Oxford English Dictionary [13, 2 ed.]

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ilDOMJ MINA* lINVJf TIO 1 ilitiv MEA 1

flDOMI MINA* In VS TIO 1 iiiiv MEA II

iDOMI MINA* 1 NVS TIO ILLV MEA

! DOMI MINA* NVS TIO : j lELV MEA

(iDOMi MINA* iInvs TIO 1 iiiv MEA

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY First Edited by

JAMES A. H. MURRAY, HENRY BRADLEY, W. A. CRAIGIE and

C. T. ONIONS

COMBINED WITH

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY Edited by

R. W. BURCHFIELD AND RESET WITH CORRECTIONS, REVISIONS AND ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Prepared by

J. A. SIMPSON and E. S. C. WEINER

VOLUME XIII Quemadero—Roaver

CLARENDON PRESS•OXFORD 1989

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ISBN o-jg-861225-y (vol. XIIT) ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Oxford English dictionary.—2nd ed. prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner Bibliography: p. ISBN o-ig-861225-7 (vol. XIID ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) I.

English language—Dictionaries. I. Simpson, J. A. HI. Oxford University Press. PEi625.o8y ig8g 423—dcig 88-5330

II. Weiner, E. S. C.

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KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION The pronunciations given are those in use Standard’), and the keywords given are to be

I. Consonants b, d, f, k, 1, g as in go (gau)

9 as in thin (Bin), bay dom vs alle quemes. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 273 Every newe love quemeth To him which newefongel is. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 196 Tyl it hym queme To returnyn ageyn. a How the good wife etc. in Hazlitt E.P.P. I. i88Adede wele done herte it whemyth. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 15 Such merimake holy Saints doth queme [gloss, please]. 1602 Davison Rhapsody (1611) 53 Like peerlesse pleasures wont us for to queeme.

b. To be suitable or fitting/or. rare~^. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3404 Paris .. Worshippit pat worthy in wedys full riche As qwemet for a qwene.

3. trans. To satisfy, appease, mitigate, rare. c 1250 Gen. Ex. 408 Swilc tiding 6hugte adam god. And sumdel quemeS it his seri mod. Ibid. 978 At a welle quemede hire list. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas (1494) i. xxiii. 125 All the worlde outcrieth of vs tweyn Whos hatful ire by vs may nat be quemyd.

4. To join or fit closely. Sc. rare. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. Ixvii, And thame [the stones] coniunctlie jonit fast and quemit. 1808-80 Jamieson, To Queem, to fit exactly; as, to queem the mortice, or joint in wood. Upp. Lanarks.

5. To slip in. rare~^. 1727 Bailey vol. II, To Queme, as to queme a Thing into one’s Hand, to put it in privately.

Hence tQuemed^^/. a.\ f '^tieming vbl. sb. C1250 Gen. ^ Ex. 86 Til ihesus crist fro helle nam His quemed wid eue and adam. 01300 E.E. Psalter cxlvi. 10 Noght..in schines of man queming bes him tille. 1340 Ayenb. 26 \>e ilke ssame comp of kueade kuemynge. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 420/1 Qwemynge, or peesynge, pacificacio.

t'quemeful, a. Obs. Also quemful(l, qwem-, queemeful. [f. queme sb. + -ful.] Pleasing, pleasant, agreeable; kind, gracious. 01340 Hampole Psalter, Cant. 499 Dwelland out tharof, psalme is noght quemeful til ihu crist. 1388 Wyclif Job xxxiii. 26 God .. schal be quemeful to hym.

Hence f'Quemefully adv. Obs. rare-^. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints i. {Katharine) 1204 To leyd cure lyff sa quemfully till hyme, |7at we ma cum.. to pat loy.

'quemely, adv. ? Obs. Also 5 qwem-, 8 wheem-, whim-, 9 queem-. [f. QUEME a. -H -LY^. Cf. MSw. qvdmelika.] In a pleasing, agreeable, or becoming manner; neatly, gently, smoothly, etc. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 361 No hing is more resonable pan to quemely serve God. CI400 Destr. Troy 11783 The golde was all gotyn, & the grete sommes.. qwemly to-gedur. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 684 The flure.. couerit full dene, Cummand fra the Cornellis closand quemely. 1703 Thoresby Let. to Ray (E.D.S.), Wheemly, neatly. 1708 W. Marshall Yorksh. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Whimly, softN, silently, or with little noise. 1824 Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. s.v. Queem, ‘The gled glides queemly alang’; the kite glides smoothly along.

So t 'quemeness, pleasure, satisfaction. rare.

Obs.

egoo tr. Bseda's Hist. i. xvi. [xxvii.] (1890) 82 Cwemnis uncysta. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 55 Ne muge we noht singe pe blissfulle songes . .gode to quemnesse.

quen, obs. form of queen, when.

b. Quiet, still, etc. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints v. {John) 324 Sa p\x wil J^is folk mak quern.. I sal sone consent ]?ar-to. 1873 Swaledale Gloss., Wheem, smooth, demure, still, slyly quiet, mock-modest. 1883 Almondb. & Huddersf. Gloss., Weam or Weme, quiet .. ‘A weme woman in a house is a jewel’.

fc. Skilled, clever; smart, active. Obs. rare. c 1400 Destr. Troy 4202 WTo is now so qweme or qwaint of his wit, That couthe mesure our might. 1611 Cotgr., Adroit,.. Handsome, nimble, wheeme, readie or quicke [etc.].

t4. As adv. = QUEMELY. Obs. rare.

quence, obs. form of quench, quince. quench, sb. [f. the vb.] 1. The act of quenching; the state or fact of being quenched. 1529 More Dyaloge ii. Wks. 184/1 [To] lye and smolder as coles doth in quenche. 1546 J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 9 A whyle kepe we in quenche AH this Case, c 1611 Chapman Iliad XIX. 365 A harmfull fire let runne.. none came To giue it quench. 1818 T. Brown in Welsh Life vi. (1825) 389 The quench Of hope.. Made even the ghastly change.. Seem ghastlier. 1972 A. D. Franklin in Crawford & Slifkin Point

Defects in Solids I. i. 33 The special property of ductility possessed by many metals allows thin wires to be drawn, which may be very rapidly quenched, at maximum cooling rates of lo^ deg/sec or higher. With such rapid quenches, one may hope to retain the equilibrium defects present at the high quench temperature.

2. Electronics. The process of stopping an oscillation, esp. in a superregenerative receiver; a signal used for this. Freq. attrib., as quench frequency, the frequency with which oscilla¬ tions are stopped. 1938 Proc. IRE XXVI. 94 The use of a rectangular wave quench voltage would not be practicable in most applications of superregenerative receivers. Ibid. 96 In a given design of a separately quenched superregenerative receiver there is a particular quench frequency which gives maximum sensitivity. 1948 Electronics Sept. 98/3 This action .. is eliminated by restricting the frequency content of the quench. 1950 J. R. Whitehead Super-Regenerative Receivers vii. 125 A super-regenerative receiver with grid quench and a.g.s. controlling the oscillator grid bias. 1959 G. Troup Masers vii. 118 A 600 c/s quench frequency was used. 1965 Wireless World ]u\y 336/2 Quench oscillators in super-regenerative receivers.. have.. set their own problems. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. IX. 56 Electron current flow is initiated by an rf input signal and is terminated at the end of the rf input signal either by a voltage pulse or a dc bias voltage applied to a quench electrode.

quench (kwsnj), v. Forms: 3 Orm. ewennkenn, 3-5 quenchen, 3-6 quenche, 4- quench, (also 4-5 qwench, whench, 5 quynche, 6 quence, -she, 7 quensh). Pa. t. 3 cwen(ch)te, quein(c)te, 5 queynte, 6 qwent; 4- quenched (4-5 -id, -yd). Pa. pple. 3 Orm. ewennkedd, (-enn), 4 ykuenct (-3t), -quenct, 4-5 (i)queynt, (5 yqueynte), 4-6 queint, quaynt, 6 quent; 4- quenched (4-5 -id, 5 -yd). [Early ME. ewenken, quenchen-.—OE. *cw§ncan (cf. dcw^ncan aquench):—*cwancjan, causative form corresponding to the strong vb. cwincan {acwincari) to go out, be extinguished = Fris. kwinka (see quinkle): cf. drench, drink.\ I. trans. 1. a. To put out, extinguish (fire, flame, or light, lit. or fig.). fAlso with out. Now rhet. 0 1200 Moral Ode 249 \>et fur.. ne mei nawiht hit quenchen. C1200 Ormin 10126 Waterr \\aiepp mahht To sleckenn fir & ewennkenn. c 1320 Cast. Love 1708 Fyre that may not be queynte. 1340 Ayenb. 186 Huanne hit failej?, J^et uer is y-kuenct. 1387 Trevisa(Rolls) I. 119 3if ]?e lijt is i-queynt, it duppe)? doun and drynchej?- 1481 Caxton Myrr. iii. xiii. 161 In one day alle the fyre thurgh out Rome faylled and was quenchid. 1581 Rich Farew., I.. will not.. extinguishe or quence the flames of so fervent and constaunte a love. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies HI. viii. 142 Greene wood .. smoakes most when the flame is quenched. 1622 Massinger & Dekker Virg. Mart. II. iii, O! my admired mistress, quench not out The holy fires within you. 1713 Berkeley Guardian No. 35 ff5 He had almost quenched that light which his Creator had set up in his soul. 1810 Scott Lady of L. iii. xi, Quench thou his light, Destruction dark! 1863 E. Wetherell Old Helmet (1864) I. xi. 230 In Africa they sit in the darkness of centuries, till almost the spark of humanity is quenched out. 1880 Mrs. Forrester Roy ^ K. I. 49 A tear comes into either eye and quenches the fire there.

b. To put out, extinguish, the fire or flame of (something that burns or gives light, lit. or fig.). fAlso with away, out. Now only rhet. 1382 Wyclif 2 Chron. xxix. 7 Thei.. quencheden the lanterns. 1382-Isa. xlii. 3 Flax smokende he shal not quenchen. 1382-Eph. vi. 16 3e mown quenche alle the firy dartis of the worste enmye. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle ii. Ixi. (1859) 58 Wax smelleth wors after it is quenchid, than doth any talowe. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. ii. 60 The lycht of day Ay mair and mair the mone quenchit away. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xii. 71 He wyll not quenche out the smokyng flaxe. 1604 Shaks. Oth. ii. i. 15 The winde-shak’dSurge .. Seemes to .. quench the Guards of th’euer-fixed Pole. [1667 Milton P.L. xii. 492 Able to resist Satans assaults, and quench his fierie darts.] 1810 Scott Lady of L. III. xi, The .. points of Sparkling Wood He quenched among the bubbling blood. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xxii, There stood the candle quenched on the drawers. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. i. 392 As she turned.. To quench the lamp.

c. To destroy the sight or light of (the eye). 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 25 These eyes, that rowle in vain.. So thick a drop serene hath quencht thir Orbs. 1792 S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. ii. 137 When age has quenched the eye and closed the ear. 1850 Mrs. Browning Lam. for Adonis ii, His eyeballs lie quenched.

d. Radio. To cause (the spark in a spark transmitter) to eease by mechanical means, so that the secondary (aerial) circuit is no longer coupled to the primary; hence, to stop (oscillation). 1910 G. W. Pierce Princ. Wireless Telegr. xxiii. 267 The spark is quenched when the energy in the primary attains its first minimum. 1913 Chambers's Jrnl. Mar. 232/2 The oscillatory current in the aerial, and therefore the wave-train radiated, continue long after the spark has been quenched. 1927 O. F. Brown Elements of Radio Communication iv. 53 The spark is produced between projecting studs on a rapidly revolving metal disc and two fixed electrodes... The rotation of the disc will rapidly increase the distance between the studs and the electrodes, so that the spark is quenched and the oscillation in the primary circuit ceases. 1938 Proc. IRE XXVI. 76 In a typical superregenerative receiver the regenerative coupling between the plate and grid circuits of the detector tube is great enough so that selfsustained oscillations are produced, and these oscillations are periodically quenched, by applying.. an alternating voltage having a frequency much lower than that of the

QUENCH oscillations. 1959 G. Troup Masers vii. 117 These authors measured the noise figure of an ammonia maser amplifier operated superregeneratively: that is, oscillations were allowed to build up and then quenched. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. ^ Technol. I. 362/1 A regenerative detector in which the oscillations are periodically stopped or quenched is called a superregenerative detector.

2. a. To extinguish (heat or warmth, lit. or fig.) by cooling. fAlso with out. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 135 Heuy purs, with herte liberal, Qwenchith the thirsty hete of hertes drie. c 1410Mother of God 28 That al the hete of brennyng Leccherie He qwenche in me. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. Prol. 119 Heit.. in to agit fail3eis, and is out quent. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. ix. 150 A kinde of cold so piercing, that it quencheth the vitall heate. 1884 Tennyson Becket II. ii, Pity, my lord, that you have quenched the warmth of France toward you.

b. To cool (a heated object) by means of cold water or other liquid. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. xxxv. (1495) 250 Gotes mylke in the whyche stones of ryuers ben quenchyd. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 7 )?anne quenche joure floreyn in J>e beste whi3t wiyn. 1584 Cogan Haven Health x. (1636) 34 [Rice].. boyled in Milke wherein hot stones have beene quenched. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 358 Hot Bricks, somewhat quenched with water. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 61 Quench it in half a Pint of French white Wine. 1826 Scott Woodst. i, Was the steel quenched with water from Rosamond’s well. fig. 1719 Young Paraphr. Job Wks. 1757 I. 208 Who can refresh the burning sandy plain, And quench the summer with a waste of rain?

fc. To slake (lime). Ohs. rare. 1577 Harrison England ii. xii. (1877) i. 234 The white lime.. being quenched. 1643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. i. 3 When Lyme is quenched.. it is.. heated.

3. transf. a. To put an end to, stifle, suppress (a feeling, act, condition, quality, or other non¬ material thing, in early use chiefly something bad). C1200 Ormin 4911 All idell 3ellp & idell ros t>u cwennkesst. C1325 Songs of Mercy in E.E.P. (1862) 120, I whenched al p’\ care, c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16357 Louerd! j?ou quenche his wykkednesse. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. xci. 67 In thyse Prouynces the faythe of Criste was all quenchyd. 1545 Brinklow Compl. iii. (1874) How mercifully dyd God quench the fury of the peple. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iii. 84 Quenching the least suspition he might conceiue. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 340 All god-like passion for eternals quencht. 1833 Ht. Martineau Loom Lugger II. V. 81 The observance of this rule would soon quench the desire for protection. 1876 Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Sc. vii. (ed. 2) 172 The final effect of the tides in stopping or quenching the earth’s rotation.

sure that the discharge is quenched after the first stage and we will have a clean, fast pulse. 1942 Pollard & Davidson Applied Nucl. Physics iii. 30 A very common device to quench a counter is to employ a vacuum tube. 1958 O. R. Frisch Nucl. Handbk. xv. 14 The discriminator circuit used with Geiger counters.. should provide facilities for quenching the counter for a period of several hundred microseconds after each pulse. 1963 W. E. Burcham Nuclear Physics vi. 218 It is the function of the alcohol in the gas filling to ‘quench’ the discharge. 1975 K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist’s Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 178 To overcome this, the tube is quenched by the addition of a suitable gas, which reduces the energy of the ions.

4. a. To destroy, kill (a person); to oppress or crush. fAlso with out. Now rare. c 1200 Ormin 19632 )>e33 wolldenn himm forrfarenn all & cwennkenn. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 363 He wij? his part )?at love)? )?e world quenchen men pat speken )?is. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles iii. 327 They constrewed quarellis to quenche the peple. 1567 Triall Treoi. (1850) 44,1.Tyme,.. uenche out the ungodly, their memory and fame. 1850 Dobell Roman iv. Poet. Wks. (1875) 54 Oh sea, if thou hast waves, Quench him! 1859 Tennyson Vivien 216 (67) His greatness whom she quench’d. absol. CI200 Ormin 15213 Swillc iss winess kinde, 3iff.. mann drinnke)?)? itt att oferrdon, itt cwennke)?)?.

S

b. To put down (in a dispute), to squash. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge ix, I knew I should quench her, said Tim. 1868 Miss Alcott Lt«/c PPomen (1869) I. vi. 94 Jo quenched her by slamming down the window.

15. To destroy some quality of (a thing). Obs. 1398 Thevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. vii. (1495) 556 Quycke syluer..is quenchyd wyth spotyll whanne it is frotyd therwyth.

e.

Physics and Chem. To suppress (the orbital angular momentum of an electron and the associated magnetic moment). 1932 J. H. Van Vleck Theory of Electric & Magn. Susceptibilities xi. 282 Solids or solutions in which inter¬ atomic forces quench the orbital angular momentum but leave the spin free. 1955 Townes & Schawlow Microwave Spectrosc. vii. 175 In nonlinear molecules, the orbital motion of electrons is almost completely ‘quenched’ or suppressed, and a spin momentum is the only angular momentum in the molecule of distinctly electronic origin. 1962 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xxiv. 508 The electric fields of other atoms, ions, and molecules surrounding the metal ion in its compounds interfere with the orbital motion of the electrons so that the orbital angular momentum and hence the orbital moment are wholly or partially ‘quenched’. 1971 J. D. Patterson Introd. Theory of Solid State Physics iv. 240 The cubic field acts to ‘quench’ the orbital angular momentum.

f. To prevent (the discharge in a Geiger counter) from continuing too long and reducing the possible counting rate; also with the counter as obj, 1940 Physical Rev. LVII. 1036/1 If we merely assure ourselves that the counter wire is falling somewhat below the starting potential with each discharge, then we can be

[f.

prec.

+

-ABLE.] That may be quenched. 1611 COTGR., Amortissable, quenchable, stintable, dissolueable. er is panne selde wete to maken quenchingue of fuyre. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. V. XXX. (1495) 141 Quenchyng and deynge of the herte is in the nayles moste openly schewed. 1544 Phaer Regim. Life (>553) lij. Stinking thinges, as assa fetida..and the quenchyng out of candels. 1664 Marvell Corr. Wks. ■872-5 II. 176 Engins, such as are used frequently in the quenching of great fires. 1730 Savery in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 307 Steel hardened by quenching. 01864 Hawthorne Amer. Note-bks. (1879) I. 222 A quenching of the sunshine. 1908 J. A. Fleming Elem. Man. Radiotelegr.

QUENCHLESS

b. spec. The process of throwing water upon the molten metal in a refining-hearth or crucible, so that it may be removed in disks or ‘rosettes’. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1847/2, 1984/1.

2. attrib. and Comb, as qtt&nchitig cracky fnedium, rate^ -testy troughy -tub. 1926 A. Sagveur Metallogr. & Heat Treatment of Iron & Steel (ed. 3) xv. 220 Water quenching is to be preferred to oil quenching if it can be performed without producing quenching cracks. 1966 C. R. Tottle Sci. Engin. Materials X. 224 The strain in the transformed martensite is tensile, in the circumferential direction, and so radial cracks form in the martensite to relieve the stress; these are known as maenching cracks. 1932 E. Gregory Metallurgy iv. 112 Water is obviously the cheapest quenching medium, and is invaluable for tools and purposes where an extremely hard surface is desired. 194^ Nature 31 Aug. 308/1 Experiments with various iron carbon alloys quenched in various ways tend to show that the amounts of ferrite, martensite and retained austenite obtained in the quenched specimen are independent of the quenching-rate so long as a certain critical rate.. is not exceeded. 1879 Cassell's Tech. Educ. IV. 373/1 These conditions provide for the so called ‘quenching’ and bending tests being applied to a piece cut from each plate and bar. 1875 Diet. Mech. 1847/2 Quenchingtub. 1896 F. S. Meyer Handbk. Art Smithing ii. 19 In the front part of the forge are found, as a rule, a quenching trough, hollows and receivers for fuel and slack. 1973 Canad. Antiques Collector May-June 7 {caption) The stone quenching trough from the oldest smithy in eastern Ontario.

So 'quenching ppl. a., that quenches. 1382 W’yclif Wisd. xix. 19 Water for3at his quenchende kinde. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. x. ix. (1495) 379 Cinis is lytyll asshes lefte of quenchynge and sparklynge matere. 1559 Mirr. Mag., George Plantag. fiv, Like quenching blastes, which oft reuive the flame. i6n Bible Wisd. xix. 20 The water forgat his owne quenching nature. 1954 [see QUENCH V. 3 d]. 1958 W. K. Mansfield Elem. Nucl. Physics vi. 50 Positive ions arriving at the cathode are sometimes able to eject an electron. If this were to occur.. a continuous series of pulses might be observed. This is prevented in a Geiger counter by the inclusion of a quenching agent. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. iii. 154 The addition of a small amount of a second, ‘quenching’, gas.. serves to prevent secondary electron emission by the positive ion bombardment of the cathode.

quenchless ('kwsnjlis), a. [f. as quenching vbl. sb. + -LESS.] That cannot be unquenchable, inextinguishable.

quercitron

3

^ Radioteleph. 338 (Index), Quenching noise of an electric spark. 1928 Proc. Nat. Acad. Set. XIV. 849 {heading) The quenching of cadmium resonance radiation. 1943 B. F. Weller Radio-Technol. iv. 114 Quenching may be effected by a separate valve,.. or the reacting detector valve may be arranged to oscillate at the quenching frequency, as well as the radio-frequency. 1963 B. Fozard Instrumentation Nucl. factors ii. 25 Because of the need for ‘quenching’ in a Geiger-Mueller counter for example, its detailed design may be quite different from that of an ionisation chamber. 1972 De Puy & Chapman Molec. Reactions ^ Photochem. iii. 37 Sensitization and quenching are important methods for determining the spin multiplicity of excited states responsible for photochemical reactions.

quenched;

1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 137 These hellish houndes, with paines of quenchlesse fyre. ^1632 Cowley Elegy Ld. Carleton, An angry Fever, Whose quenchless Thirst, by Blood was sated never. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 473 In faculties of endless growth, In quenchless passions. 1816 Byron Ch. Har. iii. xlii. Fire.., but once kindled, quenchless evermore. 1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. II. I. ii. 35 The Romances of Scott.. have .. piled quenchless fuel on this social flame. 1877 c. Geikie Christ Ivii. (1879) 691 A last sad look of quenchless pity. 1895 Yeats Poems 12 And with quenchless eyes and fluttering hair A beautiful young man followed behind. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid iv. 78 And consecrated their quenchless flames. 1976 New Yorker 15 Nov. 59/1 Vaccaro and Jack Smith, the underground filmmaker, shared a quenchless passion for ‘Siren of Atlantis’, ‘White Savage’, ‘Cobra Woman’, and other nineteen-forties epics starring Miss Montez.

Hence 'quenchlessly adv.\ 'quenchlessness.

Punch 27 Oct. 737/1 Is it also prejudice.. to prefer quenelles to fish cakes, to hate Coca-Cola and adore wine? 1977 C. McFadden Serial (1978) vi. 18/1 She could really dig quenelles about now.

tquengeoun, var. congeon. Obs. £1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 1339 Thou mysproude quengeovn, Whi answerst thou not to my reason.

tquenger, obs, var. conjure. 1567 Tales ©■ Quicke Answ. (Berthelet) Contents Ixxx, Of the olde man that quengered the boy oute of the apletre with stones.

t quenqueste, obs. form of conquest. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 171 Ihon de curcy, and many otheres of the quenqueste of Irland.

quenselite ('kwensalait). Min. [ad. G. quenselit (G. Flink 1925, in Geol. Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandl. XLVII. 377), f. the name of P. D. Quensel (b. 1881), Swedish mineralogist: see -iteL] An oxide of lead and manganese, PbMn02(0H), found as black, tabular, monoclinic crystals. 1926 Mineral. Abstr. III. 110 Quenselite, another new mineral from LSngban, Sweden, occurs as small (i mm.) pitch-black crystals with calcite and baryte in crevices of the granular haematite ore. 1958 Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India A. aXIV. 95 This is probably the first reported occurrence of quenselite in manganese ores of metamorphic origin. 1971 Zeitschr. fur Kryst. CXXXIV. 331 The significance of the quenselite structure lies in its role as a connecting link between certain of the Pb oxides and the lithiophoritechalcophanite group... In addition to red and yellow Pb(), quenselite has structural similarities to Pb203.

quenstedtite ('kwenststait). Min. [Named in 1888 after Prof. F. A. von Quenstedt: see -ite*.] Hydrous sulphate of iron found in Chile. 1888 y^mer.yrn/. 5c. XXXVI. 156 The name quenstedtite is given to a salt occurring in reddish-violet, tabular crystals.

tquent, $6. Obs. rare. [ad. Sp. quento, cuento = It. conto, OF. conte, count y6.] A million (of maravedis). *555 Eden Decades 314 Luys of S. Angell.. sente theym syxe quentes of marauedes. 1577 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. 68 A.. gentleman of more than a Quent of rent.

tquent, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 queint. [erron. f. queint, obs. pa. pple. of quench u.] trans. and intr. To quench. 1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 262 Set about my hersse. Two lampes to burne and not to queint [rime spent]. 1567 Turbefv. Epit., etc., Myrr. Fall of Pride, He thought forth¬ with his thirst to quent.. But there he found or ere he went a greater drougth.

tquent. Sc. f. a(c)quent, acquaintpp/. a. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 149 New servandis ar in derisioun amang the quent servitouris.

quent, obs. f.

quaint

a.\ obs. pa. pple. of

QUENCH V.

quentance, -ise, var. quaintance, -ise. quenthing, erron. f. quething. t'quentin. Obs. rare-^. [a. F. quentin ‘French Laune’ (Cotgr.). Cf. quintin.] ‘A sort of French Linnen-cloth that comes from S. Quentin in Picardy’ (Miege 1687; also in Phillips 1706, Bailey 1721).

queor, obs. form of choir. quep, erron. archaism for guep: see gup. 1822 Scott Nigel iv. Marry quep of your advice. 1825 -Betrothed ix, Marry quep, my cousin the weaver.

1594 Kyd Cornelia v. 403 Sacred Temples quenchlessly enflam’d. 1848 Craig, Quenchlessness.

t quequer, late var. cocker, a quiver. Obs.

t'quenchour. Obs. rare-^. Quenching.

C1500 Robin Hood & Potter 51 in Child Ballads HI. 112 To a quequer Roben went, A god bolt owthe he toke.

1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 6 Loke pat 3e haue a sotilte and a slei3pe to quenche sodeynly pe fier.. and whanne 3e haue do 30ure quenchour, putte alle pe watris togidere.

quer, obs. form of choir, where.

quency, obs. form of quinsy.

*533 Gad Richt Vay 85 Mony prayis ye psalter of our ladie .. vith queral bedis.

tquene, obs. form of coin sb.

tquerant. Obs. rare-', [a. F. quer ant, pple. of

1505 Will of Leek (Somerset Ho.), Exspencis bielding of the church and makyng of my tombe w' such Quene as I shall leve in their hande.

quene, obs. form of queen, when. I quenelle (ks'nel). [F., of uncertain origin.] In Cookery, a seasoned ball, of which the chief ingredient, commonly meat or fish, has been reduced to a paste. Also quenelle de volaille, a ball made with chicken or other fowl meat. 184s E. Acton Mod. Cookery vi. i8o French Forcemeat called Quenelles. This is a peculiarly light and delicate kind of forcemeat. 1846 [see croCton]. 1861 Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 202 Veal Quenelles... If the quenelles are not firm enough, add the yolk of another egg. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 296 Savoury quenelles of mutton enveloped in fennel leaves. 1888 Queen 15 Dec. 786/2 The insipid sweetbread.. the pasty quenelle, the sticky jelly. 1889 J. Whitehead Steward's Handbk. iv. 420/1 Richelieu garnish, quenelles of chicken, cockscombs and slices of fat livers in brown onion sauce. 1936 Lucas & Hume Au Petit Cordon Bleu 53 Decorate the tops of each paupiette with small fillets of anchovy and the quenelles with strips of anchovy. 1976

tqueral, obs. form of coral.

querir to inquire (cf. QUERE u.).] = querent sb.' 1591 Sparry tr, Cattan's Geomancie 81 The questions., touching the siluer of the brother or sister of the querant.

tquerbole, obs. form of cuir-bouilli. 1453 Test. Ebor. (Surtees, 1855) II. 190,] par of tables.. case of querbole.

quercetin ('kwaisitin). Chem. [Arbitrarily f. L. querc-us oak -b -iNh (Cf. L. quercetum an oakwood.)] A yellow crystalline substance widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, but usually obtained by decomposition of quercitrin; 3, 3', 4', 5, 7-Pentahydroxyflavone, CisHioO?1857 Miller Elem. Chem. iii. 512 When quercitrin is boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, it is decomposed into glucose and quercetin. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. ist Suppl. 982 Gintl.. has found quercetin in the leaves of the ash-tree. 1949 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) IX. 300/2 Quercetin gives red-brown, brown-orange, bright orange and olive-black shades on wool mordanted with chromium, aluminium, tin, and iron, respectively.

1962 T. R. Seshadri in T. A. Geissman Chem. Flavonoid Compounds ii. 9 Quercetin and its glycosides can be conveniently extracted by borax and can be liberated by acidification.

Hence quer'cetamide, an amide obtained from quercetin in the form of an amorphous orange-yellow powder, quercetic (kw3:'s£tik) a., derived from quercetin, as in quercetic acid. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 3 On adding ammonia to the acid filtrate, quercetamide is obtained. Ibid. 5 Quercetin heated with potash yields quercetic acid and other products. 1893 T. E. T horpe Diet. Chem. Ill, 324 If the melting is continued longer than necessary to obtain quercetic acid, then quercimeric acid is obtained.

t querch(e, obs. forms of curch, kerchief. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints ii. {Paul) 265 With pe querch [he] hid his face. Ibid. 295 Paule myn querche gaf to me.

quercimeric (kwairsi'menk), a. Chem. [f. querci-, comb, form of L. quercus oak -b Gr. fiepos part + -ic.] quercimeric acid, an acid derived from quercetin or quercetic acid. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 5 Quercimeric acid.. Produced by the action of melting potash on quercetic acid. 1893 T. E. Thorpe Diet. Chem. III. 324 Quercimeric acid.. is isolated in the same manner as quercetic acid, from which it differs by being much more soluble in water. [See also Quercetic.]

quercin ('kwaisin). Chem. [f. L. quercus oak -b -IN^.] (See quots.) 1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 349/2 Quercin, a neutral crystalline substance procured from the bark of the oak. 1894 Watts' Diet. Chem., Quercin.. occurs in oakbark, being obtained from the mother-liquors in the preparation of quercite.

quercine ('kwaisain), a. [ad. L. quercin-us, f. quercus oak: see -ine®'.] Of or pertaining to the oak; made of oak, oaken. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Quercine, oken, make of Okes. 1658 Phillips Quercine, belonging to an oak. 1854 B. Taylor Lands Saracen xxxvii. (1855) 440 The mast.. was as sweet and palatable as chestnuts, with very little of the bitter quercine flavour.

quercitannin (kwaisi'taenin). Chem. [f. L. querci- oak- + tannin.] A form of tannin obtained from oak-bark. So querci'tannic a., in quercitannic acid = quercitannin. 1845 W. Gregory Outl. Org. Chem. 416 Tannic Acid.. Syn. Quercitannic Acid, Tannine. This acid occurs chiefly in oak-bark and in nut-galls. 1852 Morfit Tanning and Currying {1%$^) 78 The tannin of tea is similar in properties to quercitannin. 1895 Naturalist 25 A tannin, which is probably quercitannin.

quercite ('kwaisait). Chem. [f. L. quercus oak -b -ite‘ 4.] A sweet crystalline alcohol obtained from acorns. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem. iii. 72 Quercite.. from acorns. .. Transparent prisms. 1863 Fownes Chem. 434 The juice of the acorn is submitted to fermentation. The fermented liquor, on evaporation, yields small prisms of quercite.

Hence quercitin(e) = quercetin (Webster 1864, citing Gregory), 'quercitol = quercite (Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1881). quercitron ('kwaisitran). [Abbreviated for querci-citron, f. L. quercus oak + citron. Named by Dr. Bancroft about 1784.] 1. a. The black or dyer’s oak of N. America {Quercus tinctoria)'. also called quercitron oak. b. The inner bark of this, used as a yellow dye and in tanning: also quercitron bark. 1794 Bancroft Philos. Perman. Colours xii, The Quercitron bark.. is one of the objects of a discovery, of which the use and application for dying, calico-printing, See. are exclusively vested in me.. by an act of parliament passed in the 25th year of his present Majesty’s reign. 1852 Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 100 The black, or quercitron oak, is a large tree found throughout the United States. Ibid. loi The quercitron, so much used in dyeing, is obtained from the cellular integument. attrib. 1823 Ure Diet. Chem. (ed. 2) 398/1 Cloth., subjected to the quercitron bath.

2. Special Combs, quercitron lake, yellow, the yellow pigment obtained from quercitron bark, yielding quercetin and rhamnose on hydrolysis; quercetrin. 1886 H. C. Standage Man. Pigments iv. 43 Yellow Lakes (Madder Yellow,.. Quercitron Yellow or Lake). 1918 Perkin & Everest Natural Org. Colouring Matters xix. 628 Quercitron-yellow lake. Flavin-lake, or Dutch pink can be made.. by precipitating a decoction of quercitron bark containing alum with chalk. 1934 Quercitron lake [see Italian pink]. 1947 L. S. Pratt Chem. Sf Physics Org. Pigments vii. 65 Quercitron lake is a yellow coloring matter made from the inner bark of a species of oak, Quercus tinctoria, that is indigenous to North America.

Hence quer'eitrein, a product of quercitrin. ? Obs. quer'citric a., derived from quercitrin, as in quercitric acid (Watts Diet. Chem. 1868). 'quercitrin, the yellow crystalline colouring matter of quercitron bark. 1833 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) VHI. 320/2 To this colouring matter Chevreul has given the name of quercitrin. Ibid. 321/i Yellow crystals possessing the characters of quercitrin. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 21 i/i The tannin which quercitrin contains.. gives a green colour with peroxide of iron. 1845 Ibid. Suppl. I. 349/2 On boiling a solution of

OUERCIVOROUS

QUERN

4

quercitrin, it becomes turbid, and deposits a quantity of small acicular crystals of quercitrein.

spec, one who consults, or seeks to something by means of, an astrologer.

quercivorous (kwai'sivarss), a. [f. L. quercus

1598 F. Wither tr. Dariot Astrol. Judg. O 3, By this meanes the Querent shall not haue his desyre. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. vi. 49 [see quesited]. 1653 Sir G. Wharton Comets Wks. (1683) 141 Many Queries.. which I have answered, .to my own and the Querents admiration. 1696 Aubrey Misc. (1784) 129 The Magicians now use a crystalsphere, .. which is inspected.. sometimes by the Querent himself. 1705 Bosman Guinea 152 If the Priest is enclined to oblige the Querent, the Questions are put. 1845 Whitehall xxi. 151 The astrologer, fixing his keen, cunning eyes on the querent. 1881 [see quesited].

oak + leaves.

-vorus devouring.]

Feeding on oak-

1858 Zoologist XVI. 6154 An individual [caterpillar] which had already become quercivorous.

querck,

obs. form of quirk sb.'^

tquerculane, a. Obs. rare-^. [ad. mod.L. querculan-us, f. quercus oak.] = QUERCINE a. 1656 Blount Glossogr.

querdlynge:

[Hence in some later diets.]

see codling^.

t quere, v. Obs. rare. Also 5 quire, [a. OF. quer-re (in conj. quier, quer-; mod.F. querir): — L. quaerere: see inquire.] To ask, inquire. 13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXXI. 319/7 He wolde wite and quere What-maner mon )?at he were. 01400-50 Alexander 1703 His qualite, his quantite, he quirys [Dubl. MS. enquirez] all-to-gedire. 01425 Cursor M. 19611 (Trin.) As he )7us went to quere [Cott. sek] & aske.. fuyr of helle him smot. c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 691 Alas! that thow grevest the so sore, Or thow haddyst queryd more, {c 1810 Merry-Cock Land vii. in Child Ballads (1888) III. v. civ. 250 And if my play-fellows come to quere for me, Tell them I am asleep.]

quere,

obs. form of choir, quaere, queer.

quereboly,

obs. form of cuir-bouilli.

t querelatory, a. Obs. rare~^. [f. ppl. stem of med.L. querelare to complain (see querele) + -ORY.] Of the nature of a complaint. *553 iti Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. i. ii. 23 [Bonner did present his libel called in the instrument] appellatory and querelatory Libel.

a

certain

querele, sb. Obs. [Orig. form of quarrel sb.^ (q.v.), occasionally employed (prob. under influence of L. querela) after quar{r)el had become the usual form.] 1. A complaint; an action. = quarrel i. t

1494 Fabyan Chron. an. 1123 To go before the king with a lamentable querele expressing how with true despites he was deformed. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 146 Such persones, as dooe by a wrongfull querele obiecte vnto me, that [etc.]. 1628 Coke On Litt. 292 If a man release all Quereles.. all actions reall and personall are released. 1726 Ayliffe Parerg. [189] Not in Causes of Appeal, but in Causes of first Instance and simple Querele only. 2. A cause, affair, etc. = quarrel 2, 1552 Order St. Bartholomew's Av, So sufficiently.. set forth this enormitie of the Citezeins, as semed behouefull for the querele of charitie. 1566 Grindal Lett, to Sir W. Cecil Wks. (Parker Soc.) 289 All ministers, now to be deprived in this querele of rites. So t querele v. = quarrel v. Hence

tquereler, quarreller, objector.

Obs.

1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 306 The faulte fynder or quereler. 1548-Par. Luke xv. 133 The elder sonne.. proudely quereled and reasoned the mattier with his father.

querele, -ell,

obs. forms of quarrel sh.^

tquerelous, a. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. querelosus, f. querela querele.] = querulous (q.v.). For earlier examples of the form see quarrellous. 1581 J. Hamilton in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 84 Thir ar murmurers, querelus [L. querulosi]. 1614 Bp. Hall No Peace with Rome §2 That querelous libell of the Macedonians, a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Kent ii. (1662) 74 Though generally the Irish are querelous of their Deputies .. yet Sir Henry left a good memory. 1751 Affecting Narr. of Wager 32 A Midshipman.. of an insolent querelous Temper.

Hence fquerelousness.

Obs. rare-^.

learn

'querent, sb.'^ and a. rare. [ad. L. querent-erriy pres. pple. of quert to complain.] a. sb. complainant, plaintiff (J.). b. adj. Complaining. 1727 in Bailey, vol. II. 1845 Whitehall li. 363 A process in which Joyce assisted with manifest sulkiness, and many a querent glance at his young commander.

quereour, queresoeuer, querester(e, querf, querfore, obs. ff. QUARRiERh wheresoever, CHORISTER, WHARF, WHEREFORE.

Queres, var. Keres. IIQuerfldte ('kveirfloita). Mus. [a. G. querflote cross-flute, f. quer transverse + flote flute.] 1. A transverse flute, blown through an opening at the side; = cross-flute s.v. cross B. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 373/1 Querflote {Ger.),.. The flute played sideways, as opposed to the flute which was blown at one end, and held straight in front of the performer. 1914 H. M. Fitzgibbon Story of Flute iii. 30 {caption) Praetorius’ Bass Querflote, 1620. 1959 Westrup & Harrison Collins Mus. Encycl. 525/1 Querflote, .. ‘Cross’ or ‘transverse flute’, i.e. the modern flute as distinct from the recorder or Blockflote. 1976 D. Munrow Instruments Middle Ages Sf Renaissance 53/3 Back in medieval times the different playing positions of the two instruments had provided a means of distinction ..: hence the use of.. Querflote, or Querpfeife (German, cross flute) for the transverse flute.

2. An organ stop that resembling that of a flute.

emits

a

sound

1921 G. A. Audsley Organ-Stops 217 Querflote... The name.. has been frequently used by German organ-builders to designate the stop which, in its voice, imitates, as closely as practicable in organ-pipes, the tone of the Flute of the orchestra. 1966 P. Williams European Organ 1450-1850 286 Querflote (Ger. ‘cross flute’), properly, an open cylindrical metal or wood flue stop (usually 4'), over¬ blowing to the first or second overtone due to the pipe’s narrow scale, large foot-holes and fairly low cut-up.

t'querical, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. quere qu/ere sb., or QUERY sb. + -ical.] a. adj. Of the nature of a query or queries, b. sb. A query. 1699 {title), Querical Demonstrations writ by Prince Butler Author of the Eleven Queries [etc.]. Ibid. 24 Don’t disdain, My Querical Strain, And I.. have yet in store. Of such Quericals more, At least a whole Score.

Ilquerida (ke'rifSa). [Sp. querida, pa. pple. querer to seek, desire, f. L. quaerere to seek.] A sweetheart, darling: freq. used as a term of address. Also querido (-5o), the male equivalent. 1846 R. Ford Gatherings from Spain xx. 274 His shortpetticoated querida. 1926 W. N. Burns Saga of Billy the Kid xiv. 185 In every placeta in the Pecos some little senorita was proud to be known as his querida. 1963 E. Linington Death of Busybody i. 9 Be careful now, querida. Lock both doors on your way home. 1970 Koenig & Dixon Children are Watching iii. 23 Did her querido have to go back to work at the restaurant? 1976 ‘S. Woods’ My Life is Done 40 Everything will be well, querido.

querie, obs. var. equerry (q.v.).

1643 Prynne Open. Gt. Seal Ep., The querelousnesse of the clamorous Opposites.

'queried,/)/)/. a. [f. query t;. + -edL] Called in question; marked with a query.

Ilquerencia (ke'renGja). [a. Sp. querencia lair,

1772 Ann. Reg. 241/2 You have insisted.. that you should not have rejected the queried votes, if you had not been convinced, .that they were all corrupted.

haunt, home ground, f. querer to seek, desire, f. h. quserere to seek.] Bullfighting. The part of the arena where the bull takes his stand; stamping ground. 1932 E. Hemingway Death in Afternoon xiii. 150 A querencia is a place the bull naturally wants to go to in the ring; a preferred locality. That is a natural querencia and such are well known and fixed, but an accidental querencia is more than that. It is a place which develops in the course of the fight where the bull makes his home. 1957 R. Campbell Portugal vi. 115 He [sc. the bull] may choose his querencia for some strategical advantage—near the body of a dead horse, for instance. 1964 Listener 27 Aug. 317/1 It is when the bull leaves his querencia—the place where he feels safe—that he falls a victim to delusion. 1974 F. Nolan Oshawa Project i. 3 Some taunted fighting bull seeking its querencia.

2. fig. A (person’s) favourite place; home ground, refuge. 1952 R. Campbell Lorca i. 8 Andalusia is Lorca’s querencia. 1977 A. Scholefield Venom in. 98 Returning always to the centre of the gold carpet for there, like a bull in a ring, he had instinctively made his querencia, his territory.

querent ('kwwrant),

Also 7 quser-. [ad. L. quaerent-em, pres. pple. of quaerere to inquire: cf. QUERANT, QUERIST.] One who asks or inquires;

querier ('kwi3ri3(r)). [f. query v. + -er*.] One who queries; also slang, a chimney-sweep who asks for work. 1672 Penn Spir. Truth Vind. 93 That would have been no Answer to their weighty Question, nor any allay to that earnest Enquiry.. the Queriers were under. 1861 Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 377 The knuller is also styled a ‘querier’, a name derived from his making inquiries at the doors of the houses as to whether his services are required.

querimonious (kwEri'mauniss), a. Also 7 quere-. [ad. late L. querimdnids-us\ see next and -ous. Cf. obs. F. querimonieux (Godef.).] Full of, addicted to, complaining. 1604 in R. Cawdrey Table Alph. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Epigr. xxxvi. Wks. ii. 266/1 Querimonious paines Doe puluerise the concaue of my braines. 1658 Osborn Adv. Son (1673) 206 Querimonious accusations of his best Servants. 1791 CoLLiNSON Hist. Somerset 608 It was on this solitary island that Gildas.. composed his querimonious treatise. 1848 Mozley Ess., Luther {1S7S) I. 354 That passionate and querimonious temper.

Hence queri'moniously adv.; queri'moniousness (Bailey vol. II. 1727). a 1668 Denham A Dialogue, Most queremoniously confessing That I of late have been compressing.

querimony ('kwerimam). [ad. L. querimonia, f. queri to complain: cf. F. querimonie (i6th c.).] Complaint, complaining. 1529 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1856) 1. 217 By way of querimony and complaint. 01548 Hall Chron., Echo. IV 239 b, The king.. troubled with hys brothers dayly querimonye. i6io Bp. Hall Apol. Brownists 39 marg.. To which vniust and triuiall querimony, our most iust defence hath beene [etc.]. 1887 Blackmore Springhaven (ed. 4) 1. viii. 61 The scholars of the Virgil class.. had recovered from the querimonies of those two sons of Ovid.

t'querism. Obs. rare-^. [f. as next + -ism.] The practice of inquiring or asking. 1648 Jenkyn Blind Guide iv. 88 Your engagement against querism or seeking .. will come to nothing.

querist ('kwiarist). [f. L,. quaer-ere to ask + -1ST: cf. QUERENT, QUERY.] One who asks or inquires; a questioner, interrogator. 1633 Earl Manch. Al Mondo (1636) 147 Those Querists who must haue a reason for every thing in Religion. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 5. 31 This Querist thinks himself., very seasonable in the Questions. 01774 Goldsm. Surv. Exp. Philos. (1776) II. 2 Were we asked..what is air, we should refer the querist to his experience alone. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) HI. 92 A troublesome querist comes and asks, ‘What is the just and good?’

querister,

variant of chorister.

querity, querk,

obs. ff. queerity, quirk sb.^

querken ('kw3:k(3)n), v. Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 5 querkyn, qwerken, -yn, 6 quarken, 7 quirk-, whirken, 8 dial, quacken, 9 dial, wirken, quocken, 5-6 (8-9 dial.) querken. [ = OFris. querka (mod. querke, quirke), ON. kvirkja, kyrkja (Da. kvaerke, kyrke), f. OFris. querk, ON. kverk (MSw. qv'drk), OHG. querca throat.] trans. To choke, suffocate, stifle. Hence 'querkening vbl. sb. C1440 Promp. Parv. 420/2 Querkenyd, suffocatus. Querkenynge, suffocacio. Querkyn, idem quod quellyn. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 249 The bytternesse of sorowe querkynde & stopped..the virgins harte. 1540 Palsgr. Acolastus Hij, I haue a throte bolle almoste strangled, snarled, or quarkennyd with extreme hunger. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirug., Maner exam, lazares, Qiv, Yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken [sfc]. 1^07 Walkington Opt. Glass 124 It wil.. send up such an ascending fome that it will bee ready to quirken and stifle vs. 1611 Cotgr., Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, or stifle with water, etc. Ibid., Suffocation, a suffocation,.. whirkening. 1783 Lemon Eng. Etym., Querkened, sometimes written, and pronounced quackned. 1828 Craven Gloss., Querkened, suffocated. 1848 A. B. Evans Leicestersh. Words s.v.. The wind was so high.. that I was welly quockened. 1880 in Cheshire Gloss. (1886), Wirken.

queri (kw3:l), sb. U.S. Also quirl. [? var. of CURL, or a. G. queri, quirl from MHG. twirl TWIRL.] A curl, twist, twirl. 1854 B. F. Taylor Jan. fef June 23 [The grape vine’s] aspirations were manifested in the display of divers mermaidish-looking ringlets, with two or three dainty ‘quids’ therein. 1871 L. M. Alcott Little Men v. 78 Sally, loading her pie with quirls and flourishes. 1880 in Webster Suppl. 1883 Cent. Mag. Dec. 201/1 The forms are grotesque beyond comparison: twists, querls, contortions. 1885 Harper's Mag. LXX. 219 The crooks and querls of the branches on the floor. 1889 R. T. Cooke Steadfast xv. 162 A hundred resolute little quirls above the low forehead. 1950 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xiv. 55 Quirl, a curl, as on a watermelon vine. A melon is supposed to be nice when the quirl is dead.

So queri, quirl v., to twirl, coil, etc. (Knowles, 1835); queried ppl. a., 'querling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1787 Amer. Museum II. 571/1 She thought there was something alive in her side, for, to use her own expression, she plainly perceived a tickling and quirling in it. Ibid. 574/1 She next complained of a quirling pain, that would last three or four hours with the utmost violence. 1830 Northern Watchman (Troy, N.Y.) 30 Nov. 3/5 We.. come out of the plagid lock, wrong eend foremost, all quirled up in a h-1 of a twist. 1840 J. F. Cooper Pathfinder 1. xiii. 206 One of his hands coiled a rope against the Sun, and he called it querling a rope, too, when I asked him what he was about. 1890 Dialect Notes 1. 75 ‘Quirled way up’... ‘Quirl, both noun and verb, is familiar to me.’ 1893 H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities of Speech in Mississippi 52 Quirl,.. this word is largely used by negroes, and to some extent by white people, for curl. It is also thus used in New England. In Mississippi a snake is nearly always said to be quirled or quoiled up, instead of curled or coiled up. 1944 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. ii. 30 Quirl, to curl. ‘Does hit quirl like a pig’s tail?’... Common.

quern^ (kw3:n). Forms: i eweorn, ewyrn, (coern, cern), eweorne, eweame, 4 queern(e, quyerne, qwhern, 4-7 queme, 5 queren, 5-6 qwern, 6 quearn, (wherne, wyrne). Sc. queirn, 7 quarn, 8 Sc. quirn, 7- quern. [(DE. eweorn, ewiprn str. fern., eweorne wk. fern. = OFris. quern, OS. quern (or querna, MDu. queren-e, Du. kweern), OHG. quirn, churn and chuirna (MHG. kurn, kiirne), ON. kvern (Icel. kvbrn, Sw. qvarn. Da. kvaern), Goth, -qairnus, from a pre-Teut. stem *g'°ern-, variations of which appear in synonymous forms in other Aryan languages, as Lith. girnos, OSl. zruny and zrunuvu, Russ. zhernov, Pol. zarna, OIr. bro (gen. broon), W.

OUERN breuan, etc.] A simple apparatus for grinding corn, usually consisting of two circular stones, the upper of which is turned by hand; also, a small hand-mill for grinding pepper, mustard, or similar substances (see pepper-, mustardquern). r950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 41 Tuu wif jegrundon on coernae aet cweorne]. ciooo ^lfric Exod. xi. 5 )?asre wylne..l?aet sitt set pxre cweornan. C1305 Pilate in E.E.P. (1862) III Bi a melewardes dou3ter he iai..And bijat on hire vnder pe querne pt Iit>ere bem. 1340 Ayenb. 181 Samson.. uil into pe honden of his yuo, )?et him deden grinde ate querne. c 1374 Chaucer Former Age 6 Onknowyn was p^ quyerne and ek the melle. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 831 Eek as for hail a russet weede is To kest vpon the querne. *5*3 Douglas ^neis i. iv. 39 For skant of victuall the comes in quemis of stane Thai grand. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 10 A Querne or a hand Mill doth but a little good. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. I. 354 Some necessary thing .. to use in his house, as a Furnace or Quern, or such like. 1699 Evelyn Acetaria (1729) 148 The seeds are pounded in a Mortar, or.. ground in a Quern contriv’d for this Purpose. 1771 Pennant Tour in Scotl. (1794) 232 Saw here a Quern, a sort of portable mill made of two stones. 1841 S. C. Kale Ireland III. 296 Two women generally worked the Quern, one sitting facing the other, the quern between them. 1884 J. COLBORNE Hicks Pasha 60 The circular querns of Lower Egy pt, which are turned by means of a wooden handle.

b. attrib. and Comb., as quem-chant, -house, -mill, -picker, -song, -staff', quem^like adv. See also QUERN-STONE. 1898 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 440 In the North, where he often heard the rhythmical •quem-chant. 1525 in Southwell Visit. (1891) 123, ij leads that standes in •wherne-house. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi. 595 Two equal! ranks of Orient Pearls.. (•Quern-like) grinding small Th’ imperfect food. 1600 Holland Lity xxxiii. xlv. 706 Troughs and •querne mils, in Bury Wills (Camden) 256 [The will of William Toly], ‘•quemepykker’, [1441, is in Lib. Osbern, f. 247]. 1816 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. LXXXI. 73 We will now subjoin the Grotta-Saungr or •quern-song. 1483 Cath. Angl. 297/1 A •Queme-staffe, molucrum.

tquem^. Obs. rare—^.

In 5 qwerne, qweryn. App., a large piece of ice. a 1400-50 Alexander 3003 Alexander.. rydis To pe grete flode of Granton & it on a glace fyndis. Or he was so3t to pe side jit sondird |>e qwerjms [Dubl. MS. qwemes].

quern,

obs. variant of kern w.*

'quemal, a. rare. [f. L. quern-us, f. quercus oak + -ALb]

11. Made of oak-leaves; oaken. Obs. rare-'. *599 Thynne Animadv. (1875) 49 The Quemall crowne gyven to those whiche had saued a cytyzen.

2. Bot. quemal alliance, Lindley’s name for his ‘alliance* of diclinous exogens, containing the orders Corylaceae and Juglandacess. 1846 Lindley Veget. Kingd. 289 If it were not for the minute embryo., it might take its place in the Quemal Alliance.

t querne. Obs. rare~^. [a. OF. querne (Godef.) for quaterne, after terne.'\ A quatre or four in dice-playing (in quot. 13.. Coer de L. 2009 Richard .. gave him a stroke on the molde .. Temes and quemes he gave him there.

quemell,

square: see quarnell.

quemer, obs. form of

corner sb.^

'quem-stone. [Cf. ON. kvernsteinn.^ One of the two stones forming a quern; a millstone. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt, xviii. 6 Behofas him p^t he sehongija coem-stan.. in suire his \c 1000 Ags. Gosp. cwym-, cweorn-stan]. 1388 Wyclif Num. xi. 8 And the puple 3ede aboute, and gaderide it, and brak with a queerne stoon. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wiilcker 725/24 Hec mola, a qwernston. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) 23 Theyre come in quemstoans they doe grind. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. l. 760 Round stones as much as milstones or quemstones. 1662 Ireland, Stat. at Large (1765) II. 416 Quem-stones, large, the last, jCij. lo^. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 242 Quern Stones under three feet in diameter, and not exceeding six inches in thickness. 1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 43 Opposite the east gable of the Church a quem-stone. .has been stuck up.

querof,

obs. form of whereof.

tqueror. Obs. rare~^.

[a. OF. quereor, -eur, agent-n. f. querre, querir quere v.^ An inquirer. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 610/18 Scitor, a querour.

querpo,

variant of cuerpo Obs.

querquedule ('kw3:kwidju:l). Ornith. [ad. L. querquedula a species of duck.] a. ‘A genus of ducks, one species of which.. is the common teal’ (Worcester, i860), b. ‘The pin-tail duck* (Webster, 1864, citing Eng. Cyc.).

querre,

var. quar v.\ obs. f. quarry sb.^

querrell, querrister, querrour, querry, obs. ff. QUARREL sb.^ and V., CHORISTER, QUARRIERS equerry.

quert: see

QUERY

5

quart a. and sb.^

t querulation. Obs. rare~^. [n. of action f. med.L. queruldri to complain, f. querul-us: see querulous a.] Complaint, complaining. So also

(from stem querul-) queru'lental, -'lential a., querulous, 'queruling vbl. sb., complaining, 'querulist one who complains, que'rulity, queru'losity (cf. querulous a.), habit or spirit of complaining. 1614 T. Adams Sinners Passing Bell Wks. (1629) 264 Will not these mournings, menaces, •querulations, stirre your hearts? 1785 R- Cumberland Observer No. 103 If 3 A lady.. rather captious and •querulental. 1806 - Mem. 17 Walpole had. .a plea for being captious and •querulential, for he was a maiTyr to the gout. 1038 S. Bellamy Betrayal 94 The Devil give thee heed! Haply he’ll better care thy •queruling Than He I follow mine. 1788 T. Touchstone Trifier 431,! have carefully examined the various subjects of complaint.. If my third fair •querulist would [etc.]. 1922 C. E. Montague Disenchantment iv. 52 The querulist of the book took it hard.. that more kind words did not come to the men. 1866 Pall Mall G. 27 June i The Premier had.. very insufficient grounds for his •querulity. 1882 F. T. Palgrave in Grosart Spenser's Wks. IV. p. Ixiv, Unreasonable •querulosity.

querulous ('kwerjubs), a. Also 6 -ose, 7 querr-. [ad. late L. querulos-us, f. querulus, f. queri to complain: cf. querelous, quarrellous.] 1 Of persons: Complaining, given to complaining, full of complaints, peevish.

.

In first quot. possibly for querelous quarrellous; a certain confusion between the words is also suggested by some 17th c. quots., which at least do not imply peevish or whining complaint. ? a 1500 Mankind (Brandi 1896) 46/200 My body wyth my soull ys euer querulose \rime house]. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pot. III. xi. §9 A people..by nature hard-hearted, tmerulous, wrathfull. 933 b. Bloomfield in Saporta & Bastian PsycholinguisUcs (1961) 24.4I2 Yeah? and Is that so? with a peculiar modification of the question-pitch, have been used as facetious vulgarisms expressing disbelief. 1964 C. C. Fries in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 244 Formal yes-or-no questions, along with question-pitch. 1884 E. W. Hamilton Dior>» 30 July (1972) II. 663 My main points are:,. 2. Confinement of question¬ putting to Private Members’ nights [etc.]. 1910 Question¬ raising [see question-begging above]. 1959 Times 25 Sept, 8/4 Curious and question-raising as they are, the megapodes are worth a more serious.. programme of research. 1647 Trapp Comm. Acts viii. 24 All Christ’s scholars are questionists, though not question-sick. 1862 T. A. Trollope Marietta I. xi. 200 Looking at her like a question stop. 1852 Mrs. Gaskell Let. 4 Sept. (1966) 197 {heading) Saty schoolroom, Question-time. 1085 Manch. Exam. 28 Feb. 6/1 Sitting pathetically through a rather lively question time. 1891 W. Fraser Disraeli & his Da>» 381 Colonel Makins, the.. Member for Essex.. said, ‘They have got it hot this afternoon about a Dissolution.’ I replied, ‘Oh, nonsense!’ This was during ‘Question-time*. 1936 H. Nicolson Diary 3 Dec. (1966) 281 Members crowd in as question-time draws to its end. 1976 H. Wilson Governance of Britain vii. 132 Harold Macmillan, a highly successful performer at Question time. 1642 R. Harris Sermon 29 If wee follow Chrysostom’s sense..and read the words Questionwise, Will hee suffer long? 1924 H, E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. 263 In Direct Questions, the question-words are said to be interrogative; in Indirect Questions, they are said to be conjunctive. 1964 E. Uldall in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 274 Question-word question: ‘What did he think they were doing?* 1978 Language LIV. 86 In English, questions are typically initiated by question words or verbs, so as to distinguish them from declarative sentences.

question ('kwestjan), v. Also 5-6 -yon, (5 -one), [a. OF. questionner (i3thc.), f, question question sb.]

1. a. trans. To ask a question or questions of (a person or fig. a thing); to interrogate. fAlso with double object (quot, 1604). 1490 Caxton Eneydos xv. 58 Fame.. sette herself.. with the porters and mynystres for to questyone theym. 1600 Shaks. a. Y.L. ii. iv. 64 One of you question yon’d man. If he for gold will giue vs any foode. 1^4-Oth. i. iii, 129 Her Father.. Still question’d me the Storie of my life. 1714 Swift Imit. Hor. ii. vi, And question me of this and that. 1814 Cary Dante, Paradise iii. 133,1 to question her became less prompt. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola Introd., The nightstudent, who had been questioning the stars or the sages.. for that hidden knowledge.

b. To examine judicially; hence, to call to account, challenge, accuse (of). Now rare. 1637 Heylin Answ. Burton 60 When you were questioned publickely for your misdemeanours, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 240 Socrates was questioned and condemned at Athens. 1656 Bramhall Replic. ii. 96 He had rather his own Church should be questioned of Idolatry. 1789 Constitution U.S. Art. i. §6 For any speech or debate in either house [members of Congress] shall not be questioned in any other place. 1830 Macaulay Ess. (1843) II. 458 [He] cannot be questioned before any tribunal for his baseness and ingratitude.

fc. To challenge, defy (one) to do something. Obs. rare-^. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §27, I cannot see why the Angel of God should question Esdras to recall the time past, if it were beyond his owne power.

12. intr. to qvtestion with: To ask questions of; to hold discourse or conversation with; to dispute with. Obs. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. iv. These two knyghtes mette with syre Tristram and questyoned with hym. 1555 Eden Decades 10, I questioned with hym as concernynge the eleuation of the pole. 1614 Jackson Creed iii. i. §5 Little would it boote vs to question with them about their meaning. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 97, I was not far from murmuring and questioning with my God.

3. a. intr. To ask or put questions. 1584 Lyly Campaspe v. ii, Thy sighs when he questioned, may breed in him a jealousy. 1593 Shaks^ Hen. VI, ill. ii. 122 Goe wee.. to the man that tooke him To question of his apprehension. 1626 D’Ewes in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 217 Others hearing not well what he saied hindred those by questioning which might have heard. 1725 Pope Odyss. xxiii. no, I scarce uplift my eyes. Nor dare to question. 1858 Longf. M. Standish ix. 53 Questioning, answering,.. and each interrupting the other.

b. trans. with clause stating the question. ?Obs. 1592 Greene Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 237, 1.. was so bould as to question what they were, and of their businesse. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. i. ii, 4^3 ’Tis safer to Auoid what’s growne, then question how ’tis borne. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxi. no They never questioned what crime he had done.

fc. intr. rare-^.

To inquire or seek after.

Obs.

1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxi. 105 Which flatteiy.. so much delighted him that them which before his affection hated, now his desire earnestly questioned after.

4. a. trans. To make a question of, to raise the question (whether, if, etc.); hence, to doubt, hold as uncertain. *533 Frith Answ. More Wks. (1573) 33 Whether it be so or not it may be questioned. 1659 Slingsby Diary (1836) 356, I sent TOu a leter.. but I question whether you received it. 174s P. Thomasyrnf. Anson’s Voy. 286,1 much question if those who left them had once fired them. 1758 Johnson

Idler No. 4 IP9 No man can question whether wounds and sickness are not really painful. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 408/1 Whether the request.. can be complied with.. may be questioned.

b. In negative expressions, sls I do not qttesUon {but, etc.) = I have no doubt, I am sure (that); also pass. (cf. 5) it cannot be questioned — it is certain; etc. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, ii. iv. 50 It is not to be ^estion’d, That they had gather’d a wise Councell. 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 82,1.. question not but you’ll do me and these two martyrs justice. a\TZO Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) L Pref. 23 Some cases which I did not uestion to be true. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xviii. ii. He id not in the least question succeeding with his daughter. 1869 Huxley in Sci. Opin. 21 Apr. 464/3 Nor can it be questioned that [etc.]. 1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 120 He did not question but the native Irish would join him.

5. a. To call in question, dispute, oppose. 1632 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 478 Wee question the truth of your informacion. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lix. (1739) 112 This the wilful Archbishop never questioned, till he questioned all Authority. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 3 The worthless delegates of his power, whose merit it was made sacrilege to question. 1832 Ht. Martineau Life in Wilds vii. 96 There would be no true humility in questioning your decision. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. i. 164 Any one who openly questioned the truth of Christianity was treated as a public offender.

b. To bring into question, make doubtful or insecure, rare. 1637 Heywood Royall King iii. Wks. 1874 VI. 43 This emulation Begets our hate, and questions him of life, a 1643 Suckling Goblins v. (1646) 58 Behold (grave Lords) the man Whose death questioned the life of these, 1879 G. Meredith Egoist III. xiv. 291 At the game of Chess it is the dishonour of our adversary when we are stale-mated: but in life., such a winning of the game questions our sentiments. fc. To State as a question. Obs. rare~^. 1643 Sir T. Browne Med. i. §21 Myself could shew a Catiogue of doubts, never yet imagined nor questioned.

t6. To ask or inquire about, to investigate (a thing). Obs. rare. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, ii. iv. 142 Dispatch vs with all speed, least that our King Come here himselfe to question our delay. 01633 Austin Medit. (1635) 133 When they Question such things, as the Holy-ghost is silent in. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, iii. (1701) 87/1 Socrates asked them if .. he might be permitted to question what he understood not.

questiona'bility,

= questionableness, 1845 Carlyle Cromwell (1871) V. 125 Widening into new dreariness, new questionability. 1966 Listener i Sept. 317/3 It is in the fact that only one of this grossly neglected composer’s works has appeared that the questionability lies. 1969 R. Harper World of Thriller ii. 51 Only occasionally for most men is life reduced to total questionability by any particular situation.

questionable V.

+

('kwestj9n3b(3)l), a. [f. question

-ABLE.]

11. a. Of a person: That may be interrogated; of whom questions may be asked, b. Of a question: That may be asked or put. c. Of a place: Where questions may easily be asked. Obs. rare. 1590 C. S. Right Relig. i It is a cmestion, scarse questionable. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. iv. 43 Thou com’st in such a questionable shape. That I will speake to thee. 1607 Middleton Five Gallants ii. iii. In such public as a tavern, such a questionable place. [1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. II. 119 (tr. Prodigal Son) Hollah! boy.. Stay still and be questionable. Tell me [etc.].]

t2. Of persons or acts: Liable to be called to account or dealt with judicially. Obs. 1639 Gentilis Servita's Inquis. (1676) 833 The delinquent shall be sent to the place where he is questionable for spiritual Matters. 1660 Trial Regie. 51 Whatever was done by their Commands, or their Authority, is not questionable by your Lordships. 1685 Cotton tr, Montaigne (1877) I. 60 Many have thought we are not fairly questionable for anything but what we commit against our conscience.

3. Of things, facts, etc.: That may be questioned or called in question (rarely const. by)', open to question or dispute; doubtful, uncertain. Freq. in phr. it is questionable (whether, if, etc.). 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 96 It is questionable, whether they have any Hindes or females. 1643 Prynne Treach. & Disloyalty iii. 127 (R.) Making it a thing not questionable by our Prelates and Clergie. 1685 Lady Russell in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 341 The Queen, is not at all well;.. ’tis questionable if she can endure the ceremony of the Coronation. 1772 Junius Lett. Ded. 6 The right of juries to return a general verdict, in all cases whatsoever is.. not.. in any shape questionable by the legislature. 17^^ Burke Fr. Rev. 63 Whatever rendered property questionable, ambiguous, and insecure. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed, 2) IV. 147 This doctrine is very questionable. 1882 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. exxiv. Introd., They have ventured upon so many other questionable statements that we are not bound to receive this dictum. 1883 Sir J. C. Mathew in Law Rep. ii Queen's Bench Div. 492 It was very questionable whether the words used were defamatory per se.

b. Of doubtful or obscure meaning, rare. 1742 Richardson Pamela III. 408 When I cannot answer for myself, to render anything dark or questionable in it. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, iv. 119 In the lapse of ages, the phraseology of law may become first obsolete, and then questionable.

QUESTIONABLENESS

QUESTION MARK

9

c. of qualities, properties, etc.: About the existence or presence of which there may be question. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. vii, The propriety of importing any of our school books from Great Britain is very questionable. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xii. 123 The questionable privilege of having as many wives as he could support. 1885 Manch. Exam. 20 Feb. 5/1 Either its object is of questionable expediency, or its work is imperfectly done.

questions as he pleased. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 60 The r^ply confirms the meaning of the questionary salute. 1838 Chalmers Wks. XIII. 75 Let us institute a questionary process upon the doings.

2. That asks questions.

rare~^.

1711 Steele Sped. No. 80 iffi Let those two questionary Petitioners try to do thus with their Who’s and their Whiches.

d. Of doubtful nature, character, or quality; dubious in respect of goodness, respectability, etc.

t'questionatively, ad?;. Obs. rare^K [Perh. on anal, of interrogatively, imperatively, etc.] As a question.

1806 Sure Winter in Land. II. 261 There are a thousand questionable thoughts rushing at once upon my mind. a 1822 Shelley Chas. I, ii. 203 Stick not even at questionable means. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iii. 79 A coolness ensued between the principal and his partners in consequence of these questionable dealings.

1657 Reeve GocT s questionatively.

'questionableness. [f. prec. + -ness.] The state of being questionable; doubtfulness, etc. 1668 H. More DiiK Dial. 11. xxii. (1713) 158 marg.. From the Questionableness whether.. there does not as much good redound to the Universe. 1857 De Quincey Keats Wks. 1862 V. 270 The questionableness of its particular statements. 1867 C. J. Smith Syn. & Antonyms s.v. Apparent, The adverb apparently admits the sense of questionableness still more strongly.

'questionably, adv. [f. as prec. + -ly^] In a questionable manner. 1859 Wilson & Geikie Mem. E. Forbes i. 8 This dim prehistoric dawn, through which the shadowy figures of.. Druids questionably hover. 1885 Mag. of Art Sept. 443/1 An eccentric and questionably drawn performance.

t'questional, a. Obs.rare-^. [f. question -AL^.] Relating to questions.

-f

1607 R. C. tr. Estienne's World Wond. xxxix. 327 The Decretals haue had their part,.. the Questionall, Distinctionall, Quodlibeticall bookes .. theirs.

question and answer. A dialogue consisting of alternate question and answer. Also (with hyphens) attrib.; occas. also question-answer. 1817 Keats Let. 10 Sept. (1931) 39 My dear Fanny, Let us now begin a regular question and answer—a little pro and con. 1839 Lett.fr. Madras (1843) 255 The question-andanswer lessons on Scripture History. 1908 Mrs. H. Ward Diana Mallory ii. xii. 237 The trivial question-and-answer of the tea-making. 1940 N. Marsh Surfeit of Lampreys (1941) xiii. 187 She maintained a question-and-answer attitude, replying in the most meagre phrases. 1941 L. MacNeice Poetry of W. B. Yeats i. 14 He may be answering quite different questions from mine but the questionanswers which he evolves are the same kind of organism, and result from the same kind of activity as my own questionanswers. 1945 C. S. Lewis Great Divorce 41 That questionand-answer conception of thought only applies to matter of fact. 1957 E. Bott Family & Social Network ii. 42 The ^estion-and-answer pattern of fact-collecting. i960 Guardian 9 June 9/1 Police interrogators .. now hold a daily .. question-and-answer session with the former Nazi. 1965 Language XLI. 387 The question-answer pair What does he do? He draws cartoons can be analyzed in the same way. 1977 Oxford Diocesan Mag. Oct. 20/2 It was decided to organise .. a question-and-answer programme on an electronic screen. 1980 English World-Wide 1. I. 28 It is not easy to elicit syntactic information by using the short direct question-answer technique.

t'questionary, sb.' Obs. rare. Also 9 qusest-. [ad. med.L. questiondri-us: see question and -ARYL]1. = QUESTIONIST. 1435 Misyn Fire of Love 3, I trowe }>ies )?inges here contenyd, of J^ies questionaries .. may no3t be vnderstandyd. 1563 Fox A. & M. 589/2 Then did he rede openly .. Paules Epistles, and put by Douns and Dorbel, & yet he was a questionary him selfe. 1787 Minor ii. xx. 141 Are you become a questionary at this time of day? 2. = QUESTOR I. 1820 Scott Abbot xxvii, A quastionary or pardoner, one of those itinerants who hawked about.. reliques.

'questionary, sb.^ [ad. med.L. quesUdnarium\ or, in mod. use, ad. F. questionnaire: see -ARY*.] A list of questions; fa treatise in the form of questions, a catechism. Also attrib. Now largely superseded by questionnaire, exc. in Med. use. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Pref., This lytell questyonary Sc formulary.. haue ben often requyred and soughte for. 1887 Athenaeum 10 Sept. 345/3 Answers to the society’s questionary of sociology and ethnography. 1951 Lancet 7 July 23/1 The questionary method used in this particular study has certain limitations. 1957 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 Sept. 550/2 The clinical concept of the disappointed undergraduate is therefore given some support by the answers to a general questionary. 1959 Times 5 Sept. 10/2 The proposed Welsh dialect atlas, information for which was gathered by means of a questionary of about 1,000 items. 1970 Gen. Psychol. Jan. 97 How did you answer when the item was difficult? And why did you answer in such a manner? (verbalization questionary). 1977 Lancet 27 Aug. 417/2 After 21 days, the patient was interviewed by one of us.. using a standard questionary.

questionary ('kwestjanan), a.

[ad. late L. qusest-, questiondri-us (Boethius): see question and -ARYb] 1. Having the form of a question; consisting of questions; conducted by means of questioning. 1653 Manton Exp. James iii. 13 The questionary proposal intimateth the rare contemporation of these two qualities. at al pe erthe per-of quajte a myle & more on lenghpe. t3. intr. To stir or move from one place to another; to go, run, hasten. Obs. c 1205 Lay. 826 Ne lete 36 nenne quick quecchen to holte [c 127s scapie to felde]. Ibid, yzyi pa heo weoren ouercumen pte quahten [c 1275 wenden] heo wide. 01350 Will. Palerne 4344 pat werwolf.. queite toward pe quene. 4. intr. Of persons (or animals): a. To move the body or any part of it; to stir; in later use esp. to shrink, wince, twitch (with pain), and usually in negative clauses. Obs. exc. dial. The phr. cwich ne cwe9 in Leg. St. Kath. 1261, quic ne que9 in Ancr. R. 122 (two MSS.), app. belongs here, meaning ‘stirred nor spoke’, though the form is difficult to account for. c 120$ Lay. 25844 J>a fond he per ane quene quecchen mid hafde. a cw®)? Neron to Petre, jehyrstu, Petrus, hw®t Simon cwi)>’? c 1175 Lomb. Horn. 37 Do summe of l^isse t>inge pe ic w'ulle nu cwej>en. c 1250 Gen. Ex. 149b Sel me 60 wunes, 6e queOen ben 6e firme sunes 01300 Cursor M. 22973 Mani man .. Wat noght pis word i for-wit quath. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1224 Sertes, pys were our most profit, Wi)? loue & leue he que^e [v.r. quede] vs quyt. a 1400-50 Alexander 4325,1 sail quethe pe forqui & quat is e cause.

b. intr. in phr. quick and quething: Alive and able to speak. 1529 More Dyaloge i. Wks. 131/2 A man and a woman whyche are yet quicke and quething. 1546 Gardiner peclar. Jfoye 39 b, I meruayle where he had lemed that lesson being yet quicke and quethynge.

2. To promise, rare.

3. To assign oy will, to bequeath. 1303 Brunne Handl. Synne 6294 Hous, and rente, and ouf>er )?yng, Mow j>ey quej>e at here endyng. CI330Chron. (1810) 135 To temples in Acres he quath fiue housand marke. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 321, I quei?e me to pe trone of l?at luge pat neuere hal> ende. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 4794 My body, I quethe also To the sepulkre, for dayes thre. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 16 Item I geue and quethe to William Hussher iijs. iiiji/. 1530 Palsgr. 676/2 Hath he queythed you any thyng in his testament?

? To bestow, deliver. rar€~^.

C14M Destr. Troy 6973 To Qwintilion the quern he qwithit a dynt, Woundit hym wickidly.

Hence f'quething vbl. sb., bequeathing; quething word, last farewell. Also f 'quetheword, a legacy, bequest. r 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 373 By beggynge, by queethyng [v.r. quehinge].. and ol>er fals meenes [they] cryen evere after worldly godis. 1481 in T. Gardner Hist. Dunwich (1754) 148 Of Cutberd Eyer, for the Queth Word ofTymChawmbyr40s. c 1490 Promp. Parv. 420/2 (MS. K.) Qvethe worde. .legatum. 1513 Douglas ^neis ix. viii. 62 Thi last regrait and quething wordis to say. 1532 Churchw. Acc. Wigtofty Lines, in Nichols Illustr. Ane. Mann. (1797), Item, receyvyd of Margaret Brygg for y« quethword of Rob* Brygg fiir husband i/-.

quethe, var. qued(e, bad. queSen, var. quethe

v.,

whethen

adv.

quethen, -un, varr. whethen, whence. queSer,

quedir,

-ur,

obs.

ff.

whether,

WHITHER.

quether, -ur, obs. ff. whether. quetor, -our, -ure, obs. ff. quitter sb.'^ quetsch (kvetj,

kwetj), sb. Also quetsche, tquitch. [a. G. quetsche, dial, form of zwetsche plum.] A variety of plum with oval, darkskinned fruit; also, the liqueur made from plums of this kind. Also attrib. 1839 C. McIntosh Orchard & Fruit Garden 327 The German Quitch Plum is dried and preserved in immense quantities. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist iii. jv. 559 Quetsche... A good bearer, and well adapted for drying, i860 R. Hogg Fruit Man. 251 Quetsche... Fruit medium sized, oval... Skin dark purple... A culinary plum. 1936 Bentley & Allen Trent's Last Case xi. 130 His wife was a Lorrainer and responsible for the Quetsch, the liqueur made from her father’s plums. 1940 [see mirabelle]. 1961 Sunday Times 16 July 36/6 Of plums and damsons there will not be a single one, and worst of all there will be no quetsch for jam making. Quetsch jam is one of the very best. 1966 P. V. Price France: Food ^ Wine Guide 51 Two [plums] that may be met with in open tarts are mirabelles.. and quetsches. 1969 Listener 2 Jan. 31/1 The [Romanian] national drink .. is a plum brandy like quetsch or slivovitch. 1975 Wood & Crosby Grow it & cook It vi. 234 Quetsche. .. (October. Long oval, black. When stewed has the flavour of Carlsbad plums. 1977 M. Jancath Seatag ii. v. 99 A heavy lunch of Quenelles with sauerkraut and.. a Quetsch tart.

quetstone, obs. f. whetstone. quetzal ('ketssi). Also quezal, quesal. [a. Sp. quetzals older quetzals^ a. Aztec quetzalli a tailfeather of the bird called quetzaltototl (f. the comb, form of quetzalli + tototl bird).] 1. An extremely beautiful bird {Pharomachrus mocino) of Central America (esp. Guatemala), belonging to the Trogon family; the cock is remarkable for its long tail-coverts, of a resplendent goldengreen colour, J. Wilson Let. in Mem. iv. (1859) 124 That long-tailed fellow, the quezal from Vera Paz. 1838 J. Gould 1827

2. (PI. quetzales.) The name of a silver Guatemalan coin, initially equivalent to one U.S. dollar, and comprising loo centavos. 1938 Whitaker’s Almanack 778 Revenue (Budget, 1927-28) Quetzals 11,031,102. 1962 R. A. G. Carson Coins 433 The coinage reform [in Guatemala] of 1924 created a new unit the quetzal in silver with subdivisions and with multiples in gold.. on obverse the quetzal, a Central American bird of the parrot family. 1974 Nat. Geographic Nov. 673 For five quetzals (five dollars, U.S.) 1 savored a grilled filet mignon, [etc.]. 1977 Westworld (Vancouver, B.C.) May-June 20/2 The average income of a [Guatemalan peasant] family ranges from 200 to 300 quetzales a year (a quetzal equals one American dollar).

Quetzalcoatl

c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 64 God hem quuad 6or seli suriurn. Ibid. 2788 Nu am ic ligt to fren hem CeCen And milche and hunige lond hem aueSen.

b,

Plate 21, Trogon resplendens.. Habitat Guatimala in Mexico, where it is called Quesal. 1864 G. R. Mathew Let.m Ld. Malmesbury Mem. Ex-Minister (1885) 586 (Dne of the famed ‘quezals’, whose plumage under the Aztec Emperor w^ reserved for imperial wear. 1887 W. T. Brigham {title) Guatemala, the Land of the Quetzal. 1930 R. Macaulay Staying with Relations ii. 26 Above their heads a quetzal, bright emblem of his country, his lovely tail caught in a liquorice vine. 1950 Caribbean Q. II. ii. 24 The ^rgeous plumage of the Macaw, the Quetzal and the Wild Turkey were sewn or gummed, feather by feather, onto cotton cloth to form resplendent cloaks. 1961 Guardian 22 5/4 The quetzal is a bird of rainbow plumage which symbolises Central America. 1978 Washington Post 7 July B2/3 The normal heart rejoices to think of wolves and quetzals flourishing in the great world.

(,ketsaslk3u'a:t(8)l). Forms: 6 Quecalcouatl, 7 Quetzaalcoalt, Quezalcouatl, 8 Quatzalcoatl, Quezalcoatl, 8- Quetzalcoatl. [a. Nahuatl quetzalli (see quetzal) -h coatl snake.] The Plumed Serpent of the Toltec and Aztec civilizations, traditionally known as the god of the morning and evening star, later as the patron of priests, inventor of books and of the calendar, and as the symbol of death and resurrection. Hence .Quetzalco’atlian a. and ,Quetzalco'atlism. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. L. de Gomara’s Pleasant Hist. Conqu. Weast India 203 There was one rounde temple dedicated to the God of the ayre called Quecalcouatl. IW4 E. GRiMSTONEtr. Acosta'sNaturall & MorallHist. E. Gf W. Indies v. ix. 354 In Cholula which is a common-wealth of Mexico, they worshipt a famous idoll which was the god of marchandise, being to this day greatly given to trafficke. They called it Quetzaalcoalt. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage 1. viii. ix. 656 They had sacrificed ten children.. to uezalcouatl their god. Ibid. 657 Their chiefe god was uezalcouatl, god of the Aire. 1725 J. Stevens tr. de Herrera's Gen. Hist. Amer. II. ii. v. vi. 375 There were forty or more great or small, and other lesser Temples.. which being all of different Sizes, and each of them dedicated to a several God, there was one among them round, consecrated to the God of the Air, call’d Quezalcoatl. 1726-Ibid. III. II. x. iii. 206 At Chulula, a City near Mexico, they ador’d a famous Idol that was the God of Commerce... His Name was Quatzalcoatl, he stood in a very lofty Temple, in a spacious Square, with Gold, Silver, Feathers, and costly Cloaths about him, bearing the Figure of a Man, his Face like a Bird... His name signify’d Snake of rich Feathers. 1787 C. Cullen tr. Clavigero's Hist. Mexico I. ii. 88 The Toltecas.. built in honour of their beloved god Quetzalcoatl, the highest pyramid of Cholula. 1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conqu. Mexico I. i. iii. 53 A far more interesting personage in their mythology was (Quetzalcoatl, god of the air, a divinity who, during his residence on earth, instructed the natives in the use of metals, in agriculture, and in the arts of government. 1907 L. Spence Mythol. Anc. Mexico ^ Peru ii. 20 The worship of Quetz^coatl was antipathetic if not directly opposed to that of the other deities of Anahuac. 1924 D. H. Lawrence Let. 15 Nov. (1962) 820 Well, I shall try and finish my Quetzalcoatl novel [sc. The Plumed Serpent^ this winter. 1926 - Plumed Serpent xxvii. 459 If you want to be so—so abstract and Quetzalcoatlian, then bury your head sometimes, like an ostrich in the sand, and forget. 1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 300 The Indians.. can.. practise whatever queer blend of Catholicism and Quetzalcoatlism pleases them best. 1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions i. i. 56 True, many stirred with indignant discomfort.. to find they had been attending, not Christ, but.. Balder, Attis, Amphion, or Quetzalcoatl. 1973 Guardian 23 Mar. 12/4 Quetzalcoatl, the ancient god of the Toltecs.

B

queue (kju:), sb. Also 9 queu. [a. F. queue, OF. coue, cue, coe'.—L. cauda tail; see cue s6.®]

1.

Her. The tail of a beast.

queue fourche{e, having a forked or double tail. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 41 Gold ramping Lion queue doth forked hold. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. xiv. (ed. 3) 164 The lion of Gueldres is also queue fourchee. 18^8 CussANS Her. (1893) 86 A Lion, with its tail between its legs, is said to be Coward', when furnished with two tails, Queue fourche, or Double queued.

2. A long plait of hair worn hanging down behind, from the head or from a wig; a pig-tail. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand. (1760) II. xlix. 116 A..coat over which his own hair descended in a leathern queue. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. II. v. too The largeness of the doctor’s wig arises from the same pride with the smallness of the beau’s queue. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Queue., an appendage that every British soldier is directed to wear in lieu of a club. 1843 Le Fevre Life Trav. Phys. I. i. viii. 183 Old cocked-hats, and tied queues, still stalk about the town. 1888 W. R. Carles Life in Corea iii. 40 These boys were all bachelors, and wore their hair in a queue down their backs. 1904 L. Hearn an Attempt at Interpretation xii. 257 All classes excepting the nobility, samurai, Shinto priests, and doctors, shaved the greater part of the head, and wore queues. 1947 R. Benedict Chrysanthemum ^ Sword iv. 77 Insignia and distinctive dress of caste were outlawed—even queues had to be cut. 1959 E. Tunis Indians 117/1 The Hopi had brown skins and straight black hair. Men wore it either in a queue bound up in the back or in the long bob

QUEUE they inherited from the Basket-makers. 1976 ‘D. Fletcher’ Don't whistle 'Macbeth' 22 One of her habitual wigs.. that.. ended in a pert queue at the back.

3. A number of persons ranged in a line, awaiting their turn to proceed, as at a ticketoffice; also, a line of carriages, etc. Also transf. and fig. to jump the queue', see jump v. ioc. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vii. iv, That talent..of spontaneously standing in queue, distinguishes.. the French People. 1862 Thackeray Philip II. viii. 177 A halfmile queue of carriages was formed along the street. 1876 C. M. Davies Unorth. Lond. (ed. 2) 120 A long Aug. 267/3 Are we going to wait until Marxism and socialism have conquered the world, and then stand there last in the queue, waiting for its return to us? 1977 Spare Rib May 19/4 Women in poor areas are always at the end of the queue for anything.

4. A support for the butt of a lance. 1855 in Ogilvie Suppl. i86o Hewitt Ancient Armour Suppl. 647 The butt of the lance .. is supported by the piece called the queue: this was of iron, and made fast to the bodyarmour by screws.

5. a. ‘The tail-piece of a violin or other instrument.’ b. ‘The tail of a note’ (Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 1876). 6. (Perh. a different word.) A barrel or cask capable of holding approximately one and a half hogsheads of liquid, usu. wine. 1777 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey I. vi. 47 The carriage of a queue of wine from Dijon to Dunkirk.. costs an hundred livres.. but if sent in the bottle, the carriage will be just double. 1851 C. Redding Hist. ^ Descr. Mod. Wines v. 91 The names applied in various wine districts of France to the casks which they use, differ without reference to the measure; in the department of the Marne, the tonneau is called the queue. 1931 W. E. Mead Eng. Medieval Feast iii. 81 In 1385-6 Jean de Neele declared that his household used in one year between six and seven ‘queues’ of verjuice or between 2,346 and 2,737 litres. 1956 Atlantic Monthly June 94/2 In Burgundy the barrel is called piece and contains from 226 to 228 liters, in the Maconnais 215 liters, in the Beaujolais 216 liters, in Alsace 114 liters. In the Champagne it’s called a queue and contains 216 liters.

7. attrib. and Comb., as queue day, discipline, driving, form, number, system, theory (hence qvieue-theoretic adj.); queue-barging vbl. sb., QUEUE-JUMPING. 1977 Time Out 30 Sept.-6 Oct. 15/1 The elaborate queue system is an attempt to eliminate queue barging. 1908 Daily Chron. 4 Aug. 3/4 It was queue day at the Franco-British Exhibition yesterday. At 6 o’clock.. a line of people a quarter of a mile long extended on either side of the Flip Flap, ly^i jrnl. R. Statistical Soc. B. XIII. 152 The queuediscipline is the rule or moral code determining the manner in which the customers form up into a queue and the manner in which they behave while waiting. 1972 Guardian 29 Aug. 2/1 The high standard of British queue discipline. 1970 Sunday Tel. 20 Dec. 7/5 Yet another factor contributing to fast ‘queue’ driving in fog on motorways.. is that drivers with their families as passengers tend to drive quickly for fear that a car behind might ram them. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 14 Nov. 10/1 From the pens to the steps of the car the intending passengers will go in queue form, as now adopted with so much success at most of the theatres. 1956 R. Braddon Nancy Wake i. i. 9 Each day they received queue numbers so that they could take up their correct ^sitions next morning. 1941 New Statesman 27 Dec. 523/2 The argument that the queue system is fair to everybody. 1966 S. Beer Decision & Control ix. 176 This thoroughly basic situation is so important in operational research as applied to dynamic systems that a whole branch of mathematical statistics, known as queue theory, has been developed round it. Ibid. 178 Some of the earliest queue-theoretic notions were developed around the problem of the doctor’s waiting room.

queue (kju:), v. [f. prec. sb.] 1. trans. To put up (the hair) in a queue. Also with personal obj. 1777 W. Dalrymple Trav. Sp. & Port. Ixvi, They came not out.. in the morning till their hair was queued. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 385 Their hair generally queued in the fashion of the times. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1872) II. iv. viii. 19 While they are combing and queuing him. 1885 Century Mag. XXIX. 891/2 Some of them clubbed and some of them >* standis p&r on. 1552 Huloet, Quyeke sandes or shelues, syrtes. 1^2 Carew Cornwall 8 b, The quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued with the floud. 1696 Phil. Trans. XIX. 352 Great Freshes.. make the Sands Shift, and consequently Quick. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 12 Sept., The Solway sands,.. as the tide makes,.. become quick in different places. 1890 Emerson Wild Life 58, I pulled my legs out of the soft ooze, and was soon across the patch of quick ground. 1895 Trans. Australasian Inst. Mining Engin. III. 141 Quick. Veins are said to be quick when productive, and dead when non-productive. Quickground, ground in a loose incoherent state; soft watery strata, e.g., running sand. 1901 Norges Geol. Undersegelse No. 32. 221 All kinds of soft clay are often called ‘quick’ clay; in a more restricted sense it means clay which has the property of being comparatively stiff when it lies in its original bed, but becomes fluid when it is set in motion. 1963 Means & Parcher Physical Prop. Soils xi. 333 The velocity of the upward flowing water required to cause the soil to become quick. 1967 A. R. Jumikis Introd. Soil. Mech. iv. 32 Quicksand is not a special type of soil, but a condition. Any granular material through which an upward flow of water takes place may become ‘quick’ under proper hydraulic conditions. 1978 Sci. Amer. Nov. 143/2 Sand does not become quick without an influx of water, because any extra water separates out on top of a bed of closely packed sand, creating a situation similar to the ones encountered on the beach and in the demonstration with a bottle.

*** Having some form of activity or energy. 11. fa. Of coals: Live, burning. Obs. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 224 Do to fyre on croccan, ofer wylle on godum gledum claenum & cwicum. 1340 Ayenb. 205 A quic col beminde ope an hyeape of dyade coles, c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxi. 142 If a man.. couer pe coles j^eroff with aschez, pai will hald in quikk atwelfmonth. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. ix. 55 Quyck coles whiche brente them full bytterly. 1581 T. Howell Deuises (1879) 200 Kindled coales close kept, continue longest quick. 1657 Trapp Comm. Ps. cxx. 4 Juniper.. maketh a very scorching fire, and quick coals, such as last long. 1764 Harmer Observ. iii. 118 They..put it into an oven upon the quick coals.

b. Of fires or flames: Burning strongly or briskly. Also of an oven: Exposed to a brisk fire. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) A ryht lyfly and quyk fyre of thowht. 1604 E. G[rimstone] U' Acosta's Hist. Indies ii. vii. 96 If it [the fire] bee quicke and violent, it doth greatly evaporate the quick-silver. 1624 Quarles Sion's Sonn. xx. 19 Thy breath.. incends quicke flames, where Ember’d sparkes but shine. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 16 It makes a hot quick Fire. 17^ Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 4 Bake it in a quick oven three hours. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. iii. i. 38 God! Spare me! I sustain not the quick flames. 1863 Reade Hard Cash xiv, You will cook your own goose—by a quick fire.

112, Of Speech, writings, etc.: Lively, full of vigour or acute reasoning; smart, sprightly. Obs. a feifful presrto multiply quek resouns. r53T Elyot Gov. i. X, Some quicke and mery dialoges elect out of Luciane. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xxviii. (Arb.) 70 An inscription.. in few verses, pithie, quicke an =. 1956 Nature 14 Jan. 79/2 The quinonoid product of the catecholase reaction.. is an active oxidase in the cresolase reaction. 1974 Ibid. 20 Dec. yiofi The sclerotisation and tanning of insect cuticles is generally thought to result from a crosslinking of the cuticular proteins by quinonoid derivatives of tyrosine. quin-a -I- -o- + quinotannic acid, a form of tannic found in cinchona bark. Hence

quino'tannic, a. Chem. [f. TANNIC.]

acid

quino'tannate. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 30 Quinotannic acid is a lightyellow, friable, very hygroscopic mass, which becomes electric by friction. Ibid., The quinotannate of lead.

quinova- (kwi'nauva), an arbitrary comb, form of mod.L. quina nova false cinchona bark, as in quinova-bitter = quinovin; qulnova-red, a resinous substance obtained from quinovatannic acid; quinova-sugar, a saccharine substance obtained from quinovin; quinova-'tannic (act'd) a., derived from quina nova. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 31 The alcoholic solution.. leaves the quinova-sugar, on evaporation, as an uncrystallisable hygroscopic mass. Ibid. 32 Quinova-bitter [see CJuinovin]. 1894 Ibid. IV. 392 Quinova red is a nearly black resin. Ibid., Quinovatannic acid.

quinovic (kwi'nauvik), ki'novic, a. Chem. [See prec. and -ic.] quinovic acid, an acid found in false cinchona bark (see quot. 1868). 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 805 The kinovic acid of Pelletier and Caventou has considerable analogy with the oily acids. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 31 Quinovic Acid .. was originally used as a synonym for quinovin or quinovabitter, but is now applied.. to an acid produced, together with quinova-sugar, by the decomposition of quinovin. So qui'novate, ki'novate [-ate ic], a salt of

quinovic

acid

(Mayne

Expos.

Lex.

1855).

qui'novin, ki'novin [-in'], an amorphous bitter

compound found in (false and other) cinchonabarks. qui'novite, a product of the resolution of quinovin. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinovin... Quinovabitter; formerly also called Quinovic, Quinovatic or Chiococcic acid. 1894 Ibid. IV. 392 Quinovin.. occurs also in true cinchona bark., and in tormentilla root. Ibid., Resolved by acids into quinovic acid and quinovite. quinoxaline (kwi'nDksaliin). Chem. [ad. G.

chinoxalin (O. Hinsberg 1884, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XVH. 319), f. chin-olin quinoline + -oxal (f. glyoxal glyoxal) -i- -in -ine^. So named on account of its structural similarity to quinoline and its preparation from glyoxal.] A weakly basic colourless crystalline solid, C8H5N2, which was first prepared by reaction of glyoxal and o-phenylenediamine, and has a bycyclic structure formed from fused benzene and pyrazine rings; any substituted derivative of this compound. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVI. 1052 He [ie. Hinsberg].. proposes to call this series of compounds quinoxalines. The formula of quinoxaline (the lowest homologue) is undoubtedly

1887

[see

azine].

1926

H. G. Rule tr. J. Schmidt's Text-bk. Org. Chem. 700 Quinoxalines.. are weakly basic compounds, which may be reduced to hydro-quinoxalines, but are stable towards oxidising agents. 1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. x. 189 It [jc. glyoxal].. combines with o-phenylenediamines to form quinoxalines..; e.g., with o-phenylenediamine it forms quinoxaline itself. ,974 Nature 20 Dec. 654/1 The quinoxaline chromophores of echinomycin are similar in size to the quinoline chromophore of chloroquine, which is known to bind to DNA by intercalation.

quinoyl ('kwinsuil). Chem. Also kinoyle, quino'il. [f. QUIN-A -h -o- + -YL.] a. = QUINONE. b. (See quot. 1868.) Woskresensky, the discoverer of quinone, named it chinoyl, for which Berzelius substituted chinon. 1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 350/1 Quinoil, a neutral substance obtained when kinic acid is decomposed by heat. .. It is of a golden yellow colour. 1848 Craig, Kinoyle, a sublimate obtained in golden yellow needles when a kinate is distilled, 1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinoyl, a diatomic radicle, which may be supposed to exist in quinone and its derivatives, quinone itself being regarded as the hydride.

tquin'quadrate. Math. Obs. rare-', [f. L. quinique) + quadrate.] A thirty-second power. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 273 [see quaquadrate].

quinquagenarian and a.

(,kwinkw3d3i'ne3n3n), [f. as next -I- -an.]

sb.

sb. fl. A captain of fifty men. Obs. rare.

OUINOUAGENARY 1569 J. Sanford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 130 Moses did men appoint them .. Centurians, Quinquagenarians, and Decans. 1609 Bible (Douay) Exod. xviii. 21 Centurions, and quinquagenarians, and deanes.

2. A person aged fifty; or between fifty and sixty. 1843 New Mirror (cited in Cent. Diet.).

B. adj. 11. Commanding fifty men. Obs. rare. W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 356 Two Quinquagenarian Captains. 1629 Mabbe tr. Fonseca’s Dev. Contemp. 592 One Elias consumed with fire Ahabs Quinquagenarian Captaines and their souldiers.

2. Of fifty years of age; characteristic of one who is fifty years old. 1822 New Monthly Mag. V. 46 The quinquagenarian bachelor. 1848 Clough Amours de Voy. ii. 141 The trembling Quinquagenarian fears of two lone British spinsters.

quinquagenary (kwin'kwaBd3in3n), sb. and a. [ad. L. quinqudgenari-us consisting of fifty, fifty years old, captain of fifty, f. quinqudgent, distrib. of quinqudginta fifty: cf. F. quinquagenaire.] A. sb. fl- = quinquagenarian sb. i. Obs. rare. 1382 Wychf Deut. i. 15, I haue ordeynd hem .. tribunes, and centuriouns, and quynquagenaryes. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 59/2 Moyses.. ordeyned them.. tribunes Centuriones quinquagenaries.

2. A fiftieth year or anniversary. 1588 J Harvey Disc. Probl. 25 The Quinquagenarie, or 50 yeere,.. termed the yeere of lubilee. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 28 June 2/2 Rossall, which has been celebrating its jubilee—not a quingentenarj' like Winchester, but a modest quinquagenary. B. adj. = QUINQUAGENARIAN a. 2. 1715 tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. iv. viii. 171 The Servant of Claudius, had in his Time a Quinquagenary Charger, which was valu’d at 5000 Crowns. 1829 Bentham Let. to O'Connell 10 Nov., Wks. 1843 XI. 28 My dear quinquagenar>^ child shall never more be thus tormented by .. his octogenary.. guardian.

t'quinquagene. Obs. rare. [ad. L. quinquageni^ distrib. of quinqudginta fifty.] A set of fifty. 1560 Abp. Parker Ps. ii. {title). The Seconde Quinquagene of Dauids Psalter translated into Englishe Metre.

! I Quinquagesima (kwinkw3'd3Esim3). [med.L., fem. (sc. dies) of L. quinqudgesimus fiftieth. It is not certain whether the name is due to the fact that the Sunday in question is the fiftieth day before Easter (reckoning inclusively), or was simply formed on anal, of Quadragesima (cf. sex-, septuagesima).)

fa. The period beginning with the Sunday immediately preceding Lent and ending on Easter Sunday. Obs. fb. The first week of this period. Obs. c. (Also Quinquagesima Sunday.) The Sunday before Lent; Shrove Sunday. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 297 He..was icrowned.. pe Sonday in Quinquagesima, pat is J?at day a fourteny3t after Alleluya is i-closed. 1398-Barth. De P.R. IX. xxix. (1495) 364 Quinquagesima begynnyth the thyrd Sondaye after Septuagesima and endyth in the sonday of the Resurreccion. 1432*50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 143 This emperoure goynge to here masse .. in the Sonneday of Quinquagesima. 1612 Selden lllustr. Drayton's Polyolb. xi. 185 Tlie foure last dales of the Quinquagesima, that is Ash Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. 1656 Blount Glossogr., (Quinquagesima Sunday is always that which we vulgarly call Shrove Sunday. 1710 Wheatly Bk. Com. Prayer iv. §8. 78 The Tuesday after Quinquagesima Sunday is generally call’d Shrove Tuesday. 1885 Catholic Diet. (1897) 5 59/2 St. Ambrose.. censures those who began Lent with Sexagesima or Quinquagesima. attrib. 1885 Catholic Diet. (1897) 559/1 On the Monday in Quinquagesima week. 1901 Proctor & Frere Bk. Com. Prayer 533 The Quinquagesima Collect.

quinqua'gesimal, a. [f. as prec. + -al‘.] Belonging to a set of fifty; containing fifty days. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xi. 179 note, The quinquagesima! days were the fifty days between Easter and Whitsunday. 1884 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 1801/2 As designating the last day of this quinquagesimal period, the word ‘Pentecost’ is first found in.. 305.

t Quinquagesime, -gesme. Obs. Also 5 quynquegesym, qwynquasim (?), 6 -gissime. [a. OF. quinquagesime (14th c.) or ad. med.L. quinquagesima: see above.] = Quinquagesima. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 40 pe Gospel on I?ursdai in Quinquagesme. Ibid. 265 On Quinquagesme Sondai Pistle. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 143 J>e emperour comynge ones on pe Sonday of Quynquagesme to a chapel. 1483 Cath. Angl. 297/2 Quynquegesym {A. Qwynquasim), quinquagesima. 1533 More Debell. Salem Wks. 1030/2 The priestes should eate no flesh fro quinquagissime to Easter. c 1535 Fisher Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 434 Y« gospell, redde in the church this quinquagesime sondaye. 1658 in Phillips.

quinquagint ('kwinkw3d3int). nonce-wd. [ad. L. quinqudginta fifty.] A set of fifty persons or things. 1843 Thackeray Irish Sk.-Bk. II. xiv. 264 There are 220 voters, it appears;.. but as parties are pretty equally balanced, the votes of the quinquagint.. carry an immense weight.

t 'quinquangle, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. quinquangulus, -um (Priscian, Boeth.), f. quinque

quinquennial

35 five + angulus angle. Cf. obs. F. quinquangle (Godef.).] A. adj. ‘Having five angles or corners’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656). B. sb. A pentagon. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. I. 29 To inscribe a Quinquangle into a Circle. 1677 Plot O^ordsh. 334 Rather a quinquangle thari a square. 1788 T. Taylor Proclus I. 178 A triangle.. will in this case have all its angles acute, and a quinquangle all its angles obtuse.

quinquangular (kwin'kwaei]gjob(r)), a. [f. as prec. + -ar: cf. F. quinquangulaire.] Having five angles or corners; pentagonal. 1653 H. More Antid. Atk. ii. vi. (1712) 54 If it [a stone] be but exactly round .. or ordinately Quinquangular. 1657 Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 258 The leaves of Briony are broad, and quinquangular. 1704 Collect. Voy. (Churchill) III. 7pi/t The .. Fortress .. was of a Quinquangular Figure. 1826 in Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 262. 1872 E. Trollope Sleaford 430 Its east end terminates in a quinquangular apse.

So quin'quangulate, -ous adjs. (Lee Introd. Bot. 1788; Mayne Expos. Lex. 1858). quinquarticular (kwinkw3'tikjub(r)), a. [ad. mod.L. quinquarticuldr-is, f. quinque five + articulus article.] Relating to the five articles or points of Arminian doctrine condemned by the Calvinists at the Synod of Dort in 1618. 1661 Glanvill Van. Dogm. 102 That darkness and confusion that is upon the face of the quinquarticular debates. 1674 Hickman Hist. Quinquart. (ed. 2) 2 Our Subject must be the unhappy Quinquarticular Controyersie. 1755 Carte Hist. Eng. IV. 53 The troubles complained of by the Dutch deputies related to what was called the quinquarticular controversy. 1834 Faber Lett. (1869) 17 The quinquarticular doctrines of the Synod of Dort. 1861 W. S. Perry Hist. Ch. Eng. I. x. 348 One long versed in the intricacies of these quinquarticular disputes.

Quin'quatric, a. rare. [f. L. quinqudtrus f. pi. or quinqudtria n. pi. + -ic.] Rom. Antiq. Pertaining to the festival of Minerva (March 19-23)*839 J. Taylor Poems (sf Transl. 210 The name of the Quinquatric Festival is derivable from the 5J days by which the year exceeds twelve months of thirty days each.

quinque- (’kwinkwi), a first element (a. L. quinque- five-) employed in combs, with the sense ‘having, consisting of, etc. five (things specified)’. Examples of such formations in classical L. are the sbs. quinquefolium, quinquennium, quinqueremis, quinquevir(t), the adjs. quinquefolius, -mestris, quinquenndlis, and the ppl. form quinquepartitus’, others appear in the later language. Those adopted or formed in English are chiefly terms of Bot. or ZooL, and correspond to similar formations in F., as quinquedente, -digite, -lobe, -loculaire, -nerve, valve, etc. For the meaning of the second element in the following compare the corresponding forms under BI-, QUADRI-. t quinque-'angle, -'angled, -'angular adjs., quinquangular, pentagonal; quinque-'annulate, -ar'ticulate, -'capsular, -'costate, -'dentate, t-dentated, -'digitate(d), -'farious adjs.’, 'quinquefid a. (see quinquifid); f quinquefoil, cinquefoil; quinque'foliate, f -foliated, -'foliolate, -'jugous, -'lateral, -'libral adjs.-, quinque'literal a. and sb.-, quinque'lobate, -lobed, -'locular, f-tnestrial adjs.’, f-metre; -'nerval, -nerved, -pedal, -pe'dalian, -'petaloid, -‘punctal, -'punctate, -‘radiate, -'septate, -'serial, -'seriate, -sy'llabic adjs.’, quinque'syllable; quinque-tu'bercular, -tu'berculate adjs.’, quinquevalent a. = quinquivalent; 'quinquevaive a. and sb., t -'valvous, -'valvular, -'verbal, -'verbial adjs. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iii. iii, In champion grounds what figure serves you best, For which the *quinque-angle form is meet. 1679 Moxon Math. Diet. 125 * Quinque-Angled. 1760 P. Miller Introd. Bot. 21 A •quinqueangular or five cornered leaf. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 318 Abdomen *quinqueannulate. Ibid. 300 Antenn® filiform, *quinquearticulate. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 74 A pair of quinquearticulate legs. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xxix. (1765) 145 In Aconitum some are tricapsular, and others •quinquecapsular. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 152 It is said to be.. five-ribbed or •quinquecostate. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xx. (1765) 116 The Brim •quinque-dentate. 1870 Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 217, 5-toothed or quinquedentate. 1777 Pennant British Zool. (ed. 2) IV. 4 Smooth body, *quinque-dentated front. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinquedigitatus, .. •quinquedigitated. 1828 Webster, *QwiVzoue/oriows. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, *Quinquefoile, or Cinquefoile. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 620 It is a *Quinquefoliate and Siligniferous Tree, with winged Seed. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 170 It is quinate or quinquefoliate, if there are five [leaflets]. 1727 Bailey vol. II, ^QuinquefoliatedLeaf. 1832 Lindley Introd. Bot. (1839) 463 We say.. *quinquefoliolate or quinate, if there are five [leaflets] from the same point. 1819 Pantologia X. *Quinquejugous leaf,.. a pinnate leaf, with five pairs of leaflets. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 157 Body cylindrical or •quinquelateral. 1656 Blount Glossogr., *Quinque-libral,.. of five pound weight. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 91 Some mention a Triple Choenix, as

Bilibral, Quadrilibral, and Quinquelibral. 1793 Beddoes Math. Evid. 133 They assume triliteral and quadriliteral.. roots, and are doubtful whether there are not •quinqueliteral. 1846-52 B. Davies tr. Gesenius' Heb. Gram. II. §30 Combining into one word two triliteral stems, by which process even quinqueliterals are formed. 1819 Pantologia X. *Quinquelobate leaf. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 875/1 Sometimes it [the tooth] is made quinquelobate by a double notch. 1775 J. Jenkinson tr. Linnaeus' Brit. PI. Gloss. 255 ‘Quinquelobed. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xxxii. (1765) 157 Campanula, with Fruit *quinquelocular. 1870 Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 290 The ovary is quinquelocular. 1611 Coryat Crudities Char. Authour, Author of these •Quinque-mestriale Crudities. C1560 Abp. Parker Psalter Bj, Dauid Metres made; •Quinquemetres: some trimetres. 1671 Grew Anat. PI. vii. §4. 45 Some just *Quinquenerval, as in Anisum. 1856 Henslow Diet. Bot. Terms 151 *Quinqu€n€rved. 1855 Fraser's Mag. LI. 63 A series of tripedal, quadrupedal, and *quinquepedal cocks. 1841 Hodgson Life Napoleon in R. Oastler Fleet Papers (1842) II. 397 Its lengthened •quinquepedalian notes. 1678 Phillips (ed. 4) List Barbarous Words, *Quinquipunctal, having five points. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinquepunctatus, .. *quinquepunctate. 1886 Athenaeum 12 June 782/3 There are four, six and seven rayed forms as well as the more ordinary •quinquiradiate specimens. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Quinqueseriatus,. .*(\u\T\is?* Ibid. 19311 (Edinb.) ‘Lauerdingis, it es selcul^e,’ cod J?ai. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. ii. 5 ‘Loke on pt lufthond,’ quod heo ‘and seo wher [he] stondej?.’ ^1420 Sir Amadace (Camd.) xxxviii. Quod the quite knyjte, ‘Quat mon is this’? c 1470 Henry Wallace vi. 133 ‘Quhom scornys thowP’ quod Wallace, ‘quha lerd the?’ 1513 Douglas ASneis viii. Prol. 122 Quod I, Lovne, thou leis. 1549 Coverdale etc. Erasm. Par. I Tim. 2, I haue not chosen (quod he) out of an other mannes flocke. ri620 A. Hume Brit. Tongue (1865) 18 Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour.

8. 5 quo, 6 ko, ka, 8 Sc. co’, 8-9 quo’. CI450 Merlin 33 ‘In feith,’ quo the oon, ‘I sholde suffer grete myschef er he had eny harm.’ a 1553 Udall Royster D. III. iii. (Arb.) 44 Bawawe what ye say (ko I).. Nay I feare him not (ko she) 1756 Toldervy Hist. 2 Orphans I. 39 Marry (quo’ she) I think it is the province of our elder brother, a 1774 Fergusson Iron Kirk Bell Poems (1845) 44 Quo’ he.. ‘This bell o’mine’s a trick’. 1818 Scott Rob Roy xxiv, Whae’s Mr. Robert Campbell, quo’ he? 1893 Crockett Stickit Minister 127 ‘Horse or mule,’ quo’ she [etc.].

t b. Used at the end of a piece to introduce the name of the author. Obs. (Chiefly Sc.) a 1500 King's Quair (S.T.S.) 48 Explicit, &c. Quod Jacobus Primus. 1508 Dunbar Lament *101 Quod Dunbar quhen he was seik. C1550 Lusty Juventus. Finis. Quod R. Weuer. 1583 Satir. Poems Reform, xlv. *1118 Finis. Quod R. S. [1788 Burns Friars Carse 55 Quod the Beadsman of Nith-side.]

12. Used interrogatively with a pronoun of the second person, with the same force as quotha. Obs. The form quothee may be a var. of quotha. a 1553 Udall Royster D. i. ii. (Arb.) 17 Enamoured, quod you?.. Enamoured ka? Ibid. iii. iv. 54 Scribler (ko you). 1573 Hew Custom i. ii, Primitiue Constitution (quodes Stowe) as much as my sleeve! 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 12 Rich, quoth you? They are rich indeede toward the deuill and the world, a 1600 Grim, the Collier of Croydon II. iv. (1662) 30 As it falls! quoth ye, marry a foul fall is it. 1681 T. Flatman Heraclitus Ridens No. 5 (1713) I. 28 Earn ..And what Trade do they intend to drive? Jest. What Trade, quothee?

^ Hence (erroneously) 'quothing, saying. 1864 Sir F. Palgrave Norm, hf Eng. HI. 402 The owner had the power of transmitting the possession to an heir by bequest, by quothing or speaking forth the name of his intended successor to the lord.

quotha ('kwsuBa), int. Now arch. Also 6 catha, quod a, quodha. [Tor quoth he (^ec^\pron.).The phrase ‘said he?’, used with contemptuous or sarcastic force in repeating a word or phrase used by another; hence = indeed! forsooth! 1519 Inter! Four Elem. (Percy Soc.) 24 Thre course dysshes, quod a. 1528 Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 86 Wat. Hath Christ amonge theym no place? Jef. Christ catha? c 1550 Lusty Juventus Ciib, Lawfull, quodha, a, foole, foole. 1600 Heywood 1st Pt. Edw. IV Wks. 1874 I. 33 Forbid, quotha? I, in good sadness. i68o Dryden Span. Friar iii. ii, A novice quotha! you would make a novice of me too, if you could. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. i. i. Learning, quotha! a mere composition of tricks and mischief. 1835 Willis Pencillings II. xliii. 38 The ‘fickle moon,’ quotha! I wish my friends were half as constant. 1884 Browning Ferishtah's Fancies,

Mihrab Shah 99 Attributes, quotha? Here’s poor flesh and blood. 1917 W. Owen Let. 4 Feb. (1967) 432 Distaste? Distaste, Quotha? 1958 L. Durrell Mountolive v. in A fellow-romantic quotha!

tquothe, quoath, obs. varr. cothe v. to faint. 1567 Golding Ovid's Met. v. (1593) 107 He quothing as he stood Did looke about where Atys lay. Ibid. vii. 179 She quoath’d, and with her bloud Her little strength did fade.

quothernicke: see cothurnic.

B. sb. 1. A quotidian fever or ague.

II quot homines tot sententiae (kwnt 'homineiz tot sen'tentiai). [L.] An observation on the diversity of opinions, deriving from Terence Phormio ii. iv. 14 quot homines tot sententiae: suus cuique mos ‘there are as many opinions as there are men: to each his own way’, 1539 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus's Proverbes or Adagies f. xiii, Quot homines, tot sentencise. So many heades, so many iudgementes. 1575 G. Gascoigne Certayne Notes of Instruction concerning Making of Verse or Ryme in English, And therwithall I pray you consider that Quot homines, tot Sententiae, especially in Poetrie. 1602 W; Watson Quodlibeticall Questions concerning Relig. ^ State 343 They follow each one of them their owne priuate foule spirits of deceit and error, & so quot homines tot sententiae. So many men so many minds. 1869 Fraser's Mag. LXXX. 68/1 Here all is to be pleasure. The (minions as to what is pleasure vary as a matter of course. Quot homines tot sententiae. 1969 Listener 13 Nov. 680/2 A visitor from another planet might well have marvelled at the fertility of the human race in generating opinion—quot homines tot sententiae with a vengeance. 1975 Times 13 Nov. 17/6 No one has ever agreed entirely about Kipling; Quot homines, tot sententiae.

tquo'tidial, a. Obs. In 6 cotidial, -yall, 7 quotidiall. [f. L. cot-, quotidie daily + -al'.] Daily. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (i8i i) 125 Mekly besecheth.. your cotidial oratur. 1540 Boorde The boke for to Lerne Cjb, Many other cotidyall expences. 1609 W. M. Man in Moone D ij b. Denoting your selfe to quotiiliall daliance.

tquo'tidially, adv. Obs. Also 5-6 cotidi-, 6 cotydy-. [f. as prec. + -ly'*.] Day by day. ri430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 63 The monke.. thought he wolde.. Cotidially withe hem only oure lady please. 1542 Boorde Dyetary x. (1870) 226 Cotydyally remembryng your bountyful goodnes. 1547 - Brev. Health cxiv. 43 Then cotidially.. use stufes wet and dry. 1623 Cockeram II, Continually, Sempeternally,.. Quotidially.

quotidian (kwau'tidian), a. and sb. Forms: 4, 6 cotidien, (4 -ene); 4-6 cotidian, -ane, (5 -yan, cotydian, -yan, 6 -yane); 4- quotidian, (6 -ane, -ene, quotydian). [a, OF. cotidien^ ~ian (13th c., mod.F. quotidien), or ad. L. cot~y quotididn-uSy f. coUy quotidie every day, daily.] A. adj. 1. a. Of things, acts, etc.: Of or pertaining to every day; daily. ri38o Wyclif Wks. (1880) 62 3if pei preien, |>at is., comunly

for offrynge & cotidian distribucion. 1406 La Male Regie 25 My grief and bisy smert cotidian. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 307 He made the preface quotidian. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 274 b/2 [A] cotidyan fornays is oure tonge humayne. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. xx. 5 The cotydyane labours her body to chastyce. 1550 Veron Godly Sayings (ed. Daniel) 55 Though your sinnes be daily and quotidian, let not them be deadly. 1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost, xxiii. 158 A Quotidian imaginarie oblation of a Sacrifice. 1635 Quarles Embl. i. xi. (1718) 45 And brazen lungs belch forth quotidian fire. a 1711 Ken Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 29 Thence our Quotidian Raptures were begun. 1849 Longfellow Kavanagh xi. 53 Five cats..to receive their quotidian morning’s meal. 1861 Thackeray Philip xvi, Every man who wishes to succeed at the bar.. must know the quotidian history of his country. Hoccleve

b. spec, of an intermittent fever or ague, recurring every day. Cf. B. i. In early use placed after the sb.; cf. quartan. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2987 Som for pride.. Sal haf.. a fever cotidiene. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 142 A Fievere it is cotidian, Which every day wol come aboute. 1530 Palsgr. 209/1 Cotidien axes, fievre quotidienne. 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth. 41b, Of the dayly ague or fever quotidiane. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 37 In chronical diseases, as Quartane and Quotidian diseases. 1718 Pope Let. to R. Digby 31 Mar., That spirit.. which I take to be as familiar to you as a quotie quocient. 1542 Records Gr. Artes 129 Then I seke howe often the diuisor maye be founde in the diuident, and that I fynde 3 tymes, then set I 3 in the thyrde lyne for the quotient. 1614 T. Bedwell Nat. Geom. Numbers i. 8 The quotients of 60, by i, 2, 3,.. are 60, 30, 20. 1695 Alingham Geom. Epit. 73 If.. I divide 54 by 3 the quotient is 18. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Division, For 3 being only contained twice in 8, the last number in the quotient will be 2. 1840 Lardner Geom. 124 Multiply b by c and divide the product by a, and the quotient will be d. 1884 A. Paul Hist. Reform ii. 29 The total was to be divided by 558, and the quotient to be deemed the proportion of voters entitled to elect one member.

b. attrib., as quotient figure, line, number, ring-, quotient representation (see quot. 1884 above); quotient group = factor group s.v. FACTOR sb. g. c 1430 Art Nombryng (E.E.T.S.) 12 Above pat figure.. me most sette a cifre in ordre of the nombre quocient. 1542 Recorde Gr. Artes 48 b, That is called the quotiente numbre. 1557-Whetst. K ij. The roote .2. I sette behind the quotiente line. 1709 ]. Ward Introd. Math. i. xi. §7 (•734) 139 You must Increase.. the Divisor with Thrice the Quotient Figure. 1889 Universal Rev. 7 Jan., Equal electoral districts, quotient representation of the population,.. are a deduction from the democratic principle. 1893 Bull. N. Y. Math. Soc. III. 74 The quotient-group of any two consecutive groups in the series of composition of any group is a simple group. 1911 W. Burnside Theory of Groups of Finite Order (ed. 2) iii. 39 Herr Holder has introduced the symbol GjH to represent this group; he calls it the quotient of G by H, and a factor-group of G. 1958 R. V. Andree Mod. Abstract Algebra iv. loi The order of the quotient gr/.). b. Used as an ejaculation or retort, to express incredulity, contempt, etc. 1790 Bystander 93 Mr. World [the newspaper] might retort that Mr. Herald was a Quoz, and a low print. 1796 Mad. D’Arblay Camilla vii. xiii. 200 Upon my honour,.. the quoz of the present season are beyond what a man could have hoped to see! 1802 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. VI. 197 At length it was announced, that Pic-Nic, like Quoz, which was chalked some years ago on windows and doors, really meant nothing. 1841 C. Mackay Mem. Pop. Delus. I. 325 Many years ago the favourite phrase (for, though but a monosyllable, it was a phrase in itselO was Quoz.

Quran, Qur’an, Qur(’)anic. A frequent esp. scholarly variant spelling of KoranS Koranic

a. CfQ. 1876 T. P. Hughes in A. Qadir Quran, Transl. into Urdu Language p. iii, There is no authorized translation of the Quran in any language. 1885-Diet. Islam 483/2 Qur'an .., the sacred book of the Muhammadans. 1905 W. St. Clair Tisdall Orig. Sources of Qur'an iii. 63 The Source of the rest of the Qur’anic account of the murder is the legend in the Pirqey Rabbi ElVezer. 1919 H. U. W. Stanton Teaching of Qur'an 5 The best studies on quranic theology in English are the pamphlets by Rev. W. R. W. Gardner. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 June 459/2 The tales.. vary from Qur’anic legends to popular stories of the most ribald and grotesque description. 1932 Ibid. 17 Mar. 185/1 He had forgotten the Quran and could not recite one of the suras. 1939 L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 363 Arabic, famous as the language of the Qur’an. 1954 Scott. Jrnl. Theol. VII. 334 The non-expert will find this an eminently readable and absorbing book, and one that might well stimulate to a lasting interest in the Qur’an and the Islamic world. Ibid., Again, the book is the fruit of a lifetime’s devotion to Qur’anic studies. 1971 Nigerian Jrnl. Islam II. 45 Thus, the emphasis in the Quranic School is on the moral development of the child. 1972 Computers Humanities VI. 195 Arabic, the native language of 100 million people, is also used by many more millions as the language of the Quran and Islamic Law. 1976 Daily Tel. 6 Apr. 11/3 Their loans have been supplemented by Qur’ans from the British Library’s own collection. 1980 Oxf. Diocesan Mag. Feb. 9/1 The total restriction of women to their homes.. has been a matter of social custom, not Quranic law.

qussyon, obs. form of cushion. tquu-, obs. (chiefly early ME.) var. of QU- and WH-, as in quuad quoth, quuam whom, quuan when, quuat what, quue cue, quuen queen, quuo who, quuor where; also quuow how.

quuik, obs. Sc. pa. t. of quake quurt, variant of quirt

v."

v.

Obs.

quy, obs. form of quey, why. a common ME. variant of qui-. Examples (exclusive of mere doublets of forms already given under QUi-) are quyach queyock, quyc(c)he quetch, quye quey, quylet quelet, quyn tquy-,

qv-, occasional ME. var. of QU- (and wh-), as in qvan when, qvare, qvayr quire, qvarelle quarrel. qveise quease, qverel quarrel, qvycchyn, qvyhehyn quetch, qvysperyn whisper, qvytaunce quittance, qvytchyn quetch, qvyrlebone whirlbone; etc. So also qvh-, var. of QUH-, as qvhischen = whishen cushion, Qvhissonday Whitsunday. tqw-, freq. ME. (esp. northern) var. of qu(and WH-), as qwa = qua who, qwal = qual whale, qwarell quarrel, etc. (see the forms with QU-). Also qwaintan quintain, qwalester chorister, qwarto whereto, qwatteer quarter, qwaylle whale, qwe whew, qweasse quease, qweel wheel, qwelke whelk, qwenock whinnock, qweschyn, qweseyn cushion, qwinaci quinsy, qwissel whistle, qworle whorl. So qwh-, var. of Quh-, as qwhele wheel, qwhen when, qwhete wheat, qwhite white, qwhylum whilom; etc. Also qwy-, var. of quy-, Qui-, as qwy{e quey, qwyce quice, qwych(e which, qwynne whin, qwynse quinsy, qwysschewes cuisses, qwyuer quiver; etc. (See the forms with QUi-.) QWERT, QWERTY, qwerty (kwsit, kwsiti). Part of the series of letters that label the first row of letter keys on typewriters in English-speaking countries; also qwert yuiop, the full series in that row. Also (in form qwerty) used attrib. or as adj. to designate a keyboard or machine that incorporates this type of non-alphabetical lay¬ out. 1929 Times Lit. Suppl. ii July 552/2 The ‘qwerty’ keyboard appears first on the Yost in 1887. 1961 CourierMail (Brisbane) 5 June {heading) ‘QWERTS’ girls are in demand. 1962 Which? Dec. 356/2 The keyboards of all the machines were laid out in the traditional—and irrationalpattern, sometimes called ‘qwert yuiop’, which gives the left hand a lot of work to do, and its little finger too big a share of that. 1967 Crescendo Dec. 15/1 As soon as I had the virgin sheet of paper threaded into my type-writer I discovered that I was at peace with the world. Not a single hostile thought came to mind. I wrote QWERT a couple of times and gazed at my brain-child. 1975 Nature 16 Oct. 556/1 I^ut is usually by Qwerty keyboard, either direct entry or off-line, using punched tape. 1976 Times 9 Nov. 16/7 Mutterings .. are to be heard among non-French secretaries employed by the European Commission in Brussels over plans to introduce a standardized typewriter based on the French AZERTY keyboard... The Commission .. points out that if English QWERTY machines had been chosen .. this decision would have been just as open to accusations of discrimination. Germans .. operate QWERTZ machines, while Italians.. prefer QZERTY.

qy., abbrev. of query. 1819 M. Edgeworth Let. 17 Apr. (1971) 195 We had been presented to the (Qy.) Duchess of Sussex. 1838 Civil Eng. fef Arch. Jrnl. I. 390/1 Qy. Is this pitch the Trinidad asphalte?

R R (a:(r)), the eighteenth letter of the modern and seventeenth of the ancient Roman alphabet, is derived through early Greek [?, from the Phoenician at bene of noble fames. 1530 Palsgr. 34, R in the frenche tonge shalbe sounded as he is in latyn without any exception. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner M viij b. Oysters.. in those Moneths that have the letter R. in their names. 1636 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. (1640) 47, R is the Dogs Letter and hurreth in the sound. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Hebrews allow the r the privilege of a guttural; that is, they never double it. a 1854 Caroline B. Southey Poet. Wks. (1867) 21, R’s whose lower limbs Beyond the upper bulged unseemly out. 1888 Cornh. Mag. Oct. 365 The letter R is not yet menaced with extinction in Washington.

b. the ‘r’ months: Those months in the name of which an r occurs (September to April), during which oysters are in season (cf. quot. 1599 above). So also r-less month. 1764 Chesterf. Lett, cccxlvi. Here is no domestic news of changes and chances in the political world, which, like oysters, are only in season in the R months, when the Parliament sits. 1856 Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 301,1 don’t believe even the oysters found out what r-less month it was. 1888 Pall Mall G. 21 Sept. 7/2 The ‘r’ months have, however, opened at Brussels in the usual way; the Zeeland and Ostend oysters .. made their welcome appearance.

c. Phonetics, r-less adj.; r-colour, the modification of a vowel sound caused by a following r, as in the U.S. pronunciation of bird, etc.; hence r-coloured adj., r-colouring. Also intrusive r (see introductory note above); linking r: see linking ppl. a. d. 1887 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1885-6 3 The intrusive r has actually produced an additional syllable in modem English. 1902 H. L. Wilson Spenders xxiv. 277 Her speech bore just a hint of the soft r-less drawl of the South. 1909 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. I. 372 In literature the intrusive r is frequently indicated as a characteristic mark of vulgarity; the oldest example, perhaps, is in Smollett. 1928 I. C. Ward Phonetics of Eng. xiii. 130 There is no doubt that the intrusive r is spreading; even in districts where it has not been known, the younger generation is using it. 1935 J. S. Kenyon Amer. Pronunc. (ed. 6) 158 In Southern American speech, instead of accented 3, an ‘r-colored’ vowel varying to 5 is often heard. Ibid. 191 The retroflexion is slight, or replaced by raising and retraction of the tongue, but.. the vowel is stiil ‘r-colored’, giving the impression of an r sound. Ibid. 193 In South England.. the V color’ itself disappeared, leaving the sound 3. 1940 Maitre Phonetique Oct.-Dec. 63 6a nouteijnz.. witf dinout prisaisli vaudlz wi6 r-kAlariq. 1941 Language XVII. 240 This occurs frequently in the mixed dialect of those who have both V-pronouncing’ and ‘r-less’ forms in their speech. 1950 D. Jones Phoneme xvi. 82, rcolouring, when vowels are said with simultaneous lowering of the soft palate. Ibid., r-coloured vowels are found with signiflcant function in various types of American and British English. 1965 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XI. i. 65 Nine free vowels occur under stress in all dialects..; a tenth occurs only in r-less dialects. 1977 P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching of English xii. 151 In American English, in all words spelled with r there is an r sound which occurs simultaneously with the vowel before it. (.. The vowels in such cases are said to be r-coloured.)

2. Used to denote serial order, as ‘R Battery’, ‘MS. R’, etc., or as a symbol of some thing or person, a point in a diagram, etc. II. Abbreviations. 1. Of Latin words or phrases, a. fR (in mediaeval notation) = 8o. R. = rex king, regina queen. In medical prescriptions: R, R = recipe take. b. R.I.P. = requiescat in pace, ‘may he (or she) rest in peace’; or requiescant in pace, ‘may they rest in peace’; also (occas.) as v. intr. i8i6 Catholicon II. 264 Obituary... On the 24th inst. Mr. Cornelius Peter Murphy.. possessed of a heart glowing with the most generous sentiments, he contracted his illness by the devotedness of his friendship to a deserving youth, from whom, during the course of his long and fatal malady, he could not be separated. R.I.P. 1917 A. G. Empey Over Top 306 ‘R.I.P.’ In monk’s highbrow, ‘Requiescat in pace’, put on little wooden crosses over soldier’s graves... Tommy says like as not it means ‘Rest in pieces’, especially if the man under the cross has been sent West by a bomb. 1962 Punch 5 Sept. 334/1 We had a field mouse RIP-ing under the cupboard. 1976 Liverpool Echo 22 Nov. 4/1 Fortified by rites of Holy Church (R.I.P.). Requiem Mass Thursday, November 25.

2. Of English words and phrases; a. R. = various proper names, as Richard, Robert, etc.; R. = Rabbi; R. = radius; R. = Railway; R = RAND sb.'^ 2; R. = Reaumur; R. = frest; R, restricted (rating) (U.S.); R, reverse (as on the selector mechanism in a vehicle with automatic transmission); R. = River; R. = frogue; R {Bacterial.) = rough a. i e; R. = Royal; R. (Naut.), run (see quots. 1706 and 1867); R. = rupee; R = response (to a versicle); (g), registered (of a trademark: incorporated in Statutes at Large U.S.A. ig46 (1947) LX. i. 436); R, r, right; also spec, of a stage; r = radius vector; r {Naut. in log-book) = rain; R.A. = Rear Admiral; R.A. {Astron.), right ascension;

R.A., Royal Academy or Academician (hence RA.-ship); R.A., Royal Artillery; R.A.A.F., Royal Australian Air Force; R.A.C., Royal Armoured Corps; R.A.C., Royal Automobile Club; R.A.E., Royal Aircraft Establishment; R.A.F. [G. Rote Armee Fraktion], Red Army Faction (in West Germany); R.A.F.V.R., Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve; RAM {Com¬ puters), random-access memory; R.A.M., Royal Academy of Music; R.A.M.C., Royal Army Medical Corps; R and B, R & B, R’n B, r’n’b = rhythm and blues; R and D, R & D, research and development (chiefly U.S.); R and R, R & R, rest and recreation (leave) (orig. U.S.); R. and R., R.’n’R., r’n’r = rock and roll; R.A.O.C., Royal Army Ordnance Corps; R.A.P., Regimental Aid Post; R.A.S.C., Royal Army Service Corps; R. Aux. A.F., Royal Auxiliary Air Force; R.B.C., red blood cell or corpuscle; red blood (cell) count; R.B.E., relative biological effectiveness (of radiation); R.B.I. {Baseball), run batted in; R.C., r.c., reinforced concrete; RC {Electronics), resistance/capacitance (or resistor/capacitor); R.C., Roman Catholic; R.C.A., Radio Corporation of America; R.C.A.F., Royal Canadian Air Force; R.C.M., radio (or radar) counter-measures; R.C.M.P., Royal Canadian Mounted Police; R.D., refer (also loosely understood as return) to drawer (of cheque); R.D.C., Rural District Council; R.D.F., radio direction-finding, -finder (in quots., referring to radar); also as v. trans., to employ R.D.F. against; RDV, rdv = rendezvous sb. (orig. U.S.); R.E., religious education; R.E., Royal Engineers; r.f., R.F., radio-frequency; R.F., representative fraction; usu. attrib.; R.F.A., Royal Field Artillery; R.F.A., Royal Fleet Auxiliary; R.F.C., Royal Flying Corps; R.F.D., rural free delivery (of letters) {U.S.); R.G.A., Royal Garrison Artillery; R.G.N., Registered General Nurse; Rh, rhesus (blood group); usu. attrib.; R.H. = Royal Highness; R.H.A., Royal Horse Artillery; R.I., religious instruction; RIAA, Record (since 1970, Recording) Industry Association of America; R.I.A.F., Royal Indian Air Force; R.I.B.A., Royal Institute of British Architects; R.I.C., Royal Irish Constabulary; R.I.N., Royal Indian Navy; R.K., religious knowledge; R.M., Reichsmark; R.M., Resident Magistrate; R.M., Royal Marines; R.M.A., Royal Marine Artillery; R.M.C., Royal Military College (at Sandhurst); R.M.L.I., Royal Marine Light Infantry; r.m.s., R.M.S. (chiefly Electr.), root mean square; usu. attrib.; R.M.S., Royal Mail Steamer (also Ship); R.N., Registered Nurse; R.N., Royal Navy; R.N.A.S., Royal Naval Air Service; R.N.D., Royal Naval Division; R.N.L.I., Royal National Life-boat Institution; R.N.R., Royal Naval Reserve; R.N.V.R., Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve; R.N.Z.A.F., Royal New Zealand Air Force; ROA [Russ. Russkaya osvobodttel'naya drmiya), the Russian Liberation Army; R.O.C., Royal Observer Corps; R.O.K., Rok (mk). Republic (also Relief) of Korea; also pi., soldiers of the Republic of Korea; ROM {Computers), read¬ only memory; R.O.P., rop, run of paper (as of advertisements not booked for a specific position in a newspaper); also^ig.; also in colour printing (see quot. 1967); ROSLA (also with pronunc. ('rozls), raising of the school-leaving age; RoSPA ('rospa). Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents; RP, rp = received pronunciation s.v. received ppl. a. 1 b; R.P.M., r.p.m., resale price maintenance; r.p.m., R.P.M., revolution(s) per minute; RPV, remotely piloted vehicle (orig. U.S.); R.Q. {Med.), respiratory quotient; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; R.S., rs, received standard; formerly, received speech; R.S. = Royal Society; R.S.A., Royal Society of Arts; also pi., R.S.A. exarninations; R.S.F.S.R. [Russ. Rossiiskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; RSJ, rolled steel joist; RSLA

R — ROSLA above; R.S.M., Regimental Sergeant Major; R.S.P.B., Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; R.S.P.C.A., Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; R.S.V., Revised Standard Version (of the Bible); RSV (Biol, and Med.), Rous sarcoma virus; R/T, R.T., radio-telegraph or -telephone; usu. attrib.\ RTE, Radio Telefis Eireann, the official broadcasting authority of the Republic of Ireland; R.T.O., Railway Xransport(ation) Officer, Railroad Transportation Officer; R.T.U. (Mil.), returned to unit; R.U.C., Royal Ulster Constabulary; RV, rateable value; RV (earlier RecV), recreational vehicle, as a motorized caravan {U.S.)\ hence RVer\ RVing ppl. adj.; R.V., r.v. = rendezvous sb. and v. tntr.\ R.V. = Revised Version (of the Bible); R.W. = Right Worthy or Worshipful. See also R.A.D.A., R.A.F., RDX, REM sb.^, R.E.M.E., RNA, R.O.T.C. (as main entries). f 133® Brunne Chron. (1810) 156 To mak certeyn partie, •R. a quitance toke. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. iv. §3 R. Solomon makes this hill to be Kirjath-jearim. 1819 Pantologia X. Fj b, Then the radius vector r is expressed by either of the following formulae. 1625 Massinger New Way IV. ii, My hand hissing, .with the letter R printed upon it. 1961 Times zy Jan. 19/4 Offers of‘one-ninetyfour’and‘oneninetyfive’.. were chalked up as ‘R1.94’ and ‘R1.95’. 1961 Africana Notes dsf News Mar. (recto rear cover), Subscription R2 per annum .. Holt, B. Place-Names of the Transkeian Territories, 1959. Ro-75. 1971 J. McClure Steam Pig iv. 40 She kept her money in the post office, just over R200. 1925 Registration of Trade-Marks (U.S. Congress Senate. Comm, on Patents) 20-1 Jan. 8 It shall be the duty of the registrant to accompany a registered trade¬ mark with the words ‘Registered in U.S. Patent Office’,.. or by letter ‘R’ in a circle, thus (g). 1977 Gloss. Terms Unfair Competition (U.S. Trademark Assoc.), (gi, one of several notices prescribed by law to indicate that a mark is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Jnstr. Dvj, Set the same down..on this Creditor side..with an R before it, signifying rest. 1965 Acronyms & Initialisms Diet. (Gale Research Co.) 589 R... Restricted (Militar\' document classification). 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 6 Feb. 2/3 The Strawberry Statement, the MGM version of a campus rebellion.. was rated R (no one under 17 admitted without parent or guardian). 1976 New Yorker 12 Jan. 70/2 Peckinpah was forced to trim ‘The Killer Elite’ to change its R rating to a PG. Ibid., Many of these theatres wouldn’t have taken it if it had an R and the kids couldn’t go by themselves. 1951 R = reverse [see L = low s.v. L 7]. 1846 J. R. Planche Bee Orange Tree ii. 7 On (r.) a Cavern. Tempest. A Vessel is seen in distress. When it is out of sight, enter (r.) from Cavern, Princess Amy. 1893 G. B. Sh.\w Let. 27 Apr. (1965) I. 392 The old style—the Princess & the audience grouped R, and Adrienne beginning L in profile. 1976 M. S. Hoque Hunger I. i. 1, Moina and Latif appear—R. They are just visible by the door. 1977 Rolling Stone 24 Mar., {caption) (Opposite, 1 to r): John, Mick, Christine MeVie, Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. 1920 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Path. Bacterial. XXIII. 359 The R form grows in colonies which have a more or less jagged outline, are flatter and often have an irregular, rough, or dull surface and are slightly opaque. 1973 Klainer & Geis Agents of Bacterial Dis. i. 23 Rough (R) colonies have a dry, flat, irregular, wrinkled appearance and are generally formed by cells that lack a capsule. 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4216/3 All such Seamen.., that are made Run, for not repairing to their Duty, shall have their R’s taken off. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., R. in the musterbook means run, and is placed against those who have deserted, or missed three musters. 1885 Kipling Let. 30 July in C. Carrington Rudyard Kipling (1955) iv. 67 One Proprietor offered My Mother Rs i ,000 for an Anglo-Indian story. 1971 Shankar's Weekly (Delhi) 4 Apr. 9/3 ‘It won’t cost much.’ ‘No, about Rs. 10,000.’ 1813 Examiner 17 May 316/1 Far above the mediocrity of most of our •R.A.’s. 1829 J. Constable Let. 5 Apr. (1965) III. 21, I beg my best regards to Mrs Leslie—I am always dear Leslie. / your obliged friend / John Constable R.A. 1881 Athenaeum 5 Nov. 603/2 The year of his R.A.-ship. 1890 Lloyd George Let. 10 June (1973) 28 He had numerous R.A.’s & in fact I should fancy his picture gallery alone must have aggregated /|io,ooo in value. 1970 Oxf. Compan. Art S^ll^ He was trained as a chorister in the Chapel Royal, and later received an allowance.. to study at the R.A. Schools. 1815 J. Kane List Officers R. Regiment Artillery 65 List of Subaltern Officers of the Corps of •R.A. Drivers. 1955 Times 16 June 4/3 Both achieved a creditable rate of ’oangs per minute, the R.E. with various demolitions and a set piece assault by flail tanks, the R.A. with gunfire. 1936 Age (Melbourne) 5 May 13 {caption) Aircraftsmen making adjustments to fuselage and bomb racks on the •R.A.A.F. Hawker Demon at the Exhibition. 1955 Times 21 June 9/5 Melbourne, June 20... Four hundred soldiers, police and bushwalkers, helped by R.A.A.F. Dakota aircraft are searching 5,000ft. Mount Baw Baw for Mihran Haig. 1973 Parade (Melbourne) Sept. 22/1 The RAAF Lockheed Hudson, carrying a VIP load, was about to land at Canberra from Melbourne. 1942 Partridge Diet. Abbrev. 81/1 *R.A.C., Royal Armoured Corps; armoured fighting vehicles and tanks. ig$o Jlrnl. R. United Service Inst. XCV. 289 The Royal Armoured Corps, as such, did not come into being until April 1939 (A.O. 58/1939)... In the same Army Order it was also stated that on transfer to the R.A.C. the R.T.C. would be re-designated Royal Tank Regiment. 1908 Autocar Handbk. (ed. 2) xxvi. 201 Members of most of the best clubs require only one proposer when joining the *R.A.C. 1934 Glasgow Herald 11 Apr. 13/3 The R.A.C. will continue to press for a regulation that all pedal cyclists should be compelled to carry red rear lamps. 1977 J. Bingham Marriage Bureau Murders v. 61 A large, respectable hotel, mentioned in the A.A. and R.A.C. handbooks. 1926 Encycl. Brit. I. 20/2 {heading) The •R.A.E. Bubble Sextant. 1977 R.A.F. News i r-24 May 11/2 Over at the R.A.E.’s Air Transport Flight. Ibid. 11/3 The Experimental Flying Squadron.. is widely referred to as the sharp end of RAE flying. 1977 Time 19 Sept. 8/3 It was

57 signed ‘Kommando Siegfried Hausner, ’R.A.F.’—referring to a terrorist who died after a 1975 attack on the West German embassy in Stockholm. 1980 C. Moorehead Fortune's Hostages viii. 155 The freeing of six jailed ‘RAF’ prisoners. 1938 Times 2 Feb. 18/6 {heading) New branch of y.A.F.V.R. 1951 Sunday Pictorial 21 Jan. 13/6 (Advt.), They must undertake to fly with the R.Aux.A.F. or R.A.F.V.R. during their subsequent reserve service. 1957 R. K. Richards Digital Computer Components ^ Circuits 347 ‘Random access storage’ (or ’RAM, for ‘random access memory’). 1977 Design Engin. July 15/2 The MM5799.. contains 1,536 8-bit instructions in its ROM, and its RAM can store 96 BCD digits of 4 bits each. 1891 G. B. Shaw in World 23 Dec. 15/2, I am not in the habit of advising novices to lay the foundations of their vocal methods in the ’R.A.M. 1954 Grove's Diet. Mus. (ed. 5) 271/i The R.A.M. continues its own separate examination in London.. of music teachers and performers. 1900 Morning Post 25 July 5/6 Surgeon-Captain Rupert Fawssett, ‘R.A.M.C. at was meche & noping lite. a 1400 Octouian 1415 Thys ys a stede of Arabye, ..A rabyte..Therto was mare. 01400-50 Alexander 1320 Be rawe of par rabetis he ruschid to pe erthe.

ra'bitic, a. Rabid.

[Irreg.

f.

rabies:

cf.

1888 Whitmarsh Pasteur Treatm. 33 generally take three days before they die.

rabietic.] Rabitic

dogs

IIRabkrin ('raebkrin). [a. Russ, rabkrin f. rab{dche)-kr(est'ydnskaya) in{spektsiya) workerpeasant inspectorate.] An organization established in 1920 by Lenin to examine the conformity of state organizations to official policy. 1926 Observer 18 Mar. 19/5 The Rabkrin (the Russian abbreviation for the Commissariat of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection) is a supreme controlling and auditing department, which is supposed to expose deficiencies in the work of State and industrial institutions. 1949 I. Deutscher Stalin vii. 230 The Rabkrin, as the Commissariat was called, was set up to control every branch of the administration.

rable, obs. form of rabble sb.^ and v. rablin, obs. form of ravelin. frabone. Obs. rare. [? ad. Sp. rdbano, f. raba RAPE.] A radish. Also attrib. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. v. §4. 184 Radish is called..in English Radish, and Rabone. i6ii Cotgr., Raifort, the raddish, or the Rabone, root (or hearb).

RABOYT

67

raboyt, obs. Sc. form of rabscallion, rabuke, rabul,

rebut v.

obs. variant of rapscallion.

obs. form of rebuke, roebuck.

obs. form of rabble sb}

t’rabulane.

Obs. rare-'. [Of formation: cf. rabone.] ? A radish.

obscure

•593 Munday DeJ. Contraries 97 The Rabulanes, Onions and Beanes of these seuerall Soiles.

t'rabulous, a. Obs. rare-', [f. L. rabula a brawling or wrangling advocate.] Scurrilous. •538 State Papers (1834) III. i He hath.. rayled and raged ayenste me, calling me heritike and begger, with other rabulouse revilinges.

rabut, obs. Sc. var. raby,

obs. f. rabbi.

rabyll, obs. f. rabyne,

rabble sb.^

obs. f. rabbin.

rabysch, -yssh» rabyt(e. -yght, rabytt, rac,

rebut sb. and v.

varr. rabbish Obs. varr. rabite.

obs. f. rabbit.

obs. f. rack sb.^, sb.^

Racah ('rseka:). Physics and Chem. The name of Giulio Racah (1909-65), Italian-born Israeli physicist, used attrib. with reference to his work in quantum mechanics, as Racah coefficient or parameter, either of two coefficients representing electrostatic interactions within a system of equivalent charged particles, esp. electrons within an atom. 1952 Physical Rev. LXXXVIII. 581/2 The coefficients of the transformation have been given by Racah .. in terms of his W function and are called the Racah coefficients. 1959 Astrophysical Jrnl. CXXIX. 441 By means of a few simple formulae, all multiplet strengths .. can be expressed in terms of only two basic quantities, viz., the Racah coefficients and the coefficients or fractional parentage. 1962 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xxvi. 595 The Racah parameters are measures of the energy separations of the various Russell-Saunders states of an atom. 1966 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xxiii. 162 The total electronelectron repulsion energy of each LS state arising from a d" configuration can be calculated and expressed in terms of socalled Racah parameters. 1968 A. B. P. Lever Inorg. Electronic Spectroscopy vii. 207 The Racah inter-electronic parameter B (and to a lesser extent C) is a function of ligand, central ion and stereochemistry. 1975 Physics Bull. Apr. 169/3 The classification of particle and nuclear properties uses techniques such as spinors and Racah algebra which are not for the first degree student.

racand,

obs. f. rackan.

rac-a-pee, racare,

var. rackapee.

obs. f. raker.

racch(e,

varr. rache.

racckee,

obs. f. raki.

II ra'ccolta. Obs. Also 7 re-, ro-, 7-8 racolta; 6 pi. raccolte. [It., = fern. pa. pple. of raccogliere to collect (f. L. re- + ad- + colligere).] A gathering, collection; harvest; crop. 1591 Garrard's Art Warre 65 That at all times he may make Raccolte, and gather his souldiers togither. a 1625 Jas. I in Hacket Abp. Williams i. (1693) 115 This motion., carries all my Raccolta’s, my Counsels at the present, and my prospects upon the Future, with it. 1748 in Hanway Trav. (1762) I. V. Ixxv. 345 To invest it in raw silk cannot be done in less than three racoltas.

t racco'mmode, v. Obs. Also 8 racomm-, raccomode. [ad. F. raccommoder, f. re- -Iaccommoder to accommodate.] trans. To restore to good relations {with a person); to set right. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode v, i, My dear French sir, stay but a minute, till I raccommode myself with the princess. 1754 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) III. 60 If you will take this occasion to write him a line of joy, I am persuaded it will raccomode everything. 1756 Mrs. F. Brooke OW MflidNo. 16 (1764) 130, I.. deranged the right wing a little, but Betty has racommoded it passablement bien.

traccom(p)t, raccount,

obs. varr. recount.

(Cf. F. raconter and raconteur). 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 300 In the beginning is raccomted, how oftentymes the Emperour hath desired a counsell. Ibid. 316 Kynge Ferdinando raccompteth, how he ..made truse with the Turke. 1663 Flagellum or O. Cromwell (ityz) 18, I have seen it r’accounted by a Worthy and Learned hand.

raccoon,

variant of racoon.

ra'ccourcy, a.

Her. ? Obs. 8 -ci. [ad. F. raccourci, pa. pple. of raccourcir, f. re- + accourcir to shorten, f. court curt.] = couped 2. i727-4t Chambers CycL, Raccourcy, in heraldry, signifies the same as coupy, that is, cut off, or shortened. 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Raccourcy, or Recourcie, is the same as Coupee.

race (reis), sb.^ Forms: 3-4 ras, 4-5 raas, 4-6 rase, Sc. raiss, 5 north, rass, 6 Sc. raice, rais, rays, 4- race. [a. ON. rds (Norw. and Sw. dial. ras), running, race, rush (of water), course, channel, row, series = OE. rxs rese; of obscure etym. Orig. a northern word, coming into general use about the middle of the i6th c.] I. 1. a. The act of running; a run. Freq. in phr. m, on, with a race. Now Sc. C1325 Metr. Horn. 141 To the bischope in a ras He ran. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 8938 Assahelle.. thurgh rase wald tume bath buk and ra. 1375 Barbour Bruce v. 638 In a raiss to the king he ran. C1460 Towneley Myst. xxii. 145 Thyn apostels full radly ar run from the a rase. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 118 This nobill Dongard.. Than with ane raice amang thame entert in. 1557 TotteWs Misc. (Arb.) 199, Chast Diane.. And all her maides that sue her in the race, a 1637 B. Jonson Discov. Wks. (Rtldg.) 756/1 In the contention of leaping, they jump farthest, that fetch their race largest. 1687 Dryden Hind. & P. i. 46 The bristled baptist Boar.. mountains levelled in his furious race. 1810 Scott Lady of L. i. v. The noble stag.. Held westward with unwearied race. Mod. Sc. If ye’re to jump that, ye’ll need to tak' a race. fis- *553 T'- Wilson Rhet. 48 Talking of faith, thei have fetcht their ful race from the xii signes in the zodiake. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 20 Blocks of the Diuel that are cast in our wayes, to cut off the rase of toward wittes. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. Introd., Wks. (1851) 273 This loose rayler,.. having once begun his race, regards not how farre he flies out beyond all truth and shame.

fb. Phr. to rue a (or one's) race. Chiefly to repent of the course one has taken. Obs. CI440 York Myst. xxx. 214 Rugge hym in ropes, his rase till he rewe. c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab., Wolf & Sheep xiv. Ye sail rew this rais. Quhat was the caus, ye gaif me sic ane catche? 1560 Rolland Seven Sages 32 He knew That it wald caus ane greit OflPence, Kend weill that race that he wald rew.

c,fig. The course of life or some portion of it. *5*3 Douglas JEneis iii. x. 122 The prince Eneas,.. The fatis of goddis and rasis mony ane Rehersing schew. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse i The Race that euery man in this his transitory life haue to runne. 1667 Milton P.L. XII. 505 Thir Ministry perform’d, and race well run,.. They die. 1671-Samson 597 My race of glory run, and race of shame. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 301 Thus thro’ the Race of Life they [bees] quickly run. 1709 Watts Hymn, 'Awake, our Souls' i, Awake, and run the heavenly Race. 1784 CowPER Tiroc. 315 The well-known place Whence first we started into life’s long race. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. ix. My Arthur, whom I shall not see Till all my widow’d race be run.

t2. A rush, onset, charge; a raid. Obs. *535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 498 Fulgentius, with mony Pecht and Scot,.. Full mony raice attour the wall hes maid. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 621 The sowr persute, and syne the resistance, The rigorous rais. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1986/1 Badlie yet could they make their rase, by reason the furrowes laie trauerse to their course.

RACE Sun. 10 The immortal Sun, Who, borne by heavenly steeds, his race doth run Unconquerably,

c. The course of time. (Chiefly used as in b.) *595 Shaks. John iii. iii. 39 If the mid-night bell Did.. Sound on into the drowzie race of night. ? 1630 Milton On Time i Fly envious Time, till thou run out thy race. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. iv. 15 Majestick Months set out..to their appointed Race, a 1729 Congreve Imit. Horace, Odes II. xiv. I Eternity! that boundless race Which Time himself can never run.

fd. The course or progress of events, or of a narrative. Obs. rare. C1590 Bruce XI Serm. i. (1591) 6 Gif 3ee.. consider the race of the historie. a 1626 Bacon On War with Spain 7 The Prosecution and Race of the Warre, carrieth the Defendant, to assaile and inuade, the.. Patrimony of the first Aggressour.

fe. Impact; a shock, blow. Obs. rare. C1400 Sowdone Bab. 1349 He raught a stroke to Ferumbras.. It brast his hawberke at pat ras. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 124 Sum gat ane rais gart all hir ribbis rak. 6. a. A strong current in the sea or a river. Perh. partly ad. F. raz, ras in same sense, commonly regarded as a. Breton rdz, a strait, narrow channel. *375 Barbour Bruce iii. 697 By the mole thai passyt 3ar, And entryt sone in-to the rase, c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 774 Wynde him blewe..over the salte flode And over the profounde rase. 1506 Kalender of Sheph. Hij, Amonge the waues perylous on rases holowe. 1597 J. Payne Royal Exch. 33 In your Sea stormes,.. cross tydes, dangerouse races. 1625 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. vii. (1635) 130 Hee found a strong race, a Tide running sometimes Eastward, sometimes Westward. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 82 A short cockling Sea, as if it had been a Race, or place where two Tides meet. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840) 238 Among innumerable islands,.. without any pilot that understood the channel and races between them. 1828 Planche Desc. Danube 72 The river narrows, and a slight fall, or what our sailors call a race, ensues. 1884 igth Cent. Feb. 245 We were able to head the races that spun out from submerged trees. transf. 1894 Clark Russell Good Ship Mohock I. 15 The sky was a race of large torn cloud, white as milk.

b. Used in the names of special currents. *375 Barbour Bruce iii. 687 Quhar als gret stremys

ar

rynnand,.. As is the raiss of Bretang3e. c 1530 Hickescorner B iiij, I sawe them all drowned in the rase of Irelande. 1596 Fitz-Geffray Sir. F. Drake (1881) 80 In that faire palace neere the milken race. 1697 Lond. Gaz. No. 3317/4 He saw 5 Sail of Ships standing through the Race of Fountney. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776) Eeeijb, The race of Portland. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. i. ii. 18 Through this channel, the sea, at high spring tides, sweeps at the rate of eight miles an hour... This passage is called the Race (or Ras) of Alderney.

III. 7. As a portion of time or space: fa. A space of time; a while. Obs. rare~^. 13 .. K. Alis. 7830 They lyved here bote lite ras; And sone echon forgete was!

fb. The distance or space between two points. knights race (from 4 a): see quot. 1562. Obs.

a 1300 Cursor M. 26732 Ne tell noght [pi dedis] ouer wit renand ras, als dos pis men pat penis tas. C1400 Sowdone Bab. 489 ‘Arise vp’, he saide in a ras, ‘We bene elles alle Itake’. a 1400^50 Alexander 1996 And paim redes on a rase he & rechez to pe sedes. c 1440 Partonope 846 [She] ryseth vp in a grete raas.

1562 Leigh Armorie 58b, Alciatus saith that a man shall disceme colour, if he may come within a knights rase of any banner, but 1 neuer hard of any man, that came within an 100 rases of the Sun. Le: What is a knights rase? Ge: It is lx. foote of assise in length, of the field, and is of Here-haughts so called. 1600 Holland Livy 1348 The plaine and base plot of the cittie.. comprehendeth a Diameter or race almost of 8 Stadia.

t4. a. The act of riding rapidly on horseback; a course in a tournament (cf. 7 b). Obs.

c. A piece of ground suitable for running or racing (see 10). rare.

a 1400 Sir Perc. 1145 In he rydes one a rase Or that he wiste where he was. ci5CK> Lancelot 3088 Thir sex in a Ras Deliuerly com prekand our the feldis. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 3 Scudamour.. issewed, To have rencountred him in equall race. 16.. Tom Potts 286 in Child Ballads II. 445/2 Then they turned their horsses round about, To run the race more egarlye.

i6i2 Drayton Poly-olb. in. 23 Nor yet the level South can shew a smoother race, a 1783 Fair Annie 64 in Child Ballads II. 75/1, I wish that they were seven hares To run the castle race. 1890 R. Bridges Shorter Poems 11. 7 Perilous in steep places Soft in the level races.

t3. Rapid action, haste, hurry. Obs.

fb. A journey or voyage. Obs. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 4252 Prothesaly the formast was Off alle the schippis In that ras. 1513 Douglas JEneis iii. vi. 22 To me all devote godlie wychtis Schew we suld haue a prosper rais. Ibid. iv. x. 48 Sail I.. Bid thaim mak sail anone, and a new rais? 1557 TotteWs Misc. (Arb.) 212 A Man may .. Thrise wander out Vlisses race; Yet neuer finde Vlisses wife.

II. 5. a. Onward movement of a thing, as the heavenly bodies, a vehicle, etc.; running or rush of water (cf. 6). ? Obs. fAlso, a sudden deviation from a line (quot. 1670). 01300 Cursor M. 23588 Sun and mon, and water and stern, pat rinnes nu wit ras sa yern. 13.. Childh. Jesus 845 in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXIV. 338 Twa stremys.. That neuermare of rase salle blyne. 1480 Robt. Devyll 948 He spyed a great race of bloude in Robertes face. 1557 N.T. (Genev.) 2 Tim. ii. 9 note, The worde of God hath it race and increaseth. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 164 The Chariot came nigh unto them with a great race and mightie force. 1586 Bright Melanch. xiii. 66 Some wheeles passing swifter than other some, by divers rases. 1633 D. R[ogers] Treatise of Sacraments i. 168 Your streame weake;.. and the staves of your wheele which should support the race of it pittifully broken, a 1649 Winthrop New Eng. (1853) I. 4 The tide set in with so strong a race. 1670 NARBOROUGH^rw/. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. 1. (1711) 76 It points off with a Race from the other Mountains.. into the Channel.

b. esp. The daily (or annual) course of the sun through the heavens. Similarly of the moon. Chiefly by conscious metaphor from sense i, and usually with vb. to run. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. v. 44 The mother of dredd darkness . .took her wonted way To ronne her timely race. Ibid. xi. 33 Titan rose to runne his daily race. 1662 Tuke Adv. 5 Hours II, The sun.. ere half his race be run. c 1742 Gray Ignorance II Thrice hath Hyperion roll’d his annual race. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 126 Should God again.. interrupt the race Of the undeviating and punctual sun. a 1822 Shelley Horn.

fS. a. The course, line, or path taken by a person or a moving body. Also fig. Obs. ?ci4oo Ser. J. Mandevelle Sf Gt. Souden 17 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 15s Your prestes that suld tech vertus trace. They ryn rakyll out of gud race. 1513 Douglas Mneis v. xiv. 84 Prince Enee persauit by his rais, Quhow that the schip did rok and tai^evey. 1555 Eden Decades 28 He diuerted from his accustomed rase which was by the Ilandes of Canarie. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 3 Of the auncient Mathematiciens, a Line is called the race or course of a Point, c 1580 Sidney Ps. XXVI. i, I have made my race Within the boundes of innocence to bide.

fb. A reach (of a river). Obs. rare-^. 1611 Speed Theat. Gt. Brit, xxxix. (1614) 77/1 A long race of the river Ouse.

c. The channel or bed (of a stream); esp. an artificial channel leading water to or from a point where its energy is utilized, as in a mill or a mining claim. See also head-, mill-, tailrace. It is not clear whether there is any connexion between this sense and OF. rase, rasse, raze (15th c. in Godef.), watercourse, trench, ditch, (mill-) race. *565-73 Durham Depos. (Surtees) 212 The [law-] suit., for the raic[e] of the said water come myln. 1777 Wallingfen Inclos. Act 45 The beck, race, water, or watercourse. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 536 The race,.. a canal 20 to 30 feet wide, and carried.. through rocks and hills. 1805 West's Antiq. Furness 74 There has been also a subterraneous passage, leading from the race of the rivulet. 1868 Rep. U.S. Commissioners Agric. (1869) 334 The bottoms of the races are covered with small stones and a layer of fine gravel. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 293 The water, brought through races by miles of fluming, spouted clear and strong over heaps of auriferous earth. 1901 M. Franklin My Brilliant Career xiv. 117 They have cut races between the two creeks. 1912 B. E. Baughan Brown Bread 99 Little runnels and ‘races’ of water led through the plain from the mountain rivers. 1941 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang xxxi. 243 We would take the water from a creek on one side of a mountain and by means of a race (channel)

RACE take it completely around the mountain. 197^ Jrnl. Lakeland Dial. Soc. 35 Ah thowt Ah wud ga up t’ race an’ then cross t’ beck on t’ steppin steans.

d. Weaving. The path or channel in the lay or batten along which the shuttle moves in crossing the web; the board or other support on which the shuttle slides. 1855 [see lay-race s.v. lay sb.‘]. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1263/1 The picker.. which strikes the fly-shuttle and drives it along the race. 1879 Barlow Weaving 87 The warp threads are pressed down upon the race.

e. A circular path for a horse employed in driving machinery. 1833 J-.C. Loudon En^cl. Archit. 470 The back wall of the barn is to be sunk sufficiently deep for the wheel of the threshing-mill and the race (horse-course) from it. 1862 [see gin-race s.v. gin sb.^ 12].

f. Austral, and N.Z. (See quot. 1872.) 1865 M. A. Barker Station Life in N.Z. (1870) v. 34 The newly-shorn [sheep].. have passed thro’ a narrow passage, called a ‘race’. 1872 Rtldg.'s Ev. Boy's Ann. 53/2 Each lamb was driven through the narrow hurdle-passage.. called a race. 1878 E. S. Elwell Boy Colonists 214 They made a ‘lead’ in the stockyard for branding the cattle. This was something like a ‘race’ for drafting sheep, with a swing gate. 1934 T. Wood Cobbers iv. 41 ‘Bullicks come aboard along a race. This is a race,’ and he pointed to narrow gang-ways, railed in on both sides, which sloped from the main deck down to the cattle deck. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Apr. 373/3 The units [of the pig house] are usually placed side by side under one continuous roof, a service race being provided along the front. 1963 A. Lubbock Austral. Roundabout 180 The cattle were in the yards and the drovers and dogs were putting them through a ‘race’—two rows of wooden fencing with a swing gate at the end. 1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 4-7/9 (Advt.), At present dairy and beef. Good race and fencing, tidal boundary, ample hay storage.

g. Mech. The space in which a drum or wheel revolves. (Cf. wheel-race.) 1825 J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 104 The stones of the race are hewn to a mould, and laid in their places with great care. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 197.

h. Each of the two grooved rings of a ball or roller bearing. 1903 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 2, Feb. 22689/1 The rollers are made to fit the inner and outer treads of the roller race. 1907, 1908 [see ball-race s.v. ball sb.^ 22]. 1930 Engineering 4 Apr. 462/1 There are two rings of rollers running side by side between hardened and ground inner and outer races, i960 [see COIN 3 b]. 1968 Autocar 25 Jan. 49/2, I drove the 2-litre car at Monte Carlo and we had transmission trouble there which was bad luck because it was a ball race that broke. 1971 B. Scharf Engin. its Language xii. 135 Ball bearings .. consist of.. an inner race, which is a grooved ring firmly attached to the shaft, and an outer race in the stationary housing. The balls which are free to rotate between the races are kept apart by means of a cage. 1980 Dirt Bike Oct. 33/1 You may even need to replace the balls and races if they’re dented or worn.

9. Mining. ‘A small thread of spar or ore’ (Raymond Gloss. Mining i88i). 1580 Frampton Dial. Yron & Steele 144 If..of brimstone and quicksilver they were ingendred, there would be some rase of them, in the mynes of golde and silver. 1747 Hooson Miner's Diet. Kivb, This Keckle-Meckle Stuff has the Ore run with it in small Strings and Races,

b. A row or series, dial, and techn. 1880 E. Cornwall 1883 Gresley Gloss.

Gloss., Race, a string, e.g. of onions. Coal-Mining 197 Race. See Journey. [= ‘A train or set of trains all coupled together.’] 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Race, a range or series. A race of pits. 1901 Scotsman 8 Mar. 5/1 They were run into by a race of runaway hutches.

IV. 10. a. The act of running, riding, sailing, etc. in competition with one or more rivals; a contest of speed; in pi. usually denoting a series of horse-races held at a fixed time on a regular course. 1513 Douglas Mneis v. vii. i Eftir thir raissis done, and giftis gif. 1582 Bible (Rheims) j Cor. ix. 24 They that runne in the race, al runne in deede, but one receiueth the price. 1641 Brome Joviall Crew ii. Wks. 1873 III. 372 In HidePark, to see the Races, Horse and Foot. 1667 Milton P.L. IX. 33 To indite Warrs. .or to describe Races and Games. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xxiii. 429 Young Nestor leads the race; Eumelus then. 1781 Cowper Truth 13 He that would win the race must guide his horse Obedient to the customs of the course. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xvii. We’re going on to the races, i860 Longf. Wayside Inn, K. Olaf ii. xi, Swimming, skating, snow-shoe races. transf. andfig. t vengeaunce Forto be raced dene out of my bokes. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 96 They ordeynyd hys name.. From noumbyr of popys racyd to be, e ronke racches pat ruskit pe ron. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 274 Brocours that renne aboute Lich unto racches in a route. 1433 Lydg. St. Edmund ii. 881 With blast of hornys, with rachchis & with houndys. C1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Ratche, hownde, odorinsecus. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 592 Here is a leysshe of ratches to renne a hare, c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xviii. 23 Throw out this Realme lyke Ratches se 3e range. 1576 Fleming tr. Caius' Eng. Dogges (1880) 7 Albeit some of this sort in English be called Brache, in Scottishe Rache, the cause hereof resteth in the shee sex and not in the generall kinde. [1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ii. v. 873 Small Ladies puppies, raches, and Bastards.] a 1733 Ramsay Highland Lassie iv. With cockit gun and ratches tenty, To drive the deer out of their den. 1829 Scott Demonol. iv. 131 Three raches, or hounds of scent, followed her closely. 1875 J. Veitch Tweed 56 By her side seven raches running free. transf. 1597 J. Melvill Diary (1842) 428 Craftie men.. Wha houndit furthe these ratches under night. Comb. 1732 Macfarlane Geneal. Coll. (1900) 306 Three Wolves Heads erased supported by two Ratch hounds. Hence f ratchet (? after bracket from brach). 1563 Becon Acts Christ & Antichr. Wks. III. 400 Antichrist hunteth the wilde dere..with houndes and ratchettes running.

1570 Levins Manip. 72 A racer, scalprum.

rache, ratch (reitj, rastj), sb.‘^ Obs. exc. dial.

2. Hort. (See quot.)

Forms: 6 ratche, 6-8 rache, 8 raich, 7, 9 rach, 9 dial, raitch, ratch. See also reach. [Of obscure etym.; cf. race sb.^ and rake 56.A (white) line or streak down a horse’s face.

1819 Rees Cycl. XXIX, Racer, in Gardening, a name applied to a sort of sward-cutter, or cutting implement, used in racing out or cutting through the surface of grass sward.

race-tool. [f. race v.®] = race-knife. 1867 [see

RACE

RACHI-

73

1649 Lovelace Poems 30 Flye on, flye on swift Racer. 1717 Berkeley Tour in/ta/y 22 Jan. Wks. 1871 IV. 533 Two ^wers where the racers used to prepare themselves. 1743 Bulkeley & Cummins l^oy. S. Seas 150 They rode backwards and forwards like Racers. i8i8 Keats Endym. ii. 932 Some breathless racers, whose hopes poise Upon the last few steps. 1879 Browning Pheidippides 94 Henceforth be allowed thee release From the racer’s toil. fiS‘ *742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 2388 Leave the racers of the world their own, Their feather, and their froth.

I.].

raceway ('reiswei). Chiefly U.S. [f. race 1. a. A passage or channel for water; the bed of a canal, etc. Cf. race sb.^ 8 c. 1828 in S. Jenkins Story of Bronx (1912) ix. 199 Fourteen mill sites, each fifty by one hundred feet, were mapped out along the raceways. 1837 Knickerbocker IX. 254, I was jerked out with great spite, and, with an imprecation, thrown into the raceway. 1868 Rep. U.S. Commissioners Agric. (1869) 335 The sand and gravel which covers the bottom of the raceway. 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines &

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. (1598) §68 Of markes..a white snyp, or a white rache is good. Ibid., A blacke Horse, so he haue white feet, white ratche, and white feather. 1558 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 173 My blacke geldinge hauing a white Rache in his forehead. 1610 Markham Masterp. i. X. 27 A blacke with white starre, white rache or white foote. 1689 N. RidingRec. VII. 99 One b^ guelding with.. a white rache down his face. 1725 Lond. Gaz. No. 6403/3 A black Filly, ..with a Raich down her face. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 135 He is a good chesnut, no white, except a rach down his face. 1833 New Sporting Mag. V. zjSjz A dingy looking bay filly, with a great white ratch down her face. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Raitch, a white line down a horse’s face.

t rache, Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.] intr. and refl. ? To hasten, make ready in haste. ^1400-50 Alexander 1239 Meliager with hys men., rachen with pair route & ryden bott a while. Ibid. 2031 Alexander.. Rachez hym radly to ride.

trache, Obs.-'^ [a. OF. racher, aphetic f. arracher arrache.] trans. To pull off. Z1400 Laud Troy Bk. 5689 His bed was bare, his helme was rached.

rache,

obs. f. reach v.

racheat,

obs. f. recheat.

rachel (ra'Jel).

Also Rachel, [f. Rachel, the stage-name of Elisa Felix (1820-58), French actress.] A light, tannish colour (used orig. and chiefly of face-powder). Also attrib. or as adj. 1887 Illustr. London News 6 Aug. 163/1 (Advt.), Toilet powder... In three tints: Blanche, for fair skins; Naturelle, for darker complexions; and Rachel, for use by artificial light. 1907 [see papier]. 1907, 1927-8 [see naturelle a.]. 1936 M. Kennedy Together & Apart iv. 320 ‘If you must use powder at your age, do at least find a more becoming shade.’.. ‘It’s not dead white,’ muttered Elisa furiouslj^. ‘It’s Rachel.’ 1970 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly ^ Cookie Bird xii. 195 She has facial plates like a rachel armadillo.

rachen, rachet,

var. rechen reche. var. ratchet; obs. f. rochet.

rachetic,

irreg. var. rachitic.

rachi- ('reiki), rachio- ('reikisu), comb, forms of RACHis, used in some (chiefly recent) terms of Anat. and Path, relating to the spine or vertebral column. (Also written rha-: see below and RACHIS, etc,) rachi'agra (see rachisagra). rachi'algia [Gr. -aXyla pain], pain in or due to the spine; painter’s colic; hence rachi'algic a. rachial'gitis [see -itis], inflammation of the spinal chord, myelitis (Dunglison 1893), rachi'glossate a. [Gr. yXoxjoa tongue], of certain mollusca: having a median row of teeth on the odontophore (Cewt. Diet. 1891). 'rachiodont a. [Gr. dSovT- tooth], of a genus of serpents (Rachiodon): having vertebral processes which penetrate the gullet and serve as teeth (CasselTs Encycl. Diet. 1887). ,rachi(o)pa‘ralysis, para¬ lysis of the spine (Craig 1848). 'rachiotome [Gr. -ToprO? cutting], a dissecting instrument for cutting open the spinal canal (Knight Diet. Meeh. 1875). rachi'otomy [Gr. -ropla cutting], the operation of cutting into the spinal canal (Dunglison 1893). ra'chischisis (-skisis) [Gr. oxloLs cleavage] = myelocele i b. 'rachitome, (a) = raehiotome (Ogilvie 1882); {b) Palaeont., a labyrinthodont belonging to the suborder Rhachitomi; usu. written rh-. ra'chitomous a,, {a) of vertebrae: segmented, as in batrachians and other low vertebrate types; {b) having segmented vertebrae; usu. written rh~. 1811 Hooper Med. Diet., *Rachialgia. 1822-34 Good’s Stud. Med. (ed. 4) ll. 472 This disease was.. a modification of rhachialgia. Ibid. 1. 172 Without any ‘rhachialgic pains. 1890 Billings Med. Diet. 427/2 *Rachischisis, congenital posterior fissure of spinal column, a form of spina bifida. 1900 Boston Med. Sf Surg.Jrnl. CXLIII. 458/2 {heading) A case of rhachischisis. 1901 T. M. Rotch Pediatrics (ed. 3) v. 301 Rhachischisis is one of the principal forms of congenital defects of the spine. It is characterized by a deficiency of the vertebral arches either complete or partial. 1963 K. M. Laurence in A. P. Norman Congenital Abnormalities in Infancy ii. 26 Myelomeningocoeles, myelocytocoeles, hydromyelocoeles, and syringomyelocoeles, localized rachischisis and myelocoeles are all essentially the same lesion, and best regarded as myelocoeles. 1966 Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. II. xxxiv. 1234/2 Spina Bifida... The severest and rarest form is rachischisis, in which the spinal canal is open to the exterior, either for a short distance or over its whole length. 1947 Bull. Museum Compar. Zool. Harvard Coll. XCIX. 103 In the skull roof [of Edops], a primitive character is the presence of a distinct intertemporal element, lost in characteristic *rhachitomes. *964 Jrnl. Animal Morphol. Physiol. XI. 7 The temnospondyls, forming the ‘main line’ of labyrinthodont evolution, began with Carboniferous types of primitive structure but with rhachitomous vertebrae, evolved in the later Carboniferous and Permian into typical rhachitomes, and eventually gave rise to stereospondylous forms. 1971 E. C. Olson Vertebr. Paleozool. iv. iv. 591 In the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Scotland.. is the Gilmerton ironstone from which a number of labyrinthodonts have coTn&:. .Loxomma, a rhachitome; and .. an anthracosaur, Crassigyrinus. 1882 E. D. Cope in Amer. Naturalist XVI. 334 {heading) The ‘rhachitomous Stegocephali. 1884-in Ibid. XVIII. 30 Rachitomous vertebrse from the same locality are of larger size and resemble those of Eryops. 1887 E. D. Cope Orig. Fittest 317 The reptiles, in their primary representative order,.. have been probably derived from the rhachitomous Batrachia. 1947 Bull. Museum Compar. Zool. Harvard Coll. XCIX. 102 The skull pattern is typically rhachitomous in key features, such as the firm fusion of cheeks and table. 1964 [see rachitome above]. 1971 E. C. Olson Vertebr. Paleozool. iv. iv. 591 Although rhachitomous amphibians occur early, in the upper Mississippian, the limbs from this age have not been worked out.

RACHIAL

RACIALIST

74

1958 Times 3 Nov. 14/4 In their recital.. there was only one original composition, a Toccata by Murgatroyd Farrar, which made suitably Rachmaninovian noises. 1962 Times 5 July 15/1 A verbose Rachmaninovian Scherzo by John White. 1973 Times 27 July 15/4 Mr Previn drew the right pliable phrasing from the LSO without overdoing the succulence (like some older Rachmaninovians one could name). 1976 Gramophone May 1816/3 The Rachmaninovian flavour of ‘Whitechapel’.. making a delightful treasure of sound. 1977 Ibid. Nov. 874/1 What Rachmaninovians ought to be shouting for now, however, is a recording of the Liturgy, Op. 31.

Century of Common Man (1944) vi. 32 In June of 1941 he [s^:. Roosevelt] issued an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in the employing of workers by national defence industries. 1942 Z. N. Hurston in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 32/2, I did not have to consider any racial group as a whole. 1943 E. H. Brooks Bantu in S. Afr. Lifeii. 3 When I say ‘asimilar point of view’, I mean the doctrine of racial domination: there are Africans who still think that the Europeans can be driven into the sea. 1947 ‘G. Orwell’ in Tribune 7 Feb. 12/2, I should like to think that the position of the racial minorities could be safeguarded. 1954 H. Gibbs Background to Bitterness 7 Racial conflict between the groups has not been witnessed on a major scale for many years. 1954 Harvard Law Rev. XXIV. 80 Judge Edgerton wrote that as the Supreme Court had.. recognized that enforced racial segregation in housing was unconstitutional, it followed that enforced racial segregation in schooling was even more so. 1955 B. Schwartz Amer. Constitutional Law ix. 224 There has been a profound change in recent years in the attitude of that tribunal [5C. the Supreme Court] toward racial discrimination. 1958 Spectator 22 Aug. 239/1 The Little Rock High School must resume racial integration when the new term began, i960 J. Rae Custard Boys ii. xix. 210 You think this is a case of racial prejudice and you’re probably right, i960 ‘1. Ross’ Murder out of School i. 7 There’s none of what the papers like to call ‘racial tension’ at Mark Hopkins [School]. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald7 May iii. 4/1 ‘Racial imbalance in Parochial Schools’ is the topic for a panel discussion. 1971 R. Bendix in A. Bullock Twentieth Cent. xv. 357/1 Racial minorities.. constitute a lower class as women obviously do not. 1971 Publishers' Weekly 2 Aug. 46 Mr. Fuller finds that the anthology’s one story by a black author—an Eldridge Cleaver story first published in Playboy—is racial tokenism. 1976 CRC Jrnl. July 3/1 All of the recent immigration debates.. have connected the general anxiety about immigration with the current racial tension. 1977 Whitaker's Almanack igyS 595 South African Government declared that where feasible there should be an end to racial segregation on buses. 1979 Miles & Phizacklea Racism i. 17 A reaction by blacks in Britain to racial discrimination and violence.

Rachmanism ('r£ekm9niz(3)m). [f. the name of

racialism ('reij3liz(3)m). [f.

-al^.]

Gleeson, 1650, in his work De Rachitide as a learned form of rickets.^ 1 = rickets.

1848 Macdonald in Proc. Zool. Soc. 140 The Rachidian development.. is the longest, and forms the Rachial type.

1727-41 in Chambers Cycl. 1799 Underwood Treat. Dis. Childr. (ed. 4) I. 339 It was named Rachitis, from the Greek, implying that the spina dorsi is particularly affected by it. 1830 R. Knox Bedard's Anat. 241 The vertebral column presents this softening in a very marked degree in cases of rachitis. 1847-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 712/2 In rachitis, the bones may be bent in any direction. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol, (ed. 6) 14 Phthisis and rachitis, which usually last for years.

rachial ('reikial), a.

[f. Characterized by a rachis.

rachi-s

+

rachidian

(rs'kidian), a. Also rha-. [f. r{h)achid-, assumed stem of Gr. payis rachis + -IAN. Cf. F. rachidien.] Of or pertaining to a rachis, chiefly in sense 3 b. So also ra'chidial a. 1848 [see rachial]. 1851 Woodward Mollusca iv. 27 The rachidian teeth sometimes form a single series. 1866 R. Tate Brit. Mollusks iii. 51 Each transverse row consists of one median or rachidian tooth. 1880 Macdonald in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XV. 167 If the rhachidian series is suppressed.

rachiform ('reikifoim), a. Bot. [f.

rachi-

+

FORM.] Having the form of a rachis (i a). 1866 J. Smith Ferns Brit. & For. (1879) 274 Fertile segments rachiform, compound paniculate.

rachill,

var. ratchel.

Ilrachilla (ra'kib).

Bot. RACHIS.] (See quot. 1842.)

2. Bot. ‘An abortion of the fruit or seed’. 1864

Webster cites Henslow.

rachitogenic (r2ekit9u'd3enik), a.

[f. rachit(is

+ -o + -GENIC.] Tending to cause rickets. 1932 Biochem. Jrnl. XXVI. 202 The rachitogenic property of Steenbock’s diet is due to its high value for Ca/P together with its lack of vitamin D. 1976 Lancet 20 Nov. 1132/2 The rachitogenic activity of oatmeal.

Rachmaninovian (.riexmaem'naovian), a. and [mod.L.

dim.

of

1842 Brande Diet., Rachilla, a branch of inflorescence; the zigzag centre upon which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses. i88i Bentham in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 367 The rhachilla present, but not exceeding the glume.

II rachis

('reikis). Also rha-. PI. rachides ('reikidiiz). [mod.L., a. Gr. payis spine, ridge, rib (of a leaf), etc. The more precise spelling rhachis is chiefly confined to sense 2. The pi. rachides is erroneous, as the stem of payu is not paxiS- but

1. Bot. a. The axis of an inflorescence in which flower-stalks occur at short intervals from each other, as in grasses. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xiii. (1794) 146 The teeth of the rachis or receptacle of the spike bearded. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 258 Terminal flowers sessile upon a 2- or 3-branched rachis. 1861 S. Thomson Wild FI. ii. (ed. 4) 132 The grass blossoms are arranged upon a central stem or rachis. 1875 Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 544 The ebracteate flowers stand on the rachis of the inflorescence.

b. The axis of a pinnately compound leaf or frond, corresponding to the midrib of a simple leaf. 1832 Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 107 The term rachis is applied by Willdenow and others.. to the petiole and costa ofFems. 1861 Miss Pratt F'/otcer. P/. VI. 139 The stalk [of fern] is often called the rachis, but strictly speaking, it is composed of two parts. That part which bears the green leaf is the rachis. 1880 C. & F. Darwin Movem. PL 86 The rachis of the bracken fern.. rises above ground under the form of an arch.

2. Anat. The vertebral column, or primitive cord from which it develops.

the

1842 Brande Diet., Rachis, a term applied by Illiger and other zoologists to the vertebral column of mammals and birds. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 428 The separation of the rachis into skull and vertebral column is not completely effected in Amphioxus.

b. The median part of the odontophore of a mollusc, resembling a series of vertebrae. 1851 Woodward Mollusca iv. 27 The tongue, or lingual ribbon, usually forms a triple band, of which the central part is called the rachis. 1866 Tate Brit. Mollusks iii. 50 The central area is called the rachis, and the teeth form usually a single series.

c. A cord of protoplasmic matter in the ovary of nematoid worms, round which ova are developed. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. xi. 640 An axile cord of protoplasmic substance—the rhachis—and peripheral masses, each. . connected by a stalk with the rhachis.

3. Ornith. The stem or shaft of a feather, especially the part bearing the vexillum, as distinguished from the quill. 1874 CouES Birds N.W. 607 The central pair..form an angle of 45® with the rachis. Ibid. 616 Rhachides of the first two or three primaries pure white. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 245 In Casuarius each primitive feather consists of a long and slender rhachis bearing two series of rami.

rachi'sagra. Path. [Irreg. f. Gr.

rachis,

after x^tpdypa, TToSdypa PODAGRA. Some recent medical diets, also give rachidagra and (correctly) rachiagra.] Pain in the spine; spinal gout. 1753 in Chambers

.

Cycl. Supp.

rachitic (ra'kitik), a. Also rh-, and (irreg.) -etic. [f. RACHIT-IS + -ic. Cf. F. rachitique.] a. Affected with rickets, rickety, b. Connected with, pertaining to, rickets. 1797 Nicholson Jra/. Nat. Phil. I. 175 The nature of rachitic acid. Ibid. In general the bile is wanting in rachitic infants. 1822-34 Good's Stud. Med. (ed. 4) II. 486 A constitution naturally feeble and rachetic. 1855 Household Wds. 25 Aug. 89 Unfortunate little objects.. with rachitic limbs. 1876 Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 919 The shape of the chest in rachitic children becomes remarkably modified. transf. 1864 R. F. Burton Dahome I. 25 The youngest, and the most rachitic of Great Britain’s large.. family of colonies.

II rachitis (ra'kaitts). [mod.L., a. Gr. paxins (f. pdxts RACHIS + -iTiy -iTis), properly meaning ‘inflammation of the spine’, but adopted by

sb. [f. the name of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninov (1873-1943), Russian pianist and composer.] A. adj. Of or resembling the style or the works of Rachmaninov. B. sb. An admirer of Rachmaninov.

Peter Rachman (1919-62), a London landlord + -ISM.] Exploitation of slum tenants by unscrupulous landlords. Hence 'Rachman, any such unscrupulous landlord. Also 'Rachmanite a., of or resembling a Rachman, and other nonce or occasional derivatives.

Wallace

racial a. + -ism.] Belief in the superiority of a particular race leading to prejudice and antagonism towards people of other races, esp. those in close proximity who may be felt as a threat to one’s cultural and racial integrity or economic well¬ being.

1963 H. Wilson in Guardian 23 July 2/3 The disease of Rachmanism is to buy controlled properties at low prices, and to use every means.. to bring about evictions which.. have the effect of decontrolling the property. 1963 Daily Tel. 23 July 10/2 {Editorial) Emotion appeared to get the better of precision in Mr. Harold Wilson’s opening contribution to the Rachman debate yesterday... More powers.. will not remove the basic conditions in which the Rachmans of this world can thrive. That can only be done by increasing the supply of housing space and bringing down rents. 1963 Guardian 7 Aug. 8/3 {heading) Rachmanship lives on. Ibid. 8/5 The sprawling, sordid acres of what has become known as Rachmanland. 1963 Daily Tel. 30 Aug. 19/3 Bringing Rachman-type racketeers to heel. Ibid. 22 Nov. 28/4 ‘Rachman-like’ landlords illegally withheld deposits totalli^ more than £1,400. 1965 Economist 6 Mar. 976/2 The poorer tenants who have suffered most from Rachmanite and neo-Rachmanite intimidation. 1968 Guardian 13 Sept. 3/3 Rachmanism— harassment of unwanted tenants—has simply grown more subtle since the 1965 Rent Act. 1969 D. Widgery in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 137 The same crisis which forces council rents up and allows the domination of the Rachmans of Islington, Moss Side and Liverpool 9. 1973 C. Mullard Black Britain ii. iv. 46 Rachman-type landlords offered as little as they could for as much as they could get. 1973 Times 29 Dec. 11/4 Rachmanite landlords.. make millions out of office blocks and luxury flats. 1975 Times 8 Jan. 15/3 On a fair rents basis.. the transaction.. would not be attractive to the speculative builder or the Rachman. 1977 R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 116/2 Recently, we have added to the problem by extending the area of control to include furnished tenancies. Mr. Tilbe of Shelter will no doubt tell you in two weeks time that this was necessary to prevent Rachmanism. 1981 Times 9 Feb. 17/5 The long-term tenant’s legitimate need for protection against the Rachmanite landlord.

1907 Daily Chron. 2 Jan. 6/5 The two principal planks in the party platform are opposition to all racialism and co¬ operation with the Government. 1910 Westm. Gaz. 11 Apr. 10/3 What appears to me to be the greatest results of the Botha-Smuts Government is the abolition of Racialism and the construction of roads. 1925 E. S. Jones Christ of Indian Road ii. 67 Amid the racial clash and bitterness there stands one who is the Son of man. Racialism withers at his touch. 1934 R. Macaulay Going Abroad xv. 127 A Cape Afrikander.. had renounced Dutch racialism and the detestation of the English. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 2 Sept, lo/i The Italian Jews are thus to be added to the victims of Hitler’s imbecile ‘racialism’, now adopted by Mussolini as a sop to superior force. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 215 Racialism has become involved in scientific absurdities under the Third Reich. 1955 Times 20 Aug. 5/5 The Prime Minister spoke on race relations, commenting that in the last session of Parliament there had been less racialism in debate and more moderation, i960 Spectator 6 May 650/1 The two main convictions of racialism are, firstly .. ‘The highest aim of human existence is the conservation of the race.. the maintenance of the racial stock unmixed’.. and secondly, that once a man’s mind is made up about this, he can never think of changing it. 1971 S. Abbott Prevention of Racial Discrimination i. 16 Britain’s long history of colonialism over-seas does not sufficiently explain the present racialism in this country. 1975 Daily Tel. 13 Nov. 16/3 Racism, or racialism, or racial discrimination,.. covers everything from a vile form of monomania to the innocent preference of human beings for association with their own kind. 1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Soc. ii. 25 Racialism was linked to wishful-thinking, and almost deliberate self-deception.

racht,

1917 Deb. House of Commons Canada 5870/2 We all become nationalists in the true sense of the word, as distinguished from provincialists and racialists. 1930 Observer 22 June 13/4 Some of its characters said things that were calculated to make the blood of headstrong racialists boil. 1937 Discovery July 224/2 Curiously enough.., the ‘nigger’ is much more likely to be treated with contempt by the half-educated in Fngland than among the politicallyorganised racialists of Germany. 1939 A. Toynbee Study His't. IV. 19 We can even drive the racialists out of their one remaining Italian stronghold by finding an alternative explanation for the rise of the Roman Republic. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Scierue Politics i. 6 The racialists have rewritten history to provide the scion of such a race with a long and glamorous group ancestry. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 28 Mar. 164/3 It is easy today for Britain to see Hertzog as a bitter, anti-British racialist, who deprived the remaining Cape Africans of their vote. 1960 Spectator 6 May 650/1 A racialist.. lives according to what most people think is a fantasy. 1977 M. Walker National Front iv. 85 He [sc. A. K. Chesterton] went on to warn of the perils of racialist extremism, while wholeheartedly agreeing with the racialists’ arguments about ‘.. mongrelization’.

obs. Sc. pa. t. of reach, reck.

rachter, obs. Sc. form of

rafter sb.^

racial ('reijial, -Jal), a.

[f. race sb.^ + -ial.] Belonging to, or characteristic of, race.

A word of considerable frequency in the 20th century. The examples that follow illustrate some of the more usual collocations. 1862 R. H. Patterson Ess. Hist. (S Art 448 These racial diversities are reflected in the character of the religion. 1883 S. Wells Williams Mid. Kingd. (ed. 2) I. iv. 199 The racial distinction between the Mongols and Manchus. 1885 Clodd Myths Gf Dr. i. viii. 131 The light which this has thrown upon the racial connection of peoples. 1889 [see nurtural a.]. 1892 F. W. Gage Negro Problem iii. 56 If it be demonstrated that individual members of the race under favourable circumstances are capable of mature mental development, then the question of racial development is settled. 1899 A. Nutt in Folk-Lore]\im 146 In determining the relative importance of either element for racial discrimination in folklore, I was guided by observation of man in the civilized stage. 1899 C. Waldstein Expansion of Western Ideals 141 An historical basis for German unity was not enough; an ethnological, racial unity had to be established. 1914 G. K. Chesterton Wisdom of Father Brown ix. 266 An attitude we must always remember when we talk of racial prejudices. 1929 H. Miles tr. P. Morands Black Magic i. 63 He supported.. racial equality. 1935 Huxley & Haddon We Europeans ix. 286 Ethnic intercrossing and culture-contacts have proceeded so far that ‘racial purity’, like complete isolationism or selfsufficiency, is impossible of attainment. 1942 H. A.

racialist (’reifalist), sb. and a. [f.

racial a. + -1ST.] A. sb. A partisan of racialism; an advocate of a racial theory.

B. adj. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by racialism. 1946 W. S. Knickerbocker 20th Cent. Eng. 81 It would be, however, an error to consider this Nazi literary history simply as racialist. 1952 B. Davidson Rep. S. Afr. i. vii. 75 Members even of the highly racialist Electors’ Union of Kenya.. have expessed to me their horror at the explosive possibilities induced by white policy in South Africa. 1960 [see Africanistic s.v. Africanist sb. (and a.)], 1971 E. Powell Let. in Observer 14 Mar. 8/6 The adjective ‘racialist’

RACIALIZATION

RACIST

has gamed a strange sort of currency in recent years and seems to wear all sorts of meanings. I have even once or twice heard it applied to myself. Hence racialistic a. i960 Guardian 14 Dec. 16/2 The extreme racialistic African leaders. 1969 Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 18/4 Coomaraswamy was more than a little influenced by the sort of racialistic sentiment applied to art that has become one of the curses of the 20th century. 1977 P, Johnson Enemies of Society xix. 248 The statement is purely racialistic.

racialization (.reijalai'zeijsn). [f. racial a. + -IZATION.] The process of making or becoming racialist in outlook or sympathies. Hence 'racialize v. trans. 1918 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics X. 557/2 Why should the most progressive Muslim populations be affected most powerfully by racialization , which is clearly a retrogressive tendency? 1930 Month Dec. 485 A Catholic, following St. Paul, will repudiate this attempt to racialize the universal genius of Christianity. 1977 M. Banton Idea of Race 18 There was a social process, which can be called racialization, whereby a mode of categorization was developed. racially ('reijali), adv. [f. racial a. + -ly^] In

respect of race. Freq. linked with a ppl. adj. to form adjs., as racially-blended, -integrated, -selected. 188s Clodd Myths & Dr. 1. viii. 133 [They] were., probably racially connected with the complex group of peoples embracing the Tatar-Mongolians. 1914 ‘Saki’ When William Came x. 170 The record of your raciallyblended supper-party. 1921 J. Bryce Mod. Democracies 1. xiy. 163 Where a racially distinct body of unwilling subjects is included within a State.. are they to be reckoned as part of the people? 1962 Racially-integrated [see colour¬ blindness b]. 1976 Drum (E. Afr. ed.) Sept. 13/2 The team pulled out of the Olympics.. in protest against New Zealand sending a rugby team to play in South Africa against racially-selected sides. 1976 E. K. Francis Interethnic Relations xxii. 280 Particular populations that are racially distinct from their social environment occasionally show typical mental and cultural differences.

raciationfreisi'eijsn). [f. RACEife.^ + -ation; cf. SPECIATION.] The evolutionary development of distinct biological races. 1952 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 5 July 16/3 The methods he [sc. Edgar Anderson] describes are very like those used by the anthropologist interested in tracing the wanderings of peoples, their mixture, and ‘raciation’, 1971 Nature 28 May 250/1 This approach to microsystematics has been of particular value in the study of raciation .. in commercially important marine fishes. racily ('reisili), adv.

[f. racy a.

-1- -ly^.]

In a

racy manner or style. 1843 J. T. Coleridge in Stanley Arnold I. i. 17 His language was quaintly and racily pointed with phrases from [Aristotle]. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 15 Apr. 3/1 We have.. quoted largely from Major Y.’s racily-written pages.

Obs. rare~^. [a. F. racine:—pop.L. *rddicina dim. of radix: see radix.] A root. tra'cine.

c 1400 Rom. Rose 4881 Of ech synne it is the rote Unlefulle lust.. And of alle yvelle the racyne. raciness (reisinis).

[f. racy a. + -ness.] The fact or condition of being racy: a. Of wine, fruit, etc.

l682 44rt fef Myst. Vintners {1702) 51 Nutmegs and Cloves .. give a kind of Raciness. 1823 Lamb Lett., to B. Barton xiii. 122 My jargonels.. were of exquisite raciness. 1829 De Quincey in ‘H. A. Page’ Li/e (1877) I. xii. 265 New potatoes of celestial earthiness and raciness. b. Of speech, writing, manner, etc. 1778 Johnson L.P., Milton I. 247 His images and descriptions.. do not seem .. to have the freshness, raciness, and energy of immediate observation. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XXVI. 545-6 That raciness, that taste of the soil, which can alone endear any laws to a free people. 1834 De Quincey in Tait's Mag. 1. 200/2 An apparent strength of character.. and a raciness of manner. 1884 W. J. CouRTHOPE Addison ix. 188 Using the language with a raciness and rhythm probably unequalled in our literature. racing ('reisii]), vbl. sb.'

[f. race sb.' or

-(-

-INGb]

1. The action of race vb.^ in its various senses. 1680 Cotton Compl. Gamester (ed. 2) xxxv. Of Racing. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Racing, the riding heats for a plate or other premium. 1808 Scott Marm. v. xii, There was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lee. 1832 Lieder Encycl. Amer. X. 474/1 Subsequent sovereigns have also encouraged racing. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Aristocracy Wks. (Bohn) II. 86 Yet gaming, racing, drinking,.. bring them down. 1901 Chambers'sjrnl. Apr. 221/2 The Turbinia has been run.. in almost all states of the sea, and on no occasion has the slightest symptom of racing occurred. 1912 G. Greenhill Dynamics of Mech. Flight v. 106 Racing of the screw is due chiefly to variation of axial flow. 1980 G. M. Fraser Mr American xviii. 336 Pip’s method of travel was.. constant racing of the engine. 2. attrih. and Comb.., (some functionally indistinguishable from racing used as ppl. adj.)

racing hicycle, -boat, canoe, car, change sb. I g), club, colt, correspondent, cycle, cyclist, driver, eight, establishment, -gig, -glass, guide, jacket, man, motor-car, motorist, outrigger, pace, page, -path, place, result, rig, saddle, season, stable, stud, -track, -vohip, -world, yacht, racing-like, -tyred adjs.; t racingas

(change

bell, a small spherical bell formerly given as a prize in a horse-race (see bell sb.^ 7); Racing

a yearly publication giving particulars of horse-races run or to be run; racing colours, the colours (colour, color sb. 6 a) by which an owner’s racehorses are identified; racing demon (see demon 2 f); racing dope U.S., information about races contained in a dope-sheet (see dope sb. 5); racing flag Naut. (see quot. 1961); racing game = race-game s.v. race sbf 11 b; f racing-loser, one who loses in or by horse-racing; racing pigeon, a homing pigeon taking part in competitions to complete a specific journey as quickly as possible; racing-plate (see quot.); racing-tail, the tail of natural length worn by race-horses; hence racing-tailed a. Calendar,

Baltic Emerald xxiv. 189 A racing stable with high pasturelands for gallops. 1828 T. Creevey Let. in Creevey Papers (1963) xii. 241 We started about 3 for Petworth.. Sefton’s object being to see Lord Egremont’s ‘Racing Stud before dinner. 1840 Whyte Hist. Turf I. 36 Oliver Cromwell.. kept a racing stud. 1863 Ouida Held in Bondage (1870) 51 She will cost..more than a racing stud. 1843 Thackeray Paturot 361 A great floundering ‘racingtailed horse. 1913 O.E.D. s.v. Track sb. 6 b, ‘Racing-track. 1917 [see morning sb. 7^]. 1929 W. E. Collinson Spoken Eng. 72 They’ve built a greyhound racing-track just near the house. 1891 Pall Mall G. 29 Oct. 1/3 A Clincher ‘racingtyred Humber safety. 1864 Reader No. 97. 568/2 A ‘racingwhip he had brought. 1841 ‘Wildrake’ Cracks of the Day 212 The grand emporium of the year [1838] in the ‘racing world, was the Epsom Races. 1885 Royal River xii. 338 The •racing yachts are clearing for action. t'racing, vbl. $b.^ Obs. [f. race ij.^] The action of scratching, cutting, or scraping out.

1910 Encycl. Brit. III. 915/1 Wood rims are used on 1576 Baker Gesner's Jewell of Health 8 b, A waxed threede •racing bicycles. 1959 I. & P. Opie Lore &f Lang, of was fastened about that place.. for the strayghter and evener Schoolchildren x. 191 Who’s teacher’s pet boy and was given racing of the Glasse. 1592 West ist Pt. Symbolaeogr. §56 a racing bicycle? 1850 Kingsley Alton Locke xii, I stood .. Cijb, Ingrossed in paper or parchment, without blotting, gazing across the river, heedless of the *racing-boats. 1861 racing, interlyning. 1633 Hart Diet of Diseased iii. ix. 264 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. 68 The flooring, lines, and By meanes of scarification or racing of the skinne. keel of a racing boat. 1709- {title) The ‘Racing Calendar. attrib. 1794 Rigging ^ Seamanship I. 8 Racing-knife, a 1838 De Quincey Wks. 1863 XV. 114 He would suppose small tool to race with. 1819 [see race 56.®]. himself reading the ‘Racing Calendar’. 1876 ‘Racing-canoe [see long-spooned s.v. long a.’ 16]. 1932 Man May 106 The racing ('reisiij), ppl. a. [f. race v.^ + -ing^.] coffin is placed in a large racing canoe. 1909 ‘Racing car [see That races, in various senses of the vb. power producer s.v. power sb.' 18]. 1977 M. Kenyon Rapist iv. 44 He said he .. had been an important racing car driver. 1720 Pope Iliad xxiii. 342 The Prizes.. decreed To the brave Rulers of the racing Steed. 1811 W. R. Spencer Poems *959 I- Fleming Goldfinger vii. 86 James Bond flung the DB 111 through the last mile of straight and did a ‘racing change 23 How swift from left and right. The racing fields and hills down into third. 1840 Whyte//ist. Turfl. 191 Members of recede. 1876 G. Meredith Beauch. Career xxxii, Levelling a ‘racing or fox-hunting club. 1907 Yesterday's Shopping his telescope to sight the racing cutters. (1969) 302/2 About seven days required to execute orders for ‘Racing Colours. 1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions i. v. 196 Racinian (ra'sknran), a. and sb. Also Racinean. She handed a folded twenty-dollar bill to a boy wearing her [f. the name of Jean Racine (1639-99), French racing colors. 1961 A. Clarke Later Poems 87 At Maynooth, dramatic poet.] A. adj. Of, pertaining to, instead of skulls. His racing colours were displayed. 1828 characteristic of, or resembling Racine or his Darvill Treat. Race horse 454 On breaking ‘racing colts. 1961 E. Waugh Unconditional Surrender iii. ii. 240 His brief writings. B. sb. An admirer or imitator of experience as a ‘racing correspondent seemed irrelevant to Racine. the Zeitgeist. 1976 ‘J. Welcome’ Grand National i. ii That 1927 Sunday Times 13 Mar. 8/3 He [5c. Otway] still is Andrew Mostyn, our chief racing correspondent. 1976 remains the most Racinian of all our poets. 1931 Times Lit. Eastern Even. News (Norwich) 22 Dec. 11/3 (Advt.), Suppl. I Jan. 1/3 Shakespearian, Racinian or Sheridanesque •Racing cycles at discount prices. 1974 Times 29 Oct. 17/4 convention. 1946 Month May-June 229 His brilliant and Scores of club ‘racing cyclists. 1945 N. Mitford Pursuit of enthusiastic appreciation of the great cycle of tragedies, Love ix. 74 The Kroesigs obviously longed for bridge, and above all Athaiie, will please the most ardent Racinian. 1950 did not seem to care so much for ‘racing demon when it was M. McCarthy in Reporter 18 July 2'7l2 This Racinean offered as a substitute. 1977 Times 24 Dec. 10/2 Try racing world, where stepmother Phedre and grandmother Athaiie demon for the party card game if you have a large table and queened it. 1948 L. Spitzer Linguistics & Lit. Hist. 178 The fast-playing, shouting screaming players. 1931 F. L. Allen Racinian, the Vergilian power of poetic alchemy whereby Only Yesterday iv. 81 Workmen forgot to be class-conscious brute reality is transmuted. 1962 Listener 30 Aug. 315/2 as they.. studied the ‘racing dope about Morvich. 1961 This Racinian reading of modem life which is dramatized in Daily Tel. 21 May 10, I used to be a ‘racing driver. 1977 ‘D. terms of passion versus reason, will versus duty. 1974 Ibid. Cory’ Bennett iii. 88 Shop girls identify themselves with 8 Aug. 185/2 A Month in the Country.. harks back to Racine. film stars, bank clerks with racing drivers. 1866 ‘Argonaut’ There is the Racinian web of emotional incompatibilities. Rowing & Training 12 Length of boat (‘Racing eight) 56 feet. 1811 J. Steele Let. 29 Jan. in Papers (1924) II. 649 raciology (reisi'Dbd3i). [f. race sb.^ + -ology; There is nothing.. which wd. afford me greater pleasure cf. F. raciologie.] The study of the races of man. than to see a respectable ‘racing establishment at this place. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse 6 The home stables of a Hence racio'logical a.; raci'ologist, a student of large public racing establishment, i860 ‘Vanderdecken’ raciology. Yarns 135 Cut the ‘racing flag clear, and send a hand aloft 1924 Glasgow Herald 7 Feb 6/5 Societies were formed for to lash it to the stump as a signal that you’ll fight to the last. the study of their language and raciology, just when the 1961 F. H. Burgess Diet. Sailing 167 Racing flag, a private authentic gipsies themselves had begun to disappear. 1926 flag hoisted when racing, instead of the burgee; it is hauled Ibid. 27 Jan. 10/4 A new and searching process of selection down only on retiring, or when a race is completed, i860 C. .. will result in a revisal of our preconceived notions of M. Yonge Hopes ^ Fears I. i. v. 123 She beheld his sister African raciology. 1939 C. S. Coon Races of Europe viii. 286 .. at the ‘racing game... Honor waited, however, till the Von Eickstedt, the most articulate of the modern German little white horseman had reached the goal. 1890-More raciologists. 1950 E. W. Count This is Race 703 For a Bywords 154 The ‘racing game’,.. which was now spread on commentary on Buflfon’s raciology, see Scheldt. Ibid. 734 the dining-table, with all the young people playing in high The Russian raciologists were very actively engaged.. in glee. 1884 Harter's Mag. Feb. 344/1 A long ‘racing-gig combating..‘bourgeois’ racism in general. Ibid. 735 Some swept by us. 1082 Graphic 25 Oct. 437/3 Putting off the other works of Fleure have a raciological bearing. shibboleth of the turf with his ‘racing-glasses. 1909 A. L. Bruce Bridge-Fiend 12 A peppery, red-faced old gentleman, racism ('reisiz(3)m). [f. race sb.'^ + -ism; cf. F. who was reading a ‘racing-guide.. was then appealed to. racisme (Robert 1935).] a. The theory that 1833 New Sporting Mag. V. 398 The ‘racing jacket, with fancy buttons and velvet collar. Ibid. 132 The ‘racing-like distinctive human characteristics and abilities style in which he did his work. 1852 R. S. Surtees Sponge's ^^:^^=»e-4etermined by race. b. = raciausm. Sp. Tour (1893) 290 Sound, springy, racing-like turL 1680 1936 L. Dennis Coming Amer. Fascism 109 If..it be Cotton Comtleat Gamester (ed. 2) xxxv. 148 The woful assumed that one of our values should be a type of racism experience or too many ‘Racing-losers. 1828 Darvill which excludes certain races from citizenship, then the plan Treat. Race horse 218 ‘Racing men endeavour, .to keep the of execution should provide for the annihilation, secrets of their stables. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 21 Oct. 5/1 Fewer deportation, or sterilization of the excluded races. 1938 E. & accidents have happened to aviators in proportion to their C. Paul tr. Hirschfeld's Racism xx. 260 The apostles and numbers than to ‘racing-motor-car drivers in the same energumens of racism can in all good faith give free rein to period. 1^6 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 347/1 The trophy which impulses of which they would be ashamed did they realise is the prize for which ‘racing-motorists compete. 1866 their true nature. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science Gf ‘Argonaut’ Rowing & Training 56 A regular ‘racing Politics i. 7 Racism is an ism to which everyone in the world outrigger may be substituted for the tub. 1828 Darvill today is exposed. 1952 M. Berger Equality by Statute 236 Treat. Race horse 172 To come a long length at a ‘racing Racism, tension in industrial, urban areas. 1952 Theology pace. 1948 J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xiv. 156, I went to rest LV. 283 The idolatry of our time—its setting up of every afternoon with.. the ‘racing page of the daily paper. nationalism, racism, vulgar materialism, i960 New Left 1978 Islands (N.Z.) Aug. 78, I got the paper of course. For Jan./Feb. 21/2 George Rogers saw fit to kow-tow to the the racing page really. 1884 Longm. Mag. Mar. 484 The incipient racism of his electorate by including a line about feats accomplished.. on the ‘racing-path. 1910 A. H. getting rid of ‘undesirable elements’. 1964 Gould & Kolb Osman Pigeon Bk. xiii. 148 It is impossible to say what Diet. Social Sci. 571/2 Racism is a newer term for the word breeds have and have not been used to ‘make’ the ‘racing racialism... There is virtual agreement that it refers to a pigeon. 1933 Discovery Nov. 344/1 Racing and homing doctrine of racial supremacy. 1971 Ceylon Daily News pigeons are often captured, i960 Farmer ^ Stockbreeder 26 (Colombo) 18 Sept. 8/5 Mr. Seneviratne is welcome to his Jan. 4/2 Demand is expected to broaden as the racingideal of inter-racial marriages as panacea for Racism. 1972 pigeon season approaches. 1977 Wandsworth Borough News J. L. Dillard Black English iii. 90 In the British sailors’ 16 Sept. 15/5 Literally rescued from the teeth of a predatory reactions to the slaves.., the very early existence of racism cat, a blue racing pigeon now awaits a claimant at the home is as well documented as the difference in language. 1974 M. of Mr. I. A. McWilliam. 1741-3 Pococke Descr. East I. 10 Fido R. Kipling 50/2 In The Story of Muhammad Din he The ‘racing place, call’d the Hippodromus. 1958 J. Hislop wrote one of the most economical and bitter attacks on From Start to Finish 174 * Racing-plate, a light shoe (usually British racism ever penned. 1976 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, made of some form of aluminium) with which horses are Ohio) 4 Mar. A2/4 The Vatican radio said,.. ‘Racism might shod when they race. 1926 ‘Racing result [see bedtime story have diflferent faces but it will always be reprehensible.’ s.v. bedtime]. 1976 ‘J. Welcome’ Grand National ii. 27 He 1977 M. Walker National Front vi. 155 A strike of the Asian turned on the radio to get the racing results. 1906 Conrad workers against racism in the factory. Mirror of Sea viii. 39 Of those three varieties of fore-and-aft rig, the cutter—the ‘racing rig par excellence—is of an racist ('reisist), sb. and a. [f. race sb.^ + -ist.] appearance the most imposing. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race A. sb. = RACIALIST sb. horse 22 Racks and pegs for the ‘racing saddles. 1840 Whyte Hist. Turf II. 600 The conclusion of the ‘racing 1932 M. Eastman tr. Trotsky's Hist. Russ. Revol. i. 27 season. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse p. v, Any one who This brief comment completely finishes off not only the old has not been brought up in ‘racing stables. 1981 E. Ward philosophy of the Slavophiles, but also the latest revelations

RACK of the ‘Racists’. 1934 H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. I. iii. 107 So much for the Hitlerite stage of my development, when I was a sentimentalist, a moralist, a patriot, a racist. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 214 Classic German racists.. ascribed all achievements beyond the Alps to infiltrations of northern blood. 1959 New Statesman 30 May. 754/2 They see nothing to be gained.. if they are dismissed and replaced by fanatical racists. 1965 San Francisco Examiner 15 Apr. 34/5, I recently heard a man denounced as a racist for having observed that the rate of illegitimacy in New York is 14 times as high among the Negro population as among the white. 1973 A. Dundee Mother Wit p. xii, Folklore has been used as the tool of racists. B. adj. = RACIALIST a. 1938 E & C. Paul tr. Hirschfeld's Racism xv. 201 Elective affinity laughs at the maxims and prohibitions of racist wiseacres. 1938 Mag. Digest Aug. 22 The racist revue, Archiv fiir Biologic und Rassengesellschaft, one of the organs of the National Socialist Party, published an article..on ‘The utility of aerial bombardments from the point of view of racial selection and social hygiene’. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 14 Nov. 6/2 On Thursday.. Rome approved new decrees increasing the severity of Italian Fascism’s new ‘racist’ principles. 1940 R. Benedict Race: Science & Politics vii. 188 The racist traditions.. of the fair, blue-eyed narrowheads. 1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound App. 268 Racist doctrines and rule by force ‘worked’ to a degree in the short run of Nazidom, they failed in the (not veiy) long run. i960 Guardian 23 Mar. 8/2 The President is trying to knock out the racist props from under the present immigration law. 1970 E. Bullins Theme is Blackness 167 I’m too mature and sophisticated to get sucked in by racist arguments. 1979 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 28 Nov. 8/4 [Mr. Levesque] can’t bear any suggestion that he or his party could be racist, could treat non-francophones as secondclass citizens.

Hence ra'cistic a. (rare). 1950 E. W. Count This is Race 734 Combating racistic theories. 1963 Observer 7 Apr. 22/2 This society is dedicated to pleasure and not over-concerned with the big racistic abstractions.

rack (raek), Forms: 4 rac, 4-5 rakke, 4-6 rak, (5 rake), 6-7 racke, 5- rack. [Chiefly a northern word, and perh. of Scandinavian origin; cf. Norw. and Sw. dial, rak (Sw. vrak, Da. vrag) wreck, wreckage, refuse, rubbish, etc., f. reka to drive, reke. The only form recorded in ON. is rek wreckage, but the forms cited above seem to indicate an ON. *rakf parallel to OE. wrsBC from wrecan wreak. The history of the word is not quite clear, however, and some of the senses may have a different origin.]

fl. A rush, shock, collision, ? hard blow or push. Also, a noise as of a shock; a crash. Obs. a 1300 Body & Soul in Map's Poems (Camden) 335 Thou3 me lete have rap and rac. c 1330 Arth. ^ Merl. 3476 (Kolbing) Vlfines launce tobrac. Jjre come po gret rac. c 1400 Melayne 1249 Thay ruysschede Samen with swilke a rake That many a Sara3ene laye on his bake, c 1470 Gol. Gaw. 918 The bernys bowit abak, Sa woundir rude wes the rak. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 240 Thay fyrit gunnis.. The rochis all resownyt wyth the rak. 1513 Douglas JEneis xi. xii. 41 Thai meyt in melle with a felloun rak.

t2. A rush of wind; a gale, storm. Obs. rare. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1984 There a tempest horn toke.. A rak and a royde wynde rose in hor saile. 1513 Douglas Mneis x. V. 127 Thai fle the weddris blast and rak of wynd.

3. a. Clouds, or a mass of cloud, driven before the wind in the upper air. (The main use.) 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 176 What may gome trawe, Bot he p^x. rules pe rak may rwe on ]?ose o^er? c 1440 York Myst. xvi. 7 The rakke of pe rede skye fulle rappely I ridde. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xxxv. 386 The Schipe wente.. Swiftere than pe Rakke In l?e Eyr. 1590 Greene Never too late (1600) 34 The welkin had no racke that seemed to glide. 1626 Bacon Sylva §115 The Windes in the Vpper Region (which moue the Clouds aboue which we calf the Racke). 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 435 With such a force the flying rack is driv’n. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 53 Now a speck is seen! And now the fleeting rack obtrudes between! i8o8 Scott Marm. iv. Introd., Along the sky. Mix’d with the rack, the snow mists fly. 1840 Thackeray G. Cruikshank (1869) 317 A great heavy rack of clouds goes sweeping over the bridge. 1886 Hall Caine Son of Hagar i. viii. 150 The stars struggled one by one through a rack of flying cloud. fig. 1641 Curates' Confer, in Harl. Misc. I. 499, I am almost at the same ebb: but let us hope better: things will not always ride in this rack. Comb. 1618 S. ^k^D Jethro's Justice (1627) 57 It is the ground wind, not the rack-winde, that driues mils and ships. 1620 T. Scott God ^ King (1633) 16 It is for me to observe the ground-winde, not the rack-winde.

fb. Driving mist or fog. Obs. 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 1695 In rede rudede vpon rak rises pt sunne. 1418-20 Siege Rouen 993 in Archaeologia XXII. 373 The clothis.. Kepte hem there from rayne and rack. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. Prol. 131 Wyth cloudy gum and rak ourquhelmyt the air. 1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ Cl. iv. xiv. 10 That which is now a Horse, euen with a thoght the Racke dislimes, and makes it indistinct. fig. 1610 Shaks. Temp. iv. i. 156 The great Globe it selfe .. shall dissolue. And .. Leaue not a racke behinde. [1874 Pusey Lenten Serm. 100 The most plausible will not leave a rack behind.] 4. a. A (narrow) path or track. (Cf. rake sb.^) The identity of the south-western word (cf. also b) with the northern is somewhat doubtful. With some of the senses cf. also Du. rak a stretch (of road, river, etc.). 01400-50 Alexander 3383 Oute of pe rakke \v.r. rake] of rightwyssnes rynne shuld he neuer. 1825-46 Brockett N.C. Gloss (ed. 3) II. 86 Rack, a narrow path, a track, a trace. 1879- In dial, glossaries (Shropsh., Glouc., Wilts, etc). 1899 H. T. Timmins Nooks & Corners of Shropshire 65 We go down a rough footpath, or ‘rack’, as they call it here-abouts. 1904 G. A. B. Dewar Glamour of Earth v. 81, I came down the rack—the narrow path which is cut through ripe

76 underwood fifteen years old, and marks the end of one lot and the beginning of another. 1919 T. Wright Romance of Lace Pillow xii. 110 What a relief.. to be absolutely free for a few hours; to be able to.. roam the ridings, racks, and glades of Yardley Chase. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. II. 149 Rack, (0) A narrow woodland track maintained for inspection and communication and for extraction of poles, etc. by hand or animal haulage.

b. The track made by an animal; esp. that of a deer, as marked by gaps in hedges, etc. 1611 CoTGR., Lespassees (Tun Cerf, His racke, or passages; the places which he has gone through, or by. 1817 J. Mayer Sportsm. Direct. 23 Rabbits are taken in various ways... If they lie in hedge-rows.. plant one or two guns at the end where the racks meet. 1862 C. P. Collyns Notes Chase Wild Red Deer 79 Can he find the ‘rack’ or place where the deer broke the fence into the wood?

c. Sc. A ford in a river, d. Sc. The course in curling (Jam.), e. north. A reach of a river. c. ?i6.. Kinmont Willie iv. in Child Ballads III. 472/1 They led him thro the Liddel-rack, And also thro the 0!arlisle sands e. 1832 J. F. Watson Historic Tales of Olden Time N.- Y. City. 27 The ‘Racks’ so called, along the [Hudson] river, were Dutch names for Reaches. 1838 T. Wilson Keelman's Tribute (Northumbld. Gloss.), The keelman’s dues tiv iv’ry rack..knew Faddy. 1930 Amer. Speech. V. 164 The Dutch navigators divided the Hudson into racks or reaches. The former word remains in Claverack.

f. rack of {the) eye: (see quots.). dial. 01796 Pegge Derbicisms (E.D.S.) 117 To judge of the value of a thing by ‘the rack o’ th’ eye’, by view or sight, without weighing or measuring. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Rack of eye, to work by. To be guided by the eye in the execution of work done. 1886-7 Cheshire glossaries.

rack (rjek), sh."^ Forms: 4-5 rekke, rakk(e, 5 rak, 5-7 racke, 6- rack; also 5-6 rake. [App. a. MDu. recy reck- (Du. rek, rekke) or MLG. rek, rekkey rik (LG. and G. reeky recke; hence Da. raekkey Sw. rdeky rdcke)y applied to various contrivances (as a horizontal bar or pole, a framework, shelf, etc.) on which things are hung or placed, a henroost, rail, etc., prob. f. recken to reach, stretch; see rack v.^ The usual vowel of the Eng. word appears also in Du. raky (L)G. racky variants of reky reeky but may have been developed independently.] fl. ? An iron bar or framework to which prisoners were secured. Obs. The exact sense in the first quot. is doubtful. C1305 St. Cristopher 192 in E.E.P. (1862) 64 O womman he let honge, Heuye rekkes bynde to hire fet. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 92 Y® warde must haue a racke w* ij. longe cheynes of yme. 1572 Nottingham Rec. IV. 145, viij. lb. of eyron to the town’s rackes and mendyng. 1590 Spenser F.Q. II. iv. 14 Both his hands fast bound behind his backe. And both his feet in fetters to an yron racke.

2. A bar (usu. in pi.) or set of bars of iron or wood (see quot. 1617) used to support a spit or other cooking utensil. Obs. exc. dial. 1390 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 18 Pro ij paribus rakkes pro caudrons pendendis. 1424 E.E. Wills (1882) 56 Too spytes, and a peyre rakkes of yryne, and to brandernes. Ibid. 102 Also a rake of yren forto rost on his eyren. 1467 Mann. ^ Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 399 In makenge of rakkes of tre to roste one, xij d. 1564 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 223 Toynges, giberokes, rakincroke, and rackes. 1617 Minsheu, a Racke or Cobborne to lay the broch in at the fire. .. A racke is properly that which is of yron which hath a long ranke of barres in it, and a Cobborne or Coleburne are the little ones of wood. 01643 Cartwright Lady Errant, v. i, Spits, Andirons, Racks and such like Utensils. 1706 Phillips, Rack, a Wooden Frame..to lay Spits on in a Kitchin. 1888 Sheffield Gloss., Rack, a piece of iron to hang a spit on. 3. a. A frame made with upright bars of wood

or metal to hold fodder for horses and cattle, either fixed in a stable, or movable so as to be placed where desired in a field or farmyard; a heck. 14.. in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 124 To se that lord in a racke lye That hathe hevon under hys poste. 1443 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 212 In a streiht rakke lay ther the kyng of pees. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. Ixxxiii. 61 The Calfe.. forthwith ete haye with the dame at the Racke. 1540-54 Croke xiii. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 9 Bynde fast theire iawes vp to the racke. 1607 Markham Caval. iii. (1617) 21 You shall put into his racke a..bottle of hay. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 606 Salt Herbage for the fodd’ring Rack provide. 1781 Cowper Charity 173 He breaks the cord that held him at the rack. 1859 Dickens T. Two Cities 11. ix. The horses in the stables rattled at their racks. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 65 A rack nine feet long will accommodate twenty sheep... Whenever the racks are taken out to the fields [etc.].

b. Coupled with manger. 1391 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 205 Pro factura de rakks et mangers in diuersis stabulis. c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 610 in Babees Bk., Euery horse schalle so muche haue, At racke and manger. C1475 Partenay 913 Both rekke and manger at their ease gan make. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 35 A racke and a manger, good litter and haie. 1707 Ld. Raby in Hearne Collect. 14 Sept. (O.H.S.) II. 42 His Horses stand .. w'^out either Racks or Mangers. 1868 Regul. & Ord. Army §570 To prevent infection from glanders.. the rack and manger are to be scoured. fig- 1.577 Harrison Englandii. ii. (1877) i. 44 Canturburie was said to be the higher racke, but Winchester.. to be the better mangier.

c. Phr. at rack and manger: in the midst of abundance or plenty, wanting for nothing. fAlso rarely without prep. (Cf. heck sb.^ 3.) C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 435 It is yuel to kepe a wast hors in a stable.. but it is worse to have a womman wij?-ynne

RACK or wijj-oute at racke & at manger. 1592 Warner Alb. Eng. viii. xii. (1612) 200 A Queane coriuall with a Queene? Nay kept at Racke and Manger? 1593 Bacchus Bountie in Harl. Misc. (1809) II. 275 Plaine rack and manger, where euery one dranke himself out of danger. 1679 Mrs. Behn Feign'd Curtizan iii. i. Danger,.. once o’recome, I lie at rack and manger. 1843 Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. i, John Lackland., tearing out the bowels of St. Edmundsbury Convent.. by living at rack and manger there.

d. Hence rack and manger, want of proper economy or management, waste and destruc¬ tion. (? Associated with rack and ruin.) Now dial. 1687 Miege Gt. Fr. Diet. ii. s.v., To leave all at Rack and Manger, laisser tout a Vabandon. 1731 Fielding Grub St. Op. III. ii. The moment my back is turned, everything goes to rack and manger. 1785 Grose Class. Diet. Vulgar Tongue s.v. Rackrent, To lye at rack and manger, to be in great disorder. 1883 in Hampsh. Gloss.

e. to stand (or come) up to the rack: to face or bear the consequences of what one has undertaken; to take one’s share of hard work or responsibility. U.S. 1834 D. Crockett Narrative of Life iv. 6i, 1 was determined to stand up to my rack, fodder or no fodder. 1835 -Col. Crockett's Tour 69 It was a hard row to hoe; but I stood up to the rack. 1837 R. M. Bird Nick of Woods II. xiv. 183 But, you see, captain, there’s a bargain first to be struck between us, afore I comes up to the rack. 1848 J. F. Cooper Oak Open. II. iii. 43 The English used to boast that the Americans wouldn’t ‘stand up to the rack’, if the baggonet was set to work. 1890 Stock Grower ^ Farmer 12 July 4/2 For several years cattlemen have been severe losers but most of them have stood pluckily to the rack.

4. a. A framework (varying greatly in form as used for various purposes) in or on which articles are placed or suspended. Freq. with defining word prefixed as hacofu, bottle-, case-, cheese-, galley-, hat-, plate-rack (see the first element). 1537 Bury Wills (Camden) 130 The tramely yn the chemney, and the rackes on the soler. CI590 Greene Fr. Bacon iii. When we haue.. set our cheese safely vpon the rackes. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xix. IP7 Every Stick-full [of letters] is set up upon the Racks, ready for the Dresser to Dress. 16^4 Motteux Rabelais v. xxvii. (1737) 120 Having laid their Boots and Spurs on a Rack. 1842 Dickens Amer. Notes (1850) 2/1 A rack fixed to the low roof, and stuck full of drinking glasses and cruet stands. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 323 A wooden rack round the centre pillar receives the rifles. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xviii, The dishes on the rack above.

b. Spec. One on which items of clothing are transported and displayed for sale. Phr. off the {ova) rack = off the peg zdv. phv. s.v. peg sb.^ i e. 1948 H. McClennan Precipice (1949) ii. 189 Shipping clerks pushing racks of women’s dresses. 1962 W. Schirra in Into Orbit 47, I acted as a kind of consultant tailor on the pressure suit. It is not possible just to walk in and buy one off the rack. 1976 ‘R. Boyle’ Cry Rape xx. 91, I chose a simple navy shirtmaker dress from the $20-and-under rack. 1976 Times 2 Nov, 12/2 In the women’s outfitting department, there was..a scramble around the racks of camel coats. 1978 R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant xxxiii. 385 His suit was off a rack.

5. In various special or technical uses. a. An openwork side for a cart or wagon. ? Obs. b. A framework set in a river to obstruct the passage of fish. c. Naut. (see quots.); also = halyard-rack (halyard 2) and = FIDDLE 3 a. d. An inclined frame or table on which tin-ore is washed (cf. wreck), e. In organ-building = pipe-rack, fl* Part of a moulding-machine (see quot.). Obs. 1593 Hollyband Diet. Fr. Eng., Bers de chariot, the sides or racks of a wagon. 1687 Miege Gt. Fr. Diet. ii. s.v.. The Racks of the Cart are broken. b. 173s Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 24 That Racks are a much greater Obstruction to Navigation than Wears. c. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776), Rack,.. a frame of timber, containing several sheaves, and usually fixed on the opposite sides of a ship’s bowsprit. 1794 Rigging ^ Seamanship 1. 171 Rack, a short thin plank, with holes made through it, containing a number of belaying-pins. Ibid. 172 Rack, a long shell, containing a number of sheaves, formerly fixed over the bowsprit to lead in the running rigging. 1841 Dana Seaman's Man. 119 Rack,.. z. fair-leader for running rigging. d. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 1244 The rough [tin ore] is washed in buddies;.. the slimes.. upon a kind of twin tables, called racks. 1893 Longm. Mag. Feb. 375 note, A mine-girl that works at a ‘rack’, and who separates the particles of tin from the finely crushed ore. f. 1678 Moxon Mech. Exerc. I. 104 To this Engine belongs a thin flat peece of Hard wood, about an Inch and a quarter broad.. called the Rack. It hath its under flat cut into those fashioned waves.. your work shall have.

g. A large, vertical, metal framework, usu. of standardized dimensions, for supporting items of telephonic or electronic equipment and allowing ready access to them. 1893 Preece & Stubbs Man. Telephony xix. 311 An even more effective contrivance for cable racks .. is shown in fig. 240. 1906 J. Poole Pracr. Telephone Handbk. (ed. 2) Condenser Rack.—This frame is for the accommodation of the al-microfarad condensers used in connection with the incoming junction lines... The frame is 7 feet 3! inches wide and 7 feet 10 inches high. 1930 Proc. /PfiXVIll. 1320 The amplifiers are mounted on relay racks and connected by twin lead wire pulled in rigid conduit. 1951 Short Wave Mag. May 179/1 The left-hand rack, No. i, starting at the bottom, contains the filament supplies for all transmitters; the 1000 V. HT supply for the 430 and 144 me exciters; [etc.]. 1977 Gramophone June 118/2 In the professional world it is common practice for tuners, preamplifiers, power amplifiers, equalizers, etc. to be mounted on slotted panels, which are mounted vertically into racks. Now several domestic manufacturers are also mounting their units in neat vertical racks, but usually they are less than the professional 48cm (19-inch) width.

RACK

RACK

77 h. U.S. (See quots.) 1903 Nation (N.Y.) 6 Aug. 115/2 Another Americanism we miss under Racks, the technical name for the side plankings or buffers of our ferry slips, 1905 JV. Y. Even. Post 20 Dec. I Three of the Lackawanna ‘racks’, as the arrangement of piles to fit the ferryboats are called, were left intact. i. N. Amer. A set of antlers. Also attrib. 1945 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 27 July 14/1 There is no real means of comparing a rack of antlers killed in Bath County and one in New Kent, unless they are placed side by side. 1958 Outdoor Life Sept. 34/1 I’d shot moose in British Columbia but never a really big one. This trip I was determined to get a trophy rack. 1971 D. C. Brown Yukon Trophy Trails i. 22 ‘Wow, he’s sure got a big rack,’ someone else yelled. 1976 Listener 15 Apr. 466/2 The moose.. had a rack of five points, which meant that it was five years old and almost fully grown. 1978 L. L. Rue Deer JV. Amer. iv. 66 A deer with more than four points is called a rack buck. Some racks are large but have few points, some are small but have more points.

j. U.S. Naut. slang. (See quot, 1962.) 1955 C. Kentfield Alchemist's Voyage I. iii. 68 ‘Where’s D’Alessio?’ ‘In his rack.’ 1962 Amer. Speech XXXVII. 288 A Marine’s bed is not a sack, but a rack. He hits the rack or puts in rack time. 1963 Ibid. XXXVIII. 78 The term rack was borrowed by the Marines from the Nav'y, and it began to supersede sack as the popular term in Marine speech during the early 1950s.

b. Mech. A bar, straight or slightly curved, haying teeth or indentations on the side or edge, which gear into those of a wheel, pinion, or worm (for the conversion of circular into rectilinear motion or vice versa), or serve to hold something in a desired (and easily alterable) position. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 19 The teeth of these four wheels take alternately into the teeth of four racks. 1^5 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 39 The friction-bar.. being connected .. to the front [of the cart] by a closely notched or toothed rack. 1830 Loudon Cottage Arch. §630 The writing-board, or flap, might be made to rise with a rack and horse. 1881 Young Every man his own Mechanic 238 The inner jaw is immovable and to the bottom of it a steel rack is fastened. b. Coupled with pinion. 1814 Buchanan Millwork (1823) 85 The rack and pinion should be made upon the principles of spur geers. 1858 Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 32 Sliding shutters, which are raised and lowered by racks and pinions. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai ix. 134 Up again, straining on the rackand-pinion of the Rigi. c. Hence rack^and^pinion used attrib., with

adjustment, movement, etc. 1837 Goring & Pritchard Microgr. 217 Various ingenious contrivances.. retaining the rack-and-pinion movement- 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 283 Rack and pinion focussing. Ibid. 285 Rack and pinion adjustment. 1903 Baedeker's Northern Italy 13 From Capolago to the Monte Generoso, rack-and-pinion railway in 56 minutes. 1958 R. Liddell Morea ii. ii. 55, I took the rack and pinion railway up to Calavrytt. 1969 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 23 Mar. 29 Rack-and-pinion steering ‘can be twirled from lock to lock with the flat palm of one hand’. 1972 Modern Railways Sept. 334 This was overcome on the BOB [rr. Berner Oberland Bahn] by the use of rack-and-pinion operation with gradients as steep as i in 8. 1973 Country Life 18 Oct. 1172/1 The Haflinger, a forward-control platform truck.. seems to wind on inexorably, rather like a rack and pinion train climbing a mountain. 1978 DmTy Tel. 16 Aug. 10/6 The ride is on the firm side with the handling being safe and predictable from the rack and pinion steering.

7. In lace-making: (see quots.). Also attrib. 1831 Morley in Ure Cotton Manuf. (1861) II. 356 A rack is a certain length of work counted perpendicularly, and contains 240 meshes or holes. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. XXX. (ed. 3) 296 The introduction of the ‘rack’, which counts the number of holes in the length of the piece. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 733 A 24 rack piece.. is now sold for 75. 8. a. Abbrev. of rack-deal. 183s White in Pari. Rep. Timber Duties 206 The merchants would not sell a cargo without taking some rack and some seconds .. and generally the timber merchants had a great many of what were called second rack. b. = rack-rail in sense 9. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug. 7/2 The greater part of the line would traverse exceedingly difficult country, necessitating .. possibly a few short lengths of rack. 9. attrib. and Comb., as rack-block Naut. (see

quot. and cf. sense 5 c); rack-board, one of the boards forming the pipe-rack of an organ (also attrib.)-, rack-calipers, calipers fitted with a rack and pinion (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875); rack car, (a) a railway-car having open-work sides (cf. sense 3); (b) U.S. Logging-, see quot. 1958; rack chain, a chain by which a horse is fastened to the rack in a stall; rack chase Printing, a chase having racked sides into which fit two adjustable bars; rack-compass, a pair of compasses fitted with a rack (sense 6), so also rack-easel; rackhook, a hooked lever which catches into the rack in the striking mechanism of a clock; rackhurdle, -hurry (see quots.); frack lever, a lever terminating in a rack formerly employed in the escapement of a clock; rack-meat, fodder placed in racks for horses; rack mounting vbl. sb., the use of the standardized racks for supporting telephonic or electronic equipment; so rack mount sb. and v. trans.-, rack-pillar, one of the small upright pieces of wood supporting the rack-boards in an organ; rack pole, one of

the bars or staves forming a rack (sense 3); rackrail, a cogged rail, into which a cogged wheel on a locomotive works; rack railway, a railway having a rack-rail laid between or beside the bearing-rails; rack-rod = rack-bar; rack saw, {a) a saw with wide-set teeth (Simmonds Diet. Trade 1858); (6) see quot. 1971; rack-side, one of the horizontal bars of a rack (sense 3); rackspring, the spring attached to the rack in a clock; rack-stave, one of the upright staves of a rack (sense 3); rack-table = sense 5 d; racktail, an appendage to the rack in a clock; racktube, a tube (in a microscope) worked by a rack (sense 6); rack-way, (a) = rack-rail-, (b) a path through a wood, esp. one used for timber extraction; rack-wheel, a cog-wheel; rackwork, mechanism of the nature of, or containing, a rack (sense 6); rack-yard, a stockyard provided with racks (sense 3). •794 Rigging & Seamanship I. 156 * Rack-blocks are a range of small single blocks, made from one solid. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 557. 1855 E. J. Hopkins Organ 39 Some thin planks of wood, called ‘rack-boards.. laid arallel with, but four or five inches above, the upper oards. Ibid., Through these rack-board-holes the lower and narrrow ends of the pipe-feet pass. 1881 C. A. Edwards Organs 57 The Rack-boards.. are frames by which the pipes are supported in a perpendicular position over the upper boards. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1863/1 [Railway-cars] had four wheels, no springs, and no roof; similar cars, termed ‘‘rack-cars’, are still in use. 1958 W. F. McCulloch Woods Words 145 Rack car, a railroad car specially equipped with stakes or racks to handle pulpwood. 1828 Darvill Treat. Race horse 55 A ‘rack-chain may be fixed in the centre of the stall. 1958 J. Hislop From Start to Finish iv. 20 Do not leave your horse tied up by the rack-chain, in your hurry to get away. 1963 E. H. Edwards Saddlery xxii. 167 Usually a rope .. to the rear of a head collar is best for tying up unless one has rack chains. 1882 J. Southward Practical Printing vi. 72 ‘Rack chases for fixing small formes on presses are made the size of a press table, and obviate the use of furniture. 1898 — mod. Printing I. ix. 66 Rack chases.. are made to fit the carriage of a press and the bed of a machine. 1859 Gullick & Timbs Paint. 199 The square ‘‘rack’ easel which allows the painter greater facility in raising or lowering his picture. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1852/1 *Rack-hook. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch ^ Clockm. 251 The rack hook is lifted free of the first tooth only at the half-hour. 1770-4 A. Young in A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1803) HI. 145 ‘Rack-hurdles, which are made.. [by] leaving the middle rail out and nailing spars across. 1888 Berksh. Gloss., Rack-hurdles, hurdles of substantial lathing or split wood. 1788 J. Ritson Borrowd. Letter (Cumb. dial.). They feed em [Sea-Nags = ships] wie beck-sand,.. but nut out o’ •rack-hurries. 1899 Cumbld. Gloss., Rack-hurry,. .21 rack formed of iron bars fixed in the shoot or hurry, which allowed the small coal.. to drop through. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch ^ Clockm. 219 The ‘rack lever is said to have been invented by the Abbe Hautefeuille. 1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Dec. vii. 46 To.. further their Fattening, by enough of dry, hearty Trough and ‘Rack-meat in Time. 1849 G. A. Dean Essays on Construction of Farm Buildings & Labourers' Cottages 23 Many persons consider that the racks are best placed by the sides of the mangers.. others, that horses who work hard should have no rack-meat given to them, considering that they satisfy their hunger much quicker.. from the manger. 1965 Wireless World July 2 (Advt.), Series ‘Y’ instruments are housed in strong metal cases and, in some instances, can be ‘rack-mounted. 1976 Physics Bull. Jan. 9 Available in either a rack-mount or a cabinet configuration, it is designed to be used by persons with little or no previous experience with signal averagers. 1978 Chicago June 106/1 Rack mounts, for instance, are ‘in’. .. These racks will hold pre-amps, amps, equalizers, tuners and t^e decks. Some can even accommodate a turntable. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 697/1 *Rack mounting, the use of standard racks .. for mounting panels carrying apparatus .. with a uniform scheme of wiring. 1977 Gramophone June 118/1 A Sony rack mounting amplifier using pulse width modulation. 1979 Sci. Amer. June 8/2 (Advt.), The 5315B is essentially the same instrument housed in a metal case for rack mounting or stacking. 1881 C. A. Edwards Organs 57 Rack-boards.. are supported by ‘rack-pillars. 1662 Gerbier Principles 32 The ‘Rack Poles three Inches asunder and upright. 1038 Wood Pract. Treat. Rail-roads (ed. 3) 281 The toothed or ‘rack rail, was only laid on one side of the road. 1918 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 13/1 See hazardous bridges being built, and the rack-rail employed to surmount steep gradients. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 21 Feb. p. iii. An engraving showing a Blenkinsop rack-rail engine and train. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 734/1 *Rack Railway. 1895 Daily News i Mar. 5/3 Tourists .. who ‘do’ the Alps in rack railways, Chambers's frnl. Jan. 128/2 This railway introduces a cheaper means of ascending rugged mountains than the rack-railway laid upon the ground. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 21 Feb. p. iii, John Blenkinsop, the inventor of the rack railway, died 100 years ago. 1973 C. Bonington Next Horizon xii. 183, I.. plunged through the deep powder snow .. down to the rack-railway track that led up to Kleine Scheidegg. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 360 A pushing rod.. that ^sses behind the ‘rack rod. 1898 Daily News 8 Feb. 3/5 The ‘rack saw, with its 50-feet running platform. 1971 F. C. Ford-Robertson Terminal. Forest Science 209/2 Rack saw, a head saw (circular or band) with a travelling table operated by rack-and-pinion. 1830 Loudon Cottage Arch. §1103 The ‘rack sides (top and bottom rails) to be 4 inches by 2 inches and a quarter, and to be fitted in with turned rack-staves. 1892 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. (ed. 8) 87 If the spring is weak, and the ‘rack spring strong, it sometimes gives a little. 1587 Mascall Govt. Cattle, Sheep (1627) 202 Their racks to be made.. with ‘rack-staues set nigh together of a good length. /. a.*]. 1633 Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 330 To the cooper for rackinge 2 hogsheades of sack. 1694 Falle Jersey ii. 71 [To] ferment, rack and bottle our Cidar. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece l. v. 275 Rack off your Wine into another Vessel. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 416 Whenever the wine becomes dry, rack off the clear into a clean and sulphured cask. 1880 Act 43 ^ 44 Viet. c. 24 §64 The proprietor of spirits.. may.. vat, blend, or rack them in the warehouse. absol. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 303 It will be necessary to rack off from one cask to another. transf. 1683 A. Snape Anat. Horse i. xxviii. (1686) 64 Serving as a Pme to rack the Urine as it were out of the Bladder of the Young.

1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. v. iii, The court is rackt to pleasure; each man straines To faine a jocund eye.

fe. To stretch or raise beyond the normal extent, amount or degree (cf. 4). Obs. 1596 Shaks. Merch. K. i. i. 181 My credit.. shall be rackt euen to the vttermost. 1603 Florio Montaigne iii. xii. 598 Striving about my ransome, which they racked so high [etc.]. 1618 Chapman Hesiod ii. 22 Hasten thy labours, that thy crowned fields, May load themselues to thee, and rack their yeelds.

4. To raise (rent) above a fair or normal amount. Cf. rack-rent. 1553 Primer Edu>. VI, P v b, [That they] may not racke and stretche oute the rentes of their houses and landes. 1598 Bp. Hall Sat. iv. ii. 20 They racke their rents vnto a treble rate.

b.fig. in various senses.

1653 Gauden Hierasp. 74 Rack him off further, and refine him from the lees of sensual and inordinate lusts. 1696 Brookhouse Temple Open. 17 Christ Racks off his Truth from Vessel to Vessel. 1^9 Malkin Gil Blasv. i. If 73 Every morning I wrote down in my pocket-book such anecdotes as I meant to rack off in the course of the day. 1861 Sala in Temple Bar Mag. II. 302 His speech was of the finest jackeen just racked through a cask of Cork whisky.

t2. To empty (a cask) by racking. Obs. rare. 1626 Bacon Sylva §306 Rack the one Vessell from the Lees. 1703 Art ® Myst. Vintners 65 Rack your Cask very clean, and let it remain full of water all night.

rack (raek), v.^ Naut. [Of obscure origin: perh. a use of v."^ or v.^] (See quots.) 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776), Racking, the fastening two opposite parts of a tackle together, so as that any weighty body suspended thereby shall not fall down, although the rope.. should be loosened by accident. 1841 Dana Seaman's Man. 119 Rack, to seize two ropes together, with cross-turns. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 131.

rack

(raek), v.’’ Building, [var. rake trans. To build (a brick wall) by stopping each course a little short of the one below, so that the end slopes (usu. temporarily until the work is completed). Usu. with back. Cf. raking vbl. sb.^ 1873 F. Robertson Engin. Notes ii. 35 In repairing masonry where there is a crack or junction, or where new work is to be connected with old, the adjoining ends should be racked back from each other, as it were in ascending steps, and the resulting wedge-shaped void subsequently built in. 1904 C. F. & G. A. Mitchell Brickwork ^ Masonry ii. 77 (caption) Angles of walls racked preparatory to building. Ibid. 78 The base of the corner is extended along the wall, and is racked back as the work is carried up. 1945 E. L. Braley Brickwork iii. 58 Usually five or seven courses are built at each corner, the work being racked back, e.g. first of all three stretchers, then four headers and one closer, then two stretchers, two headers and a closer, one stretcher, and finally the heading face of the top brick. 1972 S. Smith Brickwork iv. 17 When building a wall, it is usual to raise the ‘quoins’ (corners) first, ‘racking back’ the work as necessary.

rack,

obs. var. rake sb.'^, v.^ and v.^\ obs. north,

and Sc. f. reck; pa. t. of reke v. Obs.

tracka, obs. form of areca. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims iii. 304 Their lading..was principally dryed Coco Nuts, .and Racka Nuts. rackan ('r£ek(3)n), reckon ('rEk(9)n). Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms: i racente, racete, 4 rakente, 5 rakende, racand, 6 raken, racon, 9 rackan; 4 recawnt, 5-6 rekand, 5 rekande, rekanth, -enth, 6 reckand, -en, recon, 7 reckan, 9 reckon. [OE. racente wk. f. = ON. rekendi (usually in pi. rekendr as if from sing. *rekandi), OHG. rahehinza (Graff): cf. rakenteie. In ME. and later use only north, dial., and chiefly in forms rek-y reckan(d, which app. represent the Scand. rather than the OE. word (but forms with rak-, rack-, prevail in the comb. rackan-crook).'\ 11. A chain, fetter. Obs. c888 K. i^LFRED Boeth. xvi. §2 he wearS jebunden mid hira racentum. 971 Blickl. Horn. 43 Hie hine haefdon jepreatodne mid fyrenum racentum. a 1050 Liber Scintill. (1889) 59 jebeorscipas swylce racetan.. forfleo lusta. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 188 \>tT ragnel in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes. e jailers liggen bothe dede & Beues lip bounde in rakende.

2. A chain or other apparatus by which cooking vessels are suspended over a fire; now usually a vertical bar pierced with holes, into one of which the pot-hook is inserted. 1400 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 268 Unum recawnt de catenis ferreis. 1445 Ibid. II. 194,). rekand de ferro. 1485 Ibid. III. 300, j pare of coberdis, ij potte-hyngyls, j racand. 1534 in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 186 Thre racons wt a peire of galows of yron. 1566 Richmond. Wills Inv. (Surtees) 184, j paire of tongs, j iron scummer and one recken. 1582 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 172 One recon,., one fier shole, one pare of tanges. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words 58 Reckons, Hooks to hang Pots or Kettles on over the Fire. 1876 Mid- Yorksh. Gloss, s.v., A pot-hook .. sliding through a hole in the bottom piece of the reckon.

rackan-crook. north, dial. Forms: 5-6 taken-, 6 rakon-, racon-, rackyn-, rayckin-, rakin(ge)-, 6, 9 rackin-, 7-9 racken-, 9 rackan-, rack-an’-; 7 rekin-, 7-9 reckin-, 9 reckon-, [f. prec. + crook. Rackan-hook is used in the same sense in mod. dial.] A rackan serving as a pot-hook, or a pot¬ hook used with a rackan. 1469-70 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 280 In repar.. unius rakencroke, iiijd. 1564 Wills ^ Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 223 Giberokes, rakincroke, and racks,.. two Rayckincrokes and iiij spetes. 1648 Lancash. Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 254 The very racken crocks and pot hooks. 1684 Meriton Yorksh. Dialogue 39 Hing the Pan ore’th fire ith RekinCreauk. 1781 J. H. Gloss. N.E. Words (E.D.S.), Rannlebalk, a piece of wood in a chimney, from which is hung the pot-crook, or racken-crook. 1869- In dialect glossaries (Lonsdale, Rochdale, Sheff., Northumb.).

rackan hook. form),

Also reckon hook (the usual [f. RACKAN -I- HOOK s6.] = RACKAN-

CROOK. 1645 Essex County (Mass.) Probate Rec. (1916) I. 50 Estate of William Goog of Lynn... One gridiron & recke hookes

I

RACKAROCK

RACKET

80

1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage viii. iv. 753 Their Dogges.. haue rackets tied vnder their feet, the better to runne on the snow. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative ii. 130 Unless they carried Rackets under their Feet, wherewith to walk upon the Top of the Snow. 1758 Michmakis & Maricheets 55 Much more capable with their legs only, than we with our rackets. 1790 Bewick Hist. Quadrup. (1792) 111 The sports¬ man pursues in his broad rackets or snow-shoes. 1875 Temple & Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 84 Travel was next to impossible, except upon rackets.

[etc.]. 1647 Ibid. 99 Estate of John Jarrat of Rowley.. Reckon hooks & some small things, 4s. 1867 B. Brierley Mar locks of Meriton 41 His eyes still intent upon the ‘rackan’-hook’ hanging in the kitchen. 1961 M. W. Barley Eng. Farmhouse & Cottage iii. v. 175 In such houses as these, cooking was usually done in the house body. There, along with the iron range and the reckon hook, were the bakestone and the wooden boards.. with which oatcakes were made.

rackee,

obs. f, raki.

racken,

north, and Sc. var. reckon.

rackarock ('raekarok). [f.

1845 [see corn-cracker i]. 1854 Putnam's Mag. HI. 665/2 Artillerists and dragoons, suckers and rackensacks, were all mixed up in confusion.

b. A broad wooden shoe for man or horse to enable them to walk over marshy ground.

racker^ (*raek9(r)). [f. rack v.^ + -erL] 1. One who racks, in senses of the vb.

Webster.

rack v.^ +

a

+

ROCK ^6.] An explosive consisting of potassium

chlorate and nitrobenzol. Also attrib. 1885 Daily News 12 Oct., A six-pound cartridge of rackarock. 1891 Times 8 Oct. 5/4, 200 lb. of rackarock powder..were set off. 1891 Thorpe Diet. Appl. Chem. I. 84/2 The rackarock cartridges were not fired electrically.

rackat,

obs. form of racket.

'rack-bar. 1. Mech. [f.

RACK sb.^ 6.] A bar fitted with a

rack or racks. 01824 A- Scott in Trans. Highl. Soc. (1824) VI. 31 The teeth of these two spur-wheels are to work .. into the teeth of the rack-bars. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 395/1 A strong semicircle of cast iron, with which the telescope is connected by a rack-bar. 2. Naut. [f. RACK v.^] (See quot.) 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Rack-bar, a billet of wood used for twisting the bight of a swifter round, in order to bind a raft firmly together.

rack-bolt,

variant of rag-bolt. L. §58 Of trenails, screws, and

1793 Smeaton Edystone rack-bolts 2500 each.

t 'rack-bone. Obs. [rack sb.‘^] A vertebra. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 775 The transuerse processes of the racke-bones of the necke. Ibid. 800 The last spondels or rackbones of the chest. 1656 W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Uni. (1659) 259 The chine or back bone.. is made up of four and thirty rack-bones, c 1720 W. Gibson Farrier's Guide I. V. (1738) 67 The Rack-bones that are between the sixth Vertebrae of the Chest, and the middle of the Os sacrum. 1831 W. YouATT Horse ix. 153 The other neck, or r0c/?-bones, as they are denominated by the farrier,.. are of a strangely irregular shape.

rackcoone,

obs. form of racoon.

'rack-deal. [f.

rack sb^'\ Deal set up in a rack

or framework and dried by exposure to the air. 1807 C. Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 96 The floor above is made of rack deal, or any soft wood plank. 1835 White in Pari. Rep. Timber Duties 206 By being cut out with the sap running to them, they would be both sappy and slabby; those are what we call rack deals. 1887 Diet. Archit. s.v. Rack, The name of the framework in which deals or boards are placed on end for air-drying... Hence the term ‘rack deals’.

racked

(raekt), ppl. a.'

[f. rack v.^

+ -Eoh]

Driven along, as clouds by the wind. 1858 Kingsley Poems 150 Winds, upon whose racked eddies, far aloft, My thoughts in exultation held their way.

racked (raekt), ppZ.

a.2 [f. RACK56.'“ort).2 + -ed.]

Fitted with a rack or racks. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. HI. 128 A metal racked frame to fit inside a plain wooden box.

racked

(rsekt), ppl. a.^ [f. rack v.^ + -ed^]

1. That is racked, in various senses of the vb.;

stretched, strained, tortured by stretching, etc. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. iv. i Wheras some translate thys woord (for ever).. I do reject as a racked translation. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. i. (1882) 24 They will be sure to make price of their racked cloth, double and triple more than it cost them. 1611 Chapman Widowes T. Wks. 1873 HI. 59 Much more worth than the raekt value. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 484 The maintayning of my Lame and Racked body. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset I. i. ii He endeavoured to tell the truth, as far as his poor racked imperfect memory would allow him. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman v. xix. 341 The torn heart and racked brain could bear no more. 2. Of rent; Raised to excess. Cf. rack-rent. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. i. (1882) 29 He might haue it freely for this racked rent. 1668 R. L’Estrange Vis. Quev. (1708) 164 Impositions, hard Services, and Raekt Rents. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. ii. i, Never did he stent Us in our thriving with a racket rent. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 404 Racked rents.. disable the tenant to improve.

b. Of men, their living, etc.: Oppressed by or subjected to extortion or excessive rent. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. ii. 1713 That Crew of Spend¬ thrifts.. Were now, among their racked Tenants faine To seeke for shelter. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. ii. 30 Weekely or monethly assessements and contributions., exceeding many mens racked incomes. 1781 Cowper Expost. 304 Thy racked inhabitants repine, complain.

3. racked-out, {a) completely exhausted; {b) passed through with suffering. 1870 Sir S. Northcote in Life (1890) II. xii. 30 The old racked-out tobacco and corn lands. 1900 W. A. Ellis Life Wagner 332 The harvest of the last outlived, or rather racked-out Summer.

racked (raekt), ppl. a.*

[f. rack v.^

+ -Eob]

Drawn off or emptied by racking. 1519 Horman Vulg. 294 b, Whither so euer I go: I haue with me racked w'yne. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. ii. 83 In the latter drinke we haue vsed to put in rackte Renishe Wyne. 1626 Bacon Sylva §306 Powre the Lees of the Racked Vessell into the vnracked Vessell. 1764 Mass. Gazette No. 3149/4 Good rack’d and refin’d Cyder.

racken-,

var. rackan-crook.

rackensak ('raekanssek). [Prob. altered form of Arkansan.^ }Obs.

U.S. colloq. A native of Arkansas.

1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Contortor legum, a racker of lawes. 1607 Dekker Knt.'s Conjur. (1842) 72 Landlords dare not quarter themselves here, because they are rackers of rents, a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. (1688) 15 These Rackers of Scripture are by St. Peter stiled Unstable. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. 11. i, Rackers aft tine their rent. 1820 Southey in Q. Rev. XXHI. 568 The constant employment of rackers and executioners.

t2. (See quot.) Obs. rare~^. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 70/1 The Farmer, or Racker, or Dairy-Man.. hold Lands.. from the Lords thereof upon Rack or half-Rack, that is upon the yearly value or half value, having no certain term of holding [etc.].

racker^ (Taek3(r)).

[f. rack v.^ 4-

-er^.]

A

racking horse. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXHI. 266 The racker comes to us from our North Western territory. 1856 Thoreau Lett. (1865) 146 The swiftest equine trotter or racker. 1891 Harper's Mag. Aug. 366/1,1 have seen more than one racker of true Norman blood. 1903 A. D. McFaul Ike Glidden xiv. 108 Lickety got ter puffin’ up his ole hoss, soze you’d a thought it was the Millbridge Racker.

racker® ('rsek3(r)). [f. rack w.® + -er'.] 1. One who racks wine or other liquor. 1611 CoTGR., Frelateur, a racker of wine. 1865 Pall Mall G. I Apr. 8 Harris was what is called a racker.

2. An apparatus for racking. 1846 Tizard Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 551 The Floating Racker. [Description follows.]

t'racket, Obs. rare. Also 4-5 raket. [Etym. obscure.] Some game played with dice. C1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 432 (460) Canstow pleyen raket, to and fro, Netle in, dokke out, now this, now that, Pandare? 1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i. ii. (Skeat) 166, I haue not plaid raket, Nettle in, Docke out. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas V. xxix. (1554) 140 Kyng Phrahartes, in token he was unstable. Sent him three dees, forged square of golde. To play racket as a chylde chaungeable.

racket ('raekit), sb.'^

Forms: 6 rackat, -it. Sc. rakkett, rakcat, 6-7 rackette, 8 -ett, 5- racket; 6-9 raquet, 7 -ett, 9 racquet. See also raquette. [a. F. raquette (i6th c.) = Sp., Pg. raqueta. It. racchetta, lacchetta, of uncertain origin (see Littre and Devic): hence also Du. raket (in Kilian racket), G. rakete, -ette.) 1. a. A bat used in the games of rackets, tennis, etc., consisting of a network of cord or catgut stretched across a somewhat elliptical frame formed of a bent strip of wood, metal, etc. to the base of which a handle is attached. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xiv. 66 Sa mony rakkettis, sa mony ketche-pillaris. 1540 [see b]. 1574 Newton Health Mag. 6 Striking and receaving the balle with a raquet. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia n. 27 The Beaver.. His taile somewhat like the forme of a Racket. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. xxi. §9 A Tennis-Ball, whether in motion by the stroke of a Racket, or lying still at rest. 1763 C. Johnston Reverie II. 206 He was seated at table with a parcel of shuttle-cocks before him, and mending a racket. 1^5 Scott Last Minstr. II. xxxi. Like tennis-ball by raquet tossed. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 100 [In Lacrosse] one catches the ball in his racket, and.. endeavors to carry it to the goal. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, I. ii. 22 In the tennis-court he toiled with the racquet. 1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis 208 The main object of modern lawn tennis is to meet the ball with a full racket. fig. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 51 Finding opportunitie to giue her both bal and racket. i6io Healey St. Aug. Citie of God (1620) 616 Friuolous pamphlets, the very rackets wherewith Greece bandieth ignorant heads about. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-cr. 11. iii. 38 Antichrist is the common Tennis-Ball that every malicious Racket bandies and tosses against each other. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias VIII. ix. fP9 You have a racket for every ball; nothing comes amiss to you.

b. A game of ball played by two persons, who strike the ball alternately with their rackets and endeavour to keep it rebounding from a wall. Now always pZ. Also^g. Compl. 175 Sum gart him raiffell at the rakcat; Sum harld hym to the hurly hakcat. 1540 Heywood Four P.P. 882 All the soules were playnge at racket. None other rackettes they hadde in honde [etc.]. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iv. xii. 221 Such [games] are.. Racket, Balloone. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) HI. xxxii. 191 All his address and conversation is one continual game at raquet. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. 11, vii. 161 Rackets., is, like any other athletic game, very much a thing of skill and practice. 1890 E. O. P. Bouverie Rackets 359 The game of rackets is now exclusively played in a court enclosed in four walls. 1529 Lyndesay

t2. A military engine (see quot.). Obs. rare-^. 153s Coverdale I Macc. vi. 51 He made all maner ordinaunce: handbowes, fyrie dartes, rackettes to cast stones.

3. a. A snow-shoe made after the fashion of a racket (sense i), as used in Northern America.

1846 P. J. DE Smet Oregon Missions (1847) xiv. 193 The savages travel over these marshy places in Rackets. 1864 in

4. Ornith. A bird’s tail-feather shaped like a racket, a spatule. {Cassell’s Encycl. Diet. 1887.) 5. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) racket-frame, -maker, -seller', racket-like adj.; (sense i b) racket-hall, -bat, -court, -ground, -match, -player', (sense 3) racket-string', racket-press (see quot.). 1651 Ogilby JEsop (1665) 164 Like *Racket-Bals with Argos’s I sport And the whole Ocean is my Tennis-Court. 1837 Thackeray Ravenswing vi, Who hit [him] across the shoulders with a *racket-bat. 1604 Middleton Father Hubbard's T. Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 103,1 am no day from the line of the *racket-court. i860 All Year Round No. 66. 366 It is thoroughly inconvenient and defective as a racketcourt. 1837 Dickens Pickw. xii, This area.. was the *racketground. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 168 The outermost pair [of feathers] are enlarged at the end in a ‘racquet-like form. 1611 CoTGR., Raquetier, a ‘Racket-maker. 1838 Jas. Grant Sk. Lond. 57 Employed to supply the ‘racket-players with balls. 1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis 204 Among those [implements] which.. are useful, may be mentioned the ‘racket press to keep the racket from warping. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 75 The pressure of my ‘racket strings brought the blood through my socks and mockinsons.

racket (‘raskit), sb.^ Also 8-9 racquet. [Prob. onomatopoeic. Gael, racaid, sometimes cited as the source, is no doubt from Eng.] 1. a. Disturbance, loud noise, uproar, din; usually such as is produced by noisy or disorderly conduct on the part of one or more persons. In quot. 1597 with pun on racket sb.’^ 1565 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 234, I send you a letter sent to me of the racket stirred up by Withers. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 11. ii. 23 But that the Tennis-Courtkeeper knowes better then I, for it is a low ebbe of Linnen with thee, when thou kept’st not Racket there, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 323 Antonius.. hearing what racket the Parthians kept in Syria. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 336 If 3 After all this Racket and Clutter [etc.]. 1792 Elvina II. 98 We wanted quiet, not racket. 1877 Black Green Past. xlii. (1878) 336 A quiet country life—no racket except the roosters in the morning.

b. With a and pi. An instance of this. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman cTAlf. ii. 261 Then will shee keepe a racket, and cry out. 1683 Pol. Ballads (i860) I. 243 And made such a riot.. That never before such a racket was known. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 53 Your daughter has made a strange racket in my family. 1777 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary 7 Apr., The drums and trumpets again made a racket. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's i. Such dashers occasioned many a racket in Meg’s house. fig- 1855 J. H. Newman (1890) 87 There is such a racket and whirl of religions on all sides of me.

c. A noisy expression of opinion or feeling; clamour, outcry; excitement or fuss {about something, or with a person). 1652 Culpepper Eng. Physic. 182 What a noise Authours have made of Roses, what a ‘Racket’ they have kept up. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 270 She was astonished, .at the racket which was made about a son of such a creature. 1789 Charlotte Smith Ethelinde (1814) I. 11 Though her father has always made such a racket with her.

2. a. The noise and whirl of society; excessive social excitement or dissipation. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 118 Charm’d with dress and trumpery, with racket and dissipation. 1822 Scott 4 Sept, in Fam. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 149, I did not wish for you in the midst of all this racquet of mirth and war. 1850 Thackeray Lett., to Mrs. Brookfield, With all this racket and gaiety, do you understand that a gentleman feels very lonely? 1886 Spectator 6 Feb. 175/1 Dr. Johnson .. did not live in the racket of Society.

b. A large or noisy social gathering. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Spect. No. 12(1748) 11. 269 She told me, that when the number of company for play exceeded ten tables, it was called a racquet. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 97 ^4 To idle amusements, and to negligence of domestic business, to wicked rackets. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta (ligo) 402 She’ll have her routs and her rackets as well as the high-bom ones.

c. A dance: see quots. 1882 L. O. Carpenter X JF. Pepper's Universal Dancing Master 33 Racquette.. Make three galop steps or slides to the left, throwing the foot out in second position... Slide to right [etc.]. 1882 P. V. Cartier Practical Illustrated Waltz Instructor 45 The Racquet.. Take two long galop slides with left foot on accent, and as right foot is brought up to left foot for second time, rest, and hold left foot in air. Repeat by sliding with right foot, etc. 1885 A. Dodworth Dancing vii. 51 Racket Waltz (One-Slide Racket in Waltz Time). Ibid. 52 Changes are made.. by alternating the one-slide racket with the three-slide. 1935 D. N. Cropper Dance Diet. 54 Racket, popular 6/8 number of the ‘nineties’. Basic step: a waltz form with leap (i) slide (&) change-cut (2).

3. slang, a. A trick, dodge, scheme, game, line of business or action. Now usually, any scheme or procedure which aims at obtaining money or effecting other objects by unusual, illegal, and

RACKET often violent means; organized crime.

8i a

distinctive

form

of

1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet,, Racket, some particular kinds of fraud and robbery are so termed. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 224/1, I did wear a shovel hat when the Bishop of London was our racket. 1884 Bread-winners 183 That’s just our racket. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept, i/i The ‘racket’ has for years been distinctively a Chicago institution; and it has been found to be such a profitable form of crime there that It IS spreading to the other large cities of the Middle West 1931 Sun (Baltimore) 4 Apr. 1/4 One racket in New York State alone that of fake securities— is known to total approximately 8100,000,000 a year. 1940 E. GliA. Autobiogr. vii. 259 It [jc. politics] is all a confused business of ramps and rackets—pretended quarrels and dishonest commercial schemings, having no relation to the real interests of peoples, neither to their spirtual nor their material welfare. •944 M- Laski Love on Supertax xii. 117 You organised all this Black Market racket, didn’t you? 1950 G. Brenan Face ^ Spain ii. 54 Of all the rackets recorded in history, the Spanish Inquisition, during the first hundred years of its career, was perhaps the most mean and repulsive. 1956 ’C. Blackstock Detuey Death iv. 83 Mr. \Vilson is now telling everybody that I.L.D.A. is the secret headquarters of the drug racket. 1974 J. Gardner Return of Moriarty 31 All our family is affected if we start to lose in any racket, any lay. •977 Times 29 Nov. 14/2 Ulster by the middle of 1974 was suffering from rackets and violent crime on a scale equal to some of Europe's most notorious cities.

b. In more weakened senses: an activity, a way of life; a line of business. 1891 Kipling & Balestier Naulahka vi, What’s your lay? What’s your racket? 1907 R. Dunn Shameless Diary of Explorer xviii. 251 The Professor is working his faith-inGod-and-self, and line-of-least resistance racket, a mite too strong. 1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle i. 4, I thrive on the racket and eat and sleep like a schoolboy. 2927 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) XXIX. 132/3 'What’s your racket?’ meaning ‘W'hat do you do for a living?’ 1930 Sun (Baltimore) 12 Feb. 10/7 My satisfaction would be complete if there were a 100 per cent rush for the doors that would entirely eliminate the encore racket. 1931 F. L. Allen Only Yesterday vii. 172 At the beginning of the decade advertising had been considered a business.. by the end of the decade many of its practitioners.. were beginning to refer to it—among themselves—as a racket. 1936 Amer. Speech XI. 274/2 Nowadays a racket may be a legitimate business... A man may say..'I rather like the racket I’m in’, referring to his business, Downside Review LVI. 100 It is true that the phrase ‘muscling in on the culture racket’ reflects a development of English word-usage from which the present reviewer had perhaps been preserved by monastic seclusion. 1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. ii, I sold insurance, and.. that’s the racket to develop your wits. 1944 J. S. Huxley On living in Revol. 23 What with football, racing, the cinema, the theatre, popular literature, and holiday resorts, recreation is today one of the most profitable commercial rackets. 1978 J. Updike Coup (1979) vi. 239, I am in the insurance racket. I am a claims adjuster.

4.

An exciting or trying situation or experience; an ordeal, to stand the racket, (a) to hold out against strain or wear and tear; (b) to face the consequences of an action; (c) to pay. 1823 ‘J. Bee’ Diet. Turf, 'Racket—to stand the’, when one of a set stands forward to bear all the blame. 1827 T. Wilson Pitman's Pay ii. 63 Sic tussels nobbit pluck could settle, For nowse less could the racket stand. 1837 W HiTTOCK Bk. Trades (1842) 404 {Shoemaker) Upon this.. preparation depends his work standing the racket of adverse seasons. 1846 Swell's Night Guide 132/2 Stand the racket, treat, pay for all. 1878 Besant & Rice Celia's Arb. xxxii. (1887) 237, I escaped and came out of the whole racket unwounded. 1904 G. K. Chesterton Napoleon of N.H. iii. iii. 168 ‘Can we do fifteen hundred pounds.^’ ‘I’ll stand the racket.’ 1905 Pall Mall Mag. Dec. If there is trouble, it will be for Great Britain to stand the racket. 1930 Punch 19 Feb. 204/3 If her., friend had been a sportsman he’d have stood the racket himself.

