963) XIII. 542, I began to read up the subject. 1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain ii. xxvii. 657, I dread reading up all I must read presently. 1869 ‘Mark Twain’ Innocents Abroad xv. 147, I shall throttle down my emotions hereafter, about this sort of people, until I have read them up. 1894 ‘R. Andom’ We Three & Troddles xvii. 149 Those miserable, hollow shams who read up the cricket news.. in the evening papers. 1915 R. Brooke Coll. Poems p. cxxxvii. I’ve been peacefully reading up the countryside all the morning. 1921 K. Macaulay Dangerous Ages v. 103 You should read it up beforehand, and try if you can understand it. 1962 D. Lessing Golden Notebk. ii. 280 Those Russians, they’re pretty well up in my field, I read them up. 1977 F. Branston Up & Coming Man xiv. 152 He would have covered his interests by reading up the minutes of all committees.

f. Computers, to read out, to extract (data); to transfer from internal storage; so to read in. 1946 Ann. Computation Lab. Harvard Univ. I. 62 The storage counter cams.. control the number impulses for reading out either from a switch or from a storage counter. Figure 26 shows the circuits for a read-out. Ibid, r 59 The number of columns shifted is recorded in a counter and a predetermined number of significant digits and a power of ten are read out. 1957 [see off-line a. and adv. A. 2]. 1959 E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer ii. 7 When the problem is completely solved.. the calculation is stopped, and the output, or answer, is read out. 1961 [see read-out I a]. 1968 Times 10 Dec. 6/8 On each orbit the storage system reads out the information to a ground station. 1970 O. Dopping Computers ^ Data Processing xiv. 222 When all the records have been read-in, all that is needed then is to print the contents of the 50 cells. 1971 Physics Bull. Mar. 158/3 It covers those devices in which information can be stored for a limited or controlled time and then read out leaving the device capable of repeated use.

7.

a.

To attach a certain meaning or interpretation to (what is read); to take in a particular way. 1624 Bp. Mountagu Gagg 2.01 Secondly, read it how you will, it is not to purpose. 1890 Sir N. Lindley in Law Times Rep. LXIII. 690/1, I think there are two methods of reading that order.

b. transf. To take a certain view of (a person, thing, event, etc.), to regard in a certain light. Also, to interpret or comprehend.

8. Const, with preps, a. refi. To bring (oneself) into or to (a certain state) by reading. 1676 Wycherley PI. Dealer iii. i, We shall have you read yourself into a Humour of rambling and fighting. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xxi. 345 Give me that book, that I may read myself into a nap.

b. To introduce (an additional idea or element) into what is being read or considered. (Freq. implying that the insertion is unwarranted or erroneous.) Also with in.

9. a. To adopt, give, or exhibit as a reading in a particular passage. 1659 Hammond Acts xv. Annot., The i^^thiopick and other interpreters retain .., what you would not have done to your selves, do not ye to another,.. for which other Jewish writers read, doing as they would be done to. 1697 Bentley Phal. 20, I cannot.. comprehend why the most learned Is. Casaubon will read a-nevSovra in this passage, and not (rrrevSovra. 1759 Rlddiman Animadver. Vind. Buchanan 60 Instead of.. sexagesimo quinto, we should read,.. sexagesimo nono. 1847 Madden Layamon's Brut. III. 346 For Lovaine some copies of Wace read Alemaigne.

b. To register, indicate. 1887 Gumming Electricity 44 A rider reading thousands of an ounce on the beam of a grocer’s balance.

c. To convey (a statement) when read; to say. Cf. sense 18 b below. 1894 [see IT pron. 3 f]. 1904 G. Parker Ladder of Swords xvi. 229 A footman .. came to Angele, bearing a note which read; ‘Your friend is very ill, and asks for you.’ 1916 G. B. Shaw Androcles & Lion p. Ixvi, Your examination paper will read ‘The time of Jesus was worth nothing... Dr. Crippen’s time was worth, say, three hundred and fifty pounds a year. Criticize this arrangement.’ 1946 Bible (Rev. Standard Version) Mark xv. 26 And the inscription of the charge against him read, ‘The King of the Jews.’ 1961 New English Bible Rom. xii. 19 There is a text which reads, ‘Justice is mine, says the Lord, I will repay.’

*** To learn by perusal. 10. a. To see or find (a statement) in a written or otherwise recorded form; to learn by perusal of a book or other document. (fFormerly sometimes const, with obj. and inf. or pple.) C975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 42 Hw$t.. je nsefre reordun in jewritum [etc.], ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. xii. 3 Ne raedde je hwset Dauid dyde pz hyne hingrede. C1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 11 We radeS on boc, pzt elch man hauefi to fere on engel of heuene. a 1225 Ancr. R. 170 Ase me ret in hire boc, heo was the kinge Assuer ouer alle icweme. a 1300 Cursor M. 1459 Cainan his sun, als it es redde. His lijf nine hundret yeir he ledd. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 77 So it is irad t^at loseph dalf wip his fader moche tresour in pe er]?e. ri440 Generydes i In olde Romans and storys as I rede, Of Inde somtyme ther was a nobyll kyng. 1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 268 The terrible punishment .. the like whereof I never read sent to any. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, I. ii. 133, I haue read the cause of his effects in Galen. 1621 W. Sclater Tythes (1623) 76, I never read Christ speake so much of any Jewish Caeremonie as he did of Tythes. 1764 Gray Jemmy Twitcher 27 The prophet of Bethel, we read, told a lie. 1839 Longf. Beleaguered City i, I have read, in some old marvellous tale,.. That [etc.].

b. transf. or fig. in various applications. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. ii. i. 109 Vouchsafe to read the purpose of my comming. 1604-0th. iii. iv. 57 She was a Charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. ioi i For proof look up. And read thy Lot in yon celestial Sign. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop i. Her quick eye seemed to read my thoughts.

c. To discern or discover (something) in (or on) the face, look, etc., of a person. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iii. ii. 9 Muffie your false loue.. Let not my sister read it in your eye. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 235 He might read in their eyes and countenance the severall faces of anger, love, feare [etc.]. 1713 Guardian No. 137 IP4 You read his ancestry in his smile. 1768 Woman of Honor II. 15, I red in her looks a willingness to come to an explanation. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam viii. xvii, I cannot name All that I read of sorrow, toil, and shame. On your worn faces, i860 Tennyson Sea Dreams 163 My eyes.. Read rascal in the motions of his back.

**** To peruse and utter in speech. 11. a. To utter aloud (the words or sentences indicated by the writing, etc., under inspection); to render in speech (anything written, a book, etc.) according as the written or printed signs

READ are apprehended by the mind. Also reading = being read. to read aloud is frequently used to distinguish this sense of the vb. from 5. C900 tr. Baeda's Hist. v. xxi. §3 Mid 6y p3dt jewrit Sa wses raeded beforan pzm cyninge. 971 Blickl. Horn. 167 We jehyrdon, |?a pe. Esaias se witga rseden waes [etc.], ciooo i^^LFRic Exod. xxiv. 7 Moises.. raedde his boc pzm folce. rii75 Lamb. Horn. 125 A1 J?et me ret and singeS on pisse timan in halie chirche. a 1225 Ancr. R. 428 3e ancren owen J>is lutle iaste stucchen reden to our wummen eueriche wike enes. C131S Shoreham i. 1292 Ine pe aide laje pe redere Rede pe prophessye By wokke. C1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2955 When pei [laws] weren byfore hem I-radde, pex made hem wondir wroth. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 40 When he heard the dialogue of Plato entitleed Lysides, readen. 1601 Shaks. Ju/. C. iii. ii. 152 Read the Will; wee’I heare it Antony. 1621 in Crt. & Times Jas. /(1848) I. 249 While the proclamation was reading [etc.]. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 213 If we desired it, we might hear the Letter read. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4152/2 The Dean and Prebendaries sat within the Rails,.. except such as Officiated in Reading Prayers. 1802*12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) II. 285 Oftentimes have I observed them, while affidavits have been reading, looking about to their brethren on the bench. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 160 Socrates requested that the first thesis.. might be read over again.

b. In phr. to read a lesson or lecture: (see these words). Freq. fig. To teach (one) something, to administer a reprimand or check (to one). a 1225 Ancr. R. 66 A1 pet lescun pet God hire hefde ilered [MS. C. ired hire]. »s raederes anes. 10.. Laws JElfric in Thorpe Laws II. 346 Lector is raedere, pe raed on Godes cyrean, and bi6 t^aerto sehadod Jjaet he bodije Godes word. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 137/1070 pis word )7at ore louerd het is redare bi-fore him radde. C1315 Shoreham i. 1291 Ine pe aide la3e pe redere Rede pe prophessye By wokke; So schulle pe rederes now Hyrede. 1382 Wyclif i Esdras viii. 9 Esdras, prest, and redere of the lawe of the Lord. 1560-1 First Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. iv. in Knox's Wks. (1848) II. 196 In process of tyme he that is but ane Readar may atteane to the further degree, and ..may be permittit to minister the sacramentis. 1585 J. Carmichael Let. in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) 436 The readers are made ministers, and.. every man hath gotten four kirks. 1661 Pepys Diary 22 Dec., To Church in the morning, where the Reader made a boyish young sermon. 1733 [? Worsley] Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 180 The Reader whose buisiness it is to read prayers twice every day. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 18/2 The reader must be supposed.. actually to personate the author. 1842 Brande Diet. Sci.y etc. s.v., There are., readers (priests) attached to various eleemosynary and other foundations. 1872 Minutes S. Manch. Hebrew Congreg. 29 Sept, in I. W. Goldberg South Manch. Hebrew Congreg.'. 80 Years of Progress {igsi) 8 That the Reverend H. D. Marks be elected Reader, Stipendiary Secretary and Minister to the Congregation. 1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law (ed. 2) I. 451 Recently lay readers have been appointed by bishops in several dioceses to officiate with consent of the incumbent. J^tijish Chron. 2 Feb. 43/1 A memorial service for Mr. Victor Schiller, honorary reader of the Lecton Synagogue .. was held at the synagogue.

b. reader-aloud, one who reads (a literary text, etc.) aloud, esp. to an audience. Also {rare) recuier-alonder. Cf. READ v. 11 a. 1938 Times 16 Sept. 13/4 Fountains are less trouble in bedrooms than readers-aloud or raconteurs. 1952 G. Raverat Period Piece viii. 145 Aunt Etty was the best reader-aloud I have ever known. 1952 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 13 Sept. 6/3 Hemingway is a reader-alouder, it appears. 1977 Listener 10 Nov. 624/4 Lots of subordinate clauses can make life very difficult for the reader-aloud.

4. a. One who reads (and expounds) to pupils or students; a teacher, lecturer; spec, in some Universities as the title of certain instructors. 1519 Horman Vulg. viii. 88 b, He hath founded a reder in greke for a C. ducattes a yere. 1536 Act 28 Hen. Vllf c. 13 §2 Reders of diuinitie in the comon scholes of diuinitie. 1567 Buchanan Wks. (S.T.S.) 11 Ane Reidar in Medicine. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. S? Commw. 50 Let his Lecture consist, more in questions and answers,.. than in the Readers continued speech. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety xvi. IP4 Have any of our idolized readers bought their interest in us so dear as Christ has done. 1703 T. N. City Gf C. Purchaser 91 Dr. Hook, Reader of Geometry in Gresham-colledge. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 359 The University of Durham.. consists of a warden, professors,

tutors, readers, and lecturers. 1881 Stat. Untv. Oxf. (1882) 65 A Reader in Roman Law shall be appointed from time to time.

b. In the Inns of Court, a lecturer on law. (Now only as the title of an honorary office.) On the nature of the office of reader in the various Inns see Encycl. Brit. (1881) XIII. 88/2, Douthwaite Gray's Inn (1886) 36, Worsley (?) Observ. Const. Middle Temple (repr. 1896) 57, Black Books of Lincoln's Inn (1897) III. p. xiv. 1517 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I. 182 Who so bryngith any repaster to the Redar’s denar or sopar, except the Redar or any of the Benche, schall pay for the Repast, xijd. 1569 Nottingham Rec. IV. 133 Maister Recorder, then beyng Reder of Grey’s Inne. a 1613 Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 121 He arrogates as much honour for being Reader to an Inne of Chancery. 1664-5 Pepys Diary (1879) III. 124 Mrs. Turner..takes it mightily ill I did not come to dine with the Reader, her husband. 1733 [? Worsley] Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 57 From the Benchers are chosen Readers who us’d to read law twice in the year, viz*: in the Lent, and Long Vacations.

5. Used as a title for books containing passages for instruction or exercise in reading. 1799 {title) The English Reader; or Pieces in Prose and Poetry selected from the best writers.. by L. Murray. 1869 {title) The advanced reader: Lessons in literature and science. 1876 H. Sweet {title) An Anglo-Saxon Reader; in Prose and Verse.

6. a. Thieves* cant, A pocket-book. 1718 C. Hitching Regulator 20 A reader, alias pocketbook. 1789 G. Parker Life's Painter Varieg. Char. xv. 151 Reader. Is a pocket-book; a person cannot be too careful of this article, particularly if he should have .. any rum screens in it, that is, bank notes. 01790 in Potter New Diet. Cant. 1819 J. H. Vaux Mem. I. xii. 140 He had that day turned out three readers, but without finding a shilling in either of them. 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. v. (1878) 200 None [could] knap a reader like me.

b. Gambling slang. A marked card. 1894 Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 27 Whatever method of marking may be adopted in the preparation of ‘faked’ cards or ‘readers’. 1977 ‘L. Egan’ Blind Search iv. 57 McAllister was a gambler... This is a deck of readers—marked cards.

c. U.S. Criminals* slang. (See quot. 1926.) 1926 Clues Nov. 162/1 Reader, a circular notifying police officers to arrest the party described thereon. 1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 150 Sometimes there is a ‘detainer’ issued for a thief... This is called a reader or a dipsy.

7. A device for obtaining data stored on tape, cards, or other media (usu. converting the data into coded electrical signals). 1946 N.Y. Times 15 Feb. 16/3 When the problem is punched on the cards they are dropped into a slot in a ‘reader’. 1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers iv. 80 Even with the faster types of card reader it is difficult to exceed 800 digits per second. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 205/1 It may be possible to eliminate the stage of transfer onto punched cards by using an optical reader, for there is now a rapid development in this type of device. 1972 M. WooDHOUSE Mama Doll xi. 145 Some people at Admiralty ran the tape through a five-hole reader for us, and gave us back seven hundred and eighty-four groups of digits.

8. A machine for producing on a screen a magnified, readable image of any desired part of a microfilm or other microform. 1950 Amer. Documentation I. 141/2 A new reading machine just announced.. holds much promise. This reader giving a clear, sharp image .. is relatively inexpensive. 1962 A. Gunther Microphotogr. in Lib. (Unesco) 7 Microopaque cards.. may be readily filed. However, they need much more light for projection and, therefore, a more complicated and more expensive reader, which must be equipped with a blower for cooling. 1975 P. G. New Reprography for Librarians iv. 48 The librarian committed to exploiting micro materials must not only consider investing in a multitude of portable readers for loan, but must also ensure that his library is fully equipped with.. viewers for use on the premises.

9. attrib. and Comb., as reader groups participation^ response, reader-contributor, -■writer-, (sense 2 c) reader's report, readerprinter, a reading machine (sense (^) s.v. READING lob) that can also produce enlarged, readable copies. 1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 146 The success of the new magazine will depend on the continuance of the excellent reader-contributor relationship which was fostered. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 112/2 These magazines, carefully geared to both the purse and heart strings of their respective reader groups, feature houses and rooms in which alniost nobody ever lives. Ibid. 5/2 This kind of newspaper invites reader participation in its triumphs. 1959 if. W. Ballou Guide to Microreproduction Equipment 167 ThermoFax Brand Microfilm Reader-Printer... Special Features; Reader and Printer combined in one machine for automatic push-button copying or reading. 1971 Ann. Rep. Curators Bodl. Libr. ig6g-70 47, 4,011 prints were made on the microfilm reader-printer. 1940 Kenyon Rev. II. 274 The reader-response has been altered through a lessening of the pleasure with which the utterance is received. 1979 Maledicta HI. 83 Among those critics who use psychoanalytical theory there is little agreement over what one can say legitimately about ‘reader response’. 1897 ‘S. Grand Beth Bk. (1898) xlvii. 460 Mr. Kilroy took the manuscript himself to a publisher.. who.. accepted it... Beth.. heard the reader’s report. 1978 E. Tidyman Table Stakes II. V. 241 Each morning a mailboy would arrive with a stack of scripts.. Attached were the readers’ reports. 1951 S. Spender World within World 310 Reader-writer walk together in a real-seeming dream-alliance leading into gardens inhabited by Stephen Daedalus and Marcel.

Hence ‘readeress, a female reader, 1864 Realm 16 Mar. 4 He paid only a just tribute to readeresses at the expense of readers.

READING

264

READERSHIP

readership ('riidajip). [f. reader + -ship.] 1. The office of a reader (chiefly in sense 4). 1719 Swift To Yng. Clergyman Wks. 1755 II. ii. 2 They .. first sollicit a readership, and .. arrive in time to a curacy. 1840 Act 3 & 4 Viet. c. 86 § 2 The Term ‘Preferment’.. shall be construed to comprehend every Curacy, Lectureship, Readership [etc.], 1883 jgth Cent. May 833 A step in the ladder of promotion, first to a readership and ultimately to a professorship.

2. As a title: The personality of a reader. 1771 P. Parsons Newmarket II. 186 An expectation which your readership cannot suppose I should .. entertain. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VII. 477, I trust, O gentle reader,.. that your readership will not [etc.].

3. The total number of (regular) readers of a periodical publication, as a newspaper or magazine; all, or a section, of such readers considered collectively. Also attrib. orig. U.S. 1923 O. G. ViLLARD Some Newspapers Sf Newspapermen 189 The appeal of the News to the masses has been so successful that it now has a readership of some forty thousand. 1947 C. L. Allen {title) A readership study of 3 typical Wisconsin hometown dailies. 1951 Sunday Times 2 Dec. 1/3 Mr. Stephen’s.. experienced counsel and reflections [will] become available to the whole Sunday Times readership. 1958 New Statesman 30 Aug. 241/1 It holds its vast circulation.. by grace of Mr. Gilbert Harding, whose weekly column (according to readership surveys) is the People's biggest pulling feature of all. 1963 Guardian 10 Apr. 7/2 Another variation, reflecting different readership, is the background of the characters. 1971 Nature 2 Apr. 310/3 In view of the intended readership the selection of topics seems reasonable enough. 1979 London Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 2/3 The obvious difference will relate to the subjects generated by the nationality of the London Review's readership, and by that of its contributors.

readesmon, obs. form of redesman. readfoll, -full, variants of redeful. re-ad'here* z;. [re-5 a.] intr. To adhere again. So re-ad'hesion. 1813 J. Thomson Lect. Infiam. 235 A tooth replaced in this manner not unfrequently re-adheres. C1865 J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 4 The slightest film on the surfaces.. will prevent their re-adhesion.