5. Sc. A hard blow; a severe slap. 1710 Ruddiman Douglas JEneis, Gloss, s.v. Rak, More frequently, .we use Racket, as he gave him a racket on the lug, i.e. a box on the ear. 1810 Cock's Simple Strains 135 (Jam.) The wabster lad bang’d to his feet. An’ gae ’im a waefu racket.

6. attrih. and Comb.y as racket-buster^ -busting (sb. and adj.), -ridden (adj.), ring. 1940 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Nov. 1/2 Sol Gelb..had been assigned by the New York ‘racket-buster’ to watch the hearing. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 30 Jan. 55/4 Mr Danforth was senior investigator.. from 1935-1951, when former Governor Thomas E. Dewey was the courageous D.A... and his famous racket-busting took place. 1972 ‘H. Howard’ Nice Day for Funeral iv. 58 Until the motive is established beyond doubt this case remains part of the DA’s racket-busting programme. 1978 Time 3 July 55/2 Died. Luther W. Youngdahl, 82, unflappable federal judge who.. was appointed to the bench in 1951 after five years as a racket-busting Republican Governor of Minnesota. 193* P* D. Pasley Muscling In v. 138 New York stood revealed as the most racket-ridden city in the country. 1973 Black Panther $ May 2/2 It is widely known that Inman is himself a king pin in the city’s organized crime and racket rings.

t'racket, v.^ Ohs. Also 7 rackat. [f. racket sb.^] 1. trans. To strike with, or as with, a racket; to toss or bandy about. Chiefly fig. 1603 Florio Montaigne iii. ix. (1613) 540 The Gods perdie doe reckon and racket us men as their tennis balles. 1609 B. JONSON Case is Altered iv. iv, Then think, then speak,.. And racket round about this body’s court These two sweet words, ’tis safe. 1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature xiv. §2. 244 They are moveable as Shittlecockes, or Tennis Balls, now rackated here, now there. 1705 G. ScROPE Epit. on himself {St. Michael’s, Coventry), Here lyes an Old Toss’d Tennis ball Was Racketted from Spring to Fall.

b. to racket away: To lose (money) in playing with a racket. Also transf.

•612 Webster White Devil ii. i, I shall not shortly Racket away five hundred crowns at tennis But it shall rest upon record! i86i F. W. Robinson No Church I. iv, 95 An improvident young man, who.. would racket away all the money he might be able to leave her.

2. to racket it: To carry a racket. rare~^. 2605 Chapman, etc. Eastw. Hoe 1. i, There’s thy fellowe Premise, as good a Gentleman borne as thou art.. But does he pumpe it or Racket it?

racket ('raekit), v.^ [f. racket sb.^] intr. To live a gay life, to take part in social excitement. Also with about. 1760 Gray Lett,, to Dr. Clarke, Poems (1775) 282 Company and cards at home, parties by land and water abroad, and .. racketing about horn morning to night. 1792 Elvina II. 132 Sir Edward will not allow Elvina to racket any more for some time. 1833 Macaulay in Life ^ Lett. (1880) I. 346, I have been racketing lately, having dined twice with Rogers and once with Grant.

2. intr. To make a noise or racket; to move about in a noisy way. Also const, about, along, around. 1827 Capt. Hardman Waterloo 16 A ball from their infantry went through my jacket, Took the skin off my side, and made me racket. 1851 S. Judd Margaret xvii. 151 The wind blazed and racketed through the narrow space between the house and the hill. 1885 B. PoTTERjrn/, 6 May (1966) 141 How is it these high-heeled ladies who dine out..can racket about all day long, while I.. am so tired toward the end of the afternoon that I can scarcely keep my feet? 1897 R. Kipling Captains Courageous iv. 86 The pots and pans.. jarred and racketed to each plunge. 1914 W. Owen Let. 21 Dec. (1967) 309, I racketed about all Saturday making luggage out of lumber. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 197 A dozen paces away two of the battalion machine-guns were clattering and racketing in rapid gusts of fire. 1929 M. de la Roche Whiteoaks xiv. 188 Aha..that’s what I like to hear! Young lads racketing about! 1936 A. Ransome Pigeon Post vi. 69 But do you think we’ll hear it?’ said Mrs. Blackett, ‘when we’re racketing about and busy with other things.’ 1967 J. C. Holmes Nothing More to Declare i. 20 We read it in an empty subway car racketing along under the deserted streets. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 331 The first significant discovery we shall make as we racket along our female road to freedom is that men are not free. 1977 ‘L. Egan’ Blind Search i. 12 That girl racketing around heaven knows where or with what sort of characters. 1977 W. M. Spackman Armful of Warm Girl 34 Guests.. racketing up into the bedroom.

b. To get up with noise and confusion. 1847 Alb. Smith Chr. Tadpole Iii. (187^) 445 They’re.. obliged to racket up too early in the morning to catch the train, to take anything.

3. trans. To keep lively, to disturb, destroy (also with away), etc. by racketing, rare. 1753 Richardson Grandison (1781) VI. xxvii. 166 Dearly do we love racketing; and, another whisper, some of us to be racketed. 1777 Lady S. Lennox in Life Lett. (1901) I. 261 The racketting their health so entirely away. 1827 Hone Every-day Bk. 11. 820 A racketty life had racketted his frame. 1886 H. Ward Beecher in Horn. Rev. May 421 We hear the whole land racketed with the disturbance produced by labor and capital.

racket, var. rackett.

RACKETT money from business firms by intimidation, violence, or other illegal methods. Also attrib. 1928 N.Y. Times i8 Aug. 15 Two gang murders within the last week prompted Judge Edwin O. Lewis..to order the August Grand Jury to delve to the bottom of ‘racketeering’ in Philadelphia. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept. 1/4 ‘Racketeering’ is the new word that has been coined in America to describe the big business of organised crime. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 10 Jan. 1/6 The defendants are charged with compelling, .manufacturers to pay tribute to them by threatening to call strikes. The indictment was one of the first to be returned here in connection with a Federal investigation of racketeering. 1930 Observer 19 Oct. 17 He had hoped.. perhaps to introduce and organise ‘racketeering’ processes. Ibid., The only new detail is the paid protection of blackmail which now exists in many cities, described by the term ‘racketeering’. 1931 Sun (Baltimore) 29 Jan. 1/6 Another effort is to be made to prohibit congressional nepotism now commonly recognized as ‘pay-roll racketeering’ on the part of members of both the House and Senate. 1941 L. B. Namier Conflicts (1942) 163 Look at this Jew! What did he do in the war? Some racketeering? 1959 Ann. Reg. 1958 187 Only on three major Bills was the President defeated.. the attempt to regulate the affairs of trade unions to cut out racketeering [etc.]. 1978 S. Brill Teamsters ii. 41 It was at the time when he was being charged with racketeering that Bufalino joined Hoffa’s legal team.

racke'teering, ppL a.

[f.

racketeer

v.

+

-ING^.] Characterized by or engaging in rackets. 1931 Times 30 July 11/3 Sometimes employers trying to operate an ‘open shop’ hire strike breakers... In other cases ‘racketeering’ gangs take the initiative in intimidating employers with ‘open shops’. 1967 Sunday Times 8 Oct. 24/8 Kim, at this period, ‘gave the impression of being a complaisant passenger in a racketeering upper-class world’.

racketer* ('raekit3(r)). rare. Also 6 rakketter. [f. RACKET sb.^ -I- -ER*.] 1. One who plays with a racket. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxvii. (1887) 105 The rakketters in tennyse play.. must shew them selues nymble. i860 All Year Round No. 66. 366 These listless racketers rarely, if ever, hit the ball twice before it dropped.

2. One who wears, or walks on, rackets or snow-shoes {Funk's Stand. Diet. 1893). 'racketer^. rare. [f. racket gay or noisy person.

or

+ -erL] A

1661 Sir A. Haslerig's Last Will 3 The discontented Party . .may find our impregnant City a ready Foster-Mother to nurse these distempers in her ranting Racketers. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) I. xvi. 109 At a private concert last night.. and again to be at a play this night: I shall be a racketer, I doubt.

racketiness ('rEekitinis). [f.

rackety + -ness.] The quality of being rackety; fondness for noise, excitement, etc. •939 C. Day Lewis Child of Misfortune in. ii. 270 No doubt racketiness was just part of the fashionable sexual lure then. 1979 Listener i Nov. 508/2 Her racketiness and smart friends arouse less appreciation.

racketing ('raekitii)), vbl. sb. [f.

racket v.'‘

+

-ING^.] The action of the vb., esp. in sense i; an

racketeer (raeki'ti9(r)), 56. orig. U.S. [f. racket sb.^ + -eer.] a member of a gang or association of criminals practising extortion, intimidation, violence, and other illegal acts on a large scale; any person making easy money by such means. Also transf., one who achieves an easy result by illegitimate means. 1928 Time 9 July 14 In the old days it was a mark of distinction to be seen at gangster funerals, but during the Loesch prosecutions, probably not even U.S. Senator Deneen of Illinois would care to be seen near the bier of a ‘racketeer’. 1928 Daily Express 14 Sept. 1/4 ‘Racketeers’.. now control 150 lines of business in Chicago, and collect an enormous tribute for immunity from their violence. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 15 Nov. 1/6 ‘Spike’ along with six police captains and a dozen politicians and racketeers, is accused of participation in the profits of gambling machines placed in speak-easies. 1931 Times 24 Sept. 11/2 The campaign against gangsters and ‘racketeers’ in New York City has resulted today in the arrest of..one of the most powerful ‘labour racketeers’ in the city. 1935 J. T. ¥Judgment Day iv. 76 We got to get a strong man in the White House .. to kick out the bankers and grafting politicians and racketeers. 1939 Scrutiny VII. 439 The older generation of middlebrow propagandists, whom Scrutiny used to refer to as literary racketeers. 1948 Sunday Pictorial 18 July 7/1 The public are completely at the mercy of these racketeers. 1956 ‘C. Blackstock’ Dewey Death iii. 52 You romantic writers are as much a menace to the community as drug racketeers. 1967 Wall Street Jrnl. 24 Apr. 32/2 Rosenberg, according to Illinois authorities, was secretly associated with.. an important Chicago racketeer. 1978 Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 3/1 Metrication will be an open invitation for every spiv and racketeer to cheat the British public.

racketeer (raeki'ti3(r)), v. U.S. [f. the sb.] a. trans. To subject to racketeering, b. intr. To engage in fraudulent business. 1928 Time 30 Jan. 11/2 In 36 years in Chicago I have never been held up, robbed, or racketeered. 1933 G. B. Shaw Polit. Madhouse in Amer. 56 What is the use of paying you money to racketeer with? 1934 Words Nov. 5/2 To pressagent,. .to service,., to gesture, to racketeer.. are new, and most of them are obviously American.

racke'teering, 1^6/. 56. U.S. [f. racketeer 5^1. h-ING^.] The business of racketeers; a system of organized crime directed chiefly to extorting

instance of this. •753 [see racket o.* 3]. 1795 Scott 23 Aug. in Lockhart, I wish they may come down soon, as we shall have fine racketting. 1822-25 June in Fam. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 139 Late hours and raqueting. 1843 Miall in Nonconf. HI. 745 No racketing of engines to turn his domain into a modern Babel. 1886 Baring-Gould Mehalah 183 There’ll be junketings and racketings.

racketing ('rsekitiij), ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + That rackets, in senses of the vb.; characterized by racket or racketing. -ING^.]

•763 Eliz. Carter in Mem. (1808) I. 362 We live a vep' racketting life at the Hague, 1821 Jeffrey in Cockbum Life 11. Ixxxvi, We have had a racketing feverish life since we came here. 1847 W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) IV. 25 One of the most racketing cities in the world. 1895 Besant Westminster iii. 88 A place filled with noisy, racketing, even uproarious life.

racketry ('raekitn).

[f. racket sb.^ + -ry.] Systematic or continuous noise or disturbance.

1884 in Bryce Amer. Commw. II. 639 The non-voters., constitute the muscle and sinew of the campaign racketry —a word made indispensable by political conventions. Ibid. 640 All this racketry has been going on .. for seven minutes.

rackett ('raekit). Also racket, ranket(t. [a. G. rackett, rankett.] 1. A Renaissance musical instrument of the oboe family, consisting of a squat cylinder containing nine parallel channels joined alternately at top and bottom to form a continuous tube nine times the length of the cylinder. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 374/1 Rackett, Rankett, (i) an obsolete wind-instrument of the double bassoon kind. 1891 C. R. Day Catal. Mus. Instr. R. Milit. Exhib. i8go 100 Racket. This beautiful instrument is constructed in the form of an ivory cylinder, and it is played by means of a rather large double reed. 1910 F. W. Galpin Old English Instr. of Music ix. 167 A yet shorter instrument of bass pitch with a cylindrical-shaped tube.. was called the Racket. 1939 A. Carse Muscial Wind Instr. xiv. 206 In the racket or sausage-bassoon the air-passage is doubled and redoubled to such an extent that the sounding-length of the tube is quite nine times as long as the body of the instrument. 1961 A. Baines Mus. Instr. through Ages ix. 232 The deep soft buzz of one racket among recorders, cornetts, etc., made a better effect than a whole consort of them [sc.

1966-Europ. & Amer. Mus. Instr. 98 The racket contains a number of short parallel bores connected in series to make up a total windway of a metre or more. 1968 Radio Times 26 Sept. 48 A unique collection of medieval instruments—including rackett, rebec, crumhorn. 1970 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 26 Feb. 28/1 They have chosen to play medieval music on a number of rare and little-used instruments, including the krummhorn, rauschfeiffer, ranket, and baroque oboes. 1976 D. Munrow Instr. Middle Ages Isl Renaissance 46/1 The rackett’s narrow cylindrical bore consists of no less than nine parallel channels drilled in a wooden or ivory cylinder and connected alternately top and bottom. mixed instruments],

12. An organ stop. Ohs, exc. Hist. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms Rackett, Rankett. .(2) An organ stop of 16 ft. or 8 ft. pitch now obsolete. 1897 H. Riemann Diet. Mus. 629/1 Rackett (Ranket),.. in the organ an obsolete reed-stop almost entirely covered, of quiet tone (16 and 8 feet). 1962 S. Irwin Diet. Pipe Organ Stops 160 Rankett, a very old form of shortresonatored Reed stop, at 16' or 8' on both manual and pedals.

'racket-tail.

[f. racket A (bird’s) tail shaped like a tennis-racket; hence used as a name for various species of humming-birds and motmots having tails of this form. 1851 Jardine Contrib. Ornith. iii The beautiful species S\pathura'\ Underwoodii, with its white boots and racket tail. 1861 Gould Humming Birds III. PI. 162 Spathura Underwoodi, white-booted Racket-tail. Ibid. 164 S. Peruana, Peruvian Racket-tail. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 446 The lateral feathers may.. suddenly enlarge into a terminal spatulation as in the forms known as ‘Racquettails’.

So 'racket-tailed a., having a racket-tail. 1812 Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. i. 317 The Racket-tailed Humming Bird is a rare species, and is a native of South America. 1833 Jardine Humming-Birds II. no Rough¬ legged Racket-tailed Humming-Bird. 1894 Naturalist on Prowl 178 The ever-changing.. notes of the Racket-tailed Drongo.

rackette,

obs. form of racket sb.'^

racket-wheel,

variant of ratchet-wheel. 1794 W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 78 The brace is fixed to a spindle.. and is there confined by a small racket-wheel and ketch. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 150/1 There is also a racket-wheel to prevent its unwinding.

rackety ('raekiti), a. Also

RACK-JOBBING

82

RACKET-TAIL

-tty. [f. racket sb.^ +

-Y.]

1. Addicted to making a racket; noisy, gay, fond of excitement. This and sense 2 are tending to merge. *773 Berridge Chr. World Unmasked (1812) 27 Some players are rude and racketty. 1857 Kingsley Two Years Ago I. vii. 192 This strange metamorphosis in the rackety little Irishman. 1885 Manch. Exam. 9 Apr. 5/3 The rackety winds of March and April. 1975 I. Murdoch Word Child 257 It was raining, and a rackety wind was sweeping the rain in little wild gusts across the windows. 1976 A. Powell Infants of Spring v. 80 In the middle age-group of most houses there inclined to occur a cluster of fairly rackety boys, from whom the house-tutor might expect trouble. *977 Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 12/1 Crosby did not much like Harvard, but he seems to have been a fairly conventional undergraduate there, even if wilful and rackety.

2.

Characterized by noise, dissipation, or disturbance.

excitement,

1827 [see racket v.^ 3]. 1840 Hood Up the Rhine 61 Foreign travelling is very racketty work. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. x. ii. (1872) III. 221 He..studies and learns amazingly in such a rackety existence. 1927 C. Connolly Let. 11 Feb. in Romantic Friendship (1975) 250 One misses the thrilling rackety journey to the wagon restaurant. 1961 A. Ritner Seize Nettle 158 The big basket of clothes to be coaxed through the rackety old washer. 1974 C. Milne Enchanted Places xix. 129 A room designed—as a nursery should be—for doing things in, messy things, racketty things, rough-and-tumble things. 1975 J. Symons Three Pipe Problem xviii. 201 He unlocked the door, switched on the engine, and listened to its rackety coughing. 1|3. = RICKETY. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 55 An old rackety inn, that

*937 G. Frankau More of Us viii. 91 While Art Department hummed like dynamo As frenzied hands tore pictures from their racking. 1976 Gloss. Documentation Terms {B.S.I.) 52 Racking, shelving, usually of a cheaper quality, used for storage purposes in non-public stacks and areas of a library.

racking (*r£ekii]), vbl. sh.^ [f.

rack

v.^]

1. a. The action of stretching, extending, straining, etc.; pulling tight or making fast by rack-lashings. Also with down. 1463-4 Rolls Park. V. 501/1 Brode Cloth.. after almanere rakkyng, streynyng or teyntyng therof. 1565 Jewel Repl. Harding (1611) 364 It cannot be drawen, nor by racking can be stretched to any other sense. 1577 Holinshed Chron. II. 1751/2 Thys grieuous racking and extending of this worde Procurement. 1764 Churchill Gotham 12 The daily, nightly racking of the brains. To range the thoughts. 1853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges 170 The oars and poles were used as ribands for racking. 1876 Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Diet., Racking-down, an operation performed with the aid of rack-lashing in laying a gun or mortar platform.

b. Torturing by means of the rack. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 490 Dyuerse tourmentes, as rakkynge, heddynge, and hangynge. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 284 All racking and torture, that exceadeth a meane, is uncerten and perillous. a 1653 Gouge Comm. Hebr. xi. 36 If racking, if scourging.. be reall persecutions, then were theirs reall. 1732 Neal Hist. Purit. I. 429 He had condemned racking for grievous offenders, as contrary to Law. i868 Browning Ring & Bk. v. 13 Noblemen were exempt, the vulgar thought. From racking.

c. Raising (of rents) to an excess. Also with up. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. iii. (1876) 82 This rackynge and hoyssing vp of Rentes. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 522 By unconscionable racking of rents and wresting from them excessiue fines. 1690 Child Disc. Trade (1694) 50 The racking up of rents in the years 1651 and 1652.

2. The undergoing or causing of strain, distortion, or dislocation, spec. Distortion of a structure under shear. 1739 Labelye Short Acc. Piers Westm. Bridge 18 The Frames could move.. without any Danger of racking or straining. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §306 Nothing to oppose the racking of the frame. 1868 Rep. Munitions War 267 The ‘Bellerophon’ could pass the forts at New York within 200 yards without suffering except by racking. 1869 Sir E. Reed Shipbuilding ii. 23 This plan.. has the important advantage of opposing the racking of the floor plates longitudinally. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. II. 149 Racking, in timber testing, the application of loads to an assembly, tending to deform it in shear. 1976 W. J. Patton Construction Materials 386 Racking, tendency of a rectangular frame to distort from its rectangular shape due to lack of stiffness against shear forces. 1977 Engin. Materials & Design Aug. 17/1 A batch of fifty radiators made in this way have been subjected to tests against thermal shock cycling, pulsating pressure, vibration and racking. attrib. 1865 A. L. Holley Ordnance fef Armor 212 The ‘racking’ system, by means of heavy projectiles at low velocities.

3. Intense pain. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. of Med. I. 680 Violent aching of the head .. with racking in the bones.

'racking, vbl. sb.* [f.

rack v.*] Of a horse: The action or fact of moving with a rack. Also attrib., as racking event, horse. *530 Palsgr. 260/2 Rackyng of a horse in his pace, racquassure. 1607 Markham Caval. iv. 5 Taking his time¬ keeping from trotting, and his motion of legges from ambling, and so compound this which is called a Traine, or Racking. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Rules for buying Horses, Racking.. ’tis the same Motion as Ambling, only it is a sweeter Time. 1818 J. Palmeryrn/. Travels 51 Racking is a favourite ambling pace. 1974 Marlboro Herald-Advocate (Bennettsville, S. Carolina) 18 Apr. 10/3 In ladies racking. Sherry Jean Nolan..rode King to a first-place win. Ibid., Lariy Griggs rode King to a first place victory in the junior racking event. 1974 Greenville (S. Carolina) News 23 Apr. 11/2 Friday performances, beginning at i p.m. and 7 p.m., have the pleasure horse classes,. .along with three racking horse classes.

rack ^6.^] The fill of a rack. 1898 C. G. Robertson Voces Academ. 190 A rackful of sticks and pipes.

Rackhamesque (rseks'mesk), a. [See

-esque.]

Characteristic of or resembling the drawings of Arthur Rackham (1867-1939), book illustrator. *935 Forestry IX. 15 There was also strong feeling about the way in which Rackhamesque trees of the forest were rapidly being replaced ^ pines. 1936 ‘G. Orwell’ Keep Aspidistra Flying iv. 88 The trees .. twisted themselves into whimsy Rackhamesque attitudes. 1961 S. Gilruth Drown her Remembrance iii. 30 A few isolated olive trees, gnarled and twisted into weird Rackhamesque shapes.

rackin-crook,

variant of rackan-crook.

'racking, vbl. sb.' [f.

rack

+

-ing'.]

The

action of driving before the wind. rare-'. 1631 Celestina Prol. Avjb, Those rackings to and fro of the clouds.

'racking, fW. if)." [f. rack t)."] 1. a. Fitting with, placing in, etc., a rack or racks, b. The washing of ore on a rack (Knight 1875). 1888 Daily News i8July2/6 Restitution of ‘pennies' if the girls do their own racking.

2. Shelving designed to be functional and inexpensive rather than decorative.

1689 Pol. Ballads (i860) II. 8 The Queen and Prince banisht for what none dares own. Unless for the racking and ruin o’ the state.

'racking,/>/>/. a.^ [f. rack + -ing^.] 1. Of clouds; Driving before the wind. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iv. iv, Draw my chariot swifter than the racking clouds. 1697 Dryden ^neid iv. 361 Drives the racking clouds along the liquid Space. 1808 Scott Marm. iii. xxii. Of middle air the demons proud. Who ride upon the racking cloud.

2. Of Winds: Driving, carrying along. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 182 The sport and prey Of racking whirlwinds. 1840 Carlyle Heroes iii. (1858) 255 The racking winds, .whirl them away again.

racking ('raekir)), ppl. a.^ [f. rack v.^] 1. Extortionate; exacting. 1580 Sidney Arcadia i. (1598) 2 The court of affection, held by that racking steward, Remembrance. 1636 Featly Clavis Myst. vii. 90 Hee layeth the blame on.. racking Landlords. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases Consc. (1650) 12 Let those ..learn to make no lesse conscience of a racking bargain. 1817 Scott Search after Happiness xvi, Cursed war and racking tax Have left us scarcely raiment to our backs.

fb. Let at rack-rents. Obs. rare~^. a 1619 Beaum. & Fl. Wit without M. i. i, Your racking Pastures, that have eaten up as many singing Shepherds, and their issues, as Andeluzia breeds.

2. Torturing; causing intense pain, physical or mental. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 481 Maladies Of gastly Spasm, or racking torture. 1693 Congreve in Dryden's Juvenal xi. (1697) 296 The most racking Thought, which can intrude. 1752 Hume Ess. Gf Treat. (1777) II. 106 A man lying under the racking pains of the Gout. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. xxii. Getting up for a journey with a racking headache. 1873 G. C. Davies Mount. Gf Mere viii. 57, I had been kept awake by a most racking tooth-ache.

3. Straining, strain.

dislocating;

breaking

under

1868 Rep. Munitions War 262 To neutralize the vibration, when struck a racking blow on one side. 1874 Thearle Naval Archit. 118 Great racking strains are set up, tending to alter the relative positions of the beams to each other and to the ship’s side. 1895 R. Kipling in Pall Mall G. 25 Oct. 3/2 Spirits, goblins, and witch-people were moving about on the racking ice.

Hence 'rackingly exhausting manner.

adv.,

in

a

racking

or

1857 Chamb. Jrnl. VIII. 33 They will certainly become .. monotonous by virtue of being so rackingly relevant.

'racking, ppl. a.® [f. rack v.*'\ 1. Of a horse: Moving with a rack. 156* Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 166 One old rackynge riagg. 1585 Wills Inv. N.C. (Surtees i860) 108 My rackinge blacke nagge. 1817 Paulding Letters fr. South (1835) 1. 86, I bought a new horse,—one of your capital racking ponies, as they are yclept. fig. ai66i Fuller Worthies, Staffordsh. (1662) 41 He himself became a racking but no thorough-paced Protestant. 2. racking pace = rack sb.^ 1611 CoTGR., Amble,.. an ambling, or racking pace. 1676 Lond. Gaz. 1138/4 Two Cart-Geldings,.. a little rackingpace. 1721 Dudley in Phil. Trans. XXXI. 167 A Moose.. shoves along side-ways, throwing out the Feet, much like a Horse in a racking pace. 1819 Rees Cycl. XXIX. s.v. Rack, The racking pace is much the same as the amble.

'racking, ppl. a.* Naut. fastens ropes together.

[f. rack t;.*]

That

1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v. Nippering, Fastening nippers by taking turns crosswise between the parts... These are called racking turns. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 34 It is.. secured with a racking seizing. 1886 J. M. Caulfeild Seamanship Notes 3 Secure.. reef-pendant to boom with a racking or rolling hitch.

racking, var. raking vbl. sb.^ frack jack. Obs. rare-'. A racket.

looked ready to fall to pieces.

'rackful. [f.

fracking, vbl. sb.'^ [f. rack wrack v. Cf. rack sb.^] Wrecking, destruction.

rack d.^] Drawing

1582 Stanyhurst JEneis 1. (Arb.) 22 Dare ye.. Too raise such raks iaks on seas, and danger vnorderd?

c 147s Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 74 The rackinge, coynynge, rebatinge, and other salvations of wynes. 1626 Bacon Sylva §305 It is in common Practise, to draw Wine, or Beere, from the Lees, (which we call Racking). 1703 Art ^ Myst. Vintners 23 The usual times for Racking, are Mid¬ summer and Alhallontide. 1783 B. J. Bromwich Exper. Bee-keeper 59 If it does not become fine after the first racking, the operation should be repeated. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 169 The manufacture of cider may be divided into twelve heads:.. 8. The racking.

'rack-jobbing, vbl. sb. [f. rack sb.^ + jobbing vbl. sb.^ 2.] The supplying of goods to a retailer for display on racks on condition that the supplier undertakes to accept unsold stock after an agreed period. Hence (as a back-formation) 'rack-job v. intr. and sb. (used attrib.). Also 'rack-jobber.

racking ('rEekii)), vbl. sb.^ [f. off wine, etc. from the lees.

b. attrib.., as racking-back, -can, -cellar, -cock, -engine, -faucet, -hose, -fnimp, -shed, -tap, -vessel. 1846 Tizard Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 547 A more perfect racking-engine than such as are in ordinary use. Ibid., The racking tap. 1890 Pall Mall G. 4 Aug. 3/1 The cask., is further cleaned with steam.. before being allowed to roll off into the ‘racking shed’, where it is filled with porter. 1892 H. E. Wright Handy i3k. Brewers 37 ‘Settling backs’ or ‘racking backs’. Ibid. 42 The fermenting or racking vessels. Ibid. 503 Racking hose..and racking cocks.

'racking, vbl. sb.^ [f. rack v.^] A piece of spun yarn or other material used for racking ropes. 1711 W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 143 Racking and Seizing for the Parrel. ci86io H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 34 It will greatly assist the spunyarn racking. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 116 Cast off the racking.

1959 Economist 12 Dec. 1090/1 A complete ‘rack jobbing’ service. Here the supplier takes responsibility for the stock and display from week to week; the retailer simply provides the space, and accepts a lower margin on the goods that are sold. 19^4 Credit Trends Sept. 5 Some supermarket operators are new to these lines, and the profession of rack¬ jobbing has grown up. The retailer leases out shelf space to these specialist concessionaires in return for an agreed profit margin related to normal earning for the space used. 1967 Economist 15 July 238/3 Smith and other wholesalers can help by teaching them [sc. newsagents] and stocking for them—as some paperback publishers already rack-job for the small newsagent or supermarkets. 1968 Times 29 Nov. p. iv/5 E.M.I., Decca and Pye have recently set up a joint company called Record Merchandisers to exploit what is referred to in the trade as rack jobbing. This is a system where the servicing company supplies the records for display on racks in non-conventional outlets (such as stationers and supermarkets) taking full responsibility for what is put on display and taking back unsold stock. 1969 JEMF Quarterly V. iii. loi In recent years, the

RACK-LASHING

'rack-,^shing. Mil.

[f. rack i;.®] A lashing consisting of a piece of stout rope fastened to a short tapering stick, by means of which it may be twisted tight. *834-471- S. Macaulay FieW Forfi/. (1851) 74 A piece of smaller scantling is laid on the top of the plank .. to which it is secured with rack-lashings. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Anil Man. (1862) 257.

rackle ('raek(3)l), a. Obs. exc. Sc. and north, dial. Forms; 4-5 rakel, -il, 4-6 -yl, (5 -yll), racle, 6 ra(c)kle, Sc. rakill, 7 rackel, 8 raucle, 9 rackle, rau(c)kle. [Of obscure origin.] Hasty, rash, impetuous, headstrong; rough or coarse in action; also Sc. possessed of rude strength, vigorous at an advanced age. a. of persons; a 1300 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1875) 37 To rakele po pei were, jware fore po huy fullen pere. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 526 He pat is to rakel to renden his elopez. Mot efte sitte with more vnsounde to sewe hem togeder. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 30 To wyving be thou nat racle. 1433 - St. Edmund ii. 512 The kyng, nat rakel, but of hih prudence. 1570 Levins Manip. 129/8 Rakyl, insolent, c 1670 Poor Man's Cup in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery (1680) 10 Samson was a Rackel and Rough-handed Saint, ready to Pelt the Philistines on all occasions. *785 Burns Jolly Beggars 4th Recit., Then niest outspak a raucle carlin. 1826 T. Wilson Pitman’s Pay 1. Ixvi, Te guide a rackle ram-stam wife. 1876 Waugh Hermit Cobbler (Lancash. dial.) 29 Is there ony news o’ that rackle (reckless) brother o’ thine?

b. of things, actions, feelings, etc. f *374 Chaucer Troylus in. 380 (429) Eche rakil dede, and eche unbridelid chere. e 1386 - Manciple’s T. 185 A thousand folk hath rakel Ire Fully fordoon. Ibid. 235 Wostow wherof a rakel tonge serueth. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 83 His rakil wit only to him souflfysith. c 1550 R. Bieston Bayte Fortune Aij, Thy tounge is racle, thy wit is rechles. 1786 Burns Earnest Cry & Prayer xxii, Auld Scotland has a raucle tongue. Comb. 1715 Wodrote Corr. (1843) 11. 39, I suspect this will be a very rackle-handed committee.

? Hence t rackle v. intr., to act rashly or roughly. Obs. rare-'. c*374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 1593 (1642), I nil notrakleas for to greven here.

rackleness ('raek(3)lnis).

Obs. exc. dial. [f. RACKLE a. + -NESS.] fa. Rashness, hastiness. Obs. b. Sc. (See quot. 1825). c 1386 Chaucer Manciple's T. 179 O euery man be war of rakelnesse Ne trowe no thyng withouten strong witnesse. 1549 CovERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. James 29 True godlynes can in no wise agree with racklenes of tongue. i8a5 Jamieson Suppl., {Rackleness), Raucleness, vigour and freshness in an advanced period of life.

'rackless, a.

rare-', [f. rack sb.^ Produced without a rack. 1867 G. Gilfillan

rackless,

+

-less.]

Night ix. 310 Rackless torture.

obs. (north and Sc.) f. reckless.

t'rackly, adv. Sc. Obs. rare-^. In 6 raklie. [? f. RACKLE a. -h -LY^.] Rapidly, impetuously. c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab. xi. (Wolf & Sheep) xix, Went never hound mair haistelie fra the hand, Quhen he wes rynnand maist raklie at the ra.

'rackman. U.S. [f. rack sb.^ + man sb.^] A man who distributes newspapers from the publishing office to local newspaper racks. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Sept. 20/2 The..Court of Appeals upheld today a lower court decision that rackmen distributing papers.. for the publishing company of the Baltimore Sun were not engaging in interstate commerce within the meaning of the Fair Labor Standards Act. 1944 Ibid. 18 Jan. 17/7 {heading) Rackmen decision refused review.

rackoon(e,

obs. forms of racoon.

rack-out, a. [f.

rack v.'‘ 5.]

Designed to rack

out. 1893 Photogr. Ann. 333 This camera is well known. It has double extension leather bellows... The extension is rackout, but by an ingenious arrangement instantly extended as required.

'rack-pin. 1. [f. RACK t;.®] = rack-stick. 1832 Blackvj. Magazine XXXH. 471 Friend, if thou be’st not nautical, thou knowest what a rack-pin^ something of the stoutest, is. 1859 J. Brown Rab & F. (1862) 33, I had to brain him wi’ a rack-pin. 2. [f. RACK yi>.^] One of the pins supporting the

rack-boards in an organ. 1881 W. E. Dickson Pract. Organ-building 91 The rackboard .. may be placed on its rack-pins, and the feet dropped into their places.

rack-punch, [f.

rack sb.’’

RACOON

83

introduction of rack-job merchandising of LPs in supermarket and other retail outlets has obviated the need for printed graphics to complement record distributions. *977 Rolling Stone 19 May 14/4 It further states that Klein instructed ‘another person’ to sell the records at a profit to wholesalers, rack jobbers and distributors.

-h

punch.]

Punch

made with arrack. 1713 Steele Guard. No. 143 P 3 Rack-punch, quickned with brandy and gun-powder. 1752 Fielding Amelia Wks. 1775 X. 155 The governor.. trumpeted forth the praises of his rack-punch. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair vi. He insisted upon having a bowl of rack punch; everybody had rack punch at Vauxhall.

'rack-rent, sb. [f.

rack v.^ 4 + rent. Rackrented is found in 1591.] A very high, excessive, or extortionate rent; a rent equal (or nearly equal) to the full value of the land. 1607 J. Norden Surv. Dial. v. 80 An obseruing and painefull husband.. thriueih as well upon his farme of rack ^nt, as many.. Freeholders. 1715 Act Reg. Papists in Lond. Gaar. (1716) No. 5455/3 Any Farmer or Tenant at RackRent. 1745 Season. Adv. Protest. 18 They steal from their Neighbours, to enable them to pay the Land-Jobber his Rack-Rent. 1818 Jas. Mill BriL/«dia 1.11. v. 184 note, One third to the cultivator, and two thirds to the proprietor, would be accounted a rackrent in England. 1879 H. George Progr. ^ Pov. II. ii. (1881) iii They lived on the potato, because rack-rents stripped every thing else from them. attrib. 1778 [W- Marshall] Minutes Agric. 4 Dec. 1775 Obs., The rack-rent Gentlemen of landed property. 1834 Tait's Mag. 1. 17/1 Every year growing worse than the last in this rack-rent country. transf. and Jig. 1608 Middleton Fam. Love i. ii, Nil muliere levius. Tut, man, every one knows their worth When they are at a rack rent. 1768 Woman of Honor II. 178 Subjecting to the rack-rent of avarice and insolence that country of theirs.

'rack-rent, v, [f. prec.] 1. trans. To subject (a person) to the payment

II raclette (raklet). [Fr., = scraper.] 1. Archseol. [A. Cheynier 1930, in Bull. Soc. Prehist. Frartfaise XXVH. 488] An end-, or side-scraper, of a type discovered in the valley of the Vezere, dating from the Early Magdalenian age. Also attrib. 1931 Proc. Prehist. Soc. E. Anglia VI. 322 Dr. Andre Cheynier,.. working at Badegoule, has obtained from a special layer several hundreds of..tools, to which he has given the name of Raclettes. 1936 Nature ii July 79/2 {heading) An Early Magdalenian ‘raclette’ industry in the Lower Thames valley.

2. A fondue-like dish consisting of cheese melted before an open fire, scraped on to the plate, and served with potatoes. Also attrib. 1949 A. L. Simon Diet. Gastron. 200/2 Raclette, the name given in the Valais Canton of Switzerland to the local Fondue. 1958 Times 15 Nov. 11/6 There is dried meat of the Valais, .and there are raclettes and fondues. 1961 Times 23 Mar. 16/7 The Seiler family arranged an enormous raclette party on the slopes of the Riffelalp. 1971 Vogue 15 Sept. 118/1 Raclette. .is. .A speciality of the Valais... A whole side of cheese is grilled in front of a brazier.. the sizzling bits scraped on to your plate.. served with potatoes boiled in their skins and gherkins. 1974 Times 4 Feb. 17/5 Six helpings of raclette cheese with potatoes.

of rack-rent. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xiii. 83 It was a maxim with his family.. never to rack-rent old tenants or their descendants. 1879 H. George Progr. ^ Pov. 105 Who rack-rent the cultivators most mercilessly. absol. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro'M. 138 He hunted, and drank, and feasted and rack-rented.

2. To let (a farm, etc.) at a rack-rent. 1882 in Ogilvie.

Hence rack'rentable a., capable of being rackrented; 'rack-,rented/)p/. a. (in quot. 1591 app. f. the sb.); 'rack-,renting vbl. sb. and ppl. a, 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 1154 The needy, hardrack-rented Hinde. 1663 E- Butterfield Let. i Feb. in M. M. Verney Memoirs of Verney Family (1899) IV. ii. 43, I hate this rack-renting ’tis worse than usury. 1840 J. S. Mill in Edin. Rev. LXXII. 46 Much alteration may be requisite in the system of rack-renting and tenancy at will. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro'M. 398 Is it rack-renting.. would make them popular? 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. vi. 175 They were the first ‘tenants at will’.. and.. were always theoretically rackrentable. 1893 Peel Spen Valley 120 The appeal of the poor rack-rented tenantry. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 Sept. 7/1 Even the most rack-renting of landlords will find .. the impossibility of extortion. 1^3 Economist 3 Aug. 421 /1 The rack-renting of London’s tenantry. 1969 Listener 12 June 815/3 Communism appeals to hundreds of thousands of peasants who hate corruption, rack-renting and foreign intervention.

'rack-,rental. rare~^. The value (of land) at rack-rent. 1812 Southey in Q. Rev. VIII. 328 The rack-rental of England in that year [1803] was about forty millions.

'rack-,renter. 1. One who pays rack-rent. 1680 Spirit of Popery 45 If they were Rack-renters. 1733 Horse-hoeing Husb. Pref. 6 ’Tis a publick Calamity, that the Lands of a Country must be all or mostly in the Hands of Rack-Renters, whose Interest it is., that they never may be improv’d. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 224 These meadows the rack renters are bound to dress after every third crop of hay. 1826 Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 236 The farmers were real yeomen, and not miserable rack-renters. Tull

2. One who exacts rack-rent. 1880 Times 23 Oct. 6/5 Not. .one [landlord] in 500 [will] be found to merit the name of ‘rack-renter’.

racks (reeks). Television slang. (See quots.) i960 O. Skilbeck ABC of Film & TV 104 Racks, colloquial term for the vision control department (T.V.) between cameras and vision mixer. 1974 Some Technical Terms ^ Slang (Granada Televison), Racks, the television control area between studio camera and control box.

frack-sauch. Sc. Obs. rare-^.

[f. rack v.^ 4-

SAUCH, sallow, willow.] A gallows-bird. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 245 Filling of tauch, rak sauch, cry crauch, thow art our sett.

'rack-staff. ? Obs. (See quots.) 1611 CoTGR., Frayoire, the racke-staffe, or nog of a mill; the little peece of wood which rubbing against the hopper makes the come fall from it. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 340/2 The parts of a Wind-Mill.. The Rack-staff, that shakes the Shough. 1847-78 Halliwell, Rack-staff, a kind of pole or staff used for adjusting the mill-stones.

racloir ('raeklwa:(r)). Chiefly Archseol. [Fr., = scraper.] A scraper, esp. of a type discovered amongst the remains of the Mousterian period of the Middle Palaeolithic period. 1892 P. L. Simmonds Commercial Diet. Trade Products 311/2 Racloir, a scraper; a grater; an instrument to strike off the heaped com in a measure. 1923 Nature CXII. 118/2 The latest group which is found upon the Stoke Newington ‘floor’ is a clearly-defined Mousterian industry, with fine examples of both racloirs and of the equally characteristic trimmed-flake points. 1935 Antiquity IX. 118 [Flint] blades of Upper Palaeolithic facies, racloirs, tranchets, and carinated fragments. 1956 A. L. Armstrong in D. L. Linton Sheffield vi. 94 Zones II and III yielded quartzite hand-axes, racloirs, and scrapers displaying great skill and a refined technique.

racoille, racolta,

var. recueil v. var. raccolta.

racommode,

var. raccommode.

racon (‘reikon).

orig.

U.S.

[f.

ra(dar

+

BEa)con i6.] = radar beacon s.v. radar*®. 1945 Army ^ Navy Jrnl. 18 Aug. 1534/4 Racon, radar beacons. Stations which serve as the radar equivalents of lighthouses. 1947 L. A. Turner in L. N. Ridenour Radar System Engin. viii. 246 Beacons of the synchronous sort just described have been variously called ‘radar beacons’, ‘responder beacons’, ‘racons’, and ‘transponders’. 1958 Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers CV. b. Suppl. No. 8. 351/1 A racon has recently been developed at the Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment for use on lightvessels, the intention .. being that a number of such racons shall be fitted around the shores of Great Britain on both lightvessels and lighthouses. 1967 B. Knox Blacklight vii. 142 ‘The screen was registerin’ one o’ those blacklight beacons.’.. ‘The deep-water racon,’ nodded Garrick. 1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 Feb. bi6 Lakes shipping.. can also obtain guidance from racons (shore-based radar reflectors).

racon,

obs. f. rackan.

II raconteur (rakotoer). [F., f. raconter to relate; see RECOUNT t;.*] One skilled in relating anecdotes or stories. 1828 J. C. Young 3 July in Memoir Charles Mayne Young (1871) I. V. 169 Sir Charles is a handsome, thoroughbred gentleman, and a capital raconteur. 1829 Disraeli Yng. Duke I. xii. (1831) 97 Stamped the illustrious narrator as the most consummate raconteur. 1855-6 Thackeray Four Georges (1861) 183 Scott..the very best raconteur of his time. 1885 Manch. Exam. 13 Apr. 5/7 He was a good raconteur. No one knew more good stories or could tell them so well. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 604 A gifted man, Mr Bloom said of Mr Dedalus senior, in more respects than one and a born raconteur if ever there was one. 1937 Discovery Oct. 326/1 Mrs. Johnson says little about herself, indulges in no purple passages, and without the conscious effort of the raconteur she manages to introduce many good stories and telling anecdotes. 1958 L. Durrell Mountolive XV. 296 The inevitable anecdote of a famous raconteur to round off the letter. 1972 J. Mosedale Football iii. 35 {caption) Jimmy Conzelman functioned as quarterback, coach, raconteur, songwriter, .and promoter.

So raconteuse (-toz), a female raconteur.

[f. rack t;.^] A stick used for tightening a rope placed round anything.

1863 OuiDA Held in Bondage {i^^o) 46 ‘There’s not one of you men now-a-days like Selwyn’, began the old raconteuse again. 1892 Daily News 2 Aug. 5/1 Let us admit that she is a good raconteuse, for the sake of grammar.

1859 F. A. Griffiths Man. (1862) 258 Rack-sticks, and lashings. Ibid. 259 The. .officer carries the rack sticks.

racoon, raccoon (rs'kum, rae'kuin), sb. Forms:

'rack-stick,

rackt, obs. form of raked,

rake v.'

t rack vintage. Obs. (See quot. 1617.) 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 For the freight of euery tun wyne at the racke vintage, xvi.i. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, Racke vintage, An. 32. H. 8. cap. 14, is a second vintage or voyage for wines by our Merchants into Fraunce, &c. [Hence in Blount and later Diets.]

rack-wind: see

rack sb.' 3.

rackyn-croke, obs. form of racle, obs. f.

rackle a.

rackan-crook.

7 (see etym. note; also) racoone, -oune, -owne, 7-8 rackoon, (7 rack-, rockoone), 7- raccoon, 8racoon. See also coon sb. and rattoon. [Powhatan (Virginia) dialect of Algonquian. The following quots. show more precise reproductions of the native word: 1608 Capt. Smith True Relat. Wks. (Arb.) 19 Couered with a great Couering of Rahaugcums. Ibid. 23 Presents of Deare, bread, Raugrougheums. ci6io W. Strachey Virginia (1849) i. x. 122 There is a beast they call arocoune, much like a badger. Ibid. 183 Diet. Ind. Lang., Arathkone, a beast like a fox. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia ii. 27 There is a beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger. Ibid. iii. ii. 48 A great robe, made of Rarowcun skinnes.]

a. An American nocturnal carnivore of the genus Procyon. The common N. American species is P. lotor^ a grayish-brown furry animal with bushy tail and sharp snout. 1619 Middleton Love & Antiq. 19 Minck, Stote, Miniuer, Racoone, Moashye, Woluerine. 1632 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan v. (1838) 54 The Racowne is a beast as bigg.. as a Foxe, with a Bushtayle. 1672 Josselyn New Eng. Rarities 17 The Raccoon liveth in hollow trees. 1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 326 Of wild Creatures, there are Raccoons, Hares, Rabbits, &c. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 333 The racoon, which some authors have called the Jamaica rat, is about the size of a small badger. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 204 They were gallant bush¬ whackers and hunters of racoons by moonlight. 1856 Bryant Winter Piece 52 The lighter track Of fox, and the racoon’s broad path, were there. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 434/2 The American raccoon.. is practically a bear. b. The skin or fur of the racoon. 1815 C. Wilt Let. in J. C. Luttig^rw/. Expedition Upper Missouri (1920) 130 Raccoon from your country will not bring b2\c in Kentucky. 1901-2 T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 42/1 Alaska Sable... Black Persian Lamb... Raccoon. 1976 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Nanny Bird ii. 28 Hefty young men clad in Timberwolf, Raccoon, Scimmia, Tibetan Yak and Natural Unplucked Nutria.

c. attrib. and Comb., as racoon-hunt, -hunting, -skin; racoon-berry U.S., the May-apple or mandrake (Miller, 1884); racoon-bridge (see quot. 1791); racoon-cap U.S., a cap made from the dressed skin of the racoon; racoon dog, a mammal about the size of a fox, Nyctereutes procyonoides, belonging to the family Canidae, native to eastern Asia, and distinguished by thick greyish-brown fur and black, racoon-like markings on its head; so racoon-like dog (in same sense); racoon oyster U.S., a small, brown-shelled oyster, Ostrea frons, found in clusters off the shores of south-eastern North America. 1791 W. Bartram Carolina 445 No other bridge than a sapling felled across it, which is called a *raccoon bridge. 1840 Knickerbocker XVI. 163 He then made me a rakish *raccoon-cap, with a flaunting tail to it. 1848 in H. Howe Hist. Coll. Ohio 151 For..several years after the war, raccoon-caps, with fur outside.. were almost universally worn. [1833 J. E. Gray Illustr. Indian Zool. II. plate i {caption) Racoon-faced Dog.] 1868 Proc. Zool. Soc. 522 •Raccoon Dog. Tail short, bushy. 1876 A. R. Wallace Geogr. Distrib. Anim. I. x. 226 The quadruped figured is the curious racoon dog. 1959 Times 23 Feb. 10/5 Two of the strangest members of the dog family arrived recently at the Regent’s Park Zoo. They are the maned wolf..and the raccoon-dog from Siberia. 1974 L. E. Bueler Wild Dogs of World 217 In Japan.. the raccoon dog was once common to all the principal islands. 1864 C. Geikie Life in Woods xix. (1874) 317, I remember one ‘racoon hunt. 1809 A. Henry Trav. 131 ‘Racoon-hunting was my., daily employ. 1890 St. G. Mivart Dogs^ Jackals, Wolves, & Foxes: Monogr. Canidee 135 The ‘Raccoon-like Dog is an inhabitant of Japan, the valley of the Amoor, and China. 1931 Proc. Zool. Soc. 174 A female Raccoon-like Dog.. lived .. 5 years. 1964 L. S. Crandall Managem. Wild Mammals in Captivity 280 The raccoon-like dog., is a small grayish animal,.. with a black facial mask which is the basis for its name. 1834 J J Audubon Ormth. Biogr. II. 504 Shrimps.. have been detained at low water on the banks of‘racoon oysters, a kind of shell-fish so named under the idea that they are eaten by that quadruped. 1854 W. G. Simms Southward Ho! iii. 28 They procure the ordinary ‘racoon oyster’—the meanest of the tribe. 1883 Simmonds Useful Animals, Raccoon Oysters, a variety of American oysters from Appalichicola Bay, Florida. 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Usef. Aquatic Anim. 752 From.. overcrowding the shells of the individual Oysters become very narrow and greatly elongated; the peculiar forms which result are known to oystermen as ‘Raccoon Oysters’ or ‘Cats-tongues’. 1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 219/1 When the mangrove grows on the outer edge of the water¬ line, and drops its aerial roots, ..the spat of the raccoon oyster finds a lodgement. 1624 ‘Racoon skin [see etym. note]. 1670 D. Denton Descr. New York (1845) 2 Bevers, Otter, Raccoon skins, with other Furrs. Hence ra'coon v. intr., to walk about at night,

like a racoon,

nonce-wd.

185s Mrs. Gaskell North Gf S. xiii, She heard him pacing about (racooning, as she and Edith used to call it).. long after she began to listen as she lay in bed.

racord,

obs. Sc. form of record.

Also attrib. Hence 'racquet,bailer, one who plays racquetball.

rad (raed), sb.^ Also Rad. Abbrev. of radical sb. 5.

1972 WiCKSTROM & Larson {title) Racquetballpaddleball fundamentals. 1974 Wall Street Jrnl. 12 June i Mr. Kendler split with the International Racquetball Association last year to form a rival organization, the National Racquetball Club, which sponsors a professional tour for 16 top-ranked racquetballers. 1976 Milton Keynes Express 23 July 17/4 Over the five week period they will include trampoline, squash, volley-ball, racquet ball, gymnastics, football, table tennis, five a side football,.. chess and draughts. 1978 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 29 May 3B/7 The newest indoor sports craze for physical fitness nuts is racquetball. The game is a cross between tennis and handball. 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 55/1 Racquetball courts and numerous other recreation centers are spotted throughout the city.

1820 Lady J. Campbell Let. 18 Nov. in Duke of Argyll Intimate Society Lett. (1910) II. 654 We shut all our shutters for fear our lights shd seem Rads too. 1831 Lincoln Herald 7 Jan., The tricolor rads of this Borough. 1852 Col. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 344 Hooted at by the scum and rads at this dirty end of the town. 1882 Besant All Sorts (1884) 139 He is the reddest of red-hot Rads and the most advanced of Republicans. 1898 H. N. Page Red Rock xxxiv. 411 He.. was abusing Leech and Still and pretty much all the Rads. 1912 J. Galsworthy Eldest Son i. ii. 27 Plenty of time to work up the constituency before we kick out these infernal Rads. 1973 R. Hayes Hungarian Game viii. 61 A clumsy bribe and a gambit about student rads.

ract,

obs. Sc. form of rack sb.^

racunnis,

etc., obs. Sc. forms of recognize.

racy

('reisi), a. Also 7 racie, razy, 8 razie. [f. RACE sh."^ 10 + -yL] 1. a. Of wine or other liquors, vegetable juices, fruits, etc.; Having a characteristically excellent taste, flavour, or quality. So of taste, flavour, etc. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. vi. 102 The generous oyle of Sack, nitty, roapy, and razy. 1676 Worlidge Cyder (1691) 210 If ground early then is the cider more racy. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 244 The racy flavour and strong body of this wine. iderward wes swiSe raed. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 2730 Du art of dede and o word to rad. 2et 6u m^se hrsedlicost cumon .. to J?inre ajenre cy88e. c 1131 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1127 Swa radlice swa he pzer com [etc.]. C1205 Lay. 25603 t>es drake and beore.. radliche sone to-gadere heo come. 13,. E.E. Allit. P. B. 797 He ros yp ful radly & ran hem to mete, c 1400 Destr. Troy 6904 Radii on pe right syde Rakit he furth. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. 126 (Halliw.) That blessud virgyn.. badde hym arys radeliche and blyve. c 1477 Caxton 104 Therwith was the boote seen approchyng moche radely the Ryuage. 1515 Scot. Field 417 in Chatham Misc. (1856) II, Every ryncke to his reste full radlie him dressed, a 1600 Floddan F. vii. (1664) 60 Who radly by the ranks did ride.

radman ('raedman). Eng. Hist. [OE. *rddmann, f. rad (road) + MAN.] = RADKNIGHT. 1086 Domesday Book (1783) I. 174 b/2 Ipsi radmans secabant una die in anno. Ibid. 270/1 Sunt in dominio.. vi burgenses et iij radmans. 1628 Coke On Lift. i. 5 b, Coleberti often also named in Domesday, signifieth Tenants in free socage by free rent, and so it is expounded of.. Radmans.. there also often named. 1778 Pennant Tour Wales (1883) I. 56 (Coleshill) had at the Conquest four villeyns, two boors, and a Radman. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 139 A similar character seems traceable in the Radman or Radcnecht of Southumbrian England.

t'radness. Sc. and north. Obs. Also 5 Sc. rednase, -nes. [f. rad a.^ -b -ness.] Fear, fright. a 1300 E.E. Psalter liv. 4 Radnes of dede felle ouer me. ^1375 Sc. Leg. Saints iii. {Andrew) 1099 J>e portare.. come ..but delay, haffand wondir with rednes. ? a 1400 Mort. Arth. 120 The Romaynes for radnesse ruschte to the erthe. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. v. i. 172 Thare Mary wes And Joseph bathe in gret radness.

radome ('reidaum). [Blend of radar and dome s6.] A dome or other structure, transparent to radio waves, protecting a radar aerial. 1945 ID Amer. Speech XX. 310/2 Radome, housing enclosing a radar scanner. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 29 Dec. 5/1 Supported by air pressure.., the balloon-like buildings.

RADON called radomes, are ideal for the housing of large radar antennae. 1951 Electronics Aug. 89/2 The radar antenna is enclosed m a streamlined radome aft of the big bomb bay 1962 Guardian 3 Oct. 3/7 The Air Ministry should., mitigate the ‘nuisance’ of a station in the National Park by keeping buildings.. away from the main road .. and by making the radomes a pale blue to tone with the sky. 1968 New Scientist 21 Mar. 631/2 The Vladimir Komarov is distinguished by two massive radomes of some 50ft diameter and a smaller radome amidships. 1973 C. Mason Hostage x. 136 Radar picket aircraft.. with grotesque radomes projecting above and below the fuselages. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/1 A mushroom-shaped ‘radome’ 30 ft. in diameter and 6 ft. thick sprouts from the rear of the grey fuselage on two large struts.

radon ('reidon). Chem. [a. G. radon (C. Schmidt igiS,in Zeitschr.f. Anorg. Chem. CIII. 114): see rad(ium and -on^] 1. A short-lived radioactive element which belongs to the group of noble gases and occurs naturally in trace amounts as a result of the decay of radium and other radioactive elements; orig. spec, the longest-lived isotope, radon 222, having a halflife of 3 82 days. Atomic number 86, symbol Rn (orig. Ro). Cf. radium emanation s.v. radium 3 b. 1918 Jrw/. Chem. Soc. CXIV. ii. 306 Radium emanation is given the name Radon, Ro, which at once indicates its origin and its relationship to the argon group. 1927 Observer 3 Apr. 20/2 The Radium Institute sends radium, or rather radon, its active principle, to hospitals all over the country. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy ^ Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xxiii. 227 The first five disintegration products of the gas radon are isotopes of the metals polonium, lead, bismuth, or thallium. 1942 S. Tolansky Introd. Atomic Physics xiii. 218 A body exposed for a short time to radon coats with an active deposit which emits a-, and y- radiation and exhibits a regular decay. 1974 Environmental Conservation I. 24/1 Uranium miners are known to suffer from an increased risk of lung cancer from inhaled radon. 1977 Time 22 Aug. 8/2 The radon in these waters is supposed to be good for everything from paralysis to curvature of the spine.

these types of treatment... Type III, radurization. 1973 N. F. Lewis et al. Radiation Preservation of Food (Internat. Atomic Energy Agency) 201 ‘Radurization’ is essentially a pasteurization treatment that results in prolonging shelf-life of foods by a selective control of spoilage microflora. 1977 Biol. Abstr. LXIII. 5003/1 Irradiation preservation of Korean fish: I. Radurization of croaker, yellow corvenia and roundnose flounder.

radwaste (’rzedweist).

orig, U.S. Also radwaste. [Short for radioactive waste.'\ = radioactive waste s.v. radioactive a. 4. *973 Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. XVI. 176/1 (heading) A cyrogenic approach to fuel reprocessing gaseous radwaste treatment. 1975 Proc. Symp. on Reliability of Nuclear Power Plants (Internat. Atomic Energy Agency) 373 A computerized reliability-risk model has been developed to simulate the rad-waste system. 1978 Times 28 July 1 Principal components of typical radwaste calcin[ation]. 1979 Nature 15 Mar. 219/1 The most popular procedure advocated by the nuclear power establishment during the ast 25 yr has been to incorporate the radwaste into a orosilicate glass.

radyll, -y(s)she, rae,

raed(e:

see reach, recche, reck.

see rad a.*, red a. and sb.', rede.

raedi(3,

obs. ff. ready.

raedlice,

var. radly.

var. reap, obs. f. reif.

rsefde, raefT,

obs. pa. t. reave, rive.

rae3e: see reh a.

r£e3(e)l,

obs. f. rail s6.'

raeh(3e, raEi(h)e:

containing radon that is used in radiotherapy as a source of alpha radiation.

rsei3e: see reh a.

1925 A. E. H. Pinch Clin. Index Radium Therapy 61 Treatment by the burying.. of numerous unscreened radon ‘seeds’.. will often prove effective. 1930 Sunday Times 12 Oct. 24/2 Medical evidence showed that the child was placed under an anaesthetic and radon seeds.. were placed in the growths. 1966 Henschke Sc Hilaris in G. H. Fletcher Textbk. Radiotherapy i. 43/1 Ninety radon seeds each o 75 cm. were permanently implanted through 17 needles and the uterus was sutured over the implant.

fra'dote, ZJ. Sc. Obs. rare-^. [ad. F. radoter: see DOTE 1;.] intr. To mutter disconnectedly. 1595-6 Burel Pilgr. in Watson Coll. Sc. Poems (1709) II. 34 Than softlie did I suoufe and sleep.. Radoting, starnoting. As wearie men will do.

radoun, obs. Sc. f. redound.

raeil, raein, rsem, var. raemen,

see reh a.

obs. ff. rail sft.h rain.

ream sb.^

var. reme v.

raem(i)en,

var. ream v.

raen,

var. rane v., obs. f. reign sb.

raep,

obs. Sc. f. rape, rope.

fraer, obs. var. rathe, rave, cart-rail. 1688 R. Holme Armoury in. 339/2 The two Cart Raers, the Railes on the Cart top. The Cart Staves are those that hold the Cart and the Raers together, which maketh the Cart Body.

radour, var. radeur.

raetful, var.

redeful a.

radres, obs. Sc. f. redress. (Tsedjub).

[L.

rddula

raeth, var.

11. Surg. (See quot.)

rathe sb.

scraper,

scraping-iron, f. rdd-ere to scrape: see rase v.]

Obs.

1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Radula, the raspatory, a chirurgical instrument used to cleanse foul bones.

2. Zool. The odontophore or lingual ribbon of certain molluscs. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 488 The radula is a cuticular chitinous product of the epithelium of the subradular membrane. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 341 They form the supporting apparatus of the radula and the parts connected with it. 1901 E. Step Shell Life iii. 42 The number of these teeth to one tongue or radula varies to a remarkable extent. 1928 Russell & Yonge Seas ix. 202 In common with many other members of the snail family they [ic. limpets] possess a very characteristic feeding apparatus consisting of a long horny ribbon, made up of many rows of fine teeth, and known as the ‘radula’. 1959 A. C. Hardy Open Sea II. vi. 128 A radula is a remarkable structure found in the mouths of all typical gastropods; it is a long ribbon, bearing a vast number of transverse rows of sharp homy teeth. 1975 Sci. Amer. Feb. 106/3 The snail combines the functions of teeth and tongue in a single organ: the radula, a toothed, filelike muscle inside the mouth.

Hence Tadular a., pertaining to the radula; 'radulate, radu'liferous adjs., provided with, bearing a radula; 'raduliform a., rasp-like. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 874/1 The teeth of the sheat-fish present all the gradations between the villiform and raduliform types. 1885 Pennell Hist. Brit. F.W. Fish 34 Teeth.. when much shorter than the latter [card-like].. become raduliform, or rasp-like.

radure, var. raddour*. radurization (rsedjuarai'zeijan). [f. L. radidre to furnish with rays, shine -I- dur-dre to make hard, preserve -I- -ization.] The treatment of food with ionizing radiation so as to enhance its keeping qualities by killing many of the micro¬ organisms in it (see quot. 1964). Cf.

RADAPPERTIZATION, RADICIDATION. 1964 H. E. Goresline in Nature 17 Oct. 237/2 Type III is the application to foods of doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to enhance keeping quality by causing substantial reduction in the numbers of viable specific spoilage micro¬ organisms. .. The following are the names we suggest for

Rsetian, Reetic: raeue:

see Rh^^itian, RHi^ETic.

see reap.

raeuthe, raew,

obs. ff. ruth, rue.

R.A.F. Also {colloq.) raf, raff (r£ef), [f. initial letters of RoysA Air Force, founded in 1918 on the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps with the Royal Naval Air Service.] The British Air Force or {collect.) members of this organization. 1920 M. Baring R.F.C., H.Q. xxi. 276 On the 20th of May we started on a long expedition to the R.A.F. Headquarters. 1924 G. hELLLet. 2 July (1927) II. xxiv. 701 The most interesting thing which happened during this week was a performance by the R.A.F., a bombing demonstration. 1941 W. S. Churchill Into Battle 310 Operating from new Greek bases, the R.A.F. attack Bari and Brindisi, and bomb military objectives in Naples. 1946 ‘Tackline’ You met such Nice Girls vii. 73 And it is a peculiar thing, but the Raff and the Wavy Navy do not mix at parties, and in fact the only place the Wavy Navy like the Raff to be is in the air. X950 C. MacInnes To Victors the Spoils ii. 227 They’re Raf bods, escaped prisoners. 1954 ‘E. C. R. LoRhc' Shroud of Darkness xvi. 173 I’d fly the plane for you if the Raf d let me. 1957 M. Swan Brit. Guiana iv. 76 He was a big man, in his late twenties, with an R.A.F. moustache, wearing a bush-hat and a bush-shirt whose breast pockets bulged with papers. 1965 J. Porter Dover Two V. 60 ‘A decent lad like our Rex.. in the Raf.’ ‘R.A.F., Dad... I’v€ told you before not to call it Raf’ 1974 S. Milligan Rommel 186, I never dreamed, one day he, I, and a lone RAF erk called Sellers.. would make a sort of comic history. 1980 J. Ditton Copley's Hunch i. i. ii For a Raff bloke, that’s good going. You’re not trained to make full use of ground cover, are you?

Hence as v. trans. (see quot. 1940) and intr. (rare). 1930 T. E. Lawrence Let. 8 Jan. (1938) v. 675, I spend innocent days R.A.F.ing. 1940 Daily Mail 28 Aug. 3/1 Yesterday I heard: ‘He’ll get R.A.F.’d if he doesn’t mind.’ There’s surely a rousing neologism in this—to ‘ralT the Nazis instead of the old ‘strafing Fritz’. Why not say ‘Berlin has been raffed to blazes?’

raf,

II rafale (rafal). [Fr., lit. a gust of wind.] A series of bursts of gun-fire; a roll of drums. Also

fig1903 P. de B. Radcliffe tr. G. RouqueroVs Tactical Employment Quick-Firing Field Artillery li. i. 33 To obtain the instantaneous effect, to produce that which he [sc. Gen. Langlois] vividly termed the rafale, or shell-storm, he conceived a special device which he called 'echelon fire’. 1914 Sphere 3 Oct. 8/1 The second diagram shows a ‘rafale’, or ‘shell-storm’. This is the method practised by batteries of French artillery to prevent the advance of infantry. 1916 Chambers's jfrnl. Sept. 604/2 The 75, by rafale and curtain tactics, is able to isolate an attacking force by keeping the supports at bay. 1922 Public Opinion 28 July 85/1 If I had a few private batteries I should fire a private rafale in honour of the best book of the year. 1928 Blackw. Mag. Jan. 69/1 This was delivered with a slobbering roll of ‘r’s’ like a rafale of water-logged kettle-drums. 1931 E. Linklater Juan in Amer. ii. xii. 137 Now the staccato ear-splitting rafale of cheering rowels them afresh.

rafar, rafe,

obs. f. raver.

obs. f. raff, rave; obs. pa. t. rive.

raff (raef), sb.^ Also 4-5 (9) raf, 6-7 raffe. [app.

rae(c)che:

raef,

obs. ff. raddle sb.^, radish.

var. ra*, roe.

2. Special comb.; radon seed, a short tube

Ilradula

RAFF

109

obs. f. raff; obs. pa. t. rive.

the second member in the phrase riff and raff one and all, every one, everything: see riff and riff-raff. But senses 3-6 may be (at least in part) of different origin: cf. raff v. and Sw. rafs rubbish, rag-tag.] 1. north, and Sc. Abundance, plenty. } Obs. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 328 He 3af has he gan winne In raf [rime 3af]. 1768 Ross Helenore ii. 90, I thought ay ye wad brak naething aff, I mind ye liked ay to see a raflf. 1806 Jamieson Dey's Sang in Popular Ball. II. 363 He’ll bless your bouk whan far awa,.. And scaff and raff ye ay sail ha’. b. A large number or collection. = raft sb.'^ 01677 Barrow Unity of Church Serm. (1687) 321 The Synod of Trent [was called] to settle a raff of Errours and Superstitions. 1825 Brockett, Raff,.. a great quantity, a great number. ‘A raff of fellows’, a great many men,

t2. A class of persons. Obs. rare~^. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 136 Fiue pousand marke he gaf, Tille heremites & tille seke men, & o]?er of suilk raf.

3. a. Worthless material, refuse. Now only dial.

trash,

rubbish,

rl420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 827 Take chaf & raf [L. purgamenta] And ley hit on thy lond., And when thou sist the myst, let brenne vp chaf And raf. 1645 Ward Serm. bef. Ho. Comm. 31 Whatever seed is cast in, it returns nothing but Carlock and such like raffe. 1811 Willan Archaeologia (E.D.S.), Raff, scum, refuse, 1869- In dial, glossaries (Lonsd., E. Angl., Cornw.). b. Spec. Ore which requires re-crushing; raff-

wheel, a wheel for lifting such ore. 1867 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 6) II. 72 The hopper is continuously charged, and that portion which is not reduced sufficiently fine is returned by the raff wheel to be recrushed, 1902 Trans. Inst. Mining & Metall. X. 459 The stuff rejected by., [a cylindrical trommel] is brought back by means of a Raff wheel and re-crushed.

4. collect, a. The common run (of people); the ruck or rag-tag; the lowest class of the populace. 1673 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 413 Among the raffe of the meaner and most unexperienced mariners. 1823 C. Westmacott Points of Misery 34 The impertinent curiosity of the town raff. 1838 Dickens O. Twist 1, Ragged children, and the very raff and refuse of the river. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. vi. xlii, The raff and scum go there to be maintained like able-bodied paupers. b. Without article: Persons of the lowest class. 1811 Wolcott (P, Pindar) Carlton House Fete Wks. 1812 V. 413 Raff that we Britons with our freedom trust. 1824 Hist. Gaming 27 He took to drinking and frequented low houses of Irish raff. 1848 Dickens Dombey ix, Mrs. MeStinger immediately demanded whether.. she was to be broke in upon by ‘rafF.

5. A low worthless fellow. 1785 Grose Diet. Vulgar T., Raffs, an appellation given by the gownsmen of the university of Oxford to the inhabitants of that place. 1800 Sporting Mag. XV. 86 Went down into St. Thomas’s, and fought a raff. 1827 Scott Two Drovers ii, You..have behaved to our friend..here like a raff and a blackguard. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet of Owlst. 184 That raff of a fellow that had ‘Swindler’ stamped on every feature of his dirty fece. 6. attrib. or as adj. = raffish. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 485 My Lady has no disposition To have her name seen., with the raff Opposition. 1848 Thackeray Bk. of Snobs xxx, There is the English raff snob that frequents Estaminets.

fraff,

Obs. [Onomatopoeic.] A word used by itself or in combination with similar forms, to denote verse (alliterative or riming) of a rude kind, or in which sound is more prominent than sense. a 1300 Body & Soul 57 in Map's Poems 340 For to here thi word so wyde And maken of the rym and raf. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. Prol. 43 (Harl. MS.), I can not geste rum raf ruf by letter. 1418-20 J. Page Siege Rouen in Hist. Coll. Citizen Lond. (Camden) 46 Thys procesce made John Page, Alle in raffe and not in ryme. 1575 Gascoigne Weedes, Gr. Knt.'s Farew. Fansie, A fansie fedde me ones, to wryte in verse and rime,.. To rumble rime in raffe and ruffe. 1600 Nashe Summer's Last Will D 3 To hold him halfe the night with riffe, raffe, of the rumming of Elanor.

raff (raef), sb.^ Also 5 raaf, raf, 7 raffe, 9 raft. [? a. G. raf, raff(e, obs. or dial. ff. rafe rafter, beam.] Foreign timber, usually in the form of deals. C1440 [see raff-man, -ware in b]. 1667 Lond. Gaz. No. 124/1 The Three Kings, belonging to Stockholm,,. laden

RAFF with RafFe,.. about 7000 Deals. 1774 Hull Dock Act 6 Hemp, iron, flax, yarn, timber, raff. 1794 Lowe View Agric. Notts. 51 By the Trent are carried.. Upwards Raff or Norway timber, hemp, flax, iron. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Raff, timber, especially in boards and kinds ready for use.

b. attrib. and Comb., as raff man, -merchant, -ware, -yard (also attrib.). c 1440 Prontp. Parv. 421/2 *Raaf man. [No Latin.] i459 Kirkpatrick Relig. Ord. Norwich (1845) 168 William Norwyche, senior, citizen of Norwich, rafman. I533 Blomefield Topogr. Hist. Norfolk (1745) II. 148 This year was setled the Order of the Procession of the.. Crafts or Companies... 18. The Grocers and Raffmen. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 125 The *ralfe-merchant may lawfully stile them good deales. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raff Merchant. CI440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 ‘Raaf ware. {No Latin.] 1606 Charter in Brand Newcastle (1789) II. 700 Hemp, pitch, tarr, or any other goodes or raffe wares. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 51 There should be room for •raftyards and timber-yards. 1886 Linskill Haven Hill I. i. 12 Tall, white hanging cranes were gleaming in the raff yards. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raff yard Labourer.

fraff, sb.* Obs. rare^'^. A grain-measure (see quot. and curnock). 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Dry cumocks make a quarter seam or Raff.

Measure,

Two

raff (raef), v. Obs. exc. dial. Also 7 raffe. [Of obscure origin: cf. obs. F. rafer ‘to catch, or snatch, also to scrape' (Cotgr.); Sw. rafsa ‘to sweep together, huddle up'.] trans. To sweep together. 1602 Carew Cornwall 69 b, That Church-ales ought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, may be gathered from their causes and effects, which I thus raffe up together. 1876 Mid. Yorksh. Gloss., Raff,.. to brush or rake together promiscuously.

raff, obs. form of Raffaelesque,

raft sb.^

variant of Raphaelesque.

raffan, variant of raffing. Sc. raffe, obs.

RAFFLE

I lO

f. raft

rave; obs. pa. t. rive.

raffee (rze'fii). Also raffee. [Of obscure origin.] (See quots. 1880 and 1891.) Also attrib. 1880 D. Kemp Man. Yacht & Boat Sailing (ed. 2) 547 Raffee, the square topsail set flying on the foretopmast of schooners, and formerly often set on cutters and ketches above the squaresail. Sometimes this topsail is triangular in shape, like a scraper. 1891 H. Patterson Illustr. Naut. Diet. 144 Raffee Rail, a sail in the shape of an equilateral triangle .. which is sometimes set over the highest yard... This sail is common to English schooner yachts rigged to carry a squaresail, as the raffee is set over the yard. 1922 Field 8 July 59/1 A square sail and a raffee, or the topsail set over it, are such old-fashioned sails that many modem yachtsmen have never seen them. 1942 C. Crockett House in Rain Forest i. 18 The southeast trades filling our square-sail and raffee. 1976 Oxf. Compan. Ships (St Sea 687/1 Raffee, another name for the sail in a square-rigged ship known as a moonraker, set only in light weather.

t'raffell, raphell, ? Sc. ff. roe-fell roe-skin. 1474 Rees. Burgh Edinb. (1869) 29 Quha that, .sellis the samin poyntis for raphell. 15.. Christ's Kirk ii in Bann. MS. 282 Thair gluvis wes of the raffell rycht, Thair schone wes of the straitis.

gardeners for tying up plants, cut flowers, etc. Also, extensively employed in the making of baskets, lamp-shades, mats, and similar articles.

23 May 126/3 He has a tendency..to favor his vigorous vulgarians at the expense of his effete raffines.

1882 J. Smith Diet. Econ. Plants 231 The cuticle of the leaves of this palm has of late years been imported into this country in considerable quantities for tying plants,.. under the name of Raffia or Ruffia. 1897 Jrn/. R. Agric. Soc. Dec. 615 Raffia..is now largely imported for tying purposes. 1901 M. White How to make Baskets ii. 11 It is a rare thing to find a material at once so soft and so strong as raffia. 1912 Educ. Handwork Nov. 201 /1 The materials most suitable for weaving are, wool, bast or raffia, and cane. 1937 A. H. Crampton Raffia Work & Basketry 7 Raffia work although allied to the ancient craft of Basket Making, may be termed a modern craft. 1951 ‘R. Brinley’ Raffia Work i. 11 One of the chief advantages of working with raffia is the very low cost of the material. 1978 p. Van Greenaway Man called Scavener vi. 84 He noticed a confusion of raffia, macrame and pieces of knitting.

formation.] Merry, hearty; noisy.

3. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 2) raffia bag, basket, cloth, fibre, grass, la.ee, mat, needle, tape, work, workbag; raffiia-embroidered adj. 1932 S. Gibbons Cold Comfort Farm viii. 121 Raffia bags and linen bags embroidered with hollyhocks. i960 G. Durrell Zoo in my Luggage iii. 77, I bent down, picked up a raffia bag and held it aloft. 1914 S. G. Fitzgerald Priscilla Juniors' Basketry Bk. 19 {heading) Handle for raffia basket. 1977 G. Scott Hot Pursuit iii. 25 Dried fish, piled in raffia baskets, on the pavement. 1932 D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 59/1 Raffia work is really another form of embroidery... The materials for working on are .. hessian, raffia cloth, and woven straw. 1967 E. Short Embroidery Gf Fabric Collage iii. 84 Fabrics with unusual textures, raffia cloth, for instance, can be decorated with simple embroidery such as bands of drawn threads. 1904 Daily Chron. 3 May 8/3 A pretty and attractive novelty., is the raffia embroidered cushion. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 Sept. 8/1 The natives gather the rafia fibre. 1910 M. T. Priestman Handicrafts in Home 207 Delicate strands of raffia fibre should be secured for this purpose. 1904 Daily Chron. 3 May 8/3 The embroidery is worked with raffia grass dyed in various colours. 1906 Queen 5 May 757/1 Raffia lace hats are the choicest things in headgear that ingenuity has ever devised out of vegetable fibre. 1914 S. G. Fitzgerald Priscilla Juniors' Basketry Bk. 6 {heading) Woven raffia mat. 1953 E. Simon Past Masters iv. 263 Raffia mats, cutlery and glasses defined the full number of places. 1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 22 Sept. 16/4 To build a crib to store maize harvested from a one-hectare plot requires only six 12-ft (36o-cm)-long bamboo poles; another six of such poles of 180 cm length each; ^ raffia mats; [etc.]. 1914 H. C. Walker Rafia Work 7 The reasons for urging the claims of rafia work are many... It requires no tools beyond rafia needles, wool needles..and knitting needles. 1932 D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 226/2 Use a small packing needle, or a raffia needle, and a backing of Helvellyn canvas with Persian, or Straight, or Shetland rug wool. 1979 Dryad Catal. 89/3 Raffia needles.. For coiled raffia basketry. 1907 Daily Chron. 5 Jan. 9/1 Sometimes the flowers require staking, and this should be done.. with stiff, straight wires or sticks, to which the stems should be fastened with West’s Raffia Tape. 1939-40 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 956/1 Raffia Tape..balls in coloured string nets. 1908 M. E. Morgan How to dress Doll vii. 65 Little girls who know how to do raffia work can easily make such a hat. 1974 C. Fremlin By Horror Haunted 88 He attended his own classes in Braille and raffia-work. 1928 Chambers's Jrnl. 24 Mar. 261/1 From a corner of one of the baskets she unpacked her raffia workbag.

Rafferty ('rsefsti).

Austral, and N.Z. slang. [Eng. dial, corruption of refractory (Eng. Dial. Diet.).] Used attrib. or in the possessive, as RaffertyCs) rules, no rules at all, esp. in boxing.

The customary initial capital suggests that the word is felt by many to be the Irish surname Rafferty. 1928 Bulletin (Sydney) 5 Jan. 37/4 M.Q. (and Rafferty) Rules. 1935 Sydney Morning Herald 28 Dec. 11 Rafferty rules may suit Mr Keenan and the Communist party, but they are repugnant to the trade union movement. 1941 Baker Diet. Austral. Slang 58 Rafferty rules, no rules at all, applied to any system, organisation or contest run in slip¬ shod fashion. 1958 A. Wall Queen's English xxxii. 112, I do not know that the Queensberry Rules ever acquired any figurative usage; but the ‘Rafferty Rules’ certainly did. This term means no rules at all; in Australian, and hence New Zealand slang, it means any free and easy way of running things; ‘Rafferty’ here is thought to be an English dialect corruption of‘refractory’. 1964 H. P. Tritton Time means Tucker (ed. 2) 34 The Show adjourned at noon for the races. They seemed to be run on the ‘Rafferty Rules’ principle, but I heard no complaints. 1974 Bulletin (Sydney) 18 May 63 Rafferty’s rules predominate. 1977 Financial Times 17 May 37/8 Because or the nature of the town and its ‘Rafferty’s rules’ violence is a way of life and it is a well known haunt for criminals and tribal outcasts.

'raffery. rare-', [f.

raff sb.'^ + -fry.]

Raffish

conduct. 1819 Southey in Life Sf Corr. (1850) IV. 343 The college .. is no longer the seat of drunkenness, raffery and indiscipline.

raffia

(‘raefis). Also rafia. [var. raphia, q.v.] 1. A palm of the genus Raphia. In quots. attrib.

1897 Mary Kingsley Trav. W. Africa 600 A slip of rafia palm drawn .. across a notch in another piece of rafia wood. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 Sept. 8/1 Mr. William H. Hunt., announced the discovery, in the leaves of the rafia palm, of a product which.. may be classed between wax and gum. 1958 C. Achebe Things fall Apart i. viii. 57 Obierika was sitting outside under the shade of an orange tree making thatches from leaves of the raffia-palm.

2. The soft fibre from the leaves of Raphia Ruffia and Raphia tsedigera, largely employed by

raffinate ('raefineit). [ad. G. or F. raffinat, f. G. raffinieren (F. raffiner) to refine + -at -ate' (as in distillate, filtrate, etc.).] The refined fraction which results after removal of impurities by solvent extraction, spec, in oil refining. Also attrib. The term was first used in oil refining, in connection with the solvent extraction process invented by the Romanian chemical engineer L. Edeleanu and introduced on a commercial scale at Rouen c 1911. 1928 L. Edeleanu U.S. Pat. 1,661,565 2/1 The finished hot raffinate is taken from the last evaporator 21 by the pump 23 and passed..to the storage tank, i^yijrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists XVIII. 919 Dr. Edeleanu could lay claim to a further distinction, in having added two words to the English language—the words ‘edeleanize’ and ‘raffinate’ —words which, if not already in the dictionary, soon would be. 1941 W. L. Nelson Petroleum Refinery Engin. (ed. 2) xxvii. 617 Elaborate equipment is required to distill the solvent (or oil) from the extract and raffinate solutions. 1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXH. 12/2 Now the flask in the ‘R’ )Osition contained penicillin which was emptied into a arger container as raffinate pool. 1958 Engineering 14 Feb. 205/2 The presence of this dissolved salt in the fissionproduct raffinate stream limits the degree of concentration which may be achieved by evaporation while still keeping all the material in solution. 1970 W. G. Roberts Quest for Oil ix. 95 The raffinate is given a final sweetening and is ready for use as premium kerosene.

f

|raffin6 (rafine), a. (_sb.) [Fr.] Of manners or judgement: refined. Also as sb., a person distinguished by the possession of refinement in manners, action, or feeling. 1876 [see mefiance]. 1883 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 179/1 The ingenious Catherine—she was a raffinee. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl i. 10 No French marquis.. could have been more elegant and raffine. 1943 Scrutiny XI. 317 He is an older and wiser Tonio Kroger who has broken away from the precious and the raffine. 1966 Punch 2 Feb. 173/1 The waiter, the actor, the communist, the painter all have their says [in a play] but it is through the analyst and the raffine aristocrat.. that we learn of hate-objects. 1970 New Yorker I

V

'raffing, a. Sc. rare. Also 8 raffan. [Of obscure 1719 Ramsay 3rd Answ. Hamilton xiii, Thy raffan rural rhyme sae rare. 1824 Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. 403 Raffing Fallows—Ranting, roaring, drinking fellows.

raffinose ('raefinauz, -s). Chem. [a. F. raffinose (D. Loiseau 1876, in Compt. Rend. LXXXII. 1058), f. raffiner to refine; see -ose^.] A non¬ reducing trisaccharide sugar found in sugarbeet, cotton seed, and many cereals. 1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXX. 398 At 20** water dissolves one-seventh of its weight of raffinose. 1881 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1743 Raffinose.. is crystalline, colourless, easily soluble in water, sparingly in alcohol. 1894 Morley & Muir Watts' Diet. Chem. IV. 394 In a mixture of cane-sugar and raffinose, the amount of raffinose may be determined by observing the change of rotatory power after hydrolysis. 1934 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Apr. 462/1 The cottonseed meal has been the raw material from which most of the small supply of pure raffinose has been obtained. 195^ Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 468/1 The arrangement of the hexoses in raffinose is galactose-glucose-fructose. 1970 A. L. Lehninger Biochem. xi. 227 Raffinose (fructose, glucose, galactose) is found in abundance in sugar beets and many other higher plants.

raffish ('raeftf), a. [f. raff Disreputable, vulgar, low.

sb.^

+

-ish.]

1801 Jane Austen Lett. (1884) I. 295 He is as raffish in his appearance as I would wish every disciple of Godwin to be. 1818 Blackw. Mag. III. 527 A raffish sort of a fellow calling himself Menippus. 1879 Miss Braddon Clov. Foot xv. 130 An older man, of somewhat raffish aspect. Comb. 1842 T. Martin My Namesake in Fraser's Mag. Dec., A raffish-looking youngster. Hence 'raffishly adv., 'raffishness. 1850 L. Hunt Autobiog. xx. (i860) 320 A fine head, but still a beggar. Some were of portentous raffishness. 1887 Spectator 5 Nov. 1513 There was nothing of the character of raffishness or Bohemianism in David Kennedy. 1897 Crockett Lads’ Love xi. 116 Her water-can, raffishly adangle at her side.

raffle ('ra2f(3)l), sb.'^ Forms: 4 rafle, 5 rafell, raphill, 7- raffle, [a. F. rafle, fraffle (1399 in Du Cange; also med.L. raffia 1362), and raffe, raphe (Godejf. CompL), of uncertain origin. In later F., rafle has also the sense of ‘clean sweep’, and Diez supposes the related vb. rafter, ‘to carry off completely, make a clearance of, to be derived from the synonymous MHG. raffen; but the existing evidence is against his view that these senses are the original ones.]

11. A game of chance played with three dice, in which the winner was the person who threw the three all alike, or, if none did so, the one who threw the highest pair; also, the throwing of a doublet or triplet in this game. Obs. exc. dial. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. IP719 Hasardrie with hise apurtenances as tables and Rafles. 1468 in Records Peebles (1872) 159 Quhat nychtbur that rasettis playaris at the dyss, other hasart or rafell, in hys hows [etc.]. 1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 422 The towne clerke to fynde theym Dyce, and to have id. of every Raphill. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Raffle, a game with three Dice, wherein he that throws the greatest Pair-Royal, wins. 1668 Dryden Even. Love iii. i. Most commonly they use Raffle. That is, to throw with three Dice, till Duplets, and a Chance be thrown; and the highest Duplet wins, except you throw In and In, which is call’d Raffle; and that wins all. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The raffle is properly the doublet or triplet: a raffle of aces, or duces, carries it against mere points. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Raffles, plays with dice.

2. A form of lottery, in which an article is assigned by drawing or casting of lots (properly by casting of dice as in sense i) to one person among a number who have each paid a certain part of its real or assumed value. 1766 [Anstey] Bath Guide xv. 24 Balls, Raffles, Subscriptions, and Chairs. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia v. xii, Has there been anything of the nature of a lottery, or a raffle, in the garden? 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 489 He.. had made such sums by raffles that he was able to engage in very costly speculations. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xxx. There was to be a raffle for a silver watch. transf. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. (1869) II. iv. vii. 205 The little prizes which are to be found in what may be called the paltry raffle of colony faction. 1840 Hood Kilmansegg, Courtship viii. She had won the ‘Man of her choice’ In a matrimonial raffle!

3. attrib., as raffle prize, ticket. 1976 Milton Keynes Express 16 July 9 The raffle prize of a 10 foot canoe went to Mr Sheldrick of Tandra, Bean Hill. 197^ 7rn/. (Newcastle) 26 Nov., Mr. Large produced a bundle of official raffle tickets offering Michael’s models, which include a gypsy caravan, as prizes.

raffle ('raef(3)l), sb^ Forms: 5 rafull, 7 Sc. raphall, 7- raffle. [? a. OF. rafle, raffle in phr. rifle ou rafle anything whatsoever, ne rifle ne rafle nothing at all; cf. raff i6.'] 1. Of persons, a. A rabble, b. Raff, riff-raff. i486 Bk. St. Albans F vj b, A Rafull of knauys. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals I. I. 12 The Priests, and the Friers, and such other raffle. 1921 G. C. Shedd Lady of Mystery House xix. 171 Probably the drunken raffle were seeking far and near to take me. 2. a. Of things: Rubbish, refuse. 1848 A. B. Evans Leicestersh. Words, s.v., I have cut the hedge; what shall I do with the raffle? 1899 Kipling Stalky 73 Plaster, odd shavings, and all the raffle that builders leave in the waste-room of a house. 1906 Macmillan’s Mag. Aug.

RAFFLE

b. Naut. Lumber, debris, a confused tangle of ropes, canvas, broken spars, etc. Ocean Free Dance I. vi. 278 Others were making some half-hearted efforts to clear away the raffle. 1892 Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker 208 The loose topsail had played some havoc with the rigging, and there hung.. a raffle of intorted cordage. transf. 1887 Stevenson Merry Men, etc. (ed. 2) 285 Huddled from the wind in a raffle of flying drapery. 1881 Clark Russell

raffle ('raef(3)l), sb.^ rare. [a. F. rafle, of uncertain origin.] A kind of net used in fowling and fishing. Also raffle-net. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. 11. 5 U iij/i There is a triple or counter-mesh net, called by some a Raffle, wherewith they likewise catch Birds. 1823 Crabb, Raffle-net, a sort of fishing net.

raffle ('raef(3)l), v.^ [a. F. rafler in same sense, or directly f. raffle sb.^ An earlier synonym was RIFLE v^'\ 1. a. tntr. To cast dice, draw lots, etc., for something; to take part in a raffle. a 1680 Butler Rem. (1759) I- 84 Those jew troopers, that threw out. When they were raffling for his Coat. 1689 Shadwell Bury F. 11, Will you please to raffle for a tea pot. 1711 Swift^rn/. to Stella 10 Apr., I was drawn in .. to raffle for a fan,.. it was four guineas, and we put in seven shillings a piece. 1811 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. U. 365 It is as rational to raffle for a residence as to choose one. 1849 Lytton Caxtons 21 That work-box which you enticed Mrs. Caxton into raffling for, last winter.

b. Hence in pass., of a thing. Const./or. Lond. Gaz. No. 4687/3 The winning Horse to be sold or raffled for at the value of 40/. 1884 Graphic 21 June 595/3 A quilt.. to be raffled for at a charitable bazaar. 1710

2. trans. To dispose of by means of a raffle. Also const, off. 1851 Mayhew' Lond. Labour I. 372/1, I can’t recollect how many ornaments I raffled. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xxii. 309 Drow'ned the precentor, and raffled the church bell. 1877 —— Green Past. xxix. (1878) 236 We raffled a rug. 1889 'M.ark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xv. 175, I shan’t know what to do with them; unless I raffle them off. 1976 Washington Post 7 Nov. K2/3 We’ll raffle off a ’possum and award a prize to the wearer of the biggest beehive hairdo.

'raffle, v.^ rare. Also 8 rafle. [? var. ruffle v. Cf. Sw. raffia to scrape, fret, grate; F. erafler to graze.] trans. a. To indent, serrate (a leaf), b. To crumple, c. dial. To ruffle. Hence'raffled pp/. a.', 'raffling vbl. sb.^ a. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 134 You must then.. part and raffle the Leaves. 1817 Rickman Goth. Archit. 26 The best examples have all some trifling difference, principally in the raffling of the leaves. Ibid. 32 The first has.. water leaves instead of raffled leaves under the volutes. 1895 Burns Gloss. Archil., Raffling, the notched edge of foliage in carving. b- C1728 Earl of Ailesbury Mem. (1890) I. 211 He despatched Mr. Carleton.. with a bit of paper rafled up. c. 1868 Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Raffle, to raise the skin slightly by abrasion.

'raffle, v.^ north, dial. [var. ravel ti.] trans. To ravel, entangle. Hence 'raffled ppl. a.‘ 1800 I. Milner in Life xii. (1842) 216 A sad raffled letter. a 1843 Southey Doctor (1847) VII. Interch. xxiv. 80 T’ Maister wad wind 3 or 4 clues togedder, for 3 or 4 Bairns to knitt off—that ’at knit slawest raffled tudder’s yarn. 1863 in Robson Bards of Tyne 86 Pee Dee ran to clear the anchor, ‘It’s raffled’! right loudly he roar’d. 1876- In dial, glossaries (Yks., Rochdale, Sheff., Line., etc.).

t'raffle, v.* Obs. rare. [? var. ruffle To quarrel, wrangle.

v.'\

intr.

B. Acupov(i66i) 99 They were too base to make Gunpowder on, and below the Market of a Ragman. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. ii. §2 He sets the Paper-mills at work, by which the poor Rag-man is supported. 1763 T. Price Life B. M. Carew 217 Happening to meet with a brother ragman.. they joined company. 1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/4 The ragman came up, and began to call me about the cards. 1966 F. Shaw et al. Lern Yerself Scouse 24 De ragman, the oldclothes man. 1976 New Yorker 23 Feb. 39/2 The street down which will sometimes come, on his rattling wagon, a ragman. b. Contemptuously, a banker. (Cf. rag sb.^ 3.) 1821 CoBBETT Rur. Rides (iSSs) I, 18 [Tax collectors] will receive the country rags, if the rag-man can find, and will give security for the due payment of his rags.

4. [See RAG sb.^] A musician who plays ragtime music. 1938 J. R. Morton in Downbeat Sept. 4/1 Blues players who could play nothing else... What we call ‘ragmen’ in New Orleans. 1950 Blesh & Janis They all played Ragtime (1958) vi. 108 Following 1907-8 there comes a second generation of ragmen. 1970 C. Major Diet. Afro-Amer. Slang 96 Ragmen, jazzmen who play that type of music.

t'Ragman'^. Obs. Forms: 3-5 rageman, 4 -mon, -ment; 4, 6 raggeman; 4-7 ragman, 5 -man(n)e; 5-7 Sc. ragment, (6 -men). [Of obscure origin and history. In the absence of any plausible etym. the development of senses can only be conjectural, and is perh. not properly illustrated by the existing material. In early examples the invariable spelling is rageman, app. implying three syllables; but the form ragman is clearly proved for the 15th c. by the rimes in the Towneley Myst.)

RAGMAN’S ROLL 1. The name given to a statute of 4 Edw. I (appointing justices to hear and determine complaints of injuries done within 25 years previous), and to certain articles of inquisition associated with proceedings of Quo Warranto under this statute. See Placita de Quo Warranto (i8i8) pp. xvi-xvii, 1276 in Statutes Realm I. 44 Statutum de justic’. assign’ ; quod vocatur Rageman. 1280 Assize Roll (P.R.O.) No. 670 Placita de Ragemannis et de Quo Warranto coram J. de Vallibus et sociis suis, justitiariis itinerantibus in comitatu Notinghamiae. 1292 in Placita de Quo Warranto (1818) 378 Juratores de Ragemann’ pnesentaverunt quod [etc.]. Ibid. 382 b, De hiis quae praesentata sunt in le Rageman.

2. A roll, list, catalogue. Also Roll of Ragman = Ragman roll. C I394 P. PI. Crede 180 Yrer is none heraud pat hap half swich a rolle, Ri3t as a rageman hap rekned hem newe. c 1450 Pol. Poems (Rolls) U. 228 Pite for to here the people .. riken up the ragmanne of the hole rowte, That servyth silvyre and levyth the law oute. 01460 Towneley Myst. xxx. 224 Here a rolle of ragman of the rownde tabille, Of breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.

b. Sc. A long discourse, rhapsody, rigmarole. 1506 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 162, I sail a ragment reveil fra [the] rute of my hert. 1513 Douglas viii. Prol. 147 He raucht me a roll: to reyd I begane The riotest ane ragment wyth mony rat rane. 1536 Lyndesay Answ. King's Flyting i Redoutit Roy, 3our ragment I haue red. u 1585 PoLWART Flyting w. Montgomerie 142, I laugh to see the bluiter Glor in thy ragments, rash to raill.

3. A game of chance, app. played with a written roll having strings attached to the various items contained in it, one of which the player selected or ‘drew’ at random. In one form the game was a mere amusement, the items in the roll being verses descriptive of personal character: see Wright Anecd. Lit. (1844) 76-82 and Hazlitt E. Pop. Poetry (1864) I. 68. But that of quot. 1377 was probably a method of gambling, forbidden under penalty of a fine. In the other quots. the word may be a proper name, as in b. c 1290 MS. Digby 86, If. 162 [Heading of a set of French verses.] Ragemon le bon. 1377 Durham Halmote Rolls (Surtees) 140 De Thoma Breuster et Ricardo de Holm quia ludaverunt ad ragement contra poenam in diversis Halmotis positam 20j. condonatur usque 2j. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 355 Venus, which stant., In noncertein, but as men drawe Of Rageman upon the chance.

b. King Ragman, feigned to be the author of the roll used in playing the game. C1400 MS. Fairfax i6 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 69 This rolle which.. Kynge Ragman bad me sowe in brede... Drawith a strynge [etc.], c 1500 Lenvoy of Prynter in Dodsley O. PI. (1827) XII. 308 Go lytyl rolle.. Excuse thy prynter.. Layenge the faute on kynge Ragman holly, Whiche dyde the make many yeres ago.

4. A document (contract, agreement, indenture, etc.) with seals attached. App. by transference from sense 3, the pendent seals being compared to the strings, etc. attached to the roll used in the game: cf. quot. a 1350 in b. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. Prol. 72 [The pardoner] rauhte with his ragemon ringes and broches. 1376 Rolls Parlt. II. 324/2 Une lettre .. sealees des sealx des plusours Seignurs de Bretaigne, appellee Ragman. Ibid., Le dit Rageman. 1399 in Rymer Fadera (ed. 2) VIII. 109 De Raggemannis Comburendis. Ibid., Per diversa Scripta, Cartas sive Literas Patentes, vocata Raggemans sive Blank Chartres, Sigillis eorumdem Subditorum separatim consignata. ^1425 Wyntoun Cron. vi. xvii. 1722 Thai consentyd than And mad apon this a ragman Wyth mony sellys oflflordys. c 1470 Henry Wallace x. 1149 The Bruce and he completyt furth thar bandis; Syn that samyn nycht thai sellyt with thar handis. This ragment left the Bruce with Cumyn thar.

b. Spec. The document by which the Scottish nobles in 1291 acknowledged Edward I as their overlord (given up by Edward III in 1328). Ao6ajcum. [For elaphoboscon (Pliny) = Gr. IXatbo^ooKov.]

t ragwort^. Obs. [ad. G. ragwurz, f. rag stiff: see Grimm s.v.] = gandergoose {Orchis mascula). 1552 Elyot, Orchis,.. some call it in English gandergoose some raggewoorte. 1578 Lyte Dodoens ii. Ivi. 222 In English some cal it also Orchis,.. Ragworte, Priest pintell. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 265 As for Ragworts [margin, Orchis] they cure morimals also, either drie or greene.

ragyous, obs. form of rageous. rah (ra:), int. and sb, U.S. Also ra. Aphetic for HURRAH. 1870 D. J. Kirwan Palace ^ Hovel xxiv. 372 The ’Rah, ’Rah, ’Rah, of Harvard pierces the air... Oxford has just got into her careless, easy swing. 1887 Harper's Mag. Feb. 395/1 The junior class filed into the green enclosure amidst the ’rahs of their friends. 1889 ‘Mark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xxxiii. 421 ’Rah for protection—to Sheol with freetrade! 1894 R. H. Davis Eng. Cousins 120 An American misses the rah-rahs and the skyrocket cries. 1905 N. Y. Even. Post 29 June, Harvard almost immediately increased her stroke, and the way their cut-water slid along called forth the nine long ’rahs again and again. 1917 R. Frost Let. 3 Dec. (1972) 20 Rah rah rah for some other college than Wellesley. 1924 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. Mann's Buddenbrooks II. vii. iv. 24 A voice..shouts suddenly: ‘Heine Seehas is ’lected—’rah for Heine Seehasl’ 1942 Ade Let. I Feb. (1973) 227 We didnt play basket-ball or foot ball [at school in the ‘seventies and eighties’] and we never learned to stand up on our hind legs and let out a rah-rah. 1972 ‘E. Lathen’ Murder without Icing (1973) iv. 41 ‘Way to go, Billy!’ ‘Rah! Rah! Billy Siragusal’ igj'j Lancashire Life Mar. 56/1 Ra-ra-ra! Give a cheer from the sidelines for Accrington, the town that is instilling new life into American baseball.

trahate, obs. variant of rate v., to scold. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 77 b, He neuer lynned rahatyng of those persones [etc.]. Ibid. 84b,To bee chidden and rahated of all the worlde.

Ilrahat lokum ('raih^et lo'kum). Also rahat lakoum, lahkoum, lakuhm, etc. [a. Turk, rahat lokum, ad. Arab, rahat al-hulqum throat’s ease.] Turkish delight. Also (occas.) ellipt. as rahat. Cf. LOCOUM. 1856 R. F. Burton Personal Narr. Pilgrimage to ElMedinah III. 362 Squares of Rahah, a comfiture highly prized in these regions, because it comes from Constantinople. 1861 Punch 12 Jan. 12/1 Rahat lahkoum, or lumps of delight! 1894 [see delight sb. 4]. 1900 Confectioners' Union Handbk. 167 Butter-Scotch, nougat, rahat lakuhm. Ibid. 169 Hawes, J., & Son.., Rahat Lakoum and water mould fancies. 1907 Yesterdays' Shopping (1969) 32/1 Rahat La Koum or Turkish Delight. 1931 A. J. Cronin Hatter's Castle i. vii. 126 They come off to the ship in boats at Port Said and sell very good rahat-lakoum which is an excellent sweet. 1931 Discovery Nov. 359/2 Today the Turks here [on the island of Ada Kaleh] live by some gardening and fruit cultivation, a little cigar manufacture, the preparation of rahat (‘Turkish Delight’) and mild catering for the few individuals who visit the island. 1935 M. Morphy Recipes of All Nations 767 The Turks are extremely fond of sweetmeats.. and among the most popular is rahat el halkum. Make a thick syrup.. adding.. lemon juice.. starch.. almonds, pistachio nuts,. hazel nuts .. cut into squares. 1945 C. S. Forester Commodore xviii. 198 He had eaten Westphalian ham and Italian beccaficoes and Turkish rahat lakoum. i960 Times 24 Oct. (Financial Rev.) p. xiv/6 The sweetmeat was called Rahatlokum, but today it is better known as Turkish delight. 1963 Punch 20 Nov. 748/2, I.. went for coffee and rahat lakoum. 1968 C.

RAHATOUR

123

Roden Middle Eastern Food xv. 295 Rahat Lokum, 1 urkish Delight. This little sweet epitomizes luxury pleasure and leisure. 1970 [see locoum].

rahatour, variant of rehator. Obs. Sc.

^23 St. Papers. Colon. 1622-4, *7® The rahdars or duties at Daita, &c., shall be remitted. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) II. XV. li. 412 The rahdars were ordered to examine passports. 1764 Ann. Reg. 188 To all governors, officers,.. rahdars .. in the provinces of Bengal.

(in

7

rhadorage)

=

1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 222 Safe Travelling.. for which Rhadorage, or high Imposts, are allowed by the Merchants.

11'rahdaree. In 7 rattar(r)ee, 9 rahdarry. [Urdu (Pers.), f. RAHDAR.] a. A transit-duty, toll; a tax paid to secure safety in travelling. Also attrib. b. = rahdar a. 1685 Hedgk Diary 15 Dec. I. 213 Here we were forced to compound with the Rattaree-men, for the Dutys on our goods. 1686 Ibid. 13 Feb. I. 218 Here we paid Rattarree 1804 Wellington in Gurw. Disp. (1844) H. 1182 A rahdarry will go to you this day for the convoy.

'railing, vbl. sb. — hurrahing vbl. sb. 1904 Daily Chron. 25 July 7/7 There was not nearly so much ‘rahing’ and flag-waving as in 1899.

rah rah (ra: ra:), sb. and a. slang (orig. U.S.). Also rah rah rah, ra ra. [Reduplication of rah int.^ A. sb. A shout of support or encouragement, as for a college team: see rah int. and sb. B. adj. with hyphen. Of or pertaining to college, collegiate; (of behaviour, etc.) characteristic of college students; marked by the generation of enthusiasm or excitement, as in cheer-leading, etc. U.S. 1911 [see ccT-vp sb. i b], 1914 S. Lewis Our Mr. Wrenn iii. 41 Bunches of rah-rah boys wanting to cross..to England. 1924 Public Opinion 15 Feb. 152/1 When father was a rah-rah boy and wore those comedy clothes. 1945 L. Shelly Jive Talk Diet. 31/2 Rah rah drapes, collegiate clothing. 194^ Landfall 11. 312 Of course, it was all eyewash — rah-rah publicity if you like. 1959 Economist 27 June 1151 /1 If there is an October election there will be time only for a two-day ra-ra conference before going into battle. i960 1. Cross Backward Sex iii. 72 The team and three bus¬ loads of their ra-ra supporters arrived about midday. 1970 People (Austral.) 25 Mar. 24/3 The possible solution to the growing world-wide problem of football game disorder comes clad in a delightfully brief skirt and twirls a baton. In America she is known as a ‘Rah-Rah girl’, in Australia as a Drum Majorette. 1972 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 24 June 18/2 People .. are real rah-rah, knocking on doors and asking you to come to parties. 1974 Sunday Sun (Brisbane) 18 Aug. 5/4 The rah-rah teams. Brothers, University and GPS have won 28 of the past 30 grand finals. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 3 July 8/2 ‘In spite of all the rah-rah rhetoric about recycling’s merits, a large market share eludes recycling,’ says M. J. Mighdoll, executive vice president.

Hence rah-'rahing ppl. a., rah-'rahism. 1892 Outing Oct. 37/1 He no longer felt stage-fright surrounded by the ‘rah-’rahing mob’. 1930 Chicago Daily Maroon 9 Dec. 4/1 Students engage in rah-rahism because it gives them a certain simple amount of enjoyment.

raht(e, obs. forms of pa. t. reach. Rai (rai), sb. and a. [Native name.] A. sb. a. A member of a tribe of eastern Nepal; this people collectively, b. The language of the Rai people. B. adj. Of or pertaining to the people or their language. 1906 E. Vansittart Gurkhas xi. 128 In the history of Nepal it is stated that the Rais conquered the Nepal Valley. Ibid. 129 It would be merely a repetition.. to enter into details regarding Rai customs. 1928 Northey & Morris Gurkhas xv. 216 Khambus and Yakhas..are now both regarded as Rais. They both speak the Rai language. 1957 F. Tuker Gorkha v. 37 For every Rai a different language, the Gurkhas say. 1962 D. Forbes Heart of Nepal xi. 119 Beyond .. lies the territory of the tribes .. the Magars and Gurungs to the west, Rais and Limbus to the east. 1970 L. Caplan Land & Social Change in E. Nepal v. 96 The land was repossessed .. and re-pledged to a Rai landholder. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XII. 954/1 The languages of the north and east belong predominantly to the Tibeto-Burman family. These include Magar, Gurung, Rai, [etc.]. 1975 C. VON Furer-Haimendorf Himalayan Traders iii. 63 Grain which the Sherpas brought from the Rai country.

rai, variant of ray sb. Obs. II raia ('reis). Zool. Also raja. [L. raia (pi. raz®).] = RAY (the fish). 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. iv. xii, His fashion like the fish a Raia nam’d. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 169 The severall sorts of Raia’s, Torpedo’s, Oysters. 1752 Hill Hist. Anim. 304 The apertures of the gills in the Raia are five on each side. 1804 Med.Jrnl. XII. 550 The rajse.. are provided with glandulous grains. 1878 Bell Gegenbaurs Comp. Anat. 500 There is a pseudo-electric apparatus in Raja.

raia(h, -aw, obs. ff. raja(h. raiah, obs. f. rayah. raiat, var. rayat.

raible, var. rabble v.^ raice, obs. f. race sb.^

Il'rahdar. Anglo-Ind. [Urdu (Pers.) rahdar, f. rah road.] a. a road-keeper, toll-gatherer, fb. erron. = rahdaree a. Obs.

Hence f Tahdarage RAHDAREE a. Obs.

raiband, var. raband.

raich, obs. f. rache sb.^, rash sb. raicke, obs. f. raik v. raid (reid), sb. Forms: 5-6 rade, 7 radde, 5 raide, 5-6, 9 raid. [Sc. form of OE. rad road, revived by Scott and subsequently adopted in general use, with extension of meaning. In sense 4 perh. partly a. F. rade, fradde: see also reid.] 1. 1. a. A military expedition on horseback; a hostile and predatory incursion, properly of mounted men; a foray, inroad. ^1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxxiv. 5034 Schyr Andrew syne wyth stalwart hand Made syndry radis in Ingland. 1528 in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) II. 348 note. The said Erie .. procurit divers radis to be maid upon the brokin men of our realme. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 61 The Scottis maid d> 'werse incurtiouns and raidisin Ingland. 1805 Scott LarZ Slinstr. v. xxviii, In raids he spilt but seldom blood. i8i8-Rob Roy Introd., A war which opened the low country to the raids of the clan Gregor. 01839 Praed Poems (1864) II. 14 His Highland plaid, Long borne in foray and in raid. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv. 215 The people of Uruguay accuse the Rio Grandians of making raids into their territory. attrib. 1806 Jamieson Pop. Ball. & Songs I. Pref. 7 A parcel of raid ballads of the Border.

b. A ‘lifting’ of cattle by means of a raid. rare. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. v. 153 A ‘raid’ of cattle.. by the tribe of whom their escort was composed.

c. = AIR-RAID. Also attrib. and Comb. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air xi. 354 The Asiatics endeavoured to establish.. fortified centres from which flying-machine raids could be made. 1916 Mrs. Belloc Lowndes Let. 2 Nov. (1971) 77 The Raid night was horrid. .. Every moment we expected to hear the bombs drop close by or on us, for the machines sounded overhead. 1917 R. Fry Let. 6 Oct. (1972) II. 417 There was a scare of a raid on Monday while I was hanging at Heal’s. We were all shepherded down into the basement. 1939 H. Nicolson Diary 3 Sept. (1966) 422 We learn afterwards that the whole raid-warning was a mistake. 1940 [see auxiliary a. ib]. 1942 ‘N. Shute’ Pied Piper i. 9, I thought of ringing her up, but it’s not a very good thing to clutter up the lines during a raid. 1953 C. Day Lewis Italian Visit ii. 31 Recall how flyers from a raid returning, Lightened of one death, were elected for another. 1974 Listener 7 Feb. 176/3 My father.. had the idea that we were being shelled from the river—no one thought anything about a raid from above. Ibid. 177/1 By the autumn of 1915, there had been 19 zeppelin raids... They were raids intended to bring Britain to her knees.

2. transf. and fig.

a. An invading troop or company, as of raiders. 1826 Scottyrnl. 8 Apr., We expect a raid of folks to visit us this morning.

b. A rush, charge, hurried movement. 1861 N. A. Woods Tour Pr. Wales Canada 50 In the reckless indiscriminate raid made to all parts of the States, emigrants often commit the most ruinous mistakes. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile iii. 51 A rapid raid into some of the nearest shops, for things remembered at the last moment.

c. A sudden or vigorous descent, onset, or attack upon something which it is intended to seize, suppress, or destroy. Also, = police raid S. V. POLICE sb. 6. 1873 Smiles Huguenots Fr. i. ii. (1881) 14 There was.. a general raid upon Protestant literature all over France. 1878 Morley Diderot I. 106 A stem raid was made upon all the scribblers in Paris. 1892 A. W. Pinero Magistrate iii. 109 Lugg.. {Reading) ‘Raid on a West End Hotel. At an early hour this morning-’ Wormington. Yes.. a case of assault upon the police, a 1922 T. S. Eliot Waste Land Drafts (*97t) 5 We’ve only had a raid last week, I’ve been warned twice. 1924 J. Buchan Three Hostages xv. 215 It would never do for him to be caught in a raid on a dance-club. 1973 W. McCarthy Detail iii. 264 We’re making a raid and will need your help. Can you have your cars and sheriffs’ cars block all the roads from Palm Springs?

d. A forceful or insistent attempt at making a person or group provide something. Const, on, upon. 1931 Economist 10 Jan. 58/1 Although he is willing to ask for a further $100,000,000 to $150,000,000 for constructional and other public works, he is averse to spectacular raids on the Treasury for relief purposes. 1940 T. S. Eliot East Coker v. 14 Each venture Is a new beginning, a raid on the inarticulate With shabby equipment always deteriorating In the general mess of imprecision of feeling. 1967 Listener 23 Mar. 404/2 Here.. we have.. one who has.. devoted long years.. to a series of attempts, raids upon the articulate, at making available to the English tradition this least accessible of German poets.

e. daitm raid (Stock Exchange slang), a swift operation effected early in trading whereby a stockbroker obtains for his client a markedly increased shareholding in a company (freq. preparatory to a take-over) by clandestine buying from other substantial shareholders. 1980 Times 28 May 17/6 ‘Dawn raids’, in which a stockmarket raider suddenly buys a substantial stake in a company and possibly denies non-professional shareholders the opportunity to sell at a price above that in the market, were causing a ‘great deal of anxiety’. Ibid. 22 July 17 De Beers went into the market on the morning of February 12 and bought another 11-6 per cent in a ‘dawn raid’. 1981 Bookseller 21 Feb. 568/3 Following his ‘dawn raid’ last July, which gained him 29 4 per cent of BPC, Robert Maxwell.. clearly plans to secure and consolidate his control of the group.

RAIDING II. fS. A roadstead for ships. Obs.

Cf. road.

1445 Rees. Burgh Edinb. (1869) 8 Shipps that commys in the havin or in the raide. c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 264 Be this the schippis was in the Rochell raid. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 10 Sone tha let saill and straik into the raid. And ankeris cast. 1609 Skene tr. Reg. Maj. 122 {Burrow Lawes c. 27) His shippe is in the radde. 1636 Charter in Maitland Hist. Edin. (1753) iii. 264 The aforesaid Port,.. Harbour, Soil, and Raid of Leith.

raid (reid), v. Also 8 rhaad. [f. prec. sb.] 1. a. intr. To go upon, or take part in a raid. 1865 Intell. Observ. No. 38. 104 To raid in the surrounding country. 1879 Academy 11 Oct. 261/2 English sportsmen who raid with rifle and hound among the Rocky Mountain game. 1885 Manch. Exam. 28 May 4/6 He hides in the mountain fastnesses.. whence he raids into the settlements.

b. Of speculators in a market or stockexchange: To act so as to depress prices or create uncertainty as to values. 1889 Times 9 Mar., A further decline..due to a ‘bear’ clique raiding.

2. trans. To make a raid on (a place, person, cattle, etc.), to raid the market (see i b). 1880 New Virgin. II. 208 Their ajmle and peach orchard had been ‘raided’. 1887 J. Hatton Old Ho. at Sandwich I. in. vii. 200 The police had raided the house almost simultaneously with my entrance. 1894 [see raider a]. 1902 R. Machray Night Side of London xi. 173 Such dens have been raided by the police out of existence. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air xi. 351 The Germans were.. already raiding London and Paris when the advance fleets from the Asiatic air-parks.. were reported. 1930 L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs ist Set. vi. 138 A cowboy of his brought a disastrous career to an end by raiding the pantry. 1940 C. Milburn Diary i July (1979) 49 b is a few days since the Channel Islands were raided. 1953 K. Tennant Joyful Condemned ii. 12 This place .. is .. never raided... The Vice Squad are always in and out of the place two doors down—but us—we never seem to have them. 1970 Daily Tel. 2 June 1/7 The Israeli Air Force yesterday raided Egyptian military positions near Port Said, killing five soldiers and wounding eight.

Hence 'raided ppl. a.\ 'raiding vbl. sb. 1785 W. Hutton Bran New Work 40 What debateable wark, what rhaading, and watching, and warding.. alang the Border Service. 1824 J. Hodgson in Raine Mem. (1858) II. 29 Such a race as figured in it during the border raiding. 1891 Daily News 16 May 6/1 To arrest.. every person.. who might be found on the raided premises.

raid, obs. variant of red(d, spawn. Sc. raid, obs. Sc. pa. t. ride, ray. raider ('reid3(r)). [f. raid v. h- -erL] a. One who raids; a plundering invader, a marauder. Also transf. 1863 Boston Commonwealth (U.S.) 30 Oct., Governor Bramlette of Kentucky.. telegraphs that the rebel raiders are within forty miles of his capital. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. III. 481 Hearkening the raiders call The cattle o’er the meads. 1878 Jefferies Gamekeeper at H. 142 There are three kinds of poachers, the local men, the raiders coming in gangs from a distance—and the mouchers. 1894 ‘Mark Twain’ in Century Mag. XLVII. 776/2 It’s perfectly plain that the thief took advantage of the reception.. to raid the vacant houses... It’s the same old raider. 1976 Daily Record (Glasgow) 4 Dec. 26/1 Seldom do we find Irish raiders at the Market Rasen track, but trainer Moore has sent two over in a bid for a winning double. 1979 Austral. Financial Rev. 7 Aug. i/i {caption) Raider [5c. a stock-exchange speculator] hits Ansett.

b. An aircraft on a bombing operation. Hence phr. raiders passed (or past), the ‘all clear’ signal given by sirens, etc., after an air-raid. 1908 H. G. Wells War in Air viii. 248 He is now in the act of bombarding the chief manufacturing city.. by means of three raider airships. 1917 ‘Contact’ Airman*s Outings II. iii. 258 Certainly they do not include speculation about the men who man the raiders. 1940 New Statesman 19 Oct. 372/1 The ‘Raiders Passed’ went and the tens of thousands of East Londoners poured out of the shelters. 1941 Ann. Reg. 1940 69 The damage inflicted by the raiders was little less serious, R.A.F. Jrnl. 13 June 27 When the ‘raiders past’ had sounded.. we emerged, coughing, from our subterranean dens. 1943 G. Greene Ministry of Fear i. i. 22 Three flares came sailing.. down... Yet another raider came up from the south-east. 1966 A. Powell Soldier's Art ii. 158 ‘That one didn’t take long.’.. ‘Another tip-and-run raider,’ said Pilgrim.

raider, dial. var. rather. 'raiding, ppl. a. [f. raidzj. -h -ing^.] a. In senses of the verb. b. raiding party, a small military group taking part in an organized foray into enemy territory, esp. in order to seize prisoners or supplies. 1865 R. H. Kellogg Life ^ Death in Rebel Prisons iii. 97 All communications were interrupted by our 'raiding parties'. 1866 J. B. Rose tr. Ovid's Met. 45 Jove now circuits heaven and taketh note Of raiding flames. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 611/1 Washington detailed soldiers to guard them from British raiding parties. 1892 M. A. Jackson Life ^ Lett. Gen. Jackson xxiii. 462 The raiding-parties of the enemy were operating all through the intervening country. 1914 G. Bell Let. 21 Jan. (1927) I. xiii. 327 They had spied us as we passed under the Thlaithuwat and, taking us for a raiding party, had followed us to see where we were going. 1918 E. A. Mackintosh War iv. 126 Xhe raiding party dispersed each to a dug-out to feed at other people’s expense, 1923 Kipling Irish Guards in Gt. War I. 220 Raiding-parties dove in and out of the front lines, 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Apr. 300/2 When he saw a German raiding-party approaching he forgot in his excitement to take off his safety-catch. 1977 B. Lucas tr. C. De Foucaulds

Lett, from Desert vii. 140 He was killed on 13 December.. by a raiding party of thirty horsemen who then disappeared.

raie,

obs. f. ray.

II raie ultime (re yltim). Spectroscopy. [Fr. (A. de Gramont 1907, in Compt. Rend. CXLIV. iioi), f. raie line + ultime ultimate, last.] An emission line in the spectrum of an element which is the last (or one of the last) to remain detectable as the concentration of that element is decreased. 1922 W. F. Meggers et al. in Sci. Papers U.S. Bureau of Standards XVIII. 239 The raies ultimes are the most sensitive spectral lines of an element. 1923 F. Twyman Wavelength Tables for Spectrum Anal. 79 It is in the ultra¬ violet that the ‘Raies Ultimes’ almost always lie. 1937 C. Candler Atomic Spectra II. xvii. 120 As the proportion of calcium in the powder is diminished step by step, the weaker lines successively disappear until finally only one is left; this is known as the raie ultime. 1948 G. R. Harrison et al. Pract. Spectroscopy xv. 429 The raie ultime is the last line of an element to disappear as the quantity of the element burned in a sample is decreased to the vanishing point. 1962 Walker & Straw Spectroscopy I. i. 94 The identification of the persistent (the raies ultimes) lines proves without doubt the presence of the corresponding element.

raif(f,

RAIL

124

RAIE

obs. Sc. f. rave, reeve, reif, reive; obs.

pa. t. RIVE.

CI340 Hampole's Whs. (1895) I. 140 bas pat eauer raikis aboute to fede paire wittis with vanitees and lustis. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 89 benne he ryses radly, & raykes bylyue lonas toward port laph. 01400-50 Alexander 5555 ban raikis he by pe reede see & rides ay pe sannd. I53S Stewart Cron. Scot. HI. 40 The men of weir.. In gude array come raikand fra the schoir. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie’s Hist. Scot. VI. 349 He raikis throuch the hail realme. fig. a 1300 Cursor M. 20798 It es better to be stell, pan raik on reson pat es will. 1340-70 Alex. & Bind. 467 We raiken to oure romauncus & reden pe storrius.

b. of things. = rake v.^ i b. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 112 be water con swepe Wyth a rownande rourde raykande arygt. 1375 Barbour Bruce iii. 627 Thar schip .. Raykyt slidand throw the se. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 212 Lat the cop raik for my bennysoun. fig. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Ixxxv. 5 bai suffire paire hert to rayke in ydel thoghtis. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3048 Hir chekes . .as the chalke white. As the rose, was the rud pat raiked horn in.

c. of cattle, deer, etc. = rake v.'^ i c. OI22S [see RAiKiNGppf. fl.]. C1470 Henryson Robene & Makyne 12, T.keipis my scheip undir yone wude, Lo! quhair thay raik on raw. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 643 The fallow deir, to see thame raik on rawe.

2. reft. To betake oneself, rare.

fraiffell, X). Sc. Obs. rare. (Meaning not clear.) ? Cf. north, dial, raffle to lounge about, dissipate. 1529 Lyndesay Compl. 175 Sum gart hym raiflfell at the rakcat.

traifort.

Obs. Also 6 rayf(f)ort, -ert; Sc. raphorte, 7-8 ri-, ryfart, 9 reefort. [a. F. raifort, ■\reff-, riffort (i6th c. Littre and Godef.), f. raiz root, RACE -I- fort strong.] Horse-radish. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terap. Div, He..fyrste of all vsed his salue of mustarde,.. 8c than his vomyte of rayffort. 1578 Lyte Dodoens v. xxxvii. 599 Mountayne Radish or Rayfort hath great brode leaues, in fashion lyke to the great Docke. anne was before his bed iti3t.. A couertine on ‘raile tre. For noman scholde on bed ise. 1825 Jamieson Suppl., Rail-tree, a large beam, in a cow-house, fixed about two feet above the heads of the cows, into which the upper ends of the stakes are fixed. Teviotdale. 1930 J. Masefield Wanderer of Liverpool 23 The ship.. Beaten ‘rail-under by tempest and deluged by billows. 1828 Lights Shades 1. 287 A little green crossbarred ‘railwork for mignonette.

b. In sense 4, in a large number of compounds, mostly of recent origin, as rail-bed, -bender, -borer, -chair, -clamp, -joint, -layer, -laying, -maker, -making, -mill, -parallel, -trade, etc.; rail bond, an electrical connection between consecutive lengths of rail in a railway or tramway. 1880 ‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxix. 306 There was no level ground at the Kaltbad station; the ‘railbed was as steep as a roof. 1969 E. W. Morse Fur Trade Canoe Routes II. vi. 78 The portage is rough, and at its western end leads into an abandoned rail-bed once used for logging. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1859-60 * Rail-bender, etc. 1893 in K. Hedges Amer. Electr. Street Railways (1894) iii. 22 Each

RAIL joint of the rails is supplied with two ‘rail bonds of No. 0000 copper wire, each only 12 inches long. 1907 Wilson & Lydall Electr. Traction 1. vi. 107 The ‘Protected’ rail bond is made by fusing terminals of solid copper upon a loop of flattened copper wire. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 737 *Rail-borer, etc. 1864 Webster, *Rail-joint. 1835 Barlow 2nd Rep. Direct. Lond. ^ B'ham Railw. 49 Both sides being alike, the ‘rail-layers may select the side that fits best. 1838 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. I. 166/1 In all present systems of ‘rail-laying the supports.. simply rest upon the ground. 1835 Barlow 2nd Rep. Direct. Lond. B'ham Railw. 22 The ‘rail parallel weighing 42 lbs. per yard.

c. In sense 5, as rail-hanky -hridgBy -car, -carriagBy chargeSy distancBy -end, -/are, -heady operationSy -serutce, -stde, tankeVy -tracky -voaggon; raiUbomey -mindedy -mounted adjs.; rail-bus, {a) a vehicle resembling a bus but running on a railway track; {b) in Denmark, etc.: a tramcar running on tram-lines set in the road; rail-car, {a) = car sb. 2; {b) (see quot. 1949); railcard, a pass entitling the holder to reduced fares on the railway; rail-cutting, the destruction of railway communications; rail¬ head, {a) the furthest point reached by a railway; {b) the point on a railway from which branch-line or road transport of supplies begins; hence railhead facilities; also fig,; rail-line, a railway line; rail link, a railway service joining two established transport systems; rail-motor, a passenger train which consists of a single coach attached to a small locomotive or having its own engine; a rail-car; also attrib.; railplane (see quots.); railsickness, sickness caused in a passenger by the motion of a train. 1852 Wiggins Embanking 67 Shaping the material for the ‘rail-bank. 1928 Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inquiry) IV. xxiii. 313 In Germany the tonnage of canal and river traffic is equivalent to one-fifth or one-sixth of ‘railborne traffic. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 52/4 The trend has been for rail-borne freight to lose ground to passenger traffic and to road transport. 1963 Times 8 June 14/3 Two-day talks between English and French Government officials on whether there should be a Channel ‘rail bridge or road rail tunnel ended in London yesterday. 1978 H. R. F. Keating Long Walk to Wimbledon iv. 59 The massive yellow-brick rail-bridge. 1933 Morning Post 30 Aug. 10/4 The London and North-Eastern Railway Company will put the new.. stream-lined Diesel-electric ‘‘railbus’ into regular service on the suburban and outlying railway systems round Newcastle, within the next two weeks. 1956 Railway Mag. Mar. 195/1 The ‘railbus’ advocated for branch-line use by a correspondent in your January issue may have disadvantages. 1968 Drive Spring 37/2 British Rail could save many of their rural routes by introducing rail buses—a sort of single-decker diesel tramcar, operated by a driver-conductor not as a train but as if the vehicle were on the open road. 1976 J. Tate tr. Bodelsen's Operation Cobra viii. 42 The access road.. is to be blocked.. where the rail-bus cuts across it. Ibid. x. 54 The empty road along which the rail-bus ran. Ibid. xi. 56 Frederik cycled across the rail-bus tracks. 1977 Modern Railways Dec. 485/3 An early example was the German MAN railbus built in 1932, which remained in service for 30 years. 1834 Knickerbocker III. 112 After two hours past in this fair presence on ‘rail-cars, I returned with my head running most uncomfortably upon this new acquaintance. 1843 Whittier Pr. Wks. (1889) I. 352 Steam-boats and railcars. i860 J. S. C. Abbott South & North ix. 206 Thence, in rail-cars .. through the heart of Alabama. 1934 Discovery Nov. 314/1 The term railcar is a convenient one to apply to the fast self-contained passenger units now running on many of the world’s railways. 1949 Richmond (Virginia) Times-Dispatch 27 Oct. 4/2 This new-fangled transport is called a ‘rail-car’.., principally for the reason that it is built compactly into a single unit... It operates much on the same principle as a streetcar, with controls at each end so that it can travel in either direction. The car, with a seating capacity of 90 persons, is especially designed for local passenger traffic. 1959 A. McLintock Descr. Atlas N.Z. 63 New Zealand Railways: Some Facts.. Wagons 18,650.. Railcars 23. 1963 Times zj Feb. 5/1 Fiat was the first to start mass production of railcars. Its products are used by the railways not only of Italy but of a number of other countries. Fiat railcars are in service in Spain, Portugal, Egypt, Greece, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, India and elsewhere. 1971 Railway World Mzt. 116 There are also several diesel locomotives and a couple of railcars. 1976 Sci. Amer. Jan. 27/2 After the cooling period the fuel will in the future be shipped in specially protected trucks or railcars to a chemical-reprocessing plant. 1977 Times 16 Mar. 6/4 The senior citizens’ ‘Railcards will become available from April i for a full year regardless of the date of purchase. 1978 Oxford Consumer Mar. 18/1 Railcards for the 14-17 yr olds will be able to be purchased at most local stations from the above mentioned date. 1867 G. Musgrave Nooks Old France II. 204 A hybrid combination of ‘railcarriage, omnibus and diligence. 1880 Q. Rev. CXLV. 319 On the question of ‘rail charges a good deal might be written. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 9 Dec. 5/3 We shall hear a good deal more of ‘rail-cutting operations on the part of the enemy. 1944 Rail-cutting [see interdiction 4]. 1882 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1889) 1. 489 An hour’s ‘Rail distance from here. 1869 W. Barnes Early England 106 When the railway was taken into the hands of more learned men, we had .. the terminus instead of the ‘rail-end. 1955 R. W. & M. L. Settle Saddles ^ Spurs xii. 205 The first rail was laid in Sacramento October 26, 1863. Two years later rail-end had reached Colfax, fifty-five miles away. 1976 S. Hynes Auden Generation vii. 229 Details of landscape—the mountains, the pass, the rail-end—take on symbolic meanings. 1974 Times 22 Oct. 14/4 I’ll pay‘rail fares, of course. Second class. 1976 B. Williams Making of Manchester Jewry vi. 157 If the synagogue was prepared to pay the rail fare of a Jewish pauper as far as Hull, the society undertook to see him across the North Sea. 1896 Daily News 13 May 9/3 The advanced base camp has been transferred to the vicinity of the ‘rail

RAILED

RAIL head. 1905 Daily Chron. 14 June 4/2 The political rail-head ..has not got beyond Balfour Junction, and there are no definite lines of policy laid down beyond that point. 1905 Athenseum 24 June 7S1I2 When Lord Kitchener, during the operations of the Soudanese war, sternly relegated the war correspondents to the railhead, he earned the hostility of those who regard the distribution of news as of more importance. 1915 A. D. Gillespie Lett, from Flanders (1916) 243 There are some hills not far away, beyond the rail-head from which I marched in February. 1941 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang xvii. 119 Now mineral wealth comes in—copper at the Duchess, with a railhead at Dajarra. 1955 Times 22 July 9/7 The Indian Government pays for the long, expensive haul from Pathankot, the rail-head on the plains. 1961 Times 30 June 9/4 Railwaymen have come to talk of such goods stations as ‘railheads’. 1972 Oxford Times 5 May 4/1 Culham, Clifton Hampden, Stadhampton and Little Milton are all on the route from the Didcot railhead — and lorries are due to start rolling in three weeks’ time... No-one.. expected Didcot to be the railhead for the materials. 1973 Times 29 Nov. 16/7 Every factory and warehouse and all the rest—is provided with railhead facilities. 1974 Times 8 Jan. 2/5 We have said we would go ahead provided all those who wanted a railhead were prepared to make good the financial shortfall. t^7^Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 412/2 This was in general only temporary until the pipeline, gathering stations and railhead installations.. had all been fully run in. 1961 E. F. McKinney Educ. in Violence 365 Garrard’s Covington raid and Rousseau’s Opelika raid cut two-thirds of the *rail lines he had to break. 1976 Jrnl. (Newcastle) 26 Nov., Holly Avenue, a quiet street sandwiched endways between Osborne Road and the rail-line. 1978 Amer. Poetry Rev. Nov./Dec. 6/3 The linear travel of the rail-line has become three-dimensional. 1975 Guardian 21 Jan. 12/1 The *rail link from Folkestone to London. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 52/1 The first rail link with Britain by train and boat had been opened with the Calais Docks station in 1849. 1963 Times 23 May 13/7 Switzerland is the most ‘rail-minded country in the world. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 5 June 5/3 An excursion train on the Great Western line colliding.. with an empty ‘rail-motor coach. 1927 Observer 13 Nov. 13/3 ‘Rail motors’ or ‘motor trains’, may either take the form of self-contained vehicles having a steam or petrol engine built into the coach, or of trains hauled by very small engines and arranged to be driven from either end. 1962 Coast to Coast ig6l-62 202 Rattling along on a rail-motor somewhere south-west of Bundaberg, recollection nagged busily and painfully. 1967 G. F. Fiennes / tried to run a Railway iii. 24 They allocated a ‘railmounted gun.. to Norfolk. 1969 Jane's Freight Containers ig6S-6g 241/3 All these cranes are rail-mounted, pneumatic tyred cranes will not be used. 1855 Carlyle in E. FitzGerald's Lett. (1889) I. 235 The end of my shrieking, mad, (and to me quite horrible) ‘rail operations. 1933 Sun (Baltimore) 25 Sept. 6/8 A ‘railplane car, built along the lines of airplane architecture and designed to carry passengers over railroad tracks at ninety miles an hour, was announced today by the Pullman Car and Manufacturing Corporation. 1968 S. E. Ellacott Everyday Things in Eng. igi4-68 xii. 185 A gallant pioneer effort.. to revolutionize rail travel by suspending a carriage on an overhead rail.. was the invention of a Scot, George Bennie, who built his first railplane in 1929... Ironically, a monorail service was running with apparent success in Tokyo in 1957. 1976 Illustr. London News Nov. 29/2 The most effective way of providing a ‘rapid transit’ is to improve the ‘rail service. 1892 Swinburne Lett. (1962) VI. 30, I have got over the unnerving effects of ‘railsickness. 1928 Daily Tel. 17 July 4/5 Freehold ‘railside factoiy. 1959 Listener 8 Jan. 50/1 Iron ore is brought down to rail-side by country carts from the nearby mountains. 1958 Times Rev. Industry Feb. 74/1 ‘Railtankers standing in readiness then loaded up and took the crude oil the remaining 250 miles to the sea at Philippeville for storage. 1979 Jrn/. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 406/1 The oil would be transmitted by pipeline to a rail terminal for transmission by rail tanker. 01824 Robertson in Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 68 The ‘rail-track was now made of cast-iron and concave. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. Note-bks. (1883) 42 On our left, the rail-track kept close to the hills. 01824 A. Scott in Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 30 Simple as the common ‘rail-waggon convoy may appear [etc.].

Hence 'railage, conveyance by rail, or the charges for this; also attrib.; 'railery nonce-wd., travelling by rail; 'rally a. nonce-wd., railway¬ like. 1852 Ld. Cockburn Circuit Journ. (1883) 373 Too much railery is an unbecoming thing for an aged judge. 1859 Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 42 These vegetable Titans are of the rail, and raily. 1891 Auckland (N.Z.) Star i Oct. 4/2 Labour, cartage, and railage. 1903 Daily Chron. 19 June 5/2 Food and forage .. are continually coming forward from the coast at high cost for railage. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 19 Jan. 7/1 Welsh smokeless coal is now 19s. per ton at the pit’s mouth, and to that has to be added 8s. 4d. per ton for railage to London. 1955 Times 3 June 10/6 Further increases in the cost of commodities and stores, the latter resulting largely from the higher railage rates introduced in recent years. 1972 P. Newton Sheep Thief i. 14, I would require two horses.. and I would like to take my own. This would involve the cost of railage.

rail (reil), sb.^ Forms: 5-7 rayle, 5, 8 rale, 6-7 raile, 7- rail. [a. F. rale (Picard reille), OF. raale (i3-i4th c.), of uncertain origin. Hence also G. ralle, med.L. rallus.] A bird of the family Rallidae and especially of the genus Rallus: see LANDRAIL, WATER-RAIL. c 1450 Two Cookery-bks. 69 Votrellez, Rales, Quayles. 1483 Cath. Angl. 299/1 A Kzy\e, glebarius. 01529 Skelton Col. Chute 870 Some., by the barres of her tayle Wyll knowe a raven from a rayle. 1615 Markham Eng. Housew. (1660) 76 Sauce for a Quail, Raile, or any fat big bird. 1755 Mem. Capt. P. Drake H. xviii. 273 We diverted ourselves in the Meadows, where my Lord shot some Rales. 1843 Lever J. Hinton xxxv, All was hushed and still, save the deep note of the rail. 1885 G. S. Forbes Wild Life in Canara 207 The rails tried all they knew to stop the cobra. attrib. 1573 Baret Alvearie, A Raile bird, rusticula. 1808 T. Ashe Trav. H. 67 Rail-bird, Rallus Virginianus.

raU (red), sb.* rare. Also 6 rayle. [f. rail w."] An act of railing or reviling.

brochure has just come... For many years I railed my car to Scotland. Not again, at 3C100 a time.

6. intr. To travel by rail. Also with it.

a 1529 Skelton Caudatos Anglos 30 With thy versyfyeing rayles How they haue tayles. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. i. 43 All carelesse of his taunt and bitter rayle. 1869 Manning Petrt Privileg. (1871) ii. 9 Some half-educated minds .. who keep up the old rail against the Catholic religion.

1842 Lady Granville Lett. (1894) II. 337 We rail to Munich to-morrow. 1853 Vise. Stratford de Redcliffe in Lane-Poole Life II. 243 Next day we railed it away through Gratz and Laibach.

rail (red), sb.^ Sc. rare-K [f. rail v.^: cf. quot. 1887 in sense 2.] A row (of nails).

1889 Nature XLI. i8o In England, the summer fishing for mackerel is carried on by means of hand lines, and small boats may be seen ‘railing’ or ‘whiffing’ amongst the schools of mackerel.

1776 C. Keith Farmer’s Ha’ v. They.. set about their heels wi’ rails O’ clinkin rackets.

rail (red), sb.'^ [Origin uncertain: cf. rail hot-rod or dragster.

A

Punch 17 Oct. 560/2 A dragster, or rail, is the most skeletal vehicle of all. 1965 Daily Mail 2 Oct. 5/5 There is no lonelier place on earth than the cockpit of a rail... A rail? That is race-jargon for a dragster. 1977 Hot Car Oct. 42/2 A reasonable crowd showed to watch rails, gassers, comp altered, and street saloons race together. 1962

rail (red), v.^ Obs. exc. Sc. Also 4 raill-, 4-6 rayl(e, 5 rayll(e, 6 Sc. ralye. [a. OF. reiller:—pop. L. *reglare, L. reguldre, f. regula: see rail sb.^ 11. trans. To set in order or array; to arrange; to regulate. Obs. U1310 in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 43 The rose rayleth hire rode, a 1352 Minot Poems iv. 83 Both alblast and many a bow Was redy railed opon a row. c 144a Capgrave Life St. Kath. IV. 1020 Soo weel can oure mayden hir proporsyons rayll. Ibid. v. 1168 Whan that no counseill may you reden ne rayle. c 1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 181 Than his peo^ rayled theym togyther.

fb. To tie or fasten in a string or row. Obs. rare. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 141 [The rebels] were brought to London, all rayl’d in Ropes, like a Teame of Horses in a Cart. 1634 Ford Perk. Warb. iii. i, The ringleaders of this commotion, Railed in ropes, fit ornaments for traitors Wait your determinations.

2. To array, adorn, set {with something). c 1350 Will. Palerne i6i8 Eche a strete was.. realy rallied wip wel riche elopes. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3264 The rowelle whas rede golde.. Raylide with reched and rubyes inewe. C1430 Lydg. Reas. Sens. 2561 To conserve hyt, and to Raylle With fresh and lusty apparaylle. 1542 Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 85 Ane cott of blak sating ralyeit with gold and silver. Jamieson's Scot. Diet. Suppl. 317 To rail shoon, to fill the soles with rows of iron nails. fig. C1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iii. 1230 Wyth many ioyes I wyl 30W newly rayle.

rail (reil), Also 4-7 rayle, raile, 7 5^:. raill. [f. RAIL sb.^] 11. trans. To provide (vines, etc.) with rails; to train on rails. Obs. 1389 Helmingham MS. 21, If. 17b, J>e vyne..schal wax wilde but if she be railid. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 805 Now rayle hem, and of closure is no doute. 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. xvii. clxxvii. 717 Vynes ben perched and rayled and bounde to trees that ben nye to them.

2. a. To furnish or enclose (a place) with rails. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 820 (771) This yerd was large, and rayled alle the aleyes. c 1400 Beryn 291 A1 the Aleyis feir .. I-raylid. 1587 Nottingham Rec. IV. 215 Chayney Pooll the syde towardes Est Crofte to be rayled. 1641 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 286 All the streets are railed for the advantage of the show. 1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. & Jas. (Camden) 125 In rayling the walke called Swinley Rayles, in the forest of Windsor. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 173 The Church-yard., ought to be fenced in and railed. 01817 T. Dwight Trav. New Eng.f etc. (1823) I. 456 The sides of the causeys are stoned, capstained, and railed.

b. With adverbs, esp. to rail m, to enclose (a space or thing) with rails; to rail offy to separate by a railing. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. xxxi, Ane herbere grene, with wandis long and small Railit about. 1576 Gascoigne Kenelworth A iij, A bridge, the which was rayled in on both sides. 1604 Manchester Court Leet Rec. (1885) II. 205 Raphe Hulme hath Rayled in a parcell of land. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 112 If2 Sir Roger has..railed in the Communion-Table. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) 1. 221 A space was railed in for the reception of the. .jurors. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. V. 451 The footpaths were railed off along the whole distance.

fc. To confine (sheep) by rails. Obs. rare-^. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 84 Yett some will perswade to rayle them a little before they goe to field.

3. To provide (a hedge, bench, etc.) with a rail or rails. Also with abouty in (cf. 2 b). rare. B. Googe Heresb. Husb. (1586) 50 The common hedge made of dead wood, well staked and thicke plashed or railde. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xi. If 11 The Inck-Block. .is Railed in on its farther and hinder-sides.. with Wainscot Board. Ibid. xx. If 3 The Bench hath its farther Side, and both ends, railed about with slit Deal about two Inches high. 1577

4. To lay with rails (in sense 4 of the sb.). 1888 Harper's Mag. LXXVII. 125 One hundred and fifty miles of new road graded last year, which was to receive its rails this spring, will not be railed.

5. To convey by rail. 1865 Pall Mall G. 4 Sept. lo/i Fat cattle and fat sheep .. to be railed to market. 1916 E. W. Hamilton First Seven Divisions 142 Four Army Corps were railed up from the eastern frontier. 1936 R. C. K. Ensor England^ 1870-igi4 ix. 299 It cost as much at that time to rail coal from the Rhondda to North Dorset as to ship it 3,000 miles to Alexandria. 1973 Sunday Times 7 Oct. 46 Forty-fourthousand gallons of sterile milk are daily railed from Anand to Bombay. 1975 Times 27 Dec. 9/7 Next year’s Motorail

i

7. To fish with a hand-line over a boat s rail.

trail, v.^ Obs. Forms: 5 raylle, rayl, reyle, 5-6 rail(e, rayle, 6 Sc. rale. [Of obscure origin.] intr. To flow, gush {down). Usu. said of blood. c 1400 Laud Troy-bk. 6842 Thei mette so well.. That the blod fro hem rayled. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. v. 1720 Ffro thi eynez lete the water now be thi cheekis reyle. 1513 Douglas jEneis xi. xiii. 172 The blude haboundantly furth ralis. 1591 Spenser Vis. Bellay 155, I saw a spring out of a rocke forth rayle. 1600 Fairfax Tasso iv. Ixxiv, A tempest railed downe her cheekes amaine.

rail (reil), v.* Forms: a. 5-7 rayl, 6 Sc. ral-, raill, 6-7 rayle, rayll, 6- rail; p. 6 Sc. ral^e, rail3e, rel3ie. [a. F. ra///er (15th c.), of uncertain origin. Cf. RAILLY, RALLY.] 1. a. intr. To utter abusive language, 1460-70 Gregory Chron. (Camden) 229 He raylyd soore and grevysly to fortefy hys bretherynys sayyngys. 01529 Skelton Caudatos Anglos 63 Walke, Scot, Walke, sot, Rayle not to far. c 1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) iii. 44 Be 3e rank quhen thay begin to rebie. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia in. xi. 86 To force you from your Idlenesse, and punish you if you rayle. 1735 Berkeley Def. Free-think. Mathemat. §8 To see you rail and rage at the rate you do. 1781 Cowper Charity 500 Satire..Too often rails to gratify his spleen. 1871 B. Taylor Faust G875) I. xiv. 152 You rail, and it is fun to me.

b. constr. against, at, ^of, on, upon, ^with. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Ixxi, Sire Dynadan rayled with sir Tristram. 1519 Horman Vulg. 61 He is so pacient, that he suffereth men all to rayle and rage vpon him. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 23 [He] raileth against all the discipline of the church. Ibid. 47 The Masse is railed on. 1588 Babington Prof. Exp. Lord's Pr. (1596) 267 They rayle of al compulsion to the contrarie. 1602 Marston Ant. ^ Mel. V. Wks. 1856 I. 60 Hee railes at mee beyond reason. 1611 Bible Mark xv. 29 And they that passed by, railed on him. Ibid. Luke xxiii. 39 And one of the malefactors.. railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thy selfe and us. 1660 Wood Life Dec. (O.H.S.) I. 369 Who rayl’d more.. than he, against both Presbyterians and Independents? 177* Junius Lett. Iv. 291 Enemies.. rail at him for crimes he is not guilty of. 1819 Shelley Cyclops 98, I am the same, but do not rail upon me. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xii. 213 His very soldiers railed on him in the streets of Dublin. 1866 Miss Braddon Lady's Mile i. 6 Don’t rail against the women. 1872 Bagehot Physics Sf Pol. (1876) 195 We are beginning to see this, and we are railed at for so beginning.

t2. a. To jest, to rally. Also const, with. Obs. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 480 Sum rownis; and sum rabeis, and sum redis ballatis. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle, I jeste meryly, je me gaudis. 1590 Burel in Watson Coll. Poems (1709) II. 12 Let no man me esteme to raill, Nor think that raschelie I report. 1685 Evelyn Mrs. Godolphin G888) 98 Severall Ladyes..were railing with the Gallants triflein^ enough.

fb. To brag or boast. Obs. rare~^. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle in bostyng, jV me raille. He doth naught els but rayle at the ale house all daye.

3. a. trans. To bring (a person) into a certain condition by railing. Also rarely with a thing as obj. in other constructions. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iv. i. 139 Till thou canst raile the seale from off my bond Thou but offend’st thy Lungs to speake so loud. 1606-Tr. Cr. ii. i. 17, I shal sooner rayle thee into wit and holinesse. 1642 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. ii. §4 Noble natures., are not railed into vice. 1823 Lockhart Reg. Dalton i. xiii. (1842) 88 Trying..to rail his old English heart out of his bosom?

b. With adj. expressing the result, rare—^. 1676 Otway rail me dead.

Don Carlos v. i. You spightfully are come to

frail, Obs. rare. [Of obscure etym.] intr. To go about, wander, roam. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 6845 Aboute Ector euere thei rayled. Ibid. 7432 Ther come two kynges In that batayle. That saw Ector aboute rayle. As faucoun flees afftir dr^e. 1530 Palsgr. 678/1, I rayle, I straye abrode, je trace, je tracasse. He doth naught els but rayle here and there.

rail(reil), zj.® [Prob. echoic.] trans. and intr. To rattle. 1770 Armstrong Imitations 85 Every petty brook that crawled.. Railing its pebbles. 1844 [see railing ppl. 0.®].

railed (reild), ppl. a. [f. rail sb.^ and z;.^] 1. Enclosed with a rail or rails (sense 2). Also with advb., as railed~in, -off. 1639 Rec. Dedham, Mass. (1892) HI. 58 One litle parcell of meadow.. within a Rayled neck of Land. 1832 G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 205 The railed inclosure of the altar. 1868 E. Yates Rock Ahead ii. iii, The crowds kept pouring in to the railed-off space. 1892 Zangwill Bow Myst. 97 A woman.. standing before a railed-in grave. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 23 Aug. 364/4 A railed-off enclosure. 1973 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Starry Bird ix. 119 The man we were following.. gazed.. at the railed-off pieces of terrazzo on the pavement.

2. Laid with rails (sense 4). 1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 276 The. .Waggons.. are easily pushed by a Man, on a railed Way, to a Stage over the Canal. 1800 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 235

RAILER A waggon way or Railed Road for conveying stone from the quarry.

railerM'reib(r)). [f. rail rails; a reviler.

railroad

127

+ -erM One who

Douglas JEneis viii. Prol. 66 The rail3ear raknis na wordis, but ratlis furth ranis. 1575-85 Abp. Sandys Serm. xw. 242 He IS a railer, he doteth, he wanteth discretion. 1642 Milton A.pol. Smect. Introd., I go on to shew you the unbridl’d impudence of this loose rayler. 1726 Pope Odyss. 328 Dread not the railer’s laugh, nor ruffian’s rage. 1810 Crabbe Borough xiii, Thou writ’st of living men, And art a i^der and detractor then. 1859 Smiles Self-Help (i860) 216 The grumblers and the railers against fortune.

Hence Tailinged a., enclosed by a railing; also railinged off.

'railly, sb. Sc. rare-K woman’s jacket.

1862 Temple Bar Mag. V. 181 A turfed and railinged square. 1938 Archit. Rev. LXXXIV. 104 The plain railinged balcony outside the first floor windows was replaced, for obvious aesthetic as well as structural reasons, by balconettes related in style to many which adorn the *^24 K; Royce Trap Spider ii. 37 The houses were railinged oft, with sub-basements. Ibid. vii. 120 The squares were big., with a railinged green in their middle.

i8i8 Scott Br. Lamm, xii, What’s the colour o’ her hair? —and does she wear a habit or a railly?

railing ('reilii)), vbl. sb.^ [f.

rail v.* + -ing*.] The action of the vb.; abusing, abuse.

14.. Sir Beues (MS. M.) 149/3217 losyan made On her gurdill a knott rennand.. ouer a rayler sche it drew.

1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Ixxii, For this entente syr Dynadan said alle this raylynge and langage ageynst sir Tristram. 1533 Frith Another Bk. agst. Rastell ii. (1572) 66/2 He recounteth it to be rayling, gesting, and scolding. c 15S0 Sidney Ps. xxxi. vii, I understand what railing greate men spredd. 1681 Dryden Abs. & Achit. 555 Railing and praising were his usual Themes. Jfunius Lett, xviii. 77 Railing is usually a relief to the mind. 1873 Dixon Two Queens II. xi. vi. 255 He was proof against the railing of a mob. pi. 1526 Tindale I Tim. vi. 4 Stryfe, realinges [1534 raylinges], evyll surmysinges. 1612 T. Taylor (7owim. Titus ii. 8 Hee heard raylings and reproaches of many, a 1704 T. Brown Satire Antients Wks. 1730 I. 17 The gall, the railings ... which made these satires t^e with so much applause. 1854 Macaulay Biog. (1867) 30 It does not appear.. from the railings of his enemies, that he ever was drunk in his life.

railery, obs. form of raillery.

railing ('reiliB), ppl. a.^ [f. as prec. +

railerH'reib(r)). [f. rail f + -er'.] 1. A railmaker; one who fits or furnishes with rails. 1882 in Ogilvie. (Cf. stair-railer.)

2. One who travels by rail. 1874 J. Albery Two Roses i. 12 Wherever you go there’s Stone before you... Stone’s a railer. 1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 102 Your constant ‘railers’ are blindly Ignorant of the localities they scud over.

3. Racing. A runner that stays close to the rail. 1958 Times 29 Nov. yly A ‘railer’ will always stick to the rails and a slow starter will always be such.

frailer®. Obs. rare-^. = rail

i.

rail-fence, orig. U.S. [f. rails6.® + fence i6.] 1. A fence made of wooden posts and rails. Hence rail fencing. 1649 Charlestown (Mass.) Land Rec. (1878) 110, I doe sell .. five Akers of planting Land,.. Bounded on the .. North by the ould raile fence. 1725 Manchester (Mass.) Town Rec. (1889) 166 For making a rail fence from y' s[ai]d pound. 1807 Salmagundi 15 Oct. 331 Some.. enjoy the varied and roman tick scenery of.. rail fences.. potatoe patches, and log huts. 1848 Webster, Rail-fence. 01864 Hawthorne Grimshawe xii. (1891) 142 Simple and rustic as the gap in a rail fence. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. 18 One of the male birds accompanies me, flitting from post to post of the railfence. 1902 S.^E. White Blazed Trail xxxix. 355 It was near the ‘pole-trail’, which was less like a trail than a rail-fence. 1924 Lawrence & Skinner Boy in Bush i. 7 Her easy indiff^erence to English rail-fences. 1945 J. Horn in B. A. Botkin Lay my Burden Down 181 He was so fat he couldn’t git through the fence. You know what sort of fence, a rail fence it was. 1968 J. Arnold Shell Bk, Country Crafts v. loi Rail fencing usually consists of cleft or sawn oak posts set at 9 ft interv’als, each mortised to take three rows of rails. 1973 L. Russell Everyday Life Colonial Canada ii. 32 Easiest to construct w as the rail fence... Rails were about six inches in thickness and something like 12 feet long. 1979 Yale Alumni Mag. Apr. 24/3 The rail fence, the center of campus life for many years, was originally erected in the 1830s.

2. Cryptology. A cipher or code olrtained by splitting the plaintext between two or more lines in a zig-zag pattern (see quot. 1963). Also railfence cipher. 1939 H. F. Gaines Elementary Cryptanalysis iii. 12 Passing on to irregular types [of cryptogram], we find these in all degrees of difficulty, from the very simple ‘rail fence’ to the formidable ‘U.S. Army’ double transposition. 1943 J. M. Wolfe First Course in Cryptanalysis (rev. ed.) II. x. i During the Civil War the rail fence transposition was one of the cryptographic systems used as a field cypher. 1963 D. Kahn Plaintext 16 The rail-fence cipher can extend the number of lines in which the plaintext is distributed beyond two... If the key is 3, the cipher is still a rail-fence.

rail3e, -3ear, obs. Sc. ff. rail v.^, railer*. railing ('reilii)), vbl. sb.^ [f. rail v.^] tl. The training of vines upon rails, b. A shoot of a vine so trained; also attrib. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Ps. Ixxix. 12 [Ixxx. ii] He stra3te out his braunchis vnto the se; and vnto the flod his railingus [L. propagines'\. - Isa. xvi. 8 His railing braunches [L. propagines] ben forsaken, thei passeden the se. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. xviii. 614 Balsamum.. spredyth as a vyne wythout raylyng and vndersettinge.

2. The action of making fences, or enclosing ground with rails. Also railing-in. 1543 Act J5 Hen. VIII, c. 17 § 6 To.. take any of the same [coppies woodes] for palyng raylyng or enclosing of parkes. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 11. iii, The railing in of a repugnant and contradictive mount Sinai in the gospel. 1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. ^ Jas. (Camden) 139 Expended in., rayling and paleing in Bushy Parke.

b. concr. (also in pi.) A fence or barrier made of rails, or in some other fashion. 1471-2 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 94 Pro factura Ixiiij rod’ del Ralyng. 1826 Scott Woodst. i. The gilded railing, which was once around it, was broken down. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xii. 105 Tom .. stood listlessly gazing over the railings. transf. i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 125 From roof to ledge stretched a railing of cylindrical icicles.

c. Material for railings. 1812 Sir j. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. 336 Railing must be nailed across the boss .. but when railing is not at hand, a strong straw rope is commonly used in its stead. 1847 Smeaton Builder s Man. 147 Bars of fancy railing, and balusters of stairs consist of cast iron.

3. The laying of rails; a set or line of rails. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 655 The railing must.. be set out in levels, or in lines nearly level.

4. Comb, railing-line, a hand-line used over the rail of a boat. 1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 5 Rayling lines for Mackerell. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 12 Handlines and Long Lines.. railing Lines for Mackerel.

-ing^.]

That rails; characterized by railing. 1526 Tindale 9 Michael.. durst nott geve raylynge sentence, c 1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. lxxiv, ix, The wrong Of thy reviling railing foe. 1697 Dryden Virgil Life (1721) I. 53 The railing Eloquence of Cicero in his Philipics. 1724 Pope Lett. 10 Sept., The railing Papers about the Odyssey. 1821 Byron Sardanap. i. ii. The railing drunkards! why, what would they have?

t'railing,/)/)/. a.^ [f. rail v.^] Flowing. 1590 Spenser

F.Q. iii. iv. 57 Instead of rest thou lendest

rayling teares.

'railing, ppl. a.® [f. rail d.«] Rattling. 1844 Lever T. Burke II. 163 The railing crash of falling branches, and the deep baying of the storm. railingly ('reiliijli), adv. [f. -LY®.]

railing ppl. a.* -I-

In a railing manner.

Bauldwin Mor. Philos, (Palfr.) 132 When wee do railingly burst out against any man into slanderous and contentious words. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 65 They will railingly return them answer.

rai'lipotent, a.

nortce-wd. [f. rail v.*, after omnipotertt.] Powerful in railing. *593 G. Harvey Piercers Super. Prol. **46, Spare me, o super-dominering Elfe, And most Railipotent for euer raine.

raillery ('reibri). Also 7 railery. [a. F. raillerie, f. railler to rally: cf. rallery, a form which represents the older pron. ('raebn), given by Sheridan, Walker, Smart, etc., and still used by some (esp. U.S.) speakers.] 1. Good-humoured ridicule, banter. 1653 R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 245 The word Raillery you return’d me for interpretation.. is now grown here so common with the better sort, as there are few of the meaner that are not able to construe it. 1656 Cowley Misc. Pref., I am not ignorant, that by saying this of others, I expose my self to some Raillery. 1756-82 J. Warton Ess. Pope II. xi. 257 The raillery is carried to the very verge of railing, some will say ribaldry. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vii. X, A company in which you have been galled by the raillery of some wag by profession. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus Ixi. 127 The countryman’s Ribald raillery.

b. With a and pi.: An instance of this. 1654 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 100 He sayes Sir E. H. found fault with the meat and such like railleries. 1683 D. A. Art Converse 100 An Innocent Railery is their greatest delight. 1710 Addison Whig-Exam. No. 1 IP I There is a shocking familiarity both in his railleries and civilities. 1829 Lytton Devereux i. ii, All his purposed railleries deserted him.

t2. Railing, reviling. Obs. rare. 1709 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) II. 180 He fell into a great Passion, and began to call Names.. He continu’d his Raiile^. Ibid. 193 The very stile, w'^ is nothing but Raillery and Billingsgate.

railless ('reillis), a.

[f. rail sb.‘‘ Devoid of rails; having no railway.

+

-less.]

1887 Hissey Holiday on Road vii. 123 The railless, almost roadless downs. 1897 Daily News 25 Jan. 3/1 The slippery and railless gangway. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 11 Mar. 7/2 Considerable amusement was created among the crowded audience by the pictures of bygone ‘railless engines’. 1981 Daily Tel. 6 June 11/3 It will be sad..to see the rail-less cutting and the crumbling station.

Ilrailleur. Obs. Also 7-8 raillieur. [Fr., f. railler to rally.] One who practises raillery. 1667 Sprat Hist. R. Soc. 417 The Family of the Railleurs is deriv’d from the same Original with the Philosophers. 1675 Wycherley Country Wife 11. Wks. (Rtldg.) 75/2 His acquaintance were all wits and raillieurs. 1751 J. Brown Shaftesb. Charac. 62 note, Setting aside all raillery, advising the railleurs to be serious.

t'raillier. Obs. Also 8 -yer. [f. -ER^]

railly v.

+

= RALLIER**. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. 288 An airy Gentleman of the World, and a thorow Raillyer. 1754 Richardson Grandison IV. vi. 50 The free, gay, Raillier.. of all our Sex’s Foibles.

[f. rail s6.* + -y.] A

frailly, v. Obs. Also 7 rayly, raillie. railler to rally t;.^] 1. a. intr. To rally, to jest.

[ad. F.

.*^35"56 Cowley Davideis i. Note 18 He would not railly with the God from whom he hoped for Relief. 1673 (3. Walker Educ. v. 45 If they railly, droll, and speak evil of others, a 1760 I. H. Browne Poems (1768) 111 Train’d up to laugh,.. And railly with the prettiest air.

b. trans. To rally, ridicule, tease (a person). 1673 Lady's Call. i. v. §26 The jollier [sort] that would railly them out of their faith. 1740 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 269 He began to railly himself with .. much wit and humour.

2. intr. To mock, scoff, or jeer at. 1678 Wood Life ii Dec. (O.H.S.) II. 426 Barnesley a Jesuit., came then through Oxford.. attended by a guard and a tipstaff; raylied at by the boyes.

Hence 'raillying vbl. sb. rare~^. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. Auth. Pref., There would be .. scoffing and flouting, with raillying and reparteeing.

raillyer, obs. form of raillier. railman ('reilman). [f. rail 6 c.] A person employed on a railway; a railwayman. 1923 Weekly Dispatch 11 Feb. 3 {heading) Lord Lascelles and the Railmen. Ibid. 25 Mar. i {heading) Railmen forbidden to obey the French. 1927 Sunday Times 6 Mar. 15/6 {heading) Duke and the railmen. 1967 Guardian ii Dec. i/i Management proposes to replace the many dozens of [railway] job classifications.. by four broad and flexible grades. They would be called Railmen.. Leading Railmen .. Senior Railmen.. and Chargemen. 1976 Milton Keynes Express ii June 5/4 Wolverton Works this week scotched rumours that psychological tactics were being used in an attempt to squeeze out any of the local railmen involved in the closed shop row. 1977 Listener 2 June 703/1 Our industry is always associated with rattling a begging bowl. Some railmen are even embarrassed about going into the pub.

t railodok ('reibdok). Obs. Also -doc, -dock, R-. The name given to an observation car, running on rails and conveying visitors round the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924. Also attrib. 1924 Glasgow Herald 31 May 8 {heading) Railodok Tour of the Exhibition. Ibid., Her Majesty.. toured the Exhibition in a railodok car. 1924 Times 29 July (Brit. Empire Suppl.) p. xxi/6 The Railodok cars .. travel from point to point and make circular tours. Ibid., It is possible for goods to be taken right up to the stalls.. inside the bigger halls by Railodok trolley. 1924 British Weekly 21 Aug. 446/3, I made the complete tour in the railodoc. 1925 Ibid. 9 July 331/3 Boats on the lake were well patronised, and the railodok cars were partly full. 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 16 The tenns for the various vehicles to take visitors round like the railodocks are probably doomed to extinction.

t railophone (’reibfsun). Obs. Also with capital initial, [f. rail -I- -o -I- phone ^6.®] A telephone in a train. Also attrib. Hence as v. trans., to telephone by means of such a phone. 19H Times 8 Feb. 25/2 Any train fitted with the Railophone can be instantly spoken to. 1911 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 268/1 {heading) The Railophone system of wireless telephony on trains. 1912 Morning Post 29 June 10/7 Last year the first public installation of the railophone .. was made on the Stratford-on-Avon and Midland Junction Railway, and the process of telephoning to and from moving trains and the sending of messages from stations to trains and vice versa was then clearly demonstrated. Ibid., These instruments are electrically connected with two large insulated copper coils mounted in a wooden casing called the railophone frames. Ibid., Messages to and from passengers can be railophoned with ease.

railroad ('reilrsud), sb. Also 8-9 rail road, rail¬ road. [f. RAIL s6.® 4. Now chiefly U.S., the usual term in Great Britain being railway.] 1. a. = RAILWAY I. *757 b Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymmrodorion i8gy-g8 (1899) Laying rails or making a railroad to the pits from the main or great road. 1771 T. Pennant Tour in Scotl. iy6g 29 The collieries lie at different distances.. and the coal is brought down in waggons along rail roads. 1775 Smeaton Rep. (1837) II. 411 It seems perfectly practicable to carry the coals upon a rail-road. 1793-Edystone L. §167 note, The timber road, commonly called at the Collieries, where they are used, a Rail Road. 1805 Trans. Soc. Arts XXIII. 318 A horse employed on a rail-road. 1832 Act 2 (Sl 3 Will. IV, c. 64 Sched. O. 40 Along Smithsons railroad to the point at which the same meets the Dewsbury road. 1855 ‘Q. K. P. Doesticks’ Doesticks what he Says xvi. 138 Every stitch was as long as a railroad. 1873 ‘Mark Twain’ Gilded Age xvii. 163 Yes, this is the railroad, all but the rails and the ironhorse. 1888 Ruskin Praeterita III. iv. 174 You enterprised a railroad.. you blasted its rocks away... And now, every fool in Buxton can be at Bakewell in half-an-hour, and every fool in Bakewell at Buxton. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 28 Sept. 14/5, I came along the old railroad to town this morning.

b. = RAILWAY I b. 1852 Caroline Fox Old Friends (1882) 276 The speculum [of Lord Rosse’s telescope].. has its own little railroad, over which it runs into the cannon’s mouth.

2. a. = RAILWAY 2. 1825 T. Tredgold Rail-Roads ^ Carriages i. 15 The Surrey rail-road commences on the south bank of the Thames, near Wandsworth..and proceeds..to Croydon, and from thence.. to Merstham, making a total distance of about 18 miles. 1830 M. Edgeworth Let. 18 Oct. (1971) 419 A regular communication goes on now by trains of cars on

RAILROAD this railroad backwards and forwards to Liverpool and Manchester. 1831 Scott Ct. Robert Introd., The giddiness attendant on a journey on this Manchester railroad. 1835 Moore Mem. (1856) VII. 95 To Liverpool by the railroad; a grand mode of travelling. 1856 Mod. Paint. III. iv. xvii. §35 Your railroad., is only a device for making the world smaller. 1969 New Statesman 4 July 23/3 I’d also like to know whether the late Peter Arno coined, or merely repeated, three of his cartoon captions.. ‘What a way to run a railroad’. 1976 New Former 16 Feb. 75/1 Here, at last, is an explanation of why the railroads in the United States have been decaying. fig. 1847 Hamilton Let. to De Morgan 5 Mathematicians .. leaving the level railroad of their own [science],

b. pL Railway shares. 1848 J. J. Ruskin Let. 17 Mar. in M. Lutyens Ruskins & Grays iigy2) xi. 98 If you do not.. deceive yourself or are led to plunge farther into Railroads—your situation is much better than I expected. 1916 C. Sandburg Chicago in Poetry Mar. 191 Hog Butcher for the World, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and the Nation’s Freight Handier. 1957 [see Dow-Jones]. 1964 Financial Times \ 2 Mar. 3/1 All the Dow Jones Indices made headway, with new all-time closing peaks again recorded by Industrials and Railroads. 3. attrib. and Comb. (cf. railway 3).

a. attrib., as railroad agent, bill, bookstand, box-car, brakeman, camp, car, carriage, charge, coach, companion, company, conductor, conveyance, crew, cut, depot, detective, engineer, equipment, fare, hat, hotel, land, line, man, map, omnibus, pace, pass, police, president, security, shares, speed, spur, station, town, track (also as v. trans.), train, travelling, tunnel, whistle. 1859 Redpath & Hinton Handbk. Kansas Territory ii. 24 Select your route before buying your ticket, without consulting any ’railroad agent. 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. 1. 296/1 The Aylesbury and Thame ’Railroad Bill. 1847 F. A. Kemble Rec. Later Life (1882) HI. 289 One of those pale green volumes headed, ‘Reading for Travellers’, to be found on all the ’railroad bookstands. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 4 July i-c/3 ‘Beet shacks’ vary in luxury. But few are as primitive as the old ’railroad boxcars that once housed migrants and still dot the area. 1898 Kansas City Star 18 Dec. 2/3 Grant Meade became a ’railroad brakeman. 1976 Washington Post 19 Apr. C1/2 When Mack was born in 1902 in Greeley, Colo., his father, a railroad brakeman, named him William Edward Maguiness. a 1927 F. M. Canton Frontier Trails {ig^o) ii. 33 Stolen cattle were driven into ’railroad camps and sold to contractors at half their value. 1977 H. Fast Immigrants 11 He was nursed in railroad camps while his father drove spikes and handled steel rails. 1830 Mechanics' Press (Utica, N.Y.) 17 Apr. 183/3 Prizes.. are offered on the following subjects: Iron castings,.. Steam Carriages, ’Rail Road Car, [etc.]. 1863 B. Taylor H. Thurston v. 71 We ask that his boasted chivalry be put into practice, not merely in.. giving us his seat in a railroad-car. 1923 C. R. Cooper Under Big Top i. 4 A circus .. has its own railroad cars. 1967 N. Y. Times (Internat. Ed.) 11-12 Feb. 4/6 The snow, loaded in 14 railroad cars, arrived here yesterday as Chicago officials sought to clear out some of the nearly 40 inches that has fallen there since Jan. 26. 1839 Parkin in Barlow Railw. Eng. Wheels (1848) 26 Improvements in ’railroad and other carriages. 1865 Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 85 Your one conception of pleasure is to drive in railroad carriages round their aisles. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) vi. 92 The entirely different development of the railroad and the railroad carriage in the United States. 1848 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 29 July 481/1 We wish to call attention to the subject of ^railroad charges, ioi passengers 2nd freight. 1833 Niles's Reg. XLIV. 98/2 Comfortable naps may be taken in the ’rail-road coaches, if desired. 1839 Bowdler Sujiday Trains 15 Proprietors of Railroad coaches. 1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain 363 The troubled thoughts from which his ’railroad companion had extricated him. 1815 New Jersey Acts 69 The New-Jersey Rail Road Company. Said president and directors so to be chosen shall be called The New-Jersey ’Rail Road Company. 1825 Hone Every¬ day Bk. I. 173 Twenty Rail Road Companies. 1903 E. Johnson Railway Transportation 73 The railroad company derives its powers from a charter granted to it by the State. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) ii. 35 The railroad companies’ monopoly on transportation. 1842 Liberator (Boston) 21 Jan. lo/i The kingly power of a ’rail-road conductor. 1942 E. Paul Narrow St. vii. 61 The time came for Mariette to marry the railroad conductor of her choice. 1967 Railroad conductor [see BRAKESMAN 2]. 1825 Wood Pract. Treat. Railroads Introd. I The acknowledged importance of ’Railroad conveyance. 1976 Times 23 July 11/6 Buffalo Bill.. had been .. buffalo hunter for a contractor supplying food to the Kansas Pacific ’railroad crews. 1862 Rebellion Rec. V. ii. 403 On Friday morning we held the ridge, in front of which runs an incomplete ’railroad-cut. 1940 Quiz on Railroads & Railroading (Assoc. Amer. Railroads) Quest. 13 What is a railroad cut? When the right-of-way of a railroad is cut through a hill, knoll or slope to provide a roadway, the excavation is called a cut. 1836 Southern Lit. Messenger II. 735 Away we whirled with great rapidity to the ’railroad depot, where the cars were ready to receive us. 1980 L. St. Clair Obsessions i. 36 Companies of Red troops..were marching toward the railroad depot. 1903 R. L. McCardell Conversations Chorus Girl 78 Aunt Em says the ’railroad detectives seen him in a saloon. 1942 Z. N. Hurston Dust Tracks on Road xii. 229 De white man .. he was a ’railroad engineer. 1976 A. White Long Silence vi. 44 The signals office contained the latest ’railroad equipment. 1910 N.Y. Even. Post 17 Dec. 7 The round-trip ’railroad fare will be $6.80. 1957 J. Kerouac On 1. iii. 15 All the men were.. wearing ’railroad hats, baseball hats. 1869 Bradshaw's Railway Manual XXI. 427 Expended ..’Railroad hotel—86,082. 1872 F. F. Victor All over Oregon & Washington xvi. 188 The ’railroad lands will be mostly taken in the foot-hills. 1872 Newton Kansan 17 Oct. 3/3 Mr. Wm. B. Blake.. having purchased railroad land east of town, is about building a fine residence thereon. 1908 Pacific Monthly Jan. 6/1 The people on the railroad lands

128 began to want deeds. 1841 Punch 16 Oct. 165/2 The infernal smashes that have recently taken place on several ’railroad lines. 1979 A. Hollar tr. W. Schivelbusch's Railway Journey (1980) vi. 98 American railroad lines proceed by curves. 1845 Thoreau Jrnl. 14 July in Writings (1906) VII. 366 ’Railroad men who take care of the road. 1980 L. St. Clair Obsessions i. 21 The yard superintendent tells us you are a good railroad man. 1976 J. Lee Ninth Man 70 He would need ’railroad maps and timetables. 1858 C. M. Yonge Christmas Mummers i. 9 They had actually hopes of being able to hire the ’railroad omnibus. 1838 Dickens Let. 20 May (1965) I. 400, I hope to make a great dash tomorrow, however, to proceed at ’railroad pace. 1840 Thackeray Catherine i, Hope, glory, ..and such subjects,.. whirled through their brains at a rail-road pace. 1895 W. H. Chambliss Diary 48, I did not come out on one of those ’railroad passes especially designed for the accommodation of senators. 1976 New Yorker 15 Nov. 41/3 They also included bookplates, letterheads, railroad passes, commercial paperweights and music sheets. 1913 J. London Valley of Moon in Cosmopolitan July 241/1 Up Pine Street.. was coming a rush of ’railroad police.. firing as they ran. 1914 Sat. Even. Post 4 Apr. 52/3 The train slowed down. The Kid swung off. He feared the railroad police in the terminal yards. 1892 ‘Mark Twain’ Amer. Claimant xiv. 134 There isn’t a lawyer, doctor, editor, author, tinker, loafer, ’railroad president, saint.. in the United States that wouldn’t jump at the chance. 1949 Chicago Daily News 9 Aug. 10/5 His chance of becoming an American railroad president is probably about one in ten million. 1912 ’Railroad security [see killing vbl. sb. 2]. at al )7is werld J>aim mai not raim. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 185 We clayme t>is our heritage& porgh hard woundes of pam salle reyme it eft.

2. To put to ransom, exact ransom from; hence, to spoil, plunder, deprive (of). c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (i8io) 43 Eilred has no ping. Eilred is so reymed [F. raynt] of his tresorie. 1340 Ayenb. 44 Sergons pet accusep .. pet poure uok and ham dop raymi [F raembre] and kueadliche lede. a 1400-50 Alexander 2488 his souerayn.. J>03t to ride & to ravme pe regions of barbres CI460 Towneley Myst. xiii. 16 We ar so hamyd, Fortaxed, and ramyd.

b. To take away from a person, rare. ai400-so Alexander 2S10 ]?en am I raddest all our realme be raymed vs first.

c. ? To rare~^.

treat

with

violence,

to

torment.

C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 185 False marchauntis.. preisen hym most pat foulest raymep alle pe membris of crist falsly.

3. a. absoL To take at will. b. trans. To get possession of; to have control of; to rule over. C1325 Pol. Songs (Camden Soc.) 150 Thus me pileth the pore and pyketh ful dene, The ryche raymeth withouten eny ryht. C1330 R. Brunne C/iron. (1810) 263 If he had., gyuen pam.. per wynnyng ilk a dele, pat pei mot reyme & g>'ue. J362 L.angl. P. pi. A. i. 93 Kynges and knihtes scholde.. rihtfuliche raymen the realmes a-bouten. 1393 Ibid. C. XIV. g6 Al that the ryche may reyme and ryghtfulliche dele.

raim, variant of rame v., to cry. raiment (’reimsnt), sb. Forms: 5-7 rayment, (5-6 -e), 6 rement, 6- raiment. [Aphetic form of arrayment: cf. ray 7;.] Clothing, clothes, dress, apparel. Now' rhet. C1440 Promp. Part'. 422/1 Rayment, or arayment.., ornatus. 1470-85 Malory Arthur viii. xxviii, They brouat hym thyder in a fysshers rayment. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §151 An other symple man.,seynge him to weare suche rayment, thynketh.. that he maye were as good, a 1625 Fletcher Women Pleased i. ii, Do you think to. .keep me like an alms-woman in such rayment, Such poor unhandsome weeds? 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) 72 Provision for Food, Rayment, and the like. 1781 CowPER Truth 235 You .. cast his filthy raiment at them all. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xxv. 96 The white raiment destined to the saints. 1868 Miss Braddon Dead Sea Fr. I. i. 3 Bright with the holiday raiment of busy multitudes. fig. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 41 The masking rayment of Poesie. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. xxii. All that beauty that doth cover thee Is but the seemly raiment of my heart. 1819 Shelley P. Bell jrd Prol. 5 Wrapped in weeds of the same metre. The so long predestined raiment [etc.].

fb. With a and pL : An article of clothing, a garment, a dress. Obs. 1483 Caxton Cato F ij. Thou oughtest not to haue .. ouer precyous Jewellys ne raymentes. 1527 Lane. Wills (1857) I. 6 The residue of my raymentes not beqwhethed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. vi. 9 With ruffled rayments, and fayre blubbred face. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, iii. {1701) 122/1 A new Rayment for your use this Winter. fig. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. 1. i. §7 Error seldom walks abroad the world in her own raiments.

Hence f'raiment v. trans., to clothe; 'raimented ppl. a., clothed (lit. and fig.)\ 'raimentless a., destitute of raiment. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law 57 He robes, raiments, and ornaments him from head to foot. 1833 Tennyson Poems 16 All raimented in snowy white. 1861 Bp. G. Smith Ten Weeks Japan xix. 272 Raimentless, naked, tattooed bodies. 1887 D. C. Murray & Herman Traveller Returns w. 132 No woman of Coerlea had ever before her been so gorgeously raimented.

raimondite ('reimandait). Min. [Named in 1866 after A. Raimondi, an Italian scientist: see -ITE.] A hydrous sulphate of iron, occurring in hexagonal yellow crystals. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. ist Suppl.

rain (rein), sb.'^ Forms: i rejn, rsejn, 1-2 ren, 2 rien, 2-4 rein, (3 -e), 3 re33n, 3-5, rayn, (4-6 -e), 3-6 reyn, (4-6 -e, ? 5 reynne), 4 rene, 4-5, 6 Sc. rane, 4-7 raine, 3- rain. [Comm. Teut.: OE. re^n, ren = OFris. rein (mod. reijn), OS. regan, -in (Du. regen), OHG. regan (MHG., G. regen), ON. (Sw., Da.) regn, Goth. rign. There are no certain cognates outside of Teut.] 1. a. The condensed vapour of the atmosphere, falling in drops large enough to attain a sensible velocity; the fall of such drops. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxlvi. 8 Se oferwirS heofen mid wolenum & gearwaC eorSan regn. aiooo i^)LFRlC Gen. vii. 4

Ic..sende ren nu..ofer eorSan. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1117 Mid punre & lihtinge & reine & hagole. are l^is holie man stod Ne fel neuere a reynes drope.] CI400 Solomon's Bk. Wisdom ii Who schulde l?e rein-dropes telle. 1560 Pilkington Expos. Aggeus 180 The teares like rayn droppes come tricklinge doune his cheekes. 1698 Keill Exam. Th. Earth (1734) 163 We must not imagine, that rain drops have the same form and density in the Clouds with which they arrive at the ground. 1^5 Wordsw. Waggoner i. 156 Large rain-drops on his head Fell, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. x. 65 The rounded rain-drops had solidified during their descent. attrib. i860 G. H. K. in Vac. Tour 117 Sprinkling sweet odours and sparkling raindrop gems. 1879 Dana Geol. (ed. 3) 84 Rill-marks, mud-cracks, and rain-drop impressions.

2. The dropping of rain or rain-water, rare. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. xxiv. 108 Of reste he is vr tabernacle To schilde vs from reyn-drope. 1880 Muirhead Gaius ii. § 140, Urban servitudes are.. the rights of roof-gutter and rain-drop.

raine,

obs. form of rain, reign, rein.

'rainer. [f.

rain v. + -er*.] One who rains. a 1845 Hood To St. Swithin v. Mother of all the Family of Rainers! Saint of the Soakers! 1889 Max Muller Nat. Relig. XV. 484 The human mind must think a rainer behind the rain.

t Raines. Obs. Forms: a. 4-6 reynes, 5 raynez, -ys, raygnes, 5-6 raynes, 6 rein(e)s. Sc. rence, 6-7 rains, 6-8 raines. /3. 5 rayne. [f. Raynes, obs. f. Rennes-, see def. The place-name occurs in the form Raynes c 1460 in the Play Sacram. 107: also 1489 in Paston Lett. (1897) III. 358.]

1. cloth of Raine{s)y a kind of fine linen or lawn made at Rennes in Brittany. Also with a or one: a piece of this. C1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 255 Many a pelowe, and euery bere Of clothe of reynes. 14.. iSor. lowe Deere 842 Your shetes shall be of clothe of rayne. 1405 in J. M. Cowper Churchw. Acc. St. Dunstan's, Canterbury p. xi, j cloth of raynez for the lectron. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 281 b. Clothed in purpull & cloth of reynes. 1558 Morwyng Ben Gorion (1567) 61 Upon the beere was also a cloth of raynes.

b. Similarly with names of garments or other articles made of this cloth. *395 E.E. Wills (1882) 4 A peyre schetes of Reynes. a 1400-50 Alexander 1550 All samen of a soyte in surples of raynes. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 130 ban take a towaile of Raynes. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus I. 127 [A] noble seme was on his sark of Rence.

2. absoL = Cloth of Raines. 1526 Tindale Luke xvi. 19 Clothed in purple, and fyne raynes. a 1571 Jewel On 2 Thess. (1611) 141 That great City that was clothed in reines, and scarlet, and purple. 1607 J. Carpenter Plaine Mans Plough 26 The which in the Apocalips are called the pure raines of the Bride. 1721 C. King Brit. Merch. I. 283 Boulteel Raines, 368 Pieces.

raine-sacking,

obs. f. ransacking ppL a.

'rainfall, [f. rain sbf + fall sb.] 1. A fall or shower of rain. 1848-58 Kingsley Poems 15 Pawing the spray.. till a fiery rainfall.. Sparkled and gleamed. 1884 Manch. Exam. 6 June 4/6 Early in the game there was a smart rainfall.

2. The quantity of rain falling in a certain time within a given area, usually estimated by inches (in depth) per annum. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. iii. (1860) 139 The Rainfall of this year.. must have stood .. above even this average. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 282 There is one arid region, with a normal rainfall of less than fifteen inches. attrib. 1868 Symons's Meteorol. Mag. HI. 204 Rainfall Registration. 1869 Ibid. IV. 133 Report of the Rainfall Committee. 1872 Meldrum in Q. Jrnl. Meteorol. Soc. (1873) I. 131 The rainfall tables of land-stations.

rainforce, ?

obs. Sc. form of reinforce.

rain

forest. Also with hyphen, [tr. G. regenwald (A. F. W. Schimper Pftanzengeographie (1898) iii. iii. 281): see RAIN sb.^ and FOREST sb.] A dense forest in an area of high rainfall with little seasonal variation, esp. a tropical forest characterized by a rich variety of plant species. Also attrib. 1903 W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-Geogr. i. iii. 260 The Rain-forest is evergreen, hygrophilous in character, at least thirty meters high, but usually much taller, rich in thick-stemmed Hanes, and in woody as well as herbaceous ^iphytes. 1922 W. G. Kendrew Climates of Continents 327 The air is always moist, and the forests are very luxuriant. Dense rain-forest, with rubber, vanilla, and cacao, flourishes up to about 4,000 feet. 1926 T. F. Chipp in Tansley & Chipp Aims & Methods in Study of Vegetation x. 207 The tropical rain forest is a type developed under abundant water supply, with high temperature of little variation, and but a short, if any, dry season. 1937 Allee & Schmidt Hesse's Ecol. Animal Geogr. xxi. 428 This rain¬ forest reaches its largest continuous extent in South America. 1952 P. W. Richards Tropical Rain Forest i. i The name ‘Rain forest’ is commonly given, not only to the evergreen forest of moist tropical lowlands.. but also to the somewhat less luxuriant evergreen forest found at low and moderate altitudes on tropical mountains, and to the evergreen forests of oceanic subtropical climates. 1956 Nature 25 Feb. 367/2 A detailed entomological survey .. has been commenced in and around Ilobi, a typical rain-forest belt village fifty miles from Lagos, i960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xiv. 430 In lowland rain forest any luxuriant herbaceous ground-vegetation is found chiefly in clearings .. where illumination is above the average. 1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 59/1 Sizable areas of rain forest still stand in Amazonia, Africa, Borneo and New Guinea, but.. the rain forest is

retreating. 1974 Country Life 9 Oct. 894/3 Apes, monkeys, rhinoceroses, okapis, bongoes, tapirs and antelopes are just some of the other rain forest animals dependent on this habitat for their survival. 1978 Ko/cDec. 25/1 Tropical rain forests are one of the world’s main remaining wild places.

rainment, rains:

'rain-fowl.

1947 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch i June 12-C/3 Barring professional uncertainties such as rainouts, wrecks, engine trouble, etc., a racer has a chance for good money. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 14 May ii. 3/5 National League figures show the senior circuit was hit hardest with 20 rainouts compared with 11 for the same period last year. 1977 New Yorker 15 Aug. 24/3 The day after the rainout, the sun emerged, and that evening Jimmy Buffett and his band, the Coral Reefers, finally made it to Wollman Memorial Rink, in Central Park. 2. [After fall-out.] Incorporation into

? Obs. 1. a. = rainbird i. C1440 Promp. Parv. 428/1 Reyn’ fowle, bryd (or Wodewale, or Wodehake), gaulus. 1678 Ray Willughbys Ornith. 135 The green Woodpecker.. called also the Rainfowl. 1769 J. Wallis Northumberland I. 321 The lesser spotted Woodpecker,. Our common people call them Picka-trees, also Rain-fowl, from their being more loud and noisy before rain.

b. The Mistletoe Thrush. 1817 T. Forster Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 70 Turdus viscivorus.. Stormcock, Stormbird,.. Rainfowl. 2. = RAINBIRD 2. 1694 Ray in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 200 The referring of the (Dld-men, or Rain-fowls, to the Cuckow. 3. = RAINBIRD 3. 1849 tr. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 215 The Australian Rain-fowl {Scr. australasia)^ a grey bird of the size of a crow.

'rainfuh a. [f.

rain sb.^ + -ful.] Rainy. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop v. viii, This yere shalle be raynfull and grete habondaunce of waters shalle falle. 1877 Blackie Wise Men 126 Dionysus, born Of rainful Jove.

rainge(r,

obs. forms of range(r.

'rainily, adv.

[f. rainy a. + -ly^] In a rainy manner; with rain falling. 1835 New Monthly Mag. XLIII. 495 The day now went very rainily and pleasantly on. 1887 Bowen Virg. j^neid iii. 516 Palinurus .. observes .. the Hyads rainily bright. raininess ('reininis). [f. rainy £2. + -ness.] The

fact or condition of being rainy. 1727 in Bailey, vol. II. 1849 Kingsley Misc. N. Devon II. 298 The very raininess of the climate.. leaves the clear air.. all the more pure.

raining ('reinir)), vbl. sb. [f.

rain v.

+ -ing^.]

The action of the vb. 1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 190 As shinyng sunne refreshe the frutes When rainyng gins to cease. 1611 Bible Ecclus. xliii. 18 The heart is astonished at the raining of it [snow]. 1633 P. Fletcher Elisa i. xlix, So high her eye-banks swell’d with endlesse raining. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Rain, Preternatural rains, such as the raining of stones, of dust, of blood .. and the like.

'raining, ppl. a. rare. That rains, rainy. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss, I. ccvii. 244 The season was sore reyning and weyt. 1647 Fuller Good Thoughts in Worse T. 17 A husbandman at plow in a very raining day. 1829 Amer. Jrnl. Science Gf Arts XV. 170 Raining Trees... There has been found in Brazil a tree the young branches of which drop water. t'rainish, a. Obs. rare

[f. rain sb.^ + -ISH.]

Somewhat rainy. 1530 Palsgr. 322/1 Raynisshe, belonging to rayne, pluuial. 1598 Florio, Piouaiuolo, rainish, waterish, shourish.

raink,

obs. Sc. form of rank.

rainless ('reinlis), a. [f.

rain sb.^ + -less. Cf. G. regenloSf Sw. regnlos.] Destitute of rain.

1557 TottelVs Misc. (Arb.) 177 Gaping ground that raineles can not close. 1596 J. Norden Progr. Pietie (1847) 104 No shaft, no shot, no rainless cloud. Can daunt his spouse with woe. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. The Law 528 Rainlesse their soyl is wet. 1842 J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) I. 242 An hour of rainless sunshine. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 457 The sandy deserts of the rainless districts of Chili.

Hence 'rainlessness. 1879 Miss Bird Rocky Mntns. 2 The look of long rainlessness, which one may not call drought.

'rainmaker, rain-maker, MAKER.]

RAINY

136

RAIN-FOWL

[f.

rain

sbf

+

a. A member of a tribal community

believed or claiming to be able to procure rain by the use of magic, b. One who attempts to cause rainfall by a technique such as seeding. Hence 'rain-making sb. and a. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 89 The old women were less honest in paying their rain-makers. 1775 J. Adair Hist. Amer. Indians 87 Rain-making, in the Cheerake mountains, is not so dangerous an office, as in the rich level lands of the Chikkasah country, near the Mississippi. 1856 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. i. 25 The poor African, who.. seeks the conjurations of the rainmaker. 1889 Rider Haggard Allan's Wife 158 This old rain-making savage. 1890 J. Frazer Golden Bough I. i. 13 The third, who was called ‘the rain-maker’, had a bunch of twigs with which he sprinkled water from a vessel. 1903 Folk-lore Sept. 252 The sorcerers .. are capable of rain-making, sun-making, and wind¬ making. 1930 E. R. B. Gribble 40 Yrs. with Aborigines ix. 87 One old fellow was a noted rain-maker. 1934 V. G. Childe New Light Most Anc. East i. 10 These are ruled by rain-maker magicians or by divine kings who were until recently ritually slain, i960 Times 22 Apr. 9/2 The rainmaker must try to induce artificially the formation of ice crystals. 1971 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 18 July 12/3 Here in Canada, where lawmakers are now eyeing rainmakers suspiciously, I might not have been able to try at all. 1976 G. A. Browne ^ide (1977) 14 The Air Force had been conducting rain-making manoeuvres above the Mojave and Death Valley. 1978 D. Bates in C. Allen Tales from Dark Continent vi. 88 They took chickens or pots of beer to a rain¬ maker in order to pray for rain.

see raignment, Raines.

'rain-out. Also rainout. [f. rain v. + out adv.^ 1. U.S. The termination or cancellation of an outdoor event because of rain. Cf. rain v. 9 b.

raindrops of radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion and its localized deposition on the Earth’s surface (see quot. 1974)1954 Science 7 May 619/1 The extent of the rainout was much greater than that detected in the area from any previous nuclear detonation. Ibid. 620/1 Although there were several days of rain immediately after the rainout, the activity was firmly adsorbed on the pavement and disappeared at a rate about equal to that for decay alone. 1955 Set. News Let. 25 June 406/3 ‘Rain-out’ might take place instead of fallout, Dr. Lapp suggested, thus producing localized areas of contamination ‘hotter’ than the surrounding region by a factor of ten or more. 1974 Population Dose Evaluation 492 Several mechanisms have been conceived for deposition from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface. In addition to dry deposition, there is washout by rain falling through a cloud of activity in the atmosphere, or rainout in which the activity is incorporated into rain drops at the time of their formation.

'rainproof, rain-proof, a. (and sb.). [f. rain sb.^ + PROOF s6.] Impervious to rain. Hence as sb., a rainproof garment, esp. a raincoat. Also 'rain-proofed, (a) rendered impervious to rain; {b) wearing a rainproof; 'rainproofer, a manufacturer of rain-proof fabrics. 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. ii. vii, Their old Temples..for long have not been rainproof. 1870 Emerson Soc. ^ Solit. vii. 131 Rain-proof coats for all climates. 1^2 Daily Chron. 7 Jan. 6/3 The greatcoat is to be made of rain-proofed drabmixture cloth. 1908 Ladies' Field 25 July p. iii/3 (Advt.), J. W. Elvery & Co., waterproofers and rain-proofers,.. London, W. 1923 W. Deeping Secret Sanct. xiii. 136,1 was a wiser virgin than you. I did take a rainproof with me. i960 News Chron. 6 May 8/4 His identically raiimroofed escorts prepare to shoot him. 1965 D. Francis For Kicks ii. 29 Everything from under-clothes to washing things, jodhpur boots to rainproof, jeans to pyjamas. 1967 N. Freeling Strike Out 34 The figure wears a black track-suit now gone greenish, with khaki rainproof trousers and an English suede windcheater. 1977 M. Kenyon i?a/>f5txu. 165 George in rainproof hat.

'rain-shower. [OE. renscur = ON. (Sw., Da.) regnskury G. regenschauer: see rain sb.^ and SHOWER.] A shower of rain. riooo i^^LFRic Horn. II. 16 Se 6e..syl6 renscuras Sam rihtwisum & Sam unrihtwisum. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4317 Fra heven he sal do falle rayne-shours. 1513 Douglas Jtneis V. viii. 76 Als fast as rayne schour rappis on the thak. 1868 Lossing Hudson 40 Towards morning there was a rainshower. 1910 W. Owen Let. 29 Dec. (1967) 66 We have been prevented from going this morning by the first rainshower of the week. 1981 L. Deighton XPD xxvi. 214 London..The chilly climate with frequent rain showers.

'rain-water.

[OE. (regn-), renwseter = Du. regenwater, MHG. regenwazzer (G. -ivasser), ON. regnvatn (Sw. -vatten, Da. -vand): see rain and WATER.] a. Water that falls from the clouds as rain. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. 11. 26 Sefylle J?onne mid ren wjetere. CI200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 151 \>t teares pe man wepeS for longenge to heuene ben cleped rein water, oSer deu water. C1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 770 Let make a stewe With rayn watir, thyn herbis to renewe. 1481 Caxton Godfrey clxxiv. 257 The Cysternes where as was rayn water. 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 49 The raine water doubtlesse doth more encrease and cherish things growing on the earth, than any other water. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme 1. iv. 12 The best and most wholesome water..is raine water falling in sommer. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. vii. 214 To caulk the decks.. of the Centurion, to prevent the rain-water from running into her. 1827 Faraday Chem. Manip. ii. 50 As pure or purer than rain-water. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 6 Rain-water is collected from roofs. pi. 1692 Ray Dissol. World v. (1693) 299 We daily see, that the Rain-waters wash away the Superficies of the Mountains.

b. attrib. and Comb., as rain-water butt, cistern, pipe, spout, tank, rain-water goods, exterior pipework, guttering, etc., designed to conduct rain-water from a building; rain-water head, a collecting piece, freq. ornamental in design, at the top of a drainpipe. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz v. (1850) 18/1 An open rain¬ water butt on one side. 1842 Gwilt ,4rc/»L 1022 Rain-water pipe, one usually placed against the exterior of a house to carry off the rain-water from the roof. 1851 Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 540/2 The form of a rain-water cistern. Ibid. 533/1 Rain-water spouts, or rones as they are commonly termed. 1876 W. P. Buchan Plumbing xiii. 86 Fig. 149 shows conductor with rain-water head, carrying off water from gutter. 1884 Meteorology in rel. to Health 30 With regard to this rain-water tank. 1936 P. E. Thomas Mod. Building Pract. IV. 225 The lower end of a gutter.. can be formed so as to discharge direct into a rain-water head. 1949 J. F. L. D’Este in A. C. Martin Mod. Pract. Plumber (ed. 3) III. xiv. 321 {caption) Surveyor’s dimensions for quantities

of rainwater goods. 1955 TzVnes 8 July 3/3'T'he Government would have to look at the restrictive practices and rings m the building industry, particularly in the rain-water goods section. 1963 Times 8 May 6/2 Mr. Lipton (Brixton, Lab.) asked if the Minister would give a list of the persons whose initials were inscribed on the rainwater heads in the new buildings in Downing Street. 1981 London {North) Telephone Directory: Yellow Pages Jan. 401/1 Bond & White Ltd. Suppliers—sanitary ware—plumbing—rainwater goods.

'rainworm.

[OE. {repi-)y renwyrm = Du. regenwortriy MHG. reginwrm (G. regenwurm): see rain sb.^ and worm.] The common earth¬ worm. ciooo i^)LFRic Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 122/22 Lumbricus, renwyrm, uel angeltwicce. 173* Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope II. 184 In the Cape countries there is a sort of Rain¬ worms that are altogether like the Rain-worms of Germany. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 23 May 10/2 Putting a live rain worm between the halves of a stoned black plum.

rainy ('reini), a. Forms: i renig, 4-5 reyny, (4-i, -ie), 5-6 rayny, (5 -eny, 6 raynye, -ney. Sc. rany(e), 6-7 rayn-, rainie, 6- rainy, [f. rain sb.^ + -Yb Cf. Sw. regnig.] 1. Of weather or climate: Characterized by rain. a 1000 Riddles i. lo (Gr.) bonne hit CI380 Wyclif Serm. Ixxiii. Sel. Wks. 1.

waes renij weder. 235 Ofte tyme, in reyny wedir, chirchis don good on halidai. ci449 Pecock Repr. II. viii. 183 In reyny and wyndy wedris. 1535 Coverdale Ezra x. 13 It is a raynye wether, & they cannot stonde here without. 1604 Rowlands Looke to it 26 An Almanacke.. To search and finde the rainy weather out. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. vii. 214 A rainy climate. 1828 J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 128 When the wind was easterly, the weather was gloomy, dark, and rainy.

2. a. Of periods of time: During or within which rain is falling, or usually falls. In Meteorology, a rainy day is one having at least one millimetre (formerly one hundredth of an inch) of rain. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. HI. 162 bonne bi6.. windij lengten & renis sumer. c 1460 Launfal 169 Upon a rayny day hyt befel. An huntynge wente syr Launfel. 1481 Caxton Godfrey cciv. 299 The moneth of luyll, whiche is moche rayny customably in that countrey. 1555 Eden Decades 28 The fyrst day was fayre: but all the other, dowdy & rayny. 1660 T. Blount Boscobel 40 The night was very dark and rainy. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. iv, The rainy season came on. 1816 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 60 An unproductive year mostly succeeds a rainy winter. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. xviii. 207 Monday and Tuesday were rainy days.

b. fig. a rainy day : a time of need. c 1580 J. Jefferie Bugbears in. ii. in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. (1897) 23 Wold he haue me kepe nothyng agaynst a raynye day? 1677 Yarranton Eng. Impr. 115 In the Time of Plenty, they lay up for a Rainy-day. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) 11. 300 It behoves us to provide against a rainy day while the sun shines. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. HI. viii. vi. 53 The massive silver did prove a hoard available, in after times, against a rainy day.

c. rainy season: in certain, esp. tropical, regions, an annually recurring season of heavy rain (in MeteoroL, of at least one month’s duration). 1720 Defoe Capt. Singleton 135 We could not expect to reach it till an other rainy Season would be upon us. 1817 S. R. Brown Western Gazetteer 13 The rainy season., commences after midsummer. 1872 R. G. McClellan Golden State xxii. 294 December.. and the succeeding months until May are termed winter, or the ‘rainy season’, in California. 1910, 1922 [see bai-u]. 1977 ‘J. Le Carre’ Hon. Schoolboy xvii. 410 ‘This [tarmac road is] where he lands?’ ‘Only in the rainy season.’

3. a. Of places: In which it rains or is raining; where rain is frequent; subject to rain. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 333 \>t lond is nesche, reyny, and wyndy. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 437 Southward to the Rainy Regions. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain i. i The north western provinces are more rainy than Devonshire. 1885 R. L. & F. Stevenson Dynamiter vi. 91, I wandered bedless in the rainy streets.

b. Of an action: Done in the rain. rare~^. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. iii. iii Besmyrcht With raynie Marchir^ in the painefull field.

4. a. Of clouds, mist, etc.: Bringing rain; laden with rain; of the nature of rain; connected with rain. rainy 6oni, the rainbow. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 65 The colour of the reyni Mone With medicine upon his face He set. Ibid. 312 The reyni Storm fell doun algates. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. Prol. 27 Rany Orioune wyth his stormy face. 1563 Mirr. Mag., Lord Hastings ii. 108 As beastes forshew the drought or rayny dropps. 1604 Jas. I Counterbl. (Arb.) 104 The raynie cloudes are often transformed and euaporated in blustering winds, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711) 56/2 The seas we may not plow, Ropes make of the rainy bow. 1818 Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 217 As rainy wind [sweeps] through the abandoned gate. 1876 Gibbon Robin Gray iv, A white rainy mist lowered upon the water.

b. yig. of the eyes; Shedding tears; tearful. 1563 Mirr. Mag., Compl. Dk. Buck, xcvii. With rainy eine and sighes cannot be told. 1633 P. Fletcher Pise. Eel. iv. i Why drop thy rainie eyes? 1774 J. Adams Diary 5 Mar. Wks. 1850 II. 332 A pathetic, .performance. A vast crowd, rainy eyes, &c. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus Ixiii. 48 O’er the waste of ocean with a rainy eye he gazed.

5. rainy-shimmeryy -soundingy -voet adjs. 1930 J. Dos Passos 42nd Parallel 27 Through the rail of the bridge we can look way down into the cold rainy shimmery water. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxvi. 37 Overhead the aspen heaves Its rainy-sounding silver leaves. 1952 R. Campbell tr. Baudelaire's Poems 70 There the suns, rainy-wet. Through clouds rise and set.

RAIOID raioid (’reioid), a. and sb. [f. rai-a + -oid.] a. adj. Resembling, or related to, the Raia; or rays. b. sb. A fish of this type. (In recent Diets.) raion, var. rayon^. raip, north, and Sc. var. rope.

like clockwork to protest high prices, and nearly always win raises from management.

raise (reiz), sb.^ north, dial. [a. ON. hreysi (Norw, roys, ro5, Sw. rdse)^ cairn.] A pile of stones, a cairn. (Freq. in place-names in Cumbria.)

raird, var. reird.

1695 Kennett Par. Antiq. (1818) I. 50 Such risings as are caused by the burial of the dead; which in the northern parts raises. 1794-8 Hutchinson Hist. Cumbld. (Halliwell), There are yet some considerable remains of stones which still go by the name of raises. 1869 A. C. Gibson Folk Sp. Cumbld. 7 Dunmail Raise is t’ biggest cairn 1 t’ country.

rais, obs. Sc. f. race sb.', rase t;.*; var. reis; obs.

t raise, sb.^ Obs. (See reise.)

raipe, obs. Sc. var. reap. rair, obs. Sc. f. rare, roar.

pa. t. RISE.

raisable (■reiz3b(3)l), a. Also 9 raiseable. [f. RAISE V.' + -ABLE.] Capable of being raised. 1644 New Eng. Hist. & Gen. Reg. (1850) IV. 51 A third of the clear profitts raised or raisable of all my other lands m9 Lord Hardwicke in Atkyns Rep. Cases (1781) I. 512 The infant, dying.. makes this legacy not raisable. 1855 M. H. Bloxam Fragm. Sepulch. iv. 83 An interior lid .. raisable by means of two iron rings. 1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xliii. 188 The time soon arrived when the rent was not raiseable.

raise (reiz), sb.' Also 5 reise, 6 rayse. [f. raise n.'] 11. A levy. Obs. rare-'. CI500 Three Kings' Sons 91 Than may ye make a newe reise, bothe of people & tresour.

+ 2. The act of raising; uplifting, elevation. Obs. 1538 Bale Gotf s Promises iii. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 301 The sure health and raise of all mankind, c 1560 Abp. Parker Ps. cxli. 405 My rayse of handes: as sacrifice,.. let it bee. 1626 Bacon Sylva §699 In Leaping with Weights..the Hands goe backward before they take their Raise.

3. A rising passage or road. spec, in Mining, a sloping shaft excavated from the lower end. Cf. RISE sb. lob. 1877 R.AYMOND Statist. Mines & Mining 197 We are., engaged in running a raise up from west drift on eighth level. 1887 Hall Caine Deemster xxxiii. 222 Sometimes at the top of a long raise they stopped to breathe the horse. 1898 S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii, 293 It being usual in that mine for the man who is driving the levels with machines to come back and put up the raises. 1930 Economist 26 Apr. 951/2 The work done by means of drives, winzes, raises and incline shafts to open up new ground. 1973 b. J. Thom.as Introd. Mining vi. 167 Most raises are in the orebody and follow the footwall in grade in narrower stopes. 4. to make a raise = raise v.^ 27. U.S. 1837 Neal Charcoal Sketches (Bartlett), I made a raise of a horse and saw, after being a wood-piler’s apprentice for a while. 1845 J. J. Hooper Some Adventures Simon Suggs iv. 48 The chances were altogether favourable for making a ‘raise’. 1878 J. H. Beadle Western Wilds ii. 41 At last I made a little raise..and concluded to come home. 1900 S. Handsaker Pioneer Life (1908) 35 The two brothers ‘made quite a raise’ in the California mines soon after their discovery. 1914 ‘High Jinks, jr.’ Choice Slang 15 Make a raise, to secure a loan.

5. a. An increase in amount. Also, an increase in the price, rate, or value of a thing. Cf. rise sb. 16 a. 1728 Maryland Hist. Mag. (1923) XVIII. 335 You wil certainly find Crops short this year., which I hope may contribute to the Raise of that on hand. 1883 ‘Mark Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxix. 366 France and Italy.. cracked on such a rattling impost that cotton-seed olive-oil couldn’t stand the raise. 1891 A. Welcker Wild West 21 By continued raises, Potlatch had everything which he possessed .. at stake. 1894 Wilkins & Vivian Green bay tree I. 108 Pimlico had obtained a raise of the limit to £20. 1904 [see JACK t>.‘ I b]. 1931 W. G. McAdoo Crowded Yrs. xxx. 469 A gigantic raise in [freight] rates would have added materially to the inflation.

b. An increase of a stake or bet at poker; in Bridge, a higher bid in the same denomination as a previous bid by one’s partner. 1821 Hoyle's Games Improved 164 The player who last goes the double, raise, or brag, has the right, in his turn, of increasing either. 1887 ‘S. Cumberland’ Queen s Highway vi. 277 You feel certain that every ‘raise’ he makes will be his last. 1887 J. W’. Keller Draw Poker ii Limit, a condition made at the beginning of the game limiting the amount of any single bet or raise. 1921 C. E. Mulford Bar-20 Three vii. 86 He had a reputation to maintain, and he saw the raise and returned it. 1923 [see pre-emptive a. 2]. 1929 [see good a. 22j]. 1959 [see limit sb. zg (6)]. 1964 Official Encycl. Bridge 192/2 A raise to two spades would be appropriate when one spade has been overcailed by two hearts. 1976 Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xxxii. 236 They were making another raise in that poker game, they were threatening to break off diplomatic relations. c. An increase in wages or salary. Cf. rise sb.

15 b. Chiefly U.S, 1898 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 489/1 A. J. Packer.. had begun to ponder doubts of his wisdom in agreeing to the second ‘raise’. 1902 G. H. Lorimer Lett. Merchant xiii. 187, I earmarked Charlie for a raise and a better job right there. 1921 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. (1922) iv. 131 When her wages are increased she does not get a raise, but a rise. 1934 T. Wilder Heaven's my Destination 28, I keep getting raises all the time. 1956 S. Ertz Charmed Circle xiii. 217 She could go on working. She had lately had a raise. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 37/1 ‘Stay in shape and I’ll give you a raise next season,’ advised coach George Imlach. 1971 C. Fick Danziger Transcript (1973) 25 My bureau..were delighted that I got to Cambodia... I got a raise.. when I went back to Cuba. 1977 Time 10 Jan. 46/2 Workers strike

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raise (reiz), v.^ Forms: a. 3 reisen, re33seiin, 4 reys(en, 5 -yn, 4-6 reise, reyse, 5 rese, reze, 6 reyze, rease; /3. 4 raisin, 4-6 rays, 4-8 rayse, 4-7 rais, 8 raize, 4- raise; y. 4 rase(n, 4-6 ras, 8 raze, [a. ON. reisa (used in most of the main senses of the Eng. word; Sw. resa^ Da. rejse) = Goth. (ur)raisjany OE. rseran {\—*raizjan)y causative f. rais- ablaut-variant of *m- to rise. First prominent in the Ormulum, in which it occurs freely in various senses. In the Wyclif Bible, up to the end of Jeremiah, the earlier version regularly has rear, while the later has raise, but from Ezekiel onwards raise appears in both versions. From an early period the word has been extensively used in a great variety of senses, the exact development of which is not always perfectly clear. The main senses (here distinguished by Roman numerals) are distinct enough in themselves, but tend to pass into each other in transferred uses, while with certain objects more than one idea may be present. The addition of up to strengthen the verb is less common now than formerly.]

I. To set upright; to make to stand up. 1. a. trans. To set (a thing) on end; to lift up one end or side of (a post, stone, etc.) so as to bring into or towards a vertical position; to restore (a fallen thing) to its usual position. Occasionally with suggestion of sense 8 or 17. 01240 Wohunge in Cott. Horn. 283 A, nu raise pai up pc rode. 01350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 170/527 J>e Emperoure .. Gert pir wheles be smertly graid & on pe thrid day pam rayse. 1388 WycLiF^er. li. 12 Reise 3e a signe on the wallis of Babiloyne. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxviii. 4 The signe trivmphall rasit is of the croce. 1530 Palsgr. 684/1 Reyse this speare and set it agaynst the wall. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jut. v. iii. 299, I will raise her Statue in pure Gold. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, La Motte and Peter endeavoured to raise the carriage. 1813 Scott Trierm. I. vii, Stones of power By Druids raised in magic hour. 1847 R. & J. A. Brandon Anal. Gothic Archit. (i860) 99 It [a door] consists of battens slightly raised towards the centre.

h. fig. To set Up, establish, restore, etc. C1200 Ormin 5327 To swelltenn bli)7eli5 Fort Crisstenndom to re33senn. Ibid. 5685 To re33senn rihhtwisnesse. 1388 Wyclif Ruth iv. 5 Thou owist to take .. the wijf of the deed man, that thou reise the name of thi kynesman in his eritage. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xxxvi. 15 Geue wytnes vnto thy creature.. and rayse vp the prophecies that haue bene shewed in thy name. 1559 Abp. Hethe Sp. in Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. ii. App. vi. 400 We .. are muche .. inclined to rayse uppe the errors and sects of ancyent and condemned heretickes. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes IV. XX. 268 He undertook to raise up the almostperished name of Chivalry.

c. Spec. To set up (paste, crust) without the support of a dish. 1594 Good Huswifes Handmaide 17 To make Paste and to raise Coffins. i68i W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 335 Tom Cooke can neither tie brawn nor raise past[e]. 1712 Steele No. 306 IP 8 Miss Liddy can dance a Jig, raise Paste, a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present (1771) 187 Make the flour and butter into a pretty stiff paste .. then raise it for the pastry. 1845 Miss Acton Mod. Cookery xvi, 346 The paste must be sufficiently stiff to retain its form perfectly after it is raised.

2. a. To lift (a person or animal) and place in a standing posture; to assist (one) to rise from the ground, etc. (Freq. in fig. context.) CI220 Bestiary 671 Mitte helpe of hem alle 6is elp he reisen on stalle. Ibid. 676 Dus fel Adam.. Moyses wulde him reisen. e moder him prayd to rays hir sun. c 1420 Prymer 69 Lord, J7at reisidist stynkynge lazer from his graue. 1566-7 L. Wager Marie Magd. (1902), At Naim a dead chylde agayne he did rayse. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 296 So Man.. Shall,. dying rise, and rising with him raise His Brethren. er pepull by the wey. 1510 Virgilius in Thoms Prose Rom. (1858) II. 23 And forthewith he caused his kynsfolke to reyse theyr people. 1674 Cotton tr. Montluc's Comm. 363, I then dispatcht away Captain M.. giving him order.. to raise all the people of the Valleys and Villages. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 157 The mother crying and raising her neighbours. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. 1. 544 Danvers undertook to raise the City.

b. Const, against, upon. 1382 Wyclif Amos vi. 2 Loo! Y shal reyse a folc vpon 30U .. and it shal to gydre breke 30U.-Ezek. xxiii. 22, Y schal reyse alle thi loueris a3ens thee. 1608 Yorksh. Trag. i. vii, It shall be my charge To raise the town upon him. 1854 Tennyson Geraint 457 He.. Raised my own town against me in the night. 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 190 The whole country was raised upon him.

c. To Stir up, incite, instigate (one or more persons) to do something or to some feeling. 1581 J Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 106 b. To rayse up all men in every place, to the dewe feare of Gods law. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 99 That fixt mind And high disdain.. That with the mightiest rais’d me to contend. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 127 This suggestion raysed the Prince on a resolution to undertake the Irish expedition. 1814 Byron Lara ii. viii, A word’s enough to raise mankind to kill.

d. To excite, agitate, provoke, rouse to excitement or anger. Chiefly Sc. Also raisedlike.

CI200 Ormin 504 Whillc lott himm shollde re33senn To cumenn inntill 3errsal2Bm. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. v, i. 231 Let me in safety raise me from my knees. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 119 We..haue all a vniuersal strength.,to raise our selues being fallen. [1715 Pope Iliad ii. 127 The king of kings his awful figure raised.] 18.. Hogg Field of WaterlooYoct. Wks. 1838-40 II. 161 Our soldier raised him from the sod, And .. leaned upon his bloody wrist.

1768 Ross Helenore 17 Up there came twa shepherds.. Rais’d like. Ibid. 39 She ran aff as rais’d as onie deer. 1786 Burns To Auld Mare ii, He should been tight that daur’t to raize thee, Ance in a day. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxvi, His countenance was wild, haggard, and highly excited, or, as the Scottish phrase expresses it, much raised. 1889 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms vii, When she was a little raised-like you’d see a pink flush come on her cheeks.

3. a. To restore (a dead person or animal) to life.

6. a. To rouse up, to give or add vigour to (the mind, spirit, etc.); to animate, stimulate.

Orig. implying the lifting up of the dead, or enabling them to rise to their feet, but freq. also including the idea of bringing up out of the grave, and thus associated with sense 17. Also with again = resurrect. a 1300 Cursor M. 9156 Helias,. was pe first,.. |?at ded man raisd in form dais, a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881)

In later use associated with the ideas of elevating (the heart, spirit, etc.) and increasing (courage, etc.). 1388 Wyclif Ezra i. 5 Ech man whos spirit God reiside [L. suscitavit] for to stie to bilde temple of the Lord. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ii. ii, Balen.. sawe this aduenture werof hit reysed his herte. 1508 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. Wks. (1876) 39

RAISE The prophete.. wyllynge to excyte and reyse vp the myndes of synners. 1567 Gude ^ God/ic B. (S.T.S.) 231,1 will speik planelie, to rais 30ur hartis quiklie. 1641 Hinde J. Bruen xlvi. 146 Much after this manner did this faithful Servant of Christ raise up his thoughts and quicken his soule. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. xvi, His spirits being a little raised with the dram I had given him, he was very cheerful. 1728 Pope Dune. II. 223 To move, to raise, to ravish ev’ry heart, With Shakespear’s nature or with Jonson’s art. 1839 Thirlwall Greece xxii. III. 251 The immediate effect was to raise the spirit of the Athenians.

fb. To encourage, inspire (a person) with courage, confidence, hope, etc. Obs. 1533 Bellenden Livy iii. xxi, The horsmen.. rasit pare futemen with new curage. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. Ep. Ded. 12, I am raised with more than ordinary confidence, that the same Spirit of Justice will carrie you on. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 555 Rais’d with so blest an Omen, she begun, With Words like these, to chear her drooping Son.

7. to raise the wind: to cause the wind to blow; hence(with ref. to wind as a motive power), to procure money or necessary means. ^21350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 33/421 ]>an deuils .. raysed pe wynd with weders wik. a 1515 Droichis Part of Play in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 316 At Norway coist scho raisit the wynd. 1880 T. A. Spalding Eliz. Demonol. 113 Charged .. with having raised the wind. jig. 1789 Loiterer No. 42. 10 He..never offered to pay earnest. I suppose, poor fellow, he could not raise the Wind. 1857 Trollope Three Clerks xxxiv. He came to me this morning to raise the wind. 1885 Manch. Even. News 23 June 2/2 A large number of people still rush to such methods of raising the wind.

II. To build Up, construct, create, produce, etc. 8. a. To lift up and put in position the parts of (a structure); to construct by piling up, building, or fitting together; spec, in U.S. to set up the wooden framework of (a house or other building). C1200 Ormin 15591 UnnbindeJ>l> all t?iss temmple, & icc Itt i l?re da3hess re33se. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6059 Engyns dide pe Bretons reyse, & mangenels. c 1386 Chaucer Sompn. T. 394 Many a Muscle and many an oystre.. Hath been oure foode, our cloystre for to reyse. 1458 MS. Christ's Hosp., Abingdon in Turner Dom. Archit. III. 42 They reysid up the archeys be gemeotre in rysyng. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 37 The Carpenter rayseth not his frame without tooles. C1615 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems ix. 9 So shall my Muse rich trophes rayse. 1657 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1865) VII. 40/1 The said John norman is.. to be paid in come & cattell the one halfe att or before the house be raised. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, ni. 19 Of Parian Stone a Temple will I raise. 1712 S. Sewall Diary 15 July (1879) II. 355, I, and Mr. Gerrish went to Hog-Island and saw the Bam Rais’d. 1735 B. Lynde Diary (1880) 144 Mr. Fisk’s people.. raised a new meeting house. *779 J- Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xl. 342 Encouraging them to raise magnificent churches. 1846 Knickerbocker XXVIII. 338 After the usual amount of eating, drinking, swearing, and joking, the house.. was raised and covered in. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §4. 129 In the fields to the north the last of the Norman Kings raised his palace. 1879 Harper's Mag. June 142/1 If a man raised a house or barn, the rum flowed freely. 1943 W. Faulkner in Sat. Even. Post 13 Feb. 70/3, I told you we would meet here tomorrow to roof a church... We’ll meet here in the morning to raise one.

fb. Math. To construct or draw (a figure or line) upon a certain base. Obs. 1660 Barrow Euclid 1. ii, Join AC\ upon which raise the equilateral triangle ADC. 1706 J. Ward Introd. Math. iii. (1734) 294 To Erect or Raise a Perpendicular upon the End of any given Right-line. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 85 Raising a Square.. is, when, upon a strait Line .. you cause another Line to fall.. perpendicular.

c. To found, build up, make or construct (a scheme, plan, description, etc.) ? Obs. 1652 J. French Yorksh. Spaui ii. 14 Neither is it rais’d upon that account of condensation, & rarefaction [etc.]. 1706 J. Ward Introd. Math. v. (1734) 431 From hence we may also raise a Theorem for finding the Frustum .. of the last Figure. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 339 If 6 What a beautiful Description has our Author raised upon that Hint in one of the Prophets. 1802 James Milit. Diet., To Raise a plan of a fortress.

d. To form (a small projection or elevation), to cause (a blister, etc.) to rise or form. 1551 Turner Herbal (1568) *11], Medicines that are hote in the fourth degre, rayse vp bladders. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 14/1 Shavings of Leather., of wich a Heel is raised. 1712-14P0PE Rape Lock iv. 68 Spoil a grace. Or raise a pimple on a beauteous face. 1810 Henry Elem. Chem. II. 371 Acetic acid, thus prepared.. raises a blister when applied to the skin. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Raising a Mouse, the process of making a lump on a stay.

e. U.S. To form, appoint (a committee). (Perh. orig. in sense 28). 1816 Pickering Vocab. Amer. 160 A member moves that a committee should be raised.. and a committee is accordingly raised.

9. a. To bring into existence, to produce, beget (offspring). Now rare. C1200 Ormin 9852 Drihhtin haffde mahht inoh To re33senn off pa staness Rihht apell streon till Habraham. a 1300 Cursor M. 1199 Ur lord had aghteld yete A child to rais of his oxspring. 1388 Wyclif Gen. xxxviii. 8 Entre thou to the wijf of thi brothir.. that thou reise seed to thi brothir. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 476 Take her, faire Sonne, and from her blood rayse vp Issue to me. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 123 God., from him will raise A mightie Nation. 1711 H. Martyn Spect. No. 180 If 11 Will any man think of raising children without any assurance of clothing for their backs? 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xii. 79 It was before .all things needful that William should raise up sons of his own.

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b. To produce a supply of (persons of a certain class); to breed (animals). 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commto. (1603) 89 France wanteth shipping.. can raise no good Sailers. 1632 Massinger City Madam ii. ii. Some innocent country-girl .. That could give directions.. when to raise up goslings. 1798 WoRDSW. Last of Flock iv. From this one, this single ewe. Full fifty comely sheep I raised. 1891 E. Kinglake Australian at Home 154 We ‘raise’ our own ministers and judges.

10. a. To foster, rear, bring up (a person). Now chiefly U.S., and commonly in pass, with specification of place. 1744 M. Bishop Life & Adv. 268 The Child.. she.. says .. is the Picture of his Father, and that she would endeavour to raise it for his Sake. 1795 Fate of Sedley II. ix. 104 My dissolution will be made more sweet by dying in the arms of one whom I raised. 1817 Paulding Lett.fr. South (1835) I. 85 You know I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the north. 1824 A. Hodgson Lett, from N. Amer. II. 208 One of my young Canadian female companions.. was raised, as they say here, in Portsmouth. 1837 Haliburton Clockm. (1862) Pref. 6, I don’t know as ever I felt so ugly afore since I was raised. 1846 J. Hall Wilderness df War Path 160 T can’t back out,’ said he, ‘I never was raised to it, no how.’ 1870 Marcy Border Rem. (1872) 117 A second lieutenant.. was bom and ‘raised’ in the wilds of Indiana. 1882 G. C. Eggleston Wreck of Red Bird 3 Maum Sally was born and ‘raised’, as she would have said, in ‘Ole Firginny’. 1929 D. Runyon in Hearst's International Oct. 63/1 She slips this baby off to her sister in a little town in Spain to raise up. 1953 Manch. Guardian Weekly 15 Jan. 13/3 It [sc. Wenatchee, Wash.] is a pleasant town of sixteen thousand home-loving people, mostly engaged in raising nice children and very good eating apples. *977 ‘J- Le Carre’ Hon. Schoolboy xv. 354 The American wife asked Jerry where he was raised and.. where his home was.

b. To rear or bring up (animals). 1767 G. White Selborne 9 Sept., The young of the barnowl are not easily raised. 1859 Marcy Prairie Traveler iv. HI Horses which have been raised exclusively upon grass.

c. To cause or promote the growth of (plants), to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.). 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 99 The Alaternus.. is raised from Seeds. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. v, I.. got into the method of planting and raising my corn. 1780 Coxe Russ. Disc. 7 Greens and other vegetables are raised with great facility. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. viii. 59 A rose, .raised in a conservatory. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 301/1 No notice is taken of either clover or turnips as crops to be raised.

d. Said of the soil producing the plants. 1720 Swift Modern Education, The dung-hill having raised a huge mushroom of short duration, is now spread to enrich other men’s lands. *797 J. A. Graham Pres. St. Vermont 31 The soil is excellent, and raises vast supplies of wheat, Indian com.

e. transf. To produce (manure), rare-'. 1792 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) III. 58 They [Hogs] would certainly, in a yard properly littered, raise dung enough to manure one acre very amply.

11. To cause (a person of specified character) to come into existence or appear: a. of God. 1382 Wyclif Zech. xi. i6 Y shal reyse a sheperd in erthe. *388 - Deut. xviii. 15 Thi Lord God schal reise a prophete of thi folk. 1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 6* God raisit vp in Ingland, lohne Uicleif. 1611 Bible Pref. jpii We acknowledge them to haue been raised vp of God, for the building and furnishing of his Church. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 318 Provoking God to raise them enemies. 1785 Burns Cotter's Sat. Nt. xxi, [Do Thou] still the patriot, and the patriot-bard, In bright succession raise. 1083-97 Catholic Diet. (ed. 5) 632/1 Great saints are raised up in different ages to renew the ^rvour of Christians.

b. of persons or impersonal agencies. c *717 Pope Ep. Craggs 11 Nor [do thou] wish to lose a Foe these Virtues raise. 1765 H. Walpole Otranto i. Her gentleness had never raised her an enemy. 1821 Shelley Hellas 597 The sins of Islam Must raise up a destroyer even now. 1881 Stubbs Early Plantag. ii. (ed. 3) 19 In trying to make himself friends he raised up persistent enemies.

c. To establish contact with (a person, etc.) by radio or telephone. 1929 Amer. Speech V. 49 Raise, to secure [radio] communication with. 1969 ‘J. Morris’ Fever Grass xxii. 208 Raise McKay on that [radio] set of yours. *974 ‘M. Hebden’ Pride of Dolphins ill. i. 210 She’s gone off the air... We can’t raise her. 1976 G. Seymour Glory Boys vii. 87 She raised Jimmy, still waiting beside the receiver. 1979 Daily Tel. 3 Jan. i/i A British Airways plane which tried to get into Teheran had to turn back to Kuwait when it could not raise air traffic control.

12. To produce, bring into existence or action (various natural phenomena or forces; also^ig.). c*375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 303 It a fyre mad alsone pzt broynt pe watir, & lo rasyt. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 109 The Sterne stormes that reufulli 3e reisin. 1513 Douglas ^neis v. xiii. 58 Sa maisterfull storme amyd the Libyan see Scho raisit sone. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 469 These sediciouse persones, which as certen bellouse seke to reyse up flame. *654 Gayton Pleas. Notes IV. XX. 269 The joyfull departure of their suspected guest, rais’d this merry showre in their eyes. 1741-2 Gray Agrip. 91 One.. may still With equal power resume that gift, and raise A tempest. 1820 Scott Monast. i. motto, I will as soon believe.. That old Moll White.. raised the last night’s thunder. 1884 W. E. Norris Thirlby Hall v. All she can do is to raise a storm in a tea-cup.

13. a. To utter (a cry, etc.) with loud voice; to produce (a loud noise) by shouting or otherwise. ai350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 100/261 A hidose cry pzr\ raysed p^\. c 1470 Henry Wallace v. 40 Gret noyis & dyne was rayssit thaim amang. 1582 Stanyhurst dEneis II. (Arb.) 68,1 stoutly emboldned with night shade raysed an howting. 1611 Bibleyo6 iii. 8 Let them curse it. .who are ready to raise vp their mourning. 1671 Milton Samson

1124, I only with an Oak’n staff will meet thee, And raise such out-cries on thy clatter’d Iron. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. II. xliv, Th’ inferior demons of the place Rais’d rueful shrieks and hideous yells. 1808 Scott Marm. vi. xxxiv, To tell red Flodden’s dismal tale. And raise the universal wail. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 18 The Frank warriors., raised a fierce shout of indignation.

b. Hence simply, to utter or produce (a sound). 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. xi. 7 Fayre Goddesse,.. to my tunes thy second tenor rayse. 1602 Shaks. Ham. ii. i. 94 He rais’d a sigh, so pittious and profound. *743 Garrick Lethe i. Wks. 1798 I. 5 I’ll raise music shall dispel their fears.

c. To sing; also, to begin to sing, to strike up. *653 Milton Psalm vii. 62 Then will I Jehovah’s praise According to his justice raise. 1727-8 Pope Mem. of P.P. in Swift's Wks. (1751) IV. 230 When I raised the psalm, how did my voice quaver for fear! 1808 Scott Marm. iii. Introd., I love the license.. In sounds now lowly, and now strong, To raise the desultory song. 1856 Olmsted Slave States 25 An old negro,.. who raised a hymn, which soon became a confused chant.

14. To cause, originate, give rise to, bring about, set going. Used with a variety of objects, as: a. strife, dissension, or other disturbance {among or between persons, in a place, etc.). Cf. 16 a. 1:1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 185 J>ei..reisen debatis & enemytes bitwene weddid men & here wiwes. c 1400 Cursor M. 27728 (Cott. Galba) Wreth es raysand.. missaw, flit, and malisoune. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 17 Thayme quhilk rasis discord amangis nichtburs. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane*s Comm. 4 So muche contention is reysed in these oure daies about matters of learnyng. Ibid. 13 But in case we preferre Charles . .what tumultes shall we raise up in Italy. 1667 Milton P.L. V. 226 Thou hear’st what stir on Earth Satan.. Hath raisd in Paradise. 1719 Ramsay Ricky fif Sandy 58 How the ill sp’rit did the first mischief raise. 1781 Cowper Table Talk 317 Liberty.. Shall raise no feuds for armies to suppress. 1843 Mill Logic i. iii. §7 There are metaphysicians who have raised a controversy on the point. *875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 384 Do not raise a quarrel.. between Thrasymachus and me.

b. a report or rumour, slander, etc. 01350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 29/91 b^i said he suld a sklaunder rays Of God. 1576 [see i6b]. 1611 Bible Exod. xxiii. I Thou shalt not raise a false report. *678, 1685 [see i6b]. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 13 IP5 A groundless Report that has been raised, to a Gentleman’s Disadvantage.

c. a feeling, idea, etc. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 40 pzx noon euyl suspecion may be reysed of hem. 15*3 Douglas Mneis x. xiii. 2 Thus awfull Mars..The sorow rasit apon athyr hand. *596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 385 Quhilk rumour in Scotland rayset not lytle invie in ffrance. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. IV. iii. 51 If the scome of your bright eine Haue power to raise such loue in mine. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 806 Thence raise.. discontented thoughts. Vain hopes, vain aimes, inordinate desires. 1729 Butler Serm. Resentm. Wks. 1874 II. 94 Momentary anger is frequently raised., without any apparent reason. 1855 Pusey Doctr. Real Pres. Note A. 2 Opponents have succeeded in raising an almost insurmountable prejudice.

d. the expression of some feeling. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. vi[i]. 207 The publique worship.. rais’d a condemning, but selfe-absolving blush into her cheeks. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 652 The comic muse.. raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 1781 Cowper Table Talk 658 They raised a smile At folly’s cost. 1892 G. S. La YARD C. Keene viii. 176 He never fell into the habit of raising a laugh at the expense of individuals.

e. an action, process, condition, etc. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xl. 3 The Kyngoff Frawns set hym to ras And set a sege befor Calays. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 28 b, Suche as eyther Reyse up new customes, or extorte that is forboden. 1611 Bible Pref. 1^2 They raise vp a tragedie, and wish.. the Temple had neuer bene built. 1671 Milton Samson 625 Thoughts my Tormenters.. raise Dire inflammation. 1706 E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 86 The Rogue.. has rais’d such a Funk in the Forecastle. 1765 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 145 The application of such manures as raise a fermentation. 1831-3 E. Burton Eccl. Hist. iii. (1845) 54 The watchword.. was sufficient to raise a ferment from one end of Jerusalem to the other. 1876 Paton in Encycl. Brit. IV. 688/1 The requisite heat for the dyeing operation is raised and maintained. 1890 Kipling Barrack-Room Ballads (1892) 53 Ship me somewheres east of Suez, where the best is like the worst. Where there aren’t no Ten Commandments an’ a man can raise a thirst. 1892 Speaker 3 Sept, The outbreak has raised a demand for restriction [etc.]. 1930 ‘Sapper’ Finger of Fate 79 He grinned and said, ‘We’re not all savages, Mrs. Dankerton. Even though there aren’t no Ten Commandments, and a man can raise a thirst.’

15. a. Law. To draw up, frame (a summons, letter, etc.), institute (an action or suit), establish (a use). 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 45 Raising of new letteres for balding of siclik courtis justiciare. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 109 b, The name of the Judge, at quhais command the summons is raised, and directed. 1632 in Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 126 He..out of one cause ill begunne, raysed 20 severall actions. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 85 Criminal Letters, raised at the Instance of D.F. his Majesty’s Advocate. 1766 Blackstone Comm. ii. xx. 330 A use could not be raised without a sufficient consideration. 1877 Act 40 Gf 41 Viet. c. 50 § 8 Actions relating to questions of heritable right.. raised in a Sheriff Court.

b. To bring up (a question, point, etc.); to bring or put forward (a difficulty, objection, etc.); to put forward, advance (a claim). 1647 Gentilis tr. Malvezzi's Chiefe Events 159 In raising difficulties hee makes them easie. 1722 Steele Conscious Lovers ii. i. (1723) 26 This will certainly give me occasion to raise Difficulties. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xiii. III. 285 The question of the union therefore was not raised. Ibid. xv.

RAISE

RAISE

139 602 A day was appointed for considering the point raised by Crone. 1881 Stubbs Early Plantag. iv. (ed. 3) 70 John the Marshal.. raised a claim touching one of the archiepiscopal manors. ^

16. With various constructions: a. To begin, make, institute, against a person or thing.

direct,

etc.

01300 Cursor M. 1071 Allas!.. A-gain abel he raysed Douglas ^neis viii. x.,98 Thar most thou behald The wens rasit aganis Romanis bald. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 29 The summondis raisit be the said Lord agaims the said James. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 252 He., raysed warre against us, and was taken therin. loll Bible Acts xiii. 50 The lewes.. raised persecution agamst Paul and Barnabas. 1822 Scott Pirate Advt. 6 A variety of sham suits, raised against him by Newgate solicitors. 1873 Max Muller Sc. Rel. 356 The objections which have been raised against this view.

b. To bring, send, or direct on or upon one. 01300 Cursor M. 7949 luel he sal apon pe rais. 1375 “■'oo?.';'’’ 276 Fra thai had rasit on him the cry. 1388 WYCLiFj'er. li. I Y schal reiseon Babiloyne .. as a wynd of pestilence. I535 Coverdale .Amos v. 9 He rayseth destruccion vpon the mightie people. 1576 Oppress. Orkney ^ Shetland (1859) 49 Gif ane brute be rasit upon thame 1^678 CuDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 846 This was., a meer Slander raised upon Atheists. 1685 Acct. Execution Dk. Monmouth 2, I have had a Scandal raised upon me.

c. To draw, obtain, derive (one thing) out of or from another, rare. 1627 Donne Serm. v. (1640) 48 Moses third excuse, raised out of a naturall defect. 1732 Pope Ess. Man. ii. 245 Heav’n’s great view .. Virtue’s ends from Vanity can raise 1772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. Pref. 12 Abstruse speculations.. have been raised from every branch of my speculations.

III. To remove to a higher position. * To lift up by direct effort. 17. a. To lift as a whole, to put or take higher, to elevate. Also, to pull up, hoist (sail, etc.). a 1300 Cursor M. 22109 Jiof pou pe rais up intil heven. To hell depe sal pou be driuen. a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 88/685 Angels .. raysed hir vp into pe ayre. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvi. 692 Thai rasit salys but abaid. 15€M>-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxii. 71 Him all nakit on the tre Thai raisit on loft. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 18 She..all attonce her beastly body raizd. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, i. i. 254 Then will I raise aloft the Milke-white-Rose. 1728 Pope Dune. ii. 39 Such a bulk as no twelve bards could raise, a 1771 Gray Dante 1 The griesly Felon raised His Gore-dyed Lips. 1805 Scott Last Alinstr. ii. Concl., He raised the silver cup on high. 1814-Ld. of Isles ii. xxxii, The train .. Embark’d, raised sail, and bore away. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset II. liii. 100 Should he try to catch her eye, and then raise his hat? 1886 Froude Oceana 296 She could have struck him, and had her arm raised to do it.

b. Spec. To draw or bring up (water, minerals, etc.) to the surface of the ground. 1745 PococKE Descr. East II. i. xvi. 61 The oxen raise the water by a bucket and rope. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 65 Much Ore has been formerly raised on this Hill. 1851 Blacku'. Mag. Dec. 639 The coal raised in 1829 was 37,000 tons. 1872 R. B. Smyth Mining Statist. 44, 12,656 tons of quartz.. raised from depths between 240 and 690 feet.

c. In various special uses; (see quots.). 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Raise is likewise used for placing a horse’s head right, and making him carry well, and hindring him to carry low, or to arm himself. 1775 A. Burnaby Trav. 87 When the trees are fallen, they.. drag them along the snow. It is exceedingly difficult to put them first in motion, which they call raising them. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., To raise the metal, to elevate the breech, and depress thereby the muzzle of a gun. To raise tacks and sheets, the Lifting the clues of the courses, previously to bracing round the yards in tacking or wearing.

d. To turn (the eyes or look) upwards. 1388 Wyclif Ps. cxx. I, I reiside myn i3en to the hillis. 1599 JoNSON Ev. Man out of Hum. ii. iii, Gentle friend be merry, raise your lookes out of your bosome. 1703 Rowe Fair Penit. l. i. Wherefore are your Eyes Severely rais’d to Heav’n? 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam v. xxii, Nor spoke.. nor raised his looks to meet The gaze of strangers. 1859 Tennyson Vivien 787 He raised his eyes and saw The tree.

e. Fig. phr., to raise its (ugly) head, to make an (unwelcome) appearance; to present itself as a (troublesome) subject for attention. Cf. rear v.^ 10 b. 1822 Scott Peveril II. i. 27 The ancient superstition .. is raising its head. 1930 Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves! ix. 230, I am starving on my feet. Well, when I tell you that it’s weeks since a beefsteak pudding raised its head in the house, you’ll understand what I mean. 1966 Listener 28 July 141/3 The subject of money for the arts raised its head again when New /^e/e [f. rally ti.* + -ing*.] That rallies (reassembles, revives, etc.). 1896 Daily News ii June 2/4 Sir Wilfrid saw signs of encouragement in the rallying spirit of the Liberal party.

rallying ('rasing),/)^/. vyld bestis.. Within the wallis, rampand on athir sid. a 1605 Montgomerie Devot. Poems ii. i Quhy doth the Heathin rage and rampe? 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xiv. 414 By this time the long dormant Usurer ramps for the payment of his money. 1648 Regall Apol. 39 He saw the House of Commons begin to ramp upon him. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 168 The lion-hearted Peter roared and ramped, i860 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. HI. cxli. 120 They had ramped and sworn that drawing by the tail was an ‘institution’.

b. transf. of things. Also with it. . [-ing*.] The action of the vb. RANKLE. 14.. Stockh. Medical MS. i. 310 in Anglia XVIII. 303 A1 pe rancelynge schall owyr gon. Ibid. 316 be rank[l]ynge schal swage away, c 1450 M.E. Med, Bk. (Heinrich) 224 Hyt wolle aswage ranclyng of woundes. 1578 Lyte Dodoens i. xlix. 71 Corruption, festering or inward ranckling. 1614 Markham Cheap Husb. (1623) 127 To preuent the ranckling and impostumation of the soare. 1719 De Foe Crusoe I. xx, His limbs .. swelled with the rankling of his.. wounds’ r795”r8i4 Wordsw. Excurs. iv. 212 Ill-governed passions ranklings of despite. 1832 Macaulay Ess., Hampden, A rankling which may last for many years.

Hence rank-order v. trans., to arrange in such a way. 'L^TzJrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVIII. 169 The concepts are rank-ordered in terms of the pre-GSRI attitude change correlations.

'rankshift, sb. Linguistics, [f. rank sb.^ + shift sb.] A downward shift in the grammatical unit (see quot. 1966).

rank

of a

1961 M. A. K. Halliday in Word^VW. 251 The theory allows for downward ‘rank shift’: the transfer of a (formal realization of a) given unit to a lower rank.., It does not allow for upward rank shift. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ii. 20 Embedding is a shift in rank, whereby a group acts as a word, or a word acts as a morpheme, etc... The nominal genitive is another case of double rank shift: (((Mary)’s aged grandmother)’8 faithful servant). The nominal groups ‘Mary’ and ‘Mary’s aged grandmother’ act as morphemes. 1969-Towards Semantic Descr. Eng. iii. 52 Rank-shift or downgrading, as forms of subordination, introduce an extra factor of order into semantic structure, so that by reversing the relation of dependence between two predications, one may account for a difference of meaning. 1972 M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evolution iv. 59 Many later additions to the inventory of English prepositions resulted from a similar process of historical rankshift, e.g. concerning, regarding, according to, owing to, and (more recently) due to. 1977 Language LIII. 192 Although the men's halls and the women's halls is a group consisting of two smaller groups, B does not regard this as an instance of ‘rankshift’: this is restricted to cases where an element of a multivariate structure is filled by an expression of higher or equal rank.

Hence as v. tram., to assign an inferior rank or function to a unit in a grammatical structure. Also 'rankshifted ppl. a.; 'rankshifting vbl. sb. 1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Linguistic Sci. 27 In English some clauses are rankshifted and work inside the pattern of a group. If I say ‘where I live it always rains’, this sentence consists of two clauses, which together make up the structure of the sentence. But if I say ‘the house where I live

is very damp’, the sentence consists, in its structure, of only one clause; the clause ‘where I live’ is rankshifted and operates in the structure of the group ‘the house where I live’. 1969 Eng. Studies L. 36 We shall not go into the question of whether examples here quoted under the heading of headlines with FB structure do not really belong in the section rankshifted clauses. 19^ G. N. Leech Towards Semantic Descr. Eng. ii. 26 There is no defined limit of tolerance to the depth of constituent structure produced by rank-shifting one predication inside another. 1972 Language XLVIII. 451 Limitations of space permit both L [sc. G. N. Leech] and myself only to raise, but not to answer, the question whether one can express within the notation of logic the operations of rank-shifting and down-grading. 1973 G. W. Turner Stylistics iii. 82 ‘If you expect to get something good, for nothing, you are likely to get something good for nothing’.. in the second clause ‘good for nothing’ is rank-shifted to behave as one word and become a single ^alifier. 1977 Language LIII. 192 It follows that/rom Glasgow is rankshifted in the man from Glasgow, where it functions as qualifier in a multivariate nominal group.

'ranksman. rare. [f. rank sb.^] a. (See quot. 1880.) b. One drawn up with others in a rank. 1880 Jamieson, Ranksmen, a name given to two or more boats’ crews fishing together and dividing the catch equally. Shetl. 1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 89 Hosts of ranksmen round.

t'rankum. Obs. rare-^. ? A noisy chorus. 1693 Southerne Maid's Last Prayer iv. iii, Pox a’ this scraping and tooting; shall we eclipse, Tom, and make it a Rankum.

rankyll, obs. form of rankle

v.

Ilrann (rsen). [Ir.] A verse, a strain. 1843 Carleton Traits Irish Peas. I. 338 The ranns, an’ prayers, an’ holy charms, a 1849 J. C. Mangan Poems 388 [To] chant aloud the exulting rann of jubilee. 1895 W. B. Yeats Poems, To Ireland 234 Who sang to sweeten Ireland’s wrong, Ballad and story, rann and song.

ranne, ranndon, rannee, rannegald, obs. flf. RANK a., RANDOM, RANEE, RANNIGAL.

'rannel-balk. north, dial. = rannel-tree. 1790 Grose Provincial Gloss, (ed. 2) sig. K4, Rannel-tree, cross-beam in a chimney, on which the crook hangs; sometimes called Rannebauk; North. 1817 Edin. Monthly Mag. June 241 The rusticity of their benisons amused me. —One wished them, ‘thumpin luck and fat weans’; another, ‘a bien rannle-bauks, and tight thack and rape o’er their heads ’. 1859 A. Whitehead Legends of Westmorland (1896) II Fair shack’d the rannel bawk et swang The keayle pot ower the grate. 1906 FI. D. Rawnsley Months at Lakes 236 A great cauldron of spiced ale.. hung on the ‘rannel bowk’, and was ladled out from time to time into basins and presented to the guests. 1910 W. G. Collingwood Dutch Agnes 47 In the chimney at this time of the year muttonhams hanging from the rannelbalk. 1931 H. S. Walpole Judith Paris ii. i. 218 He was aware of..sides of bacon hanging, the oak settle screened by the ‘heck’, the ‘rannel¬ balk’ or great wooden beam across the chimney.

t'raimell,

Obs. A hussy, jade.

1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 113 A beastely rannell, A filthy cannell. 1592 - Pierce's Super. 146 Though she were a lustie bounding rampe.. yet was she not such a roinish rannell.. as this wainscot-faced Tomboy.

'rannel-tree. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9 rannell-, randle-, rangel-, 8-9 Sc. rantle-tree. [App. of Scand. origin; cf. the synonymous Norw. dial, randa-tre and rand-aas, f. rand the space above the fire-place. But the appearance of I in all the English forms is difficult to account for.] A horizontal bar of wood or iron fixed across a chimney, on which the pot-hooks or rackans are hung. Rannel-perch is also common in north, dial.; see also rannel-balk.

1755 Forbes J^rw/./r. Lond. 4 The lum o’ a house that wanted baith crook an’ rantle-tree. 1785 Hutton Bran New Work (E.D.S.) 380 A seaty rattencreak hang dangling fra a black randle tree. 1790 Grose Prov. Gloss., Rannel-tree. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xviii, An unguent to clear our auld rannell-trees. 1829- in northern glossaries. 1887 Hall Caine Deemster xix. 113 Over the rannel-tree shelf a huge watch was ticking. transf. 1815 Scott Guy M. xxvi, If ever I see that auld randle-tree of a wife again.

'rannigal. Sc. and north, dial. Also Sc. 6 rannegald, 9 rannygill. [? Alteration of renegade.^ (See quots.) 15.. Kennedy Flyting w. Dunbar 401 (Bann. MS.) Rawmowd rebald, rannegald [ed. 1508 renegate] rehatour. 1825 Jamieson SuppL, Rannygill, a bold, impudent, unruly person... Roxb. 1847-78 Halliwell, a worthless fellow. Rannigal is also used. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Rannigal, a masterful child or animal.

ranny (’r^ni). Obs. exc. dial. Also 9 -ey. [App. ad. L. araneus mus (Colum. and Pliny) ‘a kind of small mouse, acc. to some the shrew mouse’.] The shrew mouse, or field mouse. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 173 Venomous beastes, and Wormes, as Ranny, Tode, Edder. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 153 Sammonicus and Nicander do call the Mus-Araneus, the shrew or Ranny, blinde. 1787 in Marshall Norfolk (1795) H- Gloss. 1823 Moor Suffolk Words, Ranny, the long-nosed, small-eyed, fetid shrew or field mouse... Hence anything long nosed is called rannynosed.

RANNY

181

ranny, Sc. var. randy a., obs. f. ranee. rannygazoo (.raeniga'zu:). Chiefly U.S. dial, or slang.

Also ranikaboo, reinikaboo, renicky-boo.

[Origin unknown.]

A prank, trick; horseplay,

‘nonsense’. (See also quots. 1901, 1940.) 1^01 Dial. Notes II. 146 Reinikaboo.., a newspaper story which is midway between a fake and a statement of fact; a statement of news out of all proportion and almost out of relation to the facts, yet having a certain origin and shadowy foundation. 1907 S. E, White Arizona Nights iii. 255 ‘You bluffer!’ shouted a voice, ‘don’t you think you can run any such ranikaboo here!’ 1917 Dial. Notes IV. 328 Renicky .. or renicky-boo. ‘He wants to run some sort of bluff or renicky on us.’ 1924 WoDEHOUSE Bill the Conqueror xi. 204 I’ll hang around for a while just in case friend Pilbeam starts any rannygazoo. 1940 Time 14 Oct. 28 Wilkie went to N.Y.C. to tour Democratic Brooklyn... Still he refused to make a.. speech, stil turned down .. pleas.. to let loose with a ring¬ tailed, rabble-musing rannygazoo. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Jan. 1/2 A ranikaboo in Arizona would be known as a prank in other states. 1974 W’ODEHOtiSE Aunts aren't Gentlemen vii. 59 Her lips were tightly glued together, her chin protruding, her whole lay-out that of a girl who intended to stand no rannygazoo. ran-pick, -pike(d: see rampick, -pike(d. ranque, obs. form of rank sb. ransack ('rsnsEek), sb.

[f.

the vb.

Cf.

ON.

rannsak.] The act of ransacking. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie ii. xi[i]. (Arb.) 118 In the ransacke of the Cities of Cartagena and S. Dominico. 1635 Quarles Embl. iv. xii. (1818) 241 W’hat unwonted way Has 'scap’d the ransack of my rambling thought? 1649 Earl Monm. tr. Renault's Use Passions (1671) 137 His Choler committed no less ransack. 1887 Blackmore Springhaven (ed. 4) HI. XV. 208 ‘There are no official papers here’, he said, after another short ransack. ransack ('raenssek), v.

Forms: 3-7 ransake, (3

-en, 5 -yn; 4 ron-, 5 ? raun-; also 5 ransek, ? runsik, 6 ransik, -sike), 5-7 ransacke, (8 -sac), 6ransack. [a. ON. rannsaka (Sw. ransaka, Da. ransage), f. rann house (= Goth, razn, OE. xrn) + -saka, ablaut-var. of sdekja to seek; cf. saka to blame, accuse, harm. Guernsey dial, ransaquer, Gael, rannsaich are from Eng. or ON. ON. rannsaka is esp. used in the legal sense of searching a house for stolen goods: cf. senses i and 2 below.] 11. trans. To search (a person) for something stolen or missing. Obs. ri250 Gen. & Ex. 1773 Du me ransakes als an 6ef. Ibid. 2323 He gan hem ransaken on and on, And fond it 6or sone a-non. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xix. 122 Filius.. flegh .. To ransake that rageman and reue hym hus apples. 1493 Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 22 They.. sayd it was not so, and he [Joseph] ransaked them by and by. 2. To make thorough search in or throughout (a place, receptacle, collection of things, etc.)/or something (in early use, something stolen: cf. i). Also (rarely) with up. a 1300 Cursor M. 4893 (Gott.) 3on er theues .. Foluis paim and ransakis [Cott. ripe] pair ware. 1530 Palsgr. 679/1 He hath ransaked all the chystes I have for his beades. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 595/2 He sayth..that the woman had lost her money, though by ransaking vp her howse and seking she founde it at last agayne. 1592 Greene Art Conny catch. 30 The Knight sat downe with him and fell a ransacking his budget. 1644 H. Parker J'ur Populi 42 We have ransacked the bosome of Nature for all species of Power. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) II. 80,1 am ransacking my memory for..scraps of theatrical history. 1805 Wordsw. Prelude v. 255 She scratches, ransacks up the earth for food. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iii. 135 The Latin language is ransacked for strange and out-of-the-way terms. b. absol. To make thorough search. Now rare. C1386 Chaucer Knt.’s T. 147 To ransake in the tas of bodyes dede.. The pilours diden bisinesse and cure, c 1440 York Myst. xlvi. 215, I shall renne and reste not to ransake full right. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas i. v. 749 We.. ransack deeply in her bosom tender. 1732 Neal Hist. Purit. I. 253 This raised a clamour as if the Queen intended to ransack into mens consciences. 3. To examine thoroughly, to subject to close scrutiny; to overhaul and investigate in detail. a 1300 E.E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 bai ransaked wicnesse, and iuel thinge. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 684/40 Hou schulde a leche this mon releeve But 3if he mi3te ronsake the wounde. ^1440 Jacob's Well 109 J>ere is no man, & he raunsake his conscyens, but he schal fynde. .manye [sins], to schryuen him of. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xiii. xiii, Anone he ransakyd hym & thenne he saide vnto syr galahad I shal hele hym of this wounde. 1533 More Apol. xiii. Wks. 912,1 purpose not to ransake and rebuke either the tone lawe or the tother. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 9 Reade then this book.. and thou shalt ransacke the affections, yea and consciences of the hearers. 1684 J. Goodman Old Relig. (1848) 160 Ransacking a man’s own heart in secret. 1850 Hawthorne Scarlet L. xx. (1852) 207 She ransacked her conscience.. and took herself to task.. for a thousand imaginary faults. 1872 Ruskin Eagle's N. §66 In astronomy, the fields of the sky have not yet, indeed, been ransacked by the most costly instruments. fb. fig. of things: To search, explore, penetrate. Also intr. Obs. 1562 Phaer JEneid ix. Bb iij b, The sword .. Had ransakt through his ribs. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abme (Arb.) 38 One dramme of Eeleborus ransackes euery vaine. 1590 Spenser F.Q. III. V. 48 The mightie ill, which, as a victour proud, gan ransack fast His inward partes. 4. To search (a place, person, etc.) with intent to rob; hence, to rob, plunder, pillage {of).

1390 Gower Conf. II. 331 He can the packes wel ransake, .. Thus Robberie goth to seke. 1465 Marg. Paston in P. Lett. II. 251 They stodeuppon the hey awter, and ransackyd the images and toke a way such as they myght fynd. 1522 More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 94 In what painefull plight they shall lye a dying, while theyr executours afore their face ransake vp theyr sackes. 1638 R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) no Hee hath beene robbed and ransacked in France. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 145 That poor country had been pillag’d, plunder’d and ransack’d by the Persians. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 413 Those whose houses are ransacked by invading enemies. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias vii. xv. If 4 They rob, ransack, and devour me. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 109 The palaces were ransacked of their valuables and then ruthlessly set on fire. absol. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. iii. 179 To robbe.. and ransack, whereby to sustaine themselues. 1642 Lancash. Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 46 The Souldier hath ransakt and pillag’d.. in the country thereabouts. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 53 A furious and insolent enemy ransacking among the Sepulchres of their Ancestors.

b. To search for and take {away) or carry off as plunder. Also with up. Now tare. C1400 Beryn 3652 Hanybald shall.. delyvir the good ageyn, pat from 3ewe was ransakid. 1523 [Coverdale] Old God & New (1534) Fijb, The nations dyd ransake away whatsoeuer thinges they myght. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribae 463 To spoyle the whole Countrey: and rake and ransake vp all thin^ that are for mans vse. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 57 Refined gold, which greedy Antiochus thought to haue ransackt. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. viii. 218 Even scented soap and toilette-vinegar.. were ransacked from his stores.

t5. To visit with harshness or violence; to assail, drag, shake, etc. roughly. Obs. c 1375 Cursor M. 15825 (Fairf.) Forj? his maister pa\ drogh & ronsaked him vnrekenli baj? ouer hil & seogh. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7967 Many a kny3t fel to the grounde. Ful sorily he hem ransaked. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 92 A yong man.. Whom deeth so ny ransakid had, & soght.

RANSOM Slayand thame without ransoune. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 102 Whan he for man the raunsom on hym tooke. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 60 Four consules, the quhilkis the inymyes wald nocht lat to ransoun. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn 89 He wolde take to raenson pt knyght that was a straunger. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 295 They slue many a man that could not come to raunsome. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xxvii, An honourable imprisonment.. as is due to one who is in treaty for ransom. Ibid, xxxii, Let us put the Jew to ransom. 1859 Jephson Brittany xy\. 261 Gwesklen, taken prisoner by Chandos, was held by him to ransom.

2. a. The sum or price paid or demanded for the release of a prisoner or the restoration of captured property, a hinges ransom^ a large sum. t wan of ransom^ one able to pay ransom, or for whom ransom will be paid. 01225 Aticr. R. 124 A mon )>et leie ine prisune, & ouhte muche raunsun. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6046 bis folc bisette kaunterbury.. & gret raunson of horn wirinne esste. c 1350 Will. Palerne 1251 Y am prest as pi prisoun to paye pt my ransum. 1390 Gower Corif. III. 220 A gaz made gret beheste Of rancoun which he wolde yive. C1470 Henry Wallace ii. 150 His kyn mycht nocht him get.. Mycht thai hawe payit the ransoune of a King. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 163 b, Thei had been leat.. without any peny of raunsome paiyng to escape. C1590 Marlowe Faust, vi, I’ll not speak another word for a King’s ransom. 1636 Massinger Bashf. Lover ii. vii, I know him: he’s a man of ransom. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 145 Here we staid till the sixth day, in hopes to get a Ransom for the Town. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. (1887) I. 239 Her brother.. sent the sum of four thousand pounds sterling as a ransom for his sister. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 208 Like all.. prisoners of war, she must., pay her ransom in gold. 1829 Mrs. Hall Sketches Irish Char. I. 75, I couldn’t look upon the babby’s face for a king’s ransom. 1882 OuiDA Maremma I. 11 The stranger had been waiting for a ransom to be sent.

h.jig., in religious use, of Christ or His blood.

^1440 Promp. Parv. 423/1 Ransakyd, investigatus, ^rscrutatus. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 194 The spoile of the ransaked pouertie. 1659 Sprat Plague of Athens (1790) 249 The ransack’d memory Lai^uish’d in naked poverty. 1697 Dryden jEneid ll. 1040 The Spoils which they from ransack’d Houses brought. 1862 Lytton Str. Story II. 175 A Flora and a Fauna which have no similitudes in the ransacked quarters of the Old World.

01300 Cursor M. 21731 On cros godd boght ur saul Hues bar-on he gaf him-seluen ranscun. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 290 b/2, O crosse.. which only were worthy to here the raunson of the world. 01569 Kingesmyll Confi. Satan (1578) 37 Looke, Christe is called a ransome, that is, a price of redemption. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 61 Sending thee, .his Mediator.. Both Ransom and Redeemer voluntarie. 0 1711 Ken Christophil VotX. Wks. 1721 I. 511 A Price inestimable paid. The Blood of God our Ransom made. 01854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. vii. (1878) 236 A soul., not unworthy the awful ransom of the Redeemer’s blood.

ransacker ('raensaek3(r)). Also 4 raunsaker. [f. as prec. -(- -er.] One who ransacks; a pillager.

01400-50 Alexander 1665 Besands to pe bischop he bed out of nounbre, Reches him of rede gold ransons many.

ransacked ('rasnsaekt),/>/>/. a. [f. prec. + -ed^.] Searched into, explored, plundered, etc.

CI340 Hampole Prose Tr. 42 Raunsaker of pe myghte of Godd. 1609 Bible (Douay) Judg. ii. 14 Our Lord., delivered them into the handes of ransackers. 1862 Gladstone in Times 8 Apr. 9/1 He is a ransacker of Hansard.

ransacking ('raenssekiij), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. -I-ING^] The action of the verb ransack. a 1300 E.E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 \>a\ waned .. of ransakinge. 1435 Fire of Love 60 Be ransakynge of rightwys mens lyfis fro all pryde pi self refreyn. 1579 E. K. Gloss, in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Oct. 65 He came to ransacking of king Darius coffers. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone {1674) 262 Naples.. is now brought to utter desolation .. by the general ransacking of the Vice Roys. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 28 Their Ransackings, Groundings, Dockings, and Repairings. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. I. ii. (1710) 349 {Orkneys) They., make search for the Theft, which is called Ransaking. 1955 H. Roth Sleeper i. 10 What.. happened before the ransacking? Misyn

ransackle, v. Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms: 7 ransacle, 8 -shakle, 9 -s(h)ackle (also ram-), [f. ransack V. -LE.] trans. To ransack. 1621 B. JoNSON Gipsies Metam. ii. vi, They ha’., ransacled me of every penny, a 1802 Jamie Telfer iv. in Child Ballads IV. 6/1 They.. ranshakled the house right weel. 1825 in Brockett N.C. Gloss. 1877 in Holderness Gloss.

ranse, variant of rance sb.^ and v.

fc. A large sum. Obs. rare~‘^. d. Sc. An exorbitant price, rent, etc. 1816 Scott Antiquary I. iii. 59 Could a copy [of Caxton’s ‘Game of Chess’] now occur.. Lord only knows what would be its ransom. 1824-7 Moir Mansie Wauch i, Grannie.. sold the milk.. at the ransom of a ha’penny the mutchkin. 1875 W. Alexander Sk. Life among my Ain Folk viii. 133 Some said Sandy Mutch had taken the farm ‘at a ransom’. 1932 A. J. Cronin Three Loves 11. xviii. 352 But the price of things... It’s shameful. Everything a ransom now.

fe. The thing ransomed. Obs. rare-'. a 1300 Cursor M. 28023 Fra godd his ful dere ranscon yee stele, es pat ilk saul pat he Cost wit his ded.

t3. a. The action or means of freeing oneself from a penalty; a sum of money paid to obtain pardon for an offence; a fine, mulct. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 1970 Qua I>at slas or man or wijf par gas na ransun bot Hue for lijf. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 329 Som gaf raunson after per trespas. c 1386 Chaucer Wife's Prol. 411, I wolde no lenger in the bed abyde... Til he had maad his raunson vn to me. 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 22 § I To abyde in prisone therfor unto the tyme he have made fyne and raunsom for the same. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 42 Pardons payeth most properly the raunsom of payne due in purgatory. C1585 Faire Em iii. 768 Thy death should pay the ransom of thy fault. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. I. xxxix. (1739) 59 Then might that Penance be reduced to a Ransom (according to the grain of the offence). 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. 373 This is the reason why fines in the king’s court are frequently denominated ransoms.

fb. A sum paid as a tax or tribute. Obs. ransel, ranselman: see rancel, -man. ransom ('raensam), sb. Forms: a. 3-4 ransun, (4 -coun, -cun-e, -scun, -scon), 4-6 ransoun, 4-7 ranson, (5, 7 -sone); 4 raunsun, (-scun, -ceoun, -zoun, etc.), 4-5 raunson, -soun (also 4 ron-, 5 rawn-, rawun-, etc.). /3. 4 rans(o)um, -scum, -scome, 6-7 ransome, (7 randsom), 4- ransom, (4 rauns(o)um, 4-6 rawnsom-e, 4-6 raunsom, 6 -some, raundsom, -sum), y. 4 raymson, 4-5 raumso(u)n, 4-6 ramson. S. 5 raen-, reanson, reaunceoune. [a. OF. ranfon, ran-, raunson, raenfon, -son, ra(a)nceun, rampfon, etc. (see Godei.):—*re(d)empfon:—L. redemptidn-em: see redemption. For the change of -on to -om, which appears quite early, cf. randon, random.] 1. The action of procuring the release of a prisoner or captive by paying a certain sum, or of obtaining one’s own freedom in this way; the fact or possibility of being set free on this condition; the paying of money to this end. In older use freq. in phrases \to make ransom, \to let or take to ransom. In the 19th c. the sense appears to have been revived by Scott, and now occurs chiefly in the phr. to hold to ransom. a 1300 Cursor M. 9772 (Cott.) Angel ne might wit na resun Mak for adam his ranscun [Gott. raunsum]. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2834 ‘In helle’, he says, ‘es na raunceon’. For na helpe may be in pat dungeon. 137s Barbour Bruce xiii. 72

C1320 Sir Tristr. 935 Mani man wepen sare For ransoum to yrland. Marke schuld 3eld .. pre hundred pounde of gold. 01327 Poem Time Edw. II 302 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 337 If the King in his lond maketh a taxacioun. And everi man is i-set to a certein raunzoun.

4. A ransom bill or bond (see 5 b). 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv, V. 75 The St. Christopher arrived, whose Crew..had taken and dismissed on a Ransome for Four thousand Dollars an English Frigate.

5. attrib. and Comb.y as ransom-free adj.; ransom demand, -gift, -gold, -money, package, -payer, -price, purchase. 1976 R. L. Boyer Giant Rat of Sumatra (1977) x. 150 None of the staff., were aware of the *ransom demand. ^1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xxxvi. 76 Thy haly grave, Quhilk makis ws ‘ransome fre. 1715 Tickell Homer 8 Till Ransom-free the Damsel is bestow’d. 1848 Buckley Iliad 107 My sire will bestow on thee countless ‘ransom-gifts. 1815 Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxiv, He proffer’d ‘ransom-gold to pay. 1722 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 198 We bilked the captain of his‘ransom money. 1848 Buckley 7/10^351 Two men contended for the ransom-rmoney of a slain man. 1969 B. Malamud Pictures of Fidelman iii. 69 The insurance company.. would at once kick in with the ransom money. 1970 T. Heald Let Sleeping Dogs Die vii. 130 These particular villains were interested in ransom money, not selling. 1974 Aiken (S. Carolina) Standard 24 Apr. 5-A/3 Police said a dummy ‘ransom package with a note asking the alleged abductors for more time was delivered according to the instructions Dantzler said his kidnapers had given him. 1645 Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 186 You shame the glory of the ‘ransom-payer. 1872 J. H. Ingraham Pillar of Fire 329 The King may be redeemed .. with a vast

•ransom-price. 1865 BusHNELL Vicar. Sacr. v. (1868) 113 To be the ’ransom purchase of others.

b. ransom-bill, -bond, an engagement to redeem or pay ransom, in later use esp. for a vessel captured by the enemy; ransom note, a letter sent by a kidnapper or kidnappers to interested parties demanding ransom money or other satisfaction, and specifying the consequences should this not be forthcoming. 1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 7 Releasing many of his fellow-captives, on his own ransom-bond. 1764 Ann. Reg. 138 The ransom bills for preserving Manilla from pillage. 1767 Blackstone Comm. III. 436 The privileges of embassadors, hostages, or ransom-bills. 1896 Daily News 29 Feb. 6/2 The Alabama burned fifty-seven ships besides releasing on ransom-bond a great many with neutral cargo on board. 1935 M. M. Atwater Murder in Midsummer xiv. 13s Maybe it's a kidnapping, but there’s no ransom notes. 1975 D. Pitts This City is Ours viii. 28 That ship might explode if it’s tampered with. That’s what the ransom note says, and I believe it.

ransom ('raenssm), v. Forms; see the sb. (also 4 raunsene, 5 rampsoum, 6 ramsion, Sc. ransson; pa. t. 4 raunsede). [a. OF. ransonner, -gonner, etc. f. ransom see prec.] 1. trans. To redeem (from captivity or punishment); to procure the release of (a person) or restoration of (a thing) by payment of the sum or price demanded. Also fig. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. X. 420 A robbere was yraunceouned, rather than thei alle. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 211 Withbrandes kyng of Longobardes.. raunsoned [v.r. raunsede] f>e relikes of seint Austyn. c 1470 Henry Wallace viii. 452 Quha 3eildis him, sail neuir ransownd be. 1513 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 395 That no dweller of this towne become suertie for no gent of the countrey, ne ramson none of them. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia vi. 215 Their Canowes.. they ransomed for Beuer skinnes. 1667 Sprat Hist. R. Soc. 434 To randsome the minds of all mankind from Slavery. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. 73 They were obliged to ransom not only their prisoners but their dead. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. viii. 280 His wife ransomed him at a heavy price.

b. To redeem, deliver, in religious sense. 01300 Cursor M. 9784 If godd had wroght ano)?er man For to ransun wit adam. 1414 Brampton Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 28 Cryist, that deyid up on the rood, To raunsoun synfull creature. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Epistle **j, He was solde to ransom vs. 1667 Milton P.L. hi. 297 His Brethren, ransomd with his own dear life. 1784 CowpER Tiroc. 128 We.. learn with wonder how this world began, Who made, who marr’d, and who has ransom’d man. 1859 Tennyson Guinevere 677 Poor sick people, richer in His eyes Who ransom’d us .. than I.

c. To purchase (life or liberty) by a ransom. 1630 Dekker 2nd Pt. Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 170 If my life May ransome thine, I yeeld it to the Law. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 75 The Men.. made them send ashoar for Cattle to ransom their Liberties. 1801 Lusignan III. 82 The design she had long meditated.. of endeavouring to ransom his liberty.

d. To atone or pay for, to expiate; fto procure respite of (time); to bring into by ransoming. U1300 Cursor M. 14427 pat he suld flexs take.. For to ranscun wit adam sin. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiii. (George) 77 To ransone pe tyme & to sauf pame fra his venyme. c 1600 Shaks. Sonnets xxxiv, Those tears.. are rich and ransom all ill deeds. 1604-0th. in. iv. 118 Nor my Seruice past, nor present Sorrowes,.. Can ransome me into his loue againe. 1796 Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 152 Its moments of extasy would be ransomed by years of torment and hatred.

2. a. To permit to be ransomed; to admit to ransom; to set free on payment of a sum of money; fto fix one’s ransom at a certain sum. 1375 Barbour Bruce 11. 466 Off othir, that war takyn than, Sum thai ransownyt, sum thai slew. 1442 in Proc. King's Council Irel. (Rolls) 274 He.. put him in great duresse of prisoun, and rampsoumed him at c. marcs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 348 That he were streyght put in pryson, and not to be raunsomyd nor delyuered tyll the Kyngys pleasure were forther knowen. /)/. a. [f.

rarefy v. + -ed.] That is made less dense. (Chiefly of air). Also transf. and fig. 1634 Peacham Gentl. Exerc. iii. 140 The higher parts of the ayre, which,. are more rarified and pure then the neather. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. i. 17 That a Bullet should be moved by the rarified fire. 1785 Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 VI. 506, I need not explain to you,.. what is meant by rarefied air. 1855 Prescott Philip II, ii, iv. (1857) 243 The brisk and rarefied atmosphere of Madrid proved favourable to Charles’s health. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII, 482 Mast-cells closely packed in columns in a rarefied tissue. 1961 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 290/1 From the light of common day into the rarified atmosphere of the late eighteenth century. 1977 G. Michanowsky Once Future Star iv. 33 In the rarefied world of cuneiform scholarship, it is known as BM—86378. 1978 N. Moss What's the Difference? (ed. 2) 93 Professor, n—a less rarefied post than at a British university, since there are usually several professors to a department.

'rarefier. rare. which rarefies.

[f. rarefy v.

+ -ERb]

That

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies i, ii. 6 Such infinite variety of Rarefiers and Condensers. 1798 Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 240 The air-pump, or rarefier.

rarefy ('rsarifai, 'rasnfai), v. Also 5-6 rere-, 5-9 rari-, 7 reri-. [a. F. rarefier (14th c., Oresme), or ad. L. rdre/accre (Lucretius), f. rdr-M5RAREa.* -I-

rarely (’reali), adv. [f. rare a.'^ -h -ly^.] fl. a. Thinly, scantily. Obs. rare. 1523 Cromwell Sp. in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 40 How should we be Able to possede the large Cuntreye of Fraunce which haue our owne Realme so meruelous rarely storyd of inhabytauntes and hable men.

fb. In a wide-set or open manner. Obs. a 1547 Surrey JEneid iv, (1557) Ei, The hayes so rarely knit [L. retia rara]. 1622 Sir R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 196 Shee.. being rarely built, and utterly without fights or defences.. wee cleered her decks in a moment.

2. Seldom, infrequently, in few instances. Formerly compared rarelier, rareliest {quots. 1640, 1656). 1552 Huloet, Rarelye, raro. 1570 in Levins Manip. (31618 Raleigh Rem. (1664) 121 Benefits are sometimes acknowledged, rarely requited. 1640 Bolton Comf. Affl. Consc. (ed. 3) Ep. Ded., They are rarelier, and hardlier wrought upon by the Word. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. 1. xxxix. (1674) 51 Those precious Stones are most esteemed of, which are rareliest found. 1712 Budgell Spect. No. 277 If 16 She was not Talkative, a Quality very rarely to be met with in the rest of her Country-women. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 3 They rarely, if ever., are perfectly frozen. 1861 Flo. Nightingale Nursing 7 The windows are rarely or never opened. 1880 Geikie Phys. Geog. ii. § 11.85 How rarely does the air seem to be perfectly motionless!

b. With ever added. 1694 W. Wotton Anc. Mod. Learn. (1697) 403 The most verbose Mathematicians have rarely ever said any thing for Saying sake. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. II. 167 They, .rarely ever examin into the true Motive. 1728 Ramsay Health 355 Who rarely ever cures, but often kills. 1857 [see ever adv. 7 c].

c. rarely or ever, by confusion of ‘rarely if ever' and ‘rarely or never’. Cf. ever adv. jh. 1768 Woman of Honor 1. 139 But those schemes.. rarely or ever answer the end. 1811 Syd. Smith Wks. (1850) 200/1 The contest would rarely or ever take place, where the friends of the Establishment were not numerous enough.

d. it is rarely that = It is rare or seldom that. (See RARE a. 5 b.) *753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Louse, He observes, that it is rarely that flies are found infested with them. 1825 G. N. Collingwood in Parr's Wks. (1828) I. 505 It was rarely indeed that any such request was denied.

RASA

196

RARENESS 3. Unusually or remarkably well; finely, splendidly, beautifully. (Freq. in 17th c.)

fra'riety. Obs. [f. rare a.h on analogy of variety. Pretty frequent in early part of 17th c.]

1590 Shaks. Mids. AT. I. ii. 31, I could play Ercles rarely. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. v. i, I could belch rarely, for I am all winde. 1667 Dryden Sir Martin Mar-all v. i, I’ll instruct him most rarely, he shall never be found out. 1703 Maundrell yourw. Jerus. (1732) 136 A stately Architrave, and Cornish rarely carv’d. 1786 Burns Dream x, Down Pleasure’s stream, wi’ swelling sails I’m tauld ye’re driving rarely, i860 Geo. Eliot Mill on Floss iii. iii, You can write rarely now, after all your schooling, I should think.

= RARITY (chiefly in senses 4 and 5).

4. In an unusual degree; exceptionally. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 158 Villain, Dog. O rarely base. 1661 Boyle Spring of Air 11. v. (1682) 56 It will agree rarely-well with the Hypothesis. 1681 R. Knox Hist. Ceylon 15 It is rarely sweet and pleasing to the pallat. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp.xxi'i. i74. I was one of the oarsmen, and sweated rarely. 1882 Jessie Fothergill Kith & K. xxx, I believed him to be rarely good and wise.

b. With (ppl.) adjs. used attributively. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. vii. 16 The rarely learned Marcus Aurelius Severinus, i860 G. H. K. in Vac. Tour 117 Bits of rarely-scented shrub here and there. 1866 Macm. Mag. Apr. 521 Investigated by.. That rarelygifted Scholar.

rareness (Teams), [f. rare af + -ness.] The fact or quality of being rare, fl. Thinness; fewness, scantiness. Ohs. rare. 1588 Whitehorne tr. MachiaveVs Arte of Warre iii. 43 The Hastati.. retyred by a litle, and litle, by the rarenes of thorders betweene the Principi. 1610 J. Forbes Cert. Rec. x. (1846) 390 The said Assemblie.. having weighed the rareness of their own number [etc.]. 2. = RARITY 2. 1614 W. B. Philosopher's Banquet (ed. 2) 45 The lightnesse and rarenesse of the substance. 1714 Halley in Phtl. Trans. XXIX. 160 The extream Cold and Rareness of the Air in those upper Regions. 1857 R. Tomes Amer. in Japan xii. 287 The not infrequent rains .. give an occasional humidity and rareness to the atmosphere. 3. = RARITY 3. 1551 R. Robinson tr. More's Utopia ii. vi. (1895) 174 Yf that the folly of men hadde not sette it in hygher estymacyon for the rarenes sake. 1620 Venner Via Recta iv. 74 It may be.. doubted, whether it be so greatly esteemed for the rarenesse of it, or for the goodnesse of meate. 1721 R. Keith tr. d Kempis' Solil. Soul xviii. 262, I rather accuse the Rareness than the Frequency of thy Approaches. 1884 Contemp. Rev. July 63 A noteworthy fact is the comparative rareness of ruined villages of the age of bronze. 4. = RARITY 4. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 167 This kind of Foule, both for their rareness, and also the greatnesse of their body, is at this daie kept in great ftockes. 1575-85 Abp. Sandys Serm. xviii. (1585) 308 Their prerogatiues.. were manifolde, and for the preciousnesse and rarenesse of them most wonderful. 1683 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 185 The greatest master both for invention and rareness of work, that the world ever had. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt xlv. That childhood to which common things have rareness.

'rare-ripe, a. and sb. dial, and U.S. [f. rare a.® + RIPE.] 2i.adj. Rathe-ripe. b.sb. An early fruit or vegetable. Also transf. c. attrib. Of the colour of a peach called the rare-ripe. 1799 Washington Writ. (1893) XIV. 231 All that part.. is to be planted with rare-ripe corn. 1799 S. Freeman Town Officer 162 Onions for shipment in bunches shall weigh as follows, viz. rare-ripes two and a half lbs. i860 O. W. Holmes Elsie V. (1861) 75 Brunette, with a rareripe flush in her cheeks. 1890 Lowell Poems II. 181 President Lincoln said of a precocious boy that ‘he was a rareripe’.

Rarey (’reari). The name of the horse-breaker J. S. Rarey, used attrib. and in the possessive to denote methods or equipment employed by him for the taming of horses. Hence 'Rareying, the action or fact of breaking in a horse by Rarey’s methods. Cf. Rareyfy v. [1856 J. S. Rarey (title) The modern art of taming wild horses]. 1875 S. Sidney Bk. of Horse xxvi. 562 The Rarey pnnciple consists in teaching the colt as much as possible without putting him in any pain, and without frightening him by any strange sight or sound. Ibid. 565 (caption) Horse, with Rarey fittings. Ibid. 567 The application of the Rarey straps in the following manner affords a better chance of success than the ordinary exhausting plans of old-fashioned colt-breakers and of circus-riders. 1896 M. H. Hayes Illustr. Horse-Breaking (ed. 2) iv. 124 Having ‘picked up’ the foot, we may secure it.. by Rarey’s leg-strap, which is about 3 ft. long, and is furnished at one end with a buckle, below which a leather ‘keeper’ is placed on both sides. Ibid. 175 Mr. Norton Smith adopted.. a modification of Rarey’s systern. 1905 S. Galvayne 20th Century Bk. on Horse 100 (heading) The Rarey system. Ibid., It may not be uninteresting to the reader to briefly explain the method of ‘Rareying’ a horse. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XHI. 725/1 The method of subduing a colt by ‘galvayning’ is as good as any. It is a more humane system than ‘rareying’, which overcame by exhaustion under circumstances which were not fruitful of permanent results. 1942 Rareying [see Galvayne]. 1979 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Oct. 724/2 The ‘Rarey’ method of throwing a horse is explained.

1596 Edward III, II. ii. sig. D 4. The register of all rarieties Since Letheme Adam, till this youngest howre. 1611 Heywood Gold. Age in. Wks. 1874 III. 52 Let all raryeties Showre downe from heauen a lardges. 1636-Challenge for Beauty iv. Wks. V. 52 If any clyme Could yeeld rarietie to equall ours. 1659 Fuller App. Inj. Innoc. i. 44 Give me leave to record the first Essays of this Pious Prince, especially they being unprinted rarieties.

rarifaction, -fy: see rarefaction, rarefy. rarin, obs. form (inf.) of roar v. raring: see rare v. i b. Ilrariora (resri'osra, raeri-), sb. pi. [L., neut. pi. comparative of rarus rare.] Rare books. Cf. rare a.* 5 e. 1863 Macm. Mag. VIII. 36 {heading) Rariora of old poetry. 1908 Daily Report 26 Aug. 8/3 Such books fetch far better prices in London and Paris than in New York, where the demand for such rariora is small. 1932 J. Buchan Gap in Curtain iv. 189 There was a fine set of Donne, two of the Shakespeare folios,.. besides a quantity of devotional and political rariora. 1964 D. Cox in D. Daiches Idea of New University ix. 162 Where sufficient copies of not only European but of American rariora have been unavailable, microfacsimile has been called in.

'rarish, a. Also Somewhat rare.

rare-ish.

[f.

rare

a.^]

1844 Tupper Heart iv. 35 These instances are rarish too. 1875 Browning Inn Album iii. 92 Would.. I winged were.. And so could straightway soar.. Back to my nest where broods whom I love best—The parson o’er his parish— garish—rarish—. 1959 N. Marsh False Scent (i960) i. 19 It’s rare-ish. The frame’s contemporary. I’m afraid it’s twelve guineas.

jlrarissima (rea'nsima, ra'ri-), sb. pi. [L., neut. pi. superlative of rarus rare.] Extremely rare books. Also ra'rissime a. [lit. ‘very rarely (ic. found)’], extremely rare. 1903 A. Bennett Truth about Author iv. 56, I possessed a rarissime illustrated copy of Manon Lescaut. 1952 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Nov. 752/3 The.. books.. of which Mr. Wing has been able to locate only a single copy.. are not as rarissime as one would infer. 1972 Ibid. 29 Sept. 1173I2 A few of the important rarissima, like Fust and Schoeffer’s Canon Missae of 1458.

t'raritive, a. nonce-wd. [Irreg. f. rare a.] Indicating rareness of occurrence. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. iii. vii. 342 The opposite to each of these, viz. Desinative and Raritive [words].

rarity ('reariti, 'raeriti). Also 6-7 -itie, 7 -ietie, -iety, -yet-, [ad. L. rdritds, f. rarus rare: see -ity. Cf. F. rarete (isth c.), ■\rarite (i6th c.). On the pron. see note to rarefy.] 11. a. Of a number of things or persons; The fact of being set at wide intervals. Obs. rare. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres in. ii. 78 So will it be of no force to fight, by reason of their raritie & their standing.

fb. Of the pulse: Infrequency. Obs. rare. 1590 Barrough Meth. Physick 238 The pulses do keepe their naturall slownesse and raritie.

2. Of substances (now chiefly of air): Thinness of composition or texture. (Opposed to density.) 1644 H. Hammond Pract. Catech.'v. iv. (1847) 335 Bodies .. spiritualized into a high agility, rarity, clarity. 1684 tr. Boneps Merc. Compit. i. 8 Falling of the Hair, caused by rarity of the skin. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. II. xxi. 404 Though the transparency of bodies were explicable on the supposition of infinite strength and infinite rarity. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. §xvii. (1849) 164 The air, notwithstanding its rarity, is capable of transmitting its undulations. 1887 R. L. Stevenson Merry Men v. ii. 224 An atmosphere of more than usual rarity.

3. Relative fewness in number; the fact of occurring seldom or in few instances. 1560-1 First Bk. Discipl. in Knox Wks. (1846) II. 194 The cheiffest remedy., in all this raritie of trew ministeris, is fervent prayer unto God. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Raritie, fewnesse, scarseness. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 477 IP I, I am so far from being fond of any particular one, by reason of its Rarity [etc.]. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, HI. xi. 243 These libels, which enter into our national history, are of the greatest rarity. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. vii. (1858) 287 Confined to rare and remote occasions, the more remarkable from their very rarity.

4. Unusual or exceptional character, esp. in respect of excellence. 1601 R. Chester in Shaks. Cent. Praise 43 A Poeme enterlaced with much varietie and raritie. 1695 W. W. New Lt. Chirurg. Put out 30 His Method of Cure. Which hath several Pieces of Rarity in it. I7at raskayl [rerfore pei ratellen pat it is a3enst charite to tellen opynly here cursed disceitis & synnes. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 64 Thou ratelist many thinges, bot grounde hast thou non. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 223 An other rattles his woordes. 1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne (1877) I. 75 It amuses me to rattle in their ears this word. 1785 Burns Death Gf Dr. Hornbook xx. Their Latin names as fast he rattles As ABC. 1808 Southey Let. 20 May, Rhyme must be rattled upon rhyme, till the reader is half dizzy with the thundering echo. 1858 Lytton What will He do II. xi, Lionel rattled out gay anecdotes of his schooldays. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 321 In his revulsion of feeling [he] rattled off these greetings.

fb. To give out (a rattling sound). rare~^. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis ii. (Arb.) 53 Thee towns men roared, thee trump taratantara ratled.

c. To play (music) in a rattling fashion. Also with away, off. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xlviii, Sitting down to the piano, she rattled away a triumphant voluntary on the keys. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xvi. 149 He sat down to the piano, and rattled a lively piece of music. 1852 Dickens Bleak Ho. II. vii. 101 [She] sat down at a little jingling square piano, and really rattled off a quadrille.

d. To fire (bullets) rapidly; to carry off (a person) by firing.

1890 Kipling in Scots Observer 12 July 200/2 If a beggar can’t march, why, we [ic. machine-guns] kills ’im an’ rattles ’im into ’is grave. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 198 He rattled off burst after burst of fire.

7. a. To scold, rate, or rail at, volubly. Common c 1580-1730. 1542 N. Udall Erasmus's Apophthegmes sig. K5, How Diogenes ratleed & shooke vp couetous persones. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 373 For which doctrine.. yet was he ratled of Sisimus the Novatian bishop. 1600 Abbot Exp. Jonah 68 He so rebuketh Jonas, and ratleth him for his drowsiness. 1667 Pepys Diary 9 Aug., I did soundly rattle him for neglecting her so much as he has done. 1710 S. Palmer Proverbs 70 A man’s own friends will.. reprove, catechise, and rattle him at so severe a rate. 1736 [Chetwood] Voy. Vaughan (1760) I. 132 My Uncle perceiving his Behaviour, rattled him, in his merry Way. 1931 S. W. Ryder Blue Water Ventures xvi. 217 He should have rattled his officer-of-the-watch for slackness.

t b. So with up or off. Obs. 1547 Latimer in Foxe A. & M. (1563) 1349/2 Peraduenture ye wyll set penne to paper, and al to rattle me vp in a letter. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 202 b, The diuines of Collon assailed Bucer sore, and rattled hym vp with manye opprobrious wordes. £-1650 Heylin Laud (1668) 263 The King so rattled up the Bishop, that he was glad to make his peace. 1709 Hearne Collect. 4 Apr. (O.H.S.) II. 182 He.. rattled him off for Printing the Book. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull iii. viii, She, that would sometime rattle off her servants pretty sharply.

fc. With complement. Obs. 1624 Massinger Pari. Love ii. ii, Ser. Madam, I rattled him. Rattled him home. Le. Rattle him hence, you rascal. 1669 Pepys Diary 25 Mar., I did lay the law open to them, and rattle the master-attendants out of their wits almost. 1722 De Foe Relig. Courtsh. i. iii. (1840) 89, I believe I rattled her out of it when I came away. 8. a. To stir up, rouse; to make lively. 1781 D. Williams tr. Voltaire's Dram. Wks. II. 119 Come, let us away, to hasten his scrawling redundancies, and rattle the old, plump gentlemen. 1879 McCarthy Own Times I. xvi. 397 A timely philippic rattling up an exhausted and disappointed House.

b. Sporting. To beat up or chase vigorously. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 303 A small covert close by the kennel, being well rattled, the varmint broke away in gallant style. 18& Whyte Melville Mkt. Harb. 88 A fox well rattled, up to the first check, huntsmen tell us, is as good as half killed. 1878 E. W. L. Davies Mem. Rev.J. Russell xi. 259 To rattle.. every stronghold visited by the foxes.

9. to rattle aivay, to lose by dicing; to rattle off, to dispose of in a rapid manner; also spec. Cricket: to score or ‘knock ofF with ease (the runs necessary for victory); to rattle up (chiefly Cricket): to score rapidly, within a certain time, or before enforced retirement. 1808 E. S. Barrett Miss-led General 161 Another considerable estate, called Wheatlands, was rattled away in one night. 1822 Blackw. Mag. XII. 47 Currently rattled off at the Edinburgh book auctions. 18^ Baily's Mag. Sept. 427 Captain Bathurst, in the fine old family style, rattled up 10 and 21. 1875 Ibid. June 108 Ultimately the South were left with about 40 to get to win, and Mr. W. G. Grace and Jupp rattled off these without difficulty. 1896 G. B. Shaw Let. 15 Feb. (1965) I. 597, I do not make a third of the income expected by men who rattle off their copy at anything from 20/- to 40/- a thousand. 1926 H. S. Altham Hist. Cricket xviii. 208 Jackson and Sellars rattled up 24 in a quarter of an hour. 1973 Advocate-News (Barbados) 20 Feb. 14/5 Such an ‘uncertainty’ would take the form of a dramatic batting collapse, giving the Australians enough time to rattle up a good second innings score. 1976 o-io Cricket Scene (Austral.) 30/2 And to show he has lost none of his zest for runs, he rattled off scores of 171 not out, 12, 114 not out and 36 in the World Cup series in England.

10. To impel, drive, drag, bring, etc., in a rapid rattling manner. Freq. in recent use, esp. with advbs. or preps. 1825-8 Croker Fairy Legends 342 As bold a rider as any Mallow boy that ever rattled a four-year-old upon Drumrue race course. 1840 J. Devlin Shoemaker 10 The sweep ascends to his task, rattles down the soot about our feet. 1867 J. Macgregor Voy. Alone (1868) 81 The anchor was rattled up in a minute. 1880 Mai oppynd on me paire mouth as lyon rawysand and rumyand. ri400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 Diuerse maners of nedders and oper rauyschand bestez. 1535 CovERDALE Gen. xxxvii. 33 A rauyshinge beast hath rauyshed loseph. 1605 Shaks. Macb. II. i. 55 With his stealthy pace, With Tarquin’s rauishing sides [emend, strides].

3. Exciting ecstasy or transports. C1430 Lydg. Reas. & Sens. (E.E.T.S.) 3656 Whan they harpe pley, and synge, The noyse is so ravysshynge, That [etc.]. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 3 O rauishing perswasion, to deale with a Science, whose Subiect is so Auncient. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. i. 783 Those ravishing and charming Graces. 01703 Burkitt On N.T., Matt. xvii. 4 O what a ravishing comfort is the fellowship of the saints. 1840 Browning Sordello iii. 351 Then, ravishingest lady, will you pass Or not each formidable group? 1873 Hamerton Intell. Life i. iv. (1875) 24 His ears drank ravishing harmonies.

■[h. as adv.

Ravishingly. Obs. rare.

1570 Levins Manip. 68/6 A W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine ii.

rauishmente, rapina. 1606 G. 9 The foule rauishments they had offered them by the Athenians. 1650 B. Discolliminium 24 That Scotish Invasion and our English Defeat..was a very Ravishment.

'ravissant, a. Also 3, 6 rauisaunt, -ant. [a. F. ravissant, pple. of ravir: see ravish.] fl. Of beasts: Ravening. Obs. rare. C1290 MS. Laud 108 If. II i>e wolf wilde and rauisaunt with pe schep 3eode so milde so lomb. 1549 Compl. Scot. Prol. 2 Tha said rauisant volfis of ingland hes intendit ane oniust veyr.

b. Her. (See quot. 1780.) rare-^. The attitude of a ‘wolf ravissant’ corresponds to that of a ‘lion salient’. 1727 in Bailey (vol. II). 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Her. H. Gloss., Ravissant, a term used by French Heralds to express the posture of a wolf, half raised, and just springing forward upon his prey.

2. Ravishing, delightful. Now only as F. (ravisa), with fern, ravissante (-at). 1653 Gauden Hierasp. 254 The ravissant happiness of the blessed Angels. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode i. i, O, ’tis the sweetest Prince! so obligeant, charmant, ravissant. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair li, The most ravissante little Marquise in the world. 1885 Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman ix. She is not ravissante like her sister.

1616 Breton Goode & Badde §8 The rauishing sweet in the musique of Honour. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. I, 57 Devotions .. like a melodious Consort ravishing Sweet.

ravissh-,

adv. [f. prec. + ravishing manner, enchantingly.

ravoun, obs. form of raven sb.^

'ravishingly,

-ly^.]

In a

1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 96 [They] sing sweetly, glance piercingly, play on Lutes rauishingly. 1615 Chapman Odyss. x. 151 To heare a voice so rauishingly rare. 01672 Sterry Freed. Will (1675) 105 An unbounded, equally-beautiful, ravishingly-harmonious variety. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand, xxxix, [Her] whole person was ravishingly delightful. 1848 Thackeray Lett, i Nov., They have a full chorus of boys,.. who sing quite ravishingly. t ravishmeal,

RAW

236

RAVISHING

Obs.rare-'^. [f. ravish

+

-MEAL.] In a ‘ravishing’ manner. 1382 Wyclif J06 vi. 15 My brethern passeden beside me, as a strem that raueshe melum \v.rr. rauyshe meel, raueshemeles; L. raptim] passeth in valeis. ravishment (’raevij'mant). Also 5-6 rauisshe-, 6

rauysshe-, rauishe-, etc. [ad. OF. ravissement (14th c.): see ravish v. and -ment.] fl. The act of carrying off a person; in ravishment of ward or de gard^ the taking away of a ward; also, the writ issued in consequence of this. Obs. *530-* 22 Hen. VIII, c. 15 And also excepted and forprised out of this pardon all rauysshementes of the Kynges wardes. C1640 J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys {1SS2) H. 351 This lord Henry brought his Writ of ravishment de gard against Robert Hill. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. i. §30. 13 If Lord and Tenant be by Knights service and the Tenant die, his heire within age, and a stranger take him away, the Lord shall have a ravishment of ward. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 1107 Penalties for Ravishment of a Ward from his Lord’s Custody.

2. Forcible abduction or violation of a woman. 1529 S. Fish Supplic. Beggers (1871) 8 For the murdre of his auncestre, rauisshement of his wyfe, of his doughter. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry iii. ix. loi Tatius King of the Sabines coming against him to revenge the ravishment of their women. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 533 ff 2 Why should there be Accessaries in Ravishment any more than Murther? 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias I. 39 She was there informed, by Chrysanthis, of the ravishment of her daughter, c 1850 Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 679 He begged the princess to acquaint him of what had passed from the time of her ravishment. transf. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xliv. (1739) 72 For though he might have taken it by ravishment, yet he chose the way of wooing it by a kind of mutual agreement. 01671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 125 Even this I hope all impartial judges will interpret as force and ravishment of a good name, rather than a voluntary consent. b. With a and pl.\ = rape sb.^ 3 b. 1576 Act 18 Ehz. c. 7 § I Felonious Rapes or Ravishements of Women Maydes Wieves and Damsells. i686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2120/2 All Ravishments and wilful taking away or Marrying of any Maid. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 188 Murders, ravishments, and barbarities. 1890 W. Booth In Darkest Eng. i. i. 13 Ravishments as horrible, as if we were in Central Africa. fig. 1693 G. Firmin Rev. Mr. Davis's Vind. i. 9 Our coming to Christ, and union with him, is compared to Marriage,.. but Dr. Crisp makes it a Ravishment.

3. Transport, rapture, ecstasy. C1477 Caxton Jason 67 b, In this rauisshement, him thought that the God mars saide to him, Appollo, Appollo. 1546 Primer Hen. VIII 146 In the mouth honie so mellifluous, In the heart ravishment celestious. 1627 W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 89 Cursed Moamed calls the dead fits of his falling Sicknesse, his Exstasie and rauishment at the appearance of the Angell Gabriel. 1718 Entertainer No. 21. 144 That Heavenly Bliss, which has absorb’d their Souls in Ravishment and Rapture. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xiv. 115 A melody That, indistinctly heard, with ravishment Possess’d me. 1873 Browning Red Colt. Nt.-cap IV. 270 What folks nickname A lyre, those ancients played to ravishment,

b. With a and pi. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 655 Some of them haue visions, ramshments, & traunces. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr- XVI, To make joy in heaven,.. oh what a ravishment is It. 1744 J- Paterson Comm. Milton's P.L. 266 Ravishments ^Stacies, or transports of the mind for joy. 1841-4 Emerson Ess. Scr* I- ix. (1876) 227 What was in the case of these remarkable persons [Fox, Swedenborg, etc.] a ravishment.

14. An act of plundering or ravaging. Obs.

ravle,

obs. variant of revest v.

dial, form of ravel.

ravyn(e,

obs. forms of raven, ravin^.

ravyner, -ous,

obs. forms of havener, -ous.

fraw, sb.'

Obs. rare. catching fish.

Some contrivance for

1533-4 rict 25 Hen. VIII, c. 7 [No person shall take in any] crele, raw, web, lister, fier, or any other engine.. the yonge frie .. of any kinde of salmon. 1558 Act I Eliz. c. 17 § i No Person .. withe any.. Crele, Rawe, Fagnett, Trollnett, Trimmenet.. shall take.. Spawne, or Frye of Eeles, Salmon, Pyke or Pyckerell,

raw (ro:), a. (sb.^).

Forms; a. i hreaw, hrtew, (Phreow), 3 ravj, 4 raughe, 4-6 rawe, 4- raw. jS. north. 5 ra(e, 8 rey, 9 ray, reea. [Comm. Teut.: OE. hreaw = Fris. rd, re, OS. *hrdo {hra-, MDu. raeu, rou, ro, Du. rauw), MLG. ro (LG. ran, rd, ro), OHG. rdu-, rou-, ro (MHG. raw-, rouw-, ro, G. roh), ON. hrd-r (Sw. rd, Da. raa):—OTeut. *hrawa-z, pre-Teut. *krouo-z related to OIr. crti, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, OSlav. kruvi blood; Gr. Kpeas, Skr. kravts raw flesh. The northern forms ra, ray, etc. are app. ad. ON. hrd-r.'I

A. adj. 1. a. Uncooked, not prepared for use as food by the action of fire or heat. fOf water: Unboiled {obs.). raw cream dial, (see quot. 1796). Also, raw milk. a. c 1000 i^LFRic Horn. II. 264 Ne ete ge of 6am lambe nan 6ing hreaw. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 102 Meng wi8 hreaw $5ru. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 304/152 J?ei heo hadde fisch and drinke, 3e wuten wel it was rav3. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 27 He ete nevere no)?er drank his fulle, noj?er ete rawe fruyte. c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 44 Take raw porke and hew hit smalle. CI511 istEng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 People the whiche ete none other than rawe fleshe. 1577 Frampton Joyfull Newes ii. (1596) 46 With the noughtie meates and drinking of the rawe waters,.. the most parte of them fell into continual! Agues. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 693 If we killed a beast for our use, they would aske the inwards, and eat them raw. 1658 A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better than if boyled. 1704 Diet. Rust, et Urb. s.v. Appetite, You must cause them to swallow raw Eggs. [1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 48 If we make raw Milk Cheese.] 1796 W. Marshall W. England Gloss. (E.D.S.), Raw cream, cream raised in the natural way, not scalded or clouted. 1861 Flor. Nightingale Nursing a8 A patient should, if possible, not.. even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state. 1871 N. & Q. 4th Ser. VIII. 415, I think that ‘rammilk’ is rahm milk—f.e. cream milk and not raw milk. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Mar. 221/2 Some doctors say raw milk is better for health than pasteurised milk, so who is to be believed? 1979 A. Parker Country Recipe Notebk. viii. 103 Raw milk (‘farm milk’) is at present officially described as untreated milk. CI400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 pai ete ffesch and fisch rae. C1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 662/16 Caro cruda, ra flesche. 1740“ in Lane, and Yks. dial, (in forms rey, ray, reea). transf. 1652 Tatham Pref. Verse in BTomeJoviall Crew, It is unhallowed heat, That boyles your Raw-brains.

fb. Applied to blood from a wound. rare~^. 01529 Skelton Ware Hauke 58 The bloude ran downe raw Vpon the auter stone.

fc. Undigested. Obs. rare. 1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. ix. [see crude a. 3]. Ibid. ii. xxix, In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of concoction.

d. Unburnt, unbaked; not hardened or fused by fire. Cf. green a. gd. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India fef P. ,131 The Castle..was large, but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the common pottery... They are generally composed of white-lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill. 1882 [see green a. 9d]. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The ‘raw’ vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed.

fe. Of fruit: Green, not preserved. Obs. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 391 They export from thence vast quantities of Fruit dry’d and raw.

f. Applied to the taste of tea: mellow.

harsh, not

1881 Tea Cycl. iii. 220/1 To obtain a raw, rasping and pungent flavor I am compelled to underferment, the indication of which is that the colour of infused leaves are of a greenish brown tint. 1892 J. M. Walsh Tea, its Hist. Myst. vii. 170 Ceylon and Javas are either ‘raw’, ‘uncooked’ ..or sour in flavour. 1933 C. R. Harler Culture Marketing of Tea xiv. 278 The infused leaf of tea made from under-withered leaf is generally greenish. The infusions from such leaf are usually raw and rasping. 1958 T. Eden Tea xiv. 176 Tea-Tasting Terms.. Harsh, Raw, Rasping. Bitter due to the presence of unfermented polyphenols; a common defect of non-wither teas.

g. raw humus, vegetable matter not yet fully decomposed; incompletely formed humus. 1891 W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. i. 32 {heading) Accumulation of raw humus. 1926 Tansley & Chipp Study of Vegetation vii. 117 In cold, moist soils poor in mineral salts and acid in reaction.. the leaf litter and other plant debris remain on the surface very little changed and often form a thick layer which is called raw humus. Ibid. 132 The soil is covered with a thick layer of raw humus. 193S Forestry IX. 43 Raw humus is characterized by its excessive accumulation (slow decomposition), expandibility, and frequently by the presence of some structural remains of plants... [It is] characterized also by an extremely low base content. 1952 S. A. Waksman Soil Microbiol, v. 136 In evergreen forests, the largely organic surface layers are usually not mixed with the inorganic soil layers; the former are referred to as the ‘raw humus’ or ‘duflP. Ibid. 144 The surface layer of the raw humus soil may undergo considerable leaching. 1975 Soil Sci. XX. 25/1 The raw humus.. has been extracted successively with hexane, ether, and ethanol. h. to come the raw prawn: see prawn sb. 3 c.

2. In a natural or unwrought state; not yet subjected to any process of dressing or manufacture: a. of the materials of textile fabrics; esp. raw silk, silk simply drawn from the cocoons by the process of reeling; also, a fabric of spun silk. Also fig. C1315 Shoreham Poems iii. 150 For wel to conne and nau3[t] to don Nys naj>er rawe ne y-sponne. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 790 Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke. 1463-4 Rolls of Parlt. V. 506/1 In rawe Silke allone unwrought. 1503 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 21 All other maner of Sylkes,.. rawe or unwrought. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. iv. 245 Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Hand. 1712 Gay Story of Arachne 27 Whether raw wool in its first orbs she wound. 1831 G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 207 The merely nominal duty of one penny per pound on raw silk. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods would be far preferable to one on raw cotton. 1866 A. D. Whitney in Our Young Folks Feb. 104 Two pairs of bright brown raw silk stockings.. completed the mountain outfit. 1953 M. McCarthy in Harper's Mag. Mar. 42/1, I was wearing a bright apple-green raw silk blouse. 1965 D. Mackenzie Lonely Side of River i. 18 Raw-silk summer curtains rustled in the drawing room. 1978 Observer 29 Jan. 25/4 There are lots of clothes around made in what is loosely termed ‘raw silk’. This is a misnomer as raw silk is actually the silk before it has been woven into fabric and what we call raw silk is actually a slub silk.

b. of cloth: Unfulled. 1381 in Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol II. 7 Nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth. 1467-8 Rolls of Parlt. V. 621/2 To bie Wollen Yarne..and also to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled. 1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 175 vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de Randea. 1582 N.T. (Rhem.) Matt. ix. 16 No body putteth a peece of raw cloth to an old garment. 1723 Ramsay Monk Miller's Wife 140 Knaves.. Whase kytes can streek out like raw plaiding. 1868 Chambers's Encycl. X. 265/2 When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look, and is called the raw thread. 1886 Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk. S.V., The room in which goods are placed when taken from the weaver is always the ‘raw-piece shop’.

c. of leather or hides: Untanned, undressed. Cf. GREEN a. 9 c. Also rawhide, a rope or whip of undressed hide; hence rawhiding, a whipping; also^g.; rawhide vb. trans., to whip; also fig. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xiv. ii8 Covered wyth lamynes of yron or wyth rawe leder, 1585 T. Washington tr, Nicholay’s Voy. iv. xxxiv. 156 b, Their headpeece was of a raw oxe hide. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 29 Her lips were, like raw lether, pale and blew. 1704 Lond. Gaz. No. 4004/3 A Parcel of Raw Hides. 1829 Massachusetts Spy 16 Sept. 2/4 She .. took down a raw hide.. and .. kept the whip moving. 1847 Grote Greece ii. xlix. (1862) IV. 306 Hides, raw as well as dressed. 1848 Knickerbocker XVHI. 519 The editor, it was predicted, would catch a raw-hiding before sun-set, 1858 Spirit of Times 6 Feb. 356/3 One of our citizens was rawhided in the street.. by a Mr. Huntington. 1890 L. C. D’Oyle Notches 174 He called to Peters and his companions to slacken the rawhide, and by this means they lowered him. 1935 W. Faulkner As I lay Dying 109 Like as not you got to take a rawhiding for thinking they meant it. 1935 H. L. Davis Honey in Horn viii. 100 He had been rawhided into a hunt that showed up his lack of endurance. 1944 H. Evatt Snow Owls Secret 85 The huskies do like the sound of the singing rawhide, 1949 5at. Even. Postj May 103/1 Joe went along as packer, rawhiding a string of bony horses up into the brownie country. 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 28/2 Sometimes the whole door was of rawhide. attrib. (alsofig.) 1841 G. Gatlin Lett, on N. Amer. Indians 1. X. 71 The raw-hide thong, with which it was tied to a stake. iS-ji Smithsonian Misc. Collect. XIH. No. 6. 83 Splitleather, grain-leather, rawhide thongs. 1883 Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas i. 18 I’m just pining away for a fight. I’m a rawhide Texan, I am. 1897 Slocan (B.C.) Pioneer 8 May 1/2 A rawhide and pack trail has been

RAW constructed from the town of Brandon to the Xwo Friends mine. 194^ Chambers's Techn. Diet. 704/1 Rawhide hammer, a hammer the head of which consists of a close roll of hide projecting from a short steel tube; used by fitters to avoid injuring a finished surface. 1957 J. Kerouac On Road(igsS) iii. 21 Here came this rawhide old-timer Nebraska farmer. 1973 J- Wainwright Devil you Don't 14 The expensive, rawhide shirt. 1976 A. Murray Stomping Blues iv. 51 Down from the cloudlike realms of abstraction and fantasy to the bluesteel and rawhide textures of.. the everyday struggle for existence.

d. of Other substances (or their qualities), e.g. undiluted (spirits), unrefined (oil), unmalted (grain), undistilled (water), etc. Also not filtered or otherwise treated; unrefined or partly refined (sugar), undeveloped (land) {N. Amer.), untreated (sewage). 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 3 b, [The beryl] is first found also raw’ and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe. 1626 Bacon Sylva §347 Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters. 1651 Publ. Gen. Acts 1336 Melting down Iron, Oare and Sinders into Raw Iron. 1787 Winter Syst. Husb. 9 The application of raw dung unmixed with earth. 1797 Raw sugar [see sugar sb. i b]. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 247 New spirit is stored in wooden vessels until the raw flavour is ameliorated. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications during the process of malting. 1839 Ure Diet. Manuf. (1853) II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale straw colour. 1845 M'^Culloch Taxation 11. x. (1852) 361 Raw spirits could not be purchased.. for less than 45. 6d. 1868 Chem. News 20 Nov. 248/2 Several accidents happened; one.. by which no less than 150,000 gallons of raw sewage were pumped into a tank holding 430,000 gallons of purified sewage. 1882 C. G. W. Lock et al. Sugar Growing ^ Refining p. vii, Sugar-cane .. is extensively cultivated, and the manufactured product, under the name of ‘raw sugar’, forms the staple produce of many of our colonies. 1883 Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas xxi. 282 [He] came to Atascoso County, Texas, and bought a piece of raw land. 1925 G. F.^irrie Sugar vii. 151 At the commencement of the nineteenth century the methods of converting the juice of the cane into raw sugar and the process of refining the raw sugar were very different from what they are to-day. 1930 Engineering 25 July 121/1 The net quantity of raw water distilled and passed into the feed line as make-up amounts to 1,138 tonnes per day. 1939 Sun (Baltimore) 11 Apr. 2I2 His agency is not interested in the price paid for the ‘raw land’ on which such developments were built. Ibid. 28 Sept. 12/1 The work might be done in part by carrying raw sewage lines to Colgate creek. igs6yrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. XLVIII. 1281 (heading) Relation of treatment methods to limits for coliform organisms in raw waters. 1958 Raw sewage [see recirculate u.]. 1972 Works Engineer Nov./Dec. 32/1 Raw feed may contain domestic detergents, in which case, antifoaming agents must be added to the treated water. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 7 July 3/1 Speculation in raw land is a major contributor to high housing costs.. according to Mayor Art Phillips. 1976 Chem. in Brit. XII. 375/3 A recent exercise which nicely illustrates the applications of radiotracers in large systems was carried out, in a raw-water reservoir of capacity 3.10® m^. 1978 Daily Tel. 7 July 19/1 The slide in the daily price of raw sugar on the London futures market continued yesterday. 1978 Oxford Times 15 Dec. 4/6 Raw sewage has been bubbling up through manhole covers.

e. with general terms, as raw commodity, material, produce, etc. (Freq. in 19th and 20th c.) 1738 Burke Rep. Ajf . India Wks. 1842 II. 28 This forced preference of traffick in a raw commodity. I79^ Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary instruments of all manufactures. 1825 M^^Culloch Pol. Econ. HI. V. 273 A farmer who rents a farm,.. employing upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw produce, enable him to pay his rent. 1846-Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 109 The earths, the metals, and other substances.. sent abroad, either in a raw or manufactured shape. 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia vii. 392 The raw material of human nature. i8M Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 675 Here is quite raw material enough for a legend-maker. 1930 R. Campbell Poems 12 Taking as raw material for his lays The good old English beer he loves to praise. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/2 The processes of erosion, which provide the raw materials of the sedimentary rocks.

f. Of measurements, data, or the like: not yet subjected to a process giving them significance; unadjusted; naively calculated. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XV. 263 Weight.. has a raw correlation of 0.34, after correction we eventually get 0.43. 1920 Yoakum & Yerkes Mental Tests iii. 78 The result of examination alpha is expressed in a total score which is the sum of the raw scores of the several tests. 1945 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. XXXV. 46 Only the general problems involved in the evaluation of the raw data will be treated in this paper. 1950 Sun (Baltimore) ii May 4/3 McCarthy’s frequent statements that the proof of his charges of Communist infestation in the State Department lies.. in the ‘raw files’ of the FBI. 1954 A. Anastasi Psychol. Testing ii. 24 The ‘raw score’ on the test.. may be expressed as number of correct items, time required to complete a task, number of errors, or some other objective measure appropriate to the content of the test. Such a raw score is meaningless until evaluated in terms of a suitable set of norms. 1971 World Archaeql. III. 120 Naroll’s formula.. shows too much variation in raw numbers of population and square meters. 1974 Nature i Nov. 27/1 A raw spectrum was obtained by averaging the values for a given grating position weighted according to the reciprocal of their variances. 1975 Ibid. 31 Jan. 327/2 The raw magnetic field data are translated to a Jupiter centred spherical coordinate system. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/2 The console operators do not see a raw radar picture. The information is translated into digital bits and then filtered through complicated computer programming. 1978 Daily Tel. 16 Jan. 2/1 Sir Charles.. said he had been given warnings as far back as April about the deteriorating

RAW

237 situation but had not been prepared to release what he felt were ‘raw’ forecasts about losses.

g. Of manufactured material: unused, 1917 Bennett & Heron Guide to Kinematogr. i. 12 Raw stock is divided broadly into two classes. Ordinary and Non Flam. 1934 Tit-Bits 31 Mar. 12/2 Exposed film is ‘stuff ; unexposed film is ‘raw stock’. 1968 Globe Sf Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 27/3 She paints on the floor of her.. studio, beginning with raw canvas. 1971 W. G. Salm Stereo in your Home xii. 168 Prerecorded open-reel tape production line in Ampex plant records all four tracks simultaneously, taking raw tape from large blank pancake. 1973 Center City Office Weekly (Philadelphia) 9 Oct. 5 We could not shoot today. No money to buy the raw stock film. 1979 N. ^ Q. Aug. 348/2 Print¬ outs from the raw text tapes.

h. Of a glaze: (see quot. 1934). 1934 Webster, Raw glaze, a glaze made from materials which need no preparation, but can be bought ready for use. 1964 H. Hodges Artifacts ii. 46 Any glaze in which the raw materials are simply ground up and applied in this way is called a raw glaze.

3.

a. Crude, not brought to perfect composition, form or finish. (In mod. use chiefly of colouring.) raw sienna, umber, sienna and umber which have not been calcined; also, the colours of these pigments; raw deal, see DEAL sb.^ 4 c; raw edge, the unfinished edge of a cut piece of fabric; also^ig.; (cf. raw-edged, sense 9); t to leave raw, to leave unfinished (cf. rawly adv. i). 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. ix. (1495) 94 His vryne is white and thycke, rawe and euyll coloured [L. cruda et discolorata). 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 71 Softe, my frende; herein your reason is but rawe. 1551 T. Wilson Logike 86 b, The Judges.. left the matter raw without judgement for that time. 1^7 Norden Surv. Dial. iii. 137 Some Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record. ^21715 Burnet Own Time iv. (1724) I. 629 A raw rebellion would soon be crushed. 1720 Waterland Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. §7 To set his raw conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of a word, against such valuable authorities. 1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 10 The colouring of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular. 1869 Bradshaw's Railway Man. XXI. 460/1 (Advt.), Raw Turk. Umb. 1871 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 183 The.. scenery, so provokingly raw and deficient in harmony. 1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 13 That great raw pretentious building. 1886 H. C. Standage Artists' Man. Pigments iv. 43 Yellow ochres (these include Jaune de Mars, Sienna, or Raw Sienna), c 1^0 tr. T. de Dillmont's Encycl. Needlework 6 Rounded seam.—Back-stitch your two edges together., then,, roll the outer one in, with the left thumb, till the raw edge is quite hidden, hemming as you roll. 1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 252/3 Artists tube oil colors... Prussian blue. Raw sienna. Raw umber. Roman ochre. 1906 R. Fry Let. 17 Apr. (1972) I. 263, I did the wood-work in one coat, pure raw umber and white over a burnt sienna stain. 1908 M. Morgan How to dress Doll ii. 20 Overcasting is only used to keep raw edges on a seam.. from fraying. 1948 F. A. Staples Watercolour Paintings (1951) iv. 49 Raw sienna. Bright yellow with slight reddish tone. Transparent. 1951 R. Mayer Artist's Handbk. ii. 59 Raw umber... Its composition is similar to that of sienna but it contains no manganese. A dark brown, its tones vary from greenish or yellowish to violet-brown. 1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. D9/1 Stitch a one-inch item on each side, turning under raw edge. 1979 A. V. Badgley Rembrandt Decisions (1980) viii. 108 Hot cups of coffee.. slowly salved the raw edges of Duncan Forbes’ departure.

b. Uncultivated, uncivilized, brutal, rare. 1577 Harrison England in Holinshed C/iron. (1587) I. 2/2 Men, being as then but raw and void of all ciuilitie. 1847 Tennyson Princ. ii. 106 The man.. Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. ii. iii. (1868) 182 When raw force was everything.

c. Psychol, raw feel, a term for the immediate impression evoked by a stimulus, prior to conscious evaluation. 1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals ^ Men 250 The dyed-in-the-wool mentalist will again protest. Such discrimination-box experiments.. will not and cannot convey what may be called the ‘raw feel’ of these discriminanda. Ibid. 452 Raw feel, a name for the peculiar quale of experience. 1950 Mind LIX. 174 What a psychology of discriminations leaves out.. he calls ‘raw feels’. 1956 Meehl & Sellars in FeigI & Scriven Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci. I. 249 To suppose that ‘raw feels’ as we shall call them, will be found to be emergent.. is to suppose that raw feels.. are the a’s and 6’s in the generalized function. 1969 H. D. Lewis Elusive Mind ix. 181 There seems, in short, to be some ‘immediate data of first person experience .. (e.g. directly experienced sensations, thoughts, feelings.. etc.)’. These are also described in many places as ‘raw feels’, a somewhat inelegant but suggestive term made popular, I believe, by Professor R. W. Sellars.

14. a. Unripe, immature. Chiefly

Ohs.

1477 Norton Ord. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 47 For foule and cleane by naturall lawe Hath greate discord, and soe hath ripe and rawe. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. ii. (W. de W.) 596 The last frute rypeth nat, but abydeth rawe and grene. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 357 Alowing one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but rawe, yet in tracte of time.. it wil waxe riper. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, II. iii. 41,1 tender you my seruice, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young. Which elder dayes shall ripen. 1652 Bp. Patrick Funeral Serm. in^. Smith's Sel. Disc., etc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of rawer and greener heads.

fb. New, unfamiliar. Obs. rare-K

Heylin Cosmogr. n. (1682) 33 The ill smells. .are ready to stifle and choak up the Spirits of raw Travellers. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 288 IP i A raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as herself. 1791 Cowper Iliad XI. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xvi. Surely, my Lords, you will not unnecessarily entrust this great business to a raw hand! 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset I. xv. 122 It was remembered., how raw a lad he had been when he first came there.

b. esp. of soldiers experience in fighting.

without

training

or

1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 107 This is the cause why there are found so many rawe captaines and soldiers in Englande. 1685 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 352 The horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one shock. 1761-2 Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. Ivi. 302 Raw troops, conducted by unexperienced commanders. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. ii. 195 Like raw recruits drawn forth for exercise. 1879 Froude Csesar xxii. 394 With a raw and inexperienced army he engaged legions in perfect discipline.

c. Const, at, in, \to. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 23 The disciples, who were as yet rawe in their profession. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. 109 So that when they are called, they be not altogether rude and raw to discipline, a 1668 Davenant Man's the Master v. i, I have been a raw fellow at fighting. 1697 Dryden JEneidxi. 235 Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. ii. (1827) I. 398 So raw and unexperienced in naval affairs. 1790 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Wks. 1812 II. 259 Stiffer than Recruits so raw at drill. 1842 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. ii. Black Mousquetaire, But painting’s an art I confess I am raw in. d. of things, qualities, actions, etc. rare. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. ii. 129 [Q.] The concemancy. Sir? why do we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath? 1672 Otway Titus & Berenice i. i. His Fancy does with wild Distraction rove, which thy raw Ignorance interprets Love. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Old Margate Hoy, The raw questions which we.. would be.. putting to them. 6. a. Having the skin removed, so that the flesh

is exposed; excoriated. Also transf. of the eyes: Unprotected, raw side, the flesh side of a skin. Obs. 14.. Lat. ^ Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 589/25 Incrudo, to make rawe. c 1410 Lydg. Lyfe Our Ladye xxi. i. (Bodl. MS. 75) 25 Eyen raw may not abyde ffor to behold a3ens her bemys brijt. 1550 Crowley Epigr. 323 Sore legges, most lothsome to se; al rawe from the fote. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 28 The woundes which..haue beene healed vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe rawe and greene. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (ibsS) 186 The man.. in Winter time, turneth the hairy side next to his body,.. and in Summer the raw side. 1719 Young Busiris i. i, Felt him as the raw wound the burning steel. 1788 Falconbridge Afr. Slave Tr. 41 They were both flogged till their backs were raw. 1886 Burton Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 70 She.. flogged him cruelly... Then she drew the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin. fig. 1864 Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 263 Always sore upon the question of the.. native, he now became positively raw and festering.

b. Painful, as when the raw flesh is exposed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. x. 2 All his sinewes woxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 11 It [the local pain in bronchitis] is variously described as ‘sore’, ‘raw’, or ‘burning’.

c. Showing through the skin boned.

(obs.)-,

raw-

1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. xii. 20 His wonted chearefull hew Gan fade,.. His cheeke-bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew. 1849 E. B. Eastwick Dry Leaves 75 They were., miserably mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on sand for the last year. fd. Affected with indigestion = crude 3 b.

Obs. 1574 Homilies ii. Sacrament 412 Wholesome meate receiued into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all. 1591 [cf. raw-stomached in 9]. 1621 Fletcher Pilgrim iii. vi, Gent. Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, as all have That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks.

e. Of a person: naked (esp. when sleeping). colloq. 1931 D. Runyon in Hearst's International May 64/2 He puts her in the ‘Vanities’ and lets her walk around raw. 1952 M. R. Rinehart Swimming Pool xx. 185 Or maybe she sleeps raw. 1962 J. F. Straker Coil of Rope vii. 69 Did I shock you? I always sleep raw. 1974 H. Waugh Parrish for Defence (1975) Ixvii. 309 She didn’t own any nightgowns. She slept raw.

7. Of the weather, etc.: Damp and chilly; bleak. 1546 St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 162 Mr. Wotton beyng so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold. 1601 ? Marston Pasquil & Kath. v. 70 The evening’s raw and danke; I shall take cold. 1^7 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 673 When the raw Rain has pierc’d them to the quick. 1729 Savage Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all th’ inverted year. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. i. i. You shan’t venture out this raw evening. 1822 Scott Pirate xxix. The young ladies spend the night under cover from the raw evening air. 1876 J. R. Hind in Chambers' Astron. 197 The weather.. was raw and uncongenial.

18. Hoarse. rare.

(Perh. after obs. F. rau.)

Obs.

1474 Caxton Chesse in. vi. (1883) 132 Luxurye.. blyndeth the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe. 1480-Ovid's Met. xiv. xi. There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys.

5. a. Of persons: Inexperienced, unskilled, untrained; quite new or fresh to anything.

9. Comb., as raw-coloured, -devouring, -edged, -headed, -jawed, -looking, -mouthed, -nosed, •\-reeked, -ribbed, -seamed, -skinned, -smell¬ ing, t stomached adjs.

1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. iv. 23 They so framed them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come vnskilfull and rawe to the executyng of their office. 1652-62

1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) p. vii, A *rawe coloured portraiture that lacketh licking. 1848 Buckley Iliad 404 The ‘raw-devouring dogs whom I have nourished

1447-8 Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 38 The ij‘>' Chif Justise .. to whom oure mater myche was rawe.

in my palaces. 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) II. 75 *Raw-edg*d, not hemmed, without a seifedge. 1847 Halliwell, Raw-edged, not hemmed. 1876 Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. viii. 92 A newness of oldness; there was nothing raw-edged; nothing unmellowed. 1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 105 Where raw-edged shadows sting forlorn As dank dark nettles. 1972 Ulster (Sunday Times Insight Team) ix. 151 How raw-edged the relationship was .. was demonstrated by.. the first Army ‘victory in^Ulsteij 1586 E. K. in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Feb. (Emblem), The old man checketh the ‘raw-headed boy. 1932 Flynn s 24 Dec. 136^ They. .resort to what they call a ‘cold-turkey heel or a ‘*raw-jawed clout’... They refer to the act of going into a store and carrying out several articles without using any finesse at all. 1967 R. Lowell Near Ocean 13 The chinook Salmon.. Raw-jawed, weak-fleshed. 1827 Scott Chron. Canongate i. iv, A broad, ‘raw-looking, new-made road. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 27 ‘Ramowd rebald. Ibid, ^cn Rawmowit ribald. 1679 Lond. Gaz. No. 1423/4 A white Gelding ‘raw-nosed, tender-footed. 1432 Nottingham Rec. II. 132 Dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei ‘rawe reket. 1638 Ford Lady's Trial ni. i. The ‘raw-ribb’d apothecary. 1922 Blunden Shepherd 81 The young black heifer and the rawribbed mare. 1957 T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 51 Suddenly he awoke and was running-raw In ‘raw-seamed hot khaki. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 233 A ‘rawskinned crown, scantily haired. 1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 476 Next morning I woke in the ‘raw-smelling dawn, feeling like a corpse. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Ahitado, ‘rawe stomacked, crudus.

B. Ellipt. or absol. uses passing into sb. 11. An unfulled portion of a cloth. Obs. 1463-4 Rolls of Park. V. 501/2 In case that eny such diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell or fagge happen to be in eny part of the seid Clothes.

2. a. the raiv, the exposed flesh. Chiefly in phrases to touchy etc. (one) on the raw (usually fig.)\ in the raw (see quot. i934); also, naked. 1823 BYRONyuaw VIII. 1, The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings So much into the raw. 1837 Marryat Dogfiend xxxvii. This was touching up Vanslyperken on the raw. 1866 W. E. Forster 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life (1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of newspaper hits.. and these, too, on the raw. 1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage 71 He had a knack of saying bitter things, which caught people on the raw. 1926 A. Bennett Lord Raingo ii. Ixxiv. 341 What got ’im on the raw was Tommy Hogarth going against ’im in that business. 1934 Webster s.v. Raw n., In the raw, in one’s natural or crude state; hence, in one’s or its true nature or character; in naked truth; as, to present life in the raw. 1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run?v'in. 188 To go swimming in the raw. ig42R.A.F.yrnl. 27 June 24 There is a long tale of other victims of nature in the raw. 1944 E. Waugh Diary 16 Apr. (1976) 561 Auberon surprised her in her bath and is thus one of the very few men who can claim to have seen his great-great-grandmother in the raw. 1959 Times 9 Nov. 6/7 That is an argument which gets me very much on the raw. 1961 New Eng. Bible Acts V. 33 This touched them on the raw, and they wanted to put them to death. 1970 V. Canning Great Affair iv. 68 As Xavier’s pyjamas were much too small for me I slept in the raw. 1972 L. P. Davies What did I do Tomorrow? vii. 93 My, my. Village life in the raw.

b. A raw place in the skin, a sore or sensitive spot. Freq. fig. 1825 Scott Fam. Lett. II. 235 Using the hackney coach¬ man’s phrase of a raw. 1840 Mrs. Gore in New Monthly Mag. LX. 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost unfailing symptom of a raw. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. (1883) 243 Parties of travellers have a morbid instinct for ‘establishing raws’ upon each other. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed now that their saddle cloths were removed.

c. the rawSy the bare fists, slang. 1899 C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 27 The average Hooligan .. has usually done a bit of fighting with the gloves. .. But he is better with the raws.

3. the raWy applied to any raw article (esp. raw spirits) or quality. Also transf. 1844 J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh v. 100 After swallowing a single glass of the ‘raw’. 1864 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. XV. xii. IV. 182 The raw of a September morning. 1928 Daily Mail 16 Aug. 19/3, I am not at all sure that here is not a star in the raw.

4. a. A raw person, article, product, etc.; spec, in pi. raw sugars, or raw oysters. Also Comb, in raw bar U.S.y a bar selling raw oysters. 1868 Chamb. Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an’ delicate boys with romantic heads. 1884 New York Herald 27 Oct. 6/2 Sugar—Raws steady but inactive. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Oct. 16/6 The boys at the raw bar in the end of Bill’s place last night said the way oysters are this season a feller’ll have to eat shells and all to get a mess. 1973 Washington D.C. Yellow Pages 1314 Chuck O’Brien’s Riverboat. Featuring fine seafood and steaks. Informal raw bar. Cocktail lounge.

b. U.S. An untrained pony. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 389/2 The animals are mostly from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They pay for a ‘raw’ on an average fifty dollars.

raw (ro:), t;.‘ [f. raw a.] 11. intr. To become raw.

rawlplug

238

RAW

Obs. rare.

1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Rawe as flesche, crudere, crudescere. 1765 Compl. Maltster ^ Brewer p. xxii, Acrospired malts.. are not subject to raw nor rope.

2. trans. To make raw, to excoriate. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 135 Some of them haue grated and rawed their smooth tender skinnes, with haire shirts and rough garments. 1613 Heywood Braz. Age Wks. 1874 III. 250 Helpe me to teare this infernall shirt, Which rawes me where it cleaues. 1893 Black & White 4 Mar. 262/1 He.. carries his head a little forward, just where the collar raws him. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 646 The ends of the nerve being rawed and brought together by suture.

raw, obs. or dial, form of row.

Rawang (ra'waeri). [Native name.] A TibetoBurman language. 1934 J T. O. Barnard Handbk. of Rawang Dial, of Nung Lang. p. V, This is the first book on the Nung language, which has many dialects, of which, however, Rawang may be taken as the one most commonly spoken. 1954 E. R. Leach Polit. Syst. Highland Burma iii. 45 Nung—several distinct dialects. Rawang and Daru dialects said to be mutually unintelligible. 1964 E. A, Nida Toward Set. Transl. ix. 202 In Rawang, a language of Burma, a somewhat similar distinction between dead and alive is employed, but with special restrictions. 1976 Sci. Amer. Oct. 140/1 A translator has had to restate most of them, from the Japanese or the Xhosa or the Rawang (‘just one of hundreds of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken’).

t raw-bone, a. and sb. [f. raw a. 6 c.] A. adj. — RAW-BONED. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 65 So many men as were in lerusalem, so many pale raw-bone ghosts you would haue thought you had seene. 1660 Albert Durer Revived 5 A thin slender wast, a raw-bone arm. 1686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2122/4 A slender raw-bone Man. 1704 N. N. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. 1. 235 Mounted on Sir Hudibrass’s raw-bone Steed. 1772 Brydges Homer Trav. (1797) I. 10 His quiver .. Rattled against his raw-bone back.

B. sb. A very lean or gaunt person, a mere skeleton; pi. Death. 1638 Burton Anat. Mel. in. ii. iv. i. (1651) 519 A long lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker. 1784 Unfortunate Sensibility I. 116 Till old Raw-bones .. strips them till they are, like himself, naked to the very bone.

Taw-boned, a. [f. as prec.] Having projecting bones, barely covered with flesh; excessively lean or gaunt. Also transf. 1591 Shaks. I Hen. VI, i. ii. 35 Leane raw-bon’d Rascals, who would e’re suppose. They had such courage and audacitie? 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 229 Those that are dry, raw-boned and bloudlesse. 1686 Lond. Gaz. No. 2127/4 Edward Woodcocke, a tall raw-boned Man, down lookt. 1762 Foote Lyar ii. Wks. 1799 I. 305 A raw-bon’d, over-grown, clumsy cook-wench. 1802 C. WiLMOT Let. 19 Oct. in T. V. Sadleir Irish Peer (1920) 102 A cold wild desolate country bare and rawboned. 1818 Scott Heart Midi, xxix, Dick turned again to the raw-boned steed which he was currying. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxiii. An elderly raw-boned woman with a skin burnt.. brown. 1886 W. Morris Let. 23 June in Mackail Life Morris (1899) II. xvi. 161 Stirling, a very raw-boned town.

rawcht, obs. Sc. pa. t. reach v.' rawchter, obs. Sc. form of rafter sb.^ t rawed, a. Obs. [Of obscure origin: the sense is that of rayed a., but connexion between the

forms appears unlikely.] Striped. 1534 in Eng. Ch. Furniture (Peacock 1866) 205 The xth is of blak & Red velvett.. & the other side of rawed satten of brigges. 1552-3 Inv. Ch. Goods, Staffs, in Ann. Lichfield IV. 73 One vestement off rawed saye, an albe to it. 1608 in Best's Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 162 note. Two dozen of fyne lynnen napkins, the one dozen is rawed with blewe. 1624 Invent, in Archseologia XLVIII. 136 A livery cubberd, a rawed-work cover on it. 1633 Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 325 For 29 yeardes dimid. of rawed stuffe for hanginges.

rawen, -eyne, obs. variants of rowen. rawenge, rawess, obs. Sc. ff. revenge, revest.

borne target with instrument itself.

radar;

also

transf.,

the

1946 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. XXVII. 371/1 A system of obtaining winds-aloft reports by electronic means known as rawins is now gaining great favor. 1948 T. A. Blair Weather Elements (ed. 3) lii. 70 By the use of radar methods developed during World War II, a balloon carrying a radar target (reflector) can be followed through and above the clouds, making possible the determination of upper-air wind direction and force in all kinds of weather... Such soundings are known as rawins. 1951 Jrnl. Meteorol. VIII. 126/1 Monthly resultant rawins for 24 United States stations were obtained for the layer surface to 10,000 ft and for the io,ooo-ft level. 1967 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Atmospheric Sci. 581/1 It [sc. a radiosonde] consists of a small radio transmitter sent aloft by a helium or hydrogenfilled balloon which transmits the values of the meteorological elements in code to ground stations. If the instrument is tracked by radar to determine wind speed and direction aloft, it is called a rawin. If the two are combined in one, it is called a rawinsonde. 1979 U. Kilian Icequake vi. 103 A few tractors and a collapsed rawin tower were all that was left of the station.

rawine, obs. Sc. form of raven sb.' rawing, dial, variant of rowing rowen. rawinsonde (’reiwinsond). Meteorol. [f. rawin + SONDE.] A balloon-borne device coniprising a radiosonde and a radar target which both transmits meteorological data to ground stations and permits rawin observations to be made, freq. applied to the balloon and instrument package combined. 1946 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. XXVH. 371/1 The recent trend in practice is to combine radiosonde observations and winds-aloft observations in one operation, a Rawinsonde. I9S5 Sci. News Let. 24 Sept. 197/1 Fquipment the Weather Bureau plans to purchase includes:.. sixty-five new rawinsondes, to measure winds aloft, including the 20o-mile-per-hour river of air known as the jet stream. 1959 Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXIV. 1835 Because of the great altitude of the core of the ‘polar-night’ jet stream, only isolated rawinsonde observations have penetrated the core. 1970 Jrnl. Atmospheric Sci. XXVH. 420/1 Sufficient information content exists within the operational U.S. rawinsonde network to resolve the three-dimensional structure of frontal zones. 1975 Q- Jrnl. R. Meteorol. Soc. CL 336 "rhe rainfall patterns are interpreted within a framework provided by routine upper air data supplemented by long sequences of nominally i-hourly rawinsondes.

rawish('ro:iJ), a. [f. RAWa. + -isHb] Somewhat raw, in the various senses of the word. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. Prol., The rawish danke of clumzie winter [cjramps The fluent summers vaine. 1667 Poole Dial. betw. Protest. ^ Papist (1735) 194 Every Man that Eats rawish Meat may be said to drink the Blood which he eats in it. 1674 Lond. Gaz. No. 875/4 One white Pad Nag, with a rawish Nose. 1828 Blackw. Mag. XXIII. 494 The mouth of the drunkard.. contracts a singularly sensitive appearance—seemingly red and rawish. 1858 Hughes Scour. White Horse viii. 195 You’ll find the night rawish.

Hence 'rawishness. 1628 Venner Baths of Bathe in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) IV. 123 The water seems, by reason of the rawishness of the place, to be colder at its issuing forth, than it is otherwise. 1662 H. Stubbe Ind. Nectar iii. 25 It had also a rawishnesse in it, as if the fat required boiling.

rawk, vapour, fog: see roke.

t raw-flesh. Obs. rare~’^. = raw-head. 1598 Florio, Caccianemico, a bragging craking boaster, a bugbeare, a rawe-flesh and bloodie-bone.

rawk, variant of rauk a., hoarse. Obs.

rawght, obs. pa. t. reach t;.^

t'rawky, af Obs. rar€~^. [f. dial, razvk gum (of the eye), slime.] Slimy, gummy.

raw-head^, [f. raw a. 6 + head ^6.^] a. The name of a nursery bugbear, usually coupled with bloody-bones. (Cf. raw-flesh

1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 229 Their noses dropping,.. Their eyne rawky, and all their face unpure.

and RAW NECK.)

ROKE + -Y. Cf. ROKY a.^]

c 1550 [? Gascoigne] Wyll of Deuyll C iij b, Written by our faithful Secretaryes, Hobgoblin, Rawhed, & Bloody-bone, 1659 Leveller 4 Most People are agast at them, like children at Raw-head and Bloody-bones. 1694 Motteux Rabelais iv. Ixvi. (1737) 271 Ruffians and Murtherers, worse than Rawhead and Bloody-bones. 1773 Life N. Frowde 19 Already I thought that I beheld Raw-head and Bloody-Bones stalking about my Garret. 1819 L. Hunt Indicator No. ii (1822) I. 81 He was the Raw-head-and-bloody-bones of ancient fable. 1882-9 ID Lane, and Line, glossaries. attrib. 1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well II. vi. no Tell a rawhead-and-bloody-bone story about a footpad. 1828 Scott Jrnl. I Apr., They are very angry at the Review for telling a raw-head and bloody bones story. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton xx, A raw-head-and-bloody-bones picture of the suspected murderer. 1918 [see funk-hole].

1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. Eiij, The gloomie morning.. Muffled in mists and raukie vapours rose. 01864 Clare Rem. (1873) 227 Nameless flowers.. Culled in cold and rawky hours. 1869-82 in Lane, glossaries. 1935 E. R. Eddison Mistress of Mistresses x. 194 The air between the cliffs, ruffled in mists and rawky vapours. 1936 J. G. Horne Flooer o' Ling 22 Or rawky day creeps up the sky.

b. In allusive or figurative use. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. ii. 682 For Zeal’s a dreadful Termagant,.. Turns meek and sneaking Secret ones, To Raw-heads fierce and Bloody Bones. 1727 Swift Art Polit. Lying Wks. 1755 III. l. 119 Bringing out the raw-head and bloody bones upon every trifling occasion. 1849 D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 70 They will welcome the little strangers by making raw head and bloody bones of them.

frawhead'*. Obs.-° [-head.] Rawness. C1440 cruditas.

Promp.

Parv.

42^12

Rawnesse,

or

rawhede,

rawhide: see raw a. 2 c. rawin ('reiwin). Meteorol. [f. ra(dar + win(d s6.‘] A determination of the atmospheric wind speed and direction made by tracking a balloon-

'rawky, a.^ rare. Also 7 raukie. [f. rawk var. Foggy, misty; raw.

rawlin pollack (see quot. a 1672 and rauning). 01672 Willughby Hist. Piscium (1686) 23 Asellus niger, the Cole-fish or Rawlin Pollack. 1674 Ray Coll. Eng. Words Fishes 100 The Rsewlin-Pollack. 1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling 144. 1884 Goode Usef. Aquat. Anim. 228.

Rawlplug ('roilplAg), sb. and v. Also Rawl-plug, and with small initial, [f. the name of J. J. and W. R. Rawlings, English electrical engineers, who introduced it + plug r6.] A. sb. A proprietary name for a kind of thin cylindrical plug, made of fibre or plastic, which can be inserted into a hole in masonry, etc., in order to hold a screw or nail. Also applied loosely to any plug of this type. 1912 Trade Marks Jrnl. 30 Oct. 1648 Rawlplug... A wall plug for electric wiring made of fibre. Rawlings Bros., Limited, 82, Gloucester Rd., London, S.W.; Electrical engineers. 1923 Radio Times 28 Sept. 35/1 For any job connected with Wireless where you use a screw.. always use Rawlplugs. 1941 M. Treadgold We couldn't leave Dinah vii. 124 The shelf for brushes that Nick Lindsay had fixed up with rawl-plugs. 1947 ‘G. Orwell’ in Tribune 7 Feb. 12/1 The amateur handyman, with his tack hammer and his pocketful of rawlplugs. i960 WiLLMOTT & Young Family Class in London Suburb, ii. 24 Her role is.. to stand at the

RAWLY bottom of a ladder handing up his power-tool.. or a box of Rawlplugs. 1962 H. Thurston M^here is thy Stingl w. 55 A long panel of looking-glass which Philippa had fixed with rawlplugs on one side of the fireplace. 1972 D. Haston In High Places i. 9 The climber drills a hole in the rock, hammers in an expansion bolt (something like the domestic Rawlplug), attaches a carabiner and proceeds in normal fashion.

Also Rawl, a proprietary term used attrib. or as a prefix in names of tools, screws, bolts, and related accessories. 1937 Trade Marks yrnl. 29 Sept. 1151 Ratoi... Cutlery and edge tools. The Rawlplug Company Limited. 1958 Engineering 14 Feb. 54 (Advt.), The holes are drilled with a Rawltool to the exact size, the Rawlbolts dropped in and after the machine has been positioned the bolts are tightened. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face 246 American rawl stud bolts for hard rock. 1976 Shooting Mag. Dec. 9/1 (Adv^t.), 1 he cabinet has been designed for fixing to the wall by means of three Rawlbolts through strengthening bars.

B. V. trans. To attach by means of a Rawlplug or the like; to drill a hole in (a wall, etc.) and insert a Rawlplug. Hence 'rawlplugging vbl. sb. i960 A. Burgess’ Right to Answer i. 5 He’d rawlplugged his pictures.. deep into the walls. 1964 E. & M. A. Radford Hungry Killer xiv. 133 The bookcase, Rawlplugged to the wall. 1971/dea/Home Apr. 52/1 Brass hooks rawlplugged to the wall hold it in place. 1972 R. Quilty Tenth Session 92 You should have Rawl-plugged the wall. You’re cracking the plaster. 1974 M. Butterworth Man in Sopwith Camel i. 17 Plastering, paperhanging, rawlplugging, joinering.

rawly (’roili), adv. [f. raw a. + -ly^. Common c 1570-1670, often in quasi-adjectival use.] tl. With to leave: a. In an unfinished state. Obs. 1538 Leland Itin. IV. 33 Eiton College, begon to be buildid by Henr>' the vj. but left very onperfect and rauly. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 217 Nichomachus left Tindarides rawly, for feare of anger, not for want of Art. 1615 Hieron Wks. I. 599 If I left the matter so rawly, I might fall at vnawares into tw’o extremities.

fb. At an immature age. Obs. rare-^. 1599 Shaks. Hen. K, iv. i. 147 Some swearing, some cr>'ing for a Surgean; some vpon their Wiues, left poore behind them;.. some vpon their Children rawly left.

t2. Ignorantly; without sufficient knowledge or experience. Obs. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 108 Had you well considered these things, M. Harding, ye would not so rawly haue thus concluded. 1593 R. Harvey Philad. 13 To reject it. as this one Scot hath done very rawly and unadvisedly. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. 309 How many euils doe come vpon the sending of schollars so rawly thither. 1680 Baxter Let. in Answ. Dodwell 97 To tell you the truth, I entered so rawly, that.. I remember not that I took that Oath.

t3. a. Crudely; imperfectly, in an insufficient or unsatisfactory manner. Obs. 1576 Foxe a. ^ M. 1895/2 The Story is but rawly and imperfectly touched before. 1581 Mulcaster Positions v. (1887) 32 Counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first rawly and rudely. 1634 W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. i. ii, The English comming over so rawly and uncomfortably rovided. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 334 Were these rinciples which I rawly and briefly touch on here, pursu’d by Learned Men [etc.],

P

fb. Barely, scarcely. Obs. rare. 1607 Middleton Michaelmas Term iv. iv. 21 The world is ver\' loath to praise me; ’Tis rawly friends with me. 1651 H. L’Estrange Answ. Mrq. Worcester 65 Amongst the antients there is none at all, or very rawly any mention of Purgatory.

fc. With difficulty or annoyance. Obs. rare-^. 1586 J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in Holinshed H. 89/1 The archbishop of Dublin rawlie digesting the vicedeputie his long absence.

4. Immaturely (opposed to ‘ripely’)1875 Browning Aristoph. Apol. 135 He who wrote Erechtheus may be rawly politic, At home where Kleophon is ripe. 1955 E. Blishen Roaring Boys ii. 99 For.. two years I had been rawly warring with my classes. 1979 Chatelaine Jan. 64/3 The secret realm in which their love flowered—so rawly, with such unanticipated greed!

5. So as to be bare or exposed. 1924 ‘L. Malet’ Dogs of Want ix. 270 Every nerve of his body seeming rawly outside his skin instead of normally and decently covered by it.

rawmpe, obs. form of ramp v. rawn (roin). Sc. and north, dial. Also 8 raan, 9 raun, (roan), ran. [Of Scand. origin, = Da. ravn roe; the relationship of this to Da. rogUy ON. hrogn (see roe) is obscure.] The roe of a fish; a female fish, ravon-fleuky the turbot. 1483 Cfli/i. .4ng/. 301/1 Rawne of a fysche,/criri. 1584 Burgh Edinb. (1882) 343 The heiring to be callour slayne.. having heid and taill with melt and rawne. 1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 78 Evin so of rawnis do mightie fishes breid. 1785 Hutton Bran New Wark 85 An unshot codfish hes maar raans in its belly than thare be people on the face of the earth. 1810 Neill List of Fishes 12 (Jam.) Turbot... This species is here commonly denominated the rawn-fleuk, from its being thought best for the table when in rawn or roe. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet let. vi, The water being in.. rare trim for the saumon raun. 1877 Holderness Gloss, s.v., ‘Melts an rauns’, male and female fish.

Hence rawned a.y full of roe (Jam.); 'rawner, a female salmon, spec, one which has not spawned at the proper time. 1808-25 Jamieson. 1901 Dundee Adv. 26 Feb. 6 The fish was found to be unspawned, or what is known on the Tay as a ‘rawner’, and deemed an illegal fish to take.

RAY

239 rawn,

1829 Brockett N.C. Gloss, (ed. 2), s.v., As applied to the weather, to rax out means to clear up, when the clouds begin to open, and expand themselves, so that the sky is seen.

dial, variant of rowen.

rawndoune, -down,

obs. forms of random.

3. To extend the hand, etc.; to reach out (for).

frawneck. Obs. rare~^. = raw-head. Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 596 Boiled rabbits are trussed up to appear as frightful as possible, and made to resemble that terror of our childhood, raw neck and bloody bones. 1768-74

rawness ('rDinis). [f. raw a. + -ness.] 1. The state of being raw or crude; fig. imperfection, incompleteness. n^o Promp. Parv. 424/2 Rawnesse, or rawhede, cruditas. 1616 Hieron Wks. I. 586 The rawnesse and raggednesse and independance of that which is deliuered. 1646 P. Bulkeley Gospel Covt. To Rdr. 2 The rawnesse of the draught which I had written for the help of myself. a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) HI. 108 His book, known by the name of ‘Coriat’s Crudities’, nauseous to nice readers, for the rawness thereof. 1809 Pinkney Trav. France 204 What we should call in wine, their rawness and their freshness. fig. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv, iii. 26 Why in that rawnesse left you Wife, and Childe.. Without leaue-taking?

2. Inexperience, ignorance. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxii, Tempering his woordes to the rawnesse of his disciples, which rawenes he suffred.. to remaine a long season in them. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 272 Considering the rawnesse of his seamen, and the manifold shipwracks which they sustained. 1710 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 94 The denied him Orders for his Rawness in Divinity. 1736 Carte Ormonde II. 81 The inexpertness of..the Irish officers..and the rawness of their soldiers. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xxxvii. In my first rawness and ignorance.

3. Bareness of flesh, excoriation, soreness. 1607 Markham Caval. iii. (1617) 144 His nostrils wide and without rawnesse. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Iviii. 9 Annot. 298 So shall rawness, so shall anger, or inflammation ..affright or perplex them. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 525 Universal rawness and soreness in the trachea and chest. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. HI. 944 A sense of rawness and even actual tenderness in the abdomen.

fb. Indigestion.

Obs.

Elyot, Cruditas, rawnes, or lack of digestion. 1587 Golding De Mornay xiv. 209 Our minde.. for all that, neuer feeleth any rawness or lacke of digestion. 1671 H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq. 61 He felt neither pain in his head, nor rawness in his stomach. 1538

4. Chilly dampness, muggy cold. 1608 Heywood Lucrece iv. ii, Hath not..the moist rawness of this humorous night. Impair’d your health? 1684 SouTHERNE Disappointment iii. i, I am to blame to call thee forth Into the rawness of a midnight air. 1818 Mrs. Shelley Frankenst. let. iv. He is far too weak to sustain the rawness of the atmosphere.

rawng(e, rawnke,

obs. ff. range.

var. rampiked.

rawnsake, -some,

obs. ff. ransack, ransom.

rawranoke, rawthe, rawunson, rawyn, obs. ff. ROANOKE, RUTH, RANSOM, RAVEN.

rawyne, -ynnis,

obs. Sc. ff. ravin', ravenous.

rax, sb.^ Sc.

[f. racks, pi. of rack sb.'^ 2.] roasting-rack (see quot. 1808). Chiefly/)/.

A

1697 Inv. Furniture in Scott. N. & Q. (1900) Dec. 90/2 A pair of raxes, two spits, a frying pann. 1717 Ramsay Elegy Lucky Wood v, Rax, chandlers, tangs, and fire-shools. 1808 Jamieson, Raxes, iron instruments consisting of various links, on which the spit is turned at the fire, andirons. 1824 Scott Ep. Lockhart 42 Speates and raxes.. for a famishing guest, sir.

rax, sb.^

Sc. and north, dial. [f. rax u.] A stretch, an act of stretching; a strain, wrench. 1790 D. Morison Poems 118 To tak a turn an’ gi’e my legs a rax. I’ll through the land. 1819 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd (1827) 146 They grippit,.. And, wi’ enormous raxes, soucht T’ unsaddle ane anither. 1855- in northern glossaries (Northumbld., Yks.).

rax, V. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9 Sc. raux. [OE. raxany of obscure formation. The word is rarely found in ME. (cf. also the variant rask), but is common in older and modern Sc.] 1. intr. 1. To stretch oneself after sleep. ■\to rax upy to start or waken up from a swoon. a 1000 Prose Life Guthlac xii. (1848) 60 Swa he of hefejum slspe raxende awoce. 01300 Cursor M. 24351 (Gott.) hat suime was of mi soru suage, Bot quen i raxed vp.. I ne wist bot walaway. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. v. 398 He roxed [v.r. raxed] and rored and rutte atte laste. 1715 Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. i. Carles wha heard the cock had crawn, Begoud to rax and rift. 1805 A. Scott Poems (1808) 109 (E.D.D.) The drowsy queen Raise rauxing, gaunting rub’d her een.

2. To become longer by pulling, to stretch; fto be hanged. 1508 Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 368 Thou has a wedy teuch .. about thy crag to rax. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 1165 The Rauin said: god, nor I rax in ane raipe. 1785 Fergussons Sc. Prov. No. 730 Raw leather raxes. 1876- in northern glossaries (Northumbld., Yks.).

b. To wax, grow, become. rare~^. 01774 Fergusson Farmer's Ingle Poems (1845) 36 Wad they to labouring lend an eident hand, They’d rax fell strang upon the simplest fare.

c. to rax out: (see quot.).

t4. To extend one’s sphere or power; to have sway or rule; to prevail or have course. Obs. (i5-i6th c. Sc.) c 1470 Henryson Mor. Fab. iii. {Cock & Fox) xxi, He.. traistit ay to rax and sa to rin [etc.]. Ibid. v. {Pari. Beasts) xlvii, Than sail ressoun ryis, rax, and ring. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 91 Mony theif and tratour in his tyme Raxit and rang. Ibid. 11. 465 In Albione than wes gude peax and rest, Bot rycht schort quhile tha leit it rax or lest. 0 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 346 He will not rax long nor 3eit haue his realme in peace and rest.

II. trans. 5. reft. To stretch or strain (oneself). C1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Rel. Ant. II. 80/1 Raxes him, se espreche. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. {Ninian) 703 b^t bysnyne.. vaknit as of hewy slepe, & raxit hyme. 1513 Douglas j^neis iv. xi. 93 Thrise scho hir self raxit vp for to rise. Ibid. vi. xiv. 45 Considdir Torquatus 3ondir doith hym rax. 01670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 28 He should seem to rax himself, and shake loose off his arm. 1829 Brockett N.C. Gloss, (ed. 2), s.v.. To rax oneself, is to extend the limbs, after sleep or long sitting. 1863 G. Macdonald D. Elginbrod i. x, Tak’ care an’ nae rax yersel ower sair.

6. To stretch (a thing) by pulling. *513 Douglas JEneis xi. xvi. 61 Now hir handis raxit it euery stede. 1613 P. Forbes Comm. Revelation 229 He had a long chaine, which yet was further raxed. 1786 Burns Ordination i, Ye wha leather rax an’ draw. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi. V, When ye gang to see a man.. raxing a halter. 1861 Ramsay Remin. Ser. ii. 106 If I could win at him, I wud rax the banes o’ him.

b. To strain (the eyes), rare. 1819 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd{i^2’]) 94 A man mith rax his een in vain Ere he could spy.. an idol.

7. To reach or hand (a thing) to one; to deal (a blow), 1711 Ramsay On Maggy Johnstoun vii, Death wi’ his rung rax’d her a yowff. 1792 A. Wilson On a Man sawing Timber, Rax me your haun. 1825 J. Wilson Noct. Ambr. i. Wks. 1855 I. 8 Rax me ower the loaf. 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets, etc. 70 Rax me the brandy bottle, an’ pit it doon beside me.

8. To stretch or hold out (the hand, etc.); to elongate (the neck). 1742 Forbes Ajax iii. Raxing out his gardies. 1788 Picken Poems 88 The darksome e’ening raxes Her wings owre day. 1810 Cock Simple Strains I. 89 (E.D.D.) Ye’ll shortly see me rax my neck and craw. 1854 H. Miller Sch. ^ Schm. vii. (i860) 76 Just rax out your han’ and tak’ in my snuffbox.

Hence raxed/)/)/, a.; 'raxing vbl. sb. and/)/)/, a.

obs. f. rank a.

rawnpiked,

01585 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 367 Then Dreid.. Forbad my minting anie mair, To raxe aboue my reiche. 1720 Ramsay Wealth 10 Wha rax for riches or immortal fame. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's x, Ye.. raxed ower the tether maybe a wee bit farther than ye had ony right to do. 1893 Crockett Stickit Minister 145 Raxing for a peat to light his pipe.

1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 323 The raxeing consciences of conforme men. 1785 Burns Ep. M'Math iv. Their three-mile prayers,.. Their raxin’ conscience. 1822 Scott Nigel iii. That might have cost my craig a raxing. 1824-Redgauntlet ch. xi, Cloured crowns were plenty, and raxed necks came into fashion. 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Mid- Yorks. 110/2 A person will tell of ‘a nasty raxin’ pain’ he is subject to. 1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona i. xiii. 143 My craig’ll have to thole a raxing. 1898 N. Munro Splendid xv. 147 A raxed shoulder he had met with at Dumbarton. 1935 A. J. Cronin Stars look Down i. ix. 67 What he did mind was the bother when a tub ran off; it nearly killed him, the raxing and straining to lift it back upon the line.

traxle, v. Obs. Also raxhil, raxsil, raxill(e, -el. [Frequentative f. rax v. Cf. raskle.] intr. and trans. To stretch, etc.: = rax v. c 1205 Lay. 25992 Seo6Sen he gon raemien and raxlede swiSe. 01300 Cursor M. 2209 (Cott.) Oueral he raxhild him wit rage. Ibid. 24447 (Gott.) Apon mi taas oft sith i stod, Roles raxland to pe rode. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 1174 b^n wakned I.. I raxled & fel in gret affray. 0 1400-50 Alexander 4930 be renke within \>t redell pan raxsils his armes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Raxill(e, alo {exalo A.).

ray (rei), s/).' Also 7 rale, raye; pi. 5, 7 rayes, (6 ? rayse), 6-7 rales, [a. OF. acc. rai, ray (nom. rais, raiz, etc., see Godef.; in mod.F. rais) = Prov. rai(g, rail, etc., Sp. and Pg. rayo. It. raggio (pi. raggi, rai):—L. radium, acc. of rad/ur radius sb. Occasionally employed in Eng. from the 14th c. onwards, but not in common use until the 17th.]

I. 1. a. A single line or narrow beam of light. In popular use applied to each of the lines in which light seems to stream from a distant glowing body or luminous point, and to similar lines, produced by the reflection of light from a polished surface, lens, etc.; also to a narrow line of light passing through a small opening. In early scientific use defined by Newton as the least portion of light which can be stopped alone or propagated alone; more recently as the motion of a simple particle of light, or the smallest conceivable line of light, and now usually regarded merely as the straight line in which the radiant energy capable of producing the sensation of light is propagated to any given point. Ray is usually distinguished from beam, as indicating a smaller amount of light; in scientific use a beam is a collection of parallel rays. In ordinary language ray is the word usually employed when the reference is to the heat rather than the light of the sun (as in quot. 1698). 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 160, I sey..A crystal clyffe ful relusaunt; Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere. 1483 Caxton Cato F ij, Lyke hym whyche is blynde of the rayes of the sonne. CI586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cii. vii. The sunn of my life daies Inclines to west with falling raies. 1665 Glanvill Def.

240

RAY Van. Dogm. 34 ’Tis as conceivable as how the Rays of Ligh^t should come in a direct line to the eye. 1698 Fryer India ^ P 242 We had our skins head off of those Parts exposed to the Solar Rays. C1750 Shenstone P^ogr. Taste II. 116 The sheathless sword the guard displays, Which round emits its dazzling rays, a 1800 Cowper Glow-worm 6 Disputes have been, and still prevail, From whence his rays proceed. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 59 Ifa ray of light is admitted, the vegetable grows with greater vigour. 1849 James Woodman iii, The rays of the moon stole through the leafless branches and chequered the frosty turf. fig. 1831 Lytton Godolphin 4 A ray shot across his countenance as he uttered his last words. transf. 1741 Shenstone Judgm. Hercules 202 Thy robe shall glow with Tyrian rays. 1830 Tennyson

costly Arab. Nts. 136 With argent-lidded eyes Amorous, and lashes like to rays Of darkness. / tj \

b. A representation of a ray (esp. Her.); a material thing representing or resembling a ray of light, a brilliant stretch (of something). 1729 Savage Wanderer iii. 84 O’er altars thus, impainted, we behold Half-circling glories shoot in rays of gold. 1780 Edmondson Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Rays, when depicted round the sun, should be sixteen in number, but, when round an etoile, six only. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 457/1 Azure, one Ray of the Sun, bendways Gules, between six Beams of that Luminary Argent. 1835 Lytton Rienzi v. i. Hung with silk of a blood-red, relieved by rays of white.

c. fig. of mental and moral influences, etc., comparable to light. 1634 Milton Comus 425 The sacred rayes of Chastity. 1674 Boyle Excell. Theol. i. ii. 75 Reason is such a ray of Divinity [etc.]. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. i. §2 A ray of truth may enlighten the whole world and extend to future ages. 1781 J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. vi. 63 This never fails to dart such a ray of comfort into my heart. 1838 Thirlwall Greece III. xxiii. 265 Only one ray of hope broke the gloom of her prospects.

d. A trace negatives.)

of

anything.

(Chiefly

with

1773 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. I. 97, I am resolved to push on in my career as long as I see a ray of the ladder, which is within my compass, to mount. 1847 Dickens Haunted M. (C.D. ed.) 219 Isn’t it enough that you were seven boys before, without a ray of gal. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, The ^Times' Wks. (Bohn) II. 117 Rude health and spirits,.. and the habits of society are implied, but not a ray of genius.

e. Fig. phr. {little) ray of sunshiney a person (freq. a young woman) who enlivens or cheers another; a happy or vivacious person. Cf. SUNSHINE sb. 2 a. 1915 A. Bennett These Twain (1916) xx. 485 You’re a little ray of sunshine, and all that, and I’m the first to say so. 1929 J. B. Priestley Good Companions ii. iv. 364 Why are you now our little ray of sunshine? 1959 M. Scott White Elephant v. 56 Are you two in this to make money or just to be little rays of sunshine? 1972 C. Fremlin Appointment with Yesterday iv. 31 Milly rather fancied herself in the role of little ray of sunshine to brighten his declining years. 1978 ‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions xxxvii. 540 He hasn’t exactly been a ray of sunshine up to now.

2. a. (Chiefly/)oeL) Light, radiance; (freq. also implying heat: see note to sense i). 1592 Davies Immort. Soul Ded. vii, Where the Sun.. never doth retire his golden Ray. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 673 Earth, made.. apter to receive Perfection from the Suns more potent Ray. 1748 Gray Alliance 66 Lamps, that shed at Ev’n a cheerful ray. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 347 Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam VI. xxii, A mountain,.. whose crest.. in the ray Of the obscure stars gleamed. 1830 Lytton P. Clifford xxviii. The ray of the lanterns glimmered on the blades of cutlasses. fig. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 47 In stormes of Fortune . .in her ray and brightnesse. 1635-56 Cowley Davideis ii. Wks. 1710 I. 346 Fair was the Promise of his dawning Ray. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 465 Reared by his care, of softer ray appears Cimon sweet-souled. 1741 Shenstone Hercules 77 Her air diffused a mild yet awful ray.

tb. concr. A star, nonce-use. Ohs. 1700 Prior Carm. Sec. 398 Thou smiling see’st great Dorset’s Worth confest, The Ray distinguishing the Patriot’s Breast.

3. a. (Chiefly poet.) A beam or glance of the eye; falso, sight, power of vision {obs.). 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. xii. The rayes or beames issuinge from the eyen of her,.. hath thrilled throughout the middes of my hart. 1616 Chapman Homer's Hymn Hermes 368 To me then declare, O old man,.. if thy grave ray Hath any man seen [etc.]. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 619 The Aire, No where so deer, sharp’nd his visual ray To objects distant farr. 1728 Pope Dune. ii. 7 All eyes direct their rays On him, and crowds grow foolish as they gaze.

b. A line of sight. 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 177 The Visual Point..is a Point in the Horizontal Line, wherein all the Ocular Rays unite. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty v. 25 A ray may be supposed to be drawn from the center of the eye to the letter it looks at first. 1842 Gwilt Encycl. Arch. §2391 The visual rays upon every object may be compared to the legs of a pair of compasses. 14. Astral. = aspect sb. 4. Obs. rare. 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 137 In Astronomy, a Radius or a Ray is taken for the Aspect or Configuration of two Stars: so we say Saturn beholds Venus with an Hostile Ray, &c. when she is square with him.

5. a. Used (on the analogy of sense i) in reference to the emission or transmission of non-luminous physical energies propagated in radiating straight lines after the manner of light (in modern use esp. of heat: cf. radiation 2, XRAYS sb. pi.). Roentgan rays: see Roentgen. 1664 Power £’x/). Philos, iii. 159

If the Magnetick rayes proceeded intrinsecally from the Stone. 1813 Sir H. Davy

Agric. Chem. (1814) 39 The beautiful experiments of Dr. Herschel have shewn that there are rays transmitted from the sun which do not illuminate. 1865 Reader 28 Jan. 105/1 The term dark, or invisible, or obscure rays, stimulates the imagination by its strangeness. ^ _

fb. A series (of atoms) moving m a straight line. Obs. rare. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 196 Those rayes of other atoms that are shacking all over the worlds wasts.

c. Chiefly Science Fiction. A supposed destructive beam of energy emitted by a ray-gun or similar device. Cf. death-ray s.v. death sb. 19. 1898 H. G. Wells IVar of Worlds vi. 39 Only the fact that a hummock of heathery sand intercepted the lower part of the Heat-Ray saved them. 1919 G. B. Shaw Heartbreak House 39, I will discover a ray mighter than any X-ray; a mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me. 1926 G. Hunting Vicarion xiii. 215 Tm glad they never perfected that ray they used to talk about for disposing of an enemy at a distance without betraying the disposer. 1940 Graves & Hodge Long Week-End vi. 93 An inventor.. claimed to have produced a ray that would set fire to anything inflammable. 1969 E. VON Daniken Chariots of Gods? ii. 25 They will hammer and chisel in the rock pictures of what they had once seen: Shapeless giants... staves from which rays are shot out as if from a sun. II. 6. Math. a. = radius sb. 3. Now rare. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 73s If the Ray AC of the Concentrick ACEF be supposed to be equal to the Ray BD of the Eccentrick BDEF. 1704 C. Hayes Treat. Fluxions 45 The Arch of the Circle MQ, bounded at Q by the Ray FA. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Ray of curvature, in geometry, is used to signify the semi-diameter of the circle of curvature. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 129 From each of these points draw a line to the opposite end of the base, as so many rays to a centre. 1835 Lindley Introd. Bot. (i848)I.336A corolla is said to be regular when its segments form equal rays of a circle.

b. Any one of the lines forming a pencil or set of straight lines passing through a point. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 389/2 Through every point in p one line in the pencil will pass, and every ray in Q will cut p in one point. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 73 The locus of the points of intersection of pairs of corresponding rays of the pencils.

7. One of any system of lines, parts, or things radially disposed. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. ii. v. 131 A kind of Geliy,., having several kinds of rays like legs, proceeding from the middle of it. 1672-3 Grew Anat. Roots i. iii. §7 These Parts, are like so many White Rays, streaming, by the Diameter of the Root, from the inward Edge toward the Circumference of the Barque. 1748 Sir J. Hill Hist. Fossils 654 Of these [Asteri®] some have five angles, or rays, and others only four. 1849 Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 350 The radii of the wheel must be so arranged that each ray shall touch the surface of the mercury, before the preceding ray shall have quitted it. 8. Bot. a. The marginal portion of a composite

flower, consisting of ligulate florets arranged radially. = radius sb. 2c (a). 1785 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. vi. (1794) 65 Botanists have given the name of ray to the set of semiflorets which compose the circumference. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 422/1 Every head of flowers.. has a central part, or disk, and a circumference, or ray. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 195 In Daisy, the outside florets are irregular,.. and white, constituting the ray. b. A pedicel or branch of an umbel. = radius

sb. 2 c {b). 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. v. (1794) 51 The rays of the little umbels are no farther subdivided. 1776-96 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV. 375 The Rays may be sometimes 3 or 5, but only accidentally. 1870 rfooKER Stud. Flora 155 Umbels lateral and terminal, subglobose; rays few or many, long or short. C. = MEDULLARY tay. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary’s Phaner. 458 With reference to their origin at the first commencement of the woody ring, the former have also received the name of the original primary rays. 1925 Eames & MacDaniels Introd. Plant Anat. vii. 176 The ray is more or less like a brick wall, the individual cells representing the bricks. 1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. xi. 252 The dicotyledons typically contain only parenchyma cells in the rays. 9. Zool. a. = fin-rayy fin sb.^ 6. i668 Wilkins Real Char. ii. v. 142 Pike... Two finns; the hindermost of which is small, fleshy and without rays. 1769 Pennant Zool. III. 166 The first ray of the first dorsal fin is very long. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 400 One great genus, characterized by the first dorsal fin with soft rays, followed by a second smaller one,.. not supported by rays. 1872 Baker Nile Tribut. ix. 156 The back fin resembled that of a perch, with seven rays.

b. One of the radial divisions of a star-fish. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Star-fish, There are many species of the star-fish,.. they have different numbers of rays, but the most common kind have five. 1834 M^Murtrie Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 466 There are also two ovaries in each ray. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 16/1 Specimens of star-fish with four large rays and a small one still growing.

10. Astr. Any of the long bright lines of pale material that can be seen to radiate from some lunar craters. 1838 J. P. Nichol Phenomena Order Solar Syst. II. vi. 171 The most remarkable circumstance connected with this variety in the Moon’s shining power is those rays issuing chiefly from craters and extending over a large space. 1873 R. A. Proctor Moon iv. 253 The telescope.. has discovered numerous small craters of varying depth in the midst of many of the rays, and it reveals the fact, that these small craters.. do not penetrate through the matter we are examining, inasmuch as there comes from their bases always

RAY the same kind of light that characterizes the ray. 1895 T. G. Elger Moon 27 The rays emanating from Tycho surpa^ in extent and interest any of the others. 1922 H. S. Jones Gen. Astron. iv. 102 From some of the craters, under favourable conditions of illumination, bright rays or streaks can be seen radiating radially in all directions. 1962 Listener 1 Feb. 223/2 The mysterious lunar rays issuing from Tycho, Copernicus, and other craters also fit better into an igneous theory. The rays cross mountains, walled formations, ridges, and seas without marked deviation.

11. attrib. and Comb. a. In sense i, as rayfringed, -gilt, -girt, -shorn, -strewn adjs. 1830 Tennyson To- 6 ‘Ray-fringed eyelids of the morn. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide il. 54 (MS.) Those yet faithful, round his ‘ray-gilt throne Bask in their Maker’s smile. 1797 T. Park Sonnets 29 Glory’s‘ray-girt head. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. II. xxxvii. 265 The other great dread —of himself becoming dimmed and for ever ‘ray-shorn in her eyes. 1859 G. Meredith R. Feverel xxi. The dim ‘raystrewn valley.

b. In sense 8 a, as ray-corolla, -floret, -flower, -petal, sense 8 c, as ray cell, initial, tracheid. 1907 D. P. Penhallow Man. N. Amer. Gymnosperms v. 83 Pits on the lateral walls of the ‘ray cells are an invariable feature of all investigated species of.. Coniferales. 1933 Forestry VII. 93 It is essential to study.. the development of the ray cells in the wood. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 203 Artemisia.. ‘Ray-corollas dilated below. 1845 A. H. Lincoln Lect. Bot. (1850) 185 Flowers without rays, or the ‘ray florets indistinct. 1877 Darwin Forms^ FI. Introd. 5 The ray-florets of the Composite often differ remarkably from the others. 1852 Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. V. VI. 107 Perityle aglossa... This species is remarkable for the want of ‘ray-flowers. 1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. vi. 126 'The ‘ray initials give origin to the ray cells. 1975 Sci. Amer. July 102/2 Among the components of the cambium are what are called ray initials; the continuation of a ray initial down into the sapwood of a stem, a branch or a trunk is known as a wood ray. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. v. (1872) 116 'That the development of the ‘ray-petals by drawing nourishment from the reproductive organs causes their abortion. 1907 D. P. Penhallow Man. N. Amer. Gymnosperms yi. 88 In the higher Coniferse the medullaiy ray is distinguished by the presence of an element which differs materially in its structure from the associated parenchyma cells. These elements have been designated as ‘ray tracheids. 1940 Brown & Panshin Comm. Timbers tJ.S. vii. 128 Ray tracheids attain their best development in the genus Pinus. 1956 F. "W. Jane Structure of Woodv. 91 Ray tracheids often form the marginal cells of the rays.

c. In sense 9 a, ray-finned adj.; sense 9 b, as ray-margin, -plate, -scale, -spine, etc. 1841 E. Forbes Brit. Starfishes 28 The lateral ray-plates. Ibid. 50 Upper ray-scales transversely oblong. Ibid. 51 The ray-spines are long, slender, and sharp. Ibid. 133 The number of plates on each ray-margin. 1933 A. S. Romer Vertebr. Paleontol. iv. 85 That [jc. the history] of the later ray-finned fishes has no such interest. 1968 [see lung-fish s.v. LUNG sb. 7]. 1970 R. M. Black Elements Palaeont. xvii. 249 The ray-finned fish have had an expansionist evolution.

d. ray blight, a fungus disease of chrysanthemums caused by Ascochyta chrysanthemi, which attacks the flowers, causing discoloration and shrivelling of the petals; ray diagram, a diagram showing the paths of light rays through an optical system; ray-filter, a means of separating the obscure from the luminous rays of electric light (see quot.); ray-fin, a fish belonging to the subclass Actinopterygii, to which most living bony fish belong and which includes those having thin fan-like fins with dermal rays; ray fleck, the marking caused by the exposure of a ray in sawn timber; ray-fungus, a fungus (Actinomyces) which enters the body and produces the disease Actinomycosis; ray gun, a hand-held device that can be made to emit rays, esp. (in Science Fiction) destructive or harmful ones; ray therapy, the treatment of disease with radiation; radio-therapy; ray-tracing, the calculation of the path taken by a ray of light through an optical system; ray treatment = ray therapy. 1907 F. S. Stevens in Bot. Gaz. XLIV. 241 The Chrysanthemum Ray Blight... The common name chosen for the disease.. is taken from the most conspicuous symptom of the malady, a blighting of the corolla. 1961 Amat. Gardening 21 Oct. 6/2 Ray blight is much less common than the other two bloom diseases. 1965 Nakajima & Young Art of Chrysanthemum vii. 81 If the ray blight is not checked, it may continue on to destroy all blooms in the immediate area. 1980 J. W. Hill Intermediate Physics xii. 123 Draw two ray diagrams to show how a real and virtual image may be obtained of an object placed the same distance away from two different mirrors. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. iii. 86 A substance.. has been discovered, by which these dark rays may be detached from the total emission of the electric lamp. This ray-filter is a liquid, black as pitch to the luminous, but bright as a diamond to the non-luminous, radiation. 1945 A. S. Romer Vertebr. Paleontol. (ed. 2) v. 89 Most of the more characteristic Paleozoic ray-fins were once assigned to Palaeoniscus. 1963 P. H. Greenwood Norman's Hist. Fishes (ed. 2) xvii. 306 The Bony Fishes can be divided into three main groups or subclasses: Actinopterygii (ray-fins), Crossopterygii (fringe-fins) and Dipneusti (lung-fishes). 1934 Brown & Panshin Identification Comm. Timbers U.S. 211 Ray fleck: a portion of a ray as it appears on the quarter surface. 1940 -Comm. Timbers U.S. viii. 201 Some woods possess low, closely spaced, but relatively conspicuous ray flecks. 1968 Canad. Antiques Collector July 26/1 Quarter sawed figure is characterised by the annual growth rings appearing as parallel stripes and by the appearance of rays on the surface. In such woods as oak and chestnut these rays are called ray fleck or flake. 1897 Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Ray-fungus, The ray-

RAY fungus consists of a dense mycelium of interlacing hyphse, with club-shaped extremities extending radially into the tissues. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 890 The livers contained a large focus of pus, in which colonies of the rayfungus were found. 1931 Amazing Stories Dec. 804/1 The rayguns of the battlecraft, being of superior range, melted down the mortars of the fort at the magazine. 1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars iv. 40 It was a modified air pistol... ‘If you say it’s like a ray-gun I’ll certify you.’ 1957 [see bug¬ eyed a.]. 1958 Spectator 19 Sept. 379/1 But as a spaceveteran who once triggered a ray-gun with Flash Gordon, let me advise you to read on. 1967 Autocar 28 Dec. 29/3 As the car nears each set of lamps a patrolman .. points the ray gun at the cell situated between the two lamps. A beamed radio signal from the gun activates the fog warning lamp switch. 1977 W. McIlvanney Laidlaw xxvi. 116 It was a beautiful smile... It hit Harkness like a ray-gun and he felt his concentration atomise. 1928 Daily Express 20 Dec. 8/3 When the phrase ‘ray-therapy’ crept into one of the royal bulletins, I heard educated persons explaining that it meant treatment by wireless! 1943 Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. {B.S.I.) 144 Radio-therapy, [deprecated synonym] ray therapy, the treatment of diseases by radiation. 1918 L. SiLBERSTEiN Simplified Method of tracing Roys p. v. Our purpose is not to treat the whole subject of geometrical optics, but.. that part of it which is called by the short name of ‘ray tracing’... Given the ray incident upon any system of lenses..find the emergent ray. 1943 D. H. Jacobs Fund. Optical Engin. xxiv. 381 Ray-tracing equations are all derived from one exact law: Snell’s law. 1974 W. T. Welford Aberrations of Symmetrical Optical Syst. iii. 41 This process of finding a ray path in terms of the numerical values of the incidence heights and convergence angles at each surface in turn is called raytracing. 1904 Science Siftings 12 Mar. 320/2 The Finsen light concentrates as much violet rays as can be found in a hundred square feet of sunlight. The same principle enters into all ray treatment. 1905 W^estm. Gaz. 4 May 12/2 Six patients suffering from skin diseases.. died after the ray-treatment.

ray (rei), sh.^ Also 4 ray3e, 4-7 raye, 5 raie. [a. F. raie (13th c.) = Sp. and Pg. rayay It. raja:—'L. raia raia.] A selachian fish of the family RaiidaSy having a broad fiat body (sometimes of enormous size) and inferior gill-openings; esp. a skate. 1323-4 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 13 In.. vii Rayes et ix turbot emptis. c 1400 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) App. T., Pole ptT was inne.. hengim on his clones fisch tayles of ray3e [r.r. ray]. C1450 Two Cookery-bks. 103 Ray boiled. Take a Ray, and draw him in he bely [etc.]. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Batis.. the fishe called ray or skeate. 1588 Hariot Virginia Diij, There are also Troutes: Porpoises: Rayes. 1623 CocKER.AM HI, Pasiorica, a fish like a Raye, with strong pricks. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World 55 All their bays and creeks are well stock’d with mullets, large rays,.. and drum-fish. 1833 J. Rennie Alph. Angling 11 In some fishes, such as the rays and the sharks, the nostril opens by a considerable chink into the mouth. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. II. ix. (ed. 2) 211 The ray is taken largely for bait, and is also sold for human food.

b. With defining adjs. (see quots.). Also eagle-, rock-, shark-, sting-, -whip-ray, etc.; see these words. For an enumeration of the various kinds of rays, see Couch Brit. Fishes (1862) I. 97-144. 1611 CoTGR., Raye estelee, the starrie Skate, the rugged Ray. Raye lize, the smooth Raye... Raye au long bee, the spotted, long-snowted, or sharp-snowted Ray. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Raia, Rays are generally divided by authors into the smooth and the prickly. The smooth are what we call skates and flairs; the prickly we call thornbacks. 1769 Pennant Zool. III. 64 Sharp-nosed Ray..(Rai4 oxyrinchus Lin.). 1862 G. T. Lloyd jj Yrs. Tasmania iv. 51 The ray is termed in the colonies the ‘stinging ray’ from its possessing a barbed spear-bone. 1869 [see beaked 2C.].

c. attrib. and Comb.y as ray-fishy -mouthed adj.,-tail, ray-dog, ? the ray-mouthed dog-fish; ray-maid, -oil (see quots.). 1857 Kingsley Two Y. Ago I. 60 In the shallow muddy pools, lie..some twenty non-exenterated ‘ray-dogs and picked dogs {Anglice, dog-fish). 1611 Florio, Rhina, the Skate-fish, a *Raye-fish. 1611 Cotgr., Coliart, a kind of smooth, and straw-coloured Ray-fish. 1862 J. Couch Brit. Fishes I. 99 Thornback Ray. ‘Ray-maid (Linn. Raia clavata). This is one of the commonest of the Rays, and the most valued. 1884 F. Day Fishes Gt. Brit. II. 344 The young [of the Thornback ray] termed maids, maidens, or maiden-skates: ray-maids. 1875 Trans. Devon. Assoc. VII. 145 It [Mustelus l^evis] is known in Plymouth and Cornwall as the ‘‘ray-mouthed dog-fish’. 1881 Span’s Encycl. IV. 1376 ‘Ray-oils are very extensively procured from the livers of Raja clavata, R. pastinaca, and other species indigenous to Indian seas, and possess qualities like those of cod-liveroil.

fray, sb.^ Obs. Also 4-6 raye, 6 raie (rey). [Aphetic form of array sb., perh. a. ONF. *rei, OF. rot: see array w.] 1. Order, arrangement, array, esp. of soldiers. In 16-17th c. also freq. in the comb, battle-ray. ri470 Henry Wallace v. 59 Butler be than had putt his men in ray. 1519 Horman Vulg. 274 Whan the ray of the hoste is all to scatered,.. and one byddeth sette in a newe raye. ^21553 Udall Royster D. iv. vii. (Arb.) 71 Nowe sirs, keepe your ray, and see your heartes be stoute. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. 119 Dispersed here and there out of ray. 1632-Cyrupaedia 26 The setting of a battayle in ray was but a small part of the art. fig. ) I. 382 To euery of theym iij yerd of cloth Ray. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 663 To be ladde aboute the towne w* raye hoodes vpon theyr heddes. 1533 Wriothesley Chron. (1875) I. 21 Their was a raye cloath, blew, spreed from the highe desses of the Kinges Benche unto the high alter of Westminster. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xix. § 12 Himselfe and Queene vpon ray Cloth .. went into King Edwards shrine.

ray (rei), sb.^ rare. [App. a. F. rafe stripe, streak (see prec.), but in some cases perh. apprehended as a use of ray sb.^] 11. A stripe, streak, line. Obs. a 1327 Poem Time Edw. 7/283 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 336 A newe taille of squierie is nu in everi toun; The raie is turned overthvert that sholde stonde adoun. a 1500 Chaucer's Dreme 1824 A bird, all fedred blew and greene, With brighte rayes like gold betwene. As smalle thred over every joynt. 1573 Baret Alvearie s.v. Ray, Wrought with little rayes, streames, or streaks.

2. A groove in a rifle-barrel. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rifled, The rifled barrels in America, during the last war, contained from 10 to 16 rays or threads... Some persons have imagined, that those of 16 rays were the best.

tray, sb.^

Obs. Forms; 4 reye, 6 ray(e. [a. MHG. reie (reige), rei, re, etc. (see Grimm: mod.G. reihetiy reigen), or MLG. rez(e, Du. (late MDu.) reiy of obscure origin.] A kind of round dance. C1384 Chaucer H. Fame iii. 146 Pypers of the Duche tonge, To lerne love-daunces, springes, Reyes, and these straunge thinges. 1514 Barclay Cyt. ^ Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) ii, I can daunce the raye, I can both pipe & sing, a 1529 Skelton Replyc. i 69 Ye dawns all in a sute The heritykes ragged ray.

ray, sb,"^ rare. [Of obscure origin.] fl. Darnel. Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. Ixv. (Bodl. MS.) If. 206 Amonge pe beste wheete somtyme growel> yuel wedes & venemos as Code & ray & oper suche. 1578 Lyte Dodoens IV. XV. 469 In Englishe it is also called luraye, Darnell, and Raye. Ibid. xlv. 504 Wall Barley or Way Bennet..may be called Red-Ray, or Darnell. 1597 [see ivray]. 1601 Holland Pliny xviii. xvii, As for the graine of Raie or Darnell, it is very small. 1617 in Minsheu Ductor. 2. ellipt. = ray-grass. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 351 Being laid down with fourteen pounds of white clover, and one peck of ray, the grass lets at twenty shillings.

fray, sb.^ Obs. rare. [a. ONF. rei = OF. roi ROY.] A king. a 1400 Sir Perc. 178 Scho tuke hir leve and went hir waye, Bothe at barone and at raye. ri46o Emare 430 Then sayde that ryche raye, I wyll have that fayr may, And wedde her to my quene.

b. Erroneously used for ‘man’, ‘person’. 1513 Douglas JEneis viii. Prol. 157 Thir romanis ar bot rydlis, quod I to that ray.

fray, sb.^ Obs.

[Of obscure origin; perh. a concrete application of RAY ^6.*] A small piece of gold or gold-leaf; a spangle. c 1450 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 633 Pro xxvj rayis pro garniamento. .senescalli d’ni Prioris, vjs. xjd. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Bracteola, a little leafe or raye of golde, silver or

ray (rei), sb.^^ Now dial. [cf. ray Diarrhoea in sheep or cattle.

5 c.]

1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. (1586) 133 The Flix, or the Laske, which in som places they call the Ray. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece iii. 491 This Salve is very speedy..in curing the Distempers called the Ray and the Scab in Sheep. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Ray, a diarrhoea.

Ray (rei), sb,^^ The name of the English naturalist, John Ray (1627-1705), used in the possessive to designate Ray’s bream, a deep¬ bodied, dark brown and silver, European, marine fish, Brama brama (formerly B. raii)y of the family Bramidae, which was named in his honour by M. E. Bloch {Ichtyologie (1797) vii. 75)1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes I. 117 Ray’s Bream.. appears to have been less perfectly known to the older writers than might have been expected. 1925 J. T. Jenkins Fishes Brit. Isles 74 Ray’s Bream is a fish of characteristic appearance, with a body elevated and compressed, and a very long dorsal fin. 1959 A. C. Hardy Open Sea II. x. 208 This species should not be confused with Ray’s bream.. which has also been called the black sea-bream. 1969 A. Wheeler Fishes Brit. Isles & N.-W. Europe 339/2 Ray’s bream has little commercial value in northern waters though its flesh is very palatable.

ray (rei), v.^ [f. ray sb.^, or ad. F. rayer, OF. raier:~'L. radidre to emit beams, furnish with beams, f. radius 56.] 1. intr. Of light; To issue from some point in the form of rays. Also with beams, etc. as subj. (Zonst. forth, off, out. 1598 Florid, Radiare, to shine.., to radiate, to ray. 1635 Quarles Embl. v. xiv. 302 The brighter beams, that from his eyeballs ray’d. 1698 Norris Praci. Drir. (1707) IV. 158 This excellent Glory that ray’d forth through our Saviour’s Body at the Transfiguration. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 87 A molten glory.. That rays off into the gloom. 1890 Murray's Mag. May 698 A glitter seeming to ray out from his cold, pale eyes.

b. transf. and fig. 1647 H. More Song of Soul iii. ii. xxviii. The soul.. when it raies out,.. Oretakes each outgone beam. 1710 R. Ward Life More 41 Early in the Morning he was wont to awake.. with all his Thoughts and Notions raying (as I may so speak) about him. 1797 Burke Regie. Peace iii. Wks. 1808 VIII. 283 Philosophy, raying out from Europe, would have warmed..the universe. 1865 Mrs. Whitney Gayworthys xxiii. (1879) 213 On the side of God her soul lay open, and her thought rayed wide.

c. In indirect passive, with upon. 1656 Trapp Comm. Phil. iv. 19 So they are rayed upon with a beam of divine love.

2. intr. Of luminous bodies or points: To emit light in rays. rare. 1647 H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. ii. xvi, In a moment Sol doth ray. 1655-87-App. Antid. iii. §2 What we fansy .. to befal light and colours, that any point of them will thus ray orbicularly.

3. intr. To radiate, extend in the form of radii. 1659 H. More Immort. Soul 196 That the Nerves.. may ray through the sides. 1873 Mrs. H. King Disciples, Ugo Bassi ii. (1877) 88 Gold-threaded hair that rayed from lips and brow. 1896 Spectator 12 Dec. 851/1 Iron roads raying out to the ends of the kingdom.

b. To move in to a centre along radial lines. 1876 Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. xxxv. 332 Those in the far outskirts catching the impulse gradually, and raying in.

4. trans. To send out or forth, to emit (light) in rays. Also const, into. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 75 The star of Autumn rays his misty hair. 1850 Blackie Mschylus I. 26 The flaming pine Rayed out a golden glory like the sun. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) I. 192 As the sun rays forth its natural light into the air. 1899 P. H. Wicksteed tr. Dante's Paradiso 341 A point I saw which rayed forth light. 1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros xxx. 372 Yellow flames of candles .. on either side of the mirror rayed forth tresses of tinselling brightness.

b. transf. and fig. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scint., Isaac's Marriage 8 Religion was Ray’d into thee as beames into a glasse. 1701 Norris Ideal World i. ii. 52 It being impossible.. that a figure that is not exactly round in itself should ray forth the image of a perfect circle. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. v. ii. (1872) II. 74 He kept all Europe in perpetual travail;., raying-out ambassadors, and less ostensible agents. 1863 Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. xiii. 337 His presence rays life and manliness into every part of the drama.

5. a. To furnish with rays or radiating lines, b. To irradiate. 1750 G. Hughes Barbados 199 It bears..many yellow papilionaceous flowers, ray’d with purple veins. Ibid. 201 It is generally rayed with fine streaks of red. a 1835 Hogg Grk. Pastoral Poet. Wks. 1838-40 II. 148 Such a grace Ne’er ray’d a human virgin’s face. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. II. ii. 94 It rays the darkness with its lightning.

6. trans. To treat with, or examine by means of, X-rays or other invisible radiation. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 278/1 The total number of offspring by the pairs in which the females were rayed.. was 2460.

1933 Discovery Feb. 46/2 Tissues taken from an animal which had been rayed [with doses of Gamma rays]. 1955 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLI. 155 The Tradescantia microspore chromosomes react.. as double threads when rayed at prophase.

Hence raying vbl. sb} (also with out). 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics {1S60) I. 65 There is a raying out of all orders of existence. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 278/1 Eggs which were laid during the first six days after raying and mating. 1933 Discovery Feb. 46/2 The dose of gamma rays needed to kill a culture at once .. is enormous, and as the dose decreases the interval between the raying and the death of the culture becomes larger. 1955 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLI. 150 Accurate analysis of chromosomal aberrations could not be made until about 6 hours after raying.

ray (rei), v.^ Obs. exc. dial. Also 4-7 raie, 5 rai, 6 raiy. [Aphetic f. array v. Cf. ray sb.^] 11. trans. To put (men) in order or array. Obs. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 77 After long pees he rayed batailles, and overcom pt Albans, a 1450 Morte Arth. 2720 Ychone theyme rayed in alle ryghtis: Novther party thought to flee. C1470 Henry Wallace iv. 681 The rang in haist thai rayit sone agayne. & mete J?at was ful richly raied in disches of golde fyn. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7522 J>e saint be dreme him slepand fiayde, And bade him sone away be rayde. Ibid. 7812 Raying pe cors in to pe bote J?ai led it to Jarow mynster. C1475 Partenay 3090 The helme rent And foulle raide. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxi. viii, Wyth him dismayde which you have rayed so.

t3. refl. (oneself).

RAYLEIGH

242

RAY

To make ready,

prepare,

equip

c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 270 Euere sut>t7e y haue me raid redely to py seruyse. c 1400 Arth. ^ Merl. (D.) 436 (Kolbing) pey raydyn [v.r. dighten] hem t?anne to in hast, In to pat batayle for to wende. C1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Rayd, or (a)rayde, or redy, paratus.

4. To dress (oneself or another). = array v. 8. Now dial. Also absol. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles iil. 120 Ffor ben they rayed arith they recchith no fforther. c 1400 Beryn 3812 Beryn rose, & rayd him, & to pt chirch went, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Rayd, or arayd wyth clothynge, or other thynge of honeste, ornatus. 1509 Barclay Shyp o/Fo/yi (1570) 9 Both man and woman..Are rayde and clothed not after their degree. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. vi. 105 Their clothes were made large and loose,.. so that they might run, and ray themselves. 1675 Hobbes Odyssey (1677) 169 If true, with coat and vest my news requite; If not, then not; although ill raid am I. 1886 in W. Som. and Dorset glossaries. 1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 118 She rose and rayed, and decked her head.

t5. To smear, bespatter, or soil with blood, dirt, etc.; to dirty or defile; to beray. Also const. in. Obs. (freq. in i6th c.). 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 257 All his precyous body wounded & rayed with blode. a 1535 More Wks. 614/1, I.. shall shew you shortly how angrely he ryseth vp, and royally rayed in dyrte. 1618 Bolton Floras ii. xviii. (1636) 150 That those should bee rayed with durt, who would not be smeared with blood. 1663 Mennes & Smith Witt's Recreations §469 His scarlet hose, and doublet very rich. With mud and mire all beastly raid.

fb. Without const, in same sense. Obs. ^^533 J- Heywood Merry Play (1830) 31, I burned my face, and rayde my clothes also. 1588 Kyd Househ. Phil. Wks. (1901) 272 Soyled places which may spoile or ray her garments. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iv. i. 3.

fc. absol. Of sheep: To become foul.

Obs.-^

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §41 If any shepe raye or be fyled with dounge about the tayle.

Hence f 'raying vbl. sb.^ Obs. 1552 Elyot, Baris,., roundels made to set vnder wyne pottes for raiying of the table. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Encenagamiento, raying with durt, oblimatio.

ray, var. ra' Sc. Obs.-, var. ree v. to sift; obs. Sc. f. ROE.

raya, obs. form of raja(h. I rayah Now Hist. ('raia). Also raiah, raya. [a. Arab, rae-lyah flock or herd, subjects, peasants, f. raf-d to pasture or feed. Cf. next.] A nonMuslim subject of the Sultan of Turkey, subject to payment of the poll-tax (see kharaj). 1813 Byron Br. Abydos ii. xx, To snatch the Rayahs from their fate. 1863 Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. v. 77 They might rise against their Government and fall upon the Christian rayahs. attrib. 1886 A. Weir Hist. Basis Mod. Europe (1889) 298 The Greeks..possessed a..status to which other Rayah populations could lay no claim.

Ilrayat ('raist). Also rayet, rai(y)at. [Indo-Pers. var. of prec.: see ryot.] A cultivator of the soil; a peasant. 1818 in G\e\g Life Sir T. Munro (1830) II. 278 Every rayet should be at liberty to cultivate as much or as little as he pleases. 1844 J. Tomlin Miss. Jrnls. 99 A small dry patch of ground had just been cleared by the rayats. 1896 Sat. Rev. 18 Apr. 389/2 The murder of a raiyat was a matter of easv settlement. ^

raychter, obs. Sc. f. rafter sfc.i raycin, obs. f. raisin.

rayckin, rayd, rayd(e, raye,

the unit is dyne-sec/cm), or the rayl.) 1971 W. W. Seto Schaum's Outl. Theory Sf Probl. Acoustics ii. 40 At standard atmospheric pressure and 20°C.. the characteristic impedance of air is.. 415 rayis.

obs. ff. rackan, raid sb.

obs. Sc. pa. t. ride.

var. ra^, obs. f. ray.

rayed (reid), ppl. a.* [f. ray sb.^ or ti.*] 1. a. That has or consists of rays; arranged radially. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxv. (1856) 322 The rayed prolongations stretched nearly across the sky. 1890 Anthony’s Photogr. Bull. III. 31 Dark paper having some fine perforations, cross lines or a rayed star cut out of it.

b. Having rays of a specified number or kind. 1748 Sir j. Hill Hist. Fossils 654 Some have one of the rays bifid, so as to emulate the figure of a six-ray’d kind. 1825 Greenhouse Comp. I. 130 Of the barren-rayed [Dahlia], .. of the fertile-rayed species. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 156 Umbels compound, few-rayed. Ibid. 158 Umbels rather irregular, many-rayed. C. Zool. = RADIATE A. I. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 319/1 Rayed or Radiated Animals. 1851 Richardson Geol. viii. (1855) 224 In the rayed families, the organs of locomotion are disposed around a central axis. 2. = IRRADIATED ppl. a. I C. 1921 Science 23 Sept. 277/2 Wild type (red-eyed) females .. were X-rayed... Sisters of the rayed females were used as controls. 1938 Hevesy & Paneth Man. Radioactivity xxiv. 245 The rayed rock-salt assumes a blue-violet colour.

frayed,/)/)/, a.““ Obs. [f. RAYr.* + -EDh] Drawn up, arranged, dressed, etc. 1382 Wyclif Esther i. 6 Also goldene setis and siluerene, vp on the raied pament [1388 pawment arayede with] smaragd and pario stones, weren disposid. c 1470 Henry Wallace IX. 535 Throu Cyan land in rayid battaill thai raid. 1513 Douglas zEneis vi. xiv. 62 Pompey.. With rayit hostis of the orient. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 271 The Earle of Huntlie an/. a.^ Obs. exc. arch, or poet. [ad. OF. raie in same sense: streaked.

see ray sb.*]

Striped,

C1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 252, I woll yeue him a feather bed, Raied with gold, c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xviii. 198 Theise Cocodrilles ben Serpentes, 3alowe and rayed aboven, and han 4 Feet. 1481 Caxton Myrr. ii. vi. 78 Ther ben the basylicocks,.. he is whyte rayed here and there. 1598 Stow Surv. (1603) 539 In the year 1516. .it was agreed .. that the Shiriflfes of London should.. giue yearely Reyed Gownes, to the Recorder, Chamberlaine [etc.]. [1866 Rogers Agric. ^ Prices I. xxii. 578 The rayed, or variegated cloth being the cheaper.] 1905 W. H. Hunt PreRaphaelitism I. 163 From the depth of this rayed region we ascended to the further margin of the mist lake into the crystal air. 1918 W. Stevens in Others Dec. 11 We hang like warty squashes, streaked and rayed.

rayeny,

obs. f. rainy a.

rayes,

obs. f. reis.

rayet,

obs. f. rayat.

rayfart, -ffert, -ffort, rayge, obs.

varr. raifort Obs.

f. rage sb.

ray^e, obs. form of ray sb.^

raygn, var. raygne,

raign v. Obs.

obs. f. reign.

raygnes, var.

Raines Obs.

'ray-grass. Also 7

rea, 8 rey-.

[f. ray 56.’]

=

RYE-GRASS (now the usual form). 1677 Lond. Gaz. No. 1176/4 Pure and unmixt Trefoile Seed.. freed and acquitted from all Rea, and other course Grass Seeds. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 154 They have lately sown Ray-grass or the Gramen Loliaceum, by which they improve any cold, sour, clay-weeping ground. 1763 Museum Rust. I. 224 Saintfoin receives great benefit from this manure, and so does clover, ray-grass, and trefoil. 1831 Sutherland Farm Rep. 74 in Lib. Usef. Kn., Husb. Ill, On soil of the second quality, one bushel and a half ray-grass. 1886 Britten & Holland Plant-n., Italian Ray Grass,.. a commercial name for Lolium italicum.

t'rayie, a. Obs.-^ [f.

ray s/).‘] Ray-like. a 1687 Cotton See, how the Twilight Slumber falls Poems (1689) 353 See how Light.. Beautifies The rayie fringe of her fair Eyes.

'raying,/)/>/. a.

[f. ray v.* + -ing^]

a. Moving in rays. b. Emitting rays; radiating. 1891 G. Meredith One of our Conq. HI. vii. 131 Popular artists.. have figured in scenes of battle the raying fragments of a man from impact of a cannon-ball on his person. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 25 Apr. 2/3 The day That crowns us royal with the raying sun.

rayis,

obs. Sc. pa. t. rise v.

rayk(e, rayl(e,

obs. ff. rake, rail.

rayl (reil). Acoustics, [f.

Rayl(eigh.] A unit of specific acoustic impedance equal to one dynesecond/cm.^ (in the C.G.S. system) or one newton-second/m.3 (in the S.I.). 1954 L. L. Beranek Acoustics i. 11 The specific acoustic impedance is the complex ratio of the effective sound pressure at a point of an acoustic medium or mechanical device to the effective particle velocity at that point. The unit is newton-sec/m), or the mks rayl. (In the cgs system

)

Rayleigh ('reili). Physics. [The title of J. W. Strutt, 3rd Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), English physicist.] 1. Used, usu. attrib., to designate various concepts, devices, and phenomena he invented or investigated, as Rayleigh(’s) criterion, the criterion by which adjacent lines or rings of equal intensity in a diffraction pattern are regarded as resolved when the central maximum of one coincides with the first minimum of the other; Rayleigh disc, a lightweight disc suspended by a fine thread so that when it is placed at an angle to incident sound waves their intensity can be calculated from the measured torque on the disc; Rayleigh instability (see quot. 1977); also called Rayleigh-Taylor instability [Sir Geoffrey Taylor (1886-1975), English mathematician]; Rayleigh limit, the upper limit of a quarter of a wavelength placed on the difference between the optical paths of the longest and shortest rays of those going to form an image in order that the definition shall be close to the ideal (which corresponds to no path difference); Rayleigh number, a dimensionless parameter that is a measure of the instability of a layer of fluid due to differences of temperature and density at the top and bottom (see quot. 1950); Rayleigh scattering, the scattering of light by particles small compared with its wavelength, the intensity of the scattered light being inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength (and therefore much greater for blue light than for red); so Rayleigh-scattered a.-, Rayleigh wave, a type of wave that travels over the surface of a solid with a speed independent of its wavelength, the motion of the particles being in ellipses so that the surface undulates. *937 Jenkins & White Fund. Physical Optics v. 123 Extending Rayleigh’s criterion for the resolution of diffraction patterns, .to the circular aperture, two patterns are said to be resolved when the central maximum of one falls on the first dark ring of the other. Ibid. vii. 159 The Rayleigh criterion for resolving of images. 1970 D. W. Tenquist et al. University Optics II. v. 197 The chromatic resolving power of a prism, defined as A/SA where 8A is the smallest change of wavelength discernable [siV] in accordance with the Rayleigh criterion at a mean wavelength A, is given by [etc.]. 1913 Physical Rev. I. 309 (heading) A method of producing known relative sound intensities and a test of the Rayleigh disk. 1972 J. M. Taylor tr. Meyer & Neumann's Physical Appl. Acoustics vi. 209 The Rayleigh disk.. is practically never used any more to determine particle velocity, which can be derived much more quickly and conveniently from electroacoustic sound pressure measuring devices. 1961 S. Chandrasekher Hydrodynamic Gf Hydromagnetic Stability x. 428 An important special case.. is that of two fluids of different densities superposed one over the other (or accelerated towards each other); the instability of the plane interface between the two fluids, when it occurs (particularly in the second context), is called Rayleigh-Taylor instability. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xix. 277/1 A Rayleigh instability .. does not necessarily depend upon the existence of a density inversion... Where the depth of the fluid is very large, the fluid at the bottom is compressed by the overlying fluid and, in many cases, an instability develops before the temperature is high enough to produce a density inversion. 1977 Sci. Amer. Oct. 144/2 The instability at the interface between a denser fluid overlying a lighter fluid, when the interface is otherwise in hydrostatic equilibrium, is called a Rayleigh instability (or sometimes a Rayleigh-Taylor instability). 1923 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics IV. 216/1 The adoption of the Rayleigh limit thus makes it possible considerably to increase the aperture of a lens system of any given type and to come close to the full theoretical resolving power with systems which, judged geometrically, would appear hopelessly over- or under-corrected. 1976 Sci. Amer. Aug. 77/2 Ideally a lens should be at the Rayleigh limit for light of all wavelengths. 1950 O. G. Sutton in Proc. R. Soc. A. CCIV. 298 The existence of a sustained convective regime depends upon the value of the nondimensional quantity Ra = —^gah^jKv, which we shall call the Rayleigh number. 1980 Sci. Amer. July 82/2 Convection begins when the Rayleigh number excee I, which in eq. (3.16) or (3.13) leads at once to the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation for the energy density per unit frequency range.

rayler, obs. f. railer. rayless (Teilis), a. [f. ray sb.^ -less.] 1. Devoid of, not illumined by, any ray of light; dark, gloomy. 1742 Young Nt. Th. i. 20 Night.. In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden sceptre. 1820 Shelley Orpheus to Hid by a rayless night. 1850 Blackie jEschylus II. 68 The rayless homes Of gloomy Hades. 1875 L. Morris At Last v, Those dear souls, who sleep.. In rayless caverns dim. fig. 1820 Ellen Fitzarthur 52 Ah rayless, joyless, lifeless state! 1845 J.AMES Smuggler HI. 94 Rayless, dull despair.

2. a. That sends out no rays; dull. 1832 Fraser's Mag. V. 123 The lamp of poesy was flickering and almost rayless. 1842 Motley Corr. (1889) I. iv. 115 The sun .. round and rayless in the centre of its low arch. 1878 Browning Poets Croisic clii. Gold which comes up rude And rayless from the mine.

b. Of the eye (cf. ray sb.^ 3). 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood iv. viii. Her eye gazed.. with a dying glare —then grew glassy, rayless, fixed. 1871 Macduff Mem. Patmos xv’iii. 241 That eye which once beamed aflfection now rayless.

c. Physics. Not accompanied by or emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays. Obs. 1904 Proc. R. Soc. LXXHI. 493 The first change is a ‘rayless’ one, i.e., the transformation is not accompanied by the appearance of a, jS, or y rays. 1906 [see actinium 2]. 1907 N. R. Campbell Mod. Electr. Theory ix. 210 It appears that many changes which are usually classed as ‘rayless’ are accompanied by the emission of ^ rays without a rays, but the liberation of energy in such changes is so small compared to those in which a rays are emitted that it seems desirable to make the distinction implied by the term.

3. Excluding, dispensing with, rays of light. 1896 Cosmopolitan XX. 391/1 W’hen they reached the tree, they sat down under the rayless boughs. 1898 Daily News 6 May 5/3 Revelations of what may be called Rayless Photography.

4. Having no ray-like parts. 1769 Pennant Zool. HI. 316 That they are not the young of smelts is as clear, because they want the.. rayless fin. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 422/2 The rayless Corymbiferae.

Hence 'raylessness. 1843 Poe Premat. Burial Wks. 1864 I. 336 The intense and utter raylessness of the Night that endureth for evermore.

raylet Credit), [f. as prec. + -let.] A little ray. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VI I. 603 Across the floor is sunny raylet shot. 1851 S. Judd Margaret xvii. (1871) 144 A shower of fine tiny raylets of snow. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 62 From the sides of these rays, secondary rays, or raylets, may be given off.

rayll(e, obs. ff. rail. rayly, var. railly

v.

Obs.

raym, rayment(e, raymson, obs. ff. rame

RAYONISM

243

Understanding Earth xxiv. 336/1 (caption) A Rayleigh wave irom an earthquake m Columbia recorded in Montana.

v.',

RAIMENT, RANSOM.

raymonder ('reimsndsfr)). Cricket. = ramrod

2 a. 1870 [see RAMROD 2 a]. 1878 H. C. Adams Wykehamica xxiii. 431 Raymonder, a ball bowled underhand, in a series of hops along the ground, (traditionally said to be derived from

one Raymond, who bowled after this fashion). Sometimes it was pronounced ‘ramroder’.

rayn,

var. raign v. Obs.\ obs. f. rain, reign,

REIN.

raynard,

rayndoun,

obs.

ff.

Reynard,

RANDOM.

Raynaud ('reinau).

Med. [The name of Maurice Raynaud (1834-81), French physician, who described various cases displaying Raynaud’s phenomenon in 1862 {De I'Asphyxie Locale et de la Gangrene Symetrique des Extremites).] Raynaud’s disease or syndrome'. an ill-defined disease or syndrome characterized by Raynaud's phenomenon, in which spasm of the arteries of the digits (often due to low temperature or vibration) leads to pallor, pain, and numbness, and in severe cases to gangrene. 1883 Trans. Clin. Soc. XVI. 179, I have watched three cases which came within the category of Raynaud’s disease. 1901 J. Hutchinson in Med. Press Circular CXXHI. 403/1 The expression ‘Raynaud’s disease’ would imply that there is some one malady complete in itself, and having all the symptoms the same in all cases which is suitably denominated by that name. That is not the case. Ibid., I would rather speak of Raynaud’s phenomena than of Raynaud’s disease, for the former are things which we understand and are the same in all cases... What do we mean by Raynaud’s phenomena?.. Local syncope, local asphyxia, symmetrical gangrene of the extremities are synonymous terms. 1925 Raynaud’s disease [see ganglionectomy]. 1932 Amer.Jrnl. Med. Sci. CLXXXIII. 188 The increasing amount of literature attests to the tendency to utilize the terms ‘Raynaud’s disease’ or ‘Raynaud’s syndrome’ as a general depository for a heterogeneous group of cases far removed from the condition originally described by Raynaud. 1936 Q. Jrnl. Med. XXIX. 399 For more than sixty years the term ‘Raynaud’s disease’ was used as a convenient label for case after case of obscure aetiology in which pallor, cyanosis, pain, or gangrene of hands, feet, nose, or ears, happened to be symptoms, prominent or otherwise. Ibid. 401 ‘Raynaud’s Phenomenon’ may, therefore, be defined as ‘Intermittent pallor or cyanosis of the extremities, precipitated by exposure to cold, without clinical evidence of blockage of the large peripheral vessels and with nutritional lesions, if present at all, limited to the skin’. 1937 Raynaud’s syndrome [see ganglionectomy]. 1946 E. V. Allen et al. Peripheral Vascular Dis. vii. 185 The predilection of Raynaud’s disease for the female is one of the outstanding etiological factors. Ibid. viii. 206 Raynaud’s phenomenon may occur primarily as in Raynaud’s disease or it can occur secondarily in association with a number of conditions and diseases. 1973 Times 26 May 3/3 The name for the unusual affliction was Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Mr Alan Lipfriend, Mr Lambert’s counsel, told Mr Justice Mocatta. It was also known as vibratory white finger. The fingers went white, numb and stiff. 1975 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 18 Nov. 2/1 My doctor says I have Raynaud’s disease... It is just like I am allergic to cold... My hands and feet are affected and hurt.

trayne. Obs. rare. (Meaning not clear.) The rime-words are slayne and Gawayne. a 1450 he Morte Arth. 1980 Weilaway, the reufulle Rayne That euyr Launcelote was my fo. Ibid. 3223 The kynge gan woffully wepe and wake, And sayd, ‘Allas, thys RewffuIIe Rayne’.

rayne, obs. f.

rain, rainy,

rane sb.,

reign,

rein; var. Raines Obs.

raynecle:

see raynoll.

raynede(a)re,

obs. ff. reindeer.

raynes, -nez, varr.

Raines Obs.

rayney, -nie, obs. ff. raynge, raynold, raynish,

rainy a.

obs. ff. range, Reynard.

obs. f. Rhenish.

t raynoll. Obs. Also 5 ? raynecle. [Form and origin uncertain: cf. raymolles in Cotgr.] pi. Small cakes or balls made of pork with a large number of other ingredients. c 1430 Two Cookery~bks. 42 Raynollez. Nym sode Porke & chese, & set7e y-fere [etc.], c 1440 in Househ. Ord. (1790) 461 Put in therto the raynecles [«c], and when thai byn boyled take horn up.

rayny(e,

obs. forms of rainy a.

raynys, variant of

Raines Obs.

rayograph ('reiaugraif, -ae-). Also with capital initial, [f. the name of Man Ray (1890-1976), U.S. artist and photographer + -o + -graph.] A type of photograph made without a camera by arranging objects on light-sensitive paper which is then exposed and developed. Cf. photogram 3. Also rayogram. 1932 N.Y. Times 17 Apr. viii. 11/5 Julien Levy Gallery — Photographs by Man Ray. A fine retrospective, including a group of ‘rayograms’. 1937 Photography iSsg-igjy (Museum of Mod. Art, N.Y.) 68 Man Ray refers to his shadowgraphs as ‘rayographs’ or ‘rayogrammes’. 1942 P. Guggenheim Art of This Century 106 Man Ray. .took up photography in 1917. Invented Rayograph technique, 1921, and explored other possibilities of photography, especially in making Dada and Surrealist compositions. 1951 J. I. H. Bauek Revolution & Tradition Mod. Amer. Art iii. 28 Dada

attracted only one distinguished American follower, the painter and photographer Man Ray, much of whose life was spent in Paris where he produced without the use of a camera his extraordinary ‘rayographs’. 1956 Focal Encycl. Photogr. 836/2 Further developments came about 1921 when Man Ray and L. Moholy-Nagy.. made their ‘rayographs’ and photograms, using not merely opaque flat objects but also three-dimensional and translucent ones. 1972 C. W. E. Bigsby Dada & Surrealism ii. 19 The photomontage consisted of a collage of photographs. Like the Rayogram (a photographic process devised by Man Ray) it was a joke at the expense of realism. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XIV. 320/2 Man Ray was supporting himself by making fashion photographs in 1922 when he accidentally set a glass funnel, a graduate, and a thermometer on a piece of photographic paper, thus producing ‘Rayographs’. 1975 New Yorker 19 May 13/1 (Advt.), The prices are more out of the ordinary: $7,500 is asked for Ray’s rayograph ‘Egg-beater and Abstracted Segment of Living Space’.

rayon^ ('reisn, 'reion, F. rejo).

[a. F. rayon

(1539)1 f- I'oi (mod. rais) ray ii.*] 1. A ray of light, rare. 1591 Spenser Vis. Bellay 21 Shining Christall, which, .a thousand rayons threw, a 1609 Alex. Hume Day Estivall 177 The rayons of the Sunne we see, Diminish in their strength. 1859 Singleton Virgil H. 244 Here stood A cave, .. unreached by rayons of the Sun. II 2. = RADIUS sb. 4. 1878 Lady Herbert tr. Hubner's Ramble in. i. 459 Within a rayon of a certain number of miles. 1879 Daily News 26 S/6, I found myself within his rayon at Newcastle, which is one of his bases of supply.

3. a. Any of the class of fibres and filaments composed of or made from regenerated cellulose; also, fabric or cloth made from these. Formerly known as artificial silk. 1924 Drapers' Record 14 June 685/2 ‘Glos’ having been killed by ridicule, the National Retail Dry Goods Association of America has made another effort to produce a suitable name for artificial silk. This time their choice has fallen on ‘rayon’. 1925 Glasgow Herald 26 Mar. 15/1 The Viscose Company states that it will discontinue the use of wood pulp as a base for rayon when its wood pulp contracts expire. 1927 T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk i The sight of almost any article made from artificial silk (or Rayon, as it is also called) is sufficient to arouse admiration. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 230/2 Rayons are classified according to the highly technical processes by which they are manufactured. 1966 [see man-made a.]. 1969 Encycl. Polymer Sci. ^ Technol. XL 844 High-tenacity rayons are consumed by industry as reinforcing cords for manufacturing all types of rubber tires, drive belts, highpressure hoses, and straps and tapes. 1973 H. McCloy Change of Heart ii. 18 Her stockings were real silk, not flimsy nylon .. or coarse rayon.

b. attrib. and Comb., as rayon damask, gabardine, jersey, satin, stocking, taffeta, yarn', rayon-containing, -corded adjs. 1930 Daily News Rec. 17 Feb. 19/2 The manufacture of rayon-containing fabrics normally is a highly competitive business. 1964 Economist 26 Sept. 1254/1 The rayon-corded SP tyres. 1952 M. Laski Village iv. 66 The rayon-damask couch of the three-piece suite. 1930 Silk & Rayon Directory &' Buyer's Guide of Gt. Brit. 296/2 {heading) Gabardine, Rayon. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 31 Oct. 3/7 (Advt.), Confident of its own good looks, this rayon gabardine wins your heart at once. 1965 Which? Mar. 94/2 Rayon gaberdine, a fabric with a diagonal rib effect. Ibid. 94/3 Rayon jersey, a soft stretch, knitted fabric. Drapes well. 1973 Guardian 19 June 15/1 Matte viscose rayon jersey, long evening dress. 1977 B. Pym Quartet in Autumn v. 51 The dressing gown was a jazzy rayon satin. 1929 Rayon Record HI. 587/1 The lower temperature up to about 110“ is utilized for silk or rayon stockings. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xi. 119 Fawn-grey rayon stockings. 1974 M. Kelly That Girl in Alley iv. 70 She was wearing.. beige rayon stockings. 1952 M. Laski Village viii. 137 A counterpane of rayon taffeta machineembroidered with flowers. 1929 Rayon Record HI. 411/2 A few samples of yarns and fabrics illustrating the decorative value of rayon yarns.. have been received. 1947 British Rayon Man. x. i68 Much attention was given to the question of the best kind of package for rayon yarns.

II rayon^ (ra'jon). Alsoraion. [a. Russ, raion.] In the U.S.S.R., a small territorial division for administrative purposes. 1936 [see oblast]. 1948 J. Towster Polit. Power in U.S.S.R. iv. 66 All the units are divided into districts {raions). 1959 Economist 14 Mar. 946/1 In at least two of Moscow’s fifteen raions, the chaps at the local Agitpunkts seem to have been lying down on the job. 1964 S. P. Dunn tr. Levin ^ Potapov's Peoples of Siberia 9 The creation in 1931" 1932 of nomadic and rural soviets, rayons and national okrugs on a territorial basis finally undermined the importance in the social structure of the peoples of the North, of their former clan and tribal organizations and of the social elements which headed them. 1976 [see okrug].

Rayonism, Rayonnism ('rei3niz(3)m).

Also rayon(n)ism, Hrayonnisme. [ad. F. Rayonnisme, f. rayon RAYON* -I- -isme -ISM; cf. Russ, luchizm, f. luch ray.] A style of abstract painting developed c 1911 in Russia by M. Larionov (1881-1964) and N. Goncharova (1881-1962), in which projecting rays of colour are used to give the impression that the painting floats outside time and space. Hence 'Rayon(n)ist a., of or pertaining to Rayonism; also as sb.', Rayo'nistic a. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 9/1 Gontcharova’s setting for the 1914 production of the ‘Coq d’Or’ and Larionov’s ‘Les Contes Russes’ of 1915 mark the invasion of the theatre by cubist ideas. The colour scheme was still that of Russian peasant art; but the design was based on abstract forms, and

aimed at a rhythm in harmony with the music and the dances. To this development the name of rayonnisme has been given. 1956 B. S. Myers EncycL Painting 295 Larionov, Michel (1881-), Russian abstract painter who in 1909 developed a type of painting known as Rayonnisrn, a dynamic form of space penetration consisting of rays of light and suggesting in some ways the work of the Futurists. 195^ Lake & Maillard Diet. Mod. Painting 241/1 Rayonism,.. launched by Michael Larionov in 1911-12... A Rayonist canvas must give the impression of gliding out of time. 1968 D. Barran tr. Veroneses Into Twenties iii. 76 Larionov founded the rayonnist movement, loosely based on the concepts of the futurist movement. 1969 Denis & de Vries World's Art II. xi. 224 Rayonism in Russia was of the same nature, {Rayonistic Manifesto, 1912, by Larionov). 1972 C. W. E. Bigsby Dada & Surrealism ii. 10 In some ways it [sc. Dada] was a part of that artistic re-examination which spawned such schools as impressionism, cubism, futurism and, more exotically, suprematism, rayonism, plasticism, vorticism and synchronism. 1975 Physics Bull. Feb. 60/3 The art world was no less fertile with the cubists, the futurists, vorticists, rayonnists and the Blauer Reiter group all active. Ibid. 61/1 Rayonnisrn was a style of painting invented by Mikhail Larionov and used by him and Natalia Goncharova around 1912-14. New Tor/ier 2 May 31/3 What makes it unique is the inclusion of some da2zling experimental pictures from the early twentieth century Cubist, Futurist, Rayonist, and Suprematist.

'rayonnance.

rare”',

[f.

F. rayonnant: cf.

RAYONNE a. and -ance.] Radiance. 1848 Bailey Festus xix. 206 Some of a cold, pure bodily rayonnance As is the moon’s of naked light.

II rayonnant (rejona), a. Also fern, rayonnante (-dt); pi. rayonnants. [Fr.] Beaming, radiant. Also rayonnant de joie, radiant with joy. The form with -te in quot. 1825 is erron. 1821 M. W. Shelley Let. 2 Apr. in P. B. Shelley Lett. (1964) II. 278 Yesterday he came rayonnant dejoie—he had been ill for some days, but he forgot all his pains. 1825 H. Wilson Mem. II. 79 The next evening found us all quite rayonnante, waiting for our dinner. 1831 C. C. F. Greville Mem. (1874) II. xiii. iii The Ministers were rayonnants. 1965 Lady Birkenhead Illustrious Friends w. 92 Her ladyship was rayonnante... She sallied forth in a blue silk ball-dress and lively spirits.

II rayonn6 (rejone), a. [F., pa. pple. of rayonner, f. rayon rayon^.]

11. Of a kind of hood: Rayed. Obs. rare-^. 1690 Evelyn Mundus Muliebris 7 Round which it does our ladies please To spread the Hood call’d Rayonnes. [Ibid., Fop Diet. 20 Rayonne, Upper Hood, pinn’d in Circle, like the Sunbeams.]

strong sense of racial and cultural identity held by Mexican-Americans. 1964 W. Madsen Mexican-Americans of S. Texas lii. 15 The Mexican-American thinks of himself as both a citizen of the United States and a member of La Raza (The Race). 1968 Economist 8 June 54/1 The preservation of La Raza within the dominant American culture means that MexicanAmerican families observe the Roman Catholic faith, speak Spanish and yield to the male the authority associated with Mediterranean custom. 1969 Time 4 July 14/2 La Raza, the race, meaning all Mexicans and Mexican Americans, and derived from the mystical theory of the 19th century philosopher, Jose Vasconcelos, that people of mixed race will inherit the earth. At best, it is a rallying cry betokening a mild form of cultural nationalism; at worst, it connotes outright racism, 1973 Black Panther 7 Apr. 4/3 The Oakland Mexican-American ‘Raza’ community continues its boycott of public schools,

IIRazakar (raeza:'ka:(r)). Also Razakhar. [Urdu razakdr.^ A Muslim who voluntarily pledges to fight in defence of his religion; hence, a member of a fanatical semi-military faction with this end. Also attrib. 1948 Keesing’s Contemp. Archives 31 July-7 Aug. 9421 Hyderabad’s Moslems formed the Razakar (volunteer) movement which, in recent months, has in effect become the private army of the Moslem party in Hyderabad. 19S7 PGriffiths Mod. India xii. 107 The Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, with its semi-military organisation known as the Razakars, took a bitterly communal line. Each Razakar vowed to ‘fight to the last to maintain the supremacy of the Muslim power in the Deccan’. 1968 H. Gray in M. Weiner State Politics in India viii. 402 Kasim Razvi organized a voluntary group of fighters named ‘Razakars’, who provided protection to landowners and the government administration during a Communist-led uprising. 1970 R. Wingate Ismay viii. 180 Attlee replied in a long personal letter [c. Sept.-Oct. 1948] pointing out that in fact the Nizam had not been a free agent, but in the hands of the ‘Razakars’ (the extreme Muslim party). 1971 Guardian 29 Oct. 13/1 They [sc. Pakistani army units] have left in the countryside a patchwork of police and Razakhar regimes. 1971 Peace News 29 Oct. 5/1 The mukti fouj attacked a radio station occupied by the Pakistani army and their civilian hirelings, the razakars. 1972 M. Shakir Muslims in Free India iv. 56 The emergence of the Razakars was a logical corollary of the Ittehad’s political doctrine of collective Muslim sovereignty,.. It is the biggest exclusive Muslim Party in Hyderabad. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia IX. 76/1 Immediately after Indian independence a fanatical Muslim faction, the Razakars, fomented tensions in the state and the city [sc. Hyderabad].

razamataz(z,

varr. razzmatazz, razzamatazz.

2. Her. Of a division between parts of the field: Having alternate pointed projections and depressions, whose sides are formed by wavy lines. (Cussans 1868.) 3. Of a person: radiant, effulgent.

razant,

i860 Queen Victoria Let. 20 June in R. Fulford Dearest Child (1964) 260 She is so embellie and rayonne as to look like a young girl.

1610 Markham Masterp. ii. c. 383 If you make two razes on each side, it shall bee so much the better. 1656 Sanderson Serm. (1689) 370 A man had better receive twenty wounds in his good Name, than but a single raze in his Conscience.

II rayonnement (rejonma). [Fr.] Radiance, effulgence; influence (of culture, etc.). 1910 Wyndham Lewis Lett. (1963) 45 The benevolence and rayonnement that is the sign and beauty of a fine nature shines on faults without hiding them. 1966 Economist 23 Apr. 340/2 Nor are the producers allowed to show the film outside France, because it might damage the reputation of ‘communities’ which contribute to the ‘cultural and humanitarian rayonnement of France’.

Rayonnisrn,

Rayonnist:

Rayonism,

rayr,

obs. f. rope.

obs. f. rear v., roar v.

rays, obs.

f. race sb.^, raise v.\ obs. pa. t. rise v.

frayse, v. Ohs. rare. [Of obscure origin; perh. a special use of raise v.^ or v.^] trans. (Meaning not clear.) Hence raysed ppl. a.; 'rayser; 'raysing vbl. sb. 1641 S. Smith Herring Buss Trade 25 Of the choise, packing, and raysing of the Herrings. Ibid., It is forbidden that no body may rayse or packe any Herrings but in the Lords street.. and that with dores open. Ibid. 26 The Packer, Rayser, Cooper.. that are imployed about the packing of the said Herring. Ibid. 27 The Coopers may not hoope any dryed or other raysed Herring barrell, with halfe barrel! hoops.

rayse,

obs. f. raise, rase v.'--, obs. pa. t. rise v.

raysen,

obs. f. raisin.

raysin,

obs. f. raisin; var. rasen Obs.

t'raysing. Obs. rare-', [f. raise

A cut.

*593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 146 As many iagges, blisters and scarres, shall 'Toades.. make on your pure skinnes in the graue, as now you haue cuts, iagges or raysings, vpon your garments.

raysing, rayso(u)n, raysure, raysyn, obs. ff. raisin, reason, razor sb.

rayt, obs. f.

rate.

rayte, obs. f. rail

variant of rasant.

razbooche,

obs. variant of Rajput.

fraze, sb.' Obs. [f.

Cf. rase sb.', race ^6.“] A slash, scratch, cut, slit. raze v.

fraze, sb.^ Obs. rare~K (See quot.) a 1728 Woodward Fossils 54 The Tin-Veins, .are either in Strata of Growan, or of that grey, Talky, Slaty Stone, that the Tinners call Killas, Raze, or Delvin.

raze (reiz), v. [var. rase Cf. also race n.®] 11. trans. To scratch, cut, slit, etc. = rase n.* I. Obs.

see

Rayonnism.

raype,

RAZEE

244

RAYONNANCE

(Common in 17th c.)

1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 279 His death did raze hir harte. 1610 Markham Masterp. ii. c. 382 Then raze both the quarters of the hoofe with a drawing-knife,.. so deepe that you may see the dew come foorth. 1684 R. Waller Nat. Exper. 102 It appeared rough, as if it had been prettily razed with the point of a Diamond.

b. esp. (often with limiting word expressed): To cut or wound slightly, to graze (the skin, a part of the body, etc.). 01586 Sidney Arcadia iii. (1629) 314 The point swirved and razed him but on the side. 1667 South &erm.. Chance (1715) 317 Might not the Bullet, that perhaps razed his Cheek, have as easily gone into his Head? 1719 Young Busiris v. i, I could not bear To raze thy skin to save the world from ruin. 1808 Scott Marm. iii. xxiv. Yet did a splinter of his lance Through Alexander’s visor glance, And razed the skin—a puny wound.

2. To remove by scraping; to scrape off or out; to cut or shave off. Now rare. 1567 Turberv. Epit. etc. 33 Drowsie drouping Age.. With pensiue Plough will raze your hue. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 361 Earths..which the..salt in the water razeth off from several rocks, a 1708 Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1711) HI. 347 Drunkenness.. razeth out the image of God, and stampeth the image of beasts upon us. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles VI. xxxii, An axe has razed his crest. 1871 Palgrave Lyr. Poems 14 Most men raze her stamp, and prove untrue.

3. spec. To erase or obliterate (writing, etc.) by scraping or otherwise. ? Obs. 1581 Savile Tacitus, Hist. iii. xxxi. (1591) 132 The principal! men.. razed Vitellius name, and defaced his images. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 100 [They deserve] their writings to bee razed with sponges. 1646 J. Hall Poems I. 67 Now I will raze those Characters 1 wrote. 1709 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. 11. 489 The clause formerly razed.. is agreed to be kept in the bill.

b. Const, out adv.; from, out of preps. ret v.

IIRaza (’rasa). [Mexican Sp., a. Sp. raza race.] Usu. in phr. La Raza, the race, designating the

1577 Fenton Gold. Epist. 74 He hath razed them out of the register of heauen. 1641 Milton Reform, i. (1851) 20 Of those Books.. who knows.. what hath bin raz’d out, what hath bin inserted. 1693 Wood Life (O.H.S.) IV. 19 Altered the aforesaid original! papers, by razing out many lines,

sentences, and words. 1735 Swift Corr. Wks. 1841 II. 735 Having first razed out the writer’s name, I have shown it to several gentlemen. c. transf. and fig. (cf. RASE v.' 2c.) 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 285 As for that which is euil, they raze it out of their memories. 1654 tr. Scudery’s Curia Pol. 147 This base and ingrate person razed me out of her affection. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. i. i. The first feeble Blow I meet shall raze me From all Remembrance. 1720 Mrs. Manley Power of Love (1741) I. 32 He became formidable enough to raze the vep" Name of Mendoza. 1877 Gladstone Glean. IV. xxii. 355 If we raze out all our earlier protests.

4. fa. To scrape (a writing) so as to erase something; to alter by erasure. Obs. 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido iii. ii, I will.. raze th’ eternal register of Time. 1602 Fulbecke 2«d Pt. Par all. 31 A deede razed is not good in your Law. 1720 Land. Gaz. No. 5825/2 The Decrees.. were razed. 1724 Sp- Wilson in Keble Life (1863) II. xviii. 609 Razing or adding to records being ever accounted.. penal.

fb. To shave.

Obs.

Cf. rase v.' 4 c.

1667 Evelyn Public Employm. Misc. Writ. (1805) 544 Trifling amongst barbers, razing and sprucing himself. 1732 Hist. Litteraria HI. 421 Both had their Heads raz’d,

c. To scrape, or come close to, in passing. 1598 Florio, Radere,.. Also to raze or go along the shore as a ship doth. 1885 M. Blind Tarantella 1. iii. 29 [The swallows] dive low, razing the grass, then soar aloft.

td. absol. (see quot.) Obs. rare 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., A horse is said to have razed, whose comer teeth cease to be hollow; so that the cavity, where the black mark was, is filled up.

5. a. To sweep away, efface, or destroy (a building, town, etc.) completely. In later use esp. to raze to the ground. a 1547 Surrey .^neid ii. 707,1 saw Troye fall.. N^tunus town dene razed from the soil. 1582 Stanyhurst ii. (Arb.) 60 Now thee statelye pilers with gould of Barbarye fretted Are razde. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice xvii. Some said, that I the Temple to the fioore In three dayes raz’d. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. (1869) 1. xxiv. 690 The fortifications were razed to the ground. 1843 Prescott Mexico (1850) I. 354 If it were refused, the Aztecs would raze their cities to their foundations. 1870 Bryant Iliad 1. ii. 40 Having razed Troy with her strong defences I should see my home again.

b. To take away, remove (from a place), in a thorough manner. (With various objects.) 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 360 That the heat of thy loue might clean be razed with ye coldnes of my letter. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. i. Ixxvii. (1674) 102 [God] by sending universal Deluges of water, razed mankind.. from off the World. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. IV. i. 238 In Henoch, ‘the Son of Man’ is about to raze kings from their thrones.

Hence razed, 'razing ppl. adjs. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis ii. (Arb.) 67, I ran too Priamus razd court. 1598 Yong Diana 60 His short cape cloke was .. lined with razed watchet satten. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 229 Amongst other things remarkable, there were three pages in raz’d tissue. 1715-20 Pope Iliad v. 419 Her snowy hand the razing steel profaned. 1813 Scott Trierm. ii. xx. No striplings these, who succour need For a razed helm or falling steed. 1882 W. B. Weeden Soc. Law Labor 180 A razed table on which new classes build themselves.

raze, obs. form of race sb.^, raise ii.* razee (rs'zi:), sb. Also 8 fraze. [ad. F. rase{e, pa. pple. of raser to rase v.'-. cf. raze v. and -eeL] a. Naut. A war-ship or other vessel reduced in height by the removal of her upper deck or decks. 1794 R. F. Greville Diary 14 Sept. (1930) 335 Two large Ships razes which are line of Battle Ships cut down & mounted with very heavy guns 24 Pdrs. 1803 Sir R. Wilson in Life (1862) I. iv. 216 The Captain of a twenty-four-razee. 1815 Burney Falconer's Mar. Diet, s.v.. The Indefatigable, Majestic.., and Saturn have been cut down for Razees. 1844 Harwood Irish Rebellion 232 Two frigates and a sixtygun razee bearing down upon him.

b. transf. and fig. 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay iv, This was the sole cause of my chest being converted into a razee, i860 O. W. Holmes Elsie V. xviii. (1891) 253 The hulks and the razees of enslaved or half-enslaved intelligences.

razee (rs'zi:), v. [f. razee sft.] 1. trans. To cut down (a ship) to a lower size by reducing the number of decks. 1842 Brande Diet. Mech. s.v. Razee, By razeeing, the draught of water is diminished, while the centre of gravity is lowered, and the qualities of the vessel have generally.. been improved. 1862 W’. H. Russell in Times 27 Mar., The Merrimac.. has been razeed and iron-plated. 1894 C. N. Robinson Brit. Fleet 240 In 1793 .. old sixty-fours were cut down a deck, or ‘razeed’ (a term that now came into use) into forty-fours.

2. fig. To abridge, prune, dock. 1820 Deb. Congress U.S. 28 Jan. (1855) 1008 It would not follow that they should have power to razee a State..by depriving the admitted State of equal rights. 1837 Marryat Dog-fiend v. He was like a man razeed or cut down. 1882 Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. H. 77 They were razeed to the smallest possible dimensions as to numbers and endowment.

Hence ra'zeed ppl. a. 1847 Knickerbocker June 496 The ‘Chicken Mauma’ was persecuting the Cherokee advocate with her razeed (i.e., reduced,) offers in reference to the sale of the ‘funny chickens’. 1867 Harper's Mag. Oct, 679/2 This ‘mittimus’ of the Squire’s was a razeed, square-topped old chaise. 1884 Daily News 23 Sept. 3/1 The .. Castles of Walmer, Deal, and razeed Sandown. a 1895 Adm. Phczr Autobiog. iii. (1896) 71 The command of the Aigle, razeed frigate.

RAZER razer, var. raser*. !1 razet (raze). Bullfighting. [Provenfal raset.'\ In southern France: a contest in which teams of combatants compete to snatch a rosette from between the bull’s horns. 1932 R. Campbell Taurine Provence ii. 43 The finest thing in the French arena.. is the razet, or the course of the racarde-bearing bulls. 1967 McCormick & Mascarenas Compl. Aficionado vi. 210 Confusion with Spanish toreo arises in the sport which the French call the course de cocardes (or razet), in which the athlete, unarmed with cape or muleta, attempts to snatch from between the bull’s horns the rosette (cocarde), or divisa, of the owner.

Ilrazeteur (razetoer). [Provencal, f. prec.] A member of a bullfighting team which engages in a razet. 1932 R. Campbell Taurine Provence ii. 43 They [rr. the bulls] know every habitual razeteur by sight. 1961 Times 8 July 10/6 There are two classes, a tourneur or decoy, whose function is to turn the bull in order to favour the chances of his partner, the razateur (sometimes crocheteur). 1963 E. & A. Heimann tr. Droit's Camargue iii. 28 The razeteurs... Called thus because they pass so close to the bull that they literally graze, or shave, by him. 1976 N. Roberts Face of France ix. 106 The razeteurs, the young men who get their name from the razet, or running half circle, which they describe in their efforts to snatch the [bull’s] cocarde.

razie, obs. form of racy a. raziere, variant of raser*. Obs. razine, obs. form of raisin.

razing (’reizii)), vbl. sb. [f.

raze v. + -ing*.] The action of cutting, erasing, levelling, etc.

1611 CoTGR., Rature,.. a razing, or scraping out. a 1640 J. Ball Ansvi. to Can ii. (1642) 7 What hath beene their seeking from time to time? a razing of the communion booke! No. 1669 Dryden Tyrannick Love v. i. The rough razings of the pointed Steel. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. I. 126 The Messiah and his Messenger must have come, before the razing of that Temple. 1890 Child Ballads IV. 55/2 note, A letter of Arglye’s .. would seem to show that he was not there in person during the razing and burning.

b. A scraping; a particle scraped off. rare-'. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 363 Particles.. as if they had been razings of crystals.

razmataz(z, varr. razzmatazz, razzamatazz. razom, obs. variant of rizzom dial. razoo* (ra'zu:). N. Amer. slang. Also razzoo, razzooh. [Prob. alteration of raspberry 4 (cf. RAZZBERRY, RAZZ sb.) with arbitrary suffix -00, perh. after KAZOO.] Ridicule; the arousing of indignation or the like, provocation; a sound of contempt, a ‘raspberry’. Also in phr. to give the razoo: to ridicule. So as v. trans., to arouse or provoke; to manhandle. 1890 Grip (Toronto) i8 Jan. 40/1 Shall I razoo old Mowat on the Separate School business? Ibid. 19 Apr. 265/1 What is all this racket about the Independence of Parliament?.. It is dependent on the presence of Members, .on the whips razoo round. 1908 H. Green Maison de Shine 208 Can’t a man take a flat o’ beer wit’ out gittin’ the razoo? 1926 Flynn's 16 Jan. 639/2 The ginny with th’ poke gave th’ fly th’ razoo an’ we split a bunch of nifty kale. 1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxvi. 235 My information is Apartment 301, but all I get there is the big razzoo. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §297/1 Ridicule; banter,.. razoo. Ibid. §297/4 raspberry or razzberry, razoo, a sound of contempt by vibrating the tongue between the lips, loosely any expression of derision or ridicule, hence ridicule. Ibid. §297/5 Ridicule; banter,. .give the razz or the razoo. 1944 H. W’entworth Amer. Dial. Diet. 496/1 Razoo, to manhandle, use roughly. 1959 Washington Post 22 Dec. c-18/5 Yesterday’s hero, Fidel Castro, now gets the lustiest Bronx razzoohs since Adolf Hitler was flipping his wig for the cameras.

razoo^ (Taizu:). Austral, and N.Z. slang. Also rahzoo, razhoo. [Origin uncertain.] A (non¬ existent) coin of trivial value, a ‘farthing’. Also in phr. brass razoo. Used in neg. contexts only. 1930 Bulletin (Sydney) 5 Nov. 21/1 The useless graft on patch and flat! They never think a bloke has earned a darned razoo for that. 1931 W. Hatfield Sheepmates xxx. 268 Richards never has a rahzoo. 1940 F. D. Davison Woman at Mill II. 151, I found myself on the streets again, without a brass razoo. 1943 Coast to Coast ig42 118 Up till the present he hadn’t a brass razoo towards the seven and sixpence. 1947 J. Morrison Sailors belong Ships 187, I wouldn’t give you a razhoo for anything between there and Charmian Road. 1964 J. Flight of Chariots \\\\. 361, I wouldn’t give a brass razoo for his chances out there. 1968 R. Clapperton No News on Monday vii. 80 He isn’t rolling in the stuff—he hasn’t got two brass razoos to rub together. 1976 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 25 Apr. 16/7 Last week he signed a contract for the new $356,000 building and then cheerfully announced: ‘I haven’t a razoo.’

razor ('reiz3(r)), sh. Forms; a. 3-4 rasor, 4-7 rasour, (5 -owre, -owyr, 5-6 -oure, 6 Sc. -iour, 6-7 ra(y)sor, 7 rasoir); 6- razor, (6-8 -our). jS. 4-7 rasure, (6 ray-), y. 5-6 raser, (5 -ere, 6 -ier, -ar), 6-7 razer. [a. OF. rasor^ -our, -ur (12th c.), f. raser to rase v.^ Cf. OF. rasoir = It. rasojo\—\2ite L. rasdrium.] 1. a. A sharp-edged instrument, specially used for shaving the beard or hair.

245 ‘In modem razors the blade has usually a slight curve backwards, and is of wedge-shaped section, or has the back much thicker than the edge; the sides are often made concave by grinding (‘hollow-ground’). The blade is attached to the handle by a tang and rivet, so that it can be folded into this when not in use.’ N.E.D. a. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 98/222 Four 3weles of Iren he let fullen with rasores, kene I-nowe. 1340 Ayenb. 66 )>e tonge more keruinde panne rasour. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 325 For he dredde pe harbour to schave with rasoures ful score. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. i. 50, I wol be vpon a pyler fitched ful of sharp keruyng rasours. 1555 Eden Decades 186 To annoynte the place with oyle and scrape it with a rasoure. 1655 Culpepper Riverius vi. vii. 144, I got ready my Raysor,.. and there 1 made a deep incision. 1700 Dryden Pal. & Arc. 1629 This length of hair.. Guiltless of steel and from the razour free. 1765 Foote Commissary i. Wks. 1799 II. II His little weezen face as sharp as a razor. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Ability Wks. (Bohn) II. 39 At.. Sheffield, where I was shown the process of making a razor and a penknife. a 1340 Hampole Psalter li. 2 As sharpe rasure pou did treson. i486 Bk. St. Albans A iv, Thou most cutt it with a Rasure. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices ii. (1540) 82 The eldre Dyonisius.. dreding Rasures dyd syndge his heere with a cole. 1570 Levins Mamp. 192/29 A raysure, noi/flcw/a. 1576 Newton Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 240 He..with a Barbers Rasure finely cut away the Nose. y *483 Caxton Cato C iv b, Doo so moche that thys nyght ye haue a rasere and.. cutte the heeris of hys berde. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xvii. 102 These.. cause their hayre and beard to be cut with a raser. 1599 Ann. Barber~Surg. London (1890) 192 Grindeinge of rasares.

b. fig. and in fig. context. Occam's (also Ockham's) razor, the leading principle of the nominalism of William of Occam (see Occamism), that for purposes of explanation things not known to exist should not, unless it is absolutely necessary, be postulated as existing; usually called the Law of Parcimony. on the razor's edge (after Gr. im |upoD aKuhs), in a precarious position (cf. razor-edge in 3 c). c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 198 Wyntris rasour doth al away arrace. 1594 Willobie in Shaks. C. Praise 7 The sharpe rasor of a willing conceit, c 1611 Chapman Iliad X. 150 Now on the eager razors edge, for life or death we stand. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxxix. (1859) II. 395 We are, therefore, entitled to apply Occam’s razor to this theory of causality. 1879 Browning Pheidippides 86 Here am I back.. we stand no more on the razor’s edge! 1901 T. C. Allbutt Science & Medieval Thought 57 Now this scientific economy, perhaps first formulated, or effectively used, by William Ockham, in the phrase ‘entia non sunt multiplicanda’—known as ‘Ockham’s rasor’—is what is called now-a-days ‘materialism’. 1907 Ld. Curzon Frontiers 7 Frontiers are indeed the razor’s edge on which hang suspended the modern issues of war or peace, of life or death to nations. 1936 J. Buchan Island of Sheep xii. 235 In the Norlands life had always been on a razor’s edge. 1944 W. S. Maugham {title) The razor’s edge, i960 A. Huxley Let. 17 July (1969) 894 Perhaps Ockham’s razor isn’t a valid scientific principle. Perhaps entities sometimes ought to be multiplied beyond the point of the simplest possible explanation. For the world is doubtless far odder and more complex than we ordinarily think. 1976 A. White Long Silence vi. 49 He was living on a razor’s edge. Sooner or later, the Germans were going to begin to suspect. 1977 M. Goulder in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate iii. 60 Natural explanations, where they are at all plausible, are surely to be preferred on the basis of Occam’s razor.

fc. transf. The tusk of a boar (Phillips 1706). 2. fa. Applied to certain fishes: cf. razorfish 2. Obs. rare. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Rasowre, fysche, rasorius. 1530 Palsgr. 261/1 Rasour a fysshe. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 428 There is a fish called a Rasoir: looke whatsoever toucheth it, senteth presently of Yron.

b. = RAZOR-FISH I, RAZOR-SHELL. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. xxiii. (1611) 170 The rest of the crusted sort of fishes I will passe ouer viz. Crabs, Lobsters, Creuisses, Cuttles, Razers, Shrimpes &c. 1805 Barry Orkney Isl. 287 The Razor.. or, as we name it, the ^out-fish, is also found in sandy places. 1869 Wood Com. Shells (ed. 3) 32 The common species, the Sabre Razor {Solen ensis).. another species the Pod Razor {Solen siliqua). Ibid. 34 It would scarcely be recognized as belonging to the Razors.

3. attrib. and Comb. a. With sbs., as razor blctde, case, handle, hone, knife, -maker, mettle, -seller, sheath, strop, -stropping, wit. 1846 Holtzapffel Turning III. 1051 The ‘razor blade is polished on a soft buff wheel fed with dry crocus. 1936 Discovery Aug. 255/1 Glass razor blades can be ground to powder under foot when used. 1945 ‘G. Orwell’ Animal Farm viii. 64 Making cocks fight with splinters of razorblade tied to their spurs. Jersey Even. Post 26 July 18/3 Also reported stolen is a silver razor-blade-shaped pendant. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2410/4 A black Velvet embroidered •Rasor Case, with 3 or 4 Rasors. 1833 Macaulay in Trevelyan Life ^ Lett. (1880) I. 323, I have bought a new ..razor-case. 1846 Holtzapffel Turning III. 1069 Two •razor handles or scales are.. held at the one end in a pair of clamps. Ibid. 1066 [The] German ‘Razor Hone..is universally known throughout Europe. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 187 In his hond a ‘rasour knif He bar, with which hire throte he cutte. 1865 Lubbock Preh. Times 20 A razor-knife said to have been found together with objects of the latter metal. 1677 Moxon Mech. Exerc. No. 3. 56 ‘Razor-makers generally clap a small Bar of Venice Steel between two small Bars of Flemish Steel. 1767 S. Paterson Another Trav. I. 416 An infinite number of. .jack-smiths and razor-makers. 1679 J. Goodman Penit. Pardoned iii. i. (1713) 264 Great wits and curious tempers are like ‘razor-mettle quickly turned. 1782 Wolcott (P. Pindar) {title) The ‘Razor Seller. 1812 W. Dooley in Examiner 31 Aug. 552/1 A ‘razorsheath was found. 1759 Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury 26 June 4/3 Hones, ‘Razor-strops &c. 1822 Gill's Techn. Repos. III. 42 On Improved Razors and Razor-Strops. 1866 Harper's Mag. Nov. 788/2 Packwood, some fifty years ago, led the way in England of.. systematic advertising, by impressing his razor-strop indelibly on the mind of every

RAZOR bearded member of the kingdom. 1946 G. Millar Horned Pigeon i. I, I only heard the noise of a man’s razor strop. 1815 SiMOND Tour Gt. Brit. II. 278 He gave me a lesson of ‘razor-stropping. 1786 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ep. Boswell Wks. 1816 I. 246 No ‘Razor-wit, for want of use, grows rusty.

b. With adjs., as razor-bladed, -bowed, -edged, -leaved, -shaped, -tongued, -weaponed', razorkeen, -sharp, -thin', razor-like. 1765 Ann. Reg. 215 The two boys had found a ‘razor bladed clasp knife. 1885 Royal River xii. 338 The ‘razor bowed craft move slowly out. 1807-8 W. Irving Salmag. (1824) 128 The ‘razor-edged zephyrs of our ‘balmy spring’. 1831 J. W. Choker in C. Papers (1884) II. xvi. 143 Warburton has given us razor-edged disquisitions, fine and false. 1972 K. Bonfiglioli Don't point that Thing at Me xiii. 98 Even the shadows, razor-edged, purple and green, were painful to look at. 1955 Times 11 May 14/6 Political interest is ‘razor keen. 1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. (Parade Suppl.) 14D/1 (Advt.), With special Holder hands never come near razor-keen stainless steel blades. 1878 T. Hardy Return of Native ii. iv. Urns.. used as flower-pots for two •razor-leaved cactuses. 1842 PoE in Gift 148 The ‘razor-like crescent. 1977 Rolling Stone 19 May 93/2 The sultry title cut, with its razorlike clarion guitar lead. 1829 P. Egan Boxiana 2nd Ser. II. 299 He had now not the slightest chance with Curtis, who.. drew streams of blood from his •razor-shaped nose, and knocked him down. 1897 Mary Kingsley W. Africa 236 Small black and white birds.. with heavy razor-shaped bills. 1921 R. Hichens Spirit of Time v. 80 Something of it he must have seen—but what?.. The suggestion of a ‘razor-sharp silhouette? 1975 J. Grady Shadow of Condor viii. 132 She carried..a flat, thinly sheathed razor-sharp knife taped to her stomach. 1979 N. Y. Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 48/1 (Advt.), A witty, razor-sharp satire on monogamy. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face viii. 95,1.. peered over the top, to see that the ridge was now ‘razor-thin and looked even more diflicult beyond the point I had reached. 1973 P. Evans Bodyguard Man viii. 64 He cut razor-thin slices through the most congested areas of traffic. 1873 O. W, Holmes Rhymes of an Hour i. The saucyaproned, ‘razor-tongued soubrette. 1828 Southey Let. to A. Cunningham, When at the looking-glass with lather’d chin. And ‘razor-weapon’d hand I sit.

c. Special combs., as razor-bridge, the bridge Al Sirdt, believed by Muslims to lead over hell; t razor-chirurgeon, a barber-surgeon; razor clam (U.S.) = razor-shell, razor-fish i; razorcut V. trans., to cut (hair, etc.) with a razor; also fig.', hence as sb., a haircut effected with a razor instead of scissors; also as ppl. a.; razor-cutting vbl. sb.; razor-edge, a keen edge, fig. a narrow foothold, a critical situation (cf. razor’s edge in I b); also attrib.; razor gang, (a) a gang of thugs armed with razors; {b) Railway slang (see quots. 1966 and 1970); razor-grass, a West Indian sedge belonging to the genus Scleria, esp. 5. pterota, which has sharp-edged leaves; razor-man, a thug armed with a razor; razorpaper, paper specially made for sharpening razors on (Knight 1875); razor-paste, a paste of emery- or crocus-powder for improving razorstrops; razor plug, point, a power-point for plugging in an electric razor; razor-slasher, one who slashes another (usu. across the face) with a razor; a member of a razor gang; hence razorslash V. trans. [back-formation], to slash with a razor; also as sb., the action of lacerating thus; a wound so made; razor-slashing vbl. sb.; razor strop fungus, the birch polypore, Piptoporus betulinus; razor toe, a pointed toe on a shoe; an (outmoded style of) shoe with a razor toe. 1812 Sir R. Wilson Diary in Life I. 380 The paths., almost realize the perils of the ‘razor-bridge of Mahomet. 1624 Gee Foot out of Snare Xzb, The ‘Rasor-Chirurgions, very many of them Popish. 1882 Simmonds Diet. Usef. Anim., Razor Fish, in America Solen ensis is called the ‘razor clam. 1935 J. C. Lincoln Cape Cod Yesterdays 48 The dictionary.. even mentions the ‘razor clam’ among them. i960 M. Sharcott Place of Many Winds ix. 162 Commercial crab fishermen often use clams, particularly razor clams, as bait. 1964 F. Warner Early Poems 77 Cruelty ‘razor-cut my arteries. 1965 Family Circle Oct. 60 Hair as dark as this ideally goes into a sleek and sophisticated styling of the very short tapered razor cut. 1969 J. N. Smith Is he dead. Miss ffinch? vi. 27 I’d had time for a hair-do.. a razor-cut, tapered down to the neck. 1971 R. Falkirk Chill Factor vi. 57 His hair was razor-cut. 1974 R. B. Parker God save Child (1975) iv. 33 He was dark-skinned with longish black hair carefully layered with a razor cut. 1976 Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xii. 66 Their hair was razor cut to j ust above the collar line. 1968 J. Fashion Alphabet 197 ‘Razor cutting became popular in the 1950s, first in men’s barber shops and later in women’s hairdressers. The use of a razor means that the hair can be layered and thinned when wet and shaped more effectively. 1977 Oxford Consumer June 6/1 Razor cutting is now a rarity,.. and only 7 people had had a perm recently. 1687 Dryden Hind ^ P. iii. 688 You have ground the persecuting knife And set it to a ‘razor edge on life. 1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 238 On the closest verge of destruction,.. on the very razor-edge of fate. 1877 E. Cairo Philos. Kant ii. xix. 664 Kant is solicitous to maintain himself on the exact razor-edge of critical orthodoxy. 1927 D. H. Lawrence Mornings in Mexico 61 The instant moment is forever keen with a razor-edge of oblivion. 1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? iii. 49 With one razor-edge phrase he had cut me down to his level. 1962 H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. i. 7 Ours is a razor-edge economy and maintaining our balance of payments.. becomes a matter of overriding importance. 1976 ‘A. York’ Dark Passage xiii. 152 His finances.. were in a razor edge state... He lived like a millionaire,,. but there was no cash around. 1957 Essays in Criticism VII. 311, I suppose that

Mr. Conquest would not consider deliverance from the caprice of motorists, or even of wide boys and *razor gangs, altogether undesirable for the free mind. 1966 H. Sheppard Diet. Railway Slang (ed. 2) 10 Razor gang, economy men from Headquarters. 1970 F. McKenna Gloss. Railwaytnen s Talk 38 Razor gang, an investigating committee, searching rosters and rotas for ‘unproductive time’. 1977 Times 4 May 10/6 There were razor gangs on our race-courses. 1864 A. H. R. Grisebach Flora Brit. W. Indian Islands 787 •Razorgrass: Scleria scindens. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last viii. Yonder beautiful green pest,.. namely, a tangle of Razorgrass. 1879 Baron Eggers Flora St. Croix 109 Razor-grass. 1922 Blackw. Mag. July i i/i The great sweep of razor-grass rustled golden. 1954 Farmer's Guide (Jamaica Agric. Soc.) 587 Razor-grass... At least nine different kinds of Scleria occur in Jamaica, and all of them can be unpleasant weeds due to the cutting edges of the leaves. 19^9 S. M. Sadeek Windswept & Other Stories 29 The cart rolled on.. into the savannah of.. beezie-beezie reeds and razor-grass. 195^ New Statesman 5 Apr. 436/3 The •razor-men arrive at his door. 1977 E. W. Hildick Loop vii. 36 Noah..was..a ‘painter’ or razorman with some northern racetrack gang. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 429/2 Of the Street-Sellers of.. •Razor Paste. 1961 Times 26 May 9/6 Putting •razor plugs in the bathrooms. 1969 C. Hodder-Williams 9^.4 *• 7 There was a •razor point so I went out to the car and fetched my shaver. 1978 Cornish Guardian 2^] Apr. 15/1 (Advt.), 21 letting bedrooms (basins, razor points). 1958 M. Procter Man in Ambush xiv. 162 This girl had reason to be afraid. She had been •razor-slashed once. 1959 N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 292 In the worst of perversion, promiscuity, pimpery,.. rape, razor-slash, bottle-break.., the Negro discovered a morality of the bottom. 1963 T. Tullett Inside Interpol, xi. 160 A razor-slash across the face. 1976 R. Hill Another Death in Venice i. iii. 55 Dunkerley the pimp, razor-slashing young prostitutes who wouldn’t pay. 1980 P. Ableman Shoestring’s Finest Hour ii. 30 The pimp.. is called.. Ted the Slash because he’s got a razor slash on his cheek. 1951 S. Spender World within World iv. 213 Some of the recruits turned out to be a gang of Glasgow •razor-slashers. 1961 John o’London’s 6 July 24/2 Greene’s slum Faust was articulate in a way unlikely in the most intelligent razor-slasher. 1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xix. 204 Warfare between the gangs was confined to individual beatings-up and •razorslashings. 1979 W. J. Fishman Streets of E. London 106/2 His face.. resembling the cross lines of a railway complex as a result of razor slashing. 1923 J. Ramsbottom Handbk. Larger Brit. Fungi 129 The name ‘•razor-strop fungus’ is often given to P{olyporus'\ betulinus, as up till the early part of last century it was used for making strops. 1966 F. H. Brightman Oxf. Bk. Flowerless Plants 116/2 Piptoporus betulinus.. has also been recommended for stropping razors, and is sometimes referred to in books as the ‘Razor Strop Fungus’. 1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 509/1 The •Razor Toe... This style shoe is becoming very popular on acount of the long narrow toe, and patent tip. 1897 C. T. Davis Manuf. Leather (ed. 2) xxii. 303 The pedestrian or runner avoids ‘razor toes’.

razor (Teiz3(r)), v. [f. prec.] a. trans. To shave as with a razor; to cut down. Also, to cut out (with a razor blade); to shave away, off. 1827 POLLOK Course T. vii. (i860) 182 Upon the head that time had razored bare Rose bushy locks. 1872 De Morgan Budget of Paradoxes 337 He has announced his intention of bringing me .. 4159265 .. razored down to 25. 1974 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 July 5/1 Articles taken out of magazines in the libraries..‘I’ll just say they were razored out. Definitely.’ 1975 M. Kenyon Mr Big xviii. 175 He..had razored off the moustache. 1977 D. Seaman Committee 42 A roughness on the chin each morning that had to be razored away.

b. To slash or assault with a razor. 1937 E. Ambler Uncommon Danger viii. 110 By the time I’d finished with the beggar he would have.. razored his own father and mother if I’d told him to. 1954 ‘N. Blake’ Whisper in Gloom vii. 91 They might.. terrorise a suspected informer—beat him up or razor him.

Hence 'razoring vbl. sb. 1950 W. Sansom in Penguin New Writing XL. 44 It was not the kind of shop one would have expected of Sally—and perhaps this proved a key to the outcome of that night’s razoring. 1963 Times 5 June 16/1 Mr. C. Lindsay, for the defence, said Osborne had been afraid of possible razoring by the barons over a debt of £i and four or five ounces of tobacco.

t'razorable, a. rare-', [f. razor of, or fit for, being shaved.

RAZZIA

246

RAZOR

Capable

1610 Shaks. Temp. n. i. 250 The man i’th Moone’s too slow, till new-borne chinnes Be rough and Ra2or-able.

'razor-back, sb. and a. [f. razor s6.] A. sb. 1. The Razor-back whale or Rorqual. 1823 W. ScoRESBYj'rn/. Voy. Northern Whale-Fishery 143 Several razor-backs (Balaena physalis) had been seen, but no whales. 1832 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 278 The other [whale]., mentioned by Sibbald .. was probably a Razorback. 1850 SCORESBY Cheever’s Whalem. Adv. vi. (1858) 77 The razor-back is sometimes met with one hundred and five feet long.

2. A pig having a sharp ridge-like back. Now chiefly applied to a half-wild breed of hogs common in the southern United States; cf. razor-backed. 1849 J- Barrow Facts Texas iii. 57 Hogs are a very numerous family, but they are of very indifferent breed, and receive the appellation of ‘razor backs’, which is significant enough of their appearance. 1867 Hawker Prose Wks. (1893) 149 Prominent among them the old Cornish razorback asserted his pre-eminence of height and bone. 1878 C. Hallock /Imer. Club List ^ Sportsman’s Gloss, p. ix, I^z^back, a domestic hog which runs wild in the woods of the Southern States. 1901 Munsey's Mag. XXIV. 494/1 In the vernacular of the South, they were razor backs Nevmheless, these two hogs had a value. 1941 Arkansas: Guide to State 99 Outside the imagination, a true razorback probably does not exist. 1976 N. Thornburg Cutter & Bone xiii. 302 It has come to him now, what it was about the razorback.

3. A narrow ridge-like back in cattle and horses. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 164 A high narrow shoulder is frequently attended with a rigid back bone, and low-set narrow hooks, a form which gets the ^propriate name of razor-back. 1908 Animal Managem. 25 The ‘razor’ back may .. be due only to want of muscle which judicious rest, food, and work will produce. 1943 I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang vii. 51 Fine upstanding beasts... No ‘razorbacks’ going away with nothing behind. These were ‘tabletops’; you could throw your blanket on any beast and camp on his back.

4. Chiefly Austral, and N.Z. A steep-sided, narrow ridge of land. 1874 W. M. Baines Narr. E. Crewe xi. 247 From a high ‘razor-back’, I had a magnificent view. 1889 Trans. N.Z. Inst. 110 Supposing the traveller to be standing on a narrow spur, or razorback, leading to the mountain-top. 1902 [see cow-track s.v. COW sb.^ 7]. 1911 Chambers’s Jrnl. Dec. 30/1 Twice the way led along a real ‘razor-back’. On both sides the mountain sloped precipitously. 1957 P. White Voss vi. 153 Presently the path, which had reached a razorback.. wound suddenly.. and plunged down.

5. U.S. Circus slang. A circus hand; spec, one who loads and unloads the wagons. 1904 Everybody’s Mag. X. 658/1 That night it took the Old Man ’n Early Jim both to keep a razorback from carvin’ up Ibree. 1909 Youth's Compan. LXXXHI. 2S9I4 There was too much worth seeing outside. The loaders—‘razorbacks’, in circus language—were putting the great clanking parade wagons on the flat cars. 1926 R. E. Sherwood Here we are Again 162 Canvasmen or ‘razorbacks’, as they are known in the slang of the circus, are rarely in funds. 1975 New Yorker 13 Oct. 38 Some people..were watching the roller coaster... I went up to the razorback who ran the controls.

B. adj. Having a very sharp back or ridge. 1836 Uncle Philip’s Convers. Whale Fishery 34 The ‘Razor-back whale’.. is longer and stronger and swifter than any other sort. 1851 G. S. CooperExpedition Overland no Gullies..ran down from each side of the razor-back ridge. 1859 Trollope West Indies iii. (i860) 50 Riding over some of these razorback crags. 1896 [see hump-backed o.]. 1899 B. Tarkington Gentleman from Indiana iv. 44 A squad of thin, ‘razor-back’ hogs. 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker III. 126 It was one of the half-wild razor-back hogs which the negroes allowed to stray in the woods there. 1976 N. Thornburg Cutter Bone xiii. 302 As it fell open Bone was able to see his T-shirt underneath, and the emblem on it: a red Arkansas razorback hog, name and symbol of the state university’s sports teams.

So 'razor-backed a. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 116 A razor-backed yellow tit. 1846 You ATT Pig vi. (1847) 69 The old Cornish hog, a large .. razor-backed animal. 1885 (weekly ed.) 13 Feb. 1/3 A high ridge of razor-backed hills. 1894 Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 336/2 Their.. razor-backed hogs climb the steep hills like goats. 1904 Daily Chron. 12 May 5/3 A fierce struggle ensued for the possession of two razor-backed ridges above which runs the main Peking road.

'razor-bill. [f. razor sb. -h bill 1. A name given to various birds. a. A species of auk {Alca torda). 1674 Ray Collect. Words, Water Fowl 92 The Rasor-bill: Auk or Murre. 1768 Pennant Zool. H. 403 Razor-bill... These birds, in company with the Guillemot, appear in our seas the beginning of February. 1865 Gosse Land & Sea (1874) 40 The guillemots sitting in rows,.. bolt upright, the manner of sitting common to the puffins and razor-bills.

h.U.S.

The Cut-water or Skimmer,

rare-'.

1794 Morse Amer. Geog. (1796) I. 214 Shear Water or Razor Bill. 1832 in Webster.

c. ‘The red-breasted merganser, serrator’ {Hants Gloss. 1883). 2. attrib. Razor-billed.

Mergus

1894 Westm. Gaz. g Aug. 4/2 A young razorbill puffin came alongside.

So 'razor-billed a., having a bill resembling a razor (applied spec, to certain birds: see quots.). 1748 Catesby California App. 103 The Razor-billed Black-bird of Jamaica. This Bird is somewhat less than our Jack-daw. 1824 Latham Gen. Hist. Birds63 Razor-billed Auk.

t'razored, a. rare-'. Sharp-edged. 1613 Heywood Silver Age iii. i, Be his teeth razored, and his talons keen,. .Yet I ere night will case me in his skin.

'razor-fish. [f. razor r6.] 1. Any bivalve mollusc of the genus Solen or family Solenidae, having a long narrow shell like the handle of a razor; esp. the European species Solen ensis or siliqua, common on sandy shores. 1602 Carew Cornwall i. 32 The Sheath, or Razor-fish, resembleth in length and bignesse a mans finger. 1632 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan ii. vii. (1838) 62 Raser-fishes there are. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Dactylus,.. a name used by many authors for the solen or razor-fish. 1802^3 tr. Pallas's Trav. (1812) II. 466, I have nowhere met with any rare sea-muscles; only the razor-fish, or Solen, of the Bosphorus. 1884 Goode Usef. Aquatic Anim. 707 The Californian Razor-fish (Siliqua patula) is also edible.

2. A Mediterranean labroid fish {Xyrichthys novacula)', also, a related W. Indian fish {X. lineatus). *753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Novacula piscis, the rasorfish.. the name of a sea-fish caught in the Mediterranean, and some other seas. [Description follows.]

'razor-,grinder, [f. razor 56.] 1. One who grinds or sharpens razors. 1789 Boston Directory 184 Fillis William, razor-grinder. 1798 D. Wordsworth yrfi/. 22 Feb. (1941) I. 9 Met a razorgrinder with.. a boy to drag his wheel. 1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/3, I afterwards met a razor grinder and his wife.

1886 Besant Childr. Gibeon ii. ii, They are buhl cutters,.. razor grinders, glass bevellers.

2. A name given to various birds: a. The Australian Dishwasher or Restless Fly-catcher {Seisura inquieta). b. dial. The Night-jar. c. dial. The Grasshopper Warbler. a. 1825 Vigors in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV. 250 A loud noise .. caused by a rasor-grinder when at work. 1848 R. Howitt Australia 332 The razor-grinder, fitly so called from making a grinding noise as it wavers in one position a foot or two from the ground. b. 1895 P. H. Emerson Birds, etc. Norfolk 153 The nighthawk, or big razor-grinder, as he is more rarely called in the Broadlands. c. 1895 P H. Emerson Birds, etc. Norfolk 50 This shy, mysterious bird, the ‘razor-grinder’, as he is often called in the Broad district.

'razor-shell,

[f. razor sb,: see quot. 1869.] The shell of a Razor-fish, or the mollusc together with its shell. Also attrib. 1752 Sir j. Hill Hist. Anim. 170 The large, brown, common Solen, called the Razor-shell and Sheath-shell. 1792 J. Belknap Hist. New Hampshire HI. 183 The Razorshell clam ’Solen ensis’. 1794 Collect. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1810) III. 199 The shores and marshes afford large and small clams, quahaugs, razor-shells,.. and cockles. 1869 Wood Com. Shells (ed. 3) 31 That curious family which are appropriately termed Razor-shells, because, when perfect, the shell looks something like the handle of a closed razor. Ibid. 32 All the Razor-shells are edible. 1901 E. Step Shell Life ix. 155 We now reach the Razor-shell family, characterised by having the valves of the shell of equal length. 1928 Russell & Yonge Seas ii. 38 The long razorshells (Solen) may occasionally be dug at low tide. 1971 Oxf. Bk. Invertebrates 80 The razor shells, looking like the oldfashioned cut-throat razors, are among the most specialized of the burrowing bivalves.

razour, obs. form of

rizzar. Sc.

razure, variant of rasure. razy, obs. form of

racy.

razz (rtez), sb. slang (orig. U.S.). [Short for RAZZBERRY.] = RASPBERRY 4. a 1919 C. Briggs Oh Man!, She’ll prob’Iy give me the razz for being out late last night! 1920 S. Lewis Main Street xxiii. 282 The Red Swede got the grand razz handed to him. 1921 Collier’s 15 Jan. 20/1 The mob gave him the razz. 1926 N. V. Lindsay Going-to-the-Stars 52 Let us think of the Irish flute in the morn,.. And forget our jazzes and our razzes and our hates. 1935 Punch z'j Feb. 248/2,1 wasn’t asked parties; I got no rise..; the girls gave me the razz—and all for the reason I’d no badge to show, i960 E. W. Hildick Jim Starling ^ Colonel viii. 62 That band chap blew him the razz! 1961 Punch 18 Jan. 129 What say, honey?—let’s give this communal living the razz and just go off somewhere, the two of us. 1961 Spectator 9 June 835/1 He selects one of them for punishment.., delivers a sonorous ‘razz’ and pretends to cane him. 1967 J. D. R. McConnell Eton 61 Offenders may be summoned to the Library for a ‘razz’. *977 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Apr. 534/5 Even the peppiest, most two-fisted and up-and-coming borough librarian would get the razz for buying it.

razz (raez), v. slang (orig. U.S.). [f. the sb.] trans. To hiss or deride; to make fun of (a person). Hence 'razzing vbl. sb. 1921 Collier’s 19 Feb. 5/3 It [sc. a crowd]..will razz its local favorite with as much enthusiasm as it will the visitin’ boxer at the first sign of foul fightin’. 1921 Sat. Even. Post 18 June 65/2 I’d of rather took fifty socks on the jaw than the razzing the crowd give Bat. 1924 P. Marks Plastic Age 52 The fellows razzed the life out of me. Ibid. 60, I don’t mind the razzing myself,.. but I don’t like the things they said to poor little Wilkins. 1932 J. Lawson Man’s Li/e xvi. 161 The person who never could appreciate institutional life.. is always with us... His chief hobby when at home has been razzing the wife, or his mother, because the bacon is too fat or too lean.. and anyhow he doesn’t like bacon at all. 1939 L. Jacobs Rise Amer. Film 378 He turned out a series of domestic comedies that caused him to be hailed for his ‘razzing’ of American foibles. 1941 J. McCormack in L. A. G. Strong yo/in McCormack x. 168, I have seen a great deal of baseball in America, but I have never been able to reconcile myself to the continuous razzing of the pitcher. 1956 B. Holiday Lady sings Blues (1973) 33 When I came to work the other girls used to razz me, call me ‘Duchess’ and say, ‘Look at her, she thinks she’s a lady.’ 1968 Punch 24 July 129/2 Ilya Ilf, pooh-poohing purges. Razzed Red Russians with wry stories. 1975 A. Bergman Hollywood ^ Le Vine ii. 29, I continued on down the street. .. I anticipated the razzing of the Dead End Kids. 1977 TV Times (Austral.) 20 Aug. 29/1 My kids will get razzed about it at school the next day. No one knows more about my mistakes than I do.

razzamatazz, razzberry

var. razzmatazz.

('rEezbari).

N. Amer. slang.

Also

razbery. [Var. of raspberry.] = raspberry 4. 1922 Collier’s 15 July 4/3 No matter if all the rest of the crowd gives me the razzberry, why they’ll be at least two guys pulling for me. 1927 [see bird sb. 5 b]. 1928 C. Sandburg in Woman’s Home Compan. h\ig. 112/3 Hand’em the razzberries. 1948 Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, Okla.) 27 May 8/3 Here in the home of the Bronx jeer it usually is rewarded with a noisy razberry. 1975 E. Iglauer Denison's Ice Road ii. 35, I sure got the razzberries from the boys.

II razzia ('raezia). [a. F. razzia, ad. Algerian Arab, ghaziah, var. Arab, ghazwah, ghazah war, battle, military expedition, raid against infidels.

RAZZLE f. ghasw to make war. Cf. Pg. gazia, gaziva, from the same source. The initial r of the French form represents a pron. of the Ar. £r approaching to a guttural r ighr), also indicated in the form ghrazzie formerly used by some English writers: —1821 Capt. Lyon Trav. N. Africa vi. 262 None ^t the Bedouins appear to approve of these ghrazzies. 1826 Denham TrazK 75 These people could lead 3000 men into action, for his ghrazzie was to consist of that number. Some Diets, give the pron. as (Vastsia) on the analogy of Italian words of similar form.]

a. A hostile incursion, foray or raid, for purposes of conquest, plunder, capture of slaves, etc., orig. as practised by the Muslim peoples in Africa; also transf. of similar raids by other nations. 1845 2jt/ienffum 8 Feb. 144 If half those seized survive the atrocities of the razzia and the march, it is considered an excellent speculation. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome ix. 5]5 The wars of Charlemagne..were something very different from the freebooting razzias of his Merovingian predecessors. = raid 2C. tSsS Poultry Chron. 4 Apr. 98/1 The owners of manors .. carried out a 'razzia' on the enemy’s territorx' of Leadenhall market. 1859 Green Lett. (1901) 29 One of our maids has been making a razzia in my study. 1865 Merivale Rom. Emp. Vm. Ixiii. 25 He executed what.. we might call a razzia upon the remnant of the culprits. 1965 C. D, Eby Siege of Alcazar (1966) v. 100 Small bands had been stealing out of the fortress at night to scavenge in the houses near by. The purpose of these razzias was to bring back food for the infirmary.

So 'razzia v. intr., to maraud. 1846 R. Eord Gatherings from Spain iv. 34 The object of these border guerri7/a-\varfares was .. to 'harry', to 'razzia'.

razzle (r®z(3)l), sb. slang. [Short for razzledazzle.] a. A ‘good time’, a spree; usu. in phr. on the razzle. 1908 A. Bennett Old Tale iv. i. 435 ‘What puzzles me most is what the devil you were doing in a place like that. According to your description, it must be a-‘I went there because I was broke,’ said Matthew-. ‘Razzle?’ Matthew nodded. 1915 W'. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage 249 W’e won't 'alf go on the razzle. 1927 Daily Express 2 June 6/4 Its heroine.. is a Frenchman’s idea of a great English lady out on the razzle. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement v. 213 And now w-e’re going on the razzle. 1943 - Daylight on Saturday xxvi. 201 I’ve got three [absentees]... One’s off on a razzle. 1968 'J. Le Carre’ Small Town in Germany 210 Your wife was in England, and you went on the razzle with Leo. 1978' L. Black’ Foursome vii. 56 He loved making new friends, joining up with them for a razzle in the nightspots. b. = RAZZLE-DAZZLE sb, b. 1969 Wall St.Jrnl. 30 Sept, i/i His specialty is ‘Razzle’, a game that in one form or another has entranced fair-goers since ancient times.

'razzle, v. slang, [f. the sb.] intr. To live a life of pleasure, to enjoy oneself; to go ‘on the razzle'. 1908 G. B. Shaw Lett, to Granville Barker (1956) 120 He will probably put it to you whether, as a gentleman, you can ask for a salary when you have been doing nothing but razzling in America. 1951 E. B.agnold Loved Envied iii. 39 W'e ought to be fairly flush... It’s not an expensive island. W'e ought to be able to razzle a bit, if there’s anywhere to razzle.

'razzle-'dazzle, sb. slang, a. A word, app. of U.S. coinage, used to express the ideas of bewilderment or confusion, rapid stir and bustle, riotous jollity or intoxication, etc. Also, deception, fraud; extravagant publicity. 1889 Gallup (New Mexico) Gleaner 18 Mar. 4/2 A Kansas paper .. recently told of a ‘regular old razooper, who, having got a skate on, indulged in a glorious razzle-dazzle’. 1890 Gunter Miss Nobody xv {heading) Little Gussie’s Razzle Dazzle. 1892 Kipling & Balestier Naulahka 88 There isn’t enough real downright rustle and razzle-dazzle .. to run a milk-cart. 1898 G. B. Shaw Mrs. Warren's Profession i. 175, I don’t bet much and I never go regularly on the razzledazzle as you did when you were my age. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 10 Mar. 3/1 Dick, who is still on the ‘razzle dazzle’. 1928 New Yorker 15 Dec. 24/1 Suspecting some sort of razzledazzle, the wiser of the two men said he would buy the seats at their box-office value. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Jan. 3/2 With such razzle-dazzle financing the general practice, it is not surprising to find oil derricks sprouting up on the grounds of the State capitol. 1962 ‘K. Orvis’ Damned fef Destroyed vii. 51 The razzle-dazzle I had handed the two drug-ring musclemen. 1969 New Yorker 29 Nov. 47/1, I want models, I want a private plane, I want this, I want that, I want some razzle-dazzle. 1977 Time 19 Sept. 25/1 Lance ran for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, using the financial razzle-dazzle that later was to become such a liability. 1978 New York 3 Apr. 17/3 It [sc. a musical] has pizzazz and razzle-dazzle, bursts of energy and invention, music and laughter.

RE-

247 c. attrib. or as adj. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, razzle-dazzle; dazzling, spectactular. 1889 Road (Denver, Colorado) 28 Dec, 5/1 Clint Butterfield incloses us a razzle-dazzle card of some kind that has a very neat little design of a nightmare etched in blood red and India ink. 1946 N. Y. Times Bk. Rev. 4 Aug. 5/1 A great many people are reading Mr. Wakeman’s razzledazzle novel these days. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 10/2 The newsreel is provided with a razzle-dazzle accompaniment. 1965 Economist 22 May p. xxiv/i A front page [of a newspaper] full of short items and a CJallic profusion of typefaces, alike in text and headlines— .. what the Americans call ‘circus’ or ‘razzledazzle’ make-up. 1971 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 19 Mr Thorley’s chairmanship is, or was, intended to be an interregnum between the razzle-dazzle rule of Sir Derek Pritchard and the accession of the Showering dynasty. 1974 Plain Dealer (Cleveland) 13 Oct. c. 12/6 Freshman halfback Pat Healy scored three touchdowns, the last on a razzle-dazzle 32-yard pass from quarterback Bruce Basile. 1977 Time 13 June 39/1 Erdman comes to his subject with the sure hand of one who knows, from the inside, what lurks in the hearts of financial razzledazzle artists. So razzle-dazzle v. trans., to dazzle, daze,

‘bamboozle’, etc. razzle-dazzler (see quot.). 1890 Gunter Miss Nobody xiv, I’m going to razzle-dazzle the boys, .with my great lightning change act. 1897 Daily News 10 Aug. 5/2 Two dozen pair of plain socks and half a dozen pair of the sort known as ‘razzle-dazzlers’. 1976 Houston (Texas) Chron. 22 Sept. 7 -4/4 Lady Bird eats it in an orange print pants suit and that Texas smile that razzledazzles ’em.

razzmatazz,

razzamatazz

.raezsms’taez).

colloq.

(.raezms'taez, U.S.). Also razafnataz(z, ra2mataz(z, razz-ma-tazz, etc. [Origin unknown; perh. alteration of razzledazzle.] a. A type of rag-time or early jazz music; old-fashioned ‘straight’ jazz; sentimental, ‘corny’ jazz; hence anything oldfashioned; stuff, rubbish, b. Noisy, showy publicity; meretricious or extravagant display; an event surrounded by such publicity or display; fuss, commotion, garishness. Also attrib. or as adj. (orig.

In quot. 1899 the sense is uncertain but may be ‘up-todate, stylish’ or ‘cultured, superior’. 1899 G. Ade Fables in Slang 37 It would be a Big Help to the Poor and Uncultured to see what a Real Razmataz Lady was like. 1901 T. D. Collins (title of piano music) Raz-ama-taz. 1901 W. H. Smith (title of piano music) Raz-ma-taz. 1936 Amer. Mercury XXXVIII. p. x/2 Rooty-toot,— unadulterated corn; razz-ma-tazz. 1937 Amer. Speech XII. 48/1 Razmataz band, a band which plays in an outmoded style. 1938 Brit. Empire Mod. Eng. Illustr. Diet. 1257/1 Razz-ma-tazz (Am.), old-fashioned jazz. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §579/2 ‘Straight Jazz.’ (Old-fashioned jazz, which reproduces the score faithfully, as distinguished from .). .razzmatazz. 1947 Sat. Rev. Lit. (U.S.) 25 Oct. 65/2 Expert horsing of the old razzmatazz style by an expert horsewoman. 1950 C. Coben Old Piano Roll Blues (song). And while we kiss, kiss, kiss away all our cares, The player piano’s playin’ razzamatazz, I wanna hear it again. 1953 Berry & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang (1954) (ed. 2) §233/5 Something old-fashioned, .. razzmatazz. 1958 People 4 May 8/2 She will, from next Friday when she flies to Cannes, be getting the full razzama-tazz, big-star build-up. 1958 Spectator i Aug. 174/3 Don’t you remember anything about the Twenties but crime, booze, flappers, religious razzmatazz? 1959 J. Wain Travelling Woman x. 148 The enormous selling bonanza that was going on about him, in its astonishing flood of genuine goodwill, even a grain here and there of genuine piety, with unscrupulous salesman’s razzmatazz, heightened his sense of living in a dream. 1961 Sunday Times 26 Nov. 48/3 Barbara Murray, a girl who is entirely wasted on rats, retorts and all that razzmatazz. 1963 The Beatles 9 Though some of our material is a bit out of the way for a razzamatazz chap like him. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai iv. 59 The great wide streets have an air of grandeur which even the razz-ma-tazz of neon cannot wholly mar. 1969 Listener 17 Apr. 544/1 Oh! What a lovely war (Paramount) is a razz-ma-tazz spectacular. 1970 Times 9 Mar. 13/1 He turned, as might have been expected, a fairly serious event into a razamataz. 1971 Morning Star 8 Mar. 4/7 Some of the hotels and centres can be a bit razzamataz and noisy, especially at night. 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 16 Feb. 32/1 There was no need to go through ‘all this razzmatazz’. The replacing of white centre lines with yellow ones wasn’t all that difficult to comprehend. 1973 Daily Tel. 8 Nov. 5 (Advt.), We thought the car good enough not to need any launch gimmicks or razmataz. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 23 Nov. 22/3 Opening day Thursday had all the razzmatazz of a revival meeting. 1974 Time Out 27 Sept. 23/1 There is the host, resplendent in white satin, razmatazz shirt. 1977 Listener 20 Oct. 508/3 This programme included a razzmatazz of presentational devices which seemed better suited to a giveaway quiz show. 1979 Guardian i May 30/1 In keeping with the showbiz, razz-niatazz side of the election, the most glamorous transport belongs to the media.

razzo ('raezau). slang. RASPBERRY.] The nose.

[Prob.

alteration

of

1899 [see LOWER V. i e], 1936 [see ACID sb. 3].

b. (See quots.) 1891 Daily News 27 July 3/1 A new type of roundabout, called ‘Razzle-Dazzle’, which gives its occupants the pleasant (or otherwise) sensations of an excursion at sea. 1896 [see switchback a.]. 1935 Amer. Mercury June 230/2 Razzle-dazzle, kelsy [i.e., a prostitute]; also used by the public in reference to carnival rides, although not so used by carnies themselves. 1968 D. Braithwaite Fairground Archit. iii.'34 The steam swing and ‘Razzle Dazzle’ drew inspiration from mechanisms in the spinning frame, [etc.]. Ibid. 60 Four years before his death in 1897, Savage patented the ‘Razzle Dazzle’, otherwise known as ‘Whirligig’ or ‘Aerial Novelty’.

razzoo(h,

varr. razoo'.

R-boat.

[Partial tr. G. R-boot, abbrev. of raumboot minesweeper.] In the war of 1939-45, a German minesweeper.

1942 Times lo June 4/3 An R-boat is stated to be an armed motor minesweeper. 1945 P. Scott Battle of Narrow Seas ii. 5 Besides E boats there were flotillas of R boats (corresponding roughly to our M.Ls.), used for minesweeping and defensive patrolling along the occupied coasts. 1961 Granville & Kelly Inshore Heroes vii. 71 The

Raumboot (R-boat) was a patrol vessel of between 85 and 115 feet, with a speed of about 20 knots. 1978 F. Maclean Take Nine Spies v. 183 A whole group of German R-boats was sent from Sicily to the Aegean.

RDX (a:di:'eks).

[f. i^esearch (Woolwich, England) Explosive.]

Department

= CYCLONITE. 1941 Newsweek 8 Dec. 43/2 One [explosive], developed in cooperation with the British and identified with the stuff used in Britain’s ‘superbombs’, is known as RDX and credited with 40 per cent more bursting power than TNT. 1947 Times 9 July 5/7 RDX, the main high explosive development of the war, was yet another chemical contribution to victory—opening up, incidentally, a new field of organic chemistry. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia VII. 89/1 The torpedo warhead torpex.. is a cast mixture of RDX, TNT, and aluminum.

re (rei), sb.^ Also 6 rey. [The first syllable of L. resondre\ see GAMUT.] a. The second note of Guido’s hexachords, and of the octave in modern solmization. b. (As in Fr. and It.) The note D, the second of the natural scale of C major, (rare.) C1325 [see g-sol-re-ut]. a 1529 Skelton Bowge Courte 258 A balade boke before me for to laye, And lerne me to synge, Re, my, fa, sol. c 1550 Armonye of Byrdes 185 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 194 Chaungyng their key From ut to rey. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iii. i. 74 A re, to plead Hortensio’s passion. Ibid. 77 D sol re, one Cliffe, two notes haue I. 1636 Waller To Mr. Henry Lawes, Let those which only warble long,.. Content themselves with Ut, Re, Mi. 1818 Busby Gram. Music 60 Whatever the key in which the octave is taken, do is the tonic, re the supertonic.

Hence f re v. (in nonce-use). 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iv. v. 121, I will carie no Crochets, He Re you, He Fa you, do you note me?

j|re(ri:), [AblativeofL. res thing, affair.] In the matter of, referring to. Cf. in re s.v. in Lat. prep. 24 {d). Now freq. apprehended as a preposition, and used in weakened senses to mean ‘about, concerning’. re infecta, ‘with the matter unfinished or unaccomplished’, has also been freq. employed in Eng. The use as a preposition has freq. been condemned: see Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage (1926) s.v. illiteracies and A. P. Herbert in quots. 1707 Hearne Collect. 17 May (O.H.S.) II. 14 Amused by Charlett’s trick re Tacitus. 1926 in H. W. Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage 484/1 Dear Sir,—I am glad to see that you have taken a strong line re the Irish railway situation. Ibid. 484/2 Reference had been made in a former issue to some alleged statements of mine re the use of the military during the recent railway dispute. 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! iii. 80 We herewith enclose receipt for your cheque on a/c re return of commission re Mr. Brown’s cancelled agreement re No 50 Box Street top flat. 1939 [see inclusivity]. 1976 Time 27 Dec. 2/2 Re your article on legitimized gambling., and specifically state lotteries: the inefficiency of revenue collection is horrendous and the odds for winning are unconscionable. 1977 Time 7 Feb. 1/3 Re my archaeological explorations in Syria: it is not true that ‘.. the Italian archaeologists have been slow to publicise their discoveries’. 1979 Verbatim Summer sjz G. Bocca’s observations re public signs.

re,

abbrev. of rupee. 1913 W. T. Rogers Diet. Abbrev. 164/1 Re. (money), rupee. 1962//ourerei/e (Ceylon) Apr. 10'These courses are practical, economical (Re. i/- for 3 lessons). 1971 Hindustan Times Weekly (New Delhi) 4 Apr. 11/2 Gramdal was better by Re i on good offtake.

re, obs. sing, rees REIS (Portuguese money). re, obs. Sc. form of roe, deer. re-, prefix, of Latin origin, with the general sense of ‘back’ or ‘again’, occurring in a large number of words directly or indirectly adopted from Latin, or of later Romanic origin, and on the model of these freely employed in English as a prefix to verbs, and to substantives or adjectives derived from these. In earlier Latin re- was used before consonants, and redbefore vowels or h-, as in redire, redimere, redhibere (rarely in other cases, as in red-dere). The latter form appears in Eng. only in a few words which are ultimately of Latin origin, as redeem, redemption, redintegrate. In later Latin the form with d was no longer in use, and re- was employed before vowels as well as consonants, as in resedifiedre, reagere, reexpeetdre, reillumindre, etc. In a few words adopted from French the prefix has so coalesced with the main part of the word that its real nature is obscured. In some cases this is due to the combination of re- with another prefix, as ad- (Fr. a-) or in- (Fr. en-). For examples of these types, see ransom, rally, rampart.

2. The original sense of re- in Latin is that of ‘back’ or ‘backwards’, but in the large number of words formed by its use, the prefix acquires various shades of meaning, of which the following are the most clearly marked, a. ‘Back from a point reached’, ‘back to or towards the starting-point’, as in recedere to draw back, recurrere to run back, reducere to lead back, referre to carry back, refugere to flee back, remittere to send back, respicere to look back, retrahere to pull back, revocare to call back. Sometimes the sense of ‘backwards’ is also implied, as in resiltre to spring back or backwards. The return of light and sound is

248

reexpressed in such verbs as relucere and renidere to shine or flash back, rebodre to bellow back, resondre to echo, resound. In many cases the idea of force is present, as in reflectere to bend back, repellere to drive back, reprimere to force back, rescindere to cut back; hence arises the sense of resistance, as in reluctdri to struggle against, repugndre to fight against, reclamdre to cry out against, recusdre to refuse. Occasionally the sense passes into that of ‘away’, as in removere to move back or away, revellers to pull away or off. b. ‘Back to the original place or position’, as in recondere, reponere, restituere, etc. to put back, replace; freq. implying ‘back to one’s hands or possession’, as in recipere to take back, redimere to buy back, rependere to pay back, resumere to take back. c. ‘Again’, ‘anew’, originally in cases implying restoration to a previous state or condition, and frequently occurring as a secondary sense in verbs of the two classes already mentioned; further examples are recredre to create again, reficere to make again, reformdre to form again, renovdre to make new again, refrtgescere to grow cold again, revirescere to grow green again. This naturally passes into cases where the action itself is done a second time, as recoquere to cook or bake again, refricdre to rub again, regenerdre to produce again, retractdre to handle again, etc. This class of words is largely augmented in later Latin, as resedificdre to build again, rebaptizdre to baptize again, etc. Many of these later compounds have been adopted in English, and have chiefly supplied the models for the new formations illustrated in §5, d. In some cases re- has the same force as Eng. un-, implying an undoing of some previous action, as in recingere to ungird, recludere to unclose, to open, refigere to unfix, resigndre to unseal, reveldre to unveil. More rarely it expresses direct negation, as in reprobdre to disapprove of. e. ‘Back in a place’, i.e. ‘from going forward’, with verbs of keeping or holding, as retinere to hold back, religdre to tie back or up, refrendre to rein back, reprehendere to (seize and) keep back; or ‘without going on or forward’ with verbs of rest, as remanere, residere, restdre to stay or stop behind, requiescere to stay quiet, etc. Other shades of this sense appear in relinquere to leave behind, reservdre to keep back, store up. Even in Latin the precise sense of re~ is not always clear, and in many words the development of secondary meanings tends greatly to obscure its original force. This loss of distinct meaning is naturally increased in English, when the word has been adopted in a sense more dr less remote from the strict etymological significance of the two elements which compose it. In many cases the simple word to which the prefix is attached is wanting in English; in others a change of sound or shifting of stress frequently assists in disguising its original sense. In the Romance languages, as in later Latin, extensive use was made of re- as a prefix in verbs and verbal derivatives, and some of the words thus formed are among the earliest which were adopted in English, the immediate source being OF. To these and later adoptions from French belong many of the commonest words beginning with re-, as rebate, rebound, rebuke, rebut, recoil, redress, refresh, regain, regard, regret, remark, etc.

3. Words formed with the prefix re- first make their appearance in English about the year 1200. In the Ancren Riwle, the first text in which such forms are prominent, there occur recluse, recoil, record, relief, religion, religious, and remission. Towards the end of the century Robert of Gloucester uses rebel, receit, release, relic, relief, remue, repent, restore, revest. In the 14th c. the stock is largely increased, especially in the writings of Langland, Chaucer, Wyclif, and Trevisa, and by the year 1400 the number in common literary use is very considerable. During the 15th c. the additions are of less importance, but about the middle of the i6th an extensive adoption of Latin forms or types begins; the French element at this time is small in comparison, though it includes some important words. Towards the end of the i6th c. re- begins to rank as an ordinary English prefix, chiefly employed with words of Latin origin, but also freely prefixed to native verbs, a practice rare before this period, though Wyclif, Trevisa, and others have renew (after L. renovdre). Such formations, however, are common in Elizabethan writers; Shakespeare has recall, regreet (frequent), relive, requicken, resend, respeak, restem, retell (thrice), and reword, and many others occur in contemporary literature, as rebuild, recast, refind, reflow, regather, etc. Since 1600 the use of the prefix has been very extensive, though the number of

individual formations appears to have been smaller in the i8th century than in the 17th and 19th. The rapidly increasing use of re- in the early part of the 17th c. is strongly marked in the dictionaries of Florio and Cotgrave, both of whom freely invent forms with this prefix to render Italian or French words which begin with it. Many of these reappear at a later date, and most of them might be formed again at any time: the following may be quoted as specimens of those which have obtained little or no currency in later writers. 1598 Florio, Rabbellimento, a .. rebeauetifying. Rimeritare, to remerit or deserue againe. 1611 Raccordare,.. to reaccord. Ricapricciare, to re-affright. Ricombattere, to recombat or fight againe. Ricompire, to recomplish or end againe. Riboccare, to re-enbogue, to re¬ mouth. Rimaledittione, a remalediction. Rimolltre,.. to remollifie, to resoften. Risperso, resprinckled. Ristoppare, to restop, to stop againe. 1611 CoTGR., Rabuser, to re-abuse. Reaffranchi, reaffranchised. Reblandir, to re-blandish. Redaigner, to redaign. Rabituer, to .. reinure.

4. a. In English formations, whether on native or Latin bases, re- is almost exclusively employed in the sense of ‘again’; the few exceptions to this have been directly suggested by existing Latin compounds, as recall after L. revocdre. In one or other application of this sense, re- may be prefixed to any English verb or verbal derivative, as rearrange, rearranger, rearrangement', reignite, reignitible, reignition', resaddle, resaddling', resettlement, etc. In all words of this type the prefix is pronounced with a clear e (ri:), and frequently with a certain degree of stress, whereas in words of Latin or Romanic origin the vowel is usually obscured or shortened, as in repair (ri'p63(r)), reparation (reps'reijan). In this way double forms arise, with difference of meaning, which in writing are usually distinguished by hyphening the prefix, as recoil and re-coil, recover and re-cover, recreate and re-create. The hyphen is also frequently employed even where there is no doublet, when emphasis is laid on the idea of repetition, as bind and re-bind, or when the main element begins with a vowel; before e it is usual to insert the hyphen, as re-emerge, re-enter, re-estimate, the use of the dijeresis, as reemerge, reenter, being much less frequent. There is naturally a greater tendency to give full stress to the prefix when the simple word precedes the compound, as in make and re-make^ state and re-state’, this may also happen, but in a less degree, in cases where re- does not mean ‘again’, as act and react.

b. Re- is occasionally doubled or even trebled (usually with hyphens inserted) to express further repetition of an action, but this practice is rarely adopted in serious writing, although reis readily prefixed to words of which it already forms the first element, as re-recover, re-reform. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 3 April 1775 Re-rere-tried the drill. Not yet compleat! 1838 Moore Mem. (1856) VII. 218 A late publication (or rather re-re¬ publication of Bowles’s). 1844 Southey Life Andrew Bell II. 483,1 have read, re-read, and re-re-read your dedication. 1885 G. B. Shaw Let. 14 Dec. (1965) I. 146, I re-return the cheque, and if you re-re-return it I will re-re-re-return it again. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 526, I rererepugnosed in rererepugnant. 1954 New Biol. XVI. 43 Under the title ‘Vital Blarney’..! reviewed, or to be pedantic I re-rereviewed, Bernal’s book The Physical Basis of Life.

5. The extent to which this prefix was employed in English during the 19th c., and especially during the latter half of it, makes it impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use. The number of these is practically infinite, but they nearly all belong to one or other of three classes, which are illustrated by the quotations given below. The first of these is also abundantly represented in formations of the 17th and i8th centuries, which are entered in their alphabetical places. a. Prefixed to ordinary verbs of action (chiefly transitive) and to derivatives from these, sometimes denoting that the action itself is performed a second time, and sometimes that its result is to reverse a previous action or process, or to restore a previous state of things (cf. 2 c), e.g. re-abolish vb., -alliance, -apportion vb., -apportionment, -bandage vb., -beam vb., -biff vb., -break vb., -cable vb., -calibrate vb., -calibration, -canalization, -canalize vb., -canvass vb., -carve vb., -centrifuge vb., -certification, -certify vb., -chromatograph vb., chromatography, -clean vb., -clone vb. (hence -cloning vbl. sb.), -codify vb., -conceptualiza¬ tion, -conceptualize vb., -configure vb., -conscript vb., contamination, -contrast vb., -cool vb. (hence -cooling vbl. sb.), -debit vb., -decontaminate vb., -decontamination, -de¬ marcation, -differentiate vb., -differentiation, -enrich vb., -enrichment, -equilibrate vb., -equilibration, -estimate vb. and sb., -evocation.

RE-exploration, -explore vb., -expose vb., -fabricate vb., -feature vb., -fecundate vb., -flush vb., -foliate vb., -foliation, -format vb., -forward vb. (hence -forwarding vbl. sb.), -incubate vb., -infarction, -initialize vb., -input vb., -intensify vb., -isolate vb., -license vb., -list vb., -lubricate vb., -mapping vbl. sb., -nucleation, -orchestrate vb., -orchestration, -origination, -originator, -pattern vb. (hence -patterning vbl. sb.), -peg vb. (hence -pegging vbl. sb.), -phosphorylate vb., -pile vb., -postpone vb., -proportion vb., -proportioning vbl. sb., -punch vb., -pyunctuation, -rat vb., -recovery, -remember vb., -remembrance, -riddle vb., -scrutinize vb., -scrutiny, -sex vb., -sexing vbl. sb., -shade vb., -show vb. (hence -showing vbl. sb.), -stack vb., -stage vb., -structuration, -suspend vb., -suspension, -suture vb. and sb., -synthesis, -synthesize vb., -tailor vb., -target vb., -tightening vbl. sb., -time vb., -triangulate, vb., -triangulation, -uptake, -walk vb., -winded ppl. a., -zip vb. With nouns of action the force of the prefix may frequently be rendered by ‘second’ or ‘new’, and on the analogy of these words it has sometimes been used in this sense with other sbs., as re-charter, re-invoice. 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. III. ix. 135 To induce him to *reabandon his original belief. 1963 Auden Dyer's Hand 461 The distinction between the things of God and the things of Caesar is *reabolished. 1879 Temple Bar Mag. Oct. 252 With a view to their *reacclimatisation in Switzerland. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet Owlst. 164 Mr. Page was too discreet to *readjudicate the matter. 1885 Law Rep. Weekly Notes 151/2 Each lot will be sold subject to •re¬ admeasurement. 1847 Webster, •Realliance. 1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. Mar. 137 Their [sc. neo-Freudians’] realliance will contribute something to the explanation of the latter theory. 1883 Knowledge 6 July 6/2 When the metal becomes dull, •reamalgamation is necessary. 1874 Sully Sensation & Intuition 80, I regret having overlooked this •reannouncement of Mr. Bain’s views. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 103 To •reapportion the supply of labor. 1967 M.E. Jewell Legislative Representation in Contemp. South v. 124 The Kentucky legislature was one of the first to reapportion both houses substantially on a population basis. 1971 C. A. Auerbach in N. W. Polsby Reapportionment in 1970s ii. 90 All state legislatures will be reapportioned according to the principle of one vote, one value. 1884 Fortn. Rev. Nov. 707 The •reapportionment of electoral power. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 June 476/4 There should be a reapportionment of seats. 1974 Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 19 Apr. i b/i Members of the House-Senate conference committee asked .. for free conference power that would allow them to re¬ write district lines in the House reapportionment bill. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xlii. (1856) 394 Acting as checks or wedges to prevent their *reapposition and cementation. 1821 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XCVI. 195 The reexamination and *reappreciation of the assertions. 1880 Nichol Byron 84 His frequent resolutions, made, •re¬ asseverated, and broken. 1802-12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) HI. 285 The force of expansion and contraction (repulsion and •re-attraction). 1920 C. H. Stagg High Speed X. 180 Dan helped him *rebandage his hands. 1979 Sunday Express 28 Jan. 3/8 Within an hour of starting that wound had been stitched and rebandaged. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey i. i, ‘I won’t have my hair curl’,.. •rebawled the beauty. 1919 E. Pound Quia pauper Amavi 16 The infant beams at the parent. The parent •re-beams at its ofiPspring. 1934 Blunden Choice or Chance 53 Ye men of England, hear the clarion. If Inferior nations biff you, them •rebiff. 1869 Eng. Mech. 31 Dec. 389/3 The wax is then, .•re-bleached. 1881 Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 375 A refurbishing and •rebrandishing of weapons. 1^5 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. 11. 943 And when the weather is bad these cocks are never •re-broken out, being only lightened up to let the air pass through them more freely. 1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. (1879) 8 These.. are broken and rebroken until the rock is reduced to dust. 1905 Daily Chron. 31 July 4/7 The leg was badly set, and had to be re-broken. 1943 V. Sackville-west Eagle ^ Dove i. xv. 89 Her left arm..had had to be re¬ broken and re-set most painfully several times. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. iii. 74 The •re-bursting forth.. of the pacificated cities. 1908 Daily Chron. 7 Apr. 1/7 Chicago, Monday... This afternoon.. an alleged interview with Hackenschmidt is •re-cabled from a London newspaper. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl., •Recalibrate. 1971 Nature 6 Aug. 391/2 We are currently recalibrating our Dobson ozone spectrophotometers. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 34/3 In the 1980’s shuttle-recoverable instruments that can be recalibrated and still better instruments in high orbit may answer the questions. 1911 Webster, •Recalibration. 1977 Nature 6 Jan. 18/1 Node markers, .can thus easily be reset by 93 yr periodic recalibration observations of maximum northerly midwinter full moonrise azimuth. 1961 R. D. Baker Essent. Path. v. 82 New blood vessels form in the lumen (•recanalization). 1943 Amer. Speech XVHI. 222 General semantics.. is offered as a means of •recanalizing those responses.. that cause morbid over-excitation of the nervous system. 1962 Punch 12 Sept. 366/2 Water conservation.. to the extent of recanalising the water. 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. 11. iii. xxvi. 329 The twelve men .. •re-canvassing for their own mental satisfaction the fine points made by Mason. 1880 E. Oppert Forbid. L. iv. no Serious efforts for their recovery or •recaptivation. 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker 4 Men remembered this rhyme, and pled that it should be •recarven. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iv. i. 417 Tycho Brahe.. •re-catalogued the stars. 1956 Nature 7 Jan. 45/2 The homogeneous supernatant was •recentrifuged once or twice. 1976 Ibid. 15 Jan. 114/2 The supernatant was recentrifuged at 20,ooog for 10 min. 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 217/2 The effect of •re-certificating a man who has been dishonest. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport i. 20 Maintenance facilities may be very lirnited, problems of major overhaul and *recertification being handled by sale of a vehicle to a dealer who provides a reconditioned vehicle in part exchange. 1978 Jrn/. R. Soc.

reLXXI. 13 Such developments.. could be more effective and acceptable than some form of periodic recertification in maintaining standards in practice. 1934 Webster, ‘Recertify. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 17 July 11/3 The Israelis were recertifying their credentials as a people of almost unbelievable resourcefulness and courage. 1977^^0^ R. Soc. Medicine LXX. 58/2 Only the American Board of Family Practice is putting the idea into practice by an MCQ recertifying exam from October 1976. 1863 N. & Q. 3rd Ser. III. 218 Jupiter..was ‘re-chiselled into St. * Rechromatograph [see rechromatography]. 194° Amer. Scientist XXXVI. 511 If either of these two zones is cut out, eluted, and rechromatographed on a fresh column, it will form a single zone. 1971 Nature 16 Apr. 456/2 After 24h dialysis against o-oi M phosphate buffer .. the residual fibre was rechromatographed, the peak fractions were pooled and reduced to a final volume of i ml. *945 Biol. Chem. CLVII. 327 ‘Rechromatography was usual, especially w'hen tw'o zones were bordering upon one another. In such instances they were cut out as one and rechromatographed. 1950 L. Zechmeister Progress in Chromatogr. xii. 162 The peptides were characterized by the ratio, total nitrogen/amino nitrogen. Such ratios observed were not altered by rechromatography. 1978 Nature 14 Dec. 735/2 Rechromatography on Sephadex G-50 gave only a single peak. 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria. B.C.) 29 Oct. 8/1 (Advt.), Fine ‘re-cleaned currants. 1960 Farmer ^ Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 5/1 The following are wholesale prices for recleaned seed per cwt ex-store unless otherwise stated. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 437 The catheter must be thoroughly ‘recleansed. 1971 Nature 30 July 313/2 Six clones were mixed (Gd" /Gd^), two of these were ‘recloned, and 106 out of 107 of these sub-clones showed either Gd^ or Gd^ while one was again mixed. 1962 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XXVII. 410 ‘Recloning of these clones gives rise to all converted clones. 1973 Listener 20 Dec. 846/3 We shall not avoid increasing dislocation., unless we can ‘recodify large areas of international behaviour. 1961 Webster, ‘Reconceptualization. 1973 Sci. Amer. Sept. 120/2 With a reconceptualization of the hospital as a therapeutic community.., many of the chronic inpatients were able to be returned to the community. 1977 Fontana & V^an de Water in Douglas & Johnson Existential Social, iii. 126 Understanding the world in this manner demands a thorough-going reconceptualization of our usual notions of truth and progress in knowledge. 1961 Webster, ‘Reconceptualize. 1977 A. Giddens Stud, in Social Polit. Theory ii. 118 Let us at this juncture reconceptualize 'structure’ as referring to generative rules and resources that are both applied in and constituted out of action. 1884 Laic Times LXXVII. 331/2 The Divisional Courts have been ‘re-condemned. 1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. xxxi. 313 The viewer of the TV mosaic, with technical control of the image, unconsciously *re-configures the dots into an abstract work of art. 1946 L. B. Lyon Rough Walk Home 17 Only his singular, ‘re¬ conscripted breath Could fan to a purpose all that pyre his death. 1961 Webster, ‘Recontamination. 1962 Economist 19 May 706/2 The gas must be protected against re¬ contamination through leaks. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 187 The gas used must be extremely pure if immediate re-contamination of the surface is to be avoided. 1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xlviii. 160 In connection with the Brest-Litovsk treaty [Lenin] ‘recontrasted those who were ‘revolutionaries out of sentiment’ with ‘real revolutionaries’. 1934 Webster, ‘Recool. 1969 Gloss. Terms Water Cooling Towers {B.S.I.) 5 Recooled water temperature, average temperature of the circulating water entering the basin. 1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity v. 93 These nucleation centres are remarkably stable—they often survive the heating of the specimen to room temperature and subsequent ‘recooling. 1862 T. A. Trollope Marietta II. xii. 205 Corrected and ‘recorrected sheets, i860 Farrar Orig. Lang. iii. 60 ‘Re-corrupted into a purely mechanical word. 1836 Fraser's Mag. XIII. 306 Will the recognition of the independence of Buenos Ayres.. ‘recrowd its abandoned harbours? 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 432 Sent back.. to the first pair of rolls for ‘recrushing. 1934 ^S. W. Rowland Hughes-Onslow's Lawyer's Man. Book-keeping (ed. 3) i. 9 The bank, for its part and from its point of view, credited when the cheque was paid in. Consequently when the cheque is found to be worthless, it ‘redebits. 1968 Lebende Sprachen XIII. 87/2 The bank may redebit the account. 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 418 He consented to ‘re-decimate those on whom the lot had fallen. 1815 Jane Austen Emma i. ix. He re-urged—she ‘re-declined. 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! vi. 187, I do not think that she [5f. the Ship of State] was ever.. ‘‘redecontaminated’. Ibid. i. 21 The answer from high places was: ‘A process of ‘redecontamination would be advisable.’ 1969 P.E.N. IX. 48 He recalled that at the beginning of the 1939 War the use of the word ‘contaminate’ for a gas attack had seemed comic, particularly when it involved ‘decontamination’ and ‘redecontamination’ stations. 1938 Times 17 Jan. 11/5 The chief violations [of the Soviet constitution] have been the ‘redemarcation of internal frontiers and the formation of new territorial and administrative units, i960 Observer 20 Mar. 1/4 The Ghana Government claimed that 14 people arrested last week .. had conspired to conduct a campaign of violence and civil disturbance there to provoke ‘foreign intervention’ and the redemarcation of frontiers. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. 572 He ‘redeserts, and offers to negotiate for return of colonies to allegiance. 1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry II. 76 [A panegyric which] has not been ‘redeserved by any subsequent poet. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xv. §119 (1875) 335 Meanwhile each of these differentiated tissues is‘re-differentiated. 1911 Cornh. Mag. Apr. 497 It is as if John Brown on his death-bed were to have his tissues pass into a state of flux, and then get simpler and simpler, until you would have to say, This is no longer a man, but merely a mass of man’s protoplasm, and as if finally this mass were to redifferentiate up again. i960 New Biol. XXXI. 90 A second possibility is that tissue cells undergo an apparent de-differentiation to form the young regenerate or the bud but, like cells in tissue culture, retain their tissue specificity and later re-differentiate into tissues of the same kind as those from which they came. 1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 182 He must again re-differentiate these boundaries. 1889 Cent. Diet., ‘Redifferentiation. 1921 Discovery Feb. 28/2 Such a process, which we may style dedifferentiation followed by redifferentiation, is clear

249 evidence of the possibility of reversing development, i960 New Biol. XXXI. 89 Some cells. . normally change their shapes and functions in the fulfilment of their proper roles in the organism’s economy. Such reversible changes have been called ‘modulations’ by Weiss, and the distinction between them and more profound re-differentiations may seem rather arbitrary. 1875 Blackmore Alice Lorraine II. xxiii. 315 The British army,.. sternly ‘redisciplined, was eager to bound forward. 1807 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. XI. 353 The first expedition.. was embarked, disembarked, reembarked, ‘re-disembarked, about ten times in ten months. 1811-31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 261 No counting, no collection, no ‘re-display, is necessary. 1856 Q. Rev. XCIX. 396 We are not going to ‘re-disseetthe ‘Essais’. 1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 623 The gold has been •redissolved and reprecipitated. 1872 4th Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. II The ‘re-docketing and revival books. 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 87 Malt that has suffered injury.. will not be recovered by ‘redrying it. 1879 Macm. Mag. XL. 135 The opportunities of ‘re-earning a character. 1811-31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 225 Recession out of or ‘re-emanation from it. 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 374 The torpid creatures..‘re-empowered with life. 1815 Zeluca III. 212 Zeluca devoted all her attention to ‘reengrossing him. 1823 Bentham Not Paul 376 Peter imprisoned, enlarged, recommitted, examined, and ‘reenlarged. 1951 Sci. Amer. Nov. 18/2 The gas is. .cycled back into the reservoir several times to be ‘re-enriched. 1976 Ibid. Dec. 33/3 If the uranium is to be returned to the gaseous-diffusion plants for ‘reenrichment, it is converted into uranium hexafluoride. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 65 Let us ‘re-enumerate them. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 27/1 Once an igneous rock has completely solidified, however, the absence of a fluid phase and the reduction of temperature make it very difficult for the minerals to ‘re-equilibrate to new assemblages which would be stable at lower temperatures. 1869 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. 283 The ‘re-equilibration of constitution and conditions. 1970 G. Germani in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. xvi. 591 It satisfied their need for re-equilibration through the emphasis on ‘order, discipline, hierarchy’, and through the demobilization of the lower classes. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 33/1 The process of re-equilibration .. is materially aided by the introduction of water in the environment of weathering. 1851 C. L. Smith tr. Tasso ii. Ixxxix, His reasoning in these words he ‘re-essayed. 1934 W’ebster, ‘Re-estimate, v.t. 1952 S. Spender Shelley 44 Not so much a ‘re-estimate, as a restoring of some sort of balance. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Analysis ix. 89 An alternative is to insert the actual (or re-estimated) times. 1924 S. Joyce in J. Joyce Lett. (1966) III. 104 This ‘re-evocation and exaggeration of detail by detail and the spiritual dejection which accompanies them are purely in the spirit of the confessional. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics 138 The re¬ evocation of the repressed memory, though painful like an incision, cured the sufferer. 1812 J. Henry Camp. agst. Quebec 195 It often ‘re-exhilarates my mind to remember the occurrences. 1804-6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 282 A writer has no such, .power of ‘re-explaining them. *977 Ptoc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 One ‘re-exploration was done over the same period as 36 cholecystectomies overall. 1933 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXLII. 350 For this reason we have not ‘re-explored this region, since we could not hope to detect the presence of groups of such weak intensity. *977 Pj'oc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 Over the same period another 22 patients were reexplored after operation elsewhere. 1946 Nature 28 Dec. 946/1 The slides are located in their former position and ‘re-exposed. 1950 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past (ed. 2) 264 A Final wet phase, of a very minor character re-exposes by stream erosion the levels containing Middle Stone Age. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 301 The Portuguese.. first made the power of Europe ‘re¬ extend over the realms of Asia, a 1942 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory of Culture (1944) 164 In a small farcical form, such a charter has been ‘refabricated in the Blut und Boden doctrine of modern Naziism. 1976 Dumfries ^ Galloway Standard 25 Dec. 12/2 The policy favoured at present is to re-process all nuclear fuel in a few politically-stable countries, return the re-fabricated fuel to the country of origin, and retain the wastes for ‘safe’ storage. 1846 Landor Hellenics Wks. 1846 II. 485 With blood enough will I ‘re¬ fascinate The cursed incantation. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 554 The face of Martin Cunningham, bearded, ‘refeatures Shakespeare’s beardless face. 1957 L. Durrell Jujiiwe iii. 199 The resonance of this one phrase ‘refecundated his powers of feeling. 1898 Mag. Art Feb. 220 Firing and ‘refiring the bronze with different acids. 1882 St. James's Gaz. 24 June ii/i The same offender has., become liable to be ‘reflogged. 1880 ‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xlvii. 495 The tints remained during several minutes, .paling almost away for a moment, then re-flushing, —a shifting, restless, unstable succession of soft opaline gleams. 1937 Discovery Aug. 246/2 Wintering, ‘refoliating, flowering, and seeding. 1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Feb. 143/1 The Book of Durrow .. was taken to pieces,.. rearranged, refoliated, repaired, reconditioned and.. superbly rebound. 1956 Nature 31 Mar. 619/2 Oidium heveae is most prominent in Malaya at the time of ‘refoliation after ‘wintering’ of the trees. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xii. 398 Defoliation is often complete and is followed by refoliation. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 200 He quenches his thirst as he ‘re-fords the stream. 1967 E. R. Lannon in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer iv. 88 The user may initially employ his own Preprocessor to edit and ‘reformat his data. *973 Computers ^ Humanities VII. 214 The cards were built onto a disk file by a program that reformatted the material into fixed-length records. 1911 Mrs. H. Ward Case of Richard Meynell xxiii. 484 Hester’s telegram, sent originally to Upcote and ‘reforwarded, had reached Meynell in Paris. 1957 M. Lowry Let. 29 Apr. (1967) 407 Your letter of March 12.. Cape sent it back to Canada again, so that it had to get reforwarded again from B.C. before I received it. 1947 J. Hilton So well Remembered iv. 265 George’s last two letters had never reached Charles... (They did arrive, eventually, after a series of fantastic ‘reforwardings.) 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 131 ‘Refurl the sails. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 411 The Warehouse-keeper.. issues a Note for ‘re-gauging in the following form. 1884 Athenseum 9 Feb. 191/3 The ‘rehanging of the Turner pictures .. is now completed. 1853 Clough Poems, etc. (1869) I. 359 note. The word spoom.. seems hardly to deserve ‘re-impatriation. 1962 H. L. Kern

REet al. in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 386 The lenses were subsequently removed, dipped in saline containing antibiotics, and ‘reincubated at 37°C. 1863 Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 497 To *re-indorse old quotations in compliance with custom. 1961 Lancet 22 July 213/2 Absence of‘reinfarction. 1972 Computers ^ Humanities VI. 282 As before, the user must establish output procedures and appropriate tests for upper and lower limits and ‘reinitialize counters. 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. vi. 246 It is very easy to make the mistake of transferring back to the start of the loop, forgetting to re-initialize variables when it is required. 1964 C. Dent Quantity Surveying by Computer vi. 88 The items are queried and ‘re¬ input, except for zero items, which will not be required to appear in the bill in any case. 1967 J. D. Dews in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer ii. 24 The tape .. can then be corrected and re-input to correct the file. 1872 Bushnell Serm. Living Subj. 281 To be unsphered here and ‘reinsphered in a promised life. 1826 W. Irving in Life ^ Lett. (1864) IV. 403, I have, as usual, intended and ‘reintended to write to you. 1963 Daily Tel. i Nov. 14/2 To these torments must be added that of ‘reintensified bombing. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset ix. 133 Reintensify if added contrast is required. 1868 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. III. xxxiv. 255 Nothing less than the ‘reintervention of the Deity was thought adequate. 1871 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) II. vii. iv. 356 The Space.. in which the ‘re-intuition or imagination of things occurs. 1946 Nature 14 Sept. 379/1 Leaf infection of onion seedlings was obtained by ascospore inoculation, and the fungus was ‘re-isolated from the lesions. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol, of Plants xi. 348 The bacterial agent must be re¬ isolated from the experimentally infected plant. Ibid., The re-isolated micro-organism and that originally inoculated must be tested for identity. 1934 Webster, ‘Relicense. a 1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) HI. 870,1 then said that we must break this relicensing operation into two stages. 1977 Times ii Oct. 4/3 Dr Lemon.. did not favour relicensing all pilots who had suffered heart attacks. 1963 Times 29 May "jjz The practice of ‘stop-listing’, ‘delisting’, and then ‘‘relisting’ areas can be a powerful deterrent to industrialists. 1976 Times 25 Oct. 14/7 Save in cases of nullity, the jurisdiction to relist depended on the likelihood of an injustice having been done. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes x. 474 Old grease should be removed and the gears ‘re-lubricated every one million impressions. 1882 Knowledge No. 16. 332 He.. reduces the image.. and then shows it by ‘re-magnification. 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. viii. 99/1 A detailed ‘remapping of the area will reveal the importance of deep pre-Second Period weathering. 1878 F. S. Williams Midi. Railw. 359 Being ‘re-marshalled as empties for the down traffic. 1859 F. Mills in Athenaeum 9 July 49 Ere the shining valves ‘remeet. 1881 H. Phillips tr. Chamisso's Faust 19 Thy empty sounds..‘Re-mirror all the shadows of thy brain. 1861 Lytton & Fane Tannhduser 34 That.. ‘Remultiplies the praise of what is good. 1863 Lytton Caxtoniana I. 160 In proportion as he is always ‘renourishing his genius. 1933 H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come iii. 261 The need for a planned ‘‘renucleation’ in the social magma that arose out of this dissolution. 1934-Exper. Autobiogr. II. vii. 481 Socialism, if it is anything more than a petty tinkering with economic relationships is a renucleation of society. 1881 Athenaeum 18 June 824/3 A considerable portion of the work was ‘re-orchestrated. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 13 May 4/3 The ‘Marseillaise’ has just been reorchestrated by order of the Minister of War. 1975 NettJ Yorker 19 May 85/1 It seems to me that the actual personalities and events of the Nez Perce war were possibly even more interesting.. than were the respectfully created counterparts.. reorchestrated for us today. 1940 L. MacNeice Poems 251 Smuggling over the frontier Of fact a sense of value, Metabolism of death, ‘Reorchestration of world. 1975 New Yorker 16 June 97/1 In the late sixties, the opera was quite often given .. but always in an edition by Claudio Abbado marred by many cuts, by some reorchestration, and, most gravely, by the recasting of Romeo as a tenor. 1854 Thoreau Walden 163, I occasionally observed that he was thinking for himself and expressing his own opinion, a phenomenon so rare that I would any day walk ten miles to observe it, and it amounted to the ‘re-origination of many of the institutions of society. 1832 J. S. Mill Let. 22 Oct. in Coll. Wks. (1963) XII. 128 They were the ‘reoriginators of any belief among us. 1935 L. MacNeice Poems 32 The basic facts ‘repatterned without pause. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics x. 246 The gene-complex has a holistic or integrative action of its own, a capacity to undergo changes, to adjust itself to a ‘repatterning of its constituent elements. 1972 Guardian 28 Oct. 24 It is open to Mr Barber .. to ‘repeg the pound at an exchange rate far above the level to which it has now fallen. 1978 N. Y. Times 30 Mar. Di/6 The yen .. has actually been revalued upward by 38.43 percent since it was repegged at the Smithsonian rate of 308 to the dollar in December 1971. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 12 July 14/5 Accompanied by rumors .. of a possible ‘‘repegging’ at its old ratio of between $4.86 and $4.87, the British pound sterling declined today.. to its lowest point in more than a year. 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. vi. 182 {caption) An enzyme at the inner boundary ‘rephosphorylates the diglyceride to phosphatidic acid, in interaction with ATP. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvii. 638 The ADP is then rephosphorylated via various sugar-phosphates and the oxidation of glycogen. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. HI. 400 ‘Re-photographing this positive and ruled screen together. 1877 Nature 27 Sept. 468/2 In ‘repiling and reheating this iron several times this defective appearance is gradually removed. 1947 Penguin New Writing XXX. 104 The lame boy stayed behind and helped me re-pile the tins. 1884 St. Nicholas XI. 379 They begin at once to ‘repitch their tent. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 112 The.. monopolist slowly and blankly ‘repocket-booked his authorities. 1956 D. Gascoyne Night Thoughts 37 To swell the roar that rises with each climax ‘repostponed. 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 83 The wheat thus pounded was ‘re-pounded and sifted. 1828 Lights & Shades II. 87, I heard a shot.. and saw a fellow with his gun ‘reprepared. 1813 T. Busby Lucretius II. iv. Comm, xxviii, Before the sound can be ‘re¬ propagated from that point, a 1878 Sir G. Scott Recoil, iii. (1879) 172 ‘Re-proportioning it with reference to its earlier form. 19167 Karch & Buber Offset Processes iv. 125 Modification is possible to condense, expand,.. reproportion height and width. 1969 P. L. Berger Rumor of Angels V. 121 The openness and the ‘reproportioning this

REattitude entails have a moral significance, even a political significance, of no mean degree. 1857 Toulmin Smith Parish 136 Its adoption cannot be *re-proposed under a year’s time. 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 194/2 At noon the *repuddling was completed. 1833 Keble in Newman s Lett. (1891) I. 453 Their continual puffing and *repuffing each other. 1963 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Decimal Currency xiv. 138 Ancillary machine costs:.. *re-punching card and tape records. 1965 Math, in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) ll. 48 A start has now been made on re-punching the British Columbia marriage records for 1946-55 in a form suitable for testing such a system. 1887 G. B. Shaw Let. 7 Feb. (1965) I. 162 The American printer., has taken upon himself the *repunctuation of ‘Cashel Byron’. 1966 Mod. Lang. Q. Sept. 256, I was, I believe, responsible for most of the detailed examination of poems in A Survey of Modernist Poetry—ior example showing the complex implications of Sonnet 129 before its eighteenth-century repunctuations. 1804 Eugenia de Acton Tale without Title III. 87 ‘Then you think .. that Mr. Conyers is to be married to-morrow!’ •requestioned Mrs. Lambert. 1807 J- Barlow Columb. viii. 323 To tongue mute misery, and •re-rack the soul With crimes. 1815 Mary Frampton Jrnl. (1885) 246 If [Talleyrand] has refused to *re-rat. 1975 D. W. S. Hunt On Spot iv. 54 As I heard him say over the lunch table once, ‘to rat is difficult; to re-rat.. ’ and he broke off as though to show that to find a description of a second change of party was beyond even his eloquence, i860 Capt. Denham in Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 263 [We] •re-rated chronometers. 1891 H. Spencer 54 This violent reaction will be followed by a •re-reaction. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel iii. 136 Its provinces rebelled, and •re-rebelled. 1882 H. S. Holland Logic Life (ed. 3) 129 In token of his •re-recognised allegiance. 1938 Times 22 Jan. 5/1 The prospects of a •rerecovery in the United States. 1837 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) IV. 248 We must have a •re-reformed one. 1810 Southey in Q. Rev. III. 451 No expression of regret escapes the •re-regenerated sinner. 1884 H. Spencer in Contemp. ReiK July 30 A very reasonable rejoinder this seems until there comes the *re-rejoinder. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 671 With greater difficulty remembered, forgot with ease, with misgiving *reremembered. 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 24 For we are on the brink of •re-remembrance. 1861 Wheat & Tares 284 He would repent and •re-repent, and die the same. 1891 H. Spencer Justice 47 Such acts of revenge and •re-revenge. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iii. ii. 268 We can even see the •re-reversal of the lines already reversed. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 133 But my riddle! he said. What opera is like a railway?—Opera? Mr. O’Madden Burke’s sphinx face •reriddled. 1875 Ruskin Fors Clav. 1. V. 29 Needlessly •re¬ routing myself in the old [ground]. 1897 P. Warung Tales Old Regime 148 The Comptroller •re-scans the parchment and the application-form. 1973 Nature 6 Apr. 377/1 The role of postgraduate students may well be •rescrutinized. 1963 Punch 6 Feb. 182/3 T'he whole business.. deserved •re-scrutiny. 1809 Char, in Ann. Reg. 734/1 An incessant succession of conscious sensations of •re-sensations. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 172 Only seventy-five.. were •resentenced to the convict prisons. 1884 Harper's Mag. Aug. 431/1 Henry has.. •resepulchred the Confessor’s bones. 1869 Bushnell Worn. Suffrage v. 89 The •re-sexing of their sex, they knew to be impossible. 1955 Auden Shield of Achilles ii. 45 Re-sex the pronouns, add a few details. 1951 L. MacNeice tr. Goethe's Faust i. 14 The little god of the world, one can’t reshape, •reshade him. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. i. ii, He •re¬ shakes hands with Twemlow. 01849 j- C. Mangan Poems (1859) 128 When spring *reshowers her beams on the plains. 1961 Webster, Reshow. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 May 620/5 Pabst’s maligned film, which is still frequently •reshown. 1977 Listener 24 Mar. sSsIz Most programmes are not re-shown. 1976 K. Benton Single Monstrous Act iii. 17 Let’s go and see that film at the local. It’s a •re-showing of The Godfather. 1820 Coleridge Lett. (1895) II. 709 A horrid appetite of •re-skinning himself. 1873 Bennett & ‘Cavendish’ Billiards 6 When the red was holed it was •re¬ spotted. 1822-34 Good’s Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 534 The superincumbent hairs falling off and never •resprouting. e wombe oway he bare, c 1450 Holland Howlat 839 He cryid: ‘Allace.. revyn is my reid! I am vngraciously gorrit, baith guttis and gall!’ 1601 Holland Pliny I. 342 All creatures hauing a Stomack or Read, are not without a belly vnder it. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (1676) 84 That is that which Anatomists call, Omasum, and our Butchers, the Read. 1701 Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. v. 29 Most of those [animals] which have no upper Teeth, or none at all; have Three Stomachs: As in Beasts, the Panch, the Read and the Feck. 1782 A. Monro Compar. Anat. (ed. 3) 40 From this it passes into the fourth [stomach],.. or the red, which is the name it commonly has because of its colour. 1808 Jamieson s.v., A calf sreid, the fourth stomach of a calf, used for runnet or earning. 1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. ii/i The food is finally deposited in the fourth stomach, the abomasum . .or reed. 1886 W. Barnes Dorset Gloss., Read. attrib. a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present {lyyi) 191 Get four pounds of reed tripe. 1895 Daily News 13 Dec. 8/1 Such technical particulars (to be understanded by butchers only) as ‘weights of suet, caul, and reed fat’.

read (ri:d), sb.^ [f. read v.] An act of perusal; a spell of reading; also Sc.y a loan of a book, etc., for the purpose of reading it. transf.y something for reading, esp. with ref. to its value as entertainment or information (freq. with qualifying adj.). 1825 Jamieson Suppl. s.v., Will ye gie me a read of that book? 1838 Thackeray Hist. Sam. Titmarsh x, When I arrived and took., my first read of the newspaper. 1862 Darwin in Life (1887) II. 391, I have just finished, after several reads, your paper. 1870 Lowell Stud. Wind. 39 A good solid read..into the small hours. 1902 J. Milne Epistles Atkins i. 8 The soldiers.. have ‘another good read’. 1958 Observer 9 Feb. 15/3 A.G.’s usual solid, lively read. 1961 John o' London's 21 Sept. 327/3 My Friend Sandy can be hugely recommended.. as a pleasantly light, bright sophisticated read. 1963 T. Parker Unknown Citizen v. 136 He’d come back to the prison, had his tea, and gone to bed to lie down and have a read. 1975 L. Trilling in Times Lit. Suppl. (1976) 5 Mar. 250/4 Was she [rc. Jane Austen] perhaps to be thought of as nothing more than a good read? .. Now that we have before us that British locution, which Americans have lately taken to using, the question might be asked why the phrase should have come to express so much force of irony and condescension. 1977 J. I. M. Stewart Madonna of Astrolabe xviii. 256 Tamburlaine is a tolerable read... As a stage play it is pretty hopeless. 1981 Times 2 Mar. 12/6 The labels are informative to the point of saturation. If you do not like the wine, you might at least enjoy the read.

READ read (ri:d), v.

Pa. t. and pa. pple. read (red). Forms: Inf. i radan, (-on, rseddan, north, reda, reSa), 3 raeden(n), raden, 2-4 reden, 5 redyn; (and^res.) 2, 4rade, 3-6 rede, 5-6 reede. Sc. red, reid, 6 (8 Sc.) reed; (3) 6-7 reade, 6- read. (Also 3 sing. pres, i rset, 2-4 ret, 3 red, 3-4 rat.) Pa. t. I pi. reordun; i rabdde, 3-4, 6 radde, (4 rade), 4, 6 rad, (4 rat); i pi. red(d)on, 3, 6 (9) redd, 4 redde, 4-6 rede, 4-6 (7-8) red, 7- read. Pa. pple. i raeden, 4 reddynn, 6 readen; i raeded, 3-4 redd, 3-6 redde, (4 radde), 3-6 (7-8) red, 4 rede, 6 reed(e, 6- read; i jeredd, 3 ired, 3-4 irad, 4 iredde, yrade, 4-5 iradde. [Comm. Teut.: OE. rxdan = OFris. reda, OS. radan (MLG. raden, MDu. and Du. raden), OHG. ratan (MHG. raten, G. raten, rathen), ON. rd3a (Sw. rada. Da. raade), Goth, -redan: — OTeut. *rsedan, prob. related to OIr. im-rddim to deliberate, consider, OSl. raditi to take thought, attend to, Skr. rddhto succeed, accomplish, etc. The Comm. Teut. verb belonged to the reduplicating ablaut-class, with pa. t. *rerdd and pa. pple. *garsedono-z, whence Goth, -rairop, *-redans, ON. redy radtnn, OHG. riat, giratan (G. riety geraten), OS. ried or red, *girddan (Du. ried, geraden). The corresponding forms in OE. are reord and (g€)rsdeny but these are found only in a few instances in Anglian texts, the usual conjugation being rsedde, gersed{e)dy on the analogy of weak verbs such as Isdan: cf. MLG. raddcy redde, Sw. radde, and G. rathete (for usual riet), Da. raadede. The typical ME. forms are redde or radde in the pa. t., and (O^’^^^or {i)radin the pa. pple.; in the later language (from the 17th c.) all tenses of the verb have the same spelling, read, though in pronunication the vowel of the preterite forms differs from that of the present and infinitive. Individual writers have from time to time denoted this by writing red or redd for the pa. t. and pa. pple., but the practice has never been widely adopted. The original senses of the Teut. verb are those of taking or giving counsel, taking care or charge of a thing, having or exercising control over something, etc. These are also prominent in OE., and the sense of ‘advise’ still survives as an archaism, usually distinguished from the prevailing sense of the word by the retention of the older spelling rede. The sense of considering or explaining something obscure or mysterious is also common to the various languages, but the application of this to the interpretation of ordinary writing, and to the expression of this in speech, is confined to English and ON. (in the latter perhaps under Eng. influence).]

1. Transitive uses. * To consider, interpret, discern, etc. tl. a. To have an idea; to think or suppose that, etc. Obs. rare. C900 tr. Baeda^s Hist. iii. x, )>a ongann he..J?encean & raedan, pstte nan o5er intinga wasre [etc.]. C1400 Destr. Troy 3308 Tho truly pat are takon.. Shalbe plesit with plenty.. red ye non o^er. 1600 Breton Pasquils roolescappe (1879) 22/1 Let him be sure that better wits doe reede Such Madhead fellowes are but Fooles indeede. 1768 Ross Helenore iii. 122 Goodwife, I reed your tale is true. Ibid. 125, I reed ’iwas they that me a dreaming set.

fb. To guess, to make out or tell by conjecture what., who, why, etc. Obs. a 1000 Riddles Ixii. 9 R®d, hwset ic maene! c 1000 i^LFRic Horn. II. 248 ludei.. heton hine raedan hwa hine hreopode. a 1300 Cursor M. 597 J>ow mai ask.. qui god him gaue sua mikel a nam; Parfay pat es bot eth to rede. 1530 Palsgr. 681/2 Rede who tolde it me and I wyll tell the trouthe. 1564 Child-Marriages 124 This deponent askid the said Margaret, who that shuld be; and the said Margaret bade this deponent reade if he cold. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 70 Right hard it was for wight which did it heare To reade what manner musicke that mote bee.

fc. To take/or something. Obs. rare. 1591 Spenser Ruins of Time 633, I saw a stately Bed,.. That might for anie Princes couche be red. [1813 Scott Rokeby in. xvii, I read you for a blod Dragoon, That lists the tuck of drum.]

2. a. To make out or discover the meaning or significance of (a dream, riddle, etc.); to declare or expound this to another. ciooo i^^LFRic Gram. (Z.) 179 Comcio..ic raede swefn. at can rede J?es signes. CI440 Promp. Parv. Redyn or expownyn redellys, or parabol, and other privyteys, idem quod ondon’. 1593 Drayton Eel. iv. iii, Let vs passe this wearie winters day In reading Riddles. 1768 Ross Helenore iii. 124 I’m right, I’m right! My dream is read. 1810 Scott Lady of L. v. xiii. Then, by my word,.. The riddle is already read. 1887 Ruskin Prseterita II. 24 Neither he nor I were given to reading omens, or dreading them. refi. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xiv. vii. (1872) V. 239 The small riddle reads itself to him so. b. To foresee, foretell, predict. Chiefly in to

read one's fortune. In quot. 1647 passing into sense loc. 159* Spenser M. Hubberd 698 For he mongst Ladies could their fortunes read. 1647 Cowley Mistress, My fate 19 You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read. 1790 Shirrefs Poems 122 Like gospel. Sir, she credits a’ ye said. And says, she’s sure ’twill happen as ye read.

t3. To count, reckon, estimate. Obs. rare. a 1225 Jutiana 51 (Bodl. MS.) Ne mahte hit na mon rikenin ne reden [v.r. tellen]. 01300 Cursor M. 2570 pe barns Jjat o pe sal bred Namar sal ;tou pam cun rede, ban sterns on light and sand in see. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc 2484 Swa may we ay rekken and rede An hondreth syns agayne a gude dede. 1790 Grose Prov. Gloss., Read, to judge of, gue^. At what price do you Read this horse? Glouc.

t4. To see, discern, distinguish. Obs. rare (in Spenser only).

260 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 21 Such ygly monstrous shapes elswhere may no man reed. Ibid. ill. ix. 2 Good, by paragone Of evill, may more notably be rad. 1596 Ibid. v. xii, 39 Bit him behind, that long the marke was to be read.

♦* To peruse, without uttering in speech.