'readied, ppl. a. [f. ready v.'\ Made ready. asTJZ R* Ferguson Farmer's Ingle, The readied kail stands by the chimley cheeks,

readily ('redili), adv. Forms: 4-6 redily, (4 redyli), 5-6 (7) redyly, (5 reddyly), 6 Sc, radilie, 5- readily, [f. ready a. + -ly^. In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from redily adv. Formerly compared readilier, -liest (1617th c.).] In a ready manner. 1. Promptly, in respect of the voluntariness of the action; hence, with alacrity or willingness; willingly, cheerfully. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 611 He.. redily 3af him sa Of wel gode mone. Ibid. 1523 tale he bi gan And redyli gan to say. f 1400 Rom. Rose 3293 Thyn herte was 1«/. 28 Oct. (1968) iii. 21,1 hope we shall manage the reading society, though we can only muster three members at Present. 1890 G. B. Shaw in Star 28 Feb. 2/4, I repaired to the London Institution to see ‘The Shakespere Reading Society’ recite Much Ado’. 1853 Dale tr. Baldeschi's Ceremonial 119 The Assistant Priest carries to the Altar the cushion, or ‘readingstand, with the Missal. i88s Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman xiii, Beside the bed was a reading-stand. 1704 T. Sheraton Cabinet-Maker & Upholsterer’s Drawing-Bk II HI. PI. 44 (^caption) A ‘Reading & Writing Table. 1855 1 rollope Warden ix. 134 A huge arm-chair fitted up with candlesticks, a reading table, a drawer, and other paraphernalia. 1875 Carp. & Join. 130, I will now describe a large elevating reading table. 1591 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (iSgS) II. 21 No Reader shall make anie dinner, .but in the Reading time. 1848 Thackeray Bk. Snobs (1881) 223 They are on a ‘reading tour for the Long Vacation.

b. Special combs.: reading age, reading ability expressed in terms of the age (during the period of development) for which a comparable ability is calculated as average; reading-book, f (a) a book of church-lessons (obs.); (b) a book containing passages for instruction in reading; reading chair, a chair designed to facilitate reading; spec, one equipped with a book-rest upon one arm; reading-closet, one of the small compartments in the reading-room of a printing-office; reading-coat, a coat to wear while reading (? obs.)-, reading copy, a copy of a book that is usable although in less than perfect condition; reading-desk, a desk for supporting a book while it is being read, spec, a lectern; reading-glass, (a) a large magnifying glass for use in reading; {b) in pi., a pair of spectacles for use when reading; reading-hook (see quot.); reading-machine, (a) (see quot.); {b) a device for producing an enlarged, readable image from microform; (c) a device for automatically producing electrical signals corresponding to the characters of a text; reading notice U.S. (see quot. 1909); reading-pew, a pew from which the lessons are read in church; f readingpsalms, the prose psalms used for reading in church {obs.y, reading room, a room devoted to reading, esp. one in the premises of a club or library, or intended for public use; also, the proof-readers’ room in a printing-office (Jacobi 1888). 1921 C. Burt Mental & Scholastic Tests iii. iii. 271 Consequently, a score of sixty words indicates a mental age for reading at ten;.. according to the formula:—‘Reading Age = (4 +

years. Ibid., The reading ages of four and

five pretend to little more than a conventional significance. 1945 F. J. Schonell Psychol. & Teaching of Reading i. 21 There is always a great increase in eye movements as the reading material increases in difficulty for particular reading ages. 1952 Anderson & Dearborn Psychol, of Teaching Reading i. 10 If the reading age is appreciably below the mental age, the child is regarded as a reading problem. 1961 Guardian 28 Apr. 13/3 He looks a dissipated 20... His reading age is 8 2. 1975 Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) ii. 11 There are at least a million adults with a reading age of below 9 0 who cannot read simple recipes. 10.. Laws jElfric 21 in Thorpe Laws II. 350 Se maesse-preost sceal habban .. ‘radingboc. 1050-73 Charter in Thorpe Diplom. 430, ii forealdode radingbec. ^1315 Shoreham Poems i. 1311 bisschop, wenne he ordref? {?es, redyng bok hym taket?. 1840 (rit/e) The Church Scholar’s reading book. 1803 T. Sheraton Cabinet Diet. 17 Arm-chair for a library, or a ‘reading chair... These are intended to make the exercise easy, and for the convenience of taking down a note or quotation... The reader places himself with his back to the front of the chair, and rests his arms on the top yoke. 1853 A. J. Downing Architect. Country Houses xii. 426 Fig. 218 is a reading-chair of a simple and good form,.. having a desk for a book on one arm, and a stand for a candle on the other —both being.. easily lifted out.., when not in use. 1951 E. Paul Springtime in Paris iii. 54 There was a long table, and ranged on both sides, good reading chairs. 1977X Hodgins Invention of World iii. 44 The tall green reading chair that had recipes.. shoved under its cushion. 1886 Referee 10 Jan. 1/2, I was getting an honest.. living in the composing-room or the ‘reading-closet. 1830 C. Wordsworth in Overton Life (1888) 51 Here I am, lying on my sofa, with my drab ‘reading-coat on. 1952 J. Carter ABC for Book-Collectors 164 ‘Reading copy, a usually apologetic, but occasionally slightly defiant, term meaning that the book is not in collector’s condition. 1977 J. Wilson Making Hate iv. 52 The So Stories. I had an early edition, a torn reading copy, but quite clean. 1703 Maundrell Jourw. (1721) 8 A piece of plank supported by a Post, which we understood was the ‘Reading Desk. 1775 Johnson 10 Oct. in Boswell Life{i’]gi) I. 502 In the reading-desk of the refectory lay the Lives of the Saints. 1838 Lytton Alice ii. iii, A huge armchair, with a small reading-desk beside it. 1670 Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 200 Dr. Barlow gave me a ‘reading-glass, pretium 40s. 1747 Trembley in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 632 It would be.. very inconvenient to hold it like a reading-glass in the hand. 1831 Brewster Optics xxxviii. 320 Spectacles and reading glasses are among the simplest and most useful of optical instruments. 1853 Dickens Bleak House xli. 405 The green lamp is lighted, his ‘reading-glasses lie upon the desk. 1972 Bill Villains Galore i. i Clara.. needed reading glasses for all but the largest print. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, * Reading-hook, a book-marker, made of bone or ivory. 1897 Sketch 26 May 181/2 The pattern being read from the draft by the ‘reading-machine on to the Jacquard band or tape by the skilled designer or pantagrapher. 1937 M. L. Raney Microphotogr. for Libraries 76 There is today plenty of work for reading machines to do, since the entire contents of great libraries that have filming cameras lie open to order in so far as copyright allows. 1940 A. Huxley Let. 14 Oct. (1969) 461, I would like to have.. micro¬ photographs suitable for reading by means of a reading machine. 1959 Library Resources ^ Technical Services III. 90 The average library user does not meet the microcopy until he has to use it on the reading machine. 1964 LithoPrinter Aug. 34/2 Even optical reading machines, which are now entering the field of practicability cannot quite dispense with human work: they need clean copy, at least re-typed from edited manuscripts. 1965 R. R. Karch Graphic Arts Procedures (ed. 3) xiii. 338 Specially-designed figures printed at the bottoms of bank checks are printed with ink capable of being magnetized and read by electronic reading machines for routing the checks to proper places. 1980 J. Drummond Such a Nice Family viii. 38 Would you like us to fix up a reading-machine for you?.. It’ll throw up an enlargement of the text. 1909 Webster, * Reading-notice, in a newspaper or periodical, a paid advertisement so set up as to have the appearance of regular news or editorial or

READJUST contributed matter. 1970 R. K. Kent Lang. Journalism 109 Reading notice, an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine that is set in body type and in columns so as to appear the same as editorial matter. 1641 R. Brooke Eng. Episc. I. vii. 38 To wrangle downe a Sophister,.. or acquaint themselves with a *Reading-Pue, in the Countrey. 1662 Pepys Diary 26 Oct., To church, and there saw for the first time Mr. Mills in a surplice; but it seemed absurd for him to pull it over his eares in the reading-pew. 1848 Ecclesiologist Oct. 144 An open reading-pew and lettern. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. viii. 162 The like Order is observed in the Pointing of our ‘Reading Psalms, a 1707 Bp. Patrick Autobiogr. (1839) 150 The old translation of the reading Psalms. 1759 Gray Lett. 8 Aug. (1853) 186,1 often pass four hours in the day in the stillness and solitude of the ‘reading room [at the British Museum]. 1817 Cobbett Wks. XXXII. 357 There are what are called Reading Rooms all over the kingdom. 1852 Rock Ch. of Fathers III. i. 298 Saint Edmund kept a figure of our Lady in his reading-room.

reading ('riidiq), ppl. a. [f. read

v. + -ing^.] 1. fa. reading minister, etc., one who merely reads the lessons or service, without preaching; also Sc., one who reads his sermons (see read v. 19 d).

.1583 Stubbes Anal. Abus. ii. (1882) 71 It were to be wished that all were preaching prelates, and not reading ministers only. 1650 in Hodgson Northumberland (1835) III. iii. p. Iv, Those who formerly had the Rectory of Haltwistle did mainteyne a reading Minister. 1744 {title) Reading is not preaching, or a Letter to all reading Clergymen.

b. reading clerk, the designation of one of the clerks to the House of Lords. 1788 Miss Rose in G. Rose’s Diaries (i860) I. 96 My brother William, then reading Clerk, came to us as soon as the House adjourned. 1817 Pari. Deb. 16 The Lords were obliged to send this message by their Clerk-Assistant, and their Reading-Clerk. 1884 Yates Recoil. I. ii. 66 Slingsby, who is reading-clerk in the House of Lords.

c. reading boy^ a boy who reads copy aloud to the corrector of the press. 1808 Stower Printers' Gram. 392 The eye of the reader should not follow, but rather go before the voice of his reading-boy. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 710/1 The reading department, sometimes called the closet, having for its occupants the reader and his reading-boy.

2. Given to reading; studious. Freq. in reading man, applied spec, to a University student who makes reading his chief occupation; and reading public. 1673 Dryden Prol. Univ. of Oxford In London., haughty dunces, whose unlearned pen Could ne’er spell grammar, would be reading men. 1759 Hurd's Dial. Pref. 6 The learned assemblies of reading divines. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 266/1 During my residence at the university, and a constant intercourse with both reading and non-reading men [etc.]. Blackw. Mag. Jan. 94/2 The ‘reading public’, then, had little to do with the lower orders. 1837 SiR F. Palgrave Merch. ^ Friar Ded. (1844) i His attempts to be brought out into the reading world. 1877 M. W. Chapman in Harriet Martineau's Autobiogr. III. 99 The reading public.. were longing to express their grateful acknowledgements. 1885 J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. II. II. iii. §1. 517 Its.. literary merits secured it immediate attention on the part of reading men. 1916 E. Pound Let. 17 Nov. (1971) 99 That many-eared monster with no sense, the reading public, a 1936 Kipling Something of Myself {ig'^'j) iii. 47 Our reading public.. were.. as well educated as fifty percent of our ‘stafT. 1962 M. McLuhan Gutenberg Galaxy 132 There was no reading public in our sense... Under manuscript conditions an author would.. have no public. An advanced scientist today has no public. 1975 S. Schoenbaum W. Shakespeare xi. 120 A dramatist had least to say about.. publication... He strove, after all, to please audiences in the theatre, not a reading public.

'readingdom. The aggregate of readers. 1832 Southey in C. C. Southey Life (1849) VI. 182 The commonwealth of Readingdom is divided into many independent circles.

freadjoin, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To join again. 1646 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi’s Civil Warres ix. 173 Readjoyning unto it whatsoever at sundry times has been dismembred from it.

rea'd)ourn, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. med.L. readjorndre (1240 in Du C.), F. reajourner (1^2^ in Godef.).] trans. and intr. To adjourn again. 1611 CoTGR., Readjourner, to readiourn. 1628 WoTTON in Reliq. (1672) 443 The Parliament.. was then re-adjoumed by the Kings especial Command till Tuesday next. 1678 Marvell Growth Popery 41 He might have given Notice by Proclamation that upon this account, they should re¬ adjourn to a yet longer time.

Hence rea'djournment (Ogilvie 1882).

rea'djust, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. med.L. readjustdre (1236 in Du C.).] trans. To adjust again or afresh; to put in order again. 1742 Fielding j. Andrews iv. xi. The beau .. taking out a pocket-glass.. re-adjusted his hair. 1764 Maskelyne in Phil. Trans. LIV. 357 It is not always necessary to re-adjust the wires after each sett of observations. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. III. xvi. § I The values and prices of the two things will ..readjust themselves. 1866 Felton Anc. ^ Mod. Gr. II. II. i. 253 The early attempts to readjust the affairs of the East by the Great Powers. absol. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel (1876) 214 It adjusts, re¬ adjusts, turns, re-turns, in every way it wills.

Hence rea'djusted ppl. a.\ rea'djusting vbl sb. 1776 Cavendish in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 385 It is not likely to want re-adjusting soon. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 283 He held out hopes of a readjusted and graduated income-tax.

READJUSTER

267

readjuster, [f. prec.] One who readjusts. 1862 Thornbury Life Turner II. 256 Turner was..a selector, reviser, a readjuster of Nature.

b. U.S. A rnember of a political party (formed in 1877-8) in Virginia, which advocated a legislative readjustment of the State debt. Nation (N.Y.) 13 Nov. 317/2 Further news from Virginia indicates that the Repudiators, or Readjusters, as they call themselves, have elected a majority of the General Assembly. 1883 M. D. Conway in Glasgow Weekly Her. i Sept. 3/2 The readjuster reminds the negro that he was a slave when this debt was formed.. and should not be taxed for the interest.

rea'djustment. [f. as prec. + -ment.] 1. The process of readjusting or of being readjusted.

2. Comb., as readjustment rule Linguistics (see quot. 1972). 1968 Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. i. i. 10 The ‘readjustment rules’ relating syntax to phonology make various other modifications in surface structures. 1972 R. A. Palmatier Gloss. Eng. Transformational Grammar 141 Readjustment rule,.. one of a set of special rules which prepare the syntactic surface structure of a sentence for inputting to the phonological component; one of the types of phonological rules.. which determine admissible, or possible, and inadmissible, or impossible, classificatory matrices. 1977 Canad.Jrnl. Linguistics 1^76 XXI. ii. 215 He also includes the suggestion, discussing "Trager’s similar analysis of short a in New Jersey English in 1940.., that such factors may be handled as a type of readjustment rule in the historical development of the phonology of a language.

treadliche,

adv. Ohs. Also 2-3 reafiliche. [Var. of ME. radliche Quickly, promptly.

red-,

3

radly.]

eii75 Lamb. Horn. 45 wes sancte paul swi8e wa and abeh him redliche to his lauerdes fet. w. Temp. xii. (1877) 129 Your theology needs alteration and readjustment. 1883 pROUDEin Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. I. 194 The house .. requiring paint and other re-adjustments.

v.

[re-

5 a.]

trans.

To

administer again. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii. § 12 That Baptisme is onely then to be readministred, when the first deliuerie thereof is void. 1762 R. Guy Cancers 44 The Hemlock was re¬ administered for some Weeks. 1897 Columbia (Ohio) Disp. 24 Mar. 1/2 The Democratic party.. has regained power and readministered government.

tre'admiral, t;. Obs.-^ [re- 5b.] make (one) an admiral again.

trans.

To

1599 N.ashe Lenten Stuffe 12 Peerebrowne did not only hold his office all the time of that King., but was againe readmirald by Edward the third.

read'mire,

[re-5 a.] To admire again. 1782 Eliz. Blower Geo. Bateman I. 202 The pleasure of having it re-admired by our friends. 1930 O. W. Holmes Let. 12 May (1953) II. 1246, I finished it [5c. a book] a few days ago. I readmired the Rousseau and Machiavelli and believed without adequate knowledge what you say about foundations.

readmission (riised'mijsn). [re- 5 a; cf. next and F. readmission (Littre).] The action of admitting again. 1655 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 341 Twill proue a very difficult worke to make them allow of y® readmission of y« King. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 307 He .. preached at the readmission of a relapsed Christian into our Church. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. ix. 141 There was.. re-admission to the privileges. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 709 Within a week of their readmission, the disease appeared in nine other cottages.

readmit (riited'mit),

v. [re- 5 a. Cf. F. readmettre (readmis, Cotgr. 1611).] trans. To admit again. i6ii Cotgr., Readmis, readmitted. 1616 T. Godwyn Moses & Aaron i, (1641) 54 Sometimes they would re-admit such a one being brought neere unto death. 1665 Manley tr. Grotius' Low C. Warres 616 This was terrible.. to them of Wesell, who were commanded to readmit the Roman Rites. 1742 Young Nt. Th. iv. 670 Happy day! that..re¬ admits us., to our Father’s throne. 1866 Lond. Rev. 6 Jan. 2/2 He would at once readmit the late rebel states to the full enjoyment of their rights. absol. c 1659 Thorndike Church's Power of Excomm. §36 Penance.. readmits not but upon reasonable or legal presumption of sin first abolished.

Hence read'mitting vbl. sb. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 583 The re-admitting of the Air.

read'mittance. [Cf.

prec. and admittance.]

Readmission. 1669 Ormonde MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 104 To order his readmittance and continuance in the..guard of halbertiers. o/iff^’, the Politics of Reality. 1920 Times 19 Jan. 13/2 An over-strong Russia.. might not altogether suit the Realpolitik of this country. 1926 A. Huxley Jesting Pilate iv. 275 Freudism became the realpolitik of psychology and philosophy. 1928 C. H. Dodd Authority of Bible xii. 266 In the last days of the monarchies Israel became involved to its cost in the large ‘Re^olitik’ of the time. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 June 433/2 The conflict between these two ideals —Realpolitik and a policy founded upon principles of justice and morality. 1948 R. Robinson tr. Jaeger's Aristotle 11. v. 113 The letter that we possess is the solemn record of this peculiar pact between Realpolitik and theoretical schemes of reform. 1952 J. D. Mackie Earlier Tudors x. 351 [Thomas Cromwell] had little belief in the omnipotence of the papacy and pinned his faith to Realpolitik. 1958 New Statesman 19 Apr. 494/2 But the bare-faced hypocrisy with which they have attempted to conceal their military realpolitik, and which has now been devastatingly exposed, is a serious tactical error. 1961 Listener 27 Apr. 731/2 Writing in the eighteen-fifties—the decade which saw the birth of the name and concept of Realpolitik—Mommsen was imbued with the sense of need for a strong man. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 109 Even the best educated of them [sc. women] know that arguments with their men-folk are disguised real¬ politik. 1979 Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 49/2 Soviet policy may have sprung neither from revolutionary ideology nor from traditional Realpolitik.

Hence realpo'Htiker, one who believes in, advocates, or practises Realpolitik, 1930 C. Sforza in Time ^ Tide 4 Apr. 435/2‘The United States of Europe!’ sneered .. the real-politikers, whom, by a strange legerdemain, the defeat of HohenzoUern Germany has conjured up again in France. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 53/1 Both [Cavour and Bismarck] were Realpolitiker, endowed with an extraordinary capacity for gauging the forces with which they had to deal. 1958 Times 14 June 8/5 In all this he [sc. Pierre Flandin] took the line of a French Realpolitiker. 1^3 Observer i Dec. 21/4 He learned the lesson, and applied it in Laos—and not in the sentimentally tough way supposed by the realpolitikers. 1976 Survey Winter 16 Czechoslovakia may look even more remote than Angola.. but its fate counts in the over-all balance, whatever the Realpolitiker may think.

IIRealschule (re'ailjurb). Also realschule. PI. Realschulen. [Ger.] In Germany and Austria, a secondary school in which sciences and modern languages are taught. Cf. real school s.v. real a.^ 10. 1833 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 552 Realschulen, real schools .. because they are less occupied with the study of languages (Verbalia) than with the knowledge of things (Realia). 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 471 /1 Of more recent growth is the system of realschulen, where Latin is the only ancient language taught, the other branches being modern languages, especially French and English, mathematics and natural philosophy, geography and modern history. 1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory & Social Structure xiv. 343 Hecker, who first actually organized a Realschule. 1969 Listener 10 Apr. 480/2 Experimental step towards comprehensive education: class in a Realschule. Jewish Chron. 23 May 14/2, I later taught in the Realschule, founded by his grandfather, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.

re-'alter, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To alter again. 1816 Southey in Q. Rev. XIV. 347,1 began to scribble, to alter, to read, and re-alter. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser.

REALTOR I. (1863) 6 He has a passion for bricks and mortar, and., diverts himself with altering and re-altering.

Realtor ('ri:3lt3(r)). U.S. Also realtor, [f. REAlt(y^ + -OR.] A proprietary term in the U.S. for a real-estate agent or broker who belongs to the National Association of Realtors (formerly the National Association of Real Estate Boards). Also gen., an estate agent. C. N. Chadbourn in Nat. Real Estateyrnl. 15 Mar. 111/2, I propose that the National Association adopt a professional title to be conferred upon its members which they shall use to distinguish them from outsiders. That this title be copyrighted and defended by the National Association against misuse... I therefore, propose that the National Association adopt and confer upon its members, dealers in realty, the title of realtor (accented on the first syllable). 1922 S. Lewis Babbitt xiii. 157 We ought to insist that folks call us ‘realtors’ and not ‘real-estate men’. Sounds more like a reg’lar profession. 1925 O. W. Holmes Let. 17 Dec. in Holmes-Laski Lett. (1953) 1- 807 These realtors, as they call themselves, I presume are influential. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 8 Jan. 26/3 {heading) Realtors doubt plan for Fox Theater here. 1931 Evening Standard 25 Apr. 15/2 {heading) ‘Realtor’ recommends Surrey. 1934 E. Pound Elet en New Cantos xxxv. 23 His Wife now acts as his model and the Egeria Has, let us say, married a realtor. 1942 Amer. Speech XVH. 209/2 The ambitious realtor’s favorites, the over-worked [street names] Grand, Broadway, and Inspiration. 1948 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 14 Sept. 340/2 National Association of Real Estate Boards, Chicago, Ill... Service Mark. Realtors. For services in connection with the brokerage of real estate... Claims use since Mar. 31, 1916. 1962 R. Buckminster Fuller Epic Poem on Industrialization 139 The organized religions The world’s premier realtors. 1969 Parade (N.Y.) 14 Dec. 18/2 The realtor who sold most of the property to the hippies has had her office windows smashed. 1970 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. 40/2 (Advt.), Metro wide established realtor with country wide referral contacts. 1973 R. C. Dennis Sweat of Fear ix. 59 The realtor said... ‘Let me point out some of the features of this lovely, lovely home.’ 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 33/3 Included are .. bankers and lawyers; social and political activists; professors and artists, renov’ators and historians, journalists and realtors. 1916

t'realty'. Obs. Forms: 4-5 realte, (4 -tee, reaulte), 7 realty, -tie; 4 relate, reaute. Sc. reawte, (rewate). [a. OF. reaute, realte:—pop.L. *regdlitdt-em regality: see also rialty and ROYALTY.]

1. Royalty; royal state, dignity, or power. ri350 Will. Palerne 5006 Alle pe clerkes vnder god coupe nou3t descriue .. pe realte of pat day. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. x. 335 Kynghod ne kny3thod.. Helpep nou3t to heueneward ..ne reaute of lordes. C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxx. 134 Now will I speke of sum of pe principall iles of Prestre lohn land, and of pe realtee of his state.

b. Used as a title. 1400 in Royal ^ Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 23 Likit yhour Realte to wit that I am gretly wrangit be the Due of Rothesay.

2. Sc. a. A kingdom, realm. 1375 B.arbour Bruce i. 593 Thiddir somownys he in hy The barownys of his reawte. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. i. 62 Na thare consent,.. Prejwdycyale suld [noucht] be Till off Scotland the realte.

b. A town or district under the immediate jurisdiction of the king; a regality. 1438 Sc. Actsjas. //(1814) 32 Vyth help and supple of the lordis of the realteys geyfT neyd be.

realty^ ('riialti). Also 5 realte, 7 -tie. [f. real + -TY.]

11. a. Reality. Obs. Promp. Parv. 424/2 Realte, realitas. 1627 W. ScLATER Exp. 2 Thcss. (1629) 99 The man [leads into Error] through realty, or opinion of learning, or sanctity, or both. 1644 Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings 47 He is King of kings.. truly so, kings upon earth are onely such.. more in resemblance, than realtie. CI440

fb. A reality, a real thing. Obs.~^ H. More Song of Soul i. ii. xii. We may see The nearly couching of each Realtie. 1647

t2. Sincerity, honesty. Obs. rare. 1619 in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 170 He tould the Ambassador that he needed not doubt of his realty in observing such capitulations. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 115 That such resemblance of the Highest Should yet remain, where faith and realtie Remain not.

t3. A real possession; a right. Obs. rare. 1618 J. Wilkinson Of Courts Baron 120 b, If any man hath fished, hawked, or hunted within this Lordship .. you must present them, for they are the Lords Realties. 1635 (Chapman & Shirley Chabot i. ii. That kings do no [? read not] hazard infinitely In their free realties of rights and honours Where they leave much for favorites’ powers to order! 4. Law. Real property or estate, (real a.'^ 6 c.)

Also attrib. 1670 Blount Law Diet., Realty, is an abstract of real, and distinguished from Personalty, a 1683 Scroggs Courtsleet (1714) 109 In Action of Debt which concerns the Realty. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xxiv. 385 Our courts now regard a man’s personalty in a light nearly, if not quite, equal to his realty. 1861 Pearson Early & Mid. Ages Eng. 186 The realty of a man who died intestate, was divided equally among his sons. 1888 A. Randall-Diehl Two Thousand Words 175 Realty-man, a dealer in real estate. 1908 E. Wharton Hermit Wild Woman 135, I chanced on a record of the transaction in the realty column of the morning paper. 1934 E. Pound Eleven New Cantos xi. 48 Beecher’s church organized by realty agents. 1947 E. Hodgins Mr Blandings iii. 45 As a grizzled veteran of realty values, he would discuss his one time innocence with the real estate man. 1963 C. D. Simak They walked like Men viii. 47 People

REAM

279 were storming realty offices in a mad attempt to find a place to live. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 51 (Advt.), Lawyer to manage litigation, realty transactions by property development corporation. 1972 J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xiv. 100 The tract home had been rented from the realty office by phone. 1975 New Yorker 1 Sept. 20/3 The realty company that is the agent for U.S. Steel gave us thirty days to get out.

realy, variant of really adv.'^ Obs. fream, Obs. Forms: i hream, 2-3 ream, 3 raem, rem. [OE. hream, of obscure origin; hence REME w.' The sb. is common in OE. and early ME., but is not found after c 1250.] Clamour, outcry, shouting. C897 K. 2^lfred Gregory's Past. C. Iv. 427 Daette swi6e W2ere semanijfalSod Sodomwara hream & Gomorwara. c 1000 i^lLFRic Horn. II. 336 Dam haljan were waes 5ej>uht pset p2£s jefeohtes hream mihte beon jehyred seond ealle eorSan. c 1205 Lay. i i 280 Scottes huuen up muchelne raem & Octaues foTc nam flem.

b. esp. Noise of wailing or lamentation; hence, great sorrow, distress, or trouble. Beowulf (Z.) 1303 Hream wearC in Heorote .. Cearu wees seniwod. 0900 Cynewulf Christ 594 Swa mid Dryhten dream, swa mid deoflum hream. c 1200 Ormin 8137 J>e33re wop & te33re rsem Comm full wel till hiss sere. 01225 Beg. Kath. 2325 To arisen from ream to aa lestinde lahtre. a 1250 Owl & Night. 1213 3ef eni mon schal rem abide, A1 ich hit wot ear hit i-tide.

c. With a and pi.

A cry (of grief).

01225 Beg. Kath. 164 Swi6 feole 3einde.. wi5 reowfule reames. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 1962 He missed Joseph.. wende him slagen, set up an rem. •

(Camden) 8, I prai yow bi me a reme of paper at London. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent 9 Offring him, that for a wager he would deuoure 4. reame of his ballads; which in the totall are two thousand. 1689-90 Wood Life 20 Mar. (O.H.S.) III. 328 Bought.. a reame of writing paper. 1766 C. Leadbetter Royal Gauger ii. xiv. (ed. 6) 371 Tied up into Reams or Bundles for Sale. Note. That 18 of the good Quires, and 2 of the broken go to each Ream. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. ix. (ed. 3) 65 The hundred reams of paper were printed off. 1879 Print. Trades Jrnl. xxvi. 15 A hundred reams were actually made in Scotland and delivered in London in three days. jS- 1473-4 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 645 Pro di. rym et iij quaternis papiri empt., ijs. vij^. 1507-8 Ibid. 659 In ij Rymez papiri empt. 1568 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 293 Half a rim of paper.. Half a rim of dim paper.

b. Used to denote a large quantity of paper, without reference to the precise number of sheets. 1597 Bp. Hall Sat. ii. ii. 30 When ye have spent A thousand lamps, and thousand reams have rent Of needlesse papers. 1646 J. Hall Poems i Paper-tyrants reign, who presse Whole harmlesse reams to death. 1699 Garth Dispens. iv. 46 Hither, rescu’d from the Grocers, come M-Works entire, and endless Rheams of Bloom. 1781 Cowper Progr. Err. 311 Whose corresponding misses fill the ream With sentimental frippery and dream. 1814 Scott Drama (1874) 202 More fire than warms whole reams of modern plays, a 1839 Praed Poems (1865) II. 14 Shield thee with a ream of rhyme.

c. With pun on ream realm. 1589 Pappe w. Hatchet D ij, Let them but chafe my penne, and it shal sweat out a whole realme of paper, or make them odious to the whole Realme. c 1592 Marlowe Jezo of Malta IV. iv, Giue Me a Reame of paper, We’ll haue a kingdome of gold for’t.

d. transf. in pi. A large quantity. ream (ri;m), sb.^ Obs. exc. dial. Forms: i ream, 4-5 rem, 5-6 reme, (6 Sc. reyme), 7 reame, 8ream, (8-9 dial, reeam, reem, raim, etc.). [OE. ream = MDu. (Du.) room, MLG. r6m{e, MHG. roum (G. rahm, also dial, raum, rohm, etc.):—OTeut. *raumo-z, of obscure origin: ON. rjomi (Norw. dial, rjome, rome, etc.) represents a different ablaut-grade with weak ending {*reumon-).'\ 1. a. = CREAM sb.'^ I. (In ME. occ. ntilkes rente.)

1913 D. H. Lawrence Love Poems & Others 54 Eh, what a shame it seems As some should ha’e hardly a smite o’ trouble An’ others has reams. 1927 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iv. 113 This simple personal fact illustrates, better than could whole reams of argument, the extreme complexity of religion. 1976 San Francisco Examiner 30 May (This World Suppl.) 19/1 Spacecraft sent there in recent years have dispelled legends and added reams of sound, ordered data, yet the charisma of Mars remains.

ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 314 5enim god beren mela and hwit sealt, do on ream o56e gode flete. c 1330 Arth. Merl. 1455 (Kolbing) On is white so milkes rem, bat o^er is red. 1483 Cath. Angl. 303/1 Reme, quaccum. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 43 Fresche buttir ande salt buttir, reyme, flot quhaye. 1728 Ramsay Betty ^ Kate ii. Can dale dainties please Thee mairthan moorland ream? 1788SHIRREFS Poems{i’jqo) 141, I laid upon the board Some cruds and ream. 1822 Galt Sir A. Wylie Ixxxviii, A bonny wee china pourie, full o’ thick ream. 1869- in northern dial, glossaries (Yks., Lane.). 1880 E. Cornwall Gloss, s.v.. Cold cream is called ‘raw ream’.

reme, 6- ream, 9 dial. ra(y)me, r(h)eem. [ME. rsemien, of obscure origin. Cf. ream v.^

b. Used allusively (see quot. 1721). Sc. Prov. 136 He streaks Ream in my Teeth. Spoken when we think one only flattering us. 1722 Ramsay Three Bonnets iv. 31 Rosie.. Rubs o’er his cheeks and gab wi’ ream. Till he believes’t to be a dream. t2. = CREAM sb.'^ Perh. a mechanical alteration of crem in the original text. 13.. Minor Poemsfr. Vernon MS. 624/435 Cristened we weore In Red[de] rem, Whon his bodi bledde on pe Beem. 1721 Kelly

..

3. transf. A scum or froth upon any liquid. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 2 3e schal se as it were a liquor of oyle ascende vp, fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn or of a reme. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ll. 346 This liquor is called by the physicions chylus, which .. resembleth the reme of a ptisame. 1786 Burns Twa Dogs 131 The nappy reeks wi’ mantling ream. 1839 Moir Mansie Wauch (ed. 2) xxiv. 306 The porter.. was in prime condition with a ream as yellow as a marigold.

4. (See quots.) 1962 Gloss. Terms Glass Industry {B.S.I.) 39 Ream, a nonhomogeneous layer in flat glass. 1971 Materials & Technol. II. vi. 408 In the drawing of sheet the outer layers of glass may have come from the glass originally on the surface.. and may be somewhat deficient in alkali compared with the main glass... This results in a type of inhomogeneity known as ‘ream’, in which the inhomogeneity is in a direction at right angles to the plane of the glass.

ream (ri:m), sb.^ Forms: a. 4 rem, 5-6 reme, (5 reeme, 7 rheme); 5-7 reame, 6 realme, 7-8 rheam, 6- ream. /3. 5-6 rym, 6 rim. [ME. rem and rim = Du. riem (i6th c.), OF. rayme, raime, reyme, rew/we (1360-1489 in Godef.; mod.F. rame), and riesme (i492 ibid.), Sp. and Pg. resma. It. (and med.L.) risma, ad. Arab, rizmah bale or bundle (of clothes, paper, etc.). The precise source of the ME. forms is not clear; the usual reme approximates to those which appear in OF., while the northern rim or rym has more resemblance to Du. riem. It. risma is app. the source of MHG. ris, riz, rist (G. ries, in i6th c. also reisz), whence Da. and Sw. ris. The occasional i6th-c. spelling realme is due to the existence of ream as a variant of realm.]

ream, obs. variant of realm. ream, v.^ Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 3 raemien, 4-6

As the evidence for the word is chiefly south-western, it is doubtful whether the northern quots. in i b. belong here.]

1. intr. To stretch oneself after sleep or on rising; fto yawn. CI205 Lay. 25991 SeoSSen he gan rsemien and raxlede swij>e. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. viii. 7 He.. hus brest knokede Rascled and remed and routte at pe laste. 14.. Lat.-Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 563/9 Alo, to reme. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Enaspar el cuerpo, to reame, to reach, pandiculare, exporrigere se. 1886 El worthy W. Som. Word~bk., Ream, to stretch oneself on awaking, or on getting up.

b. To Stretch or reach after. .2 + -yL] Creamy, frothy; made with cream. 1831 J. Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXIX. 553 A reamy richness, unknown to any other malt. 1868 G. Macdonald R. Falconer vi, A bit o’ reamy cakes.

rean (ri:n). Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 6 reian, 6-7, 9 reane, 7, 9 reean, 9 rean(n, reen(e, etc. [App. a var. of rain but the difference in vowel over the northern area is difficult to explain. In the west perhaps associated with teen RHINE.] 1. A water-furrow; = rain sb,^ 2. ? 495 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 469/2 That the same Manours.. be reuiued and reannexed to the said Duchie of Cornwall. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 40 King Charles was not a little inflamed with an ambition to repurchase, and reannex that Duchie. 1642 C. Vernon Consid. Exch. 58 The said Court of Wards and Liveries.. might.. escape from being re¬ annexed to the Exchequer. 1750 Carte Hist. Eng. II. 284 Declaring the feif forfeited, re-annexed it to the domaine of

REANNEXATION

Hence rea'nnexing vbl. sb. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII45 The French Ambassadors were dismissed; the King auoiding to vnderstand any thing touching the reannexing of Britaine.

reannexation (.riiaenik'seij'sn). [Cf. prec. and ANNEXATION.] The action of reannexing; the fact or process of being reannexed. i860 Motley Netherl. (1875) I. 360 One general scheme; the main features of which were the reannexation of Holland [etc.]. 1866 Macm. Mag. Feb. 280 Adjusting the terms of reannexation to Rome.

reanoint (riia'noint), v. anoint again.

[re- 5 a.]

REAP

281

the Crown. 1808 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. II. 223, I believe I shall be re-annexed to the Critical Review if it go on. 1896 Lely Stat. of Pract. Utility 8 note, The 9th.. section.. reannexed to Lower Canada certain parts of Labrador and the adjacent islands.

trans.

To

1611 Florio, Riungere, to reanoint. 1626 Bacon Sylva §998 The Party Hurt, hath been in great Rage of Paine, till the Weapon was Reannointed. 1627 Drayton Agincourt 99 Edward .. re-annoynted mounts th’ Imperiall Chaire.

reanson, obs. form of ransom sb. tre'answer, 5^?. Obs.-^ [Cf. next.] Reply. 1599 Sir Clyom. in Peek’s Wks. (Rtldg.) 531/1 Who art thou, or what’s thy name? re-answer quickly make.

tre’answer, Obs. [f. re- + answer prob. after respond., reply, rejoin, etc.] 1. trans. a. To answer; to give answer to. 1523 More in State Papers (1830) I. 143 Which [commendation] I can never otherwise reanswere than with my pore prayoure. c 1594 Capt. W'yatt R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 3 Our great ordenance .. was re-answeared by the Queenes ordenance out of Callshott Castle. 1599 Sir Clyom. in Peek’s W’ks. (Rtldg.) 511/1 In case you will re¬ answer me my question to absolve.

b. To meet, be sufficient for, or equivalent to. 159S Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 97 If.. your enemy [be] very strong in horse, and you few horse or none to re¬ answere them. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iii. vi. 136 The losses we haue borne.. which in weight to re-answer, his pettinesse would bow vnder. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 513 Rewards of their abstinence and vertues, as also to re-answer their benefactors confidence.

c. To make good. rare~^. 1591 Greene 2nd Pt. Conny-Catching Wks. (Grosart) X. 109 If a purse bee drawen.. they take vp all the Nips and Foists abovte the cittie, and let them lie there [in Newgate] while the money be reanswered vnto the party.

2. intr. To make an answer or return. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W’. de W’. 1531) 21 b, He commeth to vs helpyng.. vs: and we reanswere to his grace.

re'answer, rare, [re-5 a.] trans. To answer a second time, 1608 Hieron Defence ii. 179 Lyraes distinction betwene the facte and the zeale is before answered, and by and by shal be reanswered. 1933 J. Clayton Sir Thomas More v. 87 From the time of S. Anselm .. the most profound and subtle philosophical questions had been raised and answered, and again reconsidered and reanswered. 1977 Word igy2 XXVIH. 78, I am grateful for her patience in answering and reanswering countless questions and either producing or approving almost all the sentences included in this article.

re-'anvil, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To put on the anvil again; to forge afresh. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 6i Of which Arian forgeries some were re-anvill’d again by.. Turrianus.

reap (ri:p), sb.^ Forms: i reopa, rypa, 4-5 reepe, 4-6 repe, 7- reap. [OE. reopa, rypa, prob. for *ripa, related to rtpan or ripan reap h.*] A bundle or handful of grain or any similar crop; a sheaf, or the quantity sufficient to make a sheaf. (Cf. rip sb.) C825 Vesp. Psalter cxxv. 6 Cuma6.. berende reopan heara. Ibid, cxxviii. 7 Se 6e reopan somnaS. a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxxv. 8 )>ai sail cum with gladnes: berand J?aire repis. 1388 Judith viii. 3 Men byndynge togidere reepis in the feeld. C1420 Pallad. on Hush. vii. 247 BarIy..vppon repes bounde And in a oone ybake. C1460 Totcneley Myst. ii. 235 As mych as oone reepe. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §29 In some places they lay them [beans and peas] on repes,.. and neuer bynde them. 1613 Markham Eng. Husbandman xviii. (1635) 116 You may put twentie reapes together, and thereof make a cocke. 1764 Museum Rust. II. 81 Though the bottom of the reaps will be a little greenish, they must not be turned to weather the under side. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 706 They are usually reaped with the sickle, and laid in thin grips or reaps. 1829 in Brockett (ed. 2). 1876in dial, glossaries (Cumb., Northumb., Yks.; Glouc., Som.).

reap (ri:p), sb.^ Forms: a. i hrip(p-, hrip(p-, i, 4 rip, ryp, 4 ripe, rype, rijp; ripp, ryppe, rep. jS. 6 reape, 7, 9 reap. [OE. rip or rip related to ripan or ripan reap v.^-, on the relationship and history of the forms cf. the note to the vb. Sense 2 is perh. directly from the vb.] 11. Harvest, reaping. Obs. a. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 Forletas esSer jew^xe wiS to hripe. .& in tid hripes [etc.; Rushui. ripe(s]. ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. ix. 37-8 Micel rip ys.. Biddap 6aes ripes hlaford ptet he sende wyrhtan to his ripe. 1382 WvcLIF Gen. viii. 22 All the dales of the erthe, seed and ripe .. shulen not rest.-2 Sam. xxi. 9 In the dais of the fyrst rijp [1388 the firste rep or ripp]. 1387 Tbevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 185 pou hast no leVe to sette pyn hook in oper men ripe [v.r. ryppe, rip, ryp(e]. p. 1542 Becon David’s Harp Pref., We had nede therefore to pray vnto the Lord of the haruest, to sende out labourers

into his reape. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 239 Your plants are blasted in the bud: your come shaken before the reape. 1679 Blount Anc. Tenures 21 He was.. to come to the Lords Reap with all his houshold.

2. A set of reapers. 1826 in Hone Every-day Bk. II. 1167 The lord of the harvest is accompanied by his lady (the person is so called who goes second in the reap).

2. Judo. (See quot. 1968.) Cf. next, B. 2e. 1968 K. Smith Diet. 167 Reap, an action of the kg or foot to sweep away the kgs or feet of an opponent in execution of a throw. 1975 R. Butler Where All Girls are Sweeter ii. 8, I.. locked his arm and gave him what the judo boys call a ‘reap’ and his arm cracked loudly as he went down on his back.

reap (riip), v.^ Forms: see below. [OE. ripan or ripan (North, rioppa etc.), rypan, reopan, not represented in the cognate languages: the relationship of the various forms and their subsequent history in ME. is to some extent obscure. The quantity of the vowel in WS. is not certain, but the pi. pa. t. ripon {rypon) would normally correspond to an infin. ripan (conjugated like ridan ride.) For Anglian and North, dial., however, a short vowel is proved by the forms with umlaut {reop-, riop-), and by the spelling with double />; how these forms were conjugated does not appear. Whether an OE. *repan can also be inferred from the late pi. pa. t. rcepon, and early ME. reopen, is doubtful. In ME. the infin. types are ripe{n and repe{n, the former of which might represent either OE. ripan or ripan, and the latter OE. ripan or *repan. The strong conj. of repe{n is that of verbs of the fourth and fifth classes, with pa. t. rap, and pa. ppk. repe{n or rope{n. The rare pa. t. rope (pi. ropen) may either be a relic of the old conj. of ripan, or a new formation on analogy of the pa. ppk. From the 15th c. the conj. has usually been weak, though some strong forms have been retained (or re-formed) in dialect use. The infin. rip, found in some i6th c. writers, is also common in mod. dial., and may partly represent the old northern forms with double/).]

A. Illustration of forms. 1. Inf. (and Pres.) a. i ripan, rypan, north. hriopa, 3 ripen, ripe, 4 rype. The normal forms of the present tense in OE. are i. ripe, 2. ripst, 3. ripd, or riped’, pi. ripad. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxxviii. 7 Of 6aem ne jefyllefi hond his se ripe6. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 24 Du hripes 5er 6u ne sawes. C975 Rushw. Gosp. ibid. 26 Ic ripe [ciooo ripe, rype] paer ic ne seow. c 1000 Cleric Gen. xlv. 6 Man ne maes na6er erian ne ripan. c 1200 Moral Ode 22 (Trin. Coll. MS.) Aik men sulk ripen J)at hie ar sewen. c 1290 ripe [see B. i]. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) 1. ii 3if 36 [= she] wok wip 30W rype, forbedep hir nou3t. I reopa, 3 reopen; 2- 4 repen, 4-6 repe, 5-6 reepe, 6-8 reape, (6 Sc. raipe), 6- reap. r825 Vesp. Psalter cxxv. 5 Da sawaS in tearum, in jefian hie reopafi. a 1200-25 repen, reopen [see B. 2 b]. a 1300 E.E. Psalter cxxv. 6 In mikel gladschip repe sal t?ai. a 1325 Prose Psalter cxxviii. 6 Of which he pat shal repen, ne fild nou3t his honde. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. vi. 15 Canstow.. Repe. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1245 Suche as ye haue sowe Must ye nedes reepe. 1530 Palsgr. 686/2, I repe come with a syckell. 1535 Coverdale Matt. xxv. 26, I reape where I sowed not.-Rev. xiv. 15 Thruste in thy syck and reepe. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 185 Quhat so euer a man saues, the same sal he raipe. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 263 To plough, to plant, to reap. 1707 in Hearne Collect. 9 Aug. (O.H.S.) II. 32, I should not reape one peny advantage. 1833 Tennyson Lotos Eaters 166 Sow the seed, and reap the harvest. y. I north, hrioppa, hripp-, 6-7 rippe, 6 rip. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. vi. 26 Fuglas heofnes ne settas .. ne rioppas. Ibid. xxv. 26 Ic hrippo Ser ne seawu ic. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 75 Their wages to rippe or binde come. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Demeto, to rippe or cut downe with a sickle. 2. a. Str. pa. t. i pi. ripon, -rypon, raepon; 4 rap, rope (pi. ropen); dial. 8-9 rope, 9 rep. c893-aii22 [see B. 2]. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiii. 374 If I rope [I wolde] ouer-reche, or jaf hem red that ropen [etc.]. 1388 Wyclif Ruth ii. 23 So longe sche rap with hem. b. Str. pa. pple. a. 4 ropen, ropun, -yn, 4-5 rope. )3. 4 repe, 4-5 repen, -yne, (9 reapen). 1382 Wyclif Gen. xlv. 6 It may not be eerid, ne ropun. 1388-Song Sol. V. I, Y haue rope [ti.r. repe] my myrre. c 1385 ropen, -yn, repyne [see B. 2 b]. c 1420 rope [see B. 2]. 1874 OuiDA Two little wooden Shoes 256 The wheat was reapen in the fields.