5. a. To inspect and interpret in thought (any signs which represent words or discourse); to look over or scan (something written, printed, etc.) with understanding of what is meant by the letters or signs; to peruse (a document, book, author, etc.); to understand (musical notation); spec. = sight-read s.v. sight 17. Formerly used in imperative (as in quot. 1563) in referring the reader to another book or author for information. c888 K. j^^lfred Boeth. Proem., He halsaS aelene |>ara J^e pas boc rxdan lyste. ^950 Lindisf. Gosp. John xix. 20 Diosne ..taccon menigo redon reddon]. ri200 Ormin Ded. 328 pa Crisstene menn patt herenn oJ?err redenn piss boc. a 1300 Cursor M. 8495 bis writte wit fele was red and sene, Bot fa it wist quat it wald mene. 1375 Barbour Bruce I. 17 Auld Storys that men redys, Representis to thaim the dedys Of stalwart folk. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xxii. (1859) 23 He hath redde and knowen bothe wordes and werkes of the rather seyntes. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 684/2, I can proue that he red some commentours and holy doctours, that write exposicions vpon it. 1563 Shute Archit. Bij, The Pyramides.. and manye other beautifull buildinges of that nacion. Reade Diado. Sic. li. i. 2. 1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 230 Because I am not sure whether you can perfectly reade her Maiesties hand, I send you the same in a coppy. 1646 Hamilton Papers (Camden) 126 One word of it which I reade without my cipher. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 233 A perfect Judge will read each work of Wit, With the same spirit that its author writ. 1774 Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 16 What has been printed on both Sides is little red. 1792 H. Newdigate Let. Mar. in A. E. NewdigateNewdegate Cheverels (1898) ix. 133 Her Voice was not strong but.. they are quite astonish’d with her knowledge of Music & facility in reading it. 1864 Sir H. Taylor Autobiog. (1885) I. 198 My father, who had read the work.. in MS., rejoiced in it more and more when he came to read it in print. 1871 Smiles Charac. i. (1876) 23 He was always the most national of the Italian poets,.. the most read. 1894 G. B. Shaw in Fortn. Rev. Feb. 258 To do half-a-dozen things much more difficult than reading music. 1918-in Nation 22 June 308/1 To wile away the time by reading at sight a bundle of band parts and vocal scores of a rather difficult opera. 1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn 1. v. 56 Jeff’s band didn’t play from music, though they could dl read music. 1974 Listener 24 Jan. 106/3, I could read the music and be able to make it work right away with five minutes’ rehearsal.

b. To peruse books, etc. written in (a certain language); esp. to have such knowledge of (a language) as to be able to understand works written in it. spec, to peruse books, newspapers, etc., for quotations suitable for inclusion as illustrative examples in a dictionary. 1530 Palsgr. 681/2, I rede latyn better nowe than I wene I shall do frenche hence of a yere. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. iii. (1627) 22 Now they may goe thus forward.. in reading English perfitly. 1692 Locke Education §163 When he can speak and read French well.. he should proceed to Latin. 1779 Johnson L.P., Milton (1868) 62 He read all the languages which are considered either as learned or polite. aiTO2 Hogg in Dowden Shelley I. 73 He [Shelley] had in truth read more Greek than many an aged pedant. 1873 Hamerton Intell. Life iii. vii. 109 By far the shortest way to learn to read a language is to begin by speaking it. 1876 J. A. H. Murray Let. 29 Nov. in K. M. E. Murray Caught in Web of Words (1977) vii. 146,1 dont for words of that kind believe in the quotation test at all.. because you know that not one millionth of current literature is read, & that it is the veriest chance or succession of chances which has caught carriageless. .& missed a thousand others as good. 1961 R. W. Burchfield in Essays & Studies XIV. 39 A large number of literary sources.. are being systematically read against an Oxford dictionary. 1977 K. M. E. Murray Caught in Web of Words xii. 235 Lowell’s book of literary essays, My Study Windows, was one of those read for the Dictionary.

c. transf. and fig. in various applications. 1581 J. Hamilton in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 87 Thou hes red (sayis he) the varkis of the varld. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. V. i. 302 01. How now, art thou mad? Clo. No Madam, I do but reade madnesse. i6ii- Wint. T. iv. iv. 172 Hee’l stand and reade. As ’twere, my daughters eyes. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xxv. 154 [They] are the Alphabet of Science, and Nature cannot be read without them. 1741-2 Gray Agrip. 65 The dreadful powers That read futurity. 1782 CowPER Charity 333 He reads the skies. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. viii, All the ways of men among mankind he read. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. xxvi. 191 Indians can ‘read’ the smoke at a great distance. 1867 Craig Palmistry 42 One of the greatest of all difficulties in reading the hand. 1890 W. A. Wallace Only a Sister? 88 What’s a man worth that cannot read his own watch? 1921 P. L. Haworth Trailmakers of Northwest 206 As Brennan had lost one eye and could not see any too well out of the other, he was glad to have one of us ride in his canoe and read water for him. 1932 L. Golding Magnolia St. ii. ii. 300 In the little town in.. Lancashire where she was born quite as many people read tea-leaves as read their ABC. 1951 E. Rickman Come racing with Me iii. 19 We are talking about ‘reading’ a race, which is the practice on the spectator’s part of a comprehensive and discriminating view of a field of horses from start to finish, so that the performance of all or most of the runners, and their relative positions at various stages, are intelligently observed and memorised. 1965 Priestley & Wisdom Good Driving xi. 81 You get into the habit of registering mentally all the signs..which enable you to ‘read’ the road in front of you. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. IV. 3/8 An optical scanner..may eliminate the sorting machines by ‘reading’ the zip code on the letter and dispatching it accordingly. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes ii. 20 An optical system ‘reads’ the photograph, and a heated stylus is directed to penetrate the plate to be printed, producing halftone dots. 1969 R. Welsh Beginner's

READ Guide Curling xvii. 120 The ability to read strange ice.. and knowing exactly when to sweep are other qualities of a good skip. 1970 G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard vi. 159 Ambition drowning the man was how she would read his promotion. 1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 17/1 You read a putt, stroke it properly along the line you have chosen, and then the ball breaks off in the opposite direction. 1972 Daily Tel. 5 May 3/3 A meter reader rang the bell and told my wife he wanted to read the meter in the garage. 1974 Times 19 Feb. 15/3 Most people are not used to ‘reading’ plans.. and have only slightly less difficulty with architectural photographs. 1977 Time 14 Nov. 48/1 They broke down and then analyzed the RNA in the archaebacteria’s ribosomes, the structures that ‘read’ the message of the master molecule DNA and produce the protein necessary for life. 1978 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 12 Feb. i-b/i This generation of Gypsies.. will wake up to modern life and give up many of the old customs... My job was supposed to be reading palms. 1979 SLR Camera Jan. 36/3 Like the now discontinued EF the AE-i uses a silicon photocell to read the light.

d. transf. To make out the character or nature of (a person, the heart, etc.) by scrutiny or interpretation of outward signs. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iii. iii. 73 Though I am not bookish yet I can reade Waiting-gentlewoman in the scape. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Pref. (1739) 7 Historians.. for the most part read Men. 1727 Swift Letter on Eng. Tongue, This they call knowing the world, and reading men and manners. 1838 Lytton Alice i. x, I wish you could read my heart at this moment. 1902 Edna Lyall Hinderers ix. We ordinary mortals are at the mercy of you artists... You read us like books.

e. To interpret (a design) in terms of the setting up needed to reproduce it on a loom. Also with in. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 267 In both modes of manufacture, the piece is mounted by reading-in the warp for the different leaves of the heddles. 1895 T. F. Bell Jacquard Weaving & Designing i. 9 The straight-edge EE.. will slide up and down in the frame, to mark the line on the design paper that is next to be read by the lasher. 1897 [see reading-machine s.v. READING vbl. sb. lob]. 1924 T. ^OODHOLSE Jacquards (sf Harness iv. 107 Before describing the remaining parts of the machine, it will.. be best to indicate how the design is read. 1958 A. Hindson Designer's Drawloom xi. 105 The weaver can tie up the pattern single-handed, but it can be done more easily and quickly if there is a helper to read the pattern draft.

f. To Study (a subject, a ‘school’) at a university; to read for (a degree). Cf. sense 15 c. 1884 [see Greats s.v. great C. 10]. 1955 Times 23 May 6/1 Agriculture is no longer a subject to be ashamed of; it produces no inferiority complex in those who read it. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. II. 49 Graduates reading first degrees. Ibid. 85 Women undergraduates reading arts. 1970 [see English sb. 3 d]. 1977 Professional Careers Bull. Autumn i/i Partially it has been due to an ever increasing demand from sixth formers to read law.

g. Phr. to read one^s shirt (see quot. 1925). slang. 1918 Nat. Geogr. Mag. June 499 They.. speak of ‘reading their shirts’. 1925 Fraser & Gibbons Soldier ^ Sailor Words 237 To read a shirt, to search it for lice. 1931 ‘D. Stiff’ Milk Honey Route xiii. 144 It is said, for instance, that the hobo spends a great deal of his time reading his shirt, seeking certain animals known as ‘seam squirrels’.

h. Computers. To copy or extract data on or in (any storage medium or device); to copy, extract, or transfer (data). Also const, into, out of. 1940 W. J. Eckert Punched Card Methods Scientific Computation 4 The number are.. read into the machines by .. electrical contacts made through the holes. 1945 Jrni. Franklin Inst. CCXL. 277 When the punched tapes are ready, the problem is placed on the machine by automatic controls which ‘read’ the first tape and make the specified assembly. 194S Math. Tables ^ Other Aids to Computation III. 123 The speeds at which words can be read (or written) by the machine will be much less than the speeds at which the machine can transfer words internally. Ibid. 124 When additional instructions are received they can be read into the machine from an instruction tape. 1950 High-Speed Computing Devices ix. 151 The tape reader automatically reads punched tape.. and transcribes the data represented by the holes in the tape to a deck of cards. Other equipment can perform the reverse operation, reading the holes punched in the cards and producing a tape. 1959 E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer ix. 135 The tape is then connected into the computer system and the information read from it to the computer. 1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers i. 2 The card or tape is then ‘read’. This may be done by allowing the holes to pass under tiny wire brushes. Ibid. iv. 59 To read a word out of the store we have to open a gate at the end, and this permits pulses to escape. 1964 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. CXV. 654 The length of time required to read information from or store information into one of the 1,024.. 12-bit memory locations. 1970 O. Dopping Computers Gf Data Processing xiv. 226 The computer time for file maintenance.. is often mainly determined by the time for reading and writing magnetic tape. 1972 Computer Jrnl. X\. 201/1 The commonest way of reading a file into the system. 1972 Guardian 14 Aug. 10/3 Computers can already ‘read’ a high speed disc-store at around 500,000 characters a second. 1978 J. K. Atkin Basic Computer Sci. vii. 92 To read a bit from the memory it is necessary to interrogate a particular core by sending current pulses.. along the appropriate xand y-wires.

i. To receive and understand the words of (a person) by radio or telephone, to hear; to detect (an object) by sonar; transf., to understand the words or intentions of (a person). 1956 Amer. Speech XXXI. 228 [U.S.A.F. slang] Do you read me? As in conversation by radio, this means ‘Do you understand me?’ The answer might be, 'Yes, five by five', meaning loud and clear. 1956 ‘E. McBain’ Cop Hater

READ

261

(*958) ix. 85 Are you stoned now, or can you read me?’ ‘I hear you,’ Ordiz said, i960 Master Detective July 83/1 ^atic-laced code crackle sounded from the speaker. Poelzell. I read you. Keep the Dodge in sight.’ 1963 Times 25 May 10/7 ‘Does anyone read poor Philip?’ A comforting voice from a glider, still airborne: ‘Humphrey to Philip. Loud and clear.’ 1967 R. J. Serling President's Plane is Missing (1968) ix. 164 ‘Don’t be so oversolicitous. Rod. It’s as bad for a marriage as being too inconsiderate. Do you read me?’ ‘I read you, Nancy.’ 1968 R. Severn Game for Iiawks X. 120 How d you read her, Cass?’ he asked, sourly. ‘Could she be taking you for a ride?’ 1970 B. Knox Children V. 103 If you can hear.. this is an emergency call.’ .. Thane pressed the microphone button. ‘Fenn, we read you.’ 1972 J. Porter Meddler & her Murder x. 131 The girl friend listening?.. Oh, I read you. Well, I’ll make it short and sweet. 1974 L. Deighton Spy Story xviii. 193 A couple of conventional subs steaming a parallel course... We read them on the sonar and ranged them. 1977 D. Bennett Jigsaw Man xi. 203 As from the end of this call, this number will be discontinued. I am reading you back for the fast time.

1847 Helps Friends in C. (1851) I. ii This is a matter which, as I read it, concerns only the higher natures. 1866 J. Martineau Ess. I. 190 Every relative disability may be read two ways. 1962 Listener 22 Nov. 886/3 When East removed the double into One Spade, West read his partner for a psychic opening and bid Three No Trumps. 1967 Ibid. 28 Dec. 846/3 He.. wants.. the celebration of the Eucharist (so I read him) to take the form of a prayer meeting. 1970 Sunday Tel. 20 Dec. 21/7 Gleeson mesmerises batsmen unable to read him, not into error but into strokelessness.

6. With adverbs, a. To go over (a letter, book, etc.) in the act of perusal. Also transf.

1879 H. Spencer Princ. Social., Ceremonial Inst. §346 Men read back developed ideas into undeveloped minds. 1882 Ainger Lamb 173 He reads something of himself into the composition he is reviewing. 1895 Sir A. Kekewich in Law Times Rep. LXXIII. 663/1 This is a sensible limitation which can easily be read into deed or will. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 13 Nov. 7/2 The learned counsel argued that his lordship must read in a negative... In a contract for personal service you must have in it a negative, express or implied. 1919 ‘C. Dane’ Legends 96 She said to me once that the critics had ‘read in’ things that she had never dreamed of—that it made her doubt her own motives. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xv. 141 In ‘lovely, oveny biscuits’, ‘oveny’ can only be made denotatively meaningful by reading in something extra. 1979 E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order iv. 99 Finding it difficult, if not impossible, to tell at any point where we see elements and where texture..; where we are reading and where we are ‘reading in’.

^ ^374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 1036 (1085) He.. radde it over, and gan the lettre folde. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 133 The Lantgrave readinge over their booke and their letters, noted what he thought blame worthy. 1594 Lyly Moth. Bomb. III. iii, Fooles .. Haue farre more knowledge To reade a woman ouer [etc.]. 1683 H. Prideaux in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 185 Some booke or other., which he will read over, and then bring me again. 1768 Gray Let. 28 Oct., The first act of Caractacus is just arrived here, but I have not read it over.

b. to read through (for out): to peruse from beginning to end. fAIso to read out, to read to the end of, to finish the reading of. Obs. 1638 B.aker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 196, I may boldly say, I never yet read a Gazetta through. 1652 Gataker Antinom. 21 Had this Autor but writ or red out the text he cites he had found somewhat more then faith in it. 1662 Newcome Diary 6 Sept. (Chetham Soc.) 120, I read out w^ remained to be read in Rushworth. 1715 Swift Let. 28 June, Wks. 1841 II. 526/1, I borrowed your Homer from the bishop, and read it out in two evenings. 1747 Mrs. S. Fielding Left. David Simple II. 151 The pretence of being eager to read out some new Book which 1 have borrowed. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. vii. (1870) II. 113 He read it through, and replied that.. for himself it was impossible [to take the oath].

c. to read off: to note in definite form (the result of inspection, esp. of a graduated instrument). Perh. originally used as in sense 11 d. 1816 J. S.MITH Panorama Sc. Art II. 69 Before the height of the mercury is read off. 1.%^^ Penny Cycl. II. 525/2 The angle read off on the interior edge of the ecliptic is the longitude. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 435 Passing the tip of the finger over the outlines of the letters and so reading off the result. 1956 E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics vi. 262 The empiricist prejudice.. is, indeed, very strong, but it is obviously not true that we simply read off our hypotheses from data.

d. To mark or impress on (a fabric). 1831 G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 258 The workman proceeds to read on the design.

e. to read up: to study (a subject, a topic, etc.) intensively and systematically; to familiarize oneself with (a subject) by reading. 1842 J. S. Mill Let. 22 Aug. in Wks. (1963) XIII. 542, I began to read up the subject. 1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain ii. xxvii. 657, I dread reading up all I must read presently. 1869 ‘Mark Twain’ Innocents Abroad xv. 147, I shall throttle down my emotions hereafter, about this sort of people, until I have read them up. 1894 ‘R. Andom’ We Three & Troddles xvii. 149 Those miserable, hollow shams who read up the cricket news.. in the evening papers. 1915 R. Brooke Coll. Poems p. cxxxvii. I’ve been peacefully reading up the countryside all the morning. 1921 K. Macaulay Dangerous Ages v. 103 You should read it up beforehand, and try if you can understand it. 1962 D. Lessing Golden Notebk. ii. 280 Those Russians, they’re pretty well up in my field, I read them up. 1977 F. Branston Up & Coming Man xiv. 152 He would have covered his interests by reading up the minutes of all committees.

f. Computers, to read out, to extract (data); to transfer from internal storage; so to read in. 1946 Ann. Computation Lab. Harvard Univ. I. 62 The storage counter cams.. control the number impulses for reading out either from a switch or from a storage counter. Figure 26 shows the circuits for a read-out. Ibid, r 59 The number of columns shifted is recorded in a counter and a predetermined number of significant digits and a power of ten are read out. 1957 [see off-line a. and adv. A. 2]. 1959 E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer ii. 7 When the problem is completely solved.. the calculation is stopped, and the output, or answer, is read out. 1961 [see read-out I a]. 1968 Times 10 Dec. 6/8 On each orbit the storage system reads out the information to a ground station. 1970 O. Dopping Computers ^ Data Processing xiv. 222 When all the records have been read-in, all that is needed then is to print the contents of the 50 cells. 1971 Physics Bull. Mar. 158/3 It covers those devices in which information can be stored for a limited or controlled time and then read out leaving the device capable of repeated use.

7.

a.

To attach a certain meaning or interpretation to (what is read); to take in a particular way. 1624 Bp. Mountagu Gagg 2.01 Secondly, read it how you will, it is not to purpose. 1890 Sir N. Lindley in Law Times Rep. LXIII. 690/1, I think there are two methods of reading that order.

b. transf. To take a certain view of (a person, thing, event, etc.), to regard in a certain light. Also, to interpret or comprehend.

8. Const, with preps, a. refi. To bring (oneself) into or to (a certain state) by reading. 1676 Wycherley PI. Dealer iii. i, We shall have you read yourself into a Humour of rambling and fighting. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xxi. 345 Give me that book, that I may read myself into a nap.

b. To introduce (an additional idea or element) into what is being read or considered. (Freq. implying that the insertion is unwarranted or erroneous.) Also with in.

9. a. To adopt, give, or exhibit as a reading in a particular passage. 1659 Hammond Acts xv. Annot., The i^^thiopick and other interpreters retain .., what you would not have done to your selves, do not ye to another,.. for which other Jewish writers read, doing as they would be done to. 1697 Bentley Phal. 20, I cannot.. comprehend why the most learned Is. Casaubon will read a-nevSovra in this passage, and not (rrrevSovra. 1759 Rlddiman Animadver. Vind. Buchanan 60 Instead of.. sexagesimo quinto, we should read,.. sexagesimo nono. 1847 Madden Layamon's Brut. III. 346 For Lovaine some copies of Wace read Alemaigne.

b. To register, indicate. 1887 Gumming Electricity 44 A rider reading thousands of an ounce on the beam of a grocer’s balance.

c. To convey (a statement) when read; to say. Cf. sense 18 b below. 1894 [see IT pron. 3 f]. 1904 G. Parker Ladder of Swords xvi. 229 A footman .. came to Angele, bearing a note which read; ‘Your friend is very ill, and asks for you.’ 1916 G. B. Shaw Androcles & Lion p. Ixvi, Your examination paper will read ‘The time of Jesus was worth nothing... Dr. Crippen’s time was worth, say, three hundred and fifty pounds a year. Criticize this arrangement.’ 1946 Bible (Rev. Standard Version) Mark xv. 26 And the inscription of the charge against him read, ‘The King of the Jews.’ 1961 New English Bible Rom. xii. 19 There is a text which reads, ‘Justice is mine, says the Lord, I will repay.’

*** To learn by perusal. 10. a. To see or find (a statement) in a written or otherwise recorded form; to learn by perusal of a book or other document. (fFormerly sometimes const, with obj. and inf. or pple.) C975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 42 Hw$t.. je nsefre reordun in jewritum [etc.], ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. xii. 3 Ne raedde je hwset Dauid dyde pz hyne hingrede. C1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 11 We radeS on boc, pzt elch man hauefi to fere on engel of heuene. a 1225 Ancr. R. 170 Ase me ret in hire boc, heo was the kinge Assuer ouer alle icweme. a 1300 Cursor M. 1459 Cainan his sun, als it es redde. His lijf nine hundret yeir he ledd. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 77 So it is irad t^at loseph dalf wip his fader moche tresour in pe er]?e. ri440 Generydes i In olde Romans and storys as I rede, Of Inde somtyme ther was a nobyll kyng. 1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 268 The terrible punishment .. the like whereof I never read sent to any. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, I. ii. 133, I haue read the cause of his effects in Galen. 1621 W. Sclater Tythes (1623) 76, I never read Christ speake so much of any Jewish Caeremonie as he did of Tythes. 1764 Gray Jemmy Twitcher 27 The prophet of Bethel, we read, told a lie. 1839 Longf. Beleaguered City i, I have read, in some old marvellous tale,.. That [etc.].

b. transf. or fig. in various applications. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. ii. i. 109 Vouchsafe to read the purpose of my comming. 1604-0th. iii. iv. 57 She was a Charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. ioi i For proof look up. And read thy Lot in yon celestial Sign. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop i. Her quick eye seemed to read my thoughts.

c. To discern or discover (something) in (or on) the face, look, etc., of a person. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iii. ii. 9 Muffie your false loue.. Let not my sister read it in your eye. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 235 He might read in their eyes and countenance the severall faces of anger, love, feare [etc.]. 1713 Guardian No. 137 IP4 You read his ancestry in his smile. 1768 Woman of Honor II. 15, I red in her looks a willingness to come to an explanation. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam viii. xvii, I cannot name All that I read of sorrow, toil, and shame. On your worn faces, i860 Tennyson Sea Dreams 163 My eyes.. Read rascal in the motions of his back.

**** To peruse and utter in speech. 11. a. To utter aloud (the words or sentences indicated by the writing, etc., under inspection); to render in speech (anything written, a book, etc.) according as the written or printed signs

READ are apprehended by the mind. Also reading = being read. to read aloud is frequently used to distinguish this sense of the vb. from 5. C900 tr. Baeda's Hist. v. xxi. §3 Mid 6y p3dt jewrit Sa wses raeded beforan pzm cyninge. 971 Blickl. Horn. 167 We jehyrdon, |?a pe. Esaias se witga rseden waes [etc.], ciooo i^^LFRic Exod. xxiv. 7 Moises.. raedde his boc pzm folce. rii75 Lamb. Horn. 125 A1 J?et me ret and singeS on pisse timan in halie chirche. a 1225 Ancr. R. 428 3e ancren owen J>is lutle iaste stucchen reden to our wummen eueriche wike enes. C131S Shoreham i. 1292 Ine pe aide laje pe redere Rede pe prophessye By wokke. C1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2955 When pei [laws] weren byfore hem I-radde, pex made hem wondir wroth. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 40 When he heard the dialogue of Plato entitleed Lysides, readen. 1601 Shaks. Ju/. C. iii. ii. 152 Read the Will; wee’I heare it Antony. 1621 in Crt. & Times Jas. /(1848) I. 249 While the proclamation was reading [etc.]. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 213 If we desired it, we might hear the Letter read. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4152/2 The Dean and Prebendaries sat within the Rails,.. except such as Officiated in Reading Prayers. 1802*12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) II. 285 Oftentimes have I observed them, while affidavits have been reading, looking about to their brethren on the bench. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 160 Socrates requested that the first thesis.. might be read over again.

b. In phr. to read a lesson or lecture: (see these words). Freq. fig. To teach (one) something, to administer a reprimand or check (to one). a 1225 Ancr. R. 66 A1 pet lescun pet God hire hefde ilered [MS. C. ired hire]. »s raederes anes. 10.. Laws JElfric in Thorpe Laws II. 346 Lector is raedere, pe raed on Godes cyrean, and bi6 t^aerto sehadod Jjaet he bodije Godes word. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 137/1070 pis word )7at ore louerd het is redare bi-fore him radde. C1315 Shoreham i. 1291 Ine pe aide la3e pe redere Rede pe prophessye By wokke; So schulle pe rederes now Hyrede. 1382 Wyclif i Esdras viii. 9 Esdras, prest, and redere of the lawe of the Lord. 1560-1 First Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. iv. in Knox's Wks. (1848) II. 196 In process of tyme he that is but ane Readar may atteane to the further degree, and ..may be permittit to minister the sacramentis. 1585 J. Carmichael Let. in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) 436 The readers are made ministers, and.. every man hath gotten four kirks. 1661 Pepys Diary 22 Dec., To Church in the morning, where the Reader made a boyish young sermon. 1733 [? Worsley] Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 180 The Reader whose buisiness it is to read prayers twice every day. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 18/2 The reader must be supposed.. actually to personate the author. 1842 Brande Diet. Sci.y etc. s.v., There are., readers (priests) attached to various eleemosynary and other foundations. 1872 Minutes S. Manch. Hebrew Congreg. 29 Sept, in I. W. Goldberg South Manch. Hebrew Congreg.'. 80 Years of Progress {igsi) 8 That the Reverend H. D. Marks be elected Reader, Stipendiary Secretary and Minister to the Congregation. 1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law (ed. 2) I. 451 Recently lay readers have been appointed by bishops in several dioceses to officiate with consent of the incumbent. J^tijish Chron. 2 Feb. 43/1 A memorial service for Mr. Victor Schiller, honorary reader of the Lecton Synagogue .. was held at the synagogue.

b. reader-aloud, one who reads (a literary text, etc.) aloud, esp. to an audience. Also {rare) recuier-alonder. Cf. READ v. 11 a. 1938 Times 16 Sept. 13/4 Fountains are less trouble in bedrooms than readers-aloud or raconteurs. 1952 G. Raverat Period Piece viii. 145 Aunt Etty was the best reader-aloud I have ever known. 1952 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 13 Sept. 6/3 Hemingway is a reader-alouder, it appears. 1977 Listener 10 Nov. 624/4 Lots of subordinate clauses can make life very difficult for the reader-aloud.

4. a. One who reads (and expounds) to pupils or students; a teacher, lecturer; spec, in some Universities as the title of certain instructors. 1519 Horman Vulg. viii. 88 b, He hath founded a reder in greke for a C. ducattes a yere. 1536 Act 28 Hen. Vllf c. 13 §2 Reders of diuinitie in the comon scholes of diuinitie. 1567 Buchanan Wks. (S.T.S.) 11 Ane Reidar in Medicine. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. S? Commw. 50 Let his Lecture consist, more in questions and answers,.. than in the Readers continued speech. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety xvi. IP4 Have any of our idolized readers bought their interest in us so dear as Christ has done. 1703 T. N. City Gf C. Purchaser 91 Dr. Hook, Reader of Geometry in Gresham-colledge. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 359 The University of Durham.. consists of a warden, professors,

tutors, readers, and lecturers. 1881 Stat. Untv. Oxf. (1882) 65 A Reader in Roman Law shall be appointed from time to time.

b. In the Inns of Court, a lecturer on law. (Now only as the title of an honorary office.) On the nature of the office of reader in the various Inns see Encycl. Brit. (1881) XIII. 88/2, Douthwaite Gray's Inn (1886) 36, Worsley (?) Observ. Const. Middle Temple (repr. 1896) 57, Black Books of Lincoln's Inn (1897) III. p. xiv. 1517 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I. 182 Who so bryngith any repaster to the Redar’s denar or sopar, except the Redar or any of the Benche, schall pay for the Repast, xijd. 1569 Nottingham Rec. IV. 133 Maister Recorder, then beyng Reder of Grey’s Inne. a 1613 Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 121 He arrogates as much honour for being Reader to an Inne of Chancery. 1664-5 Pepys Diary (1879) III. 124 Mrs. Turner..takes it mightily ill I did not come to dine with the Reader, her husband. 1733 [? Worsley] Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 57 From the Benchers are chosen Readers who us’d to read law twice in the year, viz*: in the Lent, and Long Vacations.

5. Used as a title for books containing passages for instruction or exercise in reading. 1799 {title) The English Reader; or Pieces in Prose and Poetry selected from the best writers.. by L. Murray. 1869 {title) The advanced reader: Lessons in literature and science. 1876 H. Sweet {title) An Anglo-Saxon Reader; in Prose and Verse.

6. a. Thieves* cant, A pocket-book. 1718 C. Hitching Regulator 20 A reader, alias pocketbook. 1789 G. Parker Life's Painter Varieg. Char. xv. 151 Reader. Is a pocket-book; a person cannot be too careful of this article, particularly if he should have .. any rum screens in it, that is, bank notes. 01790 in Potter New Diet. Cant. 1819 J. H. Vaux Mem. I. xii. 140 He had that day turned out three readers, but without finding a shilling in either of them. 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. v. (1878) 200 None [could] knap a reader like me.

b. Gambling slang. A marked card. 1894 Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 27 Whatever method of marking may be adopted in the preparation of ‘faked’ cards or ‘readers’. 1977 ‘L. Egan’ Blind Search iv. 57 McAllister was a gambler... This is a deck of readers—marked cards.

c. U.S. Criminals* slang. (See quot. 1926.) 1926 Clues Nov. 162/1 Reader, a circular notifying police officers to arrest the party described thereon. 1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 150 Sometimes there is a ‘detainer’ issued for a thief... This is called a reader or a dipsy.

7. A device for obtaining data stored on tape, cards, or other media (usu. converting the data into coded electrical signals). 1946 N.Y. Times 15 Feb. 16/3 When the problem is punched on the cards they are dropped into a slot in a ‘reader’. 1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers iv. 80 Even with the faster types of card reader it is difficult to exceed 800 digits per second. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 205/1 It may be possible to eliminate the stage of transfer onto punched cards by using an optical reader, for there is now a rapid development in this type of device. 1972 M. WooDHOUSE Mama Doll xi. 145 Some people at Admiralty ran the tape through a five-hole reader for us, and gave us back seven hundred and eighty-four groups of digits.

8. A machine for producing on a screen a magnified, readable image of any desired part of a microfilm or other microform. 1950 Amer. Documentation I. 141/2 A new reading machine just announced.. holds much promise. This reader giving a clear, sharp image .. is relatively inexpensive. 1962 A. Gunther Microphotogr. in Lib. (Unesco) 7 Microopaque cards.. may be readily filed. However, they need much more light for projection and, therefore, a more complicated and more expensive reader, which must be equipped with a blower for cooling. 1975 P. G. New Reprography for Librarians iv. 48 The librarian committed to exploiting micro materials must not only consider investing in a multitude of portable readers for loan, but must also ensure that his library is fully equipped with.. viewers for use on the premises.

9. attrib. and Comb., as reader groups participation^ response, reader-contributor, -■writer-, (sense 2 c) reader's report, readerprinter, a reading machine (sense (^) s.v. READING lob) that can also produce enlarged, readable copies. 1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 146 The success of the new magazine will depend on the continuance of the excellent reader-contributor relationship which was fostered. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 112/2 These magazines, carefully geared to both the purse and heart strings of their respective reader groups, feature houses and rooms in which alniost nobody ever lives. Ibid. 5/2 This kind of newspaper invites reader participation in its triumphs. 1959 if. W. Ballou Guide to Microreproduction Equipment 167 ThermoFax Brand Microfilm Reader-Printer... Special Features; Reader and Printer combined in one machine for automatic push-button copying or reading. 1971 Ann. Rep. Curators Bodl. Libr. ig6g-70 47, 4,011 prints were made on the microfilm reader-printer. 1940 Kenyon Rev. II. 274 The reader-response has been altered through a lessening of the pleasure with which the utterance is received. 1979 Maledicta HI. 83 Among those critics who use psychoanalytical theory there is little agreement over what one can say legitimately about ‘reader response’. 1897 ‘S. Grand Beth Bk. (1898) xlvii. 460 Mr. Kilroy took the manuscript himself to a publisher.. who.. accepted it... Beth.. heard the reader’s report. 1978 E. Tidyman Table Stakes II. V. 241 Each morning a mailboy would arrive with a stack of scripts.. Attached were the readers’ reports. 1951 S. Spender World within World 310 Reader-writer walk together in a real-seeming dream-alliance leading into gardens inhabited by Stephen Daedalus and Marcel.

Hence ‘readeress, a female reader, 1864 Realm 16 Mar. 4 He paid only a just tribute to readeresses at the expense of readers.

READING

264

READERSHIP

readership ('riidajip). [f. reader + -ship.] 1. The office of a reader (chiefly in sense 4). 1719 Swift To Yng. Clergyman Wks. 1755 II. ii. 2 They .. first sollicit a readership, and .. arrive in time to a curacy. 1840 Act 3 & 4 Viet. c. 86 § 2 The Term ‘Preferment’.. shall be construed to comprehend every Curacy, Lectureship, Readership [etc.], 1883 jgth Cent. May 833 A step in the ladder of promotion, first to a readership and ultimately to a professorship.

2. As a title: The personality of a reader. 1771 P. Parsons Newmarket II. 186 An expectation which your readership cannot suppose I should .. entertain. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VII. 477, I trust, O gentle reader,.. that your readership will not [etc.].

3. The total number of (regular) readers of a periodical publication, as a newspaper or magazine; all, or a section, of such readers considered collectively. Also attrib. orig. U.S. 1923 O. G. ViLLARD Some Newspapers Sf Newspapermen 189 The appeal of the News to the masses has been so successful that it now has a readership of some forty thousand. 1947 C. L. Allen {title) A readership study of 3 typical Wisconsin hometown dailies. 1951 Sunday Times 2 Dec. 1/3 Mr. Stephen’s.. experienced counsel and reflections [will] become available to the whole Sunday Times readership. 1958 New Statesman 30 Aug. 241/1 It holds its vast circulation.. by grace of Mr. Gilbert Harding, whose weekly column (according to readership surveys) is the People's biggest pulling feature of all. 1963 Guardian 10 Apr. 7/2 Another variation, reflecting different readership, is the background of the characters. 1971 Nature 2 Apr. 310/3 In view of the intended readership the selection of topics seems reasonable enough. 1979 London Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 2/3 The obvious difference will relate to the subjects generated by the nationality of the London Review's readership, and by that of its contributors.

readesmon, obs. form of redesman. readfoll, -full, variants of redeful. re-ad'here* z;. [re-5 a.] intr. To adhere again. So re-ad'hesion. 1813 J. Thomson Lect. Infiam. 235 A tooth replaced in this manner not unfrequently re-adheres. C1865 J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 4 The slightest film on the surfaces.. will prevent their re-adhesion.

'readied, ppl. a. [f. ready v.'\ Made ready. asTJZ R* Ferguson Farmer's Ingle, The readied kail stands by the chimley cheeks,

readily ('redili), adv. Forms: 4-6 redily, (4 redyli), 5-6 (7) redyly, (5 reddyly), 6 Sc, radilie, 5- readily, [f. ready a. + -ly^. In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from redily adv. Formerly compared readilier, -liest (1617th c.).] In a ready manner. 1. Promptly, in respect of the voluntariness of the action; hence, with alacrity or willingness; willingly, cheerfully. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 611 He.. redily 3af him sa Of wel gode mone. Ibid. 1523 tale he bi gan And redyli gan to say. f 1400 Rom. Rose 3293 Thyn herte was 1«/. 28 Oct. (1968) iii. 21,1 hope we shall manage the reading society, though we can only muster three members at Present. 1890 G. B. Shaw in Star 28 Feb. 2/4, I repaired to the London Institution to see ‘The Shakespere Reading Society’ recite Much Ado’. 1853 Dale tr. Baldeschi's Ceremonial 119 The Assistant Priest carries to the Altar the cushion, or ‘readingstand, with the Missal. i88s Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman xiii, Beside the bed was a reading-stand. 1704 T. Sheraton Cabinet-Maker & Upholsterer’s Drawing-Bk II HI. PI. 44 (^caption) A ‘Reading & Writing Table. 1855 1 rollope Warden ix. 134 A huge arm-chair fitted up with candlesticks, a reading table, a drawer, and other paraphernalia. 1875 Carp. & Join. 130, I will now describe a large elevating reading table. 1591 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (iSgS) II. 21 No Reader shall make anie dinner, .but in the Reading time. 1848 Thackeray Bk. Snobs (1881) 223 They are on a ‘reading tour for the Long Vacation.

b. Special combs.: reading age, reading ability expressed in terms of the age (during the period of development) for which a comparable ability is calculated as average; reading-book, f (a) a book of church-lessons (obs.); (b) a book containing passages for instruction in reading; reading chair, a chair designed to facilitate reading; spec, one equipped with a book-rest upon one arm; reading-closet, one of the small compartments in the reading-room of a printing-office; reading-coat, a coat to wear while reading (? obs.)-, reading copy, a copy of a book that is usable although in less than perfect condition; reading-desk, a desk for supporting a book while it is being read, spec, a lectern; reading-glass, (a) a large magnifying glass for use in reading; {b) in pi., a pair of spectacles for use when reading; reading-hook (see quot.); reading-machine, (a) (see quot.); {b) a device for producing an enlarged, readable image from microform; (c) a device for automatically producing electrical signals corresponding to the characters of a text; reading notice U.S. (see quot. 1909); reading-pew, a pew from which the lessons are read in church; f readingpsalms, the prose psalms used for reading in church {obs.y, reading room, a room devoted to reading, esp. one in the premises of a club or library, or intended for public use; also, the proof-readers’ room in a printing-office (Jacobi 1888). 1921 C. Burt Mental & Scholastic Tests iii. iii. 271 Consequently, a score of sixty words indicates a mental age for reading at ten;.. according to the formula:—‘Reading Age = (4 +

years. Ibid., The reading ages of four and

five pretend to little more than a conventional significance. 1945 F. J. Schonell Psychol. & Teaching of Reading i. 21 There is always a great increase in eye movements as the reading material increases in difficulty for particular reading ages. 1952 Anderson & Dearborn Psychol, of Teaching Reading i. 10 If the reading age is appreciably below the mental age, the child is regarded as a reading problem. 1961 Guardian 28 Apr. 13/3 He looks a dissipated 20... His reading age is 8 2. 1975 Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) ii. 11 There are at least a million adults with a reading age of below 9 0 who cannot read simple recipes. 10.. Laws jElfric 21 in Thorpe Laws II. 350 Se maesse-preost sceal habban .. ‘radingboc. 1050-73 Charter in Thorpe Diplom. 430, ii forealdode radingbec. ^1315 Shoreham Poems i. 1311 bisschop, wenne he ordref? {?es, redyng bok hym taket?. 1840 (rit/e) The Church Scholar’s reading book. 1803 T. Sheraton Cabinet Diet. 17 Arm-chair for a library, or a ‘reading chair... These are intended to make the exercise easy, and for the convenience of taking down a note or quotation... The reader places himself with his back to the front of the chair, and rests his arms on the top yoke. 1853 A. J. Downing Architect. Country Houses xii. 426 Fig. 218 is a reading-chair of a simple and good form,.. having a desk for a book on one arm, and a stand for a candle on the other —both being.. easily lifted out.., when not in use. 1951 E. Paul Springtime in Paris iii. 54 There was a long table, and ranged on both sides, good reading chairs. 1977X Hodgins Invention of World iii. 44 The tall green reading chair that had recipes.. shoved under its cushion. 1886 Referee 10 Jan. 1/2, I was getting an honest.. living in the composing-room or the ‘reading-closet. 1830 C. Wordsworth in Overton Life (1888) 51 Here I am, lying on my sofa, with my drab ‘reading-coat on. 1952 J. Carter ABC for Book-Collectors 164 ‘Reading copy, a usually apologetic, but occasionally slightly defiant, term meaning that the book is not in collector’s condition. 1977 J. Wilson Making Hate iv. 52 The So Stories. I had an early edition, a torn reading copy, but quite clean. 1703 Maundrell Jourw. (1721) 8 A piece of plank supported by a Post, which we understood was the ‘Reading Desk. 1775 Johnson 10 Oct. in Boswell Life{i’]gi) I. 502 In the reading-desk of the refectory lay the Lives of the Saints. 1838 Lytton Alice ii. iii, A huge armchair, with a small reading-desk beside it. 1670 Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 200 Dr. Barlow gave me a ‘reading-glass, pretium 40s. 1747 Trembley in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 632 It would be.. very inconvenient to hold it like a reading-glass in the hand. 1831 Brewster Optics xxxviii. 320 Spectacles and reading glasses are among the simplest and most useful of optical instruments. 1853 Dickens Bleak House xli. 405 The green lamp is lighted, his ‘reading-glasses lie upon the desk. 1972 Bill Villains Galore i. i Clara.. needed reading glasses for all but the largest print. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, * Reading-hook, a book-marker, made of bone or ivory. 1897 Sketch 26 May 181/2 The pattern being read from the draft by the ‘reading-machine on to the Jacquard band or tape by the skilled designer or pantagrapher. 1937 M. L. Raney Microphotogr. for Libraries 76 There is today plenty of work for reading machines to do, since the entire contents of great libraries that have filming cameras lie open to order in so far as copyright allows. 1940 A. Huxley Let. 14 Oct. (1969) 461, I would like to have.. micro¬ photographs suitable for reading by means of a reading machine. 1959 Library Resources ^ Technical Services III. 90 The average library user does not meet the microcopy until he has to use it on the reading machine. 1964 LithoPrinter Aug. 34/2 Even optical reading machines, which are now entering the field of practicability cannot quite dispense with human work: they need clean copy, at least re-typed from edited manuscripts. 1965 R. R. Karch Graphic Arts Procedures (ed. 3) xiii. 338 Specially-designed figures printed at the bottoms of bank checks are printed with ink capable of being magnetized and read by electronic reading machines for routing the checks to proper places. 1980 J. Drummond Such a Nice Family viii. 38 Would you like us to fix up a reading-machine for you?.. It’ll throw up an enlargement of the text. 1909 Webster, * Reading-notice, in a newspaper or periodical, a paid advertisement so set up as to have the appearance of regular news or editorial or

READJUST contributed matter. 1970 R. K. Kent Lang. Journalism 109 Reading notice, an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine that is set in body type and in columns so as to appear the same as editorial matter. 1641 R. Brooke Eng. Episc. I. vii. 38 To wrangle downe a Sophister,.. or acquaint themselves with a *Reading-Pue, in the Countrey. 1662 Pepys Diary 26 Oct., To church, and there saw for the first time Mr. Mills in a surplice; but it seemed absurd for him to pull it over his eares in the reading-pew. 1848 Ecclesiologist Oct. 144 An open reading-pew and lettern. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. viii. 162 The like Order is observed in the Pointing of our ‘Reading Psalms, a 1707 Bp. Patrick Autobiogr. (1839) 150 The old translation of the reading Psalms. 1759 Gray Lett. 8 Aug. (1853) 186,1 often pass four hours in the day in the stillness and solitude of the ‘reading room [at the British Museum]. 1817 Cobbett Wks. XXXII. 357 There are what are called Reading Rooms all over the kingdom. 1852 Rock Ch. of Fathers III. i. 298 Saint Edmund kept a figure of our Lady in his reading-room.

reading ('riidiq), ppl. a. [f. read

v. + -ing^.] 1. fa. reading minister, etc., one who merely reads the lessons or service, without preaching; also Sc., one who reads his sermons (see read v. 19 d).

.1583 Stubbes Anal. Abus. ii. (1882) 71 It were to be wished that all were preaching prelates, and not reading ministers only. 1650 in Hodgson Northumberland (1835) III. iii. p. Iv, Those who formerly had the Rectory of Haltwistle did mainteyne a reading Minister. 1744 {title) Reading is not preaching, or a Letter to all reading Clergymen.

b. reading clerk, the designation of one of the clerks to the House of Lords. 1788 Miss Rose in G. Rose’s Diaries (i860) I. 96 My brother William, then reading Clerk, came to us as soon as the House adjourned. 1817 Pari. Deb. 16 The Lords were obliged to send this message by their Clerk-Assistant, and their Reading-Clerk. 1884 Yates Recoil. I. ii. 66 Slingsby, who is reading-clerk in the House of Lords.

c. reading boy^ a boy who reads copy aloud to the corrector of the press. 1808 Stower Printers' Gram. 392 The eye of the reader should not follow, but rather go before the voice of his reading-boy. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 710/1 The reading department, sometimes called the closet, having for its occupants the reader and his reading-boy.

2. Given to reading; studious. Freq. in reading man, applied spec, to a University student who makes reading his chief occupation; and reading public. 1673 Dryden Prol. Univ. of Oxford In London., haughty dunces, whose unlearned pen Could ne’er spell grammar, would be reading men. 1759 Hurd's Dial. Pref. 6 The learned assemblies of reading divines. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 266/1 During my residence at the university, and a constant intercourse with both reading and non-reading men [etc.]. Blackw. Mag. Jan. 94/2 The ‘reading public’, then, had little to do with the lower orders. 1837 SiR F. Palgrave Merch. ^ Friar Ded. (1844) i His attempts to be brought out into the reading world. 1877 M. W. Chapman in Harriet Martineau's Autobiogr. III. 99 The reading public.. were longing to express their grateful acknowledgements. 1885 J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. II. II. iii. §1. 517 Its.. literary merits secured it immediate attention on the part of reading men. 1916 E. Pound Let. 17 Nov. (1971) 99 That many-eared monster with no sense, the reading public, a 1936 Kipling Something of Myself {ig'^'j) iii. 47 Our reading public.. were.. as well educated as fifty percent of our ‘stafT. 1962 M. McLuhan Gutenberg Galaxy 132 There was no reading public in our sense... Under manuscript conditions an author would.. have no public. An advanced scientist today has no public. 1975 S. Schoenbaum W. Shakespeare xi. 120 A dramatist had least to say about.. publication... He strove, after all, to please audiences in the theatre, not a reading public.

'readingdom. The aggregate of readers. 1832 Southey in C. C. Southey Life (1849) VI. 182 The commonwealth of Readingdom is divided into many independent circles.

freadjoin, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To join again. 1646 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi’s Civil Warres ix. 173 Readjoyning unto it whatsoever at sundry times has been dismembred from it.

rea'd)ourn, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. med.L. readjorndre (1240 in Du C.), F. reajourner (1^2^ in Godef.).] trans. and intr. To adjourn again. 1611 CoTGR., Readjourner, to readiourn. 1628 WoTTON in Reliq. (1672) 443 The Parliament.. was then re-adjoumed by the Kings especial Command till Tuesday next. 1678 Marvell Growth Popery 41 He might have given Notice by Proclamation that upon this account, they should re¬ adjourn to a yet longer time.

Hence rea'djournment (Ogilvie 1882).

rea'djust, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. med.L. readjustdre (1236 in Du C.).] trans. To adjust again or afresh; to put in order again. 1742 Fielding j. Andrews iv. xi. The beau .. taking out a pocket-glass.. re-adjusted his hair. 1764 Maskelyne in Phil. Trans. LIV. 357 It is not always necessary to re-adjust the wires after each sett of observations. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. III. xvi. § I The values and prices of the two things will ..readjust themselves. 1866 Felton Anc. ^ Mod. Gr. II. II. i. 253 The early attempts to readjust the affairs of the East by the Great Powers. absol. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel (1876) 214 It adjusts, re¬ adjusts, turns, re-turns, in every way it wills.

Hence rea'djusted ppl. a.\ rea'djusting vbl sb. 1776 Cavendish in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 385 It is not likely to want re-adjusting soon. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 283 He held out hopes of a readjusted and graduated income-tax.

READJUSTER

267

readjuster, [f. prec.] One who readjusts. 1862 Thornbury Life Turner II. 256 Turner was..a selector, reviser, a readjuster of Nature.

b. U.S. A rnember of a political party (formed in 1877-8) in Virginia, which advocated a legislative readjustment of the State debt. Nation (N.Y.) 13 Nov. 317/2 Further news from Virginia indicates that the Repudiators, or Readjusters, as they call themselves, have elected a majority of the General Assembly. 1883 M. D. Conway in Glasgow Weekly Her. i Sept. 3/2 The readjuster reminds the negro that he was a slave when this debt was formed.. and should not be taxed for the interest.

rea'djustment. [f. as prec. + -ment.] 1. The process of readjusting or of being readjusted.

2. Comb., as readjustment rule Linguistics (see quot. 1972). 1968 Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. i. i. 10 The ‘readjustment rules’ relating syntax to phonology make various other modifications in surface structures. 1972 R. A. Palmatier Gloss. Eng. Transformational Grammar 141 Readjustment rule,.. one of a set of special rules which prepare the syntactic surface structure of a sentence for inputting to the phonological component; one of the types of phonological rules.. which determine admissible, or possible, and inadmissible, or impossible, classificatory matrices. 1977 Canad.Jrnl. Linguistics 1^76 XXI. ii. 215 He also includes the suggestion, discussing "Trager’s similar analysis of short a in New Jersey English in 1940.., that such factors may be handled as a type of readjustment rule in the historical development of the phonology of a language.

treadliche,

adv. Ohs. Also 2-3 reafiliche. [Var. of ME. radliche Quickly, promptly.

red-,

3

radly.]

eii75 Lamb. Horn. 45 wes sancte paul swi8e wa and abeh him redliche to his lauerdes fet. w. Temp. xii. (1877) 129 Your theology needs alteration and readjustment. 1883 pROUDEin Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. I. 194 The house .. requiring paint and other re-adjustments.

v.

[re-

5 a.]

trans.

To

administer again. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii. § 12 That Baptisme is onely then to be readministred, when the first deliuerie thereof is void. 1762 R. Guy Cancers 44 The Hemlock was re¬ administered for some Weeks. 1897 Columbia (Ohio) Disp. 24 Mar. 1/2 The Democratic party.. has regained power and readministered government.

tre'admiral, t;. Obs.-^ [re- 5b.] make (one) an admiral again.

trans.

To

1599 N.ashe Lenten Stuffe 12 Peerebrowne did not only hold his office all the time of that King., but was againe readmirald by Edward the third.

read'mire,

[re-5 a.] To admire again. 1782 Eliz. Blower Geo. Bateman I. 202 The pleasure of having it re-admired by our friends. 1930 O. W. Holmes Let. 12 May (1953) II. 1246, I finished it [5c. a book] a few days ago. I readmired the Rousseau and Machiavelli and believed without adequate knowledge what you say about foundations.

readmission (riised'mijsn). [re- 5 a; cf. next and F. readmission (Littre).] The action of admitting again. 1655 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 341 Twill proue a very difficult worke to make them allow of y® readmission of y« King. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 307 He .. preached at the readmission of a relapsed Christian into our Church. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. ix. 141 There was.. re-admission to the privileges. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 709 Within a week of their readmission, the disease appeared in nine other cottages.

readmit (riited'mit),

v. [re- 5 a. Cf. F. readmettre (readmis, Cotgr. 1611).] trans. To admit again. i6ii Cotgr., Readmis, readmitted. 1616 T. Godwyn Moses & Aaron i, (1641) 54 Sometimes they would re-admit such a one being brought neere unto death. 1665 Manley tr. Grotius' Low C. Warres 616 This was terrible.. to them of Wesell, who were commanded to readmit the Roman Rites. 1742 Young Nt. Th. iv. 670 Happy day! that..re¬ admits us., to our Father’s throne. 1866 Lond. Rev. 6 Jan. 2/2 He would at once readmit the late rebel states to the full enjoyment of their rights. absol. c 1659 Thorndike Church's Power of Excomm. §36 Penance.. readmits not but upon reasonable or legal presumption of sin first abolished.

Hence read'mitting vbl. sb. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 583 The re-admitting of the Air.

read'mittance. [Cf.

prec. and admittance.]

Readmission. 1669 Ormonde MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 104 To order his readmittance and continuance in the..guard of halbertiers. o/iff^’, the Politics of Reality. 1920 Times 19 Jan. 13/2 An over-strong Russia.. might not altogether suit the Realpolitik of this country. 1926 A. Huxley Jesting Pilate iv. 275 Freudism became the realpolitik of psychology and philosophy. 1928 C. H. Dodd Authority of Bible xii. 266 In the last days of the monarchies Israel became involved to its cost in the large ‘Re^olitik’ of the time. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 June 433/2 The conflict between these two ideals —Realpolitik and a policy founded upon principles of justice and morality. 1948 R. Robinson tr. Jaeger's Aristotle 11. v. 113 The letter that we possess is the solemn record of this peculiar pact between Realpolitik and theoretical schemes of reform. 1952 J. D. Mackie Earlier Tudors x. 351 [Thomas Cromwell] had little belief in the omnipotence of the papacy and pinned his faith to Realpolitik. 1958 New Statesman 19 Apr. 494/2 But the bare-faced hypocrisy with which they have attempted to conceal their military realpolitik, and which has now been devastatingly exposed, is a serious tactical error. 1961 Listener 27 Apr. 731/2 Writing in the eighteen-fifties—the decade which saw the birth of the name and concept of Realpolitik—Mommsen was imbued with the sense of need for a strong man. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 109 Even the best educated of them [sc. women] know that arguments with their men-folk are disguised real¬ politik. 1979 Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 49/2 Soviet policy may have sprung neither from revolutionary ideology nor from traditional Realpolitik.

Hence realpo'Htiker, one who believes in, advocates, or practises Realpolitik, 1930 C. Sforza in Time ^ Tide 4 Apr. 435/2‘The United States of Europe!’ sneered .. the real-politikers, whom, by a strange legerdemain, the defeat of HohenzoUern Germany has conjured up again in France. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 53/1 Both [Cavour and Bismarck] were Realpolitiker, endowed with an extraordinary capacity for gauging the forces with which they had to deal. 1958 Times 14 June 8/5 In all this he [sc. Pierre Flandin] took the line of a French Realpolitiker. 1^3 Observer i Dec. 21/4 He learned the lesson, and applied it in Laos—and not in the sentimentally tough way supposed by the realpolitikers. 1976 Survey Winter 16 Czechoslovakia may look even more remote than Angola.. but its fate counts in the over-all balance, whatever the Realpolitiker may think.

IIRealschule (re'ailjurb). Also realschule. PI. Realschulen. [Ger.] In Germany and Austria, a secondary school in which sciences and modern languages are taught. Cf. real school s.v. real a.^ 10. 1833 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 552 Realschulen, real schools .. because they are less occupied with the study of languages (Verbalia) than with the knowledge of things (Realia). 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 471 /1 Of more recent growth is the system of realschulen, where Latin is the only ancient language taught, the other branches being modern languages, especially French and English, mathematics and natural philosophy, geography and modern history. 1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory & Social Structure xiv. 343 Hecker, who first actually organized a Realschule. 1969 Listener 10 Apr. 480/2 Experimental step towards comprehensive education: class in a Realschule. Jewish Chron. 23 May 14/2, I later taught in the Realschule, founded by his grandfather, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.

re-'alter, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To alter again. 1816 Southey in Q. Rev. XIV. 347,1 began to scribble, to alter, to read, and re-alter. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser.

REALTOR I. (1863) 6 He has a passion for bricks and mortar, and., diverts himself with altering and re-altering.

Realtor ('ri:3lt3(r)). U.S. Also realtor, [f. REAlt(y^ + -OR.] A proprietary term in the U.S. for a real-estate agent or broker who belongs to the National Association of Realtors (formerly the National Association of Real Estate Boards). Also gen., an estate agent. C. N. Chadbourn in Nat. Real Estateyrnl. 15 Mar. 111/2, I propose that the National Association adopt a professional title to be conferred upon its members which they shall use to distinguish them from outsiders. That this title be copyrighted and defended by the National Association against misuse... I therefore, propose that the National Association adopt and confer upon its members, dealers in realty, the title of realtor (accented on the first syllable). 1922 S. Lewis Babbitt xiii. 157 We ought to insist that folks call us ‘realtors’ and not ‘real-estate men’. Sounds more like a reg’lar profession. 1925 O. W. Holmes Let. 17 Dec. in Holmes-Laski Lett. (1953) 1- 807 These realtors, as they call themselves, I presume are influential. 1929 Sun (Baltimore) 8 Jan. 26/3 {heading) Realtors doubt plan for Fox Theater here. 1931 Evening Standard 25 Apr. 15/2 {heading) ‘Realtor’ recommends Surrey. 1934 E. Pound Elet en New Cantos xxxv. 23 His Wife now acts as his model and the Egeria Has, let us say, married a realtor. 1942 Amer. Speech XVH. 209/2 The ambitious realtor’s favorites, the over-worked [street names] Grand, Broadway, and Inspiration. 1948 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 14 Sept. 340/2 National Association of Real Estate Boards, Chicago, Ill... Service Mark. Realtors. For services in connection with the brokerage of real estate... Claims use since Mar. 31, 1916. 1962 R. Buckminster Fuller Epic Poem on Industrialization 139 The organized religions The world’s premier realtors. 1969 Parade (N.Y.) 14 Dec. 18/2 The realtor who sold most of the property to the hippies has had her office windows smashed. 1970 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. 40/2 (Advt.), Metro wide established realtor with country wide referral contacts. 1973 R. C. Dennis Sweat of Fear ix. 59 The realtor said... ‘Let me point out some of the features of this lovely, lovely home.’ 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 33/3 Included are .. bankers and lawyers; social and political activists; professors and artists, renov’ators and historians, journalists and realtors. 1916

t'realty'. Obs. Forms: 4-5 realte, (4 -tee, reaulte), 7 realty, -tie; 4 relate, reaute. Sc. reawte, (rewate). [a. OF. reaute, realte:—pop.L. *regdlitdt-em regality: see also rialty and ROYALTY.]

1. Royalty; royal state, dignity, or power. ri350 Will. Palerne 5006 Alle pe clerkes vnder god coupe nou3t descriue .. pe realte of pat day. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. x. 335 Kynghod ne kny3thod.. Helpep nou3t to heueneward ..ne reaute of lordes. C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxx. 134 Now will I speke of sum of pe principall iles of Prestre lohn land, and of pe realtee of his state.

b. Used as a title. 1400 in Royal ^ Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 23 Likit yhour Realte to wit that I am gretly wrangit be the Due of Rothesay.

2. Sc. a. A kingdom, realm. 1375 B.arbour Bruce i. 593 Thiddir somownys he in hy The barownys of his reawte. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. i. 62 Na thare consent,.. Prejwdycyale suld [noucht] be Till off Scotland the realte.

b. A town or district under the immediate jurisdiction of the king; a regality. 1438 Sc. Actsjas. //(1814) 32 Vyth help and supple of the lordis of the realteys geyfT neyd be.

realty^ ('riialti). Also 5 realte, 7 -tie. [f. real + -TY.]

11. a. Reality. Obs. Promp. Parv. 424/2 Realte, realitas. 1627 W. ScLATER Exp. 2 Thcss. (1629) 99 The man [leads into Error] through realty, or opinion of learning, or sanctity, or both. 1644 Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings 47 He is King of kings.. truly so, kings upon earth are onely such.. more in resemblance, than realtie. CI440

fb. A reality, a real thing. Obs.~^ H. More Song of Soul i. ii. xii. We may see The nearly couching of each Realtie. 1647

t2. Sincerity, honesty. Obs. rare. 1619 in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 170 He tould the Ambassador that he needed not doubt of his realty in observing such capitulations. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 115 That such resemblance of the Highest Should yet remain, where faith and realtie Remain not.

t3. A real possession; a right. Obs. rare. 1618 J. Wilkinson Of Courts Baron 120 b, If any man hath fished, hawked, or hunted within this Lordship .. you must present them, for they are the Lords Realties. 1635 (Chapman & Shirley Chabot i. ii. That kings do no [? read not] hazard infinitely In their free realties of rights and honours Where they leave much for favorites’ powers to order! 4. Law. Real property or estate, (real a.'^ 6 c.)

Also attrib. 1670 Blount Law Diet., Realty, is an abstract of real, and distinguished from Personalty, a 1683 Scroggs Courtsleet (1714) 109 In Action of Debt which concerns the Realty. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xxiv. 385 Our courts now regard a man’s personalty in a light nearly, if not quite, equal to his realty. 1861 Pearson Early & Mid. Ages Eng. 186 The realty of a man who died intestate, was divided equally among his sons. 1888 A. Randall-Diehl Two Thousand Words 175 Realty-man, a dealer in real estate. 1908 E. Wharton Hermit Wild Woman 135, I chanced on a record of the transaction in the realty column of the morning paper. 1934 E. Pound Eleven New Cantos xi. 48 Beecher’s church organized by realty agents. 1947 E. Hodgins Mr Blandings iii. 45 As a grizzled veteran of realty values, he would discuss his one time innocence with the real estate man. 1963 C. D. Simak They walked like Men viii. 47 People

REAM

279 were storming realty offices in a mad attempt to find a place to live. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 51 (Advt.), Lawyer to manage litigation, realty transactions by property development corporation. 1972 J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xiv. 100 The tract home had been rented from the realty office by phone. 1975 New Yorker 1 Sept. 20/3 The realty company that is the agent for U.S. Steel gave us thirty days to get out.

realy, variant of really adv.'^ Obs. fream, Obs. Forms: i hream, 2-3 ream, 3 raem, rem. [OE. hream, of obscure origin; hence REME w.' The sb. is common in OE. and early ME., but is not found after c 1250.] Clamour, outcry, shouting. C897 K. 2^lfred Gregory's Past. C. Iv. 427 Daette swi6e W2ere semanijfalSod Sodomwara hream & Gomorwara. c 1000 i^lLFRic Horn. II. 336 Dam haljan were waes 5ej>uht pset p2£s jefeohtes hream mihte beon jehyred seond ealle eorSan. c 1205 Lay. i i 280 Scottes huuen up muchelne raem & Octaues foTc nam flem.

b. esp. Noise of wailing or lamentation; hence, great sorrow, distress, or trouble. Beowulf (Z.) 1303 Hream wearC in Heorote .. Cearu wees seniwod. 0900 Cynewulf Christ 594 Swa mid Dryhten dream, swa mid deoflum hream. c 1200 Ormin 8137 J>e33re wop & te33re rsem Comm full wel till hiss sere. 01225 Beg. Kath. 2325 To arisen from ream to aa lestinde lahtre. a 1250 Owl & Night. 1213 3ef eni mon schal rem abide, A1 ich hit wot ear hit i-tide.

c. With a and pi.

A cry (of grief).

01225 Beg. Kath. 164 Swi6 feole 3einde.. wi5 reowfule reames. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 1962 He missed Joseph.. wende him slagen, set up an rem. •

(Camden) 8, I prai yow bi me a reme of paper at London. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent 9 Offring him, that for a wager he would deuoure 4. reame of his ballads; which in the totall are two thousand. 1689-90 Wood Life 20 Mar. (O.H.S.) III. 328 Bought.. a reame of writing paper. 1766 C. Leadbetter Royal Gauger ii. xiv. (ed. 6) 371 Tied up into Reams or Bundles for Sale. Note. That 18 of the good Quires, and 2 of the broken go to each Ream. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. ix. (ed. 3) 65 The hundred reams of paper were printed off. 1879 Print. Trades Jrnl. xxvi. 15 A hundred reams were actually made in Scotland and delivered in London in three days. jS- 1473-4 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 645 Pro di. rym et iij quaternis papiri empt., ijs. vij^. 1507-8 Ibid. 659 In ij Rymez papiri empt. 1568 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 293 Half a rim of paper.. Half a rim of dim paper.

b. Used to denote a large quantity of paper, without reference to the precise number of sheets. 1597 Bp. Hall Sat. ii. ii. 30 When ye have spent A thousand lamps, and thousand reams have rent Of needlesse papers. 1646 J. Hall Poems i Paper-tyrants reign, who presse Whole harmlesse reams to death. 1699 Garth Dispens. iv. 46 Hither, rescu’d from the Grocers, come M-Works entire, and endless Rheams of Bloom. 1781 Cowper Progr. Err. 311 Whose corresponding misses fill the ream With sentimental frippery and dream. 1814 Scott Drama (1874) 202 More fire than warms whole reams of modern plays, a 1839 Praed Poems (1865) II. 14 Shield thee with a ream of rhyme.

c. With pun on ream realm. 1589 Pappe w. Hatchet D ij, Let them but chafe my penne, and it shal sweat out a whole realme of paper, or make them odious to the whole Realme. c 1592 Marlowe Jezo of Malta IV. iv, Giue Me a Reame of paper, We’ll haue a kingdome of gold for’t.

d. transf. in pi. A large quantity. ream (ri;m), sb.^ Obs. exc. dial. Forms: i ream, 4-5 rem, 5-6 reme, (6 Sc. reyme), 7 reame, 8ream, (8-9 dial, reeam, reem, raim, etc.). [OE. ream = MDu. (Du.) room, MLG. r6m{e, MHG. roum (G. rahm, also dial, raum, rohm, etc.):—OTeut. *raumo-z, of obscure origin: ON. rjomi (Norw. dial, rjome, rome, etc.) represents a different ablaut-grade with weak ending {*reumon-).'\ 1. a. = CREAM sb.'^ I. (In ME. occ. ntilkes rente.)

1913 D. H. Lawrence Love Poems & Others 54 Eh, what a shame it seems As some should ha’e hardly a smite o’ trouble An’ others has reams. 1927 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iv. 113 This simple personal fact illustrates, better than could whole reams of argument, the extreme complexity of religion. 1976 San Francisco Examiner 30 May (This World Suppl.) 19/1 Spacecraft sent there in recent years have dispelled legends and added reams of sound, ordered data, yet the charisma of Mars remains.

ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 314 5enim god beren mela and hwit sealt, do on ream o56e gode flete. c 1330 Arth. Merl. 1455 (Kolbing) On is white so milkes rem, bat o^er is red. 1483 Cath. Angl. 303/1 Reme, quaccum. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 43 Fresche buttir ande salt buttir, reyme, flot quhaye. 1728 Ramsay Betty ^ Kate ii. Can dale dainties please Thee mairthan moorland ream? 1788SHIRREFS Poems{i’jqo) 141, I laid upon the board Some cruds and ream. 1822 Galt Sir A. Wylie Ixxxviii, A bonny wee china pourie, full o’ thick ream. 1869- in northern dial, glossaries (Yks., Lane.). 1880 E. Cornwall Gloss, s.v.. Cold cream is called ‘raw ream’.

reme, 6- ream, 9 dial. ra(y)me, r(h)eem. [ME. rsemien, of obscure origin. Cf. ream v.^

b. Used allusively (see quot. 1721). Sc. Prov. 136 He streaks Ream in my Teeth. Spoken when we think one only flattering us. 1722 Ramsay Three Bonnets iv. 31 Rosie.. Rubs o’er his cheeks and gab wi’ ream. Till he believes’t to be a dream. t2. = CREAM sb.'^ Perh. a mechanical alteration of crem in the original text. 13.. Minor Poemsfr. Vernon MS. 624/435 Cristened we weore In Red[de] rem, Whon his bodi bledde on pe Beem. 1721 Kelly

..

3. transf. A scum or froth upon any liquid. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 2 3e schal se as it were a liquor of oyle ascende vp, fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn or of a reme. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ll. 346 This liquor is called by the physicions chylus, which .. resembleth the reme of a ptisame. 1786 Burns Twa Dogs 131 The nappy reeks wi’ mantling ream. 1839 Moir Mansie Wauch (ed. 2) xxiv. 306 The porter.. was in prime condition with a ream as yellow as a marigold.

4. (See quots.) 1962 Gloss. Terms Glass Industry {B.S.I.) 39 Ream, a nonhomogeneous layer in flat glass. 1971 Materials & Technol. II. vi. 408 In the drawing of sheet the outer layers of glass may have come from the glass originally on the surface.. and may be somewhat deficient in alkali compared with the main glass... This results in a type of inhomogeneity known as ‘ream’, in which the inhomogeneity is in a direction at right angles to the plane of the glass.

ream (ri:m), sb.^ Forms: a. 4 rem, 5-6 reme, (5 reeme, 7 rheme); 5-7 reame, 6 realme, 7-8 rheam, 6- ream. /3. 5-6 rym, 6 rim. [ME. rem and rim = Du. riem (i6th c.), OF. rayme, raime, reyme, rew/we (1360-1489 in Godef.; mod.F. rame), and riesme (i492 ibid.), Sp. and Pg. resma. It. (and med.L.) risma, ad. Arab, rizmah bale or bundle (of clothes, paper, etc.). The precise source of the ME. forms is not clear; the usual reme approximates to those which appear in OF., while the northern rim or rym has more resemblance to Du. riem. It. risma is app. the source of MHG. ris, riz, rist (G. ries, in i6th c. also reisz), whence Da. and Sw. ris. The occasional i6th-c. spelling realme is due to the existence of ream as a variant of realm.]

ream, obs. variant of realm. ream, v.^ Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 3 raemien, 4-6

As the evidence for the word is chiefly south-western, it is doubtful whether the northern quots. in i b. belong here.]

1. intr. To stretch oneself after sleep or on rising; fto yawn. CI205 Lay. 25991 SeoSSen he gan rsemien and raxlede swij>e. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. viii. 7 He.. hus brest knokede Rascled and remed and routte at pe laste. 14.. Lat.-Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 563/9 Alo, to reme. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Enaspar el cuerpo, to reame, to reach, pandiculare, exporrigere se. 1886 El worthy W. Som. Word~bk., Ream, to stretch oneself on awaking, or on getting up.

b. To Stretch or reach after. .2 + -yL] Creamy, frothy; made with cream. 1831 J. Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXIX. 553 A reamy richness, unknown to any other malt. 1868 G. Macdonald R. Falconer vi, A bit o’ reamy cakes.

rean (ri:n). Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 6 reian, 6-7, 9 reane, 7, 9 reean, 9 rean(n, reen(e, etc. [App. a var. of rain but the difference in vowel over the northern area is difficult to explain. In the west perhaps associated with teen RHINE.] 1. A water-furrow; = rain sb,^ 2. ? 495 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 469/2 That the same Manours.. be reuiued and reannexed to the said Duchie of Cornwall. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 40 King Charles was not a little inflamed with an ambition to repurchase, and reannex that Duchie. 1642 C. Vernon Consid. Exch. 58 The said Court of Wards and Liveries.. might.. escape from being re¬ annexed to the Exchequer. 1750 Carte Hist. Eng. II. 284 Declaring the feif forfeited, re-annexed it to the domaine of

REANNEXATION

Hence rea'nnexing vbl. sb. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII45 The French Ambassadors were dismissed; the King auoiding to vnderstand any thing touching the reannexing of Britaine.

reannexation (.riiaenik'seij'sn). [Cf. prec. and ANNEXATION.] The action of reannexing; the fact or process of being reannexed. i860 Motley Netherl. (1875) I. 360 One general scheme; the main features of which were the reannexation of Holland [etc.]. 1866 Macm. Mag. Feb. 280 Adjusting the terms of reannexation to Rome.

reanoint (riia'noint), v. anoint again.

[re- 5 a.]

REAP

281

the Crown. 1808 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. II. 223, I believe I shall be re-annexed to the Critical Review if it go on. 1896 Lely Stat. of Pract. Utility 8 note, The 9th.. section.. reannexed to Lower Canada certain parts of Labrador and the adjacent islands.

trans.

To

1611 Florio, Riungere, to reanoint. 1626 Bacon Sylva §998 The Party Hurt, hath been in great Rage of Paine, till the Weapon was Reannointed. 1627 Drayton Agincourt 99 Edward .. re-annoynted mounts th’ Imperiall Chaire.

reanson, obs. form of ransom sb. tre'answer, 5^?. Obs.-^ [Cf. next.] Reply. 1599 Sir Clyom. in Peek’s Wks. (Rtldg.) 531/1 Who art thou, or what’s thy name? re-answer quickly make.

tre’answer, Obs. [f. re- + answer prob. after respond., reply, rejoin, etc.] 1. trans. a. To answer; to give answer to. 1523 More in State Papers (1830) I. 143 Which [commendation] I can never otherwise reanswere than with my pore prayoure. c 1594 Capt. W'yatt R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 3 Our great ordenance .. was re-answeared by the Queenes ordenance out of Callshott Castle. 1599 Sir Clyom. in Peek’s W’ks. (Rtldg.) 511/1 In case you will re¬ answer me my question to absolve.

b. To meet, be sufficient for, or equivalent to. 159S Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 97 If.. your enemy [be] very strong in horse, and you few horse or none to re¬ answere them. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iii. vi. 136 The losses we haue borne.. which in weight to re-answer, his pettinesse would bow vnder. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 513 Rewards of their abstinence and vertues, as also to re-answer their benefactors confidence.

c. To make good. rare~^. 1591 Greene 2nd Pt. Conny-Catching Wks. (Grosart) X. 109 If a purse bee drawen.. they take vp all the Nips and Foists abovte the cittie, and let them lie there [in Newgate] while the money be reanswered vnto the party.

2. intr. To make an answer or return. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W’. de W’. 1531) 21 b, He commeth to vs helpyng.. vs: and we reanswere to his grace.

re'answer, rare, [re-5 a.] trans. To answer a second time, 1608 Hieron Defence ii. 179 Lyraes distinction betwene the facte and the zeale is before answered, and by and by shal be reanswered. 1933 J. Clayton Sir Thomas More v. 87 From the time of S. Anselm .. the most profound and subtle philosophical questions had been raised and answered, and again reconsidered and reanswered. 1977 Word igy2 XXVIH. 78, I am grateful for her patience in answering and reanswering countless questions and either producing or approving almost all the sentences included in this article.

re-'anvil, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To put on the anvil again; to forge afresh. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 6i Of which Arian forgeries some were re-anvill’d again by.. Turrianus.

reap (ri:p), sb.^ Forms: i reopa, rypa, 4-5 reepe, 4-6 repe, 7- reap. [OE. reopa, rypa, prob. for *ripa, related to rtpan or ripan reap h.*] A bundle or handful of grain or any similar crop; a sheaf, or the quantity sufficient to make a sheaf. (Cf. rip sb.) C825 Vesp. Psalter cxxv. 6 Cuma6.. berende reopan heara. Ibid, cxxviii. 7 Se 6e reopan somnaS. a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxxv. 8 )>ai sail cum with gladnes: berand J?aire repis. 1388 Judith viii. 3 Men byndynge togidere reepis in the feeld. C1420 Pallad. on Hush. vii. 247 BarIy..vppon repes bounde And in a oone ybake. C1460 Totcneley Myst. ii. 235 As mych as oone reepe. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §29 In some places they lay them [beans and peas] on repes,.. and neuer bynde them. 1613 Markham Eng. Husbandman xviii. (1635) 116 You may put twentie reapes together, and thereof make a cocke. 1764 Museum Rust. II. 81 Though the bottom of the reaps will be a little greenish, they must not be turned to weather the under side. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 706 They are usually reaped with the sickle, and laid in thin grips or reaps. 1829 in Brockett (ed. 2). 1876in dial, glossaries (Cumb., Northumb., Yks.; Glouc., Som.).

reap (ri:p), sb.^ Forms: a. i hrip(p-, hrip(p-, i, 4 rip, ryp, 4 ripe, rype, rijp; ripp, ryppe, rep. jS. 6 reape, 7, 9 reap. [OE. rip or rip related to ripan or ripan reap v.^-, on the relationship and history of the forms cf. the note to the vb. Sense 2 is perh. directly from the vb.] 11. Harvest, reaping. Obs. a. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 Forletas esSer jew^xe wiS to hripe. .& in tid hripes [etc.; Rushui. ripe(s]. ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. ix. 37-8 Micel rip ys.. Biddap 6aes ripes hlaford ptet he sende wyrhtan to his ripe. 1382 WvcLIF Gen. viii. 22 All the dales of the erthe, seed and ripe .. shulen not rest.-2 Sam. xxi. 9 In the dais of the fyrst rijp [1388 the firste rep or ripp]. 1387 Tbevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 185 pou hast no leVe to sette pyn hook in oper men ripe [v.r. ryppe, rip, ryp(e]. p. 1542 Becon David’s Harp Pref., We had nede therefore to pray vnto the Lord of the haruest, to sende out labourers

into his reape. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 239 Your plants are blasted in the bud: your come shaken before the reape. 1679 Blount Anc. Tenures 21 He was.. to come to the Lords Reap with all his houshold.

2. A set of reapers. 1826 in Hone Every-day Bk. II. 1167 The lord of the harvest is accompanied by his lady (the person is so called who goes second in the reap).

2. Judo. (See quot. 1968.) Cf. next, B. 2e. 1968 K. Smith Diet. 167 Reap, an action of the kg or foot to sweep away the kgs or feet of an opponent in execution of a throw. 1975 R. Butler Where All Girls are Sweeter ii. 8, I.. locked his arm and gave him what the judo boys call a ‘reap’ and his arm cracked loudly as he went down on his back.

reap (riip), v.^ Forms: see below. [OE. ripan or ripan (North, rioppa etc.), rypan, reopan, not represented in the cognate languages: the relationship of the various forms and their subsequent history in ME. is to some extent obscure. The quantity of the vowel in WS. is not certain, but the pi. pa. t. ripon {rypon) would normally correspond to an infin. ripan (conjugated like ridan ride.) For Anglian and North, dial., however, a short vowel is proved by the forms with umlaut {reop-, riop-), and by the spelling with double />; how these forms were conjugated does not appear. Whether an OE. *repan can also be inferred from the late pi. pa. t. rcepon, and early ME. reopen, is doubtful. In ME. the infin. types are ripe{n and repe{n, the former of which might represent either OE. ripan or ripan, and the latter OE. ripan or *repan. The strong conj. of repe{n is that of verbs of the fourth and fifth classes, with pa. t. rap, and pa. ppk. repe{n or rope{n. The rare pa. t. rope (pi. ropen) may either be a relic of the old conj. of ripan, or a new formation on analogy of the pa. ppk. From the 15th c. the conj. has usually been weak, though some strong forms have been retained (or re-formed) in dialect use. The infin. rip, found in some i6th c. writers, is also common in mod. dial., and may partly represent the old northern forms with double/).]

A. Illustration of forms. 1. Inf. (and Pres.) a. i ripan, rypan, north. hriopa, 3 ripen, ripe, 4 rype. The normal forms of the present tense in OE. are i. ripe, 2. ripst, 3. ripd, or riped’, pi. ripad. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxxviii. 7 Of 6aem ne jefyllefi hond his se ripe6. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 24 Du hripes 5er 6u ne sawes. C975 Rushw. Gosp. ibid. 26 Ic ripe [ciooo ripe, rype] paer ic ne seow. c 1000 Cleric Gen. xlv. 6 Man ne maes na6er erian ne ripan. c 1200 Moral Ode 22 (Trin. Coll. MS.) Aik men sulk ripen J)at hie ar sewen. c 1290 ripe [see B. i]. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) 1. ii 3if 36 [= she] wok wip 30W rype, forbedep hir nou3t. I reopa, 3 reopen; 2- 4 repen, 4-6 repe, 5-6 reepe, 6-8 reape, (6 Sc. raipe), 6- reap. r825 Vesp. Psalter cxxv. 5 Da sawaS in tearum, in jefian hie reopafi. a 1200-25 repen, reopen [see B. 2 b]. a 1300 E.E. Psalter cxxv. 6 In mikel gladschip repe sal t?ai. a 1325 Prose Psalter cxxviii. 6 Of which he pat shal repen, ne fild nou3t his honde. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. vi. 15 Canstow.. Repe. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1245 Suche as ye haue sowe Must ye nedes reepe. 1530 Palsgr. 686/2, I repe come with a syckell. 1535 Coverdale Matt. xxv. 26, I reape where I sowed not.-Rev. xiv. 15 Thruste in thy syck and reepe. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 185 Quhat so euer a man saues, the same sal he raipe. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 263 To plough, to plant, to reap. 1707 in Hearne Collect. 9 Aug. (O.H.S.) II. 32, I should not reape one peny advantage. 1833 Tennyson Lotos Eaters 166 Sow the seed, and reap the harvest. y. I north, hrioppa, hripp-, 6-7 rippe, 6 rip. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. vi. 26 Fuglas heofnes ne settas .. ne rioppas. Ibid. xxv. 26 Ic hrippo Ser ne seawu ic. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 75 Their wages to rippe or binde come. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Demeto, to rippe or cut downe with a sickle. 2. a. Str. pa. t. i pi. ripon, -rypon, raepon; 4 rap, rope (pi. ropen); dial. 8-9 rope, 9 rep. c893-aii22 [see B. 2]. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiii. 374 If I rope [I wolde] ouer-reche, or jaf hem red that ropen [etc.]. 1388 Wyclif Ruth ii. 23 So longe sche rap with hem. b. Str. pa. pple. a. 4 ropen, ropun, -yn, 4-5 rope. )3. 4 repe, 4-5 repen, -yne, (9 reapen). 1382 Wyclif Gen. xlv. 6 It may not be eerid, ne ropun. 1388-Song Sol. V. I, Y haue rope [ti.r. repe] my myrre. c 1385 ropen, -yn, repyne [see B. 2 b]. c 1420 rope [see B. 2]. 1874 OuiDA Two little wooden Shoes 256 The wheat was reapen in the fields.

3. a. Weak pa. t. 4 repide, 6 rieped, 7-8 reapt, 8reaped. 1382 repiden [see B. 3]. 1542 rieped [see B. 4]. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage ix. ix. (1614) 876 That which they reapt on the land. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 183 The king reaped the fruits of the victory.

b. Weak pa. pple. 5-6 reped, 6 reeped, 6reaped, 7- reap’d; 6 reapt, rept; ripped. 1489 reped [see B. 4]. 1535 Coverdale Rev. xiv. 16 The earth was reeped. a 1547 Surrey JEneid iv. (1557) F2b, Springyng herbes reapt vp with brasen sithes. 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 72 When the wheate was ready to be ripped. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 45 Much profit is rept, by sloes well kept. 1611 Bible Rev. xiv. 16 The earth was reaped. 1653 Milton Hirelings Wks. (1851) 365 From him wherfore should be reap’d?

B. Signification. 1. intr. To perform the action of cutting grain (or any similar crop) with the hook or sickle. Also freq. fig. or in fig. context. C825 [see A. I a and jS]. C897 K. j^^lfred Gregory's Past. C. xxxix. 284 Se pe him £elc wolen ondraet, ne rip8 se n$fre. C950- [see A. la], ciooo 2^)lfric Horn. II. 462 BehealdaS pas fleosendan fujelas, 6e ne sawafi ne ne ripaO. c 1250 Moral Ode 11 in E.E.P. (1862) 23 Hy mowen scukn & rien J>er pe hi ser seowen. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 303/126 He ne j^urte

carie of non o^)ur weork, nojjur to ripe ne mowe. 1382 Wyclif Rev. xiv. 15 Sende thi sikel, and repe. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4203 The Austere juge wilk repe in place whare henoghtsewe. Pilgr. Perf. {VI. de W. 1531) ii b. They ^d sowe, & we do repe. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. hi. ii. 113 They that reap must sheafe and binde. a 1822 Shelley Men of Eng. vi. Sow seed,—but let no tyrant reap. 1842 Tennyson Dora 76 The reapers reap’d. And the sun fell, and all the land was dark.

2. a. trans. To cut (grain, etc.) with the sickle, esp. in harvest; hence, to gather or obtain as a crop (usually of grain) by this or some other process. C893 K. .Alfred Oros. iv. viii. §7 folc him jej^uhte pa hie heora corn ripon .. past ealle pa ear wjeron blodeje. e day of dome, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/1 Repynge, of come, messura. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John iv. There is more pain and labour about the tilling and sowing, then in the haruest and reaping. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 179 To the readie reaping of your comoditie. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. I. 32 Those which ., require some help in order to a good Reaping. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 136 Let the wheat stand ever so well, yet reaping is preferable to mowing. 1812 Sir J. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. I. 270 An acre of potatoes gives 120 days reaping (shearing). 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 1053 Calculating every day’s reaping of those who are hired by the day. 1881 Athenseum 5 Nov. 603/2 That blueness which proves thousands of reapings by a razor.

b.Jfudo. The action of reaping (reap leg or legs of one’s opponent.

v.^

2 e) the

1954 E. Dominy Teach Yourself Judo vii. 70 The Major Outer Reaping. This is one of the most effective and popular throws in judo. 1956 K. ToMIKi Judo iii. 68 O-soto-gari (Major Outer Reaping Leg Throw). 1976 Oxf. Compan. Sports & Games 547/2 The most successful throws have proved to be.. o-soto-gari (major outer reaping throw), [etc.].

2. attrib. and Comb., as reaping-fork, -hook, -scythe, -sickle, REAPER 2.

-time-,

reaping-machine

=

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 793 A "reaping fork is sometimes made use of for collecting it into sheaves. 01700 Dryden (J ), It looks Most plainly done by thieves with "reaping-hooks. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 134 They must imagine.. that the new-fashioned scythes are much better for use than the old-fashioned reaping-hooks. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 794 The sickle with teeth should be employed in preference to the reaping-hook with a cutting blade. 1842 Macaulay Horatius xiv. Sun-burned husbandmen With reaping-hooks and staves. 1812 Sir J. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. i. 328 No "reaping machine has yet been invented, that will answer the object they had in view. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 1076 'The first reaping-machine that came before the public with any claim to efficiency was that of Mr. Smeath of Deanston, about the year 1814-15. Ibid. 1081 Of this form of mounting a "reaping-scythe there are many varieties. 1611 CoTGR. s.v. Moissonnier, a "reaping sickle. 1388 Wyclif Matt. xiii. 30 Suffre 36 hem bothe wexe..in to "repyng tyme. 1611 CoTGR., Moisson,.. reaping time.

freap-man. Obs. Forms: i hrip(p)emonn, 2 ripman, 4 ripeman, 4 5 repman, 5-6 repeman. [OE. rip(p)e-, ripmann, f. ripp-, rip reap ^6.^“] A reaper. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 In tid hripes ic willo cuoeSa 6aem hrippe-monnum [etc.]. Ibid. 39 Da hripemenn soSlice engles sindon. rii6o Hatton Gosp. Matt. ix. 37 Witodlice mycel rip ys, & feawe ripmen. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. ii Ruth, .lase vp pe eeres after his ripemen. C1400 Solomon's Bk. Wisd. 246 Repmen forto here mete sone he hym h>der sent. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 10420 Thow semyst..A repman, for thyn vnkouth guyse. c 1449 Pecock Repr. iii. xvi. 383 Whanne money is paied to a repe man for his dai labour in the haruest feeld. 1566 WiTHALS Diet. 17 b, A repe man or he that repeth the come.

reappaise, variant of reappease

v.

Obs.

re-a'pparel, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To apparel again. Hence re-a'pparelling vbl. sb. 1624 Donne Devotions 358 (T.), Then we shall all be invested, reapparelled in our own bodies. 1901 Edin. Rev. Oct. 416 Ideas must re-apparel themselves in modern dress. Ibid., All such re-apparelling is of secondary import when [etc.].

re-a'pparent, a. [reReappearing periodically.

5 a.]

Of

a

star:

1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. IV. xliv. 190 Three changeable or re-apparent stars have been discovered in.. the Swan.

in the grass and weeds for about a quarter of a league, when they re-appear amongst a quantity of rocks. 1821 Shelley Adonais xviii. The ants, the bees, the swallows, reappear. 1863 Sat. Rev. 16 May 638 That which was ‘motion’.. re¬ appears as heat. 1900 G. C. Brodrick Mem. & Imp. 92, I never felt quite sure for years afterwards that he might not reappear in my rooms.

Hence rea'ppearing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1816 Southey Lay of Laureate Iviii, In re-appearing light confess’d. There stood another Minister of bliss. 1884 Harper's Mag. Mar. 607/2 The next afternoon went by without his re-appearing. 1891 Daily News 11 Sept. 3/3 One or two [cottages] that have become shelters for the reappearing small holders.

rea’ppearance.

[re- 5 a.] The act of appearing

again; a second or fresh appearance. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 35 All my little Animals made their re-appearance. 1753 N. Torriano Gangr. Sore Throat 29 We bled her again .. on account of a Re-appearance of bleeding at the Nose. 1828 Landor Imag. Conv. Wks. 1853 1. 341/1 The most favourite word with her ever since her re¬ appearance among us. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xiii. 131 About a month after the reappearance of the sun.

t reappease, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 reappaise. [re- 5 a.] trans. To pacify or appease again. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 44 To be aduertised, afore he entered the Citie: whether the tumult of the people were in any sort reappaised. 159S Florio, Rctchetare, to reapease, to quiet. 1611 in Cotgr., s.v. reblandir.

reappell,

obs. form of reappeal.

reap-penny.

rare“'. = reap-silver. 1843 Carlyle Past fef Pr. ii. v, [What difficulty.. has our Cellerarius to collect the repselver, ‘reaping silver’, or penny. Ibid.] Wise Lord Abbots.. did in time abolish or commute the reap-penny.

re-appli'cation,

[re- 5 a; cf. next.]

A fresh

application. 1692 Norris Curs. Reflect. 9 A Re-advertency or Re¬ application of mind to Ideas that are actually there. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 27 The simple re-application of fire produces nearly the same result. 1897 Daily News 12 Mar. 3/3 Racing licences should hold good from year to year without re-application.

re-a'pply, v.

[re- 5 a.] To apply again. 1723 Houstoun in Phil. Trans. XXXII. 388 She went chearfully Abroad, and re-apply’d herself to Business. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 388 Mixing them [slices of soil] into composts with lime, and re-applying them. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma (1876) 88 By giving a fuller idea of righteousness, to reapply emotion to it. Hence re-a'pplier, one who reapplies. 1884 Crafts Sabbath for Man (1894) 384 Knox seems to have been .. the re-applier of the term ‘Sabbath’ to it.

rea'ppoint, v.

[re-

5 a.]

trans.

To appoint

again. Hence rea'ppointed ppl. a. 1611 Cotgr., Redeleguer, to redelegate, reappoint, giue a new commission vnto. 1815 Zeluca III. 58 Before the re¬ appointed day. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 46 The convert had .. been reappointed Master of the Temple. 1884 Manch. Exam. 13 Sept. 5/2 A member may be reappointed for five years. So rea'ppointment, a second appointment. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. E. Ind. Ho. 72/2 The court postpone the re-appointment of a committee of patronage. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 6 Dec. 2/1 The sooner, therefore, [he] is withdrawn, or his reappointment prevented, the better. t

reapport, sb.

Obs. rare. [var. rapport or

REPORT sb., as if f. RE- + APPORT sb.] A report. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 18 Ferdinand and Isabel!.. Princes in those times of great reapport and name for gouernment and wisedome. Ibid. ii. 86 The reapport of his ouerthrow in Calabria. So t reapport, v., trans. to report. Obs.~^ 1587 Holinshed Chron. III. 885/1 The losse of the battell was no sooner reapported at Millaine, than [etc.].

reappa'rition. [re- 5 a.] A reappearance.

t

1599 Sandys Europse Spec. (1632) 15 With many other re¬ apparitions and delectable strange accidents. 1634 Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. iv. xii. Remember thy glorious re¬ apparition with thy Saviour. 1766 Maty in Phil. Trans. LVI. 65 Sufficient to render the reapparition of the comet uncertain. 1883 A. Winchell World-Life 281 (Cent. Diet.), Colonies, reapparitions, and other faunal dislocations in the vertical and horizontal distribution of fossil remains.

APPOSE tJ.] intr. and trans. To repose. ■ *579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 2 To reappose almost an absolute faith and credit in his councels. Ibid. 11 Lodowyke .. reapposed much in the friendship and familiarity which [etc.]. 1587 Holinshed Chron. HI. 896/2 Such as reapposed in the confidence of their faction.

rea'ppeal, v. Also 5 -appell. [f. re- -i- appeal v. In early use after obs. F. reappeller var. rappeler RAPPEL v.\ cf. med.L. reappellare (1330).] trans. and intr. fa. To call back; to recall. Obs. b. To appeal again. Hence rea'ppealing vbl. sb.

appraisal; a reassessment (of something) esp. in

1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. xiii. iv, Ayax..sholde have mayntened the warre ayenst the Troyans, and have reappelled and called them agayn to the stour. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. ii. 89 Almost all the kingdom expected..an occasion to reappeale the Aragons. 1598 Florio, Rappellare, to reapeale .. or call againe. 1611 Ibid., Rappello, a reappealing vnto. 1748 Richardson Clarissa{iSii)'V. 133 May I not re-appeal this to your own breast?

So rea'ppeal sb., second appeal.

t(^) ^ recall (obs.);

(b) a

1611 Florio, Rappellatione, a reappeale, a reuoking. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 11 Sept. 5/2 Peace cannot be reached by a vista of endless retrials and re-appeals.

reappear (ri:3'pi3(r)), v. [f. re- 5 a -i- appear intr. To appear again.

v.]

i6n CoTGR., Reparoistre, to reappeare. 1728 Pope Dune. 322 The dull stars roll round and reappear. 1792 Murphy Ess. Johnson 20 [The Nile waters] continue hidden III.

reappose, v. Obs.

rea'ppraisal.

[re-

[var. repose v., as if f. re- +

5 a:

cf.

next.]

A

second

the light of new facts. 1911 in Webster. 1953 [see agonizing reappraisal s.v. agonizing ppl. a. i b]. 1959 Listener 17 Dec. 1063/1 The Government of Signor Segni has found it necessary to make a reappraisal of the Vanoni plan. 1971 C. M. Kernan Lang. Behavior in Black Urban Community i. 2 It promotes an informed reappraisal of the linguistic abilities of Black students. 1976 Morecambe Guardian 7 Dec. 15/4 Local government was reorganised by them without any reappraisal of the whole basis of local government finance.

rea'ppraise, t;.

[re-5 a.] trans. To make a fresh

valuation of, to revalue; to reassess, freq. in the Hence rea'ppraised ppl. a., rea'ppraisement, rea'ppraiser.

light of new facts.

1895 U.S. Customs Guide 124 As I consider the appraisement made by the United States appraisers too high .. I have to request that the same may be reappraised .. with as little delay as your convenience will permit. Ibid. 125 Reappraisement should take place immediately. 1903 Daily Chron. 3 Nov. 5/3 Mr. Low.. arranged to have the rental reappraised every twenty-five years. 1906 Westm. Gaz. i Sept. 2/1 The August circular issued by the United States Government, and dealing with ‘Reappraisements of

RE-APPROACH Merchandise by U.S. General Appraisers’. Ibid., Autograph bats specially selected, entered at 15s. 6d., reappraised at 215. per each... Entered value is net. Reappraised value less 20 per cent, and 5 per cent. Ibid., Xhe appraisers put a higher value upon them; the reappraisers decide that the true value is 215., less 20 per cent, and 5 per cent. 1961 Lancet 22 July 213/1 There is singularly little evidence that sufficient thought has been devoted to the problem of reappraising the treatment. 1976 New Yorker 8 Mar. 127/1 His subject—finding appropriate uses for technology, and reappraising the engineer’s role in society —is important.

re-a'pproach, v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To approach again. 1652 Loveday tr. Calprenede's Cassandra m. iq8 Re¬ approaching him, and raising him by the Arme. 1755 Smollett Qutx. (1803) IV. 151 Re-approaching the hole, he .. surveyed the depth of the cave. 1854 P B. St. John Amy Moss 90 He then rose,.. re-approached the fire, and sat down upon a log,

t2. To bring together again. Obs. 1663 Boyle Exp. Hist. Colours iii. Exp. xiv, Severing or reapproaching the edges of the two irises.

rea'ppropriate, v.

[re- 5a.] trans. fa. To restore. Obs. b. To take back to oneself.

1653 Milton Hirelings Wks. (1851) 372 What shall be found hertofore given by Kings or Princes out of the publick, may justly by the Magistrate be recall’d and reappropriated to the Civil Revenue. 1863 Sat. Rev. 3 Jan. 19/1 That forest which has reappropriated the conquests made from it. 1864 W. Hanna Earlier Years Our Lord's Life 112 St. Matthew should revive, reappropriate and reapply that image.

freap-reeve. 06^.-' [f. reap ^6.=* + reeve.] A harvest overseer. 1393 Langl. P. pi. C. vt. 15 Canstow.. Repe ot>er be a repereyue [r.r. rip(p)-, rype-] and a-ryse erliche?

reap-silver. Obs. exc. Hist. [f. as prec. + SILVER.] The sum paid by a tenant to a superior, in commutation of his services in harvest-time. 12 .. Chron. Joe. de Brakelonda (Camden) 73 Solebant homines de singulis domibus dare celerario unum denarium in principio Augusti, ad metendum segetes nostras, qui census dicebatur rep-selver. 1299 Muniment. Magd. Coll. O^/. (1882) 145 Ripsulwer. 1843 Carlyle & Present ii. X. 123 The Lakenheath eels cease to breed squabbles between human beings; the penny of reap-silver to explode into the streets of the Female Chartism of S^. Edmundsbury. 1929 F. M. PowiCKE in Cambr. Med. Hist. VI. vii. 229 The definition of the competence in jurisdiction of the monastic cellarer and the borough reeve, the wrangles about reapsilver and other dues.

freap-time. Obs, rare. [f. as prec. + time.] Harvest-time. riooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 30 LaetaS ^jl^er weaxan oS rip-timan & on ]?am rip-timan ic seege t^am riperum. 1382 Wyclif Prov. xxvi. i What maner sno3 in somer, and reyn in rep time, so vnsemende is to the fool glorie.

reaquite, variant of reacquite v. Obs. frear, sb.^ Obs.-^ [variant of reere.] A crash, peal. 1584 Hudson Du Bartas' Judith ii. in Sylvester's Du Bartas ll. (1621) 702 At this Hebrew’s prayer such a reare Of thunder fell that brought them all in feare.

frear, sb.^ Obs. rare. [f. rear u.^] That which is reared or got (from cattle). a 1618 Raleigh Anc. Tenures Wks. 1829 VIH. 608 Fructus not only comprehends cattle, with their wool and milk, but the rear, and that which cometh from them. Ibid. 615 The wool, or milk, or rear of them.

rear (n3(r)), sb.^ (and a.^) Also 7 reer, reare, (9) rere. [Aphetic form of arrear 56., prob. originating in the rear for th^ arrear, or under the influence of rear-guard, rear-ward. The form became current in the 17th c.; an app. instance in R. Brunne’s Chron. (1810) 204 is no doubt to be taken as elliptical for rereward.]

I. 1. a. Mil. (and Naval). The hindmost portion of an army (or fleet); that division of a force which is placed, or moves, last in order. (In later use tending to pass into sense 2.) 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. in. iii. 162 Like a gallant Horse falne in first ranke, Lie there for pavement to the abject reare [conj. for neere]. 1629 Donne Devotions Expost. xvi. 380 When an Army marches, the vaunt may lodge to night, where the Reare comes not till to morrow. 1667 Milton P.L. II. 78 When the fierce Foe hung on our brok’n Rear Insulting. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv. vi. 137 One great Detachment following the Imperial Army fell upon their Reer. 1732 Lediard Sethos II. x. 372 The cavalry..soon overtook the enemy’s rear. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Rear, a name given to the last division of a squadron, or the last squadron of a fleet. I79® Beatson Nav. Mil. Mem. I. 190 Expecting that the van of the enemy would necessarily come to the assistance of their rear. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Rear of an .. Generally the third component part of a large body of forces, which consists of an advanced guard, a main body and a rear guard. 1876 VoYLE & Stevenson Milit. Diet. 330/1 A detachment of troops which brings up and protects the rear of an army.

b. fig. and in fig. context. 1629 Donne Devotions Exposi. xvi. 381 That [bell] which rung to day was to bring him in his reare, in his body, to the Church. 1632 Milton L'Allegro 50 While the Cock.. Scatters the rear of darkness. 1671-Samson 1577 The first-born bloom of spring Nipt with the lagging rear of winters frost. 1821 Shelley Hellas 339 That shattered flag of fiery cloud Which leads the rear of the departing day.

REAR

283

2. a. The back (as opposed to the front) of an army, camp, or person; also, the space behind or at the back; the position at or towards the back. 1600 Edmonds Obs. Caesar's Comm., Mod. Training, When the whole Battalion being in their close order shoulde tume about and make the Rere the Front. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. i. 4 The King was advised to give place, .. till he had tryed masteries with Scotland, and thereby secured his Rere. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. iii. 76 His rear was suddenly inclos’d. And no room left him for retreat. 1735 Somerville Chase iii. 536 He stands at Bay against yon knotty Trunk That covers well his Rear. 1796 Instr. ^ Reg. Cavalry (1813) 93 The Divisions marching through each other from Rear to Front. 1838 Thirlwall Greece IV. xxxiv. 334 The rear, as the post of danger, he claimed for Timasion and himself. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 40 They will carry their right foot.. diagonally to their right rear. 1888 P. H. Sheridan Personal Mem. II. 37 Crook., conducted his command south in two parallel columns until he gained the rear of the enemy’s works.

b. The buttocks or backside, colloq. 1796 True Briton 2t Oct. 3/3 Lord Camelford can boast of a power which rivals that of the First Lord of the Admiralty. He has made Captain Couver a yellow rear. 1851 H. Melville Moby Dick I. xxi. 159 He put his hand upon the sleeper’s rear. 1876 ‘Mark Twain’ Adv. Tom Sawyer ii. 28 In another moment he was flying down the street with his pail and a tingling rear.., and Aunt Polly was retiring from the field with a slipper in her hand. 1949 N. R. Nash Young & Fair i. ii. 16 Just once is enough. Baby. (She slaps her on the rear) Come on—get to work. 1965 H. Gold Man who was not with It vi. 49 You used to have some fat, some curves there. Quite a rear you used to have—quite a rear.

3. a. In general use: The back, or back part, of anything; spec, the back part of a motor vehicle. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 191 The front, and the reare, the beginning, middle, and end of our salvation. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 497 Not with indented wave. Prone on the ground,.. but on his reare. Circular base of rising foulds. 1679 Moxon Mech. Exerc. ix. 152 By the width I mean the sides that range with the Front and Rear of the Building. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 729 The ruddy square of comfortable light. Far-blazing horn the rear of Philip’s house, Allured him. 1966 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1964 XLll. 8 Rear,.. the aft suspension of a car; the differential of a car; the entire aft of an automobile. 1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) i6 Dec. 8/2 The 38-ton Bedford TM costs £16,887 for the tractor business end and trailers or huge van-type rears are £1,100 to £1,700 extra.

b. A (public or communal) water-closet, lavatory, or latrine. Also pL (const, as sing.). orig. School and University slang. 1902 Farmer & Henley Slang VI. 4/2 Rear .. (University), a jakes. 1907 H. Nicolson Let. 31 Apr. in J. Lees-Milne Harold Nicolson (1980) I. ii. 29 The usual bad rears with its hook and eye lock. 1940 [see lat^]. 1946 B. Marshall George Brown's Schooldays xliii. 170 And now let’s raid the rears and rout out any of the other new swine that are hiding there. 1969 Visct. Buckmaster Roundabout ii. 30 We also had to know a Latin description of the rear, which we called Foricas.

4. In adverbial and prepositional phrases: a. in the rear (less freq. in rear), in the hindmost part (of an army, etc.); hence, at or from the back, behind. j6oo Edmonds Obs. Caesar's Comm., Mod. Training, Another meanes to preuent the enemy his assaulting vs in the reare or flanke. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World iii. (1634) 126 The horsemen .. were placed on the flanks, only a troupe of the Eleans were in reare. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discipl. (1691) 20 Fall back with your right Arm and Leg, keep the Spear in the Rear. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 216 Followed many times by sharp reflections and bitter penances in the rear. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 235 With postboy scampering in the rear. They raised the hue and cry. 1844 [see front sb. 5 c]. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xvii. 165 The women .. saw, far in the rear,.. a party of men looming up. 1857 Younghusband Handbk. rield Service 208 If possible to take any enemy in rear, it should be done.

b. in (or on) one’s rear, at one’s back, behind one. 1639 R. Baillie & Jrnh. (i86i) I. 212 To., march forward, leist his unkannie trewesmen should light on to call [= drive] them up in their rear. 1653 Holcroft Procopius I. 34 They began on both sides.., Vitigis and Belisarius incouraging their men in their Reares. 1745 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman vi. (1841) I. 39 His payments may come in on his front as fast as they go out in his rear. 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 303 A plan which was impossible, unless Soult should.. allow the enemy to get in his rear. 1862 Stanley Jewish Ch. (1877) I. v. 108 The huge mountain range which rose on their rear, and cut off their return.

c. in (for within) the rear of, at the back of, behind. Also in later use with at, and occas. without the. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. iii. 34 Feare it Ophelia,.. And keepe within the reare of your Affection. 1643 R. M. Schoole of Warre A 3 b, Half of the Muskettiers to be in the Reare of the Pikes. 1699 Bentley Phal. 194 In his own time, in the Rear of so many Poets. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 13 Slush from the ditch that’s in rear of the mountain. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xv. 141 Miss Ophelia disappeared in the rear of Mammy. 1886 Law Times LXaaI. 59/2 The houses were built in 1877. At the rear of them was a 9-inch sewer.

5. a. In verbal phrases: to bring up (or close) the rear, to come last in order, f to get the rear of, to get behind, to hang on one’s rear, to follow closely, in order to attack when opportunity offers. 1643 Sib T. Browne Reiig. Med. i. §58 My desires onely are.. to be but the last man, and bring up the Rere in Heaven. 1653 Holcroft Procopius 11. 61 Whom he directed .. to get the Reare of them, and to follow at their backs. 1667 [see i]. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Abbe Conti 17 May, The rear was closed by the volunteers. 1728 Pope

Dune. I. 308 Let Bawdry, Billingsgate. .Support his front, and Oaths bring up the rear. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. iii. (1817) I. 209 A body of the enemy hung upon their rear. 1860 Tyndall Glac. i. xiv. 98 Lauener was in front,.. while I brought up the rear. 1884 Graphic 6 Aug. 159/1 A Lancashire army of quite as great dimensions would be able to hang on his rear.

b. In phr. front and rear used in loose construction. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discip. (1691) 28 Upon marching from your Arms, step Front and Rear together with the left Feet. 1692 Hickeringill Good Old Cause Wks. 1716 II. 512 His Army stood in battalia, ready to fight the Enemy that had beset them Front and Rear. 1808 Scott Marmion vi. xxxiv. Front, flank, and rear, the squadrons sweep. 1816 -Antiq. xxvii. Keep thegither, front and rear. 6. One who stands in the rear of another.

rare~^. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. li. 387 The heads of the front-rank men rested between the feet of their respective ‘rears’.

II. attrib. and Comb.

7. attrib. passing into adj. Placed or situated at the back; hindmost, last. a. In Mil. (and Naval) use of divisions of troops, etc., as rear-brigade, company, division, \forlorn, f (/ome) hope, -line, -link, rank, etc. 1600 Dymmok Ireland (1843) 32 In the head of the reare lorne hope. 1623 Bingham Xenophon 114, I will goe and take some of the Reare Companies. 1650 (Cromwell Let. 4 Sept, in Carlyle, The Enemy .. had like to have engaged our rear-brigade of horse with their whole Army. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discipl. (1691) 59 The Rear half Files are to March exceeding slow. Ibid. 91 The Rear Ranks of Musketiers make Ready. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Rear-Line, of an army encamped, is the second line; it lies about four or five hundred yards distant from the first line, or front. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Arriere-garde, the reardivision of a squadron of vessels of war. 1796 Instr. Hsf Reg. Cavalry (1S12) 95 If on a rear division. That division will be placed... The change will then be made as on a front division. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rear front, The rearrank-men stand where the front-rank-men ought to be. 1861 May Const. Hist. (1863) II. viii. 83 The halting rearrank of their own Tory followers. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face iii. 40 Lieutenant Bishnuparsad, our rear-link wireless operator, was already installed there. Ibid., He was to stay here at the pension paying-post throughout the expedition, acting as rear link and also handling all our mail. 1974 "T. P. Whitney tr. Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago 1. iv. 167 They were vehement in their rear-line wrath (the most intense patriotism always flourishes in the rear).

b. In Mil. or general use, of things. 1667 Primatt City C. Build. 72 Front and rear walls in the first Story to be two Bricks and a half thick. ci86o H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. (1862) 12 Why are the rear trucks taken off?.. To give the gun more elevation. 1862 Patents, Abridg. Velocipedes (1886) I. 11 Bicycle steered by small rear wheel. 1884 Mil. Engineering (ed. 3) I. ii. 45 Choose the best men for diggers in the gun-spaces and rear-trench. The diggers in the front ditch have easier work. 1920 Rear pocket [see custard pie s.v. custard 2 b]. 1920 T. Eaton ^ Co. Catal. Spring & Summer 395/3 Rear Tire Carrier suitable for all models of Ford touring cars. 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald Great Gatsby i. lo Then there was a boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room. Ibid. 12 All the cars have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath. 1931 E. S. Gardner in Detective Fiction Weekly 7 Mar. 325/1 One of the officers .. ensconced himself in the rear seat. 1951 Catal. Exhibits, Festival of Britain p. xxix. This new Foden rearengine chassis has revolutionised normal design practice. 1952 V. Canning House of Seven Flies 5 A second sailor opened the rear door of the car for him. 1964 V. J. Chapman Coastal Vegetation vi. 170 Whether one is investigating fore-, mid- or rear-dunes, it will be found that the water is fresh. 1966 ‘A. Hall’ gth Directive xx. 184 The car..was gathering speed .. when I.. got the rear door open and lurched inside. 1968 Listener 26 Dec. 868/3 Following the coffee-table book comes the rear-window book: the huge unread, unreadable volume that lies on the shelf behind the back seat. 1969 B. Knox Tallyman vi. 120 Rear-wheel skids should be steered into, said the rule-book. 1973 Country Life I Mar. 540/2 Rear-seat passengers are not too badly off for leg room. 1975 Ibid. 2 Jan. 32/2 A real omission here is a heated rear window... Rear wipers are likewise unknown. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport iii. 56 The rear-engine layout was also adopted for single-deckers. 1978 Dumfries Courier 20 Oct. 22/1 (Advt.), All are quality cars with spacious reclining seats, fitted carpets,.. heated rearscreen, radial tyres, etc. 8. With adverbial force: a. Towards the rear,

as rear-directed, -facing, b. From the rear, as rear-driven (so -drive, -driving), -lit, -steering-, rear-illuminate, -project vbs. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 147 Trusting in flight and reardirected shafts. 1887 Vise. Bury & G. L. Hillier Cycling 159 (Badm. Libr.) The rear-driving safety bicycle. Ibid. 162 The old class of single-driving rear-steering tricycles. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXHI. 559/2 The evil of rear-steering is only reduced, not removed. 1904 N.E.D., rear-driven. 1961 Twentieth Century Feb. 124 Rear-lit cloths become more common [in the theatre]. 1970 Nature 19 Dec. 1217/1 A number of test-areas in the form of circular holes in a metal )late are uniformly rear-illuminated to a supra-threshold uminance. 1972 Country Life 26 Oct. 1060/3 'I'he rack and pinion steering is responsive yet without quite the feel of a rear-drive car. 1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. June 255 The stimuli, .were rear-projected onto a 27 9 cm^ opaque glass screen. 1977 Lancashire Life Jan. 79/1 No rear drive Citroen has been made since the 1930s. 1978 Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 24/5 (Advt.), 1973 Volvo 145 D/L Estate... Rearfacing child seats.

f

c. At the rear, as rear-engined, mounted. 1933 Motor 10 Oct. 524/1 The rear-engined Trojan. 1957 Sci. News Let. 23 Mar. 190/1 Rear-engined cars are here to

stay, i960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. In this country the accepted method of handling silage has been by means of a rear-mounted buckrake. 1975 Drive New Year 102/2 The protesting chatter from the air-cooled rearmounted engine is more a symptom of asthma than mechanical stress. 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport iii. 56 The higher maintenance costs and poorer availability of the rear-engined models.

9. Special combs., as rear-crew U.S., the party of men who attend to the rear of a ‘drive’ of logs; rear-cut, applied attributively to a mower having the cutting-bar in the rear of the carriage (Knight 1884); rear driver, a cycle driven by means of the rear wheel; rear echelon U.S. Mil., that section of an army concerned with administrative and supply duties; also transf.-, rear end, (a) the back part or section (of anything, esp. a vehicle); (b) slang, the backside or buttocks (of a person^ hence as v. trans. (N. Amer.), to collide, or cause (one’s vehicle) to collide, with the rear end of another vehicle; rear-ender, a rear-end collision; rear front, f ? a covering for the wall at the back of an altar (cf. FRONT 9 b); fthe back of a building (obs.)-, MU. (see quot. 1802); rear gunner, a member of the crew of a military aircraft who operates a gun from a compartment or turret at the rear of the aircraft; rear-lamp, -light, a (usu. red) lamp at the rear of a vehicle which can be switched on to serve as a warning light in the dark; rear man, Naut. (see quots.); rear mirror, a rear-view mirror (see rear-view attrib.); rear piilar (see quot. 1930); rear projection = back projection s.v. BACK- B; rearsight, a part of a camera viewfinder, situated at the back, to which the eye is applied; rear-steerer, a tricycle steered from the back; rear-view attrib., giving a view to the rear; spec, of a mirror inside a motor vehicle in front of the driver. 1893 Scribner's Mag.Juneyis/i Behind them follows the ‘‘rear crew’, the name indicating the work they do. 1934 Webster, ‘Rear echelon. 1947 Amer. Speech XXII. 55 Rear echelon commando, a soldier assigned to the rear. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 7 May in. 14/2 The number [of servicewomen] in Vietnam will remain small, chiefly because there is no large ‘rear echelon’ setup of the kind maintained in Europe in World War II. 1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Society xii. 165 This shaky argument, of the type which convinced the rear echelons of the Gadarene swine, carried the day. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 97 The metallic ‘rear-end of the cartridge. 1926 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 19 Jan. 5/3 Two passengers were killed and fifty injured today in a rear-end collision of., two subway trains. 1937 J. Weidman I can get it for you Wholesale nicvni. 268 She’s a pain in the rear end. 1961 Amer. Speech XXXVI. 273 Rear end,.. the differentials of a tractor. 1967 G. Kelly in Coast to Coast IQ65-6 95 Blokes my age are sitting on their rear-ends ordering the rest.. around. 1976 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) i Aug. 3/4 A driver came to an abrupt stop in front of me. I slithered all over the wet road but did I ‘rearend ber.? Of course not. 1978 Detroit Free Press 2 Apr. 3A/1 Tbe men, wbo were on a chartered city bus traveling to a football game in 1972 when it was rear-ended by another bus, rejected a settlement of S500 apiece and took their case to the jury. 1932 Erie Railroad Mag. Apr. 46/1 With all his fast running I never knew of him piling them up, of any but a few derailments and never a ‘rear-ender. 1483 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 144 [Also one white chalice, one] ‘frount’ [and] ‘*rerefrount’ [of] ‘Grenetarteryn’. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 265 A Building, which is 25 Feet, both in the Front and Reer Front. 1802 James Milit. Diet, s.v., When a battalion, troop, or company is faced about, and stands in that position, it is then said to be rear front. 1920 Flight XII. i i/i A central passage leads through to what in the military machine was the *rear gunner’s cockpit, which is now occupied by the ‘postman’. 1944 ‘N. Shute’ Pastoral i. 3 He had developed into a very good rear-gunner in the Wimpey. 1977 R.A.F. News 27 Apr.-10 May 8/2 The aircraft was hit again and again and the rear gunner was wounded. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 17 Sept. 4/2 When the compulsory carrying of *rear-lamps has been suggested the proposal has always been violently resisted. 1937 East Londofi Rubber Co. Ltd. Motor Catal. 154/2 Top covers for rear lamps. 1918 A. Quiller-Couch Foe-Farrell iii. 54 The car purred and glided away... We watched the *rearlight turn the corner. 1967 N. Freeling Strike out where not Applicable 159 There is nothing that looks so like the rear lights of a car as the rear lights of another car. 1968 *Rear mirror [see G.T. s.v. G III. f]. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 227 The two men whose numbers place them farthest from the ship’s side [in working a gun] are to be termed right, and left *rear-men. ci86o H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 12 Who places the inclined planes? The rear-man. Motor Body Building L\. 105/1 *Rearpillar, a vertical frame member at the back corner of the body. 1977 Rear pillar [see pillar sb. 2 c]. i960 Practical Wireless XXXVI. 316/2 A team of demonstrators who operated the sequence of exhibit animations, *rear projection films and synchronised sound and provided a live commentary. 1976 Botham & Donnelly Valentino xii. 93 Working behind the screen, with rear-projection to help them follow the story. 1971 Amateur Photogr. 13 Jan. 50/3 The *rearsight is quite large, has a permanently attached rubber eye-cup and is adjustable between + i to —4 dioptres to suit individual eyesight. 1978 Ibid. 2 Aug. 79/2 Accessories included: carrying strap, body cap, rearsight rubber eyecup, etc. 1883 Browning in Knowledge 18 May 289/2, I prefer a *rearsteerer with ratchets for easy riding. 1887 Vise. Bury & G. L. Hillier Cycling 374 (Badm. Libr.) The old bath-chair.. front-steering tricycle is fast following the old rear-steerer into obscurity. 1926 *Rear-view [see driving vbl. sb. 3 a]. 1959 H. Nielsen Fifth Caller xiii. 195 His face had been in the rearview mirror. 1969 G. Macbeth War Quartet 17 For

REAR

284

REAR

the moment they were framed In rear-view mirrors. 1974 V. Nabokov Look at Harlequins (1975) iv. iv. 173, I see today the rearview reflection of that sweet wild past.

rear (ri3(r)), a.'^ Obs, exc. dial. Forms: i hrer, 4-7 (9 dial.) rere, 6 reere, 6-7 (9 dial.) reer, 6-7 reare, 6-8, 9 dial. rear. See also rare a.^ [OE. hrer, of uncertain origin.] Slightly or imperfectly cooked, underdone. In early use only of eggs. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 272 Nim scamoniam..& hrer henne aej swi6e sealt. [Cf. Ibid. III. 294 On an hrerenbrjeden *5.] C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 58 J?e bropis of fleisch,.. & rere eyren, & smale fischis. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 27 Thei had atte her dyner rere eggis. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 667/2 Supping of a rere roten egge. 1584 Cogan Haven Health cxciii. (1636) 174 Rere egges,.. that is to say little more than through hot. 1655 Culpepper, etc. Riverius iv. vii. 121 Let the Patient abstain .. from Wine, Flesh, and Rear Eggs. 1731 Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope I. 201 The Hottentots,.. love their victuals, whether roasted or boil’d, should be very rear, a 1796 Pegge Derbicisms Ser. ii, Rear, meat underdone, a 1825 in Forby Voc. E. Anglia. 1865- in dial, glossaries (Cumbld., Durham, Lancs., Yks., Lines., Shropsh., Dorset, Hants, etc.). transf. or fig. 1620 Middleton & Rowley World Tost Wks. (Dyce) V. 192 I’ll have thee ramm’d Into a culverin else, and thy rear flesh Shot all into poach’d eggs. 1625 Middleton Game at Chess iv. ii. Can a soft rear, poor poach’d iniquity So ride vpon thy conscience?

b. As complement with verbs. 1542 Boorde Dyetary xii. (1870) 264 Let the egge be newe, and roste hym reare. 1700 Dryden Ovid's Met., Baucis ^ Phil. 98 New laid Eggs, which Baucis busie Care Turn’d by a gentle Fire, and roasted rear.

c. Comb. (cf. quot. ciooo above), as rearboiled, -dressed, -poached, -roasted. 1548 Elyot s.v. Ouum, Sorbile ouum, a reere rosted egge. 1576 Baker Jewell of Health 55 The hearbe [Eyebright].. eaten euerie day in a reare potched Egge. 1586 Bright Melanch. xxxix. 253 Eggs., reare dressed somewhat. 1626 Bacon Sylva §53 Eggs (so they be Potched, or Reare boyled). 1656 Heylin Surv. France 260 A dish of Egges, rear-roasted by the flame.

rear (ri3(r)), t).* Forms: i rseran, 3 raeren, 3, 4 reren, 5 reryn; 4-6 rere, 5, 6 reere, (3) 6 reare, 7rear; (6-7 rair, 9 dial. rare). [OE. rseran (:—(I)Teut. *raizjan) = Goth, -raisjan, ON. reisa, to raise. OE. had also drseran arear (in use down to the 17th c.). The main senses of rear run parallel with those of the Scandinavian equivalent raise, but the adopted word has been much more extensively employed than the native, and has developed many special senses which are rarely or never expressed by rear. Hence, on the one hand, rear has in many applications been almost or altogether supplanted by raise, a process which is clearly seen in the usage of the Wyclif Bible (see note to raise; in the version of i6i i rear is found only in i Esdr. v. 62, while raise is freely employed). On the other hand, it is probable that rear has sometimes, esp. in poetry, been used as a more rhetorical substitute for raise, without independent development of the sense involved. As in the case of raise there is some overlapping of the senses, and occasional uncertainty as to the precise development or meaning of transferred uses.]

I. To set up on end; to make to stand up. 1. a. trans. To bring (a thing) to or towards a vertical position; to set up, or upright. = raise I. Frequently with suggestion of senses 8 or ii, and now usually implying a considerable height in the thing when raised. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 1675 (Gr.) Ceastre worhton & to heofonum up hlsedr® rardon. c 1205 Lay. i ioo Heo raerden heora mastes. Ibid. 17458 Maerlin heom [the stones] gon raeren [C1275 reare] alse heo stoden asrer. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 455 J?e place pere Oswaldus knelede and rerede a crosse. ri400 Sowdone Bab. 2658 Thai rered the Galowes in haste. 1530 Palsgr. 6^712 It is a great deale longer than one wolde have thought it afore it was reared up. 1571 Digges Pantom. i. xxix. Ijb, Fixing on the dimetient thereof two sightes perpendicularly reared. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 637 A broken peece of a faire marble stone, reared to the side of a pillar. 1688 Prior Ode Exodus iii 108 That Ladder which old Jacob rear’d. 1725 Pope Odyss. XI. 3 At once the mast we rear, at once unbind The spacious sheet. 1822 W. Irving Braceb. Hall xxvi. 225 The May-pole was reared on the green. 1847 Tennyson Princ. V. 404 Your very armour hallow’d, and your statues Rear’d. refl. 1596 Drayton Legends iv. 933 The Come..being once downe, it selfe can never reare.

b. spec, of setting up the crust of a pie. Now dial. = raise i c. ^1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 34 Take floure and rere the cofyns fyne, Wele stondande withouten stine. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. V. ii. 189 Of the Paste a Coffen I will reare. 1879- in dial, glossaries (Chesh., Shropsh., Warw.).

2. a. To lift (a person or animal) to or towards an erect or standing posture; usually, to set (one) on one’s feet, assist to rise. Now chiefly dial. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. viii. 40 He found the meanes that Prisoner vp to reare, Whose feeble thighes .. him scarse to light could beare. Ibid. x. 35 She held him fast, and firmely did upbeare; As carefull nourse her child from falling oft does reare. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 758 Till gently reared By th’ Angel, on thy feet thou stood’st at last. 1667 N. Fairfax in Phil. Trans. II. 457 Nor could she lie flat, but rear’d up with pillows, 1769 Sir W. Jones Pal. Fort, in Poems (1777) 30 The Matron with surprize .her daughter rears.

b. refl. To get up on one’s feet, to rise up (rare)-, also of animals, to rear (sense 15 b). c 1580 Sidney Ps. iii. iii, I laid me downe and slept,., And safe from sleepe I rear’d me. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 237 Eftsoones the Ape himselfe gan up to reare. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones IV. xiii. The unruly beast presently reared himself i

an end on his hind-legs. 1856 Kane ..dret. Expl. II. xv. 164 He [a bear] will rear himself upon his hind-legs.

c. So with body, etc. as object. Chiefly refl. 1593 Shaks 2 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 34 Helpe Lords, the King is dead. Som. Rere vp his Body, wring him by the Nose. 1610 WiLLET Hexapla Daniel 137 Whereas before he went groueling.. now he reareth vp his bodie. 1667 Milton P.L. I. 221 Forthwith upright he rears from oflf the Pool His mighty Stature. 1810 Shelley St. Irvyne iii. xvi. Her skeleton form the dead Nun rear’d. 1815-Alastor 182 He reared his shuddering limbs.

d. To cause (a horse) to rear. rare~'. 1814 Southey Roderick xxv. He raised his hand, and rear’d and back’d the steed.

fS. a. To raise from the dead. Obs. = raise 3. CI320 Sir Deues (MS. A) 2839 Lord, pat rerede pe Lazaroun. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 461 lulianus.. rered pre men fro deth to lyve. 1572 R. H. tr. Lavaterus’ Ghostes (1596) 177 [Saule] sought helpe of a witch to reare Samuel from the dead. refl. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xlix. 201 3if that to lyve he rere him Ageyn thanne ben they myhty [gods].

fb. To raise (a person) to, out of, or from a certain condition. Obs. Connexion with sense 17 is also possible. Cf. RAISE 19. CI450 tr. De Imitatione III. Ixii. 145, I am it pat rere to helth hem pat mornep. cis8o Sidney Ps. xxxiv. ix, God shall him to safety reare. When most he seemes opprest. 1590 Spenser F.Q. Iil. i. 64 Their Ladye., they reard out of her frosen swownd. 1624 Quarles Div. Poems, Job (1717) 187 'Then doubt not, but he’ll rear thee from thy sorrow.

4. To cause to rise; a. To rouse from bed or sleep. Obs. exc. dial. = raise 4 a. a 1000 Riddles iv. 73 (Gr.) Saja hwaet ic hatte oppe hwa mec raere, ponne ic restan ne mot. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 77 [To pray] pat he .. weche us of ure heuie slape and rere us of ure fule lust bedde. 13.. E.E. Allit. P.C. 188 Jjer ragnel in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes. 1382 WYCLIpyer. xxxi. 26 Therfore as fro slep I am rered. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/2 Reryn, or revyn of slepe, infra in wakyn’, excito. 1886 Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk., Rear, to rouse; to disturb.

fb. To rouse or dislodge (a beast of chase, spec, a boar) from covert. Obs. = raise 4 b. i486 Bk. St. Albans Eiv, Whiche beestes shall be reride with the lymer. IS75 Turberv. Venerie xl. 115 Beating and following vntill they haue reared and found the Harte againe. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis i. (Arb.) 28 Rearing with shoutcry soom boare. 1685 Dryden tr. Horace Epode ii. Into the naked Woods he goes And seeks the tusky Boar to rear. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rear the Boar, dislodge him. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) HI. 174 When the boar is rear’d, as is the expression for driving him from his covert. 1846 Youatt Pig iv. (1847) 37 When first the animal was 'reared', he contented himself with slowly going away,

5. To rouse up for common action. Obs. exc. dial. = RAISE 5. c 1400 Beryn 2905 [He] made an hidouse Cry,.. & rerid vp al l?e town. 1460 Paston Lett. I. 506 The kyng cometh to London ward, and.. rereth the pepyll as he come. 1464 Ibid. II. 148 That..he rere the contre and take hem and bryng hem to the Kyng. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 145 If you reare this House against this House. 1864 Barnes Dorset Gloss., Rear,., to rouse; to excite. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Rear,. .v?\\y, bring up. 1891 T. Hardy Tess (1900) 143/1 There are sixteen of us on the Plain, and the whole country is reared.

t6. To arouse, animate, stimulate.

Obs.

=

RAISE 6.

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 97b, Therfore rere vp thy courage & shewe thy manhode. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. II. ii. VI. iii. (1651) 299 A roaring-meg against Melancholy, to rear and revive the languishing soul. 1647 H. More Song of Soul ii. i. ii. ii, New strength my vitals doth invade And rear again, that earst began to fade.

II. To build up, create, bring into existence.

7. a. To construct by building up. = raise 8. It is not clear whether the common OE. phrase Godes (or dryhtnes) lof rxran is a fig. use of this sense, or is to be associated with branch III. 0900 tr. Baeda's Hist. iii. ii[i]. (1890) 158 He Cristes cirican in his rice geornlice timbrede & raerde. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 1880 (Gr.) Ongunnon him pa. bytlian & heora burh rseran. c 1205 Lay. i 5459 Ich faren wulle to pan munte of Reir & raeren per castel. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5408 Abbeys he rerde monion In mony studes. 1382 Wyclif Gen. xxxiii. 20 And there, an auter reryd, he., clepide vpon the.. God of Israel. 1479 Nottingham Rec. II. 390 That the seid howse be fenysshit, reryd and made upp. a 154^ Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 73 A tower.. rered by great crafte. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 52 Amongst the hives to reare An hony combe. 1634 Milton Comus 798 Till all thy magick structures rear’d so high, Were shatter’d into heaps. 1697 Dryden Virg. Eel. ii. 30 When summon’d Stones the Theban Turrets rear’d. 1779 J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xlviii. 408 He had reared a building greatly larger. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 629 Her family reared a sumptuous mausoleum over her remains. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §4. 129 The canons.. reared the church which still exists as the diocesan cathedral. fig’ 1772 Mackenzie Man World i. ii. (1803) 421 The fall of those hopes we had been vainly diligent to rear. 1781 CowpER Table-t. 532 From him who rears a poem lank and long, To him who strains his all into a song. 1812 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) I. vi. 193 How weak the fame the lowly songstress rears.

t b. To bring into existence; to cause to arise or appear. Obs. = raise 9, ii. In the Wyclif Bible (up to the end of Jeremiah) rere is regularly employed to render L. suscitdre in the above senses: it is not quite clear whether the underlying idea belongs here or to branch I. 1382 Wyclif Gen. xxxviii. 8 Go yn to the wijf of thi brother.. that thou rere seed to thi brother. -i Sam. ii. 35, I shal rere to me a trewe preest. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, IV. vii. 92 From their ashes shall be reard A Phoenix.

fS. a. To originate, bring about, set going (a state or condition of things, esp. one which

REAR causes trouble or annoyance); to commence and carry on (some action, esp. war). Obs. = raise 12, 14. a900 Cynewulf Christ 689 God..sibbe rmrep ece to ealdre engla & monna. a 1023 Wulfstan Horn, xxxiii. (1883) 156 Dajshwamlice man ihte yfel aefter oSrum, and unriht raerde. f 1052 O.E. Chron. (MS. C.)an. 1052 Ealle Frencisce men J^e a;r unlaje rserdon. 12.. Moral Ode 172 (Egerton MS.) po scullen habben hardne dom.. pa i>e euele heolden wreche men & vuele la3es rerde. 1297 R- Glouc. (Rolls) 8987 Erl thebaud .. bigan to rere worre vpe pe king of france. e 1330 Florice Bl. (1857) 685 We ban irerd this schame and schonde. 1382 Wyclif 2 xii. 11, I shal rere vpon thee yuel of thin hows. 01450 Myrc 1243 Hast how reret any debate. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 454 Which tempest, after y' oppynyon of some wryters, was reryd by y' negromauncers of y' Frenshe Kynge. a 1548 Hall Chron., Men. IV 10 If any persones would presume to rere warre or congregate a multitude. 1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 25 Rearing vp slanders vpon the preachers of the worde of God. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 21 Her mery fitt she freshly gan to reare. Ibid. xii. 22 Unweeting what such horrour straunge did reare.

b. To make (a noise) by shouting; to utter (a cry); to begin to sing. rare. = raise 13. Obs. Also associated with (or originating in) branch III. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 873 benne rebaudez so ronk rered such a noyse. C1330 Arth. & Merl. 6417 (Kolbing) be paiens-.gun rere a wel foule crie. 1382 Isa. xv. 5 The cri of contricioun thei shul rere [L. let'abunt]. c 1500 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 94 Ye shall rere vp hue and crye and .. folowe theym fro strete to strete. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 662 The simple clerk.. did rear right merrily, two staves, Sung to the praise and glory of King George.

9. a. To bring (animals) to maturity or to a certain stage of growth by giving proper nourishment and attention; esp. to attend to the breeding and growth of (cattle, etc.) as an occupation. = raise 9 b, lob. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. l. 610 The pocok me may rere vp [L. nutrire] esely If beestes wilde or theuys hem ne greue. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §8 That countrey is not for men to kepe husbandry vppon, but for to rere and brede catell or shepe. Ibid. §66 Yet is it better to the housbande, to sell those calues, than to rere them, bycause of the cost. [1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 111. 668 Thoughtless of his Eggs, [the snake] forgets to rear The hopes of Poison, for the following Y’ear.J 1759 Brown Compl. Farmer 49 It is a common saying, the worst housewife will rear the best pigs. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 248 Those persons whose employment it is to rear up pigeons of different colours, can breed them..to a feather. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 985 Calves reared in this manner are to be enticed to eat hay as early as possible. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 845 No man rears a stallion for the use of his own mares only. 1863 Sat. Ret'. 11 July 49 Man devotes his energies to the .. employment of rearing pigs.

b. To bring up (a person), to foster, nourish, educate. = raise io. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. ii. i. 136 For her sake I doe reare vp her boy. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. Latve 180 She takes him im and rears him royall-like. 1671 Milton Samson 555 God with these forbid’n made choice to rear His mighty Champion. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 38 We loved, but not enough, the gentle hand That reared us. 1803 J. Davis Trav. U.S. 215 This gentleman .. is not only a Latin, but a Greek Scholar. He was reared at Cambridge. 1879 M. Pattison Milton 179 When Milton was being reared, Calvinism was not old and effete. absol. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. xl, Her office there to rear, and teach.

c. To attend to, promote, or cause the growth of (plants); to grow (grain, etc.). = raise ioc. Also const, into. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. i. (1876) 19 Breade Come, and Malte come ynough, besides, reared alltogether vpon the same lande. 1728 Young Love Fame v. 230 In distant wilds.. She rears her fiow’rs. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 753 Happy to rove among poetic flowers, Though poor in skill to rear them. 1810 Scott Lady of L. v. vii. While on yon plain The Saxon rears one shock of grain. 1834 H. Miller Scenes ^ Leg. v. (1857) 61 In those times it was quite as customary for farmers to rear the flax which supplied them with clothing. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Ixii. 50 A flower.. rear’d by the showers. 1871 Browning Prince HohenstielSchtvangau 52 To play at horticulture, rear some rose Or poppy into perfect leaf and bloom. transf. 1728-46 Thomson Spring 1148 Delightful task! to rear the tender thought. To teach the young idea how to shoot. 1770 Burke Pres. Discont. Wks. II. 340 It is therefore our business..to rear to the most perfect vigour and maturity, every sort of generous and honest feeling. 1781 Cowper Hope 295 Hopes of every sort, whatever sect Esteem them, sow them, rear them, and protect.

d. To raise or grow (meat or food). 1799 J- Robertson Agric. Perth 345 In the highlands every man rears, on his own farm, what butcher meat his family requires.

III. To lift from a lower to a higher position. 10. a. To lift up or upwards as a whole. = raise 17. Sometimes also with implication of sense i, esp. in to rear the head. 971 Blickl. Horn. 187 Rare up l?in heafod & jeseoh J^is )?at Simon del?. C1320 Sir Tristr. 1391 J)ai rered goinfay-noun. 1382 Wyclif Exod. X. 13 A brennynge wynd reride vp locustes.-Matt. xi. 23 And thou, Caphernaum, whether til in to heuen thou shalt be rerid vp? c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 754 in Babees Bk., Who so euer he takes l?at mete to bere Schalle not so hardy l>o couertoure rere. c 1485 Digby Myst. III. 1878 Rere vp pt seyll In all pt hast, as well as l?ou can. 1571 Digges Pantom. l. xvii. Eiijb, The nature of water is such, as by pipes it may be rered aboue the fountaine hed. 1610 Shaks. Temp. ii. i. 295 When I reare my hand, do you the like To fall it on Gonzalo. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. iv. vii. 165 Its Use is to rear up the Chest. 1726 Pope Odyss. xxii. 14 High in his hands he rear’d the

REAR-ARCH

285 golden bowl. 1827 Hood Mids. Fairies xviii. Upon a mast rear’d far aloft, He bore a very bright and crescent blade. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 752 The babe, who rear’d his creasy arms. refl. 1398 Trevisa Barth, De P.R. xii. i. (Bodl. MS.), ]>e more brides hauel? of holownes of pennes.. l>e more eselich l?ei rerel> l?emsilf and fleep vpward.

b. To have, hold, or sustain (some part) in an elevated or lofty position. (Also quasi-refl.) fig. phr. to rear its (ugly) head^ and varr. = to raise its (ugly) head s.v. raise v.^ lye. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 699 Each beauteous flour.. Rear’d high thir flourisht heads between, and wrought Mosaic. 1671 - P.R. IV. 546 Higher yet the glorious Temple rear’d Her pile. 1757 Gray Bard 112 Sublime their starry fronts they rear. 1781 J. Moore Uiew Soc./l. (1790) 1. xxxv. 381 The ancient Mistress of the World rears her head in melancholy majesty. 1823 Byron Island iv. ii, A black rock rears its bosom o’er the spray. 1857 Trollope Barchester T. II. viii. X24 Rebellion had already reared her hideous head within the [bishop’s] palace. 1872 Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 150 Honister Crag, the grandest in the district, rears its front on the left. 1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) vii. 96 Another problem reared its ugly head. 1966 B. Kimenye Kalasanda Revisited 21 Scandal of even the mildest type failed to rear its head. 1971 Daily Tel. 5 July i The problem of broken rails is rearing its ugly head again in the current spate of railway accidents. 1976 0-10 Cricket Scene (Austral.) 21/1 They crumbled as their inexperience reared its ugly head.

c. refl. To rise up to a height, to tower, 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. ii. 10 The ground., rears itself.. in lofty mountains and inaccessible cliffs. 1839 J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (1842) IV. xvii. 298 The stately tree rears itself aloft, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. ix. 63 A steep slope of snow.. reared itself against the mountain wall.

fd. absol. or with it. To raise anchor. Obs. 14.. Sailing Directions {H&k\uytSoc. 1889) 13 YifyeRide in the Doowns and will go into Sandwiche haven, Rere it by turnyng wynde at an est south of the moone. Ibid. 15 A man that ridith in the way of odierene at an ankre, he may begyn to rere at an est southest moone for to turne.

11. To lift up, raise, elevate, exalt, in various fig. applications (sometimes with suggestion of other senses of rear or raise). Now rare or Obs. 1382 Wyclif li. i Babilon and., his dwelleris, that ther herte rereden a3en me. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione i. xxiii. 32 Kepe pin herte fre & rere it up to py god. 1586 Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. iil. ii, And higher would I rear my estimate Than luno. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. i. ii. 314 His Cup-bearer, whom I from meaner forme Haue bench’d, and rear’d to Worship. 1637 R. Ashley tr. Malvezzi's David Persecuted 5 The same action which at one time hath reared up a Prince, should..sink him. 1655 Jer. Taylor Guide Devot. (1719) 154 Thy Goodness may hereafter rear Our Souls unto thy Glory.

12. To turn or direct (esp. the eyes) upwards. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. ii. 42 The Ladie..Gan reare her eyes as to the chearefull light. 1621 Quarles Div. Poems, Esther (1717) 14 Jonah (humbly rearing up his eyes). 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 285 Up to a hill anon his steps he rear’d. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock i. 126 To that she bends, to that her eyes she rears. 1807 J. Barlow Columb. iv. 135 O’er the dark world Erasmus rears his eye. 13. To cause to rise: a. Naut. = raise 23 a. 1555 Eden Decades 351 In .xv. degrees we dyde reere the crossiers. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 49 We reared the north starre in short space .xij. degr. and at length, 30. deg. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v.. To rear an object in view, is to rise or approach it.

fb. To raise (a fiend). Obs. 1567 Golding Ovid’s Met. vi. (1593) 148 The tyrant with a hideous noise away the table shooves. And reares the fiends from hell.

c. To make (the voice) heard. = raise 21. 1817 Scott Harold vi. xiii. When his voice he rear’d,.. The powerful accents roll’d along. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam XI. XX, His voice then did the stranger rear.

tl4. a. To levy, raise, gather, collect (fines, rents, etc.). Obs. = raise 25. Also const, upon. c 1420 Sir Amadace (Camden) xii, A marchand of this cite, Hade riche rentus to rere. 1449 Rolls of Park. V. 144/2 A Subsidie to be take and rereyd of al manere Prests seculers. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 30 Oppressid.. by over gret taskis and tailis rered uppon them. 1574 Galtvay Arch, in lOth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 423, xxti pound sterlinge current mony of England to be rered and levied to the commone use. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 60 Which rent is reared onely in goats skinnes.

fb. To levy, raise (an army). Obs.~' (21400-50 Alexander 81 Artaxenses is at hand & has ane ost reryd, And resyn vp with all his rewme.

fc. To take away from one. Obs.~^ 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 6 He, in an open Turney lately held, Fro me the honour of that game did reare.

IV. 15. a. intr. To rise up (towards a vertical position or into the air); to rise high, to tower. Spec, in Husb. of a furrow-slice: see quots. 1523 and 1790. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 366 \>e mukel lauande loghe to pe lyfte rered. Ibid. 423 Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on ende. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. § 16 Lette the husbande.. plowe a brode forowe and a depe.. and lay it flat, that it rere not on the edge. 1790 W. Marshall Mid. Counties (1796) II. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Rear, to rise up before the plow, as the furrows sometimes do in plowing. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xxxviii, The loftiest steeple that now rears proudly up from the midst of guilt. 1881 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 532/2 If a wind on the beam is so strong as to make her either slide or ‘rear up’ too much.

b. intr. Of a quadruped, esp. a horse: To rise on the hind feet. Also with it. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 69 Hobynis, that war stekit thar, Rerit and flang. 1592 Shaks. Ven. ^ Ad. 279 Sometimes he trots, ..Anon he reres vpright, curuets, and leaps. 1611 Cotgr., Cabrer, to reare, or stand vpright on the hinder feet; .. as a Goat, or Kid that brouses on a tree. 1761 Sterne Tr.

Shandy HI. xxxvi, Let me beg of you, like an unback’d filly ..to jump it, to rear it, to bound it. 1800 Coleridge Wallenstein iv. iv. His charger, by a halbert bored, rear’d up. 1870 Emerson Soc. ^ Solit. x. 207 When he began to rear, they were so frightened that they could not see the horse. fig. 1629 Gaule Holy Madn. 92 How he reares in the Necke. (21761 Johnson in Boswell an. 1780 Johnson., professed that he could bring him out into conversation, and used this illusive expression, ‘Sir, I can make him rear'. 1899 Scribner's Mag. Jan. 98/1 [He] is a brave man and has been known to rear on occasions.

c. trans. To throw off by rearing, nonce-use. 1852 Bailey Festuswii. (ed. 3) 395 Earth rear off her cities As a horse his rider.

16. intr. To turn out (well or ill) in course of, or after, rearing (in sense 9). 1894 Daily News 2 Oct. 6/6 In the counties mentioned pheasants have reared well.

rear (ri3(r)), v.^ Obs. exc. arch. Also 5-6 rere. [Of obscure origin.] trans. To cut up or carve (a fowl, spec, a goose). c 1470 in Hors, Shepe ^ G. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 33 A dere broken, a ghoos rerid, a swan lyfte.. a heron dismembrid. c 1500 For to serve a Lord in Babees Bk. 374 To lose or untache a bitorn: kitte his nekke,.. rere hym legge and whynge, as the heron, a 1756 Mrs. Heywood New Present (1771) 269 To rear a Goose. 1804 Farley London Art Cookery (ed. 10) 293 To rear a goose, cut off both legs in the manner of shoulder of lamb. 1840 H. Ainsworth Tower of London (1864) 412 In the old terms of his art, he leached the brawn, reared the goose.

trear, v.^ Obs. rare. [f. rear sb.^] 1. trans. To attack or assail in the rear. 1670 Eachard Cent. Clergy 48 He falls a fighting with his text, and makes a pitch’d battel of it,.. he rears it, flanks it, entrenches it, storms it. 1682 Bunyan Holy War xv. Then the captains fell on, and began roundly to front and flank and rear Diabolus’ camp.

2. To Strengthen in the rear. 1680 J. Scott Serm. bef. Artillery Comp. Wks. 1718 II. 24 We cannot talk in Rank and File, Flank and Rear our Discourses with Military Allusions.

frear, v.* Obs.-' Naut. (Of obscure origin and meaning.) 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 40, I tooke our skiffe and went to them to know why they lost vs,.. and lohn Kire made me answere that his ship would neither reare nor steere.

■frear, adv.' Obs.-'

=

arbear adv.

The sense of the passage is not clear; the phrase may mean simply ‘not at all’. ri4i2 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1247 Sone, as for me, nouthir avaunte ne rere.

f rear, adv.^ Obs. rare. = rare adv.^ Early. 1714 Gay Sheph. Week i. 6 O’er yonder Hill does scant the Dawn appear. Then why does Cuddy leave his Cott so rear? Ibid. 11 This rising rear betokeneth well thy mind.

rear, dial, variant of

roar v.

rear-, comb, form, partly of OF. or AF. origin, as in rear-ward, -guard, rearsupper (and hence by analogy in rear-admiral, -feast, -freight), partly ad. F. arriere-, as in rear-vassal, -vault, and partly (from c 1600) an attributive use of rear sb.^ In recent use the older spelling rerehas sometimes been adopted, esp. in archaic or architectural terms (see rear-arch, -vault).

Rear-'Admiral, [f. rear-.] 1. A flag-officer in the navy, the next in rank below a vice-admiral. (See admiral 3.) In the U.S. navy formerly the highest rank granted except in special circumstances. 1589 [T. Cates] Sir F. Drake's W. Ind. Voy. 2 Captaine Francis Knolles, Rieradmirall in the Gallion Leicester. (21642 Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts iii. (1704) 332/1 The use of a Rear-Admiral is but a late invention, and is allow’d but the ordinary Pay of a Captain. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3829/3 Sir John Munden, Rear-Admiral of the Red, hoisted his Flag this day on the Mizen-top-mast of her Majesty’s Ship the Victory. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine s.v. Admiral, There are at present in England .. four rear admirals of the red, four of the white, and five of the blue squadron. 1802 James Milit. Diet. s.v. Rank, Admirals.. rank with generals of horse and foot; rear-admirals, as major-generals. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Rear-Admiral, the officer in command of the third division of a fleet, whose flag is at the mizen.

fb. Formerly used in the designation Rear Admiral of England or Great Britain. Now Obs. 1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1901/3 His Majesty has been graciously pleased to constitute Arthur Herbert Esq. Rear Admiral of England. 1705 Ibid. No. 4086/3 The Lord High Admiral has been pleased to appoint Sir Cloudesly Shovell .. to be Rear-Admiral of England. 1707 Ibid. No. 4397/3 He was at the Time of his Death Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. 1799 Naval Chron. 1. 368 note. In August 1771 [Sir George Rodney] was made Rear Admiral of Great Britain.

t2. A ship carrying a rear-admiral’s flag. Obs. 1587 R. Leng True Descr. Voy. Sir F. Drake (Camden) 14 We all put out to sea..: videlicet.. the Golden Lyon, vizeadmirall; the Dreadnaughte, reare admirall [etc.]. 1628 Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 28 The newes of my Rereadmirall fighting the day before with the Venetian shippe. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2541/3 Their Majesties Ship the Coronation, being a second Rate, and Rear-Admiral of the Red.

rear-arch. Arch. Also

rere-. [f. rear- -t- arch.] The inner arch of a window- or door-opening.

REAR-BANQUET

REARMOUSE

286

when differing in size or form from the external arch. (Cf. rear-vault.) Also attrib.

rear-guard*®, [f. rear yfi.®] The guard at the

1849 Freeman Archit. 343 By these two means the splay and the distinct rear-arch are abolished, i860 G. E. Street in Archseol. Cant. III. 116 From these a richly-moulded rear-arch springs. 1878 Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 280 Taking all styles together, the rear, or rere arch, or in earlier works the wider internal splay, is greatly more frequent, probably because less costly than the other form, the ‘through arch’. Ibid. 282 The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and through arch windows.

1897 Daily News 17 Mar. 8/7 The rear-guard of the Hounslow train.

rear-banquet: see reard, variant of

rere-banquet.

herd, noise,

reardemain, variant of reredemain Obs.

+

-ed^]

2. Brought up to a certain stage of growth. 1889 Pall Mall G. 27 Dec. 1/2 Freely giving the millions of reared fish away.

rearer ('ri3r3(r)). [f. rear v.'^ + -erL] 1. One who rears (in transitive senses, esp. sense 9). 1382 Judith xiv. 9 That not of the rereres, but of the noise makeris Olofernes shulde waken. 1611 Cotgr., Esleveur, a rearer, breeder. 1767 Lewis Statius x. 323 The Rearer of the Steed, When the kind Spring renews his gen’rous Breed [etc.]. 1841-3 Anthon Class. Diet. 579 She .. is, by the appointment of Jupiter, the rearer of children. 1880 Daily News 23 Oct. 2/1 The demand of the English rearer of store cattle for Irish lean cattle.

2. A horse that rears, or has a habit of rearing. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 89 In nine cases out of ten I have found that confirmed rearers are tender mouthed. 1882 Daily News 1 June 3/1 He was a respectable rearer, and a hearty horse at a kick.

(See quot.)

1827 Sporting Mag. XXI. 131 We were favoured with.. what is technically called ‘a rearer’, that is to say, the near side wheels went into a ditch deep enough to have turned us keel imwards.

4. Coal-mining. An edge-seam (see edge sb. 12, and cf. REARING/)/)/, a. i, quot. 1686). 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining zoo.

trear-feast. Obs.-' [f. rear- + feast.] The latter meal, supper. 1615 Chapman Odyss. iv. 286 But let us not forget our rear feast thus.

t rear-freight. Obs.—' [Alteration of refreit, after rear- and freight.] Refrain, burden. r 1557 Abp. Parker Ps.

Rep. IV. 2320 The Court ordered the Cause to be re-argued. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 724 The case does not need or admit of re-arguing now. 1884 Law Times Rep. XLIX. 584/2 The Court.. desired that the point should be reargued before a full Court of Appeal. 1972 N.Y. Law yrnl. 31 Oct. 15/q The informal motion to reargue is granted. 1973 Ibid. 31 Aug. 2/5 A letter from counsel for South Wall Associates^ which shall be deemed a motion to reargue. 1776 Burrow

So 'reargument. in Law Times Rep. LII. 200/1 The Lord Chancellor directed a re-argument of the Case.

1382 Wyclif ha. XXX. 25 Vp on alle rered hil. 159S Barnfield Cassandra (1841) 32 Stately I lion (whose provd reared walls Seem’d to controule the cloudes). 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. V. ii. 82 His rear’d arme Crested the world. 1638 Killigrew Conspiracy Epil., From your reared and exalted Throne. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 59/1 On the rear’d Column be my Story wrote.

3. Slang.

reargue (ri:'a:gju:), t;. [re-5 a.] traits. To argue {spec, a case in law) a second time; to debate over again. Also absol. or intr.

1884 Ld. Fitzgerald

reardors, obs. variant of reredos. reared (risd), ppl. a. [f. rear v.'^ 1. Raised, elevated, exalted.

rear of a railway train; or the van he occupies.

309 The reare freyt of the Psalme.

rear-guard' ('risgaid).

Mil. Forms: 5 rier-, ryere-, 5-6 reregarde; 5 rere-, 6 Sc. rearegard; 6 Sc. reir-, 7 rere-, 7- rearguard, [a. OF. rereguarde, AF. reregard, rergarde (c 1307): see note to ARREAR-GUARD and cf. rearward sb.' Variously written rearguard, rear-guard, and rear guard.}

11. The rear portion of an army or armed force drawn up for action. Obs. = rear sb.^ i, rearward sb.' 1. 1481 Caxton Godfrey xlv. 85 He kepte alwey the rier garde with grete plente of his peple. forth Ballede Resouns.. And puytel> (orp presumpeion to preue J?e soI?e. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. 11. 704 3e may.. New wordes reherse & new resones speke, Whech wer rehersyd & haue her answers eke. 1533 Bellenden Livy v. xxv, It is said camillus movit J>e Romanis fra migration to veos be mony ressonis. 1563 Foxe A. & M. 1369/2 Cirillus. .prouing to the Jewes that Christ was come, vseth this reason. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xxii. 112 b, They would not depart without hauing of me some present, alleadging by their reasons that they had done me great honour in comming. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 15 Strengthning their reasons with many examples. 1638 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) I. 90 Ye have here also some Reasons against the Service in print. 1810 Crabbe Borough xxi, They proved (so thought I then) with reasons strong That no man’s feelings ever lead him wrong.

b. a woman's (or the ladies') reason: (see quots,). 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. i. ii. 22, I haue no other but a womans reason: I thinke him so, because I thinke him so. 01641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 106 They were, scilicet, because they were; which is more foolish then a womans reason. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 287 A pretty way of proving the point, being no better than the ladies’ reason, it is divisible because it is. 1792 Mary Wollstonecr. Rights Worn. v. 254 This mode of arguing, if arguing it may be called, reminds me of what is vulgarly termed ‘a woman’s reason’; for women sometimes declare that they love or believe certain things ‘because’ they love or believe them.

c. Logic. One of the premises in an argument; esp. the minor premise when placed after the conclusion. 1826 Whately Logic i. §2 A premiss placed after its conclusion is called the Reason of it, and is introduced by one of those conjunctions which are called causal. [_Note. The Major-premiss is often called the Principle: and the word Reason is then confined to the Minor.] 1864 Bowen Logic vii. 211 To deny the Consequent is also to deny the Reason.

2. a. to give, yield or render (a) reason: to give an account (of one’s acts or conduct). Now arch. a 1225 Ancr. R. 82 Of swuche speche .. schal euerich word beon irikened, & i3iuen reisun, hwi pe on hit seide [etc.]. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 2248 Ich am her.. mid alle mine hirdmen to 3elden reisun [v.r. reaisun] for ham. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5966 )?us sal men I>an yhelde resons sere Of alle pair lyf, als writen es here. 1382 Wyclif Matt. xii. 36 Of euery ydel word that men speken, thei shul 3elde resoun therof in the day of dome, c 1400 Rule St. Benet 42 J>e abbes.. salle vmbepinke hir.. pat sho sal yelde resun of alle. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxxiv, Ye have an undoubted right to ask your ain son to render a reason of his conduct.

fb. to do, put, or set to reason (tr. OF. mettre a raison): to bring or call to account. Ohs. a 1300 Cursor M. 3881 pan did he laban to resun: ‘Qui has pou don me sli tresum?’ 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5791 It semes pat pe kyng had grete encheson To sette hym for pat kepyng to reson. 1425 Rolls of Park. IV. 296/2 To putte ye said parties to reson.

fc. Monetary moneys. Ohs.

reckoning;

REASON

288

REASNABLE

pi.

accounts,

1382 Wyclif i Macc. x. 40,1 shal 3eue in eche 3eris fiftene thousandis of siclis of syluer, of the kyngis reysons, that perteynen to me. 1382-Matt, xviii. 23 A man kyng, that wolde putte resoun with his seruauntis.

t3. a. A statement, narrative, or speech; a saying, observation, or remark; an account or explanation of, or answer to, something. Also, without article, talk or discourse. In common use throughout the 14th c. after OF. raison-, in later examples perh. a fresh development of sense i. a 1300 Cursor M. 219 J?e last resun of alle pis ron Sal be of hir Concepcion. Ibid. 1632 Drightin of heuen spak til him pan, And pus his resun he began. Ibid. 12211 Of ilk letter for to ask Resun of ilkan be nam. 13.. Coer de L. 117 The kyng ham tolde, in hys resoun, It com hym thorugh a vysyoun. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. yi. 111 (Camb. MS.) But I se now that pou art.. weerey with the lengthe of my reson. C1400 Maundev. (1839) XV. 165 And so seyn thei, that maken here resounes, of othere Planetes; and of the Fuyr also. 1460 Lybeaus Disc. 109 Wip oute more resoun Duk, erl and baroun Wesch and jede to mete. 1481 Caxton Myrr. ii. xxix. 122 Of the wyndes may men enquyre reson of them that vse the sees. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. i. 2 Your reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe and sententious, a 1635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (1641) 35 The Queene .. began to be taken with his election, and loved to heare his reasons to her demands.

13.. Cursor M. 5456 (Gott.) Mani resunes he paim tald, Bath pat pai suld ouer bide. And in pair last dais bitide, a 1375 Joseph Arim. 76 pat tyme pat Augustus Cesar was Emperour.. pis reson bi-gon pat I schal now rikenen.

f c. part of reason: a part of speech. Obs. rare. 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. v. 16 Vnneth.. knowe they their partes of reson whiche is the first book of grammaire. 1530 Palsgb. Introd. 24 Partes of reason., they have thryse III, for, besydes the VIII parts of speche commen betwene them and the latines.. they have also a nynth part of reason whiche I call article.

t4. a. A sentence. Obs. 1388 Purvey Prol. Bible xv. 57 Whanne 00 word is oonis set in a reesoun, it mai be set forth as ofte as it is vndurstonden. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 7 There is also many wordes that haue dyverse vnderstondynges,.. and som tyme they may be taken in dyuerse wyse in one reson or clause. 1530 Palsgr. Introd. 24 Of these letters, lyke as it is in all tonges, be made syllables, of syllables wordes, of wordes sentences or reasons.

t b. A motto, posy. Obs. 1434 E.E. Wills (1882) 96 A ryng of golde with a ston, & a reson 'sans departir'. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 18 My armys and my reson therto, Grace me gouerne. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 80 Gounes.. enbrodred with reasons of golde that sayd, adieu lunesse, farewell youth.

II. 5. a. A fact or circumstance forming, or alleged as forming, a ground or motive leading, or sufficient to lead, a person to adopt or reject some course of action or procedure, belief, etc. Const, why, wherefore, that', of, for preps,; to with inf. a 1225 Ancr. R. 78 J>is is nu pc reisun of pc veiunge hwi Isaie ueieC hope & silence. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 9304 An o)?er reson .. meuej? more me per to, pzt pc king.. Mid vnri3t halt his kinedom. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 191 [He] Arayned hym.. what raysoun he hade In such slajtes of sor3e to slepe so faste. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 122 She shewed so mani good resounes vnto the kynge her husbonde, that he forgaue Absolon. 1533 Bellenden tr. Livy iii. xxxv, He couth fynd na resson quhy he aucht nocht to helpe pc romane pepill to recovir pc land. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 715 Brag. Sweet bloods I both may, and will [deny]. Ber. What reason haue you for’t? 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, O. T. 560 Is there any reason in you .. why I sh** respect you any more than the very Ethiopians? 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 202 The Ambassador Brugman would by no means accept of the horse, for no other reason, doubtlesse, than this, that his was not so good as his Collegue’s. 1711 Addison Spect. No. loi IP7 He made a Voyage to Grand Cairo for no other Reason, but to take the Measure of a Pyramid. 1763 C. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr., Backgammon (1778) 181 For the same Reason avoid hitting any Blots which your Adversary makes. 1843 Mill Logic i. iii. §7 Should we not have as much reason to believe that it still existed as we now have. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 7 There is no reason.. to imagine that this melancholy tone is attributable to disappointment.

b. reason of state, a purely political ground of action on the part of a ruler or government, esp. as involving some departure from strict justice, honesty, or open dealing. Freq. without article, as a principle of political action. So \ public reason. A rendering of F. raison d’etat or It. ragione di stato, the latter used or cited by Scarlett Estate Eng. Fugitives (1595) Riij, Ben Jonson Cynthia’s Rev. (1599) i. i, Volpone (1605) IV. i, and Bacon Adv. Learn. (1605) i. ii. §3. 1611 Florio, Ragione di stato, the law, reason, or policie of State. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII 3 As if the King.. were become effeminate and lesse sensible of Honour, and Reason of State, then was fit for a King. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ Subj. 116 King Charles had not the same Reason of State to indulge the House of Commons. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 389 Public reason just.. compels me now To do what else .. I should abhorre. 1735 Bolingbroke Stud. Hist. ii. (1752) 39 The notion of attaching men to the new government., was a reason of state to some. 1756 Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1842 I. 34 The whole of this mystery of iniquity is called the reason of state. It is a reason which I own I cannot penetrate. 1897 Morley Machiavelli 40 The most imposing of all incarnations of the doctrine that reason of State covers all, is Napoleon.

c. Phr. for reasons best known to oneself, for seemingly perverse reasons. 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants 84 Yet it hath pleased God (for Reasons best known to himselfe) not to allow us this convenience. 1743 Fielding yonoMan Wildw. xiii. 383 Indeed those, who have unluckily missed it, seem all their Days to have laboured in vain to attain an End, which Fortune, for Reasons only known to herself, hath thought proper to deny them. 1847 A. Bronte Agnes Grey xiii. 191 If they chose to ‘take’ me, I went; if, for reasons best known to themselves, they chose to go alone, I took my seat in the prriage. 1894 Somerville & ‘Ross’ Real Charlotte III. xli. 133 Removing his pipe and the hat which, for reasons best known to himself, he wore while at work. 1938 G. Graham Swiss Sonata vi. 250 She tried very hard to adopt me, but my father, for reasons best known to himself, wouldn’t give me up.

6. A ground or cause of, or for, something: a. of a fact, procedure, or state of things, in some way dependent upon human action or feeling. 01300 Cursor M. 551 For Fis resun put 3ee haue hard, Man is clepid pe lesse werld. c 1450 Holland Howlat 544 Throw this ressonis aid. The bludy hart it is cald. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iv. i. 15 hfow doe you know the reason of this hast? 1659 Pearson Creed ix. 697 This reason did the ancient Fathers render why the Church was called Catholick. 1^8 Asgill Argument 9 Custom it self, without a reason for it, is an argument only to fools. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 477/1 This holds equally in metaphor and allegory; and the reason is the same in all. 1841 Lane Arab. I

Nts. I. 105 Respecting this palace, and the reason of thy being alone in it.

b. of a fact, event, or thing not dependent on human agency. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) To vnwrappen the hyd causes of thinges and to discouere me the resouns couered with dyrknesses. 1484 Caxton Fables of ^sop V. xii, The wulf on a daye came to the dogge and demaunded of hym the rayson why he was soo lene. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. i. iii. 30 When these Prodigies Doe so conioyntly meet, let not men say, These are their Reasons, they are Naturall. 1656 tr. Hobbes’ Elem. Philos. (1839) 484, I should think comets were made in the same manner... For I could very well from hence give a reason both of their hair, and of their motions. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. iii. vi. §9 We know not their Make; and can give no Reason of the different Qualities we find in them. 1826 Whately Logic (1840) App. Ambig. Terms xix, The Reason of an eclipse of the sun is, that the moon is interposed between it and the earth. This should strictly be called the cause. 1879 Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 67 There is not a hair or a line, not a spot or a color, for which there is not a reason.

fc. In phr. by the reason of or that. (Cf. 7.) 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 244 Hit nedyth a man do more abstynence in that tyme.. by the reyson that [text than] in colde tyme the colde chasyth the naturall hete. 1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 88 Ther is a corporacyon made.. amongst fischmongers.., by the reason wherof all maner of fische is sold derar. 1538 Starkey England i. i. 9 You se.. what glotony.. ys had in cytes and townys, by the reson of thys socyety and cumpany of men togydur.

7. (Without article.) a. by (for/or) reason of, on account of. Very common in the Bible of 1611. a 1300 Cursor M. 16372 A prisun ar yee wont at hafe, for resun o pc dai. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xvii. 49 The ryche is yreuerenced by reson of his richesse. 1432-50 tr. Higden, Harl. Contin. (Rolls) VIII. 471 John Holand, broJ>er to the kynge by reason of his moder. I4tf6 Rolls of Parlt.W. 512/2 [Lands] whiche came.. to youre handes of possession, by reason and force of the same Acte. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 39 In the night [they] had quarrelled among themselves, by reason whereof they ranne vpon a rock. 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Warres 391 The Commanders being unserviceable, by reason of their wounds, ei ought to holde l>e abay as longe as pei may withouten rebukynge of pe houndes. c 1430 Lydg. Reason Sens. 580 To thy name Hyt is rebukyng and gret shame. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 241 b. Without ony exprobracyon or rebukyng [I] admyt the to my grace. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. v. (1634) iA2 Exhortations and rebukings much availe..to enflame the desire of goodnesse. 1611 Bible 2 Sam. xxii. 16 The channels of the Sea appeared.. at the rebuking of the Lord. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 103 Her worst rebukings wore a smile.

re'buking, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. -I- -ing"".]

That

rebukes. 1611 CoTGR., Satyric, satyricall,.. sharpe, rebuking, reprouing. 1829 S. Turner Mod. Hist. Eng. IV. ii. xxxi. 336 Her. .rebuking sense of the atrocious transaction.

Hence re'bukingly adv. 1582 Bentley Mon. Matrones ii. 13 The liuelie voice of God rebukinglie tooke me vp. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 29 That art or power which the Holy Ghost thus rebukingly derides. 1829 Lytton Disowned xi, ‘Have not I prayed, and besought you, many and many a time’, said the lady, rebukingly, [etc.]. 1896 Mrs. Caffyn Quaker Grandmother 2 She glanced rebukingly at the ceiling.

fre'bukous, a.

Obs.-'

In 5 rebucous.

[f.

REBUKE -I- -OUS.] = REBUKEFUL fl. I. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 557 She gaue vnto hym many rebucous wordys.

t re'bulliency. Obs.-' [ad. L. type *rebullientia, f. rebulltre: cf. next.] A tendency to boil up. In quot. fig. 1681 Rycaut tr. Gracian's Critick 15 Suppressing with what power I could the strong rebulliency of my Passions.

trebu'llition. Obs.-^ [Noun of action (cf. ebullition)^ f. L. rebullire: see reboil v.^] A boiling up again. In quot. fig. i8o5 S. Turner Anglo-Sax. (1836) I. III. iii. 168 Of the events of the battle, he only says, that Arthur did not recede. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Dream Children, While I stood gazing, both the children gradually grew fainter to my view, receding, and still receding. 1848 Lytton Harold lli. iii. The Earl ceased and receded behind his children.

b. of things. (Said also of things from which one is moving away.) 1662 Glanvill Lux Orient, xiii. 140 As the sun recedes, the moon and stars discouer themselues. a 1763 Shenstone Elegies vii. 73 When proud Fortune’s ebbing tide recedes. c 1790 Imison Sch. Arts I. 66 If it be charged positively.. the balls will recede still further asunder. 1818 Shelley Eugan. Hills 21 The dim low line.. Of a dark and a distant shore Still recedes, i860 Maury Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) i. §13 When the two [waves] receded, there was not a house, .left standing in the village.

c. Const, from. Also in fig. context. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. xxv. §12 It is plain that the more you recede from your grounds, the weaker do you conclude. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. ii. ii. 44 The resistance .. could no more keep down the above-said bullet from receding from the earth [etc.]. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxviii [xxix], Those conditions.. are so constituted, that, as we ^proach one, we recede from another, i860 Tyndall Glac. I. xi. 73 We receded from him into the solitudes. 1868 Q. Victoria Life Highl. 26 As the fair shores of Scotland receded more and more from our view.

d. To become more distant; to lie further back or away; to slope backwards. 1777 Mason Eng. Garden ii. 86 Oft let the turf recede, and oft approach. With varied breadth. 1784 Cowper Task i. 65 Not with easy slope Receding wide, they pressed against the ribs. 1815 Shelley Alastor 404 Where the embowering trees recede and leave A little space of green expanse. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile vii. 167 The mountains here recede so far as to be almost out of sight.

e. Of a colour: to appear to be more distant from the eye than another in the same plane; = RETIRE V. 3 b. Cf. ADVANCE V. 2 b. 1935 A. H. Rutt Home Furnishing iv. 35 Advancing and receding qualities in colors are a reality, as psychologists have proved. The warm hues seem to advance and the cool ones to recede. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 152/1 The cool tints .. tend to ‘recede’ and will give a feeling of space.

2. a. To depart from some usual or natural state, an authority, standard, principle, etc. ? 06^. (Common 1650-1700.) 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. iii. (1520) 19/1 It is mervayle that suche men so excedynge in wyt.. receded from the knowlege of the very god. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. xi. 50 Receding from custome when their interest requires it. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 60 By the instances alleg’d, he recedes from his Master Aristotle. 1702 Stubbs For God or Baal 17 The Brute.. recedes not from the Directions of Instinct. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 194 We recede very widely from the intentions of Nature,

b. Of things: To depart, differ, or vary from something else. Now rare. 1576 Foxe a. M. (ed. 3) 3/1 If they held any thyng whiche receaded from the doctrine and rule of Christ. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. i. §3, I sawe well that knowledge recedeth as farre from ignorance as light doth from darknesse. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Ixxxvi. 2 Another possible notion of the word, and which recedes very little from this. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 171 The Septuagint, which greatly receded from the Hebrew text, by its additions [etc.]. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. iii. 12 In paths now approaching to, now receding from, the elliptical form.

3. t a. To fall away (in allegiance or adherence) from a person. Obs. rare. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. iv. (1520) 33/1 Many kyngdoms, the whiche receded from all other Emperoures, wylfully to this man torned agayne. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 75 That neither he nor his sonne, should recede or disseuer from Pope Alexander, or from his Catholique successors.

b. To draw back/ro/w a bargain, promise, etc. Also without const. 1648 Dk. Hamilton in H. Papers (Camden) 154 They ar so far from receding from anie engagement to you. 1651 G. W. tr. Cowel s Inst. 184 If., the Buyer repents of his Bargain, so that he desires to recede, he shall loose what he gave. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. v. Wks. 1813 I. 357 By receding from the offer which she made. 1792 Anecd. W. Pitt III. xxxix. 51 How could I recede from such an engagement? 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 220 A. felt no inclination to recede from the agreement, into which he had entered. 1885 Law Rep. 2g Chanc. Div. 437 There was a concluded contract from which neither party could recede.

c. To withdraw from a position, proposal, undertaking, opinion, etc. Also without const. 1716 Land. Gaz. No. 5447/2 The Deputies.. thought fit to recede from the Objections. 1738 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 324 They hope the Governour would recede from this part of the Amendment. 1844 Thirlwall Greece Ixiii. VIII. 233 Chilon, whose hopes were dashed by this failure, now only persevered because it was too late to recede. 1863 H. Cox Instil. III. ii. 602 From this opinion some of the Judges subsequently receded.

4. a. To go away, depart, retire (from or to a place or scene), rare. c 1485 E.E. Misc. (Warton Club) 29 The grettyst payn.. Was^when my sole dyde from me reysede. 1679 Wood Life CU.H.a.) 11. 446 About the same time that the Treasurer went away, twas reported that the dutchess of Portsmouth receeded also. 1691 - Ath. Oxon. I. 5 Afterwards receedmg to his Native Country, he wrot in his own Language. 1818-20 E. Thompson Cullen's Nosol. Method

RECEIPT

312

RECEDE

(ed. 3) 201 Inflammation of the joints suddenly receding. [1842 Brande Diet. Sci. etc., s.v. Recess of the Empire, They are thought to have been so termed from being pronounced at the time when the diet was about to ‘recede , or separate. 1892 Kirk Abingdon Acc. p. xxviii. Two monks had 'receded', one to Colne.}

fb. To retire from an occupation. Obs.—^ 1666 Ormonde MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 20 Bankes thinks to recede from those imployments to follow his owne.

fc. To have recourse to one. 06r.“’ 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (174.7) III. 368 This Power is subordinate to the Civil Legislation.. and., stands obliged to recede to the Civil Sovereign.

5. a. To go back or away in time. 1788 E. Sheridan Let. 27 July in Betsy Sheridan's Jrnl. (i960) iv. 107 And now to recede—I had just sent off my letter yesterday when Mrs Angelo call’d, as usual all life and spirits and full of news. 1831 Blackw. Mag. XXX. 660 From Green and Bewick.. let us recede (in a chronological sense) to Hogarth. 1834 Calhoun Wks. (1864) II. 392, I shall endeavor to recede, in imagination, a century from the present time.

b. To go or fall back, to decline, in character or value. 1828 Hallam Mid. Ages i. ix. (1869) 585 A nation that ceases to produce original and inventive minds.. will recede from step to step. 1883 Daily News 7 Nov. 4/7 American prices were firm, but foreign Government stocks receded fractionally.

6. trans. fa. To retract, withdraw. Obs.~^ 1654 H. L’ Estrange Chas. I (1655) 57 Rather willing to submit to the hazard of Lewes his breach of Faith, then to the blame of receding his own from pollicitation.

b. To remove back or away. 1819 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 364 The widening of Dale Street by taking down and receding of the houses. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 51 Introducing two lenses.. and approaching or receding these by means of the slider.

Hence re'cededppl. a.; re'ceder; re'ceding vbl. sb. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. xxv. §24 When there is once a receding from the word of God. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1768) IV. xxxv. 214 ‘Do I what, Madam?’ ‘And why vile man?’.. O the sweet receder! 1909 M. B. Saunders Litany Lane i. vi. 69 Her attendant lady.., Augusta of the receded fringe.

recede (ri:'si:d), v.^ [f.

re- 5 a + cede v.] trans. To cede again, give up to a former owner.

1771 J. Bailey in F. Chase Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) I. 43 S The lands on the west side Connecticut river might be receded back to New Hampshire. 1805 M. Cutler in Life, Jrnls. & Corr. (1888) II. 185 The first step was to re-cede Alexandria to Virginia.

recedence (ri'siidans). [f.

recede v.^ + -ence:

cf. precedence.'^ = recession. 1859 J. Tomes Dental Surg. 494 The gradual waste of the alveolar processes, accompanied by a corresponding recedence of the gums. 1883 New Eng. Jrnl. Educ. XVII. 329 An age approximating the recedence of the flood.

recedent (n'siidsnt), a. Med.

[f, as prec. +

-ent: cf. precedent.'\ = retrocedent. 1822 Good Study Med. II. 505 Retrograde; recedent; misplaced gout. 1830 Fraser's Mag. II. 381 Persons subject to gout.. particularly in that form of the disease which the learned call recedent.

receding (ri'si:diB),pp/.

a. [f. as prec. + -ing^.]

That recedes. 1781 Cowper Charity 147 The sable warrior.. Loses in tears the far receding shore. 1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro III. 299 Embittering the receding moments of existence. 1866 Huxley Preh. Rem. Caithn. 98 The forehead is smooth and not receding. 1878-Physiogr. 141 The muddy bank left by the receding tide. 1895 A. W. Pinero Second Mrs. Tanqueray iii. 103 A man.. with a low forehead, a receding chin, a vacuous expression. 1956 ^rw/. Theol. Stud. VII. 18 The incidence of the gradually receding preposition tto^xx supports the impression. 1958 [see ADVANCE V. 2 b]. 1977 Transatlantic Rev. lx. 183 If I have learned anything it is that the past is not a receding dream but an ever burgeoning presence at our backs that sustains us.

recedure (ri'si:dju3(r)). Arch.

[f. as prec. + -URE.] A recess or ledge on the inner side of a chimney stalk. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 280 To facilitate the erection.. of an insulated stalk of this kind, it is built with three or more successive plinths, or recedures.

receipt (n'skt), sb. Forms: a. 4-6 receyt, (5-6 -e, 6 receeyte), 4-7 receite, 5-8 receit, (8 reciet); 4-5 resce^e, 5 (7) resceyt, 5, 7 (8) resceit, (5-6 -e); 4 resseit, 4-5 reseit, (6 -e), 5 resseyt(e, -ayt, 5-6 resayte, -eyt, 6 -ayt, 6 (7 Sc.) ressait, (6 reseight); 5 recyt(e; 6 receate, 7 -eat. /3. 4-7 receipte, 5 resceipte, 5-6 receypte, 6- receipt. [ME. receitey receity a. AF. (ONF.) receitey receyte (1304-5) = OF. refoitCy var. of recete = Sp. recetay Pg. receitay It. ricetta:—L. receptay fern. pa. pple. of recipere to receive. The vowel of OF. receite, refoite is app. due to the influence of such verbal forms as receit, ref oil. The normal OF. form is recete, the more usual recepte (whence mod.F. recette) being a learned reversion to the Latin form (cf. recept sb.^). In Eng., the spelling receipt (with^ from Latin, as in OF. refoipte) has prevailed in this word, in contrast to the related conceit and deceit.]

1. 1. a. A formula or prescription, a statement of the ingredients (and mode of procedure) 4

V.

necessary for the making of some preparation, esp. in Med. (now rare) and Cookery; a recipe. ^1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. ProL & T. 800 What schal this receyt coste? telleth now, c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 84 Off Jje Receytes off Medicynes. 1530 Palsgr. 261/1 Receyte of dyvers thynges in a medycine, drogges, recepte. 1595 Widowes Treasure Bivb, A notable receite to makelpocras. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Eromena iv. 125 The severall antidotes by mee taken, whereof I shewed them the receipts. 1703 J, Tipper in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 307 Medecinal and Cookery receipts collected from the best authors. 1791 Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing I. Pref. 5 A few books of receipts [for dyeing] taken from Hellot. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth vi, The thin soft cakes, made of flour and honey according to the family receipt. 1859 W. Collins Q. of Hearts (1875) 24 She spent hours in the kitchen, learning to make puddings and pies, and trying all sorts of receipts. fig. 1647 Cowley Mistr. Wks. 1710 I. 113 I’ll teach him a Receipt to make Words that weep, and Tears that speak. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 115 Some..Write dull receipts how poems may be made. 1742 Young Nt. Th. v. 94 Till the destin’d youth Stept in, with his receipt for making smiles. b. The formula or description of a remedy for

a disease, etc.; also absol.y a remedy, means of cure. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 143 As surgeons do to cut off and to burne.. when there is no way to finde or use any other receit. 1612 Bacon Ess., Studies (Arb.) 13 Euery defect of the mind may haue a speciall receit. a 1656 Bp. Hall Soliloquies 29 Dark rooms, and cords, and hellebore are meet receipts for these mental distempers. 1693 Dryden Juvenal Ded. (1697) 75 The Patients, who have open before them a Book of admirable Receipts for their Diseases. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 52 |f3 The most approved Receipt now extant for the Fever of the Spirits. 1009 Malkin Gil Bias xii. iv. [f 5 There is not a receipt in the whole extent of chemistry which I have not tried. fig. 1628 tr. Mathieu's Powerfull Favorite 108 Death is the onely receit for her euils, and they keepe her by force from it. 1646 Gataker Mistake Removed 39 [They have] made up all their receipts for distempered souls of so much Law and so much Gospel.

c. The formula of a preparation, or an account of the means, by which some effect may be produced; hence, the means to be adopted for attaining some end. 1621 T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 22 That hee had a receipt would preserue a man from growing old. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. vi. 23 From the knowledge of simples shee had a receipt to make white haire black. 1707 Curios, in Husb. Sf Gard. 276 These Receipts for the Vegetation of Plants. 1827 Pollok Course T. vii, [He] sought Receipts for health from all he met. fig. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 166 The best Receipt, both for the amending our Manners, and the managing our Business, is the Admonition of a Friend. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. iv. iii. Well certainly this is.. the newest receipt for avoiding calumny, a 1868 Brougham (Ogilvie), A more certain receipt for producing misgovemment of every kind .. it would be difficult to devise.

12. a. A drug or other mixture compounded in accordance with a receipt, Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. viii. (Bodl. MS.), In alle good receites and medicynes Amomum is ofte ido. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 69 This ressayt is bought of no poticarye,.. To al indifferent, richest diatorye. c 1500 Sloane MS. 2491 If. 73 A Booke.. teachinge the waye of making diuerse good and excellent Receiptez. 1560 Whitehorne Ord. Souldiours (1588) 40 b, Fill the bottels halfe full of this foresaide receipt. 16*05 Bacon Adv. Learn. II. viii. §3 It can be done with the vse of a fewe drops or scruples of a liquor or receite. a 1631 R. Bolton Comf. Affl. Consc. 64 He throwes the glasse against the Wall, spills that precious Receipt, and drives the Physition out of doores. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. i. Did not I prescribe for you ever day, and weep while the receipt was operating? transf. and fig. ^1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 50 My lord may ai my sorowe recure. With a receyte of plate and of coyngnage. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 27 Their noblenesse.. quite quenched their calamitie, with preseruatiue receiptes of comforte. fb. pi. Ingredients of a mixture. Obs. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 65 Gun-powder of a ,. Russet colour is very good, and it may be judged to have all its Receipts well wrought.

II. 3. That which is received; the amount, sum, or quantity received, a. of money. at longe hast lyued and muche reseiued,.. hou pou hast spendet |>at reseit. c 1483 Caxton Dialogues 3/9 Your recyte and your gyuing oute Brynge it all in somme. 1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 4 §8 Any Treasurer.. whose whole Receipt from the begyning of his Charge, is not.. above the Summe of Three Hundred Poundes. 1648 Bp. Hall Breathings of Devout Soul §38 None of the approved servants.. brought in an increase of less value than the receit. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. Pari. 16/2 The Tanjore subsidy is stated at something more than the receipt last year. Ibid., The deficient receipt in 1797-8. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 102 The Commissioners of the Customs reported to the King that.. the receipt in the port of the Thames had fallen off by some thousands of pounds. pi. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 134 Whan the Myses & the exspensis.. ouer-Passyth.. the receitis, than moste the kynge of his Peple har goodis take. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 27 The said chauncellour shall..take reconisances of eue^ particular receiuour.. for the sure paiement of his receites. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi. (1612) 153, I spake of great accompts, Receites [etc.]. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 87 Liberality.. is designed to be a Virtue moderating our Receipts, as well as our Gifts. 1805 W. Cooke Mem. Foote I. 96 His own pieces, and Macklin’s Love-a-la-Mode, brought great receipts to Crow-street theatre. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 714 That a possible margin should be left for an excess of actual revenue over estimated receipts. transf. and Jig. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 12 The end of all thy receits is Gods glory in the seruice of the

RECEIPT Church. 1692 Ray Disc. ii. ii. (1732) 78 In the Mediterranean the Receipts from the rivers fall short of the expence in Vapour.

fb. of other things. Obs. rare. *593 Shaks. Lucr. 704 Drunken Desire must vomite his receipt, Ere he can see his owne abhomination. 1607Cor. I. i. 116 The belly.. taintingly replyed To th’ discontented Members,.. That enuied his receite. 1623 Lisle Test. Antiq. Anc. Faith Ch. Eng. 13 He which will receive that housell, shall.. take with chastitie that holy receit.

III. 4. a. The act of receiving something given or handed to one; the fact of being received. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles n. 98 Whedir the grounde of jifte were good other ille,.. reson hath rehersid the resceyte of all. 1439 Rolls of Parlt. V. 16/2 After the date and receit of the saide Writte. 1442 Ibid. 57/1 To see the bookes of receyte. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. Ixix. 47 After the receyte of thyse letters, he wrote answer to his moder. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instr. F vij b, Whan you pay money to another, cause the day of receite to be written in your booke of recorde a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 20 The receit of benefits, is the foundation of thankfulness. 1661 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 61 We thought it would be a good answer to giue you account of the receit of your letter. 1774 Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 133 On receipt of such a sum as the Governor shall think it reasonable for them to spend. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 341 The receipt of the radiance that.. proceeds to us as its common centre and focus. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. i. vii. §5 (1876) 69 Fit to be entrusted with the receipt and expenditure of large sums of money.

fb. bill or ticket of receipt — next. Obs. 1509-10 Act I Hen. VIII, c. 3 § i All Acquittaunces and Billes of Receyte heretofore made by the seid John Heyron. 155* Pm v Council Scot. I. 114 Conforme to the tekat of ressait maid betuix the saidis parteis thairupoun.

c. A written acknowledgement of money or goods received into possession or custody. 1602 in Mattl. Cl. Misc. (1840) I. 23 Certane buikis.. gevin to Mr. Adam Newtoun for the Prince his use, as the said Mr. Adamis ressait thairof producit testifeis. 1651 Marius Bills of Exchange 13 Make a receit for the same on the backside of the said Bill. 1721-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Where the receipt is on the back of a bill, &c., it is usually called an indorsement. 1838 Murray's Hand-Bk. N. Germ. 190 The fare must be paid beforehand, and a receipt is always given for it. fig. 1781 Cowper Conv. 202 Then each might, .carry in contusions of his skull A satisfactory receipt in full.

5. The act or practice of receiving (stolen goods); reset. ? Obs. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. v. 54 Had not be youre redy receyt, they had not be at al tymes so redy to stele. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 620/1 The stollen goodes are convayed to some husbandman or gentellman, which.. liveth most by the receit of such goodes stoln.

6. a. The act of receiving or taking in; admittance (of things) to a place or receptacle. }Obs. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 96 J>e wirkynge of j>is last.. ys yn ^e receyte of J^e seed in pe mari2. Ibid. loi As pe see waxis by pe receyt of fflodes and waters. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. 53 Fiue senses.. whereby al objectes are poured into common sense, as into a place of receite. a 1600 in Hakluyt Voy. (1810-12) III. 141 Shipping used among us either for warre or receit. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 22 Ample cisternes for the receit of raine. 1651 Raleigh's Ghost 200 It [the ark] was sufficient for the receite .. of all living Creatures.

fb. The act of taking in (food, medicine, etc.) by the mouth or otherwise. Obs. ri400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 82 Drynkes of swete wyn, and ressayt of hony moyst. 1522 More De Quat. Noviss. Wks. 74/2 The pleasure that men may finde by the receeyte of this medicine. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 26 b, [Plants] by their more hid receit of necessaries.. have given great causes of doubting. 1599 B. Jonson Every Man out of Hum. III. i. (Rtidg.) 49/1 He shall receive the first, second, and third whiffe [of tobacco-smoke].., and, upon the receipt [etc.].

fc. An act of taking; a definite amount taken. 1390 Gower Conf. III. ii If I myhte. .Of such a drinke .. have o receite. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 36 A greater receit than one Obulus, killeth him or her that taketh it.

fd. The act of receiving the sacrament. Obs. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems ix. 92 Of ressait sinfTull of The my Saluiour,..I cry The mercy. 1552 R. Hutchinson 3rd Serm. (1560) Gvi. A manifest deniall of the transubstantiation, and of all corporall, reall, and naturall receit.

f7. a. The act of receiving or admitting (a person) to a place, shelter, accommodation, assistance, etc.; the fact of being so received; reception. Obs. (Common c 1600-50.) 1557 Order of Hospitalls F viij b. Against Easter yow shall prepare a Booke for the receipt home of the children, a 1586 Sidney Arcadia iii. (1598) 338 Come, death, and lend Receipt to me, within thy bosome darke. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 10 When all the earth at the intreatie of Juno, had abjured the receipt of Latona. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 539 Speciall lodgings for receit of women dedicated to God. 1676 Hale Contempl. i. 528, I have A little room,.. not that I think itfit For thy Receit or Majesty, but yet It is the best I have.

fb. The ordinary or habitual reception of strangers or travellers; esp. in place of receipt. Obs. 1608 Heywood Lucrece Wks. 1874 V. 183 There is no newes there but at the Ale-house, ther’s the most receit. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 154 Noble places of Receipt or Carrauans-rawes for Trauellors to rest in. 1642 Rogers Naaman 846 Inne-Keepers who stand at their doors or gates of receit..to welcome and lodge travellers. 1650 Fuller Pisgah ll. ix. §25 The greatest place of receipt in Samaria.

RECEIPT

313 fc. Receptiveness, welcome. Also with a: A (good or bad) reception. Obs. rare. 1596 in Nichols Progr. Q. Eliz. (1823) HI. 384 This Master Dorstetell came and made his speach. in Latin, full of receit, love and curtesie. 1664 Pepys Diary 26 Feb., I had a kind receipt from both Lord and Lady as I could wish.

shippes. 1579-80 North Plutarch (iSgs) III. 423 His house was a common receite for all them that came from Greece to Rome, a 1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhem. N.T. (1618) 655 Their Munkeries are Receits of children starting from their fathers. 1625 Markham Bk. Hon. iii. v. §4 His House became as it were an Hospitall or Receit for all that wanted.

fb. A chamber, apartment. Obs. rare.

fd. Law. The admission of a third person to plead in a case between two others in which he is interested. Also, admittance of a plea in a court of justice. Obs.

1593 Nashe Christ's T. 28 In the inner receipt of the Temple, was hearde one stately stalking vp and downe. 1615 Chapman Odyss. iv. 413 Atrides, and his.. spouse,.. In a retired receit, together lay.

1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Resceyt. 1628 Coke On Litt. 11. iii. §96 As there may be a demurrer upon counts and pleas, so there may be of Aide prior. Voucher, Receite, waging of Law, and the like. 1658 in Phillips.

114. Hunting. (Cf. lo.) A position taken up to await driven game with fresh hounds; a relay of men or dogs placed for this purpose. Obs. *575 Turberv. Venerie 244 They use their greyhounds

18. Acceptance of a person or thing. Obs. rare. c 1460 G. Ashby Dicta Philos. 852 For kynge they wolde haue hym in Receite, Howe be it that they haue hym not in love. 1607 Cowell Interpr., Resceyt of homage, is a relatiue to doing homage, for as the Tenent, who oweth homage, doth it at his admission to the land: so the Lord receiueth it. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribse 569 Not so generall, euery where in vse, and receit, because not so obuious euery where vnto the vnderstanding.

9. The fact of receiving (a blow, wound). }Obs. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon Iv. 186 They had neuer sene before so grete a stroke nor a goodlyer reseyt therof without fallynge to the erthe. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 28 Hearing his brother cry out at the receipt of a blow. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 62 The day after the receipt of his wounds [etc.]. 01676 Wiseman Chirurg. Treat. (J.).

flO. to stand at receipt: to stand ready to receive. Obs. Perh. originally a hunting term; cf. sense 14. 1546 Heywood Prov. ii. v. (1867) 59 If ye can hunt, and stand at receite. o 1569 Kingesmyll Man's Est. x. (1580) 62 Happie it was that there stoode some at receipte to receive the precious seede sowen by our Saviour. 1587 Greene Euphues his Censure Wks. (Grosart) VI. 245 Yet hee would alwaies gyue the onset, saying that souldiers which stood at receipt, and felt the furious attempt of the enemy, were halfe discomfitted. ci6ii Chapman Iliad vi. 375 Helen stood at receipt. And took up all great Hector’s pow’rs t’ attend her heavy words.

IV. 11. a. The chief place or office at which moneys are received on behalf of the Crown or government; the public revenue-office. Also in Eng. use. Receipt of the {King^s) Exchequer. Now only Hist. 1442 Rolls of Parlt. V. 62/2 Certayn Tallies reysid at the resceyt of your Escheker. 1450 Ibid. 176/1 If Shirrefs, Eschetours, or eny other persones shall.. paie eny sommes of money therof att Kynges receite at Westm. 1485 Naval Acc. Hen. ^7/(1896) 7 Thomas Roger hath receyved at the Receypt of the Kinges Exchequier.. cc‘L 1596 Danett tr. Comines (1614) 242 One other also being of the receit was a furtherer thereof till his heart failed him. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 1277 The Magistrates in the publicke receipt. 1620 Wilkinson Coroners Sherifes 75 To levie the Kings debts, and to pay them into the receit duely and orderly. 1691 Locke Lower. Interest^Vs. 1727 II. 93 Who will not receive clipp’d Money,.. whilst he sees the great Receipt of the Exchequer admits it. 1765 Act 5 Geo. Ill, c. 26 Preamble, A fine of £101. 155. i \d., paid into the receipt of his said Majesty’s Exchequer. 1863 H. Cox Instit. iii. vii. 683 The officer.. was to reside at the Receipt of Exchequer. fig. 1684 T. Burnet Th. Earth ii. 75 Thousands of lesser [rivers] that pay their tribute at the same time into the great receit of the ocean.

b. The receiving-place o/custom. Hence fig. 1539 Bible (Great) Matt. ix. 9 He sawe a man (named Mathew) syttyng at the receate of custome. 1847 L. Hunt Men, Women & B. II. vii. 96 The bird sat at the receipt of victory. 01859 -Bk. Sonnet (1867) I. 87 Lamb .. sat at the receipt of impressions, rather than commanded them.

f 12. a. A place for the reception of things; a receptacle. Obs. 1388 Wyclif Exod. xxxviii. 3 He made redi of bras dyuerse vessels, caudruns, tongis,.. and resseittis of firis. ri400 Maundev. (1839) x. 112 Men han made a litylle Resceyt, besyde a Pylere of that Chirche, for to resceyve the Oflfrynges of Pilgrymes. C1430 Lydg. Compl. Bl. Knt. xxxiii, The thought [is] resseyt of woo and of compleynt. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. 33 b, Hauing her receipt of disgestion almost closed vp with fasting. 1601 Holland Pliny 1. 340 [The heart] contains within it certaine ventricles and hollow receits, as the chiefe lodgings of the life, and bloud. 1605 Shaks. Macb. i. vii. 66 Memorie.. Shall be a Fume, and the Receit of Reason A Lymbeck onely.

t b. esp. A receptacle for water; a basin or other part of a fountain; a reservoir. Obs. rX450 Plan Charterhouse Waterwks. in Archseologia LVIII. (1902) 303 Seint John receyte undir pe hegge. C1512 Ibid, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII166 The second receit of this fountaine was enuironed with wynged serpentes all of golde. 1575 Laneham Let. (1871) 52 Sundrye fine pipez did liuely distill continuall streamz intoo the receyt of the Foountayn. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 411 The least leuell for to carry and command water vp hill from the receit, is one hundred foot. 1625 Bacon Ess., Gardens (Arb.) 561 Founcaines I intend to be of two Natures: The One that, Sprinckleth or Spouteth Water; The Other a Faire Receipt of Water. 1646 J. Gregory Notes & Obs. (1650) 114 The dry land appeared.. recompensed with an extuberancy of Hils and Mountaines for the Receipts into which he had sunk the waters.

fc. A recess in a wall. Obs.~^ 1560 Whitehobne Arte Warre (1588) 94 To make the walles crooked, and full of tourninges, and of receiptes.

113. a. A place of reception or accommodation for persons; a place of refuge. Obs. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 118 Aries.. is the receipte and the hous Of myhty Mars. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochasvn. viii. (1554) 172 b, His tonne to hym [Diogenes] was receite and housholde. 1495 Act ii Hen. VII, c. 5 Preamble, The grettest haven succour and receite.. for marchauntes and

only to set backsets or receytes for deare woIfe foxe or such like. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 419 In hunting I had as liefe stand at the receite, as at the loosing. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII (1876) 154 The lords that were appointed to circle the hill, had some days before planted themselves, as at the receit, in places convenient. i688 Holme Armoury iii. 187/1.

V. flS. a. Capability of receiving, accom¬ modating, or containing; capacity, size. Obs. (Common in 17th c., esp. of houses or other buildings.) 1563 Golding Csesar v. (1565) 108 Newe shippes to be buylded.., and the olde to be mended, declaring of what receite and fasshyon he wold haue them made. 1592 Nobody & Somebody Cijb, To purchase me a name. Take a large house of infinite receipt. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 5 One only harbor.. of a conuenient receit for ships, respect we either their number or burthen. 1652 Cotterell Cassandra vi. (1676) 567 The Palace which was of receipt sufficient to lodge them all commodiously. 1657 R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 90 After much keeling, they take it.. and put it into ladles that are of greater receipt. 1703 T. N. City & C. Purchaser 12 He that designs .. the Building,.. must have respect to its due Situation, Contrivance, Receipt, Strength [etc.]. fig. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xix. §11. 438 His popular manner was of such receipt that he had room to lodge all comers.

fb. Mental capacity; power of apprehension. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 114 Many heres in pe brest.. bytokyns.. lessenynge of pe resceyt. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. i. §3 If then such be the capacitie and receit of the mind of man [etc.]. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 262 The heart of man is of great receit and able to containe many things. 1628 Bp. Hall Old Relig. (1686) 31 This justice being wrought in us by the holy Spirit according to the modell of our weak receit.

116. Accommodation or space provided. Obs. 1615 T. Adams Leaven 114 Do not..thrust it into a narrow corner in your conscience, while you give spatious receat to lust and sin. 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. x. 49 To make roome and receit for the Sea.

VI. 17. attrib., as receipt duty, form, side, stamp, tax', receipt-book, {a) a book of medical or cooking receipts (also fig.)\ {b) a book containing receipts for payments made. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 50 One Remedy shall serve.. severall Diseases, and distempers..; Their *Receipt-Book is as universally indifferent, as a Church-Booke. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) III. 391/2 Receipt book. In this book a merchant takes receipts of the payments he makes. 1808 Han. More Caelebs II. xlvii. 446, I now found her grand receipt-book was the Bible. 1873 Miss Broughton Nancy I. 6 Keep stirring always!.. say I, closing the receipt-book. 1878 Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 130 The penny *receipt duty .. is .. a good tax. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 46 Further below is the ‘receipt form: Rec’d [etc.]. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. Pari. 41/2 The most prominent article on the •receipt side is that of the sale of goods. 1879 Chambers' Encycl. s.v., A penny ‘receipt stamp. 1787 Duke of Dorset in O. Browning Despatches from Paris (1909) I. 217 It is fear’d that the Duty is intended to include Stamp-receipts after the plan of the ‘Receipt-Tax in England. 1795 Pitt in G. Rose's Diaries (i860) I. 203 Funds on the Receipt Tax.

tre'ceiptt v.^ Ohs. Forms: 4-6 receit-, 7-8 Sc. receipt, [a. OF. receiter, var. receter to reset: cf. prec. and recept v.] 1. trans. To receive, harbour (a person, esp. a criminal). C1300 Beket 1242 That thu ne suffri no3t that he beo Receited in thi londe. 1483 7?o//5 o/Por/L VI. 25 i/i The said Water.. falsly and traiterously receited, herboured, comforted and ayded the same John. 164x1 O. E. Repl. Libel I. viii. 207 They would not haue abetted traytors to rebell, nor receited rebelles, that are fled out of the realme. a 1670 Spalding Troub. Chas. / (1828) I. 3 Letters of intercommoning against the Clanchattan.. that none should receipt, supply or intertain any of them. 01733 Shetland Acts 4 in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (1892) XXVI. 196 That none receipt them [beggars] in their houses, nor give them hospitality or service.

2. To reset (a thing stolen),

rare-'.

1714 R. Smith Poems of Controversy (1869) 21 Invercall would not receipt A thing that’s got by stealth or cheat.

receipt (n'siit), v.^ [f. receipt sb. 4 c.] 1. trans. U.S. To acknowledge in writing the receipt of (a sum of money, etc.). 1787 M. Cutler in Life,Jrnls. & Corr. (1888) I. 376, I.. have delivered him one hundred and ten dollars .., which he has receipted to me as received on the account of the Ohio Company. 1798 I. Allen Hist. Vermont 233 Forty prisoners were returned... Major Fay, as Commissary of prisoners, receipted them. 1828-32 Webster, Receipt, to give a receit for; as to receit goods delivered by a sheriff.

2. To mark (an account) as paid. Also^g. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xlvi. If you will have the goodness to send us a note of the expense, receipted, we shall be happy to pay it. 1876 Saunders Lion in Path vi, He pays promptly, for the account has been receipted at the time of

purchase. 1938 E. Bowen Death of Heart iii. i. 327 She receipted Portia’s remark with an upward jerk of the chin.

3. intr. U.S. To give a receipt for (a sum of money, etc.). 1832 Sen. Doc. 23rd U.S. Congress I Sess. No. 512 (1835) II. 829 [Stock] will be delivered.. to an issuing officer,., who will receipt therefor. 1862 O. L. Jackson Colonel's Diary (1922) v. 96 Major Lyford.. receipted to me for the safe delivery of the cargo. 1880-6 in Webster. 1889 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 216/1 The supplies.. are there weighed or measured and receipted for. 1913 J. London Valley of Moon 503 These two assistants had., been receipted for by the local deputy sheriff.

Hence re'ceipted ppL a. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xix, The destruction of every written document (except receipted tradesmen’s bills). 1979 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 3/3 Drivers would need to present full log sheets of receipted bills to support their case for relief.

receiptable, a. [f. receipt v} + -able.] That may be receipted (Ogilvie 1882). freceipter. Obs. Forms: 4 resceitour, 5 receytour, 5-7 receitor, 6 reyceter, 7 receipter. [a. AF, ^receitour, var. OF. receteur resetter. Cf. receipt 7;.^] One who receives or harbours criminals or stolen goods. C1380WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 294}?ei maken holy Chirche a bande of here synne, and resceitour of here raveyn. 1487 Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 11 § 11 That such mysdoers.. procurators to the same and receytours .. be hensforth reputed and juged as principall felons. 1537 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) III. 418 An old man, who with his two sons, being arrant thieves, were the receitors. 1579-80 North Plutarch (1895) III. 360 Such as the pyrates and sea rovers had hidden being parte of their spoyles and bestowed with their receitors. 1626 Jackson Creed viii. vi. §4 Shee alone.. committed the robbery in taking the forbidden fruit from off the tree, her husband was the receipter onely.

re'ceiptless, a. [f. receipt ^6. 4c + -less.] Not receipted. 1873 Miss Broughton Nancy III. 74 Gnashing his teeth .. at his exasperated creditors and receiptless bills.

receiptor (ri'si:t3(r)). [f. receipt v.^ + -or.] U.S. A person who receipts property attached by a sheriff; a bailee. 1814 Mass. Supreme Court Rep. XL 319 The receiptors are precluded, by their own act, from calling in question the validity of the attachment. 1839 J. Story Law of Bailments § 125 Upon bailments of this sort it may not be without use to consider.. what are the rights and duties of the bailee, commonly called the receiptor. 1847 in Webster. 1864 in Wharton Law Lex. (ed. 3). 1914 F. Rawle Bouvier's Law Diet. III. 2824/2 The officer taking the goods often., delivers them to some third person, termed the ‘receiptor’, who gives his receipt for them.

receit(e, obs. forms of receipt sb. and v.^ receitor: see receipter. receivable (ri'si:v3b(3)l), a. and sb. pi. [Orig. a. AF. receivable (1304), var. OF. recevable; in later use f. receive v. + -able.] A. adj. 1. a. Capable of being received. 1382 Wyclif Ecclus. ii. 5 Men.. resceyuable [L. receptibiles] in the chymne of mecnesse. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 87 There will remaine a quantity of water not receiveable. 1669 Woodhead St. Teresa i. Pref. 31 Without considering.. the benefits receivable by it. 1777 Wesley Wks. (1872) XI. 382 This is spoken of as receivable by mere faith. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 163/1 Bills.. receivable or payable. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. viii. (1875) 326 His doctrine was more intelligible than Coleridge’s, more receivable.

b. Of indictments, excuses, evidence, etc. 1581 Lambarde E'/rcn. iv. v. (1588) 503 Now let us.. consider what enditements be receivable by the lustices of Peace. 1621 Molle Camerar. Liv. Libr. ii. ix. 103 A fresh testimonie.. which may seeme receiuable. 1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 231 If they can alledge any receivable excuse, they are shut up again. 1880 Ld. Blackburn in Law Times Rep. XLIII. 213/2 The general rule of English law is, that hearsay evidence is not receivable. 1884 Ld. Coleridge ibid. L. 277/1 Does that make the husband a receivable witness against his wife?

c. Of certificates, paper money, etc.: That is to be received as legal tender. 1790 Hamilton Wks. (1886) VII. 50 The certificates,, shall also be receivable in all payments whatsoever for land. 1856 Tait's Mag. XXIII. 648 Government paper., receivable in payment of taxes. 1889 Spectator 7 Dec., These certificates are to be receivable in all State Treasuries for all purposes, and may be redeemed whenever the holder chooses.

d. Of a broadcast signal or a broadcasting station. 1962 Rep. Comm. Broadcasting ig6o 196 in Pari. Papers 1967-2 (Cmnd. 1753) IX. 259 Both the BBC and the ITA .. accept it as their duty to see that their present services are as nearly as possible available to everybody in the country. Not only should they be receivable; they must also be technically acceptable.

2. Capable of receiving; freceptive of. rare,

RECEIVE

314

RECEIPTABLE

Now

C1530 tr. Erasmus' Serm. Ch. Jesus (1901) ii He formed [vsj to his owne lykenes; that is to wyte, receyuable of the highe loy. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 15 b The feastes of the lewes bee small, and receiuable but of fewe persones. R>id- viii. sob, Crying ofte .. that his audience is not receyuable of so high misteries. 1887 Mary Burt Browning s Women 198 The susceptible, receivable teachable quality in woman or in man. ’

B. sb. pi. Comm. Debts owed to a business, esp. regarded as assets. Cf. payables sb. pi. 1863 ‘E. Kirke’ My Southern Friends xxii. 231 When I went home.. we had only nineteen thousand in bank. I had exhausted all our receivables. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 30 Sept. 19/1 A move to.. take care of a steadily expanding volume of receivables acquired. 1955 Times 10 May 17/2 Long-term receivables have been separated from current receivables, and a new item, short-term borrowings, appears under current liabilities. 1978 Daily Tel. 21 Mar. 3 (Advt.), The HP 3000 will run your payroll, process invoices, print out receivables and take care of general ledger work.

Hence recelva'bility, re'ceivableness. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Capacite, capacitie or receyuablenesse. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 352 Exuberances of Fancy, or Desires, [which] various Reading might imprint on such waxy Molds, or tender Receivablenesse. 1813 Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 200 These bills would make their way.. by their receivability for customs and taxes.

receival (ri'siivsl). Now rare, [f. receive v. + -AL^.] The act of receiving, receipt, reception. 1637 Earl Monm. tr. MalvezzVs Romulus & Tarquin 40 Witnessing the receivall of them. 1656-tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. ii. xxviii. (1674) 177 This Edict caused great commotion .. [and no] threats were able to make those of Marca give way to the receival thereof. 1792 A. Wilson in Poems & Lit. (1876) 1.56,! hope, on receival of this, you will oblige me. 1823 Southey Hist. Penins. War 1. 152 On the receival of the dispatches. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. I. iii. 30 Graceful be in your receival. 1895 Funk's Stand. Diet., Receival,.. in railway use, the receipt of a car by one road from another.

freceivant. Obs.-^ [ad. F. recevant, pr. pple. of recevoir to receive: see -ant.] receives.

One who

1623 tr. Favine's Theat. Hon. ix. vi. 394 The Receiuant causing him to rise, speaketh thus to him.

receive (ri'siiv), v.

Forms: a. 4 receyf-, 4-6 receyve, 4, 6- receive, (? 4 Imper. receiuf); 4 resceyve, rescheyve, 4-5 resceive, resseyve, 5-6 reseyve; 4 receve, 4-6 reseve, 5 resceve, 5 Sc. resseve, 5 rescewe; 6-7 receave, 6 Sc. receawe; 7 recieve. /3. 4 (9 Ir. dial.) resaive, 4-5 ressayve, 4-6 resayve, 4 (6-7 Sc.) ressaive, 5 resaywe; 4 Sc. resaiff, 4 north., 6 Sc. resaif, 5 resayfe, ressayf, 5-6 Sc. ressaif, 6 north, resayff, 6 Sc. rassaif; 4 rescaive, -ayve, 5 reschayfe; 4-6 (9 Ir. dial.) resave, 4 Sc. reschave, 4 (5-7 Sc.) ressave, (? 6 recave); 4 Sc. resaf, ressawe, 4, 6 Sc. resawe, rasawe. y. 4-6 recive, 4 reycive, reseyve, 6 recyve, (? 5 reciffe). Pa. pple. 6 Sc. rassave. [ad. ONF. receivre, receyvre = OF. regoivre:—L. recipere (f. re- re- + capere to take); or OF. receveir, recevoir-.—pop. L. *recipere: cf. conceive and deceive.] The leading distinction between the senses of receive in Eng. is that between the more active senses included in branches I and II, and the almost passive ones placed under III. This distinction, however, is not always perfectly clear in actual use, and it is often difficult or impossible to determine which aspect of the word is meant to be prominent in particular instances. Owing to the very extensive use of the vb. from the 14th c. onwards, there is also much overlapping of its various applications, and in many examples it is uncertain whether a specific or merely general sense is intended.

I. 1. a. trans. To take in one’s hand, or into one’s possession (something held out or offered by another); to take delivery of (a thing) from another, either for oneself or for a third party. e preste went For to receyue pe sacrament, c 1375 XI Pains of Hell 188 in O.E. Misc. 216 )?ese beleuid not..in cristis carnacione.. And neuer resayuyd cristis body, c 1420 Chron. Vilod. st. 468 pe mayden kneled at pe auters 3ende .. & abode pere to resaue hurre saueour. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxiv. 8 Ane preist sweirit be God verey Quhilk at the alter ressauit he. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, i. iv. 208 Thou did’st receiue the Sacrament, to fight In quarrell of the House of Lancaster. 1686 [H. More] Brief Disc. Real Presence 52 We really though spiritually .. eat or receive the real Body and Blood of Christ. 1791 Burke in Hansard Pari. Hist. (1814) XXIX. 397 The priest, from whom they had received the sacrament, had not submitted to the test. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §4 {1895) 510 The habit of receiving the communion in a sitting posture.

7. To take into the mind; to mentally; to understand; to learn.

apprehend

1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. ii. iv, 82 But marke me. To be receiued plaine, lie speake more grosse. 1660 Stanley Hist. Philos. III. I. 37 He made him presently fit to receave his doctrine. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 179 The Acts of God.. to human ears Cannot without process of speech be told, So told as earthly notion can receave. 1733 Pope Ess. Man. iii. 175 Thy arts of building from the bee receive. 1892 Westcott Gospel of Life 191 Man is fitted by his essential constitution to receive a knowledge of God.

II. 8. a. To admit (a person) into some relation with oneself, esp. to familiar or social intercourse; to treat in a familiar or friendly manner. 01300 Cursor M. 4939, I receiud J>am, and wamd ham noght Of alle thing pai me be-soght. 1320-30 Horn Ch. in Ritson Metr. Rom. III. 291 Houlac king was wel hende, Ressaived hem nighen. C1384 Chaucer H. Fame i. 339 Anon as we han yeu receyued Certenly we ben deceyuyd. 1484 Caxton Fables of Poge viii. Two wymmen.. came to a curteyzan,.. whome he receyued [etc.]. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 303 The other prisoners .. went to see the king at their pleasure, and were receyued onely vpon their faythes. 1611 Bible 2 Cor. xi. 16 Let no man thinke mee a foole; if otherwise, yet as a foole receiue me. 1703 Steele Tend. Husb. I. i, He is a Gentleman so Receiv’d, so Courted, and so Trusted. 1784 Cowper Task iii. 81 A waif. Desirous to return, and not received. 1885 Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman ii, ‘She shall be received at my house’ said Prince Sucha.

b. In religious use, with reference to the acceptation of man by God, or of Christ by man. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 236 pou^e he to-day fro hys god weyue, To-morwe hys god wyl hym receyue. 1382 Wyclif JoAn i. ii He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise receyueden not him. Ibid. xiii. 20 He that receyueth me, receyueth him that sente me. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xlviii. [xlix.] 15 God shal deliuer my soule from the power of hell, when he receaueth me. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 87 Aduert till Goddis word and Discipline, Ressaif his Sone. 1852 Tennyson Wellington 281 God accept him, Christ receive him.

fc. Astrol. (Cf. RECEPTION 2 a.) Obs. c 1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 209 O fieble Moone,.. Thou knyttest thee ther thou art nat receyued. C1391Astrol. II. §4 The lord of the assendent.. where-as he is in his dignite & conforted with frendly aspectys of planetes & [wel] resceued.

9. a. To meet (a person) with signs of welcome or salutation; to pay attention or respect to (one who comes to a place); to greet or acknowledge upon arrival or entrance. (See also 10.) 01300 Cursor M. 15059 pe receiues l>in aun folk and welcums pe hame. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 3 Alle of assent..Ther noble Kyng were glad to resseyve. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. eexliii. 287 The dukes sone of Barre with a fayre meyny resseyued this worthy lady. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nikolay's Voy. i. vi. 4b, Ther came with him., captaines and lanissaries to receiue the Ambassadour. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. iv. §78 The city of London made great preparations to receive the King. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Ixxxv, The great Intelligences fair That range above our mortal state.. Received and gave him welcome there. 1883 Howells in Harper's Mag. Dec. 81/1 You stay here and receive him, Nettie,

b. To admit to one’s presence, rare. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 85 The Grand Signior.. is willing first to see what he hath brought, before he receive him to Audience.

10. a. To meet, welcome or greet (a person) in a specified manner. ri330 Arth. & Merl. 3376 (Kolbing) Al, pat euer wald pidet gon, Curteyseliche were ressaiued anon. 1375 Barbour Bruce ii. 163 He resawyt him in gret daynte. Ibid. Ill. 661 The king rycht weill resawyt he. CI400 Destr. Troy 8311 Ho receyuit hym with Reuerence. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. eexliii (1482) 287 Our kynge with al his lordes goodly and worshipiully hym resceyued and welcomed hym. 1516 Wriothesley C/irow. (1875) 1. 10 The Queene of Scottes..was richly receaved, and rode thorowe London. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 18 He was royally received of kynge Henry the eight. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone (1674) 268 This Duke visited.. Prospero Colonna, of whom he was received with all sorts of Honour. 1702 Addison Dial. Medals Wks. 1721 I. 484 Well received among the Prsetorian guards, and afterwards declared their Emperor. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. loi The lord mayor came to quell the tumult, but was received with cries of ‘No wooden gods’. Ibid. xv. II. 598 Mulgrave was received not ungraciously at Saint James’s. 1853 J. H.

Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. i. 30 Attila..had received the Roman ambassadors, as a barbarian indeed, but as a king.

b. Mil. To meet with resistance (an enemy, his attack, etc.). 1375 Barbour Bruce xiii. 16 Thair fais resauit thame weill, I hycht. With swerdis, speris, and with macys. c 1477 Caxton j05on 15 b, [They] broched their horses with their spores and receyuid them.. with the might of their speris. 1650 Cromwell Let. 4 Sept, in Carlyle, The Enemy being in a very good posture to receive them. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones v. xi, Our friend received the enemy’s attack with intrepidity. 1892 Chamb. Jrnl. 24 Sept. 610/2 There was no time to get into square formation to ‘receive’ the charging horsemen.

11. a. To admit (a person) to a place; esp. to give accommodation or shelter to; to harbour. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 318 To his In, Wher he whilom sojourned in, He goth him straght and was resceived. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) vi. 66 Men resceyved there alle manere of Fugityfes of other places, for here evyl Dedis. 1533 Bellenden Livy iv. xxiii. It was betrasit be ane servand, quhilk ressauit pame at ane secrete place. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Occultator, A place meete to receyue and hide theeues in. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iv. loi Take heede what Guests You receiue: Receiue (says he) no swaggering Companions. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 53 Nae hostler, heritor or yeoman.. shall ressaive any such maisterless or idle man. 1704 Addison Italy 8 It., drove out the Spanish Garrison and receiv’d a French one. 1846 Penny Cycl. Supp. II. 165/2 A married woman also shall not be liable to conviction for receiving her husband. 1859 Tennyson Guinevere 140 O peaceful Sisterhood, Receive, and yield me sanctuary.

b. Const, into or within (a house, city, one’s arms, etc.). c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. 1. 22 0)?ir tenauntis of pe lord shall resceyve me into J>ere housis. C1400 Maundev. (r839)yi. 67 Of tho same resceyved Abraham the Aungeles in to his Hous. 1526 Tindale vi. 21 Then wolde they have receaved hym into the shippe. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 354 The Senate refused to make surrender or to receive a power into the citie. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 20 Another gate.. by which passengers are receiued into the City by night. 1713 Addison Cato i. ii. To-morrow should we thus express our friendship. Each might receive a slave into his arms. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. iv. xxiv, Either receive within thy towers Two hundred of my master’s powers. Or [etc.]. 1874 Green Short Hist. ix. §4 (1895) 650 Titus Oates., had been received into Jesuit houses at Valladolid and St. Omer.

c. With other than personal object. 1545 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 10 The said pryse of Portingal takin be the saidis Franchemen may be ressavit in this realm. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (1895) 116 A large and wyde sea, which.. receaueth in shyppes towardes euery parte of the lande. 1896 W. H. Hutton Philip Augustus V. 116 The bishop of Limoges did homage .. and his see was received into the king’s direct domain.

12. a. To admit (a person or thing) tOy into (ffw) a state, condition, privilege, occupation, etc. C1366 Chaucer A.B.C. 35 Ful ofte..Hast pou to misericorde resceyued me. 1375 Barbour Bruce ix. 523 The chiftanis in hy can ta Thair way to Bothwell, for till be Resauit in-to gude savite. Ibid. x. 127 He resauit him till his pes. 1382 Wyclif Mark v. 37 He resceyuede not ony man to sue him, no but Petre, and James [etc.], c 1400 Rule St. Benet 141 This is pe furme how A Nouice sail be made & resaiuid to religiun. 1535 Coverdale Ps. lxxii[i]. 24 Thou ledest me with thy councel, and afterwarde receauest me vnto glory. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 314 The king forgyues him, and receaues him in his fauour. 01648 Ld. Herbert Hen. K///(i683) 436 We.. do crave to be received and adopted into the same Laws and Privileges which your other Subjects enjoy. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. SacT. Ded., The greatest ambition of the Author of it, is, to have it received into your Patronage and Protection. 1784 Johnson in Boswell, Receive me, at my death, to everlasting happiness. 1864 Miss Braddon Henry Dunbar II. 211 A lady whom she used to receive to music lessons.

b. To admit to membership of a society or class or to partnership in work; to take in among other persons or things. Also const, into. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 6 Whan a brother or a suster schal be resceyued, pat pey schul be swore vpon a book to pe brotherhede. ^1400 Rule St. Benet 110/2201 Fro time pai resauyd be, All salbe sarued in o degre. 1533 Bellenden Livy iv. ii, Haue we nocht ressauit sindri of the house of Claudius.. amang pe nowmer of patricianis? 1549 Latimer 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 136 They that wyl not for the offyee sake receyue other, regarde more the flese than the flocke. 1724 Waterland Athan. Creed vi. Wks. 1823 IV. 230 One may. .infer, that this Creed was not received into the Roman Offices so early as the year 809. 1843 Baptist Reporter Jan. 48 Forty-five persons have been received by immersion into the church. 1894 Forsyth Forms of Service Ch. Scot. 42 Your brethren in office will receive you into the Kirk-Session by giving you the right hand of fellowship.

13. a. To take or accept (a person) in some capacity. Const, as, for, fto, -^to he, or with simple predicate. Also in phr. to receive in marriage = to take in marriage s.v. take v. 14 b. 01400-50 Alexander 3478 Alexander.. Resayued to his riche quene Rosan his do3tir. CI400 Rule St. Benet 133 Al strangers or ghestes arn to be receyued..as god. 1513 Douglas JEneis xiii. vii. 79, I the ressaue..As son in law and successour to me. 1533 Bellenden Livy iv. ii, Oure progenitouris contempnit nocht strangearis, bot ressauit J>ame to be kingis. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. vii. i6b. One of the Moores, which was receiued for Pilot. 1644 Shetland Witch Trial in Hibbert Shetland Isl. (1822) 602 The Assyze being recavit, sworn and admittit. 1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 79 He was chearfully received Generali to that victorious Army. 1671 Milton Samson 883 Why then Didst thou at first receive me for thy husband? 1835 O. Pratt in Utah Gen. ^ Hist. Mag. (1938) XXIX. 34, I baptized Sarah Marinda Bates, near

RECEIVED Sacketts Harbor, whom I received in marriage upwards of one year after.

b. To admit (a person) to plead or give evidence. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Resceyt, He in the reuersion commeth in, and prayeth to be receiued to defend the land, and to plead with the Demandant. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. IV. § 130 The law was clear that less than two witnesses ought not [to] be received in case of treason.

14. a. To take, accept, regard, hear, etc. (anything offered or presented, or to which attention is given) in a specified manner or with a specified expression of feeling. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 163 Thessamplerie Of Arisippe is wel received And thilke of Diogene is weyved. 1422 tr. Seer eta Secret., Priv. Priv. 172 He toke not to hevynesse the damagis that hym befell, but.. ham rescewyth lyghtly. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 16 His bokes are joyfullye received and red of good and well learned men. 1602 Shaks. Ham. II. ii. 129 But how hath she receiu’d his Loue? 1605 -Lear ii. ii. 155 My Sister may recieue it much more worss. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. iv. §166 This, though a known truth to any one who knew anything of the law, was received with noise and clamour. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 503 Thus they win Great numbers of each Nation to receave With joy the tidings brought from Heav’n. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §8. 105 The brutal murder was received with a thrill of horror throughout Christendom. b. To take/or, regard as^ etc. (Cf. 13.) 1377 Langl. P. pi. B. XV. 502 Now is routhe to rede how .. Rode [is] receyued for \>e worthier t?an crystes crosse. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlvi. 76 Man may tak in his lady sic delyt,.. [as] for his hevin rassaif hir cullour quhyt. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. ix. 259 This he for a takne ressaiuet and sygne, that the end of his lyfe was at hande. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, 11. i. 125 This from a dying man receiue as certaine. 1671 Milton Samson 473 These words I as a Prophecy receive, a 1817 Jane Austen Persuasion (1818) III. iv. 58 He thought it a very degrading alliance; and Lady Russell.. received it as a most unfortunate one.

RECEIVED

316 c. To get by communication from another; to learn, ascertain, etc., in this way. 1526 Tindale I Cor. xi. 23 That which I gave vnto you I receaved off the lorde. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. i. i. 164 Sometimes from her eyes I did receiue faire speechlesse messages. 1608-Per. 1. i. i Young prince of Tyre, you have at large received The danger of the task you undert^e. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. §10 To enjoin that no presbyter should reveal any thing he should receive in confession. 1674 Ray Collect. Words, Allom Work at Whitby 139 The process of making Allom, as we partly saw, and partly received from the workmen. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. iv. 169 On Mr. Anson’s receiving any other intelligence. 1893 Weekly Notes 68/2 The date at which he received notice of the receiving order.

17. a. To get (a person) into one’s custody, control, vicinity, society, etc. Now rare or Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 22077 deuil sal.. vmbelai hir al bidene, Al in his weild hir to receiue. 1382 Wyclif Luke xv. 27 Thi brodir is comen, and thi fadir hath slayn a fat calf, for he receyuede him saf. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxiv. 23 The Feind ressaif me gif I le. 1513 Douglas Mneis i. v. 81 Romulus sail the peple ressaue and weild. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. 219 Conran receaueng in manage Ada, the sister of Ambrose. 1611 Bible Ps. Ixxv. 2 When I shall receiue the congregation, I will iudge vprightly.

b. To get, or come into, possession of (a town, country, etc.), rare. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 739 He.. besieged a towne.., which when he had receyued,.. he caused all the inhabitants cruelly to be put to death. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. II. 139 His countrey and kingdome, quhilke..he receiuet sair oppressit be his nychtbouris.

c. To get or acquire (some feature), 1789 Ann. Reg. 132/2 About ten years ago she received a new set of teeth. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §8. 112 The three distinct courts.. which by the time of Edward the First received distinct judges. 1880 T. Hardy Wessex Tales, Fellow-Townsmen iv. (1896) 126 A window-niche which had as yet received no frame.

15. a. To accept as an authority, rule, or practice; to admit the truth or validity of; to make use of.

18. a. To have (some quality, attribute, or property) given, bestowed, conferred or impressed.

1382 Wyclif Prol. Bible i. 2 Holy chirche resceyueth not siche bookis. - Acts xvi. 21 These men.. schewen a custom, the which it is not leueful to vs for to receyue. 1482 Caxton Trevisa's Higden v. xiv. 250 b, But he plesyd her and other that had resseyued his lawe in this maner [etc.]. 1513 Douglas .^neis v. x. 99 And mychty Rome syne eftir mony ane day Sik ois rasavit has. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xxii. (Arb.) 260 This word egar is as much to say as to wander or stray out of the way, which in our English is not receiued. 1626 Bacon Sylva §104 This Computation of Eight, is a thing rather receiued, than any true Computation. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 21 This appear’s plain in the Imperial Law; nor do wee know of any Nation where it is not received. 1709 Berkeley Th. Vision § 131 An axiom universally received. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. Wks. 1825 HI. 263 These books were not only received from the beginning, but received with the greatest respect. 1884 D. Hunter tr. Reuss' Hist. Canon xvii. 349 The duty of approving and receiving Scripture.

CI320 Cast. Love 1661 Comyth.. And receyvyth the blysfull joy anon. 1382 Wyclif Acts ix. 12 He sy3 a man.. puttinge to hym hondis, that he receyue si3t. C1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 58 Al pe body ressayues strynght. 1422 Ibid., Priv. Priv. 243 Al the Erthe rescewyth his anournement and his beute. C1450 Merlin 109 Worthier men and wise, that were better worthi to resceyve that dignyte, than a boy. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 5 Quhilk hes ressavit the office of teching. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 138 They promise obedience, that they may receive life. 1666 G. Harvey Morb. Angl. xxvi. (1672) 62 The place is, where the acrimonious humours.. receive the form of humours. 1708 Swift Sentiments Ch.-Eng. Man Wks. 1751 IV. 76 Those who receive orders must have some Vices to leave behind them when they enter into the Church. 1754 Richardson Grandison IV. v. 45 If your mind., should then have received alteration. 1813 Edin. Rev. Oct. 174 Such collections of stony fragments.. receive the name of Moraines. 1883 Catholic Diet. s.v. Reception, In many countries .. bishops receive power as delegates of the Holy See.. to absolve from the censure.

b. To give credit to; to believe. Also absoL 1382 Wyclif Matt. xi. 14 3if 3e wolen resseyuen, he is Ely that is to cume. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. iii. iv. 212, I will.. driue the Gentleman (as I know his youth will aptly receive it) into a most hideous opinion [etc.]. 1605 ^-Macb. l. vii. 74, 77 Macb. Will it not be receiu’d,.. That they haue don’t? Lady. Who dares receiue it other? 1784 Cowper Task v. 855 They.. speak in ears That hear not or receive not their report. 1868 Browning Ring & Bk. vi. 2055 This stupid lie, Its liar never dared propound in Rome, He gets Arezzo to receive.

fc. To give assent to, to pass (a law). Obs. 1538 Starkey England i. i. 15 Lawys.. receyuyd and stablyschyd for the mayntenaunce.. of vertue. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. iv. § 138 The greatest invitation to the House of Commons so irregularly to receive that bill to remove the bishops.

III. 16. a. To have (a thing) given or handed to oneself; to get from another or others. Also receiving = being received. a 1300 Cursor M. 16470 Wit his penis forth he lepe he had resaueid are. ^1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 24 He resceyued pt coroune, after his broJ?er dede. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxiv. {Alexis) 128 Scho suld.. l?are-of rasawe gret med In hewine. 1484 Caxton Fables of Poge viii, The sellar .. delyuerd the hors and receyued the xv. ducattes. 1556 Aurelio ^ Isab. (1608) Cvi, Sins that I haue of yowre hignesse..so muche goode resavede. 1583 Leg. Bp. St. Androis 383 Ane William Symsone,.. Whome fra scho hes resavit a buike. 1584 Hudson Du Bartas' Judith v. (1608) 74 in Sylvester's Du Bartas, Come all to Court, and there ye shall resaue A thousand gaines. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 423 The Sun that light imparts to all, receives From all his alimental recompence In humid exhalations. 1689 Ansiv. Lords ^ Commons Sp. 34 The very Money that is now receiving, was asked with Two Armies on Foot. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 133 The conquerors of the West would receive their crown from the successors of St. Peter. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) HI. 369 His mother.. residing in one of them.. and receiving rent for the others. 1I91 Rosebery Pitt ix. 149 The essential point.. is to receive in return the services for which the payment is made.

b. To get (a letter, etc.) brought to oneself or delivered into one’s hands. r 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 48 J^is Epistel ressayued, Alexander did after his consaill. 1478 W. Paston in P. Lett. HI. 237, I have resevyd of Alwedyr a lettyr. 1530 Palsgr. 680/2, I receyved but one letter from my father sythe he went in to the countraye. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, v. 11. 5 Heere receiue we from our Father Stanley Lines of faire ^mfort. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. §44 Arundel and Holland gave another kind of reception to the letters they received. 1798 Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 208 A letter is certainly received here by an individual from Talleyrand. 1888 Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere xxxvii, Elsmere received a characteristic letter from him.

b. In religious use, of the reception of spiritual influences. 01300 Cursor M. 19544 bai praid for pam.. Jjai suld receue pe haligast. 1382 Wyclif Acts viii. 17 Thanne thei puttiden hondis on hem, and thei receyueden the Hooly Cost. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ivii. §6 We receive Christ Jesus in baptism once as the first beginner.. of our life.

19. a. To be the object of (some action); to experience or meet with (some treatment). C1330 King of Tars 850 In to the watur he con gon, And reseyvede the baptise. 1382 Wyclif Acts x. 43 For to receyue remyscioun of synnes by his name. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 3 J>e knees.. pat resseyuen a synguler influence of pe sterris of Capricorn. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xxiii[i]. 5 He shal receaue the blessinge from the Lord, and mercy from God his sauioure. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. IV. 216 He had beine vnthankful of al benifite and gude deid ressauet. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 6 The honour he had receiv’d in our Court, during his Exile. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 704 A Fault which easie Pardon might receive, Were Lovers Judges. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 302 This [malady].. Claims most compassion, and receives the least. 1859 Stopford Work ^ Counterwork 88 The pleasure of receiving unwonted sympathy. 1891 Law Times XCI. 2/2 The proposal.. deserves more attention than it is likely at present to receive.

b. To suffer, undergo, be subjected (something hurtful or unpleasant).

to

1375 Barbour Bruce iv. 273 Throu hir feill the ded resauit. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 9 For every lond.. of desese his part receyveth. Ibid. 82 He schal noght faile to receive His peine, c 1450 Merlin 32 He hadde resceyved deth thourgh me. 1484 Caxton Fables of Msop ii. x, Men ought to presume ouer hym by whome they receyue somme dommage. 1535 Coverdale Hos. x. 6 Ephraim shal receaue full punishment. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 125 King Canutus.., after that he had received the woorse in a fight in Lincolne shyre. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies, ill. xxvi. 200 The Townes and Provinces.. receive sometimes great losses by these Earthquakes. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini’s Advts. fr. Parnass. 1. Ixxxvii. (1674) 117 The ruines, plunderings.., and other utter desolations which she had received from the Goths. 1745 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 4 That the House might not receive any delay. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) II. 293, I have received.. calumny only as the reward of all my services. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xxxii, Mrs. Jarley.. recounted, word for word, the affronts she had received. 1887 Lecky Hist. Eng. i8th C. (1892) VII. xx. 167 France.. had undoubtedly received much real provocation.

c. To be exposed to (heat, light, etc.). C1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 71 }?e mete of pe mydday resceyueth pe hete of pe day. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. II. 411 Nor plant it to receive the setting Sun.

20. a. To have (a blow, wound, mark, etc.) inflicted or made upon one or in some part; to get (a specified injury). 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 2076 )?at schulde teche hym to tourne to pat tene place, per pe ruful race he schulde resayue. 1382 Wyclif 2 Cor. xi. 24, I resceyuede of the Jewis fyue sythis fourty strokis oon lesse. 1526 Tindale Rev. xiii. 16 He made all.. to receave a marke in their right hondes. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV 28 b, The earle received such a wound in his head that he d^arted out of this world. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 8b/i Hippocrates reciteth to have cured a personage which had receaved a shot with an arrowe. 01671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 54 Here I received a shot in the wrist of my arm, which made the bridle fall out of my hand. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 162 This Kiaya..after a long fight, received a thrust with a Pike in the Belly. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy I. xxv. The wound in my uncle Toby’s groin, which he received at the siege of Namur. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 282/1 Excision will be of use a considerable time after the bite is received, i860 Tennyson Sea-Dreams 157, I stood like one that had received a blow. 1898 Daily News 25 Feb. 3/2 One man’s thigh was broken, another received a broken jaw.

fb. Of a ship: To spring (a leak). Obs. 1595 Drake's Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 25 The Hope received a leake and was forced to go from the fleete, to an iland.

c. To come in the way of and suffer from (a missile, gun, etc.). 1715-20 Pope Iliad v. 712 His bended arm received the falling stone. 1805 Duncan British Trident IV. 227 The boats.. (after having beat the launch.., and receiving several guns and small arms from the frigate) boarded. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. lii, Mr. Pecksniff started back as if he had received the charge of an electric battery.

21. To have (a law, etc.) imposed or laid on one; to get as a charge. 1382 Wyclif 2 John 4 As we receyueden maundement of the fadir. 1535 Coverdale 2 Esdras ix. 36 We y* haue receaued the lawe, perish in synne, and oure hert also which receaued the lawe. 1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 17 Two champions braue. With armies huge approching to resaue Thy will. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, ii. iii. 3 Receiue the Sentence of the Law for sinne. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxv. 398 They received penaunce, yea sometimes very sharpely. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. IV- §358 Four lords and eight commoners,.. who were always to receive instructions from themselves. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 240 With what eyes could we Stand in his presence humble, and receive Strict Laws impos’d. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 200 The infant elements received a law From which they swerve not since. Ibid. 335 The total herd [of cattle] receiving.. a summons to be gay. 1839 Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 25 He r^orted the case and received directions from the prelate. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 82 No man likes to receive laws when they are first imposed.

IV. Absolute uses. 22. a. To take, accept, or get, in various senses; to be or become a recipient; to take in, admit, etc. 1382 Wyclif Acts xx. 35 It is more blessid for to 3yue, more than for to receyue. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 173 The Prynces in olde tyme..more gladly they yawyn than resceuet. ? ou, my God and reseyuere of my hele. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. HI. 279 Boi>e pe 3evere and resceyvere of ordris in his caas schulden be degradid. 1472-5 Rolls of Park. VI. 157/2 Yevers, takers, and receyvers of Lyveres and Signees. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 294b, Therfore this ioye is perfyte, and the receyuer therof is perfytly mortifyed. 1579 Fulke Ref. Rastel 727 An other miracle of an vnworthie receiuer, in whose hand the Sacrament was turned into ashes. 1656 Cowley Pindar. Odes i. xi. In this thankless world the Givers Are envi’ed ev’n by the Receivers. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. II. 312 The Condition of the Receiver is.. a great deal worse than if he had not received it at all. 1809 Pinkney Trav. France 11 Though they cost little to the giver, [they] are not the less valuable to the receiver. 1883 Law Rep. g App. Cases 80 If the Crown paid income tax it would be at once payer and receiver.

fb. Hunting. The huntsman who with his dog intercepts and brings down the hunted deer. Obs. rare~ K c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxv. And as of feutreres if I>ei ben sette, pe firste teysoure and )>e resceyuour that draweth hym doune shull parte pe skynne.

c. (a) Amer. Football, an offensive player eligible to catch a pass; also, a defender designated to receive a kick-off or punt, a safety man (cf. wide receiver s.v. WIDE a.)', {b) U.S. Baseball, a catcher. 1897 Encycl. Sport I. 421/2 The direction of a pass must depend upon where the prospective receiver is. 1908 Baseball Mag. Aug. 16/1 Flint was a wonderful catcher and the amount of work he could stand would make some of the receivers of today take notice. 1921 Outing Jan. 156/3 {caption) Crangle of Illinois was.. a sure receiver of the forward pass. 1935 L. Little How to watch Football vii. 140 The passer.. would be helpless without the receiver who is able to get into position. 1940 D. Hill Football through Years 64/2 The accompanying illustrations.. show what a split second can mean to the receiver of the ball in fast brilliant play. 1957 Encycl. Brit. IX. 474/2 Eligible receivers were the players at the end of the line of scrimmage. 1967 Ebony June 128/3 Battey has been Howard’s chief rival as the American League’s premier receiver. 1972 J. Mosedale Football i. 7 A great receiver like Paul Warfield.. loafs through his pass patterns until the defender relaxes. 1981 Sports Illustr. 12 Feb. 28 The Irish set up one touchdown by Walker when their kickoff receivers got their signals crossed. 2. One who receives on behalf of others:

a. An official, officer, or servant appointed to receive money due; a treasurer, collector. Also general receiver: see receiver-general. In ordinary use down to c 1700; now chiefly Hist., or in reference to foreign countries. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 287 A lord of grete honoure, J^at was pe tresorere, of Flandres resceyuoure. 1432 Rolls of Park. IV. 396/2 Be the handes of the Receyvour of Cornewayll for the tyme beyng. c 1500 Melusine 356 Duryng that long space of tym he asked of his receyuours none acomptes. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 3 § 10 All fees for stewardes, receiuers, bailliffes, and auditours. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iv. 221 Fiue great gates..at euery one of which there is placed a garde of soldiers, and certaine receiuers of the Kings custome. 1693 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) HI. 102 The jury this day gave in a verdict at the court of exchequer in the cause between the kings receiver of Worcestershire and the county of Bucks. 1781 Gibbon Decl. F. xvii. II. 55 Twenty-nine provincial receivers, of whom eighteen were honoured with the title of count, corresponded with the treasurer. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. XV. HI. 534 Their receivers were appointed receivers for the Crown, and continued to collect the revenues of the vacant sees. 1874 Dasent Half a Life I. 72, I was sorry to see .. that the Receiver’s house—for Cell was the Chapter Receiver [at Westminster]—was being pulled down. fis- *705 Stanhope Paraphr. 11. 304 He hath declared the Poor his Receivers, a 1711 Ken Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 11. 55 Love my Receiver best can know The mighty Debts I owe. 1869 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xvi. 3 Poor believers are God’s receivers, and have a warrant from the Crown to receive the revenue of our offerings in the King’s name.

b. A person appofnted by a court to administer the property of a bankrupt, or property which is the subject of litigation, pending the suit. In recent use also official receiver. 1793 F. Vesey Jr. Chancery Repts. I. 139 The security given by a receiver here does not relate to the faithful management. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 325/1 The cases in which a receiver is appointed are those in which there is great danger of property being wasted or lost. 1886 Pall Mall G. 26 Oct. 11 /1 The official receiver is the outward and visible sign of the new departure in bankruptcy legislation.

c. (See quots.) 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Receiver, There is also an officer called the Reiceiuer of Fynes, who receueth the mony of all such as compound with the King, .for the buying of any lands, or tenements houlden in Capite. 1863 H. Cox Instit. I. xi. 260 To distinguish between those petitions which were properly within the cognizance of Parliament and those which were not, certain ‘Receivers and Triers’ were appointed. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 564 Receivers of Droits of Admiralty,.. Receivers of Wreck, persons specially charged with wrecked property for the benefit of the shipping interests. 1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 1-3/10 Meanwhile, the Nelson receiver of wreck, Mr R. K. Watson, said no legal action would be taken against the three men who boarded the boat and claimed salvage rights.

d. An official of the Metropolitan Police Force (see quot. 1966). 1829 Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 44 §10 It shall be lawful for His Majesty to appoint a proper Person to receive all Sums of Money applicable to the Purposes of this Act, who shall be

called ‘The Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District’. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 818/1 The county council of any county within the Metropolitan Police District has to transfer to the receiver of police a sum bearing.. proportion to the police rate. 1928 Daily Mail 7 Aug. 17/2 The Receiver is concerned with equipment and so forth.. of.. the Metropolitan Police. 1966 J. D. Devlin Police Procedure, Administration & Organisation iii. 20 The police authority of the Metropolitan Police Force is the Home Secretary, and the official responsible for police property, buildings and finance is the Receiver for the Metropolitan Police.., who is appointed by the Crown. Ibid., In provincial forces, the duties and functions of the Receiver fall on the police authority.

3. One who knowingly receives stolen goods or harbours offenders; a resetter. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 255 \>t robbed he alle held, as a resceyuour. 1532 More Debell. Salem Wks. 996/1 Murderers & theues and such as are theues receiuours. 1544 Bale Sir J. Oldcastle 39 b, Receyuers, defenders.., ayders, and maynteners of condemned heretyques. 1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion ii. 33 Perretta.. became their Receiver, and concealed the Goods they stole. 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) II. 78 For apprehending Incendiaries, Thieves, or their Receivers. 1828 P. Cunningham N.S. Wales (ed. 3) II. 194 Decided receivers ought indeed to be worked in irons during the whole of their sentence. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile xxi. 653 An organised band, not only of robbers, but of receivers, who lived by depredations.

4. a. That which receives; a receptacle. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xxxix. (Bodl. MS.), What is fleting and watry.. turneth into flewme and pt resceyuoure )?ereof is pe lunges. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. I iv. The bladder.. is a receyuer of ayguous superfluytees of the kydnees. 1609 C. Butler Fern. Mon. v. (1623) Kiij, Having firs^arted the new Combs and the old with a long knife, take off the upper Hiue or Receiuer. 1751 Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 131 The ship..being so eminently a receiver and container of various things. 1780 New Newgate Cal. V. 126 The screws of the receiver of the bolt [had been] forced out of the wood.

b. A tank or reservoir; anything.

a vessel

to

hold

1538 Leland Itin. HI. 88 Much Ground therabout is playne and low, and as a Pan or Receyver of most parte of the Water of Wyleshire. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 239 Behind that [are] the Receivers of water to supply the Pipes. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 280 Channels of the water, which might easily be formed into proper receivers. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 136 After the superfluous alkaline ley had been drained from them, they were arranged on a grating in a receiver. U1864 Gesner Coal, Petrol., etc. (1865) 147 The receivers are vessels in which the crude oil pumped from the retort vat is settled.

c. A mould to receive molten metal. 1846 Greener Sci. Gunnery 112 Any person may caseharden a few pounds weight of stubs, and afterwards melt them in a crucible, and run them into a receiver. d. (See quot. 1970.) 1938 M. Langley Refuelling in Flight 18, I insisted that the tanker (giver) should formate on the liner or bomber (receiver). 1970 Gloss. Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Terms {B.S.I.) X. 17 Receiver aircraft, an aircraft which is being refuelled in the air.

5. As the name of certain parts of apparatus or machinery, intended to receive and contain something. a. Chem. A vessel for receiving and condensing the product of distillation, b. The bell glass of an air-pump. c. The receptacle for mercury in a barometer, d. An airtight vessel for receiving and containing gases, e. Engin. A chamber to receive steam and water alternately, used in old forms of water-raising steam-engines, f. (see quots.). a. 1576 Jewell of Health iv. 256 The Retort then set into ashes, fixing a large receiuer to it. 1605 Timme Quersit. I. V. 21 Those saltes, being put into a retort,.. with a receiver, stilleth forth a volatile salt. 1662 R. Mathew Uni. Alch. 152 Lay to it a receiver as big as the retort. 1758 Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 226 Set the retort in a reverberatory furnace: fit thereto a large glass receiver. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 299 When the heat is very strong, it assumes the form of an oil, which falls into the water of the receiver. 1899 Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. vii. (ed. 4) 393 The dark brown oily fluid in the receiver is freed from aether by evaporation. b. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Proem 6 The Receiver, or Glass to be empty’d, consisting of one entire and uninterrupted Globe and Neck of Glass. Ibid. 9 Which we, with the Glass-men, shall often call a Receiver, for its affinity to the large Vessels of that name, used by Chymists. 1705 W. Derham in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 317, I tryed it divers hours and divers times in the Receiver, unexhausted and exhausted. 1816 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 6 When the operation of pumping the air out of the receiver must cease. attrib. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XV. i lo/i The hole in the receiver-plate [being] shut up, the pump was made to exhaust as far as it could. fig. 1878 T. Sinclair The Mount 296 The ‘religion of humanity’ is an exhausted receiver. c. 1682 Locke in Boyle Hist. Air (1692) 128 That new fitting my Barometer, here the Mercury was raised by Addition of more in the receiver. d. 1817 Conversat. on Chem. I. vi. 193 We shall introduce a small lighted taper under this glass receiver. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §134 This generator is connected with an equally strong iron vessel called the receiver. e. 1702 Savery Miner's Friend, Fill the Vessels called Receivers with Steam strong enough. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 745/2 The entry of the steam into the receiver merely allowed the water to run out of it by a large valve. 1824 R. Stuart Hist. Steam Engine 43 The pipe.. is sixteen feet long, from the surface of the water to the stage on which the receiver.. is placed. f. 1882 Sennett Marine Steam Engine iv. xix. 328 By the term receiver is to be understood the whole of the space between the high-pressure piston and the back of the lowpressure slide-valve or valves. 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXH. 494. 1900 J. Rose Key to Engines 200 A Receiver.. acts as a

RECEIVER reservoir of steam for the low pressure or intermediate cylinder, as the case may be.

6. a. Med. A piece of flannel in which a newlyborn infant is placed. 1688 Lond. Gaz. 22 Oct. 3 This Deponent opened the Receivor, and saw it was a Son. Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 781/1 The infant must be wrapped in a warm receiver. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 451 Linen thread, ligatures, flannel receiver, antiseptic lubricant,

b. Surg. A surgical basin. 1767 Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 450 Towels and receivers for the Viscera, when they are to be taken out of their cavities. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 425 In washing or syringing a wound a receiver must always be placed to collect the water or lotion that has touched the sore.

7. a. A device or instrument which receives an electric current or a telegraphic message. 1873 J. C. Maxwell Electr. & Magn. §213 During this cycle the positive receiver has lost a charge a V and gained a charge B'V’. 1876 Preece & Sivewright Telegraphy 119 The Receiver is a Morse direct inkwriter, of a novel and sensitive character. 1894 Times 30 Apr. 3/4 The recording instrument known as Kelvin’s syphon receiver.

b. An apparatus which receives and reproduces sounds transmitted from another part of an electric circuit; that part of a telephone which is applied to the ear. Also occas. applied loosely to the complete telephone receiving-unit. 1877 Nature XVI. 403/2 The apparatus at each end., becomes alternately transmitter and receiver, first being put to the mouth to receive sounds, and then to the ear to impart them. 1889 Preece & Maier Telephone vi. 49 These intense vibrations produce powerful induced currents, which give rise in the receiver to corresponding vibrations, and thus create a considerable noise. 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catal. 472/2 (Advt.), The improved long distance battery telephone of the regular Bell telephone style with.. compound pole receiver. 1918 S. Leacock Frenzied Fiction iv. 52 ‘Great-grandfather,’ I said, as I hung up the receiver in disgust, ‘you are a Mutt!’ 1936 Dylan Thomas in New Verse Dec. 17 The parting of hat from hair, Pursed lips from the receiver. 1971 Daily Tel. ii June 32/6 The amount of telephoning which has to be done does not justify two receivers at the charity’s office. 1980 A. N. Wilson Healing Art xvi. 195 He had a telephone receiver to his ear.

c. An apparatus for receiving radio or other signals transmitted as electromagnetic waves; now spec, a combined tuner and amplifier (without a loud-speaker). 1891 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. i8go 757 To calculate the force between two neighbouring Hertzian receivers. 1912 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 60/2, I had got our receiver into ‘tune’ with the transmitter on board a steamer some miles away. 1927 Radio Assoc. Official Handbk. 50 The ultimate Television receiver will be a simple piece of apparatus. 1930 Morning Post 18 Aug. 3/4 With any good receiver, .several foreign stations may be regularly well received. 1933 [see LOO^R sb. I d]. 1955 Radio Times 22 Apr. 3/2 The F.M. receiver is designed to take advantage of the full frequency range transmitted. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 200/1 In most pulse-radar systems a single antenna serves for both transmission and reception... The duplexer protects the sensitive receiver by disconnecting it from the antenna during the presence of the powerful transmitter pulse. 1973 Daily Tel. (Colour. Suppl.) 12 Oct. 31/4 Other products not listed include radio tuners and tuner/amplifiers (known now as ‘receivers’). 1976 A. White Long Silence 31 By the time Dick was thirteen, he’d built his own radio receiver and transmitter. 1978 Gramophone May 1958/1 Trio (B. H. Morris) plan to demonstrate several new amplifiers, tuners, receivers and turntables.

d. A detector of sound or other compressional waves. 1920 Physical Rev. XV. 178 A pair of receivers mounted on a horizontal rod which may be rotated.. is an efficient device for getting the direction of a source of sound. 1931 Stewart & Lindsay Acoustics x. 261 The earliest type of acoustic receiver was the so-called Broca tube, consisting.. of a sphere or nipple C of rubber or sheet metal attached to the end of a listening tube T. 1957 Noltingk & Terry in E. G. Richardson Technical Aspects of Sound II. ii. iii Magnetostrictive and piezoelectric receivers may be designed. 1973 Nature 30 Nov. 297/1 This communication describes the results of a reversed seismic refraction line carried out with explosives and seabed receivers in the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

tre'ceiver^ Obs,~^. [f. receive 7;., app. on anal, of words ending in -er^.] A bow made in acknowledgement of something received. 1620 Shelton Quix. iv. xiii. II. 158, I kissed the Cross, and took up the Money.. and we all together made our Receivers.

receiver-general. 1. A chief receiver, esp. of public revenues. (Also ^general receiver.) In Great Britain now only as the title of an official of the Duchy of Lancaster. In some of the United States of America an additional title of the State Treasurer. 1439 Polls of Park. V. 7/2 Delivered bi the Receyvours Generali of the saide Duchies. 1460 Ibid. 383/1 In and of all our said Duchie [of Lancaster], ther hath been.. oon general Receyvour. 1509-10 Act i Hen. VIII, c. 3 The Kyng.. ^tendythe that divers Revenues & Duetys dewe.. to hys Higmies shalbe payde to.. his generall Receyvor. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 46 §31 To make payment to the kinges receyvour generall. 1607 in Cowell Interpr. 1630 R. ^ffihnson s Ktngd. & Commw. 167 Treasurer of the Exchequer, instituted in Francis the first his time, in place of the Receiver generall. 1656 Pub. Gen. Acts 217 The Receivers-General for this whole Six Moneths Assessment shall. .Receive from the Receivers-General of the respective Counties, Cities, and Places,.. the Sums of Money .. to be 1 axed. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3825/3 Receiver-General of

RECEIVING

318

the Rights and Perquisites of the Admiralty. 1705 Ibid. No. 4104/3 The Receiver-General for Prizes. 1709 Ibid. No. 4535/3 Late Receiver-General for the County of Suffolk. 1839 Alison Hist. Europe (1849-50) VII. xlii. §16. 99 The receivers-general of the service were invited to deposit the sums they had drawn. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. IV. xiv. 413 Having voted to pay no more money to the royal collector, they chose a receiver-general of their own, and instituted a system of provincial taxation. fig. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias vii. iii. If 3,1 mean to make you the receiver-general of all my inmost ruminations.

f2. transf. a. slang. A prostitute. Obs. Pugilists^ slang. (See quot. 1903.) Obs.

b.

1811 Lexicon Balatronicum, Receiver General, a prostitute. 1821 P. Egan Boxiana III. 356 It was evident M‘Dermot

was doomed to be a Receiver-General; although he had nobbed Purcell over the right eye.. Purcell had the best of it. 1829 Ibid. 2nd Ser. II. 180 Dick was now a receiver-general, and his mug was severely bruised. 1903 Farmer & Henley Slang VI. 5/1 Receiver-general.. (pugilists’), a boxer giving nothing for what he gets.

Hence receiver-generalship. 1874 Daily News 2 June 5/5 A Minister of Finance’s patronage comprised receiver-generalships [etc.].

receivership (n'siivsjip). [f. receiverL] 1. The office of a receiver (in senses 2 a and 2 b). Also in extended use. 1485 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 361/1 The Receyvourshipp of the Honour of Leycestre. 1535 Act 2y Hen. VIII, c. 26 §39 The office of receiuorship of the said lordshippe of Bealth. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 233 Accountable of their stewardship, receiuership, and their other offices. 1617 in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 42 My Recevorship of the Lycences of wynes. 1791 Pitt in G. Rose's Diaries (i860) I. 112 A letter applying for the Receivership of Kent. 1850 Smedley F. Fairlegh li. Are you in earnest about the receivership? 1885 Act 48 & 4g Viet. c. 40 Preamble, It was ordered that.. Beisley should be discharged from the said receivership, and that a fresh receiver should be appointed. 1934 H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. II. ix. 732 Lenin’s reconstructed Communist Party was a much more effective step towards an organized receivership.

2. The condition of being in the hands of a receiver. 1884 Q. Rev, July 79 [The railway] had gone through the lingering diseases of receivership and reorganisation. 1939 Times 30 Oct. 14/2 After the close of the market it became known that the receivership in the Cuba Cane Sugar Company had been made permanent. 1967 R. Stein Great Cars 222/2 Other troubles piled up. In 1921, Lincoln was forced into receivership, and Ford bought the company. 1976 F. ZwEiG New Acquisitive Society ii. v. 113 The sinking enterprise finally ends up in receivership.

receiving (ri'siivir)), vbl. sb. [-ing^.] 1. The action of the verb receive, in various senses. Also^/., what is received. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 377 Criste.. dampned pe ressauyng of pe lordeschip pe whiche siluestre toke of constantyne. c 1450 Lydg. & Burgh Secrees 1824 Of metys & drynkes [to] knowe dyuersite, With proporcioun and tyme of Receyvyng. 1473-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 55/1 By Indentures to be made of all such retayndres, receyvyngs and perceyvynges. 1536 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 10 Yf any mortall synne be forgoten, by the receyuynge of this sacrament it is forgyuen. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 836 He caused all his brothers daughters to be conueyed into his palace with solempne receauing. 1642 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 306 The petition of the Houses concerning the receiving of the Yorkshire petition. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T., Matt. xx. 13 Thou shouldst be glad of thy Brother’s receivings. 1931 Writer's Digest Oct. 28 (To) fall for receiving, to be convicted to having stolen property in one’s possession... ‘He caught me with the rocks, so I fell for receiving.’ 1956 E. Grierson Second Man ii. 37 He was also in trouble again with the police: a little receiving. 1979 Tucson (Arizona) Citizen 20 Sept. I id/7 Paul Jones of Ci, who caught 10 passes against Arizona last Saturday, leads in receiving with 13.

2. attrib. a. Of the nature of, pertaining or relating to, receiving. 1681 Flavel Meth. Grace vi. 115 This receiving act..is that upon which both our righteousness and eternal happiness do depend. 1827 Faraday Chem. Manip. xv. 352 Bladders and bags.. are very useful in many receiving or transferring operations. 1883 Act 46 & 47 Viet. c. 52 §5 (Bankruptcy Act) The Court may.. make an order, in this act called a receiving order, for the protection of the estate. 1930 Daily Express 30 July 2/7 Receiving Orders are announced in the 'London Gazette’. 1977 Private Eye i Apr. 4/1 Harry Alan’s financial affairs last attracted attention in 1973 when Air Express Travel obtained a receiving order against him for £700.

b. Of places: Intended or serving for the receipt or reception of things, persons, etc., as receiving country, depot, home, -house, -office, pen, -room, -ship, -station, -yard. In some cases the sense approaches that of the ppl. a. Washington Post 21 Dec. 6/1 Refugees would be allowed to leave Germany for a ‘*receiving country’. 1958 J. J. Spengler in B. Thomas Economics of Internal. Migration ii. 17 (title) Effects produced in receiving countries by pre-1939 immigration. 1970 Soviet Weekly 13 June ii Our laundry has 32 ‘receiving depots and washes for 150,000 people. 1967 U.S. Supreme Court Reports CCCLXXXVI1. 27 The fact of the matter is that, however euphemistic the title, a ‘‘receiving home’.. for juveniles is an institution for confinement. 1973 Washington Post 13 Jan. A5/2 Under the plan children in 'predisposition status’ and under Receiving Home authority will be transferred into one of five categories. 1824 E. Weeton Jrnl. May (1969) II. 280, I wished to see the General Post Office, so.. I took that letter all the way there, instead of putting it into one of the ‘receiving Houses nearer at hand. 1833 Miss Mitford Village Ser. v. 47 A receiving-house for letters and parcels. 1854 E. E. Hale Kanzas & Nebraska ix. 224 A boarding¬ house or receiving-house, in which three hundred persons

may receive temporary accommodation on their arrival. 1900 S. A. Nelson ABC of Wall St. 157 Receiving houses, houses which make a business of receiving and selling cash grain. 1908 Daily Chron. 21 Apr. 1/6 He should..see that the receiving house clause was given the very fullest effect to. C1865 in R. Whitehouse London Album (1980) PI. 70, Midland Railway, ‘Receiving Office. 1885 List of Subscribers, Classified (United Telephone Co.) 2 The Midland Railway Company will also receive Goods at the following Receiving Offices. 1972 Classification of Occupations (Dept. Employment) II. 366/2 Receiving office assistant, receives from customers articles requiring service and returns finished articles at a receiving office. 1931 ‘Receiving pen [see crush sb. 4c]. 1830 Lytton P. Clifford viii. As it was rather late in the day when Paul made his first entree at Bridewell, he passed that night in the ‘‘receivingroom’. 1846 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. VI. 184 [The] sail-cloth is taken to a ‘receiving-room’, where it is examined, freed from lumps and irregularities, measured, and weighed. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 618 The patient walks into the receiving room of the hospital for a diagnosis. 1978 M. Puzo Fools Die v. xxix. 333,1 noticed that most of the men threw their car keys on the table in the first receiving room. 1830 Marryat King's Own xl, A guard-ship is a ‘receiving-ship for officers and men, until they are enabled to join.. their.. ships. 1846 A. Young Naut. Diet., Receiving-ship, a vessel employed at any port to receive supernumeraries, or pressed, or entered men for the Royal Navy. 1901 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 3 Nov. 2/3 A third class ensign on the receiving ship Columbia lying at the New York Navy Yard. 1978 K. Bonfiglioni All Tea in China iv. xiii. 180 The only other vessels in the anchorage were the receiving ships. 1895 Daily News 19 Dec. 5 There is only one branch telegraph ‘receiving-station besides the Central. 1939 War Illustr. 28 Oct. 219/1 From his bed in an R.A.F. medical receiving station hidden away in the woods ‘somewhere in France’. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 217 These.. animals he managed.. to impel into the large ‘receiving yards. 1923 Receiving yard [see forcing vbl. sb.

3®]. . c. Of things: designed for the reception of radio signals or the like, as receiving aerial, apparatus, circuit, set (also fig.), station. 1923 E. W. Marchant Radio Telegr. Gf Teleph. iii. 24 The exact arrangement of the receiving aerial may be varied within fairly wide limits. 196a A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 267 This highly inefficient transformer action is improved if the receiving aerial is so constructed as to resonate at the desired frequencies of reception. 1908 Receiving apparatus [see pick i?.* 21 i]. 1925 Times 28 May 20/4 Such a standard must obviously be based upon a consideration of two factors—namely, the limitations of the present transmitting and receiving apparatus; and, secondly, the aesthetic element. 1923 E. W. Marchant Radio Telegr. Teleph iv, 38 When the coherer was first used in connection with receiving circuits, it was connected between the aerial and the ground. 1955 Radio Times 22 Apr. 3/2 A special type of receiving circuit is necessary for F.M. 1916 Lit. Digest (N.Y.) i Jan. 13/2 His outfit comprised only a cheap home made receiving set! But it did the work, just the same. 1937 Discovery Nov. 334/2 His [sc. the shrew’s] bewhiskered snout is a receiving-set fitted to pick up any broadcast interesting to a shrew. 1953 A. Huxley Let. 9 Aug. (1969) 682 Receiving sets grafted into the tissues of animals, so as to make them robots responsive to the radioed will of their masters. 1975 Listener 4 Dec. 738/2 A fee required of each owner of a receiving set. 1923 E. W. Marchant Radio Telegr. ^ Teleph. iii. 23 A number of vertical wires are attached to a suspended horizontal wire and brought down in a fan-shape to the receiving station. 1977 G. W. H. Lampe God as Spirit ii. 54 Divine communications at the subconscious level, for which the actual recipients had acted simply as passive receiving stations.

3. Special combinations, receiving barn U.S., a stable in which horses are placed before a race to prevent tampering; receiving blanket N. Amer., a soft blanket in which to wrap a baby (cf. RECEIVER* 6 a); receiving line orig. U.S., a row of persons by whom guests are greeted in turn on arrival. 1946 Sun (Baltimore) 26 Oct. 8/4 Refusal of George D. Widener to allow his equine star, Lucky Draw, to compete in the Pimlico Special simply because of the receiving barn is to be regretted. 1949 Ibid. 29 Apr. 18/4 There has been no doping case since the rules governing the receiving barn were revised last Ml. 1974 Tilley & Plowden This is Horse Racing 181 Receiving barn, facility where horses are isolated for certain period before post time, to minimize chances of tampering. 1926 Infants' Dept. Oct. 5028/1 Layette... i Receiving blanket. 1944 K. Hardy Sewing for Ba^ vin. 214 You will need two cotton receiving blankets. 1970 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Sept. 12/8 (Advt.), Since mid-summer we have paid out Four Hundred and Twenty-one Dollars for the basic essentials in layettes; shirts, diapers, gowns, and receiving blankets. 1933 H. L. Ickes Diary 17 Nov. (1955) I. 125 Fie told Anna in the receiving line last night that he was going to order me down there. 1971 M. Lee Dying for Fun xl. 189 Millie Panhard Geltzer went to the Woman of the Year Luncheon... She shook hands with the receiving line.

1938

receiving (n'siivir)), ppl.

a.

[f. as prec.

-F

-ING^] 1. That receives, in senses of the vb. In some cases not clearly distinct from prec. 2 b. 1599 Shaks, Hen. F Prol. 27 Florses.. Printing their prowd Hoofes i’ th’ receiuing Earth. 1634 Sir "T. Herbert Trav. 149 [Persian] women when they goe abroad, wrap themselues in a large receiuing sheet. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 191 Water-Engines.. raise it., into receiving Cisterns. 1804 Larwood No Gun Boats 14 Masts .. nicely and accurately appropriated to the receiving boat 1840 Cottager's Manual 22 in Lib. Usef. Kn., Husb. HI, The receiving tank.. has another pipe from the inside with a funnel. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mtning, Receiving Rods, auxiliary cage guides at insets and at pit tops. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 819 The outermost of the three layers is known as.. the sheath or the receiving layer.

RE-CELEBRATE 2. receiving end, the position that receives a transmitted signal or discharged object. Usu. fig., used loosely in colloq. phr. to be cm (or at) the receiving end, to be the (unfortunate) recipient of some action, event, etc.; to bear the brunt, to suffer. 1933 [see INVERT V. 2g]. 1937 H. L. Ickes Diary 2 Oct. (*955) Al. 219,1 shall refuse to be at the receiving end of any more brickbats. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §674 Catcher's position^ receiving end. 1946 B. Pemberton in S. H. Adams Alexander Woollcott xiv. 142 But It [sc. the nature of Woollcott’s criticism] was hell for those on the receiving end. 1949 J. Szigeti With Strings Attached xxxiii. 302 It cannot be the love of music pure and simple, for we share this with multitudes who either are on the receiving end alone or, not content with this, also aspire ^ the satisfaction of making music themselves. 1955 W. C. Gault Ring around Rosa vi. 78 Jan had just brought a right hand from right field and the wrestler had been on the receiving end. 1958 P. Kemp No Colours or Crest viii. 151 His experience of guerrilla warfare had been, as it were, on the receiving end; for he had served before the war on the North-West Frontier and in Palestine. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio x. 176 Dialling is rather more of a performance than being on the receiving end of a phone call. 1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings m. ii. 202 As in Scandinavia, so at the receiving end in Europe the times were favourable to the art and practice of viking. 1976 J. Snow Cricket Rebel 134 The wrist had been on the receiving end of a Dennis Lillee bouncer.

re-'celebrate, v.

[re- s a.] trans. To celebrate

or commemorate again. 159^ Barckley Felic. Alan i. (1631) 12 Xhey.. place him [a prisoner] in a house of some man that was lately slaine in the warres, as it were to re-celebrate his funeral. 1629 B. JONSON Underwoods, To Edw. Filmer, Who.. with their chained dance, Recelebrates the joyful Match with France.

re-ce'ment, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To join together again with, or as with, cement; to unite firmly or closely. 1647 W ARD Simp. Cobler 64 They are .. determined to recement you to your Body. 1850 Holtzapffel Turning III. 1327 The stone., is detached from the stick, and re¬ cemented with the front outwards. 1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 659/2 Some anxiety, lest a partial re-opening of the river to trade should re-cement the waning loyalty of the Western States.

So re-cemen'tation; re-cemented ppL a. 1848 Herschel Ess. (1857) 331 Rocks constructed by the re-cementation of fragments and pulverized matter. 1946 Nature 13 July 58/1 The lower part of the profile consists, according to the district, either of re-cemented chalk or compact sand, both of which are very water-retentive. 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. GeoL N.Z. iii. 26/2 Re-cemented brecciated quartz is occasionally seen.

recen, obs. form of

reckon v.

recency ('riisansi). [f. recent: see -ency. Cf. med.L. recentia (Du Cange).] a. The state or quality of being recent. (Common in 19th c.) Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 303 Such wounds, in their recency.. resemble Vlcers. 1657 Tomlinson Renou s Disp. 41 A peculiar antiquity or recency consists in several medicaments. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. cvi. She objected the recency of her kinswoman’s death. 1800 Coleridge Lett. (1895) 330 If I am not deceived by the recency of their date. 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. xiii. 398 The comparative recency of legislative activity in Germany. 1882 C. E. Dutton Tertiary Hist. Grand Canon District v. 83 Even here where historic antiquity merges into geologic recency the one gives us no measure of the other. 1948 H. Nicolson Diary 23 Sept. (1968) 149 Frank Pakenham tells me that I was on the list for peerages last December... I might have come up again had it not been for the recency of Croydon. 1964 Language XL. 204 The recency and taxonomic character of paralinguistics and kinesics are not sufficient cause for overlooking them. 1976 Nature 5 Feb. 395/2 Genetic similarity may serve as direct measure of the recency of the cladistic event which separated the two compared lines of descent. 1612

Woodall

b. Psychol. The fact of being recent as it aflfects the facility with which learned material or an experience is recalled; freq. attrib. Cf. primacy I b. 1894 M. W. Calkins in Psychol. Rev. I. 482 The influence of recency, too, can be studied. 1916 J. B. Watson in Psychol. Bull. XIII. 77 Other investigators hold that the stamping in of a successful act depends upon the principles of recency and frequency and is not dependent upon the pleasantness or unpleasantness resulting from the activity. 1929 K. S. Lashley in C. Murchison Found. Exper. Psychol. xiv. 555 It seems probable that primacy and recency are effective only when they increase the intensity or stimulating value of the situations. 1938 R. S. Woodworth Exper. Psychol, ii. 38 The wrong name recalled acquires recency value and blocks the correct name. I94^ L- RHilgard Theories of Learning vii. 183 As it applies to memory, the law of proximity becomes a law of recency. 1964 W. K. Estes in A. W. Melton Categories of Hum. Learning 98 The suggestion has been put forward .. that the negative recency function results largely from response tendencies the 5s bring with them to the experiment. 1971 Sci.Amer. Aug. 85/1 There is considerable evidence that the recency effect is due to retrieval from short-term storage.

recense (ri'sens), v. [ad. L. recensere (f. re-

recentness

319

re-

+ censere cense v.^) or F. recenser (14th c.).] trans. To survey, review, revise (now spec, a text: see recension). 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 52b/2 Nether may we heere omitt to recense and speake of the feare wherewith cowardes are oftentimes taken. 1613 Cawdrey Table Alph., Recensed, repeated, rehearsed, named. 1716 Bentley Corr. (1842) 506 Pope Sixtus and Clemens, .had

an assembly of learned divines, to recense and adjust the Latin Vulgate. 1902 J. S. Phillimore Sophocles Introd. 78 Alexander Aetolus, who recensed the Dramatists for the Museum Library.

So t re'censeate, Obs.~'

to

go

over,

enumerate.

1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 296 Twenty varieties, which to recenseate, were superfluous.

two.,

recension (ri'senjan). [ad. L. recension-eniy n. of action f. recensere: see prec. and cf. mod.F. recension.] 1. An enumeration, survey, review. Now rare. (Freq. in 17th c., esp. in Evelyn’s works.) a 1638 Mede Wks. (1672) 276 Their number cannot be known, because Moses does not make a recension of all the Families or Heads of families, a 1677 Barrow Pope's Suprem. (1687) 90 In the recensions of the Roman Bishops, sometimes the Apostles are reckoned in, sometimes excluded. 1819 Hope Anastasius II. 228 Intent upon tempting Providence by the daily recension of his growing riches.

b. A review (of a book), rare-^. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. xxix, Bitterly convinced that his old acquaintance Carp had been the writer of that depreciatory recension.

2. The revision of a text, esp. in a careful or critical manner; a particular form or version of a text resulting from such revision. 1818-28 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 279 The Burgundian law, though earlier than either of these in their recensions, displays a far more advanced state of manners. i860 Westcott Introd. Study Gosp. iii. (ed. 5) 205 The Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke represent the two great types of recension to which it may be supposed that the simple narrative was subjected. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Pref. 8 There are two recensions of the text.

b. transf. anything.

A

revised

or

distinct

form

of

1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, ix. 388 We are the creatures of that recension of Christianity which happens to be current in our times. 1859-Logic in Theol. 331 There is no new recension of the worship of the ancient Church.

Hence re'censionist, one recension. Also re'censor.

who

makes

a

1876 Spurgeon Commenting 17 The laborious recensor of the various MSS. ^1904 Recensionist [in recent Diets.] 1962 Listener 29 Nov. 920/1 Mr Edel is a recensionist, reconstructing the life of his hero from a myriad documents.

re-'censure, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To censure again. So re-'censure sb.y a censure in return. 1645 King's Cabinet Opened in Select, fr. Harl. Misc. 343 Out of fear, that Hamilton might return to a capacity of re-censuring me. 1829 Carlyle Misc. (1857) II. 43 That censure of Shakspeare which elicited a re-censure in England. (1793)

recent ('riissnt), a. [ad. L. recent-^ recens, or a. F. recent (i6th c.). App. first in Sc. use.] 1. Lately done or made; that has lately happened or taken place, etc. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. Prol. (S.T.S.) 8, I dout nocht bot the beginnyng of Romanis.. sail be of les pleser to )?e redaris pan recent historyis, becaus pai will haisty l?ame self to here pir novellis and recent dedis done in our dais. 1572 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 131 The persoun being apprehendit in the recent deid salbe deliverit in the handis of the Provest Marschell. 1574-5 Ibid. 437 For na recent crymes committit be thame. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. (1675) 161 Recent translations I have seen of it in French. 1748 Anson's Voy. 1. v. 51 The discovery of these valuable stones is much more recent than that of gold. 1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. in. (1871) 150 The recent coinage of dimes.. alluded to in our public journals. 1837 Lytton E. Maltrav. i. viii, The bright drops of a recent shower sparkled upon the buds of the lilac. 1966 Listener 29 Sept. 479/2 Gerhard’s Op. i .. its beauty [is] marred only by a lack of variety and a tendency to go on too long. Nearly fifty years more recent, the Duo Concertante for violin and piano shows neither quality. 1976 Encounter June 72/2 Professor Daiches’ method, then, consists partly of summarising the results of recent research on the ancient Near East, and partly ojf commentary on the Pentateuch. 1976 Daily Tel. 20 July i /1 The four countries had agreed on the ban during their recent economic summit in Puerto Rico. 2. a. Lately formed, created, originated, or

begun; fnew-born. a 1676 Wiseman Chirurg. Treat. 117 How dangerous it is to neglect the consulting the .. Chirurgeon while the Disease is recent. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 776 We have made it unquestionably Evident, that this Opinion.. is no Novel or Recent thing. C1709 Prior ist Hymn Callimachus 22 She sought a neighbouring spring To wash the recent babe. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. ii. xxvii. Gay plains extend where marshes slept before; O’er recent meads th’ exulting streamlets fly. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 147 Lorraine and Arles, two recent and transitory kingdoms. 1816 Singer Hist. Cards 217 Erasmus.. seems to have had the then recent system of Murner in his eye. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 502 We found recent lymph becoming organised.

b. Fresh; not yet affected by decomposition, or loss of moisture.

decay,

1632 Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry ii. i, The old man’s virtues [are] So recent in him as the world may swear Nought but a fair tree could such fair fruit bear. 1759 B. Stillingfleet tr. Improv. Physic in Misc. Tracts {I’jfiz) 221 The recent root of the rose-wort is vastly superior to the dry in head-achs. 1808 Barclay Muscular Motions 477 A cursory inspection of a recent eye is sufficient at any time to prove the contrary. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 903 The odour [of essential oils] is seldom as pleasant as that of the recent plant. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 134/2 If not set when either moist or recent, they [ic. beetles’ legs] may be softened by

being placed for a night in any small vessel containing a layer of wet sand.

c. poet. Lately or freshly come or arrived/rom a place. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xiv. 382 Shall I not think that. .All heav’n beholds me recent from thy arms? 1759 Gibbon Autobiog. (1896) 207 Recent from Paris, I assisted with pleasure at the representation of several tragedies. 1820 Wiffen Aonian Hours (ed. 2) 73 Here Caesar, recent from barbaric wars. Leads Rome in chains. 1864 Swinburne Atalanta 1260 Recent from the roar of foreign foam.

3. a. Belonging to a (past) period of time comparatively near to the present. (Opposed to ancient for antique.) 1622 Bacon Hen. VII, 35 Though it be an action of so recent memorie. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes Qual. To Rdr., Upon perusal of several Scholastick Writers, (especially the recenter). 1699 Bentley Phal. 400 The Sense of some of them occurs there, but express’d in a more recent way. 1730 Martin in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 453 Garangeot.. who is one of the recentest Writers. 1829 LANDOR/mag. Conv., Emp. China Tsing-TiV^Vs. 1853 II. 148/1 The older creation of the nobility., is more illconstructed and ill-favoured than the recenter. 1876 Birch Rede Lect. Egypt 12 The Egyptian belongs after all to the more recent race of men.

b. Geol. Of or pertaining to the present geological epoch. (Cf. 4 b.) 1830 Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 95 Murex cornutus, fossil at Asti, is now only known recent in warmer latitudes. 1833 Ibid. III. 60 In the Pliocene we find an intermixture of extinct and recent species of quadrupeds. 1877 J. A. Allen Amer. Bison 457 These remains differ in no appreciable respect.. from those of the recent bison of the Plains.

4. a. Of a point or period of time: Not much earlier than the present; not long past. 1823 Edin. RetK Oct. 109 Elphinstone Hist. India

Up to a very recent period. 1841 I. 425 The celebrity of the Marattas was reserved for recent times. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xii. 120 Of such a character as to indicate for them a tolerably recent date.

b. Geol. (With capital initial.) Applied to the later portion of the Quaternary or Post-Pliocene period. Also = Holocene a. 1833 Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 343 During the newer Pliocene epoch, partly, perhaps, in the Recent. 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 883 Above them [5c. glacial deposits] lie younger accumulations such as river-alluvia, peat¬ mosses, lake-bottoms,.. raised lacustrine and marine terraces, which, merging insensibly into those of the present day, are termed Recent or Prehistoric. 1927 [see Holocene 1959 J- F>- Clark Prehist. Southern Afr. ii. 49 A., method of correlating the succession of events in Africa with those in Europe during the Pleistocene and early Recent times. 1975 Nature 20 Mar. 209/2 Sterols.. have been identified in Recent and ancient sediments.

recent, obs. form of resent v. tre'centity.

Obs.-^ Recency, newness.

[f.

recent a.

+

-ity.]

1631 W. Saltonstall Piet. Loquent. Divb, Hee gaynes most by the recentity of freshmen, unto whom he sticks as close as a Horseleech.

recently

('riisantli), adv. [f. recent a. + -ly“.] a. At a recent date; not long before or ago; lately, newly.

1533 Bellenden Livy ii. ii. (S.T.S.) I. 133 The commoun liberte sa recentlie Recouerit was nere loist be falset and tressoun. Ibid. 135 Jpis tressoun recentlie ymaginate. ' and cool Choultries, private Recesses for their Women. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs II. 250 A woman.. who had been housekeeper at Lord Winterbottom’s recess. 1831 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Ellistoniana, The last retreat, and recess, of his every-day waning grandeur.

tb. A dark resource, a secret. Obs. rare, 1646 J. Gregory Notes ^ Obs. (1650) 6 To cast out Devills (by a knowne Recesse of the blacke Art) through him that is the Prince. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Ad. Sect. IV. 52 Magnif>’ing the recesses of his Counsell and Wisdome and Predestination. 6. a. The act of receding, of going back or

away, from a certain point. (Used chiefly of the motion of things, and esp. of water, the sea, or the heavenly bodies.) 1607 J. Norden Surv. Dial. i. 19 Alwayes at the waters recesse, euer>' man could finde out his owne land by the plot. 1653 Gataker V'ind. Annot.Jer. 157 The accesse or recesse of the Sun unto and from several parts of the world. 1728 Pemberton Newton's Philos. 202 As the earth in its recess from the sun recovers by degrees its former power. 1756 Burke Subl. & B. iv. xvi, As we recede from light.. the pupil is enlarged by the retiring of the iris, in proportion to our recess. 1818 G. S. Faber Horde Mosaicae I. 266 It is at present dry, in consequence of the gradual recess of the waters. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. iii. (1849) 19 An alternate recess and advance of the apsides.

b. transf. or fig. of immaterial things. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 109 It is the defect, and recesse of the opposite facultie. 1646 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi's Civil Warres vi. 60 Leaving her in the recesse of her Fortune. 1722 De Foe Hist. Plague (1756) 235 The principal Recess of this Infection.. was from February to April. 1782 Jefferson Notes on Virginia (1787) 132 The access of frost in the autumn, and its recess in the spring. 1843 J. Martineau Chr. Life xliii. (1876) 506 Painting the access and recess of his thought. 7. transf. or fig. (from senses i and 6).

fa. A dislike or disgust to a thing. Obs.-"^ 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 26 It becommeth to haue an appitite to that which it holdeth good and pleasant, and a recesse or lothsomnesse to y* which maketh against it.

tb. A drawing back (from a promise), Obs. 1601 J. Wheeler Treat. Comm. 96 Queene Marie by the way of Recesse.. reuoked this Decree, and restored the Hanses to their former priuiledges. 1628 Feltham Resolves ii. xlii. 125 Some.. admit of an absolute recesse from a word already passed.

fc, A departure from some state or standard. Obs. (Common in 17th c.) 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. vii. §5 Men.. have made too untimely a departure, and too remote a recess from particulars. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Sf Min. 430 Recesses of the parts of mans body, from the natural state. 1692 Beverly Disc. Dr. Crisp 7 Every Sin.. is a Recess from the Holiness of God.

fd. A falling back; decline. Obs. a 1635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 55 Others,,. when he was in the right course of recovery, and setling to moderation, would not suffer a recesse in him. 1659 J. Harrington Lawgiving iii. iv. (1700) 456 This Standard in a well founded Monarchy, must bar recess; and in a well founded Commonwealth must bar increase. 8. a. A retired or inner place or part; one of the

remotest or anything.

RECESSION

323

1620 Jrnls. House of Lords 22 Mar. 61/1 They [sc. the Commons] humbly desire to know the Time of the Recess of this Parliament, and of the Access again, as they may accordingly depart and meet again at the same Time their Lord-ships shall. 1642 Sir E. Dering Sp. on Relig. x. 35 Since the late Recesse, some endeavours of mine have been reported more distastive then before, a 1671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 22 In this recess of action, we had several ^eaties about prisonep. 1706 Royal Sp. 16 Feb. in Lond. Gaz. No. 4202/1 It will be convenient to make a Recess in some short Time. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) I. 210 Every recess of the school they passed at Mushroom Place. 1851 K. Quentin Reisebilder Sf Studien II. 58 Um 12 Uhr verliess ich mit den Kindem die Schule. Sie haben erne Pause (Recess) von einer Stunde. i860 O. W. Holmes Elsie V. xxvi. (1891) 394 In the recess, as it was called, or interval of suspended studies in the middle of the forenoon, c i860 E. Dickinson Poems (1955) I. 117 Whose Beryl Egg, what School Boys hunt In ‘Recess’—Overhead! 1881 Gladstone in Times 8 Oct. 6/3 We are in a Parliamentary recess, but the leaders of the Tories do not appear to have had any recess at all. 1913 A. Huxley Let. 3 Feb. (1969) 47, I had a very good vacation, or do you call it Ree-cess?, as one (female) American asked me. 1942 Amer. Mercury July 91 Must be a recess in Heaven—pretty angel like that out on the ground. 1951 E- Paul Springtime in Paris li. 27, I could not possibly hope to reach the cage before the bank closed at 12 o’clock noon, for the two-hour lunch recess. 1975 Weekend Mag. (Montreal) i Nov. 22/1, 1 watched him carefully as he won game after game at recess one day.

innermost

parts

or

corners

of

1616 Bullokar Eng. Expos.y Recesse, a bye-place. 1673 Journ. Low C. 224 Gentlemens houses.. having more in the recess than they promise in the front. 1697 Dryden

Virg. Georg, iv. 604 Within a Mountain’s hollow Womb, there lyes A large Recess, conceal’d from Human Eyes. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vi. To carry torches into every recess of the ruin. 1801 Strutt Sports & Past. Introd. 4 A pursuit.. only requisite in the gloomy recesses of the cloister. 1871 L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. (1894) iv. 89 The little village.. lies.. deep in the recesses of the Pennine chain.

b. fig. especially of the soul or heart. 1688 South Serm. (1727) II. 301 Sorrow., must force, and make its way into the very inmost Corners, and Recesses of the Soul. 1715-20 Pope Iliad i. 711 The thoughts that roll Deep in the close recesses of my soul. 1814 Cary Dante, Inf. i. 18 The fear, That in my heart’s recesses deep had lain. 1840 Mill Diss. ^ Disc. (1875) I. 408 The question lies., in the recesses of psychology.

9. a. A receding part or indentation in the line of some natural feature or object, as a coast, range of hills, etc. 1697 Dryden ^Eneid i. 228 Within a long Recess there lies a Bay. 1781 Cowper Truth 79 His dwelling a recess in some rude rock. 1838 Murray's Hand-bk. N. Germ. 273 Every projection on the one side of it [a valley] corresponds with a bay or recess on the other. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 242 The recesses between the hills are mostly filled with gentlemen’s seats.

Folks III. 84 A half dozen biscuits soaked in it ought to keep starvation away until recess time.

fre'cess,

Obs.-' [{. h. recess-um, pa. pple. of recedere recede.] To recede. 1581 Dee Diary (Camden) 13 Roger Cook.. thowght that he was utterly recest from intended goodnes toward him.

recess (ri'ses, 'ri:s6s), v.^ [f. recess s6.] 1. a. trans. To place in a recess or in retirement; to set back or away. 1809 Mar. Edgeworth Manoeuvring vii, Behind the screen of his prodigious elbow you will be comfortably recessed from curious impertinents. 1820 Examiner No. 620. 132/2 The writ was then served in the expectation of recessing me in the Fleet during the long vacation. 1874 T. Hardy Far fr. Mad. Crowd I. xviii. 199 His house stood recessed from the road.

b. spec. To set (part of a wall or other structure) in a recess. Also refl. 1845 Petrie Eccl. Archil. Irel. 180 The arches, of which there are two, one recessed within the other. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. vi. (1856) 44 Little man-of-war port-holes recessed into its wooden sides. 1865 Mrs. Whitney Gayworthys ix. The window recessed itself into the wall.

b. spec. A receding part or space breaking the continuity of a wall; a niche or alcove.

2. To make a recess or recesses in; to cut away, so as to form a recess.

1774 Act 14 Geo. Ill, c. 78 §28 It shall also be lawful to cut perpendicular Recesses into any Party-wall. 1826 Scott Woodst. iii. The recesses within them [oriel windows] were raised a step or two from the wall. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xlviii, They sat down in one of the recesses on the bridge, to rest. 1875 Mrs. Ritchie Miss Angel x. 90 The gallery was evidently used as a .. sitting room. There was a spinnet in a recess. c. Any small depression or indentation; also

1876 J. Rose Pract. Machinist ix. 162 Providing that the cutter is not recessed and does not cut on both sides. 1882 Bazaar 15 Feb. 174 The inner, .hubs are recessed, within them being placed stout steel rings.

Anat. a sinus or fold in an organ or part. 1839 Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. (ed. 3) 135 Leaves., divided more or less deeply into lobes, which leave void spaces between them, which we call recesses (sinus). 1897 Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Recessus, A recess or fold between the duodenum and jejunum. 1902 Marshall Metal Tools 49 The cutting edges. .on either side of the pin produce the required recess as the drill is fed down.

fd. A cesspool. Obs.~^ 1764 Museum Rust. II. 73, I.. have in my yard, what you usually see in most farmers yards, two recesses or pools, as reservoirs of dung and water. e. Criminals' slang. The lavatory in a prison.

Usu. pi. 1950 P. Tempest Lag's Lexicon Recess, the lavatory and urinal, which are generally situated in a recess (two cells knocked into one). 1958 F. Norman Bang to Rights iii. 103 The recesses are give [sic] a good clean out. 1974 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 10 Feb. 17/1 Locked in their cells [sc. in Winson Green Prison, Birmingham] at 5.30., with one opening later to go to the recesses (lavatories) and to have a hot drink.

f. = recess printing below. 1971 D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps iii. 36 This differentsize stamp, printed by recess, interrupted the unity of the set.

10.

fa.

?

An

agreement

or

convention.

1516 Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 22 Efter the forme and tenor of the recesse maid be ambaxiatouris of this realme, and procuratouris and commissionaris of Ingland thairapoun.

b. Hist. A resolution, decree, or act of the Imperial Diet of Germany or of the Diet of the Hanseatic League. After med.L. recessus (see Du Cange); so F. recez. 1706 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. i6th C. II. iii. xi. 149 The Recess was published: It contained the following Articles. [note. What we call an Act of Parliament in England is called a Recess in Germany.] 1779 Hist. Mod. Europe II. lix. 254 The famous Recess of Augsburgh, which is the basis of religious peace in Germany. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 638 When the three colleges [of a diet] agreed, the decree, or recess as it was called, was submitted to the imperial sanction. fc. (See quot.) Obs. rare. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 275 In the Imperial Chamber the Prsetors have half a Florin . .for every substantial Recess, as they call it. Ibid., The substantial Recesses are the Introduction of the Cause, the exhibiting of the Libel [etc.]. 11. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3) recess time-,

(sense 9 b, 9 c) recess decoration, plate, shop-, recess printing, a method of printing used in the production of postage stamps (see quot. 1951); hence recess-print v. (usu. as pa. pple.). 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. I. xxiv. §ii *Recess decoration by leaf mouldings. 1874 Thearle Naval Archil. 88 The armour shelf or *recess plate is a part of the longitudinal framing of the ship. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 26 July p. iv/i All [stamps] are *recess-printed in designs appropriate to the occasion. 1976 Times 30 Aug. 6/7 The first issue, containing a finely drawn head of Queen Victoria.. and recess printed by Bradbury Wilkinson. 1914 A. B. Creeke Stamp-Collecting iii. 66 * Recess-printing. The design is cut into the plate, and the ink stands up slightly on the stamp. 1951 R. J. Sutton Stamp Collector's Encycl. 190 Recess Printing: Strictly speaking, any process where the inked image is below the plane surface of the plate, cliche, block or cylinder; but in modern philatelic parlance refers to the present-day machine-printed, photo-mechanically engraved plate method of reproduction, which in its essentials is similar to the line-engraving by which most of the first and early stamps were printed. A ‘recess’ printed stamp has a distinct raised image. 1828 Lights & Shades II. 170 We hurried into one of the little *recess shops [on Brighton Pier] to avoid them. 1869 Mrs. Stowe Oldtown Folks xxxiii. 431 At *recess-time she strolled out with me into the pine woods back of the school-house. 1885 Miss S. O. Jewett Marsh Island xii, The boarder had .. treated the children to apples at recess-time. 1946 G. Wilson Fidelity

3. a. intr. Chiefly U.S. interval.

To take a recess or

1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 14 Apr., The Senate recessed five minutes yesterday afternoon. 1933 W. J. Abbot Watching World go By xvii. 316 The convention was thrown into confusion. It recessed almost in a riot. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 12 Feb. 17/1 Tomorrow’s holiday on which the country’s major securities and commodities exchanges will recess. 1970 Daily Tel. 6 July 9 The French Parliament recessed for its three-month summer holiday last week. 1977 Ibid. 4 May 19/1 A Turin court trying 53 Leftist ‘Red Brigade’ guerillas recessed indefinitely yesterday for lack of citizens willing to serve on the jury. 1977 New Society 7 July 23/2 The inquii^ recessed earlier this month so that the contending parties would have a chance to wade through transcripts. 1977 Time 26 Dec. 22/1 Congress recessed last week for a month-long holiday without enacting his energy bill.

b. trans. Chiefly U.S. To put (a meeting, etc.) into recess; to adjourn, suspend. 1954 W. Faulkner Fable 80 It takes more ammunition to recess a war for ten minutes than to stop a mere offensive. 1967 Guardian 12 June 8/4 Hans Tabor recessed the meeting and told them to ‘stand by’ for any urgent call. 1970 W. Wager Sledgehammer xxv. 213 When Gillis recessed the proceedings.. not a single juror had been picked. 1978 Detroit Free Press 2 Apr. 10A/5 Exhausted negotiators agreed to recess formal talks for the weekend and meet in private.

Hence recessed (ri'sest) ppl. a., set in a recess; re'cessing vbl. sb. recessed arch, an arch set within another arch, recessingbit, a bit for enlarging the ends of screw-holes, etc. 1809-12 Mar. Edgeworth Ennui x. Lady Geraldine and Cecil Devereux .. were in a recessed window. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. iii. 90 Underneath this basilica is a little recessed chapel. 1873 Shelley Workshop Appliances 223 The first [pin-drill], with three cutting edges,.. being sometimes called a recessing-bitt. 1874 Parker Goth. Archil. I. iv. 114 In many of the earlier examples the square profile of the recessed Norman arch is retained.

fre'cessful, a. Obs.-' [f. recess sb. + -ful.] To which recess or recourse may be had. Also re'cessfully adv. (cf. recess sb. 5 b). 1646 J. Gregory Notes ^ Obs. 33 It was disposed of in some eminent or recessefull place of the City. Ibid. To Rdr., Who recessefully and impertinently pretend to a Spirit of Interpretation.

recession (ri'sejan), sb.'

[ad. L. recessidn-em (Vitruvius), n. of action f. recedere to recede. Cf. mod.F. recession. It. recessione (Florio).] 1. a. The action of receding from a place or point; withdrawal, retirement. \ recession of the equinoxes: see precession. a 1652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. ix. vi. (1660) 419 Neither were it a Happiness worth the having, for a Mind,.. by a recession into it self, to spend an Eternity in self-converse. 1691 Ray Creation i. (1692) 185 The Sun.. plying them always alike without any annual Recession or intermission. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., Recession of the Equinoxes is the going back of the Equinoctial Points every Year about 50 Seconds. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. (1791) Notes 15 Particles mutually recede from and approach each other reciprocally; at the times of their recession from each other [etc.]. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xxvi, She seemed to recede. I drew nearer: her recession, still silent, became swift. 1879 Proctor Pleas. Ways Sc. iv. 99 The method shows no signs of approach or recession in the moon’s case.

b. Used with ref. to receding or distant parts of surfaces or outlines. (See also recessor.) 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. loi Planes or flat surfaces.. have their appearances of recession perfected by the first species of retiring shades. 1821 Craig Led. Drawing, etc. i. 44 Those degrees of light and dark which arise from difference of local colour, or from recession in distance. 1870 Ruskin Led. Art v. 126 The solid forms of an object, that is to say, the projections or recessions of its surface within the outline.

c. A setting or going back in time. rare. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 317 They must.. endure anticipation and recession from the moveable condition of their causes. ^21876 M. Collins Th. in Garden (1880) II.

RECESSION 290 Has there really been a recession of the seasons, so that summer comes later every year?

d. Philol. The transference of accentuation towards or on to the first syllable of a word. 1886 Amer.Jrnl. Philol. VII. ii. 246 A tendency existed to recession from the end of the word. 1929 S.P.E. Tract xxxii. 388 This condition, which lightens the syllable, allows and even invites loss and recession of accent.

2. The action of receding, retiring, or departing, in various transf. or fig. senses. Const, from. Common in 17th c. (esp. in Jer. Taylor’s works) of departure from a principle, state or condition. 1647 Jer. Taylor Lib. Proph. viii. 152 It is a plaine recession from Antiquity. 1659 W. Brough Schism 524 There is no sin nor schism in our recession from them. ^1716 South Serm. X. 301 (T.) His [Christ’s] whole life went in a constant recession from his own rights. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 32 }Pi3 All this is a temporary recession from the realities of life to airy fictions. 1859 J. Cumming Ruth iii. 41 He may leave us.. to taste the bitterness of our recession so far and so criminally from Him.

3. The departure 0/a quality or property from that in which it exists. 1659 Pearson Creed iv. (1839) 301 Death is nothing else but the privation or recession of life. 1836 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 801/2 The recession of heat from the limbs was noticed by Hippocrates. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 304 There is little wonder that in some cases the recession of mental function is not on physiological lines.

4. Econ. A temporary decline or setback in economic activity or prosperity. 1929 Economist 2 Nov. 806/1 The material prosperity of the United States is too firmly based, in our opinion, for a revival in industrial activity—even if we have to face an immediate recession of some magnitude—to be long delayed. 1930 Engineering 3 Jan. 21/2 The paramount problem is now whether this recession is yet at an end. 1938 E. Ambler Cause for Alarm i. 16 ‘Trade recession’ they called it... As far as I could see there wasn’t a great deal of diflference between a trade recession and a good oldfashioned slump. 1958 Spectator 30 May 676/2 This is partly due to the continued inablity of the United States to pull itself out of recession. 1976 F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society ll. iii. 99 The private sector, particularly in the throes of recession, is limited in its ability to pay by the discipline of the market system. 1981 Times 11 Mar. 19/4 The economy is now in deep recession.

recession (rn'sejan), sb^ [f.

RECHANGE

324

re- 5 a + cession:

cf. RECEDE v.^] The action of ceding back. 1890 Century Mag. Jan. 475/2 A bill for the recession [of the Yosemite Valley] to the United States.

recessional

(n'sejanal), a. and sb. [f. recession sb.^ + -AL^] A. adj. 1. Eccl. Belonging to the recession or retirement of the clergy and choir from the chancel to the vestry at the close of the service; esp. recessional hymn., a hymn sung while this retirement is taking place. 1867 Ch. Opinion 13 Apr. 15 The service concluded with a recessional hymn. 1882 Homilet. Monthly Apr. 410 The ritualist.. orders his processional and recessional movements with toll of bell and thunder of organ. 1932 Chesterton Coll. Poems (1933) 45 We fancied heaven preferring much Your rowdiest song..to such Very recessional repentance. 1973 Times 15 Nov. 6/6 Timothy Farrell, sub organist of Westminster Abbey, thundered recessional music.

2. Belonging to a recess (of Parliament). 1895 Westm. Gaz. 24 Aug. 2/2 The Government., continues to pile up work for the Recess and next Session. The recessional work promised by the Home Secretary [etc.].

3. recessional moraine (Geol.), a form of moraine which is deposited during a temporary halt or minor readvance of a receding glacier or ice sheet, similar in appearance to a terminal moraine. [1897 Jrnl. Geol. V. 427 To account for the moraines of recession by any scheme of ups and downs of the solid earth.] 1907 R. D. Salisbury Physiogr. v. 277 As the edge of the ice was melted back, it sometimes halted for a time far back from the position of its maximum advance. Beneath the edge in such positions, terminal moraines were made. Such terminal moraines are sometimes called recessional moraines. 1925 W. J. MillerPhysical Geol. viii. 255 Recessional moraines, forming a great succession of curving ridges, are wonderfully displayed to the south of Lakes Michigan and Erie. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 82 The terminal or recessional moraines of valley glaciers may persist, in certain circumstances, in a sufficiently well-preserved state that they can dam the stream that replaces the glacier. 1976 C. L. Matsch N. Amer. Gf Great Ice Age vii. 84 Recessional moraines are valuable aids to the glacial geologist because their spacing might allow the calculation of rates of melting if appropriate materials are available for radiocarbon dating.

B. sb. A recessional hymn. 1867 in Lifejas. Skinner xiii. (1884) 253 To crown all, we had ‘O Paradise!’ as a recessional.

recessionary (rii'sejanari), a. [f.

recession sb.^

+ -ARY^.] Of, pertaining to, or characterized by (economic) recession. 1958 Times 24 Nov. 15/2 Moreover, there are several factors that have so far provided a cushion against recessionary forces. 1970 Times 22 May 8 He admits himself baffled by the combination of high inflationary symptoms in prices and interest rates with recessionary symptoms in output. 1974 Daily Tel. 19 July 19 The outlook is clearly recessionary, but it is still doubtful if the Chancellor could afford to put back more than £500 million into the economy. 1979 Nat. Westm. Bank Q. Rev. Aug. 4 The desire to keep

the economy at a high level of activity in general world wide recessionary conditions.

recet, -cett(e, recetter, -or,

re'cessive, a. and sb. [f. L. recess-, ppl. stern of recedere to recede + -ive.] \.adj. 1. a. Tending

receve,

to recede. reserved.

recewle,

Also (rare) of persons, retiring,

1672-3 Grew Veget. Roots §38 They will also be more Pliable and recessive from the Centre. 1721 J. Clarke Moral Evil 23 That the constituent particles of it should be induced with particular impulsive or recessive forces. 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Tragedy 1.1. xiii. 95 She, for her part, felt recessive and thence evasive.

b. Philol. recessive cLccent, stress transferred towards or on to the first syllable of a word. 1879 W. W. Goodwin Elem. Gr. Gram. (ed. 2) i. 19 When a word throws its accent as far back as possible .. it is said to have recessive accent. 1926 Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage 168/1 He [sc. the latinist] has still to reckon with the recessiveaccent tendency, which has as good a right to a voice in the matter as his erudition. 1955 So. Amer. Aug. 82/3 Add to these specimens the ‘recessive accent’—stressing of the first syllable of a word which has previously been accented on the second or third syllable. 1973 A. H. SoMMERSTEIN Sound Pattern Anc. Gr. v. 171 Action nouns.. have recessive accent if masculine but final accent if feminine. c. Philol. That tends to recede from use or fall

into desuetude. 1935 Univ. Mich. Publ. Lang. ^ Lit. XIII. 14 Inasmuch as the -eth plural was a recessive characteristic, we naturally find the-e(n) form as well as the -eth form occurring south of this line. 1962 Speech XXXVII. 172 Possibly coa/Aod is a recessive form on the Banks. 1972 M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evol. vi. 92 The isogloss for a given feature may or may not shift. If it does shift, there may be conylete levelling resulting in the elimination of the recessive form.

2. Biol. [tr. G. recessiv (Mendel, Versuche tiber Pflanzenhybridetiy in Verh. d. Naturforsch. Ver.^ Briinn (1865) IV. 10).] Applied to a hereditary trait which is not perceptibly expressed in heterozygotes, being masked by a dominant allele of the gene that determines it; hence applied also to an allele which can affect the phenotype only in the absence of some other, dominant, allele. Const, to the dominant allele. 1900, etc. [see dominant a. 7]. 1920 Glasgow Herald 21 Aug. 4 The characters of tallness and dwarfness were thus separating out again. One of them, dwarfness, had temporarily disappeared in the first filial generation, and for that reason was called by Mendel the recessive character. 1930 R. A. Fisher Genet. Theory Nat. Selection iii. 52 The pronounced tendency of the mutant gene to be recessive, to the gene of wild type from which it arises, calls for explanation. 1950 Science News XV. 124 The research worker may find blood group inheritance a convenient field for study... Recessive characters, even in the presence of dominant ones, are quite easily recognised, for the heterozygotes can be distinguished from the homozygotes by using the appropriate antibodies. 1964 M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. vi. 78 A single recessive gene produces the phenomenon of skipping generations and of carriers who do not show the condition themselves; certain kinds of mental deficiency are like this. Schizophrenia is thought by some to be inherited by two or more recessive genes. 1971 D. J. Cove Genetics ii. 14 If a heterozygous strain.. resembles the strain homozygous for the A allele,., thus the A allele is said to be dominant to the a allele, or conversely the a allele is said to be recessive to the A allele.

B. sb. Biol. a. An individual in which a particular recessive allele is expressed, b. A recessive allele or character. 1900 W. Bateson in Jrnl. R. Hort. Soc. XXV. 58 Mendel discovered that in this generation the numerical proportion of dominants to recessives is approximately constant, being in fact as three to one. 1902 Rep. Evolution Committee R. Soc. I. 8 The recessives are thenceforth not only apparently but actually pure, and if allowed to fertilise themselves give rise to recessives only, for any number of generations. 1905 R. C. Punnett Mendelism 15 This condition behaves as a single recessive to the normal state. 1916 W. Bateson Probl. Genetics iv. 91 We find that.. a diversity of recessives may appear within a moderately short period. 1931 E. B. Ford Mendelism Evolution ii. iii. 47 The first gene to be discovered in Drosophila simulans was that for yellow bodycolour. It is a sex-linked recessive. 1949 W. C. Allee et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. xxxiv. 655/1 Deleterious autosomal recessives are strikingly abundant in certain wild populations of Drosophila. 1972 J. Murray Genetic Diversity Natural Selection ii. 5 The lowered fitness is the result of the unmasking of deleterious recessives. Hence re'cessively adv., in a receding manner. 1886 Edin. Rev. Oct. 494 As she [Greece] passes recessively from the grand Attic period to the Spartan, the Theban, the Macedonian, and the Asiatic.

recessiveness (ri'sEsivnis).

Biol.

[f. prec.

-1-

-NESS.] The state or property of being recessive. Opp. DOMINANCE 2. 1909 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity 71 Basing his procedure on a knowledge of the dominance or recessiveness of each character the breeder may thus guide his operations with certainty. 1938 L. Ride Genetics & Clinician ii. 17 In the case of the red and white four o’clocks, the dominance of ‘red’ is but 50% as is also the recessiveness of white, i.e., neither character is definitely dominant nor recessive. Ibid., The dominance of some characters in the echinoderm may be changed to recessiveness by altering the chemical nature of the sea-water. 1975 J. B. Jenkins Genetics iii. 83 Bateson .. proposed his presence-and-absence hypothesis.. which stated that dominance is due to the presence of a particular gene and that recessiveness results from the loss of that gene.

recessor. (? Misprint for recession.) 0x637 Jonson Discov. (1640) 112 From the opticks it [painting].. tooke shadowes, recessor, light, and heightnings.

obs. ff. reset sb. and v. obs. fT. resetter.

obs. f. receive. var. of recueil.

receypte, receyt(e, receytour, receyve, obs. ff. RECEIPT, RECEIPTER, RECEIVE.

rech,

obs. f. reach sb.^ and ri.*, rich v.

Rechabite

('rekabait). [ad. bibfical^ L. Rechabita, used in pi. to render Heb. Rekdbim, f. the personal name Rekdb: see jfer. xxxv. 2-19.] One of a Jewish family descended from Jonadab, son of Rechab, which refused to drink wine or live in houses. Hence (a) one who abstains from intoxicating liquors; now spec, a member of the Independent Order of Rechabites, a benefit society founded in 1835; (b) a dweller in tents. 1382 Wyclif Jer. xxxv. 3 Jeconye.. and alle his sonus, and al the hous of Rechabitis. 1535 Coverdale ibid.. The whole housholde off the Rechabites. c x68i {title) The English Rechabite, or a Defyance to Bacchus and all his Works, c 1720 Prior Wandering Pilgrim 9 A Rechabite poor Will must live. And drink of Adam’s ale. i860 Russell Diary India II. xviii. 345 Cone after cone of canvas offers brief shelter to the Rechabite.

Hence 'Rechabitism, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating liquors; the principles or practice of the friendly society of Rechabites. 1870 Rechabite Temperance Mag. Jan. 8 To extend the blessings of Rechabitism throughout, .the land.

frechace. Obs. rare~^. [ad. OF. rachas nom. of rachat f. re- re- + achat achate The act of buying back or redeeming. c 1460 Sir R. Ros La Belle Dame, etc. 324 He I>at ones to loue dothe his omage. Full often tyme, der boght is the rechace.

rechace, variant of

rechase sb. and v.

t rechafe,

[re- 5 a.] A repeated chafing. 1581 J Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 307 b, Archbyshoppes, and monckes .. roonning to Rome in their often chafe and rechafe, sweating and turmoyling.

rechafe,

ri. [re- 5 a. Cf. rechaufeu.] trans. To

chafe again. 1583 Golding Calvin on Deut. Pref. 3 Although they haue been oftentimes chafed and rechafed yet are they so starke and stiffe for colde that they have no force nor might.

So t re'chafement.

Obs.-^

1609 [Bp. W. Barlow] Answ. Nameless Cath. 364 They take order to keep out and cut off the originall nourishing infiamers, which minister the rechaffment to these disloyd attempts.

re'chain, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To chain again. ai7ii KEti Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 171 He their malicious Tyranny restrain’d. And orders gave they shou’d be all rechain’d.

rechange (ri:'tfeind3), sb. Also 5 Sc. recheng(e, 5-6 rechaunge, 6 rechaynge.

[f.

re-

5a

+

CHANGE 56.]

11. The

RE-EXCHANGE on a bill. Obs. So F. rechange (1680 in Hatz.-Darm.). See also recamby. 1489 Sc. Acta Dom. Cone. 130/1 }>e recheng interess dampnage & expensis sustenit be pe said reuerent faider extending.. to pe soume of xij** of ross noblis. 1492 in Arnolde Chron. (1502) Hiv, Alle maner costis lossis and damagis whiche shall happen too falle for lac of payment at the daye aforesayde of the principall somme aboue sayde be it bee exchaunge rechaunge or other wyse. 1538 in R. G. Marsden Sel. PI. Crt. Adm. (1894) I. 72 To pay change and rechaunge after the use and custum of merchants. 1682 Scarlett Exchanges 294 By Re-change here and else-where, is meant, the whole Bill which is advanced with the Re¬ change, Provisions and Charges, &c... and not the bare Re¬ change only, which is the Monyes that exceeds the Value of the first Bill.

t2. The goods).

act of re-exchanging (money or

1487 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 403/1 An Act against Exchange and Rechange, without the Rings License. 1503 Ibid. 525/1 Money in Golde or Silver, whiche.. cannot come to the proffete of the Kyngs Realme.. without exchaynge or rechaynge made in the Landes beyond the See. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. *1], Certaine and generall Rules for Exchaunge of money, and Rechaunge. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 371 The benefit or profit of exchange is never known directly but by the rechange thereof. 1625 in Rymer Foedera XV III. 146 With sufficient Meanes for the Re-change of the Tokens to be uttered to the Citizens.

3. The act of changing or altering again. 0x550 Image Hypocr. i. 192 in Skelton's Wks. (1843) II. 416/1 Which [? read with] chaunge and rechaunge Of fastinges and of feestes. 01586 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 232 Neuer the Muses more tired then now with changes & rechanges of his deuises. 1642 Spelman View Printed Bk. 36 With in the space of 500 yeares.. how many changes [printed thinges] and rechanges had they of their Gouemment. 1890 Lowell Inscr. Bust Fielding, He.. saw the Sphinx, now bestial, now divine, In change and rechange.

rechange (rii'tjeinds), v. Also 6 rechaung(e. [f. RE- 5 a + CHANGE V., perh. after F. rechanger.)

1. To change or alter again, a. intr. or absol.

RECHANT

b. trans. 15^ Kyd Sol. Pers. i. i. 22 Did not I change long loue to sudden hate; And then rechange their hatred into loue? 1644 Featly Roma Ruens 7 The whole world shall be changed into a second chaos, and that chaos shall be re¬ changed into a ne\v world. ^21774 Goldsm. Hist. Greece I. 170 By this changing and rechanging the order of battle, nothing farther was done for that day. 1896 Daily News 19 Nov. 6/5 Recusancy, or the crime of not being able to change, and even re-change, one’s religion at the command of the Privy Council, figures conspicuously.

12. trans. (and absol.) To re-exchange (goods or money). Obs. 1551 Edw. wyrnl. in Lil. Rem. (Roxb.) II. 406 Liberty was gevin to the marchauntis to exchaung and rechaung money for money. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d' Alf. n. 239 There is no negociating now adayes, but with it [honesty] and with money; changing and rechanging as the market goes.

Hence re'changing vbl. sb. i6ii Florio, Rimuta, a remoouing or rechanging. 1612 Brerewood Lang. & Relig. 47 Nothing is found of any rechanging of those languages from the Roman, into the state wherein now they are.

re'chant, v. [f.

re- + chant v., perh. after F.

rechanter (1288) or L. recantdre: cf. recant v.^] intr. and trans. To chant again or in reply; to repeat in chanting. Hence re'chanted, re'chanting ppl. adjs. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. iv. Handie-crafts 31 Hark, hark, the cheerfull and re-chanting cries Of old and young; singing this joyfull Ditty. 1633 Prynne ist Pt. Histrio-m. 532 b, Whiles they chaunt and rechaunt this. 1641 R. Baillie Canterb. Self-convict. Large Suppl. Postscr. i To parallel the Scottish Covenanters with Jesuites is the old and oft rechanted son[g] of your fellows.

re'chaos, v. rare,

[re- 5 a.]

trans. To reduce

again to chaos. 1611J. Davies Scourgeo/Fo//y Wks. (Grosart) II. 53 Shee shall Preserue thy name till she re-chaos’d go To purgingflames. 1616-Sir T. Over bury 16 So shall thy stay, when states re-chaosed lie. Make thee great Steward to Eternitie.

recharge (ri;'tja;d3, 'ri:-), sb. [f. re- + charge sb., prob. after F. recharge (1433).] 1. A fresh charge or load. spec, in Hydrology, the replenishment of the water content of an aquifer as a result of the absorption of water into the zone of saturation (freq. induced artificially by sinking wells into the aquifer); the water so added. Also (rare), the action of recharging a battery. 1611 Florio, Ricarica, a recharge, a reburthen. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v.. The recharge should never be so deep as the first charge, lest the piece.. should burst. 1928 M. Arendt Storage Batteries vii. 146 This is a common feature of all high rate recharges, as the more dense electrolyte formed by the electrolytic action within plate pores and at plate surfaces does not have time to diffuse throughout the electrolyte during the earlier part of the recharge period. 1931 Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union XII. 208 At eight of the plats some recharge was indicated, but some of these had been irrigated in the previous summer. 1942 O. E. Meinzer Hydrol. X. 404 The recharge is increased if the intake area receives not only the local precipitation but also the surface flow of a tributary catchment area. 1965 R. G. Kazmann Mod. Hydrol. v. 139 When the supply of soil moisture in a given place is fully replenished, any additional water received from the surface is carried downward under the influence of gravity, either directly to the water table or to the intermediate belt of the zone of aeration: this phenomenon is termed the ‘recharge’ of an aquifer. 1976 J. D. Bredehoeft et al. in J. C. Rodda Facets of Hydrol. ix. 241/2 Variations in recharge change the inflow as well as the saturated thickness of the aquifers to the west of Barstow.

t2. The act of accusing in return. Obs.~^ 1637 C. Dow Answ. H. Barton 127 His brave retort and recharge of sedition upon them.

3. a. A renewed or return charge in battle. 1603 Holland Plutarch’s Mor. 675 That buffetting representeth the charging of the enemie, and the avoiding of his recharge. 01656 Ussher Ann. (1658) 749 Caesars ships being.. ready for any needs of service, either for charge or recharges, or to turn about. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Recharge, a renewal of the charge or attack.

fb. fig.

A

RECHAT

325

*579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 98 Helen of Greece.. chaunged and rechaunged at hir pleasure, I graunt 1594 T B. La Prtmaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 155 It..addeth thereunto or diminisheth, changeth and rechangeth. 1682 Bunyan Holy often hast thou changed and rechanged. 1811 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. LXV. 141 The eye soon sickens ot identical furniture, and unvarying imagery... Let us change and rechange.

renewed

attack

of something.

Obs.-^ J. Pyper tr. Hist. Astrea i. vii. 234 This recharge of griefe surprized me so forcibly. 1620

4. Special Comb, in Hydrology, recharge area, an area of ground surface through which is absorbed the water that will percolate into a zone of saturation in one or more aquifers; recharge basin, an artificially constructed basin, freq. in sandy material, used to collect water for artificial recharge of an aquifer; recharge well, a well used to inject water into an aquifer by artificial recharge. 1951 H. E. Thomas Conservation of Ground Water ii. 29 The .ground-water phase of the hydrologic cycle is one of movement from the places where water enters the aquifer —the ‘‘recharge’ areas—to the place where the water is discharged from the ground. 1978 Betson & Ardis in M. J.

Kirkby Hillslope Hydrol. viii. 308 The impact upon streamflow of paving over a thin-soil primary source area.. would be far less than a similar amount of paving over a primary recharge area. 1951 H. E. Thomas Conservation of Ground Water iii. 143 The city has ^recharge basins totaling 65 acres which permit infiltration of up to a million gallons a day into the ground. 1970 Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 5/2 Long Island is cornbating the threat [of drought] by constructing ‘recharge basins’ capable of retaining about 10 per cent, of the water now being lost to the sea. 1951 H. E. Thomas Conservation of Ground Water iii. 125 Permits were issued with the proviso that water used for cooling and air conditioning be returned to the same aquifer through *recharge wells. 1976 Raudkivi & Callander Analysis of Groundwater Flow iii. 58 Water is pumped through the aquifer from the recharge well to the well.

recharge (rk'tjaidj), v. [f. re- -i- charge v., perh. after F. recharger (13th c.).] 1. trans. f a. To reload (a vessel). Also refl. and absol. Obs. 1432 Rolls of Parlt. IV. They [ships] have atte all tymes be discharged and recharged. 1497 Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 250 The seid veassayle.. saylyng.. vnto Portesmouth & ther dyscharged then frome thens to Southampton & ther Recharged with the cordage. 1600 Hakluyt Voy. III. 863 They bee there all the winter in the ports, to discharge their loding and recharge backe againe. 1615 tr. De Monfart's Surv. E. Indies 35 The Portugalls mutually come to discharge and recharge themselues. b. To put a fresh charge in; to refill, reload.

spec, to replenish the water content of (an aquifer). 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 167 As soon as the melting-pot is emptied, it is immediately re-charged. 1942 A. C. Swinnerton in O. E. Meinzer Hydrol. xiv. 698 It is possible to recharge basalt by running water down drilled wells. 1966 Davis & De Wiest Hydrogeol. xii. 425 Where infiltration is most vigorous, underlying aquifers may be recharged. 1976 Raudkivi & Callander Analysis of Groundwater Flow v. 108 If the well is at the centre of an island,.. the aquifer is recharged from the lake surrounding the island.

2. fa. To charge or accuse in return. Obs. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. xi. §13 Whereupon they re¬ charge vs, as if in these things we gaue the Church a libertie which hath no limits or bounds. 1697 G. Keith 2nd Narr. Proc. Turner’s Hall 33 Whereas I charged T. Elw. with perverting the Apostles Creed, he recharges me, and lays the whole Ground of his Charge upon a Quibble. b. To make a new charge against. 1895 Daily News 4 June 2/5 The magistrate.. then directed that she should be re-charged for the assault on the assistant gaoler.

c. intr. Obs.-^

To repeat a charge or accusation.

*595 Daniel Civ. Wars \. Ixi, Norfolke denies them peremptorily. Herford recharg’d.

3. To lay or impose again as a charge, rare. 1611 CoTGR., Reimposer, to reimpose, to recharge. 1665 Lord's Prayer 2 [He] shall have all his suits rejected, and his sins.. recharged upon him. 01734 North Lives (1826) II. Ill The unfair traders, and runners, and such as come in before the duties are recharged. Wither

4. intr. To charge (in battle) again or in return. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iii. i. 43 Then recharging aduisedly to be ready to come vp. 1616 J. Lane Cont. Sqr.’s T. IX. 90 With valient secondes, placd to recharge after. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. Ixvii, They charge, re-charge, and all along the Sea They drive and squander the huge Belgian Fleet.

5. a. trans. To restore an electric charge to (a battery), b. intr. Of a battery: to acquire an electric charge again, to become recharged. 1876 Preece & SivEWRiGHT Telegraphy 21 In recharging the battery the liquid drawn off from the zinc cells is again employed in them. 1893 J. T. Niblett Portative Electricity III. 188 As a rule the user of a secondary battery knows.. at what rate his battery is intended to be recharged. 1928 M. Arendt Storage Batteries vii. 143 A partial charge.. may be given to recharge a battery sufficiently to meet some special demand, i960 Farmer Gf Stockbreeder 22 Mar. (Suppl.) 8/2 The battery runs for 2\ hours on a single charge and is recharged for a few pence with a trickle charger. 1974 Sci. Amer. Nov. 134/2 The fully discharged battery would recharge., in about 40 hours. 1976 Country Life 22 Jan. 200/3 Batteries for a lawnmower.. have been recharged. c. In fig. phr. to recharge one's or {the)

batteries, to restore fitness and mental composure by means of changed circumstances, esp. rest; also absol. 1921 W. S. Churchill Let. 9 Feb. in M. Soames Clementine Churchill {ig'jq) xiii. 194 Subordinate everything in yr life to regathering yr nervous energy, and recharging yr batteries. 1971 A. Vrice Alamut Ambush x. 127 His London existence had been frenetic, and Firle was where he recharged his batteries. 1976 J. Snow Cricket Rebel 83, I felt that I was at the halfway stage of my career and needed the rest to recharge the batteries. 1976 G. Moffat Short Time to Live xii. 136 London’s.. overwhelming... You come home to recharge, and go back. Hence re'chargeable a., that may be

recharged; re'charging vbl. sb. 1892 Daily News 3 June 7/3 The recharging occupies six hours. 1893 J. T. Niblett Portative Electricity iii. 187 Nearly all cases of failure of secondary batteries are due to lack of sufficient knowledge on the part of the user for properly conducting the operation of recharging. Ibid. 188 The rate at which a secondary battery receives the recharging current may be allowed to vary considerably without fear of damage to any of its parts. 1897 R. Kearton Nature & Camera 358 The recharging of dark slides. 1926 C. Connolly Let. 8 June in Romantic Friendship {ig'j$) 139, I need recharging. I expect we both do. 1942 Partridge Usage & Abusage 170/2 The invention of either new words or new senses (i.e., the re-charging of old words). 1949 Econ. Geol. XLIV. 523 In considering sites for water storage, the

hydrologic engineer and the economic geologist should not overlook rechargeable aquifers. 1964 T. L. Kinsey AudioTyping Sf Electric Typewriters iii. 16 The batteries, like accumulators, are rechargeable. 1972 New Scientist 11 May 321/1 These newcomers have provided.. new electrical devices—such as.. a rechargeable battery with an energyto-weight ratio some 10 times higher than that of the familiar lead and sulphuric acid system. 1977 Sci. Amer. May 27/2 More expensive techniques are to build infiltration pits .. and recharging wells, by means of which water is pumped into the ground rather than drawn from it. 1978 Nature 15 June p. xv/i The recorders are. .supplied with rechargeable fibre tipped pens.

recharter (ri:'tja:t3(r)), sb. [re- 5 a.] The renewal of a charter; a new or second charter. 1847 in Webster. 1852 J. M. Ludlow Hist. U.S. 159 In 1832 .. Webster led the new Whig party in support of its re¬ charter. 1878 F. A. Walker Money xx. 457 In 1832 occurred the Recharter, when the Bank directors showed a still further change of views.

recharter (ri:'tja:t3(r)), v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To charter again; to give a new charter to. Hence re'chartering vbl. sb. 1847 in Webster. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. III. vi. 373 He pr^ared to recharter the bank of England. 1884 igth Cent. Dec. 1005 The Vice-President.. was found to be opposed to the rechartering of a -United States Bank.

t rechase, sb. Obs. Also 5 rechas, -chayse, 5, (7) -chace. [Perh. ad. OF. *rachas, nom. of *rachat RECHEAT s6.] = RECHEAT sb. (but in later quota, possibly associated with rechase v.^ 2 a). f 1420 Venery de Tuety in Rel. Ant. I. 152 Than shall y® blowe on this maner a mote, and aftirward the rechace upon my houndys that be past the boundys. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. 58 The huntes J?ei halowe, in hurstes and huwes. And bluwe rechas ryally. ? c 1475 Sqr. lowe Degre 772 To here the bugles there yblow,.. And sevenscore raches at his rechase. 1634 Malory’s Arthur ii. cxxxviii, All the blasts that long to all manner of games;.. to the rechace [Caxton rechate] to the flight [etc.].

re'chase, v.' Obs. exc. dial. Also 5 rechasse, 5-6 rechace. [a. F. rechasser (13th c.; OF. also rechacier, etc.): see re- and chase v.] fl. trans. To chase or drive back (an assailant); to chase in turn. Obs. c'l^’j’j Caxton Jason i8 After, .the worthy Jason had rechaced his enmyes unto nyghe by the ooste. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccev. 458 These fortresses.. made dyuers yssues and assautes on their neighbours, Somtyme chasyng and somtyme rechased agayne. 1614 Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue v. 358 One-while the Syrians by the Medes are chas’t; Anon the Medes by Syrians are rechas’t. absol. 1609 Daniel Civ. Wars iv. xlvii. Then these assaile, then those rechase again.

fb. To drive or force back (a thing). Obs.-"^ 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Qvij, There is nothyng that more rechaceth the balle of the thought.

2. t a* Hunting. To chase (a deer) back into the forest. Obs. 01369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 39 Withynne a while the herte founde ys I-halowed and rechased faste Longe tyme. 1678 Phillips (ed. 4), To Rechace,.. among Hunts-men is to make homewards, to drive back towards the place where the game was rouzed or started. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Rechacing, The keeping of running dogs to rechace the deer into the forests.

b. To drive back (cattle or sheep) from one pasture to another. 1618 J. Wilkinson Courts Baron (1620) 147 If any tenant .. doth vse in the Summer time or open time of the yeere,.. to bring Cattell from his other Farme into his farme within this Manor,.. this is called chasing and rechasing. 1720 T. Wood Instit. Eng. Law iv. i. 490 The Homage may also Enquire.. Of Chasing Cattle into the Manor, and Re¬ chasing them. 1851 Dorset Gloss., Chase and re-chase, to drive sheep at particular times from one pasture to another.

fc. To drive or course (horses) back over the same ground. Obs. 1607 Markham Caval. i. (1617) 54 Albe some Authors giue aduice to chase and rechase your Mares vp and downe the ground. Ibid. iii. 9 The best mettald Horses, if they be chaste and rechaste without, .some incouragement, will by degrees growe worse and worse.

t3. intr. Obs.-^

?

To be engaged in rechasing.

Perh. a transferred use of 2 a, suggested by the hunting sense of quest, but the correct reading may be theire chase is. c 1485 Digby Myst. v. 723 The queste of holborn come into this places, a-geyne the right euer thei rechases.

Hence fre'chaser; fre'chasing vbl. sb.' 1611 Florio, Riccacciamenti, rechasings. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Rechacing, Antiently there were offices of rechacers of the deers bestowed by the king on gentlemen, or old hunters.

t re'chase, Obs. rare. Also 5 -chace. [var. of rechate recheat v., after rechase intr. To recheat. Hence f re'chasing vbl. sb.^ c 1450 Master of Game (MS. Douce 335) xxxiii. If. 60 He sholde rechace with oute long mote; for the mote shold neuer be blowe before this rechasyng.

re'chasten, v. [re- 5 a.] To chasten again. 1817 Moore Lalla R., Proph. Khor. ii, To see Those virtuous eyes for ever turn’d on me; And in their light re¬ chasten’d silently .. Grow pure by being purely shone upon.

rechat(e: see recheat sb. and n.

RECHAUD llrechaud (rejo).

[Fr., f. stem of rechauffer RECHAUFFER v.'\ A receptacle in which food is warmed or kept warm. 1925 B. Rackham tr. E. Hannover's Pottery & Porcelain in. viii. 185 The factory hardly created much in the way of new forms.. beyond a series of ‘Rechauds' (foodwarmers). 1955 H. Newman in Apollo Feb. 35 The pedestal of a foodwarmer (rechaud) is usually cylindrical or slightly conical, and is of greater diameter than that of a tea-warmer. 1958 R. Godden Greengage Summer ix. 106 The rose-coloured wine, the rechaud flame, the lights were reflected in the windows over and over again.

re'chauffe, v. rare. Also frechaufe. [a. F. rechauffer: see next.] trans. To warm (again). Also fig. Cf. RECHAUFFER V. a 1521 R. Copland Knt. of the Swanne ix. After that the good hermit had done his possibilitie to susteine and rechaufe the .vii. litle chyldren. 1579 Baker Guydons Quest. Chirurg. 27 It is ordeyned for to rechaufe the parts next thereto, as Galen sayth. 1836 Disraeli in Monypenny & Buckle Life Disraeli I. App. B. 387 Canning irritated by Copley’s rechauffing in a speech Philpotts’.. pamphlet. 1931 R. Campbell Georgiad i. 18 His melancholy recipes [sic] For ‘happiness’... How to ‘rechauffe’ the stock-pot of desire.

11 rechauffe (rejofe), sb. and adj. Also rechauffe, rechauffee. [F., pa. pple. of rechauffer to warm up again, f. re- + echauffer: see re- and chafe u.] A. sb. A warmed-up dish; hence^g. something old served up or presented again, esp. a rehash of literary matter. 1805 Edin. Rev. Apr, 133 It is really wasting time to confute this rechauffe of a theory. 1851 E. WARD^rw/. 5 Feb. (1951) 123 Took tea with the Godleys, met the Russells, and had a rechauffe both of the ball supper and the ball gossip. 1864 Q. Rev. July 83 A rechauffe of the forgotten criticisms of one of our old English deists. 1870 Miss Broughton Red as Rose I. xiii. 272 A rechauffe of one’s own stale speeches is not an appetising dish. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 26 Mar. 337/2 The main objection to the book is that it is a rechauffe... Stevenson’s contribution now bears a family resemblance to his piece then. 1977 Times 3 Sept. 10/5 Cru de Meynas.. is a useful bottle for casual meals of cold game or rechauffees.

B. adj. Of food: reheated. Also^g., rehashed. 1909 Webster, Rechauffe. .p. a. masc., rechauffee. .p.a. fern... Warmed over;—of a dish food. Also fig. 1921 Sat. Westm. Gaz. 17 Sept. 14/1 Professor Wendell.. frequently inserts what the dust-cover or jacket of the English edition denominates his ‘humanity’ between a hackneyed quotation and a platitude tastefully rechauffe. 1977 Gramophone Feb. 1307/1 These, then, are humdrum, rechauffe performances full of gestures by rote. 1977 Broadcast 19 Dec. 1612 Canned laughter: Artificial sauce used to season rechauffe mirth.

Hence rechauffeed ppl. a. = sense B above. 1883 E. W. Hamilton Diary 3 Feb. (1972) II. 395 The programme, to which he leans in addition to the unexciting non-contentious, rechauffeed bills, is Metropolitan Government and Local Government for Ireland.

II rechauffer (rejofe), v. [Fr.: see rechauffe.] Usu. as infin., to warm up again; fig., to rehash. Hence llrechauffage (-33) [Fr. suff. -age: cf. -age], a rehash. 1965 Punch 31 Mar. 472I3 This plan to store up the dead at minus two hundred degrees C. and then rechauffer them to life when medical science has learned how to put right whatever it was they died of. 1967 Punch 28 June 961/3 In telling the story of her career Lady Summerskill has fallen into the Politician’s Pitfall of believing that it is possible to rechauffer old Parliamentary speeches. 1972 E. LucieSmith in Cox & Dyson 20th-Cent. Mind III. xvi. 466 Most of what they produced was a mere rechauffage of pre-war ideas.

re-chaw, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To chaw again. 1616 J. Lane Cont. Sqr.'s T. vii. 102 Which soddaine motion so entind his blood, as causd him aye rechawe his moodie cudd.

rechayse, variant of rechase sb. Obs. rechche, reche, obs. forms of reck

RECIBIR

326

v.

freche, w. Obs.-^ [Of obscure origin: cf. rache u.^] trans. To tear, rend. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13939 He wan vpo fote, All-to rechit his robis & his ronke here; Fowle frusshet his face with his felle nailes.

reche, obs. form of reach, retch. recheat (ri'tjiit), f rechate, sb. Obs. exc. arch. Also 8 ra-. [Prob. ad. OF. *rachat, vbl. sb. from rachater recheat v.] fa. The act of calling together the hounds to begin or continue the chase of a stag, or at the close of the hunt. Obs. rare. b. The series of notes sounded on a horn for one or other of these purposes. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lii, Fyrste to the vncoupelynge, to the sekynge, to the rechate, to the flyghte. 1575 Turberv. Venerie xl. iii They may come in nearer towardes their houndes & blowe a Rechate to their houndes to comforte them. 1590 Cockaine Treat. Hunting D iv. The Rechate, with three winds, The first, one long and fiue short. The second one long and one short. The third, one long and sixe short. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. 11. v. 853 As you sounded the recheat before, so now you must sound the releefe three times. 1651 Davenant Gondibert ii xxxvii Now winde they a Recheat, the rous’d Dear’s knell. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. i. 292 He that gives the fatal Blow, ought to sound a Racheat, to assemble together the rest of the Company, as also the Dogs. 1862 Luck of Ladysmede II.

343, I did not think there was one amongst ye who could sound a recheat so like mine own. fig- 1599 Shaks. Much Ado i. i. 242 That I will haue a rechate winded in my forehead.. all women shall pardon me.

t recheat, rechate, ZJ. Obs. Also 6 rechat. [ad. OF. rachater, racheter to reassemble, rally (Godef.).] intr. To blow a recheat. Also with/n. 13.. Gaw. & Gr. Knt, 19ii Huntes hyBed hem h^der, with hornez ful mony, Ay rechatande aryBt til pay he renk seaen. Ibid. 1446. C1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, He shulde rechate.. and blowe after pat a moote. Ibid. XXXV, J>ei shull blowe a moot and rechate and relaye and go forth her with awaye rechatynge amonge. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 2177 Yonder is a horson for me doth rechate: Adewe, syrs, for I thynke leyst that I come to late. 1575 Turberv. Venerie xl. 114 If they finde that he hunteth the chaffed Deare, they shall rechate in for the rest of the houndes. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. il. v. 850 Then must you sound 3 notes, with 3 windes, and recheat.. vpon the same with 3 windes. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. xiii. 127 Rechating with his horn, which then the hunter cheats.

Hence re'cheating vbl. sb. c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, pe moot shulde neuer be blowe byfore pe rechatynge.

'recheck, sb. [f. the vb.] A renewed or second examination or investigation. 1926 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CLXXI. 851 A recheck showed that no fermentation test had been done on the urine, which vitiated the value of the result. 1972 T. Ardies This Suitcase is going to Explode xvii. 190 Those rechecks on the refugee scientists were supposed to be thorough. 1977 J. M. Johnson in Douglas & Johnson Existential Sociol. viii. 243 Upon receiving the reports and memo, the supervisor of Unit Two did not return the forms to the workers for a recheck.

re'check, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. and intr. To check

again. Hence re'checking vbl. sb. 1902 ‘Mark Twain’ in Harper’s Weekly 6 Dec. 4/2 Your luggage.. rechecked, fare-ticket and sleeper changed. 1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iii. 51 Constant checking and rechecking against fact. 1962 L. Deighton Ipcress File xi. 71, I decided to recheck his security clearance. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes x. 469 Retighten the sprocket and recheck by running sheets. 1977 ‘E. Trevor’ Theta Syndrome ii. 27 A young intern rechecked the patient. 1977 P. G. Winslow Witch Hill Murder ii. 215 All that’s left to us is to check and re-check on every aspect of the case.

treched. 06s.~' (Meaning unknown.)

1946 A. Christie Come, tell me how you Live viii. 148 We have a very delicious and recherche lunch with the French Commandant. 1955 Times 16 May 11/4 The more recherche of whose oratorios ought to be remembered for future eighteenth-century festivals. 1970 I. Murdoch Fairly Honourable Defeat i. v. 55 The smell.. was fresh and bitter and at the same time nauseating. Hilda wondered if it were not caused by some extremely recherche form of dry rot. 1978 Daedalus Fall 4 Our perception of a lifetime has become increasingly recherche.

II recherche du temps perdu (rajerf dy ta perdy). [ad. F. d la recherche du temps perdu (also used), lit. ‘in search of the lost time’, used by Marcel Proust (1871-1922) as the title of a reminiscent novel (1913-27).] The remembrance of things past; the narration or evocation of one’s early life. 1946 L. P. Hartley Sixth Heaven xi. 233 A feeble poorspirited attempt to revive the joys of childhood, a journey a la recherche du temps perdu. 1952 Spectator 19 Dec. 854/2 Like so many sensitive novels by contemporary women novelists, it is a recherche du temps perdu. 1966 M. Steen Looking Glass x. 217, I.. listened to the two old friends sharing their recherche du temps perdu. 1975 Broadcast 3 Nov. 14/3 Old Times by Harold Pinter.. is, of course, a play about recherche du temps perdu.

reches,

obs. form of riches.

rechew (rii'tju;), v.

[re- 5 a.] To chew again. 1609 J. Davies Holy Rood Giij b, Nor could He (as some Beasts rechew their meat..) Rechew this Bread. 1713 C’tess Winchelsea Misc. Poems 292 When.. unmolested Kine rechew the Cud. 1856 J. Gumming Script. Readings, Deut. xiv. 228 The animal that rechews its food as the sheep.

re'child, v.

[re- 5 a.] To become a child again. 1606 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. ii. Magnificence 526 When he (re-childing) sought With childish sport to still thy cryes.

rechless(e,

-les(s)ly,

-lesness,

obs.

ff.

trans.

To

RECKLESS a., RECKLESSLY, -NESS.

rechoose (rii'tjuiz), v. choose again.

[re-

5 a.]

1690 Child Disc. Trade (1694) 149 All the twelve to be rechosen. 1795 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XVI. 524 The liberty of rechoosing the members of the.. assembly. 1885 North Star i July 3/2 The old-time ceremony of re-choosing a representative.

?a 1400 Morte Arth. 3264 The rowelle whas rede golde with ryalle stonys, Raylide with reched and rubyes inewe.

rechristen (ri:'kris(3)n),

recheer (ri:‘tji3(r)), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To cheer or encourage again.

1796 Lamb Let. to Coleridge lo June, Now it is rechristened from a Sonnet to an Effusion. 1822 T. L. Peacock Maid Marian 221 He was rechristened without a priest. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome vi. 334 It was deemed advisable to re-christen the district with the old imperial name.

1614 Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue iv. 392 Untill.. The courteous General’s words re-cheer her. a 1618-Job iii. 63 Re-comfort them shalt Thou, And thus re-cheer them. 01711 Ken Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 IL 142 In short time the Light Recheers their Sight. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide III. 545 (MS.) Eternal clemency will hear thy suit, Absolve the error and thy soul recheer.

2. To salute again with a cheer or cheers. 1880 Standard 20 May 3 The vessels sail one by one out of the Sound, cheered and re-cheered by women and children.

t'rechelen, v. Obs.-"^

[f. rechel-s rekels: cf. OE. recelsian.'\ trans. To smoke with incense. CI200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 133 Zacharie po he he gede in pt temple mid his rechel fat to rechelende pt alter.

recheles, var. of recheles,

rekels, incense. Obs.

-Ieshed(e,

-lesliche,

-Iesnes(se,

obs. ff. RECKLESS a., RECKLESSHEAD, etc.

t recheles-ship. Obs. In 4 -shepe, -schipe, 5 rechelaschepe. [f. ME. recheles reckless + -SHIP.] Recklessness, carelessness. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 2559 Wyllyng, certys, y dyd hyt noght. But for rechelesshepe of hoght. 13.. Prick of Love 355 in Min. Poems fr. Vernon MS. 277 Recheleschipe is the thridde [sin]—-bou takest no kep what men pt bidde. CI430 Freemasonry (1840) 191 Suche a mon, throBe rechelaschepe, MyBth do the craft schert worschepe.

frechelest, -lust. Obs. rare. [OE. recceliest, f. recceleas RECKLESS.] Carelessness, negligence. c888 K. i^LFRED Boeth. xviii. §3 Hi., for recceleste forleton unwriten para monna Seawas. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 45 burh mannes gemeleste and mannes recheleste. Ibid. 63 b^rh uniweald o6er recheluste.

rechel-fat, var. of rechelis, var.

rekel-fat, censer. Obs.

rekels, incense. Obs.

II recherche (rajerje), a. [F., pa. pple. of rechercher, f. re- re- + chercher to seek, search.] Carefully sought out; hence, extremely choice or rare. (Common in 19th c., esp. of meals, articles of food or drink, and dress.) 1722 Richardson Statues Italy 121 This Excuse may be thought too partial, and Recherche. 1776 H. Walpole Corr. (1857) VI. 310 Sly as Montesquieu without being so recherche. 1823 Byron Juan xiii. xxviii, At Henry’s mansion, then,.. Was Juan a recherche, welcome guest. 1838 Longf. in Life (1891) I. 298 A quiet recherche dinner at the Albion. 1883 Century Mag. Aug. 608/1 A tasteful and recherche stock of frames and feathers and ribbons. 1939 Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) 149 The fiery goodmother Miss Fortune (who the lost time we had the pleasure we have had our little recherche brush with, what, Schott?).

i

t;. [re-5 a.] trans. To

christen anew; to rename.

re'christianize,

v. [re- s a.] christianize again or afresh.

trans.

To

1792 Gentl. Mag. LXII. I. 147 His assertion, that the world wants to be re-christianized. 1851 C. Wordsworth Occas. Serm. Ser. ii. 25 His more proper task of re¬ christianizing the multitudes of his own Italy.

recht. Sc.

form of right a. and adv.

IIRechtsstaat

('re^tsjtait). Also {erron.) Rechtstaat. [Ger., f. rechts gen. of recht right sb.^ -I- staat state s6.] A country in which the rule of law prevails. *935 J- D. Lewis Genossenschaft-Theory of Otto von Gierke vi. 69 Being a Rechtstaat, the modern state, the German state for example, stands within law and recognizes legal limitations upon its own sovereign will. 1944 F. A. Hayek Road to Serfdom vi. 54 The early nineteenth-century discussions in Germany about the nature of the Rechtsstaat. 1948 [see kulturstaat s.v. kultur]. 1963 Economist 5 Oct. 5/1 In a Rechtsstaat (state based on law) only the judgements of a competent court are valid and binding. 1977 Times Lit. Suppl. I July 809/2 Try as the lawyers might.. to make Franco Spain a Rechtstaat.

rechy,

variant of reechy a.

II recibiendo (reOi'vjendo). Bullfighting.

[Sp., lit. ‘receiving’, f. recibir (see next).] A method of killing the bull by which the bullfighter receives the charging bull on the point of his sword. Also as quasi-adu. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 460/1 If the matador remains without moving, or rather moving only his body to avoid the stroke of the horns, the thrust is known as recibiendo. 1932 E. Hemingway Death in Afternoon ix. 88 He did kill several times recibiendo, receiving the bull on the sword in the old manner. 1976 E. P. Benson Bulls of Ronda iv. 30 'He’s going to receive the bull. What they call a recibiendo.’ .. The bull .. propelled itself against the waiting man... The sword plunged deep into the entrails of the bull.

II recibir (reBi'vir).

Bullfighting. [Sp., lit. ‘to receive’.] The action on the part of a bullfighter of receiving a charging bull while remaining stationary. 1838 p, Rev. LXII. 411 The picador, holding his lance under his right arm, pushes to the right, and pulls his horse to the left; the bull is thus turned from his plunge, and passes on to the next horseman. This is called ‘recibir’, ‘hoc habet’. 1932 R. Campbell Taurine Provence in. 76 There are several forms of estocada... Some.. are attacks on stationary bulls, others, as in the Recibir, are performed by the stationary man on the charging bull.

RECIDE

RECIPIENT

327

frecide,

Obs. Also 7 reside, [ad. h,. recidere, f. re- RE- + cadere to fall. Cf. incide v.^'\ 1. intr. To fall back, relapse. 1628 Feltham Resolves n. xcvii. 284 All good things without perpetuall vigilancie,.. will reside [ed. 1677, recide], and fall away. 1643 Plain English 21 People conceive the Harliament recide from their principles and votes.

2, [For reside,^ To subside, go down, 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. viii. xiii. (1678) 205 1 he tumor.. will recide without noise, either by the pressure of your fingers, or [etc.].

recide, recidence,

obs. ff. reside, etc.

t recidivate, pa. pple. and v. Obs. rare. Also 6 res-, [f. ppl. stem med.L. recidivdre, f. recidivus RECIDIVE.] &. pa. pple. Fallen back, h.v.intr. To fall back, relapse. 1528 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (iS8o) 59 Y'.. Mayor .. being residivate into the saide interdiction. 1611 CoTGR., Recidiver, to recidiuate, relapse, fall backe, or againe. a 1626 Bp. Andrewes Opuscula (1629) 79 (L.) Thus then to recidivate, and to go against her owm act and promise [etc.]. 1677 Coles Eng.~Lat. Diet., To Recidivate, recido, relabor.

t recidivation. Obs. Also 5 resydyuacion, 5-6 -iuation, 6 -evatyon; 6-7 resid-, recydiuation (-acion, etc.), [a. F. recidivation (15th c.), or ad. med.L. recidivatidn-em, n. of action f. recidivdre'. see prec.] 1. Relapse into sin, error, crime, etc.; backsliding, apostasy. (Very common in 17th c.) C1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1856 As for Resydiuacion ys no more to sey But aftyr confession turnyng ayene to syn. 15*3 Bradshaw St. Werburge ii. 452 The faith of holy churche dyd ever there endure Without recidiuacion and infection sure. 1609 Bible (Douay) Ecclus. xxxiv. comm., Recidivation into sinne maketh the former repentance frustrate. 1693 in Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell iii. Ixxii. (1718) 382, 1 promise a great Watchfulness.. against all Temptations to any Degrees, or Instances,.. of Recidivation till I am called to lay aside my Business here.

2. A relapse in a sickness or disease. (Common in i6-i7th c.) 1513 More Rich. Ill (1883) 34 There is as phisicians saye .. double the perill in the recidiuacion that was in the first sicknes. 1525 St. Papers Hen. VIII (1849) VI. 509 The Frenche King was. .sore syke agayne, fallon in to a newe recidivation. 1610 Donne Pseudo-martyr 138 As all recidiuations and relapses, are worse then the disease. 1697 R. Peirce Bath Mem. i. v. 85 Drinking the Waters, to prevent the Return of his Chollick (for he had had some Threatnings of a Recidivation). 1706 in Phillips.

3. The fact of falling again under an interdict. 1528 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 59 Uppon payne of residivation into y« same interdiction.

recidive ('residiv), a. and sb.

rare. [ad. recidiv-uSy f. recidere: see recide and -IVE. sense B. a. = F. recidive, med.L. recidlva.] fA.adj. Falling back, relapsing. Obs.

L. In

1537 Cromwell Let. 6 June in Merriman Life ^ Lett. (1902) II. 60 But seing their cankred recidive hert [etc.]. 1659 Macallo Can. Physick 75 The evil humours remaining after a Crise, are wont to make one recidive or relapsing. B. sb. fa. = RECIDIVATION 2. Obs. 1600 Holland Livy xxiv. xxix. 529 It might soone after by relapse fall backe, as it were, into a recidive, and a worse disease and more daungerous than the other. b. = RECIDIVIST. 1854J- B. Dalgairns Devot. Heart of Jesus (ed. 2) 32 The feeble penance of such a recidive as Anne de Rohan.

t recidive, w. Obs.-'^ \_aid. med.L,. recidivdre or F. recidiver (1517): see prec.] = recidivate v. 1548 U dall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark x. 73 Ofte tymes recidiuing, and falling into the same disease.

recidivism

(ri'sidiviz(3)m). [f. as next + -ism.] The habit of relapsing into crime. 1886 Pall Mall G. 24 May 3/2 Recidivism is largely represented by the low foreheads, the scowling brows and cunning eyes. 1895 tr. Ferri's Crim. Sociol. 256 The great importance of statistics of recidivism. 1971 Sci. Amer. May 51 /i There is no strong evidence .. that recidivism increases with leniency of sentence. 1977 Listener 15 Dec. 803/2 But though the problem of recidivism and rehabilitation still remains, it can hardly be the chief cause of today’s overcrowded prisons.

recidivist (ri'sidivist). [ad. mod.F. recidiviste, f. recidiver: see recidive v. and -IST.J a. One who relapses; esp. one who habitually relapses into crime. 1880 CoBBOLD in Lond. Med. Record May 172 Of the 82 males, 61 were cases of relapse; of the 28 women, 10 were recidivists. 1882 Pall Mall G. 16 Dec. 3 The convicts .. are to be transported to Madagascar and their places taken by the recidivists of France. 1895 tr. Ferri's Crim. Sociol. 255 The hardened recidivists, who ought to be considered as degenerate criminals, or criminals by profession. 1931 Sufi (Baltimore) 20 Jan. 10/2 This creates a body of recidivists who are being constantly released and as constantly returned. 1964 Listener 26 Mar. 507/1 The Reader in criminology at Oxford has given me the following definition of a recidivist: A recidivist is the offender who neither mends his ways spontaneously nor learns to avoid detection, and who is neither deterred by the experience of conviction nor reformed by any of the methods in the courts’ repertoire. 1981 W. Ebersohn Divide Night ii. 26 Old recidivists who felt at home only in jail and would be back again and again. fig. 1896 Life A. J. Gordon 302 The human heart is, in his opinion, an incorrigible recidivist.

b. attrib. or as adj. 1920 Contemp. Rev. Nov. 684 It is the source of depraved, unchastened, even of recidivist, tendencies, as well as of those which point towards a wider and more perfect life. 193* J- S. Huxley What dare I Think? iii. 88 Sterilization has been suggested, but this seems disproportionate save in recidivist cases of philoprogenitiveness which seem otherwise incurable. 1950 Chambers's Jrnl. 230/1 Often.. he had the opportunity of seeing the overcrowded masses of recidivist (frequent offender) prisoners, many of them unprepossessing and hardened-looking roughs, with whom he was glad he had not to mix. 1962 Lancet 15 Dec. 1278/1 My work as a probation officer among recidivist alcoholics in Pentonville Prison.

reci'divity. rare. [f. as prec. + -ity.] Tending to relapse {Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897). *937 G. Frankau More of Us xii. 123 Man asks you.. not to nag him for his recidivities.

recidivous (n'sidivas), a.

[f. L. recidiv-us + -ous.] Liable to fall back or relapse.

1658 Phillips, Recidivous. falling, or sliding back to the same passe as it was before. [Hence in Bailey, Johnson, and later Diets.] 1890 Times 24 Oct. 3/5 The establishment of agricultural colonies for recidivous criminals.

freciduity. Obs. rare~'. [f. L. type *recidu-us (cf. deciduus) + -ity.] = recidivation 2. *597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 19/1 Wherethroughe the whole curatione consisteth without reciduitye.

reciet, recieve, reciffe, obs. ff. receipt sb., RECEIVE.

frecinct. Obs. rare-K [f. as next, or ad. It. recinto, ricinto: cf. precinct.^ Compass, circumference, encircling line. *665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 7 He calls Cronets those that lie upon the Pylasters of the outward Circle, in relation to the Form of a Crown, as making the Recinct thereof.

frecinct, v. Obs, rare-^ [f. L. recinct-, ppl. stem of recingere: see re- 2 and cinct.] trans. To surround, enclose. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 31 b/i They with wett cloutes.. recincted and defended them.

frecine'ration.

Obs. rare^^. second reduction to ashes.

[re-

5 a.]

A

1657-83 Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) I. 199 Things visible are made invisible, and visible again by the art of fermentation,.. cribration, and even recineration.

recipe ('rssipi:), v. imper. and sb. [L. recipe take (2nd sing, imper. of recipere to receive), used by physicians (abbreviated R, I^) to head prescriptions, and hence applied to these and similar formulae. So F. recipe (15th c.).] fA. V. imper. = ‘Take*. 0^5. c 1400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. 81 Recipe litargium as myche as hou wolt. ?ing.. reche. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. xxvii, Was non that myght, that on my peynes rought. 1490 Caxton Eneydos v. 21 The wymmen.. were to fore the sayd aulter.. wythoute retchynge ought by theym selfe. 1530 Palsgr. 681/1 He is the moste neglygent folowe that ever I sawe, he recketh for nothynge. 1566 Drant Wail. Hierim. Kvib, And lende his cheeke unto the stroke, nor recke at wordes of spite. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 131 Ane, we raught on meanely. ? 1788 Burns Song, Louis, what reck I by thee. Or Geordie on his ocean? 1853 Kingsley Hypatia xxv, [The gods] recked nothing for the weal or woe of earth.

3. With inf. a. To care, desire, be willing or anxious to do something. l? Cristess kinn To reccnenn & to rimenn Att Abraham, & reccnehJ? ^33 Dunnwarrd fra mann to manne. en ferd p&i furth.. Euyn to pt heued of Eumaure, as I first rekend. 1530 Palsgr. 684/1, I wyll reken all the mater to hym as it vas. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary I. (1625) 45 To reckon to you since, how he came into the country here,.. why should I clog myself?

fd. To repeat, recite, utter. Obs. rare. a 1400-50 Alexander 4931 The renke .. rekind J^ir wordis: ‘Haile Alexander’. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 31 That is noth aneucht that ony reid the creid or rekin ye articulis contenit in it X or xii timis apone ye day. 1621 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 174 Sum mumlit Auies, sum raknit [1567 craknit] Creidis.

fe. To mention; to allege. Obs. rare. 1513 Douglas dEneis vi. ix. 143 Quhat suld I rekin [L. quid memorem] thai peple of Thessaly, That Lapithas ar hait .. ? 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 352/2 Belieue me not if any man can reken a place where euer he founde it otherwyse. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. x. 15 Cast into sundry shapes by wondrous skill, That like on earth no where I recken may.

2. a. To count, so as to ascertain the number or amount of; to ascertain or arrive at (a number, quantity, etc.) by counting or calculating; to compute. Also with out. Now usually implying some process of calculation, as distinguished from the mere counting of individual things. are rebellis.. war )?are Intertenyit but ony reclame or punycioun eftir following. 159® Spenser F.Q. III. x. 16 The loving couple .. leasure had .. to frame Their purpost flight, free from all mens reclame.

tc. Revocation (of an edict). Obs. rare~^. 1604 T. Wright Passions v. §4. 234 Ester.. procured the death of Hamman, and the reclaime of that bloody edict.

2. a. The act of recalling, or state of being recalled, to right conduct. In early examples prob. transf. from sense i. 01300 Cursor M. 1578 Wimmen t>ai forced a-mang t»aim, Was nan pa.m moght bring to reclaim. 1494 Fabyan Chron. VII. 395 He..buylded newe the cytie & castell of Beau Maryse, and broughte the vnsteadfast Walshman to newe reclayme. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Pref. ii For the better preseruation or reclaime of many good souls endangered thereby. 1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. i. i, I see you are e’en past hope Of all reclaim, a 1656 H.ales Gold. Rem. i. (1673) 96 Let him examine his own conscience, and impartially sift all the manner of his reclaim. 1891 J. Aitchison Signa Christi vi. 225 [Christ is] the real Originator of societies for reclaim of the fallen.

b. The reclamation of land. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 421 While the country underwent the work of reclaim.

t3. A challenge, protest. Obs. rare.

RECLAIM

337 CI440 Promp. Parv. 425/2 Recleyme, or chalange, clameum, vendicacio. C1449 Pecock Repr. iii. xvi. 386 He him silf mai it lette bi the reclaime. .which he mai make. 14. The act of claiming back. Obs. rare. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 417 b, Fridericke maketh reclaime to hys landes. 1609 Bible (Douay) Judg. xi. 26 Wherfore have you so long attempted nothing for reclaime?

II. 5. = reclaimed rubber. *935 Dawson & Porritt Rubber 208/2 Although reclaim as compared with new rubber definitely leads to inferior mechanical properties in vulcanisates,.. it has important applications in rubbers where mechanical strength and abrasion resistance are of secondary significance. 1954 H. J. Stern Rubber vi. 200 Small differences in temperature from one part of the rubber to the other greatly affect the uniformity of the reclaims. 1971 R. Singleton in C. M. Blow Rubber Technol. ^ Manufacture vi. 207 First-quality reclaim made from whole tyres contains about 45% rubber hydrocarbon by weight. The remaining 55% consists of valuable carbon black, a little mineral filler, and softeners.

re-'claim,

sb.^ [re- 5 a.] A fresh claim. 1890 Pall Mall G. 18 Aug. 2/3 The overseers.. have.. exposed a very large number of the electors to the chance of being struck off on objection, if re-claims are not made.

reclaim (ri'kleim), v. Forms: see claim v. [ad. OF. reclamer, freclaimer (12th c.):—L. recldmdre to cry out against, contradict, also to re-echo: see re- and claim v.] 1. trans. f 1* a. Falconry. To call back (a hawk which has been let fly). Obs. In some cases not easily distinguished from sense 3. a 1300 Cursor M. 3530 Hauk es eth, als i here say, To reclaym J?at has tint his pray. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 285 Fulofte he faileth of his game That wol with ydel hand reclame His hauk. C1477 Caxton 126 The kyng.. came into this gardyne for to reclayme a sperhawke of his. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme vii. xliii. 872 To reclaime and bring them to the lure. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The spar-hawk, gos-hawk, &c. are reclaimed with the voice, the falcon only by shaking the lure. transf. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 72 Morkar recleymed es [F. est reclame], as es pt faukon fre. CI386 Chaucer Manciple's Prol. 72 Another day he wole.. Reclayme thee, and brynge thee to lure, c 1460 Sir R. Ros La Belle Dame 634 haire bysy hertes passen to and fro, pai be so wele reclaymed to the lure.

fb. To call back; to recall. Obs. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 9 Willed him for to reclayme with speed His scattred people, ere they all were slaine. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 223 When..he oppressed the people with exactions, and was reclaimed home, a 1700 Dryden (J.), The head-strong horses hurried Octavius.. along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The partridge is also said to reclaim her young ones, when she calls them together upon their scattering too much from her. f^U- *590 Greene Mourn. Garm. (1616) Biv, Knowing young wits were wandring, he began to reclaime him thus.

fc. To restrain, check, hold back. Obs. aim to reclaym. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 362 Luther.. did write maruellous vehemently and sharply against them, and reclaimed them home to peace and obedience. 1581 Mulcaster Positions XXXV. (1887) 126 If the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. i. xlix. Being one soon into two he framed it. And now made two, to one again reclaimed it. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) HI. 2 A Man .. may upon due Consideration .. reclaim himself to a very pious and virtuous Life. 1686 Blome Gentl. Recreat. II. 38 In a little time this will Reclaim her of that Roaveing Kytishtrick. 1798 Ferriar///i25ir. S/erne, etc. vi. 165 A young man, who was reclaimed from a very dissolute course of life. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 74 So was he reclaimed to a sense of his duty. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 624 Henrietta had reclaimed him from a life of vice.

b. To call back from wrong-doing or error; to bring back to the right way; to reform. *577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 77, 1 am glad to heare this of you, that you are so reclaimed. 1610 Willet Hexapla Dan. 361 Such an one was Saul, that would by no meanes be reclaymed. /)/. a., That recompenses. 1676 Dryden Aurengz. ii. i. ease. 1851 Trench Poems

729 A kind of recompensing 150 Vengeance, and the

1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. iv. 124 He called for a minstrell, who by his harmony might recompose his disunited and troubled spirit. 1655 Theophania 92 * When we had recomposed our selves.. we sate in the Cabin descanting thereon. 1700 Congreve Way of World iii. v, I shall never recompose my features to receive Sir Rowland with any CEconomy of face. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones Wks. 1775 III. 86 Our spirits, when disordered, are not to be re¬ composed in a moment.

4. To restore to harmony. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. II. 332 A man who.. was the most likely to recompose the quarrels in the church.

Hence recom'posed/>/>/. a., recom'posing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. Tears Ch. iv. xviii. 527 The recomposing of Church to any Ecclesiasticall Uniformity. 1700 Way of World iv. i, It. .furnishes with blushes, and re-composing airs beyond comparison. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Recomposition, The recomposed body shall not be distinguishable by the senses from that which never had been separated by the fire. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. ii. xi. (ed. 2) 293 Boulders formed out of a recomposed rock. 1659 Gauden

this

Congreve

recom'poser. rare~^. [f. prec. -h -er.] who or that which recomposes.

One

recompensing years.

1653 H. More Conject. Cabbal. 33 It meets with a proper corrector and recomposer of its motions.

recompensive, a. rare. [f. as prec. -t- -ive; cf. med.L. recompenstvus (1327 in Du Cange).] That recompenses.

recomposition (riikomps'zijan). [re- 5 a.] a. The action or process of recomposing, in senses of the vb.

1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §47 This is the day that must.. reduce those seeming inequalities.. in this world, to an equality and recompensive Justice in the next. 1924 Brit. Weekly 21 Aug. 443/2, I am glad to tell that I am having recompensive explorations here.

1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 340 Which is the Root of the Cube..; which may be proved by re-composition. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Recomposition, in Chemistry, the compounding of bodies from their separated parts, or rinciples, so as to compose the original whole again. 1788 riestley in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 17 The formation, the decomposition, and recomposition of water. 1871 Daily News 9 Feb., He gives us, instead of a mere translation, an English recomposition. 1897 Ibid. 2 Feb. 2/1 To omit or insert even a comma .. requires the re-composition and re¬ casting of the entire line.

recompile (riikam'pail), v. [re- 5 a. Cf. It. recompilare (Florio), Sp. recopilar.] trans. To compile again. Hence recom'piling vbl. sb. 1611 Florio, Recompilatione, a recompiling. 1616 Bacon Compil. ^ Amendm. Laws Wks. 1730 IV. i The reducing and recompiling of the laws of England, c 1617-Digest of Laws Wks. 1826 V. 357 There was such a race of wit and authority, between the commentaries and decisions of the lawyers, and the edicts of the emperors... Whereupon Justinian.. recompiled both. 1626 [see recompact u.].

So recom'pilement, a new compilation. 1629 Bacon Advt. touching Holy War Ep. Ded., Although .. I had a purpose to make a particular digest or recompilement of the laws..; yet ■. I nave laid it aside.

recom'plain, v. again.

[re- 5 a.] intr. To complain

1616 J. Lane Contn. Sqr.'s T. vii. 68 Of his litle virtue whiche remaines Hee to his inmost reason recomplaines.

b. Linguistics. (See quots.) [*933 J*. Marouzeau Terminal. Linguistique 158 Recomposition.. Procede par lequel on restitue a I’un des elements d’un compose la forme qu’il avait a I’etat autonome; ainsi quand on donne a lat. recludo la forme reclaudo d’apres le simple claudo.^ *935 T. HudsonWiLLiAMS Short Introd. Study Compar. Gram. 8 Recomposition is a species of analogy; the form of a compound verb is affected by that of the simple verb; the simple form is restored or, occasionally, retained consciously in the compound; e.g. si + paro should give .. sepero) but the literary dialect reformed it to separo... Decomposition is the opposite process, the simple verb being affected by the compound. 1964 A. Martinet Elements of General Linguistics iv. 126 An element like tele-.. which today combines freely with monemes and syntagms that

RECOMPOUND exist outside the combinations in question .. behaves in fact like an affix... Perhaps in the case where a new syntagm is formed we might speak of ‘recomposition’ from elements which are extracted by analysis. 1972 Hartmann & Stork Diet. Lang. & Linguistics 192/2 Recomposition^ the process or result of using a borrowed element as an affix to form new words, e.g. tele in telecast, teleview, teleprinter.

So t recom'posure.

RECONCILE

352

Obs.rare-'^.

Ephes. fef Cimm. Matrons (1668) 19 The re-composure of her disordered mind. 1651 Charleton

recompound (riiksm'paund), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To compound again. Hence recom'pounded p/)/. a., recom'pounding vbl. sb.

Way to Health 536 All their Regiments of Compounded, Recompounded, Decompounded and Surrecompounded Medicines. 1816 Bentham Chrestom. 122 Methods of compounding, decompounding, and recompounding the matter. 1825-34 Montagu tr. Bacon's Wisd. Anc. B. ‘s Mor. & Hist. Wks. (Bohn) 249 Of all things in the universe, man is the most compounded and recompounded body. 1843 Mill Logic iii. x. §4 Many substances, though they can be analysed, cannot by any known artificial means be recompounded. 1872 H. Spencer in Contemp. Rev. June 143 The compounding and re¬ compounding of ultimate homogeneous units. 1683 Tryon

recompress (riiksm'pres), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To compress again; to increase again the pressure of air or other gas in (a vessel) or acting on (a person); esp. to subject (an aircraft pilot, diver, etc.) to increased pressure again. 1945 Jrn/. Gen. Physiol. XXVIII. 220 The frogs.. were recompressed within 30 seconds. 1950 Ibid. III. 255 The chamber was recompressed at free-fall rate. 1951 A. R. Behnke in J. F. Fulton et al. Decompression Sickness iii. 87 Should symptoms recur.., recompress the diver to a depth giving relief. 1967 P. D. Griffiths in R. I. McCallum Decompression of Compressed Air Workers 230 The patient must be observed constantly and recompressed at once should symptoms return, preferably to the minimum effective pressure. 1969 Haxton & Whyte in Bennett & Elliott Physiol. & Med. of Diving i. 12 It is sometimes necessary to recompress a patient to a pressure slightly higher than that at which he has been working.

recompression (.riiksm'prEjsn).

[re- 5 a.] 1. a. The state of being compressed again, b. The action of compressing again, esp. by exposure to increasing air pressure (e.g. during descent from a high-altitude flight without pressurization or following decompression after a dive).

1939 Jrn/. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLIII. 822 After the shock the speed again becomes subsonic, so that the consequent divergence of the streamlines on the back part of the upper surface generates a recompression. 1943 M. A. & F. A. Hitchcock tr. Bert's Barometric Pressure I. ii. iv. 501 M. Bucquoy mentions.. the cure of muscular swellings by recompression. 1951 Ferris & Engel in J. F. Fulton et al. Decompression Sickness ii. 23 The pain of bends is immediately relieved by recompression of 3000- to 6ooo-foot equivalents and recurs upon reascent to the original altitude. 1969 A. R. Behnke in Bennett & Elliott Physiol. ^ Med. of Diving xi. 227 Hoppe-Seyler (1857) described blockage of pulmonary vessels by nascent bubbles and the inability of the heart to propel blood under these conditions. He proposed recompression to absorb the liberated gas and re-establish circulation. 1973 Nature 21 -28 Dec. 523/1 These did not occur at maximum altitude, but during the recompression. The other runs gave clear heart signals throughout. 1977 Hongkong Standard 14 Apr. 16/3 Mr Ng was later sent to Queen Mary Hospital, after the specialists were satisfied there was no need for further recompression.

2. recompression chamber or lock, a chamber in which a person can be subjected to an air pressure above that of the atmosphere. 1951 A. R. Behnke in J. F. Fulton et al. Decompression Sickness iii. 87 Individuals believed to be ‘cured’.. have been rushed to the recompression chamber in a state of collapse. 1967 P. D. Griffiths in R. I. McCallum Decompression of Compressed Air Workers 229 An important factor is that medical recompression locks often have a safe working pressure.. of only 45-50 p.s.i.g. 1976 Daily Tel. 27 Jan. 15/1 A 14-year-old boy, critically ill with carbon monoxide poisoning, recovered consciousness yesterday in the Royal Navy’s recompression chamber at Rosyth dockyard. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 503/2 This involves being able to carry out a detailed examination of the patient, and to put up infusions, give injections or insert catheters in the confined, noisy and pressurized space of a recompression chamber.

recompt, obs. variant of

[re- 5 a.]

(n'kon), v.^ U.S. Mil. slang, trans. and intr. Abbrev. of reconnoitre v.

world pre-existing itself. 1894 Liberal 17 Nov. lo/i His.. attitude of reconcilability to the present order of things.

1966 National Observer (U.S.) 26 Dec. 1/4 We launched a small operation and while reconning the area, saw a bunch of color near a tree line. 1969 I. Kemp Brit. G.I. in Vietnam V. 96 Our orders are to recon only, and avoid all contact with the enemy whatsoever.

reconcilable ('r8k3nsail3b(3)l), a. Also -cileable.

recon (ri'knn), sb.^ U.S. Mil. slang. Abbrev. of reconnaissance; a reconnaissance unit.

Freq. attrib.j as recow company, unit (etc.). Cf. recce sb. 1918 E. M. Roberts Flying Fighter 337 Long Recon, a trip of from 20 to 80 miles behind the Hun lines to gather information. 1942 Yank 25 Nov. 21 He was temporarily with the recon. 1943 J. Goodell They sent me to Iceland ii. 31 Convoyed by jeeps and recon cars we sped through the town. 1946 Sun (Baltimore) 27 July 12/1 {heading) ExPatton recon unit to parade in Cumberland. 1948 N. Mailer Naked & Dead i. ii. 20 The men in recon looked small and lost in comparison to the other platoons. 1950 ‘D. Divine’ King of Fassarai xiv. 108 Should have the recon reports by now. Get through to Air Command again. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 13 Feb. 4/1 It is recon’s bad luck to live in an area bordered by an ammunition dump, a flightline loading area and the 26th Marine Regiment’s command post. Ibid. 4/3 The survivors of the recon company are frightened but uncowed. 1975 A. Price Our Man in Camelot v. 93 ‘He was a pilot in recon.’.. ‘Photographic reconnaissance,’ he explained. 1977 ‘E. McBain’ Long Time no See xiii. 208 Our recon patrol found an enemy base camp.

recon (Tiikon),

56.2 Biol. [f. rec(ombination + -ON^] A piece of genetic material which can be exchanged but not divided by genetic recombination; thus the shortest piece which can be so exchanged. 1957 S. Benzer in McElroy & Glass Symposium on Chem. Basis of Heredity 71 The unit of recombination will be defined as the smallest element in the one-dimensional array that is interchangeable .. by genetic recombination. One such element will be referred to as a ‘recon’. 1969 A. M. Campbell Episomes iii. 38 The ‘unit factor’ of the classical geneticist is replaceable by the muton, the recon, the cistron, or even a collection of linked cistrons, each in the appropriate operational context. 1978 N. Jardine in Hookway & Pettit Action & Interpretation 122 The operons, cistrons, recons and mutons of the molecular geneticist.

reconceal, obs. Sc. form of reconcile v. tre-conceit. Obs.-K [re-5 a.] (See quot.) 1603 Breton Packet Mad Lett. i. xxviii. Re-conceit is a kinde of dizzinesse which worse tormented then with idlenes is troubled with too strong a madness. recon'ceive, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans. To conceive

again or in a new way. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 113 Reconceive if you can my cosmological conception. 1889 Literary World (Boston) 2 Feb. 39/1 Both [books] attempt to reconceive Jesus.

reconcele,

variant of recounsel v., Obs.

reconcentrate (rii'konsantreit), v.

[f. re- + partly (sense a) after Sp. reconcentrar.'\ a. trans. To bring together, concentrate, now spec, for military reasons, b. trans. and intr. To concentrate again. Also refl. concentrate,

1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman dt Alf. 11. 284 The visiue beames in both, reconcentrating themselues, in this encounter.. strucke home vpon our soules. 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 432 The concentrated ore, with some gangue with it, flows to the concentrators on the basement-floor, where it is reconcentrated to remove all the gangue. Ibid., This system of reconcentrating renders good concentration easy. 1884 A. Forbes Chinese Gordon ii. 103 He abandoned further attempts on Kintang, and on the 24th had reconcentrated at Liyang.

So reconcen'tration. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 6 Apr. 7/1 Starvation of thousands of non-combatants [in Cuba] through reconcentration. 1956 Nature 21 Jan. 126/2 Kunkel and Tiselius were not able to demonstrate the heterogeneity of serum albumin by their method, and the ability of the method here described to do this may also be due to this reduction of diffusion by reconcentration. 1972 Times 26 June 12/3 Biological reconcentration of filter feeding organisms.. invalidates the dilution hypothesis.

frecon'centre. Obs. rare-'. [Cf. prec.] trans. To concentrate on the same point. 1634 Sir T. Hawkins Pol. Observ. 9 His eyes reconcentred with his imaginations, manifested in their wannesse what anxieties tormented him.

recount v.^

recompute (riikam'pjuit), v.

recon

trans.

To compute again, recalculate.

recon'ception.

1767 Horsley in Phil. Trans. LVII. 184 To satisfy myself more fully of the accuracy of my work, I this day re¬ computed the whole. 1806 Hutton Course Math. (ed. 2) I. p. iv, Re-computing the examples, and rendering them more correct in the numbers. i88o Haughton Phys. Geog. iv. 198 note, I have recomputed the areas of the rain-basins of the Ganges.. and of the Brahmaputra.

conception; something reconceived. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 31 A small embryon or reconception of that lately forfeited image, which .. had borne the perfect likeness of the Creator. 1779 J. Duche Disc. (1790) I. xi. 207 Thou hast within thee a Seed of Eternal Life, a Birth of the Triune God,.. a reconception of the Light and Love of God.

[re- 5 a.]

A renewed or new

So recompu'tation. 1867 Chambers ^5(ron. i. i. 4 The recomputation of all numerical quantities involving the Sun’s distance as a unit.

re con,

[re-5 a.] trans. To con again. Hence

re'eonning vhl. sb. Hobbes 1. iii. 10 As he that foresees what wil become of a Criminal, re-cons what he has seen follow on the like Crime before. Ibid., This we call Remembrance, or calling to mind: the Latines call it Reminiscentia, as it were a Re-conning of our former actions.

recon'cession.

[re-

5 a.]

The

action

of

conceding again. •777 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 149 The minister gave, he retracted, and he gave again, with a sure majority to vote for his concession, retraction, or reconcession.

.reconcila'bility. Also

-cilea-. [f. next -I- -ity.] The fact or quality of being reconcilable. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 367 The reconcileability of Mr. Mill’s Cogitationism with the mind’s knowledge of a

[f. reconcile V.

+

-ABLE.]

1. Of statements, opinions, facts, etc.: Capable

of being mutually reconciled, or brought into agreement or coexistence with each other. 1612 Selden Illustr. Drayton's Poly-olb. ix. 206 But howsoever these things might be reconcileable, I think clearly [etc.]. 1705 Arbuthnot Coins, etc. (1727) 259 The different accounts that are given of the Numbers of Ships on both Sides by several Authors are reconcileable, by supposing that [etc.]. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xviii. II. 77 The opposite yet reconcileable vices of rapaciousness and prodigality. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. ii. iv. 147 note. When there are two sacred texts, apparently inconsistent, both are held to be law, for both are pronounced by the wise to be valid and reconcileable. a 1873 Macready Remin. (1875) I. xiv. 227 To render his [Hamlet’s] seeming inconsistencies reconcilable and intelligible, is the artist’s study. b. Math. (See quot. and irreconcilable 3.) 1873 Maxwell Electr. Sf Magn. I. 19 If two curves are such that one of them may be transformed into the other by continuous motion without at any time passing through any part of space for which the condition of having a potential is not fulfilled, these two curves are called Reconcileable curves.

2. Capable of being reconciled with something. 1640 Hammond Serm. xii. Wks. 1684 IV. 549 Before we could scarce allow it reconcileable with his infinite justice. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. iii. i. 92 The Habits and Customs of this Place are reconcileable with them in the Kingdom of Gulconda. 1736 Butler Anal. i. i. Wks. 1874 I. 33 That we are to live hereafter, is just as reconcileable with the scheme of atheism. 1818 Byron Ch. Har. iv. Ixiii. note, The account in Polybius is not so easily reconcileable with present appearances as that in Livy. 1882 A. W. Ward Dickens vii. 199 The irony of Smollett is drier than was reconcileable with Dickens’ nature.

b. Const, to. Now rare. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 209 Thus to represent Religion, as a thing reconcileable to Evil, is the greatest Scandal to it. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man i. ii. 158 The Action of acrid Poisons is very reconcileable to the Doctrine. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. Catech. Exam. 56 The language is here reconcileable to the rules of common sense.

t c. ellipt. vyithout const. Obs. rare. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 108 But with more difficulty, or hardly at all is that reconcilable which is delivered by our Countreyman. 1719 Waterland Vind. Christ's Div. 375 Are you well assured that you understand whatever is intelligible or reconcilable?

3. Of persons, their natures, etc.: conciliated or reconciled. Now rare.

Easily

1621 T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 78 When we see the minde of man.. to abandon hatred, and to be of a peaceable and reconcilable inclination, it is a signe that it is in an excellent state of rest and tranquilitie. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 172 It is a disposition and temper truly Euangelicall, and savouring of Christ, to be peaceable, and reconcileable. 01711 Ken Div. Love Wks. (1838) 291 Let thy love, thou God of love, make me peaceful and reconcileable, always ready to return good for evil, to repay injuries with kindness.

4. a. Admitting of reconciliation,

rare-'^.

1643 Milton Divorce ii. xvii. Wks. (1851) 107 Christ.. declares that no accidental, temporary, or reconcileable offence except fornication, can justifie a divorce.

fb. Capable of being made acceptable or agreeable. Const, to (a person). Obs. rare. 1790 Han. More Relig. Fash. World (1791) 252 The dark veil.. is reconcileable to him who .. trusts confidently that the catastrophe will set all to rights. 1799 Washington Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 165, I do not think it will be a very reconcilable matter to Gentlemen of more respectable ages .. to have a young man.. placed over their heads.

Hence 'reconcilably adv. 1688 Collier Several Disc. (1725) 197 Except we are kindly and reconcileably disposed towards our Neighbour.

'reconcilableness.

Now rare.

[f.

prec.

-h

-NESS.] Reconcilability. 1654 Hammond Fundam. xvi, §33 Thirdly, that this [cylinder] cannot be a fit resemblance to shew the reconcileableness of fate with choice. 1685 Boyle (title) Of the Reconcileableness of Specifick Medicines to the Corpuscular Philosophy. 1757 Edwards Orig. Sin iv. iv. (1837) 278 Which the apostle signifies are testimonies to Gods reconcilableness to sinful men. 1882 Blackw. Mag. July 90 There never lived a man that had less malice and revenge nor more reconcilableness and kindness and generosity in his nature than he.

reconcile ('rekansail), v. Forms: 4-6 reconsile, (5 -syle, 6 -cyle), 4- reconcile (also 4-5 recounsile, -syle, -cile, 7 Sc. -ceal). [ad. F. reconcilier (12th c.) or L. reconcili-dre, f. re- re- + concilidre to conciliate. See also recounsel t>.] I. 1. a. trans. To bring (a person) again into friendly relations to or with (oneself or another) after an estrangement. 13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. LXXXI. 315/133 )>is ilke holi chirche.. ))at god in his sone..To him-self Reconciled, hit was dene vndefuiled. 13S2 Wyclif 2 Cor. V. 19 God was in Crist, reconcilynge to him the world. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 191 Cure lady delyuer vs from all our wyckednesses, reconsylynge vs to thy moste pyteous sonne. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 426b, They.. reconcile hym to Marques Albert. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, IV. viii. 72 Follow me souldiers, wee’l deuise a meane, To reconcile you all vnto the King. 1879 Dixon Windsor II. x. 105 The king’s desire to reconcile his cousin with his friend.

RECONCILED

b. refl. 1535 CovERDALE Tobit viii. 4 These thre nightes wil we reconcyle oure selues with God. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda s Conq. E. Ind. i. Ixviii. 139 They returned to the king of Coching, with whom they reconcyled themselues. 1675 H. Nevile tr. MachiavellVs Prince Wks. 207 The Ursini reconciled themselves to him, by the mediation of Seignor Paulo. 1819 Shelley Cenci i. i. 36 Thou mightst reconcile thyself with thine own heart And with thy God, and with the oflfended world.

c. In pass., without specified agent. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 17 Itsuffiseth J^atjjou go out of ire and be recounsilid in herte wij? him. 1460 Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 247 Dreding that if the duke were reconciled onto the Kyng, it wold bring him onto grete schame. 1550 Coverdale Spir. Perle iv. (1560) 31 God is reconciled, and at one with al Christian men, through his sonne. 1611 Bible j Esdras iv. 31 If she tooke any displeasure at him, the King was faine to flatter, that she might be reconciled to him againe. 1715 De Foe Earn. Instruct. I. i. (1841) I. 20 [He] is reconciled to them, as though they had not sinned against him. 1876 Miss Braddon J. Haggard's Dau. I. 8 When this father died, reconciled to his only son at the last [etc.]. transf. 01652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. (1821) 492 Light and darkness.. can never.. be reconciled one to the other. 1671 Milton P.R. iv. 413 Fierce rain with lightning mixt, water with fire In ruine reconcil’d. 1688 Miege Gt. Fr. Diet. ii. S.V., He cannot be reconciled with Tobacco (he cannot endure it).

fd. To recommend, make agreeable. rare.

Ohs.

1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. §98 His courtesy and affability. .mai^ ellously reconciled [him] to all men. Ibid. §105 The Treasurer’s talent in removing prejudice and reconciling himself to wavering and doubtful affections.

2. a. To win over (a person) again to friendship with oneself or another. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) H. 405 lason reconsilede and took a3en his wif Medea wit> his stepsone Medus. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. cxxvii. 108 Wherfore by fayre and easy meanes he called home his sone and recouncilid hym, and forgaue all trespace. 01547 Surrey in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 29 An eye.. Frendes to allure, and foes to reconcile. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iii. iii. 151 Till we can finde a time To .. reconcile your Friends. Beg pardon of thy Prince, and call thee backe. 01700 Dryden Iliad i. 430 To reconcile the shooter God, Within her hollow Sides the sacrifice he stow’d. 1712 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to W. Montagu 9-II Dec., Lord Halifax .. says .. he .. will take pains to reconcile my F[ather]. 1813 Scott Rokeby iv. xxi, He came in secret to inquire Her state and reconcile her sire. 1833 Tennyson Lotos Eaters 126 Let what is broken so remain. The Gods are hard to reconcile,

b. In pass., without specified agent. CI386 Chaucer Melib. fP2i6 Thou shalt eschue the conseillyng of thyne olde enemys that been reconsiled. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. cxcvii. 203 Elfricus.. fled as a false traytour, and after that reconsyled, fled the seconde tyme to the Danys. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 39 Let him live Before thee reconcil’d. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vii. 73 Nor did her father cease to press my claim. Nor did mine own now reconciled.

3. To set (estranged persons or parties) at one again; to bring back into concord, to reunite (persons or things) in harmony. 1429 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 Eschew flatery.., Folkes reconsile that stonde desolate. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. X. iii. (W, de W.) 373 Though the elementes ben neuer so contrary eueryche to other yet by influence of heuen and vertue of planetes they ben reconsyled in theyr dooynges and broughte to acorde. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. i. i. 467 Let it be mine honour.. That I haue reconcil’d your friends and you. 1681 T. Jordan London s Joy 8 Till an Invasion make them Friends too late. And Reconcile in Ruine. a 1727 Newton Chronol. Amended ii. (1728) 227 An embassador who reconciled two contending nations. 1782 Cowper Lily & Rose 25 Thus sooth’d and reconciled, each seeks The fairest British fair. 1877 Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. vii. 80 Lewis and Henry were reconciled amidst general satisfaction and enthusiasm.

t4. To bring (a person) back to, into peace, favour, etc. Also refl. Obs. 1382 Wyclif j Esdras iv. 31 If she were wroth to hym, he glosith, to the time that he be recounsilid in to grace, c 1386 Chaucer Melib. 1^39 Somme of hise olde enemys reconsiled .. to his loue and in to his grace. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 261 For them .. whiche.. be at discorde & debate, to reconsyle them to peace & concorde. I577”87 Holinshed Chron. III. 7/1 Earle W’alteof, who had.. slaine manie Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the kings fauour. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, ii. i. 59, I desire To reconcile me to his Friendly peace.

15. a. To bring back, restore, or readmit to the Church, spec, the Church of Rome. (In later use also with const./rom). Obs. 1387. Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 317 pe pope lustinus reconcilede pe bisshoppes |?at Anastacius hadde exciled. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 93 If mend by pe penaunce of pe kirk [they may] be recounsilid. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. (1533) II. 47b/1 The albygensis.. had ben effected with dyuers poyntes of herysy, and many tymes reconcyled by the kynges of Fraunce. ? 1567 Norton Bull granted to Harding Bj, The Pope.. hath graunted to Doctor Harding.. a certain authoritie.. to reconcile Englishmen to the bosome of the Romane Chirch. 1607 Drewrie's Arraignm. in Harl. Misc. (1745) HI. 39/1 Being made Priest by Authority deriued from the Pope..to reconcile, seduce, and alienate loyall Subiects Harts from Loue.. and Dutie to their Soueraigne. a 1625 Sir H. Finch (1636) 223 To put in vre any bull, or instrument of absolution, or reconciliation from Rome, or to take vpon one.. to absolue or reconcile any person.

fb. pass, and refl. church. Obs.

RECONCILEMENT

353

transf. 1849 De Quincey Mail-Coach Wks. 1897 XIII. 324 Battle-fields that, long since, nature had healed and reconciled to herself with the sweet oblivion of flowers

To become united to a

Perh. sometimes associated with sense i or 8.

1639 Drumm. of Hawth. Conv. w. B.Jonson Wks. (1711) 224 Ben Johnson..was 12 years a papist; but after this he was reconciled to the church of England. 1689 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I . 597 The house of commons have thought fitt to committ Sir Edward Hales and Obadiah Walker for high treason in reconcileing themselves to the church of Rome. 1700 Ibid. IV. 662 The countesse of Jersey, who was a Roman catholick, is said to be reconciled to the church of England. 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. 555 Where a person is reconciled to the see of Rome, or procures others to be reconciled, the offence amounts to high Treason. 1840 Act 3 & 4 Viet. c. 52 §6 If.. Prince Albert shall.. be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome.

c. refl. [After It. riconciliarsi.'] (oneself), rare-^.

To confess

1869 Browning Ring Bk. xii. 181 He turned to the confessor, crossed And reconciled himself, with decency. 6. Eccl. a. To purify (a church, etc.) by a

special service after profanation. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. |f89i (Ch. Ch. MS.) If the chirche be halewed.. the chirche is entredited til it be reconsiled by the bysshope. c i^^ojacob's Well 130 Whanne hou dost violens in halwyd place.. I?anne J?ou diffoulyst J>e place, j7at it nedyth to be reconsyled a3en. 1535 Coverdale Lev. xvi. 20 Whan he hath made an ende of reconcylinge the Sanctuary, a 1656 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 257 Upon the burial of an heretick within the precincts the Church must be reconciled. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Reconciliari, A church is said reconciliari, to be reconciled, when it is consecrated afresh, after having been polluted or profaned; as by the possession of pagans, heretics, etc. 1884 Catholic Diet. s.v. Desecration, If any of the cases cited above have occurred,.. the church or cemetery cannot be used till it has been purified or reconciled by the bishop,

fb. To restore to purity, to absolve or cleanse. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 102 The sacrament is justly consecrate,.. Reconsilyng us when we trespas or erre. 1535 Coverdale Ps. l[i]. 7 O reconcile me with Isope, and I shal be dene: wash thou me, and I shalbe whyter than snow.

tc. To expiate, atone for. Obs. 1535 Coverdale j Sam. iii. 14 This wickednes of y' house of Eli shall not be reconcyled.. with sacrifice. -Ecclus. xxvii. 21 As for woundes they maye be bounde vp agayne, and an euell worde maye be reconcyled. 1575 Brieff Disc. Troub. Franckford 180 As water quencheth burninge fire, so dothe mercie reconcile synnes.

fd. absol. To make atonement. Obs. rare~^. *539 Bible (Great) Lev. vi. 30 And no synne offrynge.. brought into the tabernacle of witnesse to reconcyle with all in the holy place, shal be eaten.

t7. To conciliate, recover (a person’s favour, etc.); to gain (credit). Obs. 1390 Gower Conf. v. 1742a, His Sone..haj7 his grace reconciled ffro which pe man was ferst exiled. 1590 Spenser F.Q. II. ii. 33 To rest themselves, and grace to reconcile. 1609 Hume Admonit. in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 585 That .. the Prince’s .. unfainzed favour [might be] reconcealed. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 80 That they might reconcile credit to their writings upon him. 8. a. To bring into a state of acquiescence

(fwith) or submission to a thing. Also refl. and with inf. 1606 Shaks. Ant. Gf Cl. ii. vii. 8 Hee cries out, no more; reconciles them to his entreatie, and himselfe to th’ drinke. 1677 Miege Fr. Diet. ii. s.v.. He could not reconcile himself to do it. 1694 Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxi. (ed. 2) §69 Trials often reconcile us to that, which at a distance we looked on with aversion. 1722 De Foe Hist. Plague (1756) 202 People who had been used to join with the Church, were reconcil’d at this Time with the admitting the Dissenters to preach to them. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty 7 How gradually does the eye grow reconciled even to a disagreeable dress. 1838 Lytton Alice i. x. He contrived to reconcile himself to the intended visit. 1879 Froude Ceesar xx. 335 Not subdued only, but reconciled to subjugation. absol. 1795 Montford Castle II. 155 Launcelot. .felt quite reconciled at not following our hero.

b. refl. To settle into position. ri857 Adm. Mends in Life xxii. (1899) 310 A cheer on deck announced the ship afloat, and by the time I reached the deck she was just reconciling herself between the bowers.

II. 9. a. To adjust, settle, bring to agreement (a controversy, quarrel, etc.). 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 138 The word this worldes cause entriketh And reconsileth whan him liketh. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 37 He wil have such continual warre with the, as shall never be reconciled. 1617 Moryson Itin. l. 161 There is no more hope that wee should meete to reconcile this quarrell. 1699 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 481 The lords.. reconciled a difference between the earls of Peterborough and Orford about the army. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones v. ix, The quarrel was.. reconciled. 1863 E. V. Neale Th. & Nat. 117 Some independent principle, through which to reconcile the opposition of subject and object in the individual.

fb. To smooth over (an inequality). Obs.~K 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 64 Grass-plots.. that serve to reconcile the Inequality of two Pieces of Ground.

10. a. To make (discordant facts, statements, etc.) consistent, accordant, or compatible with each other. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. i8ob. They..have reconcyled dyverse and weyghty articles of doctryne. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. iii. 139 Such welcome, and vnwelcom things at once, ’Tis hard to reconcile. 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. II. (1703) 145 Conscience and covetousness are never to be reconciled: like fire and water, they always destroy each other. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy I. xxii, Two contrary motions are introduced, and reconciled which were thought to be at variance with each other. 1835 Thirlwall Greece I. 57 In this respect, as in others, they present two aspects, which it is not easy to reconcile, and neither of which can be shown to be absolutely false. 1868 Freeman

Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 530 The only means of reconciling the different accounts. absol. 1675 Baxter Cath. Theol. ii. i. 88 Let me hear what your own conceptions are of the matter, if they tend to elucidate or reconcile.

b. Accountancy. To establish the consistency of (one account) with another, esp. by allowing for transactions made or begun but not yet fully recorded (as when a cheque has been issued but not yet presented for payment). Cf. RECONCILIATION 4 b. 1900 W. W. Snailum Fifteen Studies in Book-Keeping xi. 122 At the end of each financial period it will be necessary to ‘reconcile’ the bank account... This is effected by means of a ‘reconciliation statement’. 1930 A. Palmer Munro's BookKeeping ^ Accountancy (ed. 10) 26 The Bank Pass Book .. would show a balance at the credit of )C^74» which would be reconciled as follows. 1947 [See reconciliation 4 b]. 1970 R. W. Wallis Accounting v. 66 Reconciliations may also establish the accuracy of the different parts of the accounting system within an organization, for example by reconciling the debtor’s control account in the ledger with the total of the individual accounts in the sales (debtors) ledger.

11. a. To make (an action, condition, quality, etc.) compatible or consistent in fact or in one’s mind with another; to regard as consistent with. Also const, to. 1624 Bp. H. King Epit. Ld. Dorset, A soul..That reconciled the sword unto the pen, Using both well. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. iv. §4. 46 But God hath pleased to reconcile his glory with our eternal benefit. 1769 Junius Lett. ix. 40 It was hardly possible for you to reconcile your political interest with your duty. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias viii. i. If 2 There was no reconciling such a frosty reception with the glowing portrait ascribed to this paragon. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. § 6 Every day made it harder for a Catholic to reconcile Catholicism with loyalty to his Queen.

b. To make (a theory, statement, author, etc.) agree with another or with a fact; to show to be in agreement with. Also const, to. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage i. xiii. 60 It breedes much difficultie, to reconcile the ancient historic of the Babylonian .. Empire, with the kingdomes and Kings in that Chapter. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. i. v. §2 Thus we see.. that it is possible to reconcile some of the ^Egyptian extravagant accounts to some probability and consistency with truth. 1729 Butler Serm. Compassion Wks. 1874 II. 54 note, A plain matter of fact, which men cannot reconcile with the general account they think fit to give of things. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) VII. 260 It is impossible.. to reconcile those contents to the facts I have to communicate. 1884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. 201 To show by what general line of thought my view of space might be reconciled with the particular facts of Nature.

c. ellipt. without const. 1656 Bramhall Replic. i. i Yet there is one thing which I cannot reconcile [etc.]. ^1658 Cleveland Wks. (1687) 182 Who reconcil’d the Covenant’s doubtful sence. 1761 Foote Liar ii. Wks. 1799 I. 302 But suppose, Sir, there should be an unsurmountable objection? O. Wild. Oh, leave the reconciling that to me; I am an excellent casuist.

d. To bring (a thing) to form etc. rare. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. i. 174 Some figures monstrous and mis-shap’d appear, Consider’d singly, or beheld too near. Which.. Due distance reconciles to form and grace.

12. To make even or smooth, or fit together so as to present a uniform surface. 01687 [see reconciled pp/. a. b]. 1793 [see reconciling ppl. a. b]. C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 140 To reconcile, to make one piece of work answer fair with the moulding or shape of the adjoining piece; and, more particularly, in the reversion of curves. 1875 [see reconciling vbl. sb. b].

till. 13. intr. To become reconciled. Obs. 1666 Abp. Bancroft Occas. Serm. 104 Your Thoughts though much startled at first, by degrees reconcile to it. 1683 Crowne City Politiques iv. i. For shame, reconcile, pray reconcile. 1756 H. Walpole Let. to Mann 19 Sept., He., abuses Count Bruhl with so much contempt, that one reconciles to him very fast.

Hence .reconci'lee, one who is reconciled; 'recon,cileless a., that cannot be reconciled. .1876 Egan tr. Heine's Atta Troll, etc. 38 Be the mortal foe of all such Fierce oppressors, reconcileless. 1894 Lloyd Wealth agst. Commw. 67 The ‘reconciler’ to enforce the provisions that the ‘reconcilees’ should not engage in business elsewhere, extended a system of espionage over them.

reconciled ('rskansaild), ppl. a.

[f. prec.

+

-ED^.] Restored to friendship, harmony, etc. ?ci470 G. Ashby Active Policy 755 He endith not wele that vngodly ment, Withoute a reconsiled amendment. (21548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 170 The Frenche kyng, his newe reconsiled frende. 1598 Dallington Meth. Trav. Fiijb, A man must neuer trust a reconciled enemy, especially his King. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative 102 Capt. Church., with but thirty English-men, and twenty reconciled Indians, took twenty three of the Enemy. 1732 Pope Ep. Bathurst 166 Thro’ reconcil’d extremes of drought and rain. 1820 Scott Monast. v, The look of a confessor who resigns a reconciled penitent, not to earth, but to heaven, i860 Motley Netherl. viii. I. 504 No language could describe the misery of the reconciled Provinces. absol. 1628 T. Spencer Logick 115 If Christs death reconciled an enemie, then his life will saue the reconciled,

fb. Made to run evenly with each other. Obs. a 1687 Petty Nav. Philos, in T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. (1691) 124 The forementioned Incurvations are to be trimmed and repaired by reconciled lines.

reconcilement ('rEksnsailmsnt). [-ment.] 1. The fact of reconciling or being reconciled to another or to each other. tion I.

Cf. reconcilia¬

RECONCILER 1549 Form Consecr. Bps. in Lindsay Vind. Ch. Eng. (1734) p. XXV, Grant.. suche grace that he maie euermore be ready to sprede abrod thy Gospell, and glad tidynges of reconcilement to God. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. (1623) 551 The Generali.. seriously perswaded his Lord to reconcilement with his vncle. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 98 Never can true reconcilement grow Where wounds of deadly hate have peirc’d so deep. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 157 [He] was fain to plead and sue for reconcilement. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vi. 268 Make reconcilement sure With one that cannot keep her mind an hour.

b. With a and pi.

An instance of this.

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 263 He ought, .to forget al displeasure, though no reconcilement had bene made. 1595 Daniel Civ. Wars i. xxxiv, A reconcilement made, although not meant. 1692 South 12 Serm. (1697) I- 418 Hector and Ajax, .ended that combat in a reconcilement. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. I. iv. 123 The interposition of the queen, and other common friends, brought about a reconcilement. 1831 Scott Ct. Robt. ix, Four weeks.. marked by quarrels and reconcilements between the crusaders and the Grecians of the empire.

t2. The fact of restoring or reuniting to the Church, spec, to the Church of Rome. Obs. = RECONCILIATION 2. ? 1567 Norton (title) A Bull graunted by the Pope to Doctor Harding.., by reconcilement and assoyling of English Papistes, to vndermyne faith and allegeance to the Quene. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 266 Such straite lawes.. for comming into England of Seminarie priests,.. reconcilement, perswasions to the catholike faith, and the like.

3. The act of settling or bringing to an agreement; a harmonizing or bringing into concord. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 92 George Truckesse, and Vehus .. had deuysed a reconcilement touchyng the Masse and Vowes. 1624 Wotton Archit. in Reliq. (1651) 218 Two opposite affectations. Uniformity and Variety, which yet will very well suffer a good reconcilement. 1649 Roberts Clavis Bibl. 105 The reconcilement of this seeming discord. 1817 Moore Lalla R. 293 The reconcilement of a sort of lover’s quarrel. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. iii. 74 The arbitrary settlement of her affairs and reconcilement of her difficulties.

t4. The act of appeasing. Obs. rare~'. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Anszv. Osor. 453 b. The Sacrifice of the body and bloud of Christ offred for the reconcilement of Gods wrath and displeasure.

5.

The fact or condition of being becoming) reconciled to or with a thing.

(or

1805 WoRDSw. Prelude v. 517 The time of trial, ere we learn to live In reconcilement with our stinted powers. 1832 Ht. Martineau Homes Abroad i. 17 This assisted his reconcilement to the emigration plan. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. V. i. 335 The illusion of a reconcilement to the dominion of Britain.

reconciler ('rek3nsaib(r)). Also 6 -or, -our. [f. as prec. + -er^.] 1. One who reconciles. Cf. reconciliator. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 102 Sent from heaven to be a common reformer, governor, and reconcilour of the whole world. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 457 He accepted of him to be a Moderator and Reconciler of Differences in Religion. 1768-74 Tucker Li. Nat. (1834) H. 381 In order to maintain the character I have assumed in this volume of a reconciler between religion and reason. 1836 Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 265 The reconciler of all misgivings. 1884 Courthope Addison ix. 163 He is to be regarded as the reconciler of parties, and founder of public opinion.

b.

,

Spec

RECOND

354

applied to Christ.

1563 Foxe.i4. & M. 1035/1 Christ, our only and sufficient mediatour, reconcilor, priest and sacrifice. 1616 Hayward Sanct. Troub. Soul i. vi. (1620) 99 O Reconciler! whom wilt thou reconcile to thy Father..? 1690 Norris Beatitudes (1692) 3 Blessing became the mouth of him, who was the Reconciler of God and Man. 1875 Lightfoot Comm. Col. (ed. 2) 180 The conception of the person of Christ as. .the true and only reconciler of heaven and earth.

2. That which reconciles; fspec. a reconciling argument or statement. 1588 Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. ii. 7 That which they call Medium, a third argument, is, as it were, an Arbiter honorarius, a determiner, a reconciler. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 921 If it be obiected out of Galen .. We answere with the Reconciler; that Galen then speaketh of membranous and broade ligaments which issue from the bones. 1654 Fuller (title) A Triple Reconciler, stating the Controversies [etc.]. 1830 Lytton P. Clifford xxvi. The universal reconciler—custom, i860 Warter Sea-board II. 453 Many a hard grip of the hand .. was a sure Reconciler. attrib. 01700 Dryden Iliad i. 613 The Reconciler Bowl, went round the Board.

b. Shipbuilding. (See quots.) 1849 [see RECONCILING ppl. a. b]. C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 140 Reconciler or reconciling sweep. A curve which reconciles the floor and lower breadth sweeps together, and thus the shape of the body is formed below the breadth.

So 'reconciless, a female reconciler. 1865 PuSEY Truth Eng. Ch. 179 Being.. the most powerful mediatress and reconciless (conciliatrix) of the whole world with her only-begotten Son.

recon ciliable, a. rare~^. [f. L. reconcili-dre', cf. a. and obs. F. reconciliable.] Reconcilable. Hence .reconcilia'bility.

CONCILIABLE

1856 Olmsted Slave States 500 This ruling intellect tries to make practicably reconciliable the social system of the State with the Constitution of the Confederacy a 1861 Cunningham Hist. Theol. (1864) II. xxiv. 322 Not properly reconciliation, but rather what has been called reconciliability, or a capacity of being reconciled.

treconciliage. Obs. rare-', [f. as prec. -AGE.] Reconciliation, reconciling.

-h

1626 Ld. Herbert Let. in Life (1886) 258 After the reconciliage of the distracted affections of this.. people.

t reconciliate, sb. Obs. rare-'. In 7 -at. [ad. L. reconcilidtus, pa. pple. of reconciliare to reconcile.] One who is reconciled. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. §7. 485 But Heauens were not so propitious to these Reconciliats, as so to hold them long.

recon'ciliate, v. ? Obs. rare. [See prec.] trans. To conciliate again, reconcile. Hence recon'ciliating ppl. a. 1723 Briton No. ii (1724) 51 One..who possesses such calm reconciliating Principles. 1748 Ld. Crawfurd in Lett. Lady Jane Stewart 16, I have also engaged my Lord Horne, who is gone down to Lord Mark Kerr’s to reconciliate him. 1791 E. Clarke Sword I. 132 Let me request that you will .. repair to your Father’s Tent, where the Princess now is, and.. endeavour to reconciliate her Affections. 1922 Glasgow Herald 26 Apr. 11/5 The question of reconciliating the two wings of the army.

reconciliation (.rekansili'eijan). [a. F. reconciliation (14th c. in Littre), or ad. L. reconcilidtion-em, n. of action f. reconcilidre to

balance with the statement of Account balance a Bank Reconciliation Statement is compiled. 1957 W. W. Bigg Cost Accounts xiii. 231 Assuming that it is desired to keep the Cost and Financial Accounts entirely distinct it is still imperative that they be rendered capable of reconciliation one with the other. 1973 A. & E. E. Fieldhouse Elem. BookKeeping 80 If the balances of the two books should disagree a Reconciliation Statement should be made out.

reconciliative (rskan'silistiv), a. rare. [ad. L. type *reconciliatw-us, f. ppl. stem of reconcilidre to reconcile: see -ative.] Reconciliatory. *773 J- Ross Fratricide v. loi (MS.) Eve’s sweet maternity And earnest reconciliative will. 1855 Lynch Lett, to Scattered vi. 89 On those who believe, his [God’s] reconciliative Love exerts Power to produce moral union with Him.

reconciliator

(rek3n'silieit3(r)). [a. L. agent-n. f. reconcilidre to RECONCILE. Cf. F. reconciliateur (i6th c. in Littre).] A reconciler. *577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 662 He that is an reconcilidtor,

intercessour, must also be a reconciliatour or an attonement maker. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VII. 667 A good dinner is the facillime princeps of reconciliators. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 73 Ammonius Saccas, the pagan eclectic, the reconciliator of Plato and Aristotle.

So reconciliatrix.

rare-^.

1611 Cotgr., Conciliatrice, a conciliatrix, reconciliatrix.

RECONCILE.]

1. a. The action of reconciling persons, or the result of this; the fact of being reconciled.

reconciliatory (reksn'siliatan), a. [ad. L. type

ri386 Chaucer Melib. IP 724 If I hadde seyd that ye sholde han purchaced the pees and the reconsiliacion I ne hadde nat muchel mystaken me. 1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 66/1 By the reconsiliation of the merchauntes of the said Hanze. 1494 Fabyan Chron. i. xvii. 16 And after certayne message sent to hym of reconcilyacion. 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. l. II. 10 [They] sallentirin reconsiliatioun freindschip and amytie ilkane with utheris. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 38 Nestor, contrariwise, intending to make a motion as touching the reconciliation and pacifying of Achilles. 1693 Congreve Old Bach. iii. ii, I.. have fram’d a Letter, that makes her sue for Reconciliation first. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 67 Well, come, I will forgive you for this time; and so kissed me as a mark of reconciliation. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. x. i. 371 Messages passed between Shah Jehan and the emperor, but with.. little effect in producing a reconciliation. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece viii. 254 To live in reconciliation with political foes.

1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 87 An example Reconciliatorie, from one friend to another. 1613-18 Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 105 Deceiuing both the world, and themselues with shewe of covenants reconciliatory. 1657 Heylin Ecclesia Vind. 345 After the said Commination there are some certain reconciliatorie Psalms, or Prayers, that follow after. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (iSi i) V. 226 All blessed the reconciliatory scheme. 1784 J. Brown Hist. Brit. Ch. (1820) I. vi. 144 Reconciliatory letters passed between them. 1865 tr. Strauss' Life Jesus I. ii. x. 74 His statements are sometimes reconciliatory.

b.

Spec,

in religious use, of God and man.

13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXXI. 315/148 be goode world .. bat holi chirche we calle moun. Is falle to Reconsiliacioun. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1753 For then came the Tyme of Reconsylyacion of man to God. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 244 b, One act of adoracyon of hym had ben sufficyent for our reconsiliacyon to his eternall father. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) 2 Cor. V. 18 1641 HindeX Bruen xxvii. 83 Ambassadors of peace, preaching unto the the glad tydings of the Gospell, by the word of reconciliation. 1884 J. Tait Mind in Matter (1892) 3 30 He presents Himself as at once the Reconciliation and the Reconciler.

fc. Restoration to favour. Obs. rare-^. 1536 Cromwell in Merriman Life ^ Lett. (1902) II. 41 Two letteres writen.. for their restitucion and reconsiliacion to the king of Scottes fauour.

2. Reunion of a person to a church. 1625 tr. Gonsalvio's Sp. Inquis. no Another sort of sentences there are that haue a shew of more mercie, which they call reconciliations. 1639 Drumm. of Hawth. Conv. w. B.Jonson Wks. (1711) 224 At his first communion, in token of his true reconciliation, he drunk out the full cup of wine. *753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Reconciliation of penitents, in church history. 1884 in Catholic Diet.

3. The purification, or restoration to sacred uses, of a church, etc., after desecration or pollution. *533 Bellenden Livy v. (1822) 476 Eftir the reconsiliacioun of the templis, confederacioun and alliance of amite wes made betwix the Romanis and pepil, namit Ceretes. 1554 Churchw. Acc. St. Margaret's, Westminster (Nichols 1797) 14 Paid for iii Capons for the Bishop’s dinner at the reconciliacion of the Church. 1846 Maskell Mon. Rit. I. p. cclvi. At the laying of the first stone of a church: at its consecration and reconciliation. 1889 Ch. Times 23 Aug. 759 Reconciliation of a Font.

4. a. The action of bringing to agreement, concord, or harmony. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 89b, If they went about the reconsiliation of Religion, a 1729 J. Rogers ig Serm. (1735) i- 8 These Distinctions.. give us a clear and easy Reconciliation of those seeming Inconsistencies of Scripture, with Respect to this Affection. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 4 Jp 13 The spirit of charity can only be continued by a reconciliation of these ridiculous feuds. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) 1. 348 The absence of any appearance of reconciliation between the theory and practice of life. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 11 Without any reconciliation.. he speaks at one time of God or Gods, and at another time of the good.

b. Accountancy. The action or practice of rendering one account consistent with another by balancing apparent discrepancies; recon¬ ciliation statement, a statement of account whereby such discrepancies are adjusted. *895 J. Thornton Man. Bookkeeping xi. 187 See that all Banker’s charges.. are duly entered in your own books, or you will have difficulty with your Reconciliation. 1929 L. C. Cropper Book-Keeping Accounts iv. 46 In order to explain this divergence it is necessary to construct a statement, known as a ‘Reconciliation Statement’... A specimen example is appended showing how this ‘reconciliation’ is arrived at. 1947 F. H. jOfiESfordan's Mod. Book-Keeping i. iii. 33 In order to reconcile the Cash Book

^reconcilidtdrius'. see prec. and -ory. Cf. F. reconciliatoire (i6th c. in Littre).] Of words, actions, etc.: Tending to reconciliation.

reconciling (’reksnsailig), vbl. sb. [f.

+

reconcile

The action of the vb. reconcile; reconciliation.

V.

-ing\]

1382 Wyclif Isa. lx. I o In my recounsiling I hadde reuthe of thee. C1386 Chaucer Melib. f725 The dissension bigynneth by another man, and the reconsilyng by-gynneth by thy self. 1535 Coverdale 2 Macc. xii. 46 He thought it to be good & honorable for a reconcylinge, to do the same for those which were slayne. 1667 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 316 His business was to desire the completing of your Lordship’s reconciling to him, .. he desiring so much your reconciling.

b. The action of smoothing or planing; removal of roughnesses (see reconcile v. 12). 1875 Laslett Timber 297 Kauri Pine is also employed for the decks of yachts.. and does not require the reconciling or planing over, which is frequently found necessary if other woods are worked.

reconciling (Tekansailiq), ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING^.] That reconciles. *594 ? Greene Selimus 1545 Friend, let me see thy letter once again, That I may read these reconciling lines. 1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 204 That is agreed to be a very reconciling motion, and may heal all the heats and differences about it. 1717 Pope Eloi'sa 145 Thy eyes diffused a reconciling ray. i^i Southey in Robberds Mem. W. Taylor (1843) I. 378 A man of gentle and reconciling manners. 1878 Seeley Stein II. 475 The peaceful and reconciling revolution to which Stein had shown the way.

b. spec. Applied to curves or moulds which accommodate lines or surfaces to each other. *793 Smeaton Edystone L. §8i By reconciling Curves, I could adapt every part of the base upon the rock to the regularly turned tapering body. 1849 Weale Diet. Terms, Reconciler, a mould sometimes used to form the hollow in the topside, which is called the reconciling mould.

'reconcilist, a. rare.

[f. as prec. -t- -ist.] That inclines to reconciliation. 1898 Speaker 10 Dec. 695/2 In his early works .. he posed as orthodox and reconcilist.

t reconcinnate, v. Obs. rare-", [f. ppl. stem of L. reconcinndre: see re- and concinnate v.] ‘To mend or make fit’ (Cockeram 1623).

recon'coct, v.

[re- 5 a.] To concoct again. 1630 Lennard tr. Charron's IVisd. i. xiv. (1670) 51 The repetition and action of ruminating, reconcocting, trying by the whetstone of reason.

reconcyle, obs. form of

reconcile v.

frecond, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. recondere: see recondite a.]

1. trans. ? To put off, dispense with. 1464 Paston Lett. II. 145 As touchyng Rysyng, he hath his day Utas Purificationis, but I have that weye that his presence is recondet for al this terme.

2. To put away, to set apart. 1658 tr. Porta's Nat. Magic iv. xiii. 139 Figs..put in an Oven, and whil’st hot imposed in their own leaves and reconded in a pot. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 657 A Ferment .. somewhere reconded out of the Road of the circulating Blood, and there gradually maturated.

RECONDENSATION reconden'sation. condensation.

[re-

5 a.]

fresh

i860 Maury Phys. Geog. (Low) iv. loo During the conversion. . of liquids into vapours, heat is absorbed, which IS again given out on their recondensation.

recondense, v.

5a. Cf. F. recondenser (Godef.).] trans. and intr. To condense again. [re-

tram. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxii. 176 Such vapors are even by a very little cold recondensed into Water. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, ii. 117 Xhe Ayr is recondensed ^ain into its natural and ordinary Consistence. 1871 Tyndall Frair namys also, to be entred of record, what and how thei determyne. 1455 Paston Lett. I. 364 As it apperith pleynlye by accompt made of the sayd office of Constabulrye, remaynyng in the Kyngs Cheker at Westminster of record. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. 20 Whan a mater.. is past by verdyt.. and entred in the kynges recordes there it resteth of recorde, and also yf a dede or a patent be inrolled there it remeyneth of recorde in lyke maner. 1596 Bacon Max. ^ Uses Com. Law (1630) 50 These Estates are created by word, by writing, or by record. Ibid. 81 So that he for-see that he pay Debts vpon Record, first debts to the King, then vpon lodgements. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. ii. ii. 40 To fine the faults, whose fine stands in record, And let goe by the Actor. 01677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. n. x. 235 Which was accordingly done, and remains of Record in the Exchequer. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 837 These Letters.. remain upon Record in the Tower on the Clause Roll of this Year. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 119 All estates-tail are rendered liable to be charged for payment of debts due to the king by record of special contract. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 55 The manor.. was let at a greater rent, or appeared upon record to be of a greater value. 1870 ‘Mark Twain’ in Galaxy Oct. 575/1 That verdict is of record, and holds good to this day. fig- 1709 Hearne Collect. 12 Jan. (O.H.S.) II. 163 An Ass upon Record cried up for a man of.. learning.

b. In phr. matter (thing, debt, etc.) of record. Also debt by record. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. 424/1 Thay to abide enacted as J?inges of recorde. 1472-3 Ibid. VI. 52/2 Any relesse, arbetrament, or any other plee, not matier of Recorde. 1596 Bacon Max. Sf Uses Com. Law (16^0) 62 This Fine is called a Feofment of Record, because that it includeth all that the Feofment doth. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. x. §655. 283 If it were by Matter of Record it should be good without attornment. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xxx. 464 A debt of record is a sum of money, which appears to be due by the evidence of a court of record. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) Li. 15 It then became a matter of record, and could not be impeached. 1842 Stephen Comm. LauJsEtig. II. ii. ii. V. 187 Another species of debt by record is that upon adjudgment; which is, where any sum is adjudged to be due from one party to the other, in an action in a court of record.

c. court of record: a court whose proceedings are formally enrolled and valid as evidence of fact, being also a court of the sovereign, and having authority to fine or imprison. So \jvidge of record. [1419 Liber Albus in Riley Munim. Gildh. (Rolls) I. iil. l. 217 Si issint soit qe mesme le defendaunt veigne en court de recorde, etc.] 1451 Rolls of Park. V. 219/1 Your Officers in youre Courtes of Record. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. i. xiii. (1602) 59 It maketh not a little.. for the credit of the lustices [of the Peace].., that they are numbred amongst the ludges of Record. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v., Queene Elizabeth.. made the Consistory Court of the University of Cambridge a Court of Record. 1641, 1765 [see court sb.^ ii]. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. iii. 25 That the very erection of a new jurisdiction with power of fine and imprisonment makes it instantly a court of record. 1844 Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. III. v. vi. 442 The Commissioners [of Sewers] are a court of record and may fine and imprison for contempts. 1865 F. M. Nichols Britton I. 136 note, It was decided in later times, that the county court, though sitting by virtue of the King’s writ.., had not the powers of a court of record. 1888 [see court 56.' 11].

t d. to have record: to be entitled to have one’s judicial acts and decisions enrolled. Obs. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. i. xiii. (1602) 60 Bracton .. writing of a speciall case, where the Sherife in his Countie hath Record. [1865 F. M. Nichols Britton I. 136 note. The sheriff, .is treated by our Author as the King’s Justiciary, and as having the power of record incident to that office.]

2. The fact or condition of being preserved as knowledge, esp. by being put into writing; knowledge or information preserved or handed down in this way. Freq. in phrases (to/i) on or upon record. Also (orig. U.S.)y to go on record: to give oneself a place on a formal record, to be recorded {as favouring a given course of action, etc.); to express one’s opinion; similarly (orig. U.S.) to be on recordy to put (oneself, etc.) on record. ^1386 Chaucer Sompn. T. 409 Syn Ennok was or Elise Han freres been, that fynde I of record. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 166 For this I finde ek of record. Which the Cronique hath auctorized. 1470-85 Malory Arthur i. ii, By all record he was dede or euer kynge Vther came. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 177, I finde on Recorde that the Priory at Bylsington was first advaunced by John Maunsell. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instr. Fvijb, Yee must haue a seuerall booke of record, wherein you shall record the copy of letters of charge. 1606 Shaks. Tr. ^ Cr. i. iii. 14 Euery action that hath gone before, Whereof we haue Record. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. 7 The glorioust things, That stand upon record of mortall Kings, a 1720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1722) I. Let. to King, Remarkable Cases, which I thought worthy to be kept upon Record, and not buried in Oblivion. 1815

Alastor 25 In charnels and on coffins, where black death Keeps record of the trophies won from thee. 1884 Times 2 Dec. 10 Having beaten the highest break on record. Congress. Rec. ii Jan. jSsli, I would be perfectly contented if Senators would put their vote on record. 1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. 169/1 Greece had suddenly begun to produce literature, and put itself upon record as no other nation had ever done hitherto. 1930 E. M. Brent-Dver Chalet School ^ Jo v. 64 It is on record that seventeen people had to go and remake theirs [jr. beds]. 1930 Daily Express 8 Sept. 10/4 President Parsons of Woolworths has also gone on record with the statement that [etc.]. 1940 Publishers' Weekly i May 3007/1 The Association has previously been on record against legislation of this kind. 1967 N.Y. Times (Internat. Ed.) 11-12 Feb. i/i West German Vice Chancellor Willy Brandt put the Bonn Government on record today as being willing to bar any nuclear explosions. 1975 J- Grady Shadow of Condor vii. 116 I’ve hardly heard anything of what’s being done.. and I would like to go on record right now to that effect. 1978 Lancashire Life July 43/2 It is on record that soldiers from the 6th Manchester Regiment in Egypt provided enough eager players to hold a Lancs, v Cheshire match shortly before going on to Gallipoli. Shelley

13. a. Attestation or testimony of a fact; witness, evidence, proof. In early use chiefly in phrases by record ofy to take record {at). Obs. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 830 Lombe was taken J>ere, By trw recorde of ayl?er prophete. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xv. 85 3e . .louten to )?is lordes.. Ajeine 30wre reule and Religion, I take record at Ihesus. I4i7in£.£‘. PFiZ/r (1882) 39 3yf Jjer be eny man or woman peX wil say )?at I howght hem eny goud, and swere vppon a boke by record of goud men, y wyl pe^t dey be payd. 1465 Paston Lett. II. 223 The qwych peticion I made diverse tyme to fore moche recorde. 1533 More Debell. Salem Wks. loi i/i Where one is openly and notably suspected of heresye, and sufficient recorde and witnesse agaynste hym. 1547 Hancock in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) II. i. ix. 115,1 awnswered that he spake those words betwyxt him and me, but yf I had record or them he would not speak them. 1646 H. Lawrence Comm. Angells 90 Of which I could give you account enough upon as good record as story can give us of any thing.

fb. to bear record: to bear witness, Obs. Tr. AF. porter record (Britton): cf. bear v. 2c. 13.. Coer de L. 4591 With Kyng Richardes armes pourtrayed In sygne to here record That Kyng Richard was her ovyr-lord. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 70 Forto here hierof record He sende ous hider bothe tuo. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) I. xii. (1859) 9 Of this wyl I here hym good record, that he has clerely kepte hys byleue in to this last ende. 1526 Tindale i. 34 And I sawe yt, and have borne recorde, that thys ys the sonne off God. 1542-5 Brinklow Lament. (1874) 107 All that reade their workes maye beare recorde with them agaynst your lyes. 1611 Bible [in a number of passages, after earlier versions]. fc. to take or call to record: to call to witness. Obs. (Cf. CALL V. 20 c.) 1390 Gower Conf. I. 7 That I take to record .. The comun vois, which mai noght lie. 1494 Fabyan Chron. i. xiv. 14 Gonorilla.. callynge her goddes to recorde, sayd, she loued hym more than her owne soule. 1526 Tindale Acts xx. 26, I take you to recorde this same daye that I am pure from the bloud of all men. 1535 Coverdale Deut. xxx. 19, I take (1611 call] heauen and earth this daye to recorde ouer you. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi. 344, I call to record that same Roman Thrall Who.. Fled through the desart.

fd. A witness. Obs. Biblical language.)

(In later use only in

1526 Tindale Acts v. 32 We are his recordes as concemynge these thynges. 1568 Wills Jnv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 291 Recordes hereof thomas Barker..and Thomas Slogen w'*' others. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, i. i. 30 Heauen be the record to my speech. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. I. 33 (In the Desobligeant) God is my record,.. that I do not speak it vauntingly.

IL 4. a. Law. An authentic or official report of the proceedings in any cause coming before a court of record, together with the judgement given thereon, entered upon the rolls of court and affording indisputable evidence of the matter in question. The reference in Cowell (quot. 1607) is to Sir R. Brooke La Graunde Abridgement (1573) ll. 192. 1455 Rolls of Park. V. 341/1 Fynes, obligacions, reconysaunces, and othir recordes upon the same. 1472 Ibid. VI. 63/1 And therupon Juggement ayenst him yeven: as in the Record therof, wherof the Copie hereto is annexed, more playnly it is conteyned. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 856 All attaynders .. were adnichilated, and the recorde of the same adiudged to be defaced. 1597 Skene De Verb. Sign. s.v. Recordum, Ilk lauchfull court.. hes thair awin recordes in all sik actiones as are..decided before them. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v.. That caveat of Brooke.. that an act committed to writing in any of the King’s Courts during the terme wherein it is written is alterable & no record; but that terme once ended and the said Act duly enrolled, it is a record. 1628 Coke On Litt. 260 The Rolles being the Records or memorialls of the Judges of the Courts of Record.. admit no auerment, plea, or proofe to the contrarie. And if such a Record be alleaged, and it be pleaded. That there is no such Record, it shall be tried only by it selfe. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. Introd. 69 The judgment itself, and all the proceedings previous thereto, are carefully registered and preserved, under the name of records, in public repositories set apart for that particular purpose. 1825 Act 6 Geo. IV, c. 86 § 11 All the said Judgments and Verdicts shall be deemed to be and shall become Records of the said Sheriff to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 1025 It is then transferred to the record and read aloud to the jury, who are asked, ‘Is this your verdict?’

b. Law. A copy of the material points, pleadings, and issue between defendant and plaintiff on a matter of law, constituting the case to be decided by the court; hence, a case so constituted or presented.

1627 Powell Attornies Almanacke Title-p., Such as shall have occasion to remoue any Person, Cause, or Record from any inferiour Court to any the higher Courts at Westminster. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 317 The record is a history of the most material proceedings in the cause, entered on a parchment roll,.. in which must be stated the original writ and summons, all the pleadings [etc.]. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1087 A person having a bare authority, and not being a party to the record, is not prevented from being a witness. 1824 J- Marshall Const. Opin. (1839) 329 In cases where a state is a party on the record the question of jurisdiction is decided by inspection. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xiii. 19 No record was ever removed thither [to the Star chamber] upon assignment of errors in an inferior court. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 219/1 Since the Judicature Acts (1873) there has been no record properly so called, in civil cases, though it has not been expressly abolished.

c. Phr. to travel out of the record (see quot. 1770). Also transf., to go off the subject. So to keep to the record. 1770 Chatham Sp. ii Dec. 'm Junius Lett. (1772) I. Pref. 18 notey The court, .are so far confined to the record, that they cannot take notice of any thing that does not appear on the face of it; in the legal phrase, they cannot travel out of the record. iTJi, Junius Lett. I. Pref. 18 If I stated the merits of my letter to the King, I should imitate Lord Mansfield, and travel out of the record. 1840 W. L. Garrison in Life II. 430 [He] will speak to a point that is pertinent, and not travel out of the record. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xviii, Never mind what you longed for. Keep to the record.

d. Sc. Law. A minute, subscribed by the counsel on both sides and by the judge (in the Court of Session by the Lord Ordinary), by which the parties to a suit mutually agree to hold certain pleadings as a full and final statement of the facts and pleas on which their case rests. The record when finally adjusted and authenticated by the Lord Ordinary or the inferior judge is said to be closed. For details of the practice, which dates from the Act of 1825, see Bell’s Diet. Law Scot. s.v. 1825-6 Act 6 Geo. IVy c. 120 §io The Record so made up and authenticated shall be held as foreclosing the parties from the statement of any new averments in point of fact. 1850 Act 13 ^ 14 Viet. c. 36 §2 Where Defences are lodged, and unless the Record shall be closed upon the Summons and Defences, the Record shall be made by Revisal.

5. a. An account of some fact or event preserved in writing or other permanent form; a document, monument, etc., on which such an account is inscribed; also, transf. any thing or person serving to indicate or give evidence of, or preserve the memory of, a fact or event; a memorial. Freq. in pL, a collection of such accounts, documents, etc. Also, in recent use, a tracing or series of marks, made by a recording instrument. 1611 Bible Ezra vi. 2 There was found .. a rolle, and therein was a record thus written. 165s H. Vaughan Silex Scint.y Agreement, I wrote it down. But one that saw And envyed that Record [etc.]. 1790 Cowper In Mem. Thornton 48 Thy bounties all were Christian, and I make This record of thee for the Gospel’s sake. 1822 Shelley tr. Calderon ii. 163 In my wisdom are the orbs of Heaven Written as in a record. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 332/2 The journal stamp on a letter is a record that it has passed through the post-office. 1876 Nature XV. 101/2 Thus a permanent record is made of every signal that is sent. 1881 I. Taylor Alphabet I. 16 The very earliest record which we possess of any actual event is the scene depicted on a fragment of an antler [etc.]. transf. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 28 [Thou] breefe abstract and record of tedious dayes. c 1600-Sonn. Iv, The living record of your memory. 1790 Cowper Receipt Mother's Piet. 54 The record fair That memory keeps, of all thy kindness there. 1797 Wordsw. Old Cumbld. Beggar 89 The villagers in him Behold a record. 1842 Tennyson Gardener's Dau. 173 Shaping faithful record of the glance That graced the giving. pL 1581 Savile Tacitus, Hist. iv. xl. (1591) 199 To communicate a copie to the Senate of the Princes recordes and papers. 1615 Bedwell Arab. Trudg. Talby, This I translated for the office of the Records in the Towre well neare thirtie yeares since. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. ix. 63 Why, Daphnis, dost thou search in old Records, To know the Seasons when the Stars arise? 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 143 IP 8 That no records were so durable as poems. 1781 Cowper Conversat. 615 Who.. Could fetch from records of an earlier age,.. His rich materials. 1819 Shelley Cenci iv. i. 58 IS/W parchments and all records of my wealth. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 336/2 The Victoria Tower., has been named as a likely repository for the public records. 1875 Helps Soc. Press, iii. 50 No historical records remain of this great transaction. transf. a 1610 Parsons Leicester's G/iost (1641) 28 Can this injurious World so quickly blot A name so great out of records of fame. 1662 Bp. Hopkins Funeral Serm. (1685) 13 The records of the grave. 1759 Mason Caractacus Wks. 1811 II. 97 That black hour, (May Memory ever raze it from her records). 1843 Mill Logic i. i. §5 Either in the records of our own experience or in the discourse of others.

b. An account or reckoning of past time. rare. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. jf 3 For conseruing the record of time in true suppuration. 1711 Pope Temp. Fame 112 Who measured earth .. And traced the long records of lunar years.

c. The leading facts in the life or career of a person, esp. of a public man; the sum of what one has done or achieved. American origin, but now in common Eng. use. 1856 H. Greeley Sp.y on Lincoln 20 Mar. 133 A candidate must have a slim record in these times. 1879 Tourgee Fool's Err. XI. 49 Contending so hotly over each other’s records during and before the war. 1888 Century Mag. May 3 Mv literary record—so far as I had made a record.

d. A performance or occurrence remarkable among, or going beyond, others of the same

RECORD

360

RECORD

kind; spec, the best recorded achievement in any competitive sport. Freq. in phr. to beat or break the record: to surpass all previous performances. 1883 W. Wilson Swim. Instructor 137 The following records are given. 1884 Longm. Mag. Feb. 483 This performance, which beat all previous records was considered a very fine one. 1887 M. Shearman Athletics ^ Football v. 143 T. G. Little and J. H. T. Roupell.. tied at 5ft. 9in., a height which remained the ‘record’ for the next five years. 1924 C. Mackenzie Heavenly Ladder xxiii. 286 The various ‘records’ we’ve broken.. were not of our own seeking. 1955 N. & R. McWhirter {title) Guinness book of records. 1975 Oxf. Compan. Sports & Games 734/1 Thin air, a handicap in the endurance events, contributed to the shattering of world records in 11 track and field events with a premium on explosive effort.

e. (i) A disc or, formerly, a cylinder from which recorded sound or television pictures can be reproduced. Occas. also, a recording made on magnetic tape. 1878 Design ^ Work 19 Jan. 72/2 The vibrations resulting when a voice.. utters certain words or other sounds, instead of being caused to transmit corresponding vibrations to a distance, are caused to produce a material record... The record can also be multiplied precisely as a photographic portrait can be multiplied. 1878 Cassell's Family Mag. June 443/1 Mr. Edison is now engaged in devising a finished instrument capable of storing up speeches and music of all kinds, and of allowing the records to be sent by post. 1892 W. Gillet Phonograph ii. r i Previous to taking a record the cylinder has a sheet of tinfoil carefully wrapped round it. Ibid.y The record being finished, to reproduce it we have but to bring the cylinder back to the point of starting, and again rotate it. 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catal. 485/2 One graphophone talking machine... 12 Musical and Talking Records, your own selection. 1919 H. L. Wilson Ma Pettengill i. 20 With a..hired help to bring him his breakfast in bed and put on another record and minister to his lightest whim. 1919 Wodehouse Damsel in Distress xxiii. 278 I’ve been dancing to your music for years! I’ve got about fifty of your records on the Victrola at home. 1949 Frayne & Wolfe Elem. Sound Recording xxix. 601 The making of very high-quality magnetic records has become possible commercially. 1966 Listener 3 Nov. 646/1 Musicians’ Union.. objects to any new broadcast popular music programmes relying mainly on records. 1975 G. J. King Audio Handbk. vii. 154 Although there are still a few mono releases, the basic record is cut for two-channel stereo. 1976 National Observer 13 Nov. 8/2 Video-disc players, which attach to your television and broadcast shows from records, are being developed by several major manufacturers. 1978 Gramophone June 136/3 The programme is recorded digitally using the well proved PCM (pulse code modulation) encoding system... Philips are forecasting that players and disc records will be available in the early 1980s.

(ii) fig. (See quots.) 1926 Maines & Grant Wise-Crack Diet. 12/2 Put on a new record, change the subject. 1976 W. Goldman Magic iii. xii. 207 ‘There’s something crazy here.. and I care.’ ‘Oh Jesus, I’m sick of that record.’ 1977 Partridge Diet. Catch Phr. 177/2 Put another record on! and change the record!.. Addressed to.. anyone.. ‘going on about something’.

f. An account of a personas conduct in a particular sphere, preserved for reference; spec. a record (or history) of criminal convictions or prison sentences, orig. U.S. 1901 Land of Sunshine Apr. 234 In that crowded hall were many men with‘records’, aigii [see pedigree 2 d]. 1918 A. Woods Crime Prevention vii. 87 The convict has a hard enough row to hoe when he gets out to overcome his record, even if he is mechanically capable. 1938 [see arm sb.^ 2 b]. 1952 M. Allingham Tiger in Smoke x. 168 Not one of you has got a real record.. and you don’t want to spoil it, eh? 1954 Manch. Guardian Weekly 18 Mar. 3 McCarthy had described her as a ‘code clerk’ whose ‘Communist record’ was known to the country. 1969 [see moderate sb. a]. 1973 ‘E. Ferrars’ Foot in Grave viii. 144 ‘You didn’t know.. that he’d got a record.’ ‘A police record?’ ‘Yes.’

g. In various phrases; off the record (orig. U.S.): unofficially, confidentially; also as adj. phr.; also, /or, on the record^ for the sake of having the facts recorded or known; also, to put (seI9 T. Eaton Sf Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 369/2 •Record Needles, 100 for 15c. 1800 First Rep. Public Rec. 18 Upon Inquiry into the •Record Offices of the Sheriffs [etc.]. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 141 Nor people’s record-offices beheld. 1904 G. B. Shaw Let. 23 Nov. (1972) II. 467, I was startled to hear that Edith Livia was getting.. twenty-five shillings a week for work at the Record Office. 1973 A. Roy Sable Night ii. 22 The bookcase and •record-rack yielded nothing. 1975 R. Butler Where All Girls are Sweeter ii. 17, 1 looked through his record racks... There was a nice mixture from Bach to Vivaldi. 1800 First Rep. Public Rec. App. Pl. i, ‘Record Room for Principal Clerks of Session. 1812 Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 152 Convicted by the magistrates at the record-room, Northampton. i960 Twentieth Cent. Apr. 341 ‘Record-shops.. have mushroomed all over Britain in the last five years. 1975 Guardian 22 Jan. 14/5 The top 40 singles are based on local record shop returns. 1836 J. H. Newman in Lyra Apost. (1849) 53 So, let the cliffs and seas of this fair place Be named man’s tomb and splendid ‘record-stone. I939~4 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 838/2 Radiogramophone., with five record albums and .. extra ‘record storage. 1974 Times 8 Apr. 13/3 A record storage cabinet in a Queen Anne style. 1949 Billboard 2 Apr. 34 Albums listed are those classical and semi-classical albums selling best in the nation’s retail ‘record stores. 1977 D. Westlake Nobody's Perfect (1978) 107 A branch of a major department store.. the record stores, the shoe stores, the ladies’ clothing stores. c. attrib. in sense 5 d, passing into adj. 1893 Lydekker Horns tS Hoofs 135 The ‘record’ dimensions are .. a length of 13J in., with a girth .. of in. 1895 Times 2 Jan. 13/1 Record prices have been made. 1912 Chesterton Manalive ii. i. 194 Smith was one of the University’s record men for shooting. 1922 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 Sept. 412/1 During 1919, ..3,420 new students were registered, being 1,105 greater than the ‘record’ entry of 1891. .1937 Discovery Sept. 264 His ‘dash’.. was accomplished in record time. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair viii. 86 If you could have seen your face when I introduced you to her... It cured me of her in record time, i960 Farmer

& Stockbreeder i6 Feb. 83/1, 27,000 gn record-priced bull. 1978 Lancashire Life Apr. 69/2 Visitors numbered a record 114,000 in 1977, and it is hoped that this trend will continue.

14. Special combinations. record album, t (a) a holder for gramophone records, obs.; (b) = ALBUM* 6; record changer, a device for automatically placing another record on the turntable of a gramophone when the preceding record has ended; also record-changing a.; record club, a society which enables members to purchase selected gramophone records at reduced prices; record hop slang, a dance at which the music is provided by gramophone records; a place where such entertainment is held; record jockey U.S. slang (immediately supplanted by disc jockey, see disc 8f); record linkage, the process of combining items of information or sets of data relating to the same subject; record player, orig. a turntable and pick-up unit designed to be plugged into and played through a radio; now usu. a gramophone; record sleeve, a stiff envelope in which a gramophone record may be stored (cf. sleeve sb. 7); record token, a voucher exchangeable in a shop for a gramophone record or records; record type, a type-face including special sorts reproducing the contractions or particular letter forms found in mediaeval manuscripts. 1925-6 T. Eaton Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 391/1 These •Record Albums are made with strong cardboard covers... Each album will hold 12 records. 1945 Billboard 24 Mar. 18/2 {heading) Best-selling record albums by classical artists. 1955 Keepnews & Grauer Pictorial Hist. Jazz viii. 87/2 When people got around to.. dissecting it [5c. a variety of jazz] in books and record-album notes,.. it became known as ‘Chicago style’. 1931 N.Y. Times 12 July 4/8 The Capehart 400 series.. has several novel features... The •record changer is equipped with a special constant-speed electric motor which operates both the turn-table and the record-shifting mechanism. 1947 Gramophone Nov. 88/1 The amplifier and record changer are contained in a small chair-side consol. 1977 Times 18 Apr. (Gramophone Suppl.) p. i/2 A radio-gramophone, with automatic record changer, was installed in our living room. 1931 Wireless World 23 Sept. 349/3 H.M.V.’s ace set is the model 531, being a nine-valve superheterodyne with automatic ‘recordchanging radio-gramophone. 1943 Gramophone Dec. 107/1 The spindle and turntable move left and down, which leaves the area free for the first record to drop upon the ‘floor’ of the record-changing unit. 1958 Manch. Guardian 21 Jan. 6/6 If anything the ‘record club is likely to spread an interest in records of serious music rather than reduce the profits of the big companies. 1961 G. Smith Business of Loving xi. 229 We started as a record club... The first discs.. were fifteen shillings, i960 Punch 9 Mar. 345/1 Akin to the juke-box joints are the ‘record-hops. 1966 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 July i ‘Record hops’.. are dances often organized by a disc jockey and plugged by him over the air, as a means of supplementing his income. 1940 Variety 3 Apr. 39/3 [Quoting J. Kapp] The name bands are come on for the •record jockeys who ride herd over not only Decca records but all the others. 1946 H. L. Dunn in Amer. Jrnl. Public Health XXXVI. 1412/2 In the process of‘record linkage the uniting of the fact-of-death with the fact-of-birth has been given a special name, ‘death clearance’. 1959 Science 16 Oct. 954/1 The term record linkage has been used to indicate the bringing together of two or more separately recorded pieces of information concerning a particular individual or family. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 208/2 If birth and marriage records are included in the system, it is possible to use record linkage to assemble sibships, parent-oflFspring groups and eventually pedigrees. 1934 Wireless World 5 Jan. 10/3 {caption) The Collaro ‘record player incorporated in a radio-gramophone cabinet. 1939 New Regal-Zono Records Feb. 4 (Advt.), The thousands already sold of the Columbia electric record-player prove conclusively how many fully appreciate the facility of playing their records through their radio sets. 1958 Sunday Times 3 Aug. 3/6 Now that the station has bought a new record-player and gets all its music in prerecorded tapes, the personal touch is all but gone. 1960 Practical Wireless XXXVI. 377 (Advt.), Turns any gramophone into a first-class tape-recorder and back into a record-player in a moment. 1973 M. Amis Rachel Papers 68 You mean to tell me that it’s only made in stereo?.. What about the people who don’t own stereo record-players? 1977 Gramophone July 241/i The humble record player of earlier years could still be found in a few places. 1954 Gramophone Record Rev. July 415 On the ‘record sleeve, the user is extolled to play the record at full room volume. 1963 L. Deighton Horse under Water xviii. 74 The brightly coloured record sleeves that are the folk art of the new world. 1978 p. Porter Cost of Seriousness 47 An old woman, So the record sleeve denotes, Is singing of death In a young world. 1958 M. Kelly Christmas Egg ii. 76 The envelope that had held his brother’s ‘record token. 1977 Radio Times 26 Nov.-2 Dec. 56/1 EMI Record Tokens., can be exchanged at over 5.000 leading record shops. 1886 F. W. Maitland Let. 24 Apr. (1965) 19 As regards mode of printing: —The use of ‘‘record type’ seems undesirable. 1934 V. H. Galbraith Introd. Use of Public Records v. 77 A century ago the Record Commission in its publications tried by means of ‘record type’ virtually to reproduce the document, with all its abbreviations. 1972 C. R. Cheney in A. Campbell Charters of Rochester p. vi, Originals and early copies are reproduced as faithfully as is possible, without going to the extreme of using ‘record type’.

record (n'kaid), u.* Also 5 Sc. racord, 6 record, [ad. OF. recorder (in most senses of the Eng. word) = Sp. recordar. It. ricordare:—L,.

RECORD recorddre (classical recorddrt), f. re- re- -I- cord-, cor heart: cf. accord, discord, etc.] 1. 11. trans. a. To get by heart, to commit to memory, to go over in one’s mind. b. To repeat or say over as a lesson, to recite. Obs. a 122s Ancr. R. 256, & makie so pto pet bereS pet word recorden hit ofte biuoren hire, er heo go ut. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 172 Better him wer.. p>e seruise of his song recorded & lered. C1374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 2 (51) Lay al this mene while Troilus Recordyng his lesson in this manere. c 1477 Caxton Jason 37 If ye will recorde the lessons and epistles of loue by the space of ten yere. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 250 b, Anon the crowe recorded also the other woordes whiche she had so often heard. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Kal. Apr. 30 If hys ditties bene so trimly dight, I pray thee, Hobbinoll, recorde some one. anne comp pe dyeuel and him zayp ‘pou hit sselt wel recouri pou art yong and strang pou sselt libbe long’. 14.. Isumbras 336 in Utterson Sel. Pieces I. 91 Ye shall be kynge with crowne,.. And recover all your wo. 1550 Coverdale Spir. Perle xii. (1560) 130 After the sicke man had recouered his sore, He liued worse then euer he did before. 1597 J. King On Jonas {161S) 73 Hee should recouer his sicknesse. 1615 W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 15 He will safely recouer his wound within seuen yeeres. 1699 R. L’Estrange Erasm. Colloq. (1725) 152 One man has a fancy that he shall never recover a fit of sickness. 1764 Goldsm. Hist. Eng. in Lett. (1772) II. 34 This fatal blow the King could never after recover. 1801 Jane Austen Lett. (1884) I. 269 The neighbourhood have quite recovered the death of Mrs. Rider. 1875 Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. xix. (ed. s) 350 The Free Cities had never recovered the famines and sieges of the Thirty Years’ War.

b. To annul the effect of (a slip, stumble, etc.). Also in fig. context. 1748 Richardson Corr. (1804) IV. 227 The accident of a broken thigh, snapped by a sudden jirk, endeavouring to recover a slip. 1768 Woman of Honor I. 198 The point with him now was to recover so terrible a stumble. 1806 Manch. Exam. 10 Mar. 5/7 Lord C. H. cleverly recovered his/aux pas by offering a handsome apology.

14. To retrieve, make good, make up for (loss, damage, etc., to oneself). C1386 Chaucer Man of Law's Prol. 27 For losse of catel may recouered be, But losse of tyme shendeth vs, quod he. 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. xiv. 43 Yf she lacke on one syde she recouerith it on that other. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. 506 They determyned to go thyder.. to assay if they coude recover any parte of their domage. Ibid. 553 To thentent that he shulde recover agayne his losse. 1619 in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 207 Sir Albertus Morton (who hath used more diligence in his journey to recover his detention in England then I feare may be for his health). 1682 G. Vernon Life Heylin 34 Many.. losses.. which he was not able to recover. 1775 C. Johnston Pilgrim 210 To try if it was possible to recover the loss which we had been too late to prevent.

15. a. To put right, remedy, make good again (something wrong, a fault, etc.). Now rare. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame i. 354 Eke though I myght dure ever That I have do rekever I never. 1442 T. Beckington Corr. (Rolls) II. 214 This grete hurt, which xx"". li. wol not nowe by many dayes lightly recovere. 1536 Fxhort. to North in Furniv. Ballads from MSS. I. 306 Thes ennormyties to Recoyor [sic], now lette vs tayke payne! thynges amysse to Redresse, we oure self! must enforce. 1635 R. Johnson Tom a Lincolne in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) II. 75 Thou .. hast broken thy oath of knighthood, which no excuse can recover. 1721 Perry Daggenh. Breach 106 A Breach .. in two Places between Grays and Gravesend, (which, by timely Application, have been recovered). 1811 G. COLMAN Pref. toy. Palmer's Like Master I. 21 He had the misfortune to begin wrong in the game of life:—it is difficult to recover blots. 1869 F. W. Newman Misc. 286 He was quickly overpowered; yet to recover the mischief he had done .. was difficult.

t b. To cure, heal (a wound, disease, etc.). Obs. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. 11 b, A deadly wounde that can not be recouered. 1576 Baker Jewell of Health 47 b, It doth marvelously recover and helpe.. the byte of a mad Dog. 1626 Massinger Rom. Actor n. i, But grant that I by art could yet recover Your desperate sickness. 1655 Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 199 Many are of opinion, that Caudles.. recover the Weakness of Loins. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. i. 113 The land, and the refreshments it produces, very soon recover most stages of the sea-scurvy.

II. refi. 16. a. To regain one’s natural position or balance. Also transf. and fig. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 346 Er that thou falle in such a wise That thou ne myht thiself rekevere. 1638 Junius Paint.

d. To get over fatigue or illness. fAlso const. of. 1745 Fortunate Orphan 22 Where we remain’d ten Days .. to recover ourselves of the Fatigues of the Journey. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports Introd. 13 The over¬ worked lawyer.. has only to bestow an occasional day upon any one of the various sports within his reach, and he speedily recovers himself.

17. fa. To retreat, retire into a place; to fall back on one as an authority. Obs. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine ii. 11 Had they not so sodainly recoured themselues againe into their Cittye, he had also bin Lord and conqueror thereof. 1650 Howell Giraffi's Rev. Naples i. 68 He recover’d himself with four of his confidents.. into the next house, 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. VI. i. 268 S. Augustine of Hippo, (on whom these Monks would willingly recover themselves) was S. Benet’s Senior by sixty years.

b. To withdraw or escape from or out of^ to return /o, a position, state, or condition. Now rare. 1611 Bible 2 Tim. ii. 26 That they may recouer themselues out of the snare of the deuill. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage iv. xii. (16-14) 4^7 The adioyning Princes recouering themselues from Tartarian seruitude. />/. a. 2. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes i To dispose my recouerd lyf to his seruyee. 1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Recouerde, recuperatus. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 240 By their own recover’d strength. 1681 Flavel Meth. Grace\w\n. 331 And shall not the recovered soul.. greatly rejoice? 1870 Dickens Let. to W. Collins in Harper's Mag. (1891) Nov. 906/2 That it will leave you in a really recovered state of good health. 1892 Sci. Amer. 7 May 293/2 Of all the materials used in rubber compounding, none was found to be as effective as recovered rubber, and this for the simple reason that when carefully prepared it is rubber. 1897 IndiaRubber & Gutta-Percha & Electr. Trades' Jrnl. 12 Apr. p. vi (Advt.), G. W. Laughton & Co., manufacturers of recovered rubbers. Ibid. p. vii (Advt.), The Recovered Rubber Works, Ltd., Clayton, Manchester. 1902 Chambers's Jrnl. Oct. 683/2 This rejuvenated substance is known in New York as ‘recovered’ rubber. 1906 R. W. Sindall Paper Technol. iv. 37 The organic matter is burnt off, and the mass left behind consists mainly of impure carbonate of soda. This residue is known as ‘recovered ash’. 1929 Clapperton & Henderson Mod. Paper-Making xxii. 317 Most of the recovered stuff will have to be used in a paper of a lower grade. 1952 F. H. Norris Paper Gf Paper Making xiv. 225 The most important point is the final recovery cost as compared with the value of the recovered fibre.

recoveree (rikAvs'ri:). [f. as prec. + -ee^.] 1. Law. The person from whom some property is recovered; spec, the defendant in an action of common recovery. Now rare or Obs. >531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. lo §3 Euerie persone.. hauinge feoffees recoverees or conisees to his vse. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. §136 The Tenant is he, against whom the writ is brought, and may be termed the Recoueree. 1607 Cowell Interpr. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 360 If the recoveree should ever obtain a recompense in lands from the common vouchee [etc.]. 1785 Vermont State Papers (1823) 501 The recoveree or recoverees in such action .. shall.. file a declaration.. against the recoveror or recoverors, for so much money as the estate is made better.

2. One who is recovering from a disease or an illness. >957 Times 15 Oct. 3/4 There was the Asian influenza casualty.. who was replaced gallantly by an influenza recoveree, Mr Robert Harben. 1973 Washington Post 5 Jan. B5/2 The survey also showed that employers will hire wheelchair people, ex-convicts, T.B. recoverees, the deaf and the blind ahead of epileptics.

recoveree, obs. form of recovery. recoverer^ (ri'kAV3ra(r)). Also 4 rekyuerer. [f. as prec. + -er*.] 1. One who recovers, regains, restores, etc. >388 Wyclif Ecclus. xiii. 26 Many rekyuereris [L. recuperatores] ben to a riche man disseyued. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Recobrador, a recouerer. 1638 Mayne Lucian (1664) 117 Will you permit him.. to take Revenge of his Recoverer? 1651 Davenant Gondibert ll. v. ix. Here all Men seem Recov’rers of time past. 1789 J. Brown Sel. Rem. (1807) 244 A regainer of paradise and a recoverer of the tree of life. 1884 Tennyson III. iii. 135 Our recoverer and upholder of customs hath in this crowning of young Henry by York and London .. violated the immemorial usage of the Church. 1978 A. Pratt Directory of Waste Disposal (Sf Recovery 107 This list does not cover in great depth the more traditional areas of recovery—metals, paper, textiles etc. In these fields there are many recoverers and merchants.

t2. Law.

=

recoveror.

Obs.

1515 Act 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4 The recoverers in all suche recoveries.. may from hensforth dystreyn for the forseid rentes. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. § 136 The demaundant is he that bringeth the Writ of Entre, and may be termed the Recouerer. 01625 Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 475 The recouerer and the Recognisee shall haue a Scire facias. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 359 Which lands are now absolutely vested 4n the said recoverer by judgment of law.

t recoverer*. Obs. Forms: 4-5 recouerer, -co(u)verer(e, -cuuerer(e, -courere; recoverir(e. [a. AF. recoverer and recoverir (OF. recovrer, -couvrier, etc.): see recover w.* and -er*.] 1. Recovery, remedy, etc. (Cf. recoverance.) Common in 14th c.; in Hampole the ending is shown by rimes to be -ere, in Gower always ir{e. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 6095 pax sal pat day for ever be tynt Fra God, with-outen any recoverere. C1380 Sir Ferumb. 2471 Ac wan pai se3e I?at of pat pyng recuuerer non par nas, J^ay lefte J>anne hure mornyng. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 335 Pallas schop recoverir After the will and the desir ()f hire. C1450 Merlin 185 By that Castell.. hadde the saisnes all her recouerer and all her socour of the contrey.

2. Law.

= RECOVERY 4.

1436 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 501/2 Plee personell, wherof ye Jugement of recoverer extendeth to the somme of xl li. 1477 Ibid. VI. 181/2 The same Recorde of the same Recoverer.. thenne and their toke.. and hadde aweye.

recovering (ri'kAvsrii)), vbl. sb.' [f. recover v.' -(- -ING*.] senses.

The action of the vb. in various

1375 Barbour Bruce m. 16 And weill ost, at thar fryst metyng, War layd at erd, but recoveryng. c 1400 Destr. Troy viii. heading, Of the Counsell of the Grekys for Recoueryng of Elayne. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 339/1, I haue herd of the and of the helthes and recouerynges that thou makyst. *543“4 Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 9 The recoueringe inclosinge and inninge of..Wappinge marshe. 1593 Dallington Meth. Trav. N, So dear was the recouering of Amiens. 01660 Hammond Serm. xxv. Wks. 1684 IV. 650 The

RECOVERING recovering of the Soul to the pure knowledge of God. 1709-10 Steele Tatler No. 145 |p2 He.. made her the most obsequious Bow in the Presence of the whole Theatre.. She made him the Recovering or Second Courtesy.

recovering

(rii'kAvsrii]), vbl. sb} [f. recover v.^

+ -ing'.] The action of recover v.'^. X904 Daily Chron. 28 July 8/5 His umbrella.. may want re-covering. 1930 A. D. Stubbs Pastimes that Pay 45 When your dining room chairs require re-covering there is no need to send them to the upholsterer. 1967 M. Holford Photogr. Handbk. 147 Send them to the local umbrella recovering shop.

recovering RECOVERING

(ri'kAvang),

RECOVERY

370

ppl.

a.

[f.

as

yft.' + -ING^.] That recovers, in

senses of the vb. 1650 Baxter Saints' R. (1836) 56 The Son of God comes with recovering grace. 1693 Dryden Persius iii. (1697) 446 He .. began To mend, and look like a recov’ring Man. 1722 De Foe Plague 314 These poor recovering Creatures. 1810 Lady Granville Lett. (1894) I. 8 It will be good for him in his recovering state. 1863 I. Williams Baptistery i. i. (1874) 11 The bright recovering year.

Hence re'coveringly adv. 1894 R. Bridges Shorter Poems loi rustling wheat.. Recoveringly that pass.

From waves of

re'coverless, a. [f.

recover sb. or v.^ + -less.] That cannot be recovered or repaired. 1607 Coke Charge at Norwich Assizes 25 This so famous .. monarchic had at one blowe endured a recouerlesse ruine. 1796 Mod. Gulliver 159 The Goodwin law his bane, Recoverless he sinks, and joins its ooz-sunk train.

t re'coverment. Obs. rare-^. [ad. F. recouvrement (iith c.): see recover vP and -MENT.] Recovery. 1591 Sparry tr. Cattan's Geomancie iii. ii. 159 Coniunctio ..signifyeth alwayes a recouerment and restitution of thinges scattered or lost.

re'coveror. Law. ? Obs. [f. recover t).' + -or: cf. RECOVERER* 2 and OF. recovreor.] The demandant who recovers a judgement, esp. in an action of common recovery. 1628 Coke On Lilt. 104 b, The recoueror should not distreyne, &c. because the conusee against whom the recouerie was had, could not. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 360 Though the estate-tail is gone from the recoveree, yet it .. will ever continue to subsist (by construction of the law) in the recoveror, his heirs, and assigns. i8l8 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 392 In all adversary suits, every recoveror recovered a fee simple. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 339/1 On his default the court gave judgment.. that the demandant or recoveror should recover the lands against the tenant.

recove^ (ri'kAvan). Also 5 recov(e)ree. Sc. recouraie. [a. AF. recoverie, -ery (1302-5) or OF. recovree, -couvree, f. pa. pple. of recoverir or recov{e)rer: see recover v.'^ and -y.] 1.11- Possibility or means of recovering, or of being restored to, a normal state; remedy. Obs. 1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love 11. xi. (Skeat) 1. 127 Now I praie [thee] to enforme me in this, or els I hold me without recouerie. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. clxx. 208 The frenche kynges thre sonnes.. were right yong of age and of counsell; in them was but small recouery. Ibid. 743 This domage toucheth us so nyghe that we have no recovery. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 17 To ease thy sicknes speedilie, er helpe be past recouerie. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 200 On purpose to ruine past recovery a country that chiefly subsists by making of silk.

2. a. The act of recovering oneself from a mishap, mistake, fall, etc. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xlv. 154 What became of the kynge.. after this discomfyture, made he ony recouery, or dyd he close hymselfe in ony of his townes? 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae ii. i. §i The conditions on which fallen man may expect a recovery. 1734 Waterland Doctr. Holy Trin. vi. Wks. 1823 V. 233 His mistake had shown some weakness of judgment, but his recovery manifested great strength of mind. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 138 To., search the themes, important above all. Ourselves, and our recovery from our fall, i860 Tyndall G/oc. 1. xviii. 133 The effort at recovery is instantaneous.

b. The act of regaining the natural position after curtseying. (Cf. recover v. 21 c.) 1712 Budgell Spect. No. 277 If 17 The Curtesy and Recovery, the genteel Trip, and the agreeable Jet, as they are now practised in the Court of France. 1867 Ouida C. Castlemaine (1879) 3 And practise their curtsey and recovery before their pier-glass.

c. Rowing. The act of returning to the proper position for making a fresh stroke. (Cf. 8.) 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 480/1 It is clear.. that swing is not necessarily bad, but that it requires great skill to combine it with the proper recovery. 1884 Pall Mall G. 5 Apr, 3/2 They now row much longer than they did, their recovery is better.

4 general use, the act of regaining an original position, esp. after rhythmic move¬ ment. 1876 [see recurb]. 1949 Shurr & Yocom Mod. Dance 1 Practice slowly at first. Fall: one^ two, three, four: Recove Ibid. 190 Recovery, a series of movements used in order return to position after a full sequence.

G. Reversion of a material, object, or propei to a former condition following removal of applied stress or other influence. 1885 P. G. Tait Properties of Matter xi. 218 All ela« recovery in solids is gradual. 1895 Proc. R. Soc. LVHI 1 Recovery of elapcity which the overstrained matei undergoes with the mere lapse of time. 1939 William^ Homerberg Princ. Metallography (ed. 4) iii. 73 Compl

recovery cannot be attained in polycrystalline metals. 1966 C. R. Tottle Sci. Engin. Materials vii. 164 Recovery can also take place by annihilation of positive and negative dislocations, with or without the added movements in climb or cross-slip. I97S E- R- Trotman Dyeing ^ Chem. Technol. of Textile Fibres (ed. 5) vi. 129 Recovery from strain [of polynosic fibres] gives good dimensional stability to fabrics which contain them.

3. a. Restoration or return to health from sickness. 1606 Shaks. Tr. ^ Cr. ii. iii. 188 He is so plaguy proud, that the death tokens of it, Cry no recouery. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §60 Grievously Wounded, but not without hope of Recovery. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 55. 352 The Joy of her Majesty’s Recovery very much Contributed to the Diversion. 1781 Cowper Table-t. 393 He thought the dying hour already come, And a complete recovery struck him dumb. 1820 Syd. Smith in Lady Holland Mem. (1855) II. 219 Pray tell me how you are, and if you are making a good recovery. 1876 Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 609 Recovery is generally rapid under suitable treatment.

b. In phr. in, on the, upon {the) recovery: recovering, convalescent. MEND 5. ? Obs.

Cf. on the mend s.v.

IS99 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner L b. Good in hecticke feuers: restoreth their strength that are in recouery. 1618 Demeanor of Sir W. Raleigh 33 When hee was vpon recouerie, he dispatched the Land-forces. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) 1. 83 The strangers.. had been treated with great humanity, and were now on the recovery. 1789 Cowper Let. to Lady Hesketh 4 Feb., Mrs. Unwin is certainly on the recovery. 1834 H. Evans Diary 27 July in Chrons. Oklahoma (1925) III. 206 We found this Camp in a desolate situation... The sick some little on the recovery.

II. 4. Law. a. The fact or procedure of gaining possession of some property or right by a verdict or judgement of court; spec, the process, based on a legal fiction, by which entailed estate was commonly transferred from one party to another (also called common recovery: see b). For accounts of the nature of (common) recovery, and of the legal process by which it was effected, see West Symbtdaeography (1594) ii. §136, Bacon Max. & Uses of Com. Law (1596) 62-64, Blackstone Comm. (1766) II. ii., Cruise Common Recoveries (1783) and Digest (1818) V. 416. The legal validity of this method of breaking entails rested mainly on the decision of the judges in Taltarum’s case in 1472: see Year-bks. Edw. IV (1566) an. 12, Mich. pi. 25 fol. 19. Among the enactments regulating its use, the most important are those of 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4, 14 Geo. II, c. 20, and 3-4 Will. IV, c. 74 (see quot. 1833). The party nominally deprived of an estate by such a suit was said to suffer a recovery. 1472-3 Rolls of Park. VI. 4/2 Londes and Tenementes.. by any manere execution by any Statute or Recovery extended. 1515 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4 Where as dyverse as well noble men as other the Kynges Subjectes have sufferid Recoveries ayenst them of dyvers their Maners Lordshippes Landes & Tenementes. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. §136 The end and effect of such recoueries, is to discontinue and distroy estates tailes, remainders, and reuersions and barre the former owners thereof. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. i. 114 A great buyer of Land, with his Statutes, his Recognizances, his Fines, his double Vouchers, his Recoueries. 1668 Pepys Diary 7 Feb., Mr. Jackson.. hath this day suffered a recovery on his estate, in order to the making her a settlement. 1741 Act 14 Geo. II, c. 20 §6 And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That from and after the Commencement of this Act, every Recovery already suffered, or hereafter to be suffered, shall be deemed good and valid to all Intents and Purposes. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xxi. 362 In all recoveries it is necessary that the recoveree, or tenant to the praecipe, as he is usually called, be actually seised of the freehold, else the recovery is void. 1833 Act 3^4 Will. IV, c. 74 {title) An Act for the Abolition of Fines and Recoveries and for the Substitution of more simple Modes of Assurance. 1861 Maine Anc. Law vii. (1876) 289 Those famous Fines and Recoveries which did so much to undo the harshest trammels of the feudal land-law. attrib. Blackstone Comm. II. 358 The subsequent proceedings are made up into a record or recovery roll. 1951 Koestler Age of Longing i. i. 9 Your hand.. is on lend-lease to a vicious old man; it is my recovery grant, or whatever you call it. transf. and fig. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. ii. 225 If the diuell haue him not in fee-simple, with fine and recouery [etc.]. 1633 Bp. Hhi^i^Hard Texts, O.T. 30 A pledge . .of this covenant of peace, made between us; and an ernest of the recovery, and free grant of this Well. 1635 Quarles Embl. III. XV. 182 My Griefs entayld upon my wastfull breath, Which no Recov’ry can cut off, but death.

b. common {forfeigned) recovery (see above). single recovery, a suit of recovery in which a single vouchee was called (so double, treble recovery), ftrue recovery (see quot. 1607). 1596 Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law (1630) 64 If they make a writing, that one of them shall.. suffer a common Recouerie to the other [etc.]. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v., A true Recouerie is an actuall, or reall recouerie of anything, or the value thereof by Judgement. Ibid., A feigned recouerie is (as the Ciuilians call it) quaedam fictio iuris, a certaine forme, or course, set downe by lawe, to be obserued for the better assuring of lands or tenements vnto us. 1670 Blount Law Diet, s.v.. This feigned Tenant, if it be a single Recovery, is made to appear and vouch the Bag-bearer of Writs, for the Custos Brevium, in the Court of Common Pleas. 174* 14 Geo. II, c. 20 {title) An Act to amend the Law concerning Common Recoveries. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 416 A common recovery can in general only be suffered in the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster, because a real action cannot be commenced in any other court.

fc. A fine, etc., recovered at law. Ohs. rare-^. 1479 Eng. Gilds (1870) 419 [To pay fines, etc.] recovered in the seide Maires Court, vnto the seide Maire and to such personez as the seide recovrees belongeth to of right.

5. The recovering of something lost or taken away; the possibility of recovering such a thing. 1538 Starkey England i. i. 24 Suffur not your tyme vaynly to pas, wych, wythout recouery, fleth away. 1555 Eden Decades 168 Th[e].. recouerie of the kyngedome of Granata. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 26 So farre from endeuouring a recouery.. they jested at the losse. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 130 The Recovery of Six Thousand Pounds, which I thought I had lost. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 120 After the recovery of Italy and Africa by the arms of Justinian. 1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 675 A very interesting recovery of the whole plan of a Norman conventual church.

b. of one’s health, or other state. 1568 Grafton Chron. 11. 319 That for the better recovery of my health, I should returne into England. 1678 Wanley Wond. Lit. World v. ii. §82. 472/2 He retired for recovery of his health. 1877 Winchell Sci. Relig. v. 103 The recovery of that state of equilibrium which had been disturbed.

c. of a debt. 1745 C'o/. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 29 An act for the more easy and speedy Recovery of small Debts. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 710 The dun for the recovery of bad and doubtful debts. 1964 W. D. Park Collection of Debts (ed. 2) iii. 37 The court has power, in any action for the recovery of a debt or damages, to order interest at such rate as it thinks fit on the whole or part of the debt for the whole or part of the period it has been due.

d. Something regained or recovered. rare~^. 1771 Goldsm. Hist. Eng. I. Pref. 5 All these minute recoveries could be inserted only to the exclusion of more material facts.

e. The extraction of reusable substances from the waste produced by a process; also, the original extraction of a useful substance from a mixture, raw material, etc. i%%$yrnl. Iron Steel Inst. I. 216 {heading) Recovery of residuals from furnace gases. 1906 R. W. Sindall Paper Technol. iv. 37 {heading) Soda recovery. 1923 S. J. Truscott Textbk. Ore Dressing 3 With copper,.. though ore containing as little as 2 5 per cent may exceptionally be successfully smelted, a better recovery is obtained when the content is higher. 1923 W. H. Walker et al. Princ. Chem. Engin. vii. 228 {heading) Recovery of waste heat from furnaces. 1951 K. K. Landes Petroleum Geol. xi. 621 Modem production methods.. result in a much higher percentage of ultimate recovery and, conversely, a lower percentage of residual oil left underground. 1962 F. T. Day Introd. Paper iv. 40 The excess water which falls through the machine wire bed flows away for recovery. 1978 J. Updike Coup (1979) vi. 247 Engineer’s my title; recovery’s my racket... Better recovery in the established fields is the name of the game... It’s a miracle, what you can squeeze out of a rock if you know where to pinch it.

f. The return or capture of a ringed or tagged animal after its release; = return sb. 15 b. 1909 Brit. Birds III. i8o Turning now to.. the recovery of marked birds, it is as yet too early perhaps to expect many results of interest. The most interesting recovery that has as yet been reported is ring No. 4308. 1940 H. F. Witherby et 2d. Handbk. Brit. Birds HI. 23 Twenty-five recoveries of British ringed nestlings indicate movements of comparatively short distances only. 1959 Listener 19 Feb. 321/1 We have been marking young seals with identity tags since 1951.. and we have had some good recoveries. 1965 P. Wayre Wind in Reeds iii. 36 Of the 284 ducks I ringed at Mileham, forty-five were recovered... Thirteen recoveries were from abroad. 1976 L. Brown Brit. Birds of Prey ix. 114 Most of the recoveries are of birds which died unnatural deaths.

g. An amount recovered, usu. in contrast with that expended or initially available. 193* Economist 17 Jan. 112/2 Total recoveries for December were, for the first time for over three years, slightly (30,000,000 francs) below the expected level. 1958 N.Z. Timber Jrnl. May 56/1 Recovery, the ratio of final product to log volume in timber conversion. 1973 J. L. Gregoire in V. S. White Mod. Sawmill Techniques v. 118 Figure 5.2 shows typical recovery on a 9-inch-diameter log 16 feet long with i/i6-inch taper per foot... From this log we are able to obtain 21x414 feet long and six pieces of 2 x 4 16 feet long.

h. The retrieval of a satellite or spacecraft after a flight. Freq. absol. and attrib. 1949 Brit. Interplanetary Soc. VI11. 197 Two possibilities for increasing the chances for physical recovery after irnpact seemed worthy of investigation, i960 D. E. Bailey in K. W. Gatland Spaceflight Technol. 220 The main problems of satellite recovery are associated with deceleration, heating and tracking. 1961 Ann. Reg. ig6o 385 Subsequently the U.S. Air Force made two further recoveries of the smaller Discoverer satellites by snatching them in mid-air as they floated down towards the sea by parachute. 1962 D. Slayton in Into Orbit 22 The recovery techniques which we would put into play to find and rescue the Astronaut and his capsule after they had landed. 1967 Technol. Week 20 Feb. 10/3 Orbital telemetry indicated that the capsule battery should have sufficient charge to operate the radio beacon and flashing light that serve as recovery aids.

6. a. The restoration or bringing back of a person (or thing) to a healthy or normal condition or to consciousness. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 41 To fetch my poore distracted husband hence,.. And beare him home for his recouerie. 1593-3 Hen. VI, v. v. 45 What? doth shee swowne? vse meanes for her recouerie. 1669 N Morton New Eng. Mem. 180 This year much of the Wheat is destroyed with Blasting and Mildew,.. but the Lord hath ^nt much Rain for the recovery of the remainder. 1774 Cullen Lett, to Ld. Cathcart (1776) 6 Although the drowned persons have lain for several hours in the water attempts ought to be made for their recovery.

tb. The cure of an illness, wound, etc. Obs. 1620 E. Blount Horx Subs. 392 In the recouery of some desperate sicknes, wound, or the like. 1761 Mrs. F.

RECOYLE

7. a. Restoration or return to a higher or better state; reclamation (of persons). economic contexts.

RECREASE

371

Sheridan Sidney Bidulph I. 14 Ordered by the physicians to Spa for the recovery of a lingering disorder.

Now freq. in

1593 G. Harvey New Lett. Wks (Grosart) I. 289 Were I not content, in some little hope of his hnall recouery,.. to do him a meritorious fauour by concealing his vtter discredit [etc.]. 1674 {title) Captives bound in Chains,.. the misery of graceless Sinners; and their recovery by Christ. 1736 Butler Anal. ii. Concl. 295 Indeed neither Reason nor Analogy would lead us to think.. that the Interposition of Christ.. would be of that Efficacy for Recovery of the World, which Scripture teaches us it was. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. i. 24 A modified system, which shall include the provision of means for recovery from a lapsed state. 1853 J. Martineau Ess. (1890) II. 310 He is fitted to be among the prophets of recovery, who may prepare for us a more wholesome future. 1932 A. Salter Recovery iv. i. 282 Here what is needed is a moratorium of several years, say four or five, to cover the depression and a period for Germany’s recovery after it. 1940 G. Crowthe-r Outl. Money iii. 115 Prices rose with staggering rapidity, until.. they were one million million times the pre-war level. This is ‘inflation without recovery’. 1958 Times 28 June 11/7 The pound staged a remarkable recovery against the United States dollar. 1974 P. Pearce tr. Amin's Accumulation on World 5ca/e II. iv. 497 In order to explain world recovery, all that remains is to analyze the effects of new techniques.

b. Reclamation (of land), rare. 1853 J- H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. iii. 121 The special work of his reign was the recovery of the soil.

c. The restoration to working condition of a disused mine.

level at Moss, 6 min had been picked up. 1964 Proc. IEEE LII. 1301/1 The time required for full recovery of a gap between silver contacts in vacuum.. ranged from about i /iSec to 30 ^ sec... This short recovery time is to be contrasted with the much longer recovery time in gases which is of the order of milliseconds. 1967 R. K. Richards Electronic Digital Components &f Circuits ii. 31 The time for removal of the minority carriers is called the ‘recovery time’ of the diode. 1977 Modern Railways Dec. 481/3 Nothing more than 81 mile/h was sufficient for even time to Stowmarket and the ensuing sharp 14 min to Diss was just kept from where recovery time should have balanced the arrears. 1965 Nursing Times 5 Feb. p. iv/2 (Advt.), •Recovery Unit, a 1944 K. Douglas Alamein to Zem Zem (1946) 10 Field workshops with huge •recovery vehicles and winches. 1974 A. Douglas Noah's Ark Murders i. 6 The recovery vehicle was positioned directly opposite the car. 1965 Nursing Times 5 Feb. p. Ixii (Advt.), Enrolled Nurses .. For •Recovery Ward to do full-time day duty. 1970 H. McLeave Question of Negligence i. 14 Cameron strolled around the recovery ward to inquire, as always, about the patients he had done that day.

recoyle,

obs. form of recoil.

recraiand,

trecray, v. Obs. Forms: 4 recreye. Pa. pple. recreyd, 5 recreiet (see also next), [a. ONF. recreirey recraire = OF. recroire to yield in a trial by combat = OSp. recreety med.L. recredere to surrender (oneself), f. re- RE- + credere to entrust. See Du Cange, s.v. recredere, and cf. RECREANT.]

1. intr. rare~^.

8. The action of bringing back (an oar) to the original position. (Cf. 2 c.)

C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13873 Loke I?at non of 30W recreye, Ne at l>ys iourne feynte ne feye!

t9. The act or opportunity of reaching. Obs. CI540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 29) 213 To thintent that his adversaryes showld not have ready recovery of the shore and coome a land. 1653 H- Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. 318 W’e were already past threescore leagues beyond the Port..; by reason whereof, we were fain to tack about for the recovery of it fifteen days.

III. 10. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3) reccrvery area, room, school, unit, ward; (sense 5) recovery airfield, area, crew, fieet, line, ship, team, vehicle; (sense 5) recovery furnace, plant; (sense 7) recovery area, party; recovery time, {a) the time required for an object or material, esp. an item of electronic equipment, to return to some specified condition following an action, e.g. the passage of a current; (b) Railways, time allowed in a schedule in excess of that which would be required in normal running. 1963 Diet. U.S. Mil. Terms ii It is not expected that combat missions would be conducted from a *recovery airfield. 1965 Guardian 23 Aug. i /2 It was taken for granted that the astronauts would be brought down in the Bermuda ‘•recovery area’ at 12 22 a.m. 1971 Ibid, i July 1/5 The Soyuz made a. .soft landing in the expected recovery area. 1976 Scotsman 27 Dec. 2/7 An attempt to have South Ayrshire designated as a recovery area. 1977 Times 25 Aug. 2/6 After transfer to the recovery area he [sc. a baby] was left in the care of a pupil nurse. 1971 Guardian i July 1/5 A helicopter-borne *recovery crew.. found the cosmonauts .. without any signs of life. 1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 26 Aug. 9/3 Landings in darkness are generally avoided by Soviet space controllers as they hamper the work of recovery crews. 1968 Guardian 23 Sept. 1/2 The splash-down appears to have been some way from the *recovery fleet. 1942 G. S. WiTHAM Modern Pulp ^ Paper Making {td. 2) viii. 215 The Wagner *Recovery Furnace.. embodies an attempt to greatly increase the efficiency of heat utilization in the recovery furnace over what is possible with the traditional rotary furnace. 1963 R. R. A. Hicham Handbk. of Papermaking v. 107 There are various designs of rotary recovery furnaces although these are generally of the horizontal type. 1976 J. D. Lee Ninth Man i. i. 8 One of the deck crewmen started paying out the *recovery line, and the rubber boat bobbed away from the submarine. 1933 Sun (Baltimore) 7 Oct. 1/8 McKee named his ticket the ‘•Recovery Party’. 1929 Clapperton & Henderson Mod. Paper-Making xxii. 318 The water goes to waste, or back into use, or to a further •recovery plant. 1970 Adv. in Chem. XCVII. 223 The performance of butadiene recovery plants improves as solvent selectivity increases. 1916 S. S. Goldwater in Trans. Amer. Hospital 4^550^. XVIII. 476 A large ward designed for an acute surgical service should have •recovery rooms, where postoperative cases may be cared for. 1951 Anesthesiology July 476 The use of the recovery room has without question saved lives. 1964 G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? iii. 51 She wanted a post-operative recovery room, to avoid crises on a ward ill equipped to deal with them. 1979 Arizona Daily Star i Apr. Kio/i Hospital auxiliary needs volunteers to make infant sweaters,.. blankets and stuffed toys for children coming from the recovery room. 1909 Westm. Gaz. ii Sept. 9/4 The establishment of open-air •recovery schools. 1962 D. Slayton in Into Orbit 23 The Navy stuck most of its •recovery ships in these big areas. 1976 B. Jackson Flameout (1977) vi. 108 Red Cross volunteers were still carrying coffee and Coke to the •recovery teams. 1944 Princ. Radar (Mass. Inst. Technol. Radar School) xi. 18 The time required for elimination of these free ions after disappearance of the main pulse signal is referred to as the •recovery time of the device. 1959 G. R. Partridge Princ. Electronic Instruments ^ Instrumentation xix. 373 The interval from the end of the dead time to the moment when another full-size pulse can be produced is known as the recovery time. 1961 Trains Illustrated Nov. 684/1 Time regaining soon began and by Doncaster, with the joint help of 4 min recovery time and a top speed of 85 m.p.h. on the

To yield in a cowardly manner.

2. In pa. pple. Tired, worn out. 1340 Ayenb. 33 Efterward com|> werihede l^et make)? bane man weri and worsi uram daye to daye al-huet he is al recreyd and defayled. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 165 A man a-foote hungry, thursti, and for trauailie recreiet.

t recrayed, ppl. a. Obs. Also 4 recrei(3)ede, 5 -Grayed, [f. prec.] 1. Craven, cowardly; apostate; recreant. a 1330 Otuel 929 Recreiede knijtes, whi nele ye fi3te? 1362 P. PL A. III. 244 Raddest thou neuer Regum thou recrei3ede [v.r. recrayed] meede. c 1440 York Myst. xxxviii. 364 Fals recrayed knyght! Cumbered cowardis I you call. 01529 Skelton Replyc. 45 Ye heretykes recrayed. 01529 -Agst. Scottes 26 He was a recrayed knyght. Langl.

2. Slothful, lazy.

rare~K

1340 Ayenb. 195 Ase pe hewe recreyd pet late comb horn zuo bet be Ihord is oberhuil euele y-herber3ed.

recrayhande,

obs. form of recreant.

recreance^ (’reknans). [ad. L. type ^recreantia, f. recredre: see refreshment.

recreate

v.^]

Recreation,

c 1475 Lament. Mary Magd. Ixi, I shuld anone deuoid al my greuaunce, For he is the blisse of very recreaunce. 1581 N. WooDES Confi. Consc. Prol. iv, Our Author Bethought himselfe, to ease his heart, some recreance to fynde. 1842 Tupper Prov. Philos. Ser. ii. 207 Sleep is a recreance to body. 1876 Ruskin Fors Clav. Ixiii. 92 Such recreance as that in Mr. Ryman’s shop.

'recreance^, [f.

recreant a.] = next. 1879 Howells L. Aroostook xxvi. 314 Grieving at this recreance of her memory to her conscience. 1897 F. Thompson New Poems 103 To give the pledge, and yet be joined That a pledge should have force to bind. This, O Soul, too often still Is the recreance of thy will!

recreancy ('rekrisnsi).

[f. recreant a.: see The quality of being recreant; mean¬ spiritedness, apostasy, treachery. -ancy.]

1602 Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 377 For his Recreancie in a marriage contracted betwixt him and Williams daughter. 1628 Coke On Litt. 391 If a Felon be conuicted by Uerdict, Confession, or Recreancie, he doth forfeit his goods and Chattels. 1851 Sir F. Palgrave Norm. ^ Eng. I. 577 Whenever they could, [they] displayed their incorrigible recreancy. 1859 National Rev. Apr. 500 France, on pain of recreancy and dishonour, must come to the rescue.

t recreandise. Obs. [a. OF. recreandise, var. recreantise (see Godef.), f. recreant recreant a.‘. see -ise.] Recreancy, apostasy. C1400 Rom. Rose 2107, I seye nought for recreaundyse. For I nought doute of your servise. 1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. XIII. viii, Bewaire, that ye doo no such recreandyse.

recreant ('rekrisnt), a. and sb. Now poet, and rhet. Forms: 4 recreent, 4-6 -aunt, (4-5 -e), 4recreant; 4 recrayh-, recreyande, 4, 6 Sc. recryand, 5 recraiand. [a. OF. recreant adj. and sb., (one) who yields or gives up his cause, pres, pple. of recroire: see recray v. and cf. OSp. recreente. On the northern forms with -and, see -ant^. The form creant (a.^) was also current in ME. in the same sense. The epithet is alluded to by Glanville, and mentioned by Bracton, as a term of the greatest opprobrium. 01190 Glanville 11. vii, Perennis infamise opprobrium, illius infesti et inverecundi verbi quod in ore victi turpiter sonat consectivum. 01260 Bracton iii. 11. xxxiv. §2 Non sufficit ..nisi dicat illud verbum odiosum, quod recreantus sit.]

A. adj.

13.. Sir Beues (MS. A.) 1042 Ich me 3elde, Recreaunt, to be, in bis felde. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 9 With dynt of suerde & drede he mad pzm recreant. 1375 Barbour Bruce vi. 258 He.. sua stonait the remanand, That thai war weill neir recryand. 1470-85 Malory Arthur i. xxiii. To yelde me vnto the as recreaunt I had leuer dye than to be soo shamed. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. Ixxxi. [Ixxvii.] 242 That it sholde not be sayd that the Frensshemen were recreaunt to have made that voyage. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. ill. (1599) 122 Other peeces of good ability to defend them selues, became recreant, and yeelded. 1634 Heywood Maidenhead Lost v. Ij b, Yeeld thy selfe recreant, villaine, or thou dy’st. 1700 Dryden Pal. Gf Arc. ii. 415 From out the bars to force his opposite. Or kill or make him recreant on the plain. 1781 Cowper Anti-Thelyphth. 122 He that does not.. Is recreant, and unworthy of his spurs.

b. In attrib. use. (fOccas. placed after the sb.)

obs. form of recreant.

1932 Trans. Inst. Mining Engineers LXXXH. 452 The recovery of two separate underground districts which had been sealed off for several years due to the occurrence of fire.

1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 481/1 Keeping Time, is the feathering of the oars, and their recovery.

1. Confessing oneself to be overcome or vanquished; surrendering, or giving way, to an opponent; hence, cowardly, faint-hearted, craven, afraid. a. In predicative use, after to be or become, to yield (oneself), to make, etc. fAlso const, with inf.

^1386 Chaucer Pars. T. !P624 Like the Coward Champion recreant bat seith creaunt withouten nede. c 1400 Rowland & O. 342 Send vnto Rowlande.. I calle hym recreyande knyghte. C1477 Caxton y05ow 90 b, That I be poynted with the finger a reproche and cowardise and as a right recreant knighte. 1513 Douglas JEneis xi. Prol. 119 Becum thow cowart, craudoun recryand. 1595 Shaks.^o/w III. i. 129 Hang a Calues-skin on those recreant limbs. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 139 When those that Marshall’d them. Could not with-hold from flight their recreant men. 1725 Pope Odyss. vi. ii Then great Nausithous.. retreating from the sound of war The recreant nation to fair Scheria led. 1753 Richardson Grandison I. xxvii. 198 What a recreant figure must he make even to himself. 1813 Byron Corsair ii. x, The loud recreant wretch who boasts and flies. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 21I It was his resolute bearing which had shamed .. the recreant nobles of Rome from deserting the fast sinking ship of the State.

2. Unfaithful to duty; false, apostate. a. In predicative use. Const, to, -ffrom. 1643 Milton Divorce ii. iii. Wks. 1738 I. 186 If the Law .. shall give out Licence, it foils it self, and turns recreant from its own end. 1671 -P.R. iii. 138 Who..Turn’d recreant to God, ingrate and false. 1688 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 453 He writt very severely against the papists and popery, but here of late turn’d recreant, and writt as much for them against the church of England. X792 Burke Let. to Sir H. Langrishe Wks. 1842 I. 549 Any man, who has not become recreant and apostate from his baptism. 1852 D. G. Mitchell Dream Life 231 You know the careless and the vain purposes which have made me recreant to the better nature.

b. In attributive use. condition.)

(Also of an action or

1791-1823 D’Israeli Cur. Lit. (1866) 286/2 Compelling the unfortunate Bacchanalian to drain the last drop, or expose his recreant sobriety. 1838 Lytton Leila iv. v. That recreant Israelite is he who hath stirred up the Jews of Cordova and Guadix. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches i. 3 To rebuke the recreant American.

t3. Worn out, exhausted. Obs. rare-^. Sonnes of Aymon iii. 109 Now ben the foure sones of Aymon recreaunte & almost wery. C1489 Caxton

B. sb. 1. One who yields in combat; a cowardly or faint-hearted person, 01400 Sir Perc. 610 With his craftez ganne he calle, And callede thame recrayhandes alle. 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. Ep. Ded. (Arb.) 44, I should.. cast downe mine armoure and hide myselfe like a recreant. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, iv. viii. 28 You are all Recreants and Dastards, and delight to Hue in slauerie to the Nobility. 1799 Sheridan Pizarro ii. iv. Hold! recreants! cowards! What, fear ye death, and fear not shame? 1814 D’Israeli Quarrels Auth. (1867) 402 The recreant, in silence, was composing the libel, which his cowardice dared not publish. 1894 S. J. Weyman Under the Red Robe xiv. (1897) 337 Like the recreant.. who, lying in the ditch while the battle raged came out afterwards and boasted of his courage.

2. One who breaks allegiance or faith; an apostate, deserter, villain. 1570 Levins Manip. 25I17 A recreant, perfidus. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 68, I tell thee, recreant, I scorne thy clownish Arcady with his inferior comparisons. 1607 Shaks. Cor. v. iii. 114 Thou Must as a Forraine Recreant be led With Manacles through our streets. 1688 Shadwell Sqr. Alsatia v. Oh this most wicked Recreant. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ix. 409 Vain will then be the appeals of the recreant. 1869 Browning Ring Bk. viii. 674 We find Saint Paul No recreant to this faith delivered once,

b. transf. A runaway (animal). 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. vi. 65 It cost a pull through ice and water of about eight miles before they found the recreants.

Hence 'recreantly adv., ‘recreantness. c 1475 Partenay 4436 A gret oth [he] made.. That he wold be dede ful recreantly Or discomfite wold this cruell Geant. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxcix. 693, I trowe there was neuer so vnhappy people, nor more recreantly maynteyned themselfe. 1611 Florio, Recredenza, a belief changed from that it was, recreantnesse. 1895 Chicago Advance 28 Feb. 764/3 Recreantly turning their backs on the sacred doctrine of the rights of man.

t recrease, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. recrescere (or OF. recroistre), after decrease, increase.] intr. To grow or increase again. 1521 Stile Let. to Wolsey in St. Papers Hen. VIII (1834) II. 85 Sithe the writeyng of my laste letters sent un to your Grace, here be no newis recresid. 1522 Ibid. 97. 1542 Lam. & Piteous Treat, in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 232 Which [wounds] by the dyffyculte and length of the way recreased and waxed worsse dayly.

RECREATE recreate ('rekneit), v.^ [ad. L. recredt-^ ppl. stem of recredre to restore, refresh, f. re- re- + credre to create. Cf. F. recreer (14th c. in Littre).] 1. a. To restore to a good or normal physical condition from a state of weakness or exhaustion; to invest with fresh vigour or strength; to refresh, reinvigorate (nature, strength, a person or thing). In later use only reft. (cf. 4 b). 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 444 Onto the tyme reformit war sic thing.. And recreat agane als war thair strenth. 1555 Eden Decades 106 Sweete sauers greatly recreatynge and comfortynge nature. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 152 Wine recreateth and refresheth the stomack. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia iv. 112 After hee had recreated and refreshed his Companie, he was sent to the Riuer Patawomeake. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 199 Stirring the Mould with the Spade, and (as need is) recreating it with Composts. refl. 1542 Elder Let. to K. Hen. Vlll 'xn Bannatyne Misc. (1827) I. 11 A certane lady, namede Scota, which.. come out of Egipte..to recreatt hir self..in the colde ayre of Scotland. 1555 Eden Decades 279 When Demetrius had.. rested and recreate him selfe. 1797 Holcroft Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) III. Ixxxix. 494 We recreated ourselves at two . .springs. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. ii, He stopped at the island, and recreated himself with a glass of beer. 1862 Helps Ess.^ Organ. Daily Life (1875) 159 That each living being requires a certain portion of air to recreate itself with.

fb. To restore to life, revive.

RECREATION

372

Obs. rare~^.

1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 122 They had power to calme stormes and tempests,.. to recreate euen the dead.

f2. a. To refresh (a sense or its organ) by means of some agreeable object or impression. Obs. 1514 Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. xxxi. What joye haue courtiers in tasting or in smell; For these two wittes in court be recreate. 1578 Banister Hist. Man viii. 104 By the which varietie of colours the weryed eyes are recreated. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. ii. iii. i. i. You haue many pleasant obiects, sweet smells, delightsome lasts.. &c. to recreat your senses. 1684 Contempl. St. Man ii. v. (1699) 172 The eyes shall ever be recreated with the Light of the.. Bodies of the Saints. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Card. I. 144 Speckled with little red spots that recreate the Sight. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 179 IP 10 Those Delicacies of Nature recreate two Senses at once.

fb. To refresh or enliven (the spirits, mind, a person) by some sensuous or purely physical influence; to affect agreeably in this way. Obs. ^1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S) v. 3 May is the moneth maist amene..To recreat thair havy hartis. 1578 Lyte Dodoens ii. Ixxi. 241 The later writers say that it [Basill].. recreateth the spirites. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 395 He that commeth into fine gardens, is as much recreated to smell the flower, as to gather it. 1622 J. Hagthorpe Div. Medit. xix. (1817) 15 Ten thousand flowers to recreate the mind. 1651 tr. De-las-Coveras' Don Fenise i The various beauties of the Plants and Streames could but very little recreate him. 1712 Blackmore Creation ii. 59 Whose odoriferous exhalations fan The flame of life, and recreate beast and man. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 80 IP3 We are very agreeably recreated, when the body, chilled with the weather, is gradually recovering its natural tepidity. absol. 1778 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. viii. (1876) 440 Variety .. must be employed to recreate and relieve.

3. To refresh or cheer (a person) by giving comfort, consolation or encouragement. Now rare. CI470 Henryson Mor. Fab. ii. {Town & C. Mouse) xi, Ane gentill hart is better recreate With blith curage [Bonn. MS. usage] than seith to him ane kow. 1502 Atkynson tr. De Imitatione ii. xii. 194 Thou shuldest rather chose aduersyte than desyre to be recreate with many consolacions. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 740 Hagar the hand-maid of Sara beeing in extreme daunger, is recreated by the consolation of an Angell. 1638 Penit. Conf. viii. (1657) 23s The holy Spirit recreates and comforts him with the sweet voice. 1749 Lavington Enthus. Meth. & Papists (1752) 54 St. Anthony had often familiar Conversations with God, recreating him with extraordinary comforts. 1834 Oxf. Univ. Mag. I. 46 The habit, .of being recreated with the cheers of an exhilarated multitude.

4. a. To refresh or enliven (the mind, the spirits, a person) by some pastime, amusement, occupation, agreeable news, etc. 1531 Elyot Gov. I. vii, The mooste noble and valiant princis.., to recreate their spirites,.. enbraced instrumentes musicall. 1584 Cogan Haven Health ii. (1636) 19 That learned Lawyer.. was wont to recreat his minde with Tenisplay. 1600 Hosp. Inc. Fooles 95 lesting Fooles, whose intent is no other, but to recreat and make merrie the world. 1629 Maxwell tr. Herodian (1635) 301 Recreating the people (as he thought) with Chariot-races, stage plaies, feasts and night-shewes. 1712 Pope Let. to Gay 23 Aug., I am very much recreated and refreshed with the news of the advancement. 1784 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. xii. (1884) 209 It is.. necessary to intellectual health, that the mind should be recreated and refreshed with a variety in our studies. 1825 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Superann. Man, No busy faces to recreate the idle man who contemplates them ever passing by. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) I. viii. 361 Some of their sovereigns.. were wont to recreate their spirits with elegant poetry. 1890 Spectator 6 Dec., It recreates him to indulge in sayings which leave an impression of rashness and scorn. absol. 1868 Sala Lamb's Wks. I. p. vi. Although he rarely recreated, he never failed to instruct.

b. refl. To refresh (oneself) agreeable occupation or pastime.

with

some

1530 Palsgr. 681/2, I recreate my selfe with some pastyme or sporte. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ill. 165 Sometimes he recreateth himselfe with huntine, and sometime with playing at chesse. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i in. 111. 45 God contemplating this new framed Image rejoiced and recreated himself therein. 1712 Steele Sped

No. 498 If I There are many Illustrious Youths., who frequently recreate themselves by driving of a HackneyCoach. 1849-50 Ht. Martineau Hist. Peace iv. xii. HI. 158 The Lord Chancellor was recreating himself, after a long stretch of arduous business, with a journey in Scotland.

fc. To enliven or gratify (a feeling). Ohs. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §13 The other Attribute wherewith I recreate my devotion, is His Wisdom. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 9 With a Design to mock and ridicule him, and recreate his own inexorable Spleen with the spiteful Pleasure of.. repulsing him.

5. intr. To take recreation. Now chiefly U.S. 1587 J- Rider Bibl. Schol. s.v., To recreat, neut. or be delighted with, oblector, acquiesco. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxvi. 115 There is in that seate.. a continual shadow to walk and recreat in. 1676 L. Addison State of Jews 117 They suppose the Souls in Purgatory have liberty to recreate. 1874 Helps Soc. Press, xix. (1875) 282 Let us.. now recreate, lest we should eat and drink too much at dinner. 1978 Verbatim Winter 6/1 The President plans to recreate on Labor Day. 1979 Sunset Apr. 16/3 (Advt.), Recreate. It’s fun in Colorado. For the best in summer fun take yourself and your family away. transf. 1618 Bolton Florus i. xvi. (1636) 46 Here are the lakes Lucrinus and Avernus, bowers of delight for the sea to recreate in.

•fb. trans. To relieve (an occupation, state, etc.) by means of something of a contrary nature. Obs. *545 Ascham Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 45 Ernest studie must be recreated with honest pastime. 1597 ist Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iii. i. 974, I have not onlie recreated thy could state with the warmth of my bountie, but also [etc.]. 1621 G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xv. (1626) 304 loues sonne.. entered Heroick Croton’s roofe; a welcome Guest: And his long trauell recreates with rest. 1651-3 Jer. Taylor Serm. for Year (1678) 335 A perpetual full table, not recreated with fasting, not made pleasant with intervening scarcity.

Hence 'recreated ppL a.* 1832 Ht. Martineau Each & All iv. 47 The recreated statesman finds in either case equal pleasure and repose. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 484 In order to enable the recreated system to throw off the burden.

recreate (riikn'eit), v.'^ Also re-create, [f.

re- 5 a

+ CREATE v.'\ trans. To create anew. 1587 Golding De Mornay Ep. Ded. ••!], Gods wisedome in creating thinges.. nor his goodnesse in recreating or renewing them. 1609 J. Davies Holy Roode Civ, Nor was’t alone for his owne glorie meet That he did man create, or re¬ create. 1679 Penn Addr. Prot. ii. v. (1692) 190 They had almost need to be Re-Created in order to be Converted. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 300 Could Mr. Locke himself imagine that his person was annihilated every night when he went to sleep, and re-created again when he awoke in the morning? 1813 Shelley Q. Mab viii. 107 All things are recreated. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 63 Four out of the number were recreated, under the name of Regius professorships. absol. i860 PusEY Min. Proph. 166 Man.. can destroy; he cannot recreate.

b. To create anew in imagination. 1837 Hawthorne Twice-told T. (1851) II. xix. 267 While gazing at a figure of melancholy age, to re-create its youth. 1895 W. M. Ramsay Paul the Trav. i. §3. 17 It is always hard to recreate the remote past.

Hence recre'ated ppl. a.®, recre'ating vbl. sb.^ and ppl. a.^ 1587 Golding De Mornay xxviii. 524 What counsell wouldest thou giue him for the recreating of thee. 1631 R. Byfield Doctr. Sabb. 207 Our re-creating or Redemption. 1659 Pearson Creed ii. (1839) 165 Where are the recreated principalities and powers’? 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vi. 56 The blood-stained charter.., Which Nature soon, with re¬ creating hand Will blot in mercy from the book of earth.

recreate (riikn'eit), ppl. a.

[Cf.

prec.

and

CREATE pp/. a.] Re-created. 1855 Bailey Mystic, Spir. Leg. 134 They.., Through conduct, aspiration and intent Thrice recreate, shall rise. 1877 Ruskin Fors Clav. Ixxxiv. 412 The recreate and never to be dissolved order of the perfect earth.

'recreating, vbl. sb.^

[f. recreate v,^ + -ingL] The action of refreshing, reinvigorating, etc. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 303 After long recreating of hir selfe in the country. 1663 Butler Hud. i. i. 677 ’Twas an old way of recreating, Which learned butchers call Bear-baiting. 1854 Faber Growth in Holiness xiv. (1872) 245 Recreating and idling are very different things.

So 'recreating ppl. a.*, that recreates. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. ii. Introd., Wks. (1851) 147 Some recreating intermission of labour, and serious things. 1695 J. Edwards Perfect. Script. 223 Other recreating and pleasurable entertainments. 1783 Burke Sp. Fox’s E. India Bill Wks. 1842 I. 282 Poverty, sterility, and desolation, are not a recreating prospect. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley xx. Every night yielded her recreating rest.

recreation* (rekri'eijan). Also 4-6 -acioun, -acyon, etc. [a. F. recreation (13th c. in Littre), or ad. L. recredtion-em (Pliny), n. of action f. recredre to recreate n.*] 11. Refreshment by partaking of food; a refection; nourishment. Obs. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 100 To sustienen hem and fede In time of recreacion. C1489 Caxton Blanchardyn 145 Blanchardyn, Sadoyne, and his wyff..were sittyng at the bord takynge their recreacyon. 1538 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. II. App. xc. 251, I bequest to the Maister, Wardens and Felyshyp of the Drapers, v.jpounde, for a recreation or adyner. 1600 Surflet Forme iii. xlvi. 5i6Thetree must haue some recreation giuen it in winter, after his great trauell in bringing foorth of his fruite.

12. a. Refreshment or comfort produced by something affecting the senses or body. Obs.

1390 Gower Conf. III. 114 [Of the sun] alle erthly creatures.. taken after the natures Here ese and recreacion. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 14 Wyne is a lycor of grete recreacioun. C1440 Gesta Rom. ii. 6 (Harl. MS.) Ofte tyme he vsid to ligge ny the fire, for to haue comfort and recreacion of pe fire.

fb. Comfort or consolation of the mind; that which comforts or consoles. Obs. rare. C1410 Hoccleve Mother of God 138 The habitacion Of the holy goost our recreacion Be in myn herte. c 1440 York Myst. xlvi. 20 Vnkyndely J?ei kidde pern per kyng for to kenne. With carefull comforth and cold recreacioun. c 1475 Lament. Mary Magd. cxcvii. My comforte, and al my recreacioun, Fare wel my parpetual saluacioun.

3. a. The action of recreating (oneself or another), or fact of being recreated, by some pleasant occupation, pastime or amusement. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 155 New thinges.. to tell off for solace and recreacioun of J>aim )?at lykez to here J>am. 1484 Caxton Fables of Alfonce vi, To take his recreacion he entryd in to his gardyn. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 558/1 Tindall is as it semeth.. set vpon reading of rydles for his recreacion. 1584 Cogan Haven Health ii. (1636) 20 Socrates.. for recreation.. blushed not to ride upon a Reed among his little children. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxiv. 129 Forrests, and Chases, either for his recreation, or for preservation of Woods. 1755 Young Centaur ii. Wks. 1757 IV. 140 Too much recreation tires as much, as too much business. 1791 Cowper Iliad xxi. 56 Eleven days, at his return, he gave To recreation joyous with his friends, i860 Hook Lives Abps. I. i. 2 He sought his recreation in the study of Ecclesiastical History.

b. An instance of this; a means of recreating oneself; a pleasurable exercise or employment. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 82 Travaile requyrithe a recreacioune. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes I For a recreacion and a passyng of tyme I had delyte and axed to rede somme good historye. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. x. 86 The Turke hath observed the Palester of the Athletes.. for one of his accustomed recreations. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows iii. §11. 206 Such kind of recreations as make men fitter for warre. 1749 Lavington Enthus. Meth. fef Papists 23 Our love of Recreations and Diversions has indeed confessedly exceeded all bounds. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 169 The chase was his favourite recreation.

c. One who or that which supplies recreation. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. ii. iii. 146 If I do not gull him into an ayword, and make him a common recreation [etc.]. 1863 Sat. Rev. 15 Aug. 224 These Tragedies and other Plays will live.. not as the recreation of an idle hour [etc.]. 14. A place of refreshment or recreation. Obs, CI440 Promp. Parv. 426/1 ‘Recreacyon’, or howse of refreschynge, recreatorium. 1618 Bolton Florus (1636) 29 Tiber which is now but a Suburbe, and Praeneste but our Summer-recreation.

5. attrih. and Comb., as recreation area, centre, ground, hall, home, leader, leadership, league, officer, ramble, room, tent, therapy, time, vehicle, 1961 Recreation Dec. 531/1 ‘Recreation areas are never too large for the future. 1978 N. Y. Times 29 Mar. B2/3 Ocean Beach Park, a recreation area on Long Island Sound. *943 J- S. Huxley TVA 17 Guntersville, formerly a sleepy market town.. is now becoming.. an important ‘recreation centre. 1974 M. G. D. Dixey Local Recreation Centres i. 10 Most local authorities recognise the need for indoor recreation centres. 1859 Act 22 Viet. c. 27 §8 This Act.. may be cited., [as] ‘The ‘Recreation Grounds Act, 1859’. 1898 E. Howard Tomorrow xiv. 147 These wretched slums will be pulled down, and their sites occupied by parks, recreation grounds, and allotment gardens. 1969 I. & P. Opie Children's Games xii. 341 The merry-go-round is a type of swing placed in the recreation ground by the local council. 1981 J. B. Hilton Playground of Death iv. 42, I learned on an Essex Recreation Ground. 1943 J. S. Huxley TVA 75 This method of sectional prefabrication has now been successfully applied to larger buildings, such as .. ‘recreation halls. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 10 July 6/2 Add to this the boom in ‘recreation and leisure homes and you have Ozark hills and hollows chock full of people. *923 Playground Apr. 35/2 A ‘recreation leader should be active in the social work program of his city. 1936 H. R. Clark Playground Man. ii. 32 Discuss the future possibilities for playground and recreation leaders. 1953 H. D. Corbin Recreation Leadership ii. 20 The recreation leader is responsible for the organization, direction, and supervision of recreational activities. 1924 Playground Apr. 118 The marked increase in employed ‘recreation leadership. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 22 May 14/4 (Advt.), Liberal Arts Career Studies... Recreation Leadership. Ibid. May 17/2 We were told to scrounge up our own games through local ‘recreation leagues to get as much experience as possible. 1976 Evening Times (Glasgow) I Dec. 3/1 The Carstairs patient who died attempting to defend ‘recreation officer Neil McLellan. 1853 D- FM Carthy Dramas of Calderon I. p. viii, ‘Recreationrambles into the enchanted regions of foreign song. 1854 ‘Recreation room [see coconut matting s.v. coco, cocoa 4 e]. 1890 Harper's New Monthly Mag. Feb. 342/1 An excellent canteen and a recreation-room are, however, now provided in almost every barrack. 1978 J. Wainwright Thief of Time 99 I’m in the Recreation Room. Playing Ludo. 1930 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp v. 75 The two big tents for the commissariat and ‘recreation tents had ridge-poles. *977 M. Edelman Polit. Lang. iv. 60 If they play volleyball, that is ‘recreation therapy. 1909 ‘Mark Twain’ Is Shakespeare Dead? iv. 45 It seriously shortened his .. ‘recreation-time. 1974 State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 15 Feb. 17-B/1 (Advt.), Home sites. Mobile Homes. ‘Recreation vehicles. 1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 27 Apr. 35/2 He predicted sales of RVs will continue to rise, ‘because the recreation vehicle looks solid when compared with other vacation forms’.

RECREATION recreation^ (riikri'eijan). Also re-creation, [f. RE- 5 a

+ CREATION.] again; a new creation.

The action of creating

1522 World Child C iiij b, Christ,.. That craftly made euery creature by good recreacyon. 1584 R. Scot Discov. Witckcr. V. ii. (1886) 74 But to what end should one dispute gainst these creations and recreations? i6ii Bp. Hall Serm.v. 52 As in the Creation he could have made all at once, but he would take days for it: so in our recreation by grace. 1W4 ]. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 2 Not long after the Re-creation of Mankind we find recorded.. the Tower of Babylon. 1850 R. I. Wilberforce Holy Baptism 42 Regeneration is a re-creation of man’s nature. 1873 G. Henslow Evolution xiii. 204 Xhe cataclysms and recreations of the early geological theorists.

recreational (rekn'eijsnsl), a. [f, recreation^ + -AL^] a. Of or pertaining to recreation. Also, used for, or as a form of, recreation; concerned with recreation. 1656 E. Reyner Rules Govt, Tongue 226 We may use Recreational speeches sometimes, to instruct, reprove or comfort others, in a pleasant way. 1882 Jevons Meth. Soc. Ref. 69 The educational and recreational value of admission to such establishments. 1890 Century Mag. June 176 The recreational section has been a most unequivocal Success, and has already proved a boon to East London. 1946 Q.Jrnl. Forestry XL. 2 The Americans have a word for it: the ‘recreational’ use of land. This is primarily w'hat National Parks are for. 1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 173 There is an extensive technical and recreational library. 1956 A. H. Compton Atomic Quest no The Cook County recreational area. 1973 Times 2 Mar. 16/5 Proposals to create the first protected nature reserve.. are being discussed by Deal town council with.. recreational societies. 1976 Billings (Mont^a) Gaz. 20 June i-f/i We used to hear about recreationd shopping —it was sort of a lark and a lot of fun — but I think now it is a pretty grim, serious business. 1977 Age (Melbourne) 18 Jan. 24/1 (Advt.), Caravan Owners!.. Recreational vehicle reports include a 24 ft. Glendale, pronounced ideal for a young couple’s first home. b. recreational mathematics^ mathematics

studied or amusement.

indulged

RECRIMINATION

373

in

for

pleasure

or

1940 Kasner & Newman Math, fef Imagination 156 Researches in recreational mathematics sprang from the same desire to know, were guided by the same principles, and required the exercise of the same faculties as the researches leading to the most profound discoveries in mathematics and mathematical physics. Accordingly, no branch of intellectual activity is a more appropriate subject for discussion than puzzles and paradoxes. 1973 Sci. Amer. Sept. 176/1 It would .. be hard to imagine two problems in combinatorial point-set geometry more remote from foreseeable practical applications unless one thinks of recreational mathematics (with its two virtues: amusement and instruction) as a branch of applied mathematics. Hence recre’ationalist, one who advocates or

promotes the provision of recreation; recre'ationally adv.

facilities

for

re-

5a

-b

1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome viii. 420 In respect of re¬ creative energy, there was a boundless difference between Asia and Europe. 1889 Lux Mundi xii. (1890) 505 The mysterious facts which lie at the root of the recreative process.

Hence recre'ativeness**. 1820 L. Hunt Indicator No. 42 |f 6 All the living grace.. which the re-creativeness of poetry can give her.

recreator* ('rekrieit3(r)). [f. recreate t;.*] One who, or that which, recreates. 1884 H. R. Haweis Musical Mem. xi. 70 Music’s future destiny as a vast civilizer, recreator, health-giver [etc.].

[f. recreation*

-1ST.] a. One who pursues a recreation, b. = RECREATIONALIST. (See also quot. 1952.) 1904 Daily Chron. 13 Sept. 6/6 The campers had relaxed their vigilance... At a sudden startled shout of ‘Police,’ the Recreationists discovered helmeted and uniformed stalwarts advancing on them. 1952 D. Riesman in Antioch Rev. Dec. 420 Students of leisure—‘recreationists’ perhaps we’d better call them. 1963 Times 6 Nov. 13/3 A useful exercise .. to bring poachers .. round a table with gamekeepers.. together with naturalists, architects, town planners, industrialists, and recreationists (if the word will serve). 1977 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 8 July 13/4 Cougar Air. .will be relying heavily on lumber and mining companies for business as well as recreationists.

recreative ('rekneitiv), a.* and sb. [f. recreate V.' and -IVE, perh. after F. recreatif (i6th c. in Littre).] A. adj. Tending to recreate or refresh in a pleasureable manner; amusing, diverting. 1549 Compl. Scot. Table, The sext cheptor rehersis ane monolog recreatyue of the actor. 1579 E. K. Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Gen. Argt. §3 Recreative, such as al those be, which containe matter of love. 1629 Shertogenbosh i This Boscage was an euen and recreatiue place, fruitfull of wild Deere. 1695 J. Edwards Perfect. Script. 222 Washing or bathing.. was a recreative exercise of the female sex. 1729 Shelvocke Artillery iv. 207 The form then of the recreative Sort [of crackers] may be much varied. 1814 Mme. D’Arblay Wanderer III. 293 They were only recreative little sylphs amusing themselves with whipping and spurring me on to my own good. 1887 Spectator 9 Apr. 492 His contributions to the recreative literature of the day.

t B. absol. as sb. A recreative thing or pursuit. 1615 Daniel Hymen s Tri. Wks. (1717) 90 For these are only Cynthia’s Recreatives Made unto Phoebus. 1620 E. Blount Horse Subs. 382, I know few recreatiues that possesse vs more, then the humour of building. Hence 'recreatively adv., 'recreativeness*. 1611 COTGR., Recreativement, recreatiuely, with recreation. 1727 Bailey vol. 11, Recreativeness, recreating quality.

cultivate a skin Too soft; or teach the recremental fume Too fast to crowd through such precarious ways.

recrementitious (.rekrimsn'tijss), a.

[f. as prec. -b -iTious.] Of the nature of recrement; drossy, superfluous, separable, unessential. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. ii. 53 That superfluous and recrementitious offspring of haire. 1675-6 Boyle Disc. Quicksilver Wks. 1772 IV. 226 Common mercury skilfully freed from its recrementitious and heterogeneous parts. 1757 A. Cooper Distiller i. xx. (1760) 83 These recrementitious or drossy Parts of the Sugar. 1827 Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 302 The recrementitious earth is thus easily separated. 1857 Brinton in Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 400/2 The importance of these ‘recrementitious’ secretions.

recre'mentory, a. rare, [-ory.] = prec. recreator** (ri:kri'eit3(r)). [re- 5 a. Cf. recreate v.^] One who creates again. 1587 Golding De Mornay Ep. Ded. **ij. We consider not the incomparable worke of our Creator and Recreator, but by piecemeale. 1852 Bailey Festus xv. (ed. 4) 177 Yea even here as everywhere, let man Worship his Recreator.

frecreatory. Obs. rare-'. [ad. med.L. recredtorium, f. recredre: see recreate v.' and -ORY.] A source of comfort or recreation. a 1450 Mankind (Brandi) 858 O mercy, my.. solas and synguler recreatory. My predilecte specyall.

recreaunt(e, obs. forms of recreant. recredence (rii'kriidans). rare-'. [Prob. backformation on RECREDENTIAL a. and sb., infl. by CREDENCE sb. 4 b.] In phr. letters of recredence = RECREDENTIALS sb. pi. 1855 E. C. Grenville Murray Embassies & Foreign Courts xxii. 345 In this audience the ambassador presents his letters of recall to the sovereign, and usually makes a farewell speech... He receives at the same time his letters of recredence.

recre'dential, a. and sb. Obs. exc. Hist, [re-.] A. adj. Of letters: Serving as credentials to an ambassador returning from a foreign court. 1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4698/1 Count Velo..has insisted upon his having an Audience of Leave, and Recredential Letters from the Emperor. 1725 Ibid. No. 6367/1 Prince Galliczin.. having been recalled and received his Recredential Letters, is to have .. his Audience of Leave of his.. Majesty.

B. sh. pi. Recredential letters.

recrei-, recrei3-, variants of recray

v.

Obs.

recrement ('rekrimant). [a. F. recrement {1552 in Hatz.-Darm.), or ad. L. recrement-um refuse, dross, etc., f. re- re- 2 -b cernere to separate. Cf. EXCREMENT*.] 1. The superfluous or useless portion of any substance; refuse, dross, scum, off-scouring. 1599 T. M[oufet] Silkwormes 26 Now what are seedes and egges of wormes or foule But recrements of preexisting things. 1640 Bp. Hall Serm. Rem. Wks. (1660) 41 Light.. discovers all the foulnesse of the most earthly recrements, it mixeth with none of them. 1707 SLOANEj^amoico I. 57 It was thrown up by the waves with other recrements of the sea. 1774 Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772, 165 [The rocks] did not appear to me a lava, or under any suspicion of having been the recrement of a Vulcano. fig. 1622 Bp. Hall Serm. 15 Sept. Wks. (1627) 493 Those other sullen, mopish creatures are the.. oflF-scouring and recrements of the world. 1698 [R. Ferguson] View Eccles. 72 The greatliest offensive Recrements of the Mountebank’s Stage. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad 1. 748 Some coarse drab, the recrement of earth! 1882 J. B. Stallo Concepts Mod. Physics 292 A recrement of ancient tradition.

2. Spec. a. A waste animal or vegetable which is separated absorbed into it, as excrement).

1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 141 The recrementory part, which descends on to the large intestines, ihid. 381 A gas recrementory and deleterious to life.

recrescence (ri'kresans).

[f. L. recresc-ere to grow anew: cf. excrescence.] The act of growing again; reproduction of a part or member. 1891 New Rev. June 533 In lower animals or plants.. the fact of recrescence is far more obvious.

fre’erew, sb. Obs. In 7 recrewe, recrue. [a. F. recrue, \recreue, reinforcement (i6th c. in Littre), sb. fern. f. recru pa. pple. of recrottre: see RECRUIT sb. and crew rfe.] A body of soldiers intended to reinforce an army. = recruit sb. i. 1619 in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 141 The reinforcing of his broken regiment with newe recrewes. 1641 Sc. Acts Chas. / (i8i4)V. 390 To enact that no leavies,.. companies, or recrues of souldiouris, be.. sent out of this Kingdome.

fre'erew, v. Obs. In 7 Sc. recreu. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To reinforce. 1637 Monro Expedition ii. 137 Having recreued his Armie againe out of Westfalia, he then marched on Stoade. 1644 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) VI. 62/1 That pis kingdome may be enabled to.. recreu the armie sent forth if neid beis.

recrewte, obs. form of recruit v. recreyande, obs. form of recreant. recreye, variant of recray v. Obs. frecribrate, v.

1654 Whitelocke Jrn/. Swed. Emb. (1772) II. 119 To see that.. the re-credentialls to Whitelocke, should be perfected and brought to him. 1760 Francis Lett. (1901) I. 57, I earnestly hope the next paquet may bring our Recredentials. 1909 Eng. Hist. Rev. XXIV. Apr. 256 He obtained his recredentials on 18 October 1666.

recreent, obs. form of recreant.

1970 Daily Tel. 31 Mar. 14 Landowners, farmers, residents, recreationalists, preservationists, con¬ servationists, naturalists, sportsmen and many others have to be considered. 1975 Nature 18 Sept. 185/1 Extracts of the poppy plant have been used since the days of the Homeric epics medically and recreationally. 1977 yrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 257/1 The NCC [rc. Nature Conservancy Council] is trying to achieve a revolution in attitudes reconciling the needs of the recreationalists and the conservationists. 1979 Sci. Amer. Feb. 52/2 The diver’s work is far more demanding than might be supposed by someone who has dived recreationally in clear, warm water.

recreationist (rekri'eijgnist).

recreative (riikn'eitiv), a.^ [f. CREATIVE a.] That creates anew.

product or excretion of an body; also Physiol.^ a fluid from the blood and again the saliva or bile (opp. to

1615 Crooke Body of Man 11. ii. (1631) 65 That it [the venter] might better receiue the recrements or excrements of both concoctions. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Digress. 351 The superfluous Serosities and other Recrements of the Blood. 1733 Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. i. (Dubl.) 7 Plants., have only fine Recrements, which are thrown off by the Leaves. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. v. §3 (1819) 55 The vestiges of animal or vegetable recrements. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 160 Whatever recrement or other materials are co-acervated in any part of the intestines.

t b. The dross or scoria of metallic substances. 1611 CoTGR., Chalcite, the recrement of brasse, cleaning to the sides of the furnaces wherein tis purified. 1678 Phil. Trans. XII. 1051 Slag,. is the Recrement of Iron. 1758 J. S, tr. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) Diet., Lithargyrum,.. a Recrement of Lead thrown off from Silver refined.

recremental (rekri'mental), a. ? Obs. [f. prec. -b -AL*.] Of or belonging to recrements. 1578 Banister Hist. Man i. 7 As the brayne had oft occasion, so it should neuer want, the meane of recrementall purging. 1669 W. Simpson Hydro! Chym. 121 Carrying away the recremental sordes of those parts. 1744 Armstrong Preserv. Health iii. 254 ’Tis not for those to

Obs. rare-', [re- 5 a. Cf. med.L. reertbrdre (1364 in Du Cange).] trans. To sift again. C1624 Donne Lett. (1651) 308, I have cribrated, and re¬ cribrated, and post-cribrated the Sermon.

recriminate (ri'krimmeit), v.

[f. recrimindt-, ppl. stem of med.L. recrimindri: see re- 2 and CRIMINATE V. Cf. F. recriminer (i6th c. in Littre).] 1. intr. To retort an accusation; to bring a charge or charges in turn against one’s accuser. 1611 CoTGR., Recriminer, to recriminate, retort a crime [etc.]. 1621 Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 82 Sir H. Y[elverton] came as a delinquent, and dyd recriminate. 1651 Tombes in Baxter Inf. Bapt. 202, I love not to recriminate, for that were to scold. 1777 Burke Let. to Sheriffs Bristol Wks. III. 161 To criminate and recriminate never yet was the road to reconciliation, in any difference amongst men. 1812 D’Israeli Calam. Auth. (1882) 485 Such are some of the personalities with which Decker recriminated. 1884 Church Bacon i. 26 Bacon is able to recriminate with effect, and to show gross credulity and looseness of assertion on the part of the Roman Catholic advocate.

b. Const. oUy upon (a person, etc.). ? Ohs. 1693 Tate in Drydens Juvenal i. (1697) 28 How shall such Hypocrites Reform the State, On whom the Brothels can Recriminate? 1752 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess. Bute 20 Oct., I never recriminate on the lives of their Popes and Cardinals, when they urge the character of Henry the Eighth. 1786 Francis the Philanthropist II. 72 This circumstance inspired me.. to re-criminate on my base accuser.

2. trans. a. To accuse (a person) in return; to make a counter-charge against (the accuser). Also const, of. Now rare. 1621 Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 82 [It] is punishable in the Starr Chamber, yf the defendant dothe recriminate the plaintiff in his aunswere, but to recriminate a third person worse. 1683 Case of Mixt Communion 41, I speak not this to excuse our selves, or to recriminate them. 1701 Whitehead Truth Prevalent 177 Bitterly Aspersing, and odiously Recriminating us in many things of a publick Nature. 1819 Metropolis II. 151 She too recriminated certain characters in turn.

fb. To return or retort (a charge accusation) against^ upon a person. Obs.

or

1603 Florio Montaigne iii. xii. (1632) 594, I would suspect recriminate, or retorte the fault upon you. 1626 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 224 While he was in his declaration, the Kings Attorney comes in and recriminates a grievous accusation of High Treason against him. 1653 Ashwell Fides Apost. 266 Athanasius.. had the charge of Heresy recriminated also upon him.

recrimination

(rikrimi'neij'an). [a. F. recrimination (i6ii Cotgr.), or ad. med.L. recrimindtidn-em: cf. crimination.] 1. The action of bringing a counter-accusation against a person. 1611 Cotgr. s.v., A recrimination, an accusation of an accuser. 1632 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 147 The

RECRIMINATIVE Defendants answere that this Bill is a bill of recrimination. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sqctsb i. iv. §10 His Compurgators .. have sought to make good his credit by recrimination. 1771 Burke Lett., to Bp. Chester (1884) I. 295 Avoiding all offensive terms, or any kind of recrimination on their accusers, i860 Motley Netherl. iv. I. 117 When, after so much talking and tampering, there began to be recrimination among the leaguers. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. ix. 313 The dispute lasted for some years, with much mutual recrimination.

2.

A counter-accusation; an accusation brought in turn by the accused against the accuser. 1621 Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 84 Conclusion, denying his recriminacion. 1650 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 502 It contained many recriminations and fowll aspersions. ai-jzi Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) II. loi Neither will I take up your Lordships time with recriminations. I79i«i823 D’Israeli Cur. Lit. (1859) II. 350 The recriminations of politicians are the confessions of great sinners. 1850 Grote Greece ii. Ixiv. (1862) V. 535 When they heard the criminations and recriminations between the generals on one side and Theramenes on the other.

recriminative

(ri'krimmstiv),

a.

[f.

as

RECRIMINATE V. + -IVE.] = RECRIMINATORY. 1828 Southey in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 234 That [defence] which rests upon recriminative accusation. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. l. iii. (1872) I. 24 Harsh words, mutually recriminative, rising ever higher.

re'criminator. rare.

[f. as prec. + -or.]

One

who recriminates. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1720) III. 27 Weak, short-sighted Recriminators! 1727 in Bailey, vol. II.

recriminatory (ri'kriminstsn), a. [f. as prec. -h -ORY^. Cf. mod.F. recriminatoire.] Involving, of the nature of, recrimination. 1778 State Papers in Arm. Reg. 303/2 All recriminatory accusations of subordinate officers against their commanders. 1785 Burke Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. IV. 195 Returning the prosecution in a recriminatory bill of pains and penalties. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. i. v. 271 The Government precipitated itself into a career of recriminatory and vindictive acts.

re'crisple, Obs. rare-^. In 6 recrispel. [re5 a.] trans. To crisp or curl again minutely.

t

1594 Carew Tasso (1881) 80 The winde new crisples makes in her loose haire. Which nature selfe to waues recrispelled.

recross (rii'kros, -o:s), v.

1.

intr. and trans.

To

[re- 5 a.]

pass

over

again.

intr. C1470 in Hors Shepe ^ G. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 29 A herte.. yf he take ouer the ryuer he crossith; Yf he retome, he recrosseth. 1822 J. Flint Lett. Amer. ii There is a rudder at each end, so that she can cross and recross, without putting about. 1847 Ld. Lindsay Chr. Art I. p. cxlvii, Helenus recrossed by himself, many monks looking on. trans. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 1. 41 My purpose reaching for .. Asia, as his was to recrosse the snowy Alpes. 1719 De Foe Crusoe l. vi, By crossing and recrossing the Line. 1795-6 WoRDSW. Borderers i. 3 Let us.. strip the Scottish Foray Of their rich spoil, ere they recross the Border. 1830 J. F. Cooper Water Witch xiv. His boat was necessary to enable the party to re-cross the inlet. 1891 T. Hardy Tess xlv. Thus absorbed she recrossed the northern part of Long-Ash Lane at right angles.

b. trans. To pass by (another). 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. xli. (1871) V. 62 The operations of industry, which cross and recross each other in the streets.

2. To hinder or thwart again, rare. 1612 J. Davies Muse's Sacr. (Grosart) 53 For, when we first, to Hue well, goe about, w’are crost and recrost by the Reprobate.

3. a. To overlay, mark, etc. (a surface) with repeated crossings. 1598 Marston Pygmal. iii. 148 How his clothes appeare Crost and recrost with lace. 1886 Pall Mall G. 18 May 2/1 His back was. .crossed and recrossed with bleeding wales.

b. To lay across again. 1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 24 Aug., With bright ribbons crossed and recrossed about his nimble legs. Hence re'crossing vbl. sb. and ppL a. 1846 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1894) I. 208 Looking at the sea with its crossing and recrossing ships. 1897 Daily News 14 Dec. 8/4 An actor was never allowed to turn his back on the audience. Certain ‘crossings’ and ‘re-crossings’ had to be rigidly attended to.

re'crown, v.

[re- 5 a.] To crown again. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) I. xxi. 313 Waynflete assisted in re-crowning him. 1884 F. D. Huntington in J. G. Butler Bible Work N.T. (1884) I. 198 To recrown the soul and make it master of the flesh.

re'crucify, v.

[re- 5 a.] To crucify again. 1618 T. Adams Bad Leaven Wks. 1862 II. 349 [Our sins were] the hand of Jews recrucifying Christ. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety viii. ff 39 The crucified body of our Saviour, which we have., so often recrucified. 01711 Ken Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 183 My sins, which made incarnate Godhead die, God-man re-crucify.

Hence re'crucifler, one who recrucifies. 01711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 69 Whose Love would his Re-crucifyer spare.

re crudency.

rare.

RECRUIT

37 A

[f. L. recrudescere -f -ENCY.] = RECRUDESCENCY. 1603 Bacon Let. to Cecil cone. Irel. Wks. 1879 II. 22 If the wound be not ripped up again, and come to a recrudency by new foreign succours. 1903 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. XXIV. p Ixii, This success is all the more notable as it synchronises

with the recrudency of efforts to circumscribe studies.

Greek

recrudesce (ri:kru:'des), v. [ad. L. recrudescere to break out again (of wounds, also_/ig.), f. re- re+ crudescere to become raw, f. crudus raw: see CRUDE a.] To break out again, lit. zndfig. 1884 E. Gurney in Mind Jan. 118 Particular ideas which have made no part of the waking life, are apt to recrudesce in the sleep-wiing state. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 12 The acute symptoms.. subsiding and recrudescing again and again. Ibid. 251 These [boils] slowly develope and frequently recrudesce. Hence recrudescing ppl. a. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 713 Recrudescing attacks of diphtheria.

recrudescence (riikrui'desans).

[ad. L. type *recrudescentiaj f. recrudescere: see prec. and -ENCE. Cf. F. recrudescence (Littre).] 1. The state or fact of breaking out afresh, a. fig. Of a quality or state of things (usually one regarded as bad), a disease, epidemic, etc. 1721 in Bailey. /., an instance of this. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, v. (1701) 183/1 The rectitude of names is by a certain imposition not temerarious or casual, but seemingly to follow the nature of the things themselves. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 291 That universal Rectitude of all the faculties of the Soul, by which they stand apt and disposed to their receptive Offices and Operations. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. ix. §6 (1819) 117 They perceive a result, but they think little of the multitude of concurrences and rectitudes which go to form it.

t5. A right. Obs. rare—^. 1660 R. Coke Power Gf Subj. 190 If any man by force holds the Rectitudes of God [etc.]. Hence rectitudi'narian, one who practises

rectitude in conduct; recti'tudinous a., characterized by rectitude or self-righteousness; also as sb. 1671 True NonconJ. 308, I heartily pray the Lord, to make all of you, indeed, rectitudinarians. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 26 Jan. 2/1 Notoriously and unctuously rectitudinous. 1906 F. S. Oliver Alexander Hamilton v. ii. 381 The rectitudinous inquisition that is enjoyed under the freedom of the press. 1966 ‘W. Cooper’ Mem. New Man i. ii. 27 We were both wearing soberly rectitudinous dark clothes. 1978 N. Y. Rev. Bks. 18 May 23/1 It is not so much an appetite for hypocrisy as for the sententious and rectitudinous—for ‘expressin’ right’—that is a vital impulse in the American folk character.

ilrectius ('rektias), adv. [L., compar. of

recte

adv.'\ More correctly; used similarly to recte adv. I. 193a N. & Q. 6 Feb. 103/1 ‘Gallinatia’: (rectius ‘Galimatia(s)’)... The more correct spelling is Galimatia(s). 1965 J S. Roskell Commons & their Speakers i. 12 A London chronicle says that he was.. replaced by William (rec/iu5 John) Doreward. 1980 DaiVy Tel. 13 Aug. 14, I am by no means sure that Mr Anthony Powell should be allowed to rebuke the editors.. for ‘oddly’ referring to Garter King at Arms {rectius. Garter King of Arms).

frectline, a. Obs. rare-'. =

rectiline. 1651 T. Rudd Euclid 155 This Book treateth of the Inscription.. of rectline Figures, how one right lined Figure may be inscribed within another.

recto (’rektao), sb. and adv. (Abbrev. r°.) [a. L. recto (sc. folio), abl. of rectus right.] A. sb. In Printing, the right-hand page of an open book; hence, the front of a leaf, as opposed to the back or verso. Also in Palseography, the front of a leaf of manuscript. 1824 J. Johnson Typogr. I, 217 This.. volume commences on the recto of the first leaf. 1849 D. Rock Ch. of Fathers 1.1. iii. 280 The verses, in a very old hand, at the recto of fol. 258. 1889 H. B. Wheatley How to catalogue iii. 60 The recto of the additional leaf will range with the verso of the old leaf. 1964 F. Bowers Bibliogr. & Textual Crit. iii. vi, 84 A textual critic can find the most desirable combination of recto and verso settings. 1978 Bodl. Libr. Record IX. 324 The writing exercises.. are confined to the rectos of the pages. Jig. 1873 Henry JEneidea \. Pref. 77 The verso of this agreeable recto of one leaf of my library life.

B. adv. On or to the right-hand side. 1888 Academy 16 June 405/1 The map is placed.. at the end of the volume opening recto, and not, as too often, made to turn its back upon the reader.

recto-, used as comb, form of rectum in various terms of Anat. and Path., with the sense ‘relating to the rectum in conjunction with some other part of the body’, as recto-coc'cygeal, -co'lonic, -u'rethral, -uterine, -va'ginal, -'vesical, etc. Also more widely in Surg. with the sense ‘of or pertaining to the rectum’, as 'rectopexy [-pexy], the fixation of a prolapsed rectum; 'rectoscope [-scope], an instrument for use in rectoscopy; rec'toscopy, visual examination of the rectum. 1836 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 176/1 A tense fibrous, .tissue, called the •recto-coccygeal ligament. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 746/2 * Recto-colonic Apparatus, instruments which reach the rectum and colon, a 1898 Syd. Soc. Lex., •Rectopexy. 1902 J. P. Tuttle Treat. Dis. Anus xvii. 691 {caption) Rectopexy for procidentia recti—the incision. 1977 Lancet 22 Jan. 170/2 On 10 patients a transabdominal rectopexy was performed, using a modified Ripstein procedure. 1890 Billings Med. Diet. 442/2 *Rectoscope, speculum for the rectum. 1906 P. L. Mummery Sigmoidoscope i. 7 There are several patterns of pneumatic sigmoidoscope or rectoscope now in use. 1977 Time 17 Jan.

51/1 The surgeon cuts directly through the urethra with a marvellous combination of scalpel and fibre-optics looking glass called a rectoscope. e ylondes pat hatte Eole. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 363 J>eke yle was wonte to have a rector.. to whom alle the province were subiecte. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis iii. (Arb.) 72 Priamus, thee Troian rector vnhappye. ci6ii Chapman Iliad 11. 70 The other sceptre-bearing States arose too, and obey’d The people’s Rector. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iii. 89 It was told me by the Rector of Candy. 1685 H. More Paralip. Proph. 111 Quirinius made Caius his Rectour till his Recuperation of Armenia. [1832 tr. Sismondi's Ital. Repub. xi. 245 The judicial power was still exercised by two or three rectors, aliens to the state.]

t b. transf. The queen-bee of a hive. (Cf. king 8 a.) Obs. rare. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xii. v. (Bodl. MS.), If J>e rectoure is on lyue pe males bej? in one partie and pe females in anoj?er partye.

fc. Applied to God as the ruler of the world, of mankind, etc. Obs. (Common in 17th c.) 1582 Stanyhurst Ps. iv. in jEneis, etc. (Arb.) 132 Our heunlye rectoure His sacred darling specialye choosed. 1627 Drayton Agincourt civ, This Herault from the Rector of the skies In Vision wames them not to vse delayes. 1676 Hale Contempl. i. 229 The great dispenser or permitter and rector of all the events in the world. 1741 Warburton Div. Legat. IV. vi. §3 The supreme Rector of the Universe.

2. a. One who, or that which, has or exercises supreme or directive control in any sphere. Now rare. 1482 Monk oj Evesham (Arb.) 90 Suche persons kyngys and bysshoppys and other grete men.. not beyng rectors and faders, but peruersours and destroyers of her sowlys. I579“8o North Plutarch, Flaminius (1612) 387 Titus was chosen iudge and rector of the games that were plaid there [at Argos]. 1601 B. Jonson Poetaster \. ii, Reason (which in right should be The special Rector of all harmony). 1632 Brome Novella iii. i. Wks. 1873 I. 137 We seeke to Art, (Nature’s Rector) to restore Us, the strength we had before. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 51 Who shall be the rectors of our daily rioting? 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, vi. 264 The imperial regenerator and rector of the Church.

fb. The leader (of a choir). Obs. 1546 Yorks. Chantry Surv. (Surtees) II. 433 To do suche thinges as they shalbe commaunded to do by the rector of the quere. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon, (1813) I. 106 He was buried in the choir.. under that very place where the rectors of the choir sing the psalm.. ‘Venite exultemus’.

3. a. A parson or incumbent of a parish whose tithes are not impropriate (cf. vicar). Now also in the Church of England, the leader of a team ministry. In the Roman Catholic Church, a parish priest. In modem use also sometimes applied to the holders of ancient chapelries and perpetual curacies, and in Scotland and the United States to Episcopal clergymen having charge of a congregation, lay rector, a layman receiving the rectorial tithes, or in whom the rectory is vested. (For continental examples of rector in eccl. use see Du Cange. In Brittany the parish priest is styled recteur in place of the usual cure, the latter term being used in the sense of vicaire or curate.) [122s in Wilkins Concil. (1737) I. 617/1 Quod rectores ordinentur et serviant ecclesiis. 1237 Ibid., De residentia.. in ecclesiis a rectoribus facienda. 1306 Rolls of Park. I. 189/2 Henr’ de Pynkence, Rectorem Ecclesie de Honyton.l *393 Langl. P. Pi. C. hi. 184 And ich my-self cyuyle and symonye my felawe Wollen ryden vp-on rectours and rich men deuoutours. 1556 [see rectorage], ui6oo Hooker Eccl. Pol. VII. xiii. §2 The bishops.. in the time of the primitive Church, all such as parsons or rectors of parishes are with us.? 1620 Brent tr. Sarpi’s Counc. Trent ii. (1676) 234 The superiour did recommend the vacant Church, to some honest and worthy man, to gouem it.. until a Rector were provided. 1684 Evelyn Diary si May, His grandfather and father.., with himselfe, had now ben Rectors of this parish loi yeares. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric., Digest 6 The Landed Gentlemen, the Clergy, and the Lay Rectors, have industriously propagated this false spirit of farming. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 58 Payment of tithes to the rector is a sufficient discharge against the vicar, because all tithes of common right belong to the rector. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt (1868) 29 The Rector was helped to this chain of reasoning by Harold’s remarks 1923 S. Kaye-Smith End of House of Alard ii. 117 They

RECTORAGE came to the cottage where the Rector lived, instead of in the twenty-five roomed Rectory. 1927 Catholic Times 11 Feb. 21/2 In 1901 he became rector of St. Joseph’s, Birkenhead. 1972 Daily Tel. 7 Aug. 10/5 Only the leader of the team, usually called Rector’, is the beneficed freehold incumbent. 1977 Macmorran & Elphinstone Handbk. for Churchwardens (new ed.) vii. 66 In the context of a team ministry.. the incumbent of the benefice or benefices to which a team ministry extends is always styled ‘rector’... The other members of the ministry are styled ‘vicars’.

tb. (See quot.) Obs. rar€-\ 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. iri. 90 Amongst these Fathers, there are some that confess people in divers Languages, and one of them in each Church has the Title of Rector.

c. missionary-rector: see missionary.

4. In scholastic use: a. The permanent head or master of a university, college, school, or religious institu¬ tion (esp. a Jesuit college or seminary). In Eng. use now applied only to the heads of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, and to designate the principal of a higher educational institution, as the Royal College of Art, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, Liverpool Polytechnic, etc. In Scotland common as the designation of the headmasters of secondary schools or academies. 1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 518/1 Provost, Felawes and Scolers, Maister and Felawes, Rector, Felawes and Scolers, President and Felawes of any College, Halle, Hospitall, Hous incorporate, or any other place. 1536 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 42 § I That the said acte.. be not hurtfull.. unto the said Maisters Presidentes Rectours Principalles .. within the said Universities. C1570 Sir H. Gilbert in Q. Eliz. Acad. (1869) 8 There shalbe one Rector of the said Achademy. 1601 /m^. Consid. Sec. Priests (1675) 83 He is Rector of the English SeminaiA’ in Rome. 1686 in B. Peirce Hist. Harvard Unit'. (1833) App. 67 There shall be allowed to the present Rector of the College.. the remainder of the income not disposed underneath. 1691 Case of Exeter Coll. 5 The Rector and Fellows were convinced in their Consciences of Mr. Colmer’s guilt. 1766 T. Clap Hist. Yale Coll. 11 The Trustees chose the Rev. Mr. Abraham Pierson .. to take the Care of Instructing and Governing the Collegiate School; under the Title and Character of Rector. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 2'^5l2 (High School, Edinburgh) The rector’s place is supposed to be worth not less than 400/. per annum. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 278/1 The Edinburgh Academy .. was founded in 1824, and consists of a rector and four other classical masters. 1916 Joyce Portrait of Artist (1969) i. 55 All the fellows would make fun and talk about young Dedalus going up to the rector to tell on the prefect of studies. 1950 Chambers's Encycl. XIII. 658/2 [Sir H. T. Tizard] was.. rector of the Imperial College of Science and Technology 1929-42. 1973 Stornoway Gaz. 3 Mar. 1/4 The Nicolson [School] has had its share of brilliant rectors, teachers and pupils. transf. 1607 Topsell Four~f. Beasts Pref., The great Rector and Chancellor of all the Academies in the World Jesus Christ,.. the Master of that Colledge wherein he [Moses] was but a Servant or Steward.

b. In the Scottish universities: The holder of one of the higher offices, the precise character and importance of which have undergone considerable changes, esp. in recent times. At the present time, under the Scottish Universities Acts of 1858 and 1889, the rector (frequently styled Lord Rector) is elected by the matriculated students for a period of three years, and is president of the University Court. It is the practice for him to deliver a ‘rectorial address’ to the students at some time during his tenure of the office. For the older history of the rectorship (which varied considerably in the four universities) see especially the Report of the Universities Commission in Pari. Papers (1831) XH. [1411-12 Foundation Charter St. Andrews Univ., Quod hujusmodi delinquentes .. per rectorem universitatis vestrse intimentur. 1422-3 Statute St. Andrews Univ. 24 Mar., Ut dominus Rector antecederet.. ita nempe ut.. Rector sit episcopo proximus, Rectorem prior sequatur.] 1522 Jas. V in Rep. St. Andrews Univ. Comm. (1837) HI. 180 The Universitie of Sanctandrois, the rector, doctouris, regentes, maisteris, scolaris,.. makand residence therein. 1563-7 Buchanan Ref. St. Andrews Vernac. Wks. (S.T.S.) 15 The rectour most be .. doctor or bachelar in the hyear faculteis, or principal of ane college,.. and salbe chosin be the hayl graduattis of the vniuersite... The rectouris tyme to be ane 3eir. 1640 in Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. (1830) 114 (Edinb.) The Counsall.. have resolved and ordaynit.., that yeirlie upon the first Wednesday of December, thair sail be chosen ane Rector. 1666-88 Dallas Syst. Stiles 126 To the Rector and Principal of the University of Glasgow. 1830 Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. App. 317 (Aberdeen) The Rector and his Assessors.. constitute a Court, and have frequently exercised control over the University. 1839 J. B. Hay (title) Inaugural Addresses by Lord Rectors of the University of Glasgow. 1884 Grant Edinb. Univ. II. 106 Mr. Gladstone thus became [in 1859] the first elected Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh.

c. The acting head, and president of the administrative body, in most of the continental universities. In most cases the Rector is one of the professors and is elected annually. In France the title of Recteur is now given to the head of an Academie. a 1548 Hall Ckron., Hen. VIII igg The Rector of the Vniuersitie called to counsell all the doctors regentes that were that tyme at Tholose. i6il COTGR., Recteur de V Vniversite, the Rector, the Vicechancelor. i8i8 Autumn near Rhine 332 The Grand Duke of Baden, in whose territory Heidelberg is comprised, is the nominal head under the title of Rector. 1885 Hutchison tr. Conrad’s Germ. Univ. Transl. Note, An address delivered .. by .. Dr, Dollinger, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Munich, in his capacity of rector for the year.

fd. •= REGENT. Obs. rare-'. 153s Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 3 Maister in art, rector in theologie. In all science ane profound clerk is he.

fe. A proctor or pro-proctor. Obs.