3. a. Weak pa. t. 4 repide, 6 rieped, 7-8 reapt, 8reaped. 1382 repiden [see B. 3]. 1542 rieped [see B. 4]. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage ix. ix. (1614) 876 That which they reapt on the land. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 183 The king reaped the fruits of the victory.

b. Weak pa. pple. 5-6 reped, 6 reeped, 6reaped, 7- reap’d; 6 reapt, rept; ripped. 1489 reped [see B. 4]. 1535 Coverdale Rev. xiv. 16 The earth was reeped. a 1547 Surrey JEneid iv. (1557) F2b, Springyng herbes reapt vp with brasen sithes. 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 72 When the wheate was ready to be ripped. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 45 Much profit is rept, by sloes well kept. 1611 Bible Rev. xiv. 16 The earth was reaped. 1653 Milton Hirelings Wks. (1851) 365 From him wherfore should be reap’d?

B. Signification. 1. intr. To perform the action of cutting grain (or any similar crop) with the hook or sickle. Also freq. fig. or in fig. context. C825 [see A. I a and jS]. C897 K. j^^lfred Gregory's Past. C. xxxix. 284 Se pe him £elc wolen ondraet, ne rip8 se n$fre. C950- [see A. la], ciooo 2^)lfric Horn. II. 462 BehealdaS pas fleosendan fujelas, 6e ne sawafi ne ne ripaO. c 1250 Moral Ode 11 in E.E.P. (1862) 23 Hy mowen scukn & rien J>er pe hi ser seowen. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 303/126 He ne j^urte

carie of non o^)ur weork, nojjur to ripe ne mowe. 1382 Wyclif Rev. xiv. 15 Sende thi sikel, and repe. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4203 The Austere juge wilk repe in place whare henoghtsewe. Pilgr. Perf. {VI. de W. 1531) ii b. They ^d sowe, & we do repe. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. hi. ii. 113 They that reap must sheafe and binde. a 1822 Shelley Men of Eng. vi. Sow seed,—but let no tyrant reap. 1842 Tennyson Dora 76 The reapers reap’d. And the sun fell, and all the land was dark.

2. a. trans. To cut (grain, etc.) with the sickle, esp. in harvest; hence, to gather or obtain as a crop (usually of grain) by this or some other process. C893 K. .Alfred Oros. iv. viii. §7 folc him jej^uhte pa hie heora corn ripon .. past ealle pa ear wjeron blodeje. e day of dome, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/1 Repynge, of come, messura. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John iv. There is more pain and labour about the tilling and sowing, then in the haruest and reaping. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 179 To the readie reaping of your comoditie. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. I. 32 Those which ., require some help in order to a good Reaping. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 136 Let the wheat stand ever so well, yet reaping is preferable to mowing. 1812 Sir J. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. I. 270 An acre of potatoes gives 120 days reaping (shearing). 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 1053 Calculating every day’s reaping of those who are hired by the day. 1881 Athenseum 5 Nov. 603/2 That blueness which proves thousands of reapings by a razor.

b.Jfudo. The action of reaping (reap leg or legs of one’s opponent.

v.^

2 e) the

1954 E. Dominy Teach Yourself Judo vii. 70 The Major Outer Reaping. This is one of the most effective and popular throws in judo. 1956 K. ToMIKi Judo iii. 68 O-soto-gari (Major Outer Reaping Leg Throw). 1976 Oxf. Compan. Sports & Games 547/2 The most successful throws have proved to be.. o-soto-gari (major outer reaping throw), [etc.].

2. attrib. and Comb., as reaping-fork, -hook, -scythe, -sickle, REAPER 2.

-time-,

reaping-machine

=

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 793 A "reaping fork is sometimes made use of for collecting it into sheaves. 01700 Dryden (J ), It looks Most plainly done by thieves with "reaping-hooks. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 134 They must imagine.. that the new-fashioned scythes are much better for use than the old-fashioned reaping-hooks. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 794 The sickle with teeth should be employed in preference to the reaping-hook with a cutting blade. 1842 Macaulay Horatius xiv. Sun-burned husbandmen With reaping-hooks and staves. 1812 Sir J. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. i. 328 No "reaping machine has yet been invented, that will answer the object they had in view. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 1076 'The first reaping-machine that came before the public with any claim to efficiency was that of Mr. Smeath of Deanston, about the year 1814-15. Ibid. 1081 Of this form of mounting a "reaping-scythe there are many varieties. 1611 CoTGR. s.v. Moissonnier, a "reaping sickle. 1388 Wyclif Matt. xiii. 30 Suffre 36 hem bothe wexe..in to "repyng tyme. 1611 CoTGR., Moisson,.. reaping time.

freap-man. Obs. Forms: i hrip(p)emonn, 2 ripman, 4 ripeman, 4 5 repman, 5-6 repeman. [OE. rip(p)e-, ripmann, f. ripp-, rip reap ^6.^“] A reaper. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 In tid hripes ic willo cuoeSa 6aem hrippe-monnum [etc.]. Ibid. 39 Da hripemenn soSlice engles sindon. rii6o Hatton Gosp. Matt. ix. 37 Witodlice mycel rip ys, & feawe ripmen. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. ii Ruth, .lase vp pe eeres after his ripemen. C1400 Solomon's Bk. Wisd. 246 Repmen forto here mete sone he hym h>der sent. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 10420 Thow semyst..A repman, for thyn vnkouth guyse. c 1449 Pecock Repr. iii. xvi. 383 Whanne money is paied to a repe man for his dai labour in the haruest feeld. 1566 WiTHALS Diet. 17 b, A repe man or he that repeth the come.

reappaise, variant of reappease

v.

Obs.

re-a'pparel, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To apparel again. Hence re-a'pparelling vbl. sb. 1624 Donne Devotions 358 (T.), Then we shall all be invested, reapparelled in our own bodies. 1901 Edin. Rev. Oct. 416 Ideas must re-apparel themselves in modern dress. Ibid., All such re-apparelling is of secondary import when [etc.].

re-a'pparent, a. [reReappearing periodically.

5 a.]

Of

a

star:

1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. IV. xliv. 190 Three changeable or re-apparent stars have been discovered in.. the Swan.

in the grass and weeds for about a quarter of a league, when they re-appear amongst a quantity of rocks. 1821 Shelley Adonais xviii. The ants, the bees, the swallows, reappear. 1863 Sat. Rev. 16 May 638 That which was ‘motion’.. re¬ appears as heat. 1900 G. C. Brodrick Mem. & Imp. 92, I never felt quite sure for years afterwards that he might not reappear in my rooms.

Hence rea'ppearing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1816 Southey Lay of Laureate Iviii, In re-appearing light confess’d. There stood another Minister of bliss. 1884 Harper's Mag. Mar. 607/2 The next afternoon went by without his re-appearing. 1891 Daily News 11 Sept. 3/3 One or two [cottages] that have become shelters for the reappearing small holders.

rea’ppearance.

[re- 5 a.] The act of appearing

again; a second or fresh appearance. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 35 All my little Animals made their re-appearance. 1753 N. Torriano Gangr. Sore Throat 29 We bled her again .. on account of a Re-appearance of bleeding at the Nose. 1828 Landor Imag. Conv. Wks. 1853 1. 341/1 The most favourite word with her ever since her re¬ appearance among us. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xiii. 131 About a month after the reappearance of the sun.

t reappease, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 reappaise. [re- 5 a.] trans. To pacify or appease again. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 44 To be aduertised, afore he entered the Citie: whether the tumult of the people were in any sort reappaised. 159S Florio, Rctchetare, to reapease, to quiet. 1611 in Cotgr., s.v. reblandir.

reappell,

obs. form of reappeal.

reap-penny.

rare“'. = reap-silver. 1843 Carlyle Past fef Pr. ii. v, [What difficulty.. has our Cellerarius to collect the repselver, ‘reaping silver’, or penny. Ibid.] Wise Lord Abbots.. did in time abolish or commute the reap-penny.

re-appli'cation,

[re- 5 a; cf. next.]

A fresh

application. 1692 Norris Curs. Reflect. 9 A Re-advertency or Re¬ application of mind to Ideas that are actually there. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 27 The simple re-application of fire produces nearly the same result. 1897 Daily News 12 Mar. 3/3 Racing licences should hold good from year to year without re-application.

re-a'pply, v.

[re- 5 a.] To apply again. 1723 Houstoun in Phil. Trans. XXXII. 388 She went chearfully Abroad, and re-apply’d herself to Business. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 388 Mixing them [slices of soil] into composts with lime, and re-applying them. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma (1876) 88 By giving a fuller idea of righteousness, to reapply emotion to it. Hence re-a'pplier, one who reapplies. 1884 Crafts Sabbath for Man (1894) 384 Knox seems to have been .. the re-applier of the term ‘Sabbath’ to it.

rea'ppoint, v.

[re-

5 a.]

trans.

To appoint

again. Hence rea'ppointed ppl. a. 1611 Cotgr., Redeleguer, to redelegate, reappoint, giue a new commission vnto. 1815 Zeluca III. 58 Before the re¬ appointed day. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 46 The convert had .. been reappointed Master of the Temple. 1884 Manch. Exam. 13 Sept. 5/2 A member may be reappointed for five years. So rea'ppointment, a second appointment. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. E. Ind. Ho. 72/2 The court postpone the re-appointment of a committee of patronage. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 6 Dec. 2/1 The sooner, therefore, [he] is withdrawn, or his reappointment prevented, the better. t

reapport, sb.

Obs. rare. [var. rapport or

REPORT sb., as if f. RE- + APPORT sb.] A report. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 18 Ferdinand and Isabel!.. Princes in those times of great reapport and name for gouernment and wisedome. Ibid. ii. 86 The reapport of his ouerthrow in Calabria. So t reapport, v., trans. to report. Obs.~^ 1587 Holinshed Chron. III. 885/1 The losse of the battell was no sooner reapported at Millaine, than [etc.].

reappa'rition. [re- 5 a.] A reappearance.

t

1599 Sandys Europse Spec. (1632) 15 With many other re¬ apparitions and delectable strange accidents. 1634 Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. iv. xii. Remember thy glorious re¬ apparition with thy Saviour. 1766 Maty in Phil. Trans. LVI. 65 Sufficient to render the reapparition of the comet uncertain. 1883 A. Winchell World-Life 281 (Cent. Diet.), Colonies, reapparitions, and other faunal dislocations in the vertical and horizontal distribution of fossil remains.

APPOSE tJ.] intr. and trans. To repose. ■ *579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 2 To reappose almost an absolute faith and credit in his councels. Ibid. 11 Lodowyke .. reapposed much in the friendship and familiarity which [etc.]. 1587 Holinshed Chron. HI. 896/2 Such as reapposed in the confidence of their faction.

rea'ppeal, v. Also 5 -appell. [f. re- -i- appeal v. In early use after obs. F. reappeller var. rappeler RAPPEL v.\ cf. med.L. reappellare (1330).] trans. and intr. fa. To call back; to recall. Obs. b. To appeal again. Hence rea'ppealing vbl. sb.

appraisal; a reassessment (of something) esp. in

1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. xiii. iv, Ayax..sholde have mayntened the warre ayenst the Troyans, and have reappelled and called them agayn to the stour. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. ii. 89 Almost all the kingdom expected..an occasion to reappeale the Aragons. 1598 Florio, Rappellare, to reapeale .. or call againe. 1611 Ibid., Rappello, a reappealing vnto. 1748 Richardson Clarissa{iSii)'V. 133 May I not re-appeal this to your own breast?

So rea'ppeal sb., second appeal.

t(^) ^ recall (obs.);

(b) a

1611 Florio, Rappellatione, a reappeale, a reuoking. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 11 Sept. 5/2 Peace cannot be reached by a vista of endless retrials and re-appeals.

reappear (ri:3'pi3(r)), v. [f. re- 5 a -i- appear intr. To appear again.

v.]

i6n CoTGR., Reparoistre, to reappeare. 1728 Pope Dune. 322 The dull stars roll round and reappear. 1792 Murphy Ess. Johnson 20 [The Nile waters] continue hidden III.

reappose, v. Obs.

rea'ppraisal.

[re-

[var. repose v., as if f. re- +

5 a:

cf.

next.]

A

second

the light of new facts. 1911 in Webster. 1953 [see agonizing reappraisal s.v. agonizing ppl. a. i b]. 1959 Listener 17 Dec. 1063/1 The Government of Signor Segni has found it necessary to make a reappraisal of the Vanoni plan. 1971 C. M. Kernan Lang. Behavior in Black Urban Community i. 2 It promotes an informed reappraisal of the linguistic abilities of Black students. 1976 Morecambe Guardian 7 Dec. 15/4 Local government was reorganised by them without any reappraisal of the whole basis of local government finance.

rea'ppraise, t;.

[re-5 a.] trans. To make a fresh

valuation of, to revalue; to reassess, freq. in the Hence rea'ppraised ppl. a., rea'ppraisement, rea'ppraiser.

light of new facts.

1895 U.S. Customs Guide 124 As I consider the appraisement made by the United States appraisers too high .. I have to request that the same may be reappraised .. with as little delay as your convenience will permit. Ibid. 125 Reappraisement should take place immediately. 1903 Daily Chron. 3 Nov. 5/3 Mr. Low.. arranged to have the rental reappraised every twenty-five years. 1906 Westm. Gaz. i Sept. 2/1 The August circular issued by the United States Government, and dealing with ‘Reappraisements of

RE-APPROACH Merchandise by U.S. General Appraisers’. Ibid., Autograph bats specially selected, entered at 15s. 6d., reappraised at 215. per each... Entered value is net. Reappraised value less 20 per cent, and 5 per cent. Ibid., Xhe appraisers put a higher value upon them; the reappraisers decide that the true value is 215., less 20 per cent, and 5 per cent. 1961 Lancet 22 July 213/1 There is singularly little evidence that sufficient thought has been devoted to the problem of reappraising the treatment. 1976 New Yorker 8 Mar. 127/1 His subject—finding appropriate uses for technology, and reappraising the engineer’s role in society —is important.

re-a'pproach, v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To approach again. 1652 Loveday tr. Calprenede's Cassandra m. iq8 Re¬ approaching him, and raising him by the Arme. 1755 Smollett Qutx. (1803) IV. 151 Re-approaching the hole, he .. surveyed the depth of the cave. 1854 P B. St. John Amy Moss 90 He then rose,.. re-approached the fire, and sat down upon a log,

t2. To bring together again. Obs. 1663 Boyle Exp. Hist. Colours iii. Exp. xiv, Severing or reapproaching the edges of the two irises.

rea'ppropriate, v.

[re- 5a.] trans. fa. To restore. Obs. b. To take back to oneself.

1653 Milton Hirelings Wks. (1851) 372 What shall be found hertofore given by Kings or Princes out of the publick, may justly by the Magistrate be recall’d and reappropriated to the Civil Revenue. 1863 Sat. Rev. 3 Jan. 19/1 That forest which has reappropriated the conquests made from it. 1864 W. Hanna Earlier Years Our Lord's Life 112 St. Matthew should revive, reappropriate and reapply that image.

freap-reeve. 06^.-' [f. reap ^6.=* + reeve.] A harvest overseer. 1393 Langl. P. pi. C. vt. 15 Canstow.. Repe ot>er be a repereyue [r.r. rip(p)-, rype-] and a-ryse erliche?

reap-silver. Obs. exc. Hist. [f. as prec. + SILVER.] The sum paid by a tenant to a superior, in commutation of his services in harvest-time. 12 .. Chron. Joe. de Brakelonda (Camden) 73 Solebant homines de singulis domibus dare celerario unum denarium in principio Augusti, ad metendum segetes nostras, qui census dicebatur rep-selver. 1299 Muniment. Magd. Coll. O^/. (1882) 145 Ripsulwer. 1843 Carlyle & Present ii. X. 123 The Lakenheath eels cease to breed squabbles between human beings; the penny of reap-silver to explode into the streets of the Female Chartism of S^. Edmundsbury. 1929 F. M. PowiCKE in Cambr. Med. Hist. VI. vii. 229 The definition of the competence in jurisdiction of the monastic cellarer and the borough reeve, the wrangles about reapsilver and other dues.

freap-time. Obs, rare. [f. as prec. + time.] Harvest-time. riooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 LaetaS ^jl^er weaxan oS rip-timan & on ]?am rip-timan ic seege t^am riperum. 1382 Wyclif Prov. xxvi. i What maner sno3 in somer, and reyn in rep time, so vnsemende is to the fool glorie.

reaquite, variant of reacquite v. Obs. frear, sb.^ Obs.-^ [variant of reere.] A crash, peal. 1584 Hudson Du Bartas' Judith ii. in Sylvester's Du Bartas ll. (1621) 702 At this Hebrew’s prayer such a reare Of thunder fell that brought them all in feare.

frear, sb.^ Obs. rare. [f. rear u.^] That which is reared or got (from cattle). a 1618 Raleigh Anc. Tenures Wks. 1829 VIH. 608 Fructus not only comprehends cattle, with their wool and milk, but the rear, and that which cometh from them. Ibid. 615 The wool, or milk, or rear of them.

rear (n3(r)), sb.^ (and a.^) Also 7 reer, reare, (9) rere. [Aphetic form of arrear 56., prob. originating in the rear for th^ arrear, or under the influence of rear-guard, rear-ward. The form became current in the 17th c.; an app. instance in R. Brunne’s Chron. (1810) 204 is no doubt to be taken as elliptical for rereward.]

I. 1. a. Mil. (and Naval). The hindmost portion of an army (or fleet); that division of a force which is placed, or moves, last in order. (In later use tending to pass into sense 2.) 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. in. iii. 162 Like a gallant Horse falne in first ranke, Lie there for pavement to the abject reare [conj. for neere]. 1629 Donne Devotions Expost. xvi. 380 When an Army marches, the vaunt may lodge to night, where the Reare comes not till to morrow. 1667 Milton P.L. II. 78 When the fierce Foe hung on our brok’n Rear Insulting. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv. vi. 137 One great Detachment following the Imperial Army fell upon their Reer. 1732 Lediard Sethos II. x. 372 The cavalry..soon overtook the enemy’s rear. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Rear, a name given to the last division of a squadron, or the last squadron of a fleet. I79® Beatson Nav. Mil. Mem. I. 190 Expecting that the van of the enemy would necessarily come to the assistance of their rear. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Rear of an .. Generally the third component part of a large body of forces, which consists of an advanced guard, a main body and a rear guard. 1876 VoYLE & Stevenson Milit. Diet. 330/1 A detachment of troops which brings up and protects the rear of an army.

b. fig. and in fig. context. 1629 Donne Devotions Exposi. xvi. 381 That [bell] which rung to day was to bring him in his reare, in his body, to the Church. 1632 Milton L'Allegro 50 While the Cock.. Scatters the rear of darkness. 1671-Samson 1577 The first-born bloom of spring Nipt with the lagging rear of winters frost. 1821 Shelley Hellas 339 That shattered flag of fiery cloud Which leads the rear of the departing day.

REAR

283

2. a. The back (as opposed to the front) of an army, camp, or person; also, the space behind or at the back; the position at or towards the back. 1600 Edmonds Obs. Caesar's Comm., Mod. Training, When the whole Battalion being in their close order shoulde tume about and make the Rere the Front. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. i. 4 The King was advised to give place, .. till he had tryed masteries with Scotland, and thereby secured his Rere. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. iii. 76 His rear was suddenly inclos’d. And no room left him for retreat. 1735 Somerville Chase iii. 536 He stands at Bay against yon knotty Trunk That covers well his Rear. 1796 Instr. ^ Reg. Cavalry (1813) 93 The Divisions marching through each other from Rear to Front. 1838 Thirlwall Greece IV. xxxiv. 334 The rear, as the post of danger, he claimed for Timasion and himself. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 40 They will carry their right foot.. diagonally to their right rear. 1888 P. H. Sheridan Personal Mem. II. 37 Crook., conducted his command south in two parallel columns until he gained the rear of the enemy’s works.

b. The buttocks or backside, colloq. 1796 True Briton 2t Oct. 3/3 Lord Camelford can boast of a power which rivals that of the First Lord of the Admiralty. He has made Captain Couver a yellow rear. 1851 H. Melville Moby Dick I. xxi. 159 He put his hand upon the sleeper’s rear. 1876 ‘Mark Twain’ Adv. Tom Sawyer ii. 28 In another moment he was flying down the street with his pail and a tingling rear.., and Aunt Polly was retiring from the field with a slipper in her hand. 1949 N. R. Nash Young & Fair i. ii. 16 Just once is enough. Baby. (She slaps her on the rear) Come on—get to work. 1965 H. Gold Man who was not with It vi. 49 You used to have some fat, some curves there. Quite a rear you used to have—quite a rear.

3. a. In general use: The back, or back part, of anything; spec, the back part of a motor vehicle. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 191 The front, and the reare, the beginning, middle, and end of our salvation. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 497 Not with indented wave. Prone on the ground,.. but on his reare. Circular base of rising foulds. 1679 Moxon Mech. Exerc. ix. 152 By the width I mean the sides that range with the Front and Rear of the Building. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 729 The ruddy square of comfortable light. Far-blazing horn the rear of Philip’s house, Allured him. 1966 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1964 XLll. 8 Rear,.. the aft suspension of a car; the differential of a car; the entire aft of an automobile. 1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) i6 Dec. 8/2 The 38-ton Bedford TM costs £16,887 for the tractor business end and trailers or huge van-type rears are £1,100 to £1,700 extra.

b. A (public or communal) water-closet, lavatory, or latrine. Also pL (const, as sing.). orig. School and University slang. 1902 Farmer & Henley Slang VI. 4/2 Rear .. (University), a jakes. 1907 H. Nicolson Let. 31 Apr. in J. Lees-Milne Harold Nicolson (1980) I. ii. 29 The usual bad rears with its hook and eye lock. 1940 [see lat^]. 1946 B. Marshall George Brown's Schooldays xliii. 170 And now let’s raid the rears and rout out any of the other new swine that are hiding there. 1969 Visct. Buckmaster Roundabout ii. 30 We also had to know a Latin description of the rear, which we called Foricas.

4. In adverbial and prepositional phrases: a. in the rear (less freq. in rear), in the hindmost part (of an army, etc.); hence, at or from the back, behind. j6oo Edmonds Obs. Caesar's Comm., Mod. Training, Another meanes to preuent the enemy his assaulting vs in the reare or flanke. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World iii. (1634) 126 The horsemen .. were placed on the flanks, only a troupe of the Eleans were in reare. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discipl. (1691) 20 Fall back with your right Arm and Leg, keep the Spear in the Rear. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 216 Followed many times by sharp reflections and bitter penances in the rear. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 235 With postboy scampering in the rear. They raised the hue and cry. 1844 [see front sb. 5 c]. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xvii. 165 The women .. saw, far in the rear,.. a party of men looming up. 1857 Younghusband Handbk. rield Service 208 If possible to take any enemy in rear, it should be done.

b. in (or on) one’s rear, at one’s back, behind one. 1639 R. Baillie & Jrnh. (i86i) I. 212 To., march forward, leist his unkannie trewesmen should light on to call [= drive] them up in their rear. 1653 Holcroft Procopius I. 34 They began on both sides.., Vitigis and Belisarius incouraging their men in their Reares. 1745 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman vi. (1841) I. 39 His payments may come in on his front as fast as they go out in his rear. 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 303 A plan which was impossible, unless Soult should.. allow the enemy to get in his rear. 1862 Stanley Jewish Ch. (1877) I. v. 108 The huge mountain range which rose on their rear, and cut off their return.

c. in (for within) the rear of, at the back of, behind. Also in later use with at, and occas. without the. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. iii. 34 Feare it Ophelia,.. And keepe within the reare of your Affection. 1643 R. M. Schoole of Warre A 3 b, Half of the Muskettiers to be in the Reare of the Pikes. 1699 Bentley Phal. 194 In his own time, in the Rear of so many Poets. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 13 Slush from the ditch that’s in rear of the mountain. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xv. 141 Miss Ophelia disappeared in the rear of Mammy. 1886 Law Times LXaaI. 59/2 The houses were built in 1877. At the rear of them was a 9-inch sewer.

5. a. In verbal phrases: to bring up (or close) the rear, to come last in order, f to get the rear of, to get behind, to hang on one’s rear, to follow closely, in order to attack when opportunity offers. 1643 Sib T. Browne Reiig. Med. i. §58 My desires onely are.. to be but the last man, and bring up the Rere in Heaven. 1653 Holcroft Procopius 11. 61 Whom he directed .. to get the Reare of them, and to follow at their backs. 1667 [see i]. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Abbe Conti 17 May, The rear was closed by the volunteers. 1728 Pope

Dune. I. 308 Let Bawdry, Billingsgate. .Support his front, and Oaths bring up the rear. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. iii. (1817) I. 209 A body of the enemy hung upon their rear. 1860 Tyndall Glac. i. xiv. 98 Lauener was in front,.. while I brought up the rear. 1884 Graphic 6 Aug. 159/1 A Lancashire army of quite as great dimensions would be able to hang on his rear.

b. In phr. front and rear used in loose construction. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discip. (1691) 28 Upon marching from your Arms, step Front and Rear together with the left Feet. 1692 Hickeringill Good Old Cause Wks. 1716 II. 512 His Army stood in battalia, ready to fight the Enemy that had beset them Front and Rear. 1808 Scott Marmion vi. xxxiv. Front, flank, and rear, the squadrons sweep. 1816 -Antiq. xxvii. Keep thegither, front and rear. 6. One who stands in the rear of another.

rare~^. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. li. 387 The heads of the front-rank men rested between the feet of their respective ‘rears’.

II. attrib. and Comb.

7. attrib. passing into adj. Placed or situated at the back; hindmost, last. a. In Mil. (and Naval) use of divisions of troops, etc., as rear-brigade, company, division, \forlorn, f (/ome) hope, -line, -link, rank, etc. 1600 Dymmok Ireland (1843) 32 In the head of the reare lorne hope. 1623 Bingham Xenophon 114, I will goe and take some of the Reare Companies. 1650 (Cromwell Let. 4 Sept, in Carlyle, The Enemy .. had like to have engaged our rear-brigade of horse with their whole Army. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discipl. (1691) 59 The Rear half Files are to March exceeding slow. Ibid. 91 The Rear Ranks of Musketiers make Ready. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Rear-Line, of an army encamped, is the second line; it lies about four or five hundred yards distant from the first line, or front. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Arriere-garde, the reardivision of a squadron of vessels of war. 1796 Instr. Hsf Reg. Cavalry (1S12) 95 If on a rear division. That division will be placed... The change will then be made as on a front division. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rear front, The rearrank-men stand where the front-rank-men ought to be. 1861 May Const. Hist. (1863) II. viii. 83 The halting rearrank of their own Tory followers. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face iii. 40 Lieutenant Bishnuparsad, our rear-link wireless operator, was already installed there. Ibid., He was to stay here at the pension paying-post throughout the expedition, acting as rear link and also handling all our mail. 1974 "T. P. Whitney tr. Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago 1. iv. 167 They were vehement in their rear-line wrath (the most intense patriotism always flourishes in the rear).

b. In Mil. or general use, of things. 1667 Primatt City C. Build. 72 Front and rear walls in the first Story to be two Bricks and a half thick. ci86o H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. (1862) 12 Why are the rear trucks taken off?.. To give the gun more elevation. 1862 Patents, Abridg. Velocipedes (1886) I. 11 Bicycle steered by small rear wheel. 1884 Mil. Engineering (ed. 3) I. ii. 45 Choose the best men for diggers in the gun-spaces and rear-trench. The diggers in the front ditch have easier work. 1920 Rear pocket [see custard pie s.v. custard 2 b]. 1920 T. Eaton ^ Co. Catal. Spring & Summer 395/3 Rear Tire Carrier suitable for all models of Ford touring cars. 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald Great Gatsby i. lo Then there was a boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room. Ibid. 12 All the cars have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath. 1931 E. S. Gardner in Detective Fiction Weekly 7 Mar. 325/1 One of the officers .. ensconced himself in the rear seat. 1951 Catal. Exhibits, Festival of Britain p. xxix. This new Foden rearengine chassis has revolutionised normal design practice. 1952 V. Canning House of Seven Flies 5 A second sailor opened the rear door of the car for him. 1964 V. J. Chapman Coastal Vegetation vi. 170 Whether one is investigating fore-, mid- or rear-dunes, it will be found that the water is fresh. 1966 ‘A. Hall’ gth Directive xx. 184 The car..was gathering speed .. when I.. got the rear door open and lurched inside. 1968 Listener 26 Dec. 868/3 Following the coffee-table book comes the rear-window book: the huge unread, unreadable volume that lies on the shelf behind the back seat. 1969 B. Knox Tallyman vi. 120 Rear-wheel skids should be steered into, said the rule-book. 1973 Country Life I Mar. 540/2 Rear-seat passengers are not too badly off for leg room. 1975 Ibid. 2 Jan. 32/2 A real omission here is a heated rear window... Rear wipers are likewise unknown. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport iii. 56 The rear-engine layout was also adopted for single-deckers. 1978 Dumfries Courier 20 Oct. 22/1 (Advt.), All are quality cars with spacious reclining seats, fitted carpets,.. heated rearscreen, radial tyres, etc. 8. With adverbial force: a. Towards the rear,

as rear-directed, -facing, b. From the rear, as rear-driven (so -drive, -driving), -lit, -steering-, rear-illuminate, -project vbs. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 147 Trusting in flight and reardirected shafts. 1887 Vise. Bury & G. L. Hillier Cycling 159 (Badm. Libr.) The rear-driving safety bicycle. Ibid. 162 The old class of single-driving rear-steering tricycles. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXHI. 559/2 The evil of rear-steering is only reduced, not removed. 1904 N.E.D., rear-driven. 1961 Twentieth Century Feb. 124 Rear-lit cloths become more common [in the theatre]. 1970 Nature 19 Dec. 1217/1 A number of test-areas in the form of circular holes in a metal )late are uniformly rear-illuminated to a supra-threshold uminance. 1972 Country Life 26 Oct. 1060/3 'I'he rack and pinion steering is responsive yet without quite the feel of a rear-drive car. 1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. June 255 The stimuli, .were rear-projected onto a 27 9 cm^ opaque glass screen. 1977 Lancashire Life Jan. 79/1 No rear drive Citroen has been made since the 1930s. 1978 Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 24/5 (Advt.), 1973 Volvo 145 D/L Estate... Rearfacing child seats.

f

c. At the rear, as rear-engined, mounted. 1933 Motor 10 Oct. 524/1 The rear-engined Trojan. 1957 Sci. News Let. 23 Mar. 190/1 Rear-engined cars are here to

stay, i960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. In this country the accepted method of handling silage has been by means of a rear-mounted buckrake. 1975 Drive New Year 102/2 The protesting chatter from the air-cooled rearmounted engine is more a symptom of asthma than mechanical stress. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport iii. 56 The higher maintenance costs and poorer availability of the rear-engined models.

9. Special combs., as rear-crew U.S., the party of men who attend to the rear of a ‘drive’ of logs; rear-cut, applied attributively to a mower having the cutting-bar in the rear of the carriage (Knight 1884); rear driver, a cycle driven by means of the rear wheel; rear echelon U.S. Mil., that section of an army concerned with administrative and supply duties; also transf.-, rear end, (a) the back part or section (of anything, esp. a vehicle); (b) slang, the backside or buttocks (of a person^ hence as v. trans. (N. Amer.), to collide, or cause (one’s vehicle) to collide, with the rear end of another vehicle; rear-ender, a rear-end collision; rear front, f ? a covering for the wall at the back of an altar (cf. FRONT 9 b); fthe back of a building (obs.)-, MU. (see quot. 1802); rear gunner, a member of the crew of a military aircraft who operates a gun from a compartment or turret at the rear of the aircraft; rear-lamp, -light, a (usu. red) lamp at the rear of a vehicle which can be switched on to serve as a warning light in the dark; rear man, Naut. (see quots.); rear mirror, a rear-view mirror (see rear-view attrib.); rear piilar (see quot. 1930); rear projection = back projection s.v. BACK- B; rearsight, a part of a camera viewfinder, situated at the back, to which the eye is applied; rear-steerer, a tricycle steered from the back; rear-view attrib., giving a view to the rear; spec, of a mirror inside a motor vehicle in front of the driver. 1893 Scribner's Mag.Juneyis/i Behind them follows the ‘‘rear crew’, the name indicating the work they do. 1934 Webster, ‘Rear echelon. 1947 Amer. Speech XXII. 55 Rear echelon commando, a soldier assigned to the rear. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 7 May in. 14/2 The number [of servicewomen] in Vietnam will remain small, chiefly because there is no large ‘rear echelon’ setup of the kind maintained in Europe in World War II. 1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Society xii. 165 This shaky argument, of the type which convinced the rear echelons of the Gadarene swine, carried the day. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 97 The metallic ‘rear-end of the cartridge. 1926 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 19 Jan. 5/3 Two passengers were killed and fifty injured today in a rear-end collision of., two subway trains. 1937 J. Weidman I can get it for you Wholesale nicvni. 268 She’s a pain in the rear end. 1961 Amer. Speech XXXVI. 273 Rear end,.. the differentials of a tractor. 1967 G. Kelly in Coast to Coast IQ65-6 95 Blokes my age are sitting on their rear-ends ordering the rest.. around. 1976 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) i Aug. 3/4 A driver came to an abrupt stop in front of me. I slithered all over the wet road but did I ‘rearend ber.? Of course not. 1978 Detroit Free Press 2 Apr. 3A/1 Tbe men, wbo were on a chartered city bus traveling to a football game in 1972 when it was rear-ended by another bus, rejected a settlement of S500 apiece and took their case to the jury. 1932 Erie Railroad Mag. Apr. 46/1 With all his fast running I never knew of him piling them up, of any but a few derailments and never a ‘rear-ender. 1483 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 144 [Also one white chalice, one] ‘frount’ [and] ‘*rerefrount’ [of] ‘Grenetarteryn’. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 265 A Building, which is 25 Feet, both in the Front and Reer Front. 1802 James Milit. Diet, s.v., When a battalion, troop, or company is faced about, and stands in that position, it is then said to be rear front. 1920 Flight XII. i i/i A central passage leads through to what in the military machine was the *rear gunner’s cockpit, which is now occupied by the ‘postman’. 1944 ‘N. Shute’ Pastoral i. 3 He had developed into a very good rear-gunner in the Wimpey. 1977 R.A.F. News 27 Apr.-10 May 8/2 The aircraft was hit again and again and the rear gunner was wounded. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 17 Sept. 4/2 When the compulsory carrying of *rear-lamps has been suggested the proposal has always been violently resisted. 1937 East Londofi Rubber Co. Ltd. Motor Catal. 154/2 Top covers for rear lamps. 1918 A. Quiller-Couch Foe-Farrell iii. 54 The car purred and glided away... We watched the *rearlight turn the corner. 1967 N. Freeling Strike out where not Applicable 159 There is nothing that looks so like the rear lights of a car as the rear lights of another car. 1968 *Rear mirror [see G.T. s.v. G III. f]. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 227 The two men whose numbers place them farthest from the ship’s side [in working a gun] are to be termed right, and left *rear-men. ci86o H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 12 Who places the inclined planes? The rear-man. Motor Body Building L\. 105/1 *Rearpillar, a vertical frame member at the back corner of the body. 1977 Rear pillar [see pillar sb. 2 c]. i960 Practical Wireless XXXVI. 316/2 A team of demonstrators who operated the sequence of exhibit animations, *rear projection films and synchronised sound and provided a live commentary. 1976 Botham & Donnelly Valentino xii. 93 Working behind the screen, with rear-projection to help them follow the story. 1971 Amateur Photogr. 13 Jan. 50/3 The *rearsight is quite large, has a permanently attached rubber eye-cup and is adjustable between + i to —4 dioptres to suit individual eyesight. 1978 Ibid. 2 Aug. 79/2 Accessories included: carrying strap, body cap, rearsight rubber eyecup, etc. 1883 Browning in Knowledge 18 May 289/2, I prefer a *rearsteerer with ratchets for easy riding. 1887 Vise. Bury & G. L. Hillier Cycling 374 (Badm. Libr.) The old bath-chair.. front-steering tricycle is fast following the old rear-steerer into obscurity. 1926 *Rear-view [see driving vbl. sb. 3 a]. 1959 H. Nielsen Fifth Caller xiii. 195 His face had been in the rearview mirror. 1969 G. Macbeth War Quartet 17 For

REAR

284

REAR

the moment they were framed In rear-view mirrors. 1974 V. Nabokov Look at Harlequins (1975) iv. iv. 173, I see today the rearview reflection of that sweet wild past.

rear (ri3(r)), a.'^ Obs, exc. dial. Forms: i hrer, 4-7 (9 dial.) rere, 6 reere, 6-7 (9 dial.) reer, 6-7 reare, 6-8, 9 dial. rear. See also rare a.^ [OE. hrer, of uncertain origin.] Slightly or imperfectly cooked, underdone. In early use only of eggs. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 272 Nim scamoniam..& hrer henne aej swi6e sealt. [Cf. Ibid. III. 294 On an hrerenbrjeden *5.] C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 58 J?e bropis of fleisch,.. & rere eyren, & smale fischis. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 27 Thei had atte her dyner rere eggis. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 667/2 Supping of a rere roten egge. 1584 Cogan Haven Health cxciii. (1636) 174 Rere egges,.. that is to say little more than through hot. 1655 Culpepper, etc. Riverius iv. vii. 121 Let the Patient abstain .. from Wine, Flesh, and Rear Eggs. 1731 Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope I. 201 The Hottentots,.. love their victuals, whether roasted or boil’d, should be very rear, a 1796 Pegge Derbicisms Ser. ii, Rear, meat underdone, a 1825 in Forby Voc. E. Anglia. 1865- in dial, glossaries (Cumbld., Durham, Lancs., Yks., Lines., Shropsh., Dorset, Hants, etc.). transf. or fig. 1620 Middleton & Rowley World Tost Wks. (Dyce) V. 192 I’ll have thee ramm’d Into a culverin else, and thy rear flesh Shot all into poach’d eggs. 1625 Middleton Game at Chess iv. ii. Can a soft rear, poor poach’d iniquity So ride vpon thy conscience?

b. As complement with verbs. 1542 Boorde Dyetary xii. (1870) 264 Let the egge be newe, and roste hym reare. 1700 Dryden Ovid's Met., Baucis ^ Phil. 98 New laid Eggs, which Baucis busie Care Turn’d by a gentle Fire, and roasted rear.

c. Comb. (cf. quot. ciooo above), as rearboiled, -dressed, -poached, -roasted. 1548 Elyot s.v. Ouum, Sorbile ouum, a reere rosted egge. 1576 Baker Jewell of Health 55 The hearbe [Eyebright].. eaten euerie day in a reare potched Egge. 1586 Bright Melanch. xxxix. 253 Eggs., reare dressed somewhat. 1626 Bacon Sylva §53 Eggs (so they be Potched, or Reare boyled). 1656 Heylin Surv. France 260 A dish of Egges, rear-roasted by the flame.

rear (ri3(r)), t).* Forms: i rseran, 3 raeren, 3, 4 reren, 5 reryn; 4-6 rere, 5, 6 reere, (3) 6 reare, 7rear; (6-7 rair, 9 dial. rare). [OE. rseran (:—(I)Teut. *raizjan) = Goth, -raisjan, ON. reisa, to raise. OE. had also drseran arear (in use down to the 17th c.). The main senses of rear run parallel with those of the Scandinavian equivalent raise, but the adopted word has been much more extensively employed than the native, and has developed many special senses which are rarely or never expressed by rear. Hence, on the one hand, rear has in many applications been almost or altogether supplanted by raise, a process which is clearly seen in the usage of the Wyclif Bible (see note to raise; in the version of i6i i rear is found only in i Esdr. v. 62, while raise is freely employed). On the other hand, it is probable that rear has sometimes, esp. in poetry, been used as a more rhetorical substitute for raise, without independent development of the sense involved. As in the case of raise there is some overlapping of the senses, and occasional uncertainty as to the precise development or meaning of transferred uses.]

I. To set up on end; to make to stand up. 1. a. trans. To bring (a thing) to or towards a vertical position; to set up, or upright. = raise I. Frequently with suggestion of senses 8 or ii, and now usually implying a considerable height in the thing when raised. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 1675 (Gr.) Ceastre worhton & to heofonum up hlsedr® rardon. c 1205 Lay. i ioo Heo raerden heora mastes. Ibid. 17458 Maerlin heom [the stones] gon raeren [C1275 reare] alse heo stoden asrer. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 455 J?e place pere Oswaldus knelede and rerede a crosse. ri400 Sowdone Bab. 2658 Thai rered the Galowes in haste. 1530 Palsgr. 6^712 It is a great deale longer than one wolde have thought it afore it was reared up. 1571 Digges Pantom. i. xxix. Ijb, Fixing on the dimetient thereof two sightes perpendicularly reared. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 637 A broken peece of a faire marble stone, reared to the side of a pillar. 1688 Prior Ode Exodus iii 108 That Ladder which old Jacob rear’d. 1725 Pope Odyss. XI. 3 At once the mast we rear, at once unbind The spacious sheet. 1822 W. Irving Braceb. Hall xxvi. 225 The May-pole was reared on the green. 1847 Tennyson Princ. V. 404 Your very armour hallow’d, and your statues Rear’d. refl. 1596 Drayton Legends iv. 933 The Come..being once downe, it selfe can never reare.

b. spec, of setting up the crust of a pie. Now dial. = raise i c. ^1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 34 Take floure and rere the cofyns fyne, Wele stondande withouten stine. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. V. ii. 189 Of the Paste a Coffen I will reare. 1879- in dial, glossaries (Chesh., Shropsh., Warw.).

2. a. To lift (a person or animal) to or towards an erect or standing posture; usually, to set (one) on one’s feet, assist to rise. Now chiefly dial. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. viii. 40 He found the meanes that Prisoner vp to reare, Whose feeble thighes .. him scarse to light could beare. Ibid. x. 35 She held him fast, and firmely did upbeare; As carefull nourse her child from falling oft does reare. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 758 Till gently reared By th’ Angel, on thy feet thou stood’st at last. 1667 N. Fairfax in Phil. Trans. II. 457 Nor could she lie flat, but rear’d up with pillows, 1769 Sir W. Jones Pal. Fort, in Poems (1777) 30 The Matron with surprize .her daughter rears.

b. refl. To get up on one’s feet, to rise up (rare)-, also of animals, to rear (sense 15 b). c 1580 Sidney Ps. iii. iii, I laid me downe and slept,., And safe from sleepe I rear’d me. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 237 Eftsoones the Ape himselfe gan up to reare. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones IV. xiii. The unruly beast presently reared himself i

an end on his hind-legs. 1856 Kane ..dret. Expl. II. xv. 164 He [a bear] will rear himself upon his hind-legs.

c. So with body, etc. as object. Chiefly refl. 1593 Shaks 2 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 34 Helpe Lords, the King is dead. Som. Rere vp his Body, wring him by the Nose. 1610 WiLLET Hexapla Daniel 137 Whereas before he went groueling.. now he reareth vp his bodie. 1667 Milton P.L. I. 221 Forthwith upright he rears from oflf the Pool His mighty Stature. 1810 Shelley St. Irvyne iii. xvi. Her skeleton form the dead Nun rear’d. 1815-Alastor 182 He reared his shuddering limbs.

d. To cause (a horse) to rear. rare~'. 1814 Southey Roderick xxv. He raised his hand, and rear’d and back’d the steed.

fS. a. To raise from the dead. Obs. = raise 3. CI320 Sir Deues (MS. A) 2839 Lord, pat rerede pe Lazaroun. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 461 lulianus.. rered pre men fro deth to lyve. 1572 R. H. tr. Lavaterus’ Ghostes (1596) 177 [Saule] sought helpe of a witch to reare Samuel from the dead. refl. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xlix. 201 3if that to lyve he rere him Ageyn thanne ben they myhty [gods].

fb. To raise (a person) to, out of, or from a certain condition. Obs. Connexion with sense 17 is also possible. Cf. RAISE 19. CI450 tr. De Imitatione III. Ixii. 145, I am it pat rere to helth hem pat mornep. cis8o Sidney Ps. xxxiv. ix, God shall him to safety reare. When most he seemes opprest. 1590 Spenser F.Q. Iil. i. 64 Their Ladye., they reard out of her frosen swownd. 1624 Quarles Div. Poems, Job (1717) 187 'Then doubt not, but he’ll rear thee from thy sorrow.