RECTOSIGMOID

381 *665 J. Buck in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. B. p. Ixxxiii, The Rector, or Proproctor, who moderates at these two acts hath his cap garnished with Gold Lace. [1895 Rashdall Universities H. xii, §2. 370 At Oxford the Proctors on one of their earliest appearances in history are styled ‘Rectors’ instead of Proctors. At Oxford the title Rector is rarely used afterwards. At Cambridge both titles continued in use throughout the medieval period.] 5. Comb., as rector-like: (see rectorial a. 1).

t'rectorage. Obs.-' [f. prec.

-h -age. Cf. obs.

F. rectorage (Godef.).] = rectory 2. 1556 Lauder Tractate 326 Fer les rent. Nor hes sum Vicare for his waige. Or Rector for his Rectoraige.

rectoral

('rektaral), a. [f. rector + -alL Cf. F. rectoral (i6th c.).] Of or pertaining to a rector or ruler. Cf. rectorial. 1658 R. Franck North. Mem. (1821) 3 Things thus posited, under such a rectoral governance [etc.]. 1691 W. Jane Serm. Westminster 26 Nov. 5 Besides this despotical right of absolute Dominion, there is a Rectoral right in God. *754 Session Papers, Petition T. Tullidelph (Court of Session, Scotland) 5 Mar. 4 The University Meeting requested the Rector to hold a Rectoral Court against the next Day [at St. Andrews]. 1763 Wheelock Serm. 30 June (1767) 12 His rectoral holiness, and the vindication of the honour of his laws.. will require it. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. III. ii. 213 When God forgives sin, without some penal satisfaction, His rectoral honour and character are made equivocal. 1919 A. Gordon Cheshire Classis 121 Some of the above provisions cannot fail to remind us of Richard Baxter’s ‘rectoral’ theory of the ministerial office.

rectorate (’rektarat).

[f. rector -i- -ate*; cf. med.L. rectordtus (1382 in Du Cange), F. rectorat (1642).] The office or position of a rector; the period during which the office is held. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. 17th C. I. v. 198 The second was made under his own Rectorate, the last of August, 1652. 1831 E. Baldwin Ann. Yale Coll. 85 He..settled in the ministry, at Windham,.. from whence he was removed, fourteen years after, to the Rectorate of the College. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 4 Nov. 3/1 The Rectorate of the University [of Berlin] is an annual tenancy. attrib. 1878 Pop. Sci. Monthly XHI. 263 In his very instructive rectorate address.. Herr von Littzow deduces [etc.].

rectoress

('rektsns).

[f. rector + -ess.]

fl. A female ruler. = rectress i. Obs. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 13 Our virgin rectoresse most of al, hath shoured downe her bounty vpon them. 1603 Drayton Bar. Wars i. xxxv, A most perfect Rectoress [1619 Rect’resse] of her will, Aboue the vsual weakenes of her kind.

2. colloq.

The wife of the rector of a parish.

1729 W. Stukeley in Mem. (Surtees) I. 225, I think now, my dearest love, I can wish you joy of being rectoress of All Hallows, Stanford. 1844 J. T. Hewlett Parsons & W. xi, Raised by wedlock to the dignity of rectoress. 1880 Blackmore Mary Anerley HI. xii. 181 Those four were.. Robin Cockscroft, and Joan his wife, the rector, and the rectoress.

rectorial (rek'tosrral), a. and sb.

[f. rector +

-lAL.]

A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a university rector; connected with the office or election of a rector. 1611 COTGR., Rectorial, Rectoriall, Rector-like; belonging to a Rector, or Vicechancelor. 1749 St. Andrews Univ. Minutes 8 Apr. (MS.), Principal Munsin caused put the Rectorial robes on Principal Tullideph,.. and delivered to him the Rectorial books. 1830 Ret. Comm. Univ. Scot. App. 317 A resolution of the Rectorial Court. 1843 Memorial in Rep. St. Andrews Univ. Comm. (1845) App. xi. 2 At the late Rectorial election. 1884 Congregationalist Nov. 951 Many years have passed away since we listened to a rectorial address in the old college hall.

2. Of or belonging to the rector of a parish (esp. rectorial tithes)', held by a rector. 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. Index, Rectorial Tithes. 1794 Hutchinson Hist. Cumbld. I. 79 The church of Bewcastle, dedicated to St. Mary, is rectorial. i8i8 Bentham Ch. of Eng. p. xlvi, In his stall at Canterbury,.. but still more impressively in his Rectorial mansion. 1884 Jessopp in igth Cent. Jan. 119 Every vicarage in England represents a spoliation of the church, whose rectorial tithes had been appropriated by a religious house.

3. Of or pertaining to a ruler or governor. Cf. RECTORAL. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, vii. 293 The perpetual rectorial authority [of the popes]. 1853 Whewell Grotius I. 4 We may call them respectively Equatorial Rights and Rectorial Rights. Ibid. H. 425 Justice, also, that is, rectorial justice.

B. sb. A rectorial election. Sc. 1899 Student (Edin. Univ.) 2 Nov. 41 One student writes protesting against the enormities of the Rectorial. 1920 Glasgow Herald 27 Nov. 6 The Scottish Universities, to whose noisy ‘Rectorials’ Viscount B^ce made reference. 1923 Ibid. 26 July 6 St David’s Day.. is March i, the day of the Rectorial. Ibid., The torchlight procession on the night of the Rectorial. 1968 Guardian 30 Oct. 16/4 Edinburgh has never known a rectorial like this.

clay mineral of the montmorillonite group and occurs as large, soft white leaves or plates. 1891 Brackett & Williams in Amer.Jrnl. Sci. CXLH. 16 The second hydrous silicate of alumina.. is found in the Blue Mountain mining district in Marble Township, Garland county [Arkansas]... We propose the name Rectorite for this,.. in honor of Hon. E. W. Rector, of Hot Springs, Ark., who originated and has so unceasingly supported.. the bills providing for the Geological Survey of Arkansas. 1950 Amer. Mineralogist XXXV. 590 The structural scheme of rectorite consists of contiguous pairs of pyrophyllite-like units separated by pairs of layers of water molecules. An equally apt description would be the alternation of one pyrophyllite unit with one vermiculite unit. 1970 Clays ^ Clay Minerals XVIII. 239 Pyrophyllite is widespread in pelitic rocks of the Manning Canyon Shale in north central Utah, and the association of this mineral with other clay minerals, especially rectorite, is related to the origin. The regular mixed-layer clay mineral rectorite seems to form as a result of the alteration of muscovite—paragonite during late stages of diagenesis... Pyrophyllite subsequently formed from the alteration of rectorite during advancing metamorphism.

rectorship ('rektajip). [f. rector + -ship.] 1. The office of ruler or governor; government, rule. Now rare. 1607 Shaks. Cor. II. iii. 213 Or had you Tongues, to cry Against the Rectorship of ludgement? 1695 Humfrey Mediocria 54 Let us take heed .. that we set not God aside as Rector or Lord, in it. We must not advance and justifie his Rectorship so as to exclude his Lordship. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, vii. 293 Placed under the control of..the church, and under a rectorship—that of its head.

2. The office of rector (of a parish, university, etc.). 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 109 A good caueat to him to looke to his orders, lest otherwise he lose his Rectorship. 1679 Prance Addit. Narr. Pop. Plot 43 Dispossessing him of his Rectorship, he appointed his Nephew to be President in his stead. 1753 Scots Mag. XV. 64/2 Prebends, rectorships, chapels. 1821-30 Ld. Cockburn Mem. 249 His friend and schoolfellow.. advised him to stand for the Rectorship [of the High School, Edinburgh]. 1884 Grant Edinb. Univ. I. 211 This terminates the history of the Rectorship of the College of Edinburgh, as distinguished from the Rectorship of the University.

rectory ('rektan).

[a. obs. F. rectorie (1394 in Du Cange), or ad. med.L. rectoria (1263 ibid.): see RECTOR and -y®.] 1. An educational establishment under the control of a rector. Obs. exc. Hist. *536 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 42 §i Emolumentes.. apperteynyng.. unto the said Houses, Howses Collegiate, Rectories, Halles, Hostelles etc. within the said Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. 1919 J. E. H. Thomson Mem. T. Dunlop ii. 19 All that remained of the Rectory or Pedagogy, that in pre-Reformation days represented the later University.

2. a. A benefice held by a rector. *594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol., Chanceries 110 One tenement .. within the parish of C... and in the rectorie and personage of C. 1613 Spelman Rights Ch. Eng. Wks. (1723) i. i A Rectory, or Parsonage, is a Spiritual Living, composed of Land, Tythe, and other Oblations of the People [etc.]. 1677 Act 29 Chas. II, c. 8 §2 The said Vicars and Curates shall have remedy for the same either by Distress upon the Rectories Impropriate or Portions of Tythes charged therewith. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. xi. 374 When the clerk so presented is distinct from the vicar, the rectory thus vested in him becomes what is called a sine-cure. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 205 The tenant for life demised the rectory, which consisted of tithes only, reserving a rent. 1886 Law Times Rep. LIII. 702/2 The sums payable to Dr. Cox out of the income of the united rectory.

b. The residence appertaining to a rector. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 158 The presentees., took possession of the rectories, cultivated the glebe lands, collected the tithes [etc.]. 1864 Tennyson Aylmer's F. 38 So that Rectory and Hall, Bound in an immemorial intimacy. Were open to each other. attrib. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede xvi, Arthur gave his horse to the groom at the Rectory gate.

t3. Rectorship; administration. Obs. 1640 in Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. (1830) 114 (Edinb.) The .. office of Rectorie sail consist in the free and ample exerceis of the articlis underwriten. 1660 Burney K4p8. Auipov (1661) 131 Princes receive a singular Spirit of God for the Rectory of lustice. 1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 144 The day of Judgement..: when all Administration, Government, and Rectory shall cease.

rectosigmoid (rektso'sigmoid), sb. and a. Med. [f. RECTO- -f SIGMOID.] A. sb. The region of the junction of the rectum and the sigmoid. B. adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this region. 1912 Trans. Amer. Surg. Assoc. XHI. 159 Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid remains a local condition until a late stage. 1913 Amer. Med. Assoc. 18 Oct. 1489/1 (heading) Villous polypus of recto-sigmoid juncture removed by ligation and clamp. 1961 Lancet 16 Sept. 624/2 Barium-enema showed a narrow rectosigmoid, with the calibre increasing near the level of the iliac crest. 1962 Ibid. 5 May 951/2 Neoplasm of the rectosigmoid region and sigmoid colon. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 273/1 Anterior resection of the rectum.. for.. adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid.

Also ,recto-sig'moidal a.

rec'toriate. [f.

rector + -ate; cf. vicariate.] =

RECTORATE. i88i T. S. Frampton Hund. Wrotham 64 The long and blighting rectoriate of Peter Alby, the Savoyard.

rectorite ('rsktarait). Min. [See quot. 1891 and -ITE*.] An aluminosilicate of sodium that is a

1902 J. P. Tuttle Treat. Dis. Anus xvii. 678 Any neoplasm of the sigmoid or upper portion of the rectum may induce a gradual descent until the growth reaches a restingplace in the ampulla of the rectum... Thus, unusual contracture at the recto-sigmoidal juncture .. will cause the arrest of the faecal masses. 1914 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. I. 683 (caption) Small but well-marked recto-sigmoidal anastomosis.

RECTRESS rectress (’rektris).

RECUMBENCY

382

Also

7

rect’ress.

[See

RECTOR, RECTRIX, and -ESS.]

11. A female ruler or governor. Obs. B. JoNSON Sejanus v. vi, Great mother Fortvne,.. of humane state, Rectresse of Action. 1605 Drayton Man in Moone 301 The mighty rectres of this globe below. 1656 S. Holland Zara (1719) 59 Great Heccat, Rectress of Shades, Plashey Grots, and gloomy Glades. fig. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxiv. x. (1678) 541 For there [in the head] the soul of life, which is the rectress or governess, is situated. 1603

Queene

2. The female head of a school or institution. 4 R« -«.*’ + I,] 1930 Proc. London Math. Soc. XXX. 267 For other values of r we define f{r, n, k) by recursion formulae. 1933 Ann. Math. XXXIV. 863 The recursion formulas, m 4 i = S{m), and m + {k + i) = S{m + *)• 1934. 1974 [see recursive a. 2 a]. 1943 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. LIII. 42 Schema (I) introduces the successor function,.. and Schema (V) the schema of primitive recursion. 1961 Commun. Assoc. Computing Machinery IV. 65/1 The growing extent and direction of application of recursion in programming research. 1964 E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. iii. 46 Care must be taken to ensure that unwanted recursion (looping) does not occur. 1967 Klerer & Korn Digital Computer User's Handbk. i. 167 Even if recursive procedures are explicitly outlawed,.. recursion can take place unwittingly. 1972 R. A. Palmatier Gloss. Eng. Transformational Gram. 142 Recursion is restricted to the transformational component of the grammar. 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. v. 232 Fortran does not allow recursion. 1975 F. R. Palmer in W. F. Bolton Eng. Lang. i. 34 The structure of language involves ‘recursion’ of the kind illustrated by ‘This is the house that Jack built’, ‘This is the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built’ and so on—if necessary ad infinitum.

b. A recursive definition. 1936 Math. Ann. CXII. 727 There are other definitions of this sort, e.g. certain recursions with respect to two or more variables simultaneously, which cannot be reduced to a succession of substitutions and ordinary recursions. 1963 W. V. Quine Set Theory §11. 79 There are the familiar so-

RECURSIVE called recursive definitions or recursions. 1966 N. Chomsky Topics Theory Generative Gram. ii. 33 An utterly fantastic proposal, namely, that a grammar should contain no recursions in its system of rules. 1971 Computers & Humanities V. 155 Algol is more powerful in that it allows recursions, has block structure, and permits expressions in many places.

recursive (n'k3:siv), a. (and sb.) [f. L. recurs(see RECURSANT a.) + -IVE.] 1. Periodically or continually recurring. Now rare or Obs. 1790 Loiterer 13 Mar. 7 Till your ear be so attuned to one particular measure, that your ideas may be spontaneously absorbed into the same revolving eddy of recursive harmony.

2. a. Math, and Logic, [after similar uses of G. rekurrent (D. Hilbert 1904, in Verhandl. des dritten Internat. Math. Kdngr.)y rekursiv (K. Godel 1931, in Monatshefte f. Math. u. Physik XXXVIII. 179).] Involving or being a repeated procedure such that the required result at each step except the last is given in terms of the result(s) of the next step, until after a finite number of steps a terminus is reached with an outright evaluation of the result; recursive definitioriy a definition (of a function) which is either primitive recursive or (now usu.) general recursive; recursive functiotiy a function which has or which may be given a recursive definition; recursive relatioriy a property of, or relation between, natural numbers whose truth value for all arguments is a recursive function; recursive sety a set of natural numbers whose defining property is recursive; general recursive adj. phr., applied to a function or relation which is recursive and is defined for all natural number values of its arguments; partial recursive adj. phr,, applied to a function defined by a recursive process which for some or all values of the arguments does not terminate, leaving the value of the function undefined; primitive recursive adj. phr., applied to a function or relation which can be generated by primitive recursion and substitution from the zero, successor, and identity functions. 1934 Kleene & Rosser GodeVs Undecidable Propositions Formal Math. Syst. (typescript) 3 We define the class of recursive functions to be the totality of functions which can be generated by substitution.. and recursion.. from the successor function x + i, constant functions.., and identity functions. Ibid., A relation R shall be recursive if the representing function is’ recursive. Ibid., Recursive functions have the important property that, for each given set of values of the arguments, the value of the function can be computed by a finite procedure. Similarly, recursive relations (classes) are decidable in the sense that, for each given set of natural numbers, it can be determined by a finite procedure whether the relation holds or does not hold... The functions x + y, xy, xy and x\ are clearly recursive. 1936 Math. Ann. CXI I. 727 In this paper we offer several observations on general recursive functions, using essentially Godel’s form of the definition. Ibid., Ordinary or ‘primitive’ recursive functions. Ibid. 729 A recursive function (relation) in the sense of Godel.. will now be called a primitive recursive function (relation). 1938 7rn/. Symbolic Logic III. 151 If we omit the requirement that the computation process always terminate, we obtain a more general class of functions, each function of which is defined over a subset (possibly null or total) of the n-tuples of natural numbers... These functions we call partial recursive. 1940 Mind XLIX. 240 Preliminary considerations, such as .. the exact specification of the rules for the use of recursive definitions. ^943 Mind LII. 268 Quite elementary theorems, requiring for their proofs recursive arguments to take care of the indefinite number of variables involved. 1943 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. LIII. 44 A system E of equations defines recursively a general recursive function of n variables if, for each set x^,..., x„ of natural numbers, an equation of the form f(xi,..., x„) = x, where f is the principal function symbol of E, and where atj, ..., are the nurnerals representing the natural numbers x\,..., x„, is derivable from E.. for exactly one numeral x. 1944 Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. L. 285 In the present paper, ‘recursive function’ means ‘general recursive function’. Ibid. 288 Closely related to the technical concept [of a] recursively enumerable set of positive integers is that of a recursive set of positive integers. This is a set for which there is a recursive function /(x) such that f{x) is say 2 when x is a positive integer in the set, i when x is a positive integer not in the set. We may also make this the definition of the set being recursively soluble. For 2 and i may be regarded as the two possible truth-values, true, false, of the proposition ‘positive integer x is in the set’. 1962 R. B. Braithwaite in B. Meltzer tr. GodeLs Formally Undecidable Propositions 12 An arithmetical function is recursive if it is the last term in a finite sequence of functions in which each function is recursively defined by a rule involving two functions preceding it in the sequence (or is the successor function or a constant or obtained by substitution from a preceding ^nction). 1964 E. Mendelson Introd. Math. Logic 125 Relations obtained from primitive recursive (or recursive) relations by means of the propositional connectives and the bounded quantifiers are also primitive recursive (or recursive). 1965 Herman & Plassman tr. H. Hermes' hnumerability, Decidability, Computability i. 29 Today it is generally believed that every system of algorithms can be j recursive functions. This gives a deeper meaning to Godel s result. Ibid. iii. 82 The essence of Ackermann’s proof of the existence of a computable function which is not primitive recursive consists in defining a computable function which increases in a certain sense faster than any primitive recursive function. 19^7 Encycl. Philos. WU 92/1

RECURVE

386 This Herbrand-Godel-Kleene notion of general recursive function can be put in the context of instructions and computations discussed above. 1970 Nature 19 Dec. 1234/1 Turing formulated his concept of an abstract computing machine; the functions computable by these machines are exactly the recursive functions. 1974 A. Kenny tr. Wittgenstein's Philos. Gram. 34 Is there a further step from writing the recursive proof to the generalization? Doesn’t the recursion schema already say all that is to be said?

b. Linguistics. Applied to a grammatical feature or element which may be involved in a procedure whereby that feature or element is repeatedly reintroduced; applied to a grammatical rule in which part of the output serves as input to the same rule. 1955 N. Chomsky Logical Struct. Linguistic Theory (microfilm. Mass. Inst. Technol.) vi. 248 We will find many other reasons to question the validity of the extension of the notion of production to recursive production. 1957- in Janua Linguarum IV. 57 Bar-Hillel has suggested.. that Pike’s proposals can be formalized without the circularity that many sense in them by the use of recursive definitions. 1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics vii. 326 The adverb is a recursive category.. in the sense that one adverb may modify another. 1970-Chomsky viii. 90 It will be observed that rules {2), (3) and (4) are recursive, but in different ways. Rule (2) is left recursive; rule (3) is right recursive; and rule (4) is self-embedding. 1972 R. A. Palmatier Gloss. Eng. Transformational Gram. 142 A recursive rule is a rule which reapplies indefinitely to its own output... The recursive power or a grammar, which resides entirely in the syntactic component, is its ability to generate an infinity of sentences... The recursive mechanism is the system or rules which account for the infinite properties of language... A recursive element is one from which strings can be derived that contain the same element... The recursive property of a grammar..is its provision for embedding sentences within other sentences. 1977 Word ig72 XXVIII. 336 Logicians of the first half of the century had developed and used recursive grammars with such clarity that Chomsky’s ‘application’ can hardly be regarded as a tour deforce.

c. Computing. Applied to a statement, definition, subroutine, or the like, some part of which makes use of the whole of itself, so that its explicit interpretation requires in general many successive executions; applied also to languages, compilers, etc., which allow of such techniques. Quot. 1958 uses the word in a context where ‘iterative’ would now be usual. 1958 Commun. Assoc. Computing Machinery Aug. 10 The idea of recursive curve fitting has been in use for some time as a graphical technique for fitting curves ‘by eye’ to observational data. 1959 Numerische Math. I. 45 The definition of expressions, and their constituents, is necessarily recursive. 19^ Ibid. I1.3i2ltis then impossible to call in a subroutine while one or more previous activations of the same subroutine have not yet come to an end... We intend to describe.. a means of removing the.. restriction..; hence the name ‘recursive programming’. 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. v. 233 We can understand recursive procedures by imagining that many different copies of the procedure are available. 1979 Page & Wilson Introd. Computational Combinatorics vi. 136 Since backtrack programming is closely related to tree searching we can consider using recursive techniques in our implementations.

3. Phonetics. A term sometimes used to refer to consonants accompanied by glottal closure or implosion. Also as sb. 1924 R. L. Turner in Bull. School Oriental Stud. III. 304 According to one of my informants, an m accompanied by glottal closure and distinguished from ordinary m, exists in Magarkura, one of the Mongolian languages of Nepal. Prince Troubetzkoy refers to consonants in the Caucasian languages accompanied by complete closure of the glottis. These he calls ‘recoursives’, a convenient term I have anglicized as ‘recursives’; he indicates them by a dot above or below the letter. 1934 Webster, Recursive, adj.,.. formed with an inward movement of air caused by lowering the larynx with closed glottis;—said of certain consonants in Sindhi {g,j, d, b). 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia IX. 448/1 One major feature distinguishing Sindhi from the rest of the northwest group is the development of a series of imploded stops (also called suction stops and recursive stops), for b, d, j, and g.

recursively (ri'kaisivli), adv. [f. prec. + -ly^.] In a recursive manner: esp. recursively defined, having a recursive definition; recursively enumerable, (of a set of natural numbers) generated by a general recursive function having one parameter which ranges through all possible values. 1934 Kleene & Rosser GodeVs Undecidable Propositions Formal Math. Syst. (typescript) 21 These are arithmetic propositions which involve only recursively defined functions. 1943, 1944 [see recursive a. 2 a]. 1944 Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. L. 285 A set of positive integers is said to be recursively enumerable if there is a recursive function fix) of one positive integral variable whose values for positive integral values of x, constitute the given set. 1961 Commun. Assoc. Computing Machinery IV. 10/2 Many of the constituents of the Algol language are defined recursively. 1962 B. Meltzer tr. GodeVs Formally Undecidable Propositions 46 A number-theoretic function «^(xi, X2,... x„) is said to be recursively defined by the number-theoretic functions 0(x,, Xj,.. .x„ _ ,) and ^(x,, X2, ...x„ _ ,) if for ail X2,... x„, k the following hold: «^(o, X2,... x„) = ^(x2,... x„), e on was red, pe oper wyt. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. II. 12 Hir fyngres were fretted with golde wyre And there¬ on red [v.r. rede] rubyes as red as any glede. C1400 Maundev. (1839) V. 57 In some place thereof is the Gravelle reede: and therefore Men clepen it the Rede See. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 129 We wr^e vn to this tyme the capitalle letters with a redde color. 01500 Flower ^ Leaf 35 Leves new.. Some very rede, and some a glad light grene. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §49 The pockes appere vppon the skyn, and are lyke reed pymples. a 1585 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 229 The stamis.. flew sa thick befoir my ein, Sum reid, sum 3ellow, blew, and grein. 1631 Chettle Hoffmann H ij b, The red lines Mixt with a deadly blacke will tell the world She died by violence. 1683 Ray Corr, (1848) 172 A sort of trefoil, with.. bright purple or red flowers. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 1060 The red marks Of superstition’s scourge. 1794 Cowper Needless Alarm 19 Nor yet the hawthorn bore her berries red. 1836-41 Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 257 The former [sparks] are brilliant,.. the latter usually of a paler or redder hue. 1882 G. Macdonald Castle Warlock xxviii, The red wall, mottled and clouded with its lichens.

b. Of fire, flame, lightning, etc. {lit. znd fig.), and of objects lit up by these. In early use chiefly as a conventional epithet. e regions all clene And all rialme & he riches into he rede est. c 1440 York Myst. xvi. 7 The rakke of the rede sky. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Rubesco, Aurora rubescebat, the morning waxed redde. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 453 Like a red morne that euer yet betokend Wracke to the sea man, tempest to the field. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 721 Hence at eve, Steamd eager from the red horison round [etc.]. 1808 Scott Marm. iv. Introd. 55 When red hath set the beamless sun. 1815 Shelley Alastor 137 When red morn Made paler the pale rnoon. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm 1. 292 When the sun rises red, wind and rain may be expected during the day.

d. Of the cheeks (or complexion) and lips (as a natural healthy colour); hence also of persons. U1225 Beg. Kath. 1432 Mit se swiSe lufsume leores. .se rudie & se reade. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 1205 Wyth chynne & cheke ful swete, Bope quit & red in-blande. C1386 Chaucer Prol. 153 Hir mouth [was] ful smal and ther to softe and reed. -Sir Thopas 15 Hise lippes rede as rose. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. 161, 1 was reddere in rode )?an rose in pe rayne. 1530 Palsgr. 322/1 Redde as ones lyppes or their chekes,.. vermeil. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. i. v. 266 Two lippes indifferent red. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 39 Women with big black Eyes, and red Cheeks, a 1720 Swift Phyllis 14 She.. practised how to place her Head And bit her

RED

same

RED

389

Lips to make them red. 1798 Coleridge Anc. Mar. i. ix, o ^ bride hath paced into the hall, Red as a rose as is she. 1824 Byron J'utjw xvi. cxxi, A red lip with two rows of pearls beneath. 1894 G. Meredith Lord Ormont iii, His cheeks are as red as yours now you’re blushing. transf. 1862 Bagehot Lit. Stud. (1879) I. 246 Pope .. had not the large red health that uncivilised women admire. e. Of the hair (of men and animals) or beard. 1500-20 [implied in red-haired]. 1538 Elyot Addit., AertobarbuSy.. a Roman, so callyd bycause he had a berde as red as brasse. 1593 Nashe Four Lett. Confut. Wks. (Grosart) II. 220 [He had] a iolly long red peake,.. [which] he cherisht continually without cutting. 01625 Fletcher Love's Cure II. i, Thou art a proper man, if thy beard were redder. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Hart, The Coats and Colours of this noble Beast.. are usually of three several sorts, viz. Brown, Red and Fallow. 1797 Pinckard Notes W. Ind. xxix. (1816) II. 241 The hair, ..from being slightly tinged with yellow, assumes.. that particular hue, which is, more commonly than correctly, termed red. 1808 Scott Marm. VI. Introd. 19 While wildly loose their red locks fly. 1819 Warden United States 1. 245 A tail about a foot long, and covered with red hair. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! ii, A boat rowed by one with a red beard. f. Of soil, earth, etc. Cf. red land. 1623 Capt. Smith Wks. (Arb.) 626 The mold is of diuers colours..; the red which resembleth clay is the worst. Ibid., The hardest kinde of it lies vnder the red ground. 1657 W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc ii. 124 Vapours drawn up out of red earth aloft into the Air. 1706 London & Wise Retir'd Gard. I. 371 Above a quarter of Kitchin-Garden Earth well sifted, more than of Red Mould. 1762 Mills Pract. Husb. I. 53 The common opinion, that all hot grounds are red or brown.. is.. exploded by Columella. 1834 Schoolcraft Exped. 299 Little mounds of red earth frequently appeared above the grass. 1891 Q. Noughts & Crosses 217 The thin red soil of the ridge. g. Combined with other colours in the object,

sometimes

forming

compound

adjectives, as red-and^bluey red-and-whitCy etc. (Cf. lyf-)

white, and blue: the colours of

the Union Jack, hence, the flag itself; also attrib. or as adj.y patriotic, devoted to the service of Britain. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 2404 t>e king a welp he brouBt.. He was rede, grene & blewe. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 174 J?e sailes.. som were blak & bio, Som were rede & grene. c 1470 Henry Wallace vii. 93 A wand of colour reid and greyne. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 69 A kersey boot-hose., gartred with a red and blew list. 1855 D. T. Shaw Britannia, Pride of Ocean i May the Service United ne’er sever, And both to their Colours prove true, The Army and Navy for ever! Three cheers for the Red, White and Blue! 1857 Lawrence Guy Liv. xii. 110 Strong red and white spaniels. 1891 T. Hardy Tess xxxix, He observed..a red-and-blue placard. 1912 R. Brooke Lett. (1968) 387 Aren’t you, perhaps, going to lecture.. about the British Empire, on ‘Heart-Cries under the Red White and Blue’, or some such title? 1971 Scope (S. Afr.) 19 Mar. 30/1 They were all that he was not; British in tradition; red-white-and-blue in sentiment. 1972 P. Lovesey Abracadaver xv. 191 Our careers are dedicated to the red, white and blue. There is no need to remind us where our duty lies. 1974 Times 24 Aug. 2/2 Anyone joining his organization had his background checked ‘to avoid communist infiltration... If the man has a red, white and blue background, then he is okay’. 1977 Sniffin' Glue July 21 He just av'erts his gaze to the red white and blue and exchanges nothings with the silly mayor. h. to paint the town red: see paint v.^ 10. 2. a. As an epithet (chiefly poet.) of blood. c 1205 Lay. 30412 Umen J^a brockes of reden blodes. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1124 A1 ^e erj>e aboute stod as in flode.. al of rede blode. C1386 Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 415 The rede blood Ran endelong the tree ther she stood, c 1470 Golagros & Gate. 306 Thai brochit blonkis to thair sidis brist of rede blude. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 135 The red bloud may run downe in thy necke. 1593 Shaks. Lucr. 1437 To Simois reedie bankes the red bloud ran. a 1755 Edom o' Gordon xix. in Child Ballads III. 434/1 Clear, clear was hir yellow hair. Whereon the reid bluid dreips! 1805 Scott Last Minstr. v. xxi, I have.. Seen through red blood the war-horse dashing. b. In pregnant uses, implying superior quality or value. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. ii. i. 7 Let vs make incision for your loue, To proue whose blood is reddest, his or mine. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet ch. xi. His blood was too red to be spared when that sort of paint was in request. 1852 Dickens Bleak Ho. xxviii, Inasmuch as very red blood of the superior quality, like inferior blood unlawfully shed, will cry aloud. 3. a. As a conventional (chiefly poet.) epithet of gold. Now only arch. This use is also found in other Teut. languages. For red gold in mod. technical use see 19 and GOLD sb. 5. a 1000 Caedmon’s Gen. 2404 (Gr.) Hi.. jesawon ofer since salo hlifian, reced ofer readum golde. c 1000 ,®lfric Horn. I. 64 He.. Sa grenan jyrda sebletsode and hi wurdon to readum golde awende. rii22 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1070 pet fotspure .. wtes eall of read golde. r 1205 Lay. 23309 He sende. .swiSe gode horsses seoluer and red gold. 121300 Cursor M. 4763 po( pai had siluer and gold red pai moght noght find to bi pam bred, r 1400 Destr. Troy 1742 We haue riches full rife, red gold fyn. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. H. 98 Sex thousand 3eirlie . Into tribute of fynest gold so reid. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, ii, From the red gold keep thyfinger. 1865 Swinburne CAajte/ard v. i. 141 The men of Pharaoh’s, beautiful with red And with red gold. 1892 W. B. Yeats Countess Kathleen i. 18, I am half mindful to go pray to him To cover all this table with red gold. 1931 M. Allingham Look to Lady xiii. 144 The real Chalice., is made of English red gold. b. Golden, made of gold. Now only siting. f red ones, gold coins; also red ’un, a sovereign. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiii. 463 Sevin hundreth paris of spuris rede War tane of knychtis that war dede. 1377 Langl. P. pi. B. XV. 501 Now is routhe to rede how pe red noble Is reuerenced or pe Rode, [a 1400 Isumbras 295, I salle the gyffe tene thowsand pownde of florence that bene rede

and rownde.] 1568 T. Howell Poems (Grosart) i. 91 Besides all this, ich shall not mis of red ones to haue store. 01625 Fletcher Mad Lover v. iv, There’s a red rogue to buy thee handkerchiefs. 1816 Scott Antiq. I. xv. 325 It’s a red half-guinea to him every time he mounts his mare. 1879 Macm. Mag. Oct. 502/2, I touched for a red toy (gold watch) and red tackle (gold chain). 1890 in Barrere & Leland Diet. Slang II. 175/1 The youth, her wish obeying, placed a coin down—gently saying—‘There’s a red ’un—or in other words "a quid!”’ 1896 A. Morrison Child of the J ago 61 Sich a nice watch,—a red 'un an’ all. 1899 C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 25 Honest work.. will bring in but a few shillings a week; and what is that compared to the glorious possibility of nicking a red ’un? 1901 G. B. Shaw Capt. Brassbounds Conversion ii. 265 E’ll give huz fawv unnerd red uns. 1905 Hackney & Kingsland Gazette 15 Sept. 3/7 He said ‘Here comes a German with a red lot (gold chain, etc.). If you have heart, pull it.’ 1981 A. Hewins Dillen iii. 20, I don’t think much o’ that stone you got. I’ll give you a nice red un for it.

c. orig. U.S. As an epithet of the cent (formerly made of copper), usually in negative expressions. Also (U.S.) in phr. nary (a) red (cent): see nary a. C1839 J. S. Jones People's Lawyer (1856) i. i. 8 It would not have cost you a red cent. 1852 Bristed Upper Ten Thou. vi. 144 It was a great catch for Miss Lewison, without a red cent of her own. 1889 Sir Ch. Danvers xxix, I don’t care a red cent what you say. 1900 W. Archer Let. i Feb. in C. Archer William Archer i) xii. 263 We have never agreed about plays, and we never will... I have never given a red cent for the ideas in plays. 1904 Kipling Traffics ^ Discoveries 23 I’d turned in every red cent on the Zigler. 1943 K. Tennant Ride on Stranger xvii. 188 ‘To think of it,’ groaned George Benson. ‘We don’t get a red cent, not a flaming red cent.’ 1958 J. Carew Black Midas ix. 193 He will pay you seven dollar.. and not a red cent extra. 1976 T. Sharpe Wilt xiii. 135 ‘I’ll alimony you for all the money you’ve got.’ ‘Fat chance. You won’t get a red cent.’ 1979 Tucson Mag. Apr. 34/3 In ten years, the city has not spent one red cent from any federal funds for Barrio Historic©.

4. Of cloth, clothing, etc.: Dyed with red. See also red flag, red shirt; red hat (of cardinals): see HAT sb. 3, and 18 a below. c 1000 i^)LFRlc Horn. II. 252 Hi..hine unscryddon pam readan waefelse. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 302/92 With rede palles huy weren i-heoled pe faireste p^t miBten beo. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 2036 Vpon pet ryol red clo)?e pet riche was to schewe. 1382 Wyclif Isa. Ixiii. 2 Why thanne red is thi clothing? 1411 E.E. Wills 19 A pallette couerte with reede velwette. Ibid., A reed bedde of worsteyd. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lix, Thenne .. came a ryche vessel hylled ouer with reed sylke. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 633 The Erie of Warwike, whose seruitures were apparailed in red Cotes. 1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 177 A valiant Gentleman, marked by a red cap he wore. 0 1654 Selden Table-t. (Arb.) 77 All that wear Red Ribbons in their Hats, a 1729 Swift Macer 4 ’Twas all th’ Ambition his great Soul could feel To wear red Stockings. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 75 Then over all.. His long red cloak.. He manfully did throw. 1895 F. Anstey Lyre ^ Lancet i. 7 A .. revolutionary poet.. in a flannel shirt and no tie—or else a red one.

5, a. Of persons: Having red hair; fof a red or ruddy complexion. ciooo .^LFRic Gen. xxv. 25 Se pt aeror com se waes read and eall ruh and his nama waes jenemned Esau. C1290 5. Eng. Leg. I. 76/206 Wiliam pe rede king pet after willam bastard cam. Ibid. 319/686 Ho-so hath of fuyre mest he is smal and red O^ur he is blac with cripse here. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 229 Tho that bene rede men, bene, .trechurus, and full of queyntise, i-likenyd to Foxis. 1460 Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 130 William the Rede was crouned in the 3ere of oure Lord m.lxxxvi. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Rufus, somewhat redde; one that hath a redde head. 1598 Florio, Rossa, red, a red-woman. 1612 Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1747) 188 Richard Bourk Earl of Ulster (commonly called the Redde-earl). 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 232 In all regions, the children are born fair or at least red. 1808 Scott Marm. vi. iv, From Red De Clare, stout Gloster’s Earl. 1849 Fraser's Mag. XXXIX. 490 Laudations of such persons as Hugh O’Neill and the Red O’Donnell and others. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 23 You know that red Carlisle girl, Lily?

b. Of animals: Having red or reddish hair; tawny, chestnut, or bay. 1382 Wyclif Num. xix. z-A reede kowe of hool age in the which no spot be. -Zech. i. 8 Loo! a man styinge vp a rede hors;.. and after hym horsis dyuerse, rede, and white. CI420 Pcillad. on Husb. iv. 913 A staloun asse..al blaak Or moushered or reed. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 359 Some of theim causenge redde swyne thro wycchecrafte [etc.]. c 1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 203 Tak hony.. & grece of a red barow. Ibid. 207 Tempre wyj? mylk of a red cow. 1535 Coverdale Zech. vi. 2 In the first charet were reade horse, in the seconde charet were blacke horse. 1651 Barker Art of Angling (1820) 7 The wooll of a red Heyfer makes a good body. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! vii, The red cattle lowed to each other. 1882 Miss Braddon Mt. Royal III. i. 16 Master had the red setter with him this morning, when he went for his stroll. 1892 R. Kipling Barrack-r. Ballads, East Gf West 78 The red mare played with the snaffle-bars.

c. Of certain peoples, esp. the North American Indians; Having (or regarded as having) a reddish skin. Red Indian: see Indian sb. 2 b. See also red man, red skin. 1587 Golding De Mornay ii. 21 Hee maketh some folkes whyte, some blacke, some read, and some Tawny; and yet is hee but one selfesame Sunne. 1765 in S. P. Hildreth Pioneer History (1848) 79 We, red people, are a very jealous people. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. ii. (1810) 122, I was obliged to convince my red brethren that, if I protected them, I would not suffer them to plunder my men with impunity. 1836 W. Irving Astoria H. 8 In the evening the red warriors entertained their white friends with dances and songs. 1889 I. Taylor Orig. Aryans iv. 198 The half-castes between Europeans and Maoris are unmistakeably red without any tendency to yellow.

6. Wearing red clothing (uniform, livery) or armour. Now rare. a 1400 Sir Perc. 50 Wolde he none forsake, The rede knyghte ne the blake. c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 87 The Rede Reffayr thai call him [cf. 106 His cot armour is.. ay off reide]. 1470-85 Malory Arthur vii. xvi, The reed knyghte of the reed laundes. 1841 Thackeray Chron. Drum ii. xii. He had fought the red English, he said, In many a battle of Spain. 1886 [see red soldier in 19].

7. a. Of the face, or of persons in respect of it: Temporarily suffused with blood, esp. as the result of some sudden feeling or emotion; flushed or blushing with (anger, shame, etc.); esp. in phr. red face, a sign of embarrassment or shame. c 1205 Lay. 29597 For pan ilke dede heo habbeS neb rede. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 811 (867) He was hit, and wax al red for shame. C1386-Can. Yeom. Prol. ^ T. 542 For shame of hym my chekes wexen rede. C1450 Holland Howlat 816 The dene rurale worthit reid, Stawe for schame of the steid. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 38 His visage wexith reed .., and the teeres fallen in his eyene whan thou blamyst him. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 35 She red, and hot, as coles of glowing fier, He red for shame. 1611-Wint. T. iv. iv. 54 Addresse your selfe to entertaine them sprightly. And let’s be red with mirth. 1653 Milton Ps. vi. 22 Mine enemies shall.. then grow red with shame. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! ii. The churchwardens.. bustled themselves hot, and red, and frantic. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xiv. (1878) 295 Tom’s face was as red with delight, as his sister’s had been with anger. 1937 Partridge Diet. Slang 692/1 Red face (or neck), have a, to be ashamed. 1973 Listener 14 June 786/1 Mediterranean weather caused red faces among long-range weather-men who had to confess they’d got June wrong so far. 1977 Listener 30 June 865/1 The celebrated Samuel Palmer fakes., that have left so many red faces in the world of fine art. 1980 B. Parvin Death in Past v. 30 She..grabbed me and said: ‘It’s true — I’m going to have a baby!’ Was my face red! 1981 L. Deighton XPD iii. 13 There was secret material.. [that] would have caused a few red faces here in Whitehall. transf. 1820 L. Hunt Indicator No. 14 (1822) I. 112 Millions of times did the sense of the impotence of his wish run up in red hurry to his cheeks.

b. Exceptionally high in colour. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 229 Tho that haue the face somewhate ruddy.. Tho that have the chekys al reede as thay were dronken. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour L ij b. He .. was reed as a cok and had a good lyuynge colour. 1577 Harrison England in Holinshed I. 85/2 Tyll they be read as cockes. and litle wyser then their combes. 1689 Hickeringill Ceremony-Monger Concl. iii. Wks. 1716 II. 472 The Lazy Fat Prebend and Ceremony-Monger.. is as Red in the Gills as a Turkey-cock, or his Scarlet-hood.

8. a. Stained or covered with blood. Used absoL, and const, with (for of) blood, gore, etc. [ui225 Ancr. R. 402 3e hit schulen makien of reades monnes blode; t^et is Jesu Crist i-readed mid his owune blode o6e rode.] a 1300 Cursor M. 20075 Mi fete, mi hend, o blod er red. 1375 Barbour Bruce ii. 361 The gres woux off the blud all rede. CI450 Mirour Saluacioun 1616 Y« stretes of Jerusalem with thaire blode made he rede. C1500 Melusine 352 The grounde was there soone dyed rede with grete effusyon of blood. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. iii. i. 109 Wauing our red Weapons o’re our heads, Let’s all cry Peace, Freedome, and Liberty. 1738 Gray Propertius iii. 46 Sad Philippi, red with Roman Gore. 1796 Scott Will. & Helen 211 The scourge is red, the spur drops blood. 1808Marm. vi. xxxiv, To tell red Flodden’s dismal tale. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! ix, The Fort del Oro was a red shamble. 1893 F. Adams New Egypt 17 The Ptolemies quenched more than one savage insurrection with red hands. fig. 1813 Coleridge Sibyl. Leaves, Night Scene 65,1 swore to her that were she red with guilt, I would exchange my unblenched state with hers. transf. i8i6 Byron Ch. Har. iii. xxviii, Rider and horse —friend, foe—in one red burial blent. 1894 G. Meredith Lord Ormont xxv. The dull red facts [of the duel] had to be disengaged from his manner of speech.

b. Shedding blood, 1806 G. Galloway Poems 23 Adieu to New Year’s din and quarrel. Base chat, red blows. 1882 G. Macdonald Castle Warlock xxix. It cam o’ bluid-guiltiness—for ’at he had liftit the reid han’ again’ his neibour.

c. Of meat: Full of, coloured with, blood. See also red meat, sense 19 a. 1837 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 109 The cow-calf is whiter veal: but the bull-calf, although redder, is better meat.

d. Consisting of blood. 1816 Byron Ch. Har. iii. xvii, How that red rain hath made the harvest grow.

9. a. Marked or characterized by blood or fire, or by violence suggestive of these. (In later quots. with implication of b.) 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1142 It [the sword] was rede del? icluped & mid ri3te. C1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 889 Ye shal be deed by myghty Mars the rede. 1631 Chettle Hoffman I. Civ, Till red reuenge in robes of fire, and madding mischiefe runne and raue. Ibid. Hiij, The heate Of our sad torment, and red sufferings. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 174 What if., from above Should intermitted vengeance Arme again His red right hand to plague us? 1729 Savage Wanderer iv. Red Massacres thro’ their Republic fly. 1781 Cowper Truth 278 Justice.. Drops the red vengeance from his willing hand. 1812 Byron Ch. Har. i. xxxviii, Red Battle stamps his foot and nations feel the shock. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. cxxvii, Tho’ thrice again The red fool-fury of the Seine Should pile her barricades with dead. transf. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. xvii. 115 You have heard the stories of the mountain men in all their red exaggeration. 1859 J ephson Brittany xvi. 265 Happy news to the Bretons! and red maledictions to the French!

b. Anarchistic, revolutionary. Bolshevik, communist; freq. spec,

Also, of or

RED pertaining to the U.S.S.R.; red revolution^ a socialist or communist revolution. Referring originally to the colour of a party badge, but now frequently associated with prec. 1848, etc. [see Red Republic]. [1849 Tail's Mag. XVI. 402/2 Germany itself is red with Socialism and a desire for Republicanism.] 1864 Spectator 16 Apr. 443/2 England is not Red .. but she does sympathise heartily with Garibaldi’s immediate ends. 1883 Pall Mall G. 2 Feb. 1/2 The Dynamitards have not secured the return of a single deputy even for the ‘reddest’ constituency in France. 1917 [see Red Guard 1 a]. 1919 Times 7 Oct. 4/3 That I was prepared to create a Red Revolution in England.. is something which I have never said. 1920 Blackw. Mag. Sept. 404/2 The Red Government, still bent upon the destruction of Europe, was .. recognised. 1924 R. Macaulay Orphan Island xix. 252 It is mainly a catalogue of grievances, together with rousing addresses... ‘What we call Red journalism.’ 1926 Bn/. Ga^. 12 May 3/6 After an attempt to hold a ‘Red’ Meeting in Edgware-road, a crowd of about 2,000 people was said to have collected and arrests were made by the police. 1927 W. E. CoLLiNSON Contemp. Eng. 85 The spread of the Bolshevistic propaganda has led to the fear, lest Labour should go red. 1929 J. Buchan Courts of Morning i. 129 The Scotsman had become their special intimate... Judson, who seemed to have known him before, called him Red Geordie. 1934 Discovery Feb. 55/2 All along that frontier, every three hundred yards, there are Red soldiers with rifle and machine-gun. 1940 W. Empson Gathering Storm 49 Revolt and mercy fired no sparks In the Red argument at all. 1948 E. B. White Let. 24 Jan. (1976) 290 My desk got so deep in Red literature that I had to fumigate myself every night before going home. 1951 Swn (Baltimore) 19 June 7/1 Count Wolf von Westarp, co-founder of the band of neo-Nazis,.. has indignantly denied any Red ties. 1958 Spectator 6 June 723/2 There are still hundreds of writers in gaol all over the Red Empire, not to mention Franco’s or Salazar’s prisons. 1965 B. Pearce tr. Preobrazhensky's New Econ. 189 The red managers, proletarian engineers, and business executives have no monopoly of the means of production. 1970 M. O’Brine Crambo Hi. 193 He is still a Red Navy man. He has the right to be buried at sea. 1972 D. Bloodworth Any Number can Play ii. 9 He infuriated the communists because he ran too just and egalitarian a kingdom to suit the sacred cause of red revolution. 1976 G. Mansell Why External Broadcasting? 18 Other totalitarianisms, whether of the red or the black variety. 1981 Times 3 Mar. 13/2 Anything is better than the horrors of nuclear war., better red than dead. 1981 Time Out 24-30 Apr. 7/4 Rosenthal and her fellow-candidates will be.. hoping that Sir Horace Cutler’s deepest fears of a ‘red’ London are realized. 10. Heated to redness; red-hot, glowing. a 1225 Ancr. R. 356 Ne kumeS non into Parais bute t>uruh hisse leitinde sweorde, |>et was hot & read, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xix. {Christopher) 550 \>&ne gert pe kinge ane helme tak & in pe fyre It red al mak. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.^. Prol. 23s Twoo firy dartes as the gledes rede. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas IX. xxxii. (1558) 33 b, As I haue tolde, in coles rede His hande he brent for loue of his cite. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxvi. 87 They wer full strenge of countenance, Lyk turkass birnand reid. 1605 Shaks. Lear lii. vi. 16 To haue a thousand with red burning spits Come hizzing in vpon ’em. 1684 J. Peter Siege Vienna 108 Bellows for Red Bullets. 1741 tr. Cramer's Assaying 20 Filings of Iron.. being presently made red in the Crucible. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 289 A waking dream of houses, towers... expressed In the red cinders. 1868 Joynson Metals 117 Scales that fall from the red iron hammered at the blacksmith’s anvil.

11. Of the eyes: {a) Naturally of a red colour. {b) Bloodshot, (c) Inflamed, esp. with weeping. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 304 Runischly his rede y3en he reled aboute. c 1550 Lloyd Treas. Health H v b. To haue his mouth open with reed eyes. 1601 Shaks. ^u/. C. iii. ii. 120 Poore soule, his eyes are red as fire with weeping. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 460 The eies of a Lyon are red, fiery, and hollow. 1676 Wiseman Chirurg. Treat. 313 In the beginning the Eyes look red. 1729 Savage Wanderer 11, Death in her Hand, and Frenzy in her Eye! Her Eye all red, and sunk! 1788 Cowper Death Bullfinch i. Ye Nymphs if e’er your eyes were red With tears. 1813 Scott Rokeby iii. vi. The snake. .Watches with red and glistening eye. 1823 Byron Juan viii. cxix. Their bloodshot eyes all red with strife. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! xx, Amyas was pacing the deck,.. his eyes red with rage and weeping.

II. In combinations. 12. a. With substantives, forming attributive compounds as red^brick (floor), red^leather (trunk), etc. 1915 J. London Let. 5 Nov. (1966) 463, I go ahead content to be admired for my *red-blood brutality. 1925 V. Woolf Common Reader 262 The high-brow public and the red-blood public. 1943 Wyndham Lewis Let. 8 Aug. (1963) 360 The vulgarly red-blood American attitude (the lady and gentlemen complex). 1976 A. J. Russell Pour Hemlock (1979) ii. 19 I’m not their kind of people... This is a Redblood administration. I’m a Mollycoddle. 1835 Willis Pencillings I. xi. 83 We obeyed the call of our *red-bonnet guide. 1841 Lever C. O'Malley iii. 19 It’s a *red-breeches day, Master Charles. 1918 D. H. Lawrence New Poems 15 As it guards the wild north cloud-coasts, *red-fire seas runnning through The rocks. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 1817 Ho rajt hym a riche rynk of ‘red golde werkez. 1550 Lyndesay Sqr. Meldrum 8 Hir hair was like the reid gold wyre. 1767 Cowper Let. toj. Hill 14 May, I was once the happy owner of a *red-leather trunk. 1913 D. H. Lawrence Love Poems fef Others 33 The subtle, steady rush..of advancing God.. Is heard .. In the tapping haste of a fallen leaf, In the flapping of *red-roof smoke. 1592 Shaks. Ven. ^ Ad. 110 Leading him prisoner in a *red-rose chaine. C1610 Women Saints 151 Being rinsed in her owne red rose bloud. 1895 W. B. Yeats Poems 234 The red-rose-bordered hem. 1942 W. Stevens Notes toward Supreme Fiction 36 The channel slots of rain, the red-rose-red. 1837 Thackeray Ravenswing i, The little *red-silk cottage piano. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. iv. 52 The Ved-throat jay screamed not for nought. 1754 Bartlet Gentl. Farriery (ed. 2) 243 Apply..a poultice with ’red wine lees. 1877 E. S. Dallas Kettner's Bk. of Table 376 Matelote Relish, small onions and mushrooms in a red-wine sauce. Ibid. 483 It is difficult to procure the mild red-wine vinegar in London

RED

390 1943 E. M. Almedingen Frossia iv. 192 A nice plump partridge, red wine sauce, and cranberry jelly. 1971 Vogue 15 Sept. 125/2, I had chicken in red wine sauce with mushrooms and bacon.

b. In Specific names or designations, chiefly of animals, birds, and trees, as red~bar parrot, redbead snake, etc. (see quots.); red-bead tree, a leguminous timber-tree, Ormosia dasycarpa (also called bead-tree and necklace-tree), having red bead-like seeds; red-bead vine, the coralbead plant, Abrus precatorius (see CORAL sb.^ 9); red-bean tree, a species of Erythrina (cf. coralbean)', red-ink plant, the Virginian pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra. See also red-coat, -HEART, -TOP, -WING. 1811 Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. ii. 510 *Red-Bar Parrot. Psittacus signatus... It is said to be a native of Brazil. 1802 Ibid. III. ii. 502 *Red Bead Snake. Coluber Guttatus... A native of Carolina. 1756 P. Browneyamoirfl 298 The •RedBead Tree. The seeds are pretty large, and well marked with a proportioned black spot. Ibid. 297 *Red-Bead Vine. The seeds are of a very beautiful scarlet colour with a black spot on one side. Ibid. 288 The Coral or *Red Bean Tree. The seeds of this tree are of a beautiful red colour. 1820 Rafinesque in Smithson. Coll. XIII. (1877) ix. i. 28 •Redbelly Shiner, Luxilus Erythrogaster. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 12 Mayio/i Chang is a •red-button mandarin. 1840HEREMAN Gardener's Lib. II. 186 Graphiphora Festiva, Primrose Moth... •Red Clay Moth. 1703 Dampier Voy. (1729) III. 430 •Red-dye Bark. Because it’s used in dying that Colour. 1866 Treas. Bot. 885/2 Its dark purplish berries.. contain a purplish-red juice somewhat resembling red ink, and hence it is sometimes called the •Red-ink Plant. 1880 O. S. Wilson Larvae Brit. Lepidopt. 266 Orthosia lota, Linn. The •Red Line Quaker. 1840 Hereman Gardener's Lib. II. 165 Orgya Antigua, Common Vapourer Moth... •Red Spot Tussock. C1830 Glouc. Farm Rep. ii in Lib. Usef. Knowl., Husb. Ill, The •red-straw-lammas is the kind [of wheat] that is always sown upon this farm. 1802 Shaw Gen. Zool. III. I. 242 •Red-Throat Lizard. Laceria Bullaris.

13. Prefixed to the names of other colours, forming compound adjs. or sbs., as red-black, -brorwn, -fallow, -gold, -golden, -orange, -pink, -purple, -rose, -white, -yellow, etc. 1824 Shaw Gen. Zool. XII. i. 174 Edged with red..and tipped with a small border of •red-ash. 1910 Westm. Gaz. 25 Jan. 5/2 The material employed is the finest •red-black rubber. 1975 R. H. Rimmer Premar Experiments ii. 174 Even before I touched her, her nipples were engorged, redblack and demanding. 1676 Cotton Angler ii. vii, The hair .. turns to a •red brown. 1785 Burns Ep. Simpson x, Her moors red-brown wi’ heather bells. 1884 Chamb. Jrnl. 3 May 273/1 The rich red-brown canvas of a gliding wherry. c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xiv, pt best hewe is •red falewe with a blacke mosel. 1607 E. Topsell Fourfooted Beasts 661 This beast is of •red-gold-colour. 1871 Swinburne Songs before Sunrise 237 Till the red-gold harvest-rows, Full-grown, are full of the light. 1896 Mary Beaumont Joan Seton 112 The diadem of her hair shining red-gold in the light. 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts fef Flowers 98,1 have.. seen .. His red-gold, water-precious, mirror-flat bright eye. 1973 J. Cleary Ransom i. 21 She was .. beautiful, with that red-gold hair that was a sensation on colour television. 1962 I. Murdoch Unofficial Rose 12 Her •red-golden hair. 1879 Rood Chromatics 45 All the •redorange hues are represented. 1880 E. Glaister Needlework ix. loi If the flowers be another colour than yellow, say •red-pink, or blue, the darning may be the same colour. 1951 E. Paul Springtime in Paris xv. 268 The pharmacy had large old-fashioned globes of coloured liquid, red-pink like Corsican wine and transparent blue-green. 1828 Dunlop in Mem. R. Astron. Soc. III. 267 A very singular star.. of an uncommon •red purple colour. 1851 Southern Planter (Richmond, Va.) July 197/2 Improved Red Purple Straw on corn land. 1929 A. Clarke Pilgrimage & Other Poems 15 Vats of red-purple dye. 1675 Lond. Gaz. No. 990/4 One •Red Roan’d Horse, having Pitch-brands on both sides of his Shoulders. Ibid. No. 1020/4 A light Red-roan Gelding. 1850 Mrs. Browning Swan's Nest v. The steed shall be redroan. 1917 G. Frankau Inn of Thousand Dreams in City of Fear 26 Once more I press.. Your finger-tips against these lips Your own •red-rose lips knew. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xii. 93 b, A high topped cappe, died of •redde scarlet. ^1350 Ipomadon 2398 Efte come another stede.. that was •rede-sore, a 1618 Sylvester Wood-Man's Bear xlv, •Red-white hils, and white-red plaines. 1920 J. Masefield Enslaved 9 Little red-white blossoms flecked me. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Hist. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 258 He had nothing on his heid bot syde •reid jallow hair. 1608 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. iv. Decay loi As the fresh redyellow Apple dangles (In Autumn) on the Tree. 1937 V. Woolf Years 333 There was a red-yellow glow... The sun was sinking through the London dust.

14. Forming parasynthetic adjectives, as red¬ armed, -belted, etc. a. In general use. (See also red-bearded, -BLOODED, -CHEEKED, -COATED, -EYED, -HANDED, etc.) 1776 Mickle tr. Camoens' Lusiad 139 The awful blade Of •red-arm’d Justice. 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald Great Gatsby iv. 81 A glimpse of •red-belted ocean-going ships. 1852 M. Arnold Lines Kensington Gard., Those blackcrowned, •red-boled pine-trees. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 657 Dry them.. in a long •redbordered holland cloth passed over a wooden revolving roller. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 6 Sept. 6/2 There were waiting on the •red-carpeted platform., officials representing the railway company. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 484 They appear on a redcarpeted staircase. 1948 M. Laski Tory Heaven viii. 106 He climbs the red-carpeted steps under the gay awning. 1976 N. Roberts Face of France xvi. 165 A red-carpeted dais. 1973 M. Amis Rachel Papers 170 My sister, a swirl of •red-checked nightie, flew through the doorway. 1978 R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant xxiv. 277 Running across the fronts of the booths were brass rods holding red-checked curtains. 1913 J. Masefield Daffodil Fields 2 Some short-grassed fields begin, •red-clayed and pleasant. 1847 Emerson Poemi (1857) 12 Little thinks in the field yon •red-cloaked clown Of thee. 1910 W. B. Yeats

Green Helmet 21 A tall red-headed red-cloaked man stands upon the threshold. 1980 J^rn/. R. Soc. Arts Mar. 241/2 Max Ernst’s red-cloaked, bird-masked lady in The Robing of the Bride. 1763 Brit. Mag. IV. 547 The •red-clock’d stocking trims the brawny leg. 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth. 6 Then waxeth hys skin •rede colored also. 1719 London & Wise Compl. Gard'ner 67 It’s pretty red colour’d. 1800 Herschel in Phil. Trans. XC. 513 Red-coloured or red-making rays. 1942 S. Spender Life & Poet 12 Since we believe socialism to be just, novels should preach socialism and see everything through red-coloured spectacles. 1570 J. Phillip Friendly Larum in Farr S.P. Eliz. (Parker Soc.) II. 526 Some wish the •redcombde bird might crow. 5 at Home (ed. 2) xxvi. 283 While in the distance looms the harbour of Yokohama, full of the mighty ‘red-ensigned steamers of the England he pined for night and day. 1657 W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc II. 152 My name I have from my •red-feathered coat. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. i. 313 Seeing..The •red-finned fishes o’er the gravel play. 1697 Congreve Mourn. Bride iv. vii, What mean those swollen and •red-fleck’d eyes? at crepyn aboute in reyn and haylys. C1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 200 Tak pe water of pe rede sneyl. 1752 J. Hill Hist. Anim. 87 Limax subrufus... The naked red Snail. 1688 Clayton in Phil. Trans. XVIII. 134 There is another sort of deadly Snake, called the •Red Snake. [1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan ii. v. 81 There are Sc^uirils of three sorts, very different in shape and condition; one.. is red, and hee haunts our howses, and will rob us of our Come.] 1682 T. Ash Carolina 22 There are.. the •Red, the Grey, the Fox and Black Squirrels. 1795 Stat. Acet. Scotland XV. xxi. 439 The red squirrel.. has become extremely common of late years. 1819 Warden United States I. 230 The Red Squirrel, not so large as the Grey, has its name from a reddish stripe which runs along the back. 1847 Audubon & Bachman Vivip. Quad. N.A. I. 129 Providence has placed much food.. within reach of the RedSquirrel during winter. 1902 W. D. Hulbert Forest Neighbors 102 Other sounds there were.. the scolding of the red squirrel, disturbed and angry. 1935 [see grey squirrel]. 1971 Country Life 17 June 1538/1 It is not within my memory when red squirrels were about in fair numbers. 1972 Ecology LHI. 1142/1 Pasture juniper fruits provide winter food for red squirrels. 1828 The Crypt III. 9 A serpent, known to the gamekeepers of Dorsetshire under the name of the •Red Viper,.. considered to be more poisonous than the common viper, but is fortunately very rare. 1859 [see red adder above]. 1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 91 The •Red Wolf.. From the marshes of South America. 1876 Goode in Smithson. Coll. XIII. vi. 69 Red Wolf. 1942 G. M. Allen Extinct Of Vanishing Mammals 229 The typical form of red wolf was slightly the smallest of the three races. 1964 [see grey wolf s.v. grey, gray a. 8 b]. 1969 J. Fisher etal.Red Bk. 75/2 It [sc. the giant panda] appears to be without natural enemies, with the possible exception of the leopard and the red wolf. 1978 B. H. Lopez Of Wolves & Men 279 My wife and I raised two hybrid red wolves.

b. Birds, as red butcher-bird, creeper, dunlin, heron, humming-bird, oriole, pheasant, sandpiper, sheldrake, shrike, sparrow, wheatear (see quots.); red bishop (bird), an African weaver belonging to the genus Euplectes, esp. E. orix; red-chatterer, the Surinam red-bird, Ampelix carnifex; red cock, the grouse; f r®d coot-foot, = red phalarope; red curassow, the red Peruvian hen, Crax rubra-, f red curlew, the scarlet ibis; red duck, the castaneous or white¬ eyed duck; red falcon, t(a) an East Indian falcon, also called red Indian falcon-, f(b) the female peregrine falcon when a year old; (c) the merlin; red fink, the red grenadier grosbeak, Ploceus oryx-, red flammant, flamingo, the common flamingo, Phcenicopterus ruber-, red godwit, the bar-tailed or black-tailed godwit, Limosa rufa or segocephala-, red goose, U.S., the snow-goose {Cent. Diet. 1891); red grosbeak, the cardinal grosbeak or Virginia nightingale; red grouse (see grouse i b); red hawk, (a) a yearling hawk; {b) the merlin; red hoop, the bullfinch; red jungle-fowl (see jungle sb. 3 b); red kite, the common kite; red knot, the sanderling and knot in summer plumage; red lark, {a) ? the meadow or water pipit; {b) the American tit-lark; red linnet, (a) the common linnet; (6) the lesser redpoll; (c) the goldfinch; red lobefoot, the red phalarope; red macaw, the red-and-blue macaw; red martin, U.S., the red godwit {Cent. Diet.); red mavis U.S., the common ground thrush, Toxostoma rufum; = brown-thrasher s.v. brown a. 6; red owl, Strix asio; red partridge, the red-legged partridge; red phalarope, the grey phalarope in summer plumage; red ptarmigan, the grouse; red rail, the Virginia rail {Cent. Diet.); red robin, (a) the redbreast; {b) = next; red tanager, the scarlet tanager; red thrush, (a) the redwing, Turdus iliaeus; {b) the American red-breasted thrush; red tiercel, the male peregrine falcon when a year old. (For red-baek, -bill, etc., see 18 b, and main words.) Also red-bird, red-game. 1884 E. L. Layard Birds S. Afr. (ed. 2) 462 ’Red Bishop Bird.. though not an uncommon bird, is certainly a very local one. 1939 Nature i Apr. 566/1 The red bishop has never been found to have more than three wives in his large territory. 1955 Mackworth-Praed & Grant Birds E. & N.E. Afr. 11. 951 Zanzibar Red Bishop.. differs from the South African and Tanganyika Territory races of the Red Bishop. 1966 E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xii. 197 Here would be red bishop birds in summer plumage, the grenadier of Barrow... Sita saw a bird like a jewel sail past her... It was a red bishop bird, black and glowing scarlet, on its way to the reeds with its drab-coloured harem. 1743 Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. ii. 54 The Crested ‘Red or Russit Butcher-Bird. 1783 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds II. 1. 97 ‘Red Ch[atterer]. 1817 Shaw Gen. Zool. X. ii. 425 Red Chatterer, with a band through the eyes and the tips of the quills and tail-feathers black. 1776 Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) I. 229 *Red Cock. 1828 Fleming Brit. Anim. 100 Lobipes hyperboreus. ‘Red Coot-foot. 1782 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. II. 721 *Red Creeper, Trochilus coccineus... Supposed to be found in Mexico. 1802 Bingley Anim. Biog.

(1813) II. 142 The Red Creeper. This diminutive inhabitant of New Spain.. I mention merely for the purpose of describing its nest. 1819 Shaw Gen. Zool. XL i. 169 The *Red Curassow is the size of a turkey. 1754 Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina I. 84 The ‘Red Curlew. 1769 Bancroft Guiana 172 The Curlew of Guiana is the Indian or Red Curlew of Ray. 1785 Pennant ..dref. Zool. II. 576 Lapmark, 'Red, and Garganey Duck. 1817 T. Forster Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 95 Anas Nyroca, Castaneous duck.. Red duck. 1824 Shaw Gen. Zool. XII. i. 96 'Red Dunlin (Pelidna Subarcuata).. Dunlin with the beak longer than the head. 01672 Willughby Ornith. (1676) PI. 9 Falco ruber Indicus.. The 'Red Indian Falcon. 1678 Ray Willughby's Ornith. 81 The Red Falcon. 1887 Smith Birds 69 (E.D.D.) The female when a yearling was termed a ‘Red Falcon’. 1890 Watson Nature & Woodcraft viii. The Keeper’s ‘red falcon’ is the beautiful Merlin. 1867 Layard Birds S. Africa 185 'Red Fink of Colonists... 'The ‘Red Caffre Fink’, though not an uncommon bird, is certainly a very local one. 1785 Pennant Arct. Zool. II. 504 'Red Flammant. 1785 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds V. 299 PI. 93 'Red Flamingo. 1824 Shaw Gen. Zool. XII. i. 186 Red Flamingo with the quills black. 1766 Pennant Brit. Zool. (1768) II. 353 The 'red godwit is superior in size to the common kind. 1824 Shaw Gen. Zool. XII. i. 78 The Red Godwit is found in various parts of Europe, Asia, and North America: in England it is found throughout the year. 1885 Swainson Prov. Names Birds 199 Black-Tailed Godwit. Also called Red godwit (Ireland). 173^1 Albin Nat. Hist. Birds 55 pi. 57 The 'Red Grosbeak, or ‘Virginia Nightingale... Some call it the Virginia Nightingale, and in Virginia, &c. they call it the Red-bird, but more properly the Red Grosbeak. 1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) I. 269 Grous..'Red... The plumage on the head and neck is of a light tawny red. 1794 Hutchinson Hist. Cumbld. I. 17/2 Moor Game or Red Grous. 1843 Yarrell Brit. Birds II. 321 Some authors have called our Red Grouse, the Red Grous Ptarmigan, the Red Ptarmigan, and the Brown Ptarmigan. 1849 M. Arnold Resignation 70 The red-grouse, springing at our sound. 1910 Malcolm & Maxwell Grouse i. i We shall be almost exclusively concerned with the red grouse. 1927 S. Gordon Days with Golden Eagle xiv. 93 The grey or hooded crow is a far more deadly enemy to red grouse than the golden eagle. 1971 Country Life 12 Aug. 390/1 It [sc. heather] provides the main food of that highly famed bird, the Scottish red grouse. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxii. 7, I do lyk ane 'reid halk schout. 1828 Sir J. S. Sebright Hawking 32 The young hawks of the year are called red hawks, from the colour of their plumage. 1890 Watson Nature & Woodcraft 13 'The great grouse poachers of the Moors are the beautiful little Merlins... The ‘red. hawk’ is plucky beyond its size and strength, and will pull down a partridge. 1678 Ray Willughby's Ornith. 283 The greater speckled or 'red Heron of Aldrovand. 1802 Montagu Ornith. Diet. (1831) 59 Bullfinch... 'Red-hoop. 1743 Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. I. 32 The Long-tail’d 'Red Humming-Bird. 1840 Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds HI. 265 Milvus regalis; The 'Red Kite. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 491 In some districts this [the black kite] is much commoner than the red kite. 1824 Shaw Gen. Zool. XII. i. 90 'Red Knot {Calidris Islandica). 1776 Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) I. 303 'Red Lark. This species is equal in size to the common lark. 1817 T. Forster Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 77 Alauda Rubra, Redlark. 1738 Albin Nat. Hist. Birds HI. 68 The 'Red Linnet, Cock and Hen. 1831 Rennie Montagu's Ornith. Dice 298 A male of three years old is distinguished in the spring, by the name of the Red Linnet. 1893 [see LINNET i]. 1819 Capt. Ross Voy. Discov. App. ii. lix, Lobipes Hyperboreas ('Red Lobe-foot), commonly named Red Phalarope. 1703 'Red macaw [see macaw]. 1831 Wilson, etc. Amer. Ornith. IV. 288 Were one to compare, .the red macaw with the ground parrot of New Holland. 1854 Thoreau Walden 171 Upon the topmost spray of a birch sings the brown-thrasher—or 'red mavis, as some love to call him. 1858 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 869/2 The Red Mavis .. has many habits similar to those of the Cat-Bird. 1917 ‘T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. HI. 179 Brown Thrasher... Other names.. Mavis; Red Mavis; Song Thrush. 1781 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. 11. 431 'Red Oriole... Size of our Black bird. 1785 Pennant Arct. Zool. II. 234 'Red Owl. 1812 Wilson Amer. Ornith. V. 84 The Red Owl is eight inches and a half long. 1894 Newton Diet. Birds 678 Now the ‘Red Owl’ and the ‘Mottled Owl’ of the older American ornithologists are known to be one species. 1783 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds II. ii. 767 Greek Partridge or Great 'Red Partridge. 1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 229 The Red Partridge (Tetrao rufus, Lin.) and five or six others.. are peculiar to the eastern hemisphere. 1776 Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) II. 414 'Red Phalarope. 1831 Rennie Montagu's Ornith. Diet. 366 To these varieties Temminck has added the Red Phalarope. 1894 Newton Diet. Birds 712 In summer.. the whole of the lower parts are bright bay,.. and hence it has in this condition been called the Red Phalarope. 1752 J. Hill Hist. Anim. 486 The 'red Pheasant. 1819 Shaw Gen. Zool. XL ii. 294 The 'Red Ptarmigan is in length fifteen inches and a half. 1843 [see red grouse above] 1776 Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 11. 394 'Red Sandpiper. Tringa Icelandica. Birds of this species have appeared in great flocks on the coast of Essex. 1781 Latham Gen Synopsis Birds I. I. 192 'Red Shrike.. its body is of a bright red colour. Inhabits Surinam. 1783 Ibid. HI. 271 This [crimson-headed finch] inhabits the thick woods about the Volga and Samara, where it is called the 'Red Sparrow. Ibid. ZI-] 'Red T[anager]. Tanagra Rubra... Inhabits Canada. 1827 Audubon in Journals (1893) I. 245 The powers of.. the 'Red Thrush. 1843 Ibid. 516 The delightful song of the Red Thrush. 1885 Swainson Prov. Names Birds 4 Red thrush (Midlands). 1743 Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. I. 31 The 'Red or Russit-Colour’d Wheat Ear. 1817 Shaw Gen. Zool. X. ii. 569 Red Wheatear {Vitiflora rufa). .. Taken at Gibraltar and near Bologna. c. Fishes, etc., as red dory, lamprey, mackerel, scallop,

sea-nettle;

red

bandfish,

the

red

ribband fish or red snakefish, Cepola rubescens (cf. BAND sb.^ Ill); red bass, {a) U.S. the red drum

or

red-fish,

Sciaena

ocellata;

{b)

an

Australian fish (see quot. 1898); red bream (see quot.); red char, the case-char before spawning (formerly regarded as a distinct species); red cod, {a) the rock-cod; {b) a New England gadoid

RED fish, Pseudophycis bacchus; (c) (see quot. 1836); red crab, (a) the sea cray-fish; (b) an American crab (see quot. 1884); r®d cusk, a Californian fish (see quot.); red dace, (a) the roach; (b) U.S. the red-fin; red drum, = red bass] red garrupa (see quot.); red gilthead, the sea bream; red groper, a red-skinned form of the blue groper, Achcerodus gouldii, a marine fish found off the coast of southern Australia; red grouper, a fish, Epinephalus morio, found off the coast of south-eastern North America; red gurnard or gurnet, (a) a species of gurnard, the rocket or rochet, Trigla cuculus; (b) = next; red gurnetperch, an Australian fish (see quot.); red lump, the cock-paddle; red mullet, a surmullet; red paidle. Sc. = red lump; red perch, (a) the rosefish, Sebastes marinus] (b) a Tasmanian and Australian fish (see quot. 1898); red ribband fish = red bandfish] red rock-cod, (a) one of several Australian fishes (see quot.); (b) the orange rock-fish of N. America; red rock-crab (see quot.); red rock-fish, (a) a Bermudan fish (see quot.); (b) one of several fishes of the Pacific coast of N. America belonging to the genus Sebastodes or Sebastichthys] red sciaena, = red bass] red snakefish, = red bandfish] red snapper, any of several important marine food fishes belonging to the family Lutjanidas, esp. Lutjanus campechinus of eastern North and Central America; red sole, the little sole, Solea lutea] red surmullet, the plain red mullet, Mullus barbatus] red trout, the lake trout; red tubs, the sapphirine gurnard, Trigla hirundo] red wrasse, the female wrasse, Labrus mixtus. (For red-belly, -fin, -mouth, -sides] red-fender, -ribbon, etc., see i8b and 19.) Also red-fish,

RED-HORSE. 1828 Fleming Brit. Anim. 204 *Red Band-fish. 1863 Brit. Fishes II. 263 The Red Bandfish is common in the Mediterranean. 1880-84 Day Fishes Gt. Brit. I. 214 Red band-fish or red snake-fish, owing to its colour, appearance, and movements. 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 372 In the Carolinas, Florida, and the Gulf, we meet with the names ‘Bass’ and its variations, ‘Spotted Bass’, ‘*Red Bass’ [etc.]. 1898 Morris Austral Eng. 383/2 Red Bass, a fish of Moreton Bay, Mesoprion superbus, family Percidee. 1898 Morris Austral Eng. 383/2, *Red Bream, name given to the Schnapper when one year old. 1924 Truth (Sydney) 27 Apr. 6 Red bream, name given to young schnapper. 1969 Man (Austral.) Mar. 87/2 Another prize for the table is the snapper or red bream. 1674 Ray Fresh~w. Fish 109 •Red Charre [see char r6.*]. 1769 Pennant Brit. Zool. III. 258 The two others [specimens] were inscribed, the Red Chart, the Silver or Gilt Chart. 1880-84 Day Fishes Gt. Brit. II. 109 [The case chart] when exhibiting the bright crimson belly which it assumes before spawning,.. is called the red chart. e crop of pe •reed worte do ber-to. C1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 232 Tak of redewortes, of fette malwes [etc.]. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. XVII. Ixxiii. (W. de W.) 647 Elutropia highte Solsequium, also the red worte, and many calle it Cicorea. Sylvester

b. With adjs. (and derived sbs.), as red-blind, colour-blind in respect of red (so redblindness)-, t red fire-hot, = red-hot;

RED red-green a,, pertaining to or affecting the ability to distinguish between red and green; red-green-blindness (cf. red-blind and greenblind); red-hearted (see quot.); red-mad, = RED-WOOD a.; red-raw a., rubbed or irritated until the flesh is exposed and inflamed; also fig.\ red-ripe, fully ripe, as indicated by the red colour (also fig, as sb.)\ red-sensitive a., sensitive or responding to the colour red; redward a. and adv.^ towards the red end of the spectrum; also redwards. 1881 Ld. Rayleigh in Nature XXV. 66 That vision would intelligibly be characterized as *red-blind. 1894 Abney Colour Vision (1895) 63 Taking a red-blind person and examining him with the spectrum, we find that he sees no light at all at the extreme limit of our red. 1876 Bernstein Five Senses 115 There are.. many degrees of •redblindness. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 424/2 Melt the Tin in a Crucible, ‘red Fire-hot. Ibid. 425/1 Put it into a Crucible Red-fire-hot. 1888 Times (weekly ed.) 14 Sept. 3/1 Colour-blindness.. is either •red-green-blindness or blue-yellow-blindness or total colour-blindness. 1935 Discovery Aug. 231/1 According to this theory red-green blindness is due to the red-green nerve being atrophied, leaving the yellow-blue nerve still in action. 1956 C. Auerbach Genetics in Atomic Age 56 A good example for a sex-linked recessive gene in man is red-green colour¬ blindness. This abnormality is much more frequent in men than in women. 1958 Listener 6 Nov. 730/1 He, too, was a red-green colour-defective. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxiv. 364 The red-green cases fall into two main groups, protanopes and deuteranopes. 1971 J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man xxxviii. 553 Those who are redgreen blind cannot identify ripe or rotten fruit or even see red berries among the leaves! 1832 Planting 91 in Lib. Usef. KnowL, Husb. Ill, *Red-hearted.—A discoloration of the central point or heart-wood of a tree. 1877 Holderness Gloss. S.V., He’ll be •red-mad ti buy that pony. 1893 Stevenson Catriona 74 She’s.. red-mad about.. proscribed names, and King James. 1924 A. J. Small Frozen Gold 184 A •red-raw panic. 1957 T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 13 All day he stares at his furnace With eyes red-raw. 1822 Good Study Med. HI. 213 He could perceive cherries on cherry-trees, but only distinguish them even when •red-ripe, from the surrounding leaves by their size and shape. 1868 Browning Ring & Bk. I. 1396 Human at the red-ripe of the heart. 1936 Discovery May 151/2 This.. was an advantage in the days of blue-sensitive materials when actinometers were first put forward, but has lost this advantage now green-sensitive and •red-sensitive materials are so universally employed. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes v. 149 Although it [sc. orthochromatic film] is insensitive to red, dyes can be added to make it red-sensitive. 1889 Lockyer in Proc. R. Soc. 10 Jan. 185 Some of the bright lines observed are described as being to the •redward side of dark lines. 1903 Agnes M. Clerke Probl. Astrophysics 224 All showed a much smaller displacement redward than the dark lines. 1927 Publ. Allegheny Observatory VI. 136 The redward shifts of the solar lines. 1946 Nature 10 Aug. 205/2 The departure from the normal redward shift must be due to changes in the sun, and may readily be attributed to movements of the sodium vapour. 1973 Sci. Amer. May 118/1 A scarlet pigment, mercuric sulfide, is in fact a low-frequency reflector, reflecting about equally everything redward of a halfreflecting point in the orange. 1979 Nature 19 Apr. 719/1 The IR line moved •redwards by ^150 A and the red line bluewards by ^70 A.

B. sb. redness.

RED

400

1. a. Red colour (dye, stain, etc.);

Also, esp. in modern use, with many defining terms prefixed, as Adrianople, alizariny cherry, flesh, indigo, Turkey, etc. (cf. A. i). c 1205 Lay. 24651 Heo wolden of ane heowen heore claSes habben. Sum hafden whit, sum hafden r®d, sum hafden god grene. c 1250 Gen. ^ Ex. 640 De rede wid-innen toknet on wreche Cat sal get wurCen sent. 01300 Cursor M. 3366 Wit mantel clad o bouen o rede. 13.. Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 952 Riche red on pat on [lady] rayled ay quere. CI400 Destr. Troy 3988 Hir lippes were louely littid with rede. 1480 Caxton Descr. Brit. 5 Men dyen ther with fyn reed, the redenes ther of is wonder fayr and stable. 1509 Hawes Past Pleas. XXXV. (Percy Soc.) 179 In a banner square, All of reade was wrytten Discomfort. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. ii. 9 He consumeth them to nothing with the onely red of his lippes. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 901 [The boar’s] frothie mouth bepainted all with red. 1629 Milton Nativity 230 The Sun in bed. Curtain’d with cloudy red. a 1683 Oldham Wks. (1685) 15 A deed, for which the day deserves its red Far more than for a paltry Saint, that died. 01711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 HI. 311 With such rare Mixture of pure Red and White. 1798 Coleridge Anc. Mar. IV. xi, The charmed water burnt alway A still and awful red. 1808 Scott Marm. i. Introd. 15 No longer Autumn’s glowing red Upon our Forest hills is shed. 1813-Rokeby V. xxxi, Distinguish’d by the paly red The lamps in dim reflection shed. 1864 Bowen Logic i. 8 Though the red or the white of this object is not the identical red or white of that object.

b. The red colour in roulette or rouge-et-noir. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xxxvii, A confounded run on the red had finished him. 1868 Yates Rock Ahead in. v, I’ve won a little on the red and black here and there.

c. The red ball in billiards and related games. *857J.E. Ritchie Night Sideof London 128‘Good stroke’ Bad flewke’ — ‘On the red’. 1866 in Roberts Billiards (1869) 346 Bennett., in the next stroke fluked the red, the ‘run’ closing for ii. 1895 [see cush]. 1928 C. Bergener Contnft. Study of Conversion of Adjectives into Nouns 135 The reds must be potted before you take the colours [in snooker]. 1974 Rules of Game 79 Three points if the cue ball hits the red into a pocket. 1977 Cleethorpes News 6 May 29/4 Hood potted the last red and this left Barnes in trouble, needing all the colours and a snooker to boot to pull off a win. ^

d. to shoot or sport the red: (see quot. 1807) 1849 D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 163 A safe n^n ‘shooting the red 1897 K. B. B. De la Bere New Poultry Guide ii. 56 Turkey

require considerable attention .. until they ‘sport the red’, as it is termed, i.e., develop the red colouring to the face and wattles.

e. The red colour conventionally used in map¬ making to represent British territories. 1899 Manch. Guardian 2 May 7/1 The destruction of the Transvaal’s independence .. would blot out from the mass of red on the map of South Africa a spot of brown. 1966 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 27 Feb. 5/1 Red on the map tends to be spots, not splashes nowadays—but there are still more than 1,500 British islands. 1975 P. Mason/Cip/iVig vi. 150 A busy talkative man.. preaching war.. wanting to paint the map red.

f. to see red: to get very angry; to lose selfcontrol. [1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel xiii. 292, I began, as the American expression is, to see things red.] 1901 ‘L. Malet’ Hist. Sir R. Calmady i. v. 39 Happily violence is shortlived, only for a very little while do even the gentlest persons ‘see red’. 1923 Daily Mail 19 June 15 It maddened me, I think, and I saw red—and before I knew what I was doing I stabbed him, 1937 A. Christie Death on Nile xi. 119 Why—? Because she thinks I’m not her social equal! Pah—doesn’t that make you see red? 1953 J. Wain Hurry on Down x. 221 Instead of answering he leaned across and snatched at the packet Charles held in his hand. Charles saw red. His livelihood was in danger. 1974 Times 31 Jan. 2/6 ‘The village was incensed when a woman was left to die in her bath because an ambulance man on a go-slow refused to come out,’ he said. ‘We saw red and said we would form an action group to drive ambulances and cars.’ 1977 Daily Mirror 1 s Mar. 2 {heading) MPs see red over soaring prices.

g. The colour conventionally (now less commonly) used to indicate debit items and balances in accounts, used esp. in phrases in the red: in debt, overdrawn, losing money (also_^g.); out of the red: in credit, making a profit. Hence, debt, an overdraft. Cf. black sb. 2 d. 1926 Maines & Grant Wise-Crack Diet. lo/i In the red, losing money in show parlance. 1927 Scribner's Mag. Apr. 380/2 ‘We’ve got to put forth our best efforts from now till the end of the month, or we’ll be in red on the books,’ he announced. 1928 Publisher's Weekly 10 Nov. 1957/2 About 966 copies more and the title will be out of the red. 1931 F. L. Allen Only Yesterday viii. 212 The Philadelphia Sesquicentennial was sinking deeper and deeper into the red. 1949 Harper's Mag. Mar. 62/2 The corporation was nearly a million dollars in the red. 1955 Times 28 June 3/3 With Tordoff and Saeed opening Somerset’s second innings with commendable vigour, Leicestershire went further into the red. i960 Times 15 Feb. 11/6 The British Transport Commission is already in the red to the tune of at least jC3om. 1966 O. Norton School of Liars i. 5,1 don’t think the manager at Barclays has ever heard of the Married Women’s Property Act,.. my red is Andrew’s red. 1977 D. Williams Treasure by Degrees xviii. 169 A quarter of a million pounds .. would be more than sufficient to keep the Collie out of the red for the foreseeable future. 1978 S. Brill Teamsters vii. 268 CCC has never run in the red.

h. A red light, lamp, etc., meant as a signal to stop. Also^g. 1970 ‘W. Haggard’ Hardliners xiv. 155 At the top of Whitehall he jumped his first red, slipping left to the Mall against the signal. 197a D. Bloodworth Any Number can Play xvi. 153 ‘We go by the position of the lights, not the colours,’ soothed Ivansong, as they roared through a red. 1976 ‘P. B. Yuill’ Hazell & Menacing Jester vi. 67, I was doing over fifty and jumping reds.

2. a. Stuff, cloth, or the like, of a red colour (usually as the material of a dress). C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 475 He..made hym & his cardenals ride in reed on hye ors. c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 294 Twenty bookes clad in blak or reed. 1523 in Turner Sel. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 44 For ij yards of Red for Crosses, price the yarde xij-*. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 27 There sate, y-clad in red Downe to the ground, a comely personage,

b. Ruddle (now dial.)-, frouge. 1398 Trevisa tr. Barth. De P.R. xvi. Ixxx, Off it gendreth seemliche colour and faire, as rewli, reed [Caxton redy], and stibium. 1538 Elyot, Rubricatus, coloured with redde or ruddelyd, as shepe are. 1558 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. iv. 75 Another kinde of redde verye good for the face. 1700 Congreve Way of World iii. i. Lady. Fetch me the Red— The Red, do you hear, Sweet-Heart?.. Peg. The red Ratifia does your Ladyship mean .. ? Lady... Paint, dost thou understand that? c 1720 Duchess of Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 367,1 made myself as French as 1 could.., but they wear such loads of red, and powder, that it is impossible for me to come up to that. 1727-41 Chambers Cyc/., Red in cosmetics, a fucus or paint wherewith the ladies enliven their cheeks and lips. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Red, ruddle for marking sheep.

3. fa. Gold. Obs. rare. at he an wriht makede. Ibid. 20210 Heo nomen heom to rseden pat a^xin heo wolden riden. a 1300 Cursor M. 4032 pit brewer tuam pam tok to red To dele pair landes pam bi-tuixs. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 52 i>o childre tok to rede, to com vnto I>is lond. 1390 Gower Conf. 111. 214 Gedeon.. tok him to rede. And sende in al the lond aboute.

fc. to take rede: to take counsel, resolve, decide. Obs. C1330 Arth. & Merl. 286 (Kolbing) [Jjai] tok rede bi tvixen hem to, be to childer ouer pe se bring, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. {Clement) 636 Clement wysly tuk rede, pat he wald nocht next petir be. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8996 Palamydon.. All his Renkes had arayet, as he rede toke.

13. a. A scheme, plan, or method for attaining some end; a principle or course of action, mode of procedure. Obs. For the obs. Sc. phr. tuill of rede, see will a. Beowulf 1376 (Z.) Nu is se rted 3elang eft set pe anum. C893 K. i^LFRED Oros. IV. X. §8 Scipia.. Romanum to raede 3el£Bre barunnage mikel ferli thoght pat suilk to king red was broght. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 48 J>e clergie & pe baronage samned at a reade. ^ *375 Cursor M. 7901 (Fairf.) Shortly wip-out mare rede pai sulde [him take] and bringe to dede.

7. a. Tale, narrative, story; fa saying, proverb. (Cf. READ V. 14.) *375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxiii. {Seven Sleepers) 362 Wes nane Jjat euire hard tel of ony of t>ame in red na spel. 1579

REDE

tb. Speech. Obs. rare-K 159^ Spenser F.Q. iv. x. 34 Concord she deeped was in common reed. Mother of blessed Peace.

c. Interpretation. 1871 Browning Pr. Hohenst. 11 Sphynx in wise old age, Crown. .jealous for her riddle’s proper rede.

trede, sb.^ Obs. rare. Also 5 reede. [Of obscure origin.] A small trench or furrow. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 219 Sperage is sowe .. In redes ymaad by lyne, in wete And fat lond. Ibtd. XII. 73 Maak redes [L. sulcos] in the bord, and ther bistowe Hem in the coppe.

trede,

REDEBATE

409

Spenser Sheph. Cal. July 11 This reede is ryfe, that oftenf®*' vnsoft. 1665 Brathwait Comment I wo tales 82 Read your Rede to me then boldly, you shall hnd me an honest old woman. 1808 Scott Marm. vi L Envoy, A final note.. to bid the gentles speed Who long have listened to my rede. 1868 Browning Ring & Bk. x. 227 All s a clear rede, and no more riddle now.

Sc. Obs. rare-'. Sound.

c 147® Henry Wallace ww. 1191 The cler rede amang the rochis rang, Throuch greyn branchis quhar byrdis.. sang.

rede (ri:d), ti.* Now arch, or poet, and dial. Forms; Infin. i rsedan, -en, 2 readan, 3 reden, 4 redyn; (and Pres.) 3-6 (9 Sc.) read, (3, 6-7 -e), 4-6 reed, (5, 7 -e), 4, 5-6 Sc. reid, 5 reyd, 3-7 (8 Sc.) 9 rede; 4-6, 8-9 Sc. red, 4, 8-9 Sc. redd, (9 Sc. -e), 5 Sc., 6 rid; Subj. 2-3 rade; 3 sing. Pres. Indie. I rset, 4 ret. Pa. t. 1 reord, i, 3 raedde, 3-4 radde, 3-5 redde, 4-5 redd, 4-6 red, 6 reade. Pa. pple. I seraed, 4 rad, 5 rade, 8 Sc. red, 9 Sc. rede. [The same word as read v., the common ME. spelling being usually retained to distinguish the archaic from the current senses of the word. In dial, the vowel of the infin. and pres, is sometimes shortened {red, redd) on analogy of the pa. t. and pa. pple.: cf. redd 7;.^] I. 11. trans. To have or exercise control over; to rule, govern, guide. Obs. Beowulf 2056 (Z.) bone maSpum .. pe 8u mid rihte raedan sceoldest. f888 K. ,?;lfred Boeth. xxxv. §3 He riht & riet eallum gesceaftum, swa swa good stiora anum scipe. a 1000 Daniel 8 (Gr.) bat waes modij cyn, penden hie py rice rteden moston. c 1205 Lay. 16956 He makede per reuen pan uolke to reden. c 1290 5. Eng. Leg. I. 179/26 To pe al mi truste was mi lond to wissi and rede, c 1325 Chron. Eng. 499 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 291 Hou he myhte him wise and rede. Ant ys lond ariht lede. c 1375 Cursor M. 5292 (Fairf.) be lorde-hede of al pis lande, to wisse and rede I haue in hande.

t b. To bring, deliver; reft, to direct (oneself) to a place. Also absol. to arrive. Obs. rare. a 1000 Rect. Sing. Pers. c. 4 § i He sceal aelcre wucan erian .i. secer and rsedan sylf Cset s$d on hlafordes berne. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14088 Arthur dide his flete eft dight, To Romeneye pey redde J^em right. Ibid. 15892 His wey he tok.. ful faste he spedde, pdX til Oxenforde algate he redde.

t2. Of God, Christ, etc.: To take care or charge of (one); to guide, guard, or protect. Obs. a 1200 Moral Ode 158 (Trin. Coll. MS.) On pt daie and on pe dome us helpe crist and rade. c 1250 Orison Our Lady 39 in O.E. Misc. 160 Ich bidde hire to me bi-seo, And helpe me and rede, a 1300 Cursor M. 8397, I sai noght yon, sa godd me rede. For nan vpbraid ne for na nede. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame ii. 559 Also wis god rede me But o thinge y wil warne the. c 1450 Holland Howlat 463 The gud king gaif the gaist to God for to reid. C1470 Golagros S Gaw. 809 Gif I de doughtely, the les is my dere, Thoght he war Sampsone himself, sa me Criste reid!

tb. To save, deliver. Obs. rare. a 1300 Cursor M. 906 boti sal be slan wit duble dedd, Herd it es pt for to redd [other MSS. dede: rede], c 1374 Chaucer Anel. ^ Arc. 340 But me to rede out of this drede or guye Ne may my wit, so weyke is hit, not streche.

fS. To decree, appoint. Obs. ri205 Lay. 18100 Swa pe is nu irsd, per on )?u aert ded. a 1225 Juliana 62 • • reddest him [David] to rixlen in sawmueles riche, r 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 17 Right in pe mornyng in aldermost nede Com pe kynges sonnes tuo, als Crist wild it rede. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. v. 180 pei cou]?e not.. acorde to-gedere, Til Robyn pe Ropere weore Rad forte a-ryse, And nempned for a noumpere.

II. t4. intr. To take counsel together or with another, to deliberate. Also of one person: To take counsel/or others. Obs. ^893 K. i^LFRED Oros. I. xiv. §i redon hi him betweonum, ewaedon J?aet hie to raOe wolde fultumlease beon [etc.], agoo tr. Baeda's Hist. i. xi. [xiv.] (1890) 50 3esomnedon hi 3emot & f»eahtedon & rseddon, hwset him to donne w$re. riooo i^)LFRic Saints' Lives v. 323 WiS )?one raedde chromatius, and be his rade [etc.]. CI122 O.E. Chron. (Laud. MS.) an. 1010 Man t>onne raden scolde hu man ^isne eard werian sceolde. ^1131 Ibid. 1131 Crist rade for t>a wrecce munecas of Burch, c 1205 Lay. 32128 p^r heo gunnen rade, per heo gunnen rune. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. exeix. 206 The kynge.. called his counsayl to rede what were best to be done.

15. trans. To agree upon, resolve, decide, after consultation or deliberation. Obs. c 1000 i^lLFRic Horn. I. 162 Dat folc radde be him, )?at hi woldon hine.. ahebban to cyninge. c 1205 Lay. 25002 Nu 3e habbeo6 iherd.. what Romanisce men rede6 heom bitwenen. Ibid. 26221 [They] radden heom bitwenen enne castel to areren. CI250 Gen. & Ex. 2861 He redden samen he sulden gon wid wise men to pharaon. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 4060J?ei ech of vs sete al day pe best red to rede [etc.]. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Mowbray's Banishment xxi, The king through counsayle of the Lordes thought good To banysh bothe, whiche iudgement strayt was rad.

III. 6. trans. To advise or counsel (a person). With various constructions: fa. Simple (dative or) accusative. Also const, of. Obs. agoo Cynewulf Elene 1023 (Gr.) On p&m stedewange 3irwan Godes tempel, swa hire gasta weard reord of roderum. CII75 Lamb. Horn. 115 Wise men him scule readan. c 1205 Lay. 7427 He wes cniht swifie rah to raden ane kinge. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7422 An stounde he gan abide & is kni3tes rede. ^1350 Will. Palerne 1301 R^t as william wold pax wisly him radde. a Alexander 5194 Latt se J>i witt in J>is werke & wysely me rede, a 1450 Myrc 7 Whenne t?ey scholde pe pepul rede In to synne pey do hem lede. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 224 Thou heardst euen now a young man sneb me sore, Because I red him, as I would my sonne. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 133 Be stately Billy (and I doe thee rede). reft. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 2217 Ariadne, I can mine selue In this case nat rede.

tb. Double accusative (or acc. and dat.); sometimes with cognate object. Obs. c 1205 Lay. 11403 pe king heom hauede [it] isaid, Sc bad heom raden him rad. Ibid. 24783 Wha hit pe durre raden hat hu swa reh art iwurCen. a 1330 Otuel 326 Cristers cors ^pon his heued, pax me radde such a red. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 283 To wite what 3e me rede, I set his parlement. a 1400-50 Alexander 244 A riall roune hou me redis, a reson of blis. c 1450 Merlin 80 He shall not rede yow no-thynge but for youre profite.

fc. Accusative (or dative) with objective clause, introduced by that, what, where, etc. Obs. c 1200 Ormin 18336 Forrhi rade icc 3uu.. paXX 3ure nan ne dwelle nohht. c 1205 Lay. 6681 Heo him redden wher his lich mihte bezst leggen. a 1330 Cursor M. 3450 At pray to godd ai was sco prest To rede hir quat hat hir was best. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3502 parfor I rede ilk man,.. J?at he use ha ten thinges sere, a 1400-50 Alexander 2464, I anely 30W rede, pax pe end of 3oure eldirs enterely 3e be-hald.

d. Accusative and infinitive with to. a 1225 Juliana 40 Ich redde nerrun.. to bihefden pawel ant don peter on rode, c i2goBeketgi6 in S. Eng. Leg. 1. 132 To queme pe kinge we redez pe, hov-so it euere gon. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. iv. 97 t>enne summe Radde Reson to haue reuhe of hat schrewe. c 1450 Merlin 25, I rede you to fle out of the londe for drede of the kynges peple. 1530 Tindale Pract. Prelates Wks. (1573) 376/1, I rede them to break their bondes, and to follow right by the playne and open way. «/. W. Ind. (1834) 106 The slaves also receive.. a regular weekly allowance of red herrings and salt meat, which serves to relish their vegetable diet. 1885 Anstey Tinted Venus 87 A display of joints, cauliflowers, and red herrings.

c. slang. A soldier. 1853 in Househ. Words (1854) 75/2 A soldier [is called] a swaddy, a lobster, a red herring.

2. In phrases, or allusively: a. neither fish, (nor) flesh, nor good red herring, etc.: (see fish 4 c).

REDHIBITION 1542 [see FISH sb.' 4c]. 1605 Breton I pray you be not Angrte T o Rdr., They that are neither of both, but betwixt both, neither Fish nor Flesh, but plaine Red-Hearing. 1698 Fryer ^cc. E. India ^ P. 123 To me it seems.. neither Fish nor Hesh, nor good Red Herring. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 165 If 6 A Letter that was neither Fish, Flesh, nor good RedHernng. 1850 Smedley F. Fahleigh liii, A brat that’s neither fish, flesh, nor fowl, nor good red herring.

b. to draw a red herring across the track (cf. quot. 1686 in i b): to attempt to divert attention from the real question; hence red herring, a subject intended to have this efTect. Liverpool Daily Post ii July 5/4 The talk of revolutionary dangers is a mere red-herring. 1892 Spectator 12 Mar. 360/2 These red-herrings drawn across the path. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 2 Feb. 2/1 Not to be put off the main line of attack by the red-herrings of an unreformed War Office. 1928 Manch. Guardian Weekly 10 Aug. 105/1 Both the Opposition parties are trying to drag in the Protectionist red herring in the vain hope of causing dissension. 1956 [see CHIVVY V.']. 1967 G. F. Fiennes 1 tried to run Railway iv. 48 The Coroner s opinion that the detonators were ‘something of a red herring’. 1975 M. Russell Murder by Mile xi. 116 This could be a side-issue or red herring designed to.. turn me from the genuine scent. 1976 Southern Even. Echo (Southarnpton) 13 Nov. 9/3 He accused Mr. Deacon of introducing a red herring into the issue.

3. attrib., as red-herring cob, house, sort. 1594 [see COB sb.' 8]. 1598 Haughton Englishmen for my Money (1616) Bab, [I] looke like nothing but Red-Herring Cobbes, and Stock-Fish. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Herring, Such as are kept to make red herrings .. are hanged up in the herring-hangs, or red-herring houses. 1833 Marryat P. Simple xxvii. He has his wife on board, who is a red-herring sort of a lady, and very troublesome to boot.

redhibition (rEdhi'biJsn).

Civil Law. [a. F. redhibition (i6th c.), or ad. L. redhibition-em, n. of action f. redhibere to take back or give back, f. red-RE- + habere to have.] (See quot. 1727-41.) The nature of the evidence leaves it doubtful whether the word has ever been actually in English use; the entry in Chambers is translated from the Diet, de Trevoux (1721). 1656 Blount Glossogr. (copying Cotgr.), Redhibition, restitution of a thing to him that sold it; the causing of one by Law to take that again, which he sold. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Redhibition, in the civil law, an action allowed a buyer, whereby to annul the sale of some moveable,.. upon the buyer’s finding it damaged, or that there was some personal cheat, etc. 1852-6 in Bouvier Law Diet. U.S. [Hence in Worcester and later Diets.]

redhibitory (red'hibitsn), a. Civil Law. [ad. F. redhibitoire (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), or late L. redhibitori-us: see prec. and -ory.] Of or pertaining to redhibition. Chambers copies the Diet, de Trevoux: see prec. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Redhibition, If a horse was sold that had the glanders, were broken-winded, or foundered, it was a redhibitory case. 1851 BuRRiLL Law Diet., Redhibitory action, /(lid., Redhibitory defect. [Hence in Worcester and later Diets.]

red horse, red-horse. U.S. 1. a. An American fish of the genus Moxostoma (esp. M. macrolepidota). b. The red-fish, Scisena ocellata. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 663 Catfish, buffaloe-fish, red horse, eels [etc.]. 1818 Rafinesque in Smithson. Coll. (1877) XHI. IX. i. 13 Catostomus Erythrurus. .Red Horse. 1877 Jordan Ibid. 32 The coloration [of the black-tail fallfish] is that of a young ‘Red-Horse’. 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 372 The ‘Red Fish’ and ‘Red Horse’ of Florida and the Gulf States. Ibid. 614 The common ‘Red Horse’ or ‘Mullet’ abounds in most streams westward and southward of New York.

2. A nickname given to natives of Kentucky. Winter in West I. 210 The spokesman was ‘red-horse’ from Kentucky. 1835-40 Clockm. (1862) 318 These last have all nicknames. There’s the hoosiers of Indiana,.. the red horses of Kentucky. 1835 Hoffman

evidently

a

Haliburton

3. slang (orig. Mil.). Corned beef. 1864 I. Jackson Let. 28 June in Some of Boys (i960) 184 Supper..is coffee & Red Hoss. 1905 J. Bowe With 13th Minnesota in Philippines 24 Of bean-soup, hard-tack, and red horse., we have had our fill. 1920 W. B. Ellington Company 'A\ 23rd Engineers z'j We have red horse and rice pudding for dinner. 1941 J. Smiley Hash House Lingo 46 Red horse,, corned beef.

red-hot, a. (and sb.). (Now usually written with hyphen, rarely redhot: in predicative use still occas. red hot.) 1. a. Heated to redness. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xlv. {Christina) 242 He ane oyne gert be mad red het. ^1460 Play Sacram. 682 To make an ovyn as redd hott as euer yt can be made w* fere. i595 Shaks. IV. i. 61 The Iron of it selfe, though heate red hot [etc.]. 1665 Manley Grotius, Low C. Warres 707 To prevent fire, which they greatly fear’d from the Red hot Bullets shot into it. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 25 Stones.. glowing hot, and when broken exactly resembling red-hot iron. 1819 Shelley Cyclops 2^1^ He.. placed upon the fire A brazen pot to boil, and made red hot The points of spits. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 189 This crack then serves for the passage of steam and other vapours, with showers of red-hot ashes.

b. absol. as sb. Red-hot metal. Also fig. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. ii. (ed. 3) 21 It is usual to set the engine at work a short time before the red-hot is ready to be removed from the furnace to the rollers. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xxi, v. VI, 545 A stratum of red-hot kindling in Ziethen too.

2. fig. a. Of persons: Highly inflamed or excited; fiery; violently enthusiastic, extreme (in some view or principle). Also, outstanding.

REDIG

417

uninhibited, lively, sexy, passionate; esp. in phr. red-hot momma, (a) a woman who sings in a particular earthy style; (6) a girlfriend, lover. Hence transf. in jazz; cf. hot a. 8 g. Occas. as sb. (quot. 1835). 1608 Middleton Fam. Love iii. iii, I shall expect my wife anon, red-hot with zeal. i6io Shaks. Temp. iv. i. 171,1 told you Sir, they were red-hot with drinking. 1758 Wesley Wks.^ (1872) II. 464 A red-hot Predestinarian, talking of God’s ‘blowing whole worlds to hell’. 1835 C. Bronte in Mrs. Gaskell Lifev'm. (1858) 107 The opposition is divided, Red-hots, and Luke-warms. 1845 CoL. Hawker Diary (1893)II. 255 It has. . ridded Keyhaven of a redhot young gunner. 1870 Dickens E. Drood viii, Edwin’s coolness, so far from being infectious, makes him red-hot. 1888 J. Runciman Chequers 116 You take the fellows in town that make their living after dark... There’s some red-hot ones up—you know where—in Piccadilly. 1926 Whiteman & McBride viii. 169 A red hot mama song. 1934 S. R. Nelson All about Jazz ii. 58 Dorsey is a red-hot stylist and technician [on the saxophone]. 1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! III. 210 The negro associations of jazz, the weary traveller, the comforting old mammy, the red-hot baby, have become a formula of expression only, as empty and convenient as the harlequin and columbine of the nineteenth century. 1935 Time 21 Jan. 58 Sophie Tucker, famed as ‘the last of the red hot mamas’. 1936 Wodehouse Laughing Gas ii. 24 The bride-to-be is probably some frightful red-hot mamma. 1940 O. Nash Face is Familiar 87 Affection .. leads to breach of promise If you go round lavishing it on red-hot momise. 1942 Z, N. Hurston in A. Dundes Mother IFif (1973) 223/2 A red hot pimp like you say you is, ain’t got no business in the barrel. 1950 A. Lomax Mister Jelly Roll 69 A red-hot bass player, seventy-nine years old, a proud Creole. 1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy v. 132, I first heard ‘Paper Doll’ sung in the ‘red-hot’ fashion by an American star crooner. 1976 in D. Villiers Next Year in Jerusalem 204 {caption) ‘The Last of the Red Hot Mommas’, Sophie Tucker. 1977 J. Wainwright Do Noi/iin’ xi. 183 It was jive and blues; either red-hot or smoochy.

b. Of things, actions, etc.; Burning, scorching, urgent, violent, furious, etc. Also, sensational, lively, exciting, intense. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler (1843) 38, I will.. leave the redhot question to them that dare handle it. C1790 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Lousiad v. Wks. 1812 1. 236 Then quick he aim’d, of red-hot anger full. His nails of vengeance. 1852 Motley Corr. (1889) I. v. 142 Some singeing, scorching, red-hot review. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xviii. xiii. (1872) VIII. 37 Of Fermor’s redhot savagery on Ciistrin, it is lamentably necessary we should say something. 1879 Miss E. K. Bates Egypt. Bonds II. viii. 207 Oscar strikes up a redhot flirtation with some.. country beauty. 1887 Lantern 19 Feb. 6/1 A red-hot newsy journal. 1891 ‘Mark Twain’ in Harper's Mag. Dec. 97 Suddenly a red-hot new idea came whistling down into my camp. 1904 J. C. Lincoln Cap'n Eri xi. 205 ‘ “Fightin’ Fred Starlight, the Boy Rover of the Pacific”,’he read aloud. ‘Humph! Is it good?’ ‘Bet your life! It’s a red-hot story.’ 1915 Wodehouse Psmith Journalist v. 33 My idea is that Cosy Moments should become red-hot stuff. I could wish its tone to be such that the public will wonder why we do not print it on asbestos. 1955 Times 16 May 3/3 Local propaganda on the virtues of nationalization has resembled rather the cooing of lethargic doves than the strident militancy of red hot Socialism. 1969 J'o/in Edwards Mem. Foundation Q. V. ii. 60 An urban audience more accustomed to ‘red hot’ fox trots than to barn dances. 1977 Belfast Tel. 24 Jan. 18/6 The clinching of these red-hot finals must be hailed as another major breakthrough for the sport.

c. Very warm (as the favourite for a race). 1882 Daily Tel. 30 Jan., The first-named won three races .. and was each time a ‘red hot’ favourite.

d. Austral, slang. Unfair, unreasonable. 1896 H. Lawson While Billy Boils 281 When..she paused for breath, he drew a long one, gave a short whistle, and, said: ‘Well, it’s red-hot!’ 1907 A. Wright Keane of Kalgoorlie 107 ‘It’s red ’ot,’ put in Dave, ‘th’way these ’ere owners makes er pore man give ’em a lump in th’ sweep.’ 1941 Baker Diet. Austral. Slang 59 A red hot price.

3. red-hot pokeVy a tall perennial herb of the genus Kniphofia (formerly Tritoma), esp. K. uvariay belonging to the family Liliacese, native to southern or tropical Africa, and bearing spikes of red, yellow, or white flowers. 1887 ‘F. Anstey’ Talking Horse (1892) 216 The dahlias and ‘red-hot pokers’ and gladioli.. burnt with a sinister glow. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 22 Nov. 2/1 Red Hot Poker. 1916 M. Hampden Flower Culture xvii. 206 Red-hot pokers are not over [in November]. 1934 G. A. R. Phillips Aristocrats of Flower Border xiii. 191 Far more descriptive of its vivid beauty are the common names of torch lily and red hot poker. 1971 H. Evans How to cheat at Gardening xi. 168 The Red Hot Poker., looks marvellous mixed with Sea Holly.

4. as sb. A frankfurter; a hot dog. U.S. slang. 1892 Chicago Figaro vi. 157/2 The appetizing savors of ‘red hots’, 1934 J. T. Farrell Calico Shoes 46 Don leaned against the thrown-together red hot stand, munching at a hot-dog sandwich. 1971 B. Malamud Tenants 143, I got this redhot with mustard on it Fm gonna eat my meat.

redi, obs. form of

ready a.

Ilredia (’riidis). Pi. rediae ('riidii:). [mod.L., f. Redi, the name of an Italian naturalist.] Zool. An asexual stage in some trematodes, as the liver-fluke (Distomum hepaticum), hatched from eggs formed within the sporocyst, and in turn developing into a cercaria. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iv. 203 The Redia, as this form is called, has a mouth and a simple caecal intestine, but no other organs. 1882 A. P. Thomas in Proc. R. Med. Soc. 14 Nov. 15 These assume the forms of rediae, or nurse forms more highly organised than the simple sporocysts.

re'dial, v. [f.

re- 5 a -h dial trans. To dial again.

v.

4.] intr. and

1961 ‘E. Lathen’ Banking on Death (1962) viii. 70 His daughter broke the connection. He started to redial then put the phone down. 1966 ‘A. Hall’ gth Directive xiv. 132 All three lines were busy and I began redialling the numbers. 1973 ‘E. McBain’ Let's hear It xiii. 193 In as long as it took for the caller to re-dial, the phone began to ring again. 1976 ‘D. Craig’ Faith Hope & Death xvi. iii, I re-dialled and still engaged, so it was not a wrong number.

redich,

obs. form of radish.

redic'tate, 7;. [re-5 a.] trans. To dictate again. Also absol. So redic'tation. a 1631 Donne Serm. Ixxxix. IV. 142 Whether.. the books of the Law.. were re-inspired and redictated again by the Holy Ghost to Esdras. 1890 Pall Mall G. 2 July 2/2 The typesetter setting up his ‘copy’ direct from the phonograph’s redictation. 1964 T. L. Kinsey Audio-Typing & Electric Typewriters iii. 12 After a recording has been transcribed the dictator need only re-dictate over the existing work and it is automatically erased, the new dictation being recorded in its place. 1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1975) I. 15, I decided therefore to re-dictate this whole first transcript in plain intelligible English.

redicule,

obs. form of ridicule.

'redient, a. rare—°. [f. L. redtre to return, after ambient, transient.] Returning. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Redient, returning, coming or going back; the Redient moon.. the new moon. 1828-32 Webster cites E. H. Smith. Hence in later Diets.

II redif (re'dif). [Turkish, a. Arab, redif one who follows, a second.] The reserve of the Turkish military force; a soldier belonging to the reserve. 1879 Fife-Cookson Armies of Balkans i. 16 About twelve battalions.. inferior in quality, owing to being principally composed of redifs. 1889 Daily News 12 Nov. 5/4 The Turkish Government is also perplexed by the recent mutiny of four battalions of redifs (reserves) who have already been sent home.

redi'ffuse, v.

Broadcasting, [re- sa.] trans. To disseminate, broadcast, or rebroadcast by rediffusion. So redi'lfused ppl. a. Also redi'ffuser, a person who or company which rediffuses a programme. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. i Aug. p. iv/i In order to receive such rediffused signals the listener requires an ultra-short wave adapter. 1932 B.B.C. Year-bk. 1933 70 Apart from the purely copyright aspect.. the BBC .. may very reasonably question the equity of the public rediffuser being able to use its programmes for the same.. fee as is paid by the private listener. 1948 Architect Rev. CIV. 131/2 A public address system enables broadcast programmes to be received and rediffused throughout the school. 1950 Sport 7-11 Apr. 22/4 It may not be long before television programmes are rediffused through cinemas.

rediffusion (ri:di'fju:33n).

Broadcasting, [re5 a.] a. The dissemination, broadcasting, or rebroadcasting of a programme by {a) reproduction on loudspeakers and screens in public places, (6) transmission by a broadcasting company which was not responsible for making it, or (c) publication by other media of items from a radio or television programme. 1927 Observer 13 Nov. 19/5 The best programmes of the British service will be available for re-diffusion throughout the Continent as well as throughout the Empire and the rest of the world. 1933 B.B.C. Year-bk. 1934 28 It was found possible to apply the [Copyright] Act.. to public loud¬ speaker ‘rediffusion’. 1940 Daily Tel. 9 June 6/5 The Association for the Protection of Copyright in Sport set out to secure certain safeguards, particularly against general ‘rediffusion’ of television on big cinema screens. 1950 Sport 7-11 Apr. 22/4 Sporting events will, I think, be among the most popular types of rediffusion. 1967 W. Soyinka Kongi's Harvest 2 Who but a lunatic Will bandy words with boxes With government rediffusion sets Which talk and talk and never Take a lone word in reply.

b. Spec. The distribution of radio or television transmissions within a community by cable from a single receiver. 1935 Nature 2 Feb. 196/1 ‘Rediffusion’ is a method of distributing a broadcast programme over an independent line network to a number of subscribers. 1968 Bethell & Burg tr. Solzhenitsyn’s Cancer Ward I. xix. 295 Vadim., was happily surprised to discover there was no radio... (The reason for this omission was that for years they had been planning to move the clinic into better-equipped quarters, and the new place.. was going to be wired with rediffusion points throughout.) 1975 C. Stuart in J. Reith Diaries ii. 179 Wireless or relay exchange (also called rediffusion) was the practice of wiring broadcast programmes to individual subscribers by commercial companies operating under licence from the Post Office.

redify(e, obs. forms of

re-edify v.

re'dig, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To dig again. So re'digging vbl. sb. 1907 Church Q. Rev. July 470 This division seems to entail some redigging of ground already trenched. 1922 G. Bell Let. 16 Feb. (1927) II. xxii. 633, I must tell you the Yusufiyah is one of the oldest canals in the world... Julian sailed down it to Ctesiphon and the Abbasids re-dug it. 1963 Times 4 June 12/5 A year later the tree can be lifted out after the trench is redug. 1965 J. A. Michener Source 892 Couldn’t they have redug the tunnel?

fredige, v. Obs. rare~^. [ad. F. rediger (145s in Godef.), or L. redigere: see redact tj.] trans. To reduce, translate. 1550 Kalender of Sheph. N v, Of ye which I wil declare as I haue found written in ye latin tong, I will redige it to our English maternal.

redi'gest, v. (Cotgr.).]

5 a. Cf. obs. F. redigerer trans. To digest again. Chiefly fig. [re-

1611 Cotgr., Redigerer, to redisgest, redigest. 1836 F. Mahoney Rel. Father Prout, Songs Hor. i. (1859) 374 To redigest.. whatever might have been crude and unmatured in his juvenile lucubrations. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 281 Kant ate up all Hume and redigested him.

So redi'gestion. 1817 Keats Let. 22 Nov., The redigestion of our most ethereal musings upon earth.

redilis,

obs. form of riddle ^6.'

t'redily, adw. Obs. Forms: 4 redilie,-lyche, 4-5 redyly, redili(che, 5 -lich, (? rydilich), 4-6 redily. Comp. 4 redilokar, redylyer. [f. redy a. -I- -ly“; but in many cases app. written for redely.] a. Wisely, discreetly, prudently, b. Precisely, certainly, assuredly. a 1300 Cursor M. 6297 Als i sal tel yow redili For-j>er mar in his stori. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 105 If any man wille witen, & se of hir storie. At Westmynster written er pei redilie. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. iv. 153 Bote Rediliche [o.r. redelyche] Reson pou Rydest not heonnes. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 47 3e helde forp 30ure purpose rediliche [o.r. redyly, L. route] inow. 1413 Pilgr. Soiele (Caxton) i. xxvii. (1859) 31 Ther nys no pylgrym that goth so redyly but that oftymes he mote foruoyen. c 1449 Pecock Repr. i. xx. 129 The first premisse is redili trewe.

redily, obs. form of readily adv. redimar,

REDINTEGRATION

418

REDIGE

obs. Sc. form of redeemer.

redi'minish, v.

[re- sa.]

trans. To diminish

anew. 1611 Cotgr., Rededuire, to rededuct, rediminish, a 1743 Animalcule ix, In Britain, Halifax it rose; (By Halifax, bloom’d Congreve’s strains); And now it rediminish’d glows, To glide through godlike Rutland’s veins. Savage

t redimite, a. Sc. Obs. In 6 redomyt, redem-, redymyte. [ad. L. redimtt~us^ pa. pple. of redimire: see next.] Wreathed or crowned; adorned, ornate, beautiful. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlvi. 77 Hir goldin tressit hairis redomyt. 1513 Douglas Janets vi. xi. 60 The blomyt lillyis quhyte. And vthir fragrant blosumys redemyte. Ibid. xii. Prol. 128 Hevinly lylleis. .schew thar creistis redymyte.

t redimite, v. Obs. rare. In 6 redymite, redemyte. [f. L. redimlt-y ppl. stem of redimire to bind, crown, wreathe.] trans. To bind, crown. 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 53 The head of which image was redymited with an azure Diademe. 1599 Linche Fount. Anc. Fict. Fij, Wreaths and garlands, with which his temples were girt and redemyted.

Red Indian: see Indian sb. 2 b. redines, obs. form of readiness. t ‘rediness. Obs. Also 4 redy-, reedy-, [f. redy a. + -NESS.] a. Wisdom, discretion, prudence. b. Certainty, certain knowledge. 1382 Wyclif Judith xi, 6 Forsothe the redynesse [L. industriQ'\ of thin inwit is told to alle folkis. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 245 Hit byfalle)? to 30ure redynesse and wisdom [L. prudentiae] to conspire a3enst pe tyraunt, c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxv. It were good redinesse to loke if pei myght se ony deere. CI400 Beryn 3291 Met I nevir creature that me coude wissh or say Reedynes of my ffadir, dede othir a lyue,

reding, vbl. sb.: see

rede v.^

t reding-king. Obs. rare. Of obscure origin and meaning. The suggestion that it stands for riding-king (though favoured by the reading of one MS.), and that this had the same sense as radknight, involves obvious difficulties. 1362 Langl, P. PI. A. v. 166 A ribibor, a ratoner, a rakere of chepe, A ropere, a redyng-kyng. 1393 Ibid. C. in. 112 Bette pe budele of banneburies sokne, Reynauld the reue and redyngkynges menye.

redingote (’redirigaut). [a. F. redingote (1725), corruption of Eng. riding-coat.'\ a. (In France.) A double-breasted outer coat for men, with long plain skirts not cut away in the front, b. A similar garment worn by women, sometimes cut away in front. 1793 F. Burney Let. c 9 Feb. (1972) II. 13 He was quite wet through his redingotte. 1802 C. Wilmot Let. 3 Jan. in Irish Peer (1920) 22 Benches.. where servants are generally stretch’d in ‘Redingotes’ (Great coats) and cock’d hats. 1835 Court Mag. VI. p. xviii/2 Silks are the only materials for promenade robes and redingotes. 1880 Cassell's Mag. June 441 The Directoire redingote is not as yet common in England. 1883 Ibid. Oct. 698/1 One of the useful redingotes which .. will be found suitable as an additional wrap. 1890 Athenaeum 28 June 838/2 The Emperor [Napoleon], buttoned up in his legendary grey redingote and seated on a white horse stands motionless on a small rise of ground. 1930 Times ly Mar. 9/4 Some of the new redingotes are made to give the effect of a coat and skirt with pleated lingerie vest. 1939 Country Life 11 Feb. p. xxxviii/2 This Matita two-piece redingote and dress is in a tone-on-tone

effect in light and dark grey. 1965 [see cloque], 1973 Times 14 Nov. 16/8 The Queen will wear a classic redingote of blue silk. attrib. 1888 Daily News 14 June 5/8 Redingote gowns are also in great favour,

redingtonite ('redigtanait). Min. [f. the name of the Redington mine, Knoxville, Napa Co., Calif. + -iteL] a hydrous sulphate of iron, magnesium, chromium, and aluminium occurring as fibrous masses of a white, yellowish, or purple colour. 1888 G. F. Becker in Monogr. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 13. 279 A hydrous chromium sulphate occurs in fissures in silicified serpentine... It seems appropriate to give the name redingtonite to this hitherto unknown mineral, 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. x. 149/1 He found deep lilac or purple earthy redingtonite associated with the folia of the fuchsite.

red ink. 1. slang. Cheap red wine; also applied to some other inferior alcoholic drinks. Chiefly U.S. 1919 Red Cross Mag. Nov. 22/3 He at once took ten of his fellow students to a sixty-cent ‘red-ink’ and spaghetti dinner down on Tenth Street. 1926 J. Black You can't Win xii. isz Barrels of the deadly ‘foot juice* or ‘red ink’, as the winos called it. 1930 N. Y. Times Mag. 16 Feb. 19 Today’s word ‘rum’ used in a broad sense to designate all kinds of forbidden liquors, may refer to.. the ‘red ink’ of Greenwich Village. 1942 H. W. Van Loon Lives 631 The wine problem was easily settled. Any kind of ‘red ink’ —any kind of that cheap Chianti.. would be satisfactory. 1952 E. O’Neill Moon for Misbegotten in. 140 You’d lie awake.. with.. the wine of passion poets blab about, a sour aftertaste in your mouth of Dago red ink! 1976 W. H. Canaway WillowPattern War iii. 28 Lunch.. was a real workaday snack this time: raclettes and rbsti with a half-bottle of red ink.

2. U.S, colloq. The debit side of an account: cf. RED sb,^ I g. Also in extended use. 1929 Century Mar. 605/2 Red ink returns were as prolific as asparagus, which meant you.. dug deep for the freight money. 1939 S. Bent Newspaper Crusaders ii. 35 The longdrawn crusade whereby St. Louis was taken out of political red ink and put on the credit side of the electoral ledger merits examination. 1948 Sun (Baltimore) 31 Jan. 1/3 We cannot play with red ink when we’re financing a great government. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 7 May iv. 9/2 Give us enough red ink and make money plentiful enou^ and the economic skies will soon clear, 1977 Time 28 Feb. 26/1 Carter’s projected $57 4 billion deficit is an improvement over the $68 billion in red ink anticipated for fiscal 1977, which ends on Sept. 30, 1979 Financial Rev. 19 Oct, 27/1 The company would report a loss of more than $US 3 million for the third quarter, bringing the red-ink figure for nine months close to $US 6 million.

t re'dintegral, a. Obs. rare—'^. [f. as next; see INTEGRAL.] Tending to redintegration. 1651 Biggs New Disp. IP 288 The ferment [of the stomach] is redintegral and redivivous.

redintegrate (re'dintigreit), pa. pple.

? Obs. [ad. L. redintegrdtus, pa. pple. of redintegrdre: see next.] Restored to a perfect state, renewed. 1501 in Lett. Rick. Ill & Hen. F//(Rolls) I. 154 The said amitie and confederacion [shall] be redintegrate aftre the maner and fourme.. in tyme passed, 1564 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1863) VIII. 460 [He recommended her to allow] the trafic with the low countries to be redintegrate. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII, 40 The Kingdome of France.. being redintegrate in those principall members, which anciently had beene portions of the Crowne of France. 1655 Jer. Taylor Unum Necess. v. iv. jP35 That every wound may have its balsam, and every broken bone be bound up and redintegrate. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad v. 653 With stren^h redintegrate the stage he cross’d.

redintegrate (re'dintigreit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. redintegrdre to make whole again, restore, renew, f. red- re- + integrdre to integrate.] 1. trans. To restore to a state of wholeness, completeness or unity; to renew, re-establish, in a united or perfect state. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 255 Sone after that lustinianus redintegrate [L. redintegravit\ the lawes of the digeste. 1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady iv. iii. Redintegrate the fame first of your house. Restore your ladyship’s quiet. 1678 CuDWORTH Intel! Syst. 814 The daemoniack body, being divided, is quickly redintegrated by coalescence, as air or water, a 1734 North Exam. i. i. §4 (1740) 16 To redintegrate the Honour and Credit of that exploded Faction. 1811 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 578 To restore or redintegrate the ancient representation of the commons. 1862 F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 64 Often as the universe has been redintegrated, the Veda has as often been produced. absol. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 66 In Breaches integrant, ’tween Principalis of States, Due Justice may suppresse, but Love redintegrates.

b. Const, to (a person), into (a state), rare. 1680 J. Aubrey in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) III. 611 Here his Majesty’s favours were redintegrated to him, 1724 R. Welton Cnr. Faith & Pract. 12 The grave shall surrender our crumbled ashes, redintegrated into a more perfect vivacity.

f2. To re-establish (a person) in a place. Also refl. Obs. rare. 1630 Wotton in Reliq. (1685) 452 The King of Sweden hath landed.. with intention.. to redintegrate his near Kinsman in Meckleburge. 1649 Cromwell Let. 14 Nov. in Carlyle, Inchiquin.. did strongly endeavour to redintegrate himself there, but without success.

b. To re-establish (a person) in (\into) a position, condition, etc. Chiefly Now rare. I V,

1622 E. Misselden Free Trade (ed. 2) 115 They and We .. may be redintegrated, renewed, and revnited, in vnfaigned Amitie. 1643 Answ. Ld. Digby’s Apol. s That you may be firmly redintegrated in that esteem with your Countrey. 1^8 Christ Exalted 59 And so the Rebuker here .. would redintegrate the said Mr. Williams into the good esteem of those [etc.], i860 Thackeray Lovel ii, I.. had to pay the.. taxes.. before I could be redintegrated in my own property. _

fc. With Other than personal obj. Obs. rare^^. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 11. in. 194 That he should as much as possible redintegrate into the favour of his Majesty .. the opinion the Chigi had lost in France.

t d. Without const.; To restore to the previous state or position. Obs. 1645 Wither Vox Pacif. 108 Such an one, if we redintegrate. When of his penitence good proofes appeare. 1679 J. Goodman Penit. Pardoned i. iv. (1713) 111 It was too late to think of redintegrating himself by taking up and changing his course. 01734 North Lives (1826) I. 14 He was in the same advanced post at the bar, fully redintegrated as before.

3. intr. f a. To regain favour or friendship with one. Obs. b. To become united again. 1670 G. H, Hist. Cardinals ii. iii. 182 The Knight had intelligence of all, and made all imaginable submission to redintigrate with Cardinal Flavio. 1788 Sir W. Jones in Ld. Teignmouth Life (1807) 400, I lament the sad effects of party, or rather faction, in your Maidstone Society, but hope (to use a word of Dr. Johnson) that it will redintegrate.

Hence re'dintegrated ppl. a. 1666 Boyle New Frigor. Exp. Wks. 1772 HI. 148 The redintegrated sal armoniac. 1715 Cheyne Philos. Princ. Relig. II. 114 His regenerated, redintegrated and restablished Estate. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Medal, Redintegrated Medals are those wherein we find the letters Rest, which shew that they have been restored by the emperors. 1870 Huxley Lay Serm. xii. (1874) 261 The redintegrated limb.

redintegration

(rEdmti'greiJan). [ad. L. redintegrdtidn-em, n. of action f. redintegrdre to redintegrate. Ci. AF. redintegration (1397, mod.F. redintegration).'] 1. The action of redintegrating; restoration, re-establishment, reconstruction, renewal. a. of conditions, qualities, results of action, etc. 1501 in Lett. Rich. Ill & Hen. VII (Rolls) 1. 155 The redintegracion of the said peax. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. i. (1877) 90 They conclude that whordome is a badge of loue,.. a redintegration of loue, and an ensigne of vertue, rather meritorious than damnable. 1617 Bp. Andrewes 96 Serm., Holy Ghost x. (1629) 709 The redintegration of the favour of God. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (1676) 239 It cannot return to the Fountain, for a redintegration of its life and spirit. 1757 Mrs. Griffith Lett. Henry & Frances (1767) I. 175 The redintegration of our affections.. is to be considered more as an alliance than as a conquest. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes xxiv, A redintegration of love began to take place between the Colonel and his relatives in Park Lane.

b. of material things. Now rare or Obs. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (1752) 46 That wonderful redintegration of the sight and teeth of the old minister. a'lfyjy Hale Prim. Orig. Man. n. ix. 217 In the Redintegration of the World after these Destructions there is also a Re-production of Mankind.

2. Spec. a. Chem. The restoration of any body or matter to its former state. ? Obs. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. ix. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 176 By naturall conspysacyon Of thyngs dysseveryd, a dew redyntegracyon. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes Qual. 252 It were not impossible to make an adequate Redintegration of a Chymicaliy Analiz’d Body. 1669 W. Simpson Hydro! Chym. 55 A redintegration of the glyssent ferments of the blood. 1758 Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 102 Such redintegrations are the only means we have of satisfying ourselves that we know all the principles which constitute a body. 1802 James Milit. Diet, s.v., The redintegration of nitre from damaged gunpowder.

b. Math. (See quot.) 1801 Encyc! Brit. (ed. 3) Supp. II. 395/2 Redintegration, is the taking or finding the integral or fluent again from the fluxion.

c. Psychol. (See quots.) 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxxi. (1870) II. 238 The law of Redintegration or Totality... This law may be thus enounced, — Those thoughts suggest each other which had previously constituted parts of the same entire or total act of cognition. 1912 B. Dumville Fund. Psychol, x. 208 All suggestion of things not present is due to a process of redintegration; things found or put together in past experience tend to call one another up. 1920 H. L. Hollingworth Psychol. Functional Neuroses ii. 19 Redintegration is to be conceived as that type of process in which a part of a complex stimulus provokes the complete reaction that was previously made to the complex stimulus as a whole. This is not precisely Hamilton’s use of the term ‘redintegration’, but the process is so similar that the term may be used here without injustice. 1938 G. W. Allport Personality xix. 525 One variation of the associational theory is the doctrine of redintegration. 1947 G. Murphy Personality viii. 172 If the term canalization marked off no specific kind of everit but were purely an alternative for such terms as conditioning, positive adaptation, or redintegration, there would be no justification in using it.

t3. The restoration of a person to a previous condition. Obs. 1604 Bacon Apol. Wks. 1879 I. 439,1 made it my task and scope to take and give occasions for my lord’s redintegration in his fortunes, c 1645 HowellLe«. {1892) II. 657 My Lord Bishop of Lincoln’s Pardon is ready to pass the great seal with a perfect Redintegration into the King’s Favour. 1652 Sparke Prim. Devot. (1663) 278 Shall I (at length) redintegration have? 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Redintegration, in the civil law, the act of restoring a person

RED INTEGRATIVE t4. Reconciliation. Obs. rare. 1663 Cowley Cutter Caiman St. ii. v, We’ll drink up a whole Vessel there to Redintegration. 1667 ]. Corbet Disc. ii.eltg.tng. A looking back to former discords marrs the most hopeful Redintegration.

redis'countable, a. discounted again.

tenant of the tenement which he lost.. by his own intrusion, or by redisseisin.

1964 Economist 8 Aug. 573/1 Restrictions on the eligibility of rediscountable paper.

redis'seisor.

re dintegrative, a. [f. as prec. + -ive.] Tending to redintegrate. Hence re'dinte.gratively adv. 1839-52 Bailey Festus xx. 358 Next comes the truth divine, Redintegrative. 1870 S. H, Hodgson Theory of Practice I. 370 States of consciousness which the redintegrative activity has the tendency to produce. 1890 W. James Prmc. Psychol. I. xiv. 581 The forms of its transitions, whether redintegrative, associative, or similar, are due to unknown regulative or determinative conditions ■ L-.Hollingworth Psychol. Functional Neuroses ii. 18 The redintegrative mechanism, whereby a part reinstates a previous whole, is one of the most enlightening concepts ever offered to psychology. 1933 G. Murphy Gen. Psychol. xviii. 352 All about us are objects to which we do not resporid redintegratively because this would involve dozens of conflicting action patterns. 1941 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Oct. 167 Three of the six CO stimuli aroused reactions of a redintegrative character. Some of them went back to situations of childhood and early life. 1946 C. Morris Signs, Lang. ^ Behavior 292 The requirement for redintegrative (or ‘part-whole’) efficacy, i960 Encounter Jan. 81/1 This book has been for me.. a remarkable redintegrative experience.

+ -or.]

1858 Lowell (1890) V. 9 The last trial of the virtues of the Patent Redintegrator [sc. compromise].. has ended like all the rest.

fredintegre, v. Obs. rare-K [ad. L. redintegrdre to REDINTEGRATE.] To redintegrate. 1501 in Lett. Rich. Ill & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 156 They in noo wise redintegre nor renewe.. the treatie.

re'dip, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. (also absol.) To dip again; spec, to rebaptize. Hence re'dipping vbl. sb. 1660 Fuller Mixt Contempt. (1S41) 234, I am utterly against the rebaptizing of Christians, but I am for the redipping of ships. 1712 Act 10 Anne in Land. Gaz. No. 5031/6 In Case any Chandler.. shall.. encrease the Weight of such Candles.. by re-dipping the same. 1736 Chandler Hist. Persec. 329 One Felix was drowned at Zurich, upon the sentence pronounced by Zuinglius,.. ‘He that re-dips, let him be drowned’.

rediTect, a. [re- 5 a.] U.S. Law. The term applied to the further examination of a witness by the party calling him, after crossexamination by the opposing party. 1891 in Cent. Diet.

redi'rect, u. [re-5 a.] trans. To direct anew; to send in a new direction. 1873 W. M. Williams Sci. in Short Chapt. (1882) 225 It is the industry and skill of our workmen.. that has.. redirected for human advantage the buried energies of ancient sun-beams. 1884 Law Times LXXVII. 339/2, I must content myself by simply redirecting attention to the second query.

b. esp.

To direct (a letter) to a fresh address.

1844 Regul, Ord. Army 221 Their Letters are not liable to Postage if re-directed. 1874 Trollope Lady Anna xli. 318 The note was delivered.. at his old abode, and was re¬ directed from Wyndham Street late on Monday evening.

So redirection.

Also attrib.

1865 Trollope Belton Est. xvii. 202 He would give special orders as to the re-direction of his own letters from the postoffice. 1892 Sir J. Fergusson Sp. Ho. Comm. 25 Feb., It is .. in contemplation to abolish the redirection charges on letters generally.

redis'burse, v. rare, [re- sa.] trans. To pay back again. So redis'bursement. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. iii. 27 Then backe againe His borrowed waters forst to redisbourse, He sends the sea his owne with double gaine. 1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion x. 19 He demanded of him Letters of Change,.. and gave him others.. for the re-disbursement of the money which he was to borrow.

redis'charge, ti. [RE-sa.] trans. To discharge or disburden again. 1603 Daniel Philotas 1319 Poor Ceballinus not a moment stayes To redischarge himselfe of such a weight.

rediscount, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To discount again. So re'discount sb.-, also attrib., as rediscount rate. 1866 Crump Banking ix. 193 Giving great facilities by credit and discounts; which latter were immediately re¬ discounted. 1892 Pall Mall G. 2 Feb. 7/2 A liability on re¬ discounts and foreign bills negotiated. 1896 N. Amer. Rev. CLXIII. 750 A central bank of issue and re-discount. 1927 New Republic 21 Sept. 108/2 The action of the Reserve Board in ordering the Chicago bank to reduce its rediscount rate from 4 to 3J percent has resulted in a direct challenge of the Board’s authority to compel such a change. 1929 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 Mar. 218/3 This.. should be corrected by the raising of the Reichsbank rediscount rate and the forcing down of German prices, 1951 N. Y. Herald Tribune 15 Nov. 20/2 The rise in the Bank of England rediscount rate from 2 to 2| per cent, 1970 G. Jackson Let. 17 Apr. in Soledad Brother (1971) 223 The missionaries, with the benefits of Christendom, school us on the value of symbolism, dead presidents, and the rediscount rate.

[re- 5 a.]

That may be

re'discounting, vbl. sb. -ing'.]

re'dintegrator. rare^^, [f. as prec. That which redintegrates.

redistributive

419

to the enjoyment of a thing whereof he had been illegally dispossessed.

[f. rediscount v. + The action of discounting again. Also

attrib. 193* Economist 2 May 946/2 This, in its turn, has occasioned a very decided increase in rediscounting. 1961 Ann. Reg. ig6o 491 Gerrard and Reid, discount brokers, were granted borrowing and rediscounting facilities at the Bank of England. 1974 B. Pearce tr. Amin's Accumulation on World Scale II. iii. 429 The commercial banks in the under-developed countries do without rediscounting by the bank of issue.

redis'eover, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To discover

again. 1752 T. Salmon Univ. Trav. I. Introd. 4 The Continent of America was rediscovered about 250 Years ago. 1837 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 229 Tycho Brache rediscovered the same lunar inequality. 1858 Kingsley Misc. (1859) I. 153 Excellencies the world will in some saner mood rediscover. 1883 Century Mag. July 417/1 He has been re-discovered and eulogized afresh.

Hence redis'eoverer. 1895 Proc. 14th Conv. Amer. Instruct. Deaf 103 The rediscoverer and popularizer of the intuitive method.

redis'eovery.

[re- 5 a; cf. prec.]

The act of discovering again; a renewed discovery. 1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 82 The.. re-discovery of the islands thirty years afterwards. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. ill. iii. 324 Its rediscovery became a difficult problem.

redi'seuss, v.

[re- 5 a.] To discuss again. 1804-6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 165 This is the question that has been discussed and re-discussed from time immemorial. 1874 Sully Sensat. & Intuit. 2 Spencer has recently rediscussed the phenomena of consciousness.

So redi'seussion. 1805 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev, III. 202 A right of sending back to the commons for rediscussion any unwelcome law. 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. 539 Rediscussion of the observations of the transit of Venus.

redish,

obs. form of radish.

t redishing knife. Obs. rare~K A knife (see quot.) used by comb- and card-makers. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 383/1 The second [tool] is termed a Redishing Knife; it is a Knife with a long Blade, and sharp pointed like a Scotch Bibby, with a little bending in the back towards the point.

redi'spatch, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To dispatch

again. 1620 Brent tr. Sarpi's Council Trent vii. (1629) 660 Ventimiglia, redispatched by the Pope; returned to Trent the nine and twentieth of January. 1780 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. I. 300, I.. certainly shall redespatch my messenger before the Empress’s departure.

redi'sperse, v.

[re- 5 a.] To disperse again. 1621 Brathwait Nat. Embassie, etc. 232 Thy darknesse is displayd. Which can by no meanes re-disperse her shade. 1946 Nature 28 Dec. Elutriation methods of size separation redisperse coaguls into their ultimate particles, thereby producing erroneous results. 1956 Ibid. 17 Mar. 521/2 The precipitates were then.. redispersed by high¬ speed stirring.

redi'spone, v.

[re- sa.] To dispone again.

1734 [see reconvey v. 2].

redi'spose.

[RE-sa.]

trans. To dispose again.

Also with of. 1733 A. Baxter Enq. Nat. Soul I. 339 Spirit hath no parts; and therefore it stands in need of no reparation, or redisposing its parts. 1859 Cornwallis New World I. 62 The very land that had only just been sold, was being redisposed of at a considerable advance.

So redispo'sition. 1866 Lowe Sp. Reform Bill 31 May, I deny that a case is made out for this redisposition. 1867 Ld. Houghton in Ess. Reform iii. 63 Under any redisposition of the constituent body.

redi'spute, t’.

[RE-sa.] To dispute again. 1641 Sir E. Dering in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 392 Your late Order and Declaration.. are much debated and disputed abroad; perhaps it may be a good occasion for us to Re-dispute them here. 1650 B. Discolliminium 25 Nor must I.. re-dispute what our Supreme Power doth.

redis'seise, v. Law.

[re- 5 a, prob. after an AF.

*redisseisir: cf. next.] person) a second time.

trans.

To disseise (a

1628 Coke On Litt. 154 b, If the recouery in the Assise were against two Disseisors, and one of them redisseise him againe, he shall haue a Redisseisin against him. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 1106 Disseisors that have redisseis’d those who have recovered Seisin .. from them.

redisseisin

(riidis'siizin). Law. [a. AF. redisseisine (Britton): see re- and disseisin.] Repeated disseisin (see quot. 1607). 1535 tr. Littleton's Nat. Brev. (1544) 127 b, Where a man is disseised,.. and after y^ is disseysed by the same disseysour, he shall have this wryt of Redysseyson agaynste him. 1607 Cowell Interpr., Redisseisin is a disseisin made by him, that once before was found, and adiudged to haue disseised the same man of his lands, or tenements. For the which there lyeth a speciall writ, called a writ of redisseisin. 1670 in Phoenix (1721) I. 428 The Judgment in the Re¬ disseisin is also Revers’d. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. x. 188. 1865 Nichols Britton II. 233 Where the plaintiff is

Law. [a. AF. redisseisour (Britton): see re- and disseisor.] One who disseises another a second time. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixix. (1739) 183 Redisseisors and Postdisseisors found upon verdict before the Sheriff, Coroners, and Knights, shall be imprisoned. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. x. 188 If he recover therein, the re-disseisor shall be imprisoned. 1865 Nichols Britton II. 354 Neither does it [essoin] He., in the persons of disseisors or redisseisors.

re'dissoluble, a.

[re-

5 a.]

That

may be

redissolved. 1796 Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 285 The solutions are precipitable by and re-dissoluble by Blue Volalkali, mild or caustic. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 90/1 These precipitates are.. redissoluble in excess of liquid albumen.

redisso'lution.

[re- 5 a.] A second or renewed

dissolution. 1790 Keir in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 379, I observed.. a solution of part of the iron, a redissolution of the precipitated silver. 1875 Darwin Insect. Plants x. 243 After the protoplasm in a tentacle has been aggregated, its redissolution always begins in the lower part.

redi'ssolvable, a.

[re- 5 a.] Redissoluble. 1790 Crawford in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 413 A slight white precipitate not re-dissolvable in a large quantity of water. 1801 Chenevix ibid. XCI. 197 note, It all is re-dissolvable, [he] concludes there is no silica or alumina.

redi'ssolve, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans. and intr.

To

dissolve again. a. trans. 1605 Sylvester Quadrains xvii, Hee.. redissolves them with that breath of His. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. ii. vii. 357 By reduction of it into a Body, re¬ dissolving it again [etc.]. 1771 T. Percival Ess. I. 163 Acids, he says, destroy its blackness by redissolving the ferrugineous particles. 1815 W. Phillips Outl. Min. fef Geol. 64 These two earths were re-dissolved by a final analysis into silex. 1845 Darwin Voy. Nat. ii. (1879) 29 As the light wreaths of cloud passed over the ridge,.. they were immediately redissolved. 1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man 98 The mineral framework of the bones is redissolved to be used up by the living cells. 1946 Nature 7 Sept. 350/2 The precipitates are.. redissolved in a 3 per cent solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xv. 567 It dissolves in an excess of the base, and can then be reprecipitated by addition of thionyl chloride, but excess of this acid does not, however, redissolve the aluminium sulphite. b. intr. 1790 Wedgwood in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 312 The precipitate.. re-dissolves in marine acid as easily as that made by water. 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr’5 Circ. Sc., Chem. 86 The oxide of silver re-dissolves. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 299 The deposit will redissolve on cooling.

Hence redi'ssol’ving vbl. sb. 1888 H. W. Parker Spir. Beauty (1891) 156 Re¬ dissolvings. .just sufficient to liquefy the smaller crystals.

redi'stend, v.

[re- 5 a.] To distend again. 1684 R. Waller Nat. Exper. 65 The Lungs..were so shrunk up together for want of the air: but by blowing with a Straw.. they were redistended.

redi'stil, v.

[re- 5 a.]

To distil again.

Hence

redi'stilled ppL a. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. 392 To redistill the same portion of Water. 1758 Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 108 If they be redistilled, they recover their former tenuity. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 397 Crell recommends re¬ distilling it from off more of the sebate. 1877 Huxley & Martin Elem. Biol. 10 Redistil this after saturation with potassic carbonate, Engineering 21 Mar. 394/1 A parcel of redistilled magnesium of exceptional purity. 1956 Nature 21 Jan. 130/2 Using the normal procedure of shaking infective fluid with 20 per cent of freshly redistilled ether and leaving overnight.

redisti'llation.

[re- s a.] The redistilling; renewed distillation.

action

of

1666 Boyle Orig. Formes ^ Qual. 281 Neither do liquors, that have already been distill’d, obtain that colour upon redistillation. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 21 By more care and re-distillation [it] may be increased to six times. 1873 Ralfe Phys. Chem. 49 The different beakers are in turn submitted to redistillation.

redi'stribute, v.

[re- 5 a. Cf. F. redistribuer (Cotgr.).] trans. To distribute anew.

1611 Cotgr., Redistribuer, to redistribute, or deale backe againe. 1836 T. Hook G. Gurney (L.), This was settled by redistributing the tickets. 1846 Grote Greece ll. vi. II. 503 He redistributed the whole territory belonging to Sparta. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. iii. viii. 406 The precious metals which are thus poured into England she again redistributes.

redistri'bution.

[re- 5 a.] A fresh distribution, esp. of Parliamentary seats. 1837 Syd. Smith Let. to Archd. Singleton Wks. 1859 II. 281/1 The Commissioners had already carried the principle of re-distribution as far as they thought that it could.. be carried. 1866 Ch. Times 6 Jan. i/i He does not ask for the ballot, nor for a redistribution of seats. 1882 H. Spencer Princ. Sociol., Pol. Inst. 576 A redistribution of military obligations.

redi'stributive, a.

[re- 5 a.] Of or belonging to redistribution (of wealth, seats, etc.). 1883 in Pall Mail G. 8 Sept. 12/1 The Government may try and compromise matters by promising a Redistributive Bill immediately. 1931 G. B. Shaw Fabian Ess. p. viii. Redistributive taxation within Capitalist limits means dole for idleness. 1971 Morning Star 2 Sept. 3 Taxation structure should be much more progressive and redistributive and

should include effective taxation of wealth, capital gains and gifts and a heavier tax on unearned income. 1974 Guardian 27 Mar. 15/4 The Budget is redistributive in favour of the working man.

So redi'stributory a. 1884 St. James's Gaz. 20 Oct. 4/2 The .. meetings .. were allowed to pass without any reaistributory interruptions.

re'district, zj. U.S.

[re-5 a.] trans. To divide anew into districts. Hence re'districting vhl. sb,\ also attrih.

or

apportion

1850 in Hist. Pelham, Mass. (1898) 198 Voted., a committee to redistrict the town. 1870 Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. VII. 510 Mr. Flag moved that the subject of redistricting the State be referred to a special committee of nine. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. i. xiii. 165 note. When Massachusetts was being re-districted. 1890 N. Y. Weekly Tribune 22 Oct. 12/3 Democratic rascalities in redistricting and in voting and counting will not prevent but will hasten and insure the passage of a bill to secure fair Congressional elections in future. 1949 Illinois State Register (Springfield) I Feb. 6/4 States throughout the nation are eyeing the Illinois plan for redistricting schools which has proved to be a tax saver as well as a more efficient means of educating youths. 1973 Time 25 June 18/3 He supports busing and the redistricting of the Richmond school system to achieve racial balance. 1977 Time 21 Mar. sylz The mock rebellion is a protest against a redistricting plan under which Martha’s Vineyard will lose the seat that it has had in the Massachusetts legislature for 285 years. 1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Midwestern ed.) 4 Dec. 5/1 The shift will be reflected in a gain of congressional seats by the region, when the US House of Representatives is redistricted on the basis of the 1980 census.

tre'dition. Obs. rare. [ad. L. redition-em, n. of action f. redire to go or come back, f. re{d)- re- + ire to go.] The action of going or coming back; return. 1595 Chapman Ovid’s Banquet Sence E2, Because shee [echo] weaker is In that redition, then when first shee fled. 161S-Odyss. VI. 486 Address suit to my mother, that her mean May make the day of your redition seen. 1656 in Blount Glossogr.

redition,

obs. form of reddition.

fRedituary. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. reditudrius (Du Cange), f. reditus revenue, vbl. sb. f. redire: see prec. Cf. obs. F. redituaire (1565 in Godef.).] (See quot. 1656.) 1607 R. C[arew] tr. Estienne’s World of Wonders I. xx. 168 Both blacke and white Friers, both Mendicants and Redituaries (if I may vsurpe this goodly Latin word Redituarij). 1656 Blount Glossogr. (copying Cotgr.), Redituaries, an order of Franciscan Friers, which have Lands and Revenues; therein differing from the Mendicants or begging Friers, who are to possess nothing.

redivable, variant

of redevable a.

Obs.

re'dive, v.

[re- 5 a.] intr. To dive again. 1864 Dasent J'esi & Earnest (1873) I. 22 Strange sea¬ birds flock about us, and dive and redive in the waves. 1879 JEFFERiES Wild Life tn S. Co. 3 82 At other times this bird will dive and redive, and double about in the water.

redi'vide, v.

[re- 5 a. Cf. F. rediviser.] divide again. Hence redi'viding vbl. sb.

To

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1360 By the meanes whereof, that which is composed and mixed is redivided, and separate againe. 1611 Florio, Ridiuisione, a redeuiding. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixi. (1739) 120 The King re-divided the Land into four Circuits. 1846 Grote Greece 11. vi. II. 522 Aristotle clearly did not believe that Lycurgus had redivided the soil. 1866 Felton Anc. S? Mod. Gr. II. II. V. 349 The Empire was redivided, and territorially reorganized.

rediVision.

[re-5 a.] Renewed division. A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 57/1 Re-divisione of the first kinde of Ligament. />/. a. Obs. [f. next.] Redoubted. 1417 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 54 Our righte redoubt and righte soveraiyne liege Lord. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) V. iii. M M ij b. How moche is this horryble thynge cruell and redoubte as to offende god and his commaundementes to trespasse.

redoubt (ri'daut), v. Now rhet. Also 4-7 redoute, 5-6 redowt, (4 -e). [ad. F. redouter, \redoubter {iith.c.),i. re-KE- + douter to doubt. Cf. obs. It. ridottare.] trans. To dread, fear, stand in awe or apprehension of: a. a person, nation, etc. (Chiefly in pa. pple.) c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. vii. 45 (Camb. MS.), Yit was .. Roome wel waxen and gretly redowted of the parthes [L. Parthis. .formidolosa"]. 1456 Sir G. Ha ye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 2 Charles the Sext..the quhilk is lufit and redoubtit our all the warld. c 1500 Melusine 200 Regnald.. made so grete appertyse of armes that alle his enemyes redoubted hym. 1590 C’tess Pembroke Antonie 947, I conquer’d Rome, that Nations so redoubt. y Edward Butler on his petrol cycle. 1947 J. C. Rich Materials ^ Methods of Sculpture \i. 191 In using platinum or palladium for medals, the original model is first cast in a hard bronze, and by means of a •reducing machine a small steel die is cut of the precise size of the medal. With this die the copies are struck. 1968 Canad. Antiques Collector July lo/i Benjamin Cheverton’s ‘reducing machine’ had been employed for the scale model. This ingenious machine kept proportions exact, so that a six-inch statuette would lose nothing of the artistry of the original. 1901 Feilden's Mag. IV. 432/1 There would be a good many special pieces used, such as.. 12-in. to 9-in.

reducing pieces, besides many bends. 1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions i\. vii. 608 I’m taking scads of these marvelous f^^ticing pills that simply take your appetite away. 1701 Moxon Math. Instr. 17 * Reducing Scale, ..z thin broad piece of Box with several different Scales of equal Parts, and Lines to turn Chains and Links into Acres and Roods, by Inspection. 1907 F. H. Burnett Shuttle xix. 195 Mina is growing fat, and spends her days in taking •reducing treatments. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 746/2 •Reducing Valve. 1889 Nature 24 Oct. 631 The pressure.. is controlled by means of a reducing-valve. 1859 J^rn/. Geog. Soc. XXX. 48 Several owners of smelting and •reducing works. 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 281 As yet there are no reducing-works on the spot.

igo2 yrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXH. i. 655 The author [xc. Pozzi-Escot] has discovered a new class of diastases which he calls ‘reductases’. 1914 [see dehydrase a]. 1938 Ann. Rev. Biochem. VII. 112 The protein of acetaldehyde reductase has been obtained in a crystalline condition. 1974 Nature 13 Dec. 579/1 The enzymes responsible for the first step in nitrate assimilation and for nitrate respiration are the nitrate reductases, both these processes involving the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 617/1 Thurnham.. measured the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity.

re'ducing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing“.] That reduces, in senses of the vb.

b. reductase test, a method of estimating the bacterial content of a sample of fluid, usu. milk, by measuring its reducing power.

1741 tr. Cramer's Assaying 42 Borax, .is classed, though improperly, among reducing Bodies, that is, among those which restore Metals, howsoever destroyed, to their metallick Form. Ibid. 185 Melting Metals and Ores together with saline and reducing Fluxes. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 299 Reducing Agents.. either abstract oxygen from the mineral, or protect it from the action of that gas. 1836 T. Thomson Mineral., Geol., etc. I. 599 In the reducing flame it [disulphuret of copper] becomes covered with a coat and does not melt. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 77 The reducing remedies.. have been strongly recommended.

fre'duct, sb, Obs. Also 7 -duck. [f. as next, or ad. med.L. reductus a retired place, retreat.] a. Arith. A number or quantity which has been reduced, b. (See quot.) c. = reduit. d. (See quot.) 2- 1579 Digges Stratiot. 23 Yee shal multiply.. the Denominator of the Reduct into the Numerator of the last Fragment to be reduced. b. 1678-96 Phillips, Reduck, a Chymical term, signifying a Powder by which calcined Metals and Minerals are dissolved, and return again to their Metalline Regulus. 1706 -(ed. Kersey), Reduct. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Reduct, or Redux, among chemists, is a powder [etc.]. c. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Reduct, a Military term, signifying an advantageous piece of Ground, entrenched and separated from the rest of the Place, to retire to in case of surprize. [Hence in Chambers (1727-41) and later Diets.] d. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl., Reduct, in building, a quirk, or little place, taken out of a larger, to make it more uniform and regular; or for some other convenience, as for a little cabinet aside of a chimney, for alcoves, etc. [Hence in Crabb, Gwilt, Craig, and later Diets.; but in Chambers merely translated from the article reduit in the Diet, de Trevoux (1721).]

fre'duct, pa. pple. Obs. [ad. L. reduct-us, pa. pple. of reducere to reduce: cf. next.] 1. Brought into or to a certain form, state, etc.; reduced to order. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. cxvi. (1495) 920 A1 pertyculer thynges the whyche eche is perfite in himself ben perfighte whan they be reducte in to one. C1535 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. III. 14 Nowe ye may boldely affirme that Wales is reduct to that state that oone thief taketh an other. a 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV 220 All the kynges host there beyng assembled and reduct into one company. 1640-1 Ld. J. Digby Sp. in Ho. Com. 9 Feb. 17, I meane Episcopacy so ordered, reduct and limitted as..it may be by..sollid boundaryes.

2. Brought back {into a place). 1545 Joye Exp. Dan. ix. Tviijb, He prayed for the remission of their sinnes and to be reducte into theyr land. 1635 Heywood Hierarch, vi. Dial. 348 Menippus.. Dy’de from amongst us, without taking leave And is again reduct.

t re'duct, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. reducere: cf. prec. and reduce v.'\ 1. trans. To bring into, to or from a state or form. 1558 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. i. (1562) 6b, To resolue and reducte gold into a potable licoure. 1624 T. Scott Belg. Souldier 24 Their resolutions to reduct the gouernment to electiue Suffrages. 1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. xxiii. 59 The Man of Scorne and of a bitter Tongue Will never.. Be from his Sin reducted. i8i6 Lamb in Final Mem. vi. 247, I fear lest it should be discovered'by.. clear reducting to letters no better than nonsense.

2. To lead back, lead to a place. c 1580 Munday View Sundry Examples (Shaks. Soc. 1851) 86 Hee.. was led to the place where he committed this murderous offence,.. was reducted back, and .. was executed. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 428, I was neuer before reducted to such a floting Laborinth.

3. To deduct (a sum). B. JoNSON Ev. Man out of Hum. iv. v, Master Snip, pray let me reduct some two or three shillings for points and ribands. 1615 Jackson Creed iv. vii. §15 If we compare the several growth of steadfast faith and hypocrisy, they much resemble the order.. of laying or reducting sums in accounts. 1738 [G. Smith] Curious Rel. H. 213 But this Capital was paid again,.. it being reducted out of the three millions of Crowns. 1599

reductant (n'dAktsnt). Chem. [f. reduct(ion + -ant\ after oxidant.] A reducing agent. 1925 Chem. Rev. II. 128 The heroic efforts to measure the potential of a pure solution of a reductant are evidence of the tenacity of a preconception. 1935 [see reducer 2c]. 1968 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. xix. 853 In some cases both the oxidant and reductant are organic. 1976 Sci. Amer. July 7112 The process is termed gaseous direct reduction or solid direct reduction depending on the state of the reductant.

reductase (ri'dAkteiz). Biochem. [ad. F. reductase (M.-E. Pozzi-Escot 1902, in Bull, de la Soc. Chim. de Paris XXVII. 559), f. reduct-ion

reduction: see -ase.]

a. Any enzyme which promotes chemical reduction.

1910 Analyst XXXV. 207 {heading) Reductase test for milk. 1932 Discovery Feb. 59/2 In the north of Europe.. general use is made of the ‘reductase’ test, which takes the time required to decolourize a definite solution of methylene blue as a measure of the purity of milk. 1964 Biol. Abstr. XLV. 3876/1 Application of the reductase test to 261 randomly selected staphylococcus strains showing a positive plasma coagulase test yielded reductase times of 15 minutes or less in 96 6% of the cases.

reducti'bility. [ad. F. reductibilite, or f. as reduct V. + -IBLE, -ITY.] Rcducibility (Ogilvie 1882). Ilreductio (ri'dAktisu). PI. reductiones (ridAkti'suniiz). [L., = reduction.] Used in various Latin phrases: 1. reductio ad impossibile, reduction to the impossible: a method of proving a proposition by drawing an absurd or impossible conclusion from its contradictory. 1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (ed. 2) f. 56 The other croked waye (called of the Logicians, Reductio ad impossibile) is a reduccion to that, whiche is impossible. 1843 J. S. Mill Logic I. in. iii. 265 We shall thus discover the error in our generalisation, by what the schoolmen termed a reductio ad impossibile. 1869 W. S. Jevons Substitution of Similars 44 This indirect or negative method is closely analogous to the indirect proof, or reductio ad absurdum, so frequently used by Euclid and other mathematicians, and a similar method is employed by the old logicians in the treatment of the syllogisms called Baroko and Bokardo, by the reductio ad impossibile. 1884 J. N. Keynes Forma/LogiV ill. iv. iSiThis method of reduction is called Reductio ad impossibile, or Reductio per impossibile, or Deductio ad impossibile, or Deductio ad absurdum. 1^2 W. & M. Kneale Devel. Logic 1. 8 What Aristotle attributed to Zeno was presumably the discovery of the use of the reductio ad impossibile in metaphysics.

2. reductio ad absurdum: reduction to the absurd (see reduction 9 b). Also with super!, reductio ad absurdissimum (the most absurd, the greatest absurdity). 1741 I. Watts Improvement of Mind 1. xiii. 181 The Respondent may be attack’d either upon a Point of his own Concession, which is call’d Argumentum ex concessis, or by reducing him to an Absurdity, which is call’d Reductio ad absurdum. 1824 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. II. 34 This we admit: and we regard it as a decisive reductio ad absurdum of his own argument. 1865-Exam. Hamilton's Philos, iv. 44 Hegel..has fairly earned the honour..of having logically extinguished transcendental met^hysics by a series of reductiones ad absurdissimum. 1896 G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) II. 170 Madame Sarah Grand’s position is a reductio ad absurdum of our whole moral system. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Jan. 9/4 A reductio ad absurdissimum is seen in the fact that an aspirant for employment in a business house, who has actually qualified for exemption from matriculation by virtue of the subjects endorsed on his school certificate, is not infrequently informed that his application cannot be entertained unless he produces the actual matriculation certificate. 1939 Canadian Forum ]\i\y 126/2 It..may prove to be no more than the reductio ad absurdum of his own introspectiveness. 1955 Times 23 June 11/3 When the House of Commons regards even nationalized boards as little more than civil servants, and piles a committee on top of their committee we approach the reductio ad absurdum. 1963 [see Christocentricity s.v. Christo-]. 1969 L. Ruby Art of Making Sense (rev. ed.) viii. 84 Here is a more complex sample of the reductio ad absurdum. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 3 Dec. 1522/4 Whether the result represents an>^hing more than a reductio ad absurdum 01 the traditional musicological pastime of theme-spotting. 1977 Time 7 Feb. 51/1 Reductio is a\ways ad absurdum.

reduction (ri'dAkJsn). Also 5-6 reduccion, -cyon. [a. F. reduction (i3-i4th c.), or ad. L. reductidn-em, n. of action f. reducere to reduce.] L 11* a- The action of bringing (back) to or from a state, condition, belief, etc. Obs. 1483 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 241/2 Desyryng. .the peas..of this Lande, and the reduccion of the same to the auncien honourable estate and prosperite. 1557 in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1681) II. Records ii. ii. No. 34 For reduction of your Majesty’s Realm of Ireland to the Unity of the Church. 1609 Bible (Douay) Haggai i. comm., Reduction of soules from sinne, and amending of il maners. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xli. 263 God having determined his sacrifice, for the reduction of his elect to their former covenanted obedience. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iii. 98 The reduction of the soul from its night-day to the true Light of Being.

fb. Without const.: Reclamation. Obs. 1620 tr. Augustine's Confess. Ep. Ded. *4 Whose ioy was no lesse in the reduction of sinners, then it would haue been, in their preseruation.

fc. Metall. (See quot.) Obs. rare. 1741 tr. Cramer's Assaying 186 Metals destroyed, and changed into Scoria or Ashes, are, by their Union with the

REDUCTION same matter, again restored to their metallick Form. This Operation is called Reduction.

12. a. The action of bringing back (a person, thing, institution, etc.) to a place previously occupied; restoration. Also const, to, from, out of. Obs. at logh growez redez of a wonderfull tenth... Of J^ir redez l?ai make pare houses. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop iv. xx, A reed whiche was at his foote bowed hym self as moche as the wynd wold. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vii. 6 A little cottage, built of stickes and reeds In homely wize. 1617 Mqryson Itin. i. 213 This Hand yeeldeth Canes or Reedes of sugar. 1671 Milton P.R. II. 26 By a Creek: Where winds with Reeds, and Osiers whisp’ring play. 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour, Italy III. 304 The common habitations.. are mostly huts made of reeds. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VII. 255 The reeds [for a fire-ship] are made up in small bundles of about a foot in circumference. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 215 Reeds are used

I

V

instead of laths in some parts of the country. 1877 Bryant Odyss. V. 557 He, meanwhile, Withdrawing from the brink, lay down among The reeds,

b. fig. and in fig. context. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione 11. vii. 47 Truste not ner leene not upon a windy rede. 1562 A. Bernher Ep. Ded. Latimer's Serm. Aivb, He was contented rather to be cast into the Tower..then to be found a wauering reede. C1593 T. Deloney Garland of Goodwill (1631) iii. sig. Bi, But senselesse man, what de I meane, Upon a broken reede to leane. 1611 Bible Isa. xxxvi. 6 Loe, thou trustest in the staffe of this broken reede, on Egypt. 1617 J. Chamberlain Let. 20 Dec. (1939) II. 123 Yfyou trusted to him you trusted to a rotten reede who wold have failed you in the end. 1621 House of Lords Jrnls. 30 Apr. loi/i Their lordships., reported, That they.. demanded of his lordship [sc. F. Bacon] whether it were his Hand.. who answered ‘My lords, it is my Act, my Hand.. I beseech your Lordships, be merciful unto a broken Reed.’ 1657 Penit. Conf. vii. 152 Penitents are taught more to rely upon that reed and arm of flesh. 1757 Smollett Reprisal i. i. 7 You lean upon a broken reed if you trust to their compassion. 1810 Scott Lady of L. V. xi, I only meant To show the reed on which you leant. 1821 Byron Sardanap. v. i. 135 The last frail reed of our beleaguer’d hopes. 1893 Baily's Mag. Oct. 271/1 The reeds on which they depended were Ravensbury and Self Sacrifice. 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. Cst Rise of Capitalism ii. 108 Human efforts, social institutions, the world of culture, are at best irrelevant to salvation, and at worst mischievous. They distract man from the true aim of his existence and encourage reliance upon broken reeds. 1961 L Murdoch Severed Head xiii. 118 A nervous shrinking which was not exactly dislike made me hesitate to probe the motives of such a being. Therewith some vague yet powerful train of thought led me to say, ‘I’m a broken reed after all.’ 1973 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 Mar. 311/3 The history of the opposition shows what bruised reeds the generals were.

2. collect. Reeds (as plants); a growth or bed of reeds. a 800 Erfurt Gloss. 290 Carectum, hreod. a 900 tr. Bseda's Hist. III. xvii. [xxiii.] (1890) 230 In J>aem cleofun.. wsere upyrnende grownes hreodes & rixa. C1205 Lay. 20170 Hundes in pan reode mid reouSe hine imeteS. Ibid. 21741 bat is a seolcuS mere..mid fenne & mid raeode. 13.. K. Alis. 5064 The water was ful of longe reede. 1481 Caxton Godfrey xxix. 63 A fewe of them that withdrewe them in to the mareys and hydde them in the reed. 1560 Bible {Gentv.) Job xl. 21 [16] Lyeth he vnder the shady trees in the couert of the rede and fennes? 1579-80 North Plutarch (1595) 469 He.. couered him with a great deale of reede and bent. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xxxi. The morass to right and left, which had been a minute before deep reed.

b. Reeds employed for firing or thatching, or used as lath for plastering upon. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 368 They fyryd the gates, and after forced the fyre with rede and drye wood. 1556-7 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 455 Y« reede over the cloyster and y® gystes of the same. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 277 He.. set the houses like streetes, and couered them with Reede and Broome. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 10 Thay Reid for wod use.. to thair fyre. 1669 E. Byland in St. Papers, Dom. 151, I have fetched a boat-load of reed from Ham Creek. 1703 T. N. City ^ C. Purchaser 260 They Thatch with Reed instead of Straw... Reed is sold by the Thousand, viz. A Thousand handfuls.

c. transf. Wheat-straw prepared for thatching. 1415-16 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 612 Item in tectura straminea vocat. rede empt. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §27 All the wheate-strawe that they pourpose to make thacke of, they.. cutte of the eares, and bynde it in sheues, and call it rede. 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 329 Reed, is.. Straw bound up for thatching, by some called Helm. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/2 Reed, a term used in the west of England for the straw used by thatchers, which is wheat straw finely combed. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 74 The Somersetshire-reed; which is nothing more than the strongest wheat-straw which can be met with [etc.]. 1848 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IX. ii. 465 A large proportion of the wheat-straw is made into reed for thatching.

3. Without article, as a material. fAlso in reed, as or like a reed. 01240 Lofsong in Cott. Horn. 207 Ich bide )?e..bi pe j>omene crununge, bi 6e kine3erde of rode. 1388 Wyclif 2 Kings xviii. 21 Whether thou hopist in a staf of rehed and broken Egipt. 1535 Coverdale 2 Kings xviii. 21 Beholde puttest thou thy trust in this broken staffe of reed, in Egipte? 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xvi. 257 It is a graine, as he saies, that growes in reede, and covers it selfe with a leafe. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 519 Part incentive reed Provide, pernicious with one touch to fire. 1866 Livingstone Last Jrnls. (1873) I- vi. 158 A flake of reed is often used in surgical operations by the natives.

4. With the, as the distinctive name of the class of plants forming the genera Phragmites and ArundOy having a firm stem and growing in water or marshy ground; esp. the common species Phragmites communis, abundant in Britain and on the Continent; falso, the sugar¬ cane. 1382 Wyclif Isa. xix. 6 The reed and the resshe shal welewen. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 321 Up stood the cornie Reed Embattell’d in her field. 1672 W. Hughes Amer. Phys. 29 Of the Juyce of this Reed or Cane is made Sugar. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 57/2 The Reed is between an Herb and a Tree. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xiii. (1794) 142 The woollyness of the flowers in the Reed will shew you this genus as soon as it unfolds its panicle. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. ciii. We glided winding under ranks Of iris, and the golden reed.

5. With distinctive epithets, denoting various species of reeds, or plants resembling these. aromatic reed (see calamus 2). Dutch reed = Dutch rush (see Dutch A. 3 c). great reed, a reed of the genus Arundo, esp, A. donax. Indian reed, canna. small reed, a grass of the genus Calamagrostis (or Deyeuxia). Also bur, canary, paper, sea, trumpet, water, wood reed: see these sbs. 1597 Gerarde Herbal i. v. 6 Wilde Reede.., called also Calamogrostis, is far lesser [1633 bigger] than Couch grasse.

REED or Dogs grasse. Ibid. xxvi. 36 Harundoflorida: in English the hlowrmg Reede. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Calame, Calame aromat, the sweet Arabian reed, or cane, teartned Calamus odoratus, or the Aromaticall reed. 1613 Dennis Secrets Angling i. B 2, bhut^ as are.. In shape and beautie like the Belgicke Reed. 1640 Parkinson Herbal 1629 Cannai Indicse.. Indian Reede Maves. 1733 Miller Card. Diet. (ed. 2) s.v. Cannacorus, 1 he Indian Reed. 1739 Ibid. II. s.v. Arundo, The species.. are the common Reed, the large manured Reed,..the variegated Reed, the Bambu Cane, ..and Dark red reed. rZI? Arundo Donax,.. the Great Reed. Ib:d., Calamus odoratus. Aromatic Reed. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 384/1 The debax, or manured reed, is a native of warm countries. 1842 R. Parnell Grasses Scot. 37 Calamagrostis stricta. Small Close Reed. 1859 Miss Pratt Brit. Grasses Sedges 67-8 Calamagrostis lanceolata. Purple-Flowered Small-reed. Calamagrostis stricta. Narrow Small-reed.

II. 6. a. A reed used as a dart or arrow; hence poet, an arrow. 1377 Langl. P. pi. B. xviii. 30 Aue, rabby! quod that ribaud, and threw redes [o.r. reodes] at hym. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 77 be childe losed and schette, and hitte pe charbuncle stoon wip a reed, a 1709 Prior To a Lady 31 With cruel Skill the backward Reed He sent, and, as he fled, he slew. 1791 Cowper Iliad iv. 146 Whizz’d the bowstring! and the reed Leap’d off. 1813 Scott Trierm. 11. x. The frantic steed rush d up the dell. As whistles from the bow the reed. 1830 Tennyson Poet 13 The viewless arrows of his thoughts.. Like Indian reeds blown from his silver tongue.

b. In Biblical use (rendering L. calamus and arundo, Gr. KaXafeos, Heb. qdneh): A reed employed as a measuring-rod; hence, a Jewish measure of length (also called Ezekiel's reed), equal to six cubits. r 1375 *5^. Leg. Saints vi. {Thomas) 201 Thomas..tuk a lange red in his hand as man of craft pat vare cunnand. 1388 W YCLIF Ezek. xlii. 16 He mat.. with the rehed of mesure bi cumpas fyue hundrid rehedis. -Ret', xxi. 15 And he.. hadde a golden mesure of a reed. [Also in Tyndale, Coverdale, etc.] i6ii Bible Ezek. xlii. 16 He measured the East side with the measuring reede, flue hundreth reedes. 1858 Longf. iV/. Standish iv. 9 Over its turrets uplifted Glimmered the golden reed of the angel who measured the city. 1863 W. L. Bevan in W. Smith Diet. Bible III. 1736/2 With the exception of the notice that the reed equals six cubits (Ezek. xl. 5), we have no intimation that the measures were combined in anything like a scale.

tc./>/. Papyrus. Obs, rare-^. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. vi. (1895) 219 Where as before they wrote onelye in skynnes, in barkes of tryes, and in rides, now they haue attempted to make paper and to imprint letters.

7. a. A reed made into a rustic musical pipe. Also applied to the hollow stems of other plants used for the same purpose, esp. oaten reed. r 1384 Chaucer Fame III. 131 That craftely begunne to pipe Bothe in doucet and in riede. 1390 Gower Con/. II. 162 He the ferste.. Was which the melodie fond Of Riedes,.. With double pipes forto pipe. 1530 Palsgr. 261/1 Rede to playe or pype with, anche. 1634 Milton Comus 345 Might we but hear The .. sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. v. 2 Since my Voice can match your tuneful Reed. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. iv. i. As if thy waves .. Had only heard the shepherd’s reed, Nor started at the bugle-hom. 1878 B. Taylor Deukalion i. i. 18 To the musical reeds and the glasses.., farewell.

b. fig. as the symbol of rustic or pastoral poetry. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) i, I that in old season wyth reeds oten harmonye whistled My rural sonnet. 1721 Ra.msay Petit. Whin-bush Club ii, Etling wi’ spite to rive my reed, And give my muse a fa’. 1783 Burns Poor Mailie viii, Come, join the melancholious croon O’ Robin’s reed! 1821 Clare Fi7/. Minstr. I. 105 Sweetest of subjects are ye for my reed. 1867 Whittier Tent on Beach 86 Making his rustic reed of song A weapon in the war with wrong. 8. A part of various musical instruments.

a. In the oboe and bassoon; A part of the mouth-piece, consisting of two slightly concave wedge-shaped pieces of reed or cane fixed face to face on the end of a metal tube, and producing a musical sound by vibration when the instrument is blown into. Also, a similar device fixed in the chanter of a bagpipe. (Now freq. called a double reed in distinction to c: also, with hyphen, attrib.) 1530 Palsgr. 261/2 Rede of a weyght the instrument, anche. 1727 Boyer Diet. Royal I, Anche,. .t\\Q Reed of a Hoboy, or some other Wind-Instrument of Musick. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Bagpipe, The third [pipe] has a reed, and is played on by compressing the bag under the arm. Ibid., Hautboy or Hoboy, a sort of musical instrument of the wind kind, with a reed to blow or play it withal. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 342/1 It [the oboe] spreads and widens towards the bottom, and is sounded through a reed. 1835 Penny Cycl. IV. lo/i It [the bassoon] consists of..a brass craned neck in which the reed is inserted. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms i^ll^ Double reed,.. the vibrating reed of instruments of the oboe class. 1879 W. H. Stone in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 123/2 The chaunter reed is .. made of two approximated edges of cane tied together, and is thus essentially a double reed, like that of the oboe or bassoon. 1879 Grove Diet. Mus. I. 151/2 Bassoon.., a wooden double-reed instrument of eight-foot tone. 1931 G. Jacob Orchestral Technique iii. 26 The bassoon also agrees well with its double-reed cousin the oboe. 1961 A. Baines Musical Instruments ix. 233 The European shawm reed is of harder material prepared like all Western double reeds by folding over a strip of seasoned cane, shaping and binding the ends together, and paring down and finally separating the tip. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XIX. 848/1 The human voice.. may be classified as a double-reed aerophone in which the vocal chords act as a double reed.

REED

443 b. (a) In the organ: A small metal tube fixed at the lower end of a pipe, having a longitudinal opening covered or closed by a metal tongue, which is made to vibrate by the air entering the tuht. free reed (see quot. 1855 and cf. note to c). (b) In a bagpipe drone: A piece of hollow reed, closed at one end by a joint, and having a tongue made on one side by splitting from a cross-cut near the joint backwards in the direction of the open end. 1727-4* Chambers Cycl. s.v. Organ, A reed-pipe consists of a foot.., which carries the wind into the shallot, or reed .., which is a hollow demi-cylinder [etc.]. 1855 Hopkins Organ xviii. 93 The reed is a small cylindrical tube of brass. .. In the front of the reed, an opening is left, running lengthways, presenting an appearance as though a portion of the reed had been cut away, at which the wind enters. Ibid. 95 A third kind of reed is used on the eontinent, called the free-reed. In this variety .. the tongue,.. instead of striking on the edges of the reed, is impelled into the opening by the wind. 1879 W. H. Stone in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 123/2 The drone reeds.. somewhat resemble the reed in organ pipes, the loose flap of cane replacing the tongue, the uncut part the tube or reed proper.

c. (a) A metal tongue used to produce sound by vibration, esp. that used in an organ-pipe; (b) a slip of cane used for the same purpose, as in the clarinet. (Sometimes called single reed, in distinction to a.) beating or striking reed, one which strikes against its seat; in the organ, against the edges of the opening in the tube. free reed, one which produces sound by vibration only, esp. one which vibrates in the opening of a tube without touching the edges, as in instruments of the reed-organ type. 1811 Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 3), Reed,.. the name given by organ-builders to a kind of tongue, consisting of a thin narrow plate of brass [etc.]. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 234/2 Clarinet, a musical instrument made of wood,.. having a fixed mouth-piece containing a reed. 1867 Tyndall Sound V. 193 The metal reed commonly employed in organ-pipes. 1879 W. H. Stone in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 361/r The clarinet consists essentially of a mouth-piece furnished with a single beating reed [etc.]. 1889 D. J. Blaikley in Proc. Mus. Assoc. 152 The reed of a Dobell’s fog-horn.. is as truly a reed in its action as the most delicate reed of the clarinet.

d. A reed-instrument, double reed: see sense 8 a. 1838 C. Yoxjrnl. 5 June (1972) 50 Professor Wheatstone ..then played the Chinese reed, one of the earliest instruments constructed. 1871 H. Calderwood Let. 23 June in Calderwood & Woodside Life H. Calderwood (1900) 216 The orchestra mostly reeds and strings. 1877 G. B. Shaw How to become Musical Critic (i960) 26 The strings and reeds were a little better than usual. 1879 W. H. Stone in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 151/2 Some of the older forms., possess a contrivance which does not exist at the present day on any reed. Ibid. 153/2 The curious dialogue.. between strings and reeds. 1926 Whiteman & McBRiDE/a22 ix. 199 In the double reeds, I am planning to add a bassoon. 1939 Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) 408 Brass and reeds, brace and ready! 1959 ‘F. Newton’ Jazz Scene vi. 107 Three trumpets, three trombones, four reeds, piano. 1961 J. A. MacGillivray in A. Baines Musical Instruments x. 244 The clarinet.. marked (like the oboe among the double reeds) the arrival of the fully lip-controlled instrument. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XIX. 855/1 Shawms were a particularly important family of loud double reeds. 1975 New Yorker 19 May 6/3 Joe Muranyi on reeds, and Bobby Pratt on trombone.

9. t a- A piece of reed on which yarn is wound; a bobbin, spool. Obs. rare. 1530 Palsgr. 261/2 Rede to wynde yarne onorsuche lyke, tuyau. 1721 Ramsay Elegy Patie Birnie Prol. note. The pirn, or little hollow reed which holds the yarn in the shuttle.

b. Mining. A tube containing the powder-train for igniting the charge in blasting. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1903/2.

10. a. A weaver’s instrument for separating the threads of the warp and beating up the weft, formerly made of thin strips of reed or cane, but now of metal wires, fastened by the ends into two parallel bars of wood, fly reed', see fly sb.^ 8. 1611 Cotgr., Lame,.. the reed, or slay of a weuers loome. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 107/2 Reed,.. like the Barrs of a Grate through which the Warp or Yarn runs. 1714 Fr. Bk. of Rates 188 The Combs, Reeds, and other Parts of the Loom. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Card. ii. (1791) 56 Quick beat the reeds, the pedals fall and rise. 1825 Nicholson Operat. Mech. 412 The reed, .has one or two threads of the warp passed between each of its wires, which wires are termed dents. 1894 Labour Commission Gloss, s.v., Reeds are reckoned by the number of interstices per inch, thus, a 64 reed has 64 interstices to the inch.

b. A make of cloth, as distinguished by the number of threads which go to an inch of the 1881 Manch. Guard. 18 Jan., Printing cloth of all kinds is also very steady, especially 72 reeds. 1888 Daily News 27 Aug. 7/2 Printers of medium reeds have been in better request.

11. A comb used in the making of tapestry for pressing down the threads of the weft, so as to produce a close surface. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Tapestry, The reed or comb is.. of wood, eight or nine inches long, and an inch thick at the back. Ibid., The silk or wool being placed, he beats it with his reed or comb. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIV. 46/1 The thread of woof or shoot thus inserted is finally driven close up.. by means of a reed or comb formed of box-wood or ivory.

12. One of a set of small semicylindrical mouldings, resembling a number of reeds laid

beside each other, reed^and-tie, used of a style resembling reeds bound together. (Cf. reeding

vbL sb. 2.) 1745 PococKE Descr. East II. ii. iii. x. 169 The lower part filled with cablins of reeds, is of one stone, and the upper part of another. 1823 P. Nicholson Pra^L Build. 161 When a piece of wood is formed into two or more semi-cylinders, touching each other, the semi-cylinders are called Reeds. 1842 Gwilt Archil. §2129 A repetition of equal semicylindrical mouldings, springing from a plane or cylindrical surface, is called reeds. 1875 T. Seaton Man. Fret Cutting ^ Wood Carving vi. 68 Make a little reed round the uncarved or T part of the bracket and the support... This will form a neat reed, and give a pretty finish to your work, i960 H. Hayward Antique Coll. 235/1 Reed-and-tie moulding, an ornament composed of contiguous parallel convex mouldings bound together by straps simulating ribbons. 1971 Country Life i Apr. 766/1 The grandiloquence of Louis XVI’s France, with heavy reedand-tie borders.. also had a place at fashionable West-End silversmiths.

13. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib., as reedbank, blade, boat, bush, case, fence, ground, land, marsh, pen, pit, plot, seed, sheaf, spire, stem, -swamp, top, whisper, -whistle, etc.; (sense 8) reed action, cap, instrument, register, section', (sense 10) as reed hook, -motion, space, -split. Also similative, as reed^green', reedrlike adj. 1889 D. J. Blaikley in Proc. Mus. Assoc. 152 The manner of •reed action has been the subject of much mathematical investigation. 1589 Rider Bibl. Scholast., A *reede banke, or place where reeds growe, arundinetum, cannetum. 1827 Clare Sheph. Cal. 147 Lapping up love-knot plaits.. With broad green •reed-blades. 1894 Meredith Ld. Ormont xxv, The bordering flags amid the reed-blades dipped and streamed. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 377/1 The catamaran and the •reed boat were known to the Peruvians. 1977 Time 28 Nov. 60/1 Now Heyerdahl is about to take a reed boat down the Tigris River. 1535 Coverdale Isa. ix. 18 As it were out of a fyere in a wod or a •redebush. 1964 S. Marcuse Musical Instruments 441/1 *Reed cap, a small wooden cap with a blowhole on top; it enclosed the reed of some i6th-c. double-reed instrs. 1976 Reed-cap [see rauschpfeife]. 1886 R. F. Burton Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 115, I.. took the •reed-case and reed; and wrote. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 148 The •reed-fence rises round some fav’rite spot. 1894 Daily News 28 Apr. 6/4 There is a considerable demand for a soft tint of •reed-green. 1629 Drayner Conf. (1647) Bj, If the water be drayned, and the cold moisture removed from the root of •Reed-ground. 1910 L. Hooper Hand-Loom Weaving (1920) 328 *Reed hook, hook for entering reed. 1914 H. Nisbet Preliminary Operations of Weaving I. ix. 359 The reacher, with the right hand, then proceeds to select the warp threads from a bunch held in the left hand, and delivers them in consecutive rotation to a reed-hook which is inserted through successive eyes of the harness by the drawer-in. 1957 Simpson & Weir Weaver's Craft (ed. 8) viii. 97 {caption) Reed hooks. 1867 Tyndall Sound v. 195 The most perfect of •reed instruments is the organ of voice. 1876 tr. Blaserna's Sound i. 20 The clarionet, the oboe and all the trumpet class, are reed instruments. 1769 St. James's Chron. lo-ii Aug. 2/2 Several Parcels of •Reed-land, lying before..the March Walls. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. i. Vocation 358 With •Reed-like Lance, and with a Blunted blade. 1829 Loudon Encycl. Plants 58 Reed-like Canary-grass. 1766 J. Bartram Jrnl. 7 Jan. in W. Stork Acc. E. Florida 26 Being generally good •reed-marsh and some cypress-swamps. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile iii. 63 Scrawling upon it in rude Arabic characters with a •reed-pen of his own making. CI440 Promp. Parv. 426/1 •Reed pytte, or fenne, cannetum, arundinetum. 1611 Cotgr., Caneliere, a •Reed-plot; a ground thats full, or set full, of reeds. 1852 Seidel Organ 20 Even in the course of the sixteenth century some of the •reed-registers were invented. 1939 D. Baker Young Man with Horn ill. i. 117 Rick.. started setting chairs together the way they should go, in threes: •reed section, brass section, rhythm section, and the extras one on top of another. 1975 New Yorker 21 Apr. 8/3 Billy Harper, a young and very exciting tenor saxophonist.. steams up the reed section of the Thad Jones-Mel Lewis band. 1830 J. D. Hoy in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 329 Their food is not entirely the •reed seed. 1810 in W. Marshall Rev. Rep. Agric., N. Som. II. 515 note, The sheaves thus prepared are called •reed-sheaves. 1874 T. Hardy Far fr. Mad. Crowd xxxvii. You can bring up some reed-sheaves to me, one by one. 1919 Brit. ManufacturerNov. 35/2 Wideband looms of high •reedspace scarcely require more effort than those for narrower weaving. 1585 Higins tr. Junius' Nomencl. 117 Arundinum oculi, vel bulbi,.. •Reede spier. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1903/1 Two threads of yarn pass between each of the •reed-splits or dents. 1843 Zoologist I. 97 Shell-snails .. covering the lower part of the •reed-stems. 1971 Nature II June 364/2 Here the invasion of •reedswamp from the north and west was incomplete. 197s J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iii. 58 The vegetation.. passes through a variety of stages—reed swamp, carr.. and raised bog. 1830 Tennyson Dying Swan lo Ever the weary wind went on. And took the •reed-tops as it went, a 1835 Mrs. Hemans Elysium, Low •reed-whispers, making sweet reply. 1864 J. A. Grant Walk across Afr. xi. 245 On his arm he carried a •reed-whistle three inches long, but it seemed to be more for ornament than use. 1962 R. P. Jhabvala Get Ready for Battle ii. loi A toyman with toys stuck on the end of a long pole.., blowing on a reed-whistle.

b. Objective or objective genitive, as reedcutter, -drawer, -maker-, reed^buming, -cutting, -drawing, -making, -rustling. 159* Percivall Sp. Diet., Bruscar, to heate a ships side with ‘reede burning. 1829 in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. H. 222 The ‘reed-cutters having even then commenced their operations. 1974 Country Life 3 Oct. 922/1 In winter, .the reed cutters took the harvest that served for thatch all over Britain. 1973 R. Adams Watership Down xxxiii. 260 The ‘boat’ was a miniature punt, used for ‘reed-cutting. 1891 'T. Hardy Test xliii, Noted ‘reed-drawers were they too. 1874 Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vi. 74 Oak seized the cut

REED ends of the sheaves, as if he were going to engage in the operation of ‘‘reed-drawing’. 1891 T. Hardy Tess xliii, Reed-drawing is fearful hard work. 1946 N. Wymer Eng. Country Crests v. 50 The preparation of the straw— variously known as yelming, reed-drawing, or gabbling— consists of removing all unsuitable pieces and arranging the strands level. 1639 Canterb. Marriage Licences (MS.), Peter Beiseu of All Saints’, Canterbury, ‘reedmaker. 1885 Census Instruct. 43 Reed Maker. 1854 Mrs. Gaskell North & S. xii, I shall be glad to procure her admission to print-works, or *reed-making. 1884 Blakelee Industr. Cycl. 342/1 marg., Reed-making Machine. 1797 Southey Comm.-pl. Bk. (1851) IV. 45 The *reed-rustling breeze.

c. Instrumental and parasynthetic, as reedbordered^ -bottomed^ capped^ -choked^ -clad, -compacted, -crowned, -encumbered, -fringed, -grown, -roofed, -stemmed, -throated. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. i?e/ormer (1891) 192 A ‘reedbordered lagoon. 1835 C. Mathews Let. 7 Feb. in A. Mathews Mem. Charles Mathews (1839) IV. 343 Then behold six ‘reed-bottomed, ragged, ricketty chairs. 1977 Early Music ]u\y 342/2 A rauschpfeife, a relatively easy (i.e. non-embouchure) instrument, presumably derived from a ‘reed-capped bagpipe chanter. 1952 V. Canning House of Seven Flies viii. 125 The narrow, ‘reed-choked mouth of an old cut. 1850 R. G. Gumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902) 63/2 The ‘reed-clad margin of the western branch of the stream. 1777 Potter JEschylus, Prom. Bd. 36 Hoarse sounds the ‘reed-compacted pipe, a 1608 Sylvester Hymn to St. Lewis 181 This River makes the ‘Reed crown’d banks to kiss, By th’ arched favour of a Bridge. 1744 Mason Musaeus 32 His reed-crown’d locks shall shake, a 1835 Mrs. Hemans Last Constantine iv, The shore Of the reed-crown’d Eurotas. 1892 W. B. Yeats Countess Kathleen iii. 55 Leave marshes and the ‘reed-encumbered pools. 1906 A. B. Cooper FloodTides 4 By wold and wilderness, by ‘reed-fring’d lake. 1952 V. Canning House of Seven Flies viii. 124 Flat, reed-fringed islands. 1887 Westm. Rev. June 338 These semi-stagnant, ‘reed-grown meres. ri820 S. Rogers Italy (1839) 167 A ‘reed-roofed cabin by a river-side. 1942 W. Faulkner Go down, Moses 266 She held a ‘reed-stemmed clay pipe but she was not smoking it. 1914 W. B. Yeats Responsibilities 76 From that ‘reed-throated whisperer Who comes at need.

14. Special combs., as reed-babbler, the reedwarbler; reed back, the wooden bars of a weaving-reed; reed bat = reed legget below; t reed-beere, a reed-bed; reed bent-grass, small reed, Calamagrostis\ reed-buck, the rietbok, or other antelope frequenting reeds; reed canary-grass, canary-reed, Phalaris arundinacea; reed fescue, slender wheat-grass, Festuca sylvatica-, reed-flush (see quot.); reedhorn, (a) a fog-horn in which the sound is produced by a current of air blowing on a reed (sense 8 c); {b) slang, a saxophone; reed-knife, a knife-like instrument used in tuning a reedorgan; reed legget = legget; reed-machine, a machine for making weaving-reeds; reed-man, (n) a player of a reed instrument; (jb) one who works with reeds; reed-mark (see quots.); reed-marked a., of cloth, having the warp threads lying unevenly; reed meadow-grass, a tall coarse grass, Poa or Glyceria aquatica-, reed moth, a European moth, Macrogaster arundinis; reed-organ, a musical instrument of the organ type in which the sounds are produced by means of reeds; reed-pheasant, the bearded titmouse; reed-plane, a reeding-plane (Knight 1875); reed-press, a press for straw which is to be made into reed; reed-rand (or -rond) (see quots.); reed relay Electr., a small, high-speed, switching device consisting of a pair of contacts, enclosed in a glass tube, which can be brought together by an external magnetic field; reed-roll (see quot.); f reed sedge, ? reeds; reed-stop, an organ-stop composed of reed-pipes; reed-thrush = reed-warbler b; reed-tree (see calamodendron); reed voice, a reedy or squeaking voice; f reed-yard, a sceptre of reed. Also REED-BED, -BIRD, etc. 1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 191 The Sedge Babbler..is also a common summer visitant in Britain, more generally distributed than the ‘Reed Babbler {Sylvia arundinacea). 1895 • Reed back [see reed-machine below]. 1969 ‘Reed bat [see legget]. 1585 Higins Junius' Nomencl. 388/1 Arundinetum,.. a place where reedes grow: a ‘reedebeere. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 179 Horses feed with avidity and thrive to fatness on the agrostis arundinacea, or ‘reed bent-grass, i860 Darlington Amer. Weeds, etc. 376 Calamagrostis. Reed Bent-Grass. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 79/2 The reitbok.. or ‘reedbuck, so called from its habit of frequenting the reedy banks and beds of dry water-courses. 1893 Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 160 A reed-buck, with a fine head, jumped out of the long grass. 1759 B. Stillingfl. Misc. Tracts (1791) 182 The ‘reed canary grass serves for thatching houses, i860 Darlington Amer. Weeds, etc. 400 P. arundinacea. .Reed-\ike Phalaris. Reed Canary Grass. 1859 Miss Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges 103 ‘Reed Fescue, .. its stem is from 2-4 feet high .. the leaves are long, and of somewhat yellowish green. 1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 490/2 Reeds are generally struck on the panel in the direction of the grain, and laid in on the panel across it, or along the ends; this is terrned ‘reed-flush. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 266/2 At the Trinity House experiments with fog signals at St. Catherine’s (1901) several types of ‘reed-horn were experimented with. 1936 Metronome Feb. 61^ Reed horn, sax. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 339/2 An organ is tuned by means of hollow cones and ‘reed-knives. 1961 Thatcher's Craft (Rural Industries Bureau) vii. 205/1 {caption) Norfolk ‘reed leggett used for dressing reed into position. 1895 R. Marsden Cotton Weaving iv. 106 The

REEDER

444 ‘reed machine is furnished with the parts of the machine termed the reed back, composed of two strips of wood each for the top and bottom. 1872 ‘Reed-man [see brass-man s.v. BRASS sb. 6]. 1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn i. v. 47 There was the band playing ‘Home, Sweet Home’ as a onestep with the reed man getting into clear and going absolutely wild on a clarinet. 1951 Wallace & BagnallOakley Norfolk vii. 84 The old villages.. began as trading places for the eel-fishers, the reed-men and the smugglers from the sea. 1977 New Yorker 6 June 128/2 It consists of eleven Laurence studio performances (about forty minutes in all), backed by two reedmen (Paul Quinichette or the late Bobby Jaspar) and two rhythm sections. 1931 E. Midgley Techn. Terms Textile Trade I. 261 *Reed marks, a type of defect in woven fabrics due to the warp threads running in ‘twos’ or ‘threes’. 1961 Blackshaw & Brightman Diet. Dyeing 145 Reed marks, marks or streaks running the warp of a cloth and caused by defects in the functioning of the reed during weaving. 1894 T. W. Fox Mechanism of Weaving iii. 37 Sometimes warp threads are allowed to run in pairs throughout the piece without being looked upon as a serious defect; such material is said to be ‘reed-marked, or without cover. 1842 R. Parnell Grasses Scot. loi Poa aquatica. ‘Reed Meadow-Grass. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade s.v. Melodeon, Seraphine, harmoneon, ‘reed-organ, &c. are names for essentially the same instrument. 1879 A. J. Hipkins in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 667 Of late the name Reed-Organ has been used to express both the harmonium and the American organ. 1831 Rennie Montagu's Ornith. Diet. 26 Bearded Tit.—‘Reed Pheasant. 1848 Zoologist VI. 2186 The bearded titmouse is the ‘reed pheasant’, and indeed with its long graduated tail it is not unlike a miniature pheasant. 1891 T. Hardy Tess xliii, There had already been placed in the ‘reed-press.. as many sheaves of wheat as would be sufficient for the women to draw from during the day. 1840 Spurdens Suppl. Forby s.v. Rand, A ‘reed-rand, on our rivers and broads is a margin overgrown with reeds. 1865 Kingsley Herew. Prel., Long lines of reed-rond, emerald in spring. 1947 Electr. Engin. LXVI. 1104 {heading) Glass enclosed ‘reed relay. 1966 Times 16 Dec. 11/6 The key component in the Ambergate exchange is a miniature reed relay. 1975 Fink & McKenzie Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xxiii. 41 Figure 23-46 shows the reed relay, combining small size and high reliability. A magnetic field induced by an external coil follows the path of the encapsulated contact arm, causing a force to pull the two arms together. 01825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, * Reed-roll, a thicket of reeds on the borders or shallow parts of a river. a 1490 Botoner Itin. (Nasmith, 1778) 288 Shevys de ‘reede segge. 1727 Boyer Diet. Royal II, ‘Reed-stop of an Organ, an^e d'orgue. 1811 Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v. Reed, Those stops of an organ which consist of pipes so furnished are called Reed Stops. 1871 Hiles Diet. Mus. T., Hautboyclarion, a 2 ft. reed stop in an organ. 1871-4 Newton YarrelVs Brit. Birds I. 365 There seems no reason to doubt their having been specimens of the Great Reed-Warbler or ‘Reed-Thrush, to use its oldest English name. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iii. iv. 67 Ile..speake betweene the change of man and boy. With a ‘reede voyce. a 1240 Wohunge in Cott. Horn. 281 Si6en 3ette buffetet and to dunet i pt heaued wifi pe ‘red 3erde.

reed-bed. [reed

A bed or growth of reeds. (Common in recent use.)

c 1000 .®LFRIC Exod. ii. 3 Heo.. asette hyne on anum hreodbedde be p$s flodes ofre. 1483 Cath. Angl. 302/1 Rede bede, arundinetum, cannetum. 1732 Ainsworth Lat. Diet. I. s.v. Reed, A reed bed, bank, or plot, arundinetum. 1843 Zoologist I. 97 The reed-beds on the banks of the Thames. 1897 E. CONYBEARE Hist. Cambridgesh. 5 The Great Copper butterfly.. no longer brightens the reed-beds.

reed-bird, [reed 1. A bird which frequents reeds, rare-'. 1648 Hexham, Een riet-meese, a Reede-bird like a Tit¬ mouse.

2. Spec. a. A North American singing-bird, Dolichonyx oryzivorus; the bobolink or rice¬ bunting. Also attrib. 1795 W. Priest Trav. U.S. (1802) 90 A wonderful variety of small birds, among which, the reed bird, or American ortolan, justly holds the first place. 1810 Wilson Amer. Ornith. II. 48 Rice Bunting, Emberiza oryzivora... This is the Boblink of the eastern and northern states, and the Rice and Reed-bird of Pennsylvania and the southern states. 1893 Leland Mem. I. 55 The reed-bird, which is quite as good as the ortolan of Italy. Ibid. 57 Then we all had reedbird suppers or lunches. b. (a) The reed-warbler; (6) the sedge-

warbler. 1848 Zoologist VI. 2186 The sedge warbler is the ‘reedbird’. 1871-4 Newton YarrelVs Brit. Birds I. 370 Its partiality for reeds.. make[s] the names of Reed-bird or Reed-Wren, by which it is commonly known, sufficiently applicable.

reed-bunting, [reed sb.^] The reed-sparrow {Emberiza schceniclus). 1785 Pennant Arct. Zool. II. 368 Reed B[unting]. 1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 198 The Reed Bunting.. has a black head and gorget, and white ring round the neck. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man ii. xiii. II. 95 In the spring the feathers on the head of the male reed-bunting.. acquire a fine black colour.

reede, obs. f. read v., red a., rede sb} and v. reeded (’riidid), ppL a. [f. reed v. and 1. Overgrown with reeds. 1876 Grosart Introd. A. Wilson's Poems I. p. xli, He journeyed—gun in hand—in forest, brushwood, reeded swamp. 1891 E. R. Pennell Stream Pleas. 65 The campers pitch their tents on the reeded islands.

2. Thatched with reed. 1778 J. Bampfylde Sixteen Sonnets 16 Counting the frequent drop from reeded eaves. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad v. 263 Grassy fences.. That glittering hang the reeded eaves beneath. 1848 Lytton Harold i. iv, Blunt, cone-headed turrets.. rose often from the low, thatched and reeded roofs.

3. Ornamented with reed-moulding.

reed (ri:d), sb.^ Mining. [Of obscure origin.] a. The split or fracture in a coal seam at right angles to the bedding; the cleat, b. The parting between strata. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 962 The lamellae (reed of the coal) are always parallel to the bed or plane on which the coal rests. Ibid. 974 It is often divided and intersected, with its concomitant strata, by what are named partings, backs, cutters, reeds, or ends. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining.

reed (ri:d), v. [f. reed s6.'] 1. trans. To thatch with reed. Chiefly pass. (cf. REEDED ppl. a. 2.) C1440 Promp. Parv. 426/2 Redyn’ howsys, arundino, calamo. 1538 Leland Itin. (1768) III. 125 The Abbay Chirch and Paroch Chirch [being] then be chaunce readid or thatchid. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) iii Where houses be reeded .. now pare off the mosse.

2. To make (straw) into reed. (See reed s(>.' 2C.) 1817-18 CoBBETT Resid. U.S. (1822) 339 If this straw be reeded, as they do it in the counties of Dorset and Devon, it will last thirty years. Ibid. 341 Only think of the expense of drawing or of reeding straw in England!

3. To fashion into, or decorate with, reeds; to furnish with a reed-moulding.

(See reed sb.^

12.) 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 161 When a piece of wood is formed into two or more semi-cylinders, touching each other.. the piece of wood is said to be reeded. 1848 B. Webb Cont. Ecclesiol. 42 Two of the pillars are reeded.. in opposite directions. 1890 Athenaeum 9 Aug. 199/1 The chalice..has a mullet-shaped base, reeded vertically.

4. Weaving. To pass (warp threads) through the splits of a reed. 1894 T. W. Fox Mechanism of Weaving ii. 17 It will be noticed that the threads from shaft 4 are reeded two in a dent, and those from the remaining shafts three in a dent. 1957 Textile Terms ^ Definitions (Textile Inst.) (ed. 3) 79 Reed, v., to draw ends through a reed (local, to sley, to bob the reed or to enter the reed).

reed, var. read sb.'\ obs. f. read v., red a., rede sb.^ and ti.; obs. var. rood. t'reedal, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. reed sb.^ + -al‘.] a. adj. Of the nature of a reed. b. sb. device of this kind.

A

1728 North Mem. Music (1846) 26, I guess it was voiced either by the lipps, as a cornett, or else by some reedall. Ibid. 37 The tibia were pipes that sounded by a reedall device like those affixed to bagpipes.

1829 H. Foote Compan. to Theatre 36 The upper circle and tiers, including both the slips and lower gallery, are each supported in part by 14 slender shafts, reeded, of iron. 1833 J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 80 When the [sword] blade.. is required to have a reeded back or some similar sort of ornament. 1858 Ecclesiologist XIX. 165 Circular shafts, with reeded caps. 1889 Pater G. de Latour {iSg6) 79 Frames of reeded ebony or jewelled filigree. 1935 Archit. Rev. LXXVIII. 33 The window is glazed with reeded glass. 1952 [see agba], 1978 R. Rendell Sleeping Life ii. 14 No one came when they rang the bell on the neighbouring front door, a far more trendy and ambitious affair of wrought iron and reeded glass.

4. Furnished with musical reeds. C1865 Wylde's Circ. Sc. I. 284/1 The usual mode of forming reeded and tongued instruments.

5. Of wood: having a specified kind of reed. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 972 A quantity of well-seasoned and clean reeded deal is required for forming the joints.

6. fig. 1926 T. E. Lawrence Seven Pillars (1935) Ixxxix. 495, I knew that Sherif Abd el Main should be still at Shobek, so rode boldly up the silent street in the reeded starlight, which played with the white icicles.

reedel, obs. form of riddle yi>.' reeden ('ri:d(3)n), a.

Now rare. Also 6-7 readen. [f. reed sb.^ -I- -en*.] 1. Made or consisting of reed; reed-like. 1382 Wyclif 2 Kings xviii. 21 Whether hopist thou in the reeden [L. arundineo] staf and broken. 1586 Bright Melanch. Pref., Philosophie.. is but a readen staflfe to beare up so heauy a burthen. 1597 Gerarde Herbal I. iii. 4 A long slender reeden stalke. 1611 Coryat Crudities 262 The women of Venice .. put on a readen hat, without any crowne at all. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 385 Thro’ reeden Pipes convey the Golden Flood. 1817 Sporting Mag. L. 25 The thresher in his shirt and reeden fillet.

t2. = REEDY I. Obs. rare-'. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 487 Whanne pey were unnepes i-passed a reden marys.

reeder ('ri:d3(r)). Also

5 redare, 6 reider. [f. REED V. and sb.' + -er'.] 1. One who thatches with reeds, a thatcher. }Obs. r 1440 Promp. Parv. ^26/2 Redare, of howsys, calamator, arundinarius, cannarius. 1552 Huloet, Reider of houses or thacker, arundinarius. 1610 in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1898) XIII. 524 Thatcher, Reeder, or Fleeker vii d.

2. A thatched frame used to protect blocks or tiles of china-clay from rain. 1880 Spons’ Encycl. Manuf. I. 637 The blocks [of chinaclay] are then collected, and piled away in sheds, under a number of thatched gates or ’reeders’.

REED-GRASS

1578 Lyte Dodoens iv. Iv. 515 Rede grasse hath long narrow leaues.. with a sharpe crest or backe, raysed vp. 1505 Higins tr. Junius' Nomencl. 120 Butomum,.. reedgrasse, or oxbane. 1611 Cotgr., Roseau des estangs, reed-grass^the Burre Reed. 1743 James Med. Diet. s.v. ArundOy The Gramen Arundinaceum, Reed Grass, eriumerated amongst the Reeds by Dale, agrees in Virtues with the common Reed. 1777 Lightfoot FI. Scot. I. 107 Arundo arenaria. Sea Reed Grass. 1813 H. Davies Welsh Botanol. i. 12 Arundo colorata, Canary Reed-grass.

2. The name of various American grasses. saltreed-^ass, a tall stout grass {Spartina polystachya) of the Atlantic coast. stncill Teod^grasSy a species of Calamagrostis. sweet or wood reed^grassy the tall sweetscented grasses Cinna arundinacea or C. pendula. 1756 P. BROWNE>matca 341 The Mountain Reed-Grass. I found this curious little plant at Cold Spring. 1846-50 A. Wood Class-bk. Bot. 601 Calamagrostis canadensis, Reed Grass, Blue-joint.

t re-edificate, pa. pple. Obs. rare-\ [See reedify and EDIFICATE.] Rebuilt. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 79 That cite [Chester], somme tyme destroyede by men of Northumbrelonde, but reedificate by Elfleda, lady of the marches.

re-edifi*cation. [a. OF, reedification (14th c.) or med.L. reaedtfiedtidn-em, n. of action f. reaedifiedre to re-edify.] The action of rebuilding or the state of being rebuilt. Now rare or Ohs. *473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 94/2 The reparations and reedifications of the houses.. within the Toune. 1538 Leland Itin. {1768) III. 125 The Toun was compellid to help to the Reedification of it. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 534 That rich and renowned Citie .. after her reedification to be debased into so low., an estate. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. in. xxxiii. 202 The re-edification of the walls and houses of Jerusalem. 1726 Dart {title-p.) The History..of the Cathedral Church of Canterbury,.. Containing, An Account of its First Establishment, Building, Re-edifications [etc.]. 1796 Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 134, I have begun the demolition of my house, and hope to get through its re-edification in the course of the summer. 1815 Wraxall Hist. Mem. I. 68 Its re-edification .. and improvement in every sense, occupied his capacious mind.

re-'edifier. [re- 5 a; or f. next + -er^.] who rebuilds, a rebuilder. Now rare.

REED-STERNBERG

445

reed-grass, [reed si.*] 1. A name given to various reed-like grasses, as the bur-reed, bent, reed bent-grass, etc.

One

1538 Lel,and Itin. (1769) IV. 8 He thinketh that the Vaulx were Reedifiers of it. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. (i6i8) 24 An old opinion.. that Charlemaine was the reedifier of their citie. 1675 Sherburne Sphere Manilius 66 [Philippi] afterwards renamed from Philip.. its Reedifier. 1767 S. Paterson Another Trav. I. 425 Re-edifiers of fallen temples! and quickeners of dead laurels! 1832-4 De Quincey Csesars Wks. 1862 IX. 35 She looked up to him .. as the re-edifier of her husband’s honours.

re-edify (rii'edifai), Forms: see edify. A1so]3. 5-6 redifye, 6 redyfy, 6-7 redefy. [ad. OF. reedifier (and redifier) = Sp., Pg. reedificar, It. riedificare:—late L. reaedifiedre to rebuild, f. reRE- + sedifiedre to EDIFY.] 1. trans. To rebuild (a house, or other building, a wall, city, street, etc.). 1420-22 Lydg. Thebes ii. (Laud MS.) If. 26 J>is olde Neemie Gat hym licence to reedifie The walles newe of lerusalem. 1485 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 313/2 Your Besecher.. myght not be suffred to reedifie and make ageyn the said two Forges. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge n. 641 This noble duchesse.. Reedified Chestre and fortified it full ryght. *594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol., Chancerie §85 They yet doe deny and refuse .. to repaire and reedify the said tenements and premisses. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. ■zb'j The Langleys.. did either found or reedifie this Church. 1688 Evelyn Diary 23 Aug., Northampton, having ben lately burnt and re-edified. 1722 De Foe Plague (1756) 109 To beautify the City, and re-edify the Buildings. 1775 Chandler Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 241 Hadrian is said to have reedified and named it Hadrianopolis. 1818 Mills Hist. Crusades (1822) I. i. 4 The impious and vain attempt of the Emperor Julian to re-edify the walls of the holy city. 1894 Baring-Gould Deserts S. France II. 103 Men began everywhere to erect churches, and re-edify those that were ruinous. absol. 1608 Topsell Serpents (1658) 706 If it happen at any time that a house be burned,.. when the people come to re-edifie, they can very hardly displant their number. j3. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 173 This Cambises wolde not suffre the temple to be redifiede in his tyme. C1475 Partenay 3700 Which church he shall welle redyfy. 1545 JOYE Exp. Dan. vi. Lv, For y® walls of Jerusalem & temple to be redified. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 755 Edmond Shaw.. of his awne costs redefied Cripplegate.

fb. To rebuild (a ship). Obs. rare~^. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 315 All these ships Queen Elizabeth hath either wholy built upon the stockes, or newly reedified upon the olde moaldes.

2. fig. To rebuild, restore, re-establish. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 43 This publike weale, which beyng subuerted,.. I haue reedified. 1592 Daniel Compl. Rosamond Wks. (1717) 62 Thy favourable Lines Re-edified the Wreck of my Decays. 1603 Drayton Bar. Wars i. xxiii, Re-edify’d king Arthur’s ancient Boord. a 1652 Brome Netv Acad. IV. ii. Wks. 1873 II. 79 The least syllable of your fair testimony, is able to re-edifie the ruines of a decayed commendation. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. xiv. (1869) 289 My public and private hopes have been left a ruin,.. I would wish them to be re-edified.

3. transf. To build up again physically. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 479 As the gastralgia subsides the patient must be re-edified in the usual way.

Hence re-'edified, ppl. a. 1600 J. PoRY tr. Leo's Africa iii. 197 The inhabitants of this reedified towne are Moores. 1633 ^P. Hall Hard Texts, O. T. 562 There shall be holy service performed to my name, in the re-edified Temple.

re-edifying (rii'sdifanij), vbl. sb. [f. prec. + -ingL] The action of the vb. re-edify in various senses. 1481 Caxton Godfrey vii. 27 For the reedefyeng of this holy werke. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 8 (title) An act for reedifiying of voide groundes in the citie of Norwich. 1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Fam. Love 26 The redyfiyng of the Church by Christ is prophecied. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 11 Vpon the reedifying of Corinth it [Delos] was held by the Athenians. 1668 Lond. Gaz. No. 245/1 Great care is taken for the speedy re-edifying of the late ruined Palace here. *747 Carte Hist. Eng. I. 329 He readily swallowed all pretences of dreams for the re-edifying of monasteries. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. i. 194 The re-edifying of churches and monasteries on a larger.. scale.

reedling ('riidliij). [f. reed sb.^ + -ling.] 1. The bearded titmouse, Panurus biarmicus. Also called bearded reedling. 1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 198 There is only one known species, the Bearded Reedling.., extensively diffused over Europe and Asia, and not rare in some parts of Britain. 1871-4 Newton Yarrell's Brit. Birds I. 522 Reedling, used for it by several authors, would certainly be preferable to Titmouse, had not some of the aquatic warblers been also so called. 1896 Daily News 28 Nov. 3/6 Bearded tit, reedling or reed pheasant. 2. A reed-bed. 1830 J. D. Hoy in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 329 The very young shell-snails of different kinds which are numerous in the bottom of the reedlings.

reedloker, compar. redly adv.^ Obs. reed-mace, [reed sb.^l a. An aquatic plant, Typha latifolia, common on the margins of

reediness (’riidinis). [f, reedy a. + -ness.] The

ponds and lakes, having long ensiform leaves

state or quality of being reedy, in various senses of the adj.

and tall stems, the latter terminated by dense

1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 365 The straw of the former kind is strong and inclined to reediness. 1869 Sir E. Reed Shipbuild. win. 397 To try. .the quality of the iron and to develope indications of any reediness, or looseness of structure it may possess. 1888 Sci. Amer. 30 June 402/3 The Liszt organ.. possesses great freedom from reediness in sound. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 16 May 2/1 There is a harshness, a reediness about it, and sometimes an absence of modulation. 1931 E. Midgley Techn. Terms Textile Trade I. 20 The warp threads.. must lie in the cloth an equal distance apart, or a defect known as ‘reediness’ is created.

(Also called caCs-tail or cat-tail, and bulrush.) b.

t reeding, sb. Obs. (See quot. and reading sb.^) 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 348/2 Reedings.. [is] House¬ wives Cloth made of Hemp or Flax.

reeding ('riidii]), vbl. sb. [f. reed v. + -ingL] 1. The action of the verb in various senses. C1440 Promp. Parv. 427/1 Redynge, of howsys. Arundinacio. 1710 Hilman Tusser Rediv. No. 5. 5 Reeding is no where so well done as in Norfolk and Suffolk... [It] will bear a better Slope than any other Thatch. 1885 Harper's Mag. July 256/1 Reeding and harnessing are subsidiary processes in putting the warp in proper shape on the loom.

2. a. A small semicylindrical moulding (cf. iZ).* 12); ornamentation of this form.

REED

1815 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 173 Several beads placed together, or sunk in a flat face, are called reedings. 1854 F. Reinnel Carpenters' Compan. 50 When reeding is introduced on flat surfaces, there should always be an odd number. 1862 Rawlinson Anc. Mon. I. ii. vi. 362 The plaster of which they are composed is formed into sets of half pillars or reedings.

b. The milling on the edge of coins. (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875.) 3. Comb, reeding-plane, a plane used for making reeds in wood. 1825 Jamieson Suppl. 1829 Elmes Metrop. Improv. 22 Wood scored by a carpenter’s reeding plane.

cylindrical spikes of small

brownish flowers.

The smaller species, Typha angustifolia. The two species are sometimes distinguished as greater (or broad-leaved) and lesser reed-mace. 1548 Turner Names Herbes (E.D.S.) 79 Typha groweth in fennes and water sydes among the reedes.,. It is called in englishe cattes tayle, or a Reedmace. 1562-Herbal ii. 159 b, It maye be.. called rede mace, because boyes vse it in theyr handes in the stede of a mace. 1578 Lyte Dodoens iv. liii. 513 Turner calleth it in Englishe, Reede Mace, and Cattes tayle. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. ii. iv. §3. 73. 1691 Ray Creation i. (1692) 100 The number of seeds produced at once in some one Plant, as for example Reed-mace.. may amount to a Million. 1777 Forster Voy. round World 1. 217 The seams between them are caulked with the downy or woolly substance of the reed-mace. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxviii. 431 The greater, or broad-leaved Cat’s-tail, otherwise called Reed-mace. 1817 J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 116 There was a considerable quantity of the down of reedmace, (Typha palustris). 1842 W. R. Wade Journey N. Zealand (Morris), The raupo, the reed-mace of New Zealand, always grows in swampy ground. 1884 Jefferies Red Deer ix. 176 By the shore flourishes the tall reed-mace (so rarely distinguished from the lesser bulrush).

reedmergnerite (riid'maignarait). quot.

1954 and

-ite*.]

Min.

[See

A colourless triclinic

silicate of sodium and boron, NaBSi30g. 1954 C. Milton et al. in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXV. 1286 Cores and cuttings from the Green River formation in Utah contain two new minerals, reedmergnerite and eitelite, ..in dolomitic shale. Reedmergnerite..occurs in many wells in Duchesne and Uintah counties as crystals rarely more than i mm long, colorless, triclinic..; habit stubby prismatic... The name honors Frank S. Reed and John L. Mergner, technicians of the Geological Survey. 1974 Amer. Mineralogist LIX. 79/1 This study was undertaken to determine more precisely the bond lengths and angles of danburite.. for comparison with topologically similar paracelsian (BaAl2Si208) and hurlbutite (CaBe2P208) and with structurally similar feldspars: anorthite (CaAl2Si208) ..; albite (NaAlSi308); and reedmergnerite (NaBSi308).

t'reedish, a. Obs. rare. [f. reed sb,^ + -ishL] Of the nature of a reed. 1628 Gaule Pract. The. (1629) 233 His Hand mildly swayes the Reedish Scepter. 1652 - Magastrom. 108 What reedish, nay strawy, suppositors doe they stand upon?

re-'edit, v.

Also 9 -edite. [re- 5 a.] trans. To edit again. Hence re-’editing vbl. sb. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 91 Some progress will be made in re-editing a German edition of a forgotten classic. 1807 Southey Spec. Eng. Poets I. p. vii. When Dr. Aikin began to re-edite Johnson’s collection [of the poets]. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. 42 A book like the history of the French Academy.. which M. Charles Livet has lately re-edited. 1898 Daily News 23 Sept. 4/6 The re-editing of liturgical forms upon simpler and more Scriptural lines. 1953 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing ii. 168 The picture and words were slightly re-edited to fit in with the music. 1975 Listener 21 Aug. 242/2 Not as sev£rely compromised by studio reediting and reshooting as some of his earlier films had been.

re-e'dition, sb. [re- 5 a.] A second edition; a reediting. 1655 Fuller Wounded Consc., etc. (1867) 278 Gerard himself.. must have been forced to a re-edition of his Herbal. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. i. 30 Before this re-edition of Quintilian appear’d. 1876 Furnivall in Thynne's Emblems (E.E.T.S.) p. v. note, This re-edition is more than four times the size of our ist edition. 1881 E. Fitzgerald Lett. (1889) I. 464 To re-edit his Works, which did not want any such re-edition.

t re-e'dition, ZJ. Obs. rare, [re-5 a.] trans. To issue again. Hence fre-e'ditioning vbl. sb. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. To Rdr. 44 Mr. Beomet’s History of the Primitive usage of Forms of Prayers, reedition’d at Cambridge, 1707. Ibid. III. i. 30 ’Tis impossible to imagine any necessity there was of reeditioning of it.

reedle, obs, form of riddle sb.^ 'reedless, a.

rare~^. Destitute of reeds.

[f. reed sb.^ +

a 1300 E.E. Psalter xliv. 2 Mi tunge rede-pipe [L. calamus) mot.. be Writer of swiftli writande.

2. A musical pipe made of reed. 1648 Hexham, Een riet-pijpe, a Reede-pipe. 1801 Strutt Sports Past. ill. v. 177, I saw three itinerant musicians.. One of them turned the winch of an organ .., another blew a reed-pipe. 1885 tr. Schurer's Hist. Jew. People I. 272 Reedpipes were introduced into the choir on the high festivals.

3. An organ-pipe fitted with a reed. 1727-41 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Organ, The degree of acuteness and gravity in the sound of a reed-pipe, depends on the length of the tongue. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 493/r The bells of all reed-pipes should be as large as their places in the organ will admit of. 1881 Broadhouse Mus. Acoustics 172 The reed pipes of organs and the vibrators of harmoniums produce their tones in the same way.

reed-sparrow, [reed sb.^] a. A common British bird, Emberiza schoeniclus, frequenting reedy places. Also called REED-BUNTING, b. The sedge-warbler. The two were formerly sometimes distinguished as (a) greater and (b) lesser reed-sparrow. The former is not a song-bird (cf. quot. 1802). 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wiilcker 702 Hie palustris, a redesparowe. 1658 Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 1088 Larks, Gnat-snappers, Reed-sparrows, and many other birds,.. do feed on the Worms of trees and herbs. 1676 Willughby Ornith. ll. 99 The lesser Reed-sparrow. Ibid., The greater Reed-sparrow. 1752 J. Hill Hist. Anim. 501 The Reed-sparrow. The Fringilla, with a black head, brown at the sides and with a white ring. 1769 G. White Selborne xxiv. The person that shot it says that it sung so like a reedsparrow that he took it for one. 1802 Montagu Ornith. Diet. (1831) 416 There can be no doubt.. that the nest, as well as the song of the sedge bird, have been taken.. for those of the Reed Sparrow. 1884 Public Opin. 5 Sept. 299/1 Here a reedsparrow, deep-nested and brown, and there a snipe darting away.

-less.]

1628 May Virg. Georg, iv. 134 Youths, that tomb’d before their parents were; Whom foule Cocytus’ reedlesse bankes enclose.

reedles(se, varr. redeless a. Obs.

reed-pipe, [reed 56.^] 11. A reed-pen. Obs. rare-K

Reed-Sternberg (ri;d 'stainbaig). Path. [The names of Dorothy M. Reed (1874-1964), U.S. pathologist, and C. Sternberg (1872-1934), Austrian pathologist, who described the cell in 1902 and 1898 respectively.] Reed-Stemberg

446

RE-EDUCATE cell, a binucleate or multinucleate giant cell characteristic of Hodgkin’s disease. [*937 Surg., Gynecol. & Obstetr. LXIV. 466/1 Hodgkin’s disease,.. with its Sternberg Reed cells, fibrosis, necrosis, and eosinophilic infiltration, needs no introduction.] 1947 Jackson & Parker Hodgkin's Dis. & Allied Disorders i. 7 The fact that the Reed-Stemberg cells are frequently scattered, isolated, and often separated widely by cells of other cell types favors an inflammatory process rather than a neoplasm. 1980 Brit. Med.Jrnl. 29 Mar. 903/1 The dermis was infiltrated by lymphocytes,.. mononuclear Hodgkin’s cells, and classical binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To educate again. Now often spec, with the object of changing political beliefs or social behaviour. re-'educate, v.

1808 Mrs. C. Kemble Day after Wedding 7 Then you must re-educate her. 1836 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 322 These tutors, educated in the older system, were unable or unwilling to re-educate themselves for teachers of the new. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 899 Gymnastics are also of advantage in re-educating the nerve centres. 1947 Hansard Commons 15 Dec. 1434 The work of the zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands in re-educating the German people in the spirit of democracy and international understanding. *955 Treatment of Brit. P.O.W.'s in Korea (H.M.S.O.) 4 ‘Re-educating’ the prisoners. The Chinese technique of ‘re-education’ embraced every phase of daily life in the prison camps. 1967 Listener 18 May 653/1 The aim..is to re-educate the prisoner rather than to punish him. 1975 Chinese Econ. Stud. VIII. IV. 3 Chairman Mao teaches us that ‘it is necessary for educated youths to go to the countryside to be reeducated by the poor and lower-middle peasants’. 1976 New Yorker 26 Jan. 110/2 The Chinese considered him sufficiently important to be spared and ‘reeducated’, or brainwashed. 1976 W. H. Cana way Willow-Pattern War\{. 64 Agricultural communes which specialized in re¬ educating professors and other intellectuals as labourers. So re-edu‘cation (also attrib.). 1888 Voice (N.Y.) 2 Feb., A.. Theological Seminary for their re-education. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 578 The re-education of the sense of hearing. 1906 Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians XXI. 724 Re-education is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in producing lasting cures. 1944 J. S. Huxley On Living in Revolution 151 This gang has succeeded in imposing its ideas on a considerable minority of the German people, and.. this constitutes a grave problem of re-education. 1945 ‘G. Orwell’ Animal Farm iii. 26 He formed.. the Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits). 1945 Times 8 May 7/5 It is becoming clear that the ‘re-education’ of Germany by the allies will not be a pious aspiration, but an unavoidable duty. 1951 Koestler Age of Longing ix. 337 You don’t like revolutionary vigilance,.. and discipline, and re-education camps. 1974 N. Freeling Dressing of Diamond 133 A year of physiotherapy.. in a re¬ education centre. 1976 Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xiii. 79, I am once again politically unreliable. I once again face re-education. 1977 Time 9 May 22/1 Also targetted for resettlement are most of the 30,000 political prisoners the regime admits are still interned in ‘re-education’ camps. reed-warbler. [REED^fi.^] a. A common British sylvioid bird, Acrocephalus streperus, frequenting reed-beds. b. A related species, A. arundinaceus (also called reed-thrush and great reedrvoarhler), occasionally seen in Britain. 1802 Montagu Ornith. Diet. (1831) 418 In Wiltshire and Somersetshire, where the sedge warbler is found in abundance.., not a single Reed Warbler is to be found. 1843 H. Doubleday in Zoologist I. 13 A single reed-warbler was shot at a pond close by the town [Epping] in 1835. 1884 Public Opin. 5 Sept. 299/1 The birds essentially of the mere are the sedge warbler, the reed warbler [etc.]. reed-wren, [reed s6.^] The reed-warbler; also

a name of various allied North American birds. 1783 Lightfoot in Phil. Trans. LXXV. 12 As we have already a bird, called in English the Willow-wren; ours, being nearly of the same size and shape, as well as the same genus, may, from its haunts, not improperly be denominated the Reed-wren. 1787 Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. 184 Reed Wren. Size of the Willow Wren. 1802 Montagu Ornith. Diet. (1831) 27 Others have undoubtedly taken the nest of the reed wren for it. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. ii. ix. (ed. 2) 207, I have put the reed wren as doubtful for Guernsey. reedy ('ri:di), a. Also 4 reeddy, 6 redy. [f. reed 36.* -h -Yh] 1. Abounding with, full of, reeds; characterized by the presence of reeds. 1382 Wyclif Wisd. iii. 7 As sparcles in reeddy places [L. in arundineto] thei shuln renne hider and thider. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. xc. (Bodl. MS.), Some [frogs] hep icleped calamite for pei wone among reede.. & in reedy places. 1538 Leland Itin. (1769) V. 91 Lesse then a Quarter of a Mile from that Place is a greate redy Poole. 1593 Shaks. Lucr. 1437 To Simois reedie bankes the red bloud ran. 1658 T. Wall Charact. Enemies Ch. 30 Some perillous beast, which out of the cover of their reedy thickets, attends the opportunity of their desired prey. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 482 The adjoining brook.. Now scarcely moving through a reedy pool. 1840 Thirlwall Greece Iv. VII. 103 On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some monuments. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xiv. 357 The Derwent itself, a reedy and somewhat sluggish stream.

2. Made or consisting of reed or reeds; reeden. 01763 Shenstone Elegies x. 31 How must Velino shake his reedy crest! 1794 Southey Poems Slave Trade iv, The o’erwearied slave.. Rests on his reedy couch. 1853 Felton Fam. Lett, xxvii. (1865) 247 A shepherd, who charmed his weary hours.. by playing rustic airs upon his reedy pipe.

3. Resembling a reed or reeds in some respect: a. Weak like a reed.

1628 Feltham Resolves ii. xix. 61 She rests full, in her owne approuement, without the weak Worlds reedy under¬ propping. 1832 Examiner 721/2 He is reedy—he wants strength of character. 1890 G. Meredith Let. 26 Mar. (1970) II. 993 A reedy state of health forbids my going to Dinners.

b. Of Straw or grass: Stiff or coarse like reeds. *743 Ellis Mod. Husbandman Dec. viii. 419 As.. they make good Part of their Rent by the Sale of their Wheat Straw, they are very careful to preserve it as reedy or long as they can. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 5 Apr. an. 1777 Nothwithstanding it was weedy, and the barley-straw reedy, they have eaten it up very clean. 1863 Fr. A. Kemble Resid. Georgia 50 A small bank of mud and sand, covered with reedy coarse grass. 1883 F. M. Peard Contrad. viii, She had pulled a root of reedy grass from the sand.

c. Having the form or texture of a reed. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 140 The leek with crown globose and reedy stem. 1830 LvTTON P. Clifford xxxi, A horse.. of the lengthy, reedy, lank, yet muscular race. 1834 De Quincey in Tail's Mag. I. 797 Carriages of our present light and reedy (almost, one might say, corky) construction. 1842 Louisa S. Costello Pilgr. Auvergne I. 29 The groups of reedy pillars which support the body of the church.

d. (5f iron bars or plates: Having the character of being formed of small rods imperfectly united. 18^ [implied in beediness].

e. Of cloth: having the warp threads unevenly distributed. 1931 E. Midgley Techn. Terms Textile Trade I. 261 Reedy, a term applied to a cloth which shows reed marks.

t4. Partaking of the nature of reed (as being derived from the sugar-cane). Obs.~^ 1658 Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 912 Do not use sugar that is earthly, reedy, and so full of dregs.

5. a. Having a tone resembling that produced by a musical reed. 1811 Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v. Reed, A kind of tongue .. which.. produces a reedy thickness of tone. 1823 Moore Mem. (1853) IV. 79 Ronzi, notwithstanding her thin reedy voice, [is] very charming. 1866 A. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. ii, A good many tones were rough.. and reedy. Comb. 1823 Crabb Technol. Diet., Reedy-toned, an epithet for any voice which.. partakes of the tone of the reed. 1905 Westm. Gaz. i Nov. 1/3 The valley of the reedy-voiced little Ervola.

b. Having a reedy voice. 1855 Dickens Dorrit i. xxxi, A poor little reedy piping old gentleman, like a worn-out bird.

reedyness, variant of rediness Obs. reef (ri:f), sb.^

Forms: 4, 8 riff, 6 ryft, refe, 7reef. PL 8 reeves, 8- reefs. [ME. riff, refe = Du. reef, rif, LG. reef, reff, G. refffriff, reef), Sw. ref, Norw. riv. Da. rev, reb: the ultimate source is ON. rif in the same sense (formally identical with rtf rib, and perh. only a transferred use of that word: cf. next), but the precise manner in which the word passed into the other tongues is obscure. F. ris (12th c., Wace) is app. a pi. form, for *rifs.) 1. Naut. One of the horizontal portions of a sail which may be successively rolled or folded up in order to diminish the extent of canvas exposed to the wind; they are usually three or four in number, and situated at the top of square sails and at the bottom of fore-and-aft sails. Freq. in phr. to take in a reef (also in fig. context). 1390 Gower Conf. III. 341 The wynd was good, the See was plein. Hem nedeth noght a Riff to slake. fri5i5 Cocke Lorell's B. 12 Some y* longe bote dyde launce.. Mayne corse toke in a refe byforce, a 1547 Surrey in Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 28 And so wisely, when lucky gale of winde All thy puft sailes shall fil, loke well about: Take in a ryft. 1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1933/4 Her Main-Sail a Lug Sail with four Reefs at the bottom, and her Fore-Sail three aloft. 1711 W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 115 Reeves to take up part of the Sail as the Wind rises. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. 11. 158 The folding reefs, in plaits inroll’d, they lay. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 328 When tempests plough the deep We take a reef, and to the rocking sleep. 1862 Lond. Rev. 16 Aug. 139 When the morning breaks we [yachtsmen] are beating into Weymouth with two reefs down. transf. 1846 Swell's Night Guide 48 Ruttum turned out a quid as big as a moke’s egg, took a reef in his patter trap. 1884 ‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxxi. 316, I lit out, and shook the reefs out of my hind legs. 1885 Spectator 30 May 715/1 He is wasting away, and is obliged to take in reefs in his waistcoat. 1903 Somerville & ‘Ross’ All on Irish Shore i. 2 ‘I dunno. Master Freddy; it might be ’twas a hare,’ returned Patsey, taking in a hurried reef in the strap that was responsible for the support of his trousers. 1924 E. Pound Let. 3 Dec. (1971) 190 Am also letting out another reef in my long job. Installment of which should soon be inspectable.

2. fa. The act of reefing. Obs. rare-°. *704 J- Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v., This contracting or taking up the Sail, they call a Reef or Reefing the Sail.

b. A mode of reefing. 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay v. We tried a Spanish reef, that is, let the yards come down on the cap.

3. attrib. and Comb., as reef-cringle, -earing-, reef-band (see quot. 1762); reef-hank = reef-point', reef-jig, -jigger, a tackle sometimes used to pull the reef-band taut before tying the points (Cent. Diet. 1891); reef-knot, (a) a knot made in tying the reef-points; (6) a certain form of knot used for this and other purposes; hence reef-knot v. trans., to tie with a reef-knot; reef¬ I

REEF line (see quot. 1769); reef net N. Amer., a type of net used for catching salmon; also attrib.-, hence reef netter, a fisherman who uses a reef net; reef-pendant (see quot.); reef-point, one of a set of short ropes fixed in a line along a reefband to secure the sail when reefed; reef-tackle (see quot. 1769); also attrib. 1762 Falconer Shiptor. ii. 153 note. The •reef-band is a long piece of canvas sewed across the sail, for strengthening it in the place where the reef-holes are made, c i860 H. Stuart Seaman’s Catech. 45 The reef bands and bellybands stretch from leech to leech, for strengthening the sail. 1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 29 Having the head and first •reef cringles.. out. Ibid., Fasten the head and •reef earings to their cringles. 1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys’ Training Ships R. Navy (Admiralty) (1886) 51 Reef-earrings are pieces of rope, in size according to the size of the leech-rope, as when a topsail is reefed the reef-earring, when passed is supposed to bear the same amount of strain as the leechrope. 1888 E. J. Mather Nor’ard of Dogger 162 The fourth hand and myself were getting the reef-earings adrift. 1974 P. Wright Lang. Brit. Industry xv. 148 Over the mainsail came, broke all the reef-ear-rings, an’ then we’d full sail on. 1823 Crabb Technol. Dict.y *Reef-hanks, short pieces of small line sewed at certain distances on the reefs of boomsails. 1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 40 This is sometimes called a •Reef-knot. 1859 All Year Round No. 17. 400 The faces of the men, as they lay along the yard, tying the reef knots. 1974 Maclean's Mag. Nov. lo/i Show the other lads the difference between a reef knot and a granny. 1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships R. Navy (Adrniralty) (1886) 87 For a topgallant sail or royal,.. [a roband-hitch] is .. not clove-hitched, the two nearest robands being •reefknotted together. 1886 J. M. Caulfeild Seamanship Notes 2 Take your boat’s grapnel, and reef-knot it round boat. 176a Falconer Shipwr. ii. 156 The •reef-lines next.. Thro’ eye-lid-holes and roband-legs are reev’d. 17^-Diet. Marine (1789) Hhiv, The courses of large ships are either reefed with points or small cords, which are thence called reef-lines... The line is passed spirally through the eyeletholes of the reef, and over the head of the sail alternately, and .. strained.. tight. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 124 In reefing, the end of the becket is passed under the reef line. 1917 Pacific Fisherman Yearbk. 60 {heading) The Siwash •reef net. Ibid., Reef net fishing was confined to the flood tide. 1970 National Fisherman Feb. 21-B/1 In 1969 there were 63 pairs of reefnet vessels registered in Puget Sound. 1974 B. & R. Hill Spirit in Stone iii. 35 A man whom we will call the ritualist and several assistants are fishing for salmon with a reef net. 1939 Pacific Fisherman June 45/2 With the increase in gear, considerable friction arose between purse seiners and •reef netters. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Reef pendant, a rope..with a tackle attached to its end to bowse the after-leech down to the boom. 1805 Southey Madoc in W. iv. The •reef-points rattled on the shivering sail. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast iv. 8, I was of some service on a yard, and could knot my reef-point as well as anybody. 1750 Blanckley Nav. Ex^s. 129 Reefing.. is done with the •Reef Tackle Pendants, Tyes, and Falls. 1769 Falconer Shipwr. II. 150 note, Reef-tackles are ropes employed to facilitate the operation of reefing, by confining the extremities of the reef close up to the yard. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast v. 10 We had got.. the topsail reef-tackles hauled out. c i860 H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 23 Reeve it through the reeftackle block.

reef (ri:f), sh.'^ Forms: 6 riffe, 6-8 riff, 8- reef. [ = Du, rif (in Kilian also riffe), MLG. rif, ref, G. riff, Sw. ref, Norw. riv. Da. rev {rif), ultimately from ON. rif in the same sense (prob. a transferred use of rif rib: cf. prec.). The immediate source of the Eng. word is prob. Du. or LG.] 1. A narrow ridge or chain of rocks, shingle, or sand, lying at or near the surface of the water. fFormerly also reef of rocks. See also coral reef, barrier-reef s.v. barrier sb. 5, fringing-reef s.v. fringing/>p/. a. 1584 Norman Safegard of Saylers 11 The riffe lyes alongst betweene Bombergen and the holmes west. Ibid, 15 From the northwest corner of Burckum, doth lie a riff of sand. 1695 Phil. Trans. XIX. 35 The Riff or Ridge.. descending a little towards the Eastward. 1742 [Richardson] Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 297 Though Portland stands a League from the main Land of Britain, yet it is almost join’d by a prodigious Riff of Beach, that is to say, of small Stones cast up by the Sea. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. iv. 157 There is also a reef of rocks running off the eastern point of the Island. 1813 Bakewell Introd. Geol. (1815) 88 Islands and reefs of coral rocks are raised from vast depths in the course of a few years. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 585 The league-long roller thundering on the reef. 1868 Miss Braddon Dead Sea Fr. I. i. 2 Leaving it far away across a level waste of reef and sand. 1883 Sir A. Hobhouse in Law Rep. 9 App. Cases 177 A reef of shingle which extends to the right bank of the river. fig. 1875 Longf. Masque Pandora iv, To the reefs of doom he drifts! 1896 Daily News 4 Nov. 7/1 On this reef the hypothesis.. is shattered. transf. 1877 Baring-Gould Myst. Suffering 93 The blackness which was falling reef on reef, over mind and soul.

2. Gold-mining (orig. Austral.), a. A lode or vein of auriferous quartz. 1857 in Occasional Papers Univ. Sydney Austral. Lang. Res. Centre (1966) No. 9. 21 On this gold-field the word reef shall be taken to mean any seam of quartz, the average thickness of which,. shall exceed three (3) feet. 1858 McCombie Hist. Victoria xiv. 213 A party.. discovered gold in the quartz reefs of the Pyrenees. 1873 C. Robinson N.S. Wales 38 Mining and engineering skill, and.. powerful machinery are brought to bear on such reefs. 1939 C. W. Towne Her Majesty Montana 114 Even before the end of placer mining, Butte prospectors had located quartz on a black-stained reef. 1955 Times 9 May 18/3 The total development footage driven was 48,295 ft., and of the 21,085 ft. on basal reef and sampled 12,990 ft., or 62 per cent., proved payable. 1966 ‘J. Hackston’ Father clears Out 16 An offshoot from our old reef provided the quartz.

REEF b. The bed-rock. 1869 R. B, Smyth Gold Fields Victoria Gloss, s.v., The term is ^plied to the up-turned edges of the paleozoic rocks. The reef is composed of slate, sandstone, or mudstone. The bed-rock anywhere is usually called the reef. c. S. Afr.

(With capital initial.) = rand sb."^ I b. Also (usu, with small initial), rock in a mine which is not gold- or diamond-bearing, 1893 T'- Recnert Diamonds & Gold S. Afr. i. 21 The 3nd basalt surrounding the pipes are called Reef. Ibid. 22 In the upper levels of the mines intrusive masses of shale and igneous rock are met with, called Floating Reef. They are destitute of diamonds. Ibid. 28 The encasing rock of the mine (or the ‘Reef, as the diggers called It) being exposed by the removal of the diamondiferous ground, began to disintegrate, and fall into the mine... The reef troubles.. more than once threatened to involve the whole mine in ruin. 1905 L. Phillips Transvaal Probl. ii. 49 Meetings took place along the Reef from Boksburg to Krugersdorp. 1926 S. G. Millin S. Africans 77 The richest road in the world, whose sixty miles run over the gold-mines of the Reef. 1970 W. Smith Gold Mine xvi. 44 Free gold .. rapidly worked its way down .. its journey accelerated by the vibration of the conveyor and bin as mine reef was dropped. 1975 ‘D. Jordan’ Black Account XVII. 89 One of the houses with the Reefs pre-war style of flat roofs and enormous bay windows.

3. Short for reef-sponge (see 4). 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. (ed. 4) 160 The principal varieties [of sponges], in the order of their value, are known as sheep-wool, white reef,.. dark reef.

4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) reef-channel, -ground, -mass, -region, -rock, etc.; reef¬ building, -forming, -making, -streruon adjs.; (senses 2 a, 2 c) reef development, -matter, share, town, value, reef-bass, an American fish; reef-break Surfing (see quot. 1970); reefbuilder, a coelenterate or other marine organism which builds reefs; reef-drive (see quot.); reefeel, an Australian mursenoid eel, as Muraena tessellata {Funk's Stand. Diet. 1895); reef flat, the horizontal upper surface of a reef; reefgoose, the common N. American wild goose, Bernicla canadensis {Cent. Diet. 1891); reefheron, an Australian heron of the genus Demiegretta, as D.jugularis or D. sacra (Funk); reef-knoll, a hillock, usu. of limestone, formed from ancient coral; reef-limestone, limestone which was formed in reefs; reef-oyster, an oyster growing on, or forming, reefs; a coarse oyster {Cent. Diet.)', reef-sponge, a kind of sponge obtained in the West Indies; reef-trout, an American species of lake-trout; reef-wash (see quot.). 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 372 In the Carolinas, Florida, and the Gulf, we meet with the names ‘Bass’, and its variations, ‘Spotted Bass’, ‘Red Bass’, ‘Sea Bass’, ‘*Reef Bass’, and ‘Channel Bass’. 1966, 1968 ‘Reef break [see point break s.v. point sb.^ B. 14]. 1970 Studies in English (Univ. of Cape Town) I. 26 A reef break, surf breaking over a reef, will provide a good, fast ride. 1869 Amer. Naturalist III. 352 We could find no evidence that the *reef-builders at the present time.. are working upon so high a northern line. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. 167 Even within the coral-zone, the distribution of the reefbuilders appears to be singularly capricious. 1972 Sci. Amer. June 54/r The chief animal reef-builders today are the corals, but many other marine invertebrates are important members of the reef community. 1861 J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Ccelent. 193 External conditions which seem favourable .. to the growth of •reef¬ building Corals. 1850 Dana Geol. ii. 40 The reef of New Holland has been instanced as affording an example of one of the larger *reef-channels. 1971 Daily Tel. ii Oct. 17 A limited amount of •reef development in the lower western portion of the mine yielded reasonable values. 1869 R. B. Smyth Gold Fields Victoria Gloss. 619 •Reef-drive—A drive cut or constructed entirely through the bed rock,.. or along the face of the reef, or partly in the reef. 1886 Trans. R. Soc. Edin. XXXII. 557, I.. came upon the coral rock exposed in flat surfaces resembling those of the ordinary •reef-flat. 1931 J. S. Gardiner Coral Reefs & Atolls ii. 35 Such rock masses as are visible on the reef flat do not stand up above the high tide level. 1976 R. C. Selley Introd. Sedimentol. viii. 297 There are three main morphological elements to a reef: the fore-reef, the reef fiat and the backreef. Ibid. 299 Tidal channels, .traverse the reef-flat. 1967 Oceanogr. ^ Marine Biol. V. 330 Tethyan corals include such •reef-forming genera as Stylina, Isastraea, and Thamnastrea. 1850 Dana Geol. ii. 40 The •reef-grounds being in some parts twenty-five miles wide. 1890 R. H. Tiddeman in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. j88g 602 At the foot of these mounds, or •reef-knolls as I would call them, we have in many places a breccia formed of fragments of the limestone. 1969 Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles ix. 211 Extensive sheet reefs, not necessarily primarily organic in origin, as well as reef-knolls are widespread, the reef-knolls occurring on the flanks of massifs. 1893 P. Lake tr. E. Kayser's Textbk. Compar. Geol. iii. 225 In these •reef limestones.. the greater part of the rock is formed not by corals, but by the rock-building algae.. Gyroporella and Diplopora. 1938 M. Black Hatch & RastalVs Petrol. Sedimentary Rocks (ed. 3) viii. 163 The term ‘reef limestone’ has been used in geological literature with varying significance. In this discussion, shelly or structureless, unbedded limestones which show no clear connection with sessile benthonic organisms will be left out of consideration. 1956 W. Edwards in D. L. Linton Sheffield 6 Shirley and Horsfield.. have described the reef-limestones of the northern fringe of the main outcrop near Castleton. 1855 J. Phillips Man. Geol. xvi. 491 The •reef-making madrepores are seldom found below 100 feet. 1876 Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. iii. 68 The •reef-mass formed by their aggregate

REEFER

447 labours. 1896 African Critic 24 Oct. 5^6}2 The mine shows over two and a-half feet of •reef matter. 1872 Dana Corals ii. 129 The cruiser in untried •reef-regions. 1820 Keats Hyperion ii. 306 Sullen waves In the half-glutted hollows of •reef-rocks. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right (1899) 52/1 An agency for the purchase of •reef shares. 1883 W. S. Kent Fisheries Bahamas 45 (Fish. Exh. Publ.) The •reef or glove sponge,.. technically known as Spongia officinalis, var. tubulifera. 1885 Lady Brassey The Trades 311 There were little black balls of reef-sponges. 1961 Times 14 Dec. 17/5 Ice and •reef-strewn channel. 1938 N. Devitt Spell of S. Afr. 1S5 At a military court held in a certain •Reef town, a civilian was charged with murder. 1884 Goode Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 488 About Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan, two varieties [of lake trout] are also recognised, one being.. known as‘•Reef Trout’. 1955 Times 3 May 17/2 *Reef values to the south-west of the fault are expected to be similar to those encountered in the President Brand and Western Holdings mines. 1869 R. B. Smyth Gold Fields Victoria Gloss. 620 ‘Reef-wash—A deposit of washdirt spread over an expanse of flat or undulating reef (i.e., bed¬ rock), or lodged in a hollow in the reef.

reef, sb.^, modernized form of reaf, mantle. 1842 Sir H. Taylor Edwin i. viii, This shaveling’s meagre face, With his mass-hackle and his reef and stole.

reeft northern Sc. form of roof. reef (ri:f), v.^

[f. reef sb.^\ cf. Du. reven. Da. reve, rebe, Sw. refva, Icel. rifa.'\ 1. 1. a. trans. To reduce the extent of (a sail) by taking in or rolling up a part and securing it.

3. intr. (See quot.) 1889 Atlantic Monthly July 115/1 When the driver moves the bit to and fro in his mouth, the effect is to enliven and stimulate the horse... If this motion be performed with an exaggerated movement of the arm, it is called reefing.

II. Comb. reef-topsail, used attrib. to designate a breeze of a strength in which topsails are reefed; also fig. ? Obs. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Yrs. before Mast xxxi. 235 We had a steady ‘reef-topsail breeze’ from the westward. 1849 H. Melville Redburn 1648 By night it was a reef-topsailbreeze. 1909 B. Lubbock Deep Sea Warriors 16 The sailmaker’s reef-topsail voice drowned my question.

reef, [f. reef intr. To work at a (mining) reef. So 'reefing vbl. sb."^’, also attrib. i86i [see quartz sb. 2 b]. 1865 Mining Surveyors' ©* Registrars' Rep. (Dept. Mines, Victoria) Sept. 46 The southern or Gipps Land slope of the Great Dividing Range .. will become one vast reefing district. 1874 A. Bathgate Colonial Experiences viii. 95 Quartz crushing for gold.. gives abundant promise for the future, notwithstanding that the interest of the speculating public has been somewhat shaken in ‘reefing’. 1874 C. Holloway Visit N.Z. 1873-75 I. 121 (typescript). These Block’s [sic] are distant about 20 miles from the rising reefing district of Lyell. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right (1899) 21/2 Patiently sinking, driving, sluicing, or reefing as the case might be. 1906 J. M. Bell in P. Galvin N.Z. Mining Handbk. 5 Reefing is being carried out at a number of places.

reefable ('ri:f3b(3)l), a. [f. reef v.^ + -able.] Capable of being reefed.

1667 Davenant & Dryden Tempest i. i. Up aloft Lads. Come, reef both Top-sails. 1687 B. Randolph Archipelago 103 We hoised our main-saile, with which and our fore-saile (both reeft) we stood in. 1726 Swift Gulliver ii. i, We reeft the Fore-sail and set him. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. ii. 141 Again to reef the main-sail they repair. 1862 Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. XII. 6/1 By this invention, the topsails can be reefed and unreefed from the deck, without sending any one aloft. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 599/2 Mills are exposed to great danger if the sails are not reefed or furled in high winds. absol. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. ii. 12 At ev’ry hatchway, ‘Reef!’ they call again. 1816 ‘Quiz’ Grand Master Pref. 3 He might have call’d them out to reef. 1862 Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. XII. 6/2 Fitted.. with reef lines, &c., in the topsail, to reef in the old plan if required for purposes of exercise.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 26 Oct. 5/1 Instead of having two rigid planes or wings, set one on either side of the body, it has a single transversal span of canvas which is reefable, like that of the sail of a ship.

b. transf. To draw up or gather in, after the manner of reefing. Hence in Criminals’ slang, to pull up (the lining of a pocket) so as to steal the contents; to pick (a pocket); hence, to steal or obtain dishonestly in any fashion; also more gen. to remove, to take or strip off, to pull down.

1748 Anson's Voy. i. vii. 73 We were obliged.. to continue under a reefed mizen till eleven at night. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles i. xxi. The helm.. Gave the reefd sail to meet the wind. 1863 S. R. Graves Yachting Cruise 84 We took in the trysail, and ran under reefed square sail and foresail. 1874 K. H. Digby Temple of Memory iv. 78 The windmills with the reefd-up sails. 1962 Into Orbit 245 Reefed, the condition of a parachute which is not fully deployed, in order to reduce the initial stress.

1836 E. Howard R. Reefer xxx. The clues of my hammock were not reefed. 1887 J. Ashby Sterry Lazy Minstrel (1892) 68 Dear little damsels.. Face the salt spray, reef their petticoats pluckily. 1899 [see leather sb. 2e(a)]. 1901 M. Franklin My Brilliant Career xvii. 142 She was the only one who bothered with a bathing-dress. The rest of us reefed off our clothing. 1903 Farmer & Henley Slang VI. lo/i . (thieves’), to draw up a dress-pocket until the purse is within reach of the fingers. 1926 Variety 29 Dec. 7/4 The cleverest wire who ever reefed an insider would be astonished to hear that a ‘milk man’ was a hambo, who stole more bows than the applause warranted at the finish of his act. 1938 Surg., Gynecol. & Obstetr. LXVI. 200/2 An attempt was made to shorten the quadriceps by reefing the tendon and fastening the aponeurosis of the internal vastus to the patella under tension. 1944 L. Glassop We were Rats xviii. 102 ‘Where’d you get all the smash?’ asked Pat. ‘The Harday organization,’ said Gordon, ‘works fast. I reefed it off a few Parsees like steam.’ 1949-Lucky Palmer xiv. 124 Mugs deserve to have their dough reefed off them. 1953 K. Tennant Condemned xxiii. 223 They vowed it [sc. a magpie] ran squawking to inform on anyone who was reefing down a bit of lightning conductor to make an aerial. 1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 95 Some careful tools reef every score. 1959 Economist 7 Feb. 505/1 Where public servants.. feather their nests when they are not reefing money off honest citizens. 1967 K. Giles Death in Diamonds vi. 104 If I go near the car pool they’ll reef it off me. 1976 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 17 July 24/9 Collins ‘reefed’ his $140 watch from his left hand. 1977 Times 13 July 5/4 As the talent suckers chummy, the wire reefs his leather... A slick pickpocket team has a private language for its dirty work.

c. To feel the genitals of (a person), slang.

coarse

1962 Parker & Allerton Courage of his Convictions i. 33, I enjoyed reefing girls much more than lessons. The girls enjoyed it too. 1972 B. Rodgers Queens' Vernacular loi Cop a feel.. reef (Brit gay sl); take somebody’s pulse.

2. a. To shorten (a topmast) by lowering, or (a bowsprit) by sliding inboard. Also intr. (see quot. 1875). 1704 [see reefed ppl. a. i]. 1745 P. Thomas Jm/. Anson's Voy. 138 We found our own Main-top-mast sprung,., whereupon we reefd it twenty Inches, that is we lower’d it so much and secured it there. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Wordbk. 565 The lower piece is cut off, and a new fid-hole cut, by which the mast is reefed or shortened. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1904/1 The bowsprit of a cutter or that of a ship-ofwar .. is said to reef when it is run-in or shortened by sliding in-board. 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 449/2 The bowsprit and temmast can be reefed or housed.

b. To alter (a paddle) by moving the floatboards nearer to the centre of the wheel, in order to diminish the dip when the vessel is deep. 1838 Barlow in Tredgold Steam Eng. (ed. Woolhouse) App. 61 This serious loss of speed in a laden vessel.. would be more effectually saved by reefing the paddles. 1858 Murray Marine Eng. xii. 143 When the wheels are too deeply immersed, they may sometimes be ‘reefed’ by disconnecting the boards, and securing them near the centre.

reefe, obs. form of riff, midriff. reefed (riift), ppl. a. [f. reef v.^ + -edL] 1. Of masts: Shortened. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Reef, When a Top-Mast is Sprung,.. they cut off the lower piece that was near broken off, and setting the other part, now much shorter, in the Step again, they call it a Reeft Top-Mast.

2. a. Of sails: Having a reef or reefs taken in. Also with up, and transf.

b. With single-, double-, etc. 1803 Naval Chron. XXIII. 398 Treble-reefed main-top¬ sail. 1836 Marryat Midsh. Easy xxvi. Another ten minutes, and then they were under double-reefed topsails. 1857 in Merc. Marine Mag. (1858) V. i Under double-reefed top¬ sails, courses, jib, and single-reefed main-try-sail.

reefer^ ('ri:f9(r)). [f. as prec. -f -erL] 1. One who reefs; spec, a slang name given to midshipmen ‘because they have to attend in the tops during the operation of taking in reefs’ (Smyth). 1818 ‘A. Burton’ Adventures J. Newcome 1. 40 ‘Hoy! Reefers! Reefers!—with your sport you seem to make a Dover Court.' 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay ii, I.. was saluted by the females with the appellation of ‘royal reefer’ (midshipman). 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxix. 104 A lad .. who went by the name of the ‘reefer’, having been a midshipman in an East India Company’s ship. 1888 Harper's Mag. July 166 The steerage or gun-room was.. the home of darling reefers. 1939 Joyce Finnegans Wake 323 Reefer was a wenchman.

2. A reefing jacket. overcoat.

Also (AT. Amer.),

an

1878 C. Hallock Amer. Club List Sportsman's Gloss, p. ix/2 Reefer, a short jacket worn by sailors. 1883 Tailoring World 20 Oct. 1/2 The forms of garments known as Reefers and Lounges. 1894 R. H. Davis in Harper's Mag. May 891/1 A tall, handsome woman..with her hands in the pockets of her reefer. 1921 [see covert cloth]. 1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 96/1 Reefer, an overcoat. 1947 Words: New Diet. 480/1 Reefer, n. Slang. 2. A short, doublebreasted overcoat. 1968 [see lounge sb. 2c]. 1970 J. H. Gray Boy from Winnipeg 47 Our winter overcoats—‘reefers’ we called them—lasted so well that one might serve as many as three boys before being discarded. attrib. 1885 Pall Mall G. 13 Mar. 10/2 The man..was dressed in a reefer jacket and light-coloured trousers. 1901 G. B. Shaw Capt. BrassbouncTs Conversion ii. 241 Sprawl supine on the floor, with their reefer coats under their heads. 1928 R. Macaulay Keeping up Appearances xv. 170 Cary spoke with a hint of nervous defiance, thrusting her hands into the pockets of her reefer coat. 1936 N. Streatfeild Ballet Shoes x. 161 On the day of the interview, Nana cleaned Pauline’s reefer coat, and blue beret. 1955 Times 20 Aug. 3/3 He was wearing a reefer jacket and uniform trousers under a blue naval raincoat. 1969 N. W. Parsons Upon Sagebrush Harp i. 4 Rena and I shivered in our white serge reefer coats. 1978 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVI. 702/2 Pugin shocked his contemporaries by attending important meetings with aristocratic clients dressed in a seaman’s jersey and reefer jacket.

3. [Or perh. ad. Mexican Sp. grifo marijuana, one who smokes marijuana.] A cigarette containing marijuana; marijuana; one who smokes marijuana. Also attrib. slang (orig. 1931 [see camp a. (and 56.®)]. 1932 Melody Maker Sept. 749/2 ‘Song of the Weed’, ‘Got the South in my Soul’, ‘I

Heard’, and ‘Reefer Man’ are all worth your half-crowns. 1933 Chicago Defender 2 Dec. 5 The humble ‘reefer’, ‘the weed’, the marijuana, or what have you by way of a name for a doped cigarette has moved to Park Ave. from Harlem. 1940 R. Chandler Farewell, My Lovely xxxiii. 256 He sold reefers... With the right protection behind him. 1946 S. Jackson Indiscreet Guide to Soho 120 ‘Reefers’ (cigarettes made from marihuana) used to sell in thousands in the West End before the war. 1952 Amer. Speech XV. 335/2 One who smokes is a nicotine-hound or a reefer (especially a smoker of marihuana). 1952 M. Tripp Faith is Windsock ix. 137 Got any reefers.^.. Gimme some skin man. 195^ Shute’ Beyond Black Stump 279 And then we got to smoking those reefers... Those cigarettes! 1959 News Chron. 26 Aug. 1/2 ‘Reefer’ cigarettes, made up from hashish, are sold in the West End and in Netting Hill at 5s. apiece. 1967 M. M. Glatt et al. Drug Scene iv. 49 Quite a few were on heroin and cocaine, most smoked reefers, but not too many were on Purple Hearts. 1972 W. Labov Lang, in Inner City p. xxii, Reginald then makes another disruptive move, suggesting that they get a bag of reefer (marijuana). 1976 Milton Keynes Express 2 July 9/6 [He]. .was fined £100 after three ounces of cannabis, enough to make 240 ‘reefers’, was found at his home. 1979 High Times Mar. 25 Louisiana state cop displays a pot of pot discovered among 30 tons of Columbian reefer.

4. Criminals^ slang. (See quots.) 1935 N. Ersine Underworld ^ Prison Slang 62 Reefer,.. a pickpocket. 1941 Baker Diet. Austral. Slang 59 Reefer... (2) A pickpocket’s accomplice.

'reefer^, [f. reef sb.^ or v.^ + -erL] 1. Austral, and N.Z. gold-reef.

REEK

448

REEFER

One who works on a

1859 Adelong Mining Jrnl. 15 Apr. 4/2 On Monday last he made known to a few of our old reefers his discovery. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 285 He was not a miner, a speculator, a reefer, nor an engine-driver. 1940 Baker N.Z. Slang iv. 28 Gold-fields brought [to N.Z.] the reefer, the deep lead, the gutter, the monkey shaft.

2. U.S. A reef-oyster {Cent. Diet. 1891). 3. Austral. One associated with the Great Barrier Reef. 1951 J. Devanny Travels N. Queensland xv. 78 We plunged into the water up to our knees.. holding the sticks which experienced ‘reefers’ invariably carry.

'reefer^. Alteration of refrigerator. Usu. = refrigerator car or ship. Also attrib.y and as adj. = REFRIGERATED ppl. a. 1914 Wells Fargo Messenger III. 39 Ten thousand halibut must be packed in Wells Fargo ‘reefers’ between sun-up and sunset. 1924 ‘Digit’ Confessions 20th Cent. Hobo 12 Reefer, a refrigerator box car for perishable goods with an ice-box at each end. 1926 Amer. Speech I. 652/2 Reefer, refrigerator. 1951 Manch. Guardian 27 Sept. 14/2 Denmark also provides examples of English, or rather American naming, in the African Reefer and the Indian Reefer—‘Reefer’ being an Americanism for a vessel carrying refrigerated cargo. 1953 Sun (Baltimore) 7 Nov. (B ed.) 6/3 Then .. to San Francisco for ‘reefer’ cargo—refrigerated fruit. 1958 J. Kerouac On Road I. 19 We didn’t know.. what boxcars and flats and de¬ iced reefers to pick. 1961 Amer. Speech XXXVI. 273 Reefer box, a refrigerated trailer. 1963 North (Ottawa) May-June 14/1 Price had been showing them how to can the local fruit and prepare it for freezing in the Indian Affairs reefer. 1963 T. Pynchon V. i. 22 To the mezuzah nailed up over the vegetable reefer and the Zionist banner hanging in back of the salad table Da Conho added this prize. 1965 R. B. Oram Cargo Handling (1969) vi. 99 Refrigerated space is now commonly referred to as ‘reefer’ space. 1968 P. Durst Badge of Infamy iv. 32 Steaks are in the reefer, the french fries are all out and in the wire basket. 1971 Maclean's Mag. Sept. 34/1 Reefers are insulated vans with Thermo King reirigerated units on them. They can carry anything from ice cream to corpses. 1976 Times 6 Oct. 21 The underlying strength of the refrigerated ship (reefer) business. 1978 Jrn/. R. Soc. Arts eXXVI. 186/1 At present in the Dry Cargo Fleets of the World the United Kingdom is first in Reefers, second in Containers and, it would seem, is leaving Bulkers and General Cargo to others. Reefer and Container ships certainly need high grade officers who are good navigators and capable ship handlers in traffic.

reeffe, obs. form of reeve sb} tre-efformation. Obs. rare-', Renewal of form, re-formation.

[re-

5 a.]

1626 Donne Serm. xxi. 206 The resurrection from this fall is by Re-efformation.

reefing ('riifiq), vbl. sb.' Naut. [f. reef t).* + -iNGb] a. The action of reef v.' 1750 Blanckley Nav. Expos. 129 This contracting or taking up the Sail they call Reefing. 1758 J. Blake Plan Mar. Syst. 7 Exercising those who are received into the service .. in handing and reefing of sails. 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay viii. Many a sail is split by bad reefing. 1862 Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xii. 6/1 The old defective and dangerous method of reefing by the men going aloft and out on the yards.

b. attrib.y as reefing breeze, gear, hook, point, spindle, topsail, wheel, reefing-jacket, a particular form of close-fitting jacket made of stout heavy cloth. 1897 Outing (U.S.) XXX. 362/2 The race was sailed with a *reefing breeze. 1956 A. F. Loomis 'Hotspur' Story 118, I was sailing in a reefing breeze. 1911 J. Barten Compl. Naut. Pocket Diet. 156/2 * Reefing gear, Mechanismus zum Segelreffen. 1961 F. H. Burgess Diet. Sailing 169 Reefing gear, patent roller fittings used in some small sailing boats, to dispense with the use of reef points. i860 ‘Vanderdecken’ Yarns 36 The topmast shrouds.. should have.. •reefing hooks and thimbles. 1882 Ogilvie, •Reefing-jacket. 1894 Idler Sept. 220 A reformed world, in which every man should.. sit down in a reefing jacket to a dinner of pork and beans. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 4bi/i Tying round the boom a corresponding line of

the ‘‘reefing points’,.. hanging on the lower part of the mainsail. 1962 Roving Commissions ig6i 43 Mr ‘Christie’ Mahoney arranged for our ‘reefing spindle to be mended. 1878 A. H. Markham Gt. Frozen Sea i. 3 Both ships were fitted with.. patent ‘reefing and furling topsails. 1840 Civil Engin. & Archil. Jrnl. III. 104/1 This vessel..has the ‘reefing wheels after Mr. Hall’s patent.

reefort, Sc. variant of raifort. Obs. 'reefous, a. rare—', [f. reef

Reefy.