4. To cause to rise; a. To rouse from bed or sleep. Obs. exc. dial. = raise 4 a. a 1000 Riddles iv. 73 (Gr.) Saja hwaet ic hatte oppe hwa mec raere, ponne ic restan ne mot. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 77 [To pray] pat he .. weche us of ure heuie slape and rere us of ure fule lust bedde. 13.. E.E. Allit. P.C. 188 Jjer ragnel in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes. 1382 WYCLIpyer. xxxi. 26 Therfore as fro slep I am rered. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/2 Reryn, or revyn of slepe, infra in wakyn’, excito. 1886 Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk., Rear, to rouse; to disturb.

fb. To rouse or dislodge (a beast of chase, spec, a boar) from covert. Obs. = raise 4 b. i486 Bk. St. Albans Eiv, Whiche beestes shall be reride with the lymer. IS75 Turberv. Venerie xl. 115 Beating and following vntill they haue reared and found the Harte againe. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis i. (Arb.) 28 Rearing with shoutcry soom boare. 1685 Dryden tr. Horace Epode ii. Into the naked Woods he goes And seeks the tusky Boar to rear. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rear the Boar, dislodge him. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) HI. 174 When the boar is rear’d, as is the expression for driving him from his covert. 1846 Youatt Pig iv. (1847) 37 When first the animal was 'reared', he contented himself with slowly going away,

5. To rouse up for common action. Obs. exc. dial. = RAISE 5. c 1400 Beryn 2905 [He] made an hidouse Cry,.. & rerid vp al l?e town. 1460 Paston Lett. I. 506 The kyng cometh to London ward, and.. rereth the pepyll as he come. 1464 Ibid. II. 148 That..he rere the contre and take hem and bryng hem to the Kyng. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 145 If you reare this House against this House. 1864 Barnes Dorset Gloss., Rear,., to rouse; to excite. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Rear,. .v?\\y, bring up. 1891 T. Hardy Tess (1900) 143/1 There are sixteen of us on the Plain, and the whole country is reared.

t6. To arouse, animate, stimulate.

Obs.

=

RAISE 6.

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 97b, Therfore rere vp thy courage & shewe thy manhode. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. II. ii. VI. iii. (1651) 299 A roaring-meg against Melancholy, to rear and revive the languishing soul. 1647 H. More Song of Soul ii. i. ii. ii, New strength my vitals doth invade And rear again, that earst began to fade.

II. To build up, create, bring into existence.

7. a. To construct by building up. = raise 8. It is not clear whether the common OE. phrase Godes (or dryhtnes) lof rxran is a fig. use of this sense, or is to be associated with branch III. 0900 tr. Baeda's Hist. iii. ii[i]. (1890) 158 He Cristes cirican in his rice geornlice timbrede & raerde. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 1880 (Gr.) Ongunnon him pa. bytlian & heora burh rseran. c 1205 Lay. i 5459 Ich faren wulle to pan munte of Reir & raeren per castel. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5408 Abbeys he rerde monion In mony studes. 1382 Wyclif Gen. xxxiii. 20 And there, an auter reryd, he., clepide vpon the.. God of Israel. 1479 Nottingham Rec. II. 390 That the seid howse be fenysshit, reryd and made upp. a 154^ Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 73 A tower.. rered by great crafte. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 52 Amongst the hives to reare An hony combe. 1634 Milton Comus 798 Till all thy magick structures rear’d so high, Were shatter’d into heaps. 1697 Dryden Virg. Eel. ii. 30 When summon’d Stones the Theban Turrets rear’d. 1779 J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xlviii. 408 He had reared a building greatly larger. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 629 Her family reared a sumptuous mausoleum over her remains. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §4. 129 The canons.. reared the church which still exists as the diocesan cathedral. fig’ 1772 Mackenzie Man World i. ii. (1803) 421 The fall of those hopes we had been vainly diligent to rear. 1781 CowpER Table-t. 532 From him who rears a poem lank and long, To him who strains his all into a song. 1812 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) I. vi. 193 How weak the fame the lowly songstress rears.

t b. To bring into existence; to cause to arise or appear. Obs. = raise 9, ii. In the Wyclif Bible (up to the end of Jeremiah) rere is regularly employed to render L. suscitdre in the above senses: it is not quite clear whether the underlying idea belongs here or to branch I. 1382 Wyclif Gen. xxxviii. 8 Go yn to the wijf of thi brother.. that thou rere seed to thi brother. -i Sam. ii. 35, I shal rere to me a trewe preest. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, IV. vii. 92 From their ashes shall be reard A Phoenix.

fS. a. To originate, bring about, set going (a state or condition of things, esp. one which

REAR causes trouble or annoyance); to commence and carry on (some action, esp. war). Obs. = raise 12, 14. a900 Cynewulf Christ 689 God..sibbe rmrep ece to ealdre engla & monna. a 1023 Wulfstan Horn, xxxiii. (1883) 156 Dajshwamlice man ihte yfel aefter oSrum, and unriht raerde. f 1052 O.E. Chron. (MS. C.)an. 1052 Ealle Frencisce men J^e a;r unlaje rserdon. 12.. Moral Ode 172 (Egerton MS.) po scullen habben hardne dom.. pa i>e euele heolden wreche men & vuele la3es rerde. 1297 R- Glouc. (Rolls) 8987 Erl thebaud .. bigan to rere worre vpe pe king of france. e 1330 Florice Bl. (1857) 685 We ban irerd this schame and schonde. 1382 Wyclif 2 xii. 11, I shal rere vpon thee yuel of thin hows. 01450 Myrc 1243 Hast how reret any debate. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 454 Which tempest, after y' oppynyon of some wryters, was reryd by y' negromauncers of y' Frenshe Kynge. a 1548 Hall Chron., Men. IV 10 If any persones would presume to rere warre or congregate a multitude. 1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 25 Rearing vp slanders vpon the preachers of the worde of God. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 21 Her mery fitt she freshly gan to reare. Ibid. xii. 22 Unweeting what such horrour straunge did reare.

b. To make (a noise) by shouting; to utter (a cry); to begin to sing. rare. = raise 13. Obs. Also associated with (or originating in) branch III. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 873 benne rebaudez so ronk rered such a noyse. C1330 Arth. & Merl. 6417 (Kolbing) be paiens-.gun rere a wel foule crie. 1382 Isa. xv. 5 The cri of contricioun thei shul rere [L. let'abunt]. c 1500 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 94 Ye shall rere vp hue and crye and .. folowe theym fro strete to strete. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 662 The simple clerk.. did rear right merrily, two staves, Sung to the praise and glory of King George.

9. a. To bring (animals) to maturity or to a certain stage of growth by giving proper nourishment and attention; esp. to attend to the breeding and growth of (cattle, etc.) as an occupation. = raise 9 b, lob. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. l. 610 The pocok me may rere vp [L. nutrire] esely If beestes wilde or theuys hem ne greue. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §8 That countrey is not for men to kepe husbandry vppon, but for to rere and brede catell or shepe. Ibid. §66 Yet is it better to the housbande, to sell those calues, than to rere them, bycause of the cost. [1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 111. 668 Thoughtless of his Eggs, [the snake] forgets to rear The hopes of Poison, for the following Y’ear.J 1759 Brown Compl. Farmer 49 It is a common saying, the worst housewife will rear the best pigs. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 248 Those persons whose employment it is to rear up pigeons of different colours, can breed them..to a feather. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 985 Calves reared in this manner are to be enticed to eat hay as early as possible. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 845 No man rears a stallion for the use of his own mares only. 1863 Sat. Ret'. 11 July 49 Man devotes his energies to the .. employment of rearing pigs.

b. To bring up (a person), to foster, nourish, educate. = raise io. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. ii. i. 136 For her sake I doe reare vp her boy. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. Latve 180 She takes him im and rears him royall-like. 1671 Milton Samson 555 God with these forbid’n made choice to rear His mighty Champion. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 38 We loved, but not enough, the gentle hand That reared us. 1803 J. Davis Trav. U.S. 215 This gentleman .. is not only a Latin, but a Greek Scholar. He was reared at Cambridge. 1879 M. Pattison Milton 179 When Milton was being reared, Calvinism was not old and effete. absol. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. xl, Her office there to rear, and teach.

c. To attend to, promote, or cause the growth of (plants); to grow (grain, etc.). = raise ioc. Also const, into. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. i. (1876) 19 Breade Come, and Malte come ynough, besides, reared alltogether vpon the same lande. 1728 Young Love Fame v. 230 In distant wilds.. She rears her fiow’rs. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 753 Happy to rove among poetic flowers, Though poor in skill to rear them. 1810 Scott Lady of L. v. vii. While on yon plain The Saxon rears one shock of grain. 1834 H. Miller Scenes ^ Leg. v. (1857) 61 In those times it was quite as customary for farmers to rear the flax which supplied them with clothing. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Ixii. 50 A flower.. rear’d by the showers. 1871 Browning Prince HohenstielSchtvangau 52 To play at horticulture, rear some rose Or poppy into perfect leaf and bloom. transf. 1728-46 Thomson Spring 1148 Delightful task! to rear the tender thought. To teach the young idea how to shoot. 1770 Burke Pres. Discont. Wks. II. 340 It is therefore our business..to rear to the most perfect vigour and maturity, every sort of generous and honest feeling. 1781 Cowper Hope 295 Hopes of every sort, whatever sect Esteem them, sow them, rear them, and protect.

d. To raise or grow (meat or food). 1799 J- Robertson Agric. Perth 345 In the highlands every man rears, on his own farm, what butcher meat his family requires.

III. To lift from a lower to a higher position. 10. a. To lift up or upwards as a whole. = raise 17. Sometimes also with implication of sense i, esp. in to rear the head. 971 Blickl. Horn. 187 Rare up l?in heafod & jeseoh J^is )?at Simon del?. C1320 Sir Tristr. 1391 J)ai rered goinfay-noun. 1382 Wyclif Exod. X. 13 A brennynge wynd reride vp locustes.-Matt. xi. 23 And thou, Caphernaum, whether til in to heuen thou shalt be rerid vp? c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 754 in Babees Bk., Who so euer he takes l?at mete to bere Schalle not so hardy l>o couertoure rere. c 1485 Digby Myst. III. 1878 Rere vp pt seyll In all pt hast, as well as l?ou can. 1571 Digges Pantom. l. xvii. Eiijb, The nature of water is such, as by pipes it may be rered aboue the fountaine hed. 1610 Shaks. Temp. ii. i. 295 When I reare my hand, do you the like To fall it on Gonzalo. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. iv. vii. 165 Its Use is to rear up the Chest. 1726 Pope Odyss. xxii. 14 High in his hands he rear’d the

REAR-ARCH

285 golden bowl. 1827 Hood Mids. Fairies xviii. Upon a mast rear’d far aloft, He bore a very bright and crescent blade. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 752 The babe, who rear’d his creasy arms. refl. 1398 Trevisa Barth, De P.R. xii. i. (Bodl. MS.), ]>e more brides hauel? of holownes of pennes.. l>e more eselich l?ei rerel> l?emsilf and fleep vpward.

b. To have, hold, or sustain (some part) in an elevated or lofty position. (Also quasi-refl.) fig. phr. to rear its (ugly) head^ and varr. = to raise its (ugly) head s.v. raise v.^ lye. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 699 Each beauteous flour.. Rear’d high thir flourisht heads between, and wrought Mosaic. 1671 - P.R. IV. 546 Higher yet the glorious Temple rear’d Her pile. 1757 Gray Bard 112 Sublime their starry fronts they rear. 1781 J. Moore Uiew Soc./l. (1790) 1. xxxv. 381 The ancient Mistress of the World rears her head in melancholy majesty. 1823 Byron Island iv. ii, A black rock rears its bosom o’er the spray. 1857 Trollope Barchester T. II. viii. X24 Rebellion had already reared her hideous head within the [bishop’s] palace. 1872 Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 150 Honister Crag, the grandest in the district, rears its front on the left. 1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) vii. 96 Another problem reared its ugly head. 1966 B. Kimenye Kalasanda Revisited 21 Scandal of even the mildest type failed to rear its head. 1971 Daily Tel. 5 July i The problem of broken rails is rearing its ugly head again in the current spate of railway accidents. 1976 0-10 Cricket Scene (Austral.) 21/1 They crumbled as their inexperience reared its ugly head.

c. refl. To rise up to a height, to tower, 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. ii. 10 The ground., rears itself.. in lofty mountains and inaccessible cliffs. 1839 J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (1842) IV. xvii. 298 The stately tree rears itself aloft, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. ix. 63 A steep slope of snow.. reared itself against the mountain wall.

fd. absol. or with it. To raise anchor. Obs. 14.. Sailing Directions {H&k\uytSoc. 1889) 13 YifyeRide in the Doowns and will go into Sandwiche haven, Rere it by turnyng wynde at an est south of the moone. Ibid. 15 A man that ridith in the way of odierene at an ankre, he may begyn to rere at an est southest moone for to turne.

11. To lift up, raise, elevate, exalt, in various fig. applications (sometimes with suggestion of other senses of rear or raise). Now rare or Obs. 1382 Wyclif li. i Babilon and., his dwelleris, that ther herte rereden a3en me. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione i. xxiii. 32 Kepe pin herte fre & rere it up to py god. 1586 Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. iil. ii, And higher would I rear my estimate Than luno. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. i. ii. 314 His Cup-bearer, whom I from meaner forme Haue bench’d, and rear’d to Worship. 1637 R. Ashley tr. Malvezzi's David Persecuted 5 The same action which at one time hath reared up a Prince, should..sink him. 1655 Jer. Taylor Guide Devot. (1719) 154 Thy Goodness may hereafter rear Our Souls unto thy Glory.

12. To turn or direct (esp. the eyes) upwards. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. ii. 42 The Ladie..Gan reare her eyes as to the chearefull light. 1621 Quarles Div. Poems, Esther (1717) 14 Jonah (humbly rearing up his eyes). 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 285 Up to a hill anon his steps he rear’d. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock i. 126 To that she bends, to that her eyes she rears. 1807 J. Barlow Columb. iv. 135 O’er the dark world Erasmus rears his eye. 13. To cause to rise: a. Naut. = raise 23 a. 1555 Eden Decades 351 In .xv. degrees we dyde reere the crossiers. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 49 We reared the north starre in short space .xij. degr. and at length, 30. deg. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v.. To rear an object in view, is to rise or approach it.

fb. To raise (a fiend). Obs. 1567 Golding Ovid’s Met. vi. (1593) 148 The tyrant with a hideous noise away the table shooves. And reares the fiends from hell.

c. To make (the voice) heard. = raise 21. 1817 Scott Harold vi. xiii. When his voice he rear’d,.. The powerful accents roll’d along. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam XI. XX, His voice then did the stranger rear.

tl4. a. To levy, raise, gather, collect (fines, rents, etc.). Obs. = raise 25. Also const, upon. c 1420 Sir Amadace (Camden) xii, A marchand of this cite, Hade riche rentus to rere. 1449 Rolls of Park. V. 144/2 A Subsidie to be take and rereyd of al manere Prests seculers. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 30 Oppressid.. by over gret taskis and tailis rered uppon them. 1574 Galtvay Arch, in lOth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 423, xxti pound sterlinge current mony of England to be rered and levied to the commone use. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 60 Which rent is reared onely in goats skinnes.

fb. To levy, raise (an army). Obs.~' (21400-50 Alexander 81 Artaxenses is at hand & has ane ost reryd, And resyn vp with all his rewme.

fc. To take away from one. Obs.~^ 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 6 He, in an open Turney lately held, Fro me the honour of that game did reare.

IV. 15. a. intr. To rise up (towards a vertical position or into the air); to rise high, to tower. Spec, in Husb. of a furrow-slice: see quots. 1523 and 1790. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 366 \>e mukel lauande loghe to pe lyfte rered. Ibid. 423 Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on ende. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. § 16 Lette the husbande.. plowe a brode forowe and a depe.. and lay it flat, that it rere not on the edge. 1790 W. Marshall Mid. Counties (1796) II. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Rear, to rise up before the plow, as the furrows sometimes do in plowing. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xxxviii, The loftiest steeple that now rears proudly up from the midst of guilt. 1881 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 532/2 If a wind on the beam is so strong as to make her either slide or ‘rear up’ too much.

b. intr. Of a quadruped, esp. a horse: To rise on the hind feet. Also with it. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 69 Hobynis, that war stekit thar, Rerit and flang. 1592 Shaks. Ven. ^ Ad. 279 Sometimes he trots, ..Anon he reres vpright, curuets, and leaps. 1611 Cotgr., Cabrer, to reare, or stand vpright on the hinder feet; .. as a Goat, or Kid that brouses on a tree. 1761 Sterne Tr.

Shandy HI. xxxvi, Let me beg of you, like an unback’d filly ..to jump it, to rear it, to bound it. 1800 Coleridge Wallenstein iv. iv. His charger, by a halbert bored, rear’d up. 1870 Emerson Soc. ^ Solit. x. 207 When he began to rear, they were so frightened that they could not see the horse. fig. 1629 Gaule Holy Madn. 92 How he reares in the Necke. (21761 Johnson in Boswell an. 1780 Johnson., professed that he could bring him out into conversation, and used this illusive expression, ‘Sir, I can make him rear'. 1899 Scribner's Mag. Jan. 98/1 [He] is a brave man and has been known to rear on occasions.

c. trans. To throw off by rearing, nonce-use. 1852 Bailey Festuswii. (ed. 3) 395 Earth rear off her cities As a horse his rider.

16. intr. To turn out (well or ill) in course of, or after, rearing (in sense 9). 1894 Daily News 2 Oct. 6/6 In the counties mentioned pheasants have reared well.

rear (ri3(r)), v.^ Obs. exc. arch. Also 5-6 rere. [Of obscure origin.] trans. To cut up or carve (a fowl, spec, a goose). c 1470 in Hors, Shepe ^ G. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 33 A dere broken, a ghoos rerid, a swan lyfte.. a heron dismembrid. c 1500 For to serve a Lord in Babees Bk. 374 To lose or untache a bitorn: kitte his nekke,.. rere hym legge and whynge, as the heron, a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present (1771) 269 To rear a Goose. 1804 Farley London Art Cookery (ed. 10) 293 To rear a goose, cut off both legs in the manner of shoulder of lamb. 1840 H. Ainsworth Tower of London (1864) 412 In the old terms of his art, he leached the brawn, reared the goose.

trear, v.^ Obs. rare. [f. rear sb.^] 1. trans. To attack or assail in the rear. 1670 Eachard Cent. Clergy 48 He falls a fighting with his text, and makes a pitch’d battel of it,.. he rears it, flanks it, entrenches it, storms it. 1682 Bunyan Holy War xv. Then the captains fell on, and began roundly to front and flank and rear Diabolus’ camp.

2. To Strengthen in the rear. 1680 J. Scott Serm. bef. Artillery Comp. Wks. 1718 II. 24 We cannot talk in Rank and File, Flank and Rear our Discourses with Military Allusions.

frear, v.* Obs.-' Naut. (Of obscure origin and meaning.) 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 40, I tooke our skiffe and went to them to know why they lost vs,.. and lohn Kire made me answere that his ship would neither reare nor steere.

■frear, adv.' Obs.-'

=

arbear adv.

The sense of the passage is not clear; the phrase may mean simply ‘not at all’. ri4i2 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1247 Sone, as for me, nouthir avaunte ne rere.

f rear, adv.^ Obs. rare. = rare adv.^ Early. 1714 Gay Sheph. Week i. 6 O’er yonder Hill does scant the Dawn appear. Then why does Cuddy leave his Cott so rear? Ibid. 11 This rising rear betokeneth well thy mind.

rear, dial, variant of

roar v.

rear-, comb, form, partly of OF. or AF. origin, as in rear-ward, -guard, rearsupper (and hence by analogy in rear-admiral, -feast, -freight), partly ad. F. arriere-, as in rear-vassal, -vault, and partly (from c 1600) an attributive use of rear sb.^ In recent use the older spelling rerehas sometimes been adopted, esp. in archaic or architectural terms (see rear-arch, -vault).

Rear-'Admiral, [f. rear-.] 1. A flag-officer in the navy, the next in rank below a vice-admiral. (See admiral 3.) In the U.S. navy formerly the highest rank granted except in special circumstances. 1589 [T. Cates] Sir F. Drake's W. Ind. Voy. 2 Captaine Francis Knolles, Rieradmirall in the Gallion Leicester. (21642 Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts iii. (1704) 332/1 The use of a Rear-Admiral is but a late invention, and is allow’d but the ordinary Pay of a Captain. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3829/3 Sir John Munden, Rear-Admiral of the Red, hoisted his Flag this day on the Mizen-top-mast of her Majesty’s Ship the Victory. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine s.v. Admiral, There are at present in England .. four rear admirals of the red, four of the white, and five of the blue squadron. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rank, Admirals.. rank with generals of horse and foot; rear-admirals, as major-generals. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Rear-Admiral, the officer in command of the third division of a fleet, whose flag is at the mizen.

fb. Formerly used in the designation Rear Admiral of England or Great Britain. Now Obs. 1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1901/3 His Majesty has been graciously pleased to constitute Arthur Herbert Esq. Rear Admiral of England. 1705 Ibid. No. 4086/3 The Lord High Admiral has been pleased to appoint Sir Cloudesly Shovell .. to be Rear-Admiral of England. 1707 Ibid. No. 4397/3 He was at the Time of his Death Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. 1799 Naval Chron. 1. 368 note. In August 1771 [Sir George Rodney] was made Rear Admiral of Great Britain.

t2. A ship carrying a rear-admiral’s flag. Obs. 1587 R. Leng True Descr. Voy. Sir F. Drake (Camden) 14 We all put out to sea..: videlicet.. the Golden Lyon, vizeadmirall; the Dreadnaughte, reare admirall [etc.]. 1628 Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 28 The newes of my Rereadmirall fighting the day before with the Venetian shippe. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2541/3 Their Majesties Ship the Coronation, being a second Rate, and Rear-Admiral of the Red.

rear-arch. Arch. Also

rere-. [f. rear- -t- arch.] The inner arch of a window- or door-opening.

REAR-BANQUET

REARMOUSE

286

when differing in size or form from the external arch. (Cf. rear-vault.) Also attrib.

rear-guard*®, [f. rear yfi.®] The guard at the

1849 Freeman Archit. 343 By these two means the splay and the distinct rear-arch are abolished, i860 G. E. Street in Archseol. Cant. III. 116 From these a richly-moulded rear-arch springs. 1878 Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 280 Taking all styles together, the rear, or rere arch, or in earlier works the wider internal splay, is greatly more frequent, probably because less costly than the other form, the ‘through arch’. Ibid. 282 The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and through arch windows.

1897 Daily News 17 Mar. 8/7 The rear-guard of the Hounslow train.

rear-banquet: see reard, variant of

rere-banquet.

herd, noise,

reardemain, variant of reredemain Obs.

+

-ed^]

2. Brought up to a certain stage of growth. 1889 Pall Mall G. 27 Dec. 1/2 Freely giving the millions of reared fish away.

rearer ('ri3r3(r)). [f. rear v.'^ + -erL] 1. One who rears (in transitive senses, esp. sense 9). 1382 Judith xiv. 9 That not of the rereres, but of the noise makeris Olofernes shulde waken. 1611 Cotgr., Esleveur, a rearer, breeder. 1767 Lewis Statius x. 323 The Rearer of the Steed, When the kind Spring renews his gen’rous Breed [etc.]. 1841-3 Anthon Class. Diet. 579 She .. is, by the appointment of Jupiter, the rearer of children. 1880 Daily News 23 Oct. 2/1 The demand of the English rearer of store cattle for Irish lean cattle.

2. A horse that rears, or has a habit of rearing. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 89 In nine cases out of ten I have found that confirmed rearers are tender mouthed. 1882 Daily News 1 June 3/1 He was a respectable rearer, and a hearty horse at a kick.

(See quot.)

1827 Sporting Mag. XXI. 131 We were favoured with.. what is technically called ‘a rearer’, that is to say, the near side wheels went into a ditch deep enough to have turned us keel imwards.

4. Coal-mining. An edge-seam (see edge sb. 12, and cf. REARING/)/)/, a. i, quot. 1686). 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining zoo.

trear-feast. Obs.-' [f. rear- + feast.] The latter meal, supper. 1615 Chapman Odyss. iv. 286 But let us not forget our rear feast thus.

t rear-freight. Obs.—' [Alteration of refreit, after rear- and freight.] Refrain, burden. r 1557 Abp. Parker Ps.

Rep. IV. 2320 The Court ordered the Cause to be re-argued. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 724 The case does not need or admit of re-arguing now. 1884 Law Times Rep. XLIX. 584/2 The Court.. desired that the point should be reargued before a full Court of Appeal. 1972 N.Y. Law yrnl. 31 Oct. 15/q The informal motion to reargue is granted. 1973 Ibid. 31 Aug. 2/5 A letter from counsel for South Wall Associates^ which shall be deemed a motion to reargue. 1776 Burrow

So 'reargument. in Law Times Rep. LII. 200/1 The Lord Chancellor directed a re-argument of the Case.

1382 Wyclif ha. XXX. 25 Vp on alle rered hil. 159S Barnfield Cassandra (1841) 32 Stately I lion (whose provd reared walls Seem’d to controule the cloudes). 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. V. ii. 82 His rear’d arme Crested the world. 1638 Killigrew Conspiracy Epil., From your reared and exalted Throne. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 59/1 On the rear’d Column be my Story wrote.

3. Slang.

reargue (ri:'a:gju:), t;. [re-5 a.] traits. To argue {spec, a case in law) a second time; to debate over again. Also absol. or intr.

1884 Ld. Fitzgerald

reardors, obs. variant of reredos. reared (risd), ppl. a. [f. rear v.'^ 1. Raised, elevated, exalted.

rear of a railway train; or the van he occupies.

309 The reare freyt of the Psalme.

rear-guard' ('risgaid).

Mil. Forms: 5 rier-, ryere-, 5-6 reregarde; 5 rere-, 6 Sc. rearegard; 6 Sc. reir-, 7 rere-, 7- rearguard, [a. OF. rereguarde, AF. reregard, rergarde (c 1307): see note to ARREAR-GUARD and cf. rearward sb.' Variously written rearguard, rear-guard, and rear guard.}

11. The rear portion of an army or armed force drawn up for action. Obs. = rear sb.^ i, rearward sb.' 1. 1481 Caxton Godfrey xlv. 85 He kepte alwey the rier garde with grete plente of his peple. forth Ballede Resouns.. And puytel> (orp presumpeion to preue J?e soI?e. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. 11. 704 3e may.. New wordes reherse & new resones speke, Whech wer rehersyd & haue her answers eke. 1533 Bellenden Livy v. xxv, It is said camillus movit J>e Romanis fra migration to veos be mony ressonis. 1563 Foxe A. & M. 1369/2 Cirillus. .prouing to the Jewes that Christ was come, vseth this reason. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xxii. 112 b, They would not depart without hauing of me some present, alleadging by their reasons that they had done me great honour in comming. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 15 Strengthning their reasons with many examples. 1638 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) I. 90 Ye have here also some Reasons against the Service in print. 1810 Crabbe Borough xxi, They proved (so thought I then) with reasons strong That no man’s feelings ever lead him wrong.

b. a woman's (or the ladies') reason: (see quots,). 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. i. ii. 22, I haue no other but a womans reason: I thinke him so, because I thinke him so. 01641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 106 They were, scilicet, because they were; which is more foolish then a womans reason. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 287 A pretty way of proving the point, being no better than the ladies’ reason, it is divisible because it is. 1792 Mary Wollstonecr. Rights Worn. v. 254 This mode of arguing, if arguing it may be called, reminds me of what is vulgarly termed ‘a woman’s reason’; for women sometimes declare that they love or believe certain things ‘because’ they love or believe them.

c. Logic. One of the premises in an argument; esp. the minor premise when placed after the conclusion. 1826 Whately Logic i. §2 A premiss placed after its conclusion is called the Reason of it, and is introduced by one of those conjunctions which are called causal. [_Note. The Major-premiss is often called the Principle: and the word Reason is then confined to the Minor.] 1864 Bowen Logic vii. 211 To deny the Consequent is also to deny the Reason.

2. a. to give, yield or render (a) reason: to give an account (of one’s acts or conduct). Now arch. a 1225 Ancr. R. 82 Of swuche speche .. schal euerich word beon irikened, & i3iuen reisun, hwi pe on hit seide [etc.]. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 2248 Ich am her.. mid alle mine hirdmen to 3elden reisun [v.r. reaisun] for ham. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5966 )?us sal men I>an yhelde resons sere Of alle pair lyf, als writen es here. 1382 Wyclif Matt. xii. 36 Of euery ydel word that men speken, thei shul 3elde resoun therof in the day of dome, c 1400 Rule St. Benet 42 J>e abbes.. salle vmbepinke hir.. pat sho sal yelde resun of alle. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxxiv, Ye have an undoubted right to ask your ain son to render a reason of his conduct.

fb. to do, put, or set to reason (tr. OF. mettre a raison): to bring or call to account. Ohs. a 1300 Cursor M. 3881 pan did he laban to resun: ‘Qui has pou don me sli tresum?’ 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5791 It semes pat pe kyng had grete encheson To sette hym for pat kepyng to reson. 1425 Rolls of Park. IV. 296/2 To putte ye said parties to reson.

fc. Monetary moneys. Ohs.

reckoning;

REASON

288

REASNABLE

pi.

accounts,

1382 Wyclif i Macc. x. 40,1 shal 3eue in eche 3eris fiftene thousandis of siclis of syluer, of the kyngis reysons, that perteynen to me. 1382-Matt, xviii. 23 A man kyng, that wolde putte resoun with his seruauntis.

t3. a. A statement, narrative, or speech; a saying, observation, or remark; an account or explanation of, or answer to, something. Also, without article, talk or discourse. In common use throughout the 14th c. after OF. raison-, in later examples perh. a fresh development of sense i. a 1300 Cursor M. 219 J?e last resun of alle pis ron Sal be of hir Concepcion. Ibid. 1632 Drightin of heuen spak til him pan, And pus his resun he began. Ibid. 12211 Of ilk letter for to ask Resun of ilkan be nam. 13.. Coer de L. 117 The kyng ham tolde, in hys resoun, It com hym thorugh a vysyoun. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. yi. 111 (Camb. MS.) But I se now that pou art.. weerey with the lengthe of my reson. C1400 Maundev. (1839) XV. 165 And so seyn thei, that maken here resounes, of othere Planetes; and of the Fuyr also. 1460 Lybeaus Disc. 109 Wip oute more resoun Duk, erl and baroun Wesch and jede to mete. 1481 Caxton Myrr. ii. xxix. 122 Of the wyndes may men enquyre reson of them that vse the sees. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. i. 2 Your reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe and sententious, a 1635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (1641) 35 The Queene .. began to be taken with his election, and loved to heare his reasons to her demands.

13.. Cursor M. 5456 (Gott.) Mani resunes he paim tald, Bath pat pai suld ouer bide. And in pair last dais bitide, a 1375 Joseph Arim. 76 pat tyme pat Augustus Cesar was Emperour.. pis reson bi-gon pat I schal now rikenen.

f c. part of reason: a part of speech. Obs. rare. 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. v. 16 Vnneth.. knowe they their partes of reson whiche is the first book of grammaire. 1530 Palsgb. Introd. 24 Partes of reason., they have thryse III, for, besydes the VIII parts of speche commen betwene them and the latines.. they have also a nynth part of reason whiche I call article.

t4. a. A sentence. Obs. 1388 Purvey Prol. Bible xv. 57 Whanne 00 word is oonis set in a reesoun, it mai be set forth as ofte as it is vndurstonden. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 7 There is also many wordes that haue dyverse vnderstondynges,.. and som tyme they may be taken in dyuerse wyse in one reson or clause. 1530 Palsgr. Introd. 24 Of these letters, lyke as it is in all tonges, be made syllables, of syllables wordes, of wordes sentences or reasons.

t b. A motto, posy. Obs. 1434 E.E. Wills (1882) 96 A ryng of golde with a ston, & a reson 'sans departir'. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 18 My armys and my reson therto, Grace me gouerne. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 80 Gounes.. enbrodred with reasons of golde that sayd, adieu lunesse, farewell youth.

II. 5. a. A fact or circumstance forming, or alleged as forming, a ground or motive leading, or sufficient to lead, a person to adopt or reject some course of action or procedure, belief, etc. Const, why, wherefore, that', of, for preps,; to with inf. a 1225 Ancr. R. 78 J>is is nu pc reisun of pc veiunge hwi Isaie ueieC hope & silence. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 9304 An o)?er reson .. meuej? more me per to, pzt pc king.. Mid vnri3t halt his kinedom. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 191 [He] Arayned hym.. what raysoun he hade In such slajtes of sor3e to slepe so faste. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 122 She shewed so mani good resounes vnto the kynge her husbonde, that he forgaue Absolon. 1533 Bellenden tr. Livy iii. xxxv, He couth fynd na resson quhy he aucht nocht to helpe pc romane pepill to recovir pc land. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 715 Brag. Sweet bloods I both may, and will [deny]. Ber. What reason haue you for’t? 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, O. T. 560 Is there any reason in you .. why I sh** respect you any more than the very Ethiopians? 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 202 The Ambassador Brugman would by no means accept of the horse, for no other reason, doubtlesse, than this, that his was not so good as his Collegue’s. 1711 Addison Spect. No. loi IP7 He made a Voyage to Grand Cairo for no other Reason, but to take the Measure of a Pyramid. 1763 C. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr., Backgammon (1778) 181 For the same Reason avoid hitting any Blots which your Adversary makes. 1843 Mill Logic i. iii. §7 Should we not have as much reason to believe that it still existed as we now have. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 7 There is no reason.. to imagine that this melancholy tone is attributable to disappointment.

b. reason of state, a purely political ground of action on the part of a ruler or government, esp. as involving some departure from strict justice, honesty, or open dealing. Freq. without article, as a principle of political action. So \ public reason. A rendering of F. raison d’etat or It. ragione di stato, the latter used or cited by Scarlett Estate Eng. Fugitives (1595) Riij, Ben Jonson Cynthia’s Rev. (1599) i. i, Volpone (1605) IV. i, and Bacon Adv. Learn. (1605) i. ii. §3. 1611 Florio, Ragione di stato, the law, reason, or policie of State. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 3 As if the King.. were become effeminate and lesse sensible of Honour, and Reason of State, then was fit for a King. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ Subj. 116 King Charles had not the same Reason of State to indulge the House of Commons. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 389 Public reason just.. compels me now To do what else .. I should abhorre. 1735 Bolingbroke Stud. Hist. ii. (1752) 39 The notion of attaching men to the new government., was a reason of state to some. 1756 Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1842 I. 34 The whole of this mystery of iniquity is called the reason of state. It is a reason which I own I cannot penetrate. 1897 Morley Machiavelli 40 The most imposing of all incarnations of the doctrine that reason of State covers all, is Napoleon.

c. Phr. for reasons best known to oneself, for seemingly perverse reasons. 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants 84 Yet it hath pleased God (for Reasons best known to himselfe) not to allow us this convenience. 1743 Fielding yonoMan Wildw. xiii. 383 Indeed those, who have unluckily missed it, seem all their Days to have laboured in vain to attain an End, which Fortune, for Reasons only known to herself, hath thought proper to deny them. 1847 A. Bronte Agnes Grey xiii. 191 If they chose to ‘take’ me, I went; if, for reasons best known to themselves, they chose to go alone, I took my seat in the prriage. 1894 Somerville & ‘Ross’ Real Charlotte III. xli. 133 Removing his pipe and the hat which, for reasons best known to himself, he wore while at work. 1938 G. Graham Swiss Sonata vi. 250 She tried very hard to adopt me, but my father, for reasons best known to himself, wouldn’t give me up.

6. A ground or cause of, or for, something: a. of a fact, procedure, or state of things, in some way dependent upon human action or feeling. 01300 Cursor M. 551 For Fis resun put 3ee haue hard, Man is clepid pe lesse werld. c 1450 Holland Howlat 544 Throw this ressonis aid. The bludy hart it is cald. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iv. i. 15 hfow doe you know the reason of this hast? 1659 Pearson Creed ix. 697 This reason did the ancient Fathers render why the Church was called Catholick. 1^8 Asgill Argument 9 Custom it self, without a reason for it, is an argument only to fools. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 477/1 This holds equally in metaphor and allegory; and the reason is the same in all. 1841 Lane Arab. I

Nts. I. 105 Respecting this palace, and the reason of thy being alone in it.

b. of a fact, event, or thing not dependent on human agency. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) To vnwrappen the hyd causes of thinges and to discouere me the resouns couered with dyrknesses. 1484 Caxton Fables of ^sop V. xii, The wulf on a daye came to the dogge and demaunded of hym the rayson why he was soo lene. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. i. iii. 30 When these Prodigies Doe so conioyntly meet, let not men say, These are their Reasons, they are Naturall. 1656 tr. Hobbes’ Elem. Philos. (1839) 484, I should think comets were made in the same manner... For I could very well from hence give a reason both of their hair, and of their motions. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. iii. vi. §9 We know not their Make; and can give no Reason of the different Qualities we find in them. 1826 Whately Logic (1840) App. Ambig. Terms xix, The Reason of an eclipse of the sun is, that the moon is interposed between it and the earth. This should strictly be called the cause. 1879 Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 67 There is not a hair or a line, not a spot or a color, for which there is not a reason.

fc. In phr. by the reason of or that. (Cf. 7.) 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 244 Hit nedyth a man do more abstynence in that tyme.. by the reyson that [text than] in colde tyme the colde chasyth the naturall hete. 1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 88 Ther is a corporacyon made.. amongst fischmongers.., by the reason wherof all maner of fische is sold derar. 1538 Starkey England i. i. 9 You se.. what glotony.. ys had in cytes and townys, by the reson of thys socyety and cumpany of men togydur.

7. (Without article.) a. by (for/or) reason of, on account of. Very common in the Bible of 1611. a 1300 Cursor M. 16372 A prisun ar yee wont at hafe, for resun o pc dai. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xvii. 49 The ryche is yreuerenced by reson of his richesse. 1432-50 tr. Higden, Harl. Contin. (Rolls) VIII. 471 John Holand, broJ>er to the kynge by reason of his moder. I4tf6 Rolls of Parlt.W. 512/2 [Lands] whiche came.. to youre handes of possession, by reason and force of the same Acte. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 39 In the night [they] had quarrelled among themselves, by reason whereof they ranne vpon a rock. 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Warres 391 The Commanders being unserviceable, by reason of their wounds, ei ought to holde l>e abay as longe as pei may withouten rebukynge of pe houndes. c 1430 Lydg. Reason Sens. 580 To thy name Hyt is rebukyng and gret shame. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 241 b. Without ony exprobracyon or rebukyng [I] admyt the to my grace. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. v. (1634) iA2 Exhortations and rebukings much availe..to enflame the desire of goodnesse. 1611 Bible 2 Sam. xxii. 16 The channels of the Sea appeared.. at the rebuking of the Lord. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 103 Her worst rebukings wore a smile.

re'buking, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. -I- -ing"".]

That

rebukes. 1611 CoTGR., Satyric, satyricall,.. sharpe, rebuking, reprouing. 1829 S. Turner Mod. Hist. Eng. IV. ii. xxxi. 336 Her. .rebuking sense of the atrocious transaction.

Hence re'bukingly adv. 1582 Bentley Mon. Matrones ii. 13 The liuelie voice of God rebukinglie tooke me vp. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 29 That art or power which the Holy Ghost thus rebukingly derides. 1829 Lytton Disowned xi, ‘Have not I prayed, and besought you, many and many a time’, said the lady, rebukingly, [etc.]. 1896 Mrs. Caffyn Quaker Grandmother 2 She glanced rebukingly at the ceiling.

fre'bukous, a.

Obs.-'

In 5 rebucous.

[f.

REBUKE -I- -OUS.] = REBUKEFUL fl. I. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 557 She gaue vnto hym many rebucous wordys.

t re'bulliency. Obs.-' [ad. L. type *rebullientia, f. rebulltre: cf. next.] A tendency to boil up. In quot. fig. 1681 Rycaut tr. Gracian's Critick 15 Suppressing with what power I could the strong rebulliency of my Passions.

trebu'llition. Obs.-^ [Noun of action (cf. ebullition)^ f. L. rebullire: see reboil v.^] A boiling up again. In quot. fig. i8o5 S. Turner Anglo-Sax. (1836) I. III. iii. 168 Of the events of the battle, he only says, that Arthur did not recede. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Dream Children, While I stood gazing, both the children gradually grew fainter to my view, receding, and still receding. 1848 Lytton Harold lli. iii. The Earl ceased and receded behind his children.

b. of things. (Said also of things from which one is moving away.) 1662 Glanvill Lux Orient, xiii. 140 As the sun recedes, the moon and stars discouer themselues. a 1763 Shenstone Elegies vii. 73 When proud Fortune’s ebbing tide recedes. c 1790 Imison Sch. Arts I. 66 If it be charged positively.. the balls will recede still further asunder. 1818 Shelley Eugan. Hills 21 The dim low line.. Of a dark and a distant shore Still recedes, i860 Maury Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) i. §13 When the two [waves] receded, there was not a house, .left standing in the village.

c. Const, from. Also in fig. context. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. xxv. §12 It is plain that the more you recede from your grounds, the weaker do you conclude. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. ii. ii. 44 The resistance .. could no more keep down the above-said bullet from receding from the earth [etc.]. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxviii [xxix], Those conditions.. are so constituted, that, as we ^proach one, we recede from another, i860 Tyndall Glac. I. xi. 73 We receded from him into the solitudes. 1868 Q. Victoria Life Highl. 26 As the fair shores of Scotland receded more and more from our view.

d. To become more distant; to lie further back or away; to slope backwards. 1777 Mason Eng. Garden ii. 86 Oft let the turf recede, and oft approach. With varied breadth. 1784 Cowper Task i. 65 Not with easy slope Receding wide, they pressed against the ribs. 1815 Shelley Alastor 404 Where the embowering trees recede and leave A little space of green expanse. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile vii. 167 The mountains here recede so far as to be almost out of sight.

e. Of a colour: to appear to be more distant from the eye than another in the same plane; = RETIRE V. 3 b. Cf. ADVANCE V. 2 b. 1935 A. H. Rutt Home Furnishing iv. 35 Advancing and receding qualities in colors are a reality, as psychologists have proved. The warm hues seem to advance and the cool ones to recede. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 152/1 The cool tints .. tend to ‘recede’ and will give a feeling of space.