1859 R. F. Burton in Lady Burton Life (1893) I. 272 An occasional glimpse through its green veil showed a reefous surface, flecked with white froth.

reeft, obs. f. rift sb.\ obs. pa. pple. of reave v. reefy ('ri:fi), a. [f. reef

Full of reefs.

1847 in Webster. 1893 Sir H. Howorth Glacial Nightmare II. 625 It has brought down a lot of loose material to a reefy coast.

'reeing, 'rying, vbl. sb. Also 5 rey(i)ng, 9 reean, rieing, rayen. [f. ree v. + -ing^.] 1. The action of reeing corn; hence reeingsieve, -machine. a. 1400-1 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 603 In j ridella et j reyingsife empt. ij5. \'}d. 1485-6/6tW. 649, i Reyngsyff, iijat it hace or receyves of pt hyer planetys.. it refundes and puttys til pt erthe by his bemys. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione ii. x. 53 giftes of god mowe not flowe in us, for.. we refunde not ayen all to pt originall welle. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. ii. xii. Schol. § I (1712) 160 It is at last refunded into the Body by the left Ventricle of the Heart. 1674 Govt. Tongue v. 56 One may as easily perswade the thirsty earth to refund the water she has suckt into her veins. 1725 Pope Odyssey xii. 132 Thrice in dire thunders she refunds the tide. 1765 Antiq. in Ann. Reg. 181/1 The waves play, absorbed in each other and again refunded. [1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, i. Two lawyers, whose wetted garments .. would refund a considerable part of the water they had collected.]

b. To give back, restore. Also absol. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) 11. 179 The membres inferialle supporte and do seruyee, the.. membres mediate receyve, and refunde. 1694 Crowne Regulus iv. 43 This body.. Asks the refunding all our victories. 1699 Woodward in Phil. Trans. XXI. 217 These..being Vegetable Substances, when refunded back again into the Earth, serve for the formation of other like Bodies. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith V. i. §2. 215 An animal nature which .. is compelled to refund its constituent matter to the planet.. on which it grew.

c. Philos. antecedent.

To put rare.

back

into

something

1696 J. Serjeant Meth. Science 222 They cannot., without making use of Principles, refund Eflfects into their Proper Causes. 1697-Solid Philos. 452 So that all the Certainty of Authority is to be refunded into Intrinsecal Arguments. [1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. iv. (1877) I. 77 The intellectual necessity of refunding eflfects into their causes.] 1920 A. S. Pringle-Pattison Idea of God i. 9 If any one prefers to use the term universe for the sum of created or dependent beings, he may, of course, refund the universe into God as its creative source.

2. To make return or restitution of (a sum received or taken); to hand back, repay, restore. 1553 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 146 To refund, content, and pay to ane honorable man.. the sowme of v* lib. 1661 Pepys Diary 20 Oct., I am to refund to.. Lord Peterborough what he had given us six months ago. 1674 tr. Scheffer's Lapland xxv. 116 The maid’s Father is sentenced to refund either the entire sum, or half of it, as the case stands. 1723 WoDROW Corr. (1843) HI. 10 Whatever charges you are at in copying I shall willingly refund. 1727 Pope, etc. Art of Sinking 95 If you would describe a rich man refunding his treasures, express it thus. 1784 Cowper Task iii. 799 Some private purse Supplies his need with a usurious loan, To be refunded duly. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 441 They .. refunded to the peasantry of the country the money which had been extorted from them. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 134 A thief, whether he steals much or little, must refund twice the amount.

3. To reimburse, repay (a person). 1736 Swift Let. to Bp. Hort 12 May, The printer has a demand.. to be fully refunded, both for his disgraces, his losses, and the apparent danger of his life. 1862 J. M. Ludlow Hist. U.S. 204 A proposal to refund him out of the Treasury was now made in Congress. 1895 Daily News 30

REFUND Oct. 6/7 If you are out of pocket by this business, [I] shall be glad to contribute towards refunding you.

4. ahsol.

To make repayment.

1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. viii. iii. §43 As none were Losers employed in that service,.. so we finde few refunding back to charitable uses. 1706 Mrs. Centlivre Basset-Table v, I believe you are the first Gamester that ever refunded. 1755 Smollett Quix. (1803) IV. 60 He not only refuses to refund, but also denies that I ever lent him the ten crowns. 1841 Macaulay Ess., Hastings (1850) 606 The majority.. voted .. that Hastings had corruptly received between thirty and forty thousand pounds; and that he ought to be compelled to refund.

Hence re'funded ppl. a.\ re'funding vbl. sb} Also re'funder^, one who refunds. 1691 T. Brown Reas. New Converts taking Oaths 3 A City Usurer turn’d into a Refunder of his ill-gotten Estate. 1825 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Barbara S-, Ravenscroft.. in silence took back the refunded treasure. 1843-56 Bouvier Law Diet. (ed. 6) s.v. Refund, On a deficiency of assets, executors .. are entitled to have refunded to them legacies which they may have paid ..; they are generally authorized to require a refunding bond.

re'fund or anew. re’funder^.

[re-5 a.] trans. To fund again Hence re’funding vbl. sb.^; also

i860 in Worcester. 1896 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 22 Apr. 4/2 When the bonds are sold and the floating indebtedness is refunded.. let us join in well-wishing to the refunders. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 23 Apr. 8/1 The disbursements of the Treasury in connexion with the re-funding of bonds.

refundment (n'fAndmsnt). [f. refund v.'^ + -MENT.] The act of refunding. 1826 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Pop. Fallacies ii, The denunciators have been fain to postpone the prophecy of refundment to a late posterity. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 18 Feb. 5/1 The guarantees .. for the refundment of such a loan.

refurbish (rii'fsibij), v. [re- 5 a.] trans. furbish anew; to repolish, do up again.

To

1611 CoTGR., Refourbir, to refurbish, repolish. 1824 Landor Imag. Conv., Abbe Delille & Landor Wks. 1853 I. 100/1 It requires a better poet to refurbish a trite thought than to exhibit an original. 1874 Gladstone Ritualism in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 674 She has refurbished and paraded anew every rusty tool.

Hence re'furbished ppl. a.\ re'furbishing vbl. sb.; also re'furbishment. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt xlii. It was a charming little room in its refurbished condition. 1879 Daily News 31 Dec. 5/2 The refurbishing of an old and faded political celebrity. 1885 Sat. Rev. 5 Dec. 732 The figures which are in process of refurbishment at Madame Tussaud’s.

refurnish (rii'fainij'), v. [re- sa.] furnish anew, in various senses.

trans.

To

1531 Elyot Gov. i. xxiv, [Henry VII] refumisshed his dominions, and repayred his manours. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iv. iii. 109 If any men .. be hurt or slaine,.. how are these rankes to be refurnished. 01676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. II. vii. (1677) 187 The Brutes and Birds.. might easily refurnish the same Continent after the subsiding of the Flood. 1829 Lytton Disowned xxv. You will refurnish the house, I suppose? 1849 Stovel Canne's Necess. Introd. 48 The Reformed church of England was never adapted to overthrow, however it might modify and refurnish, the fabric of superstition.

Hence re'furnished/)p/. a.; re'furnishment. 1835 Lytton Rienzi iv. i, The redecorated, refurnished, and smiling shops. 1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur viii. i, The refurnishment was in a style richer than before.

refus, obs. form of refuse sb. and v. refusable (ri'fju:z3b(3)l), a. Now rare. [f. REFUSE + -ABLE, Or ad. obs. F. refusable.] 1. That may be rejected or refused (when offered). 1570 Levins Manip. 4/8 Refusable, recusabilis. i6ii CoTGR., Rejectable, reiectable, refusable. 1659 H. Thorndike Wks. (1846) II. 512 No act of theirs..is refusable by the Church. 1698 Norris Pract. Disc. IV. 138 Since those Sufferings were absolutely refusable as not being the very same which the Law demanded.

fb. Deserving of rejection.

REFUSE

494

Obs.

1658 A. Fox tr. Wiirtz' Surg. iii. xvii. 271 If a patient hath bled nere so much, they will phlebotomize him further, which is an ill and refusable way. 1666 Bp. S. Parker Free Censure (1667) 143 The Sensation of.. displeasing Objects, which makes their Existence full of nothing but Sadness and Misery, and utterly refusable.

2. That may be refused (when asked for). 1652 Warren Unbelievers (1654) Payment was refusable. 1668 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1875 II. 258 My Lord ..did wish [etc.]... Which, all circumstances considered, seeming not refusable, my Lord Bellasis writ this letter. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 404 An indulgence refusable, and not to be granted but upon conditions.

frefusado. Obs. rare~^. [app. a. Pg. refusado, pa. pple. of refusar to refuse.] (See quots.) 1598 Florio, Refusati, the coursest veluets that be, called refusados. Ibid., Setanino, a kind of thin veluet called refusados. Ibid., Velutino, fine, slender, course, refusado veluet.

refusal (n'fjuizgl). Also 5 refusaile, 5-7 refusall, -fusel(l, 7 Sc. refuissall. [f. refuse + -al^ 4.] 1. The act of refusing; a denial or rejection of something demanded or offered. 1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 118/2 Any of the said Commyssioners or Collectours provyng the same refusell. 1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII, c. 2 The same estranger.. to whom such refusel shalbe made. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 107 b, Where the reasons of theyr refusall may be

heard. 1607 Norden Surv. Dial. i. 35 It were very foolishness in a Tenant, for wilfull refusall thereof, to indanger the same. 1671 Milton Samson 1330 Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels, On my refusal, to distress me more.. ? 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. xiv. I. 404 It was impossible long to refuse so natural a request.. without maintaining his refusal by arms. 1847-9 Helps Friends in C. (1851) I. 15 Accepting only for the fear of giving offence by refusal. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 448 If he refuse, he shall be liable to be convicted by law of refusal to serve.

b. spec, in the game of ecarte, the action of the dealer in refusing to allow a discard. Hence refusal hand, a hand on which the dealer should refuse to allow a discard. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 621/1 Proposal, acceptance, or refusal made cannot be retracted. 1878 ‘ Cavendish’ Ecarte 53 The cases are few in which, with a refusal, he will only make three or four tricks. Ibid. 58 His hand should be stronger than those given in the refusal hands.

c. Of a horse: (see refuse v. 3 c). 1856 ‘ Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 383 A refusal is never desirable, as the horse., is apt to repeat it. 1857 Lawrence Guy Liv. xiv. 131 The mare was so savage and sulky still that a refusal seemed a certainty.

d. Absolute resistance of a pile to further driving; the point at which this takes place. 1847 Cresy Encycl. Civ. Engin. (1856) 1070 The refusal of a pile to advance does not always insure it having arrived at a proper bed. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1911/2 The refusal of a pile intended to support 13I tons may be taken at 10 blows of a ram of 1,350 pounds [etc.].

t2. a. Repudiation (of a wife), divorce, Abandonment (of a party). Obs. rare.

b.

1531 Dial. Laws Eng. i. xxvi. Fvij, Mosyes suffred a byll of refusell to the lues. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 845 Many others, leuyng king Richarde, turned and came to the part of the Erie of Richmonde... Which refusall of king Richardes parte [etc.].

3. The chance of refusing some thing, office, or the like before it is offered to others; the privilege or right of having it placed at one’s disposal for acceptance; esp. in phr. to have the refusal of. 1571 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 80 His Presentatioun —togidder with the refusall of the kirk abone-writtin. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage v. xvii. (1614) 546 If any of his subiects hath any precious stone of value, and make not him the offer of it, it is death to him; he must haue the refusall of all. 1640 Boston (U.S.) Rec. (1877) IL 54 Chrystopher Stanley is promised the refusall of six acres of upland .. yf it be there to be sould. 1708 Swift Sacram. Test Wks. 1755 II. i. 126 When employments go a begging for want of hands, they shall be sure to have the refusal. 1812 Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. I. Add. 17 The stock kept upon turnips or clover, have the refusal of water at all times when soiling. 1887 Times (weekly ed.) 14 Oct. 15/1 They had the first refusal of any concessions he might obtain.

4. That which has been refused or rejected. 1746 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 166 Ireland is to be offered to Lord Harrington, or the Presidentship; and the Duke of Dorset, now president, is to have the other’s refusal. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) II. 102 And next, with her pride, to take her sister’s refusals, as she once phrased it.

frefusant, a. Obs. rare~^. [a. F. refusant^ pres, pple. of refuser, or f. refuse v.^ Refusing to take an oath, recusant.

+

-ant\]

1577 in W, H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 389 Some of the Aldermen and Burgesses refusants [are required] to make their repaier hither to declare what lawfull causes they may have to the contrarye.

fre'fuse, sb.^ Obs. Also 4 refous, 4-5 (7) refus, 5 refFus(e, 6 refuce, Sc. refuis(e, [a. OF. refus, f. refuser to refuse.] 1. = refusal I. (Common in i5-i6th c.) 1390 Gower Conf. III. 298 Thei made hem naked as thei scholde,.. Amonges hem was no refus. ^1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 848 Refuse of Rychesse & Worldly Veynglory. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes (1877) 53 The reffuses of a nygard ben bettir than the largesces of a prodygall waster. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. cci. [cxcvii.] heading, Of the refuce of them of Acquytayne made to the Duke of Lancastre. 1568 Grafton Chron. 11. 513 As of the refuse made vnto my Lorde of Gloucester, of openyng the tower to him,..he aunswereth [etc.]. 1600 Fairfax Tasso XII. xiii, Readie with a proud refuse Argantes was his proffred aid to scorne. a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. v. (1677) 280 His refuse would have made a great Commotion.

b. of refuse (OF. de refus), not worth hunting. So -without refuse (OF, sans refus), that ought to be hunted. CI330 R. Brunne C/iron. (1810) 115 Sil?en wan l^ei Inglond.. & now er )?ise bot mansbond, rascaile of refous. c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, If a man se a wylde boore pe whiche seme hym gret ynogh, as men seye of pe herte chaseable of x., he shall saye a wylde boore of pe thred yere, pat is withoute refuse.

2. = refusal 3. 1753 Smollett Cnt. Fathom (lySif) 92/2 A certain lady of quality bespoke the refuse of the jewel.

refuse (’refjus), a. and sb.^

Forms: 4 refus, reffuys, 5, 7 refuce, 6 refuze, refows, 6-7 reffuse, (6 reffize), 6-7 (9) refuge, 4- refuse, [app. an irregular adoption of OF, refuse (= mod.F. refuse), pa, pple. of refuser to refuse.] A. adj. 11. Refused or rejected. Const. 0/ ( = by). Obs. rare. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 514 (570) My langwysshynge, That am refus of euery creature. 1508 Dunbar Fly ting 105 Forworthin fule, of all the warld reflfuse.

I

V

2.

a. Rejected or thrown aside as worthless or

of little value; discarded, useless: fodd (money), [1425 in Kennett Par. Ant. (1818) II. 250 De lana refuse vendita..hoc anno.] 1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 567/2 All the refuse Hornes..to sell. 1503-4 Churchw. Acc., Croscombe (Som. Rec. Soc.) 26 More over in the box of refows money resteth.. xis. iiijd. 1530 Palsgr. 261/2 Refuse woll, layne refusee. 1611 Bible i Sam. xv. 9 Euery thing that was vile, and refuse, that they destroyed vtterly. 1638 Earl of Cork Diary in Lismore Papers Ser. i. (1886) V. 52,1 sould 7 tonnes of refuge Steele. 1659 Hammond On Ps. xxxi. 12 As that refuse potsheard, cast out as good for nothing. i754 Hawkins Refi. Card-playing 19 Seizing on a Heap of Refuse Cards that lay by him, began playing them away. 1827-35 Willis Parrhasius 6 A dog Crunching beneath the stall a refuse bone. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 25 Certain trades pour their refuse water into rivers. transf. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 98/1 He ordered the Milesians to bury him in a certain refuse and neglected place. 1879 Chr. Rossetti Seek & F. A refuse burial in heat and frost and without lamentation. b. of persons, rare. 1579-80 North Plutarch (1656) 207 The refuse and scattered People of the overthrowne Army his Father had lost before. 1660 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iii. 156 Another kinde of reffuse people of one family and disposition with the former. 1820 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Two Races Men, As distasteful as Priam’s refuse sons. B. sb. 1. a. That which is cast aside as worthless; rubbish or worthless matter of any kind; the rejected or rubbishy part of anything. C1440 Promp. Parv. 275I1 Owte caste, or refuse, or coralyce of come. Ibid. 427/2 Refuce, or owt caste, what so euer hyt be, caducum, purgamentum. 1455 Rolls of Parlt. V. 325/1 No Silke..but of ye wurst refuse that they mowe have. 1547 Act i Edw. VI, c. 3. §2 Giving the same slaue.. such reffuse of meate as he shall thinke meete. 1597 Bacon Coulers Good ^ Evill Ess. (Arb.) 141 Many kindes [of things] haue much refuse which counteruale that which they haue excellent. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 223 The best Wollen Tapistry in the whole Countrey, whereof there is brought into Europe but the refuse. 1709 Stanhope Paraphr. IV. 51310 themselves they are no better than Chaff and Refuse. 1755 Magens Insurances I. 257 The Company alledged.. that there generally was some Refuse among a whole Cargo of Hemp. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. xxxii. 319 Light almost solar has been extracted from the refuse of fish. 1865 Dickens Mut. Friend i. iii. Slipping over the stones and refuse on the shore. transf. 1569 E. Hake Newes out of Powles Churchyarde (1579) F ij. Was euer seene.. such monstrous kinde of men. Such vomite, reffize, Dunghill drosse? 1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingdon (Percy Soc.) 80 Why, thou whorson refuge ofatayler[etc.]. 1709 Steele Tai/er No. 109 IPs The Refuse of a Heart long before given away to a Coxcomb. 1749 Smollett Gil Bias (1797) III. 87 Miserable authors whose works are the refuse of libraries and players. b. The worthless or outcast portion of some class of persons; the scum, offscourings, dregs, etc. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 145 But the greater part void of judgement, and the refuce of the people in simple attire, ran roguing abroad. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. I. 23 These, .are the refuse of the tribute Children. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 99 IP 8 [This] has given Occasion to the very Refuse of Mankind.. to set up for Men of Honour. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab iv. 181 The refuse of society, the dregs Of all that is most vile. 1858 Norton Topics 118 Jones, Brown, and Robinson, the ‘refuse’, remain with the regiment to be slaughtered by their sepoys. c. The leavings of (= what is left by) something. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres loi He had with him, something more than Eight Hundred Horse, and Six Thousand Foot, the Refuse and Remains of the French Troubles and Tumults. 1704 Swift Batt. Bks. Misc. (1711) 260 Some Carcass half devour’d, the Refuse of gorg’d Wolves or ominous Ravens, a 1800 Cowper Heroism 70 Yet man .. Gleans up the refuse of the general spoil. 2. attrib. and Comb., as refuse bin, can, cart,

collection, collector, disposal, eater, heap, matter, sack, tip, tipping-, refuse consumer or

destructor, kinds

is

a furnace in which refuse of various

burned;

refuse sifter,

one

who

is

employed in separating the more useful parts of refuse from the utterly worthless. *959 J- Kirkup tr. de Beauvoir’s Mem. Dutiful Daughter III. 212 In the evenings, there would be the refuse bin to empty. 1976 ‘W. Trevor’ Children of Dynmouth i. 14 The wind.. rattled the refuse-bins on the ornamental lampposts. 19SS W. Gaddis Recognitions ii. v. 539,1 knew it, said Mr, Sinisterra, standing behind a refuse can. 1974 J. Wainwright Hard Hit 33 Along the street, the refuse cart is collecting the empties. 1945 Listener 12 July 35/1 For three months now there has been no refuse collection of any kind [in Berlin]. 1974 Listener 19 Sept. 368/3 There’s a restaurant in Kensington Park Road. It needs six refuse collections a week. 1958 Daily Mail 25 Oct. 5/2 It happened to the rat-catcher (he’s now a rodent operator), the dustman (refuse collector), and the sweeper (street orderly). 1976 Botham & Donnelly Valentino iii, 24 A string of unskilled jobs. Messenger, refuse collector, dishwasher and laundry assistant. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 10 Jan. 2/3 Owing to the narrow limits of Manhattan Island the problem of refuse-disposal is far more difficult in New York than in any other great city in the world, 1972 Country Life 28 Dec. 1790/2 Whereas refuse disposal will be a county function, refuse collection will be that of the district. 1895 Daily News 3 Aug. 3/3 The burning, fiery furnace .. was simply a refuse consumer. 1895 Pall Mall G. 26 Jan. 8/1 That most essential sanitary apparatus, a refuse destructor. 1889 J, Jacobs Fables of Msop I, 66 The refuse-eater and the offal-eater Belauding each other. 1816 W. Phillips in Trans. Geol. Soc. HI. 112 In 1805, I noticed some crystals of the oxyd of uranium on the refuse heaps of Tin Croft mine. 1863 Lyell Antiq. Man 22 The contents of the Danish refuse-heaps. 1921 R. A. S. Macalister Text-bk. European Archaeol. I. x. 556 Most

REFUSE

refuse (n'fjuiz), v} Forms: 4 (5-6 Sc,) refus, (4 refusy, 5 refusen, -yn), 4-6 reffus(s)-, 5-6 refuce, Sc. refoys-, (6 refuge), 6-7 Sc. refuis(s)-, 4refuse. [ad. F. refuser (12th c. = Pg. refusar, Sp. rehusar^ obs. It. rtfusare):~pop.L,. *refusare^ f. refusuTTiy pa. pple. of refundere: see refund v.^] 1. fl. a. To disclaim, disown, decline to countenance (an act). Obs.-^ 13 • • Coer de L. 4669 Cursyd be he that thy werk alowe!.. Thou hast done us gret schame: Thou wer wurthy to have blame; A1 swylke werkes I refuse.

fb. To avoid, keep clear of or free from (sin, vice, etc.). Obs. ^357 Folks Catech. 58 The seuen vertues that ilk man sal use. And .. the seuen dedely sinnes that man sal refuse. 1399 Gower Conf. III. 164 If a Prince wolde him reule.. This vice sholde be refused, Wherof the Princes ben assoted. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 3 What we shold ensewe & folowe, and what we sholde refuse & forsake. 1534 More Comf. agst. Trib. ii. Wks. 1207/2 Geue the Emperor those thinges that are his, refusing al extorsion and bribery beside. 1587 Induct. Mirr. Mag. viii, Examples there, for all estates you find,.. the gentleman vngentlenes refuse. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 399 By his being well directed in his Morals, to refuse evil and to do good.

2. To decline to take or accept (something offered or presented); to reject the offer of (a thing). 13.. K. Alis. 396 Theo falce god dude al his wille..; Theo game refuse scheo n’olde. ci330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 103 jK)rgh conseile of som of hise, refused [F. refusa'\ he t?at present. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xiv. 142 Ich seih..how j>at men mede token, and mercy refuseden. at curtassy. For J>e worschep of his larde. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. iii. 34 Quhat wickit wycht wald ever Refuse sic proffer.. ? 1596 Shaks. Merck. V. v. i. 211 No Woman had it, but a ciuiil Doctor, WTiich did refuse three thousand Ducates of me. 1671 Milton P.R. 11. 329 Meats by the Law unclean.. young Daniel could refuse. 1710 Swift Jrnl. to Stella let. v, Lord Halifax began a health to me to-day;.. which I refused. 1755 CoLMAN & Thornton Connoisseur No. 60 f4 A leads a strong Club, which B refuses. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 82 Four days after they refuse all vegetable food. 1820 Shelley in Lady Shelley Memorials (1859) 138 It was refused at Drury Lane.. on a plea of the story being too horrible. 1847 Mrs. A. Kerr tr. Ranke's Hist. Servia 242 Rather let the duty be undertaken by those who refuse foreign assistance.

b. To reject (a thing or person) in making a choice or selection. fAlso const, from. Somewhat rare. 1526 Tindale Matt. xxi. 42 The same stone which the bylders refused, is set in the princypall parte of the corner. 1556 Lauder Tractate 508, I haue maid knawin.. How that 3e suld Elect..3our Iugis..And quhome 3e aucht for to refuse Frome that gret office. 1611 Bible Isa. vii. 15 That hee may know to refuse the euill, and choose the good. 1633 Herbert Priest to Temple iv. They say it is an ill Mason that refuseth any stone. 1725 Watts Logic iv. i. By this means they [poets and orators] will better judge what to chuse and what to refuse.

3. To decline to accept or submit to (a command, rule, instruction, etc.) or to undergo (pain or penalty). 1375 Barbour Bruce xii. 205 Nane payn sail refusit be Till we haue maid our cuntre fre. c 1386 Chaucer Clerk's T. 72 Accepteth thanne of vs the trewe entente That neuere yet refuseden thyn heeste. c 1440 Cursor M. 28678 (Cott. Galba), J?is man.. es in will to sin nomare, And refuses penance neuer pe lese. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop v. xvi, He that reffuseth the good doctryne of his fader, yf euyl happe cometh to hym it is but ryght. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 112 [They] graunted out proces against certen,.. whose judgement, unles they surceased they would refuse. ai meuit vnto messan with ptrt men hole; All refusit horn the folke of pe fyne plase. e payn to pe lordis of Regalite doing in pe contrary of tynsall of Regaliteis. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 127 This nobill King hes gevin till him than.. tha landis frie, Euir till be haldin in regalitie. 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 33 The said Abbay of Halieruidhous hes had, thir mony and diverse yeris bipast, fre Regalitie within all the townis. ci68o Dallas Stiles (1697) 579 To hold and affix Courts of Regality within the said Burgh. Ibid. 581 The said Burgh of Regality, and Heretable Offices of Regality, Bailliary and Justiciary. 1746-7 Act 20 Geo. II, c. 43 §i All Heretable Jurisdictions of Justiciary, and all Regalities and Heretable Baillieries.. within.. Scotland, belonging unto., any Subject or Subjects,.. shall be.. abrogated, taken away, and totally dissolved and extinguished. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 2 Methven had the regality of its own estate. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 840 The civil jurisdiction of a lord of regality was equal to that of the sheriff; but his criminal jurisdiction was much more extensive.

fc. Land or territory jurisdiction. Obs.

REGARD

499

debased and fallen. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist. xix. III. 331 Things which touch the king, his crown, regality, or realm a 1861 G. Massey ITeddedLoDe Wks. (1861) 219 Thou hast put a queenlier presence on With thy regality of Womanhood!

subject

to

such

1545 Reg, Privy Co«nci7 Scot. I. 6 All Sheriffis Stewartis Bailies alswele Regalitie as Ryalte. Ibid. 371 Fensabill personis alsweill dwelland to burgh as to land, within Regalitie as Rialtie. 1681 Act Secur. Prot. Rel. (Scotl.) in Lond. Gaz. No. 1649/3 All Magistrates, Deans of Gild, Counsellors and Clerks of Burroughs Royal and Regality.

3. a. Sc. A particular territory or area subject to a lord of regality. 1438 Sc. Acts Jas. II (1814) II. 32/1 Geyff the offisaris of pe regalyteys fulfillis nojt pis act It sail be leyfful to the kyngis schirraye to fulfill it. 1540 Charters Edinb. (1871) 212 Inhabitaris of the north syde of the brig of Leith whilkis duellis in the regalite of Halyrudehous. 1565 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 368 Baillie of the regalitie of Pettinweme. C1680 Dallas Stiles (1697) 580 The Tennants and Inhabitants of the said Barony and Regality. 1708 Royal Proclam. 6 Mar. in Lond. Gaz. No. 4416/2 We do..hereby Charge .. all our Lord-Lieutenants,.. Sheriffs, Bailiffs of Regalities,.. to put in Execution all Laws .. now in Force .., against such Persons. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 2 The duke of Athol had the same authority in Athol as a separate regality. 1820 Scott Monast. xiii. The cultivators of each barony or regality, temporal or spiritual, in Scotland, are obliged to bring their com [etc.].

b. regality of Hexham^ a district in Northumberland over which the Bishops of Hexham, Lindisfarne, and Durham, and the Archbishop of York, successively for centuries exercised a quasi-royal jurisdiction. For historical details see Hinds Hist. Northumberland (1896) III. 20 ff. Cf. also regaly i b. 1515 in Hinds Hist. Northumb. (1896) II I. 46 As touching all your causes withynne your regallity of Hexham, there hath bene of late some business. 1608 Ibid. 104 Ther are noe parkes or game within the regalitie of Hexham. 1703 in Wright Hist. Hexham (1823) i. ii. 28 note, Within the said regality and manor of Hexham aforesaid there is a custom [etc.]. 1823 Wright Ibid. i. v. 54 The Fenwicks., afterwards purchased the regality or manor of Hexham from the crown. 1865 Raine Priory of Hexham (Surtees) II. Pref. I. XXV, The registers at York contain many documents relating to the Archbishop’s regality of Hexham and his officers.

fc. pi. The bounds or limits of a royalty. 1666 Ormonde MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 7 Persons.. within the Regalities and liberties of Tipperary. Ibid., The Seneschall and Chancellor of the said Regalityes and Libertyes.

4. A country or district subject to royal authority, a kingdom; a monarchical state. i486 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 54 Most reverend, rightwose regent of this rigalitie. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 316 Territories, seigniories, regalities and dominions. 1827 G. S. Faber Sacr. Cal. Prophecy (1844) III. 106 They are seven regalities or seven forms of supreme government. 1864 Burton Scot Abr. I. v. 260 Over Europe there were inexhaustible varieties of palatinates, margravates, regalities, and the like, enjoying their own separate privileges.

5. a, A right or privilege pertaining appropriate to a king. Chiefly pi.

or

1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxii. 258 The honours, regalities, obeisaunce, homages.. and souerainties, that apperteyneth.. to the crowne of Fraunce. 1592 Nobody Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 335 Before He be halfe a king, and contrould In any regality, ile hazard all. 1640 Prerog. Parlt. Eng. in Select.fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 241 A prince that suffereth himself to be besieged, forsaketh one of the greatest regalities belonging to a monarchy. 1671 F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 273 If a restless Spirit of opposition to the Kings Rights or Regalities shall not permit an acquiescence. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. (ed. 2) 108 Proprietary governments, granted out by the crown to individuals,.. with all the inferior regalities. 1862 S. Lucas Secularia 261 The Crown abdicated its regalities in favour of a Proprietary, yet claimed to bind him by its fiscal regulations. ■fh.pl. = REGALIA^ I c. Obs. rare. 01641 Bp. Mountagu Acts (Sf Mon. (1642) 73 Coming short of the enlarged Regalities of the Church. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. XXXV. 281 The regalities of the see, which included the jurisdiction of a court palatine, were given by the king to Northumberland. ■f6.pl. - REGALIA^ 2, Obs. rare^^. 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. ii. (R.), For what purpose was it ordeyned, that Christen kynges.. shulde in an open and stately place, before al theyr subiectes, receiue their crown and other regalities.

7. attrib. (sense 2 or 3), as regality books, court, land, etc. 1752 in J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 278 At the Time, when the Suits were carried on against them, before the Regality-court. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 650/1 Such regality lands as happened to fall to the crown by forfeiture. Ibid. 650/2 A regality-jurisdiction, called the Principality. 1876 Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. ii. ii. 112 An obligation., registered in the regality books of Dunfermline.

fre'gality*. Obs. rare-K [irreg. f.

regale tJ. +

-ITY.] Regalement, entertainment. 1672 Lond. Gaz. No. 695/3 T'he King closed all with a regality of the season, and an exercise of his own Regiment.

'regalize, v. rare. [f. regal a. + -IZE.] 11. Chetn. To convert into ‘regal water*. Obs. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 498/1 Its Mechanical use is for Refiners, who Regalize their Aqua fortis there¬ with, to make it able to dissolve Gold.

2. To make regal or royal. 1873 Browning Red Cott. Nt.-cap i. 745, I Clairvaux thus renovated, regalized.. Answers question.

regally ('riigsli),

trust that

[f. regal a. + -ly^.] In a

regal manner. 1436 Libel Eng. Policy in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 196 To saile and rowe.. So regaliche aboute the Englisshe yle. i6zi CoTGR., Regalement, regally, kingly, royally. 1670 Milton Hist. Eng. V. 212 Alfred.. was buried regally at Winchester. 1852 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Madonna (1857) 28 Both figures are regally attired. 1890 H. G. Dakyns Xenophon's Wks. I. p. Ixxxvii, Regally the sun-god smiled upon his going.

Ilregalo (re'galo). Now rare. Also 7-8 regalio, regalia, [ad. It. (also Sp. and Pg.) regalo a present, gift, etc., the sb. related to regalare to regale; the etym. of the stem is obscure (see Diez and Korting). The erroneous form regalio is common in the second half of the 17th century: regalia is less usual.] A present, esp. of choice food or drink; a choice or elegant repast or entertainment, etc. (see regale sb."^). a. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d'Alf. i. 24 Sending their servants laden with baskets of regale’s, and delicate choice Dainties. 1654 Jer. Taylor Real Pres. 159 It was a present for a Prince,.. a Regalo fit for so great a person. 1668 Lond. Gaz. No. 324/1 She was.. presented from the Pope with a Regalo of all sorts of Fowl, Fruits, Wines, and other Delicacies. 1758 H. Walpole Let. to Mann 8 July, I congratulate you on your regalo from the Northumberlands. 1847 Disraeli Tancred iv. xi, I will not demand more than a third of the profits, leaving it to your own liberality to make me any regalo in addition. fig. 1671 WooDHEAD St. Teresa i. xi. 54, I.. durst never advisedly desire any regains, or spiritual delights at his hands. 1749 Lavington Enthus. Meth. ^ Papists ii. (1754) 57 God for many Years did hide himself from her, withdrawing the Regale’s, and Joys of his Presence. jS. 1652 Benlowes Theoph. iv. xciv, How mid’st regalios of Loves Banquet I Dissolve in sweets Extremitie. 1697 Phil. Trans. XlA. 143 A small round nut,.. some eat them, and account them as great a Regalio as Pistaches. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xxi. 249 Candied and preserved Fruits are their Regalio in all Seasons, a 1734 North Lives (1826) II. 473 A jewel of fifteen purses was to be the vizier’s regalio. fig. 1667 Dryden Sir Martin Mar-all Prol. 2 Fools.. Are yet the great regalios of a play. 1686 W. de Britaine Hum. Prud. xi. 53, I am not much delighted with the Regalio’s or Gaiety of the World. y. ^1640 [Shirley] Capt. Underwit i. in Bullen O. PI. (1883) II. 330 There’s a Ball to night in the Strand... I ha’ bespoke regalias there, too. 1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne xxx. (1869) 172 After having a long time treated their prisoners very well, and given them all the regalia’s they can think of. 1721 D’Urfey Two Queens Brentford i. (D.), The Town shall have its regalia: the Coffee-house gapers, I’m resolv’d, shan’t want their Diversion.

t 'regally. Obs. Forms; 4 regaute, 4-5 regalte, (4 -tee), 6-7 regaltie, (7 -tye), 7-8 regally. [Prob. a. AF. *regalte, regaute: see regal a. and -ty and cf. ROYALTY.] = REGALITY*. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (i8io) 15 Egbriht of alle J>e lond had pe regaute. Ibid. 57 To coroune Kyng Edward, Als he p2.t had gode right vnto pe regalte. 1388 Wyclif Wisd. vi. 22 If 3e kyngis of the puple, deliten in seetis, and kyngis jerdis, ether regaltees. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. ii. 726 bat

hye degre, Grettest of all, I mene pe regalte. 1588 Allen Admonit. 34 Queene Maacha.. was deposed from her regaltie by her owne sonne. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. ^ Commw. (1603) 20 The kingdome is deuided into many Regalties and principalities, as Burgundie, Britaine, Aniou and Normandie. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 206 To speake here of particular Dukedomes their rights, Regalties and such like were from our purpose. 1703 Lond. Gaz. No. 3950/4 With all the several Regalties, Free-Fisheries, &c.

t'regaly. Obs. Forms: 4-5 regalye, 4-6 -ly, -lie; 5 regall(i)e, 5-6 regally, (5 -ye, 6 -ey), 6 rigalie. [a. AF. regaly, regalie = It. and Sp. regalia: see REGAL a. and -y*.] 1. Royalty, royal prerogative, kingship; kingdom. (Very common c 1380-1500.) C1368 Chaucer Compl. Pite 65 Your contraire, Crueltee, Allyed is ageynst your regalye. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 88 Here Crist shewide his regaly, and taujte how lordis shulde chastise symonye. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 399 Too egles..that signifiede ij. regalies, of Asia and of Europe. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. cli. 138 After he had., depryuyd Sygebert, theyr Kynge, from his auctorite, & regally. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 407 Ercombert .xxx. yere reynynge in his regaly Had a noble progeny. 1558 G. Cavendish Poems (1825) II. 46 Farewell the pieussant prynce, flower of all regally. b. = REGALITY* 3 b. 1467-8 Rolls Parlt. V. 633 In Regalie, and Court of the Archbishop of York in Hexhamshire. 1515 in Hinds Hist. Northumb. (1896) III. 47 Th’ enhabitauntes of yo^ regalie of Hexham. C1530 in Raine Priory Hexham (Surtees) 1. p. cviii, The rigalie of Hexham, belonging my lord archebusshop his grace of York. 2. pi. = REGALIA* 2. CI430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 128 Erthely princes, reigneng in theyr glorye, Withe theyre sceptres and theyr regalyes. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 399 The castell, in the whiche were founde y* regalies of Scotlande; that is to meane y« crowne w* the sceptre & cloth of astate.

regante, error for regaute

regalty.

regard (ri'gaid), sb.

Also 4, 7-8 reguard, 5-7 regarde, 7 regaurd, 5-6 Sc. regaird. [a. F. regard (OF. also regart, regars, and reguart, reguard: cf. REWARD sb.), vbl. sb. to regarder regard v. Hence also med.L. regardum (see Du Cange).] 1. 1. Aspect, appearance (obs.); look (of persons); habit or manner of looking; air. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 1297 pe crld of montdisdier, J?at was pe fairest knijt of regard of alle pe dobb^per. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 416 b/2 He was gracious and curtoys in maners and playsant in regarde. 1484-Chivalry 6 He hadde a regard or countenaunce of moche hooly lyf. 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 56 Wherein I see a Sampsons grim regarde Disgraced yet with Alexanders bearde. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxxvii. 309 They .. have so lively and pleasing a regard, as the Painter cannot exceede it with his pencill and colours. 1667 Milton P.L. IV. 877 To whom with stem regard thus Gabriel spake. 1858 M. Arnold Merope 740 The prince at start seem’d sad, but his regard Clear’d with blithe travel and the morning air.

2. a. A look, glance, or gaze. ^*477 Caxton Jason 19 Yn these regardes and in these semblances they passid the soupper. 1483-Gold. Leg. 201/2 Deuyls and wicked spirites went out of the bodyes of creatures by his symple regarde and syghte. 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 75 b, Her regards were wanton, lascivious, and unconstant. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. iii. iii. 255 He., bites his lip with a politique regard. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 201 Such quick regards nis sparkling eyes bestow. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest i, From these objects she turned her regard upon Monsieur and Madame La Motte. 1815 Shelley Alastor 488 When his regard Was raised by intense pensiveness. 1859 Hawthorne Marb. Faun xxiii, Miriam, with a long regard from the threshold, bade farewell to this doves’ nest.

fb. Prospect, view. Obs. rare. ci$oo Melusine 313 The which chambre had regarde toward the gardyns. 1599 B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. ii. i. You are now within regard of the presence.

t c. An object of sight. Oos. rare. 1586 Whetstone {title) The English Myrror, a Regard wherein al Estates may behold the Conquests of Envy. 1604 Shaks. Oth. ii. i. 40 To throw-out our eyes for braue Othello, Euen till we make the Maine, and th’ Eriall blew. An indistinct regard.

fd. The position of two geomantic figures in relation to each other. (Cf. aspect sb. 4.) Obs. 1591 Sparry tr. Cattan's Geomancie in. xvii. 187 The regard of opposition in the fygure formed, is, when the fyrst doth beholde the 7[th].

3. a. The official inspection of a forest in order to discover whether any trespasses have been committed in it; the right of such inspection, or the office of one appointed to make it. Obs. exc. Hist. [?aii84 in Hoveden Chron. (Rolls) II. 243 Hsec sunt videnda in regardis Forest®. Ibid., Essarta post ultimum regardum facta. 1217 Carta de Foresta in Stat. Realm (1810) I. 20 Reguardores nostri eant per Forestas ad faciendum Reguardum sicut fieri consuevit. 1278 Rolls of Parlt. I. 9/2 E si unt la chartre meyme le Roi Henry.. ke les acquire de Reguard de Foresters e de Verders.] 1502 Arnolde Chron. 79 b/2 For Inquisicion and Regarde... Our raungers shall goo by our forest too make regarde as they were wont to doo the tyme of the furst coronacion of the forsaid kyng herry our graundsir. 1598 Manwood Lawes Forest xvi. §9. 96 b, Mastives are not to be Expeditated, but onely where the Regard is to be made, and that is in Forrestes and not in Chases. 1615 Ibid. (ed. 2) xxi. §3. 194 The King hath the regard of all the woods and wast grounds and other lands which are afforested. 1670 Blount Law Diet. (1691) s.v. [and in various later Diets.]. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 72 The court of regard, or survey of

REGARD dogs, is to be holden every third year for the lawing or expeditation of mastiffs. 1868 Stubbs Hoveden (Rolls) I. Pref. 76 As a sort of Appendix to this work are given.. the Articles of Regard and Assize of the Forest.

fb. Attention, care, or interest directed to some end. Chiefly in phr. to have or take regard to (a thing); also const, that. Obs.

b. The district within the jurisdiction of the official regarders.

Act 34 ^ 35 Hen. VIII, c. 27 §70 Which two constables.. shall haue especial regarde to the conseruacion of the kinges peace. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. II. viii. 41 They haue a regarde that in the plague time no shippe.. do enter into their port. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. To Rdr., Out of the respect I bore to venerable Antiquity, and the due regard to continue the remembrance of the defunct to future posteritie. 1699 Bentley Phalaris 407 It were no difficult contrivance, if the Publick had any regard to it, to make the English Tongue immutable.

1594 Crompton Jurisd. 193 It appeareth.. that within the regard of any Forest, no man may buyld either houses or barcaryes. 1598 Manwood Laives Forest vii. §4. 40 b, All such woods and landes, as are parcell of the Forrest, the same is within the regard. 1667-8 Act ig Gf 20 Chas. II, c. 8 § 11 All Lands and Grounds lying within the Perambulation and Reguard of the said Forrest [of Dean]. 1837 Howitt Rur. Life v. i. (1862) 356 The forests were.. systematically divided into walks, or keepings, wards or regards, over which was a properly subordinate succession of officers. 1873 Q. Rev. CXXXV. 153 The ‘regards’ or limits of the ‘foresta regis’ are indicated by a circle running from point to point.

4. f a. Reference to a person or thing. Chiefly in phr. to have (a) regard to. Obs. 1559 Bp. Scot in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. ii. App. x. 446 Neyther dothe the preste take the bread in his handes, neyther yet hathe any regard or respect to the bread. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 262 We see howe this accepting hath not regarde to the righteousnesse of man. 1649 Earl Monm. tr. Senault's Use Passions (1671) 23 The passions of the concupiscible appetite have a regard to good and to evil, as absent, or as present. 01677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 III. I We may be said to do that in another person’s name, which we do with any kind of reference or regard to him.

b. Respect, point, particular. 1602 Fulbecke 1st Pt. Parall. 57,1 must therefore request you to stretch your sinewes in this regarde, a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 87 The Gospel of salvation may bee called a Mystery in three regards. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archil. I. 4/2 If it is of Service in a publick Regard, I cannot find Fault with it. 1821 Shelley Ess. & Lett. (1852) II. 265,1 will pay every possible attention to your instructions in this regard. 1875 Whitney Life Lang. vii. 132 Each tongue has its own way in this regard,

fc. ? Intention, design, purpose, Obs. rare. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, i. i. 22 The King is full of grace, and faire regard. 1601-Jul. C. in. i. 224 Our Reasons are so full of good regard. That were you, Antony, the sonne of Caesar, You should be satisfied.

II. fS. a. Repute, account, or estimation, in which anything is held. Obs. c 1400 in Hampole's Wks. (Horstm.) I. 182 Jjat he be meke in his awen felynge, and halde his mynde in regarde noujt til he may., fele he fyre of lufe. 1553 Grimalde Cicero's Offices III, (1556) 154b, So greatly was an othc had in regard, at those dayes. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 60 Thus manie yeares I now have spent.. In meane regard. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. III. iii. 128 What things there are Most abiect in regard, and deare in vse. What things againe most deere in the esteeme. And poore in worth. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 180 These commanders haue euer best prospered, which haue.. had in singular regard. Military Arts and Souldiers.

fb. of. .regard, of (small, great, etc.) account, estimation, importance, or value. (Also Sc. without of.) Obs. 1556 Lauder Tractate 216 Thocht thay ryde on mulis or hors, Itt is bot small regarde or fors. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 685 A noble Gentleman of high regard. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 465 A thousand men of base regard. 1622 Sir R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 215 In fights, all receipts which add courage and spirit, are of great regard, to be allowed and used, 1670 Walton Lives iii. 252 [This] is a Point in my Opinion of great regard. 1742 Shenstone Schoolmistress 21 Whilome a twig of small regard to see, 1785 Burnsyo//y Beggars 7th Air, I am a bard of no regard Wi’ gentlefolks, an’ a’ that.

fc. in (one’s) regard^ in one’s estimation, or judgement. Obs. rare.

REGARD

500

opinion,

1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, iv. iii. 57 Sicke in the Worlds regard, wretched, and low. 1604-Ham. iv. vii. 76 (Q. 2) That one,.. in my regard. Of the vnworthiest siedge. 6. a. Observant attention or heed bestowed

upon or given to a matter; fconsideration of a question or problem, doubt. Also pi. (cf. sense 2). 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 192 Touchand the quhilk debate thare is grete regarde and avis. 1469 Paston Lett. II. 369, I cannot understand what regard my Lords concell takyth to my Lords letter. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. 1. ccxii. 261 By the aduise and regarde of the frenche kyng, and of his Counsaile. 1589 Nashe Martins Months minde To Rdr., This man, like a madde dogge runneth at euerie man without regarde. 1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 833 If he see.. an Horse come neere vnto him, he neuer taketh regard who rides him. 1625-8 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. III. (1688) 280 Beseeching him that these my.. Lamentations may now at length find Regard with you. 1764 Reid Inquiry vi. §3 They no sooner appear, than quick as lightening the thing signified succeeds, and engrosses all our regard. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. viii. 661 The conduct pursued by the Governor-General is the next object of regard. 1881 Westcott & Hort Grk. N. T. Introd. §10 There is no special concentration of regard upon the language. Comb. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 13 Finding in her at first sight regard-worthy objects, hee thought well of her. p/. 1586 Whetstone Eng. Myrror Ded., The reach of my duetie.. simply laboreth to publish these regards, that common faults may be amended. 1665 J. Spencer Prodigies ii. §3 (ed. 2) 75 We shall accordingly observe Omens..to comrnand the most solemn regards of Persons, whose Imagination is more busie and active then their Reason. 1758 S. Hayward Serm. xvii. 536 Creatures.. so much beneath his regards. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 220/2 Socrates was the only one whose regards were fixed upon the mind. 1820 W. Jay Prayers 322 We.. implore thy favorable regards to the privileged country in which we live.

1542-3

c. Care in doing something; close attention to some principle or method. 1575 F. Wither tr. Indaquie's Chirom. iii. Nvijb, They shall receive hurt by them, without great regarde be had. 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 65 A souldiour cannot haue Too great regarde, whereon his knife should cut. 1727 Boyer Diet. Royal II. s.v.. So great Regard [F. circonspection] there was amongst the Ancients in making of War. 1748 J. Mason Elocution 31 So much for Pauses, Emphasis, and Cadence: A careful Regard to all which is the first Rule for attaining a right Pronunciation.

7. t a. to take or have regard to or of, to give protective attention or heed io, to take care of (a person, one’s life, etc.). Obs. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cevi. 99 b/2 They desyred his noblenes to take some regarde to them. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. xxxiv. 8 Seynge that my shepherdes take no regarde off my shepe. 1553 Grimalde Cicero's Offices iii. (1556) 145 b, The man must haue regarde to his owne life, and hefth. 1573 L. Lloyd Marrow of Hist. (1653) 185 Was not .. Alexander warned by a vision to take more regard to his life then he did? 1611 Bible Tobit iii. 15 Command some regard to be had of me, and pitie taken of me. 1671 Milton P.R. II. 315 Of thee these forty days none hath regard, Forty and more deserted here indeed. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 51,1 earnestly advise every one who has any regard to his health to try this.

fb. The task of taking care of\ (in) the care or charge of a person. Obs. rare. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 106 marg., Preistes haueng the regarde of the saules. 1611 Tourneur Ath. Trag. ii. vi. Left I not My worthy Father i’ the kind regard Of a most louing Under

c. Care or concern for something. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 285 It was a free regard for our happiness which we are called to contemplate. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 152 Even regard for the safety of the hostages did not move men who had made up their minds not to yield.

8. a. Attention, heed, or consideration, given to a thing or person, as having an effect or influence on one’s actions or conduct; respect or deference paid to, or entertained for, some authority, principle, etc. Orig. in phr. to have (fmafec or take) regard to-, in later use also const. of, for. fFormerly sometimes in pi. c 1477 Caxton 20 My herte jugeth that ye shall haue grete regard unto my good wil. 1512 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. II. I. 195 When I remembre the small regarde that dyvers made unto the saide lettyr. 1:5^ Udall Erasm. Apoph. 231 Thei tooke no regarde vnto his woordes, but persisted in their querele & noyse makyng. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 6 b, [He] had to little regarde to the Byshop of Rome his authoritie. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 53 Without regard that he had but the other day wome vpon his head the imperiall crowne. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 16 Fearing the Deitie, With some regard to what is just and right. 1744 Berkeley Siris § 182 A religious regard was paid to fire. 1784 Cowper Task IV. 679 Disclaiming all regard For mercy and the common rights of man.-Tiroc. 242 Where no regard of ord’nances is shown. 1827 Southey Penins. War II. 288 Due regard was paid to the feelings.. of the people. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 31 A divine lawgiver must surely have had regard to all the different kinds of virtue. pi. 1695 J. Edwards Perfect. Script. Ded., I now attempt to express my infinite regards and veneration of Your Grace’s transcendent undertakings. 1738 Wesley Ps. cm. iv. So much his boundless Love transcends The small Regards that we can pay.

b. without regard (fof or) to, without (ftaking heed or thought, of or) giving consideration or weight to a thing; without reference to. 1564 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 298 Without regaird of the propinctie of bluid. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ii. 68 He extorted the most part of my money.. without any regard of conscience. 1727 Swift Circumcis. E. Curll Wks. 1755 III. I. 163 The heaping together a superfluity of wealth without the least regard of applying it to its proper uses. 1736 Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 L 48 A disposition to produce the greatest.. happiness, without regard to persons behaviour. 1857 Buckle Civiliz. 1. vii. 348 Those political writers who judge events without regard to that intellectual development of which they are but a part.

9. a. A thing or circumstance looked to, or taken into account, in determining action; a consideration, a motive. *579 Tomson Calvin’s Serm. Tim. 188/2 Therfore must we haue an other regard to cause vs to come nigh to God, to wit, our Lord lesus Christ. 1601 Holland Pliny 1. 130 Their king was alwaies chosen by the voices of the people: wherein they had these regards; that hee were aged, milde, and childlesse. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 24 This conjunction of Grace in the Soule doth more indeare my Mother and Kinsmen unto me than all earthly and bodily regards whatsoever. 1708 Swift Predict. 1708 Wks. 1755 II. I. 155 My fortune hath placed me above the little regard of writing for a few pence. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 350 Those higher and more large regards by which alone men come to be affected. 1844-7 Emerson Ess., Love Wks. (Bohn) I. 71 A benevolence which shall lose all particular regards in its general light.

l

K

fb. A looking to another in order to direct one’s actions or conduct. Obs. rare. 1726 Butler Serm. Hum. Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 11. 34 Throw off all regards to others, and we should be quite indiflferent to infamy and to honour. 1732 Law Serious C. xi. (ed. 2) 163 That it will be made too anxious a state, by thus introducing a regard to God in all our actions.

10. a. Esteem, affection, kindly feeling. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. ii. iv. 60 A Son, that well deserues The honor, and regard of such a father. 1667 Milton P.L. 1. 653 A generation, whom his choice regard Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 304 IP 2, I have no Reason to fancy my Mistress has any Regard for me. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. in. i, I have heard enough to convince me that he is unworthy my regard. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxiii. He resolved to trust in the warm regard of Simon.. and the friendship of the Provost, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xxvii. 219 There is no guide of my acquaintance for whom I have a stronger regard.

fb. A token or evidence of esteem or affection, 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 151 They were pleased with the Regards shown to them. 1829 Landor Imag. Conv., Barrow & Newton, Think how gratifying.. are the regards and attentions of such wise and worthy men as you.

c. pi. in epistolary expressions of good-will. 1775 J- Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 103 My regards.-to my relations and yours, ^96 in Carus Life Simeon (1847) vi. 133 We all join in most aflTectionate and respectful regards to you. 1835 M RS. Carlyle Lett. I. 29 With kindest regards to every one of you. 1847 Dickens Dombey (1848) xxvi. 265 ‘Your regards, Edith, my dear?’ said Mrs. Skewton, pausing, pen in hand, at the postscript, 1978 W. J. Burley Wycliffe & Scapegoat ix. 160 Give my regards to your father and tell him not to worry.

111. A payment by way of acknowledgement. Obs. rare. (So med.L. regardum, F. regard.) £-1581-90 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 411 The Towne doth receaue.. an anuall regard for the same.

III. In prepositional phrases. 12. a. in regard of, in comparison with. Now arch, fSo also in regard to, at regard of, (as) to or unto {the) regard of or to. Obs. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 8114 Bot se we noght how schort a day es here To regard of a hundreth yhere? Ibid. 8998 Alle pir blysses.. War als noght, als to regard to pe blys ofheven. £1381 Chaucer Pari. Foules 5S Thanne shewede he hym the litel erthe that here is At regard of the heuenys quantite. 1413 Pilgr.. Sowle (Caxton) ii. xlvi. (1859) 53 A1 this erdely fyre is but thyng depeynted in regard of that other. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 11. i. 61 Syth that the erthe is so lytil,.. lytil may we preyse the goodes therof vnto the reg^d of heuen. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) I. 322 The companyons were but a fewe in regarde to the Frenchmen. CI530 - Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 92 The valure of al other knyghtes wer as nothing to the regard of his noblesse. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. xi. 14 At last when all the rest them offred were,.. They all refused in regard of her. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 247 He spendeth but little in the warres, in regard of that, that.. the King of Spaine disburseth. 1755 Washington Lett. Writ. 1889 I. 195 Sensible how confined their punishments are, in regard to what they ought to be. 1868 Morris Earthly Par. (1870) 1.1. 311 In regard of mine, a little thing His kingdom was.

fb. at or in regard, comparatively. Obs.

in

comparison,

C1475 Rauf Coihear 652 Thay countit not the Coibear almaist at regaird. 1511-2 Act 3 Hen. VIII, c- 3 Preamble, Archers.. with litell nombre and puyssaunce in regarde have done many notable actes. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 104 Howe meruailousely did a few Romaines in regarde.. derende this little territory.

t c. OS to regard of, after the fashion of. Obs. c 1500 Doctr. Gd. Servaunts 9 As to regarde of the fete of an harte, They sholde ever theyr mayster socoure.

13. a. in regard of or to, voith regard to, f os to the regard of, in respect of, with respect or reference to. c 1477 Caxton Jason 35 The more parte of men haue no verite ne loyaulte as to the regard of loue. 1512 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1827) III. loi As to the regarde of my londe and duchi of Boulion, I give it freely to this valiaunt knight. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, i. i. 77 In regard of Causes now in hand. 1680 Boyle Scept. Chem. iv. 219 There are divers sorts of compound Bodies, even in regard of all or some of their Ingredients. 1713 Berkeley Hylas & Phil. 1. Wks. 1871 I. 266,1 speak with regard to sensible things only. 1747 Gould Eng. Ants 37 There does not seem to be any considerable Variation in regard of the Eggs. 1792 Monthly Rev. May VIII. 77 In regard to the matter,.. he had, no doubt, been misled. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 94 The world was believed fixed until.. it was found to change its place with regard to them. 1869 Goulburn Purs. Holiness viii. 66 Of the affinity between God and Man, in regard of man’s wants and God’s fulness.

b. in one’s regard, with regard, respect, or reference to one. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac’s Lett. (vol. 1.) 340,1 shall in mine own regard bee very glad. 1686 F. Spence tr. Varillas’ Ho. Medicis 174 Nothing more was there to do than two things in his regard. 1740 tr. De Mouhy’s Fort. CountryMaid (1741) 1. 37, I was very sensible of her Coldness, or rather her Envy, in my Regard. 1821 Byron Let. to Murray 24 Sept., My feelings are like the dead, who .. feel nothing.. that is said or done in their regard. 1865 F. Oakeley Hist. Notes 94 If God have any other will in our regard.

114. a. in regard of, for the regard of, for the sake of; on account of, by reason of. Obs. 1578 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 147 A great multitude, who for the regard of their health,.. have recourse to these quarters. 01604 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 127 It would please them (some in regard of neighbourhood, othersome in regard of naturall affection unto their natiue soile). 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae ii. vi. § i A matter of very difficult tryall, in regard of the goodness.. of God so frequently interposing between the prediction and the event.

b. in regard of or to, out of consideration for.

REGARD Rich. II, I. iii. 216, I thanke my Liege, that in regard of me He shortens foure yeares of my sonnes exile. 01677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 152 What hath occurred.. to my meditation, 1 must at present, in regard to your patience, omit. 01713 Ellwood Autobiog. (1765) 39 Although they were somewhat unwilling to yield to it, in regard of me, yet my Importunity prevailed. 1724 Swift Reas. agst. Exam. Drugs, In regard of our common Interest .. we presume to lay the following Reasons before the Publick, against the said Bill. 1593 Shaks.

115. in regard, since, because, inasmuch as, considering that. Obs. 159* Shaks. i Hen. VI, v. iv. 124 In regard King Henry giues consent, ..To ease your Countrie of distressefull Warre. 1664 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 16 They could not belong to any of the circular Courses; in regard they are raised so clearly without the.. Circle. 1723 Chambers tr. Le C/erc’j Archil. I. 8 The Roman Order is usually call’d the Composite, in regard its Capital is composed of the.. other Orders. 1821 ScOTT Pirate xxviii, I cannot say that I ever saw an adder, in regard there are none in these parts.

fb. With that. Ohs. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 83 On Saturdayes they feast, in regard that it was the old Sabboth. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iv. (1723) 204 In regard that.. the mineral and metallick Matter..was different in different Parts of it. 1719-20 J. Hughes in J. Duncombe Lett. (1773) I. 271 This is the more generous. .in regard that I have given up this play to the importunity of my friends.

IV. 16. attrib., as regard ring (see quots.). 1889 in Cent. Diet. 1890 W. Jones Finger’-Ring Lore viii. 414 ‘Regard rings’, of French origin, were common even to a late period, and were thus named from the initials with which they were set forming the acrostic of these words: Ruby Emerald Garnet Amethyst Ruby Diamond Lapis lazuli Opal Verd antique Emerald. 1912 O. M. Dalton Franks Bequest Catal. Finger Rings 302 A ‘regard ring’, so called from the fact that the initial letters of the gems composing the bezel form that word. 1951 M. Flower Victorian Jewellery 253 Regard ring, a ring set with a row of small stones of different kinds, the initial letters of which spell a word. 1973 Country Life 29 Nov. (Suppl.) 56/1 A tiny antique ‘Regard’ ring, the word spelt by the first letters of the stones: ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst, ruby and diamond. 1^8 Illustr. London News Nov. 129/2 {caption) Early Victorian ‘regard’ ring,

regard (n'goid), v. Also 6 reguard, regarde, 6-7 Sc. regaird. [ad. F. regarder, freguarder (OF. also rewarder: see reward ij.), f. re- re- + garder to GUARD ZJ.] 1. trans. 1. a. To look at, gaze upon, observe. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. 1. cxci. 227 Howbeit to regarde hit the fortresse was impregnable, yet he wanne hit by scalynge. 1539 Tonstall Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 91 We that haue vsed our eyes all the yere in regardyng worldly pleasures. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. iv. 22 Your neece regards me with an eye of fauour. a 1677 Barrow Serm. {1683) II. vi. 91 W'ho doth attently regard a locust or a caterpillar? 1713 Young Last Day iii. 106 Th’ almighty judge bends foreward from his throne, These scars to mark, and then regards his own. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vi. 216 Thou Regard’st them all with an impartial eye. 1878 H. M. Stanley Dark Cont. II. xiii. 367 He.. drove his axe into the tree with a vigour which was delightful to regard.

fb. Of places, etc.: To look or face toward. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 11. ii. 32 b, This lie.. regardeth towards y« west y« cape Malee. 1645 Evelyn Diary June (Venice), One of the sides is yet much more Roman-like than the other which reguards the Sea. 1693 Mem. Cnt. Teckely iv. 61 The Right Wing attacked those, who regarded the Camp of the Imperialists. 1750 Phil. Trans. XLVI. 346, I hastened to the other Front [of the house], which regards the NE.

2. To take notice of, bestow attention or notice upon; to take or show an interest in; to give heed to; fto look after, take care of. £^1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 104 Many I found earnyng of pence, But none at all once regarded mee. ? a 1500 Chester PI. xiii. 27 Other sheep I haue,.. they be not of this flocke, yet will I them regarde. 1526 Tindale Heb. viii. 9 They continued nott in my testament, and I regarded them not sayth the lorde. 1592 Shaks. Ven. Ad. 377 Then loue's deep groans, I neuer shall regard. Because Adonis heart hath made mine hard. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Publ. Baptism, Regarde we beseche thee, the supplicacions of thy congregacion. 1648 Milton Ps. Ixxxii. 9 Regard the weak and fatherless. 1671-Samson 1157 Presume not on thy God, what e’re he be, Thee he regards not. 1738 Wesley Ps. v. i, ’Till thou regard my ceaseless Cries. 1834 Disraeli Revol. Epick II. xxiv, As the shells upon the silent shore. That none regardeth.

13. a. To look to, have a care of or for (oneself, one’s own interest, health, etc.). Obs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. cxvii. 92 Thou well knowest our owne [part] is moost to be regardyd. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. XLV. (Percy Soc.) 219 Set not your mynde upon worldly wealth, But evermore regarde your soules health. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 27 Admonisheth al men that regarde theyr salvation, to beware of that Bishoppes kyndom. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 40 It is my.. desire, that you regard your owne health. 1671 Milton Samson 1333 Regard thyself, this will offend them highly,

b. To look to, consider, take into account. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iii. i. 256 As thou iou’st Siluia.. Regard thy danger, and along with me. 1615 W. Lawson Country Housew. Card. (1626) 50 It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees. 1628-9 Digby Voy. Medit. (Camden) 91 For the soundinges.. the depths and the substance of the ground that you bring vp are to be regarded. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. ni. vii. 168 Beauty remains behind as the last to be regarded.

4. t a. To take notice of (a thing), as being of special value, excellence, or merit; to value or set store by. Obs. 1509 Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 291 Tryfelous thynges that were lytell to be regarded she

REGARDANT

501

wolde let passe by. 1535 Coverdale j Kings x. 21 All kynge Salomons drynkynge vessels were of golde,.. for syluer was not regarded in Salomons tyme. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis ii. (Arb.) 46 Then we were of reckning; our feats weare duelye regarded. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies i. xxii. 72 Origene, who so much regardes the writings of Plato. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 80 It did grieve him to see how little the rare workes of Protogenes were regarded, a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. i. (1673) 241 But, for that superfluous stuff of the world, he wills us not to regard that.

b. To hold (a person) in great (frespect or) esteem; to have a regard for (one). 15*3 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 785 They were before greatly esteemed among the people, but after that, neuer none of these two were regarded, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 105 b, For refusyng of this office therle of Northumberland was not regarded of his owne tenauntes. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lix. (1739) 115 Thus the English Bishops that formerly did but regard Rome, now give their Estates, Bodies and Souls unto her service. 1675 Baxter Cath. Theol. ii. xi. ii. 226 Why do you and all men regard or reward a loving thankful obedient child.. ? 1702 Steele Funeral i. (1724) 25, I have in vain done all I can to make her regard me. 1775 Sheridan Duenna i. i. She does not regard you enough. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xxiii, I regard him so much—for you know we have been like brothers—that I hope.. the quarrel may be settled.

5. a. To heed, or take into account, regulating one’s actions or conduct.

in

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 2 Preamble, The persons so offendyng litell regarde the punysshment therof by.. the Comen lawe. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm, ^h, Regarding the authoritie of no man. Ibid. 34 We ought not to regard such inconveniences. 1611 Bible Ecclus. x. 19 They that regard not the Law are a dishonourable seed. 1^7 Milton P.L. IX. 787 Eve Intent now wholly on her taste, naught else Regarded. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 55. 356 They regard not speaking Truth, but making their Fortunes. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 109 The perfect citizen is he who regards not only the laws but the precepts of the legislator.

b. To have respect for or dread of (a person). 1526 Tindale Luke xviii. 2 There was a ludge in a certaine cite, which feared not god nether regarded man. 1549 Latimer 2nd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 73 Regarde no person, feare no man. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, i. iii. 60 Here’s Beauford, that regards not God nor King. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. viii. 210 Tyrants who neither fear God nor regard man.

c. To pay heed or attention to (one speaking or something said). 1535 Coverdale Zech. i. 4 They wolde not heare, ner regarde me, saieth the Lorde. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, i. ii. 97 Hee talk’d very wisely, but I r^arded him not. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 174 The lawless Tyrant, who denies To know thir God, or message to regard, a 1715 Burnet Own Time 11. (1724) I. 213 The Earl..said, he knew Sharp too well to regard any thing that came from him. 1728 T. Sheridan tr. Persius Ded., Having so faithfully regarded the last Advice, which I gave you.

d. To show consideration for (a thing or person). 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 769 Which Sanctuary good men as me thinketh might without sinne, somwhat lesse regard then they do. 1671 Milton P.R. hi. 427 Should I of these the liberty regard.. ? 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. 1. V. 229 Without regarding the sanctity of days or months, to pursue the unbelieving nations of the earth. 1865 Tennyson Love thou thy land 24 Gentle words are always gain; Regard the weakness of thy peers. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 13 We may be led to think that the rights of England were.. strictly regarded. 6. a. To consider, look on, as being something.

Also occas. with other constructions. (Now the most usual sense.) 1607 Shaks. Cor. v. vi. 144 Let him be regarded As the most Noble Coarse, that euer Herald Did follow to his Vrne. a 1719 Addison (Ogilvie), Th^ are not only regarded as authors, but as partisans. 1781 Cowper Prog. Err. 148 If he the tinkling harpsichord regards As inoffensive, what offence in cards? i8?6 ]. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. vii. (1852) 194 Whatever constitutes atonement, therefore, must..be regarded a safe.. remedy. 1853 F. W. Newman Odes of Horace 7 Dr. Leonard Schmitz regards it to indicate the looseness of popular opinion. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 120 The interests of the nation .. entitled him to regard his position under another aspect. 1877-Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. iii. 39 He regarded his submission as the end of the dispute.

b. To look Upon with some feeling. 1615 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems xiv. 17 That hyer Powares be w' feir regairdit. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. 156 The stamp of artless piety.. The youth.. Regards with scorn. 1833 Ht. Martineau Manch. Strike v. 62 The shortest way to a good issue was to regard the claims of the people with respect. 1884 Manch. Exam. 22 May 5/2 A war which the great majority of the nation regarded with unaffected dislike.

7. a. To concern, nave relation or respect to. 1603 B. Jonson Sejanus v. v. Business of high nature with your lordship,.. and which regards you much. 1709 Steele Taller No. 72 Ifi, I have few Notices but such as regard Follies and Vices. 1739 Hume Hum. Nat. (1874) I. Introd. 307 Morals and criticism regard our tastes and sentiments. 1819 Shelley Cenci iv. iv. 47 The deed is done, And what may follow now regards not me. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xviii. V. (1872) VII. 176 If these things regarded only myself, I could stand it with composure.

b. In pres. pple. Concerning, relating to. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §307 Every thing, regarding the light, operated in a proper manner. 1897 W. J. Tucker E. Europe 194, I have an advantageous offer to make him regarding the cattle.

c. as regards, as regarding, so far as relates to. 1824 Southey Bk. of Ch. (1841) 408 That Church, and the Queen, its refounder, are clear of persecution, as regards the Romanists. 1884 Browning Ferishtah's Fancies iii, 1 am in motion, and all things beside That circle round my passage through their midst,—Motionless, these are, as

regarding me. 1885 Law Times Rep. LII. 651/1 He was in a thoroughly sound condition as regards intellect.

11, 8. ahsol. or intr. a. To look, gaze. rare. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxxxvii. 338 Then the prince of Wales opened his Eyen and regarded towarde heuen. 1847 Tennyson Princ. iv. 363 We with blind surmise Regarding, while she read.

b. To pay attention, give heed; to bestow attention on a thing. 1611 Bible Prov. i. 24,1 haue stretched out my hand, and no man regarded. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 44 Now reignes Full Orb’d the Moon..; in vain. If none regard. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 118 Regard not tho’ it prick or shoot for a time. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 1019 In vain the poet sings, and the world hears, If He regard not. 1855 De Morgan in Graves Life Hamilton (1889) III. 502 Airy, regarding thereon, found out a more simple mode.

t9.a. To consider. Also with dep. clause. Obs. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) I. 716 It behoveth us to regarde wisely, and to take counsayle in this mater, a 1533 -Huon Ixxxii. 255 Therfore, sir, regarde well in what place^ wyll haue one of your peeres iugyd.

b. To look to; to refer to. Obs. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. Ixxxiv. 96/2 Refrayne your euyll wyll and moderate your course and regarde to reason. a 1586 S idney Arcadia (1613) 269 The under ones.. cannot, by nature, regard to any preservation but of themselves. 1659 H. L’Estrange Alliance Div. Off. 249 To this custome the Angel in the Revelation is thou^t to regard.

110. Const, with inf. a. To endeavour, seek, or plan. Obs. rare~^. 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1536-7) Hjb, They that be yll, regarde to distroy the good.

b. To take heed or care. Obs. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 333 Thei neither regarded to sette hym to schoole, nor..to paie his schoolemaisters duetie. 1577 B. Googe HeresbacKs Husb. i. (1586) 41 b. In reapyng, you must regarde to goe with the wynde. 1642 J. Eaton Honey-c. Free Justif. 202 Little remembering and lesse regarding to lay the blame where it is. 1673 S. C. Art of Complaisance 17 They who play at Tennis.. regard not onely to toss back the ball dextrously, but also [etc.].

c. To be inclined or desirous. Obs. rare~^. 1550 Bale Image Both Ch. iii. xviii. Bbbiijb, Neyther regarde they to kneele anye more downe and to kisse their pontificall rings.

d. To be concerned, to reck. Ohs. rare. 1557 North Gueuara's Diall Pr. 23 For covetous parsons lytle regard to shorten their life, so that they may augment their ryches. c 1600 Constance of Cleveland in Child Ballads (1857) IV. 229 The Knight nothing regarded To see the Lady scoffed.

111. Const, with that. a. To see to it; to take care. Ohs. rare—^. f 1550 R. Bieston Bayte Fortune Biv, But yet he must regarde,.. That all his goodes be got by way of rightousnes.

b. To consider, take into account. Obs. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) A 2 b, Regarding that by a reuiew of the same, it hath now receiued some shape, and proportion. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. in. i. 70 Neither regarding that she is my childe. Nor fearing me.

c. To appreciate, to think it well. Obs.—^ 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribae 385 Those.. will not much admire, nor yet greatly regard, that a Patron of Sacriledge for Lay-Vsurpers, should become a Practiser for Layelders.

12. To look, appear. rare~^. 1819 Shelley Prometh. Unb. iv. 213 The hills and woods .. Regard like shapes in an enchanter’s glass.

Hence re'garded ppl. a. 1586 Whetstone Eng. Myrror Ded., It then followeth, most regarded Queene, that the reach of my duetie [etc.]. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. ii. i. 10 The best regarded Virgins of our Clime Haue lou’d it to.

re-gard: see reguard

v.

re’gardable, a. ? Obs. [f. regard v. + -able, or a. F. regardable (14th c.)-] Worthy of being regarded, noticeable. (Common in 17th c.) 1591 Spenser Muiopot. Ded., Nor for name or kindreds sake by you vouchsafed, being also regardable. 1602 Carew Cornwall 144 Generally, it is more regardable for profit, then commendable for pleasure. 1656 [? J. Sergeant] tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 261 Seeing these objects to be unworthy and not regardable. 1704 Norris Ideal World ii. vi. 321 These mean and ignoble essences,.. the less regardable pieces of his workmanship. 1785 Hist. York II. 293 A circumstance not regardable by any but a true antiquary.

fre'gardage. Obs. rare-^. [? f. reguard v. + -AGE.] ? An allowance for providing fresh guards for robes. 1684 E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. ii. (ed. 15) 272 Note that out of the Sergeants afore-mentioned, the King by Writ usually calls some to be of his Council at Law, allowing each one wadage, feodage, vesturage and regardage.

regardance: see non-regardance. t re'gardancy. Ohs. rare. [See next -ANCY.] The fact of being regardant.

and

1628 Coke On Litt. 124 b, The law doth favor the villein in this issue.. for otherwise he ought to answer to the ^eciall matter, viz. to the regardancy. 1771 in Howell State Trials (1814) XX. 42 Regardancy necessarily implies prescription.

regardant (ri'gmdgnt), a. and sb. Also 6 (9) -aunt, -and. [a. F. regardant, pres. pple. of regarder to regard.] A. adj. 1. Law (now only Hist.) Attached to a manor; only in villein regardant (falso const. to).

REGARDER [1316 Year Bk. g Edw. II, Trin, 294 Le manoir de H... a quel manoir cest vileyn est regardant. 1356 Ibid. 2g Edw. Ill, Trin. (1561) 41b, Villeyns regardants al maneres sont de droyt al seignour de prendre lez a sa volunte.] 1443-50 in Baildon Sel. Cas. Chanc. (1896) 135 He and his auncestres.. haue been seised of the said John Bysship and of his auncestres as villeyns regardantz to the said Maner fro the tyme that no mynde is. 1531 Dial, on Laws Eng. i. xx. 33 b, But he hathe nother ryghte to the aduowsons appendaunt if any be, nor to the vylleyns regardant, a 1577 Sir T. Smith Commw. Eng. ii. viii. (1584) 108 These were not bond to the person but to the mannor or place,.. and in our lawe are called villaines regardantes. 1628 Coke On Litt. II. ii. §189. 123 b, And there is no diuersitie herein whether he be a villeine regardant, or in grosse although some haue said the contrarie. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. vi. 93 These villeins, belonging principally to lords of manors, were either villeins regardant, that is, annexed to the manor or land; or else they were in gross. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages viii. (1868) 569 The statute de donis must have operated very injuriously to prevent the enfranchisement of villeins regardant. 1892 Vinogradoff Villainage in Eng. i. i. 48 Most modern writers on the subject have laid stress upon a difference between villains regardant and villains in gross, said to be found in law books.

fb. transf. Ohs.

Bound or subject to something.

1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. xxxvii. 167 Whereas formerly Bishops were regardant both to the Crown and Presbytery,.. now they are made the birth of the King’s own breath.

2. Her.

Looking backward.

ri500 Sc. Poem Heraldry 130 in Q. Eliz. Acad., etc. 98 First, a lionne [statant]; on-vthir, lyone rampand;.. the viij dormand; the ix regardand is. 1562 Leigh Armorie 83 He beareth Azure .ij. Lyons passaunt regardant, Or. Ibid. 83 b. Some haue thought, that these Lyons be regardaunt, whereof by proofe, you see the contrarye. 1594 Kyd Cornelia v. 207 Passant regardant softly they [two lions] retyre. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. xxvi. 184 Hee beareth or, a Lion Rampand, Regardant Sable,.. This action doth manifest an inward and degenerate perturbation of the mind. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist, & Pop. x. (ed. 3) 58 The Lion Passant Reguardant.. looks back to the Sinister. Ibid. xxxii. 474 Two griffins reguardant sa., crowned or. transf. a 1502 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 239 Frumenty and venyson, syngnet rosted, graunt luce in sarris, roo roested regardaunt, feusaunt roosted [etc.].

3. Observant, watchful, contemplative. 1588 Kyd Househ. Phil. Wks. (1901) 242, I might shew myselfe mindful and regardant. 1630 B. Jonson New Inn iv. iv. You might have known that by my looks, and language, Had you been or regardant, or observant. 1814 Southey Roderick xi. The heroic Prince (who passing now.. the dangerous track, Turns thither his regardant eye). 1834Doctor (1848) i/i The look which accompanied the words was rather cogitative than regardant,

fb. Full of regard or consideration. Ohs. N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ivii. (1739) 105 Towards his Lay-Subjects he was more regardant for the settling of Laws, and executing of Justice. 1647

4. ? Looking towards each other. rare~^. 1856 J. C. Robinson Catal. Soulages Collection 133 An unfinished relievo of two regardant portraits of a lady and gentleman exists at the back of the slab.

B. 11. A beholder, spectator. Obs. (So also F'. regardant.) 1596 Z. J. tr. Lavardin's Hist. Scanderbeg 8 An incredible kind of care intermingled with griefe did assaile the hearts of the regardants. 1602 Monday Palmerin of Eng. xii. To the no small pleasure of the Emperor and his nobility as also the regardants. 1795 Burke Regie. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 72 The Helots of Laconia, the Regardants to the Manor in Russia and in Poland, even the Negroes in the West Indies, know nothing of. .so penetrating, so heart-breaking a slavery.

regarder (ri'ga:d3(r)). Also 6 -or, [f.

regard v.

+ -ER^, in early use after AF. regardouty med.L. reg{u)ardor and regardator.] 1 An officer charged with the supervision of a forest. Now only local and Hist.

.

[1217 (see regard sb. 3). ?I278 in Stat. Realm (1810) I. 244/2 Licitum est ei.. habere.. tot porcos quot boscus per visum forestariorum & viridariorum Regardatorum agistatorum & aliorum proborum hominum possit pati [etc.]. 1312 Rolls of Parlt. I. 283/1 (^ue les Forestiers.. presentent meismes les trespas as precheins Swanimotz devaunt Forestiers, Verdiers, Regardours, Agistours, & autres Ministres de meismes les Forestes.] 1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811)210 Noo forestir.. make any gaderyng, but be the sight and othe of xij. regarders whan they make regard. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. 28 b, The kepars, regarders, goysters, and other offyeers of suche forest and chases. 1594 Crompton yunW. 169 If a man be indited of Trespasse done in the forrest before verdors, regardors, agistors, and other Ministers of the Forrest [etc.]. 1615 Manwood Lawes Forest (ed. 2) xxi. §3. 193 b, It seemeth that at that time [Hen. II] no man was called to the place of a Regarder but he that was a Knight. 1667-8 Act ig & 20 Chas. II, c. 8 §5 New Elections shall be made..of all Verderors, Reguarders and other Officers of and for the Governing of the said Forrest [of Dean]. 1796 Sporting Mag. VIII. 164 Mr. Renshaw, one of the regarders of the New Forest. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 175/1 The verderers and regarders are chosen by the freeholders of Hampshire. Ibid. The regarders.. attend the marking of all trees to be felled, value the timber for sale [etc.]. 1865 Morn. Star 13 Apr., The Crown has neglected to appoint a warden, forester, regarder, and verderer of the said [Epping] forest. 1882 Spectator 18 Feb. 227/1 If you extinguish the regarder, you extinguish with it the regard.

who

or

that

which

Artes Pref. a ij b, Where so fewe regarders of leamynge are, howe greately they are to bee estemed that dooth fauour and further it. 1598 Florio, Riguardatore,.. a regarder. 1630 Lennard tr. Charron's Wisd. i. liii. (1670) 190 Where there is neither Judge nor Controller, nor regarder. 1682 SouTHERNE Loyol Brother l. i, Thou kind regarder of my Fame. 1804 Collins Scripscrap 97 Old Reynard kept a Larder, Of neighbours’ wants a kind regarder.

regardful (ri'gardfol), a. [f. regard sh.'\ 1. Heedful, attentive, observant. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia ii. (1622) 103 The sexe of womankinde.. is most bound to haue regardfull eye to mens iudgements. 1610 Guillim Heraldry vi. i. (1611) 251 For the better instruction of the regardfull reader. 1657 Baxter Call to Unconverted Wks. (1846) 168 You will hear such a message with more awakened regardful hearts. 1715 Pope Iliad i. 287 With regardful ear ’Tis just, O goddess! I thy dictates hear. 1827 Hood Mids. Fairies xlii, The dear curl on a regardffil brow. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps, v. §22. 158 The difference, when the touches are rude and few, between those of a careless and those of a regardful mind.

b. Const, ofy ■\to. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xxviii. (1623) 369 A great number.. who were more intentiue and regardfull to the Feast, than to any defence. 1653 Gataker Vind..Annot. Jer. 14 They ar more regardful of their worldly gain.. then they ar of a good conscience. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) III. xlvi. 267 A libertine in his riper years, hardly regardful of appearances. ^1850 Neale Hymns East. Ch. (1866) 109 Regardful of that day. 1876 Farrar Marlb. Serm. i. 7 A life regardful of duty is crowned with an object, directed by a purpose.

2. Respectful; indicative of regard or esteem. 1607 Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. i. 27 The very name it selfe of an Idoll ought to be left, and euery regardfull remembrance of him. 1651 Jer. Taylor Holy Dying iy. §8 To use all.. persons upon whom his name is called .. with a regardful and separate manner of usage. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility vi. 228 Much more should we his poor petitioners on earth, put up our humble supplications to him with the most regardful concern. 1821 Scott Kentlw. iii. The drawer says—‘Coming, friend’, without any more reverence or regardful addition. 1872 Blackie Lays Highl. 69 Was it a lady fair.. to whom Her lord, with proud, regardful grief, Upreared this stately tomb?

13. Worthy of regard or attention. Ohs. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribes 219 Their authority in the Church is so awfull, and so regardfull, that it will much preiudice your Negatiue against their Affirmatiue. 1650 Gentilis Considerations 89 Taking away honorable and regardfull subjects, whose valour and worth are the Sanctuary to which wronged subjects flye.

re'gardfuUy,

adv. [f. Attentively, respectfully.

prec.

+

-ly^.]

1607 Shaks. Timon iv. iii. 81 Is this th’ Athenian Minion, whom the world Voic’d so regardfully? 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. §144 He thought himself not regardfully enough used. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Mark iv. 23 Let him.. see that he hear God’s word regardfully. 1821 Examiner 12/2 Fixing public attention most regardfully upon the loftiest of its objects.

So re'gardfulness.

re'garding, vbl. sb. [f. regard v. + -ing*.] The

regards;

fa

1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. Ixii. [Ixv.] 209 Al theyr feats were nobly accomplysshed, to the grete pleasure of all the lordes and ladyes and other regarders. 1542 Records Gr.

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 157 b, With lytell regardyng of our duty. 1611 Cotgr., Regardement, a., regarding. C1680 Roxb. Ball. (1891) VII. 468 He told her that he would marry with she, for he was a Man of regarding. 1885 Athenaeum 19 Sept. 368/2 The contemplative regarding of modern life.

t re'gardively, adv,

Ohs. rare-^.

[irreg. f.

REGARD V.'] Attentively. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. xiii. Ixxviii. 324 Thy vnderstanding Minde..casts and conceiues the Sum: And all th’ aforesaid Vnities, regardiuely, obserues.

regardless (n'gaidhs), a. [f. regard s6.] 1. a. Heedless, indifferent, careless, without regard of. f Also const, at, for, to. 1591 Spenser Muiopot. 384 He likest is to fall into mischaunce, That is regardles of his governaunce. 1667 Milton P.L. in. 408 Regardless of the Bliss wherein hee sat. 172s Mandeville Ess. Charity in Fab. Bees, etc. I. 305 Reprobate parents that take ill courses and are regardless to [1723 of] their children. 1743 Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas Pref. 16 Indolent and regardless for the Preservation of the People. 1756 Toldervy Hist. 2 Orphans IV. 153 Would.. the soldier be regardless at the thundering of cannon ? 1784 CowPER Task II. 775 Regardless of her charge, She needs herself correction. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola xix, A man who had been openly regardless of religious rites.

b. Without const. (Chiefly in attrib. use.) 1601 Yarington Two Lament. Trag. Fijb, Grim imperious death, Reguardlesse instrument of cruell fate, f 1695 J. Miller Descr. New York (1843) 7 The most part ignorant and conceited, fickle and regardless. 1718 Pope Iliad xvi. 659 What thoughts, regardless chief! thy breast employ? 1784 Cowper Task v. 350 You the reg^dless author of its woes. 1868 Whittier Among the Hills Prel. 78 Treading the May-flowers with regardless feet.

c. ellipt. (passing into adv.) for ‘regardless of expense’ or ‘regardless of consequences’, used postpositively. orig. U.S. Phr. to press on regardless-, see press v.^ 14 a. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It xlvii. 334 We are going to get the thing [ic. a funeral] up regardless, you know. 1896 Advance (Chicago) 30 July 150 Miss Bond got herself up

I

K.

regardless, and came in resplendent in ruby velvet and white swansdown. 1898 J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes 40 Who do yer think is down ‘ere, got up regardless? D’Arcy’s mash, Daisy Chapman. 1911 H. Quick Yellowstone Nights xi. 289 We got a bulletin from his doctors and messages from him to rush S.F. 41144 to its passage, regardless, or he’d accept a bid he’d got for the Bottle Imp. 1920 W. j. Locke House of Baltazar xvii. 205 I’ve a jolly good mind to set him up regardless, like a pre-war nut. 1928 T. E. Lawrence Let. 16 Apr. (1938) 587, I thought some plutocrat publisher vvas backing you, regardless: the price he offered was so fantastic. 1928 E. O’Neill Strange Interlude ii. 58 Evans. {Blundering on regardless now.) I know it’s hardly the proper time—. 1940 M. Dickens Mariana iii. 63 ‘It’s a shilling. Is that too much?’ He laughed at her. ‘I told you—we’re dining out regardless to-night.’ i960 Observer 24 July 17/6 What a marvellous feeling when you find the boat is sailing on regardless. 196a Listener 19 Apr. 687/2 The microphone picks everything up, and transmits it regardless. 1980 J. Scott Gospel Lamb vii. 103 San fairy anne, as the Frogs used to say. He was clobbered, regardless.

2. Unregarded, slighted; unworthy of regard. a 1591 H. Smith (1867) I. 153 A precious head-tire, which all day is worn,.. but at night that riches is laid aside, and the head muffled with some regardless tire. i6ix Speed Theat. Gt, Brit. (1614) 107/2 From a princely castle [it] is become no better then a regardlesse cottage. i^7 Congreve Mourn. Bride ii. ix, Zara.. Is a regardless suppliant, now, to Osmyn. 1714 H. Grove ^ect. No. 626 IP 7 They dazzle every one but the Possessor: To him that is accustomed to them they are cheap and regardless Things. 1853 G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Bord. I. 154 Producing a very pleasing and picturesque effect with materials, which, separately viewed, are of a mean and regardless character.

re'gardlessly, adv.

[f.

prec.

+

-ly**.]

In a

regardless manner. 1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. Eiij, With watrie lockes about her shoulders spred Regardlessely. 1676 Towerson Decalogue 143 His Name [is].. not either slightly or regardlesly to be mentioned. 1814 Southey Roderick xxi, Time was when in our fathers’ ways we walk’d Regardlessly alike.

re'gardlessness.

[f. as Heedlessness, carelessness.

prec.

-1-

-ness.]

i6ii W. Sclater Key (1629) 280 Regardlesnesse of choyse in marriage. 1681 Flavel Meth. Grace Ep. Ded. 14 Such is the supineness and inexcusable regardlessness of most men. a 1732 T. Boston Crook in Lot (1S05) 61 With a holy contempt and regardlessness of the hardshi ps. 1823 Southey Penins. War I. 422 It was.. shocking to humanity to behold their sufferings, and the cruel regardlessness of their comrades. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 105 This exclusive love of freedom and regardlessness of everything else.

re'gardship. Obs. rare^'^. Consideration, carefulness. t

[f.

sb.)

regard

1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 644 This Lewis.. wolde goo more lyker a yoman.. than lyke a prynce: y* which was for no regardshyp nor sparynge of good.

re'garment, v.

1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. x. 4 The beginning of weldooing in all a man’s whole lyfe is regardfulnesse. 1611 W. Sclater Key (1629) That reuerent esteeme, and regardfulnesse in vsing, as is due to such ordinances, a 1864 J. D. Burns Memoir Sf Remains (1869) 290 With strong and unwearied regardfulness for me.

action of the vb.; fdistinction.

2. A villein regardant, a serf. ? Ohs.

2, One spectator.

REGATHER

502

[re- s a.] To clothe anew. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xiv. 39 Our shape, regarmented with glorious weeds. Of saintly flesh.

re'garnish (ri:-), v.

[In early use ad. F. regarniss-y regarnir; later f. re- 5 a + garnish v.] trans. To garnish afresh. 1480 Caxton OvitTs Met. xiv. viii, Ulixes dyde do repayre & regarnysshe hys shyppes. i6ii Cotgr., Regarnir, to regamish, to new furnish, a 1680 Charnock Attrib. God (1834) II. 382 Not regamishing an earthly, but providing a richer palace. 1901 Clive Holland Mousme 67 The surface of the earth regamished with jewels of flowers.

regasify (ri:‘gaesifai), v.

Also re-gasify. 5 b.] trans. To convert back into gas.

[re-

1926 [implied in regasified ppl. a. below]. 1940 Gas Age 24 Oct. 47/1 The liquefied natural gas would be stored in special insulated tanks, to be withdrawn.. and regasifled when need arose. 1946 Nature 20 July 105/2 The methane would be extracted and stored as liquid at periods of low demand, and re-gasified to enrich water gas at periods of high demand. 1967 Sci. Amer. Oct. 32/1 Natural gas is liquefied, stored and regasified for use in a city on days of peak demand.

So re'gasifled ppl. a.; also regasili'eation, the action or process of regasifying. 1926 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity xxiii. 167 The uncondensed impurities (nitrogen, hydrogen, rare gases) are then pumped off, and after removal of the liquid air, the regasified emanation is allowed to stream into the vessel in which it is to be used. 1940 Oil Sf Gasjrnl. Oct. 51/1 We began an intensive study of natural-gas liquefaction, its storage and subsequent regasification. 1967 Sci. Amer. Oct. 32/1 Regasification involves heating liquid natural gas (LNG), which is at a temperature of -259 degrees Fahrenheit, so that it vaporizes and is raised to a safe temperature of 40 degrees F. 1978 Liquefied Natural Gas (Shell Intemat. Petroleum Co.) 8 'The heat required for re-gasification can be taken from a variety of sources—sea water, power station effluent or gasfired heaters.

re'gather, v.

[re- 5 a; cf. recollect u.' 2.]

1. a. trans. To collect or bring together again. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 66 At length regathering his spirits..he strained foorth this dittie. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. i. 140 Having regathered his disordered troupes. 1676 Otway Don Carlos iii. i, I’ll regather yet my strength. 1838-40 [see the vbl. sb. below], 1868 Sill Poems, Hermitage xv, As the image of God Is broken and re¬ gathered in the soul. reft. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. ii. 144 Time to regather themselues into order againe.

b. intr. To meet or come together again.

REGATTA 1855 [see the/)/)/, a. below]. 1890 Pall MallG. 16 Aug. 7/1 When the House of Commons.. regathered yesterday afternoon.

2. trans. To gather (a garment) again. 1856 Miss Yonge Daisy Chain xviii, Margaret.. was.. re¬ gathering a poor child’s frock. 1875 Plain Needlework 20 The child can probably sew the gathers in.. instead of having to regather the whole.

Hence re'gathering vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1838 De Quincey Lamb Wks. 1858 IX. 112 The regathering and restoration of the total word from its scattered parts. 1840 Poe William Wilson Wks. 1864 I. 421 An indistinct regathering of feeble pleasures and phantasmagoric pain. 1855 Lynch Rivulet xxxii. i, ’Twas hard the unbroken dark to bear, But harder still re-gathering night. 1955 Times 9 Aug. 10/2 They are kept together by a rule of life, by monthly meetings on the mainland, and a lo-day regathering on the island each June.

regatta (n'gaets). Also 7 regatto, 7-8 regate, 8 regata. [It. (Venetian) regatta (and regata) ‘a strife or contention or struggling for the maistrie’ (Florio): hence also F. regate.] 1. The name given at Venice to certain boatraces held on the Grand Canal. 1652 S. S. Secretaries Studie 265 The rarest [show] that ever I saw, was a costly and ostentatious triun^h, called a Regatto^ presented on the Grand-Canal. 1677 Uovt. Venice 315 Regates, are the Courses or Combats of their Boats upon the Grand Canal for a Prize, not unlike the Carrousels. 1754 Drummond Trav. 84 Though I stayed in this city [Venice] longer than I could have wished, I was extremely well entertained with the sight of a regatta. 1866 Howells Venet. Life (1883) 11. xvii. 65 The picturesque and exciting pastime of the regatta.

2. A boat- or yacht-race, or (usually) an organized series of such races, forming a more or less prominent sporting and social event. The first English regatta was held on the Thames on the 23rd of June 1775: see the Annual Register for that year, pp. 133 and 216. *775 Public Advertiser 24 May 2/2 The Regatta will keep at home many of our Nobility and wealthy Commoners. *775 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 21 June, I am glad that you are to be at the regatta. 1775 Newcastle Courant 16 Sept., Monday, the keelmen, the great watermen on this river, were much engaged in a Regatta. 1843 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1889) I. 117 Regattas at Lowestoft, and at Woodbridge. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 469/2 Sailing regattas are held in many of our rivers and lakes, but chiefly at Cowes, Kingstown, and other seaport towns. 1887 Miss Br.addon Like ^ Unlike xix. He took her to racemeetings, and cricket grounds, and regattas. attrib. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fafrxxxix, They penetrated to Cowes for the race-balls and regatta-gaieties there. 1887 J. Ashby-Sterry Lazy Minstrel (1892) 204 Regatta-time’s pleasant. Thrice pleasant is Henley in laughing July!

3. A cotton fabric, usu. made in twill; a striped garment made in this fabric. Also attrib.y esp. as regatta shirty an informal light-weight striped shirt. 1861 T. Baines 7rn/. 21 July in Explorations S.-W. Afr. (1864) 59, I gave Hendrick a couple of regatta shirts and elastic braces. 1910 Westm. Gaz. 7 Feb. 5/5 (Advt.), Woven Ginghams, Zephyrs, Regattas, and heavier grades, good for tub frocks. 1910 Encycl. Brit. VII. 278/1 Regatta is a stout, coloured shirt cloth similar in make to a Jeanette. It was originally made in blue and white stripes and was used largely and is still used for men’s shirts. 1962 B.S.L News Jan. 8/2 The cloths are coloured-woven regatta fabrics, one of which is all cotton and the other a blend of cotton with one-third rayon staple. Ibid. 9/1 The blend has been evolved more recently; requirements for it have been based on regattas submitted to comprehensive trials by hospitals and local authorities. 1963 New Yorker i June 115 These shirts .. in regatta, sky blue.. navy or red. 1972 Canad. Antiques Collector Nov.-Dec. lo/i The Langley records list substantial quantities of Chesterfields, frock coats, Scotch tweeds,.. regatta shirts.

Hence re'gatting vbl. sb. (nonce-wd.) 1843 Thackeray Irish Sk.-bk. x, We had talked of hunting, racing, regatting, and all other sports.

re'gauge, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To gauge anew. Also re-'gauge sb. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 413 Re-gauged Ullage Contents. [See also Re- 5 a.] 1891 Imperial Tariff zhg On a warrant for the re-gauge or re-test of Wine.., the officer is to allow the regauge or re-test thereof.

regaute, variant of regalty Obs. rege, obs. Sc. form of rage sb. and v. fre'geal, v. Obs.~^ [ad. L. regeldre: see re- 2d and GEAL u.] intr. To thaw, melt. 01658 Cleveland Gen. Poems (1677) 10, I feel thou art consenting ripe By that soft gripe. And those regealing Crystal Spheres.

regelate (riidsi'leit), v. [f. re- 5 a -t- ppl. stem of L. geldre to freeze: perh. after F. regeler (1461).] intr. (and refl.) To freeze together again. i860 Tyndall Glac. ii. xxiv. 358 The confused fragments regelated to a compact continuous mass. 1863 Sat. Rev. i Aug. 148 The ice fragments round him had regelated so as to form a solid case. fig. 1874 Ruskin Fors Clav. xliii. 158 It.. regelated itself into a somewhat compact essay on glaciers.

regelation

(riidsi'leijan). [See prec. and The action of freezing together again; spec, the fusion of two pieces of ice, GELATfONh]

REGENCY

503

having moist surfaces, at a temperature above freezing-point.

political leader; an controlling affairs.

1857 Tyndall St Huxley in Phil. Trans. CXLVII. 329 On the Regelation of Ice, and its application to Glacial Phenomena. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §100 Provided the surfaces be smooth, when they are brought into the slightest contact regelation ensues. attrib. 1897 Edin. Rev. July 45 The viscous and regelation theories only account for the moulding of the glacier to its trough.

1721 Bailey, Regency, the Government or Governours of a Kingdom during the Minority or absence of a Prince. 1750 H. Walpole Lett, to Mann (1834) II. 321 We expect some chagrin on the new Regency at the head of which is to be the Duke. 1788 in Dk. Buckingham Court & Cabinets Geo. Ill (1859) II. 18 The Opposition.. are exceedingly embarrassed, even supposing the Regent, or Regency, to venture on the change of Ministry. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 45 It made no difference whether the States supported the Regency or not. 1852 Hawthorne Stories fr. Hist. & Biog. ix. 72 A number of.. statesmen, who were called a regency. 1940 Sun (Baltimore) 13 Aug. 15/5 Secretary Knox named a three-man ‘regency’ to publish and edit the News while he holds his Cabinet post. 1956 New Republic 9 Jan. 2/3 There’s some evidence the Administration ‘Regency’ is using Ike’s absence to even old scores. 1963 Da//y Tel. 12 Jan. 15/3 Leading members of the Parliamentary Labour party have been angered by a suggestion.. that a ‘Regency’ has been set up to rule in the absence of Mr. Gaitskell.

regement, obs. form of regiment. t'regenceL Obs. rare. [a. F. regence: REGENCY and -ENCE.] = REGENCY.

see

c 1470 Harding Chron. lix. ii, She was able, by wytte and sapience. The realme to rule, and haue therof regence. Ibid. Lxii. ii. He had .. A lyons chere in felde, with good regence. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i. ii. ii. 2 The regence or presidence of the Moon.. over the Air. 1678 Butler Hud. ni. ii. 275 Some.. That swore to any human regence Oaths of supremacy and allegiance.

inside

group

or

clique

Rfegence^ (resas). [Fr.: see regence'.] Used, chiefly attrib., to designate the style of costume, furniture, and interior decoration, characteristic of the first third of the eighteenth century in France, during which occurred the French Regency (see regency 5).

t c. A council or meeting of the members of a regency. Obs.-''

1919 H. Nicolson Let. i Feb. in J. Lees-Milne H. Nicolson (1980) vii. 114 A huge Regence writing table. 1930 R. CuTHiLL tr. J. Schober’s Silk Silk Industry iv. 272 Regearue [sic], a Jacquard fabric with small designs and also stripes in the warp direction; usually in striking colours. 1930 Morning Post 18 July 14/5 A Regence settee and four fauteuils. 1963 House Garden Mar. 79/2 The term Regence.. is used for the period 1710 to 1730. 1968 Ibid. May 47 (caption) The sitting-room, showing one of the bergeres, Regence overmantel and Austrian clock. 1973 Country Life 10 May 1307/1 Slender Regence ribbonwork displaced the more plastic forms of the Baroque. 1977 Times 16 June 18/6 An ormolu-mounted Regence commode at 53,000 francs .. or £6,235.

1888 A. Johnston in Winsor Hist. Amer. VII. v. 283 The methods of the ‘Albany Regency’, whose members .. made it their rule never to desert a party friend or forgive disobedience or breach of party discipline.

regency ('ri:d33nsi). [ad. med.L. regentia (1418 in Du Cange), or f. regent: see -ency. Cf. F. regence.'\ 1. The position or office of ruler; exercise of rule or authority; government, dominion, control. a. on the part of persons. Now rare or Obs. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 212 Heyll, reytyus rewlar in p\ regensy! 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. li. §3 The scepter of Christs regencie euen in the kingdom of heauen. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 128 She..had the prerogatiue of the regencie ouer the greatest kingdome. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. II. xxxiv. (1739) 157 Custom in Government.. made her Regency at last taste somewhat stale and spiritless. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 114 Mankind might wish to be under the regency of such a monarch. 1760-72 H. Brooke Foo/0/Qua/. (1809) III. 116, I had made a vow.. to forsake her and the country the very day after her regency [as Queen of the May].

b. transf. or fig. of things. 1635 Valentine Foure Sea-Serm. 24 This Planet hath a regencie, and dominion over moist bodies. 1681 Flavel Meth. Grace xxvii. 457 The deposing of corruption from its regency and dominion in the soul. 1840 Fraser's Mag. XXII. 457 His passions,.. spurning the regency of judgment, exercised.. undivided sway, a 1890 Austin Phelps My Note-Book (1891) vii. 169 Conscience claims regency in everything that a man should aim to do or to be.

2. a. The office and jurisdiction of a regent or vicegerent; government by a regent or by a body exercising similar authority. 1429-30 Rolls of Park. V. 416/1 It was advised and thoght, that as toward the Regencie of France occupied theire by my Lorde of Bedford, that anoon.. that name and Office shuld cesse. C1470 Harding Chron. cxxxvii. iii. For constable then was he Of Englande hole to haue the regency. ri6oo Drayton Miseries Q. Margaret xxvi, York then, which had the regency in France, They force the King ignobly to displace. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ Subj. 101 How came.. Mary de Midici wife of Henry the Fourth.. to manage the Regencie of France.. ? 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Regent^ Some have urged that women being incapable of succeeding to that crown, were incapable of the regency; but custom has declared in their favour. 1791 Burke Corr. (1844) III. 255 The rebels say they will declare a regency if the king refuses to accept. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxv, He transferred the regency which he had so foully acquired, to his son Murdoch. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist. (1896) III. xviii. 169 The king’s illness placed the queen and the duke of York in direct rivalry for the regency.

b. personified. = regent sb. 2. 1814 Byron Diary 18 Feb., The avowal and republication of two stanaas on Princess Charlotte’s weeping at Regency’s speech to Lauderdale in 1812.

3. t R- The governing body of certain (chiefly European) towns and Muslim states. Obs. 1706 Land. Gaz. No. 4239/1 Deputies from the neighbouring Regencies [in Germany]. 1748 Anson’s Voy. III. ix. 389 When these prisoners got to Canton, the Regency sent for them. 1769 Lloyd’s Even. Post 22-5 Sept. 295/1 The Regency of Venice have sent orders that no more bodies shall be dug out of the ground. 1796 Washington Lett. Writ. 1892 XIII. 240 The purport of your private letter .. (that part of it I mean which relates to the Frigate for the Regency of Algiers) has surprised me exceedingly.

b. A body of men appointed to carry on the government during the absence, minority, or incapacity of the sovereign or hereditary ruler; a Government so constituted. Also in transf. or extended senses: a group that manages or administers in the absence of a manager or

1748 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 242 There was a great Regency kept in town.

d. Albany regency, a group of politicians who controlled the Democratic party in the state of New York from c 1820 to 1850.

4. A district under the control of a regent or regency (3 a). 1667 Milton P.L. v. 748 Regions they pass’d, the mightie Regencies of Seraphim and Potentates and Thrones. 1780 Ann. Reg. 5 The territory appertaining to the regency of Burghausen. 1817 Raffles Hist. Java iii. I. 142 The rice fields of a regency are divided among the whole of the population. 1838 Sparks' Biogr. IX. Eaton vii. 245 The Bashaw gave permission to the American agent to leave the Regency.

5. The period during which a regent governs; spec, the periods in French and English history during which Philip, Duke of Orleans (1715-23), and George, Prince of Wales (the Prince Regent, 1810-20), acted as regents. 1727 Boyer Diet. Royal I. s.v. Reistre, The German Horse that came into France during the Regency of Queen Catherine of Medicis. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 358/2 It was during the English regency that the power of Napoleon was broken, and peace was restored to Europe. 1069 Lecky Europ. Mor. II. v. 326 The moral tone.. was.. lower, probably, than in France under the Regency, or in England under the Restoration.

6. a. The office or function of a university regent. 1639 in Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 233 note, In regaird of the vacancie of the place of regencie of the thrid classe. 01670 Spalding Ibid. (1851) II. 74 Mr. Alex'" Scrogie.. deposit fra his regency.. had gottin sum pensioun fra the King. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 548 In 1446, he being then in his Regency, he became one of the Commissaries of the University. 1771 Gentl. Mag. XLI. 19 Every fellow is obliged to leave that College after he has completed eighteen years from his Regency in Arts. 1841 Peacock Stat. Cambr. 11 Every master of arts.. was sworn to continue his regency for five years. 1895 Rashdall Univ. Mid. Ages xii. II. 475 The privilege of studying Theology after Regency in Arts.

b, (See quot.) rare-^. [After F. regence.] 1839 Hallam Hist. Lit. iv. i. §5 The Jesuits write and speak Latin well.. owing to their keeping regencies (an usual phrase for academical exercises) from their early youth.

7. attrib. and Comb.y as regency act, bill, cap, post; regency point, a kind of lace (see quots.); also attrib. 1705-6 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1875) VI. 5 The committee, to whom the regency bill is committed. 1743 H. Walpole Let. 14 Apr., The Earl of Bath and Mr. Pelham, neither of them in regency-posts, are to be of the number. 1865 F. B. Palliser Hist. Lace xxx. 364 A ‘point’ lace, with the ‘cloth’ or ‘toile’ on the edge, for many years was in fashion, and in compliment to the Prince, was named.. ‘Regency Point’. It was a durable and handsome lace. 1867 Grey Early Years Prince Consort 351 The Regency Bill.. will to-day be read for a third time in the House of Lords. 1900 E. Jackson Hist. Hand-Made Lace 193 Regency Point Lace. This lace, made in Bedfordshire, was in great demand during the Regency early in the nineteenth century. The edge is thick, the ground, a complicated reseau, or hand-made mesh. 1930 T. Wright Romance of Lace Pillow xv. 219 During the Regency (1810-1820) there was made in Northamptonshire a striking lace, with fillings of a bold character, which was called Regency Point.

c.

b. Passing into adj. Applied to styles of architecture, clothing, furniture, etc., charac¬ teristic of the English Regency (sense 5), and, more generally, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The isolated early use in quot. c 1793 may possibly reflect the public controversy surrounding the Regency Bill of 1788. c *793 Jane Austen Volume Third in Minor 211 ‘She sends me a long account of the new

(1954)

Regency walking dress Lady Susan has given her... She says nothing indeed except about the Regency.’ ‘She must write well thought Kitty, to make a long letter upon a Bonnet & Pelisse.’ 1880 E. Glaisher Needlework viii. 86 Shieldbacked chairs of the Regency fashion. 1887 Lecky Eng. in i8th C. V. 145 Whig ladies appeared in society with caps that were known as ‘regency caps’ and with ribands indicating their politics. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl., Regency

REGEND Style. 1918 A. Bennett Pretty Lady vi. 25 He had furnished his flat in the Regency style of the first decade of the nineteenth century. Ibid. vii. 33 Regency furniture and china. 1936 Discovery Oct. 321/2 The short ‘Brutus’ curls of regency mock-classical beauties. 1938 C. Day Lewis Overtures to Death 18 We gaze At a Regency terrace, curved Like the ritual smile. 1954 J. Betjeman Few Late Chrysanthemums 43, I pulled aside the thick magenta curtains~So Regency, so Regency, my dear—. 1958Coll. Poems 250 It’s for Regency now I’m enthusing So we’ve Regency stripes on the wall. 1963 N. Freeling Because of Cats iii. 47 There were Regency-striped silk cushions. 1973 P. Moves Curious Affair of Third Dog v. 57 The Regency-stripe wall-paper. 1976 Denbighshire Free Press 8 Dec. 16/7 (Advt.), Curtains... Regency stripe/gold, 2 width each side, length 53 in. £20. 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds iii. 64 The Louis Quinze sofa and chairs, the Regency escritoire. 1977 S. Wales Echo 18 Jan. (Advt.), Only four remaining on a small development of just 10 Regency style Detached Houses.

regend, obs. variant of regent. tre'gender, v, Obs. [f. re- 5a + gender v., after L. regenerdre: see next.] trans. To beget again; to make or create afresh; to form anew. (Cf, re-engender.) Hence re'gendered/>/>/. a., re'gendering vbl. sb. and ppL a. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 If p&t a leche wolde bisie him .. to regendre fleisch in a wounde. Ibid. 211 Mundificatiuis .. -wip regendring )?ingis & drijng J)ingis. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 431/1 Enabling the new regendred creature to inheritaunce of heauen. 1533 - Apol. 54 The regendrynge of the soule by fayth. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis II. (Arb.) 59 With toonge three forcked furth spirts fyre freshlye regendred. 1597 Lowe Chirurg. ii. i. (1634) 39 The continuall inspiration .. for their refreshing, as also for the regendring of the spirit Animall.

fre'gener, v. Obs. [ad. OF. regenerer (iith c.; mod.F. regenerer) or L. regenerdre: see re- and GENER v.) = prec. C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 Aftirward we schulen dense pe quytture, & aftir J^at regenere fleisch. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 295 With haly unctioune annoyntit, and regenerit be new generacioune. C1500 Melusine 140 The feyth of Jeshu Cryste, of the whiche he vs alle hath regenered and saued.

regenerable regener(ate V. regenerated.

REGENERATING

504

(ri'd38nar3b(3)l), a. [f. + -ABLE.] Capable of being

1920 in Webster. 1927 A. Kocourek Jural Relations x. 140 Regenerable relations .. are mesonomic relations which are convertible into zygnomic relations by means of a jural act or event. 1976 Nature 24 June 660/1 Microparticles were needed in the thermally regenerable ion-exchange process to ensure rapid rates of ion-exchange.

regeneracy (ri'dsEnarasi). [f. regener-ate ppl. a. + -ACY.] The state of being regenerate. 1626 Huit {title) Anatomy of Conscience; or, the Sum of Paul’s Regeneracy. a 1660 Hammond Serm. Wks. 1683 IV. 686 Though Saul were.. called from the depth of sin to regeneracy and salvation. 1755 Amory Mem. (1769) I. 105 A religion of regeneracy and holy spiritual life. 1853 Lynch Onward in Lett, to Scattered 340 The things they have just left behind, which in their first regeneracy are like those ‘fleshpots of Egypt’.

re'generant, a. and sb. [See next and -ant.] A. adj. Regenerating. rare~’. 1855 Bailey Spir. Leg. in Mystic, etc. (ed. 2) 66 Of talismanic and regenerant force.

B. sb. A regenerating agent. 1961 in Webster. 1963 Engineering 13 Sept. 338/3 The regenerant for the anion column can be either sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.

regenerate (ri'd3en3r3t), ppl. a. and sb. [ad. L. regenerdt-uSy pa. pple. of regenerdre: see next.] A. ppl. a. fl. Re-born; brought again into existence; formed anew. Obs. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. v. viii. in Ashm. (1652) 150 Guydo..seyth by rottyng dyeth the compound corporall. And then.. Uprysyth agayne Regenerat, Sympilf, and Spyrytuall. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, i. iii. 70 The earthy author of my blood, Whose youthfull spirit in me regenerate, Doth with a two-fold rigor lift mee vp. 1593 G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 58 A canker.. neuer perfectly healeth, vnlesse the rootes and all be vtterly extirped; and the fleshe regenerate. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 794 For our flesh shalbe regenerate by incorruption, as our soule is by faith.

2. In religious use: Spiritually re-born. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 221 b, Excepte a man be regenerate & borne agayne of water & the holy goost. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. 84 Which excuse belongeth only to the regenerate, which do with the chief part of their soule tend vnto good. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. xxv. §20 By the Holy Ghost are the elect regenerate in spirit. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 5 Grace..had remov’d The stonie from thir hearts, and made new flesh Regenerate grow instead. 1746 Hervey Medit. (1818) 93 An innumerable race of regenerate children. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost ii. 35 We are bom again, we are regenerate, we are sons of God1883 J- W. Reynolds Supernat in Nature 24 The remarkable betterment which is wrought in those who are called ‘regenerate’.

b. Restored to a better state, reformed. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. viii. (1739) 16 It had been a wonder if Episcopacy.. should by transplanting become regenerate into their original condition of meekness and humility, i860 Froude Hist. Eng. V. 459 Organs still pealed through the aisles in notes unsuited to a regenerate worship.

c. Of nations: Restored or raised again from a sunk or base condition.

1811 Scott Don Roderick iii. xiv, O who shall grudge him Albuera’s bays. Who brought a race regenerate to the field. 1865 Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. (1871) vi. 130 The righteous and generous sympathy which we all feel towards regenerate Italy.

t3. Degenerate, renegade. Obs. rare. 1596 Edward III, i. i, Regenerate traitor, viper to the place Where thou wast foster’d. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 360 So forth went this regenerate English Moor, more like a mad man then an advised champion, to kill this lion.

4. Biol. Formed or modified by regeneration. 1952 Q. Rev. Biol. XXVII. 169/2 Intimacy of morphological relation between the regenerate and the adult tissue has demanded that study of the process of regeneration be made against the background of the anatomy and physiology of adult tissues.

B. sb. 11. A regenerate person. Obs. ^1569 Kingesmyll Comf. Afflict. (1585) Cvij, The blessed posteritie of the blessed Abraham, and true regenerates of God by our Saviour Christ. 1652 Bp. Hall Invis. World lll. §5 Casting undue fears into the tender hearts of weak regenerates.

2. Biol. A limb or other part formed by regeneration. 1952 Q. Rev. Biol. XXVII. 169/2 The histology of the regenerate emphasizes the continuity and interrelation between adult and regenerating tissue. Ibid., The regenerate ..is nourished by the adult blood stream, i960 [see dedifferentiation]. 1964 [see melanogenesis s.v. melano-]. 1977 Sci. Amer. July 69/3 A graft between a proximal level of a host cockroach leg and a distal level of a donor leg gives rise to a normally oriented intercalary regenerate and forms a normal leg segment.

regenerate (n'd3en3reit), v. [ad. ppl. stem of L. regenerdre: see re- and generate v.j and cf. F. regenerer (i ith c.).] 1. a. trans. In religious use: To cause to be born again in a spiritual sense; to invest with a new and higher spiritual nature. Also refl. 01557 Mrs. M. Basset tr. More's Treat. Passion M.’s Wks. 1378/2 These I meane whom he hath by his wholesome sacramentes & faith regenerated & renewed. 1587 Golding De Mornay xxxi. (1617) 503 But yet hath he circumcised our hearts by regenerating vs. 1679 Penn Addr. Prot. II. 112 The Family of the Faithful, regenerated and redeemed from the Earth. 1740 Waterland Regeneration Wks. 1823 VI. 352 No man regenerates himself at all. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. Iviii. VI. 267 She was regenerated and crowned in St. Sophia, under the more orthodox appellation of Anne. 1850 Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. iv. (1872) 48 Man need not be regenerated in order to possess the power of reasoning. 1885 Finlayson Biol. Relig. 86 Perhaps he thinks that infants dying in infancy are regenerated in the article of death.

b. To reform completely; to effect a thorough moral change in (a person or state of things, etc.). 1849 Alison Hist. Europe III. xiv. §45. 179 Your brothers .. desire to be regenerated, and to become men. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches iii. 54 The church has to be regenerated. 1891 Spectator 23 May, Where the West rules Mussulmans, it ‘regenerates’ their social system.

c. To convert into something better, rare. 1850 W. Collins Antonina iv, Pagan images regenerated into portraits of saints.

2. Path, and Biol. To reproduce, form afresh (some part of the body). Chiefly in pass. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Ft. Chirurg. 33/2 Round aboute the vlceration is regenerated a tender and viscouse flesh. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pjewd. E/>. 127 That the limbs of Hyppolitus were set together, not regenerated by iF^sculapius, is the utmost assertion of Poetry. 1678 Cudworth Intel! Syst. i. iii. 167 Which regenerates and repairs Veins consumed or cut off. 1784 M. Baillie Wks. (1825) I. 193, I found many old scars where the Rete Mucosum was regenerated. 1513 J. Thomson Lect. Infiam. 471 The dark-coloured fungous mass.. on being removed is quickly regenerated. 1895 Arch, fiir Entwicklungsmech. der Organismen II. 122 The power of an adult animal to regenerate lost parts. 1897 Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 89 The exsected rib had been regenerated. 1909 R. H. Lock Rec. Progress Study of Variation iii. 61 The power of regenerating a lost part must clearly often be of service to the creatures which possess it. 1959 [see regeneration 3]. 1961 Lenhoff & Loomis Biol. Hydra 409 Hydra treated with 10-^M lipoic acid for short periods immediately after removal of their hypostomes and tentacles completely lose the capacity to regenerate those structures. 1970 Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. i. 21 The capacity to regenerate certain tissues, possessed by most embryonic animals, is still present in some mature animals and plants.

3. a. To reproduce, re-create; to form or bring into existence again. 1608 Topsell Serpents (i6s8) 728 Out of the ashes of a Toad burnt, not only one, but many Toads have been regenerated the year following. 1712 Blackmore Creation II. (ed. 2) 65 [The sun] Through all the Soil a genial Ferment spreads, Regenerates the Plants. 1731 Arbuthnot Aliments IV. ii. §39 (1735) 109 The Salts, of which the Acid was compos’d, will be regenerated. 1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 284 The soil in which nitre is produced or regenerated. 1962 Which? Oct. 294/1 After a time, the resin [in a water softener] has no sodium left, and has to be ‘regenerated’ by adding sodium chloride.

b. With immaterial object. 1612 Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 156 Yet could not the King’s grace regenerate obedience in that degenerate house. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 29 In both cases they regenerated the deficient part of the old constitution through the parts which were not impaired. 1837 Ht. Martineau Soc. Amer. III. 185 The great point to be gained with the criminal is to regenerate self-respect. 1869 Claridge Cold Water-cure 77 Mankind may still turn back, and regenerate health.

i

V

c. Chem. and Textiles. To re-precipitate (a natural polymeric substance, as cellulose, proteins) following chemical processing, esp. in the form of fibres; to make (fibres) in this way. Cf. REGENERATED ppl. a. 2. 1925 U.S. Patent 1,528,210, I.. have invented certain new and useful Improvements in a Process of Regenerating Cellulose from Viscose. 1948 J. T. Marsh Textile Sci. i. 8 It has not been possible to regenerate fibres from wool, but successful attempts have been made with silk. 1950 R. W. Moncrieff Artificial Fibres 90 Some of the sodium cellulose xanthate decomposes, regenerating cellulose which is maintained in emulsion form by that part of the sodium cellulose xanthate which is still undecomposed. X955 Cockett & Hilton Basic Chem. of Textile Preparation iv. 82 Attempts have been made to regenerate both silk and wool in which the protein raw material is in a linear or near linear form. 1972 M. A. Taylor Technol. of Textile Properties 30 Azlon is the generic term given.. to fibres regenerated from natural protein, such as casein from milk. 1973 Materials Sf Technol. VI. iv. 277 The extruded filaments were injected into a bath of dilute sulphuric acid to re-precipitate, or ‘regenerate’, the original cellulose and form textile threads.

4. To reconstitute on a higher plane; to place on a new basis. Also refl, 1789 CoxE Trav. Switz. (1801) I. Introd. 39 To regenerate Switzerland is not to disturb it. I79* Paine Rights of Man (ed. 4) 58 The country has never yet regenerated itself and is therefore without a constitution. 1864 Raine Priory of Hexham (Surtees) I. Pref. i. 63 When his nephew Thomas II wished to regenerate Hexham. 1891 Pall Mall G. 5 May 2/1 Is capital required to ‘regenerate’, as you term it, the non-paying mines?

5. intr. a. To form again. Chiefly Path, and Biol. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Cj, I saye fyrste that all sanguyne membres may regenerate and knyt by very regeneracion and consolidacion. 1691 Ray Creation I. (1692) 89 Metals and Minerals.. shoot, ferment, and as it were vegetate and regenerate. 1755 Brady in Phil. Trans. XLIX. 249 We have not tried, if it does not regenerate, when cut, like polypes. 1822 Good Study Med. 1.464 When extracted imperfectly it [a polypus] is very apt to regenerate. 1899 Allbutts Syst. Med. VII. 79 Before regenerating they must be destroyed. 1901 T. H. Morgan Regeneration i. 20 A piece of hydra regenerates without the formation of new material. 1928 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 251 When small pieces of a planarian regenerate, they exhibit what we may call polarity. 1971 [see regulate v. 5].

b. To reform, become regenerate. 1786 tr. Swedenborg's Chr. Relig. 510 The fellowship or communion called the church .. gains admission into every one when he is regenerating. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot. III. 105 No corporation regenerates by spontaneous energy: it must be brought back to duty.. by a hand from without.

regenerated

(n'dsenareitid), ppl. a. [f. 1. Re-bom, rc-formed,

REGENERATE V. -t- -ED^.]

etc. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 203 Hee..loueth them also as regenerated and newe creatures in lesus Christ his Sonne. 175I Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 125 The other name, Regenerated Tartar, which is also given it. 1776 Cruikshank in Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 182, I supposed the regenerated nerves might now be performing their offices. 1806 R. Fellowes tr. Milton's 2nd Defence 228 At present he makes his appearance as a regenerated book-seller at the Hague. 1839 Murchison Silur. Syst. i. xxxviii. 526 Moulds of regenerated red Sandstone. 1877 Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. I. x. 109 His personal religion was not the religion of a r^enerated heart.

2. Chem. and Textiles. Of natural polymeric materials (as cellulose, proteins): re¬ precipitated (esp. in the form of fibres) following chemical treatment. Of fibres: prepared from a substance in this way. 1904 yrn/. Soc. Chem. Industry 29 Feb, 177/1 The next operation.. is one for the purpose of denitrating the cellulose, in order that the fibre may ultimately consist of what might be termed ‘regenerated’ cellulose. 1933 Trans. Faraday Soc. XXIX. 230 Regenerated celluloses are more highly activated than cotton which has merely been swollen. 1941 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed.4)V. 121/2 Viscose and regenerated cellulose rayons in general show a much higher moisture adsorption at all relative humidities than do native cellulose fibres. 1948 J. T. Marsh Textile Sci. i. 8 Regenerated fibres may be classified according to the nature of the parent material, cellulose or protein. 1^3 A. J. Hall Textile Sci. ii. 66 Several types of protein are satisfactory for the production of regenerated protein fibres and among those most used are casein., and the natural proteins., extracted from groundnuts and soya beans. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xvii, 363 Regenerated fibres are derived from naturally occurring fibrous material by first converting it into a soluble derivative, forcing a solution of this through a minute jet to give a ‘thread’ of solution, and finally recovering the original or its derivative from solution as a solid thread or fibre. 1973 Materials Gf Technol. VI. iv. 277 Wool and silk are both protein fibres, and it is not surprising that attempts have been made to produce regenerated protein fibres.

re'generateness. rare-°.

[-ness.]

Regeneration. 1731 in Bailey vol. II.

regenerating (ri’d3£n3reitig), ppl. a.

[-ing^.]

That regenerates. 1681 Flavel Meth. Grace xxxi. 532 The principal internal cause of spiritual life is the regenerating spirit of Christ. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 339 We may conclude them to be the first Principles of the regenerating Plant. 1776 Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 183 The regenerating nerve.. converting the whole of the surrounding extravasated blood into its own substance. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 45/2 The star-fish affords an example of great regenerating power. 1861

REGENERATION

regeneration (nd3£n3'reij3n). Also 4-6 -acion, etc. [ad. L. regenerdtidn-eniy n. of action f. regenerate to regenerate: see -ation. Cf. F. regeneration (12th c.).] 1. a. The action of regenerating; the process or fact of being regenerated; re-creation, re¬ formation, etc. 13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXXI. 103/49 In pe Regeneracion good Of alle men to flesch and blood. 1382 Wyclif Matt. xix. 28 In regeneracioun, or gendrynge a3ein, whenne mannes sone shall sitte in the sete of his mageste. 1561 T. Norton Calvin s Inst. i. 24 After the general! flood, there was as it were a new regeneration of the world. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 317/1 This is made a Regeneration of Nitre. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 324 The Miracle of the Regeneration, or even of the Resurrection of Plants from their Ashes. 1785 Wilkins tr. Bhagvat vi. 50 But such a regeneration into this life is the most difficult to attain, i860 WARTER Sea-board II. 206 The throes the grave has to undergo before the regeneration in the resurrection. 1882-3 ScHAFF E'ncyr/. Relig. Knotvl. II. 1690/2 [The olive-tree has] almost inexhaustible power of regeneration.

5. Chem. and Textiles. The action or process of regenerating fibres, etc. Cf. regenerate v. 3 c. 1925 {/.iS. Patent i,$28,2ig The regeneration of cellulose from viscose solutions. 1950 R. W. Moncrieff Artificial Fibres ii. 20 The original cotton had consisted of short, hairy, nearly opaque fibres, and after regeneration it consisted of very long, smooth, transparent filaments, but it was still the same essential material. 1953 Chem. Abstr. KLVII. 643 {heading) Regeneration of ^g albumins under ^essure. 1972 M. A. Taylor Technol. Textile Properties 28 The regeneration and polymerisation of the cellulose occurs after the filament has been coagulated and stretched.

regenerative (ri'd3en3r3tiv), a. (and sb.).

[ad. F. regeneratif, ~ive (14th c.), or med.L. regenerdtiv-us: see regenerate v. and -IVE.] 1. a. Tending to or characterized by regeneration. (Common in recent use in fig. senses.) c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 If J>at a leche wolde besie him wij> a medicyn regeneratij^f to regendre fleisch in a wounde. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 257 The strenjhte regeneratiue 3ifFen to waters. 1624 F. White Repl. Fisher 428 To alter the property of naturall water, and to giue regeneratiue force and vertue to it. a 1652 Brome City Wit V. I, I pray you what is Lady Luxury? a woman regenerative? 1839-52 Bailey Festus 545 Idolatry Worshipped God meanly,.. Not as man’s great Regenerative Lord. 1871 Blackie Four Phases i. 26 The great regenerative work which he undertook.

h,fig. Revival; renascence, re-constitution on a higher level.

fb. sb. Obs.~-^

1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 255 Together with the regeneration of other kindes of learning Poetrie likewise grew in request. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 119 What they call the regeneration of the kingdom, a favourite term, to which they affix no precise idea. 1835 Lytton Rienzi i. viii, All great regenerations are the universal movement of the mass. 1847 Mrs. A. Kerr tr. Ranke's Hist. Servia 217 The military regeneration of the Turkish Empire.

^1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 quytture schal be clensid or tjou leie ony regeneratijf to holow3 woundis.

c. Forestry. The natural regrowth of a forest which has been felled or thinned. Freq. attrib. 1888 E. E. Fernandez Man. Indian Sylviculture i. 6 The name regrowth will be specially given to the new crop obtained by coppice regeneration. 1909 P. T. Maw Pract. Forestry ix. 183 A Seed Felling or Regeneration Felling is made when a good seed year has come. As its name implies, it is the felling made for the actual regeneration of the area. It consists in the removal of all the trees except a few, which are left as mother trees, to seed the whole area; and also, to form a light canopy or shelter wood for the young crop. 1928 R. S. Troup Silvicultural Syst. iv. 38 Where regeneration is sufficiently well advanced it should be freed from overhead cover. Ibid. 45 The latter will be retained as regeneration areas under the revised working plan. 1979 Biol. Abstr. LXV^II. 2139/2 The conditions of regeneration and growth of seedlings varied with stands and plots.

2. a. In religious use; The process or fact of being born again in a spiritual sense; the state resulting from this. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 2101 That we may haue a place, Accordyng to oure regeneracion. With heuynly spyrytes. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 2936 By the seconde byrthe.. At fonte of baptym we haue regeneracyon. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. 1. § i They haue the seede of their regeneration by the ministerie of the Church. 1607 Rowlands Guy Warw. 72 Nature’s corruption I do strive to leave, A new regeneration to receive. 1701 Norris Ideal World I. V. 284 Considering that our Regeneration implies only the restoration of our nature, a 1805 Paley Serm. vii. (1810) 116, I am not unwilling to admit., that, when this Spirit is given, there is a new birth, a regeneration. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. iii. 263 Spiritual regeneration begins naturally among the poor and the humble.

b. (See quot.) App. based on a wrong punctuation of Matt. xix. 28. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xlii. 263 And therefore it is, that the time of his preaching is often by himself called the Regeneration.

3. Path, and Biol.

The formation of new animal tissue; the reproduction of lost parts or organs. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Bivb, In asmoche as they haue .. regeneracyon as the membres, they be called membres. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 89 The medicaments incarnative, or for regeneration of the flesh. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 127 Spermaticall parts.. will not admit a Regeneration. 1776 Cruikshank in Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 183 The regeneration of the nerves which took place in the first dog. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 45/2 We are not aware that the process of regeneration in these animals has been carefully traced. 1872 Huxley Physiol, i- 18 The local death of some tissues is followed by their regeneration. 1901 T. H. Morgan Regeneration i. 23 The word ‘regeneration’ has come to mean, in general usage, not only the replacement of a lost part, but also the development of a new, whole organism, or even a part of an organism, from a piece of an adult, or of an embryo, or of an egg. 1959 W. Andrew Textbk. Compar. Histol. xii. 478 While asexual reproduction is not common among the echinoderms, a high power of regeneration is present and a single arm can regenerate a whole starfish. 1978 Nature 27 July 374/1 Can re-innervation take place not only by regeneration of the original axons but also by collateral sprouting of.. undamaged fibres?

4.

Electronics.

Positive

REGENT

505

Lect. Mod. Hist. i. 22 Men, who.. have left a great and regenerating example to mankind. b. techn. = regenerative z. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (1874) 65 Under the term ‘regenerating-engine’ various ingenious combinations have lately been suggested. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1911/2 Regenerating furnace. Goldw. Smith

feedback

(see

FEEDBACK, FEED-BACK sb. a). 1922 Proc. IRE X. 244 The effect of regeneration (that is, the supplying of energy to a circuit to reinforce the oscillations existing therein) is equivalent to introducing a negative resistance reaction in the circuit. 1943 [see reaction 3e]. 1957 Practical Wireless XXXIII. 694/1 The hole is used, .in the next stage for a regeneration control. 1969 J. J. Sparkes Transistor Switching iii. 74 Regeneration will only commence provided the loop gain . is greater than I.

An application to regenerate flesh.

2. Mech. a. Constructed on, or employing the principle of the regenerator (sense 2). 1861 Fairbairn Iron 66 The prospective advantages of these regenerative stoves are greater economy.. and the higher temperature attainable by the blast. 1864 Percy Metallurgy, Iron fef Steel 428 Mr. Siemens, the inventor of the so-called regenerative furnaces. 1890 Athenaeum 19 July loi/i The application of the regenerative system to the firing of gas retorts.

b. Applied to a principle or technique of refrigeration by which the uncooled portion of the working fluid loses some heat prior to the major cooling step by exchange with the cooled portion. 1896 Proc. Chem. Soc. XI. 222 In all continuously working circuits of liquid gases used in refrigerating apparatus the regenerative principle applied to cold first introduced by Siemens in 1857..has been adopted. Ibid. 231 If.. hydrogen, previously cooled by a bath of boiling air, is allowed to expand at 200 atmos. over a regenerative coil.. a liquid jet can be seen. 1922 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics I. 565/1 The usual process [for the commercial liquefaction of gases] is a regenerative one, first successfully developed by Linde, in which the Joule-Thomson effect of irreversible expansion in passing a constrictive orifice.. serves as the step-down in temperature, and a cumulative cooling is produced by causing the gas which has suffered this step-down to take up heat in a thermal interchanger from another portion of gas that is on its way to the orifice. 1961 F. E. Hoare et al. Exper. Cryophysics i, 4 Dewar was employing regenerative cooling to produce a jet of cold hydrogen gas which could be used for cooling other systems.

c. Astronautics. Applied to a method of cooling the walls of a rocket engine by circulating the fuel through them. 1947 Amer. Jrnl. Physics XV. 131 /2 In the motor, between 2 and 3 percent of the heat due to combustion passes through the chamber and nozzle walls into the coolant, which returns again to the combustion chamber when regenerative cooling is utilized. 1949 G. P. Sutton Rocket Propulsion Elements vi. 142 In regenerative cooling the motor parts are cooled by means of a built-in jacket or cooling coil in which the oxidizer or the fuel are used as the coolant fluid. 1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics x. 413 This regenerative cooling method serves two purposes. It cools the walls of the thrust chamber and adds thermal energy to the propellant. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia XV. 938/2 The conventional method of cooling [in rocket engines] is known as regenerative cooling.

3. Applied to any method of braking in which energy is extracted from the parts braked, to be stored and re-used. 1904 Electrical Mag. I. 600/1 The regenerative braking action comes into play automatically. 1930 Engineering 6 June 722/2 Regenerative braking had been adopted on the majority of the electric locomotives recently placed in service. 1958 Ibid. 14 Mar. 340/1 A bus using the regenerative transmission... In this system, when the vehicle is braked .. energy is absorbed in accelerating a.. flywheel... Then when the vehicle is restarted the energy of the flywheel is used to accelerate it, resulting in a saving of fuel. 1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 23/2 A regenerative braking system would employ the vehicle’s electric motors as generators during braking or downhill driving, thus putting the kinetic energy of the vehicle back into the storage system.

4. Electronics. Pertaining to or employing positive feedback (see feedback, feed-back sb. 3); regenerative feedbacky positive feedback. 1915 Proc. IRE III. 231 It is always better practice to use the cascade circuits for the radio frequencies, even if the regenerative circuits are not employed with each individual audion system. 1919 Wireless World Aug. 250/2 By using regenerative feed back much higher amplification can be realized, but the operation becomes less stable. 1922 Sci. Amer. Sept. 160/1 Armstrong’s regenerative receiver, now so widely employed, is ever so much more sensitive than the ordinary vacuum tube receiver. 1947 R. Lee Electronic Transformers & Circuits ix. 254 The next pulse occurs when the negative grid voltage decreases sufficiently so that regenerative action starts again. 1969 J. J. Sparkes

Transistor Switching iii. 59 The cross-coupling resistor., can be shunted by a capacitor.. to speed up the regenerative switching of the circuit. 1971 Physics Bull. July 38^/2 The high spectral intensity results from the fact that, since the laser is a regenerative oscillator, the oscillation linewidth decreases with increasing laser power—in contrast to the behaviour of any thermal source. 1975 G. J. King Audio Handbk. ii. 35 Positive feedback means that the phase of the signal fed back is coincident with the phase of the source or input signal. This is regenerative feedback which results in sustained oscillation.

Hence re'generatively adv. 1882 in Ogilvie. 1892 Whitney Max Muller 64 Some changes result more regeneratively than others. 1947 Amer. Jrnl. Physics'K.V. 131/1 The coolant liquid absorbs heat as it circulates in ducts around the motor and is then injected into the combustion chamber (regeneratively cooled type). 1949 G. P. Sutton Rocket Propulsion Elements vi. 142 The German Me 163 motor has a steel cooling jacket in which fuel cools the motor regeneratively. 19^ J. J. Sparkes Transistor Switching iii. 74 When Ti is conducting, raising V-[ until it is about equal to Fb2 turns Ti on so that T2 is switched off regeneratively.

regenerator

(ri'd3en3reit3(r)). [f. regenerate V. + -OR. Cf. F. regenerateur (14th c.).] 1. One who or that which regenerates. 1740 Waterland Regeneration Wks. 1823 VI. 352 He is not his own regenerator, or parent, at all, in his new birth. 1844 Mem. Babylonian P'cess II. 205 She expected a regenerator of the world, or second Messias. 1061 May Const. Hist. viii. (1863) II. 10 He at once became the regenerator and leader of the Tory party.

2. Mech. A fuel-saving device attached to a furnace, consisting of layers of fire-brick which, becoming heated by the hot air and gases from the furnace, impart the heat to an incoming current of cold air or combustible gas acting alternately with the outgoing current. Also attrib. 183s J. Malam in Lond.Jrnl. Arts & Sc. (1836) VIII. 144 A front elevation of three retorts, with their ‘regenerators’ and conducting pipes. 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 335 Using the Siemens producer and regenerators if necessary. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 748/2 Regenerator Furnace. 1897 Daily News 22 Sept. 6/7 The Regenerator system of gas burning.

b. transf. in Electr. (See quot.) 1873 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. (1881) I. 299 This conductor, by which the carrier is enabled to be connected to earth without a spark, answers to the contrivance called a Regenerator in heat-engines. We shall therefore call it a Regenerator.

regeneratory

(n'd3£n3r9t3n), a. [f. as + -ORY^.] Of the nature of regeneration; regenerative. regenerate V.

1803 G. S. Faber Cabiri II. 351 Mr. Maurice imagines, that these regeneratory sacrifices shewed the deep and unanimous conviction of the pagan world, that man had fallen. 1831 W. H. Mill Christa Sangttd Pref. 17 Those proselytes who by a regeneratory initiation were introduced to all the privileges of Abraham’s children.

re'generatress.

rare~'^. female regenerator.

[-ess:

cf. next.]

A

1894 Dublin Rev. Oct. 307 The regeneratress of France.

re'generatrix. GENERATRIX.]

[See regenerator A female regenerator.

and

1871 M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. II. v. 125 Miss Pinnock regarded herself as fit to be the regeneratrix of the world. 1890 Pall Mall G. 8 Nov. 2/1 Ireland.. should.. aim at becoming a great spiritual force, and the regeneratrix, in the religious sense, of the British Empire.

re-'genesis.

[re- 5 a.] The state, fact, or process, of reproducing or being reproduced. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. i. v, Not Mankind only, but all that Mankind does or beholds, is in continual growth, re¬ genesis and self-perfecting vitality. 1858 Spencer Ess. I. 19 In Christian art we may trace a parallel re-genesis. 1973 Black World June 90/2 Sister [Sherley Anne] Williams breaks her book [sc. Give Birth to Brightness^ down into three major parts. Part i is called ‘Regenesis’.

regent ('ri:d33nt), sb. [Subst. use of next.] 1. a. That which rules, governs, or has supremacy; a ruling power or principle. Now rare. C1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 3827 Whan resoun is regent Of man, j)an regnej? no delicacie. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 38 Lyberte may somtyme be to large. But yf reason be regent and ruler of your barge. 1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 771 The moone.. beeing as the regient of the seas and waters. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 371 First in his East the glorious Lamp was seen. Regent of Day. 1762-9 Falconer Shipwr. i. 554 Thou moon, fair regent of the night! 1781 Cowper Retirement 724 Flowers by that name promiscuously we call. But one, the rose, the regent of them all. 1805 Foster Ess. iv. v. II. 197 If Christianity ought really, .to be the supreme regent of all moral feelings.

b. One who rules or governs; a ruler, governor, director. Now rare or Obs. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccl. 169 The duchesse hauyng full power of hir lord as Regent and lady of his londes. 1533 Bellenden Livy iii. iii. (S.T.S.) I. 252 Valerius publicola on pe thrid day eftir pat he was made regent, was chosin consul. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xvi. (Arb.) 188 Elizabeth regent of the great Brittaine He, Honour of all regents and of Queenes. 1649 Milton Eikon. xviii. Wks. 1851 III. 471 As farr as Reason, Honour, Conscience, and the Queen who was his Regent in all these, would give him leave. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. iii. 84 This Penetentiary has a Prelat under him, that is call’d the Regent of the Penitentiary

REGENT office. 1725 Pope Odyss. ii. 42 Assist him, Jove! thou regent of the skies! 1847 Longf. Ev. I. ii. 37 Regent of flocks was he when the shepherd slept.

2. a. One who is invested with royal authority by, or on behalf of, another; esp, one appointed to administer a kingdom during the minority, absence, or incapacity of the sovereign. 1425 Rolls of Park. IV. 277/1 [That power be given to] my Lord ye Regent of France., to receyve and take ye said debate into ye Kyngs hand. C1477 Caxton 5 b, I., constytute the[e] Regent and gouernour of my royaume. 1560 Daus tr. SleidanPs Comm. loi The Lady Mary.. came into Flaunders, whom the Emperour made Regent of all the base countreis. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, i- i- 66 Cosin of Yorke, We heere discharge your Grace from being Regent Fth parts of France. 1610 Willet 211 Alexanders 4. captaines were at the first regents under Alexander, a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1649) 193 When Madame Louise the Regent had declared [etc.]. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. VI. Wks. 1813 I. 440 A king, they told him, had often reason to fear, seldom to love, a regent. 1811 Edin. Rev. XVIII. 76 It has been said, that the name and office of Regent are unknown to our Law and Constitution. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist, xviii. III. 89 He accepted Henry as his son-in-law, regent and heir of France.

t b. The name formerly given to the municipal authorities of some continental cities, and to the native chiefs in Java. Obs. 1724 Lond. Gaz. No. 6291/1 A Vessel which the Regents of Berne have caused to be built. 1795 Thunberg Travels (ed. 2) II. 309 The Regent in the island of Madura is stiled .. a free prince or regent. 1817 Raffles Hist. Java ii. 1. 79 Governors of provinces, called by the Dutch Regents,.. are ranked among the chief nobility of the country.

3. In the Universities: a. At Oxford and Cambridge, a Master of Arts ruling or presiding over disputations in the Schools, a duty originally discharged for one, and afterwards for five, years after graduation; hence, in later use, a Master of not more than five years standing. Now only Hist. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VHI. 213 Thabbot and chanons of Oseney with regentes of the universite. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vn. 330 The regentis and masters of that vnyuersytie, were lastly compellyd.. to aske of hym forgyuenes. 1504 Will of Archer (Somerset Ho.), To euery Regente et non Regente being at my burying vj’^ & j^. 1574 M. Stokys in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. A. p. xi, The Father.. shall dispute with the old Bachilour, and after hym two Regents. 1604 Tooker Fabrique of Church 120 Congregations of the Masters or convocation of Regents, and not Regents, is a needlesse thing. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No. 1656/2 When their Majesties were come into the Schools, they found the Regent-walk crouded on both sides with Regents, non-Regents, and Batchelors of Divinity. 1797 Cambr. Univ. Calendar 147 The Senate is divided into two bodies or houses, ist. Those who have not been A.M. five years, and are called Regents. 1841 Peacock Stat. Cambr. 15 note, The house of regents was composed of those masters or doctors who were actually regent, or engaged in teaching or reading lectures in the university, without reference to standing. 1895 Rashdall Univ. Mid. Ages App. xxxiii. II. 791 Probably by an oversight on the part of the framers of the Act of 1854, the ancient Congregation of Regents [at Oxford] was left in existence for certain purposes.

b. In the Scottish universities, one of several instructors forming part of the teaching staff of a college, who undertook the tuition of a certain number of students from the time of their entrance to the end of the course. Now only Hist. [1414 Acta Facult. Artium (St. Andrews) 25 Mar., Quod determinates admitterentur per decanum Facultatis et regentes qui habeant considerare eorum sufficientiam.] 1522 Jas. V Let. in Rep. Univ. Comm., St. Andrews (1837) 180 The Universite of Sanctandrois, the rector, doctouris, regentes,.. makand residence therin. 1563-7 Buchanan Reform. St. Andros Wks. (S.T.S.) 8 The regent sal writ thayme in hys rol, and assigne thayme place in hys classe diuidit in decuriis. 1641 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1870) V. 581/2 pe principall professoures regentes and remanent maisteres and memberes of the samen colledge. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. iii. x. (1710) 469 In Philosophy there are Four Regents or Professors; they teach Philosophy and Greek. Every Regent has his Class, which Classes are divided according to the Years that the Students have been entred in the University. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 3 Sept., The students are. .taught in public schools or classes, each science by its particular professor or regent. 1867 Masson Edinb. Sk. 40 The four general or circulating professors were the essential complement of the Arts Faculty. They were called ‘regents’, by way of distinction.

c. In France, the title usually given to those who taught the more elementary classes; an instructor in arts or science. (See quot. 1727-38.) 1611 CoTGR., Regent, ..2. Regent, Reader, Teacher, Moderator of a forme in a Colledge. 1653 Urquhart Rabelais ii. v. 29 It was told him by one of his Teachers (there called Regents,) that the paine of the eyes was the most hurtful thing of any to the sight. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. S.V., Regent is generally restrained to the lower classes, as regent of rhetoric, regent of logic, &c., those of philosophy are rather called professors. 1863 Draper Intel! Devel. EuropexVm. (1864) H- 126 In Montpellier, he was for long one of the regents of the faculty of medicine. 1875 M. Pattison Casaubon 89 The regents in medicine and law had a salary secured by patent.

d. U.S. {a) A member of the governing board of a State University (and of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington). {b) At Harvard, an officer having supervision of the students’ conduct.

REGEST

506

(а) 1813 Niles' Reg. V. 79/2 The regents of the university, expressly endeavored to effect this important object, a 1817 T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) II. 485 This seminary.. is under the superintendence of a Board, styled the Regents of the University of Columbia. 1843-56 Bouvier Law Diet. (ed. 6) s.v., In New York, .the board who have the superintendence of all the colleges, academies and schools, are called the regents of the University of the state of New York. 1877 {title) A Memorial to the Regents of the University of the State of Iowa. 1969 Morning Star 13 Oct. 5/3 The Director of Afro-American Studies declares her sacking raises grave doubts about the Regents’ desire to encourage black participation. 1976 New Yorker 26 Apr. 32/2 One of the Smithsonian’s regents.. is chairman of the House Appropriations Committee. 1977 Detroit Free Press II Dec. ii-d/i Regents for Oklahoma State University Friday honoured Terry Miller by retiring his No. 43 football jersey and approving a commendation to be awarded at the next regents meeting. (б) 1888 A. P. Peabody Harvard Reminisc. 199 The students who were not present at evening prayers were obliged.. to register their names with the regent.

't'4. The head master of a school. Obs. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 20 Except one be able to giue the regent or prouost of the house a peece of mony.. he comes not there, I warrant him. a 1652 Brome New Acad. IV. ii, By your leave, Sir, Are you the Regent of this Academy? 1718 Addison Chr. Relig. v. viii, Origen was appointed Regent of the Catachetic school in Alexandria. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (i799) h 39i Those infamous punishments, which produce a disgraceful effect, at once, on the morals of both scholars and regents.

5. A variety of potato. 1846 [see early sb. a]. 1868 M. Jewry Warne's Model Cookery & Housekeeping Bk. 14 Potatoes.—We think the best are..the regents for winter use. 1892 1. Zangwill Childr. Ghetto II. 6 ‘Kidneys or regents, my child?’.. said Guedalyah the greengrocer. 1927 T. P. McIntosh Potato ii. 20 Not much appears to be known about Regent, which was a later introduction [sc. after 1836].

6. A chairman of a branch of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 1890 Constitution & Bye-Laws, Daughters Amer. Revolution 4 When twelve or more members of the Society shall be living in one locality they may organize a Chapter. They may elect a presiding officer whose title will be Regent. 1928 Harper's Mag. Oct. 529/2 The Daughters upheld Mrs Brousseau and the contention of the Massachusetts State Regent. 1946 Nat. Historical Mag. Mar. 144/2 Please read over the foregoing statement again, Madam Regent. 1974 Marlboro Herald-Advocate (Bennettsville, S. Carolina) 18 Apr. 4/2 Mrs. Walter Hughes, local regent, also attended the Congress.

7. attrib. a. regent bird or oriole, an Australian bird, Sericulus melinus, named in compliment to the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV; regent honeyeater, a bird, Zanthomiza phrygia, of the family Meliphagidae, having black plumage with yellow bars and spots and found in the eucalyptus forests of south-east Australia. Geog. N.S. Wales App. 503 Regent bird Kinghoney-sucker, Sericulus chrysocephalus. 1847 v. 161 Mr. Gilbert observed the female of the Regent-bird. 1913 G. M. Mathews List Birds Austral. 2JO Zanthomiza phrygia phrygia. Regent Honey-eater. 1967 A. Rutgers Birds Austral. 262 Regent Honey-eaters make a lot of noise and have a loud laughing call. 1840 Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 189 The Regent Oriole of authors (Sericulus regens. Lesson), the plumage of which is fine silky black. 1835 Field

or

Leichhardtyrn/.

b. Regent (congregation or) house, the upper of the two houses into which the Senate of Cambridge University was formerly divided; Regent walk, the former name of certain walks or alleys in Christ’s and Queens’ Colleges and at the Schools, Cambridge. 189s Rashdall Univ. Mid. Ages xii. H. 365 note, Even in the Fifteenth Century Register.. we find that in a *Regent Congregation the graces are ‘pronounced’.. by a Proctor. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 18,1 have notyit bene so courst and galled in our own House as I am like hereafter to be pincht and nipt in the *Regent Hous. 1641 Milton Reform, ii. Wks. 1851 HI. 67 They come furnish’t with no more experience then they learnt.. at the Colledge audit, or the regent house. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No. 1656/3 Then their Majesties went up to the Regent-House, and by their particular Command, Mr. Montague .. was Admitted, and Created Doctor of Divinity. 1635 Quarles Embl. ii. iv. 77 To follow Natures too affected Fashion, Or travell in the ^Regent walk of Passion. 1681 [see 3 a above]. 1719 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 213 At dinner and supper in Summer they met upon y* Regent Walk, and there waited till they knew what Seniors would come down, i^^blbid. II. 54 The gate-house and the central alley [at Queens’ College], called ‘Regent-walk’, were flagged. Ibid. 215 This doorway was exactly opposite to the Great Gate, and the walk leading to it from the gate is ‘the Regent Walk’.

regent ('riidsant), a. [a. F. regent (14th c.) or L. regent-em, pres. pple. of regere to rule.] 1. In special senses (usu. placed after the sb.). a. Holding the position of a University regent. Now only Hist. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 213 pt abbot and Jjc chanouns of Osenay and maisters regentes [L. magistri regentes] of Oxenforde. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 199 The Rector of the Uniuersitie called to counsell all the Doctors regentes..to shew their myndes on this question. 1570 Foxe a. & M. (ed. 2) 1384/1 Angry with the vnmanerly multitude that would giu,e no rowme vnto the Doctours, Bachelers, Maisters, & other graduates and regent masters. 1682 Lond. Gaz. No. 1720/8 First, One of the Esquire Beadles, then the Regent-Masters, afterwards the Non-Regents, and Officers. X895 Rashdall Univ. Mid. Ages xii. II. 364 The ‘Decree and Statute’ is issued ‘by the authority of the Chancellor and Masters Regent.’

I

K

b. Acting as, having the position of, regent of a country, esp. Queen regent, fruling as sovereign. 1555 Eden Decades 215 The lady Regente moother vnto the frenche kynge. uiS?* Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) 1. 10 Than schaw 30W him how queine regent Reft frome the Duik the authoritie. c 1645 Howell Lett. i. xviii. (1650) 30 She was made Queen Regent of France during the Kings Minority. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2533/1 Next the Princes who are not Regents or Soveraigns, the Princes Regents, the Heralds. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4161/2 His Imperial Majesty.. intends .. to receive the Homage of the States of Austria, as being the Regent Arch-Duke. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v.. In France, the queen mother has the regency of the kingdom, under the title of queen regent, while the king is a minor. 1765 Blackstone Comm. 1. iv. 212 The queen regent, regnant, or sovereign, is she who holds the crown in her own right. 1841 Q. Rev. LXVII. 316 Though himself a Protestant, he had in early life warmly defended Mary of Guise, the Queen Regent.

2. Ruling, governing, controlling. Now rare. 1613 M. Ridley Magn. Bodies i The great regent Globes of Saturne, Mars, Jupiter, the Sunne and the Earth. 1680 Baxter Ansio. Stillingfl. 8, I entreat you to tell me more plainly, which is the constitutive Regent part of a National Church? 1762-9 Falconer Shipwr. ii. 184 The regent helm her motion still commands. 1844 Mrs. Brovvning Drama of Exile Poems 1850 1. 71 This regent and sublime Humanity, Though fallen, exceeds you.

regent ('ri:d33nt), v. Now rare. [f.

regent i6.] 1. a. trans. To superintend or teach (a college,

class, etc.), as a regent. 1623 tr. Favine's Theat. Hon. ll. xiii. 248 All these Vniuersities are Regented by Professors of singular Pietie, and exquisite Learning. 1715 M. Davies A then. Brit. 1. Pref. 36 The Colleges.. are regented by the Secular Clergy. 1882 M. Pattison in Jrnl. Educ. i Mar. 70 Graduates engaged in instructing or regenting the boys.

b. intr. To act as a University regent. 1631 in Craufurd Hist. Univ. Edin. (1808) 119 Mr. William King, (after he had regented in the colledge 23 years), was called to the ministry at Crammond. 1846 LifeJ. Guthrie 142 He regented in the University of St. Andrews and there taught as Professor of Philosophy.

2. To control (a person) as a regent. 01797 Walpole Mem. Geo. II (1847) 1. 99 Even the black Princes widow.. was passed over and her son regented by his Uncles. Hence 'regenting vbL sb. and ppL a. 01693 Urquhart's Rabelais in. xviii. 147 The well-payed Incomes of Regenting Doctors. 1884 Edin. Rev. Apr. 427 The comparative economy of the plan of regenting.

'regental, £2. rare~'^. [f. regent 56. -f -al^.] Of or pertaining to a regent. 1883 Besant All in Garden Fair i. xiv, If the supper had been of royal or regental character, he could not have assumed a more courtly air.

'regentess.

[-ess.] A female regent. 1611 Cotgr., Regente, the Regentesse, or Protectresse of a Kingdome. 1830 w. Taylor His/. Surv. Germ. Poetry HI. 318 A characteristic scene is that, .between the Regentess and Macchiavel. 1877 Tinsley's Mag. XX. 147 Penetrating to the cabinet of the regentess.

t'regentry. Sc. Obs.

[f. regent sb. + -ry.] The office or function of a regent, regency. 1558 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 504/2 To desyre our souerane ladie..To mak ane commissioun of regentrie.. vnto hir derrest moder. 1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 244 The saidis place and charge of regentrie within the said college.

'regentship. [f.

regent

-i- -ship.] The office

or position of a regent. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. ii. (1599) 93 The gouernement of a little sonne whom she had left, to which Regentship aspired.. the Marquise of Saluce. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, i. iii. 107 If Yorke haue ill demean’d himselfe in France, Then let him be denay’d the Regent-ship. 1848 Fraser's Mag. XXXVI11. 338/1 The Liberal ladies of Germany.. seem to consider this act as his chief recommendation to the regentship.

re'germinate (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To germinate again. Hence re'germinating ppl. a. 1623 Cockeram, Regerminate, to spring againe. 1656 Glossogr., Regerminate, to burgen again, to spring anew, to grow a fresh. 1753 Smollett Cnt. Fathom (1784) 100/1 Even amidst the rank productions of vice, they regerminate to a sort of imperfect vegetation. 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias HI. 54 This tree regerminates perpetually. 1826 Good Bk. Nature 1. 187 This organ will regerminate and the whole plant be renewed. 1881 W. Siemens in Nature No. 624. 568 The resulting seeds are not at any rate devoid of regerminating power. So regermi'nation. 1646 J. Gregory Notes & Obs. xxvi. 124 The Jewes commonly expresse Resurrection by Regermination, or growing up again like a Plant. 1658 in Phillips. 1731 in Bailey vol. II. 1819 G. S. Faber Dispensations (1823) II. 104 He expresses an assured hope, that the time of his renovation or regermination would come. 1849 Fraser's Mag. XL. 188 The paschal eggs, symbol of vital essence and regermination, are rolled upon the turf. Blount

fre'gest,

Obs. rare-'^. [f. regest w. 2.] The act of casting back, retort. 1609 T. Morton Answ. Higgons 24 Being twise conuicted in himselfe, both by the friuolousnesse of his reasons, and also by the regest of their owne like contradictions.

REGEST a list, register, f. regerere: see next, and cf. F, regeste.'\ A register. Hist. Eng. in. 123 Others of later time have him by old legends and Cathedrall regests. ioia. Teudric King of Glamorgan, whom the regest of Landaft recounts to have bin alwaies victorious in fight. 1670 Milton

tregest, v. Obs. [f. L. regest-^ ppl. stem of regerere^ f. re~ re- + gerere to bear, carry, etc.] 1. trans. To register. Reading (ed. Nash) 9 Paidd to Willm Edmunds for makyng and regestyng of the last accompte iij» iiijd. 1555 W. Watreman Fardle Facions i. v. 62 Thei also declare vnto them, the stories of men of olde tyme, regested in their holy Scripture.

2. To cast back, return, retort. 1614 Jackson Creed iii. v. §2 Vnto the obiected dreadfull consequences of their decrees,.. they would regest disobedience to the Church, Answ, Find. Stnectytnnuus 102, I have., indeed anticipated all those thred-bare objections which are here againe regested to the weary Reader. 1657 W. Morice Coena quasi xv. 228, I shall regest, that to what end shall they look on, if they can look for no fruit or good effect thereby?

tregestary. Obs. rare~^.

[f, asprec. + -ary: cf. = next. 1523 Skelton Garl. Laurel 522 Lo, hither commyth a goodly maystres, Occupacyon, Famys regestary. REGISTRARY.]

fregester. Obs. Also 6 -our. [f. as prec. + -er^, or yar. of register sb.^] registrar.

One who registers; a

1555 W. Watreman Fardle Facions 11. xi. 248 When the batteile is done, all the armie is presented to the Regestour, ..that it maye bee knowen who is slain. 1597 ChildMarriages 161 The Serchers, sealers & Regesters of all Tanned lether.. in the county of the cilie of Chester.

regestery,

obs. variant of registery.

tre'gestion.

Obs. rare. -lON^] Retort, reply.

[See regest v. and

15^5 Galfhill Treat. Crowe (1846) 60 But because .. we are only burdened with the name of Fathers give us leave sometime to use a Regestion. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 125 Our Sauiour Christ answereth to the Pharisees question by regestion. a 1640 Jackson Creedx. xxiii. §5 The manner of the regestion seems to imply, that they had now begun to be sorry that they had so far believed on him.

t regesture. Obs. rare-^. [Alteration of register ^6., as if f. regest + -ure.] Register. 1598 T. Bastard Chrestoleros (1880) 61 After the brauer sorte haue cast them off, Like fashions counting booke, or regesture.

regestyr,

obs. form of register.

reget (rii'get),

REGIDOR

S07

tre gest, sb.^ Obs. rare. [ad. late L. regesta (pi.)

rare, [re-5 a] trans. To obtain

again, get back. 1604 Daniel Civ. Wars vi. Ixxi, And then desire in Gascoign to re-get The glory lost.. Advantaged the Duke. 1611 J. Davies To Worthy Persons Wks. (Grosart) II. 52/2 Tovy, although the mother of vs all Regetts thee in her womb [etc.]. 1654 Earl Monm. tr. Bentwoglio*s Warrs Flanders 161 All the Provinces would revolt; which when they should once be lost, they would not be so easily regotten.

tre'get. Obs. (Of obscure origin and meaning.) 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 1064 almy3ty was her mynyster mete, J>e lombe pe saker-fyse per to reget.

reggae ('regei). Also Reggae, Reggay. [Origin unknown; perh. connected with Jamaican English rege-rege quarrel, row (in Cassidy and Le Page, Diet. Jamaican Eng. (1967) 380/1).] A kind of popular music, of Jamaican origin, characterized by a strongly accentuated off-beat and often a prominent bass; a dance or song set to this music. Also attrib. 1968 {song-title) Do the Reggay. 1969 Daily Mirror 10 Oct. 19/1 Reggae, West Indian music. 1969 Observer 23 Nov. 25/8 The visiting American executives.. dancing the Reggae, Jamaica’s successor to the Ska. 1969 Listener 25 Dec. 905/2 A very dapper and jaunty Reggae group called the Pioneers. 1970 Melody Maker 3 Oct. 25/6 If I ever did reggae again, it would have to be darned good reggae, and there’s not much of that around. It’s such a blank type of music. 1971 Advocate-News (Barbados) 17 Sept. (Guyana Suppl.) p. vi (Advt.), A rum punch.. served to an atmosphere of reggae, calypso and steelband music. 1973 G. Sims Hunters Point xiii. 120 I’m a reggae fan. West Indian music. And early Beatles like ‘From Me to You’. 1973 Black World Jan. ’j’jjz, I heard the Rastas credited with starting everything from the island’s most popular dance, ‘Reggae’, to the embryonic Black Consciousness movement. 1975 Globe Mail (Toronto) 16 July 7/3 The reggaes. . should be viewed as songs of social protest in which the dispossessed describe their personal experience and comment upon the social injustice of the system. 1976 Telegraph (Brisbane) 28 Apr. 58/4 As reggae grows in popularity, ever more artists are performing material with a reggae flavour. 1977 McKnight & Tobler Bob Marley iii. 42 So we come to reggae, which the British initially found difficulty in pronouncing, let alone understanding. 1978 Sunday Times 29 Jan. 43/2 Althea and Donna met at a reggae festival in Ochos Rios. 1979 Spectator 1 Dec. 13/3 The bulk of the reggae-blacks were born here and yet feel themselves to be foreigners.

Regge ('reid3ei). Nuclear Physics. The name of T. E. Regge (b. 1931), Italian physicist, used attrib. to designate certain concepts in the

theory of the scattering of sub-atomic particles, as Regge pole, a pole of a complex function relating the scattered amplitude of partial waves to angular momentum; Regge trajectory, a path traced in the complex angular momentum plane by a Regge pole as the energy varies; esp. a plot of spin against the square of the rest mass for a group of particles. 1961 Physical Rev. Lett. VII. 394/2 We may satisfy Feynman’s principle therefore by postulating that all poles of the S matrix are of this type (Regge poles). 1962 Ibid. VIII. 41/2 Each point is supposed to lie on a Regge trajectory. 1962 Physical Rev. CXXVI. 2204/2 This perturbation theory behavior is very different from that of the Regge case. Ibid., Strongly interacting particles may exhibit the Regge behavior. 1973 [see pole sb.^ 10]. 1973 B. H. Bransden et al. Fundamental Particles viii. 163 {caption) The Regge trajectories of some meson states. Mesons differing in spin by one unit appear to lie on the same Regge trajectory. 1973 L. J. Tassie Physics Elem. Particles xii. 170 Most work on Regge theory is concerned with describing collision processes, and in this respect the Regge pole model is not a theory with a high predictive power. 1975 Sci. Amer. Feb. 62/3 The Regge trajectories turn out on observation to be nearly linear, meaning that the angular momentum of the particles on a particular trajectory is given to a good approximation by a linear function of the mass of the particle squared. 1977 P. D. B. Collins Introd. Regge Theory ii. 69 When such a Regge pole occurs for a physical integer value of I it will correspond to a physical particle or resonance. 1977 Nature 21 July 207/2 Hadrons on the same Regge trajectory have a remarkably simple relation between mass and angular momentum: y = + ao, wherey is the total angular momentum of the hadron, M is its mass and a and ao are called the Regge ‘slope’ and ‘intercept’ respectively.

regge, obs. form of rig,

ridge sb.

Reggeization

(.redseiai'zeijan). Nuclear Physics, [f. Regge: see -ization.] Treatment or modification in accordance with Regge theory.

1964 Rev. Mod. Physics XXXVI. 641/1 We have throughout considered the theory of spin ^ fermions, which as stated above shows the factoring property which is necessary for the success of the Reggeization procedure. *975 Physics Bull. Jan. 25/2 Schnitzer’s study of the Reggeization of non-abelian gauge theories is now seen to have been prophetic.

So 'Reggeized (also r-) a. 1971 N. Dombey in Gumming & Osborn Hadronic Interactions of Electrons Photons ii. 37 Now assume instead that the pion is Reggeized; i.e. Sj has a moving pole aty = 0,(0- 1973 Physics Bull. Feb. 99/1 Reggeized baryon exchange models give poor quantitative agreement with the results. I973yr«/. Physics A. VI. 506 A reggeized absorption model with no free parameters.. is applied to spin-2 production reactions.

Reggeon ('redseion).

Nuclear Physics, [f. as prec. + -on‘.] (A particle represented by a) Regge pole or trajectory, or a virtual particle regarded as exchanged in the type of scattering they represent. Hence regge'onic a. 1964 Physics Lett. IX. 269/1 Mandelstam has given some arguments that moving branching points may appear in a relativistic theory as a result of singularities to the right in thej-plane for particles with spin. These new singularities correspond to the production threshold of resonance states (reggeons) with negative orbital momenta. Ibid. XII. 153/2 If this fact is correct it would modify the reggeonic branch points and the elastic scattering asymptotic amplitude. 1974 Physics Bull. May 206/4 High energy backward scattering is studied by (i) covariant reggeization techniques, (ii) the use of a super multiplet reggeon propagator model to generate polynomial residues. 1977 P. D. B. Collins Introd. Regge Theory ii. 71 The power behaviour expected from the exchange of a Regge trajectory (sometimes called ‘Reggeon’) .. may be contrasted with that from a fixed-spin (elementary) particle. 1978 Nature 19 Jan. 214/2 Reggeons with arbitrarily high spin can be exchanged with equanimity.

re33n, obs. f.

rain sb.^

re33senn, obs. f.

regicidal (,red3i'said9l), fl. [f.

regicide + -al^] Pertaining to, characterized by, inclined to, regicide. a 1779 Warburton Wks. X. 136 (R.), One might suspect this regicidal collection to be the spiritual breathings of an enlightened Methodist. 1813 Grattan Pari. Deb. ii May, This oath abjured the regicidal power attributed to the Pope. 1834 Disraeli Rev. Epick ii. xxiv. 127 The regicidal steel that shall redeem A nation’s sorrow with a tyrant’s blood. 1883 Goldw. Smith in Ward Eng. Poets II. 381 Marvell, far less compromised and by no means regicidal, remained in public life. t regicidation. nonce-wd. = regicide^®. 1661 K. W. Conf. Charac., To Rdr. (i860) 11 Tyrannicall usurpation and murderous regicidation spoiled the markets of their swelling honour.

regicide^ ('red3isaid). [f. L. regi-y stem of rex king + -ciDE i: cf, F. regicide (i6th c.).] 1. One who kills a king, esp. his own king; one who commits the crime of regicide. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV 14 b, Our posterite shal be reproved as children of Homecides, ye of Regicides & prince quellers. 1607-15 [see regnicide]. 1651 Hobbes Govt, fef Soc. xiv. §20. 229 Of which sort are Traytors, Regicides, and such as take up armes against the City. 16^ Dryden Don Sebastian iv. iii. That I miss’d [your life] Was the propitious errour of my fate. Not of my Soul, my Soul’s a Regicide.

2. spec. a. Eng. Hist. One of those who took part in the trial and execution of Charles I. 1654 Evelyn Diary 27 Aug., He who publish’d those bold sermons of..the Jewes crucifying Christ, applied to the wicked regicides. 1660 Ibid. 11 Oct., The Regicides who sat on the life of our late King, were brought to tryal in the Old Bailey. 1679 in Somers Tracts I. 51 When there are still so many of the old Regicides not only alive, but in Vogue and Authority. ^1715 Burnet Own Time ii. (1724) I. 162 The Regicides were at that time odious beyond all expression. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 374 Where by the statute 12 Cha. II. all the lands, tenements, and hereditaments of the regicides were forfeited to the Crown. 1874 Green Short Hist. ix. §2. 605 In the punishment of the Regicides indeed, a Presbyterian might well be as zealous as a cavalier.

b. Fr. Hist. One of those Revolutionists concerned in the execution of Louis XVI. 1796 Burke Regie. Peace i. (1892) 21 The Regicides were the first to declare war. We are the first to sue for peace. 1809 Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 161/1 The regicides of France were poor theatrical imitators. 18^8 W. H. Kelly tr. Le Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. II. 508 The king had granted a pardon to Meunier who had been condemned by the Court of Peers as a regicide.

3. attrib. passing into adj. ^1645 Howell Lett. i. xviii. (1650) 30 The Regicide villain was apprehended. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 108 A groupe of regicide and sacrilegious slaughter. 1796 - Regie. Peace i. (1892) 25 The Regicide Directory.. charge us with eludi^ our declarations. 1804 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. II. 244 The Cordeliers were the regicide portion of the Jacobins. 1839 Marryat Phant. Ship viii, The murder of his regicide ambassador.

regicide^ (’r6d3isaid). [f. as prec. -h

-cide 2.]

The killing or murder of a king. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. ix. li. 232 That doth Rebellion, Regecide, and breach of Othes allow. 1644 Sir E. Dering Prop. Sacr. biv, The first Regicide.. was that of the Emperour Mauritius. 1683 Evelyn Diary 12 Feb., The late Rebells usurpation and regicide. 1725 Pope Odyss. i. 48 Did fate, or we, when great Atrides died. Urge the bold traitor to the regicide? 1796 Burke Regie. Peace i. (1892) 8 The Republick of Regicide.. has actually conquered the finest parts of Europe. 1816 Scott Antiq. xviii, A crime only inferior to sacrilege, or regicide. 1884 Symonds Shaks. Predec. xv. 662 Marlowe.. shows Edward smothered, sparing only one incident of that unnatural regicide.

'regicidism. [f. prec. + -ism.] The practice or principle of regicide. x66o R. Coke Justice Vind. Ep. Ded. 10 Sacriledge, Regicidism and Murder. 1676 Doctrine of Devils 77 Any Crime, Villany, or Piacle whatever, Murther,.. Regicidism [etc.]. 1795 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XVI. 522 The stimulus required is—Regicidism. 1800 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) V. 370 Our great and truly religious poet, Milton, published in defence of regicidism.

raise v.

regiculture ('r£d3i,kAltju3(r)). rare. [f. L. regi-y tre3hel-boc. Obs. rare^^. [f. OE. re^ol rule + boc BOOK.] A book of monastic rules. c 1200 Ormin Ded. 8 J>urrh l?att witt hafenn takenn ba An re3hellboc to fol^henn.

t'regian. Obs. [f. L. regi-us royal +

-an.] An

upholder of regal authority; a royalist. 1653 A. Wilson Jas. I 202 Then they strive to make a Division of Regians and Republicans. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. II. iii. §38 This is alleadged and urged by our Regians, to prove the Kings Paramount Power in Ecclesiasticis. a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams i. (1692) 39 Art. Wils[on].. favours all Republicans, and never speaks well of Regians, (it is his own distinctions) if he can possibly avoid it.

fregibbe, v. Obs.~^ [ad. OF. regiber (mod. F. regimber); see note to jib

intr. To kick. a 1225 Ancr. R. 138 Al so sone so pet flesh hauep al his wil, hit regibbeS anon, ase uet keif & idel.

t'regible, a. Obs. rare~^. [ad. L. regibilis^ f. regere to rule: see -ible.] Governable. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xvi. xii. 69 (If occasion require) the same [boldness] ought to be regible, advised, and considerate. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1721 in Bailey.

Hence t'regibleness. 1731 Bailey vol. II.

rex king + culture sb.] Honour or homage to kings. 1880 Swinburne in T. H. Ward Eng. Poets III. 281 For all her evil report among men on the score of passive obedience and regiculture.

Ilregidor (rexi'dor).

PI. regidores, regidors. [Sp. regidor alderman, f. regir to rule.] In Spain and the former Spanish dominions in America, a member of a cabildo or municipal council; a councillor; a village official. 1622 J. Mabbe tr. Aleman's Rogue 1.1. iii. 33 Thus it fared with a Regidor, who being espied by an old man,.. call’d him unto him. 1755 Smollett Cervantes' Don Quixote I. p. xiv. Dedicated to the alcaides, regidors, and gentlemen of the noble town of Argamasilla. 1834 A. Pike Prose Sketches ^ Poems 170 The Regidor, or Assistant Alcalde, Miguel Sena, has only perjured himself three times. 1848 E. Bryant What I saw in California xxii. 283 The first of these pueblos is governed by its corresponding body of magistrates, composed of an alcalde or judge, four regidores or municipal officers, a syndic and a secretary. 1895 G. E. King New Orleans vii. 115 Instead of a superior council, there was a cabildo, with regidores, alcaldes, [etc.]. 1934 Hist. Soc. Southern California Publ. xvi. 142 He was regidor of Los Angeles in 1838-39. 1950 G. Brenan Face of Spain vi. 143 He introduced himself as the regidor of the village municipality. 1969 Femina (Bombay) 26 Dec. 41/1 One of

RfiGIE the labourers summoned the regidofy a village official, to the scene. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropaedia II. 422/1 In local affairs, each municipality in Hispanic America was governed by its cabildo, or city council... Its members, regidores (councillors) and alcaldes ordinarios (magistrates), along with the local corregidor (royally appointed judge), enjoyed considerable prestige and power.

||r6gie (re3i). Also with capital initial. [Fr., f. regir to rule.] In France and certain other countries: a government department that administers a state-controlled industry or service; formerly esp., one responsible for taxation, customs and excise, etc.; a government monopoly used as a means of taxation, esp. the tobacco monopoly in the former Turkish Empire. Also attrib. 1791 Ld. Gower in Despatches Earl Gower (1885) 61 The 4th [article of a decree] allows tobacco in leaves to be stored, for a year, in the ware-houses of the Regie. 1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 738/1 Unfortunately, he [sc. Frederick the Great] adopted the French ideas of excise, and the French methods of imposing and collecting taxes,—a ^stem known as the Regie. 1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 9 May 5/1 The Turkish tobacco regie.. is designed to include a company having the exclusive right of preparing tobacco for home consumption and of selling it to the public. 1884 Ibid. 5 Sept. 6/2 Ladies .. smoke the strong regie cigar with evident enjoyment. 1890 Athenaeum ii Oct. 474/3 All the frequenters of a county inn [in France].. consume the tobacco of the regie. 1923 Glasgow Herald 26 Feb. 10 The exploitation of the railways of the Ruhr and the Rhineland by a Franco-Belgian ‘regie’ is believed to have been decided. 1929 W. Ray tr. Hegemann's Frederick the Great 122 The King indeed was thoroughly well satisfied with his Regie escapades... The patient Prussians had barely two more years to wait before death came to rid them of their great king, the extortions of the French Regie, [etc.]. 1958 G. T. Matthews Royal Gen. Farms i8th Cent. France i. ii. 43 Prior to 1548 the various salt taxes and commercial concessions constituting the grandes gabelles were partly farmed to individual tax-farmers and partly managed by government regies. 1964 Ridley & Blondel Public Administration in France ii. vii. 181 Finally we come to the revenue or, as the French call them, fiscal divisions. Until recently there were four more or less autonomous services (or regies). These had remained virtually unchanged since the Revolution and corresponded roughly to the main sources of state revenue: direct taxes, indirect taxes, customs duties, and registration fees, stamp duties and the national domain... After the war it was decided that the four regies should be transformed into two divisions of the ministry. Ibid. x. 239 Traditionally there were two ways of organizing a public service, the regie and the concession; the former operated by a government department or a local authority, the latter on contractual terms by private enterprise. 1977 S. J. & E. K. Shaw Hist. Ottoman Empire Mod. Turkey II. iii. 233 In 1883 the Public Debt Commission turned the tobacco monopoly over to a private German-French company called the Regie cointeressee de tabacs de VEmpire Ottoman, which paid a fixed annual fee.. in return and then divided the profits with the Ottoman treasury. The Regie had the sole right to buy and process all tobacco sold in the empire and regulate its cultivation... The tobacco..was stored in the Regie warehouses.

regient, obs. form of

regent sb.

fre'gifical, a. Obs. rare—°. [f. L.. regific-us + -AL*.] ‘Royal, princely, pompous, sumptuous’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656).

(1834) I. 250 These first and second principles of natural justice, whatever violence may have been done to them at the overthrow of a former regime [etc.]. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. III. xvi. § I Under the regime of competition, things are ..exchanged for each other at such values [etc.]. 1898 Bodley France I. Introd. 32 Under previous parliamentary regimes this evil was not patent. 1955 Times 2 May 8/3 But none of us is prepared, either, to bolster up the aging regime of Chiang Kai-shek. Ibid, ii/s Only King Saud and the regime in the Yemen (which recently survived in undiminished medieval splendour an abortive coup d*Etat) remain patently faithful to Egypt. 1973 Guardian 16 Apr. 1/6 The Smith regime in Rhodesia.

b. spec, in phr. the ancient, or old, regime (tr. F. Vancien regime), the system of government in France before the Revolution of 1789. Also transf., the old system or style of things. 1792 Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life fif Writ. (1832) II. 195 Some are for absolute monarchy, some for the ancient regime. i8o8 Sir J. Moore in Jas. Moore Narr. Campaign (1809) 76 They have acted with all the imbecility of an old established weak government of the old regime. 1816 W. Scott in Q. Rev. XIV. 192 A crime against sentiment which no author, of moderate prudence, would have hazarded under the old regime. 1825 Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 104 The Aristocracy was cemented by a common principle, of preserving the ancient regime, or whatever should be nearest to it. 1842 Geo. Eliot Let. 30 Aug. (1954) I. 144 There ought to be..a few spectral dingers to the memory of the old regime in the era or political regeneration. 1884 Harper's Mag. Mar. 554/2 The habits of the last century in respect to decorum were just receding... The old regime was dying. 1912 F. A. Talbot Moving Pictures xii. 136 Under the old regime darkness prevailed from one end of the programme to the other, save, perhaps, during a short interval. 1971 R. Bendix in A. Bullock 20th Cent. xv. 352/2 Their overthrow of an ‘old regime’ fulfils the first task of their [sc. revolutionary movements’] ideological mission. 1976 J. B. Hilton Gamekeeper's Gallows xv. 159 ‘Take her back home again tomorrow.’.. The old regime was over.

3. Physical Geogr, a. The condition of a watercourse with regard to changes that may be occurring in its form or bed and the possibility of an equilibrium in which there is neither erosion nor deposition; = regimen 5, [1779 P. L. G. Du Buat Principes d*Hydraulique 1. iv. 73 Ainsi, par le terme regime, nous entendons proprement la vitesse du courant, comparee a la resistance du terrain qui forme le lit.] 1856 Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers XV. 241 The case of the River Clyde, at Glasgow, should be carefully examined, when considering any measure for the regime of the Thames. Ibid. 242 To regulate the low-water regime, by removing the shoals below London Bridge. 1895 Ibid. CXIX. 282 Observations were made at thirty sites... Each was known by long local experience to have been in a state of permanent regime, the canal having been flowing for years on its self-silted bed. 1925 F. Reeves Notes & Data Rly. Engin. 30 One frequently sees the results of this absence of accurate knowledge of the regime of the stream in washaways, bridges of unnecessary size, etc. 1927 Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engin. CCXXIII, 268 The conditions of great rivers in unstable regime, presenting every kind of irregularity of flow. 1957 New Scientist 26 Dec. 30/3 The regime theory of canals was originally developed in India.. and stemmed from field observations of the self-adjusting character of these artificial alluvial canals. Ibid., From the regime viewpoint the behaviour of a river is visualised as fluctuation about equilibrium or ‘regime’ dimensions. 1965 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. (ed. 2) xviii. 543 The whole regime of sandbanks and inner channels eventually reaches an all-over width that meets the requirements of all but the very greatest floods.

regifuge ('redjjfjuids). Rom. Hist. [ad. L. regifugium, f. regi-, rex king + fuga flight.] The flight or expulsion of the kings from Rome.

b. The condition of a body of water with regard to the rates at which water enters and leaves it.

L. regifugium occurs only as the name of the festival (on 24 Feb.) commemorative of the expulsion. 1654 ViLVAiN Epit. Ess. II. xxviii, Tarquins expulsion or Regi-fuge. 01727 Newton Chronol. Amended i. (1728) 49 The old Records of the Latines were burnt by the Gauls, an hundred and twenty years after the Regifuge. 1770 SwiNTON in Phil. Trans. LXI. 88 They prevailed at Rome.. till after the regifuge. 1847 Grote Greece ii. xxxi. IV. 206 At the epoch of Kleisthenes, which by a remarkable coincidence is the same as that of the regifuge at Rome.

1874 Chem. News 27 Feb. 101/2 {heading) Pluvial regime of the torrid zone in the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. 1933 Geogr. Jrnl. LXXXH. 174 While some writers have thought the regime of the lake (the balance between gains and losses) to depend almost entirely on the precipitation on and evaporation from the lake-surface, Mr. Gillman finds that the mean inflow from tributary basins is by no means negligible. Ibid., Theeuws held that the old regime of the lake was changed once and for all by the debacle of about

regild (rii'gild), v.

REGIMENT

508

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To gild

again. Also fig. 1583 Stcbbes Anat. Abus. i. To Rdr. (1879) p. xii, With their swoords, daggers, and rapiers guilte and reguilte. 1841 F. E. Paget S. Antholin’s 3 He neither regilt the weathercock, nor raised the height of his own pew. 1857 Dufferin Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 10 Destined to regild his spurs in future years on the soil of Spain.

il regime, regime (rei'3i:m). [F., ad. L. regimen REGIMEN.] 1. = REGIMEN 2. 1776 Earl Carlisle Let. 13 Sept, in Jesse Selwyn Gf Cow/emp. (1844) HI. 157 Regime is better than physic. 1908 A. Bennett Old Wives' Tale i. iii. 45 She was a shrivelled little woman, capable of sitting twelve hours a day in a bedroom and thriving on the regime. 1943 Ann. Allergy I. 33 Others in whom the psychic element is important are nevertheless improved by a hygienic regime or by symptomatic medication. 1973 Daily Tel. 13 Feb. 16 This is not a diet to enter upon without medical prescription... To embark on this regime without due regard to the consequences may delay diagnosis of other disorders.

2. a. A manner, method, or system of rule or government; a system or institution having widespread influence or prevalence. Now freq. applied disparagingly to a particular government or administration. 1792 [see b]. 1805 Edin. Rev. VI. 471 The short sentence about the regime of the Roman provinces affords two instances of inadvertence. 1833 Chalmers Const. Man i. vi.

'*75-

4. The set of conditions under which a system occurs or is maintained. 1890 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1889 502 We should expect that, after the change of loads has been frequently repeated so that a cyclic regime is established, the wire will, for any value of load between the two extremes, be longer during unloading than during loading. 1920 A. Fage Airscrews in Theory & Exper. xii. 176 The study of the working regime of a helicopter. 1942 Electronic Engin. XIV. 665/3 It has been found that the duration of this low voltage regime may be increased to.. 20-30 microseconds by connecting an additional condenser directly between anode and cathode. 1957 J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. xlviii. 1410 Pluvial conditions over vast areas of the world.. were replaced by a regime of desiccation. 1971 Sci. Amer. Sept. 118/1 Without altering the horticultural regime of keeping 90 percent of the land fallow the Tsembaga’s 1,000 best acres might have supported a population of 200 or more per square mile. 1978 Vomrc 29 June 752/1 Anemones were .. maintained in circulating seawater at io°C for 6 months before experimentation in a 12-h light and 12-h darkness regime.

regimen ('red3im3n). Also s Sc. regemen. [a. L. regimen, f. regere to rule, direct, etc. Cf. OF. regimen (14th c.).] 1. a. The act of governing; government, rule. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 66 Quhare thare is na hede, regemen na ordinaunce, thare resoun naturale failis. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 52 Baith sword and sceptour, regimen and croun. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. II. §128 The General himself, and the Martial affairs, were subject to this Regimen and Discipline as well as the Civil. i

V

1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. 491 Others commonly assign him the Regimen of Separate Souls after Death. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 25 In the inns of court all sorts of regimen and academical superintendance.. are found impracticable. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. 1. i. 2 The forms and principles of political regimen in these different nations became more divergent from each other. 1875 Tennyson Q. Mary iii. i, Sir, no woman’s regimen Can save us.

b. A particular form or kind of government; a regime; a prevailing system. 01734 North Lives (1826) III. 362 Gentlemen’s sons in the college, under the influence of such a regimen, will be exposed to the mischiefs of idleness, expense, and debauchery. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 529 Under the regimen ot land-taxes, all foreigners residing in a kingdom absolutely escape taxation. 1837 Hallam Hist. Lit. i. vii. §45 Nothing is so apt to follow as sedition from a popular regimen, i860 Mill Repr. Govt. (1865) 19/1 What sort of human beings can be formed under such a regimen?

f c. The aggregate of those under government; a class or kind. Ohs. rare.

some

[1660 Stanley Hist. Philos, ix. (1701) 347/2 The Soul of Pythagoras, being of the Regimine of Apollo, (whether as a Follower, or some other way more near to him).] i7®9 Steele Tatler No. 68 jfz, I have also a long List of Persons of Condition, who are certainly of the same Regimen with these Banditti.

2. Med. a. The regulation of such matters as have an influence on the preservation or restoration of health; a particular course of diet, exercise, or mode of living, prescribed or adopted for this end; fa course of treatment employed for the cure of a wound. Cf. regiment 5-

C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 60 In anojjer maner regimen Vndirstonde pat pe man.. schal not be lete blood in pe bigynnynge [etc.]. Ibid. 289 Jjou schalt kepe him wij? good regimen, & he schal vse no metis ne drinkis pat engendrith scharp blood & greet. 1646 G. Daniel Wks. (Grosart) I. 41 Things.. Very behoofull to the Regimen Of health. 1693 tr. Blancard's Phys. Diet. (ed. 2), Regimen, a Word us’d in Physick, about ordering Diet, and the like. 1707 Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 197 If thereby the Pulse be alter’d to more frequency, we use a cool Regimen. 1764 Reid Inquiry i. §3 Would he not hope for his cure from physic and good regimen? 1830 Scott Demonol. i. 19 His physician received a grateful letter from him acknowledging the success of his regimen. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 425 A strict regimen ., being at the same time observed.

b. transf. dstdfig. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 89 If 7 Active employment.. is generally a necessary part of this intellectual regimen. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. iii. iii. There’s Sir Harry diets himself for gaming, and is now under a hazard regimen. 1862 Burton Bk. Hunter 97 ‘A course of reading’ as it is sometimes called, is a course of regimen for dwarfing the mind.

3. Gram. The government of one word by another; the relation which one word in a sentence has to another depending on it. 1600 Holland Livy 2nd Index s.v. H-S, You must in this manner of speech understand millia for the regimen of the Genitive case. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. iv. 448 The Regimen of words doth concern their government of others. 1751 Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 193 Hence.. arises the grammatical regimen of the verb by its nominative, and of the accusative by its verb. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 328 The following sentences, which give the passive voice the regimen of an active verb, are very irregular. 1872 F. Hall False Philol. 84 The grammarians posit the absence of regimen as one of the differential features of a conjunction.

t4. Alch. (See quot.) Obs. rare-^. 17*7-38 Chambers Cycl., Regimen, in chymistry and alchymy, is the method of ordering and conducting any thing, that it may answer it’s intention. Thus, regimen of fire, is the manner of making and ordering fire, and the degrees thereof, ^rom Diet, de Trevoux s.v. Regime.) 5. Physical Geogr. = regime, regime 3 a. 1810 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 65/1 We shall., learn the mutual action of the current and its bed, and the circumstances which ensure the stability of both. These we may call the regimen or the conservation of the stream, and may say that it is in regimen or in conservation. 1851 Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers X. 2^ i Experiments and observations were made on the velocity and regimen of the stream. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. Sf Technol. XL 584/2 Most natural streams are in regimen. 1971 R. F. Flint Glacial ©* Quaternary Geol. iii. 47 It will be useful to follow the practice of engineers in reference to streams of water, and refer to the system or activity of the glacier as a whole, based on its meteorology, economy, rate and possible type of flow, and fluctuation, as the regimen of the glacier. The term, applied to glaciers as well as streams, is not quantitatively precise; it is broadly descriptive. Hence re'gimenal a. = regiminal. 1866 Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 215 The correctness of this view of the regimenal management of the disease. 1874 Bucknill & Tuke Man. Psych. Med. (ed. 3) 687 The treatment is medicinal and regimenal.

fregimence. Obs. rare. after sbs. in -ence.]

[Alteration of next, = regiment i.

C1470 Harding Chron. Proem v, Vnto your sapience I wyll remember a notabilytee Of your elders rule and regymence. Ibid, xcvili. xiii, Full greate intelligence Of all good rule and noble regimence.

regiment ('red3ini3nt), sb. Also 5-6 regement. [ad. late L. regimentum, f. L. regere to rule: see -MENT, and cf. F. regiment (1314).]

1. Rule or government over a person, people, or country; esp. royal or magisterial authority. Now rare (very common c 1550-1680). 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 233 Pite is the foundement Of every kinges regiment, If it be medled with justice, a 1502

REGIMENT

Eng. Votaries i. (1560) 13 b, After he had furnished it with new regiments and lawes. a 1548 Hall Chron., Rich. Ill 42 The metrician coulde not obseruynge the regimentes of metre ende the seconde verse in Bore. 01617 Bayne On Coloss. (1634) 349 The worke is double, internail or externall: regiments, or direction.

t b. Manner, method, or system of ruling or governing; a form of polity, a regime. Ohs,

1390 Gower Conf. HI. 127 The ferste regiment Toward the part of Orient.. Governed is of Signes thre. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 59 An auncient booke..That of this lands first conquest did devize. And old division into Regirnents. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 113 So much for the principal! nations of this countrey. As for the States, Tetrarchies, and regiments, there be in all 195. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. ii. vi. (1636) 39 That Councell divided the Regiment of the Church into foure Patriarchall Sees. 1662 in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 540 A company of foot raised or to be raised in Long-acre or thereabouts in the Regiment of Westminster and the Liberty thereof. tran^. 1602 L. Lloyd Confer. Lawes i The elements are commaunded to staie within their owne regiments, without trespassing one of another. 1623 Webster Duchess Malfi Ded., Men who never saw the sea, yet desire to behold that regiment of waters. 1625 Jackson Creed v. iii. 14 Speculatiue notions are seated in the head or vtmost confines of the soules regiment.

1474 in Tighe & Davies Windsor (1858) I. 400 The Statutes for the Order and Regiment to be hadde, used, and contynued in the Corporacion. 1535 Coverdale Bible Ded. IP 6 In all godly regimentes of olde tyme the kynge and temporall iudge was obeyed of euery man. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 197 You account tyrannicall regiment, an execrable regiment. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. ii. §13 History Civill, in respect of the Habitations, Regiments, and Manners of the people. .*'], the monetary unit of the German Reich, replaced in 1948 by the Deutsche mark; 'Reichs.marschall, -.marshall [Ger., in full Reichmarschall des Grossdeutschen Reiches Marshal of the Greater German Reich], a title bestowed on Hermann Goring (1893-1946) in 1940 by Adolf Hitler; ‘Reichsrat (formerly -rath) (-ra:t) [G. rat{h council; cf. Bundesrat], (a) the parliament of the Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire; (b) the council of the federated states of Germany between the end of the 1914-18 war and 1933; 'Reichswehr (-ve:r) [G. wehr defence], the name of the German army between 1919 and 1935. See also Reichstag. All usu. with capital initial in Eng. as in German. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 466/1 The Imperial Bank (Reichsbank) ranks far above the others in importance. 1977 New Yorker 3 Oct. 85/1 Nazi archives at the Reichsbank.. yielded, substantial data. 1924 Times 6 Dec. ii/i Some scattered organizations.. were amalgamated to be the nucleus of a united Republican guard, known as the

REIF

531

obs. Sc. forms of reach.

(1838-94), German food scientist, used in the possessive and attrib. (freq. in Comb, with another name, as Meissl, Polenske, Wollny) with reference to standard procedures for determining the proportion of volatile watersoluble fatty acids present in butter, fats, and oils (one of which he published in Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem. (1879) XVHI. 68). 1885 Analyst X. 103 Reichert’s process possesses every advantage over Hehner’s, which is becoming replaced by the former. 1887 Ibid. XII. 203 {heading) On ReichertMeissl’s method of butter analysis. 1892 Ibid. VII. 171 Reichert.. proposed to saponify 2 5 grammes of butter with caustic soda and alcohol, evaporate off the alcohol, add 50 c.c. of water and 2 c.c. dilute sulphuric acid, and to distil 50 c.c. in a weak current of air. This method, although Reichert himself calls it Hehner’s method, is now known as the Reichert process. Ibid. 175 The Reichert-Wollny method is largely adopted in every country except France, and may be considered a standard method. 1894XIX. 189 Filtered butter-fat will give a constant Reichert-Meissl number for many weeks. 1901 Ibid. XXVI. 71 {heading) Note on the Reichert value of butter and other fats. 1906 [see Polenske]. 1928 [see Kirschner]. 1936 Analyst LXI. 404 As the original Reichert process, using 2 5 g. of fat, and as the Reichert-Meissl process, using 5 g., have been obsolete since Wollny modified the Meissl process nearly 50 years ago, and as the name Reichert is common to the different forms, it may now be used alone in place of the indiscriminate use of the hyphenated forms, ReichertMeissl, Reichert-Meissl-Wollny, Reichert-Wollny and Reichert-Polenske, when applied to the soluble volatile acids. 1957 Encycl. Brit. IV. 469/2 The Reichert-Meissel [«V] (Reichert-Wollny) value.. is a valuable characteristic in butterfat analysis. 1973 [see Polenske].

Reichian ('raixian), sb. and a.

[f. the name of Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), Austrian psychologist -I- -IAN.] A. sb. A supporter of the theories or practices of Wilhelm Reich, esp. those relating to sexual energy as vital energy (cf. orgone), to its effect in determining character and mental health, or to his hypothesis that authoritarian regimes emerge in cultures that are sexually repressive. B. adj. Of, pertaining to, or following Reich or his theories. 1959 Partisan Rev. XXVI. 51 The Reichians want to believe in Socialism again. 1959 N. Mailer Advts. for Myself {igbi) 295 The Yoga’s prana, the Reichian’s orgone, Lawrence’s ‘blood’. 19^ P. A. Robinson Freudian Left i. 10 The true Reichian is convinced that Reich’s greatest contributions lay..in biophysics and astronomy. 1970 R. Lowell Notebook 247 Such cures the bygone Reichian prophets swore to. 1976 Listener 8 Jan. 4/2 One of the unique features of present-day Portugal is the concurrence of political and sexual revolution. It provides a laboratory for Reichian radicals who see a causal relationship between sexual repression and totalitarianism, on one side, and sexual liberation and revolution, on the other. 1978 N. Y. Rev. Bks. 23 Feb. 29/4 The Victorian idea of TB as a disease of low energy.. has its exact complement in the Reichian idea of cancer as a disease of unexpressed energy.

Reichstag ('raifjtark, 'raikstaig). [Ger., f. gen. sing, of Reich + tag diet: cf. Bundestag.] The

diet or parliament of the German Empire (1871-1918) (formerly also, that of the North German Confederation) and of post-Imperial Germany until 1945; the building in Berlin in which this parliament met. Also transf. 1867 Times 3 Jan. lo/i It is proposed to exclude Government functionaries, not from the future Diet of the Confederation (Reichstag), but only from the Parliament which is about to assemble. 1870 Geo. Eliot Let. 3 Apr. (1956) V. 87 We went to the Reichstag one morning, and were so fortunate as to hear Bismarck speak. 1889 M. H. van de Velde Cosmopolitan Recollections I. v. 167 Will he attend the Reichstag? 1909 M. A. voN Arnim Caravaners xiii. 220 She began to talk to me.. about.. our Reichstag. 1935 C. Isherwood Mr. Norris changes Trains xvi. 263 We ought to be grateful to van der Lubbe, because the burning of the Reichstag had melted the snow. 1944 J. S. Huxley On Living in Revol. 138 In 1928..the Nazis had secured less than 2 per cent, of the seats in the Reichstag. 1975 Times 4 Mar. 1/2 From the Tory benches, there was a claim that the Commons was being turned into a Reichstag.

2. attrib., as Reichstag Fire, a fire which destroyed the Reichstag building on 27 Feb. 1933, believed to have been engineered by the Nazi party in order to facilitate their seizure of power; Reichstag Trial, the subsequent trial of the alleged incendiary, Marinus van der Lubbe, and others; also transf., as the type of a staged trial. 1933 Times i Mar. 13/2 A communication about the Reichstag fire was issued by the Prussian authorities. 1976 S. Hynes Auden Generation v. 143 The Reichstag fire appears as an emblem of public terror. 1968 D. Hopkinson Incense Tree xii. 156 The trial was a travesty in the tradition of the Reichstag Trial at Leipzig. 1970 Peace News 17 Apr. 8/1 Bobby Seale has been sentenced to four years for contempt of court at Attorney General Mitchell’s -‘Reichstag Trial’ in Chicago.

reick, obs. form of

reek v.^

freid*. Sc. Obs. Also

6 reide, reyd. [var. of raid sb. 4, perh. directly a. Du. reede or LG. rede.} A roadstead. 1561 Burgh Rec. Aberd. (1844) I. 334 Quhat sumewir schip of gudis sellable arrywis to the port, hevin, or reyd. 01578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 194 His schippis quhilk was lyand in the reid at that tyme. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 287 Thay ouirthrew in the Reide xvi scotis shipis.

freid^. Sc. Obs.—^ (Of obscure origin and meaning: perh. a rendering of eccl. L. litania majoTy the longer litany used on the Rogation days.) C1450 Holland Howlat 698 Syne all the lentryne but leiss, and the lang reid, And als in the adwent The Soland Stewart was sent.

reid(e,

obs. ff. read sb.^ and v,, red a. and sb.^, REDE sb.^ and v.y reed sb.^

reidar,

obs. Sc. f. reader.

re-identifi'cation.

[re-

5 a.]

The action of

identifying again. 1882 Spencer Princ. Social., Pol. Instit. 564 Where., military headship becomes in a measure separated from political headship, continued warfare is apt to cause a re¬ identification of them. 1884 Manch. Exam. 29 Feb. 4/6 The re-identification of imported yarns woven into tissues would be impossible.

rei'dentify, v.

[re- 5 a,] a. trans. To identify again or in a new way; also absol. b. intr. To identify oneself with something again. 1934 Webster, Reidentify, v.t. 1959 P. F. Strawson Individuals i. 32 We cannot attach one occasion to another unless, from occasion to occasion, we can reidentify elements common to different occasions. Ibid. 55 A condition.. of the possession of a single, continuously usable framework.. was the ability to rcidentify.. some elements of the framework in spite of discontinuities of observation. 1964 C. M. Wise in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 208 The second element.. has been reidentified as a voiced postvocalic allophone. 1966 ‘Han Suyin’ Mortal Flower xii. 258 Others are longing to go back, to reidentify, but they are afraid of changing.

reif (ri:f). Chiefly Sc. Forms; i reaf, reof, 3 raef, reue, 5 ref, 5-6 reilf, 6 rieff, reife, reyf, raif, reafe, 7 reaf, 5- reif. [Common W.Germ.: OE. reaf = OFris. raf, OS. -r6/(Du. roof), MLG. r6/(hence Sw. rof. Da. rov), OHG. roub, roup (G. raub):—OTeut. *raubo”': see reave v. The precise relationship of the OE. word to reap, garment, is not certain.] 11. That which is taken by force or robbery; spoil, plunder, booty. Obs. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xi. 22 Alla woepeno his genimeO ..& reafo [L. spolia] his todaelde. ciooo Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxviii. 162 Se pe beorna reaf manije [L. spolia multa'\ meteS. c 1205 Lay. 8612 [We scullen] 3emen hes fehtes.. & laeten ha raef liggen. 1375 Barbour Bruce v. 118 The King gert be departit then All haill the reif amang his men. a 1557 Diurn. Occurr. (Bannatyne Cl.) 12 The erle of Angus servandis maid ane prey and reif thairof.

2. The act or practice of robbery; spoliation; reavery. Obs. exc. arch. a 1250 Owl ^ Night. 458 (Cotton), Ich fare leue, Ne recche ich no3t of winteres reue C1400 Apol. Loll. 12 For pe sacrilege pat pei goodis. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.)

horn & nime MS. teone]. do in reif of 134 Injure or

REIF violence.., as ar thift, ref, or sik thingis. ^^1470 Henry Wallace xi. 840 Throuch cowatice gud Alexander was lost; And Julius als, for all his reiff and host. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems ix. I2i, I synnit als in reif and in oppressioun, In wranguss gudis taking and posseding. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 34 All maner of reiffis, spul^ek, oppressionis, slauchteris, allegit to haue bene committit. 1585 Montgomerie Sonn. xiv. 14 Let richt, not reif, my pensioun bring agane. 1644 Articles Sc. Commiss. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. III. (1692) I. 366 Whatsoever Thefts, Reifs, Hardships, Oppressions,. .or Murther done or committed by them. 1786 Burns To James Smith i. The sleest, pawkie thief. That e’er attempted stealth or rief. 1815 Scott Guy M. iii, Saint Michael and his spear, Keep the house frae reif and wear.

fb. o/* reif, esp. Sc. in fowl of reif, bird of prey or plunder. Obs. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 104 bei are maad desseyuable ypocritis, & lurkyng woluis of ref under a schepis flees. CI450 Holi and Howlat 656 Thus assemblit.. All that war fowlis of reif. 1457 Sc. Acts Jas. II, c. 32 (1814) II. 51/2 Anentis rukis, crawys and vpei foulys of reif.

reif, reifar, -er, reiffing,

obs. Sc. flf. reave v.^,

REEVE sb.^, REAVER, REAVING.

reification (riiifi'keijan, renf-).

[f. L. res a thing (cf. REAL a.^) + -ification.] The mental conversion of a person or abstract concept into a thing. Also, depersonalization, esp. such as Marx thought was due to capitalist industrialization in which the worker is considered as the quantifiable labour factor in production or as a commodity. 1846 Grote Greece (1851) I. 467 note, Boiocalus would have had some trouble to make his tribe comprehend the re¬ ification of the god Helios. 1854 Fraser’s Mag. XLIX. 74 A process of what may be called reification, or the conscious conversion of what had hitherto been regarded as living beings into impersonal substances. 1882 J. B. Stallo Concepts & Th. Mod. Physics 269 The existence, or possibility, of transcendental space is another flagrant instance of the reification of concepts. 1937 T. Parsons Struct. Soc. Action xiii. 476 Positivistic empiricism has been predominantly a matter of the ‘reification’ of theoretical systems. 1941 H. Marcuse Reason & Revol. ii. i. 279 Marx’s early writings are the first explicit statement of the process of reification {Verdinglichung) through which capitalist society makes all personal relations between men take the form of objective reJations between things. 1954 H. J. Eysenck Psychol. Politics viii. 262 Freud’s reification of mental mechanisms is a literary rather than a scientific device. 1962 Macquarrie & Robinson tr. Heidegger's Being & Time i. i. 72 The Thinghood itself which such reification implies must have its ontological origin demonstrated. 1971 J. J. Shapiro tr. Habermas's Toward Rational Soc. iii. 39 The active assault upon culture is based on the same reification as the fetishism of those students who believe that by occupying university classrooms they are taking possession of science as a productive force. 1976 G. Therborn Sci., Class ^ Soc. i. 26 The ugly consequences, in Friedrich’s view, result from a ‘reification’ of the current epistemological stance of science. 1979 E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order v. 143 To see the [wavy] line as water, mountains or, perhaps, a fluttering ribbon might be described as ‘reification’, to see it as a living serpent as ‘animation’.

reificatory reificat(ion

REIGN

532

(ri:-,

a. [f. Of, pertaining to, or

renfi'keitan),

+ -ORY^.]

characterized by, reification. 1951 Z. S. Harris Methods in Structural Ling. ii. 18 The reificatory question of what parts of human behavior constitute language. 1969 D. Triesman in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 148 The International Student Conference.. coalesced around the fundamental and reificatory tenet that it would only discuss problems of the ‘student as such’.

reify ('rinfai, 'renf-), v.

[f. as reification +

-IFY.] trans. To convert mentally into a thing; to

materialize. 1854 Fraser's Mag. LXIX. 75 The gods of their final and accepted polytheism were, in point of fact, only those sublimer portions of nature which .. they had not yet dared to reify. 1882 Pop. Sci. Monthly XXL 151 When people make or find a new ‘abstract noun’, they instantly try to put it on a shelf or into a box, as though it were a thing; thus they reify it. 1931 M. R. Cohen Reason & Nature iii. iii. 390 There is.. a fundamental philosophic issue: the extent to which the principle of unity should be hypostatized or reified (I wish the use of the word thingified were more common). 1953 C. E. Osgood Method & Theory in Experim. Psychol, xvi. 680 The second hindrance to objectivity is the ubiquitous tendency to reify the word, to assume the word itself some-how carries its own meaning. 1971 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Dec. 1619/3 To look upon them [^c. economic laws] as objective necessities, as bourgeois economists do, is to reify them. 1979 E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order x. 282 The temptation to ‘reify’ the shield into the open mouth of a gaping mask .. proved as irresistible as did the opportunity of turning spiralling volutes into suggestions of eyes.

Hence 'reified ppL a., ‘reifying vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1941 H. Marcuse Reason & Revol. iv. 115 Lordship and bondage result of necessity from certain relationships of labor, which are, in turn, relationships in a ‘reified’ world. 1962 Macquarrie & Robinson tr. Heidegger's Being Time il. vi. 487 Why does this reifying always keep coming back to exercise its dominion? 1965 B. Pearce tr. Preobrazhensky's New Economics 47 One can .. understand its laws in the spirit of vulgar economics, that is, by offering in the guise of science mere superficial description, complete with the reified relations of commodity production. 1969 R. Blackburn in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 207 An alienated society naturally encourages a re-ifying vocabulary. 1979 E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order ix. 242 It

is surely not far-fetched to interpret its coiling frame as a reified flourish on a reified support.

freigh. Obs. Forms; i reoh(c)he, 3 reh3e, rihse, 4 righe, 5 re3ge, reyh(h)e, reygh(e, reigh. [ME. type reje, reyhe:—OE. *rehhe, reohhe: the precise relationship to the ME. variant roje (see rough sb.), and to the continental forms answering to this, is not clear.] The fish called the ray. ciogo Suppl. Mlfric’s Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 181/6 Fannus, reohhe. [iizo Will. Malmesb. De Gestis Pontif. ii. (Du Cange), Ut etiam caudas racharum vestibus eius affigerent.] c 1205 Lay. 29557 Heo.. nomen tailes of reh3en and hangede on his cope. ^1430 Two Cookery-bks. ii Take Haddok, Pyke, Tenche, Rejge, Codlynd, an pyke a-way J>e bonys. C1440 Promp. Parv. 427/2 Reyhhe, fysche, ragadia. Ibid. 438/1 Rowhe or reyhe, Itshe. .ragadies. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. xcvii. And for more despite they cast on hym the guttes of reighes and of [1520 other] fissh. attrib. c 1205 Lay. 29583 An.. pan folke pa pe rihjen tailes hangede a pan clarkes. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15196 Byhynd hym on his elopes pey henge, Righe tailles [F. keues de rales'] on a strenge. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. xcvii, The paynyms.. hym scorned and cast on hym reigh tailles, so that al his mantel was honged full of reigh tailles.

rei3hte, obs. pa. t. reach v.^ reigle, variant of regal sb.^, groove. reign (rem), sb. Forms: a. 3-5 reyne, 4-5 reyn, reine; 4-5 regn, 4-7 regne, reigne, (6 riegne), 5-6 reygne, 7- reign; 5 raen 6 raine, rayn(e, raygne, 6-7 raigne, 7 raign, (raighne). j3. 3-5 rengne, 5 ryngne. y. 5, 6 Sc. renge, 6 Sc. ring, ryng. [a. OF. regne, reigne, rai{g)ne, rengne, etc. (loth c.; mod.F. regne), ad. L. regnum (whence also It. regno, Sp. reino), f. regere to rule. The Sc. forms show a normal development of gn into ng.) 1. a. Royal power or rule; kingdom, sovereignty; also transf. power or rule (of persons) comparable to that of a king. Now rare (fformerly common without article). a 1272 Luue Ron 71 in O.E. Misc. 95 Ector.. and cesar.. beo)7 iglyden vt of pe reyne. a 1300 Cursor M. 9318 ‘Princs o pees’ sal man him call. And neuermar es regn fall. CI330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 65 Tille Harald, Godwin sonne, pe regne wille best falle. C1386 Chaucer Monk's T. 221 King, god to thy fader lente Glorie and honour, regne, tresour, rente. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 6 So that alle tho that ben vndir his regne ben of oon obeyshaunce. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540) 12 There is no sure fellowship nor sure trust in hyghe reygne. 1590 Spenser F.Q. III. iii. 40 Then shall Cadwallin die; and then the raine Of Britons eke with him attonce shall dye. 1617 Moryson Itin. I. 246 The English, vnder the Raigne of Queene Elizabeth, obtained like priuiledge. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass, 1. xxiii. (1674) 26 Empires.. which know not how to perfix bounds to their insatiate desire of Reign. 1725 Pope Odyss. ii. 265 He who like a father held his reign. 1770 Goldsmith Des. Vill. 288 Some fair female unadorned and plain. Secure to please while youth confirms her reign. 1782 Cowper Heroism 90 In Britain’s isle, beneath a George’s reign. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab I. 10 The gloomy Power Whose reign is in the tainted sepulchres. 1851 Thackeray Eng. Hum. iii. (1853) in In a British drawing-room, under the reign of Queen Victoria.

b. transf. Influence, dominion, sway, of something immaterial, f in reign, dominant. C1402 Lydg. Compl. Bl. Knt. 510 So that Dispyt now holdeth forth hire reyne, Through hasty bileve of tales that men feyne. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 204 Lyke Prince and King, he led the Regne, Of all Iniquitie. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. v. 28 She gan to stoupe, and her proud mind convert To meeke obeysance of love’s mightie raine. 1656 Jeanes Mixt. Schol. Div. 20 A soule that is free from both the raigne, or prevalency, and the anxiety of doubts. 1768 Woman of Honor III. 131 The allodial sistem was in reign before it was supplanted by the feodal one. 1781 Cowper Hope 33 Would age in thee resign his wintry reign. 1821 Shelley Remembrance 10 The owlet Night resumes her reign. 1867 Dk. Argyll Reign of Law i. 5 The Reign of Law in Nature is.. universal. 1883 Century Mag. Oct. 804/1 A country where both winter and summer were debarred full reign.

2. fa. A kingdom or realm; a territory ruled over by a king; a monarchical state. Obs. 01300 K. Horn 971 Mi Rengne pu schalt welde. C1385 L.G.W. 992 Dido, This is the reyne of libie there ye bin. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi. (1555), In your repayre to your fathers reyne.. ye shall me with you lede. c 1500 Lay Folks Mass Bk. 74 Ye sail pray for y« prosperite & wallfare of y* Reygne. 1572 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxvi. 51 Dyuers duikis and kingis,.. Exylit from pzir countreis and thair ringis. 1623 Lisle Saxon Serm. Easter day. There was slain on y^ night in every house throughout Pharaos reigne the first borne child. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 12 A gorgeous train Attend the nymph to Phthia’s distant reign. transf. 1340-70 Alex. & Bind. 642 pe heie god.. pat heuene holdej? & hap to his hole regne. Chaucer

fb. The kingdom of heaven or of God. Obs. 1340 Ayenb. 83 pe regne of heuene to wynne, and alle pe dyeuelen..to ouercome. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If5 Manye been the weyes espirituels that leden folk.. to the regne of glorie. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 244 b/2, I shalle drynke it newe ^th you in the regne of my fader. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 466/1 They shall.. awake at the blast of the trumpe, and euer after. Hue with y* lorde in his reigne. 1594 Carew (1881) 29 Th’ angels earst banisht from the heau’nly raine.

c. poet. A place or sphere under the rule of some specified person or thing, or having a specified character. Now rare. i

K

c 1398 Chaucer Fortune 45 Thou born art in my regne of variance. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. vii. 21 A beaten broad high way.. That streight did lead to Plutoes griesly rayne. Ibid. III. iv. 49 Like as a fearefull Dove, which through the raine Of the wide ayre her way does cut amaine. 1667 Milton P.L. I. 543 The universal Host upsent A shout that.. Frighted the Reign of Chaos and old Night. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 38 Or wilt thou, Casar, chuse the watry Reign.. ? 1754 Gray Poesy 9 Thro’ verdant vales, and Ceres’ golden reign. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam 1. xlviii, The ocean Which girds the pole, Nature’s remotest reign.

fd. = KINGDOM 5. Obs. rare. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. ii. xi, The vegetable and the mineral reigns. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xviii. II. 90 The venom was commonly extracted from the vegetable reign.

3. a. The period of a sovereign's rule. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 28 pe ferth 3ere of pe regne.. pese pre.. Werred on Athelstan. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 121 Of pe regne of pe kyng Richard pe secunde, pe secunde 3er. 1434 E.E. Wills 100 The reyn of our lege lord the kyng Harre the sexte, ..the xj yer. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 3 Here beganne the rayne of kyng Henry the third, sonne unto kynge John. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv.xxix. 149 b, At the time of the deluge.. & in the riegne of Ducalion. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. I, 35 In the tenth yeare of his raigne, he sent forth a generall Edict. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 43 f9 That Celebrated Poem, which was written in the Reign of King Charles the Second. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 130 During the five succeeding reigns,.. the contest was maintained with unabated rage. 1833 Cruse tr, Eusebius' Eccl. Hist. i. x. 39 It was about the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 106 After a reign of seventy years, he died. transf. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xviii. 9 Sum cravis of God to end my ring. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 475 This during Winter’s drisly Reign be done. 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Reign, the length or continuance of a man’s career in a system of wickedness, which.. is said to have been a long or a short reign, according to its duration.

fb. The ‘life’ of a ship. Obs. rare-^. 1674 Petty Dupl. Proportion 32 If no trading Ship be (one time with another) above i /i o of her whole reign under sail, or 6 days in 60. c. Reign of Terror: see terror.

4. attrib., as reign mark, a mark on a piece of oriental ceramic ware indicating in whose reign it was made; reign name, title, the symbolic name adopted by a Japanese or (formerly) Chinese ruler, by which his reign is known and dated. 1936 Burlington Mag. Jan. 10/2 Distinguished by a reign mark in blue or pink enamel. 1980 Catal. Fine Chinese Ceramics (Sotheby, Hong Kong) 6 Where a reign mark is given after the measurement no attribution to the period of this reign is intended unless the words ‘and periocT are added. [1834 c. Gutzlaff Sketch of Chinese Hist. I. iv. 89 The Han Dynasty... The characters given after the emperors’ names are the kwo-haou, ‘national designations’ of the emperors during their reigns. 1848 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom II. xvii. 229 Kwoh Hiau, or Reigning Title.] 1935 C. P. Fitzgerald China xxiii. 457 Every Ming Emperor retained the same reign title for the full duration of his reign. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia X. 78/1 Mutsuhito, who took the reign name Meiji (‘enlightened rule’, 1863-1912). 1976 Times 10 Nov. 17/1 Reign titles disappeared from China with the fall of the empire in 1911: in Japan they still survive.

reign (rein), v. Forms: a. 3-6 regn, 4, 6 rein-, 4-6 reygn-, 4-7 reyn-; 5, 6 Sc. rigne, 6 ryne; 5-6 rayne, (6 raygne), 5-7 raine, 6-7 raign(e, 7 rain; 4-7 reigne, 6- reign. 4-5 rengne, 4, 6 reyngne, 5 reingne. y. 4 reng, reyng, 4 Sc. reinge, 4-7 Sc. ring, (5-6 ringe), 4-5 Sc. ryng (5 rynge.) Pa. t. 5, 6 Sc. rang, 6 Sc. rong; pa. pple. 5 Sc. rongyn, 6 Sc. rung. [a. OF. regner (12th c.; mod.F. regner), ad. L. regndre, f. regnum'. see prec.] 1. intr. To hold or exercise the sovereign power or authority in a state; to rule or govern as king or queen; sometimes in restricted sense, to hold the royal office without being actual ruler, to have a limited or nominal sovereignty. a. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 681 After king bapulf leir is sone was king & regnede pritti 3er. C1325 Chron. Eng. no in Ritson Metr. Rom. IL 274 He reignede after his fader fyn. C1400 Destr. Troy 5492 The richest renke, pat reigned in Erthe. 1482 Warkw. Chron. (Camden) 10 Kyng Herry schuld .. regne as welle as he dyd before. 1523 Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) 1. 31 The grete vexacion of his subiectes.. by Francoys now raynyng there. 1591 Shaks. I Hen. VI, i. ii. 31 During the time Edward the third did raigne. 1657 Austen Fruit Trees i. 13 This King raigned a long time in Jerusalem. 1738 Bolingbroke Patriot King (1749) 138 He must begin to govern as soon as he begins to reign. 1788 Gibbon Decl. (SI F. xlix. V. 128 She reigned in her own name and that of her son. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam X. xli. But he..The Princess shall espouse, and reign an equal King. 1859 Tennyson Guinevere 519 Worst of the worst were that man he that reigns! 1871 Daily News 15 Sept., A Monarch who desired to rule as well as to reign, would soon bring government to a deadlock. p. a 1300 Cursor M. 7973 Dauid had rengnd.. A-but winters tuelue and mare. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1321 pat ryche in gret rialte rengned his lyue. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. st. 651 pe fyftenethe 3ere of hurre brother rengnynge. 1534 in Lett. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 18 The rayn of the kyng, how long he shall reyngne, as sayth a prophecy. y. a 1300 Cursor M. 2285 Lang he rengud in pat land. 1375 Barbour Bruce i. 78 He suld..lat him ryng that had the rycht. CI400 Sc. Troy-bk, ii. 2164 That Tewtere rengand pare was. 1533 Bellenden Chron. Scot. i. (1541) Aj, In this tyme rang in Egipt Pharo. 01584 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xlviii. 268 God blisse his Grace, and mak him long to ring.

b. Const, over, -[upon, (on).

REIGN Wks. (1880) 230 )>at he & his children regne long tyme vpon Israel, c 1400 Treviso’s Higden (Rolls) VI. 151 He regnede over pe West Saxons. 1450 Rolls of Parlt. V. 200/2 The honour., of every Prynce reynyng uppon his people. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 297 Wulfere, A noble valyant prynce.. Reygnynge vpon the Mercyens. 01542 Wyatt in Tottel’s Misc. (Arb.) 224 He ruleth not though he raigne ouer realmes. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas 1. vi. 461 He should have made in vain So great a Prince, without on whom to Reign. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae i. i. §16 They bring the poorer under their power, and reign as Lords over them. 1726 Pope Odyss. XVIII. 127 Aflfright the dogs, and reign A dreaded tyrant o’er the bestial train! 1887 Times (weekly ed.) 7 Oct. 2/4 The English Sovereign reigns over one-fifth of the whole human race. C1380 Wyclif

c. transf. or fig. of God, Christ, etc. Pr. Consc. 4200 In Capharnaum he [Antichrist] sal regne alswa. c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 258 hei wolden not pat Crist rengnede on hem; and nepeles Crist.. regnep upon all pis world, c 1400 ApoL Loll. 2 he place of hem pat regnun in heuen wip Crist. CI450 Holland Hozvlat 474 Our Saluatouris sepultur,.. Quhar he raiss, as we reid, richtuiss to ryng. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 297 They bothe reygneth holy sayntes before god perpetually. 1567 Gude fef Godlie B. (S.T.S.) no Our God forsuith Ringis in heuin full hie. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple hi. I. xxxii. Who reigned’st in thy heaven, yet felt’st our hell. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 814 That mortal dint, Save he who reigns above, none can resist. 1788 Cowper Negro's Compl. iv. Is there One who reigns on high? 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam I. xxvii, The Fiend did revel In victory, reigning o’er a world of woe. 1340

Hampole

of things (more or less personified). 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. III. 271 Kuynde wit me tau5te \>ax Resun schal regne and Reames gouerne. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 113 Thus the Sonne is overal The chiefe Planete.. And thus betwen hem regneth he. 1553 Becon Reliques of Rome (15^3) *43 "The Masse rained, ruled, ruffled, and triumphed, as a moste puissant and myghty Queene. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 649 W’here loue raignes, disturbing iealousie Doth call him selfe affection’s centinell. 1637 Milton Comus 334 Disinherit Chaos, that raigns here In double night. 1667-P.L. iv. 765 Here Love his golden shaft imploies,.. Reigns here and revels. 1782 Cowper Lily & Rose vii. The seat of empire is her cheeks, They reign united there. 1817 Shelley Ret'. Islam v. Song vi. While Truth with Joy enthroned o’er his lost empire reigns! 1871 B. Taylor Faust 2nd Pt. i. i, While.. Reigns in pomp the perfect moon.

2. Of persons: To exercise authority of any kind; to hold sway; to rule. a 1300 Cursor M. 28526 At wrestelyng, at wake, rengd haf i. 1362 L.angl. P. pi. a. n. 35 Alle pis Riche Retenaunce pat Regneden with Fals. C1449 Pecock Repr. iii. iv. 299 Than schulde no preest haue immouable godis in lordschip. Forwhi thanne he muste nedis comaunde and regne upon hise tenauntis. c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 1144 The Scottis at large out throu all Fv'ff thai rang. 1556 Lauder Tractate 374 Quhat plagis.. Sail fall wpon the realmes and kyngis Quharin no faithfull lugis ryngis. 1597 Shaks. Lover's Compl. 127 He did in the general bosom reign Of young, of old. 1640 Bp. Hall Episc. i. §16. 67 Saint Paul was the same .. that he was raigning in the Pulpit, or disputing in the Schoole of Tyrannus. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 466 Yet he who reigns within himself, and rules Passions, Desires, and Fears, is more a King. 1819 Shelley PromefA. Unb.i. 10 Me .. Hast thou made reign and triumph .. O’er mine own misery. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 764 [He saw] him, that other, reigning in his place. transf. c 1374 Chaucer Compl. Mars 43 W'ho reigneth now in blisse but Venus, That hath this worthy Knyght in gouernaunce? 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlviii. 33 Lord Eolus dois in thy sessone ring, 1784 Cowper Task i. 455 The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns.

tb. To go on or continue in some state or course of action. Obs. Wks. (1880) 68 Also generaly prelatis regnen in symonye. 1442 Cursor M. 48 (Bedford MS.), Insampil to hem I may say regnep in her reaut all way. c 1470 Henry Wallace \\u. 1359 Than rang I furth in cruell wer and payn. 1556 Lauder Tractate 184 The Liegis of the vngodlie kyng In daylie trubbyll thay sail ryng. ^1380 Wyclif

fc. To flourish. Obs. rare. ? a 1450 Compend. Old Treat, in Roy’s Rede me (Arb.) 175 This Bede reygned in the yere off oure lorde god .vij. hundred and xxxij. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 38 In the tyme of this ffysnomyas reynyd the. .doctour ypocras.

td. To flourish in some respect. Obs. rare~K 1546 tr. Gasser's Prognost. d vj. Yet shal thei reigne in large benefites and great renoume.

3. Of things (chiefly immaterial things): To have power, sway, or predominance; to prevail or be prevalent. a. of qualities, conditions, etc. a 1340 H.ampole Psalter ix. 40 When antecrist is distroid all goed sail regne pare in. ^1400 Rom. Rose 5793 For if.. good love regned over-alle. Such wikkidnesse ne shulde falle. r 1440 Gesta Rom. i. xlvii. 196 (Harl. MS.), Wher so euer he knewe pat eny discorde or vnrest was Regnynge. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxix. 44 Wirk for the place of paradyce. For thairin ringis no covettyce. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. I. ii. 15 Lord, Lord: to see what folly raignes in vs. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle iv. 1202 Insatiate Avarice then first began To raigne in the depraved minde of man. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. loi Letters are in no vogue in that Country, and perfound Ignorance reigns among them. 1705 Addison Italy (1733) 63 The great Secrecy that reigns in their public Councils. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 239 To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign, I turn. 1818 Jas. Mill Bri/. India II. v. v. 552 Dissension, improvidence, and pusillanimity reigned at Madras. 1871 Jowett Plato IV. 35 The business of the legislator is to clear up this.. confusion which reigns in the minds of men,

b. of the planets, winds, seasons, etc. CI375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. {Clement) 389 Thru pe playnyt pat regnyt pan hyre worthit be ane II wemane. 1579 E, K. Gloss, in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Nov. 16 The sonne reigneth, that is, in the signe Pisces. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, v. iv. 43

REIM BURS ability

533 Twenty of the Dog-dayes now reigne in’s Nose. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII (1876) 108 Now did the sign reign, and the constellation was come, under which Perkin should appear. 1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 117 The South and Southwest winds reign here [Meliapour] from April to September. 1704 Pope Summer 22 In thy heart eternal winter reigns. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World 175 The land winds reign all night. 1821 Shelley I would not be a King, The path to power is steep and rough, And tempests reign above.

c. of diseases, troubles, etc. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 244 Somyr is hole and dry, and therfor than regnyth reede colere, 1483 Caxton Cato Cij, In that tyme.. reygned a grete pestylence. 1513 Douglas JEneis x. xiii. 12 Sik distres rang amang mortale wychtis. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv, iii. 96 A Feuer she Raignes in my bloud, and will remembred be. 1617 Moryson Itin. I. 270 The foule disease of lust, raigning in those parts. 1697 Dryden ^ Virg. Georg, iii. 246 To shun this Ill,.. In Summer’s Sultry Heats (for then it reigns). 1845 Carlyle Cromwell (1871) II. 179 Famine has long reigned.

14. a. Of a class or kind of persons: To prevail, to be numerous. Obs. rare. 01300 Cursor M. 2124 It hatt Europe quar mast to day Regns o pe cristen lay. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 126 They [the Anabaptists] also reigne chiefly in those places, wher the doctrine of the Gospell is prohibited.

fb. To range, extend. Obs. rare-^. .*393

Langl. P. PL C. xxiii, 381 Ich wol by-come a pilgryme. And wenden as wide as the worlde regnep.

fc. Of an inanimate thing: To last. Obs.-'^ 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. commonly Reign about thirty years.

132 A Ship doth

5. To hold a dominant position; to be in the majority, 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 94 There might reign a cornice the whole length of it on each side. 1885 Fortn. in Waggonette 35 The bank on one side is thickly wooded, the firs chiefly reigning. 6. trans. fa* To rule, govern (a person, etc.). ri374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 379 Swich love of freendes regneth al this toun.

b. To put down by reigning. rare~^. 1819 Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. iv. 100 But who reigns down Evil, the immedicable plague?

t c. To live out (a specified number of years) as ruler. Obs. rare~^.

reig'nite, r).

[RE-sa.] trans. To ignite again. So

reig'nition. 1863 Tyndall Heat iii. 51 The candle is reignited and burns with vivid brilliancy. 1884 American VII. 222 The momentary extinction and reignition of the light. 1892 Pall Mall G.21 Apr. 4/3 He.. lit a match, and re-ignited the fuse.

reik, Sc.

var. reach v.^, reak(s); obs. f. reek sb.

and V.

reike, obs. f.

rick.

reikie, obs. Sc. f.

reeky.

Reil (rail).

Anat. [The name of Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813), German anatom¬ ist.] island of Reil: an area of the cerebral cortex which overlies the corpus striatum but is concealed within the lateral sulcus (the fissure of Sylvius). Described by Reil in 1809 {Arch.f. Physiol. IX. 144). 1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstrations of Anat. 31 The fissure [of Sylvius] divides above into two portions, one of which passes before, and one behind some small convolutions which constitute the island of Reil. 1888 W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nervous Syst. II. iv. 6 Within the fissure of Sylvius lie the small convolutions of the island of Reil, or insula, four or five in number, which spread out like a fan. 1939 O. Larsell Textbk. Neuro-Anat. XVHI. 219 The lateral fissure (fissure of Sylvius) opens to the hidden cortical surface of the island of Reil, 1961 A. R. Buchanan Functional Neuro-Anat. xxi. 173 The insular part of the cerebral cortex or island of Reil can be readily exposed by removal of the opercular portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum.

reil(e, reill, obs. ff. rei'llume, v.

rail s6.*, reel sb. and v.

[re- 5 a: cf. relume.]

trans. To light up again; to reignite. *793 Wordsw. Prose Wks. (1876) I. 5 To..reillume the torch of extinguished David. 01822 Shelley Mother Gf Son V, The vital fire seemed reillumed, 1848 Lytton Harold v. i, It coils round the dry leaves and sere stalks, and a touch re¬ illumes it. 1878 Symonds Sonn. M. Angelo xi, Reilluming memories that died.

01641 Bp. Montagu Acts Mon. (1642) 136 When he had reigned out forty yeares, he died in winter.

reillumi'nation.

reign, variant of

Hardy

[re5 a.] The reilluminating; new illumination.

act

of

i6ll Florio, Ralluminatione, a re-illumination. 1891 T. Tess xxxv, But reillumination.. returned to him.

raign v. Obs.

rei'llumine, v. freignative, a. Obs. rare-^. [See

reign v. and

-ATiVE.] Ruling, governing. 1387-8 UsK Test. Love ii. ii, (Skeat) I. 83 Right so litel or naught is worth erthely power, but if reignatif prudence in heedes governe the smale.

'reigner. rare. [f.

reign v. + -erL]

One who

reigns, a ruler. 1460 Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 52 Here leve we the manere of countyng used befor, where we sette evyr the regner in his last 3ere. 1530 Palsgr. 261/2 Reigner in a kyngdome, regnatevr. 1^2 Carew Cornwall 144 b, Not needing in the Norman Kings new birth to be distinguished with the Raigners number, 1627 Speed Eng. etc. Abridged vi. §9 Henry the third, the Normans longest Raigner. 1908 Daily Chron. 13 Feb. 4/4 Louis XIV., the record reigner, was never in his life clean all over from the natural exhalations of a monarch’s skin.

reigning ('reinii)), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +

-ing*.]

The action of the vb. reign. 0 1300 Cursor M. 8515 His regnning was wit right resun. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4105 For regnynge of kynges straunge,.. langage men chaunge. 1439 E.E. Wills 119 The xviij yere [? of the] Rengnyng of our souereyn lord Kyng Harry. 1633 P. Fletcher Elisa 1. xliii. There doth it blessed sit, and looking down,.. Scorns earth, where even Kings most serve by reigning. 1711 in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 120 The innocency of James the Second in his reigneing. 1776 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xiii. I. 394 Of all arts, the most difficult was the art of reigning.

reigning ('reinig), ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing^.]

That reigns, in various senses of the vb. 1. Of persons: Ruling, governing. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Mar 17 Oct., I have taken this little fatigue merely to oblige the reigning empress. 1786 Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 574 The reigning party in the United Netherlands, and the government of this country. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxv. He sent him to France to receive his education at the court of the reigning sovereign. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 444 The Whigs were on principle attached to the reigning dynasty.

b. transf. 1705 Addison Italy 9 Pictures of the reigning Beauties in the Court of France. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 156 i The History of the reigning Favourites among the Women. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xxxi, The book was daintily illustrated with pictures of reigning beauties.

2. Of things: Prevailing, predominating, chief. 1642 Rogers Naaman 154 The raigning and defiling and deceiving power of it. 1685 Evelyn Mrs. Godolphin (1888) 9 The raigneing pestilence of Sixty-fiue. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 13 IP6 To show what are at present the reigning Entertainments of the Politer Part of Great-Britain. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Reigning-winds, a name given to the winds which usually prevail on any particular coast or region. 1817 Chalmers Astron. Disc. ii. (1852) 63 The reigning principle of this Discourse. 1873 Rogers Orig. Bible ii. (1875) 87 The reigning feature which from first to last distinguishes this book from every other.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To illumine again. Hence rei'llumined ppl. a. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vii. 180 A smile of godlike malice re-illumined [later edd. reillumed] His fading lineaments. 1815 Zeluca III. 44 The..solicitude of his re-illumined mind. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 145 A single glance at the varying landscape would in an instant revive and reillumine the extinguished spark of poetry.

ReiUy, reim,

var. Riley.

var. of riem.

re-'image, v.

[re- 5 a.] To image again. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vi. 8 The stainless mirror of the lake Re-images the eastern gloom. 1814-Ess. & Lett. (1852) I. 168 He re-imaged with intense thought the minutest recollections of the scene.

treim'bale, u. Obs. rare~'. [re- 5 a: cf. embale t).] trans. To put up again in bales. 1623 St. Papers, Col. 163 Silk came so ill-conditioned for want of reimbaling. treim'barge,u. Obs. rare-'. [RE-sa.] intr. To embark again on a barge. i68i T. Jordan London's Joy 4 With his Retinue he retreats agen To th’ Water-side, and..doth Re-imbarge.

reimbark, -ation,

etc.: see re-embark, etc.

reim'bibe, u. [RE-sa.] trans. To imbibe (for soak) again. Also fig. Hence reim'bibing vbl. sb. *594 Plat Jewell-ho. i. 57 Let these wast ashes bee reimbibed with more water. 1663 Boyle Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos. II. App. 336 The hot Liquor soon reimbib’d the Salt. 1777 G. Forster Voy. round World I. 44 The reimbibing of perspired matter. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 40 The paper has had time sufficient to re-imbibe the moisture. 01960 E. M. Forster Maurice (1971) iii. 15 Then he would reimbibe the face and the four words,

reimbody:

see re-embody.

freim'bosk, v. Obs. rare-^. trans.

reimbush v. 1659 Howell Vocab. in. reimboskd,,. II s'est rembusche.

[re- s a: cf. next.]

=

{Hunting),

The

deer

is

treim'boss, v. Obs. rare. In 7 re-imbosch, -imbosce. [f. re- 5 a + emboss v.^: cf. reimbush u.] a. refl. To hide (oneself) again among bushes, b. intr. (See quot. 1656.) 1640 Howell Dodona’s Gr. (1649) 14 The Ampelonian satyr.. suddenly ran in, and re-imbosch’d himself. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Re-imbosce, to lie again in ambush, or return to the Wood.

reimbrace:

see re-embrace.

reimbursa'bility.

[f. reimbursable a.]

The

quality of being reimbursable. 1978 Nature i6 Nov. 201/3 What this means is that Congress is limiting the reimbursability of salaries of the

REIMBURSABLE best faculty, the stars, the Nobel Prize winners, those people who make our institutions great.

reim'bursable, a. [f. as next + remboursable.^ repayable.

That

is

to

-able, or ad. F.

be

reimbursed,

1792 Hamilton Wks. (1851) III. 342 Let the sum of 550,000 dollars be borrowed,.. reimbursable within five years. 1866 H. Merivale in Life Whately I. 117 A measure was devised (1835) for the payment of arrears to the clergy by Government, reimbursable by a land-tax.

reimburse (riiim'bars), v. Also 7 -bourse, [re5 a, perh. after F. rembourserJ] 1. trans. To repay or make up to one (a sum expended). 1611 CoTGR., Rembourser, to reimburse; to repay, restore, or giue backe, money spent, etc. 1671 Evelyn Diary 26 June, The mony we laid out to be reimbours’d out of the contingent monies set apart for us. 1733-4 Berkeley in Fraser Life vi. 218 You will also remember to take bonds for the money, to be reimbursed for the Deanery-house. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. (ed. 2) Pref. 5 It will a good deal fall short of reimbursing my expences. 1839 Hallam Hist. Lit. III. i. §8 The tardy sale of so voluminous a work could not have reimbursed the cost. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 231 The capital..he reckoned at 10,000,000 guilders, which four prosperous trips would amply reimburse.

fb. To refund, disgorge. Obs. rare—^. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. v. iii, I’ll strip him soon of all to her pertains, And make him reimburse his ill-got gains.

2. To repay, recompense (a person).

Also

const./or, f 0/(the expenditure, etc.). Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 112 The poore men to be reimbursed. 1669 5. Pepys in Pepys' Diary, etc. (1879) VI. ixo, I will see you fully and thankfully reimbursed for what charges shall attend the same. 1672 Dryden Assignation v. iii. You’ll find occasion instantly to reimburse me of my kindness. 1707 Farquhar Beaux' Strat. 1. i, They are willing to reimburse us a little. 1790 Beatson Nav. & Mil. Mem. I. 266 The Colonists were reimbursed by Parliament of all the expences incurred by them in this expedition, a 1859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 251 They had disbursed money largely,.. with the certainty that they should never be reimbursed unless the outlay proved beneficial to the public. 1637-50

b. refl. Also in transf. uses. 1724 Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. 11. 47 Hath he saved any other kingdom at his own expence, to give him a title of reimbursing himself by the destruction of ours? 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, ii, Wilson felt no scruple of conscience in resolving to reimburse himself for his losses. 1850 Grote Greece ii. Ixv. (1862) V. 539 Eager to reimburse themselves for this humiliation, they now formed a conspiracy .. to seize the government.

3. With double object: (cf. i and 2). 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia Pref. i The issue may well reimburse you your summes expended. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 257 Till he be reimbursed the money that he hath laid out. 01745 Swift Story of an Injured Lady Wks. 1751 XIV. 100 It was but reasonable.. to reimburse him some of his Charges. 1803 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) I. 390 If he had consented to be reimbursed this expedition he would have received bonds .. for this sum of money. 1841 Macaulay Ess., Hastings (1854) 655 His friends in Leadenhall Street proposed to reimburse him the costs of his trial.

Hence reim'burser, reim'bursing vbl. sb. 1611 CoTGR., Rembourseur, a reimburser; repayer. Ibid., Remboursement,.. a reimbursing. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Reimbursement, Reimbursing is also used for paying the price a commodity costs its owner.

reim'bursement. Also 7 re-em-. [f. as prec. + -MENT, perh. after F. remboursement.^ The act of reimbursing, repayment. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xiii. §90. 606/2 The King had restored Brest in Britaine to the Duke, vpon reembursements of the money lent. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 221 By way of re-embursement for the charges we had been at. 1762 Goldsm. Nash 9 His scanty commission could never procure him the proper reimbursements. 1790 Hamilton Wks. (1851) III. 9 He., took the risks of reimbursement upon himself. 1837 Thirlwall Greece xxxii. IV. 23 5 The reimbursement of the 100 talents which they had advanced to the party of the city. 1878 Lecky Eng. in i8th C. II. viii. 494 For this expense he promised a parliamentary reimbursement.

reim'bush, v.

after F. rembucher: cf. reimbosk and reimboss.] trans. To lodge again among bushes. Also reim'bushment (see quots.).

rare-’^.

[re-

s a,

1611 CoTGR., Rembusche, reimbushed; lodged, or put among bushes... Rembuschement, a reimbushment; the place whereat wild beasts enter into a thicket after that they haue preyed, or pastured. 1877 Wraxell tr. V. Hugo's Les Miserables ii. c, This manoeuvre is peculiar to the tracked deer,.. in venery it is called a ‘false reimbushment’.

reime,

obs. form of realm.

reim-kennar. pseudo-arch.

[app. formed by Scott on G. reim rhyme + kenner knower.] One skilled in magic rhymes. 1821 Scott Pirate vi, A Norwegian invocation, still preserved in the island of Unst, under the name of the song of the Reim-Kennar. Ibid, xxviii, They who speak to the Reim-Kennar must lower their voice.

rei'mmerge, v.

REIN

534

[re- 5 a.] To immerge again. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 11. 92 If before the removal of your thumb you reimmerge it again into the vessel’d Quick¬ silver as before. 1761 London & Environs IV. 86 The great increase.. re-immerged the survivors into an abyss of horror and despair.

re'immerse, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To immerse again. Also^ig. So rei'mmersion.

1728 Desaguliers in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 624 Then the Point C being got to H is re-immersed. C1865 G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 215/2 They..become covered with a film of oxide, which considerably weakens the electric current on their reimmersion. Ibid. 222/1 Reimmerse it repeatedly. 1905 Speaker i Apr. 18/1 It is to the desert that yearly pilgrimages bring hosts of the faithful.. to re-immerse themselves in the original enthusiasm.

re'immigrant. [res a.] A returning emigrant. So reimmi'gration, return. 1864 Kingsley Rom. ^ Teut. 27 The Irish have just established popery across St. George’s Channel, by the aid of re-immigrants from America. 1894 Huxley Evolution & Ethics, Prolegom. v, They.. take measures to defend themselves from the re-immigration of either.

trei'mmit, t). Obs. rare~^. [re-5 a.] trans. To insert again. 1669 Boyle Contn. New Exp. 11. (1682) 146, I therefore reimmitted the same tube into the same gun.

reim'park, v.

rare-'^.

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To

confine again. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess.,Jaylor (1857) 192 You may .. meet him .. riding post in mellancholy to re-impark his wilde runnagates.

reim'part, v. [re- 5 a.] To impart again. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. i. ix, Thy unparalleled confession (which we, even to the sounder British world.. grudge to reimpart). 1857 Gladstone Homer, Proleg. (1858) I. 81 In thus reimparting a promiscuous character to the first scenes of Grecian history.

the Kings paddy here customs free.. and to re-impose an avaldar. 1812 Sir R. Wilson Priv. Diary (1862) I. 123 Russia.. scarcely even scrupled to re-impose the Turkish yoke upon her allies, the Servians. 1855 Bright Sp., Russia 7 June (1876) 262 We have commenced a career of reimposing taxes. 1883 Manch. Exam. 26 Nov. 5/2 We ought to .. reimpose the sliding-scale duty on corn.

b. To tax again, rare. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. v. ii. I. 463 If they complain and make good their complaints, the whole parish is reimposed next year, in order to reimburse them.

f 2. To reprint. Obs. rare~^. 1686 J. Eliot in Boyle’s Wks. (1772) I. Life 213 My humble request.. is, that we may again reimpose the Primer and Catechism; for though the last impression be not quite spent, yet quickly they will.

reimpo'sition.

[re- 5 a. Cf. F. reimposition.'] The act of reimposing; also, an instance of this, a reimposed tax.

1776 Adam Smith W.N. v. ii. I. 464 Such reimpositions are always over and above the taille of the particular year in which they are laid on. 1817 J. Scott Paris Revisited (ed. 4) 25 Abetting the re-imposition of what they know to be imbecile, odious, and unjust, i860 Bright Sp.. Ch. Rates Apr. (1876) 540 They would never consent to a reimposition of a Church rate. 1885 Manch. Exam. 6 Nov. 5/2 Meditating a reimposition of the tax on corn.

So reim'posure. 1855 Lynch Lett, to Scattered viii. 108 The stirrings of a spring life that will shake off old winter’s yoke, and make its reimposure impossible.

reim'pregnate, v.

5 a.]

[re-

trans.

To

impregnate again.

reimpje, reimpie, varr. riempie.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 68 The vigor of the Load¬ stone is destroyed by fire, nor will it be reimpregnated by any other Magnete then the earth. 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 137 That the Sun, Frost, and Rains may., reimpregnate it again with its former fertile Juice. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 340 Iron., can be reimpregnated with carbon, to a certain extent, without materially injuring its malleable properties. I9S3 RLehmann Echoing Grove 29 But still the stones seemed rocked, the unsterile mounds, reimpregnated, exhaled dust’s fever.

reim'place, v. Now rare. Also 7 rein-, [re- 5 a.

reim'press, v.

reim'pel, v. [re- 5 a.] To impel again. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxxix. 325 The Water was presently re-impell’d to its former height. 1775 Harris Philos. Arrangem. Wks. (1841) 331 note. The impelling power, for instance, is after a manner re-impelled, i860 Cornh. Mag. II. 71 It repeats .. the signals transmitted from London, re-impelling the message to Copenhagen.

Cf. F. remplacer.] trans. To put in place again; to replace. a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 163 Taking the Canons along with them, [they] reimplaced them, and so departed. 1651 Jer. Taylor Serm.for Year i. xix. 241 For the reimplacing the divine image.. God did a greater work then the creation. 1719 London & Wise Compl. Gard. 293 You must continue to remove Strawberry Plants out of your Nurserys, to reimplace those Tufts which are dead. 1890 H. M. Stanley Darkest Afr. II. xxvii. 212 If Egypt intended to cast him off., here was this offer of../i5oo salary to reimplace Egypt.

reim'plant, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To implant again. So reimplan'tation. 1656 Artif. Handsom. 45 How many grave and godly matrons, usually graffe or re-implant on their.. browes, the reliques, combings or cuttings of., more youthful hair? a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iii. vi. (1677) 281 A Branch torn from a Tree.. will resume Life by re-implantation and the Solar Heat, a 1891 Medical News LII. Advts. i. (Cent.), Reimplantation of a Trephined Button of Bone. 1919 Amer. Med. Assoc. 26 July 301/1 Bonnefon’s experiences confirm that if a small pathologic process can be cut out completely and then reimplanted in the old site, the environment being normal, it will be invaded by normal cells and lose its pathologic characteristics. 1955 New Biol. XVIII. 32 The reimplantation of stored infant tissues into the same animal, and.. the observation of the reciprocal influences of host and implant, are technically practicable and established procedures. 1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 28/3 We can transfer the eye into a tissue culture and change its orientation when we reimplant it in a host embryo, and correlate the result with the results of direct-transplantation experiments.

1883 American VL 244 The amount available for reimport probably has been returned to us.

reim'port, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. F. reimporter.'] trans. To bring back; spec, to import again to the country exporting. So reimportation. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 308 Bid Day stand still,..and reimport The period past. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. iv. iv. II. 90 In those cases in which the goods.. are really exported to some foreign country; and not clandestinely reimported into our own. 1847 Ld. Lindsay Chr. Art I. 117 Like the fire of Prometheus, reimported from its sunny fountain in the east. 1853 p. Thompson in Assoc. Archit. Soc. Rep. & Pap. II. 363 The wool of this country was. .dyed, sent abroad, and reimported in the web. 1857 Mill Pol. Econ. (ed. 4) II. III. xxiv. 229 The Bank reserves can replenish themselves without any re-importation of the gold. 1883 American VI. 244 Making their reimportation illegal.

reim'portunate, v.: see next, quot. 1611. [re- 5 a.]

trans.

To

importune again. 1605 B. Jonson Volpone i. i, On first advantage.. will I re¬ importune him Unto the making of his testament. 1611 CoTGR., Reimportuner, to reimportune, or to reimportunate. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena To Rdr., By., earnest solicitations to re-importune him to close up what in these two remained unfinished. »

reim'pose, v. [re- 5 a. Cf. F. reimposer.] 1. trans. To impose (a burden, tax, etc.) again. 1611 CoTGR., Reimposer, to reimpose, to recharge. 1675-6 in J. T. Wheeler Madras (1861) III. 418 Pretending to sell

V

reim'pression.

[re- 5 a. Cf. prec. and F. reimpression.] 1. The act of reprinting; a reprint of a work.

1616 Spelman De non Temer. Eccl. (ed. 2) 174, I hitherto by entreaty with-held it from a reimpression. 1684 J. Eliot in Boyle's Wks. (1772) 1. Life 210 This last gift of 400/. for the reimpression of the Indian Bible. 1787 Gentl. Mag. LVII. ii. 1053/1, I began to read it as a re-impression of the work which.. I had perused and loved. 1816 Singer Hist. Cards 218 Whether this was a re-impression of Murner’s book, or a new one on the same model we know not. 1864 F. Hall in Lauder's Tractate Pref. 5, I have entered into particulars as to my reimpression of the present poem.

2. A renewed impression. 1665 Brathwait Comment Two Tales 23 Fear, .wrought strongly enough already on the Carpenter’s Imagination, so as it little needed any re-impression. 1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 89 Every one is aware of unaccountable recollections of this kind. Such a reimpression of familiar things may take place even though there is no conscious recollection.

reim'print, v.

re'import, sb. [re- s a.] Reimportation.

reimpor'tune, v. rare,

[re- 5 a.] To impress anew. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety v. If 13 Every particular comrnand .. tending to re-impress on us some part of that divine image, a 1711 Ken .Sion Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 380 The lovely Graces on dear Psyche’s Breast Macario’s Speech so deeply re-imprest. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Milton (1868) 63 Religion.. will glide by degrees out of the mind, unless it be invigorated and reimpressed by external ordinances. 1838 Lytton Alice ii. ii, The whole family were duly impressed and re-impressed with her importance, i860 Pusey Min. Proph. 192 He reimpresses on them the one simple need of the creature, seek God. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 217 The deity having the power to reimpress the deceased with life.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To imprint anew; to reprint. Hence reim'printed ppl. a., reim'printing vbl. sb. 1566 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 261 The reimprinting of the late Geneva Bible. 1616 Spelman De non Temer. Eccl. (ed. 2) 173, I haue beene often sollicited within these two yeeres.. to reimprint this little Treatise. U1631 Donne 6 Serm. i. (1634) 14 This seal being reimprinted upon us in our second Creation. U1711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 77 They inward Joys of Absolution feel. And glory in their re-imprinted Seal.

reim'prison, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To imprison again. So reim'prisonment. 1611 Cotgr., Remprisonner, to Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox

reimprison. 1652 J. x. 244 If it be your pleasure to re-imprison her in the same (I^astle. 1798 Invasion II. viii. 79,1 even could scarcely help regarding my re-imprisonment.. as a punishment inflicted upon me, for yielding so inconsiderately. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vi. i. Till..the Uncontrollable be got, if not reimprisoned, yet harnessed.

reim'provement. rare-^.

[re- 5 a.] A renewed

improvement. 1618 Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. i. ii. For the childe of a virgin is the reimprovement of that power, which created the world.

reimschoon,

var. remskoen.

rein (rein), sb.^

Forms: 4-5 rene, 5 reene, ren, 5- 6 rean(e; 4-7 reyn(e, rayne, rain(e, 7-8 reign, 6- 7 reine, 6- rein; 5-6 Sc. renje, reng3e. [a. OF. rene (mod.F. rene), regne, raigne, rainne, etc..

REIN earlier resne and (AF.) redne, usually regarded as repr. a Common Romanic *'retina, f. L. retinere to RETAIN, whence also It. redina, -ine (Sicil. retina), Pg. redea, Sp. rienda, Prov. and Catal. regna; but the divergences in the forms have not been satisfactorily explained, and the correctness of the etym., for OF. at least, is doubtful (see Korting, under resinum and retina).]

1. a. A long narrow strap or thong of leather, attached to the bridle or bit on each side of the head, by which a horse or other animal is controlled and guided by the rider or driver; any similar device used for the same purpose. (The pi. has freq. the same sense as the sing., the two halves being thought of separately.) For such combs, as bearing-, bridle-, check-, coupling-, curb-, gag-rein, etc., see the first element, false rein, ‘a lath of leather, passed sometimes through the arch of the banquet to bend the horse’s neck’ (Chambers Cycl. 1727-38). 13 •• Alls. 786 Paste he sat, and huld the reyne, 1375 Barbour Bruce ii. 415 Schir Philip the Mowbray.. Raid till him.. And hynt hys reng3e. c 1400 Destr. Troy 6417 His horse in his bond field by the reyne. c 1450 Merlin 407 He hilde the reyne of his bridill in his lefte arme. c 1500 Lancelot 2828 Who may he be, 3hone knycht. So still that hovith and sterith not his Ren? 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 264 The strong-neckt steed, being tied vnto a tree, Breaketh his raine. 1618 M. Baret Horsemanship i. Pref. 2 If they rightly consider the stayd seating of the Horses body, and also the true placing of fiis head, with the easie cariage of his reine. 1782 CowPER Gilpin 88 That trot became a gallop soon. In spite of curb and rein. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. ii. xxxiv. The Dwarf the stirrup held and rein. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 395/1 For those who ride with a loose rein the snaffle is quite sufficient. pi. 13.. Gate. tSt Gr. Knt. 457 With a runisch rout pe raynez he tornez. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame ii. 443 He.. lat the reynes gon Of his hors, c 1450 Merlin 493 The horse all quyk with-oute maister her reynes trailinge with the strem. 1484 Caxton Ordre of Chyualry 66 To an horse is gyuen a brydel and the raynes of the brydel ben gyuen in the hondes of the knyght. 1565-6 Blundevil Art of Riding x. 7 When to vse false Reanes, and when to leaue them. 1598 Barkcley Felic. Man (1631) 177, I have sent thee a paire of reines of Scythia. 1664 Butler Hud. ii. ii. 839 Quitting both their Swords and reigns They grasp’d with all their strength the manes. 1785 G. Forster tr. Sparrman's Voy. Cape G. Hope I. 53 In this Country they never use reins to their Oxen. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. xxi, ‘Away! away!’ she cried, and stretched her sword,.. And lightly shook the reins. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 50 If you want to mount one of your father’s chariots, and tjdce the reins at a race. transf. 1660 Mrq. Worcester Exact Def. 15 A Helm or Stem with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may guide, order, and controul the whole Operation [of an engine].

b. to give (a horse) the rein{s)y to allow (it) free motion (cf. 2 b). to draw reifiy to bring one’s horse to a stand; to stop riding. 1621 Bp. Hall Heaven upon Earth §8 Give a free horse the full reins, and he will soon tire. 1834 James Marston Hall X, We never drew a rein for twenty miles. 1838 Lytton Leila v. i, He spoke, and gave the rein to his barb. 1889 Doyle Micah Clarke xii. We gave rein to our horses.

2. fig. a. Any means of guiding, controlling, or governing; a curb, check, or restraint of any kind. In later use freq. in the reins of government (cf. F. les renes du gouvernement). c 1430 Lydg Reas. ^ Sens. 2263, I am guyed by hir reyne, And she as lady souereyne [etc.]. C1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. V, 1467 What, art thou, dame, led on that rene? Thi witte counte I not worth a beene. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 134 God.. hath not permitted him to have the reignes at libertie. 1596 Drayton Legends ii. 119 This held the reines which overrul’d his will. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 55 Both doe hold the raines of our hearts, leading and guiding our Passions. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 582 The Men, though grave, ey’d them, and let thir eyes Rove without rein. 1712 Pope Sped. No. 408 If 6 Never too strong for the Reins of Reason and the Guidance of Judgment. 1777 Watson Philip II, xiv. (1793) II. 177 The council of state assumed the reins of government. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xvi. 235 Anne herself.. kept in her own hands the reins of power. 1879 Froude Caesar v. The Senate had dropped the reins, and no longer governed or misgoverned.

b. In various phrases, esp. to give {the) rein{s) to, to allow full course or scope to. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 927 A larger reyne of mischiefe geuen to the vulgare people. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 663 Reine thy tongue. Lon. I must rather giue it the reine. 1607 R. C[arew] tr. Estienne's World of Wonders 58 Youth is set at libertie, and haue the reine laid in their neckes to runne at randon. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. ii. iii. 51 When she will take the raine, I let her run. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 226 Wee must rather give our Invention the full raines. 1667 Milton P.L. X. 674 Som say the Sun Was bid turn Reines from th’ Equinoctial Rode..Up to the Tropic Crab. 1711 ‘J. Distaff’ Char. Don Sacheverellio 9 You will find our Knight .. give the Reigns to his Imagination. 1761 Gray F. Sisters 33 We the reins to Slaughter give. 1807 Opie Lect. on Art iv. (1848) 332 No man ever more completely laid the reins on the neck of his inclinations. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. (1875) 82 To give it that degree of prominence is to throw the reins to one’s whim. 1885-94R. Bridges Eros Psyche Nov. xxi, ‘And yet’, thus gave she rein to jeer and gibe.

3. transf. The handles of a blacksmith’s tongs. 1843 Holtzapffel Turning I. 200 Flat-bit tongs, .are.. always parallel; and a ring or coupler, is put upon the handles or reins, to maintain the grip upon the work.

4. attrib.y as rein^knot, -ring, ~rope\ rein-arm, -hand, that by which the reins are held in

REINCARNATION

535 driving (also^ig.); rein-orchis, an orchis of the genus Habenaria, the Fringed Orchis. Also in names of mechanical devices attached to or connected with reins, as reif>holder, •‘hook, -slide, -snap (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875). 1843 Ainsworth's Mag. IV. 436 Our well-fed ‘Phaeton’ pulled his team together.., dropped his rein-hand, [etc.]. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 446 Two or three rein-ropes are useful, to fasten to the calf if necessary. 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 60 The probability presents itself that said rein-knot will come out. 1886 Pall mall G. 2 Oct. 2/2 The surveyor.. cannot have his rein hand or his whip hand pulled at, if he is to get over it successfully. 1891 T. Hardy Tess viii, She clutched D’Urberville’s rein-arm. 1955 E. Pound Classic Anthol. iii. 188 A leathered front-board with tiger-fell And metal rein-rings as well. 1^8 J. Arnold Shell Bk. Country Crafts xxiii. 267 Attached to the hames are tughooks and rein-rings.

fig. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iv. xi. §8 The cause why the Apostles did thus.. was to rein them in by this mean the more. 1834 Macaulay Ess., Pitt (1851) 299 The influence which had yoked together and reined in so many turbulent and ambitious spirits. 1891 Tablet 7 Nov. 743 Principles cannot be reined up short of their logical term.

b. absol. 1796 Instr. Reg. Cavalry 65 When the Regiment or Line wheels into open Column, either by reining back or by wheeling back. 1809 J. Moore Campaign in Spain 173 The Colonel judiciously reined-in to refresh the horses. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles vi. xviii. Rein up; our presence would impair The fame we come too late to share. 1832 Prop. Reg. Instr. Cavalry ii. 20 At the word ‘March!’ the rear rank reins back. 1888 W. D. Lighthall Young Seigneur 20 We reined in at last to a walk. fig- 1836 Mrs. Sherwood Henry Milner in. vi. None of your practical jokes here,.. rein up, rein up, if you please.

c. To turn a horse by the reins, rare-^.

rein (rein), sb.^ Also 6 rhen, 6-7 reen. [ad. Da. or Sw. ren, -freetiy Norw. rein:—ON. hreinn: see REINDEER. Hence also G. reinier), renn, F. renne.'\ The reindeer. 1555 Eden Decades iv. (Arb.) 301 [In Laponia] they tame certeyne wild beastes which they caule Keen. Ibid. 331 Hartes.. whiche in the Noruegians tounge are cauled Rhen. *595 J- Davis Hydrogr. Descr. Wks. (Hakl. Soc.) 219 The inhabitants.. having the use of a kind of stag, by them called Reen, to drawe those their sleades. 1698 A. Brand Embassy into China 49 Their Cabans or Hutts are generally made of the Skins of the Reens, or some other wild Beasts. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 305/1 They keep immense herds of reins. Ibid., The flesh of the rein is the most coveted part of their food. 1854 A. Murray Geog. Distrib. Mammals (1866) 150 Some authorities think fossil Rein different from the living. 1896 Blackw. Mag. July 91 The Lapps, .are great enemies of the wild rein. Comb. Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 305/1 In summer they [the reindeer] feed on several plants; but during winter on the rein-liverwort.

rein,

kidney: see reins.

rein (rein), v. Forms: 4, 6-7 rayne, 6-7 rain, 7 raign; 4 reine, 5-6 reyne, 8 reign, 6- rein; 5-6 rene, 6 Sc. renje. [f. rein sb.' Cf. F. rener, which may have existed in AF.] fl. trans. To tie (a horse, or its head) to something by the rein; to tie up in this way. Obs. 13.. Sir Beues (MS. A) 1699 He reinede his hors to a chesteine. C1435 Torr. Portugal 149 He Reynyd hys sted vnto a stake. C1470 Golagros Gaw. 129 The knyght.. Reynit his palfray of pryde, Quhen he ves lightit doune. 1564 in Child-Marriages loi The[y] light both; and ther horse was rayned in the midest of the Lane. 1592 Shaks. Ven. ^ Ad. 14 Vouchsafe .. to alight thy steed, And rain his proud head to the saddle bow.

2. To fit or furnish with a rein or reins. 1483 Cath. Angl. 303/2 To Reyn [v.r. Rene], habenare. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 141 A strong bridle, double rayned, wherof one to be of wyer. 1717 Pope Iliad v. 448 Beside him stood his lance,..And, rein’d with gold, his foaming steeds before. 1725-Odyss. vi. 86 Th’ attending train The car prepare, the mules incessant rein. 1795 Southey Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 30 The leaders and the middle pair are without reins, and the nearest [mules] reined only with ropes.

fb. transf. ? To fasten, make fast. Obs.-^ *549 Compl. Scot. vi. 41 Than the master cryit, and bad renje ane bonet.

3. To check or stop, by pulling at the rein. 1530 Palsgr. 678/2 As sone as we mette, he rayned his horse and talked with me a good while. 1622 W. Yonge Diary (Camden) 48 The King reined his horse so hard that he came back upon him. . 18 Oct., What was your object in having these men re-indicted?

rein'dorse, v.

[re- 5 a,] To indorse again. 1884 W. F. Crafts Sabb.for Man(i%^^) 385 The Sabbath of the 4th Commandment.. was republished by Moses, reindorsed and explained by Christ.

reindow,

obs. form of re-endow.

rein'duce, v.

[re- 2 a and 5 a.] fl. trans. To bring back, reintroduce. Obs.

1595 Daniel Civ. Wars i. xix, But now this great Succeeder, all repaires And reinduc’t that discontinued good. 1611 Cotgr., Reinduire, to reinduce. 1630 W. Scot Apol. Narr. (1846) 287 To reinduce them [the Popish ceremonies] is to disturb the peace of the Kirk. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. III. i. §20 There was a design.. to reinduce Secular Priests into Monks places.

2. To induce anew or again. 1855 Spencer Princ. Psychol. I, iv. ii. §176. 512 The state a again induces the state b, and is itself once more reinduced. 1876 Trans. Clinical Soc. IX. 39 A mixed generous diet., has not reinduced the disease.

Hence rein'dacing; vhl. sb. 1637 C. 'Do'W Answ. H. Burton 36 Their plot..for the reinducing of Popery.

So rein'duction, induction.

freintroduction;

a

fresh

1660 England's Monarchy 9 To heal the sores and wasting divisions of the Nation, by a Reinduction of the known ancient and fundamental Laws thereof. 1944 N. Mailer in Cross-Section 336 A half-year later, he was made (after reinduction school) a captain.

rein'due, v.

[re- s a.] trans. To put on again. 1884 Allingham Blackberries (1890) s, I will not re-indue The rags of overnight. 1886 Stevenson Dr. Jekyll x, When I shall again and forever reindue that hated personality.

ilreine (rsn).

Cookery. [Fr., lit. ‘queen’.] Chiefly in phr. d la reine ‘in the fashion of a queen’, used to designate dishes prepared in some special way. Also used alone following the name of the dish. 184s E. Acton Mod. Cookery i. 37 (heading) Rabbit soup a la reine. Wash and soak thoroughly three young rabbits. 1884 Madame Valerie Cookery for Amateurs ii. 25 Soups... A la Reine. Although this potage has a fine name it is easily made if you have the remains of cold fowl or turkey. 1930 H. Belloc New Cautionary Tales 13 Turbot a la Reine, and Ices. 1958 W. Bickel tr. Hering's Diet. Class. & Mod. Cookery 254 Sole .. queen style, a la reine: poached, covered with creamed fish veloute, garnished with truffle slices and small fish dumplings. 1962 Listener 26 July 155/3,1 had this dish in a tiny restaurant in the Dordogne Valley. It is called plaice reine.

reine,

obs. form of rain, reign.

Reinecke ('rainska).

Chem. The name of A. Reinecke, igth-c. German chemist, used in the possessive or attrib. to designate (a) a red crystalline complex salt, ammonium diamminetetrakis(isothiocyanato)chromate(i 11), NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2].H20, which is used esp. in Biochem. to precipitate large cations, and {b) the parent acid of this salt, H[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2], which can also be isolated as red crystals.

Reinecke described the preparation of the salt in 1863 (Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm. CXXVI. 113). 1892 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXII. 11. 798 Reinecke’s salt crystallises in rectangular tables; it is insoluble in absolute ether, but dissolves in water to a ruby-red solution and in alcohol. 1928 Chem. Abstr. XXII. 764 The urine is slightly acidified and evapd. to J its vol., purified with charcoal, and the creatinine pptd. with Reinecke Salt. 1928 Brit. Chem. Abstr. A. 542/2 The mixed potassium ammonium salt of Reinecke’s acid, obtained by melting together potassium dichromate and ammonium thiocyanate. 1933 Biochem. Jrnl. XXVII. 157 Reinecke’s salt, [(NH3)2Cr(CNS)4]NH4, is proving to be a valuable precipitant for a variety of basic substances, and its use is likely to extend. 1935 Org. Syntheses XV. 75 The undissolved residue from the second extraction consists chiefly of Morland salt (the guanidine salt of the Reinecke acid). 1965 tr. Hein & Herzog in G. Brauer Handbk. Preparative Inorg. Chem. 11, xxiv. 1377 The total yield of air-dry Reinecke salt amounts to 250-275 g. Ibid. 1378 H[Cr(SCN)4(NH3)2]... Synonym: Reinecke acid. 1966 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xxvi. 322 The anion of Reinecke’s salt.. and that of K2PtCl6 are used to precipitate large organic cations.

REINE CLAUDE

REINFORCED

537

Hence reineckate (‘rainskeit) [ad. G. reineckat: see -ateI], (a salt of) the anion present in Reinecke’s salt, [Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2] 1928 Brit. Chem. Abstr. A. 526/2 The cuprous ‘Reineckate’ is removed by filtration. 1939 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. III. 115/1 Reinecke’s salt... Its solution gives precipitates with the heavy metals and organic bases, alkaloids yielding characteristic crystalline compounds— reineckates. 1955 J. A. Lovern Chem. Lipids of Biol. Significance ii. 61 Choline is estimated in a variety of ways. The simplest and most frequently used methods depend on the formation of a sparingly-soluble complex with the reineckate radical. 1957 Jrnl. Antibiotics X. 188 The antibiotic was.. crystallized as its reineckate. 1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 152 The reineckate ion is removed with silver nitrate.

system was cleared of rats.. and no attempt was made to prevent reinfestation.

rein'flame, v.