2. a. To depart from some usual or natural state, an authority, standard, principle, etc. ? 06^. (Common 1650-1700.) 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. iii. (1520) 19/1 It is mervayle that suche men so excedynge in wyt.. receded from the knowlege of the very god. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. xi. 50 Receding from custome when their interest requires it. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 60 By the instances alleg’d, he recedes from his Master Aristotle. 1702 Stubbs For God or Baal 17 The Brute.. recedes not from the Directions of Instinct. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 194 We recede very widely from the intentions of Nature,

b. Of things: To depart, differ, or vary from something else. Now rare. 1576 Foxe a. M. (ed. 3) 3/1 If they held any thyng whiche receaded from the doctrine and rule of Christ. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. i. §3, I sawe well that knowledge recedeth as farre from ignorance as light doth from darknesse. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Ixxxvi. 2 Another possible notion of the word, and which recedes very little from this. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 171 The Septuagint, which greatly receded from the Hebrew text, by its additions [etc.]. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. iii. 12 In paths now approaching to, now receding from, the elliptical form.

3. t a. To fall away (in allegiance or adherence) from a person. Obs. rare. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. iv. (1520) 33/1 Many kyngdoms, the whiche receded from all other Emperoures, wylfully to this man torned agayne. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 75 That neither he nor his sonne, should recede or disseuer from Pope Alexander, or from his Catholique successors.

b. To draw back/ro/w a bargain, promise, etc. Also without const. 1648 Dk. Hamilton in H. Papers (Camden) 154 They ar so far from receding from anie engagement to you. 1651 G. W. tr. Cowel s Inst. 184 If., the Buyer repents of his Bargain, so that he desires to recede, he shall loose what he gave. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. v. Wks. 1813 I. 357 By receding from the offer which she made. 1792 Anecd. W. Pitt III. xxxix. 51 How could I recede from such an engagement? 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 220 A. felt no inclination to recede from the agreement, into which he had entered. 1885 Law Rep. 2g Chanc. Div. 437 There was a concluded contract from which neither party could recede.

c. To withdraw from a position, proposal, undertaking, opinion, etc. Also without const. 1716 Land. Gaz. No. 5447/2 The Deputies.. thought fit to recede from the Objections. 1738 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 324 They hope the Governour would recede from this part of the Amendment. 1844 Thirlwall Greece Ixiii. VIII. 233 Chilon, whose hopes were dashed by this failure, now only persevered because it was too late to recede. 1863 H. Cox Instil. III. ii. 602 From this opinion some of the Judges subsequently receded.

4. a. To go away, depart, retire (from or to a place or scene), rare. c 1485 E.E. Misc. (Warton Club) 29 The grettyst payn.. Was^when my sole dyde from me reysede. 1679 Wood Life CU.H.a.) 11. 446 About the same time that the Treasurer went away, twas reported that the dutchess of Portsmouth receeded also. 1691 - Ath. Oxon. I. 5 Afterwards receedmg to his Native Country, he wrot in his own Language. 1818-20 E. Thompson Cullen's Nosol. Method

RECEIPT

312

RECEDE

(ed. 3) 201 Inflammation of the joints suddenly receding. [1842 Brande Diet. Sci. etc., s.v. Recess of the Empire, They are thought to have been so termed from being pronounced at the time when the diet was about to ‘recede , or separate. 1892 Kirk Abingdon Acc. p. xxviii. Two monks had 'receded', one to Colne.}

fb. To retire from an occupation. Obs.—^ 1666 Ormonde MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 20 Bankes thinks to recede from those imployments to follow his owne.

fc. To have recourse to one. 06r.“’ 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (174.7) III. 368 This Power is subordinate to the Civil Legislation.. and., stands obliged to recede to the Civil Sovereign.

5. a. To go back or away in time. 1788 E. Sheridan Let. 27 July in Betsy Sheridan's Jrnl. (i960) iv. 107 And now to recede—I had just sent off my letter yesterday when Mrs Angelo call’d, as usual all life and spirits and full of news. 1831 Blackw. Mag. XXX. 660 From Green and Bewick.. let us recede (in a chronological sense) to Hogarth. 1834 Calhoun Wks. (1864) II. 392, I shall endeavor to recede, in imagination, a century from the present time.

b. To go or fall back, to decline, in character or value. 1828 Hallam Mid. Ages i. ix. (1869) 585 A nation that ceases to produce original and inventive minds.. will recede from step to step. 1883 Daily News 7 Nov. 4/7 American prices were firm, but foreign Government stocks receded fractionally.

6. trans. fa. To retract, withdraw. Obs.~^ 1654 H. L’ Estrange Chas. I (1655) 57 Rather willing to submit to the hazard of Lewes his breach of Faith, then to the blame of receding his own from pollicitation.

b. To remove back or away. 1819 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 364 The widening of Dale Street by taking down and receding of the houses. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 51 Introducing two lenses.. and approaching or receding these by means of the slider.

Hence re'cededppl. a.; re'ceder; re'ceding vbl. sb. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. xxv. §24 When there is once a receding from the word of God. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1768) IV. xxxv. 214 ‘Do I what, Madam?’ ‘And why vile man?’.. O the sweet receder! 1909 M. B. Saunders Litany Lane i. vi. 69 Her attendant lady.., Augusta of the receded fringe.

recede (ri:'si:d), v.^ [f.

re- 5 a + cede v.] trans. To cede again, give up to a former owner.

1771 J. Bailey in F. Chase Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) I. 43 S The lands on the west side Connecticut river might be receded back to New Hampshire. 1805 M. Cutler in Life, Jrnls. & Corr. (1888) II. 185 The first step was to re-cede Alexandria to Virginia.

recedence (ri'siidans). [f.

recede v.^ + -ence:

cf. precedence.'^ = recession. 1859 J. Tomes Dental Surg. 494 The gradual waste of the alveolar processes, accompanied by a corresponding recedence of the gums. 1883 New Eng. Jrnl. Educ. XVII. 329 An age approximating the recedence of the flood.

recedent (n'siidsnt), a. Med.

[f, as prec. +

-ent: cf. precedent.'\ = retrocedent. 1822 Good Study Med. II. 505 Retrograde; recedent; misplaced gout. 1830 Fraser's Mag. II. 381 Persons subject to gout.. particularly in that form of the disease which the learned call recedent.

receding (ri'si:diB),pp/.

a. [f. as prec. + -ing^.]

That recedes. 1781 Cowper Charity 147 The sable warrior.. Loses in tears the far receding shore. 1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro III. 299 Embittering the receding moments of existence. 1866 Huxley Preh. Rem. Caithn. 98 The forehead is smooth and not receding. 1878-Physiogr. 141 The muddy bank left by the receding tide. 1895 A. W. Pinero Second Mrs. Tanqueray iii. 103 A man.. with a low forehead, a receding chin, a vacuous expression. 1956 ^rw/. Theol. Stud. VII. 18 The incidence of the gradually receding preposition tto^xx supports the impression. 1958 [see ADVANCE V. 2 b]. 1977 Transatlantic Rev. lx. 183 If I have learned anything it is that the past is not a receding dream but an ever burgeoning presence at our backs that sustains us.

recedure (ri'si:dju3(r)). Arch.

[f. as prec. + -URE.] A recess or ledge on the inner side of a chimney stalk. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 280 To facilitate the erection.. of an insulated stalk of this kind, it is built with three or more successive plinths, or recedures.

receipt (n'skt), sb. Forms: a. 4-6 receyt, (5-6 -e, 6 receeyte), 4-7 receite, 5-8 receit, (8 reciet); 4-5 resce^e, 5 (7) resceyt, 5, 7 (8) resceit, (5-6 -e); 4 resseit, 4-5 reseit, (6 -e), 5 resseyt(e, -ayt, 5-6 resayte, -eyt, 6 -ayt, 6 (7 Sc.) ressait, (6 reseight); 5 recyt(e; 6 receate, 7 -eat. /3. 4-7 receipte, 5 resceipte, 5-6 receypte, 6- receipt. [ME. receitey receity a. AF. (ONF.) receitey receyte (1304-5) = OF. refoitCy var. of recete = Sp. recetay Pg. receitay It. ricetta:—L. receptay fern. pa. pple. of recipere to receive. The vowel of OF. receite, refoite is app. due to the influence of such verbal forms as receit, ref oil. The normal OF. form is recete, the more usual recepte (whence mod.F. recette) being a learned reversion to the Latin form (cf. recept sb.^). In Eng., the spelling receipt (with^ from Latin, as in OF. refoipte) has prevailed in this word, in contrast to the related conceit and deceit.]

1. 1. a. A formula or prescription, a statement of the ingredients (and mode of procedure) 4

V.

necessary for the making of some preparation, esp. in Med. (now rare) and Cookery; a recipe. ^1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. ProL & T. 800 What schal this receyt coste? telleth now, c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 84 Off Jje Receytes off Medicynes. 1530 Palsgr. 261/1 Receyte of dyvers thynges in a medycine, drogges, recepte. 1595 Widowes Treasure Bivb, A notable receite to makelpocras. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Eromena iv. 125 The severall antidotes by mee taken, whereof I shewed them the receipts. 1703 J, Tipper in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 307 Medecinal and Cookery receipts collected from the best authors. 1791 Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing I. Pref. 5 A few books of receipts [for dyeing] taken from Hellot. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth vi, The thin soft cakes, made of flour and honey according to the family receipt. 1859 W. Collins Q. of Hearts (1875) 24 She spent hours in the kitchen, learning to make puddings and pies, and trying all sorts of receipts. fig. 1647 Cowley Mistr. Wks. 1710 I. 113 I’ll teach him a Receipt to make Words that weep, and Tears that speak. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 115 Some..Write dull receipts how poems may be made. 1742 Young Nt. Th. v. 94 Till the destin’d youth Stept in, with his receipt for making smiles. b. The formula or description of a remedy for

a disease, etc.; also absol.y a remedy, means of cure. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 143 As surgeons do to cut off and to burne.. when there is no way to finde or use any other receit. 1612 Bacon Ess., Studies (Arb.) 13 Euery defect of the mind may haue a speciall receit. a 1656 Bp. Hall Soliloquies 29 Dark rooms, and cords, and hellebore are meet receipts for these mental distempers. 1693 Dryden Juvenal Ded. (1697) 75 The Patients, who have open before them a Book of admirable Receipts for their Diseases. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 52 |f3 The most approved Receipt now extant for the Fever of the Spirits. 1009 Malkin Gil Bias xii. iv. [f 5 There is not a receipt in the whole extent of chemistry which I have not tried. fig. 1628 tr. Mathieu's Powerfull Favorite 108 Death is the onely receit for her euils, and they keepe her by force from it. 1646 Gataker Mistake Removed 39 [They have] made up all their receipts for distempered souls of so much Law and so much Gospel.

c. The formula of a preparation, or an account of the means, by which some effect may be produced; hence, the means to be adopted for attaining some end. 1621 T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 22 That hee had a receipt would preserue a man from growing old. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. vi. 23 From the knowledge of simples shee had a receipt to make white haire black. 1707 Curios, in Husb. Sf Gard. 276 These Receipts for the Vegetation of Plants. 1827 Pollok Course T. vii, [He] sought Receipts for health from all he met. fig. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 166 The best Receipt, both for the amending our Manners, and the managing our Business, is the Admonition of a Friend. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. iv. iii. Well certainly this is.. the newest receipt for avoiding calumny, a 1868 Brougham (Ogilvie), A more certain receipt for producing misgovemment of every kind .. it would be difficult to devise.

12. a. A drug or other mixture compounded in accordance with a receipt, Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. viii. (Bodl. MS.), In alle good receites and medicynes Amomum is ofte ido. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 69 This ressayt is bought of no poticarye,.. To al indifferent, richest diatorye. c 1500 Sloane MS. 2491 If. 73 A Booke.. teachinge the waye of making diuerse good and excellent Receiptez. 1560 Whitehorne Ord. Souldiours (1588) 40 b, Fill the bottels halfe full of this foresaide receipt. 16*05 Bacon Adv. Learn. II. viii. §3 It can be done with the vse of a fewe drops or scruples of a liquor or receite. a 1631 R. Bolton Comf. Affl. Consc. 64 He throwes the glasse against the Wall, spills that precious Receipt, and drives the Physition out of doores. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. i. Did not I prescribe for you ever day, and weep while the receipt was operating? transf. and fig. ^1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 50 My lord may ai my sorowe recure. With a receyte of plate and of coyngnage. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 27 Their noblenesse.. quite quenched their calamitie, with preseruatiue receiptes of comforte. fb. pi. Ingredients of a mixture. Obs. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 65 Gun-powder of a ,. Russet colour is very good, and it may be judged to have all its Receipts well wrought.

II. 3. That which is received; the amount, sum, or quantity received, a. of money. at longe hast lyued and muche reseiued,.. hou pou hast spendet |>at reseit. c 1483 Caxton Dialogues 3/9 Your recyte and your gyuing oute Brynge it all in somme. 1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 4 §8 Any Treasurer.. whose whole Receipt from the begyning of his Charge, is not.. above the Summe of Three Hundred Poundes. 1648 Bp. Hall Breathings of Devout Soul §38 None of the approved servants.. brought in an increase of less value than the receit. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. Pari. 16/2 The Tanjore subsidy is stated at something more than the receipt last year. Ibid., The deficient receipt in 1797-8. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 102 The Commissioners of the Customs reported to the King that.. the receipt in the port of the Thames had fallen off by some thousands of pounds. pi. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 134 Whan the Myses & the exspensis.. ouer-Passyth.. the receitis, than moste the kynge of his Peple har goodis take. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 27 The said chauncellour shall..take reconisances of eue^ particular receiuour.. for the sure paiement of his receites. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi. (1612) 153, I spake of great accompts, Receites [etc.]. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 87 Liberality.. is designed to be a Virtue moderating our Receipts, as well as our Gifts. 1805 W. Cooke Mem. Foote I. 96 His own pieces, and Macklin’s Love-a-la-Mode, brought great receipts to Crow-street theatre. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 714 That a possible margin should be left for an excess of actual revenue over estimated receipts. transf. and Jig. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 12 The end of all thy receits is Gods glory in the seruice of the

RECEIPT Church. 1692 Ray Disc. ii. ii. (1732) 78 In the Mediterranean the Receipts from the rivers fall short of the expence in Vapour.

fb. of other things. Obs. rare. *593 Shaks. Lucr. 704 Drunken Desire must vomite his receipt, Ere he can see his owne abhomination. 1607Cor. I. i. 116 The belly.. taintingly replyed To th’ discontented Members,.. That enuied his receite. 1623 Lisle Test. Antiq. Anc. Faith Ch. Eng. 13 He which will receive that housell, shall.. take with chastitie that holy receit.

III. 4. a. The act of receiving something given or handed to one; the fact of being received. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles n. 98 Whedir the grounde of jifte were good other ille,.. reson hath rehersid the resceyte of all. 1439 Rolls of Parlt. V. 16/2 After the date and receit of the saide Writte. 1442 Ibid. 57/1 To see the bookes of receyte. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. Ixix. 47 After the receyte of thyse letters, he wrote answer to his moder. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instr. F vij b, Whan you pay money to another, cause the day of receite to be written in your booke of recorde a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 20 The receit of benefits, is the foundation of thankfulness. 1661 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 61 We thought it would be a good answer to giue you account of the receit of your letter. 1774 Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 133 On receipt of such a sum as the Governor shall think it reasonable for them to spend. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 341 The receipt of the radiance that.. proceeds to us as its common centre and focus. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. i. vii. §5 (1876) 69 Fit to be entrusted with the receipt and expenditure of large sums of money.

fb. bill or ticket of receipt — next. Obs. 1509-10 Act I Hen. VIII, c. 3 § i All Acquittaunces and Billes of Receyte heretofore made by the seid John Heyron. 155* Pm v Council Scot. I. 114 Conforme to the tekat of ressait maid betuix the saidis parteis thairupoun.

c. A written acknowledgement of money or goods received into possession or custody. 1602 in Mattl. Cl. Misc. (1840) I. 23 Certane buikis.. gevin to Mr. Adam Newtoun for the Prince his use, as the said Mr. Adamis ressait thairof producit testifeis. 1651 Marius Bills of Exchange 13 Make a receit for the same on the backside of the said Bill. 1721-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Where the receipt is on the back of a bill, &c., it is usually called an indorsement. 1838 Murray's Hand-Bk. N. Germ. 190 The fare must be paid beforehand, and a receipt is always given for it. fig. 1781 Cowper Conv. 202 Then each might, .carry in contusions of his skull A satisfactory receipt in full.

5. The act or practice of receiving (stolen goods); reset. ? Obs. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. v. 54 Had not be youre redy receyt, they had not be at al tymes so redy to stele. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 620/1 The stollen goodes are convayed to some husbandman or gentellman, which.. liveth most by the receit of such goodes stoln.

6. a. The act of receiving or taking in; admittance (of things) to a place or receptacle. }Obs. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 96 J>e wirkynge of j>is last.. ys yn ^e receyte of J^e seed in pe mari2. Ibid. loi As pe see waxis by pe receyt of fflodes and waters. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. 53 Fiue senses.. whereby al objectes are poured into common sense, as into a place of receite. a 1600 in Hakluyt Voy. (1810-12) III. 141 Shipping used among us either for warre or receit. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 22 Ample cisternes for the receit of raine. 1651 Raleigh's Ghost 200 It [the ark] was sufficient for the receite .. of all living Creatures.

fb. The act of taking in (food, medicine, etc.) by the mouth or otherwise. Obs. ri400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 82 Drynkes of swete wyn, and ressayt of hony moyst. 1522 More De Quat. Noviss. Wks. 74/2 The pleasure that men may finde by the receeyte of this medicine. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 26 b, [Plants] by their more hid receit of necessaries.. have given great causes of doubting. 1599 B. Jonson Every Man out of Hum. III. i. (Rtidg.) 49/1 He shall receive the first, second, and third whiffe [of tobacco-smoke].., and, upon the receipt [etc.].

fc. An act of taking; a definite amount taken. 1390 Gower Conf. III. ii If I myhte. .Of such a drinke .. have o receite. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 36 A greater receit than one Obulus, killeth him or her that taketh it.

fd. The act of receiving the sacrament. Obs. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems ix. 92 Of ressait sinfTull of The my Saluiour,..I cry The mercy. 1552 R. Hutchinson 3rd Serm. (1560) Gvi. A manifest deniall of the transubstantiation, and of all corporall, reall, and naturall receit.

f7. a. The act of receiving or admitting (a person) to a place, shelter, accommodation, assistance, etc.; the fact of being so received; reception. Obs. (Common c 1600-50.) 1557 Order of Hospitalls F viij b. Against Easter yow shall prepare a Booke for the receipt home of the children, a 1586 Sidney Arcadia iii. (1598) 338 Come, death, and lend Receipt to me, within thy bosome darke. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 10 When all the earth at the intreatie of Juno, had abjured the receipt of Latona. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 539 Speciall lodgings for receit of women dedicated to God. 1676 Hale Contempl. i. 528, I have A little room,.. not that I think itfit For thy Receit or Majesty, but yet It is the best I have.

fb. The ordinary or habitual reception of strangers or travellers; esp. in place of receipt. Obs. 1608 Heywood Lucrece Wks. 1874 V. 183 There is no newes there but at the Ale-house, ther’s the most receit. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 154 Noble places of Receipt or Carrauans-rawes for Trauellors to rest in. 1642 Rogers Naaman 846 Inne-Keepers who stand at their doors or gates of receit..to welcome and lodge travellers. 1650 Fuller Pisgah ll. ix. §25 The greatest place of receipt in Samaria.

RECEIPT

313 fc. Receptiveness, welcome. Also with a: A (good or bad) reception. Obs. rare. 1596 in Nichols Progr. Q. Eliz. (1823) HI. 384 This Master Dorstetell came and made his speach. in Latin, full of receit, love and curtesie. 1664 Pepys Diary 26 Feb., I had a kind receipt from both Lord and Lady as I could wish.

shippes. 1579-80 North Plutarch (iSgs) III. 423 His house was a common receite for all them that came from Greece to Rome, a 1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhem. N.T. (1618) 655 Their Munkeries are Receits of children starting from their fathers. 1625 Markham Bk. Hon. iii. v. §4 His House became as it were an Hospitall or Receit for all that wanted.

fb. A chamber, apartment. Obs. rare.

fd. Law. The admission of a third person to plead in a case between two others in which he is interested. Also, admittance of a plea in a court of justice. Obs.

1593 Nashe Christ's T. 28 In the inner receipt of the Temple, was hearde one stately stalking vp and downe. 1615 Chapman Odyss. iv. 413 Atrides, and his.. spouse,.. In a retired receit, together lay.

1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Resceyt. 1628 Coke On Litt. 11. iii. §96 As there may be a demurrer upon counts and pleas, so there may be of Aide prior. Voucher, Receite, waging of Law, and the like. 1658 in Phillips.

114. Hunting. (Cf. lo.) A position taken up to await driven game with fresh hounds; a relay of men or dogs placed for this purpose. Obs. *575 Turberv. Venerie 244 They use their greyhounds

18. Acceptance of a person or thing. Obs. rare. c 1460 G. Ashby Dicta Philos. 852 For kynge they wolde haue hym in Receite, Howe be it that they haue hym not in love. 1607 Cowell Interpr., Resceyt of homage, is a relatiue to doing homage, for as the Tenent, who oweth homage, doth it at his admission to the land: so the Lord receiueth it. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribse 569 Not so generall, euery where in vse, and receit, because not so obuious euery where vnto the vnderstanding.

9. The fact of receiving (a blow, wound). }Obs. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon Iv. 186 They h