Also re-en-. [re- 5 a. Cf. F. renflammer (i6th c.), It. rinfiammare (Florio).] trans. To inflame again. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. §4. 651/2 That the hatreds and enmities.. betweene the French and English names, should, .be renued, and reinflamed. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. VIII. 92 To re-inflame my Daphnis with Desires. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 797 Re-inflam’d Thy luminaries triumph. 1842 Parnell Chem. Anal. (1845) 267 Oxygen [and] Nitrous oxide re-inflame a glowing taper.

rein'flate,

[re-5 a.] trans. To inflate again. So rein'flation.

llReine Claude (rsn klod). [Fr., perh. a. the name of Claude (1499-1524), daughter of Louis XII and wife of Francois I.] = greengage. Also attrib.

*853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 261 The skins may be re-inflated in succession at any time. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 245 Reinflation of lung under such conditions .. is often impossible.

1731 P- Miller Gardeners Diet. s.v. Prunus 16. La Reine Claude, i.e. Queen Claudia. This is a small round Fruit, of a yellowish Colour,.. and its Juice is richly sugar’d, i860 R. Hogg Fruit Man. 252 Reine Claude. See Green Gage. 1929 E. A. Bunyard Anat. Dessert 118 In France it [^c. the greengage] is always known as Reine Claude, and the legend runs that it is thus named after the wife of Francois I. 1941 Mrs. Belloc Lowndes /, too, have lived in Arcadia xvi. 299 A large old Reine Claude, of which the sweet luscious fruit was famed. 1962 Harper's Bazaar Aug. 37 Delicious though the reine claude can be. 1973 Guardian 20 Jan. 3/4 It is the land of.. the honeyed Reine-Claude greengages.

rein'Ilict, v. [re- 5 a.] To inflict again.

reined

again. Hence f rein'folding vbl. sb.

(remd), ppl. a.^ [f. rein v. + -ed^.] 1. Furnished with, guided or restrained by, reins. Also reined-backy -in, -up. 1483 Cath. Angl. ^02/2 Renyd, habenatus. 1513 Douglas /Eneis x. v. 95 With renit lyonis 3okkit to thi chayr. 1740 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 159 He approached me with a sort of reined-in rapture. 1835 W. Irving Tout Prairies xix. (1863) io8 The poor, mutilated, harnessed, checked, reined-up victim of luxury. 1905 W. H. Hunt PreRaphaelitism II. vii. 174 At first acquaintance with the poet, I thought that later in my knowledge of him I should see some phases of the reined-back pose of Woolner’s bust, but this I was unable to do. 1961 New Statesman 21 July 92/1 The reined-back rhythms of this verse are especially pleasing.

2. With preceding adv., or in combs., esp. well reined, fwell broken to the rein. ai533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Cevb, Thoughe the knyghte passe his course, yet it is not his faute, yf the horse be not wel reined. 1565-6 Blundevil Horsemanship i. (1580) 3 Vegetius also saith that they [the Parthian horses] be verie well reined. 1598 [see rein t;.*]. 1767 Lewis Statius xii. 1042 His neat Quiver, Sword, and well-rein’d Steed. 1856 Stonehenge Brit. Rural Sports 395/2 The snaffle.. usually called the single-reined bridle.

reined, p/)/. a.^ Obs.—^ [f. rein, sing, of reins + -ED^.] Having reins of a specified kind.

t

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §78 The fyrst [property] is to be small mouthed, the seconde to be longe rayned.

reines,

var. Raines Obs.-, obs. f. reins.

Ireinette (rei'net). Also 6 reinet, 8 reynette. [F. reinette; the more usual form is rennet, q.v.] A variety of apple, the rennet. 1583 Rates of Customs Aiij, Appuls called pippins or reinets the bushel xijd. 1706 London & Wise Retir'd Card. X. 43 The Frank Reynette is an old Apple, well known. Ibid. 44 Its Juice is very sweet, being more pleasant to the Taste than the Reynette. 1731 Miller Gard. Diet. (1733) s.v. Apple, Apples.. proper for a Desert,.. Golden Reinette,.. La Reinette grise. Ibid., Such Apples as are preferr’d for kitchen use,.. French Reinette,.. Monstrous Reinette. 1824 Loudon Encycl. Gard. (ed. 2) 691 Rennets, Reinettes or Little Queens. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. iv. xxi. (ed. 2) 488 The reinettes (or rennets) are a large group. Hence freinetting = renneting sb. Obs.

rare~K 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 191 Apples.. Golden Doucet, Apis, Reineting [etc.].

rein'fect, z). [re- 5 a.] trans. To infect again. So rein'fection; rein'fectious a. 1611 CoTGR., Reinfecter, to reinfect. 1696 Phillips (ed. 5), To Reinfect, to infect, to give a contagious Disease a second time. 1828-32 Webster, Reinfections (cites Vaughan Med. Reposi). 1882 Nature XXV. 440/1 The disease may break out in a fresh-run salmon without re-infection. 1889 G. A. Smith Bk. Isaiah (ed. 2) I. 422 Not only to find it [sc. sin] ‘hindering, disturbing, complicatirig air, but reinfecting with the lust and odour of sin the will which gave it birth. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 741 Recurrences are extremely common; and they are not always reinfections. 1928 L. E. H, Whitby Med. Bacterial, xxi. 210 Finally, the envelope of the corpuscle bursts and the merozoites are set free. These in turn reinfect red corpuscles and develop into trophozoites, thus carrying on the cycle. i960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 12 Jan. 12 Loose smut reinfects growing corn and so perpetuates the disease.

reinfeoff,

obs. form of re-enfeoff.

rein'fest,

II. [re-5 a.] To infest again. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Lives Emperors in Hist. Ivstine Kkj, Vnderstandinge that the Saracens had re-infested Calabria, hee speeded thither.

reinfe'station.

[re- 5 a.]

A second or further

infestation. 1911 in Webster. 1946 application of 0 5 per cent generally found to.. prevent 1968 Times 30 Oct. 12/2 A

Nature 2 Nov. 636/2 One ‘Gammexane’ dust has been re-infestation for some time. central position of the sewer

1673 Lady's Calling i. ii. § 10 When a man.. reinflicts his miseries upon himself by a grating reflection on his own madness.

re'influence, t’. [re- 5 a.] trans. To influence again. ^1711 Ken Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 169 Our Lord his Dissolution had commenc’d. And Deity his Soul reinfluenc’d.

trein'fold, t;. Obs. [re-5 a.] trans. To enfold 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God xii. xx. (1620) 437 Admitted to the sight of God.. to leaue it againe at length and be re-infolded in mortal misery. 1611 Florio, Rinuolta, ..re-infolded or re-inwrapped. Ibid., Ripiegatura, a reinfolding, a reinwraping.

reinforce (ri:in'fD3s), sb. [f. the vb.] f 1. Mil. A reinforcement of troops.

Obs.

rare~^. 1648 Evelyn Diary (1857) III. 29 The general sent to Skippon for a re-inforce of 3000 horse.

2. A part (or one of two parts) of a gun next the breech, made stronger than the rest in order to resist the explosive force of the powder. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Cannon, The first reinforce.. includes the base ring. Ibid., The second reinforce begins .. where the first terminates. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIH. 231/2 On the side of the gun upon the first reinforce, are cast two knobs. 1802 James Milit. Diet, s.v.. There are generally two in each piece, called the first and second reinforce. 1863 Sat. Rev. 12 Sept. 357 The Parrott guns are of cast-iron, with a wrought-iron reinforce. i88i Greener Gun 26 Other early guns that were mounted were made with a loop underneath the barrel before the reinforce.

b. attrib.y esp. reinforce ring, a flat ring or moulding round a gun at the points where the reinforces meet or terminate. Also called reinforce band. (Cf. reinforced/>/)/. a.) 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Cannon, The first reinforce.. includes.. the vent-astragal, and first reinforce ring. Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 230/1 At the end of the first reinforce ring. Ibid. 233/1 Reinforce-astragal and fillets. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Reinforce-ring. There are three in each gun, called the first, second, and third. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 130 A smooth-bore cannon. This gun is constructed on the same principles as the others, with steel re-inforce rings.

3. Any thing or part added to an object to strengthen it. Also attrib. 1869 Boutell Arms & Armour x. 204 A remarkable diversity is seen to have existed between the corresponding reinforces or additional defences of the right and left sides. Ibid.y When the shoulders were covered by the reinforceplates, they were distinguished as pauldrons. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1636/1 A reinforce or strengthening piece on a fabric at a point of wear, or around a hole or eyelet. 1884 Ibid. Suppl. 235/1 A cup-shaped reinforce inside the head of a cartridge to strengthen it.

reinforce (rinn'foas), v.

[f. re- -t- inforce, enforce V.-, cf. re-enforce V. and renforce.] 1. 1. a. trans. To strengthen (a military or naval force) by means of additional men. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 21^ Hauing reinforced the point of his armie with Germaine pikes. 1617 Moryson Itin. II. 204 They neede not reinforce their Companies with the Irish. 1670 Cotton Espernon i. i. 40 Seasonably re¬ inforcing the Garrison, with divers Gentlemen his particular Servants, and a good number of Souldiers. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 74 Sending two and thirty of her men on board the great ship, to reinforce the men on board. 1849 Alison Hist. Europe V. xxvii. §48. 40 Fresh troops continually came up to reinforce those who were exhausted with fatigue.

b. To Strengthen or increase (a class or party) by fresh additions to the number. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 520 The Tory party.. included the whole bench of bishops, and had been reinforced.. by several fresh creations. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. § i. 60 The middle class, thus created, was reinforced by the rise of a similar class in our towns.

c. To furnish with fresh supplies; to add to, increase, the amount of (something). 1839 De Quincey Recoil. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 210 Some subject of hope .. must be called in to reinforce the animal fountains of good spirits. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xix. 230 The bears had.. destroyed our chances of reinforcing our provisions.

2. a. To Strengthen, make stronger; to furnish with additional support.

a 1635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 57 Bashfulnesse, and a naturall modesty.. might have hindred his progression, had they not been re-inforced by the infusion of Soveraign favour. 1657 Howell Londinop. 17 He reinforceth the right of the City by Proclamations, a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 47 The Memory.. by the return of a like Object again is sometimes revived and reinforced. 1805 Foster Ess. i. ii. I. 20 To reinforce our virtues from the dust of those who first taught them. 1879 W. H. Stone in Grove Diet. Music I. 153/2 Bach uses it frequently, sometimes merely to reinforce the basses. 1897 Rhoscomyl White Rose Arno 86 Pengraig recounted what had been agreed upon; reinforcing the whole with evidence and proof.

fb. refl. To fix (oneself) more firmly. Obs.~^ 1652 CoTTERELL tr. Calprenede's Cassandra 1. 51 The Prince.. reinforc’d himselfe all he could in his Saddle.

c. To strengthen (some material thing) by an additional support or added thickness. 1692 Ray Creation ii. (ed. 2) 119 The side of the Triangle .. was reinforced with a Border. 1729 Shelvocke Artillery V. 379 These Pipes or Tubes shall be well reinforced with the Sinews of Beasts steeped in Glue. 1769 Falconer DicL Marine (1780), Canon renforce, a cannon whose breech is reinforced, i.e. thicker than the calibre. 1772 C. Hutton Bridges 87 They must be well reinforced with proper walls or returns. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 185 It is advisable.. to re-inforce the punch, with one or more thicknesses of cardboard.

d. Psychol. To strengthen (a response), usu. by repetition of a stimulus, esp. one that is painful or rewarding. 1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nervous Syst. 175 These widely separate reflex-arcs therefore reinforce one another. 1927 G. V. Anrep tr. Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes vii. 117 The second method consisted in contrasting the single definite conditioned stimulus.. with different neighbouring stimuli which were never reinforced. 1951 S. F. Nagel Found. Social Anthropol. iv. 58 To remain effective, however, the conditioning must be ‘reinforced’. 1970 yrn/. Gen. Psychol. July 3 Bugelski.. notes that in the orthodox stimulus-response view of learning based on the reinforcement of an instrumental response, it is essential that the behavior appear first and then be.. ‘reinforced by the psychologist (or someone) immediately’. 1973 Howard Jrnl. XIII. 281 A points system was used to pay the men for desirable behaviours that would be likely also to be reinforced in life outside the institution. V.

3. a. To add to the force or strength of; to make more forcible or cogent. 1629 Quarles Argalus & P. ii. Wks. (Grosart) III. 265 Give me leave (my Lord) to reinforce A virgin’s suit. 1681 H. More Postscr. GlanvilVs Sadducismus 51 Angels.. which minister to the Saints, and reinforce the Prayers of good and holy men by joyning thereto their own. 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. I. (1709) 9 Since I like the Frankness, and Tendency of your Argument, I’ll try if I can Reinforce it. 1843 Prescott Mexico ii. ii. (1864) 79 It is said, he reinforced the proposal by promising a liberal share of the proceeds of it. 1882 Pebody Eng. Journalism xvi. 123 He liked to reinforce what they said by conveying in anecdote some fragments of that rare knowledge.

b. To increase by giving fresh force to; also simply, to increase, make greater. 1659 Gentl. Calling viii. §7 The loud noise of roaring Mirth is re-inforced to drown that poor whisper of Conscience. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. i. ii. 43 Exclamation properly is.. but the slacking of the voice to re-inforce it somewhat more. 1684 R. Waller Nat. Exper. 80 We reinforced the Cold by a great quantity of fresh Snow and Salt. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth, They have reinforced their own productivity by the creation of that marvellous machinery. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. iv. (1875) 153 Religion had early possessed itself of this force of character, and reinforced it.

4. intr. To obtain reinforcements, rare. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. v. ii. 18 It is a day turn’d strangely; or betimes Let’s re-inforce, or fly. 1811 Henry Isabella 1. 133 In the mean while the enemy reinforced, and pursued the English.

II. fS. a. To renew or repeat with fresh force. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 219 Re-inforcing the charge, he with much adoe obtained the victory. 1653 H. CoGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. xx. 72 Rallying all into one body, they re-inforced the fight, a 1662 Heylin Laud ll. (1671) 238 The same offer was reinforced a fortnight after.

fb. To direct with renewed force. Obs.-^ 1680 Butler Rem. (1759) V. 4 Cry’d strange!—then reinforced his Light Against the Moon with all his Might. a

t6. To enforce, or put in force, again. Obs. 1640 Lenthall in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 19 To manifest to the World, that Our retirements were to reinforce a greater Unity and Duty. 1656 Ld. Whitlock in Burton's Diary (1828) I. 194 Let the old order be reinforced, and Wednesday sennight be the day. 1667-8 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 239 [To] attend his Majesty, desiring him to reinforce.. the laws against Conventicles. 1720 Waterland Defence Div. Christ Wks. 1823 II. 105 It pleased God.. to proclaim the high dignity of God the Son, to reinforce his rightful claim of homage.

t?. To constrain or impel afresh. Obs.-^ 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India P. 172 Till young Abdul was reinforced to revenge his Father’s Death.

reinforced (ri:in'fD9st), ppl. a. [f.

reinforce v.

+ -ED^] 1. That has been reinforced. 1692 Smith's Seaman's Gram. ii. vi. 94, GH the Reinforced Ring. 1710 J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Re-inforced Ring of a Cannon, is that which is next after the Trunnions, between them and the Vent, and the Re-inforced part of a Gun, is from the Base Ring to the Re-inforced Ring. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1768) I. 205 The reinforced orders for this hostile apparatus. 1796 Instr. ^ Reg. Cavalry (1813) 172 The reinforced flank or center which is to attack, is then ordered to advance. 1877 Daily News 27 Dec. 5/6 The Russian pursuing force.. could not possibly assail the reinforced Turkish troops.

REINFORCEMENT 2. Special collocations: reinforced concrete, concrete with steel bars or network embedded in it to increase its tensile strength; reinforced plastic, plastic strengthened by the inclusion of a layer of fibre (esp. glass). 1902 Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers CXLIX. 297 Reinforced concrete is extremely economical.. where an imposing building is not required. 1906 Daily Chron. 27 Apr. 6/2 There is undoubtedly a great future for reinforced concrete. 1910 Encyl. Brit. VI. S27I2 The introduction of steel concrete (also known as ferroconcrete, armoured concrete, or reinforced concrete) is generally attributed to Joseph Monier, a French gardener. 1958 Engineering 14 Mar. 350/1 A sufficient number of reinforced-concrete buildings have now been in use for more than 50 years to show that, properly designed, reinforced concrete is as durable material as is likely to be required for most purposes. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. II. 337/1 Modern bridge abutments are usually made of reinforced concrete. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia III. 184/1 The towers are of reinforced concrete and the cables built up of strands of twisted wire. 1940 Brit. Plastics Aug. (Advt. section) 5 Two-piece housing in reinforced plastic material for electric hair drying unit. 1947 W. J. Brown Fabric Reinforced Plastics iv. 76 The increasing use of reinforced plastics for engineering applications. 1959 Engineering i6 Jan. 86/1 The principal advantage of the reinforced plastics hull is the much reduced maintenance work and its easy repairability. 1971 30 July 305/1 If the exceptional properties of carbon fibres are to be utilized for engineering purposes they must be fabricated as a ‘reinforced plastic’.

reinforcement (rinn'foasmant).

[f. reinforce RE-ENFORCEMENT and F.

V. + -MENT; cf. r enforcement.} fl. A renewal of force; Obs.-^

REINHABIT

538 two crucial conditions for learning [in Hull’s system] are thus contiguity and reinforcement, i960 J. B. Carroll in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 333/1 A purely Pavlovian or Watsonian view of language learning has been supplanted generally by some variety of reinforcement theory. 1963 Listener 7 Feb. 238/1 The pleasures of gambling, right up to the time the ruined rake rises from the table to shoot himself, are.. due to ‘the principle of intermittent reinforcement’. 1973 Howardjrnl. XHI. 269 If reinforcement techniques can circumvent this double-bind situation, they may be justified.

4. The act of enforcing anew. Now rare. 1641 Smectymnuus Answ. ii. (1653) 10 There are two specious Arguments which this Remonstrant brings to perswade this desired re-inforcement. 1657 Stalham {title) The Reviler rebuked: or a Reinforcement of the Charges against the Quakers. 1676 in Marvell Mr. Smirke Wks. (Grosart) IV. 75 Openly to break so many known laws of the Land, after so many reinforcements, is not this to be turbulent? 1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law I. 649 The following canon, in the main of it, was only a re-inforcement of one of the Lord Cromwell’s injunctions.

5. The strengthening structure or material employed in reinforced concrete or plastic. 1905 G. J. Fiebeger Civil Engin. xxi. 405 A beam may have its reinforcement on the tension side only, or on both the tension and compression sides of the neutral axis. 1958 Engineering 14 Mar. 350/1 Adequate cover to the reinforcement, including binding wires and stirrups, is essential, as is the elimination of all unnecessary steelwork. 1973 Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 521 The resin and the reinforcement, cut to size, are introduced separately into the mould. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia XIV. 519/1 Reinforcements [for plastics] include cotton and asbestos flocks; glass fibres, chopped or in the form of rovings, mats, or monofilaments; carbon fibres; and mineral whiskers.

rein'forcer. [f. asprec, + -er^.] a. One who or a

fresh

assault.

1607 Shaks. Cor. II. ii. 117 He. .aydelesse came oflf, And with a sudden re-inforcement strucke Corioles like a Planet.

2. a. The act of reinforcing with fresh troops. 1617 Moryson Itin. ll. 187 We haue.. commanded .. the said Sir Arthur himselfe to march vp with a thousand of the best men to your reinforcement in Mounster.

b. A fresh supply of men to assist or strengthen a military or naval force. 1646 H. Lawrence Com. ^ Warw. Angels 187 If souldiers be weake, or succumbe in fight, they send to their Generali for supplies and reinforcements. 1683 Temple Mem. Wks. 1731 I. 393 With some of these new Troops, and a Reinforcement from Flanders. 1732 Lediard Sethos II. ix. 276 He .. had just receiv’d .. a reinforcement of 30,000 men. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvi. II. 612 His army was strengthened by a numerous reinforcement of veterans. 1826 Scott Woodst. xv. The trooper, who goes to Oxford for the reinforcement. 1847 Prescott Peru (1850) II. 258 Francisco Pizarro had remained at Lima, anxiously awaiting the arrival of the reinforcements which he had requested.

c. An additional supply or contribution. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v. Madder, He was so kind as to make me a present of an hundred sets of them; and this little reinforcement, added to what I had raised of my own [etc.]. 1889 Pater G. de Latour (1896) 192 Great reinforcements of sympathy.

3. a. Augmentation of strength or force; the act of strengthening or increasing in any way. 1651 Cromwell Let. 26 July in Carlyle, He hath lately gotten great provisions of meal, and reinforcement of his strength out of the North. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 190 What reinforcement we may gain from Hope. 1734 Waterland Doctr. Trinity vii. Wks. 1823 V. 287 Their faith may be both strengthened and brightened by this additional re¬ inforcement. 1882 Spencer Princ. Social., Pol. Inst. 349 This re-inforcement of natural power by super-natural power.

b. spec. Increase in the intensity or amplitude of sound. 1879 Prescott Sp. Telephone 51 It was found that each vowel position caused the reinforcement of some particular fork or forks. 1937 A. T. Jones Sound viii. 198 When the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on top of a wooden table or other extended wooden surface there is also a reinforcement of the sound. 1959 E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrography of Speech vii. 58 This gain in amplitude is obtained in exchange for loss of duration, for a tuning fork thus placed for reinforcement will cease to operate more quickly than one not so placed. 1969 L. F. Verges Sound, Noise, & Vibration Control 70 Today.. deliberate ‘electrical’ amplification is the more significant means of sound reinforcement. Ibid. 145 Reinforcement is usually necessary in the following spaces: i. Legitimate theaters w'ith more than 1000 seats. 2. Lecture halls with more than 300 seats. 3. Almost all gymnasiums, arenas, and large assembly halls.

c. Psychol. (An act of) strengthening or establishing of a response, esp. in learning theory through the repetition of a rewarding or painful stimulus, or the satisfaction of a need; also attrib. 1876 W. James Coll. Ess. fef Rev. (1920) 31 The whole question of its predetermination relates to the intensity of the degree of reinforcement with which the triumphant representation occurs. 1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nervous Syst. v. 175 This reinforcement is significant of the solidarity of the whole spinal mechanism. 1927 G. V. Anrep tr. Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes vii. 117 The first method consisted in repeating the definite conditioned stimulus a great number of times always accompanied by reinforcement. 1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning iv. 84 Primary reinforcement.. is identified with diminution of need. Secondary reinforcement is mediated by a stimulus which has been closely and consistently associated with the need reduction. Ibid. xii. 347 Doubts about this basic pattern for reinforcement theory have been expressed frequently throughout the preceding chapters. 1953 C. E. Osgood Method & Theory in Experim. Psychol, ix. 376 The

that which reinforces. 1880 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) §559 But this signification being lost sight of, we find that round comes naturally in as its reinforcer.

b. Psychol. That which serves to reinforce or strengthen a response. 1958 L. Krasner in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 84/2 ‘Good’ and a head shake were effective reinforcers. 1967 Listener 12 Jan. 55/2 By making reinforcers contingent on behaviour we can alter behaviour in a very effective way. 1974 B. F. Skinner About Behaviorism 39 The behavior is said to be strengthened by its consequences, and for that reason the consequences themselves are called ‘reinforcers’.

rein'forcing, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing^] 1. The action of strengthening in some way. 1611 CoTGR., Roboration, a.. reinforcing. 1632 J. Hayward tr. BiondVs Eromena 26 In reinforcing of the fleete with more men and munition. 1641 Smectymnuus Vind. Answ. xiv. 176 Your confident re-inforcing of your comparison. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 131 The strongest argument which the advocates of re-inforcing use in their favour is, ‘that they prevent the gun from bursting explosively’. 1869 Boutell .4rm5 & Armour x. 204 The system of adding secondary defences, or reinforcing, appears in active operation.

2. concr. = reinforcement 5. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XL 426/1 As reinforcing for concrete, steel in several of the following forms may be used.

So rein'forcing ppl. a. 1848 Buckley Iliad 288 Having a reinforcing army. 1869 Boutell Arms ^ Armour x. 197 A strong secondary reinforcing plate.. was firmly fixed to one side of it. 1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action of Nervous Syst. v, 175 Gentle stimuli to the skin of a limb exerted a reinforcing influence on closely following stimuli applied to the limb region of the cortex of the brain. 1938 B. F. Skinner Behav. of Organisms vi. 244 It is possible to show that an emotional or reinforcing stimulus.. is effective without regard to various minor properties. 1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning iv. 108 Any stimulus which has been associated with need-reduction may itself serve as a reinforcing agent. 1949 Postman & Egan Experim. Psychol, xiv. 298 The instrumental response and the classical response have both been established through the same reinforcing stimulus— food. 1970 [see homopolymer s.v. homo-]. 1973 N. Y. Law Jrnl. 31 Aug. 1/5 Three major steel companies.. were indicted yesterday .. on charges of violating anti-trust law in the sale of reinforcing steel bars in Texas. 1973 P. Dickinson Gift v. 75 The men and machines had dug a vast, rectangular wound in the clay;.. half was still hummocked mud,.. littered with grids of reinforcing rods.

rein'form, JJ. [re-5 a.] trans. To inform again; to form anew; to invest again with form. 1611 CoTGR., Reinformer, to reinforme, to present with new informations. 1672 Phil. Trans. VII. 5148 Especially such [winds] as are re-inform’d by other auxiliary vapors as they pass. 1687 in Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) IV. 10 Let his Loved Ashes rest. Till reinformed with Light immortall He shall rise. 1887 Stevenson Merry Men v. 202, I but re¬ inform features and attributes that have long been laid.. in the quiet of the grave.

barbarians could reinfuse life into a social order to which [etc.]. 1887 Browning Parleyings, C. Avison ix. To re¬ infuse.. sleep that looks like death With momentary liveliness. 1963 Lancet 5 Jan. 61/1 We reviewed the problem of blood-transfusion for Jehovah’s Witnesses and discovered that they will accept immediate reinfusion of their own blood.

IIReinga

(re'iqa). Also reinga, Re-i-nga; fTreaingha. [Maori, = ‘place of leaping’.] In Maori tradition, the place where departed spirits make their way into the next world; hence, the land of departed spirits. 1822 Proc. Church Missionary Soc. 364 They say, that, at the death of a Chief, his soul goes to the Treaingha, at the North Cape. 1830 New Zealanders x. 236 Reinga signifies, properly, the place of flight; and is said, in some of the accounts, to be a rock or a mountain at the North Cape, from which, according to others, the spirits descend into the next world through the sea. 1884 M. A. Martin Our Maoris vi. 79 The natives in the north of the island still point out the cliff from which the spirits [of the dead] made their descent into the sea on their way back to the Island of Hawaii, from whence their forefathers came. This cliff was called the Rei-nga, i.e., the leaping-place. 1938 R. D. Finlayson Brown Man's Burden 48 Depart, O father, to the Reinga, to the far Hawaiki, to the Lord of the Dead. 1949 P. Buck Coming of Maori iv. iv. 516 Thus death closed the account of the body, and the soul (wairua) entered the spirit land {reinga) with a clean sheet and without apprehension.

reingage, obs. form of re-engage. reinge, Sc. variant of rinse

v.

reingender; see re-engender. rein'gestion. [re- 5a.]

= refection sb. 2d.

1956 Thompson & Worden Rabbit iii. 27 It is difficult to believe that reingestion has not in fact been observed many times. 1964 H. N. Southern Handbk. Brit. Mammals 254 Utilization of food [by rabbits] assisted by reingestion, or refection, in which soft faecal pellets (mainly from caecum, where microbial digestion occurs) are swallowed. 1964 R. M. Lockley Private Life of Rabbit x. 103 Reingestion was observed both out of doors by day and below ground.

reing(n)e, obs. forms of reign

v.

reingorge: see re-engorge. frein'graff, n. Obs. [re-5 a.] = next. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 774 Re-ingraffed into the peace-full stocke from whence his disobedience hath tome him. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 49 When they are reingraffed into their own Church, their Infants must needs be reingraffed with them. 1659 Howell Lexicon To tru Philologer, She did reingraffe upon divers words, as chiefly upon chief, faulty upon fault.

rein'graft, u. Also 7 re-en-. [re-5 a.] trans. To ingraft again. Hence rein'grafting vbl. sb. 1625 Donne Serm. VI. 69 As when my true Repentance hath re-engrafted me in my God and Re-incorporated me in my Saviour. 1752 Wesley Wks. (1872) X. 245 This does not imply the re-ingrafting of these Gentiles. 1885 Homiletic Rev. Feb. 106 The re-ingrafting of Israel into their own olive tree.

rein'gratiate, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. (chiefly refl.) To ingratiate again. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 96 Fearing his force, and that..hee would re-ingratiate himselfe. 1669 Clarendon Life iii. (1760) I. 119 If He were once re¬ ingratiated to his Majesty’s Trust, a 1797 H. Walpole Mem. Geo. II (1847) I. xi. 357 In order to reingratiate themselves with the mobs. 1882 Athenaeum 28 Oct. 556/3 Tasso..hoped to re-ingratiate himself with the duke by complimenting him on his third wedding.

re'ingress. [re- 5 a.] Renewed ingress. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 224 Auveragus.. And his lordis.. Saw tha culd nocht haue reingres agane. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 68 Then there was an ingress, an egress, and a regress, or reingress.

rein'gross, v. [re- 5 a.] To engross again. In rein'grossing vbl. sb. 1679 Act 31 Chas. II, c. 3 {title) An Act for reingrossing of the Records of Fines burnt or lost in the late Fire in the Temple.

rein'gulf, v. [re- 5 a.] To ingulf again. 1611 Cotgr., Rengloutir, to reglut, reingulfe, swallow vp againe. 1648 Petit. Eastern Assoc. 24 Designes, which have .. reingulfed us in so many new feares. 1828 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 126 So long since reingulfed in the silence of the blank bygone Eternity! 1875 E. White Life in Christ i. i. (1878) 8 That this intellectual Eye..should then be reingulfed by the dead ruthless force which had given it birth.

rein'habit, v. [re- 5 a.] reinfranchise, obs, f. re-enfranchise. t rein'fund, pour in again.

Obs. rare-'^. [re-5 a.] intr. To

1704 Swift T. Tub ix, The best part of his diet is the reversion of his own ordure, which, expiring into steams, whirls perpetually about, and at last re-infunds.

rein'fuse, 7;. [re-5 a.] To infuse again. Hence rein'fusion. 1660 tr. Amyraldus' Treat, cone. Relig. iii. ix. 498 To reinfuse decayed strength in a moment, a 1677 Oldham Dithyrambick Poems (1684) 208 We nothing.. above our selves produce. Till thou do’st finish Man, and Reinfuse. 1845 Mill Diss. & Disc. (1859) II. 248 The chiefs of the I

V

11. intr. To dwell again.

Obs.

1538 Leland Itin. (1769) VII. 10 One of the Richards., broughte the foresayde Monks agayne to Stratford, where amonge the Marsches they reinhabytyd. a 1638 Mede Daniel Wks. (1672) 700 A Commission to cause the people to return and re-inhabite. 1736 Carte Ormonde I. 504 They might be able to subsist and re-inhabit in the said kingdom.

2. trans. To inhabit (a place, etc.) again, 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iv. 219 After which time it was reinhabited by certaine people of Granada. 1670 Milton Hist. Eng. iii. 130 Towns and Citties were not reinhabited but lay ruin’d and wast. 1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. 234 The individual soul cannot return to reinhabit the body.

Hence rein'habiting vbl. sb.\ reinhabi'tation.

REINHEARTEN l6ii CoTGR., Rehabitation, a reinhabitation, reinhabiting. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage vi. viii. (1614) 603 Elmahdi, an hereticall Calipha who procured the reinhabiting thereof.

t rein'hearten, I’. Obs. [re-5 a.] trans. To give fresh courage to, rehearten. 1652 Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist. Relat. 29 The Rebels were afterwards reinheartened by the Queen of Englands protection. 1667 Mrq. Worcester in Dircks Life xvii. (1865) 301 To reinhearten my distressed family.

rein'herit, v. [re- 5 a.] To inherit again. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 47 Just it is that such as under¬ sell them, should not re-inherit them in haste. 1895 St. James's Gaz. 10 Sept. 12/2 He had been disinherited..; but .. reinherited his patrimonial estate.

reinikaboo: see rannygazoo. reinitiate, v. [re- 5 a.] To initiate again. 1652 Plea for Free State 4 [They] oppose so obstinately the Publique Establishment, out of no more weighty reason, then to reinitiate splendid Titles. 1866 Mrs. H. Wood St. Martin's Eve ii, He.. was altogether re-initiated into social life. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 381 The disorder, unless re-initiated by repetition of the cause, may long remain quiescent.

reinjoin, -joy, obs. ff. re-injoin, -joy. re'ink, u. [re-5 a.] trans. To ink again. Hence re'inking vbL sb. 1883 Athenaeum 22 Dec. 815/2 One ribbon will bear re¬ inking several times. 1937 Discovery Oct. 300/2 The stone being kept damp, and re-inked for each print. 1955 J. Ryder Printing for Pleasure v. 61 After taking the first print, and without reinking, print onto the top sheet of the platen packing.

reinlarge, obs. form of re-enlarge. reinless (Teinlis), a. [f. rein sbJ H- -less.] 1. Without a rein or reins: a. of a horse. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Dk. Clarence xxix, She tearms..A wilfull prince, a raynelesse raging horse. 1591 Harington Orl. Fur. xxiv. xxxix, Untill his rainlesse horse bare him away. 1801 Southey Thalaba vi. ix. The benignant Power, Who sent the reinless steed, a 1881 Rossetti House of Life xc. The void car, hurled Abroad by reinless steeds,

b. of a driver or rider. 1873 W. Cory Lett. & Jrnls. (1897) 326 If I had been blind and reinless, I should have gone without a bump. 1892 Daily News 28 Dec. 5/4 The reinless rider acquires a firmer seat. 2. transf. and fig. Unchecked, unrestrained. 1566 Drant Horace, Sat. i. vi. D iij b, Leuinus.. Through lyfe corrupt, and rainlesse youth dyd worke his fames decay. 1772 Gentl. Mag. XLII. 240 The reinless fury Of the mad whirlwinds. 1817 Shelley RezK Islam vi. xix, With rein-less speed A black Tartarian horse of giant frame Comes trampling over the dead. 1856 Ruskin Mod. Paint. III. iv. vi. §2 The reinless play of the imagination.

t rein'lighten, obs. variant of re-enlighten. 1627 Feltham Resolves i. xxviii. 26 Though God depriue me of his presence for a time, he will one day re-inlighten mee.

rei'noculate, f. [re- 5 a.] trans. To inoculate again. So reinocu'lation. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 315 The two last children I reinoculated was a few months after vaccination. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 652 The occurrence of furuncles in successive crops is due to reinoculation from the surface.

rein'quire, v. [re-.] To inquire in turn. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. i. 340 Unto him that demanded on what hand Venus was wounded, the Philosopher thought it a sufficient resolution to reinquire upon what leg King Philip halted.

So rein’quiry, renewed inquiry. 1830 Westm. Rev. Oct. 437 Re-inquiries and Removals: these, by whatsoever name called—new trials. 1866 Pall Mall G. 21 Feb. 1/2 The first returns, .were sent back for reconsideration and re-inquiry.

reins (remz), pi. Now arch. Forms: (i renys), 4 reenes, -us, 4-7 reynes, (4 reynyez, 5 reynys, 5, 7 reyns), 5-7 raynes, 6-7 raines, (6 rains), reines, 4, 7- reins. Also sing. 7 reyn. [a. OF. reins, rens, ad. L. renes pi.] 1. The kidneys. [cioooSai. Leechd, III. i40 5ifhytby))ofrenysot>t>er))an lendene panne cump paet bind of para blseddran.] 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 369 He hadde afterward greet penaunce in an evel pat hatte ilium and grevep faste by pe reynes. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 27 pei hangen & bynden summe membris wip opere as pe reynes to pe rigge. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 31 Disese cometh in thi Reyns. 1586 CoGAN Haven Health cl. (1636) 147 The Reynes or Kidneys make grosse and ill bloud. 1596 Barrough Meth. Physick III. xxxvii. (1639) 159 The reines are vexed with inflammation for diverse causes. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 346 Spirits.. Vital in every part, not as frail man In Entrailes, Heart or Head, Liver or Reines, 1707 Floyer Physic. PulseWatch 353 So from the Reins the Liver is generated, from that the Heart, from that the Stomach. 1870 Bryant Hom^ II. XXI. 289 Eels and fishes came and gnawed The warrior’s reins.

2. The region of the kidneys; the loins. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. ix. 2 O man .. clothid with lynnen, and an ynkhom of a wryter in his reynes. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 370 Sche hath my wounded herte enoignt. My temples and my Reins also, c 1475 Partenay 4325 Gaflfray gripte he there faste by the raynes, Ech of thaim both suffryng there hug[e] paynes. c 1532 Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1068 Gyrte thy raynes as a man, 1572 Walsingham in D. Digges Complete Ambass. (1655) 344 The Count de Retz is hurt in the rains of the back with a harquebush shot out of Rochel. 1633 T.

REINSTATEMENT

539 Stafford Pac. Hib. xiii. (1821) 150 Receeving a blow with a Peece upon the reines of his backe. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. I. 168 [The] Rock.. bears the marks, as if a Body had been laid on the Back upon it, for the form of the Reins appear there. 1814 Cary Dante, Inf. xx. 13 Each,, seem’d to be revers’d At the neck-bone, so that the countenance Was from the reins averted. 1865 Swinburne Poems Ball., Song in Time of Rev. 27 They are girdled about the reins with a curse.

b. Arch. (See quot. 1727-38.) After F. les reins (Tune votite. I727”3® Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vault, Reins, or fillings up of a Vault, are the sides which sustain it. 1751 Labelye Westm. Bridge 21 This upper Arch is.. thicker in the Reins, or towards the Bottom, than at the Key or Top. 1872 Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms 184 The space between the crown and the reins of the arch.

3. In or after Biblical use: The seat of the feelings or affections. 13., E.E. Allit. P. B. 592 For he is pe gropande god,.. Rypande of vche a ring pe reynyez St hert. 1382 Wyclif Ps. vii. 10 God serchende hertis and reenes. -Wisd. i. 6 Of the reenus of hym witnesse is God. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 224, I am nere to theyr mouthes, but I am ferre from theyr raynes [cf. Wyclif Jer. xii. 2]. C1580 Sidney Ps. VII. X, Thou righteous proofes to hartes and reines dost send. 1603 T. M. Progr. Jas. / B 3 b, Griefe seized euery priuate mans raynes. 1659 Gentl. Calling To Bookseller, A Manual which..will lively affect, and sit close to the Reins, and penetrate the Heart of the Reader. 1738 Wesley Ps. cxxxix. HI. ii. Thy Hand my Heart and Reins possest. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxx, Through their reins in ice and fire Fear contended with desire.

4. attrib. and Comb., as ■\ reitt-guard, -gut, reif>trying adj.

1382 Wyclif 2 Sam. xx. 8 Joab was. .gird with a knyif hongynge vnto the reyn gottys in the sheethe. 1823 Crabb Technol. Diet., Rein-guard (Mil.), that part of armour which guarded the lower part of the back. 1827 Pollok Course T. X, Rein-trying, heart-investigating day.

Reins, variant of Raines Obs. rein'seribe, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To inscribe

again. 1688 in Magd. Coll. Jas. II (O.H.S.) 260 He gave orders to re-inscribe all the old [names]. 1878 Grosart H. More's Poems Mem. Introd. 46/1 To reinscribe the venerable name of Henry More among our real Makers and Singers.

rein'sert, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To insert again. Hence rein'serted ppl. a. 1628 Gaule Pract. The. 22 The most compendious Laconicke with a reinserted Parenthesis. 1690 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 22 The inscription on the monument.., which was defaced in the late kings time, is reinserting again upon it. 1808 Southey Lett. (1856) II. 55, I have cut it out of a good book, and shall be glad to reinsert it therein. 1853 Ruskin Stones Ven. II. viii. § 19. 296 The tablets.. have been taken out and reinserted in the newer masonry. 1885 Manch. Exam. 21 May 6/3 The clause was therefore not reinserted.

So rein'sertion. 1828-32 in Webster. 1885 Manch. Exam. 21 May 5/1 Mr. Stuart succeeded in ousting the clause.., and Lord Salisbury has procured its re-insertion.

rein'sistf

[re-5 a.] intr. To insist again. S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. Iv. (1783) II. 162 Reinsisting upon his acceptance as a debt due to him for his civility. 1892 Pall Mall G. 30 Mar. 3/3 The Council then proceeded.. to reinsist upon its determination [etc.]. *775

reinslave, obs. form of re-enslave. reinsman ('reinzmsn).

U.S., Austral., and N.Z. [f. rein sb.^ + -s- + MAN sb.^] One who is skilled in managing the reins; a driver. Also^ig. 1855 in Voice (N.Y.) (1894) 8 Feb., Deeming themselves as skilful reinsmen as those selected by the Boards of Excise. 1872 Talmage Serm. 34 The experienced reinsman checks the fiery steed at the first jump. 1904 N. Y. Times 13 Dec. 7 A number of well-known amateur reinsmen started from the Harlem River Speedway. 1930 W. Banning in W. St G. H. Banning Six Horses 361 A reinsman was a master driver who .. was able to drive each span of his complement wholly independent of the other. 1969 Sydney Morning Herald 24 May 27/1 Western Districts reinsman Gordon McWilliam lost a battle of tactics behind the hot favourite, Cocky Raider. 1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 1-9/4 T'ke Cambridge reinsman R. F. Mitchell.. had a farewell present at Cambridge last night when he drove Pompano Prince to victory.

t rein'snare, ensnare again.

Obs. rare-', [re-5 a.] trans. To

1624 Quarles Job sect, i. He that plants his Engines euery-where.. and re-insnares The soule of man.

rein'spect, v. [re- 5 a.] To inspect again. 1826 Southey Vind. Eccl. Angl. 323 A book that..had been inspected and reinspected by Angels, and approved by God. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note~bks. II. 95 We went to the Uffizi gallery, and reinspected the greater part of it.

So rein'spection. 1828-32 in Webster. 1856 Warter Southey's Lett. I. Pref. 13 Possibly he might have found some on reinspection. 1894 Daily News 8 June 8/6 A re-inspection had been made of 270 houses in Kensington.

reinsphear, obs. form of re-ensphere. rein'spire, 7;. [re-5 a.] 1, trans. To inspire again, in various senses. 1624 Heywood Gunaik. ii. 65 She renewes and re-inspires the decayed life of a Poet. 1651 Stanley Poems 54 This silk-worm (to long sleep retired) The early year hath reinspired. a. pple. d^ndppl. a. Obs. [ad, L. rejectus, pa. pple. of rejicere to reject.] Rejected; cast back or away.

absolute use of next; in later use f. the vb.] 1. One who is rejected; a castaway. Obs.

b. One who is rejected or discarded by others, esp. as unsuitable for some activity (orig. for military service).

abandon

1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iii. 180 Casting.. asyd the commoune effairis of the Realme, reiecteng the commoune welth and contemneng the Nobilitie. 6. a. To repel or rebuff (one who makes

reject ('ri:d3£kt, formerly n'd3£kt), sb. [orig. an

*534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540) 26 Somtyme reiarges and chydynges be specially vsed amonge louers and frendes.

b. To cast off, condition). Obs.

*958 Times 26 Feb. 8/4 The reject figures of Army recruits has [ric] given some cause for concern here. 1963 R. R. A. Higham Handbk. Papermaking ii. 71 Heavy material which will not pass through the screen is continuously forced downwards into a reject trough and is removed from a heavy reject box connected to the bottom of the volute trough.

Gov. II. XXV. 86b, What is to be effectually or pursued, reiectinge the residue. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. Ep. Ded., Aristotle.. reiecteth infantes and olde men as insufficient. 1611 Bible Matt. xxi. 42 The stone which the builders reiected, the same is become the head of the comer. 1660 Barrow Euclid Pref. (1714) I Having in a manner rejected and undervalued the other seven [books]. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, in. 598 Reject him, lest he darken all the Flock. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 176 The cow., eats two hundred and seventy-six plants, and rejects two hundred and eighteen. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab iii. 170 Nature rejects the monarch, not the man; The subject, not the citizen. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, II. iv. 87 At the present election, whoever had urged the payment of the loan was rejected. absol. 1850 Browning Easter-Day xxx. iii, So I.. Go through the world, try, prove, reject, Prefer.

t rejarg. Obs.-' [? f. jarg v.] = rejag s6.

Chron., Henry VIII 200b, That she should whole .xxij. yeres and more serue him as hys wyfe.. and now to reiecte her, what Princely maner is that. 1611 Bible i Sam. xv. 23 He hath also reiected thee from being king. -Jer. vii. 29 The Lord hath reiected, and forsaken the generation of his wrath.

1531 Elyot

folowed

fb. To refuse to be something. Obs. rare-'. *795 Fate of Sedley I. 124 Would you suspect that a little rustic.. could possibly reject to be the wife of a man endowed with rank, fortune and figure?

4. a. To expel from the mouth or stomach. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 567 Bitter Ashes, which th’ offended taste With spattering noise rejected. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. 294 Tough Phlegm frequently reiected by Vomiting. 1825 Lamb Elia ii. Barbara S-, When he crammed a portion of it [fowl] into her mouth, she was obliged sputteringly to reject it.

b. absol. or intr. To vomit, rare. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 502 As soon as the patient rejects, he may be allowed a little warm water, administered to him sparingly.

15. a. To dismiss (a person) from some relation to oneself; to cast off. Also const, from. Obs. 683/1 He was ones rejected, howe fortuneth it that he cometh thus in favoure agayne? 01548 Hall *530 Palsgr.

advances of any kind); to refuse to accept, listen to, admit, etc.

b. Of a woman: To refuse (a man) as lover or husband. Also with compl., and absol. 1581 Riche Farewell Mil. Prof. liiij Seyng you haue so scornfully reiected me to be your loiall housbande. 1592 Shaks. Ven. Ad. 159 Then woo thy selfe, be of thy selfe reiected. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock i. 10 O say what stranger cause, yet unexplor’d. Could make a gentle Belle reject a Lord? Ibid. ll. 12 Oft she rejects, but never once offends. 1858 Longf. M. Standish vii. 8 Thus to be flouted, rejected, and laughed to scorn by a maiden.

fc. To deny (one who makes a request). Obs.-' 1611 Bible Mark vi. 26 The king was exceeding sory, yet for his othes sake.. hee would not reiect her.

d. Psychol. Of a parent or guardian: to spurn (a child) by denying it the normal emotional relationship between parent and offspring. *93* Smith Coll. Stud, in Soc Work 1. 407 Case histories are presented showing the attitude toward their parents.., husbands, and children of twelve mothers who rejected their children. 1932 Ibid. II. 237 This type of relationship cannot exist when a mother rejects her child, H. C. Smith Personality Adjustment xviii. 513 Children raised in negligent and understaffed orphanages are not actively rdected but suffer severe deprivation of warmth and affection. 1973 A. Janov Primal Scream vii. 74 But to feel really rejected means to.. feel utterly alone and unwanted as that child.

7. To refuse to grant, entertain, or agree to (a request, proposal, etc,). 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. iii. i, She seemeth to reject his suite, a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1649) 545 But this [proposal] was rejected; both to exclude the Protestants admittance [etc.]. 1726 Swift Gulliver iii. i, I knew him to be so honest a man, that I could not reject his proposal. 1837 Thirlwall Greece xxxiii. IV. 305 The orders of Cyrus he treated as a suggestion, which he might adopt or reject at his discretion. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §5. 139 The demand was at once rejected by the baronage.

t8. a. To refer (a matter or person) to another for decision. Also const, into a place. Obs. *533 Bellenden Livy v. x. (S.T.S.) II. 183 Eftir l>at pis mater was lang dispute afore pe senate, It was reieckit to pe bischoppis, pat pai mycht decerne pareapoun. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks 637 Barbarussa thus rejected into Syria,.. perceived that it tended to his no small disgrace. Ibid., marg., Barbarussa rejected to Abraham the great Bassa.

b. To cast (a fault, etc.) back upon a person. Also const, to. Obs. 01555 Philpot Exam. & Writ. (Parker Soc.) 402 Either we reject the cause of sin upon God, other else do renew the stoical destiny. 1581 N. Burne Disput. iv. 9 Ane man sould not reiect the caus of his auin euil and vickednes to the prescience of god, bot to him self. 1643 Trapp Comm. Gen. lii. 12 Here he rejects the fault upon the woman, and thorow her, upon God. 1678 Marvell Def. J. Howe Wks. (Grosart) IV. 170 They have found a nudity in the Creator, and did implicitly reject their fault upon Him.

c. To put (a thing) away into a place. Obs.~^ *579 Fulke Heskins' Pari. 70 The figures of Manna, and the waters, he reiecteth into the third booke.

9. a. To throw or cast back; fto repel, repulse (an assailant), rare, 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 281 Who fighting at too much disadvantage, were by the Turks easily rejected. 1826 [see rejected ppl. a. b]. 1869 Phillips Vesuv. ix. 252 The sea is rejected from the shore, to return in mighty waves. 1889 Symonds in Fortn. Rev. XLV. 57 We can neither reject ourselves into the past, nor project ourselves into the future, with certainty sufficient to decide [etc.].

fb. To cut off (a person)/rom some resource. 1601 in Moryson Itin. (1617) ii. 181 So [he would] bee utterly rejected from having either credit or aides hereafter from them. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 137 His great officers .. would have the Irish .. to be rejected from all expectation of recovering their estates. 1737 Whiston Josephus, Antiq. xvi. iii. §3 The young men were intirely rejected from any hopes of the kingdom.

10. Med. To show an immune response to (a transplanted organ or tissue) so that it fails to survive in the body of the recipient. Also absol. *953 Nature 3 Oct. 603/1 Embryonic cells transplanted into embryos of different genetic constitutions may survive into adult life, although their hosts would almost certainly

REJECTABLE

REJECTOR

544

have rejected them if transplantation had been delayed until after birth. 1968 Observer 7 Jan. i/i Although he is now entering the crucial period where his body could begin to reject the implanted heart, today’s hospital bulletin said there were no signs of rejection or infection. 1969 Daily (Charlottesville, Va.) 12 Jan. A2/3 ‘The heart rejects like crazy,’ Dr Shumway comments. 1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 35/1 A graft that will be ultimately rejected at first appears to be accepted by the host tissues.

*957 R- W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. v. ii. 218 Clauses expressing a condition that is not, or is not likely to be, realized [I should not mind so much, if I was not so busy] are called clauses of rejected condition.

il. 11. The infin. used attrib., designating a part of a record player by means of which the turn table is made to stop (and the pick-up arm usu. returned to its rest) before a side has ended. Also stressed 'reject.

1941 Sun (Baltimore) 18 June 3/1 Twenty-six youths rejected by selective service officials.. began taking physical examinations.. for admittance to the first camp in the United States to be established for ‘rejectees', 1942 Nation 27 Apr. 41 {heading) When the draftee becomes a rejectee. 1977 Time 20 June 48/2 Determined to become a doctor, Braun did what an increasing number of rejectees do each year: he looked abroad. 1978 J. A. Michener Chesapeake 637 ‘Grandpop, take a look at the kind of boys we want,’ and when Cudjo continued pestering him, he pointed to rejectees half the old man’s age.

1947 Gramophone Dec. p. xi/2 Automatically plays eight lo-in. or 12-in. mixed records. Repeat and reject switch provided. 1975 J. Grady Shadow of Condor ii. 34 Strains from Carmen came through the speakers. Malcolm.. hit the reject lever. 1976 R. L. Simon Wild Turkey xviii. 129 He shuffled over to the turntable and pushed the reject button. Hence re'jecting vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1589 Rider Bibl. SchoL, A reiecting, rejectio. a 1653 Gouge Comm. Heb. x. 29 This sin is a wilful rejecting of the means, whereby the wounds of sin should be healed. 1931 Smith Coll. Stud, in Soc. Work I. 407 The purpose of the study was to test part of the hypothesis .. by a comparison of the case histories of a group of rejecting and non-rejecting mothers. 1939 P. M. Symonds Parent-Child Relationships i. 24 Attempts to define rejecting behavior are rare. 1970 H. Edelston Found. Sf Growth of Character iii. ii. 117 We hear a great deal of the rejecting mother: not quite so much of the over-demanding child.

rejectee (ri:d3£k'ti:). U.S. [f. reject

v. + -ee^, after draftee.^ One who is rejected as unfit for military service. Also transf. Cf. reject sb. i b.

rejecter (ri'd3skt3(r)). [f. as reject

v.

+ -er^

Cf. rejector.] One who rejects. 1570 Foxe a. Sf M. (ed. 2) 2134/1 To exhorte.. these Agamistes and wilfull reiecters of matrimonie, to take themselues to lawfull wiues. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 411 However the rejecters of Christ may escape judgment for a time. 1706 Clarke Let. to Dodwell (1712) 12 It will follow..that neither Rejecters of the Gospel, nor wicked Christians,.. shall be condemned to any other punishment. 01754 Fielding Conversat. Wks. 1771 VHI. 115 These rejecters of society borrow all their information from their own savage dispositions. 1830 J. Martineau Stud. Chr. (1873) 484 The motive of the rejecter is different.

rejectable (ri'd3£kt3b(3)l),

a. [f. prec. + -able.] That may be, or ought to be, rejected.

1611 CoTGR., Rebutable, reiectable, refusable. 1706 in Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1820 W. Tooke tr. Lucian I. 229 Do you understand the difference between acceptable and rejectable objects.. ? 1847 Carlyle in Froude Life in Lond. xvii. (1884) II. 18 Melancholy and rejectable spy-glasses. Hence rejectableness. 1852 PuLSFORD tr. Miiller's Doctr. Sin I. 37 That., a strong consciousness is able to be distinctly realized of the rejectableness of evil.

fre'jectament.

Obs. rare. [ad. mod.L. rejectamentum: see next.] a. Refuse, b. One who is rejected. 1653 ScLATER Funeral Serm. 2j Sept. (1654) 7 That rejectament, which is scraped from the dirty pavement. 1681 CoLViL Whigs Supplic. (1751) 153 Your majesty’s wisdom inherent.. Will not disdain to hear complaints Of us though but rejectaments.

I rejectamenta (ridsekts'ments). [mod.L., pi. of rejectamentum: see reject v. and -ment.] 1. Things rejected as useless or worthless; refuse. 1816 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xxvi. (i8i8) II. 437 A scavenger, whose business it is to sweep the streets and convey the rejectamenta to one grand repository. 1849 D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 201 The rejectamenta of the kitchen .. are.. accepted with eagerness. 1877 W. H. Dall Tribes N.W. 45 Bones, shells, and all varieties of rejectamenta having been deposited here for centuries.

2. Wrack or rubbish cast up by the sea, 1819 Samouelle Entomol. Compend. loi [He] found it.. amongst rejectamenta of the sea. 1856 Zoologist XIV. 5309 It had been taken beneath marine rejectamenta at Exmouth. 1866 Tate Brit. Mollusks iv. 155 Pupa badia is common among the rejectamenta of our tidal rivers.

3. Phys. Excremental matter. 1879 Packard Zool. ii. (1881) 43 There being many pores or mouths, and but a single outlet for the rejectamenta.

t rejec'taneous, a. Obs. [ad. L. rejectdneus (coined by Cicero to render the Stoic oLTroTTpoT^yfxevos), f. rejicete to reject; cf. extraneous^ spontaneous, etc.] Deserving rejection, rejectable. (Common in H. More’s works.) 1657 Farindon Serm. Pref. 22 Others are more forced, and therefore Rejectaneous and unprofitable. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles HI. 93 A reprobate, spurious, drossie, vain, adulterine, rejectaneous mind. 1734 Berkeley Analyst §28 Supposing the rejectaneous algebraical quantity to be an infinitely small or evanescent quantity.

rejected (ri'd38ktid), ppL a.

[f. reject v. + -ED^.] a. Refused, repudiated, cast out, etc.; spec, in Psychol., refused or denied the normal relationship between parent and child. Cf, reject V. 6 d. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) HI. 57 The commons can .. annex the rejected bills to their bill of aids. 1819 Shelley Cenci iv. iv. 151 Stain not a noble house With vague surmises of rejected crime. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xix. 191, I lost some time in collecting such parts of his rejected cargo as I could find. 1931 Smith Coll. Stud, in Soc. Work I. 407 The problems for which the rejected child was referred were more frequently of the aggressive, rebellious type. 1961 H. C. Smith Personality Adjustment xviii. 513 Such severely rejected children tend to develop a general apathy .. to all human relationships. b. Ent. Thrown back; not admitted between

other parts. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xlvi. IV. 332 An insect having a visible Scutellum. a. Rejected... When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base. c. Gram, r^ected condition (see quots.). *947 Partridge Usage & Abusage 80/2 Those sentences in which the principal clause speaks of what would be or would have been, and in which the (/-clause states, or implies, a negative. Grammarians call this: Rejected Condition, as in ‘If wishes were horses, beggars would ride’.

fre'jectible, a. and sb. Obs.

rejectable.

1702 S. Parker tr. Cicero's De Finibus v. 353 Terms Unheard-of and Invented by themselves, Producta, for Instance, and Rejecta (as if one shou’d say Promotables and Rejectibles). 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. 301 He would be far from being rejectible as a companion for life.

re'jectingly, adv. [f. pres. pple. of reject

v.

4

-LY^.] In a rejecting manner. 1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXH. 503 He waved his hand rejectingly. 1889 Daily News 4 Apr. 5/8 She jerks her handkerchief rejectingly at them until the chosen suitor arrives.

rejection (n‘d3Ekj3n). [a. F, rejection (i6th c.), or ad. L. rejectidn-em, n. of action f. rejicere to reject.] 1. a. The action of rejecting or the state of being rejected. 1552 in Huloet. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 99 b, Rejeccion is then used when we lay suche faultes from us as our enemies would charge us with all. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ixviii. §6 Vtter rejection of the whole Christian faith. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. §74 They who were for a rejection of the King’s Proposition. 1744 Harris Three Treat. Wks, (1841) 86 Were this neglected, what would become of selection and rejection.. ? 1835 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) III. iii. 36 We grieve over the rejection of the Irish Church Bills last year and this. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) IL ix. 334 The Count. .left Paris with a decisive rejection of the emperor’s advances.

b. concr.

That which is rejected; excrement.

1605 Verstegan Dec. Intell. iv. (1628) 100 The sand banckes or downes, which the reiection of the sea by little and little hath raised and cast vp. 1839 Britannia 13 July, Happy to sun himself and sleep on the basest rejections of the public stable. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 898 The later rejections are watery and copious.

c. Psychol. The refusal or inability to accept emotionally the fact of being a parent to one’s child; the state of rejecting a child or of being rejected by a parent. Cf. reject v. 6 d. 1931 Smith Coll. Stud, in Soc. Work I. 407 Thirty-five cases of rejection were chosen in which staff members unanimously agreed to that diagnosis. 1939 P. M. Symonds Parent-Child Relationships i. 10 Such concepts and terms as rejection and overprotection seem to have emerged into common use out of the child guidance movement. Ibid., Newell., reports on 33 children diagnosed as cases of maternal rejection. 1957 L. C. Steckle Probl. Human Adjustment (rev. ed.) vi. 132 Rejection is most effective in building uncertainty. Ibid. 133 Parental rejection usually results in aggressively hostile behavior in the child. 1973 A. Janov Primal Scream vii. 74 Once that is felt, there are no more feelings of ‘rejection’.

2. Electronics. The process of attenuating an unwanted electrical signal. Freq. attrib. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 712/2 Rejection filter. 1950 & Uhlenbeck Threshold Signals xii. 346 Besides automatic biasing, rejection filters in the i-f amplifier can be used to reduce the effects of c-w interference. 1953 [see DETECTION 3]. *957 R- W. Landee et al. Electronic Designers' Handbk. xvi. 29 If the feedback network by itself does not have a complete null, the depth of the null for the rejection amplifier will be less than the depth of the null for the null network taken by itself. 1967 W. A. Stover Circuit Design for Audio, AMjFM, & TV xiii. 227 The IF rejection is enhanced by placing a resonant circuit or filter near the tuner input. Lawson

3. Med. Failure of transplanted tissue to survive or function in the body of the recipient as a result of the immune response it evokes in the latter. 1954 Proc. R. 5oc. B. CXLIII. 43 Incompatibilities (falling short of rejection) became apparent when homografts were exchanged between members of separate sublines which..stood only eight to twelve generations apart. 1974 Times 5 Apr. 18/3 Ptofessor Shumway believes that heart-transplant patients, like those given kidney transplants, gradually develop a tolerance to the grafted organ and so become less likely to have to cope with severe rejection episodes. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, i, 7 We are optimistic that.. more effective drugs to prevent the i

V

rejection of organ transplants will be discovered in the present decade,

4. Comb., as rejection form rare = rejection slip below; Rejection Front, an alliance of Arab groups, who refuse to consider a negotiated peace with Israel (see rejectionist); rejection slip, a formal notice sent by an editor or publisher to an author with a rejected MS. 1907 Wodehouse Not George Washington ii. ii. 42, I papered the walls with editorial rejection-forms, of which I was beginning to have a representative collection. 1917 ‘W. N. P. Barbellion’ Jrnl. Disappointed Man (1919) 296, I used to file.. rejection forms and meditated writing a facetious essay on them. 1975 Financial Times 23 Dec. 4/8 The ‘Rejection Front’, which is led by the PFLP, stands strongly opposed to efforts at a Middle East settlement and to conservative regimes in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran. 1978 Radio Times 28 Jan,-3 Feb. 15/4 The Arab ‘Rejection Front’ nations of Iraq, Algeria, Libya and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen were prepared to give finance, training facilities and arms to his group. 1906 J. London Let. 19 Nov. (1966) 223, I have just received from you, along with a rejection-slip, two poems.. which have evidently been submitted to you over my name. 1933 Dylan Thomas Let. 9 May (1966) 15 Forget the ‘annihilative reverse’ of the rejection slip. 1953 H. Miller Plexus IL xiii. 217 If they were thin envelopes it meant rejection slips, with a request to forward postage for the return of the scripts. 1978 P. Sutcliffe Oxf. Univ. Press iv. i. 108 He, Gerrans, and Doble soon settled upon a formula, a terse but dignified communication that might be a little more comforting to the author than a bare rejection slip, the use of which the Press has always eschewed, 1979 F. Adcock Inner Harbour z ‘Please send future work’— Editor’s note on a rejection slip.

rejectionist (ri'd3ekj3nist).

[f. rejection 4 An Arab who refuses to accept a negotiated peace with Israel. Also transf. Also attrib. or as adj. Hence re'jectionism, the policy of a rejectionist. -1ST.]

1976 Guardian 2 June 2/2 If Mr Kosygin wants to engineer the format of an Arab ‘rejectionist’ coalition to confront American penetration of the area, he is unlikely to get much encouragement from President Assad. 1976 Guardian Weekly 19 Dec. 8/4 Condemned to death by the mainstream Arafat-led guerrilla leadership—‘Fascist’ he calls it—Abu Nidal is Palestinian rejectionism at its most uncompromising, 1977 Time 10 Jan. 22/1 Last week a prominent member of the rejectionist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.. and his wife.. were found dead in their West Beirut apartment. ig'jT Listener 18 Aug. 195/1 If ., the peace moves collapse.. he \sc. King Hussein] will be .. helpless in a stormy sea of Arab rejectionism. 1977 Times 29 Nov. 15/4 It offends no previously declared principles —except those of the ‘rejectionists’ on both sides. 1979 Economist i Dec. 14/1 Khomeini would have remained a voice in the wilderness if his austere rejectionist doctrines had not caught the mood of a people whose religion is still young and vigorous.

t rejec'titious, a. Obs, [ad. late L. rejectitius, f. rejicere to reject: see -itious, and cf. REJECTANEOUS.] Deserving rejection; rejected, 1615 W. Hull Mirr. Maiestie 60 The refuse and reiectitious people of Israel. 1642 Cudworth Disc. Lord's Supper 43 Those other Feria’s, which have beene made Rejectitious since, by that Calendar. 1653 Waterhouse Apol. 151 Persons spurious and rejectitious, whom their Families and Allies have disowned.

[f. as reject v. + -ive.] That rejects, or tends to cast off (Webster 1828-32).

re'jective, a.

*957 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxvm. 87 The other clause must not be ‘rejective’ with regard to it [sc. the fronted clause]. Examples:.. He likes it you think?.. Is he coming do you doubt}. .{doubt, forbid, disagree, etc. are rejective). 1967 Ncfc Yorker 25 Feb. 108 Besides being called minimal art, it is known as..‘reductive art’, ‘rejective art’, [etc.]. 1970 Britannica Bk. of Year ig6g 798/3 Rejective art, a simplified and often depersonalized art (as painting or sculpture) based on the principle of the artist rejecting various options open to him; called also reductive art, reductivism, rejectivism.

rejectment

(n'd3ektm3nt).

[f.

as

prec,

+

-MENT. Cf. rejectament.]

fl. Rejection. Obs. rare. 01677 Manton Christ's Tempt. Matt. iv. 7 Wks. 1870 L 299 If Achitophel could not endure the rejectment of his counsel [etc.]. 1690 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. 1. 338 The Committee of This board presented the Promulgated bills with Amendments and Rejectments.

2. concr. Rejected matter, excrement. Also pi. 1828-32 Webster (citing Eaton), Rejectment, matter thrown away. 1829 J. L. Knappyrn/. Nat. 107 Originating probably from the rejectments of birds.

rejector (ri'd3ekt3(r)). [a. L. rejector, agent-n. f. rejicere to reject.] 1. a. = rejecter. 175a Warburton Wks. (1788) IX. 269 The Rejectors of it .. would do well to consider the grounds on which they stand. 1857 Keble Euch. Ador. 40 The same sort of trial.. as the Holy Communion has evermore been to rejectors.

b. Electronics.

= rejector circuit below.

1923 Wireless World .-j July 441/1 Signals with the frequency of the aerial circuit will pass through the ordinary tuning device, and little will pass through the rejector. 1946 Electronic Engin. XVIII. 4.5/1 Methods of bass compensation in common use involving arrangements of chokes, condensers, tuned acceptors or rejectors.. all fail where high fidelity is required. 1977 L. J. Giacoletto Electronics Designer’s Handbk. (ed. 2) xxiv. 115 (caption) Complex frequency characteristic of., the admittance of a single-tuned circuit to which a rejector is coupled.

2. Special Comb.; rejector circuit, a circuit consisting of a capacitor and an inductor

REJEKKconnected in parallel and having values chosen such that the combination offers a very high impedance to signals of a particular frequency. 1923 Wireless World 7 July 441/1 The smaller the damping of the rejector circuit, the better it will perform. 1929 Daily Express 7 Nov. 14/3 A rejector circuit, which acts as a by-path for unwanted stations. 1952 Electronic Engin. XXiy. 314/1 As the selectivity of the 50 kc/s amplifier is not sufficient to reject the 48 kc/s frequency completely, a separate rejector circuit is used. 1969 Nelkon & Humphreys Electronics & Radio viii. 170 The parallel LC circuit is known as a ‘rejector’ circuit because the main current is zero at /q.

rejekk-, obs. Sc. form of reject t;. fre'jerk, t).

Obs.

REJOICING

545

[re-.]

trans. To jerk back.

1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iv. Captaines 527 Smarter then Racquets in a Court re-jerk Balls ’gainst the Wals of the black-boorded house.

'rejig, sb. [rerearrangement.

5 c.]

Reorganization,

JVetc Statesman 23 Apr. 630/1 The Sunday Citizen, for all its admitted demerits (which may yet be rectified if still another rejig..is accomplished effectively). 1974 Guardian Weekly 10 Aug. 5/1 The idea of the late-night front page rejig is unknown. 1965

re'jig, V. [re- s c.] trans. To refit or re-equip; to mend. Also^g., to rearrange, refashion, alter. 1948 Daily Express 22 Apr. i /6 Britain will send experts to help rejig French factories. 1958 Spectator 2 May 558/1 To alter the period of the action [of Twelfth Night\, to rejig the entrances and exits of the characters.. is really a kind of forgeiy. 1962 Economist 22 Sept. 1084/1 Schemes for rejigging the conditions of press competition. 1972 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Apr. 419/4 Current attempts to rejig Spanish sixteenth and seventeenth-century literature in terms of racial influences, art history, and so on. 1976 A. White Long Silence iv. 34 Three [weeks] .. he spent with Jean Duclerc, helping re-jig the wireless, Economist 13 Oct. 81/3 Last year, faced with slower-than-expected increases in electricity demand, Hydro-Quebec rejigged part of the project to reduce overall capacity.

Hence re'jigged ppl. a.; re'jigging vbl. sb.

St. Werburge i. 1724 All these hystoryes noble and auncyent Reioysynge the audyence he sange with pleasuer. 1578 Lyte Dodoens ii. Ixxi. 241 It reioyceth and recreateth the spirites. a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 40 This, as it rejoyced the King, so it put him in mind of the Vicissitude of all worldly things. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 269 IP 8,1 love to rejoice their poor Hearts at this season. 1774 Kames Sketches ii. viii, (1807) II. 178 It rejoices me, that the same mode is adopted in this island. 1863 Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. xvii. 431 His body he rejoices with sack-posset. 1885-94 B- Bridges Eros Psyche May vi, Too fair for human art, so Psyche thought, It might the fancy of some god rejoice. Bradshaw

b. In passive. Const, af, fin, fo/, etc. *375 Barbour Bruce xi. 269 To maynteym weill thair franchiss. He wes reiosit on mony wiss. ^1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 3 For Davyd aftyr his victory Reyjoyssed whas alle Jerusalem. C1470 Henry Wallace iv. 705 Off his presence scho rycht reiosit was. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. 275 Of whose comynge the hole courte was greatly rejoysed. IJ67 Gude ^ Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 58,1 am reioysit at my hart, To se his godlie face. 1666 Pepys Diary 6 June, All the Court was in a hubbub, being rejoiced over head and ears in this good news. 1801 Lusignan II. 94 You do not.. look half so rejoiced when we meet as I do. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 105 The King was rejoiced at seeing him.

Hunting. To reward (a hound).

Obs.-^

c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) x, )?enn pe hunter reioyseth his houndes for pe explette of his houndes and also for it is vermynn pat pei renne too,

3. reft. To make (oneself) glad or joyful; hence = sense 5. Now rare. c 1386 Chaucer Clerk's T. 89, I me reioysid of my liberte. £1400 Maundev. (1839) xxxi. 309 Thei rejoyssen hem hugely for to speke there of. 1484 Caxton Fables of Auian XV, None oughte to reioysshe hym self of his worship. 1512 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1858) III. 91 Every person rejoyced them in theyr degree. 15TO A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 14 Rejoycing my self on..the hope I have to be returned in safetie. 1876 Ruskin Fors Clav. Ixii. 60 Rejoice myself with a ^ance at the volutes of the Erectheium. transf. i486 Bk. St. Albans B iv, Whan yowre hawke hath slayne a fowle, and is rewarded as I haue sayde, let hir not flie in no whise tyll y* she haue Reiosed hir.

t4. To feel joy on account of (an event). Also it is rejoiced, there is rejoicing. Obs.

Times Lit. Suppl. 30 Sept. 635/3 The subject is fascinating and the setting never dull, and re-jigged (as the technicians say) it might make an enthralling story. 1969 Daily Tel. 6 Oct. i/i Whitehall’s structure will be considerably changed as a result of the Prime Minister’s ‘rejigging’ of the machinery of government. 1972 Guardian 15 June 15/2 Who will take over the re-jigged RIBA? 1977 New Statesman 17 June 809/2 His rejigged Radio 4 Today programme is now packing the listeners in. 1980 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Feb. 152/1 This leads me to suggest that the industrial planning process needs re-jigging.

1468 Poston Lett. II. 325 My Lorde coude nat bileve it but if he harde it, how it is rejoysshid in som place that he is nat Chaunceleer. 1505 in Mem. Hen. F//(Rolls) 256 They that knowe your grace gretely do rejoyse the maryaje. 1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1279/1 His visitacion thei reioysed not, but were afeard to come nere him. 1556 J. Heywood Spider F. Concl. 24 Let vs rather.. Lament their false facktes then reioyce their foule falls. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. V. v. 370 Nere Mother Reioyc’d deliuerance more.

t re'joice, sb. Obs. Also 5-6 rejoyse, 6-7 rejoyce. [f. the vb.] Joy, rejoicing; a cause of joy. (Common in i6th c.)

£■1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 1165 It is not al for nought That in myn herte I now reioyse thus. £1410 Hoccleve Mother of at reaume as riyt eir bi kinde. 1424 in T. A. Beck Ann. Furnes (1844) 295 That he have and rejoise iig.** cartfulle of Turfes yerly with in the place forsaide. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. cviii. 82 He reioysed his reygne but shorte whyle. 15^5 Berners Froiss. II. cci. [cxcvii.] 615 The duke of Lancastre is gone into Acquytayne, to reioyce the gyfte that the kynge.. hath gyuen hym. 1577 Fenton Gold. Epist. 251 Many cquetous men do we see.. to whom God giues power to get riches.. but not libertie to reioyce and vse them.

fb. To have (a person) as husband or wife; to have for oneself; to enjoy (a woman). Obs. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas iii, xxvi. (1554) 97b, Dary cast.. Her to reioyce agein hys father’s wyll. c 1440 Generydes 3696 Sekerly this is the comon voyse. In all the courte that he shall hir reioyse. 1470-85 Malory Arthur vi. xv. 207 [The damsel said] sythen I maye not reioyce the to haue thy body on lyue. C1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 417 Who so euer shold haue the chaplet.. shoulde in lykewyse reioyse my lady Florence, your doughter.

tc. To enjoy (a condition or privilege). Obs. 1458 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 254 God hold hem longe.. That Anglonde m^ rejoise concord and unite. 1485 Act i Hen. VIIy c. 11 § i They have and rejoice such fredomes and liberties as doth denesyns born within this realme.

2. To gladden, make joyful, person, his spirits, etc.).

exhilarate (a

A.B.C. ioi We han noon oo|>er melodye or glee Vs to reioyse in oure aduersitee. 1375 Barbour Bruce II. 551 Thar cummyng Reiosyt rycht gretumly the king. ri430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 78 Than I herd a voyce celestialle, Rejoysyng my spirites inwardly. 1513 ri366 Chaucer

5. intr. To be full of joy; to be glad or greatly delighted; to exult.

b. Const, at, in, \of, over. Also to rejoice in, to have or possess. 1483 Ld. Dynham in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 157 All the comones of the Contre greitly rejoysshe therof. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 41 That other gloryed & reioysed in his power. 1530 Palsgr. 683/2, I have rdoysed..at his prosperyte. 1535 Coverdale Judith x. 9 That lerusalem ma^ reioyse ouer the. 1605 Bp. Andrewes Serm. (1841) I. 14 1 hey rejoice of our good. 1628 Gaule Pract. The. (1629) 181, I shall once so reioyce in him, that I cannot more reioyce at my selfe. 1726 Butler Serm. Rolls Chap. v. 80 When we rejoyce in the Prosperity of others. 1784 Cowper Task V. 326 Rejoice in him, and celebrate his sway. 1842 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 163, I have had a parasol of Mrs. Buller’s, who rejoices in two. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 127 Rejoicing at that answer to his prayer. c. Const, with clause, usu. with that. 14.. Tundale's Vis., etc. (1843) 112 They in hart rejoysed not a lyte, On hym to loke that they have lybarte. 01530 WoLSEY in G. Cavendish Life (Ellis) 184 Lett us all rejoyse and be glade, that [etc.]. i6ii Shaks. Wint. T. v. i. 30 What were more holy. Then to reioyce the former Queene is well? 1W7 Milton P.L. xii. 475 Whether I should repent me.. or rejoyce.. that much more good thereof shall spring. 1784 Cowper Task 1. 339 Once more I..rejoice That yet a remnant of your race survives. d. Const, with inf. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 106 Quhat ferly is thocht thow reioys to ffyte? 1561 WiNSET First Tract. Wks. (S.T.S.) 1. 8 Vtheris.. reioyses to be callit Gospellaris and cunning in Scripture. 1^3 Shaks. Meas.for M. iii. ii. 249 Reioycing to see another merry. 1819 Shelley Prometh. Unb. 1.253 Grey mountains, and old woods,.. Rejoice to hear what yet ye cannot speak. Hence re'joiced ppl. a. 1801 tr. Gabrielli’s Mysterious Husb. IV. 12 Mrs. Horton flung her arms round the neck of her still more rejoiced husband.

rejoiceful (ri'dpisful), a. Now rare. [f. sb.

+

-FUL.]

rejoice

Joyful, joyous.

1538 Elyot, Laetabilisy gladde, Drayton Heroic. Ep., Alice to Bl.

or reioycefull. 159^ Prince Annot,, Poems (1619) 150 To whose last and lawfull Request, the reioycefull Ladie sends this louing Answere. loii Speed

Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xx. §52. 744 In the meane while the King makes a reioicefull entrance into Excester. 1650 Descr. Fut. Hist. Europe Pref. 8 The hands of his loving and rejoycefull Subjects. 1890 Sarah J. Duncan Social Departure 395 Tranquil beyond all telling.., with no rejoiceful tint of rose and gold.

rejoicement (n'dsoismsnt). [f. rejoice v. -I-MENT. Cf. OF. rejouissement.] Joy, exultation, rejoicing. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. 70 So hath he ben accepted with the well liking reioycement.. of all ages. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. §69. 668 The reioicement caused by this seeming peace.. was wonderfully great. 1670 Conclave wherein Clement VIII was elected Pope 32 It was rather a stupefaction than a rejoycement. 1837 B. D. Walsh Aristoph.y Acharnians i. i, What pleasure had I worth rejoicement? 1894 Catholic News 8 Sept. 8 His execution took place amidst a scene of popular rejoicement.

rejoicer (n'd3Dis3(r)). [f. as prec. + -er*.] 1. One who rejoices. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 720 As if hee were one of the hopefull sufferers, and patient rejc^cers. 1648 Ded. T. Sheppard's Clear Sunshine of Gospel, England might bee stirred up to be Rejoicers in.. these promising beginnings. 1700 Southerne Fate of Capua i. i, A kind Rejoycer in our Growth and Strength. 1845 Browning Soul's Trag. ii. Wks. 1896 I. 476/2 By the side of such a rejoicer. 1882 Stevenson Fam. Stud. Pref. 18,1 made haste to rejoice with the rejoicers.

2. One who or that which causes rejoicing. 1612 Two Noble K. v. i. 121 Briefe, I am..To those that would, and cannot, a rejoycer. 01834 Coleridge Hymn to Earth 16 Sister thou of the stars, and beloved by the sun, the rejoicer.

rejoicing (n'dpisiq), vbl. sb. [-ing^.] 1. a. The action of the vb. rejoice; the feeling and expression of joy. *375 Barbour Bruce xi. 415 In hert he had gret reiosying. C1468 in Archaeol. (1846) XXXI. 331 W* mellodieus mynstralsye.., castinge out of flowers, rejoising of the people [etc.]. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop i. xv. Men ought not to be glad ne take reioysshynge in the wordes of caytyf folke. 1555 Eden Decades 58 Yet receaued they it with muche reioysinge. 1610 Shaks. Temp. iii. i. 93 My reioycing At nothing can be more. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 180 Great triumph and rejoycing was in Heav’n. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xix, IV. 274 He heard the sounds of rejoicing from the distant camp of the allies.

b. With a and pL: An instance, occasion, or expression of rejoicing; a festival. ai540 Barnes Wks. (1573) 312/1 Men sit and laugh at them, & haue a great reioysing in them. 1593 Shaks. Lucr. 332 Like little frosts that sometime threat the spring. To ad a more reioysing to the prime. 1707 Freind Peterborow's Cond. Sp. 200 The rejoycings upon this occasion were of short continuance. 1774 Bruce in Burney Hist. Mus. (1776) I. 215 The sixth [instrument] is peculiarly an attendant on festivity and rejoicings. 1864 Skeat Uhland's Poems gi Who is found to tell to-day What such rejoicings signify?

c. R^oicing of (or over, etc.) the Law [tr. Heb. Simchat Torah, q.v.], the Jewish feast at the conclusion of the Feast of Tabernacles, celebrating the gift of the covenant of the Law. 1861 J. T. Bannister Temples of Hebrews 390 Tisri ..[Day] 23. The rejoicing for the law, a solemnity in memory of the covenant that the Lord made with the Hebrews, in giving them the law by the mediation of Moses. 1892 I. Zangwill Childr. Ghetto I. 134 It was the Rejoicing of the Law, and the Sons of the Covenant had treated him to rum and currant cake. 1903 W. Rosenau Jewish Ceremonial Institutions & Customs v. loi On the Day of Rejoicing Over the Law special inducements are held out to the younger members of the congregation to participate actively in the public service. Jewish Encycl. XI. 364/2 Simhat Torah (‘The Rejoicing over the Law’): Name given to the second day of Shemini 'AzereV, it falls on the 23d of Tishri and closes the Feast of Sukkot. 1953 T. H. Gaster Festivals Jewish Year vi. 100 Not impossibly, the custom of celebrating the Rejoicing in the Law as a wedding was inspired by the idea of sublimating to a more spiritual plane the.. staging of a mock wedding at harvest festivals. 1962 B. Abrahams tr. Life Gliickel of Hameln iii. 52 Her companions were not to return before Simchat Torah.. Festival of the Rejoicing of the Law, celebrated immediately after that of Tabernacles. 1978 J. Sacks in P. Moore Man, Woman, Sf Priesthood iii. 39 On Simchat Torah, the festival of ‘Rejoicing in the Law’, adults and children forget decorum and dance and sing around the syn^ogue in celebration of the ending of the yearly cycle of Torah-reading and the beginning of the new.

t2. A cause or source of rejoicing or gladness. Manciple's T. 142 To myn hert it was a reioisinge To here thi vois. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxxix. 15 Oure secrete rejoysyng frome the sone beme. ^1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) viii. 20 3e be, hairt. My hairtis reiosing. i6ii Bible J'cr. xv. 16 Thy word was unto me, the ioy and reioycing of my heart. CI386 Chaucer

3. attrib., as r^oicing day, fire, night, etc. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. iii. i. 32 The fam’d Cassibulan.. Made Luds-Towne with reioycing-Fires bright. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 85 jf i, I met with several Fragments of it upon the next rejoycing Day. 1760 Gray Let. to Wharton 23 Jan., The first rejoicing night he was terribly frighted, and thought the bonefire was made for him. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Printing 269 Sudden commotions of the mind.. upon lamenting, or rejoicing occasions. 1885 Academy 5 Sept. 147/1 In 1660 he preached a rejoicing sermon on the restoration of Charles II.

re'joicing, ppl. a. [-ing’*.] That rejoices. 1560 Bible (Geneva) Zeph. ii. 15 This is the reioycing citie that dwelt carelesse. 1700 Prior Carm. Seculare 192 He.. dictated a lasting peace To the rejoici^ world below. 1752 Hume Ess. ^ Treat. (1777) II. 9 To bring light from obscurity.. must needs be delightful and rejoicing. 1798

REJOICINGLY

REJUMBLE

546

rejoicing rejoicing hospitality.. had reduced the fortunes of the house.

by Replication, Rejoinder, Surrejoinder. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 310 The rejoinder must s^port the plea, without departing out of it. 1885 Law Times Rep. LIII. 486/1 Rejoinder of issue was made.

re'joicingly, adv.

2. An answer to a reply (fcommon in the titles of books and pamphlets); also simply, a reply.

Coleridge France i, Thou rising Sun! thou blue Sky! 1861 Tulloch Eng. Purit. I. i. 56 An easy and

[f. prec.

+

-ly*’.]

In a

rejoicing manner. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. i. 2Z Whiche I (reioysynglie) herde and behelde. 1596 H. Clapham Briefe Bible II. 153 Reioycinglie they would suffer any death at the handes of the Romanes. 1652 French Yorksh. Spa iii. 36 A Fountain,. doth at the sound of a pipe rejoycingly exult and leap up. 1829 Southey Pilgr. Compostella, Legend x, The Father and Mother were last in the train; Rejoicingly they came. 1885 Swinburne Misc. (1886) 322 A fact to be thankfully and rejoicingly accepted.

rejoin (ri'dpin), v} Also 5-7 rejoyn, (7 -nd). [ad. F. rejoin-, rejoindre, f. re- re- + joindre to JOIN. The sense, however, is not recorded in F.,

and was prob. developed in AF. legal use.] 1. intr. Law. To reply to a charge or pleading; spec, to answer the plaintifFs replication. Hence rejoining vbl. sb.'^ 1456 in W. P. Baildon Sel. Cas. Chanc. (1896) 148 This is the reioynyng of Nicholl Marshall vnto the replicacion of Robert Bale. 1530 Palsgr. 683/1, I rejoyne, as men do that answere to the lawe. 1885 L. O. Pike Yearbks. 12 & 13 Edw. Ill Introd. no Hyncley rejoined, again stating matters of fact, which he was again ‘paratus verificare’.

t2. To answer a reply; also more loosely, to reply. Const, to, with. Obs. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. lix. 66 In reioyner and reioyning with you, this I saie. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. To this aunswere the Duke of Orliaunce replyed, and king Henry reioyned. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. Pref., Vnto whom., wee shall not contentiously rejoyne. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 2 Several passages both of the Preface and Body of the Discourse I am rejoyning to. 428

3. trans.

To say in answer.

1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerent, iii. v. 87 Knox rejoyndeth, it is not enough. 1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 5 You are not to expect Profound, Uncommon, Deep, Elaborate Notions.. in what I shall rejoyn to your Letter. 1838 Dickens Nick. Nick, iv, ‘If you*ll have the goodness’, rejoined Squeers. 1859 Kingsley Misc. II. 99 It will be rejoined, of course, that he was an altogether envious man.

t4. To answer (an assertion). Obs. rare~^. 1601 Barlow Def. 35 These two last are easily reioyned.

rejoin (ri-, rii'dpin), v.^ Also 6-8 rejoyn, (6-7 -joyne). [ad. F. rejoin- (see prec.), or f, re- S a + JOIN V.] 1. intr. Of things: To come together or unite again. Also const, into. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. L iij b, Whan they be drye sewe them subtylly and the lyppes wyl reioyne togydre. 1606 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. ii. Tropheis 737 In Soule and Bodie both, Flee cannot come, For they reioyne not till the day of Doom, a 1705 Ray Disc. ii. v. (1713) 293 Several Houses parted from each other, some rejoined, others fell.

2. trans. To join again, reunite (persons or things, or one to or with another). 1570 Levins Manip. zi$l2^ To Reioyne, repangere. 1591 Spenser Ruins Rome v. Her great spirite, rejoyned to the spirite Of this great masse, is in the same enwombed. 1^3 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 188 As tin-soder doth knit and rejoyne a crackt peece of brasse. 1642 C. Vernon Consid. Exch. 30 Tallies have been counterfeited.. which could not bee discovered before they were rejoyned with their foyles. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 326 If we could rejoin to them the other Principles. 1836 Southey Lett. (1856) IV. 448 The letters were written..to rejoin head, tails, and betweenities, which Hayley had severed.

fb. To join, add to\ to combine with. Obs. 1582 Stanyhurst dEneis ill. (Arb.) 77 With stincking poysoned ordure Thee ground they smeared, theartoo skriches harshye reioyning. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest xviii. Such a proof of regard, rejoined with the entreaties of his own family.. was too powerful to be withstood.

c. To reannex. rare~^. i860 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. cxvii. III. 54 If France could quietly, and with the assent of the in-dwellers, rejoin the Rhenish provinces.

3. To join (a person, company, etc.) again. 1611 Florio, Raggiunto, reioyned or ouertaken againe. 1737 Pope Hor. Epist. ii. ii. 209 Thoughts, which.. I forgot, Meet and rejoin me. our.. rekenly hym reuerenced, for rad was he neuer. 01400-50 Alexander 2354 Domystyne.. rekinly [v.r. rakenly] rase & rekyns pire wordis.

rekenth, obs. variant of reckan rackan. rekeny, obs. form of reckon

v.

rekeouer, rekeu(e)re, etc., obs. ff. recover rekil: see rickle

v.

v.

re’kill, z;. [re-5 a.] trans. To kill again. 1654 Fuller Comm. Ruth (1868) 146 Re-killing him with their torments, fetch him again with comfortable things.

rekils, variant of rekels Obs. rekin(e, obs. forms of reckon

v.

rekindle (ri:'kind(3)l), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To kindle again, set fire to afresh. (Freq. in fig. context.) 1593 Nashe Foure Lett. Confut. Wks. (Grosart) II. 212 That thou shouldst.. rekindle against him the sparkes of displeasure that were quenched. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xi. 79 The Coals began to be re-kindled in several places. 01711 Ken Urania Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 431 Soon as my sight Charissa bless’d, She Fire re-kindled in my Breast. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIV. 627/1 The phosphorus may be frequently rekindled by means of light. 1862 S. St. John Life rorests Far East II. 98 The ashes of the fires were still warm, and we had no difficulty in rekindling them.

h,fig. To inflame afresh, rouse anew. 1652 Earl. Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist. Relat. 19 When news was brought that the kings anger was rekindled against the Dutch. 1711 Shaftesb. Charact. (1737) II. 361 Let me advise you.. that since you have rekindled me, you do not by delaying give me time to cool again. 1781 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xxxvi. HI. 481 Their ambition was soon rekindled. 1821 Shelley Adonais ii, One, with soft enamoured breath, Rekindled all the fading melodies, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 8 Hirst now undertook the task of rekindling the guide’s enthusiasm.

2. intr. To take fire again; also^ig. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 159 So the fire rekindled, and consumed it to nothing. 1829 W. Irving Granada I. vi. 51 All his holy zeal and pious indignation rekindled at the sight. 1878 B. Taylor DeuA0/zow i. v. 41 No will rekindles, not to war with fate.

Hence re'kindled ppl. a., re'kindling vbl. sb. and ppl. fl.; also re'kindlement, re'kindler. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xiii. 85 The re-kindled Match went out again. 1737 Thomson To Pr. Wales ii. Her rekindling eyes resume their fire. 1762-9 Falconer Shipwr. II. 712 Horrors .. rous’d to action his rekindling soul. 1838 Poe a. G. Pym Wks. 1864 IV. 105 All the energy of rekindled hope. 1846 Maurice Relig. World i. iii. (1861) 70 The rekindler of feelings, which had been existing previously. 1855 Bailey Mystic 49 At the great rekindling, when the heavens Shall shine with souls in galaxies. 1883

REKING

RELAPSED

548

Athenaeum 24 Feb. 244/3 The occasional rekindlement of the flame by the renewal of ‘sight and touch’.

relace, obs. form of release sb.

re'king, v.

llrelSche (ralaf). [Fr.] A period of rest, an interval; a break/row something.

[re- sa.] To make king again. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. iii. xvi. You hassard lease, re¬ kinging him, Then I vn-king*d to bee.

re'klss, t).

[re-5 a.] trans. To kiss again. Hence re'kissing vbl. sb. 1588 Greene Alcida Wks. (Grosart) IX. 47 Who receiving it, kissed and rekissed it. 1651 T. Stanley Poems 114 Yet rie kisse thee dead, Kisse and rekisse thee. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 112, I.. kissed and re-kissed her cold lips. 1885 W. P. Breed Aboard Gf Abroad 156 At Queenstown we.. saw the kissings and rekissings.. at the separation of parents with daughters.

rekke, obs. f. rack rekken(e, obs. ff.

reck

again.

rekles, obs. f. reckless; var. rekels Obs. reknare, -ner, obs. ff. reckoner.

re'knit, v. Also 7 -knette.

relacion, -cioun, -cyon, obs. ff. relation. re'lade, v. [re- sa.] trans. and intr. To lade

v.

reckon v.

rekne(n, -nyn, obs. ff. reckon

1863 A. J. Munby Diary 10 Apr. in D. Hudson Munby (1972) 155 Caldwell’sis one of the few public dancing rooms in London, which is frequented by respectable women... When we arrived, the relache was begun. 1905 G. Bell Let. 24 Oct. (1927) I. xi. 226 Tonight he has asked Yves Guyot to dinner because I said I wanted to see him, so we shall have a little ‘relache’ from archaeology. 1910 W. S. Blunt Let. 19 Mar. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1969) II. Compan. ii. xv. 1159 Wd you rather have a relache from politics?

v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans. To

knit (up) again, refasten.

1608 in Capt. Smithes Wks. (Arb.) 409 Captaine Smith rather desired to relade her with Cedar. 1632 St. Papers, Col., E. Indies 311 A want of stock to relade to the amount aforesaid. i/>/. a.].

fS. trans. To cause to fall back.

Obs.

1652 COTTERELL tr. Calprenede's Cassandra ii. 86 Such transportments of passion as were likely to have relaps’d him into his former condition. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. iv. xxxvii. (1713) 394 Whoever revives to him any hope of recovery, relapses that Kingdom into the state of the first Vial. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide i. 473 (MS.), Some Hellish scheme to settle and relapse The spleen of Cain.

13. Failure to meet a claim within the proper time. Obs. rare.

relapsed (n'laepst), ppl. a. [f. prec. -F -ed'.]

1593 Nashe Christ's T. 47 For a hundred pound commodity .. he recouers, by relapse, some hundred pound

1570 Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 943/1 Asked.. why he should not.. be pronounced a relapsed hereticke. 1607 Topsell

i

\.

Fallen back into a previous condition.

RELAPSER

relapser (ri'laeps3(r)).

[f. as prec. + -er*.] One who relapses, esp. into error or sin. £■1625 Bp. Hall St. Paul's Combat i. Wks. 1837 V. 303 Those speculative relapsers that have.. abandoned a knowne and received truth. 1636 Featly Claris Myst. xl. 610 Back-sliders and relapsers as ye are. 1685 Evelyn Diary 3 Nov., Forcing people to the Masse, and then executing them as relapsers. 1745 Wesley Wks. (1872) VIII. 224 The relapsers were often so hardened in sin, that no impression could be made upon them. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knouil. I. 182/1 The relapsers, and those who refused to recant, were expelled from the church.

relapsing (ri'laepsiq), vbl. sb.

[f. as prec.

+

-ING*.] The action of the vb. relapse. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. (1623) 834 Conuicted of penurious relapsing. 1648 Milton Tenure Kings Wks. 1851 IV. 477 The Presbyterians., cannot with all their shifting and relapsing, wash off the guiltiness from thir own hands. 1772 Priestley in Phil. Trans. LXII, 194,1 had instances of the relapsing of this restored air to its former noxious state. 1865 Reader No. 124. 540/3 The relapsings and rallyings of Christendom.

relapsing, ppl. a.

[-ing^] a. That relapses. 1638 Mayne Lucian (1664) 211 Forced to roll relapsing stones against steep hills. 1653 G. Daniel Idyll., Occas. Reft. 20 Dead y* Terror of relapsing crimes. 1864 PUSEY Lect. Daniel vii. 456 God .. won Nebuchadnezzar, as he does so many relapsing Christians. b. relapsing fever, either of two similar kinds

of fever characterized by relapses, caused by spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia and transmitted respectively by lice and by ticks. 1849 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med. Sci. VIII. 50 This fever has been well called a relapsing fever; that is, it was made up of two parts, crisis being very generally present at the termination of each. 1865 Morn. Star 20 Apr., Two forms of fever which are known in this countr>’ as relapsing fever and typhus. 1877 Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 131 Relapsing fever is an acute specific disease,.. and it is highly infectious. 1936 Lancet 22 Feb. 448/1 Recent investigation of a small outbreak of relapsing fever in Kfar Vitkin, south of Hedera in the coastal plain, showed that all infections could be traced to a cave infested with Ornithodorus papillipes. 1966 Dunlop & Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatment (ed. 10) 218 Tetracycline .. is the drug of choice, although subsequent relapses of tick-borne relapsing fever due to Bor. duttoni may be experienced. 1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xii. 75/1 The spirochaetes responsible for louse-borne relapsing fever is Borr\^elia'\ recurrentis and for the tick-borne form, Borr. duttoni. Ibid., Louse-borne relapsing fever is a disease of cold weather which occurs in epidemic form usually in the wake of disasters such as wars or earthquakes.

tre'lasch, a.

Obs. rare~K [ad. F. relache, f. relacher to relax.] Relaxed, careless. 1663 Heath Flagellum, or O. Cromwell (1672) 31 Thereby to beget in them a relasch and contemptuous neglect of so base and despicable an Enemy.

relata:

RELATER

549

Four-f. Beasts (1658) 145 They .. recover for a small time, and then fall into a relapsed malady. 1683 Apol. Prot. France ii. 13 The Prisons.. are at this present filled with this sort of pretended Relapsed Persons. 1777 Watson Philip //, xx. (^793) III- 49 A relapsed heretic and a determined enemy of their holy faith. 1850 O. Winslow Inner Life 164 A relapsed state of the spiritual life.

see relatum.

relatable (n'leit3b(3)l), a.

[f. relate v. + -ABLE.] a. That may be narrated, b. That may be brought into relation with something else. Also, that may be shown to possess mutual relation. Now usu. with to. Hence relata'bility. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 1466 The compliments.. are not relatable. 1897 BooAmati Jan. 119/1 He does not seem to have indulged in many relatable amusements. 1937 Burlington Mag. July 58/2 The ‘relatability’ of pictorial forms.. follows on the artist's realization of their basis, undifferentiated essentials. 1^56 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. VII. 88 It is found that 38 5 per cent, of the elements of psalm language is certainly not relatable to psalm contents; the relatability of a large part of the remainder thus becomes questionable. 1964 Language XL. 244 A proposal for the relatability of two languages .. has been traditionally based on the discovery of systematic sound correspondences between certain of their forms. 1975 T. F. Mitchell in W. F. Bolton Eng. Lang. iv. 165 Blackboard is less obviously relatable to black board than blackbird is to black bird.

relate (ri'leit), sb. Also 7 relat. [ad. L. reldtus, -a, -um, pa. pple. of referre, taken substantively: see RELATE V.] 11. A relation, relative. Obs. 1651 Fuller's Abel Rediv., Beza (1867) 11. 218, I am he To whom an infant can no relate be. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law 75 Nor were his neer relates, Aaron and Miriam, favoured.

2. Logic. One of two objects of thought between which a relation subsists. 1633 Ames Agst. Cerem. i. 31 All relates are mutuall causes one of another. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius' Logic i. vii. 23 If the Relation .. has a Name, one of the two is called the Relate, to wit, that from which the Relation has its name; the other, the Correlate. 1883 Gilman in Studies in Logic 108 The number of instances in which the relation P" occurs having a relate which is an object in the universe.

t relate,/)/)/. a. Obs. rare^^. [ad. L. reldtus, pa. pple. of referre: see next.] Related. 1658 Phillips Myst. Love 269 The enunciate of a relate quality is of this kinde, whose conjunction is the relation itself.

relate (ri'leit), v.

[f. L. reldt-, ppl. stem of referre to refer. Cf. F. relater (14th c.).] 1. trans. f !• In pass. a. To be borne or thrust in between things. Obs. rare~^. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xxii. 78 The more thicke & depper ben his rotes spred wythin therthe, & related bytwyx the harde roches.

b. To be referred or put into a class. Obs.-^ 1542 Becon Pathw. Prayer vii. Wks. 1564 I. 64 Who would not haue thought thys holy religious father worthy to be canonised and related into the nomber of Saynctes?

2. a. To recount, narrate, tell, give an account of (actions, events, facts, etc.). fAlso with dative pron. (quot. 1652). 1530 Palsgr. 684/1, I wolde nat relate the mater otherwyse than I herde it for all the good in the worlde. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. i. 3 b, Letters .. wherein hee related and fully declared .. what hee had seene in the Indias. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox Xli. 328 Hee took the pains to relate him every particular that had pass’d since his imprisonment. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) 1 Observations., both carefully made and faithfully Related. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones viii. x, If you desire., to hear the story of an unhappy man, I will relate it to you. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 42 He came to me one day and related his whole situation. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid ll. 548 Take these tidings thou, and relate this news to my sire.

fb. With compl.; also const, inf. Obs. rare. 1622 Drayton Poly-olb. xxiv. 593 This man with those before, most worthily related Arch-saints, as in their Sees Arch-bishops consecrated. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, v. (1701) 155/1 Plato was out of doubt an Athenian, nor are they to be credited who relate him a Theban. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 22 They relate Dalatia in i^thiopia, to be opposite to Meka.

fc. To give an account of (a person). Obs. 1653 Holcroft Procopius Pref., Procopius.. impartially discoursing of Justinian, and the great ones, doth as much arraign, as relate them to posterity. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 604 What thought can measure thee or tongue Relate thee.

fd. reft. rare~^.

To unburden (oneself) to.

Obs.

1625 Bacon Ess., Friendship (Arb.) 175 A Man were better relate himselfe, to a Statua, or Picture, then to suffer his Thoughts to passe in smother.

fS. To bring back, restore. Obs. rare~^. 1590 Spenser F.Q. hi. viii. 51 Abate Your zealous hast, till morrow next againe Both light of heven and strength of men relate.

14. a. To refer (a person) to a book, etc. Obs. 1657 J. Sergeant Schism Dispach't 355 Gulling the unwary Reader that all is pure scripture,.. relating us to a place where the most important words are wanting.

fb. To adduce, cite (an authority). Obs.-'^ 1604 T. Wright Passions (1620) 311 purpose, relateth Aesop, who said [etc.].

Galen, to this

5. a. To bring (a thing or person) into relation to another. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 455 But so does the Thing infer the Word too, to which we.. do relate it. 1833 Chalmers Const. Man i. iii. (1834) I. 139 The law which relates an object, whether present or thought upon, to its appropriate emotion. 1866 Howells Venet. Life 176 He pretends to relate the truth you feel to certain moral and religious conditions. refi. 1856 Masson Ess. Biog. & Crit. 22 How, then, did Shakespeare relate himself to this concrete world of nature? 1879 M. Arnold Mixed Ess. 187 It is not fully clear how they [words] relate themselves to the context.

b. To connect, to establish a relation between. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Printing 267 A Point of more elevation than a Comma, which helps to relate the matter more distinctly. 1846 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 38 Volta.. first enabled us definitely to relate the forces of chemistry and electricity. 1889 E. Caird Philos. Kant I. l. i. 273 If we hold Kant to the distinction which he makes between perception and conception, it seems impossible to relate them.

II. intr.

6. Law. To refer back, to have application to an earlier date. (Cf. relation 4 b.) 1596 Bacon Max. & Use Com. Law ii. (1636) 41 It hath beene much doubted by the law bookes whether the lord’s title by escheat shall relate back to the time of the offence done. 1598 Termes Lawes 162 Petitions of parlement, to which y' Queene assents on y' last day of parlement shal relate and be of force from the first day of the beginning of the Parlement. 1885 Sir J. F. Stephen in Law Times Rep. LHI. 781/1 A change of mind after an innocent taking does not relate back to the innocent taking and make it felonious.

7. a. To have reference to. i5o6 Shake. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 323 This challenge that the gallant Hector sends.. Relates in purpose onely to Achilles. 1641 Heylin Hist. Episc. i. (1642) 114 There was nothing left at random which either did relate to government or point of Doctrine. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 46 f 5, I shall only give him the Letters which relate to the two last Hints. 1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) HI. 26 The following paragraph, relating to Cromwell. 1812 Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 12 A great variety of anecdotes relating to the transmutation of metals. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 499 Old persons are quick to see and hear all that relates to them.

fb. To be of interest or important to. Obs.~^ 1654-66 Earl Orrery Parthen. (1676) 565 Can you then believe, whilst I have an existence, that your perpetual imprisonment would but relate unto your self?

t8. Of persons: To make reference to. Obs. 1637 Heylin Antid. Lincoln. Pref. A 7 b, I relate onely in this Antidote to the first Edition. 1655 Fuller Hist. Cambr. 2 The Poet, who herein seems to relate to the Hebrew and Greek Professors founded in his dayes at Cambridge.

9. a. To be related, have relation, stand in some relation, to another thing (f person or place). 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 105 Station is properly no rest but one kinde of motion, relating unto that which Physitians.. doe name extensive or tonicall. 1671 in Cosin's Corr. (Surtees) II. 266 Be diligent in searching your Auditbooks, and inquireing of all persons that related to my predecessor. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) II. 140 All who related to the Black-friers.. are now dead and almost forgotten. 1742 Pope Dune. iv. 235 The critic Eye., examines bit by bit: How parts relate to parts, or they to whole.

t b. Of streams: To be united to larger rivers or the sea. Obs. (Only in Walton.) 1653 Walton Angler iii. 85 In divers Rivers, especially that relate to, or be near to the Sea. 1676 Ibid. i. xvii. (1881) 205 Case-worms, that are to be found.. in several little brooks that relate to bigger rivers.

c. To feel affectively involved or connected with someone or something; to have an attitude of personal and sympathetic relationship to. 1950 Childhood Educ. Nov. 115/1 Group formation such as takes place in the classroom tends to be adult-centered and dependent upon the varying ways children relate to the teacher. 1965 Listener 10 June 864/2 Attitudes to other people at the unconscious level appropriate to an early stage of infancy, of the time before we learnt the capacity to relate, to whole persons. 1966 New Statesman 14 Oct. 549/1 The Civic Action now begins As friends and former foe relate. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 13 Feb. 33/8 (Advt.), Candidates should.. be able to relate to senior officers of the University. 1969 C. Davidson in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 361 If we only relate to on-campus issues, we run the risk of laying the counter-revolutionary groundwork. 1971 Guardian 7 Jan. 8/3 Married people can still relate. 1971 M. Spark Not to Disturb iii. 89 ‘What do you mean, I don’t relate?’ she says. ‘When you relate you don’t ask what you mean. There’s such a thing as a trend.’ ‘Who do you think you are, you—Chairman Mao?’ 1977 J. L. Houlden Patterns of Faith ii. 20 It is possible to relate to him [5c. God] and.. a Christian is one who finds that the relating is best done in ways that bear on the figure of Jesus.

110. To discourse; to give an account. Obs. 1608 Shaks. Per. iii. Prol. 55, I nill relate, action may Conueniently the rest conuay. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 373, I might relate of thousands. Ibid. viii. 51 Adam relating, she sole Auditress. 1747 Chesterf. Lett. (1792) 1. cxxviii. 343, I have Arguses .. who will watch you narrowly and relate to me faithfully.

fll. To treat or negotiate with one. Obs.~‘^. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 758 The said Germane Waldgraue related with Waldgraue of Northamptonshire, concerning the marriage of his said daughter.

112. To appear, be evident. Obs. rare~^. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. Man. i. i. 302 It hath been most clearly manifested.. to that most ingenious Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius, as relates from his papers.

related (ri'leitid), ppl. a. (and sb.) [f. prec. -I-EDb] A. ppl. a.

1. Narrated, recited; freferred to. rare. 1604 T. Wright Passions v. § 4. 191 These twentie places ..they may easily commit..to memorie, therefore I will remit this labour to the related authour. ci6ii Chapman Iliad X. 291 Base Dolon .. neuer turnd to harme The Greeks, with their related drifts.

2. a. Having relation to, or relationship with, something else. Also attrib. without const. 1662-3 Pepys Diary 6 Jan., Saw Twelfth-Night acted well, though it be but a silly play, and not related at all to the name or day. 1728 Woodward Fossils 33 The same Author treating.. of a nearly related Species of Star-Stone .., tells us [etc.]. 1828 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 159 These two classes of works stand curiously related with each other. 1846 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 47 Electricity and magnetism are quantitatively related to them. 1864 Bowen Logic X. 336 Of the countless Relations thus brought to our notice, many are essential to an adequate knowledge of the related object.

b. Having mutual relation or connexion. 1671 Milton Samson 786 Let weakness then with weakness come to pari So near related, or the same of kind. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxv. §4 The ideas of relation may be the same in men, who have far different ideas of the things that are related. 1756 Burke Subl. ^ B. iii. xvii. The beauty both of shape and colouring are as nearly related as we can well suppose it possible. 1843 Mill Logic i. iii. §10 Whenever two things are said to be related there is some fact or series of facts into which they both enter. 1889 H. Parry in Grove Diet. Mus. IV. 141/1 Even chords belonging to closely related keys are commonly used [etc.].

3. Of persons: Connected by blood marriage {to another, or with each other).

or

1702 J. Purcell Cholick Ded., It was no sooner known that I had the Honour to be Related to.. Your Grace, but [etc.]. 1772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 319 He [John the Baptist].. had no personal knowledge of Jesus, though they were related. 1837 Thirlwall Greece xxxiii. IV. 299 A Persian of the highest rank, related to the royal family. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 17 Persons related in the degree in which Merovig and Brunchilde were.

fB. absol. as sb.

= relate sb. 2. Obs.

1697 tr. Burgersdicius' Logic i. vii. 22 Relateds are said either to be Synonimous, or of the same Name; or Heteronymous, viz. of a diverse.

Hence re'latedness, the state or condition of being related. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 114 Theories on the subject of the relatedness or non-relatedness of the Cosmos. 1895 Dublin Rev. Apr. 315 The process of amalgamation was favoured by relatedness of race and language.

relater (ri'leit3(r)). [-ERh Cf. relator.] 1. One who relates; a narrator, historian.

RELATIF

550

RELATION

1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 398 marg., The Amazons are still on[e] Nation, further then the relaters or their Authors haue trauelled. 1643 Milton Divorce ii. xv. Wks. 1851 IV. 100 The divine relater shews us not the least signe of disliking what was done. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1074 II. 130 This is not founded upon supposition .. of a formed design in the relater to deceive. 1740 Johnson Life Drake Wks. IV. 380 It may easily be concluded that the relaters did not diminish the merit of their attempts. 1818 Kirby & Sp. EntomoL xxiv. (ed. 2) II. 384 The relater declares that he had heard it with his ears, and seen it with his eyes. 1863 J. G. Murphy Comm., Gen. xliii. 21 The relater is prone to lump matters in the narration.

relation to the present Samaritans. 1772 Mackenzie Man World II. xi, It is only with relation to those we love that prosperity can produce happiness. 1818 Colebrooke Import Colonial Corn 7 It is not so in relation to the more distant colonies. 1852 H. Rogers Eel. Faith (1853) 2 Your nephew.. has in relation to religion at least, become an absolute sceptic.

husband and wife. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 397 In the maternal line, Hannah Willis and Susan Bates stand in the same point of relation with the two above named. 1838 Lytton Leila iv. iii. Their relation almost seemed reversed, and the daughter to be a mother watching over her offspring.

fc. relation: by natural consequence, by implication. Obs. rare~^.

t2. One who is related to a person. rare-K

d. Logic. A constituent of a proposition or propositional function that connects two terms (a dyadic relation) or more (triadic, w-adic, etc.).

1653 Jer. Taylor 25 Serm. vi. 72 He hath need of a great stock of piety, who is first to provide for his own necessities, and then to give portions to a numerous relation. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. vii. (1853) II. 667 Some of them had quite forgot their English tongue, and their Christian name, and their whole relation.

Obs.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Reb. v. § 189 Such were continually preferred and countenanced, as were Friends, or Favourers, or Relaters [1888 related] to the chief Authors and Actors of that Arbitrary Power.

relatif, obs. form of relative. relation (n'leij’sn), sb.

Also 4-7 relacion, (5 -cioun, 6 -cyon). [a. F. relation (14th c.), or ad. L. reldtidn-em: see relate v. and -ion^.] 1. a. The action of relating in words; narration, recital, account; report. In early use esp. in phr. f to make relation. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 77 Nectanabus.. relacion Makth to the queene hou sche schal do. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 36 A riche man who, by commoun relacioun. Had gret power and myhte. 1462 Paston Lett. II. 112 Thus it was told me, and.. it is my part to geve you relacion thereof. 1555 Eden Decades 65 He knewe by relation of owre men wherof owre swoordes were made. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 10 He brought perfect relation how the Countrey was riche of gold and silver. 1601 Sir W. Cornwallis Ess. II. xlvii. (1631) 296, I like no Relation so well, as what mine eye telleth me. 1671 Milton Samson 1595 Give us if thou canst.. Relation more particular and distinct. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) i Whatever success they have had in the voyage they have had very little in the relation. 1800 Coleridge Lett. (1895) I. 337 As to myself, I am doing little worth the relation. 18^ G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xii. (1878) 236 The early spring will detain me with the relation of just a single incident. Comb. 1^7 A. Lovell tr. ThevenoVs Trav. dijb, Those who therein are called Relation-makers, nay and the ancient Historians themselves.

b. Law. (See quots. and information s b.) 1632 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 145 The Rings Attorney generall against my Lord Viscount Savill and others by relation of Sir John Jackson. 1710 Act g Anne c. 20 §4 Informations.. at the Relation of any Person or Persons desiring to sue or prosecute the same. 1798 Dallas Amer. Law Rep. II. 112 There is a distinction between informations filed by the Attorney General, and those filed by him at the relation of a private person. 1885 Law Rep. 14 Q.B. Div. 246 A proceeding by way of information by the Attorney-General at the relation of the Board of Works. 2. A particular instance of relating or

narrating; a statement.

(or

one’s)

narrative,

account,

1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxx. 27 My brethir oft hes maid the supplicationis. Be epistillis, sermonis, and relationis. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 125 The kyng of Englande .. sent thether his Ambassade,.. who in the begynning made his relation. 1596 Raleigh Discov. Guiana title-p., A relation of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. iii. iii. §6, I will only add one Relation more of this nature. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 526 jp3,1 heard this Relation this Morning from a Gentleman who was an Eye-Witness. 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. cviii, Let them but read the relations of their own travellers. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) 1. 216 The countess.. related the circumstances... Albert heard her relation with astonishment. 1891 j. WiNSOR Columbus i. i Of such, whether memoirs, relations, or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety.

3. a. That feature or attribute of things which is involved in considering them in comparison or contrast with each other; the particular way in which one thing is thought of in connexion with another; any connexion, correspondence, or association, which can be conceived as naturally existing between things. 1393 Langl. P. pi. C. IV. 335 Thus ys mede and mercede as two manere relacions. Ibid. 344 Knowen ich wolde What is relacion rect. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxvi. 71 Somme manere of correspondence or relacion must nedes ben bytwene the two that ben y lyke. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xxiii. (Arb.) 269 So as there be found a iust correspondencie betweene them by this or that relation. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 76 To make your descant carrie some forme of relation to the plaine song. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 245 It is relation of time, or of the cause. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxv. §5 The Nature of Relation consists in the referring or comparing two things one to another. 1730 A. Gordon MaffeCs Amphith. 328 The Manner how they were placed.. has a good deal of relation with the Nature of the internal Form of the Building. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. Pref. 20 Some of my materials bear an equal relation to several.. subjects. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 173 The nucleus increases on its part, always preserving the same relation with the entire crystal. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. Pref. 8 The relation of the life of the workman to his work. 1879 Harlan Eyesight ix. 131 The size and form of the desk, and its relation to the seat, are not without their eflfect upon the welfare of the eyes.

b. In phr. in or with relation to. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. viii. §6 The diviner part in relation to the baser of our souls. 1659 Gentl. Calling vii. §8 In relation to such his Servants, he is of all other Masters the most bountiful. 1680 Moxon Mech. Exerc. No. x. 178 The heighth of the Legs with relation to the intended work. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 184 That proves nothing in

1680 Morden Geog. Rect., Japan (1685) 426 They strictly forbid their People to speak of Religion, and by Relation as little to profess it.

1870 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1933) III. hi. §47. 28 Inclusion in or being as small as is a transitive relation. 1885 W. James in Mindli. 32 No relation-expressing proposition is possible except on the basis of a preliminary acquaintance with such ‘facts’.. as this. 1910 Whitehead & Russell Princ. Math. I. §30. 245 Functions of this kind always mean ‘the term having such and such a relation to x'. 1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic v. 201 Relations in the sense here considered are known, more particularly, as dyadic relations. 1956 H. Reichenbach Direction of Time ii. 26 When the points are in a linear order, or serial order, they are governed by an asymmetrical and transitive relation. 1965 Hughes & Londey Elem. Formal Logic xxxix. 272 Such relations are said to be non-symmetrical relations. Examples are: ‘implies*, ‘brother of... Such relations are said to be non-transitive relations. Examples are: ‘one mile distant from’, ‘first cousin of. Ibid. 274 Every dyadic relation must be either reflexive or irreflexive or non-reflexive. 1978 C. Kihwan Logic Sf Argument i. 23 A binary relation such as hating, which holds from some but not all things to themselves, is neither reflexive nor irreflexive. Likewise many binary relations are neither transitive nor intransitive and many are neither symmetrical nor asymmetrical.

e. Philos., esp. as external relation, a connection existing between one thing and another which is not intrinsic to the identity of the first; internal relation, a connection between one thing and another which is intrinsic to the identity of the first. 1893 F. H. Bradley Appearance & Reality iii. 31 Every quality in relation has.. a diversity within its own nature, and this diversity cannot immediately be asserted of the quality. Hence the quality must exchange its unity for an internal relation. Ibtd. iv. 40 This solid unit, existing only by virtue of external relations, is forced to expand. 1922 G. E. Moore Philos. Stud. 288 Yet this last, according to me, is one of the things which the dogma of internal relations denies. 1935 A. J. Ayer in Aristotelian Soc. Suppl. Vol. XIV. 179 The connexion between the proposition which Mr. Ryle mistakes for the dogma of intern^ relations and the dogma of internal relations as we understand it, is that they both follow from the proposition that all a thing’s characters are intrinsic to it. 1956 R. A. Wollheim in A. J. Ayer Revolution in Philos, ii. 22 In logic this view is known as the theory of ‘internal relations’. All the relations in which an object stands are rooted in its nature as firmly as triangularity is rooted in the nature of the triangle. 1975 Hargreaves & White tr. Wittgenstein's Philos. Remarks iii. 63 The essential difference between the picture conception and the conception of Russell, Ogden and Richards, is that it regards recognition as seeing an internal relation, whereas in their view this is an external relation.

4. a. to have or make relation: to have or make reference or allusion to something. 1433 RoHs of Park. IV. 451 /2 Yat yis saide worde Cloth.. have relation and understondyng to hole Clothes.. and not to other Clothes. 1530 Palsgr. 353 Whan so ever we use in our tonge ‘the whiche’.. makyng relacion to a substantyve or pronowne spoken of in the sentence next goynge before. 1592 West ist Pt. Symbol. §23 f, If not certeinly expressed, yet some relation is made to some thing whereby it may be made certein. 1596 Danett tr. Comines (1614) 41 marg., These words haue relation to the Earl of Charolois return into Flaunders. 1611 Florio, Relatizzare, to haue relation vnto. 1643 Trapp Comm. Gen. 1. 2 Some think the Apostle hath relation to this, in that i Cor. 15. 29. 1810 Bentham Packing (1821) 237 Relation being made to the state of the law on one hand. 1818-Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 354 Relation being had to certain inquiries, having for their object [etc.]. 1873 Helps Anim. & Mast. iii. 60 It had relation to horses. b. Law (in phr. to have relation). Reference or application to an earlier date (cf. relate v. 6). 1491 7 Hen. VII, c. 19 The seid Proviso had relacion to the seid vj day of October the whiche was before the same feoflfement. 16^ tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. i. §9. 5 It shall have relation unto the time from the first deliverie. 17W Blackstone Comm. II. 182 The use of the wife’s estate.. being then awakened, had relation back, and took effect from the original time of creation.

fc. A fiction of law by which two times or other things are identified, and for legal purposes, regarded as one and the same. Obs. 1598 Termes Lawes 162 The thing subsequent is said to take his effect, by relation, at the time preceding. 1628 Coke On Litt. III. xviii. (1648) 70 A relation which is but a fiction in law, shall never make a man a felon. 1749 Salthouse Wood's Conveyancing i. vi. §8 (O) 712 In this Case the Dower of the Woman shall be taken away by Relation. transf. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. v. §2 The propositions of Euclyde.. being demonstrate, our mind accepteth of them by a kind of relation (as the Lawyers speak) as if we had knowne them before.

5. a. Connexion between persons arising out of the natural ties of blood or marriage; kinship. Cf. RELATIONSHIP. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. ii. ii. rule 3 §40 Affinity makes conjunctions and relations equal to those of consanguinity. 1671 Milton P.R. iv. 519 The Son of God I also am, or was, And if I was, I am; relation stands. 1758 S. Hayward Serm. xvu. 531 The relation is as real as that of

i

V

fb. Those related to one in this way; one’s kindred. Obs. rare.

c. A person related to one by blood or marriage; a kinsman or kinswoman; a relative. Also freq. in pi., kinsfolk, relatives. iSOsHen. VII inLe«. (1846) 1.191 His cousin and relation the king of Spain. 1626 in Crt. & Times Chas. / (1848) I. 81 Dr. Smith, a man relation to Audley End.. hath the mastership of Magdalen. 1641 W. Hooke Nete Eng. Teares 14 The bloody contentions of brethren; and, when relations turn opposites, nothing more opposite. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 374 Their Friends attend the Herse, the next Relations mourn. 1713 Steele Guardian No. 17 iP8 He led her to a relation’s house. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. i, I hope, cousin, one may speak to one’s own relations, and not be to blame? 1819 Shelley Cenci i. ii. 69 He might bestow her on some poor relation. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. App. 352 In the year 1434, the relations of Churchmen were declared ineligible to the post of Ambassador at Rome. 1870 Dickens E. Drood ix, Rosa had no relation that she knew of. d. In phr. no relation, denying relationship by

blood or marriage despite having the same surname. 1930 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp xii. 175 Except.. Ruth Wynyard, Lilli van Huysen, and Greta Macdonald~no relation!—all of them had been her [s^:. Mrs. Macdonald’s] pupils. 1977 Private Eye 13 May 14/1 We shall see much more of it now that Mr Moss Evans (no relation) has been elected to one of the two highest offices in the land, as General Secretary of the TGWU.

6. a. The position which one person holds with respect to another on account of some social or other connexion between them; the particular mode in which persons are mutually connected by circumstances. 1650 T. B[ayley] Worcester's Apoph. 63 As it was commonly observ’d by all the Servants, that had nearest relation to him. 1732 Law Serious C. xxiv. (ed. 2) 488 If.. our relation to God be our greatest relation. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. ii. 142 The most universal public relation, by which men are collected together, is that of government. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. i. I. 60 The opinions of the Puritan concerning the relation of ruler and subject. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) I. iii. 93 The relation of every man to his lord was a relation of homage.

b. pi. The aggregate of the connexions, or modes of connexion, by which one person is brought into touch with another or with society in general. a 1687 Waller Epit. Sir G. Speke, Just unto all relations known, A worthy patriot, pious son. 1745 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 276 They ought to be instructed.. in what is suitable to the highest relations in which we stand. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xliv. II. 670 Our relations to each other are various and infinite. 1796 Burke Regie. Peace iii. Wks. VIII. 278 There was an end of that narrow scheme of relations called our country. 1865 R. W. Dale Temp. XX. (1877) 221 By the death of Christ new relations were established between God and man. 1879 Froude Csesar vi. 49 Between mother and child the relations had been affectionate and happy.

c. pi. The various modes in which one country, state, etc., is brought into contact with another by political or commercial interests. 1797 Adams in Amer. St. Papers (1833) I. 40 The minister of foreign relations informed the recalled American minister that [etc.]. 1818 Pari. Deb. 18 With respect to our foreign relations, the treaties concluded with Spain and Portugal.. formed a peculiar topic of congratulation. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. vi. I. 358 His chief praise, however, was his management of continental relations. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 39 Our commercial relations with the Baltic cities. 7. Comb., as relation-axis adj. phr. Gram., involving or consisting of a word expressing a relation and another with respect to which the relation holds; relation-word Gram., a word expressing relation between other words or groups of words, e.g. a preposition or conjunction. 1933 L- Bloomfield Language 267 They [jc. English substantive expressions] occur in the position of axis in the relation-axis construction (beside John), with a positional meaning of, say, ‘center from which a relation holds good’. 1964 E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Transl. iv. 57 In the phrases through the house, behind the store, and in the shed, the relationship between the prepositions through, behind, and in and the following immediate constituents (consisting of the noun with preposed determiner the) may be described as ‘relation-axis’. 1925 Grattan & Gurrey Our Living Lang. xii. 79 [The work of a preposition] is to show the relation in which a noun stands to some other part of the sentence... For this reason it is also known as a Relation-word. 1962 J. SoDERLiND in F. Behre Contrib. Eng. Syntax 117 0/-groups where of is a pure relation-word. Hence relation v. intr., to form relations. 1862 Spencer First Princ. (1870) 86 Thinking being relationing, no thought can ever express more than relations.

RELATIONAL relational (n'leijanal), a. and sh. [f. as prec. + -al'.] A. adj. 1. relationship.

Of

or

belonging

to

human

1662 Gurnall Chr. in Arm. verse 18. i. xlix. (1669) What thy personal and what thy relational needs are? a 1732 T. Boston Crook in Lot (1805) 17 It may fall in the relational part. Relations are the joints of society. 1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. II. 110 One might easily be tempted to take the two nations for relational stems. 1834 J. Brown Lett. Sanctif. vi. 3 ig Be conscientious in the relational duties to God and man.

2. Of, belonging relation in general.

RELATIVE

551

to,

or

characterized

by

1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 336/2 The use of Relational words increases in language in the same proportion as the power of inflection diminishes. 1869 Spencer Princ. Psychol, ii. v. (1870) I. 229 The most highly relational feelings are the visual. 1899 C. F. Darcy Idealism ^ TheoL Introd. 6 Its primary qualities.. are essentially relational. 1930 J. T. Hatfield et al. Curme Vol. Ling. Stud. 37 The immaterial adnominal cases are the following;.. relational —a man in stature. 194^ Language XXII. 219 A relational phrase has two immediate constituents. 1967 Child Devel. XXXVIII. 841 This study is concerned with the ability of preschool children to use the relational terms ‘more’, ‘same’, and ‘less’ when comparing the number, length, and weight of objects. 1979 Trans. Philol. Soc. 215 The element -aijei- is also found in association with one of the so-called ‘relational particles’.

B. sb. Gram. A conjunction or preposition considered as a relation-word; a relational particle. 1964 E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Transl. iv. 62 There are four principal functional classes of lexical symbols: object words, event words, abstracts, and relationals. 1969 Language XLV. 485 Relationals are any units which function primarily as markers of relationships between other terms, e.g. at, by, because, and, or. 1978 Ibid. LIV. 80 Some English prepositions correspond to Japanese genitive constructions with no plus relationals.

Hence relatio'nality, re'lationally adv. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. iii. iv. (1868) 307 The close relationality of it is cross to our humanly selfish habit. 1867 - in Hours at Home Nov. 6 The objects of nature are relationaliy.. made.

re'lationary, a. [-.ARYb] Relational. 1847-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. 622/2 To denote that., arrangement of all the osseous pieces of an animal framework in.. relationary order. 1848 R. I. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation v. (1852) 109 Our Lord had an inherent and independent, not merely a conditional and relationary existence.

re'lationism. Philos, [f. relation sb. + -ism.] a. The doctrine of the relativity of knowledge; relativism, b. The doctrine that relations have a real existence. 1858 W. R. PiRiE Inq. Hum. Mind iv. 251 The assumption .. necessarily runs into nihilism or relationism. 1885 F. E. Abbot Sci. Theism Introd. ii. 25 Relationism or Scientific Realism .. teaches that universals, or genera and species, are, first, objective relations of resemblance among objectively existing things. 1958 W. Stark Sociol. Know! viii. 338 By the concept of relationism he [sc. K. Mannheim] means that if we formulate a truth, we should not do so in abstract and absolute terms, but must always include in the formula the concrete conditions to which it is related. 1975 Nature i May p. iv (Advt.), The book is concerned with space and time as abstract relations which hold between objects and events (relationism), and as aspects of nature with causal properties of their own (absolutism).

their language]. 1853 Whewell Grotius I. 309 Social ties are to be extended more widely by diffusing our relationships. 1880 Haughton Phys. Geog. 268 Teeth of a small Marsupial, Micro/estes,.. which show a relationship to Myrmecobius. 1944 M, Laski Love on Supertax viii. 81 ‘Were you going to marry Lou?’ asked Clarissa... ‘We hadn’t got further than a relationship,’ Sid said. 1974 J. Gardner Corner Men v. 41 Bob and 1 weren’t hallo young lovers. We had a relationship, but I wasn’t in love with him. *975 R- Rendell Shake Hands for Ever viii. 76 ‘Did Mr Hathall have a special friendship with any girl here?’.. ‘Do you mean a relationship? D’you mean, was he sleeping with anyone?’ 1977 Rolling Stone 30 June 62/2 People don’t fall in love anymore, they have relationships. 1981 C. R. Lajeunesse Dead Man Running iii. 11 Rowena and I had a relationship at first, which had been a no-strings-attached affair. Then.. she became serious and I had shied away.

1640 Howell Dodona's Gr. 10 Which puts so large a distance twixt the tongue and the heart, that they are seldome relatists. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Relatist, one that rehearseth or relateth; a reporter.

relatival (reb'taivsl), a. Chiefly Gram. [f. RELATIVE -h -al'.] Of Or pertaining to a relative or relation. 1869 Abbott Shaks. Gram. 63 Relatival constructions, — So as; such which; that as. 1879 Farrar St. Paul II. 497 Then follows a chapter of parentheses,.. linked together.. by relatival connexions. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 21 Mar. 1/2 The new member has a relatival connexion with the House of Lords in the Earl of Portsmouth.

relative ('rslativ), a. and sb. [ad. F. relatif, -ive (13th c.), or L. reldtiv-us: see relate v. and -IVE.] A. adj. 1. Gram. Relating or referring to an antecedent term; esp. relative pronoun. 1530 Palsgr. 81 Of the pronownes relatives qui.. serveth indifferently for all gendres and nombres. 1552 Huloet, Relatiue or whiche hathe relation to a thynge precedyng, relatiuus. 1696 Phillips, Pronoun, a Part of Speech..of which there are Four Sorts, Personal,.. Relative [etc.]. 1762 Kames Elem. Crit. xviii. (1833) 268 In a natural style, relative words are by juxtaposition connected with those to which they relate. 1845 Stoddart Gram, in Encyc! Metrop. (1847) I. 66/1 The Greek had only the relative Article 6, ij, TO, and was entirely destitute of our positive Article. 1872 Morris Eng. Accid. xii. § 188 The relative pronouns are who, which, that, as. In OE. who, which, what, were not relative, but interrogative pronouns.

2. a. Having mutual relationship; related to, or connected with, each other; fcorrelative. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. i. xvi. (1636) 41 The Relative [numbers] are those which have relation one to another. 1662 Hobbes Consid. 21 Protection and Obedience are Relative. 1797 Encyc! Brit. (ed. 3) XII. 187/1 The relative modes are such as the composer interweaves with the principal in the flow of the harmony. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. It. Note-bks. II. 146 Several different, yet relative designs.

b. Corresponding. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps iii. §9. 71 The square and circle .. with their relative solids the cube and sphere.

c. Mus. (See quots. and B. 2c.) 1818 Busby Gram. Mus. 133 [A transition] from the major scale to its relative minor. 1848 Mus. Times II. 104 The signature of Do minor is the same as that of Mi'b major, which is therefore called its relative major. 1875 Ouseley Harmony v. 69 Every major key has a minor key connected with it, called its ‘relative minor’.

3. a. Having relation to the question or matter in hand; pertinent, relevant.

1835 J. Young Lect. Intel! Philos, xxviii. 281 Dr. Brown says, there must be a feeling of relation in these general ideas,.. and says, that were he to take a particular name to himself, he would call himself a Relationist. 1885 W. James in Mind X. 31 And may not the ‘relationists’ be right after all? 1923 C. D. Broad Sci. Thought iii. 89 The former alternative is taken by the Relationist... Time just consists of the relations of before and after among events. 1974 L. Sklar Space, Time, & Spacetime iii. 167 According to the relationist, the postulation of space, time, or spacetime as entities.. is simply a confusion. Ibid., The prerelativistic and relativistic versions of the relationist position. 1975 Nature 6 Feb. 485/3 Wishing to retain a pure relationist stance, he proposes that the statement ‘is absolutely accelerated’ is not a relational term, giving it instead the status of a complete assertion.

fb. Of a Ofts.-i

re'lationless, a.

[f. relation sb. + -less.] a. Having no relations.

1822 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Old Actors, The survivor stands gaping and relationless as if it remembered its brother. 1873 Spectator 15 Feb. 213/2 One of them is a relationless orphan.

b. Bereft of relation in general. 1889 ‘ScoTus Novanticus’ Metaph. Nova et Vetusta (ed. 2) 11.86 The datum is not atomic or relationless. 1911 Proc. Mus. Assoc. May 121 Oneness and homogeneity could be evolved from such apparently relationless short-cut phrases.

relationship (ri'leijanj'ip). [f. as prec. -t- -ship.] The state of being related; a condition or character based upon this; kinship. Also spec., an affair; a sexual relationship. 01744 Pope Dune. ii. 3 note, Our author let it pass unaltered, as a trifle, that no way altered the relationship. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. i, I want no nearer relationship. 1804 Mitford Inquiry 345 The Welsh themselves have been fond of claiming this relationship [for

5. a. Of worship: Offered indirectly by means of or through an image. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. ii. ii. rule 6 §41 However any man may intend to pass the relative honour that way, yet no man hath any warrant that God will accept it. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 98 They adore ’em not with a Relative Adoration, but pay their Devotion to the Material Substance. 1833 G.S. Faber Recapit. Apostasy 14 The Jews and Mohammedans.. derived from the Law and the Koran an immortal hatred to graven images and all relative worship. 1884 Catholic Diet. (1885) 239/1 The same idea is expressed by Cyril of Alexandria when he speaks of the ‘relative veneration and cultus of honour’.

fb. (See quot.) Obs. rare-^. frelatist. Obs.~' [f. relate i;.] a. A relative, a thing related, b. One who relates.

re'lationist, sb. (and a.)

[-ist.] One who maintains a theory based on a relation between ideas. Also, one who holds that events are connected in a relative way. Also attrib. or as adj.

HI. 55 Certainty is positive, evidence relative. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 238 A votary of that famous philosophy in which all things are said to be relative.

1602 Shaks. Ham. ii. ii. 633 He haue grounds More Relatiue then this. 1676 I. Mather K. Philo's War (1862) 161 There are judicious persons, who upon the consideration of some relative circumstances,.. have concluded [etc.]. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. iv. 272 Giving his answers in such ambiguous terms that let the event be what it would they contained a relative meaning. 1809 Southey Lett. (1856) II. 157 All relative matter, not absolutely essential to the subject, should go in the form of supplementary notes. 1866 Daily News 12 Feb. 5/6,1 would give no credit to such an assumption without some more relative and positive proof.

person:

Concerned

in

a thing.

a 1613 Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 102 She is relative in all; and he without her, but halfe himself.

4. a. Arising from, depending on, or determined by, relation to something else or to each other; comparative. i6ii Florio Diet., Rules for Italian Tongue 641 The second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence, which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere or regard the former. 1673 S'too him Bayes 37 No more does it follow that Geneva.. must change from North to South, the place of her Relative Situation. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §235 They were.. so marked, that.. they could again be restored to the same relative position. 1822 Imison Sc. & Art 1. 447 Relative motion is the degree and direction of the motion of one body, when compared with that of another, i860 Tyndall Glac. ii. xv. 308 The point to be decided is the relative importance of his idea. 1881 Westcott & Hort Grk. Test. Introd. §39 Relative date affords a valuable presumption as to relative freedom from corruption.

b. Constituted, or existing, only by relation to something else; not absolute or independent. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Specifick Gravity... By some ’tis not improperly called Relative Gravity, to distinguish it from Absolute Gravity. 1763 J. Brown Poetry & Mus. v. 75 Melody therefore is to be considered as a relative thing, founded in the particular Associations and Habits of each People. 1826 Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1838)

1710 Norris Chr. Prud. i. 2 Truths of importance are relative Truths, that have an Order or Reference to some¬ thing farther.

6. Of terms, etc.: Involving or implying relation; depending for meaning or significance upon some relationship of things or persons. 1678 Bunyan Come & Welc. 18 To call God by this relative Title [Father] was rare among the Saints in OldTestament times. 1696 Phillips s.v., In Logick, Relative Terms are when there is a kind of Opposition, yet such a one, that the one cannot be without the other: as Father and Son, Husband and Wife. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Relative Propositions, are those that include some Comparison, add some Relation, thus: Where the Treasure is, there is the Heart. 1843 Mill Logic i. ii. §7 A name is relative when, being the name of one thing, its signification cannot be explained but by mentioning another. 1869 B. Harte Tennessee's Part. Wks. 1880 II. 135 Tennessee’s Partner, whom we never knew by any other than this relative title.

7. a. Having, or standing in, a relation to something else; correspondent or proportionate to. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. ii. ii. rule 6 §65 If it be a reason that is not relative to times and persons. 1732 Pope Ess. Man I. 52 Whatever wrong we call. May, must be right, as relative to all. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §154 The firmness of all the material parts, as relative to the force to be employed. 1866 Rogers Agric. ^ Prices I. xxiii. 595 The market value will always be relative to its demand. 1877 E. R. CoNDER Bas. Faith iv. 141 All knowledge must be relative to mind.

b. In relation or proportion to something. C1789 Gibbon Autobiog. (1896) 268 Naples, the most populous of cities relative to its size.

8. a. Having application or reference to a thing. 1765 Harris Three Treat, ii. Note 362 Things relative to immediate Want, such as the grinding of Corn by Mills. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 238 Certain ideas.. relative to their wants and the employment of their organs. 1863 H. Cox Instit. III. V. 658 Powers and duties relative to harbours and navigation.

b. Relating to a matter of fact, event, person, etc.; with reference to. 1763 Harris in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 401 The letter relative to Charles’s death. 1804 Nelson Lett. (1814) II. 62, I write to the Admiralty relative to my health. 1853 Lytton My Novel viii. xiii, A letter to Egerton, with whom he wished to consult relative to a very important point.

c. Conveying a reference or allusion to some thing or fact. *774 J- Bryant Mythol. II. 417 The Ox’s head with the Egyptian modius between his circumstances of his history.

horns,

relative

to

the

9. Special collocations: relative address (Computers), an address (sense 7 c) which is defined only in relation to some other address; hence relative addressing, the practice of using relative addresses; relative density = specific gravity s.v. GRAVITY 4 c; normally defined using water or (for a gas) hydrogen as standard; (cf. quot. 1704 in sense A. 4 b); relative deprivation (Sociol.), deprivation as experienced by a person in respect of opportunities, standard of living, etc., which is relative to the circumstances of the group or society of which he is a member; relative humidity (Meteorol.): see HUMIDITY I; relative pitch: (Mus.), the pitch of a note in relation to another; the ability to recognize or reproduce this; also in extended use in Phonetics-, relative sexuality (Biol.) [tr. G. relative sexualitat (M. Hartmann 1909, in Arch, f. Protistenkunde XIV. 325)], the phenomenon shown by those species of which an individual or gamete may act as either female or male, according as it is less or more male than its mate. 1956 Berkeley & Wainwright Computers viii. 352/2 Relative addresses are translated into absolute addresses by adding some specific ‘reference’ address. 1970 O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xix. 312 The relative addresses should be tagged to show that they will later have to be modified. 1966 C. J. Sippl Computer Diet. & Handbk. 268/1 Relative addressing is a feature of great significance in multiprogramming, time-sharing, and real time operations. 1967 Klerer & Korn Digital Computer User's Handbk. i. 20 Relative addressing is done with addresses that are generated relative to some preset location whose relative address is o. *879]. D. Everett Units ^ Physical Constants iv. 30 The relative density of water at various temperatures .., the density at 4'’C. being taken as unity. 1892 G. F. Barker Physics iii. i. 315 Relative density is the ratio of the absolute density of a gas or vapor to that of air or of hydrogen. 1957 A. Efron Basic Physics I. ix. 105 The relative density of lead is 11-3. 1963 A. F. Abbott Ord. Level Physics ix. 115 The relative density of a substance is the ratio

RELATIVELY of the mass of any given volume of it to the mass of an equal volume of water. Numerically, specific gravity and relative density are identical. 1974 Folivi & Godman New Certif. Physics ii. 73/1 The ratio of the density of a substance divided by the density of water is the relative density of the substance. 1949 S. A. Stouffer et al. Amer. Soldier I. iv. 125 To help explain such variations in attitude, by education, age, and marital condition, a general concept would be useful. Such a concept may be that of relative deprivation. Ibid. 126 The concept of relative deprivation may seem.. not to be applicable to the educational differentials in attitude. 196-6 New Statesman 8 July 55/2 In the expression ‘relative deprivation’, as Runciman uses it, the deprivation is largely imaginary and the emphasis.. on the relativity. 1972 Dowse & Hughes Polit. Social, xiii. 411 When they cannot achieve these values.. dissatisfaction, anger and often aggression occur. This type of situation is a quite usual one in any complex society and is termed ‘relative deprivation’, which may be defined as ‘The tension that develops from a discrepancy between the “ought” and the “ is” of collective value satisfaction’. 1926 D. C. Miller Sci. of Mus. Sounds vii. 216 Many writers on the subject have held that the quality of a vowel, as well as that of a musical instrument, is characterized by a particular series of overtones accompanying a given fundamental, the pitches of the overtones varying with that of the fundamental, so that the ratios remain constant; this is the relative-pitch theory. 1929 Melody Maker Mar. 300/3 A person enjoying the ability to determine the interval between two or more musical sounds is said to possess Relative Pitch. 1933 L. Bloomfield Language vii. 117 The Japanese language is said to distinguish two relative pitches, normal and higher. 1949 R-M. S. Heffner Gen. Phonetics vii. 213 It is the relative pitch of speech sounds which is a linguistic means of differentiation between meanings. 1969 H. L. Smith in A. A. Hill Linguistics Today ix, 94 The four relative levels of stress in English.., the four relative pitch heights.., and the four junctures or transitions.. form three independent but interdependent systems of prosodic or suprasegmental phonemes. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 134/1 There is a continuum of skills which ranges from ‘tone deafness’, through ‘relative pitch’, to ‘absolute pitch’... Most people have relative pitch, in so far as they are able to say, when given a certain reference tone, that a second sound is higher or lower in pitch. 1948 F. E. Fritsch Struct. & Reprod. Algae 327 Relative sexuality, in which one thread [of Spirogyra'l behaves respectively as male and female to two others, is also on record. 1967 E. Steiner tr. Esger & Kuenen's Genetics of Fungi ii. 96 In the light of recent work certain older data are no longer to be interpreted as relative sexuality.

B. so. 1. Gram. a. A relative word; esp. a relative pronoun. Alsoyi^. (quot. 1393). 1388 Wyclif Prol. 57 A relatif, which mai be resoluid into his antecedent with a coniunccioun copulatif. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. IV. 357 Man ys relatif rectyf he be ryht trewe. 1520 Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 2 The relatyue of substaunce shall accorde with his antecedent. 1579 Fulke Heskins' Pari. 148 He appealeth to the grammarian for the nature of a Relatiue. 1658 Evelyn Diary 27 Jan., The government and use of relatives, verbs, substantives. 1762 Bp. Lowth Introd. Eng. Gram. 103 Who, which, what, and the Relative .. are always placed before the Verb. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. s) I. 194 Relatives are not so useful in language, as conjunctions. 1875 Whitney Life Lang. v. 96 The relatives .. are an agency we could hardly afford to miss.

fb. Applied to a demonstrative pronoun.

06s.-> 1677 Cary Chronol. 235 Jochanan begat Azariah; he it is that Executed the Priests Office, &c. This Relative [He] may have reference either to Jochanan, or Azariah.

2. a. A thing (for person) standing in some relation to another. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 3057 Thys.. ys the ryght-ful relatyff, To whom, with-oute noyse or stryff, Thow art soget. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent 408 After the husbande and the wife, there followeth.. the childe and his Gardein, whom also (since they be Relatiues, as the other be ..) [etc.]. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xv. c. 394 Religion and Subiection be each th’ others Relatiue. 16^ Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. II. ii. rule i §11 The band of marriage is Eternal, but it dies with either of the relatives. 1784 j. Barry in Lect. Paint, ii. (1848) 93 The mere.. opposition of the several colours, proper to his object, and to the relatives which accompanied it. 1862 Spencer First Princ. i. iv. §24 (1867) 81 An Absolute which existed not alone but along with other Absolutes, would no longer be an absolute but a relative.

b. A relative term. (See A. 6.) 1551 T. Wilson Logike 22 b, Relatiues are those, whiche are comprehended with other, or the whiche are named, one with another, and (as a man would say) haue a mutuall respect, one to another. 1588 Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. xi. 48 Relatiues are contraries,.. yet there may bee in other respects a mutuall consent and reciprocal! relation betweene them, wherevpon they bee called Relatiues, as father, sonne, husband, wife, &c. 1648 Milton Tenure Kings (1649) 31 We know that King and Subject are relatives, and relatives have no longer being then in the relation. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 252 Some Terms which seem Absolute are Relatives. 1855 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1859) II. 536 Thus relatives are severally discriminated; inasmuch as the one is specially what is referred, the other specially what is referred to.

c. Mus. (See quots. and A. 2 c.) 1811 Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v., Every major-key is called the relative of such minor key, and every minor-key the relative of its third above, taken in the major-mode. 1818 -Gram. Mus. 51 Major and Minor keys thus agreeing, are denominated relatives.

3. One who is connected with another or others by blood or affinity; a kinsman. Cf. RELATION 5 C. 1657 Gaule Sap. Just. 43 In respect of proximate Parents and of relatives yet living. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. ii. ii. rule 3 §76 Cosens would do better not to marry (says another).. that one person may not be a double Relative a 1703 Pomfret Prospect Death 81 Our friends and relatives stand weeping by, Dissolv’d in tears, to see us die. 1793

RELATIVISTIC

552 Minstrel I. 24St. Julian was., a relative to the duchess of York. 1825 Thirlwall Crit. Ess. 125 While he is yet peaking his relatives are announced to him. i860 Tyndall Glac. I. xvii. 121 He had received intelligence of the death of a near relative. transf. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxiii. 305 Flitting and hovering.., like their relatives.. Mother Carey’s chickens.

'|•4. A relationship. Ohs. rare. 1657 L. Gatford in E. D. Neill Virginia Carolorum (1SS6) 278 A practice.. abominated of all men that know either what men are,.. or what their relatives are, either natural, civil, or Christian. 1675 Art Contentment v. vi, We attacque him in all his concerns,.. in his honor, in his relatives, nay somtimes in his very essence and being.

5. the relative, that which is relative (in sense 4b of the adj.). 1856 Ferrier Inst. Metaph. xix. 367 Objects, whatever they may be, are the relative in cognition. 1859 J. Martineau Ess. (1866) I. 78 We cannot operate backward from the relative to the absolute. relatively ('rebtivh), adv.

[f. prec. + -ly“.]

1.

In a relative manner, in relation something else; comparatively: a. with vbs.

to

1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. xiii. (1634) 58 The name of God is there relatively taken, and therefore’ restrained to the Person of the Father. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet. Eiv, This word Lo is often vsed relatiuely, and yet hath no agreement with any antecedent. 1660 R. CoKEjustice Vind. 49 Here we must look upon Grotius either naturally, or relatively. 1701 Norris Ideal World i. v. 243 The essence of God may be considered either absolutely or relatively. 1794 Paley Evid. ii. ix. §2 (1817) 239 Not only absolutely, but,. relatively, in comparison, that is with those among whom they exercise their office. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 585 But, though they have positively advanced, they have relatively gone back. 1861 Pearson Early ^ Mid. Ages Eng. (1867) I. 15 Arts and sciences can only be talked of relatively among a people such as the Britons were.

b. with adjs. (Sometimes hyphened.) 1825 Bentham Offic. Apt. Maximized, Indications (1830) 78 note, Justice,.. denied to the relatively poor,.. sold at an enormous price to the relatively rich. 1862 Spencer First Princ. II. xiii. §104 (1867) 301 Parts which.. consist of relatively-simple molecules, are seats of but little structure. 1884 L. J. Jennings Croker Papers I. iii. 85 It was very difficult to induce .. the public to regard them as worth the relatively small sum.. paid for them.

2. In relation, or with reference, to something. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 191 These lateralities in man are not onely fallible, if relatively determined unto each others, but made in reference unto the heavens. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. i. ii Those Sensible things..are all generated or made Relatively to the Sentient. 1726 Bolingbroke Study Hist. ii. I. (1752) 38 They saw the measures they took singly, and unrelatively, or relatively alone to some immediate object. 1822 J. H. Newman Lett. (1891) 1. 69 They know very little of me.. who think I do not put a value on myself relatively to others. 1873 Maxwell Electr. ^ Magn. (1881) I. ay In a conductor the electrification is free to move relatively to the conductor.

b. In proportion to. 1869 Tozer Highl. Turkey I. 257 All should be ready to serve, considering the length of the frontier they have to defend relatively to their numbers.

So 'relativeness, relativity. 1673 H. More App. to Antid. agst. Idolatry 31 Since this Relative Latria (because of its Relativeness) is incompetible to God. 1886 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. VII. 444 For a later period . .the expression ‘dialect’ is one of peculiar relativeness.

'relativism. Philos,

[f. as prec. + -ism.]

a. The doctrine that knowledge is only of relations. Also, a name given to theories or doctrines that truth, morality, etc., are relative to situations and are not absolute. 1865 J. Grote Exploratio Philosophica I. xi. 229 The notion of the mask over the face of nature is exactly that which I am sure Dr Whewell does not wish to fall into—it is what I have called ‘relativism’. If ‘the face of nature’ is reality, then the mask over it, which is what theory gives us, is so much deception, and that is what relativism really comes to. 1885 Seth Scot. Philos. 183 Hegel alone of all metaphysicians lifts us completely clear of Relativism. 1892 Athenseum 20 Aug. 247/r Many will be pleased with the attack on thoroughgoing relativism. [i9M C. Morris in G. H. Mead MiVid, Self & Society p. xix, Philosophically the position is here an objective relativism: qualities of the object may yet be relative to a conditioning organism. 1941 H. Marcuse Reason ^ Revolution ii. ii. 353 According to Comte, relativism is inseparable from the conception that sociology is an exact science dealing with the invariant laws of social statics and dynamics. 1959 A. Brecht Po/iL Theory V. 172, I do not intend to minimize the extent to which Comte’s positivism actually contributed to preparing the ground for modem Scientific Method and Value Relativism. 1976 W. J. Stankiewicz Aspects Polit. Theory vii. 135 What is logically excluded is relativism as a methodology: a methodology demands fixity of purpose; a fixed purpose excludes relativism.

b. Special collocations: (a) historical relativism^ the view that there can be no objective standard of historical truth, as the interpretation of data will be affected by subjective factors characteristic either of the historian or of the period in which he lives; {b) ethical relativism^ the view that there are no universal or objective ethical standards; that each culture develops the ethical standards that it finds acceptable and that these cannot be judged by the ethical standards of another culture; (c) cultural relativism, the theory that there are no objective standards by which to evaluate a culture; that a culture cannot be

i

understood except from the point of view of its own values or customs; the practice of studying a culture from such a standpoint. (a) 1937 T. Parsons Struct. Soc. Action xiii. 480 In place of a theory of dialectic evolution on the Hegelian model there emerges a complete historical relativism. 1945 K, R. Popper Open Society II. xxii. 191 But this so-called ‘historical relativism’ by no means exhausts the historicist character of the Marxist theoiy of morals. 1956 W. Kluback Dilthey's Philos. Hist. iii. 58 The value of any age was true for that age but could not with validity be applied to other ages. For Dilthey historical relativism did not imply pessimism. On the contrary, it made man aware of his place in history. 1977 M. Mandelbaum Anat. Hist. Knowl. vi. 150 Some of the conventional arguments for historical relativism, and against the objectivity of historical knowledge, lose much of their force, (b) 1937 T. Parsons Struct. Soc. Action xi. 447 He [sc. Durkheim] was forced to define normality with reference to the social type alone, thus ending in a complete ethical relativism, Brit. Jrnl. Med. Psychol. XX. 113/1 This [empirical] point of view is distinct both from ethical absolutism and ethical relativism. 1964 M. Rader Ethics ^ Human Community ix. 236 There is a kind of incongruity in combining the two kinds of relativism. The methodological type requires tolerance.. the ethical type condones the most intolerant of societies, 1968 Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. V. 158 The ‘reductionist’ form of ethical relativism, which presents the ethical beliefs of a people as functionally dependent on their other beliefs and practices. (r) 1958 F. M. Keesing Cultural Anthropol. ii. 47 The scientific habit of looking at each people’s standards and values objectively, seeing them as ‘relative’ to the particular view of life fostered within the culture concerned, has led some thinkers to a philosophic position often called ‘cultural relativism’. 1968 Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. III. 543/2 The methodology of cultural relativism rests on the assumption that the ethnologist is able to transcend, or to eliminate for the moment, his own cultural conditioning and values and to assume the subjective..mentality of an adherent of..the culture. 1976 T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideology iv. 134 Imperialism.. bred an awareness of cultural relativism at precisely the point where the absolute cultural hegemony of the imperialist nations needed to be affirmed.

'relativist, sb. (and a.) [f. as prec. + -ist.] 1. Philos. One who holds the doctrine of relativism. 1863 Spencer Ess. III. 302, I diverge from other relativists in asserting that the existence of a non-relative is .. a positive deliverance of consciousness. 1898 Pop. Sci. Monthly LIII. 850 Agnostics, relativists, and all others must agree with him. 1935 K. Koffka Princ. Gestalt Psychol. 347 The relativist’s argument rejects in the first place the distinction between the picture as a geographical and a behavioral object. 1953 M. Ginsberg Ess. Sociol. & Soc. Philos. I. vii. 124 Relativists generally stress the great diversity of morals. Yet the similarity is much greater. 1967 Encycl. Philos. III. 75/1 Writers who call themselves relativists always accept the first and second and sometimes accept the third of the theses. 1976 W. J, Stankiewicz Aspects Polit. Theory v. 97 If relativists are right in assuming that the analysis of values is complete when the latter are declared to be tastes, wishes or attitudes, it would seem impossible for moral statements to form any kind of pattern for either the individual or society.

2. A student or proponent of the theory of relativity. 1914 [implied in sense 3 below]. 1919 Nature ii Dec. 374/2 The out-and-out relativist will not admit an absolute measure of acceleration any more than of velocity. 192a A. S. Eddington Theory of Relativity 16 The reason why the relativist resurrects this ancient truism is because it is only in this undissected combination of four dimensions that the experiences of all observers meet. 19^ Amer. Jml. Physics XaXVI. 1109/1 His [5c. Einstein’s] great passion for the physical explanation of the laws of nature resulted in his abandoning ether and absolute time, thus radically modifying long-established Newtonian space-time. Thus, he was the first tnie relativist. 1977 Listener 24 Mar. 365/2 Newton’s definitions of time and space.. which were found to be implausible with the coming of the relativists at the end of the 19th century.

3. attrib. or as adj. 1914 C. D. Broad Perception v. 286 It is no special objection to the relativist theory. 1921 Nature 8 Dec. 467/1 The differential equations which the relativist mathematicians use. 1939 V. A. Demant Relig. Prospect i. 12 Man has no criteria by which to guide himself in the movements of time. He resorts to beating back the forces that oppose what he conceives to be the most advanced phase. This attitude is completely relativist. 1949 Scrutiny XVI. i. 26 It is commonly held that the essential point about totalitarian morality is the denial of a universal moral law binding on all mankind and its replacement by a relativist view of morals. 1962 Listener 10 May 821/1 We are usually too timid, too relativist, to be so vehement in our defence of righteousness today.

relati'vistic, a. [f. relativist sb. + -ic.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or characterized relativism or relativity.

by

1886 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 382/2 The elaborate presentation of sceptical and relativistic arguments. 1917 A. S. PringlePATTISON Idea of God 212,1 applied this specially to the case of the secondary qualities which are usually regarded as the stronghold of the relativistic theory. 1937 T. Parsons Struct. Soc. Action xiii. 480 On the empirical plane one of the first radical representatives of this relativistic view is Dilthey. 1959 A. Brecht Pol. Theory vi. 249 Roscoe Pound .. called it futile to wait for a statement of absolutes, and recommended practical work on the basis of our present civilization—again an activity entirely legitimate from the relativistic viewpoint. 1964 M. Jacobs Pattern in Cultural Anthropol. xii. 297 No anthropologist lacks admiration for northwestern art work, no matter how ridiculously relativistic his dogma. 1979 Sci. Amer. Mar. 94/2 It seems that a much more relativistic process is going on in the visual system. The boundary between each target square and its immediate background gives only the relation between the

RELATIVITIST light reflected by each of these areas. 1981 Times Lit. Suppl. 13 Feb. 176/4 In Gulliver's Travels Swift chose the most ‘relativistic’ form, the travel book, in order to attack the root of relativism.

2. Physics, a. Pertaining to or based on the theory of relativity; modified or formulated according to the assumptions or consequences of the theory of relativity. special relativistic, general relativistic adjs.: based on or taking account of the special theory (only) or the general theory, respectively, of relativity. 1914 L. SiLBERSTEiN Theory of Relativity iv. 94 It requires, according to the relativistic view itself, some essential, though numerically slight, modifications. 1926 Physical Rev. XXVIII. 1070 The relativistic theory of the hydrogen atom is apparently incomplete. 1938 Ann. Reg. ^937 355 Heitler and Bhabha..used relativistic quantum mechanics to determine the number of secondary positrons and electrons produced when a fast primary electron passes through matter. 1958 Condon & Odishaw'Handbk. Physics ii. 19 The constancy of i»4 implies a constant ratio between classical time t and relativistic proper time t. 1970 Nature 17 Oct. 273/1 The rectilinear Galilean transformation was discarded by Einstein in favour of the special-relativistic (Lorentz) transformation to a uniformly moving frame. 1972 Ibid. 18 Feb. 361/2 The theory of black holes, .may perhaps be considered as one of the aspects of generalrelativistic physics which is better understood. 1974 G. Reece tr. Hand's Hist. Quantum Theory vii. 99 Sommerfeld applied his theory, which took account of the relativistic correction, to the X-ray term.

b. Characterized by or designating cir¬ cumstances, esp. those involving speeds approaching that of light or large gravitational potentials, in which discrepancies between the predictions of the theory of relativity and of Newtonian mechanics or classical electromag¬ netism become significant. 1934 Discovery Oct. 285/2 He examined the principles of thermodynamics as they apply in a relativistic universe. 1964 Astrophysical jfrnl. CXXXIX. 925 It has been argued in the past that the energy of the relativistic particles associated with the Crab cannot be greater than the kinetic energy of the filaments; otherwise the nebula would expand faster than it is observed to do. This argument is only corrected, however, if the relativistic particles are trapped within the filaments. 1967 Ibid. CL. 1005 To extend these results on neutron and supermassive star models to arbitrarily relativistic stars rotating with arbitrary angular velocity is a problem which.. is numerically complicated. 1973 W. Misner et al. Gravitation xxiv. 633 The relativistic instability occurs far outside the Schwarzschild radius when the star is very massive... Rotation can stabilize it against relativistic collapse for a while. 1978 Astrophysical Jrnl. CCXXIII. 14 Fragmentation of a relativistic shock wave in either the free expansion or the self-similar blast wave solutions probably cannot be avoided.

Hence relati'vistically adv. 1947 Physical Rev. LXXII. 340/1 Relativistically, k should be replaced by ca. 1955 L. D. Landau in W. Pauli Niels Bohr 52 Perturbation theory has been reconstructed in a relativistically invariant way. 1970 Nature 17 Oct. 271/1 To discuss the recoil relativistically we must speak of 4-momentum.

relativitist.

[f.

relativity

RELATUM

553

-h

-ist.]

=

RELATIVIST sb. 2. 1931 Sci. Progress XXV. 632 As the relativitist would point out, only the resultant symmet^ of our chemical molecules, inspected in the aggregate, is observable. 1939 Mind XLVIll. 62 The relativitist, they tell us, has discovered tlaat what we think of as a ruler of fixed length, has in fact different lengths according to its position.

relativity (reb'tivm). [f. as relativist sb. + -ITY. Ci. ¥. relativite.'\ 1. The fact or condition of being relative, relativeness. 01834 Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1839) IV. 223 Iri every religious and moral use of the word, God,.. a relativity, a distinction in kind .. is so essentially implied [etc.]. 1867 Lewes Hist. Philos, (ed. 3) 1. p. xxiv. Those who hold the doctrine of the relativity of knowledge. 1889 Mivart Truth 258 The relativity of beauty is an accidental relativity.

2. The quantitative dependence of obser¬ vations on the relative motion of the observer and the observed object; that branch of physics which is concerned with the description of space and time allowing for this dependence. The modem theory of relativity, developed largely by Albert Einstein (1879-1955), is an extension and generalization of the corresponding principles in classical, or Newtonian, mechanics. The principle of relativity, in its restricted form, is the postulate that the laws of nature have the same form in all inertial reference frames; in its more general form, it states that the laws of nature, when expressed in a suitable (‘co¬ variant’) form, have the same form in all reference frames, whether inertial or not. The special theory of relativity (1905), based on the restricted principle of relativity and the hypothesis of the constancy of the speed of light in vacuo as seen by observers in any inertial frames, resulted in a theoretical framework for the unification of space and time in a four-dimensional continuum and for the equivalence of mass and energy, and showed how the uniform relative motion of observers affects their measures of length and time. The general theory of relativity (1915), essentially a theory of gravitation, is based on the general principle of relativity, the postulated equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass, and the assumption that the results of the special theory must be valid in the limiting case of zero gravitational potential; it leads to a new set of equations of motion and the result that space-time is curved by the presence of gravitational fields.

1876 J. C. Maxwell Matter & Motion vi. 84 Our whole progress up to this point may be described as a gradual development of the doctrine of relativity of all physical phenomena. Position we must evidently acknowledge to be relative. Ibid. 85 {heading) Relativity of force. 1882 J. B. Stallo Concepts ^ Theories of Mod. Physics xii. 204 The same considerations which evince the relativity of motion also attest the relativity of its conceptual elements, space and time. 1905 W. J. G. tr. Poincare's Sci. Hypoth. v. 76 The state of the bodies and their mutual distances at any moment will solely depend on the state of the same bodies and on their mutual distances at the initial moment, but will in no way depend on the absolute initial position of the system and of [read on] its absolute initial orientation. This is what we shall call, for the sake of abbreviation, the law of relativity. [1905 Sci. Abstr. A. VIII. 2277 A. Einstein... The relativity of lengths and times.] 1906 J. W. Young tr. H. Poincare in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. XII. 243 The principle of relativity, according to which the laws of physical phenomena must be the same for a stationary observer as for one carried along in a uniform motion of translation. Ibid. 247 Let us consider the principle of relativity; this principle is not only confirmed by our daily experience,.. but it appeals to our common sense with irresistible force. And yet it also is being fiercely attacked. 1912 Phil. Mag. XXIII. 375 An acceptance of the Einstein theory of relativity necessitates a revision of the Newtonian system of mechanics. 1916 Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. LXXVI. 701 These considerations have led Einstein to his postulate of general relativity, which requires the laws of nature to be invariant for all transformations of co-ordinates. 1920 R. W. Lawson tr. Einstein's Relativity vii. 20 As a result of an analysis of the physical conceptions of time and space, it became evident that in reality there is not the least incompatibility between the principle of relativity and the law of propagation of light, and that by systematically holding fast to both these laws a logically rigid theory could be arrived at. This theory has been called the special theory of relativity. 1921 Nature i Dec. 434/2 The result is valid for both the special and the general theory of relativity. 1922 E. P. Adams tr. Einstein's Meaning of Relativity iii. 68 We shall be true to the principle of relativity in its broadest sense if we give such a form to the laws [of physics] that they are valid in every such fourdimensional system of co-ordinates, that is, if the equations expressing the laws are co-variant with respect to arbitrary transformations. 1928 Times 3 Dec. 8/2 The whole point of the theory of relativity is the discovery of invariants, or absolute quantities, the same to all observers, and identical throughout the universe. 1932 W. T. Stage Theory of Knowl. xiv. 389 The space-time of modem relativity mechanics. 1959 Listener 9 Apr. 631/2 In everyday experience, special relativity gives virtually the same results as Newtonian theory. 1968 Amer. Jrnl. Physics XXXVI. 1109/1 Although the principle of relativity is subject to a possible experimental disproof in the future, the importance of the postulational approach is that it freed relativity from electrodynamics as a basis and made special relativity more universal. 1973 L. J. Tassie Physics of Elementary Particles 203 An important result of the theory of special relativity is time dilatation, or the slowing down of moving clocks. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsdia XV. 584/2 The general theory of relativity derives its origin from the need to extend the new space and time concepts of the special theory of relativity from the domain of electric and magnetic phenomena to all of physics and, particularly, to the theory of gravitation. 1976 M. G. Bowler Gravitation Gf Relativity p. vii, Einstein’s theory of gravitation, general relativity, has been verified at the one per cent level. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 131/i The present understanding of the fundamental laws of nature arose from three principles: special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics.

3. The relative grading of posts or salaries, usu. considered within one business {internal) or in comparison with others {external). Freq. pi. 1962 Rep Comm. Broadc. ig6o 192 The BBC’s policy on the payment of its staff takes careful account of internal and external relativities. In assessing internal relativities, the broad aim is to define the difficulty and responsibility of posts at each level over a ve^ wide range of professions... To maintain external relativities, the Corporation draws comparisons with a suitable range of different employment. 1966 New Statesman 21 Jan. 71/1 Union A makes a claim in January, on the grounds that they have fallen behind B and C. When A’s claim is agreed, B makes a claim in February, because relativity has been destroyed. 1971 Nature 20 Aug. 513/1 The institution pressed for the use of internal relativities to determine salaries. 1974 Times 9 Feb. 1/2 The new principles and procedures for adjusting wage relativities,.. since the Government agreed to set up machinery inside the Pay Board to examine major relativity claims.

relativization (rsbtivai'zeijan). [f. next + -ATION.] 1. Physics. A relativistic treatment of a problem or theorem,

rare.

1921 H. L. Brose tr. Moszkowski's Einstein the Searcher vii. 162 Now, the conception of time has been entirely revolutionized by Einstein himself... We thus approach a relativization of causality... Something physiolog:ical that ultimately.. resolves itself into a relativization of time.

2. The action of making relative; the fact or process of being made relative. Freq. in Philos. and Linguistics. 1942 Mind LI. 237 This is not exclusive subdivision, but relativization or canalization. 1945 Polish Sci. Learning VI. 19/1 The relativization of the definability of a sign 'a' to a set of propositions X becomes obvious. 194^ SpiTZER Linguistics & Lit. Hist. 73 His [jc. Cervantes’] humor, which admits of many strata.. of relativization and dialecticsbears testimony to his high position above the world. 1959 K. R. Popper Logic Sci. Discovery 346, I only learned from Renyi’s paper how fertile this relativization could be. 1968 Language XLIV. 55 Relativization, Relative reduction and Modifier inversion were set up to handle other constructions. 1977 M. Dummett Elem. Intuitionism v. 206 The relativization property guarantees that the logical laws which hold good whenever the individual variables are taken as ranging over any admissible domain also hold good when they are confined to some inhabited subdomain which can be characterized by a predicate of the language.

relativize ('rebtivaiz), v.

[f. relative a. -h Physics. To render or treat according to the principles and results of the theory of relativity. -IZE.]

*935 J’ Dougall tr. Born’s Atomic Physics iv. 84 Before Einstein, no one ever hesitated to speak of the simultaneous occurrence of two events... Einstein proved that this coneept must be ‘relativized’, since two events may be simultaneous in one frame of reference, but take place at different times in another. 1956 E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics iii. 108 If we can make a uniform motion into an accelerated one, with a stroke of the pen so to speak, it means that the concept of force becomes relativised.

2. To render relative; to make something relative to, or dependent on, something else. Freq. in Philos, and Linguistics. 1937 T. Parsons Struct. Soc. Action xi. 447 His [sc. Durkheim’s theory of religion, by associating it with the social type, relativized another great body of phenomena. 1948 L, Spitzer Linguistics Lit. Hist. 8i The pun is a bifocal manner of expression which relaxes and relativizes the firmness with which language usually appears to speaking man. 1966 J. J. Katz Philos. Lang. ii. 14 The philosopher of language.. need not restrict his philosophical solutions and claims by relativizing them to the conceptual systems. 1976 Language LII. 285 Kuhn proposes to relativize the notion of science. 1978 F. Burton Politics of Legitimacy iii. 87 The raid that evening served to relativize the type of criticism that Jimmy was making.

Hence 'relativized ppl. a. 1972 Language XLVIII. 306 This [5c. receiving primary stress] should happen, for example, if the relativized NP were the subject of an embedded intransitive sentence. 1977 Ibid. LIII. 94 Ross formulates the relativization rule in such a way that it always involves movement of the relativized NP out of the sentence dominating the rest of the relative clause.

relator (ri'leit3(r)). Also 7 -our. [a. L. relator, agent-n. f. reldt-: see relate v. Cf. F. relateur, Sp., Pg. relator, It. relatore.] 1. a. A relater, narrator. (Common ci6oo*750.) 1591 Garrard's Art Warre 126 The discription by draught beeing well knowen, accompanied with the liuely voice of the Relator. 1624 F. White Repl. Fisher 562 You are an vnfaithfull Relatour of the practise of the Primitiue Church. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. ix. 72 A faithful Relator of Experiments. 1703 Maundrell Journ. (1721) 15 The Relators of this Story.. were doubtless fully perswaded of the truth of it. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxxvi[i], Imlac.. was not very confident of the veracity of the relator. 1846 Trench Mirac. iii. (1862) 130 It will cause little wonder that two or three relators have in part seized diversely the culminating points of a story.

fb. (One’s) informant. Ohs. rare. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 349 It may be that he or his relator had seen them playing together as Goats do. ?i6io Donne Lett. Wks. 1839 VI. 338 When this place affords anything worth your hearing, I will be your relator.

fc. The historian of a place. Ohs. rare~^. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 641 Of that little Parish, .he was in effect the Relator.

2. Law. An informer; spec, one who supplies the materials for an information by the Attorney General (see relation i b). 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire i. (1892) 6 Especiallye promoters newelye named Relatours, a generacion hated both of the good and badd people. 1632 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 96 S'’ John Finch for the relator this day replyed. 1674 AT. Riding Rec. VI. 222 This Court doth approve of, admit, and allow Alex. Dixon to use, exercise and follow the office of a Relator. 1710 Act 9 Anne c. 20 §4. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 427 The attorney general, at the relation of some informant, (who is usually called the relator) files ex officio an information in the court of chancery. 1823 Act. 4 Geo. IV, c. 76 §23 To the Knowledge or Belief of the Relator or Relators so making Oath. 1865 Pall Mall G. 29 May 6 The relator, .is a descendant of a brother of the second wife of the testator. t3. A relative. Obs. rare~^, (Cf. relater 2.) 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 246 The Arch-fiamen carried the holy Fire, attended by the Priests and three hundred sixty five Youths who were their relators.

4. Linguistics. A sentence-element (usu. a preposition) serving to relate one phrase to another. 1933 [see descriptor]. 1953 W. J. Entwistle Aspects of Lang. V. 157 The relatum of a language corresponds to the logical category of substance and finds its pure expression in proper nouns; the descriptum corresponds to quantity and has its pure expression in numerals; the descriptor with quality and is pure in adverbs; the relator with relation and is pure in prepositions. 1965 Language XLI. 73 Thus the whole string is a relator-axis phrase of which on manifests relator and the rest manifests axis. 1978 Language LIV. 353 Relator is assigned to constituents that serve to introduce embedded clauses (e.g. that), and is thus partially co¬ extensive with the complementizer of recent TG

re'latrix. [a. late L. reldtrix (5th c.), female agent-n. f. reldt--. see relate v.) Law. ‘A female relator or petitioner’ (Ogilvie 1882, citing Story).

II relatum (n'laitam, -'eitam). PI. -ata. [a. L. reldtum, neut. pa. pple. of referre refer.] a. Logic. = RELATE, sb. 2. b. Linguistics. (Brondal’s term for) the substantival member of a prepositional phrase (see relator 4). 1872 G. Grote Aristotle iii. loi Habit, disposition, perception, cognition, position, &c., are all Relata. Ibid. 102 The Relatum and its Correlate seem to be simul naturd. If you suppress either one of the pair, the other vanishes along

RELAUNCH with it. 1893 W. Minto Logic iii. 118 In mediaeval logic the term Relata was confined to these perfect cases, but the Category had a wider scope with Aristotle. 1903 B. Russell Princ. Math. ii. 24 The class of terms to which some term has the relation i?.. I call the class of relata. Thus if R be paternity.. the relata will be children. i933 [see descriptor]. 1946 Lungwuge XXII. 219 The relatum is most commonly a noun or other type of substantive expression. 1953 [see RELATOR 4]. 1974 L. Sklar Space, Time, & Spacetime iii. 167 For temporal and spatiotemporal relata the idealization is that of the instantaneous event. relaunch (ri:-), v.

RELAXATION

554

[re- 5 a.] To launch again.

Also fig. U1745 Broome Poems, Horace Ode i The merchant., soon relaunches from the shore. 1885 Warren & Cleverly Wand. Beetle 13 We hauled the boat over, and relaunched her on the other side. 1964 Yearhk. Astron 1965 135 The heavier landing vehicle was the penalty to be paid for taking the entire propulsion machinery down on to the lunar surface and re-launching it. 1971 Daily Tel. 27 May 1/5 The company was relaunched nearly two years ago... It was originally part of Henry Bowen-Davies’ £8m Davies’ Investment group which collapsed in 1967. 1980 Listener 3 Jan. 6/3 Rupert Murdoch relaunched the Sun as a down¬ market tabloid. 'relaunch, sb.

[f. the vb.] A renewed launch. Freq. fig, of a business or commodity.

igjo Daily Tel. 2 Mar. 21/6 The re-launch had the desired effect and Vim’s share of the market increased from 33 p.c. to 38 p.c. 1979 Guardian 14 Nov. 20/1 (Advt.), The relaunch of Times Newspapers Limited signals the return of the most challenging selling opportunities around.

Guinevere 454 When.. their law Relaxed its hold upon us. 1866 Dk. Argyll Reign Law vii. (1871) 389 False conceptions of the truth.. may and do relax the most powerful springs of action. Tennyson

2. a. To make less strict, severe, or rigid; to mitigate, tone dotvn, modify. 1662 Gunning Lent Fast 69 An austerer course of life is relaxed through the frailty of the flesh. 1718 Pope Iliad xv. 78 Not till that Day shall Jove relax his Rage. 1769 Junius Lett. xii. (1788) 81 We have seen the laws sometimes scandalously relaxed, sometimes violently stretched beyond their tone. 1820 Scott Abbot ii. The old woman seemed somewhat to relax her tone of severity. 1870 Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 2) I. iv. 173 The rule had clearly been relaxed before the reign of the Great William. absol. 1768 Tucker Lt. Nat. II. iii. xxiv. 39 No man can fix so perfect an idea of that virtue [justice] as that he may not afterwards find reason to add or relax therefrom.

b. To slacken, abate, diminish (an effort, etc.). 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 64 From the moment the necessity of learning new words ceases, they relax their industry. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. xx, [The horse] relaxed its course as it approached me. 1843 Bethune Sc. Fireside Stor. 29 Having business of importance which demanded his presence elsewhere, [he] began to relax his attention.

c. To cause to abate in zeal or force, rare. 1660 Secker in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xliv. 17-19 Neither the persecuting hand of men, nor the chastising hand of God, relaxed ancient singular saints. 1824-28 Landor Citat. Shaks. Wks. 1846 II. 286 Whether we have not.. acted as if we believed that opposition were to be relaxed and borne away by self sufficiency.

d. refl. To unbend (oneself); to take relaxation. re'lax, sb.

[f. the vb.] 1. Relaxation; an instance of this.

1627-77 Feltham Resolves ii. Iviii. 282 ’Tis not denyed, but labors and cares may have their Relaxes and Recreations. 1643 Milton Divorce ii. xiv. Wks. 1851 IV. 97 The first good consequence of such a relaxe will be the justifying of Papal stews. 1733 Budgell Bee I. 499 Sated Nature crav’d Timely Relax, distent with liquid Pain. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide ii. 255 (MS.), Hate now returning With ten-fold force, reliev’d by short relax! 1853 C. Bronte Villette II. xxiii. 141 That bustle and business to which, till five p.m., there was no relax. 1925 A. S. M. Hutchinson One Increasing Purpose i. xxii. 137 That.. sigh she gave,.. and that relax into his arms. 1961 Times 2 Nov. 16/2 Miss Brodie herself, who is always arousing her headmistress’s suspicions because of her damning of braces and blessing of relaxes.

t2. A device for releasing some part of a machine. Ohs. 1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 716 As the Relax gives way, the Weight will adjust the motion of the hand to the Index E. re'lax, a.

rare. [f. the vb., on anal, of lax a.] 1. Lax, wanting in strictness.

1609 Bible (Douay)ywdg. xxi. comm.. Lest either justice be over sharpe, or mercie too relaxe. 1790 Beatson Hav. & Mil. Mem. II. 198 He was so relax in discipline, that the garrison.. were seldom in a condition to do their duty properly. 1802 tr. Ducray-DuminiVs Victor III. 228 We determined first to visit France and to consider Germany, the police of which was more relax than in other countries.

t2. Relaxed, slack. Obs. 1626 Bacon Sylva §381 The motion and activity of the body consisteth chiefly in the sinews, which, when the southern wind bloweth, are more relax.

v. [ad. L. relaxdre, f. re~ re- + laxus LAX a. Cf. F. relaxer (14th c.).] I. trans. 1. fa. To make (a thing) less compact or dense; to loosen or open up by separation of parts. Also refl. Obs. relax (ri'laeks),

C1420 Pallad. on Hush. 11. 140 Ragston & thinges hard, in cold and hete Relaxed, bereth vyneyerdes grete. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 77 When the Atoms wherewith the Liquor is fully impregnated do relax and open themselves. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 599 But now Foule dissipation follow’d and forc’t rout; Nor serv’d it to relax thir serried files. 1676 Coniers in Phil. Trans. XI. 717 At that time it relaxes or swells the Deal for about two or three hours.

b. To render (a part of the body) less firm or rigid; to make loose or pliable or slack; to enfeeble or enervate {spec, in Ent.). Also in fig. context. 1620 Venner Via Recta iii. 68 It mollifieth and relaxeth the stomacke, taketh away the appetite. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 68 The Optick Nerve being by successful means disobstructed and relaxed. 1781 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xxv. II. 529 The nerves of discipline were relaxed, and the high¬ ways were infested with robbers. 1808 Med.Jrnl. XIX. 247 The speedy and prompt administration of every remedy tending to relax the surface, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 84 The heat relaxed my muscles. 1902 W. J. Holland Butterfly Bk. 41 When butterflies or moths have been put up in papers or mounted on pins without having their wings expanded and set it becomes necessary, before setting them, to relax them. 1939 Duncan & Pickwell World of Insects xix. 389 Before such stored specimens can be mounted they must be relaxed. 1976 P. W. Cribb Lepidopterisf s Handbk. vii. 85, I have just relaxed and set some tortrices without too much trouble. absol. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 113 They are very mucilaginous, and therefore soften, relax, and heal. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Malache, Such ointments as relax and mollify.

c. To diminish the force or tension of; esp. to loosen (one's hold or grasp). 1781 CowPER Conversat. 812 Charity may relax the miser’s fist. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. (ed. 2) 93 This distemper .. relaxes and wears out.. the spring of that spirit. 1841 Borrow Zincali i. iii. ii. 267 Owing to the civil wars, the ties which unite society have been considerably relaxed. 1859

1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) V. 135 The philosophic warrior, who could relax himself into the ornament of a refined court. 1772-84 Cook's Voy. (1790) IV. 1489 They relax themselves by conversation and other amusements.

3. fa. To remit (a rent). Obs. rare-^. 1528 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 403 It was condessendid by the.. Comens to relax to the said Wiliam Marten..the rent that he owith of the tennement to the Comens.

b. To give up, stop (a process). 1883 Law Rep. ii Q.B. Div. 554 He must apply to the Court for an order to release him, and the Court must order the process to be relaxed.

4. a. Sc, (now only Law.) To free or discharge (a person) from restraint, legal process, or penalty. Also absol. To procure a relaxation. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 29 Ordanis lettres to be direct to relax James Twedy.. fra the proces of the home led upon him. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 26 Quhou schir James Steuart and his brother was put in presoune,.. And hou they war relaxit againe. 1640 R. Baillie Canterb. Self^Convict. 115 He must have no lesse censure then the great excommunication, from which he must never be relaxed but by the Bishops own mouth. *752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 141 That. .ye.. relax the said [persons].. from the Process of Denounciation led against them. 1791 Kames Diet. Decisions (ed. 2) II. 329 He who relaxes and registers not, cannot alienate, being still holden and repute rebel. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 844 Letters passing the signet whereby a debtor was relaxed from the horn, that is from personal diligence.

b. Of the Inquisition; To hand over (heretics) to the secular power for execution. [Sp. relaxar.l 1838 Prescott Ferd. Is. i. vii. 1. 377 Those who were to be relaxed, as it was called, were delivered over, as impenitent heretics, to the secular arm. 1853 W. StirlingMaxwell Cloister Life Chas. V, 209 Dr. Cazalla was one of fifteen heretics who were ‘relaxed’, or, in secular speech, burnt in May 1559 at Valladolid.

c. To set free from labour. rare~^. 1762-9 Falconer Shipwr. i. 336 Relax’d from toil the sailors range the shore.

II. intr. 5. a. To become loose or slack; to grow less tense or firm. 1720 Pope Iliad xxi. 309 Tired by the tides, his knees relax with toil. 1858 Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 128 The piston descends, therefore, and the spring relaxes.

b. Of the features: To become less rigid or stern. Also const, /row, into. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian iv. His features relaxed from their first expression. 1832 Ht. Martineau Ireland iii. 40 Presently the knit brow relaxed, the fierce eye was tamed. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge ii, His features would relax into a look of fondness.

6. To abate in degree or force. 1701 Rowe Amb. Step-Moth. iv. i, This raging Fit of Honour will relax. 1823 J. Badcock Dorn. Amusem. 47 When our warm weather comes on early, and does not too soon relax. 1834 Disraeli Rev. Epick ii. xxiii. This emprise Will not relax until the sun shall rise On men who bless his birth.

7. a. To become less severe, strict, or exacting; to grow milder. Also const, from. 1749 H, Walpole Let. to Mann 4 Mar. (1857) II. 147 The mutinous were likely to go great lengths, if the Admiralty had not bought off some by money, and others by relaxing in the material points. 1789 Belsham Ess. II. xli. 523 It was hoped .. the Court would relax in its opposition. i8i8 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. ii. 368 The Colonel proposed to relax in the affair of Basslin, and to ask for something else in its stead. 1850 Mrs. Browning Prometh. Bound zi6 Thou art, sooth, a brave god. And, for all thou hast borne.., Nought relaxest from scorn!

b. Of persons: To become less stiff or distant; to assume a friendlier manner. Also const, into. 1837 Dickens Picktv. ii. He gradually relaxed, and reverted to the subject of the ball. 1837 Disraeli Venetia iii. ii. Lady Annabel relaxed into conversation beyond her

I

custom. 1879 Howells L. Aroostook I. 200 It seemed to him as if.. she relaxed towards him as they walked.

c. Of persons: to become less tense or anxious. Freq. imp., ‘stop worrying!', ‘calm down!' 1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 135/2 You can relax, the person playing the hand in contract informing his partner that the contract will be made. 1941 Men Only July 70 (caption) All right, relax. I’m just watching it [ic. the baby] for someone! 1954 T. S. Eliot Confidential Clerk i. 18 As you’re here, Eggers, I can just relax. 1959 Woman 4 Apr. 48/2,1 patted his knee. ‘Relax, darling. Our problem is soon to be solved.’ 1976 C. Wolff i. 12, Irelaxedover a creme caramel and was happy.

8. To slacken in zeal or application (also const. into)- to seek or take relaxation from work or occupation. 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. ix, I once more, therefore, relax into my former indifference with regard to the English ladies. 1774-Retal. 79 Here Douglas retires from his toils to relax. 1796 C. Marshall Garden, xxii. (1813) 448 He cannot relax in his duty without his neglect being manifest by serious consequences following it. 1833 Cruse tr. Eusebius' Eccl. Hist. vi. iii. 222 He did not however relax in his perseverance.

t9. To slacken in respect of something. Obs. 1775 Tender Father II. 69 No sooner was this effected, than I relaxed of my tenderness and regard. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) II. 66 The stately brow of Mrs. Buchanan relaxed of its asperity.

10. Chiefly Physics. To return towards a state of equilibrium. 1959 G. Troup Masers iii. 45 Interactions occur between the lattice vibrations and the molecules, which enable the molecular system to ‘relax’ to thermal equilibrium. 1972 Physics Bull. Aug. 451/3 The electronic spins, initially unpolarized, relax slowly towards their equilibrium polarization which, in the high field applied and at a very low temperature of 0-4 K, is nearly 100%. 1973 Nature 24 Aug. 496/1 We have thus assumed that the observed strains result from a single system which relaxed exponentially after the start of the eruption with a time constant of 7-5 d. 1978 Sci. Amer. Sept. 124.I2 Regular patterns of differential extinction .. have occurred as the supersaturated faunas of 13 species of small flightless mammals have relaxed toward the smaller number of species that are appropriate to particular mountaintops.

t re'laxable, a. Obs. rare-^. [f. prec. + Admitting of remission.

-able.]

01677 Barrow Wks. (1686) II. 501 Who doth so render himself obnoxious, that if he derogate from a creature, he may not suppose it to be relaxable to him by some pardon?

re'laxant, a. and sb. Med. [ad. L. relaxant-em, pres. pple. of relaxare to relax.] A. adj. Causing, or distinguished relaxation.

by,

1771 T. Percival Ess. (1777) I. 129 When received into the stomach it is highly debilitating and relaxant. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 309 Where the pain and tension are very distressing, relaxant cataplasms and fomentations are generally advisable. 1977 Lancet 24-31 Dec. 1332/1 It may be that these neurons are involved in mediating relaxant effects of the intestine in response to a food bolus.

B. sb, A practice or drug serving to produce relaxation. 1832 J. Thomson Life W. Cullen I. 406 He considered the practice of warm bathing the most powerful Emollient and the most considerable Relaxant. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 996 In such cases good may result from the administration of arterial relaxants. 1977 Sci. Amer. May 99/2 One of its active alkaloids is the basis of drugs that are important in modern surgery as muscle relaxants.

fre'laxate, i). Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. re/a»:are: see RELAX V. and -ate®.] To relax. 1. trans. a. = relax v. i and i b. 1597 A- M. tr. Guillemeau’s Fr. Chirurg. 4ob/2 We Cauterize alsoe the Eyeliddes which are relaxated. 165s T. Vaughan Euphrates 46 The centrall and cselestiall Luminaries have, by their mutuall mixture and conflux of beames relaxated and dilated the Pores of the earth. 1694 Motteux Rabelais iv. Ixvii. (1737) 275 The retentive Faculty of the Nerve.. was relaxated. absol. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 698 This Unguent .. relaxates, leniates and mollifies.

b. = RELAX

V,

2 and 2 b.

1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. vii. 125 What can more relaxate those.. hearty aspirings of our Souls.. then such corrupt conceits as these? 1680-Apocal. Apoc. 209 The.. zeal.. and strictness of Discipline will be much relaxated.

c. To release, set free (cf. relax v. 4 a). 1681 H. More Exp. Dan. 103 Cyrus, King of Persia, will relaxate your Captivity. Ibid., The Messias.. will come to relaxate his people from the Captivity of Sin.

2. intr. = relax v. 5-7. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 52 b/2 The face waxeth pale, the Belly relaxateth, and the speech fayleth. 1655-87 H. More App. Antid. (1712) 218 If they euer relaxate into mirth,.. it is foolishly antick and deformed. z68i Exp. Dan. Pref. 68 Our zeal has relaxated against the Church of Rome.

Hence f relaxating vbl. sb. Obs. 1647 Hammond Power of Keys iv. 51 The word .. is used again for loosing in our sense, relaxating of, or freeing from a censure of excommunication.

relaxation (.riilffik'seijan).

[ad. L. relaxdtionem, n. of action f. relaxare: see prec. and relax V., and cf. F. relaxation (1314).] 1. a. Partial (for complete) remission 0/some penalty, burden, duty, etc.; falso, the document granting such remission.

RELAXATIVE 1526 Pilgr. Perl (W. de W. 1531) 42 The plenary remyssyons ben ever referred communly to relaxacyon of payne. 25 Hen. VIII,c. 21 Licenses, faculties, grantis, relaxacions, writtes called Perinde valere, rehabilitacions, abolitions, and other infinite sortes of buls. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage viii. x. (1614) 792 He..procured a relaxation of tribute from his father in law. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. III. ii. §3, 19 Others conceive this relaxation indulged in favour to some great offenders. 1727-38 Chambers CycL s.v., In this sense we say the relaxation of an attachment in the court of admiralty. 1791 Burke Corr. (1844) III. 362 Hitherto all relaxation of penalties proceeded on principles of union. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India H. 405 Some relaxation was admitted in regard to the tributes.

b. Sc. Law. Release from a judicial penalty, esp. from a sentence of outlawry. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 59 His grace sail nowther giff respect nor remissioun, supersedere nor relaxatioun, to na maner of persoun .. that sal happin to committ slauchter. 1601 Acts Sederunt (1790) 34 Na relaxatioun .. sail be grantit to ony rebell lawfullie denunceit to the home. 1752 J. Louthi an Form of Process (ed. 2) 140 Follows the Letters of Relaxation on the foresaid Petition and Interlocutor. 1791 Kames Diet. Decisions (ed. 2) I. 262 The Lords found that relaxations must be executed at the head-burgh of that same shire where the denounciation was made. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 844 In criminal prosecutions, one who has been outlawed may appeal.. for letters of relaxation, reponing him against the sentence.

c. Release freedom.

from

captivity;

restoration

to

1609 Bible (Douay) Isa. xxxii. comm.. The fift part. Of the captivitie and relaxation of the kingdom of Juda.

d. (See quots. and

RELAXING

555

relax v.

4b.)

1826 Blackw. Mag. XX. 84 Relaxation is the act by which the Inquisitors deliver over a person convicted of heresy to the royal judge ordinary, that he may be condemned to a capital punishment. 1894 Month Mar. 335 The sentence of ‘relaxation’ comprised three parts; the judgment of the Inquisition, the verdict of the secular magistrate, and the execution—all this on the same day.

2. a. The action of unbending the mind from severe application; release from occupations or cares; recreation.

ordinary

1548 Udall Erasm. Par. Luke ix. 84 b, For of suche sorte ought the pastyme 8c relaxacion of suche men as are followers of the apostles to bee. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ixx. §3 Those poore and needie,.. at these times made partakers of relaxation and ioy with others. 1663 Cowley Verses & Ess., Ode Liberty ii. To thy bent mind some relaxation give. And steal one day out of thy life to live. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 487 {P 3 In this case Dreams look like the Relaxations and Amusements of the Soul. 1818 Hazlitt Eng. Poets ii. (1870) 45 The genius of his poetry .. is inspired by the love of ease, and relaxation from all the cares and business of life. 1876 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. ii. 137 It is no marvel when even their relaxations were such downright hard work. transf. 1756 Burke Subl. & B. iv. x. [The eye] has a sort of relaxation or rest. 1784 Cowper Task i. 81 But relaxation of the languid frame .. Was bliss reserv’d for happier days.

fb. Respite, rest. Const, oj. Obs. rare-^. 1728 Eliza Heywood tr. Mme. de Gomez's Belle A. (1732) II. 256 The little Walk would give.. Julia some Relaxation of Speech, and the better enable her to continue her Recital.

3. Path.

A loosening or slackening of the fibres, nerves, joints, etc., of the body; diminution of firmness or tension. 1626 B.acon Sylva §730 Bathing or Anointing give a Relaxation or Emollition. 1661 Hist. Anim. & Min. 289 The head is heavy with sleepe, and there is a relaxation of the nerves and ligaments. 1704 F. Fuller Med. Gymn. Pref., It [is] impossible to remove some Diseases of the Limbs, without an universal equal Relaxation. 1808 Barclay Muscular Motions 303 That state of relaxation which a muscle exhibits in the dead body. 1857 Bullock Cazeaux' Midwif. 129 The relaxation of the pelvic symphyses is a frequent occurrence.

4. a. Diminution of, release or freedom from, strictness or severity. a 1626 W. ScLATER Exp. 4th ch. Rom. (1650) 116, I.. can but wonder. How the severity of Laws against Popish Seminaries hath gotten relaxation. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. BoccalinVs Advts. fr. Parnass. i. v. (1674) 5 Wholesome Institutions, which after a relaxation, are at last quite forgotten. i'jy2 Junius Lett. Pref. (1788) 16 These are not times to admit of any relaxation in the little discipline we have left. 1835 Thirlwall Greece viii. 1. 298 The root of the evil lay in the relaxation of the royal authority. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets iv. 104 The relaxation of Ionian life.. rendered the development of satire in Ionia more natural.

b. Extension of meaning. 1858 Gladstone Homer III. 20 This relaxation in the sense of BaaiXevs is no inconsiderable note of change,

5. Abatement of intensity, vigour, or energy. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth in. i. (1723) 142 Relaxation of the Heat. 1756 Burke Subl. ist B. iv. xx, Disposing to an universal relaxation, and inducing., that species of it called sleep, a 1781 Watson Philip H^, ni- 244 It might occasion too great a relaxation of the vigour which you have been so long accustomed to exert. 187s Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 12) I. II. xx. 514 The grassy covering of the sloping talus marks a temporary relaxation of the erosive action of the sea. 1882 Pebody Eng. Journalism xi. 83 Stuart complains.. of his dilatoriness, of his relaxation of energy.

6. Engirt, and Math. A method of solving a set of simultaneous equations (originally if^ec. ones describing the equilibrium of a rigid loadbearing structure) by guessing a solution and successively modifying it to accord with whichever equation or constraint is currently least closely satisfied. Freq. attrib. 1935 Proc. R. Soc. A. CLI. 60 The method of systematic relaxation... Imagine that one constraint is relaxed, so that one joint is permitted to travel slowly through a specified

distance

in

some specified direction. 1940 R. V. Relaxation Methods in Engin. Sci. i. 11 The relaxation procedure is a means whereby simultaneous equations may be solved, not exactly, but with steadily increasing approximation. 19S7 L, Fox Two-Point Boundary Problems iii. 39 In most problems of the type suitable for relaxation the equations can be arranged so that the biggest coefficient in any row lies in the diagonal. 1972 Physics Bull. May 273/1 During the war, Southwell and his team had been extending relaxation methods from redundant pin-jointed frameworks to the stress analysis of the continuum. Southwell

7. Chiefly Physics. The gradual return of a system towards equilibrium; esp. the reduction of stress caused by gradual plastic deformation in material held at constant strain. Freq. attrib., as relaxation time, the time taken for a system to return to a state of equilibrium; spec, (in cases in which the process of return is exponential), the time taken for the deviation from equilibrium to be reduced by a factor e.

b. Slackened, mitigated, or modified in respect of strictness. 1671 Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xxx. 183 A Monastery of our Lady of Carmel of the Rule relaxed. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. 1. 87 The women wear no more covering than the most relaxed modesty seems absolutely to require. 1858 Gladstone Homer III. 19 It seems very doubtful.. whether .. the relaxed sense ever appears as a title in the singular number. 1881 Froude Short Stud. IV. Ii. i. 168 When the law has become relaxed, public opinion takes its place.

2. Path. Of parts of the body: Deprived to some extent of the usual firmness; rendered soft or feeble. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 127 This part in Deere.. sometimes becomes so relaxed and pendulous, it cannot be quite retracted. 1733 Cheyne Eng. Malady i. xi. §i (i734) 99 Those who have weak, loose, and feeble or relax’d Nerves. 1799 Med.Jrnl. II. 284 When the body is warm and relaxed, as during sleep, or after fatigue. 1843 Lytton Last Bar. I. iv, His hands were small and delicate, with large blue veins, that spoke of relaxed fibres. 1865 Dickens Let. 6 Nov., I have been unwell with a relaxed throat.

1867 J. C. Maxwell in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CLVH. 53 A time T, which may be called the ‘time of relaxation’ of the elastic force. 1908 J. Jeans Math. Theory Electricity ^ Magnetism x. 349 The time .. in which all the charges in the dielectric are reduced to ije times their original value, is called the ‘time of relaxation’, being analogous to the corresponding quantity in the Dynamical Theory of Gases. The relaxation-time admits of experimental determination. 1937 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers LIX. 451/2 There are many reasons why relaxation tests at constant extension are useful and significant. 1949 Aircraft Engin. Jan. 2/1 The field of research offered by the plastic, creep and relaxation properties of metals under general stress systems at high temperatures is yet only partially explored. 1958 Jrn/. Iron & Steel Inst. CXC. G3/1 The experiments on relaxation here described based on 10,000 h duration have given some quantitative characteristics for relaxation for 4 types of steel at 410® and 470® C. 1959 G. Troup Masers iii. 35 We shall see that collisions are in fact a form of ‘relaxation process’ (process tending to restore the system to equilibrium). 1962 Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields v. 191 The free charge density p therefore decreases exponentially with time at a rate such that after a time.. called the relaxation time, it is reduced to i je or 36 8 % of its original value. 1969 C. O. Smith Sci. of Engin. Materials xiii. 367 The relaxation test is usually performed by maintaining total strain (elastic plus plastic) at a constant level and measuring the decrease in load (or stress) as a function of time. 1971 Nature 8 Jan. 93/1 Many phenomena, for example, may be assigned their typical relaxation times—the average time for an effect to fade away... Thus, a fit of temper may have a relaxation time of a few minutes, the satiation of hunger by a meal lasts for a few hours. 1972 Ibid. 22 Dec. 447/1 Physicists are also interested in such phenomena as the changes in the qualities of the varnish on a Stradivarius violin, these being relaxation phenomena demonstrating both temporal and irreversible properties. 8. Special Comb.: relaxation oscillator

3. In Other senses of the vb., esp. (in sense 7) informal, leisurely, at ease; unanxious, free from constraint or tension.

Electr., a form of oscillator in which the period and resulting waveform are determined by the slow charge and rapid discharge of a resistor-capacitor or inductor-capacitor circuit. See also sense 7 above.

2. One who applies the method of relaxation (sense 6).

1942 E. Williams Thermionic Valve Circuits v. 128 The simplest relaxation oscillator is perhaps the series connexion of a d.c. supply voltage, a resistance and a condenser, a neon lamp being shunted across the condenser. 1943 Electronic Engin. XV. 412 In general the time-base will be derived from a relaxation oscillator producing a ‘saw-tooth’ wave¬ form. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 438/2 One of the most widely used forms of relaxation oscillator is the astable multivibrator.. which generates a rectangular or square wave.

re'laxative, a. and

sb.

[f.

relax

v.,

after

LAXATIVE. Cf. RELAXANT.]

A. adj. Tending to relax; of the nature of relaxation, rare. 1611 Florid, Rilasciatiuo, laxatiue or relaxatiue in operation. 1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 289 Relaxative diversions, he thinks, fall properly under the considerations of a Saturdays entertainment. 1891 H. C. Halliday Someone must suffer HI. xi. 197 Grudgingly.. has Mrs. Felix ever countenanced these relaxative measures.

t B. sb. A means of relaxing; esp. a relaxing medicine. Obs. 1632 B. JONSON Magn. Lady ill. iv. It is a pursiness, a kind of stoppage .. that you are troubled with:., and therefore you must use relaxatives, 1671 L. Addison W. Barbary 217 The Moresco Festivals seem not so much Commemorative of received Mercies as relaxatives of Corporeal Labors.

So re'laxatory a. rare. 1581 J. Bell Haddon’s Answ. Osor. 402 They would graunt plenary remission of Sinnes: and would make out their Bulles relaxatory. 1802-12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) V. 430 Two plaintiffs, one of them has been cleared of legal interest.. by the relaxatory purge,

1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 500 The relaxed spring.. above lying in a spiral form. 1846 Ellis Elgin Marb. I. 164 Busy movement, and relaxed effort. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. vi. 57 There must be either great areas of relaxed ice or open water-leads along the shore. 1958 Listener 19 June 1032/2 All the speakers sounded relaxed and informal. Ibid. 14 Aug. 249/2 What struck me most was the leisurely, richly human world—‘relaxed’ we should call it now, when nobody is relaxed—that it evoked. 1961 Times 16 Mar. 15/4 ‘Relaxed’ has taken the place of the outmoded ‘bronzed and fit’. 1972 M. Woodhouse Mama Doll ix. 121 He’ll be fine. Bottle. Very relaxed character. 1978 Times 23 Apr. 12/4 You want a meal at the right price in a relaxed atmosphere.

Hence re'laxedly adv.\ relaxedness. 1818 Shelley Rosal. Helen 1170 His mien Sunk with the sound relaxedly. 1855 Pusey Doctr. Real Pres. Note S 704 That ye.. may neither.. look about hither and thither, nor roll about, relaxedly and vulgarly, i860 - Min. Proph. 3 An extreme relaxedness, on the borders of further sin. 1952 Scrutiny XVHI. iv. 275 What we have here, of course, is not relaxedness or distraction. 1957 Relaxedness [see COMPERE V.]. 1974 M. Z. Lewis Enemies Within xxxiii. 147, I drove a lot faster and a lot less relaxedly. 1977 Times 22 Sept. 8/1 Edward Heath.. didn’t have anything so relaxedly Edwardian as a confidant.

re'laxer. [f. as prec. + -er^.] 1. One who, or that which, relaxes or loosens, rare. 1671 Salmon Syn. Med. iii. xvi. 361 Relaxers are such as loosen any member distended through cold, dryness, or repletion of wind, &c. 1870 Miss Broughton Red as Rose (1878) 229 The pliant relaxer of soft limbs.

1957 L. Fox Two-Point Boundary Problems iii. 39 There are many tricks a skilled relaxer can use to accelerate the convergence of the process and generally lighten his work. 1959 A. M. OsTROWSKi in R. E. Danger Numerical Approximation 4 One of the fields where this difficulty is felt in particularly high degree is that of relaxation. The practical relaxer has it ‘in his fingertips’ how to steer the successive relaxations.

relaxin(ri'laeksin). Physiol, [f. relax u. + -inL] An ovarian hormone first found in rodents, in which it relaxes the pelvic ligaments and softens the cervix of the uterus. 1930 H. L. Fevold et al. injrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LII. 3341 The only physiological property thus far discovered for this hormone is its action on the pelvic ligaments and for this reason we propose the name ‘Relaxin’. 1968 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxxvii. 45/2 The polypeptide hormone, relaxin, is probably also produced by the placenta. 1978 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetrics & Gynecology eXXX. 473/1 The role of human relaxin in pregnancy has not been determined but relaxin extracted from human luteal tissue is active in the guinea pig public symphysis assay.

relaxing (ri'laeksii)), vbl. sb. [f. relax v. -ingL] 1. The action of the vb. relax.

+

1611 Florid, Relasso,.. a relaxing. 1667 Lower in Phil. Trans. II. 545 The Belly falls by the Relaxing of the same [diaphragm]. 1734 Waterland Findte. Concl., Wks. 1823 VI. 169 The destroying or relaxing of the other [motives] is so far destroying or relaxing virtue and morality. 1884 Athenaeum 16 Aug. 204/2 The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw a considerable relaxing of the severities of the Cistercian rule.

relaxed (ri'laskst),

2. attrib. in Ent., applied to containers in which dead insects are relaxed, containing a pad soaked with fluid.

1638-48 G. Daniel Eclog. v. 234 The Florentine prescribes to duller fooles; But Stronger flow from all relaxed Soules. 1671 Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xxxii. 200 He had been Visitor of the Relaxed Fathers of the Province of Castile. 1768 Boyer Diet. Royal I. s.v. Grain, Catholique a grosgrain, a relaxed Catholick. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 686/1 Augustinians are .. divided into rigid and relaxed. 1818 Hazlitt Eng. Poets tii. (1870) 74 Shakspeare.. is relaxed and careless in critical places. 1855 Pusey Doctr. Real Pres. Note S 704 That ye.. may neither yourselves be relaxed, regardless of the fear of God, nor [etc.].

1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 699/3 Entomologists’ requisites.. Killing and relaxing boxes. Each.. 1/6. 1912 H. Rowland-Brown Butterflies ^ Moths i. v. 53 The nervures and wing-attachments must be softened to permit of their being rearranged. I have not found that the ‘relaxing-boxes’ are much good for this purpose with other than recently killed specimens. 1952 E. F. Daglish Name this Insect p. xiii, After some hours in a relaxing chamber the legs and wings will be as easy to arrange as are those of fresh-killed specimens. 1963 R. L. E. Ford Pract. Entomol. 32 Specimens may be left in a relaxing tin for about twentyfour hours when they will be ready to set. 1976 P. W. Cribb Lepidopterist's Handbk. vii. 84 A relaxing box is a clean plastic box with a layer of clean absorbent material at the bottom.

ppl. a. [f. relax v.] 1. a. Freed from restraint or restrictions; not strict or precise, fesp. in observing a religious rule.

RELAXING relaxing,/>/)/. a, [f. as prec. + -ing^.] Causing or producing relaxation; enervating. i6ii Florio, Rilasciante medicina, a relaxing medicine. 1779 Gentl. Mag. XLIX. 79 Ointment of Marsh Mallows, I imagine from its name is understood to be of an emollient relaxing disposition. i825'9 Mrs. Sherwood Lady of Manor xiii. (i860) II. 120 A climate so peculiarly relaxing as that of Bengal. 1841 James Brigand i. All the relaxing joys of an hour’s idleness. 1883 ‘Annie Thomas’ Mod. Housewife 95 You will neither go to the bleak Norfolk coast nor to the relaxing air of Bournemouth.

Hence re'laxingness. 1883 Miss Broughton Belinda II. ii. v. 55, I have been advised., to try the effect of a more bracing air, as a corrective to the extreme relaxingness of Oxbridge.

frelaxion. Obs. rare~‘^. [irreg. f.

RELAY

556

relax v. +

minimum in the suit immediately above the opening bid .. his response is either negative (discouraging) or natural (with more than 10 points). In either event it is known as a ‘relay’ bid and is forcing; it does not indicate a real suit but invites the opener to disclose what values he holds. 1962 Listener 27 Sept. 494/2 In this auction North’s i NT and 2 NT were ‘rel^ bids’, just asking partner to describe his hand. 1964 Official Encycl. Bridge 452/1 Relay, a minimum bid unrelated to the bidder’s hand, aimed simply at keeping the bidding open so that the bidder’s partner can describe his hand. 1980 Times 12 July 7/4 After One Club—One Diamond—One Heart—the usual rebid by responder is One Spade. This is a ‘relay’ bid, asking opener to clarify his hand.

3. a. A set of persons appointed to relieve others in the performance of certain duties; a relief-gang.

LAXITY.]

1808 Han. More Ccelebs I. 346 Nicholas Ferrar..had relays of musicians every six hours to sing the whole Psalter through. 1840 Carlyle Heroes (1858) 233 They have mosques where it [the Koran] is all read daily; thirty relays of priests take it up in succession, get through the whole each day. 1881 JowETT Thucyd. I. 144 The army was divided into relays, and one party worked while the other slept and ate. attrib. 1886 Telegraphist (Dec.) 14/1, I beg to call your attention to the anomalous position of relay clerks.

a 1784 S. Johnson Sermons (1788) I. xiii. 271 Men have ever been persuaded, that by doing something, to which they think themselves not obliged, they may purchase an exemption from such duties as they find themselves inclined to violate: that they may commute with heaven for a temporal fine, and make rigour atone for relaxity. 1908 Daily Mail 30 June 9/5 The great secret of voice production is relaxity.

b. In full, relay race. A race of runners in sequence; spec, one run by teams of four athletes, a baton being passed in each team from one runner to the next. Also (in quot. 1920), each of the four sections of a relay race. Also in other sports, e.g. Swimming, where members of a team perform in sequence. Also attrib.

-lON^] Remission (of a penalty). 1528 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 403 The which relaxion was gyvin to Wiliam in recompence of the slaght and saut of Thomas Marten.

relaxity, rare, [irreg. f.

relax v. + -ity; cf. Relaxedness, freedom from restraint or tension; the state of being relaxed.

relay (ri'lei, ’ridei), sb.^ [ad. OF. relais (13th c.), hounds or (in later use) horses held in reserve, f. relayer to relay.] 1. A set of fresh hounds (and horses) posted to take up the chase of a deer in place of those already tired out; falso, the place where these are posted. Obs. exc. arch. ^1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) Prol., And whan he shall comm ayenn to the semble or metynge, thenn hath he moste to done, forto ordeyne his fynders and the relaies. Ibid, xxxiii, And at euery relay suffiseth ii. couple of houndes or iii. atte moste. a 1500 Chaucer's Dreme 362 A great rout Of hunters, and eke of foresters. And many relaies, and limers. 1575 Turberv. Venerie i. xiv. 36 Then may you choose out a Forest wherein the Relaies be of equall proportion. 1637 B. Jonson Sad Sheph. i. ii, Rob. What relays set you? John. None at all; we laid not In one fresh dog. 1651 Davenant Gondibert l. ii. xxviii, [They] now dispose their choice Relays Of Horse and Hounds, each like each other fleet. 1735 Somerville Chase iii. 506 Press’d by the fresh Relay, no Pause allow’d, Breathless and faint, he faulters in his Pace. 1842 Sir H. Taylor Edwin i. vi. Oh, the best bitch! She holds them all together, Relay or vauntlay, ’tis the same to her. attrib. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., The Cry, or Kennel of Relay-Hounds.

2. a. A set of fresh horses obtained, or kept ready, at various stages along a route to expedite travel. 1659 Howell Vocab. xxix, A horse of relay or return. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Relays, is also sometimes taken for fresh Horses, or the Stage where they are kept. 1713 Lond. Gaz. No. 5137/8 [They] came hither., with three Relays of Horses. 1763 Smollett Trav. (1766) I. 137 Itwas as disagreeable to him as to me to wait for a relay. 1843 Lytton Last. Bar. iv. i, Relays of horses are ready, night and day, to bear you to the coast. 1879 A. R. Wallace Australasia xvi. 327 A traveller may have relays of horses to carry him day and night at the rate of ten miles an hour. transf. and fig. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. II. 42 It is impossible for Virtue to subsist without the Relay of Vice. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 250 Who call aloud.. For change of follies, and relays of joy, To drag your patient through the tedious length Of a short winter’s day. i860 Maury Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) xii. §552 Thus we are entitled to regard the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and Persian Gulf as relays, distributed along the route of these thirsty winds.. to supply them with vapours.

b. The place where a fresh relay is obtained. 1706 [see above]. 1834 Jamesy. Marston Hall xxi, I rode on as fast as possible to the next post relay. 1873 Browning Red Cott. Nt.-cap iv. 9 How the mind runs from each to each relay, Town after town, till Paris’ self be touched.

c. relay-horse., a fresh or reserve horse. 1802 James Milit. Diet., Relay-horses in the artillery are spare horses that march with the artillery and baggage, ready to relieve others. 1818 Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 447 Couriers and relay-horses by land, and swift-sailing pilotboats by sea, were flying in all directions.

d. A series of motor vehicles intended to cover a prescribed route (usu. in sequence); an operation involving this. 1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. z'j June 6, I chartered a relay of cars which got us to Beirut..up the coast road. 1971 M. Tak Truck Talk 129 Relay, a procedure commonly used in companies to keep as many trucks as possible moving over the road. 1973 Amer. Speech igdg XLIV. 207 Relay, driving operation in which the driver takes his unit from one terminal to another, where a new driver takes over to deliver it to the next terminal, and so on. 1975 Drive Nov.-Dec. 110/1 The travellers soon continued their journeys—care of AA Relay. Ibid. 110/2 Relay’s south-east team had to recover a Rolls-Royce.. from east London and take it back to.. Chelsea.

e. Bridge. In full, relay bid. (See quot. 1964.) 1959 T. Reese Bridge Player's Diet. 183 The relay method is used in some systems played by European teams. In certain sequences the responder does not try to give a picture of his own hand but makes a series of relay-bids at the lowest level so that he can learn more about his partner’s hand. 1961 Times 30 Aug. ri/5 If the partner responds the

1898 M. Shearman Athletics x. 301 So popular has this form of racing become that within the last year a number of athletic meetings have been held at which there were a series of these relay races. 1908 T. A. Cook Olympic Games 187 Relay Race 1600 Metres... Teams of four with four reserves. 1908 Daily Chron. 18 Apr. 5/6 It looked as if its representatives would carry off the prize for the one mile relay race, in which four runners run one lap, carrying a flag each. At the end of the lap the flag is handed to a relay walker, and in his turn the walker hands the flag to a cyclist who completes the race. 1920 Isis 13 Oct. 2/2 Ten yards is allotted each side of the starting line in which to pass the baton to the next competitor, for every relay subsequent to the one which begins the race. 1922 F. W. H. Nicholas Handbk. Athletics for Beginner (ed. 2) x. 44 Relay 100 yards and relay hurdles may be run up and down. 1927 W. Deeping Kitty xxiv. 310 To him life was like a relay-race: you snatched the baton from the failing hand of the past, and sped ahead without looking back till some other racer took the baton from you. 1929 G. M. Butler Mod. Athletics ii. 8 Names are taken..and made up into senior and junior relay teams of four each. Ibid. 9 Juniors are under no circumstances allowed to compete in the senior relays. 1939 Encycl. Brit. Bk. of Year 650/2 Peter Pick lowered the world’s record for the 400-metre relay..while Ralph Flanagan swam 400 metres free style in 4 min. 46 2 sec. 1950 Oxf.Jun. Encycl. IX. 454/1 There are also two kinds of team relay race: the medley, in which there are exponents of all three styles of swimming; and the free-style, in which all members swim the same stroke. 1952 Armbruster & Morehouse Swimming ^ Diving (ed. 2) x. 201 The types of relays in swimming are usually of two kinds. Ibid. 204 The swimming take-off in relay racing differs from that in back relay racing. 1955 R. Bannister .FiVsfFowrMmwZe^ii. 18 He had helped Hungary on two occasions to capture the 4x1,500 metres relay World record. 1958 Times 13 Aug. 2/6 The main hopes in this country lie in the men’s four by 100 and four by 400 metres relays. 1958 [see baton sb. 2 b]. 1974 Country Life 14 Feb. 292/3 The England women’s only gold medal in athletics.. came in 4 x 400 metres relay. 1976 Liverpool Echo 6 Dec. 18/1 Visibility on the course, however, was too poor to permit the senior relay and a three miles race was substituted. 1978 G. Wright Illustr. Handbk. Sporting Terms 150/3 Relays, events in which teams of swimmers swim in sequence... A relay team usually consists of four swimmers, but occasionally larger numbers are used.

4. a. An instrument used in long distance telegraphy to enable an electric current which is too weak to influence recording instruments, or to transmit a message to the required distance, to do so indirectly by means of a local battery brought into connexion with it. In mod. use, any electrical device, usu. incorporating an electromagnet, wherelay a current or signal in one circuit can open or close another circuit. Also transf. i860 G. Prescott Electr. Telegr. 81 The relay is a very essential apparatus in Morse’s telegraphic system. 1876 Preece & Sivewright Telegraphy 60 The forms of relay more largely used are called polarized. 1907 Cornhill Mag. Mar. 363 The difficulty is overcome by using the partly exhausted current to move a special kind of ‘switch’, or key, called a ‘relay’. 1923 E. W. Marchant Radio Telegr. & Teleph. v. 71 The telephone may be replaced by an ordinary Post Office relay, such as is used for working on the ordinary telegraph line, 1935 Monseth & Robinson Relay Systems i. I The function of protective relays in modern power systems is to initiate the operation of devices to isolate transmission circuits and apparatus when trouble develops. 1956 G. A. Montgomerie Digital Calculating Machines x. 211 For adding numbers, three sets of relays are used, designated as A, B, and C; they are wired together so that, if two numbers are sent respectively to A and B, the sum of the two numbers appears on C. 1969 Times 16 Jan. 4/7 Relays are instruments used to switch electrical circuits on and off automatically. They usually consist of an electromagnet which, when activated by an electrical signal, opens or closes a switch in another circuit. attrib. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1915/2 By means of the relay magnet. 1878 Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. vii. §256. 261 As it were by some relay battery of the universe. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 200/2 The sensory relay region in the thalamus. i

V

b. An installation or satellite which receives, amplifies, and retransmits a radio transmission so that it may be received over a wider area. Freq. attrib. 1921 Wireless World 10 Dec. 575/1 These men have banded themselves into a relay organisation. They have laid out in definite form certain traffic routes.., and messages.. are broadcasted across the country any time of the night... These relay routes enable the transmission of personal messages from coast to coast, and from the Canadian border to the Mexican border. 1923 Radio Times 28 Sept. 26/3 The engineers of the British Broadcasting Company will employ a wireless relay across the Thames. 1945 Wireless World Oct. 305 {heading) Extra-terrestrial relays. Can rocket stations give world-wide radio coverage? 1962 Rep. Comm. Broadc. ig6o 257 in Pari. Papers ig6i-2 (Cmnd. I753) IX. 259 The relay companies are prohibited from originating any programmes of their own. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIII. 469/2 By far the largest number of television circuit miles is provided by microwave radio relay. 1966 Electronics 14 Nov. 47 The company has developed an antenna that allows a plane, say flying over North America, to communicate with a relay satellite orbiting about the equator. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xxii. 61 The communications satellite is a radio relay, consisting of a receiver and transmitter, plus a command receiver and transmitter, to control the satellite.

c. A radio transmission or programme which has been relayed. 1929 Radio Times 8 Nov. 395/3 We were testing all the arrangements for the Schneider Trophy relay, making sure that the loud-speaker system at various points round the coast could pick up our broadcast. 1929 B.B.C. Yearbk. 1930 383 Listeners can.. expect to find a number of relays of Central European stations included in the British programmes. 1965 Listener 25 Nov. 873/2 Don Carlos (Third Programme, November 20) was a direct relay. In spite of all the disadvantages—in timing, indifferent quality of reception, and applause—this kind of broadcast has the incalculable quality of excitement and immediacy that no recording or tape can hope to equal.

5. Special Combs.: relay rack, a rack or frame on which relays are mounted, usu. used in a telephone exchange; relay station, a radio station that serves as a relay; also^g.; relay valve Engin., a fluid valve in which the main flow is controlled by a diaphragm actuated by a weep derived from the main flow. 1908 Daily Chron. 8 Apr. 3/6 Each girl sits in front of a relay rack, fitted with a bewildering number of small holes, each of which represents a subscriber. 1930 [see rack sb.^ 5 g]- 1970 J^rn/. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 58 A desk-type relay rack with two standard rack panels and an enclosed back stood on a table in the experimental room. 1923 Radio Times 28 Sept. 2/2 The proposed relay stations.. will have a power of 100 to 150 watts. 1969 Times 26 Feb. 8/7 Light., is converted to a train of nervous impulses which are transmitted down the optic nerve to a relay station known as the lateral geniculate body (L.G.B.) and from there to the striate cortex. 1974 B.B.C. Handbk. 1975 21/1 Savings on capital expenditure in 1974-5 were achieved through postponement of work on the proposed Caribbean relay station. 1939 R. N. Le Fevre Man. Pract. Gas Fitting xix. 390 The relay valve., is made in a variety of sizes to suit particular gas rates and pipe connections. 1970 Miles & PiNKESS Gas Appliance Control ii. 41 It is.. possible to have a leak in a joint in the weep pipe or in the cover of the relay valve itself which would pass sufficient gas to hold the relay valve open, even if the control were shut. 1977 R. Pritchard et al. Industr. Gas Utilization ix. 414 Relay valves are used to control gas or air flows using a small actuating valve, which may be a solenoid valve or a thermostat in the weep line. re-lay (ri:-), sb.^ [re- 5 a.] A re-laid oyster. 1889 Pall Mall G. 18 June 3/1 Not one in twenty knows that the majority of so-called real Whitstable natives are imported relays. relay (n'lei, 'riilei), v.'^ [ad. F. relayer (13th c.),

of obscure origin.] 11. a. trans. Of a hunter: To let go (the fresh hounds) upon the track of the deer. Also absol. Obs. C1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii. He shuld lat pe deere passe and go to pe fues.. and relay his houndes vpon pe fues. Ibid., If it so be, patpe hunter J?at hape relayed, se |7at J?e deere is lickely to fall in daunger,.. he shuld, whan he hath relayed, stonde still in pe fues and halowe pe houndes.

fb. To hunt (a deer) with relays. Obs. rare^^. C1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, When he hath be so wele ronne to and enchased and retreved and softe relayed and vanleyed to,.. penne turneth he his heed and stondeth at abaye.

2. To place in relays: to provide with, or replace by, fresh relays. 1788 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. II. 427 The emissaries of this Cabal had been relayed (if I may use the expression) on the road. 1883 Pall Mall G. 18 Dec. 4/2 Our human ponies were not relayed. 1883 Daily News 3 Jan. 5/6 Those who watched in the mortuary room were relayed every ten minutes. .

3. intr. To get a fresh relay. 1829 Col. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 4, [I] relayed with a horse at Winchester that.. could only toddle along, a 1868 M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 158 He endeavours to make up for the time lost in relaying by what he calls 'pousser les postilions.*

4. trans. a. To pass on or retransmit (telephonic or broadcast signals received from elsewhere); loosely, to transmit. 1878 Telegr. Jrnl. VI. 274/2 They have finally solved the important problem of re/aying ■ telephone sounds. 1904

RE-LAY

557

Marconigram July 16/2 With a telegraphone in Chicago, one may telephone from New York, have the telegraphone record his message and repeat it over another wire to St. Louis, where another machine relays it to Denver. 1923 Glasgow Herald 22 Mar. 9/2 Little progress has so far been made, as the experiments have only recently been commenced, but last night a Birmingham concert was relayed for London with some success. 1923 Daily Mail 14 A'Jg- 5/3 A. special orchestral concert which will be relayed to all the broadcasting stations in Britain. 1958 Radio Times 14 Feb. 3/3 The sensitive receiving equipment is also used for relaying programmes from the Commonwealth and the U.S.A. 1969 Times 16 July 4/1 The television pictures to be relayed back to earth will be taken by a camera fixed on a special attachment. 1974 B.B.C. Handbk. igy$ 20/2 Prokofiev’s opera War and Peace was relayed from the New Sydney Opera House in Australia. 1977 Rep. Comm. Future of Broadcasting (Cmnd. 6753) iii. 21 We saw a cable company in Toronto relaying programmes on 24 channels: but several of them were relaying the same programme.

b. transf. information).

To

pass

on

(a

message

or

1956 A. H. Compton Atomic Quest ii. 117 These men were thoroughly acquainted with our wartime methods of bomb construction and relayed the techniques to Russia. 1974 State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 13 Feb. s-a/i President Nixon relayed word through a spokesman Tuesday that he has no plans to visit the Middle East.

Hence 'relayed ppL a.\ 'relaying vhL sh. 1904 Marconigram July 16/1 The steel belt machine will transmit a record.. by relaying, to great distances. 1949 Radio Times 15 July 6/1 [We] presented an electrophone to our aged father on (October 5th, 1908... I have a vivid recollection of.. listening to a relayed programme.

re-lay (ri:-),

Also relay, [re- 5 a.] trans. To lay again, in various senses. Also with out. Hence re-'laying vbl. sb.

1590 Sir T. Cokaine Treat. Hunting Cij, All Huntsmen are to helpe any hound that is cast out to relay him in againe. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 16/2 If the guttes, with these remedyes, will not relaye ther swellinge. 1700 Providence (R.I.) Rec. (1893) IV. 197 The second part of the said land now relaid out is a peece of swampey land. 1796 W. Brown Chancery Rep. III. 91 He alone received the 500/., and.. no part of it was relaid out in other securities. 1804 Nelson 18 Apr. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) V. 502 Perhaps the hawser-laid rope.. may if the hemp is good be relaid and made serviceable. 1858 Greener Gunnery 143 This necessitates the relaying of the gun after every discharge. 1894 Daily News i Sept. 6/1 The re-binding of the volumes, the displacement of ‘titles’, and their ‘re-laying’, entailed an immense amount of labour.

b. esp. To lay or put down again (something previously taken up). 1757 Smollett Hist. Eng. iii. xii. (L.), As to damaged pavements,.. to cause it to be effectually relayed with good materials at their expense. 1829 Elmes Dilapidations (ed. 3) App. 66 Take up and relay the Portland stone coping. 1862 Catal. Internatl. Exhib. II. x. 34/2 It is useful.. where a main is being re-laid with the gas or water in the same. 1886 Tucker E. Europe 185 The cloth was re-laid, and due regard was paid to the cravings of the famished party.

relay, rele,

obs. form of reel.

tre'leage, r. Obs.rare^^. [ad. Lt.releg-dre or F. releguer: see relegate v.] To banish. 1691 J. Wilson Belphegor v. ii, I releage, and confine ye, to your dismal Lake, for a thousand Years, yet more, than were ever decreed ye.

re'leam,

TJ. [re-5 a.] trans. To learn again. 431711 Ken Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 213 He in Religion nurtur’d from his Youth, In Wisdom’s House relearn’d all sacred Truth. 1850 Westm. Rev. Apr. 80 The world has never to re-leam its lesson. 1900 Gore Ep. Romans II. 100 We must relearn the lesson that St. Augustine is for ever insisting upon.

re'leaming, vbl. sb. [re- 5 a.] Learning again. 1961 ‘E. Fenwick’ Friend of Mary Rose ii. 20 In the new house .. he would have an immense amount of relearning to do. 1978 Daedalus Fall 33 Nothing is ever learned beyond the need for relearning. variant of relish sb.^ Obs.

re'leasable, a.

[f. release v.^ + Admitting of release or dispensation.

-able.]

1611 CoTGR., Remissible^ remittable,.. releasable. 1612 Selden Illustr. Drayton's Poly-olb. xi. 350 He discharged all monasteries and churches of all.. taxes,.. excepting such as were.. not releasable. 1854 Fraser's Mag. L. 318 A religious congregation forming simple, i.e. releasable vows. 1936 Nat. Geogr. Mag. LXIX. 93/2 Heavy items of apparatus to be carried in releasable form on the outside of the gondola. 1950 Manch. Guardian 15 Sept. 7/3 At Church Fenton.., to quote from an Air Ministry News Service message, will be ‘a miniature bombing range and miniature aircraft complete with releasable bombs to amuse the children’. 1980 Nature 31 Jan. 488/1 The content of LH-RH in the synaptosomal pellet obtained after centrifugation showed a decline with time, indicating depletion of a releasable pool of the neuropeptide.

t re'leasant. Obs. rare—^. [irreg. f. release + -ant'.] Release. 1592 Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 343 What, shall I never from this servitude Receive releasant?

release (ri'liis), s6.*

1067 Be nau3t lol> To do penaunce here; For 3et l?er hys here som reles So nys nau3t ine pe uere Areyned. C1400 Rom. Rose 4440 For Love..Seide, that Hope, wher-so I go, Shulde ay be relees to my wo. c 1400 Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) App. Q. 2 Wo & sorewe to his lond is cominge.. ne worpe neuere reles. c 1440 York Myst. xxxvii. 288 Nowthir frende nor foo Shulde fynde reles in helle. C1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) v. 48 In May sowld men of amoure go To serf thair ladeis.. Sen thair releis in ladeis lyis. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxv, Emily had no opportunity of seeking a release from her terrible suspense concerning her aunt. 1819 Shelley Prometh. Unb. III. i. 64 No pity, no release, no respite! 1840 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) III. vii. 108 To me individually it would be a great release to be quit of the trouble and expense of the garden. 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 330 Death’s kindly touch.. gave Soul and body both release from life’s long nightmare in the grave, C1315 Shoreham I.

t b. Const, of (the suffering or its cause). Obs. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3565 And what may mak pzir payn cees And hani of hair payn to haf relees. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 81 Thei that wende pees Tho myhten finde no reles Of thilke swerd which al devoureth. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. clxxvi. For my reconforting, In relesche of my furiouse pennance. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 236 For whosoevir unto this name calle. Of cankryd surfetys fynt reles by myracle.

c. Psychol. Liberation from emotional or physical tension. Also attrib. and in gen. use. 1915 E. B. Holt Freudian Wish i. 20 Just what shall happen depends on the relative strengths of the suppressed with and of the censor, and on the amount of release which the joke affords as well as on the degree of violence which it does to the censor. 1933 E. & W. Murphy tr. Bechterev's Gen. Princ. Hum. Renexol. xxv. 272 All processes of release from inhibition are based on the retention—in the centres —of the traces of reflexes. 1934 E. B. Strauss tr. Kretschmer's Text-bk. Med. Psychol, i. 12 Are they Lc. fits] not really a symptom of cortic^ paralysis (produced by the lesion) in the sense that they result from a release of sub¬ cortical activities from cortical control? 1936 P. T. Young Motivation of Behav. v. 247 Tension and release occur constantly in the trivial events of daily life. 1948 L. Kanner Child Psychiatry (ed. 2) xvii. 245 The term ‘release therapy’ indicates that the ventilation of specifically oriented feelings of hostility, guilt, and anxiety constitutes a main therapeutic facet. 1954 A. H. Maslow Motivation & Personality xi. 187 It is very likely that catharsis, as originally defined by Breuer and Freud, is in essence a more complex variant of release behavior. 1959 Times 4 Apr. 7/6 As the American male is said to approach his car as a form of self-expression, so the German sees it as an instrument of release. 1966 Listener 4 Aug. 174/1 In some quarters this loss of binding traditions has resulted in the retreat beyond all controls—the anti¬ culture of ‘release’. 1978 M. T. Erickson Child Psychopathology vi. 117 The therapeutic effect of release therapy is based on the child’s acting out or talking about a traumatic event that is the source of the disturbance.

2. a. The act of freeing, or fact of being freed, from some obligation, duty, or demand; remission; discharge of a person (for troops).

obs. form of rely

releas,

OF. reles (12th c.), var. of relais, vbl. sb. from relesser, relaisser: see release tJ.'] 1. a. Deliverance or liberation from trouble, pain, sorrow or the like.

Forms; 4-5 reles(e, -lees, 5-6 -lesse, (4 -leische, 5 Sc. -lesche; 5 -lece, -leese, 6 Sc. -leis); 5 releasse, 6 -leace, 6- release, [a.

C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 185 Bot if pei wille with pes pis lond 3eld vs alle quite, pei salle pan haf reles, of fayth gode respite. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. vii. 83 To ha reles and remission on that rental I be-leeue. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 373 My will is.. that thou make a plein reles To love, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 428/2 Relece, or for-3euenesse, relaxacio. 1530 Palsgr. 261/2 Release, forgyvenesse, pardon. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. Ixxi, Bonds of good abearing shall have no release. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII (1876) 65 He would not have one penny abated,.. because it might encourage other counties to pray the like release or mitigation. 1671 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 507 His.. losing his command by the late release of the levies. 1764 Goldsm. Hist. Eng. in Lett. (1772) IL 170 The Spaniards, instead of granting a redress, had rather extorted a release for their former conduct. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist. xix. (1896) III. 362 Henry III.. sought in a papal sentence of absolution a release from the solemn obligations by which he had bound himself to his people.

tb. Remission of a tax, debt, obligation, etc. Obs. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 77 losephus.. obteynede .. the fauor of the kynge and releische of his tribute. 1502 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 389 The sayd James schall hawe reles of the cheff ii.s. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Jack Cade x, We desired releace of subsidies. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. xv. 75 His Will to have it done being signified, is a release of that Covenant. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 508 This remission or release of debts hath a great affinity with remission of sins.

c. A written discharge, acquittance, or receipt. C1440 Geste of Robyn Hood cxvii. in Child Ballads III. 62/1 ‘What wyll ye gyue more’, sayd the justice, ‘And the knyght shall make a releyse?’ 1530 Rastell B/j. Purgat. iii. xiv, To make acquitaunces and relesis in his name, and to take bondes. 1611 Cotgr., Quitance, an Acquitance, Release, discharge. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. xix, I..caused him to draw up a general release or discharge for the four hundred and seventy moidores. 1809 R. Langford Introd. Trade 108 If a Rent be behindhand twenty years, and a release given for the last year, all the rent in arrears is presumed in law to be satisfied.

d. A written authorization or permission for publication, esp. from an owner of copyright or a person depicted in a photograph. Tamarack Rev. Winter 13 Don’t touch anything, and be sure to get a release. 1966 K. Giles Provenance of Death i. 6 Publishing your photo in an ad. without a release could be libel. 1970 C. Whitman Death out of Focus ix. 130 A photographer would be a damned fool to come in here with a print for which he had no release. 1979 R. Cox Auction vii. 186 The late Herr Schneider bequeathed it [sc. a picture] to me and I was given a release by Herbstein as a result. 1965

RELEASE t3. without release (tr. OF. sans reles), without remission or cessation, continually. Obs. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 955 In pat oper is no3t bot pes to glene, ay schal laste with-outen reles. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. go Jre wirkere of dissolucioun of waters ys with outen reles. 1566 Whittingham Ps. li. 3 My sinne alas doth still remayne Before my face without release.

4. Law. a. The act of conveying or making over an estate or right to another, or disposing of it in some legal fashion (see quot. 1594); ^ deed or document made for this purpose. C1420 Anturs of Arth. 1, Here I make the relese in my rentis, by pe rode. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 117 Thus the burges of the borrowe.. He endewed into the place wyth dedes of good relese, In fee for ever more. 1487 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 389/2 Which Releasse remayneth with You, Soveraigne Lord; as appereth by the same. 1537 Lett. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 168 We have taken a releasse and a deade of feofftement of the monasterie of Saint Androse in Northehamptone to the kinges use. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. §466 A Release is an instrument, whereby estates, rightes, titles, entries, actions, and other things be sometimes extinguished, sometimes transferred, sometimes abridged, and sometimes inlarged. 1601 Act 43 Eliz. c. 4 §4 By any Conveiance, Gifte, Graunte, Lease, Demise, Release, or Conversion whatsoever. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v.. And there is a Release in fact, and a release in lawe. 1743 ViNER Abridgm. XVIII. 294 If a Man seised of a Rent in Fee grants it for Life, he may enlarge it by Release. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 324 Releases; which are a discharge or conveyance of a man’s right in lands or tenements, to another that hath some former estate in possession. 1844 Williams Real Prop. (1877) 135 A release IS the proper form of assurance between joint tenants. 1853 T. I. Wharton Pennsylv. Digest 470 A release cannot be given in evidence in covenant unless it has been pleaded.

b. lease and release, ‘a conveyance of the feesimple, right, or interest in lands or tenements, under the Statute of Uses, 27 Hen. 8, c. 10, giving first the possession, and aftei^ards the interest in the estate conveyed’ (Tomlins). 1682 Sir O. Bridgman Conveyances 185 Lease and Release by the Husband for a Provision for his Wife, and Portions for his Children. 1744 Jacob Law Diet. (ed. 5) II. s.v. Lease Gf Release, A Lease and Release made but one Conveyance, being in the nature of one Deed. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 339 A fourteenth species of conveyance, viz. by lease and release; first invented by Serjeant Moore, soon after the statute of uses, and now the most common of any, and therefore not to be shaken. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 2’7Sl'^ In the common conveyance by lease and release, it is usu^ to give the intended releasee an estate in the land for a year by bargain and sale.

15. The place where fresh hounds are let slip to take up the chase. Obs.~^ (See relay sb. i.) 1490 Caxton Eneydos xv. 53 [They] assembled theyr rennynge houndes, two and two togyder..; Some wyth the brakkenere, for to be atte the reysynge of the beeest, for to renne after; The other for to be sette atte the relesse.

6. a. The action of setting free, or the fact of being set free, from restraint or confinement; permission to go free; also, a document giving formal discharge from custody. C1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. l. viii. In vaine to others for release you flie, If once on you I griping fingers sett. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 11 All prisoners.. They cannot boudge, till your release. 1671 Milton P.R. i. 409 Who boast’st release from Hell, and leave to come Into the Heav’n of Heavens. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxxviii, I knew no sum would be thought too great for the release of Pekuah. 1847 Emerson Poems, To Rhea Wks. (Bohn) I. 403 These presents be the hostages Which I pawn for my release.

b. The act of letting go something fixed or held in a certain position, or confined in some way; also, any device by which this is effected. 1871 Spons' Diet. Engin. IV. 1408 Causing the release of the spring-clips to be earlier or later in the stroke. 1882 (Jgilvie, Release, in the steam-engine, the opening of the exhaust-port before the stroke is finished, to lessen the back¬ pressure. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 306 The release is pressed too hard and the shutter slips off. 1892 Pall .Mall G. 10 Sept. 7/2 A little frame carrying five keys. One of these is the release. attrib. 1884 C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts Ser. iii. 89/2 The third [hole] is closed by a stopper and capsule, forming a release-valve.

c. Teleph. The action of freeing for further use apparatus or circuitry which has been engaged. Freq. attrib. 1892 Pall Mall G. 10 Sept. 7/2 The subscriber presses the release key. 1919 J. Poole Pract. Telephone Handbk. (ed. 6) xxi. 368 Its armature short-circuits the no-voltage release magnet and the switch arm falls back to its open position. 1921 W. Aitken Automatic Telephone Systems I. 185 The calling receiver may be replaced just before the register is connected and cause a premature release. 1969 S. F. Smith Telephony & Telegr. A ii. 39 If a relay were required to have a high value of release current, it would need as many springs as possible of maximum thickness. 1970 N. N. Biswas Princ. Telephony iii. 80 This alarm circuit becomes a necessity in all exchanges where the release of the entire switching stages is controlled by the calling subscriber.

d. Phonetics. The action or manner of relaxing or terminating the obstruction involved in articulating a stop consonant. 1920 in Webster. 1951 Z. S. Harris Methods in Structural Linguistics 44 In some English dialects perhaps the sequence [tr] (post-dental [t] plus voiceless spirant release), are each composed of smaller segments. 1964 J. C. Catford in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 34 Variations in vocal fold thickness.. produce qualitative variations in.. the releasesound of glottal stop. 1969 English Studies L. 328 This implies that the difference of total duration between [ptk] and [bdg] is very nearly equivalent to the difference of

RELEASE duration of the release stage. 1978 Amer. Speech igys L. 295 In the style of pronunciation favored by barbershoppers, final voiced stops like those in the key words have a release that gives the impression of an indistinct vowel.

e. Jazz. A passage of music that serves as a bridge between repetitions of a main melody. Chiefly U.S. 1936 L. Dowling tr. Panassie's Hot Jazz: Guide to Swing Music 18 The group of eight measures designated by the letter b is called the ‘middle part’ because it makes the first appearance in the middle of the tune. [Translator's note] Also called, quite poetically, ‘the release’. 1937 New Republic 24 Nov. 69/1 But then the band comes down to the release and Benny holds up one finger and Jess nods. 1946 Mezzrow & Wolfe Really Blues (1957) 344 We played a more staccato style on the release. 1949 L. Feather Inside Be-bop II. 67 In the release there is another beautiful sweeping phrase. 1959 Avakian & Prince in M. T. Williams Art of Jazz (i960) xvii. 184 Charlie, .develops a series of riffs through the first sixteen bars (tension); then, in the eight-bar release, he contrasts this by playing melodic lines characteristically made up mainly of even eighth notes (relaxation), then returns to eight bars of riffs (tension). 1972 A. Wilder Amer. Popular Song ii. 56 The conventional A-A-B-A structure (main strain: its virtual repetition: a release, almost always new material: and finally, a literal, varied, or extended restatement of the main strain) was used in 01’ Man River.

7. The action of releasing information or other material for publication or public showing; the information or material released. a. (The releasing of) a news item or official statement, usu. to the press, orig. U.S. 1907 N.Y. Even. Post (semi-weekly ed.) 15 July 4 The report was given to the press associations.. labelled ‘confidential’, with a fixed date for ‘release’, before which no part of it was to be used. 1927 G. Ade Let. 31 May (1973) 120, I will be. .up to my eyes in the weekly release grind. 1931 F. L. Allen Only Yesterday ix. 276 Press agents distributed their canned releases. 1932 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 269/1 The press agents., did not pour forth their releases to a.. cooperating press. 1957 [see backgrounder]. a 1974 R. Crossman Diaries I. 343 The release wasn’t ready until a few minutes before I had to deliver the speech.

b. The action of making a film available to cinemas or a gramophone record to purchasers; also, the film or record itself. 1912 Motion Picture Ann. 25 An Essanay release called ‘Sunshine’. 1927 Daily News 8 June 4/4 Some of the recent ‘releases’ show that Hollywood and Germany are being challenged seriously in the matter of production. 1929 'His Master's Voice' New Records Mid-June 13 Theme songs from two great American films that are scheduled for release in the autumn. 1932 New Yorker 14 May 57/2, I have not seen it [sc. a gramophone record] on any official list and it seems to be a special release. 1949 St. Paul (Minnesota) Pioneer-Press 19 June 11/3 Busiest year on record for total releases is 1921 when American moviegoers had their choice of 854 different features. 1966 lllustr. London News 30 July 31/2 Perhaps this could be quietly excised before the film goes out on general release. 1966 Guardian 22 Dec. 4/7 In the pop/folk field the best new release is by The Incredible String Band. 1974 Times 19 Oct. 9/1 New Releases... Piano Music by Erik Satie. 1977 Time 4 July 4 (Advt.), There’s a film to watch—a recent release—8 tracks of stereo to listen to, free naturally, and plenty of room to stretch out or stroll about.

8. Special Combs.: release agent, a substance which is applied to a surface in order to prevent adhesion to it, esp. in food packaging and concrete construction; release date, a date fixed for the release of information or other material (see sense 7 above); release group, a group of servicemen due for release from conscripted service; release note, a note authorizing the release of (part of) an aircraft as fit for service; now also in extended use. i960 A. E. Bender Diet. Nutrition 107/2 Release agents, substances applied to tinned or enamelled surfaces or plastic films to prevent the food adhering; e.g. fatty acid amides, microcrystalline waxes, petrolatums, starch, methylcellulose. 1965 W. H. Taylor Concrete Technol. Pract. vii. 160 An ideal release agent.. should produce a clean stripping action with a minimum of surface defects on the hardened concrete. 1974 Briston & Katan Plastics in Contact with Food iii. 61 Silicone resins are also used as release agents. The baking industry, for instance, uses silicone resins to coat bread baking pans and hundreds of releases from a single coating of resin have been reported. 1910 Moving Picture World 26 Mar. 488/1 {heading) Independent release dates. 1932 L. C. Douglas Forgive us our Trespasses (1937) xv. 306 He decided not to take another look at the gripping letter until he had done at least one essay. He always tried to keep about three weeks ahead of the release date. 1965 Amer. N. ^ Q. Mar. 105/2 Its fine appendix of ‘Serials from 1912 to 1930’, showing title, director, cast, release date, releasing company. 1945 News Chron. 18 Apr. 2/4 We think it would have been much fairer to lower the release group age, such as all men over 45 in Group One and so on, and let some of the youngsters who have been in so-called deferred jobs have a turn. 1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 149 W.A.A.F. personnel whose release groups have appeared in an advance promulgation are invited to apply for vacancies. 1930 Air Ann. Brit. Empire 234 The firm must issue with every consignment they deliver a release note certifying that all inspection has been carried out. 1963 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 51/1 When a motor dealer asked a customer from whom he bought a second-hand Wolseley car to sign a ‘release note’, which turned out to be a guarantee of a third party’s commitments under a hire-purchase agreement, the customer was not liable on the guarantee.

RELEASE

558 t release, sh.'^ Ohs. rare-^. RELES: cf. RELEASE Relish.

[Later form of

1604 T. Wright Passions v. §4. 189 Things which repugne any way together carrie with them a spice or release of contrarietie.

release (ri'Iiis), v.^ Forms: 3-5 reles, 4-6 relese, -lesse, -lece, (4 -leese, -leesse, 5 -leece, -lecyn); 4-5 releysche, -lesche, (4 -leische), 5 ralesche, releshe; 5- release, (6 -leace, -leause). [ad. OF. relesser (12th c.), relaiss{i)er (var. of relacher) :—L. relaxdre to relax.] I. fl. trans. To withdraw, recall, revoke, cancel (a sentence, punishment, condition, etc.). Ohs. 1297 F- Glouc. (Rolls) 10297 hou hast nou..j>e pope bisout, J>at he relesi pe entredit. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 371 The kyng hadde relesed [v.r. relesched; L. relaxasset] and wipcleped a wel hard avow pat he hadde imade. Ibid. VHI. 233 If that he made eny sentence, the legate.. scholde have releisched hit. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret. 128 A1 the Cite.. to the Sone relessid the Payne [= penalty] of the eighyn. C1530 Crt. of Love 1014 The sixteenth statut doth me grete grevaunce, But ye must that relesse or modifie. 1568 Grafton Chron. H. 931 The lyfe was geuen, and the punishment of death releaused. 1629 Milton Christ's Nativ. i, For so the holy sages once did sing. That he our deadly forfeit should release. 1671 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 501 Getting the King here to release that Article of the Treaty.

t2. To relieve, alleviate, or remove (labour, pain, etc.). Ohs. (21340 Hampole Psalter cxviii. [cxix.] 54 Relesand my trauayls and my noy in pis wrechid life. CI386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 971, I prey yow al my labour to relesse. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. clxxxiv, Beseching vnto fair venus abufe.. His paine relesch, and sone to stand In grace. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W, 1531) 99 He begged but one droppe of water, to release his turmentes. 1551 Turner Herbal i. B vij b, The iuice that is pressed out, is better & releseth the paine soner. 1597 Daniel Civ. Wars vi. Ixvi, Would God his blood, and mine had well releast The dangers that his pride is like to breed.

3. To remit; to grant remission or discharge of or for (something); fa. a vow or task. Ohs. CI315 Shoreham i. 1790 Relessed Schel hym naugt be religioun, J?a3 he be naujt professed, c 1386 Chaucer Clerk’s T. 97 But ther as ye han profred me.. To chese me a wyf, I yow relesse That choys, and prey you of that profre cesse.

fb. sin or wrong-doing. Ohs. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 77 If preestis have power to relese synne as Cristis vikeris. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 508 Thilke synne is so greet that vnnethe may it be releessed. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 134 To a vertues kynge hit appendyth lyghtly to relesse the wronge that is to hym done. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark iv. 32 Nowe sinnes are not released, but to suche as beleue that sins are freely released. 1574 tr. Marlorat's Apocalips 11 Who can release sinnes but onely God?

c. a debt, tax, tribute, etc. Now only Law. C1386 Chaucer Frank! T. 885 Sire, I releesse thee thy thousand pound,.. I wol nat take a peny of thee. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 107 He.. relesede.. half pe tribute pat was woned to be payde. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 57 And also he vsys pat tyme .. for to reles party of rentys. 1457 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 295 That he shall have releshyed to hym during hys live the chef rent of an orchard. C1550 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) 27 b, If .. youe should release youre rent., to the old rate. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 115 A tribute which Leo the 9. did release to the church of Bamburg. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lx. (1739) 118 He not only never charged the people with any Tax, but released that of Dane-gelt. 1884 Sir W. B. Brett in Law Rep. 14 Q.B. Div. 191 [One] who was competent to do so might have released the debt.

4. a. To give up, resign, relinquish, surrender (esp. a right or claim, in favour of another person). 1390 Gower Conf. I. 357 In what wise he may relesse His hihe astat, that wot he noght. Ibid. 271 Echon.. preiden for this lordes hele, Which hath relessed the querele. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13626, I releshe pe my ryght with a rank will, And graunt pe pe gouernanse of pis grete yle. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. xxix. 461 Yf that this knyght slee hym, I fully releece my clayme for euer. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon liii. 180 As for the wager that I sholde wyn therby, I am content to relese it quyte. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 172 Whiche of you.. would concent that the kyng shoulde release his Seignioritie or superioritie of Wales, Irelande or Cornewall? 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. ii. 19 Bidding them fight for honour of their love. And rather die then Ladies cause release. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 907 As if the Emperor Frederick had released to Philip Duke of Burgundy, all Right of Empire. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. HI. 346 Nor will the vanquish’d Bull his Claim release. 1775 Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 83 That we should at once release our claims. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 376/1 An expectant heir cannot release the right which he may have to his ancestor’s estate.

b. spec. To surrender, make over, transfer (land or territory) to another. Chiefly Law. C1400 Rom. Rose 6999, I quethe hym quyte, and hym relesse Of Egipt al the wildirnesse. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 22 The said Lowes relesid the seide dukedom to the said Richarde. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, i. i. 51 It is agreed.. That the Dutchy of Aniou.. shall be released and deliuered to the King her father. 1664 Anderson JReports §83,1 release all my Lands, See. to A. and to his Heirs. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. App. 4 The said Abraham Barker and Cecilia his Wife, Have.. sold, released, and,confirmed.. unto the said David Edwards.. all that capital messuage called Dale Hall. 1809 Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 620 Colsuan did not release the land of Ingemund and his brother to Earl Alan. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt i, I trusted to your getting the estate some time, and releasing it; and I determined to keep it worth releasing.

i

absol. 1430-1 Rolls of Park. IV. 386/1 The whech William gave full astate..of the Burgages, Landes and Tenements aforeseid, and opon that relesed to the seid Suppliant in hir possession. 1462 Paston Lett. II. 89 That the seid maner sholde be solde by. .his executours, to whom the seid Sir John hath relesed, as his dute was to do. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 325 If there be two joint disseisors, and the disseisee releases to one of them [etc.].

c. spec. (See quot.) 1876 Digby Real Prop. v. §3 (2) 226 When a reversioner desires, not to grant his reversion to a third person, but to convey it to the person who already has the particular estate, he is said to release the reversion.

d. Of a public or military authority: to make available (requisitioned or otherwise withheld items) to the public; to return (land or property) to civilian use. 1917 Globe 21 Feb. 4/4 Only this morning a daily paper of some standing remarked that the Government had not ‘released’ any Colonial mutton.. last week. 1945 Daily Tel. 27 July 3/3 {heading) R.A.F. & Navy to release houses. Ibid., The Admiralty and Air Ministry are to do all they can to alleviate the housing situation by releasing property.

fS. To relax, moderate, mitigate. Ohs. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 128 So he mayntenyd his lawe, and relessit the duresse of the laue. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxvii. 116 The Massilians intreat the Romaines to release their displeasure against the Phocenses. 1677 Govt. Venice 207 They released the severity of that Law.

II. 6. a. To set or make free, to liberate, deliver, 0/(now somewhat rare) or from pain, bondage, obligation, etc. Also without const. {a) 13.. Coer de L. 3034 Ther was no man .. myghte do his sorwe sese, Ne off his paynes hym relese. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3813 For pardon here.. May |?am relese of pe dede of payn. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 227 He is presumyt ay to be servand quhill he be releschit of his service. C1470 Henry Wallace ii. 361 Quhen Wallace was ralesched off his payne. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxix. (Percy Soc.) 138 Ye shall release Me first of my wo and great distresse. 1560 Daus tr, Sleidane’s Comm, 205 He shall release the people of theyre othe. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 14 They are in a manner releast of their thraldome, in that vnsensible of it. 1870 Tennyson Pelleas & Ettarre 290 Let who will release him of his bonds. 1974 Petroleum Rev. XXVHI. 675/3 'T'o release the diver of this chore, remotecontrolled systems are being developed. (t)ci386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 735 Ihesu crist.. relessed vs fro the peynes of helle. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) HI. 247 The kynges letters thro whom he scholde releysche the ministres of the temple from every tribute. 1590 Spenser F.Q. III. vii. I Long after she from perill was releast. 1666 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 201, I suppose you know that the Duke of Buckingham and Marquesse of Dorchester are again releast from the Tow’r. 1738 Wesley Ps. li. xv. Thou only canst release My Soul from all Iniquity. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 139 A mind released From anxious thoughts. 1817 Shelley Pr. Athan. ii. ii. 66 From death and dark forgetfulness released. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) 1.407 The wicked is not released from his evil by death. (c) c 1330 Assump. Virg. (B.M. MS.) 529 In what peyne so hebe.. I schal hem reles sone anone. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 186 So that Athenis, which was bounde, Nevere after scholde be relessed. C1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 237 Apollo, though Diana hym relese. Yet shall he su to me to haue hys pese. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 176 b. By the kynges authoritie not longe after he was cleane released. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 30 Goe, release them Ariell, My Charmes He breake, their sences He restore. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. loi Six Seasons use; but then release the Cow. 1738 Gray Propertius iii. 87 The hand that can my captive heart release. 1818 Shelley Rosa! ^ Helen 908 His foes released him thence, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xxvii. 198, I recommended him to release the horses and leave the carriage to its fate. ahso! C1440 Macro Plays (E.E.T.S.) 67/971 All pe preyer J>at seyde be kan, With-owt sorowe of hert, relesyt nought. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 138 He that can bind, can release.

b. To unfix, free (a thing) from some fastening. 1833 Tennyson Two Voices 403 And I arose, and I released the casement.

c. U.S. euphem.

To make (an employee) redundant.

1976 National Observer (U.S.) 24 Jan. 1/4 The two most difficult things I ever had to do were, one: tell 23 teachers we were going to release them [etc.]. 1977 Time 12 Dec. 54/2 He closed 1,700 stores, released 10,000 employees, borrowed heavily to revamp and enlarge the remaining 1,932 supermarkets.

7. To make available for publication or public showing; to publish (printed matter, recorded material or the like), orig. U.S. 1904 N. Y. Times 25 July 5 Chairman Cannon’s speech and President Roosevelt’s response are completed. The latter is in the hands of the press associations, and will be released Wednesday afternoon. 1912 Motion Picture Ann. 42 List of Licensed Pictures. Regularly released during the year 1912. 1916 ‘B. M. Bower’ Phantom Herd v. 71 We’ve just got to release films the market calls for. 1937 A. Thirkell Summer Half xi. 298 If a film gets to Barchester it means it’s been released for simply months. 1957 Essays Stud. X. 5 Among words that incur.. reproach are .. release (the expression ‘to release a film’ is denounced by a bishop as ‘an abominable Americanism’). 1962 Sunday Times (Colour Suppl.) 10 June 7 This is also true of American records, a great many of which are only released because companies have to take them to get some really lucrative artist. 1972 Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 9/5 Rehearsals have already started and the record is expected to be released some time in the Autumn. 1980 Time Out 21-27 Nov. 49/3 Films considered by their multinational distributors as too difficult’ to release conventionally.

Hence released (ri'liist), ppl. a. 1678 Cudworth Intel! Syst. i. iii. 165 A Providence perfectly Intellectual, Abstract and Released. 1850 Mrs.

RELEASE

t release, v.‘^ [Cf. release 56.^]

= relish v.'^

1604 T. Wright Passions v. §2. 167 Some stately maiesticall songs.. release I know not what resemblance of action and gesture, consorting with great personages.

re.lea'see. Law.

RELEGATION

559

Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. 25 St. Benedict.. beheld the released soul of his sister.. flying towards Heaven.

[f. release v}

+

-EE^

Cf.

RELESSEE.] One to whom an estate is released. 1744 Jacob Law Diet. (ed. 5) s.v. Release. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 101 The releasee has an estate actually vested in him at the time of the release. 1886 Law Rep., Weekly Notes 56/2 All necessary parties joined in conveying the Neath Abbey Estate to a releasee.

releasement (ri'liismsnt). [release v.^'\ 1. The act of releasing, or the fact of being released, from prison, obligation, debt, trouble, etc. (Very common c 1550-1800.) 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Acts viii. 36 No aunswer made he before him for his realeasement. 1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 130 This releasement is general to all the Jews. 1592 Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 335 Might not she Make uprors in the land, and raise the Commons, In the releasement of the Captive King? 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 166 He proclaimed unto the people in generall, a releasement of them from all tributes, impositions, and paiments. 1643 Milton Divorce Pref., Wks. 1851 IV. 14 Then mans nature would find immediate rest and releasment from all evils. 1681 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 150 The earl of Shaftsbury, since his releasement, hath been adviseing with councill. 1715 M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 63 Leonard Cox.. procur’d his releasement [from the stocks], refresh’d his hungiy Stomach, and gave him Mony. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia ii. iii, [He] went in search of the lady for whose releasement he had fought. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 42 His short releasement from his cares and toil. 1855 M. Arnold Balder Dead 252 Thou hear’st.. The terms of thy releasement hence to Heaven. 1887 Hall Caine Deemster xl, To have escaped the peril of it [death] seemed a greater blessing than releasement from this island could ever be.

b. A formal declaration of release. 1771 T. Hull Sir W. Harrington (1797) III. 95 Wording what I declared to be a releasement,.. more binding than those promises I pretended to absolve you from.

t2. Relaxation, remission, or removal of a thing. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 109 Before the releasement of the interdiction, the king was.. compelled.. to geue ouer both his crowne and scepter. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 900 By this it appeareth that saluation falleth vnto men, by releasement of the debt. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 1051 Wallachia thus impoverished, was not able.. to expect any releasement of the evils it was wrapped in. 1647 Trapp Comm. Rom. iii. 25 For the relaxation or releasment of sins, as of bonds or fetters.

releaser (n'li:s3(r)).

[f. release v.^ + -er*.] a. One who, or that which, releases or sets free.

1651 French Distill. Ep. Ded., In the perfection of this Art.. is the Sulphur of philosophers set at liberty, which gratifies the releasers thereof with three kingdomes. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. 125 (Honour’d Releaser,) [he] said, Command what is Fecible. 1828-32 in Webster. 1891 Blackw. Mag. CXLIX. 75/2 Till the releaser Death shall come.

b. Dairying. A device which removes milk from the vessel in which the output of a milking machine accumulates. Freq. attrib. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Apr. 378/1 Probably the most important part of any milking shed is the releaser room, as it is here that milk or cream can most easily become aflfected by unsatisfactory conditions. 1950 Ibid. Oct. 369 Up-todate assembly of releaser, cream separator, skimmed-milk pump, and cream cooler. 1967 Harvey & Hill Milk (ed. 4) xiii. 224 Where milk pipe-lines are provided to transmit the milk directly to the dairy, as in parlours, bails or with milk lines in cowsheds, a releaser is required to remove the milk from the system. Sufficient milk accumulates in the releaser jar which operates valves which seal off the vacuum system and allow the milk to be discharged. 1977 D. N. Akam in Thiel & Dodd Machine Milking iii. 82 A design of diaphragm releaser milk pump that is available in the UK is vacuum driven using a pulsator operating at 50 pulsations/min.

C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 295 Ful absolucion and relessyng of alle peynes in purgatory. 1395 Purvey Remonstr. (1851) 66 The most good pretendid in indulgences is releesinge of peyne enioynid of the chirche. 1466 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 209, I bequeithe to the high aulter of the seid chirch 35. 4^/. in relesyng of my tithes beyng behynd. CI470 Golagros Cst Gaw. 1358, I mak releischingof thin allegiance. 1544PHAER Regim. Life{is53) livb, Thys receit..hath greate vertue..to bring the humoures to equalitie, wyth releasynge of the payne. 1633 P. Fletcher Elisa i. ix, Oh, if confessing Our faults to thee be all our faults releasing. 1692 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 605 To agree about contributing for their duke’s releasing. 2. Special Comb.: releasing factor Physiol.,

Emp. Ixii. (1865) VII. 407 Nor is it clear that Dion Chrysostomus was actually relegated to the Ister. 1873 Tristram Moab xiv. 264 The fortress to which Herod relegated his wife.

any of several oligopeptides, released from the hypothalamus into the pituitary portal system, which promote the release from the adenohypophysis into the bloodstream of some specific peptidic hormone.

b. To consign (a subject) to some province, sphere, domain, etc.

[1955 Endocrinology LVII. 443 Posterior pituitary extracts contain a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) that stimulates the release of ACTH from rat anterior pituitary tissue in vitro.) 1965 Ibid. LXXVH. 609/1 In 1959, Shibusawa et al... claimed to have prepared a thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) from dog hypothalamic extracts and from urine. 1966 Brit. Med. Bull. XXII. 266/2 On this view, various humoral agents (now called releasing factors) are liberated from nerve-endings (of hypothalamic nerve tracts) into the capillaries (primary plexus) of the portal vessels in the median eminence. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, xxiii. 413 This supreme command post of the endocrine system directs the activity of the anterior pituitary by neuro¬ secretory meditator substances called releasing factors. 1977 Time 24 Oct. 42/2 Andrew Schally.. isolated identified and synthesized three separate hormones—‘releasing factors’ — by which the hypothalamus directs the release of key hormones from the pituitary.

releasor (ri'li:s3(r)). Law. [f. as prec. +

-or 2.]

One who releases an estate or claim in favour of another. (See release v.^ 4 and 4 b.) 1628 Coke On Litt. 265 The right which the Releasor hath at the time of the Release made. 1775 Ld. Raymond's Rep. I. 235 Where there are general words only in a release, they shall be taken most strongly against the releasor.

releave, obs. form of

relief sb.^

fre-'leave, t;. Obs. rare-^.

[re- 5 a.] intr. To

put forth leaves again. 1655 Hartlib Ref. Silk-worm 21 Those trees that have their leaves pull’d off in March, April, and May, do re-leave again, and have new and fresh leaves.

relece,

obs. f. release sb.^ and t;.*, reles.

releckis,

obs. pi. form of relic.

fre'lect, pa. pple.

Sc. Obs. rare—^. [ad. L. relect-us, pa. pple. of relegere.] Read again. 1560 Holland Crt. Venus iii. 298 The Rollis [being] relect quhais tennour 3e sail heir.

rejection,

[f. L. relect-, ppl. stem of relegere to read again; cf. lection sb., prelection.] fl. The action of reading again; reperusal; also, a correction made upon re-reading. Obs. rare. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 324 By relection of what hath bene already said there may ynough be gathered sufficient to confirme and demonstrate it against them. 1671 WooDHEAD St. Teresa I. Pref. 24 Without blots, relections, or emendations.

2. The title of the various divisions of a work (Relectiones Theologicae) by Franciscus de Victoria. 1630 Hakewill Apol. (ed. 2) 2 Franciscus de Victoria in his Relection of Temperance. 1839 Hallam Hist. Lit. II. iv. §87 The book.. consists of thirteen relections, as Victoria calls them, or dissertations on different subjects.

releef(e, -lef(e, -leff, relees(e,

obs. forms of relief sb.

obs. forms of release sb.' and v.'

c. Biol. [tr. G. ausloser (K. Lorenz 1935, in yrnl. fur Ornithol. LXXXIII. 143).] A sign stimulus (see sign sb. 12); restricted by some writers to one that acts between animals of the same species. Freq. attrib.

releevant,

1937 K. Lorenz in Auk LIV. 249 All such devices for the issuing of releasing stimuli, I have termed releasers {Ausloser), regardless of whether the releasing factor be optical or acoustical, whether an act, a structure or a color. 1953 J. S. Huxley Evol. in Action iv. 96 The only definite releaser known in man is the pattern made by a mother’s smile to her infant. 1953 N. Tinbergen Herring Gulls World xiv. 116 Ritualisation is the result of a secondary evolutionary process which is closely linked to the releaserfunction. Ibid. xxii. 208 The red patch on the bill seems to be a genuine social releaser. 1962 Listener 9 Aug. 207/2 Because animal signal codes are uniform within each species and fixed for long periods, special signal structures may evolve, and these are called releasers. 1971 Nature 16 Apr. 432/2 Releaser pheromone effects exist in man, at least in larval forms, and some involve pheromones of other mammals (musk, civetone). 1975 J- Alcock Animal Behavior vi. 153 The first concept we shall examine is the sign stimulus or releaser, that portion of the total stirnulus configuration which acts as the effective cue in releasing a specific behavior pattern. 1980 A. P. Brookfield Animal Behaviour vii. 58 Sign stimuli which elicit behaviour in members of the same species are called releasers.

189s Westm. Gaz. 25 Feb. 3/1 All such matters as concern the Council as a whole, without being clearly relegable to any one Committee.

releasing* vbl. sb. [f. release v,^ + -ing^.] 1. The action of the vb. in various senses.

see relievant.

releeve, obs. form of

relieve v.

relegable ('relig3b(3)l), a.

[f. releg-ate -ABLE.] Capable of being relegated or referred.

t'relegate,

Obs. rare~'. [ad. L. relegdt-us: see next.] A banished person; an exile. CI540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 186 He banished this springehole [sic] as relagate in Fraunce.

relegate ('religeit), v. Also 7 relig-. [f. ppl. stem of L. relegare, f. re- re- -h legdre to send.] 1. trans. To send (a person) into exile; to banish to a particular place. (Cf. relegation i .) fAlso refl., to remove (oneself) to a distance from something. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 8 The sands.. would no more liue vnder the yoke of the Sea,.. but clearely quitted, disterminated and relegated themselues from his inflated Capriciousnesse. l6ll Cotgr., Releguer, to relegate, banish, exile. 1628 tr. Mathieu's Powerfull Favorite 84 That was too gentle to satisfie the cruelty of Tiberius,., onely relegating the culpable out of Rome. 1774 Kames Sketches ii. iii. (1807) II. 83 To be relegated to his country-seat, is, to a gentleman of rank, more terrible than a capital punishment, 1862

Merivale Rom.

2. a. To banish to some unimportant or obscure place; to consign to a place or position, esp. one of inferiority. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. (ed. 2) 153 We have not relegated religion (like something we were ashamed to shew) to obscure municipalities or rustick villages. 1865 Daily Tel. 16 Nov. 7/7 The various ‘bills’ that have.. been relegated to the dust of official pigeon-holes. 1877 Black Green Past. xviii. (1878) 147 She would do her best in the sphere to which she had been relegated.

1866 R. W. Dale Disc. Spec. Occ. viii. 275 To relegate the intellect to inferior provinces of thought. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 406 If occasionally we come across difficulties .. we relegate some of them to the sphere of mystery. 1878 Maclear Celts iv. 47 To the domain of legend.. we must also relegate the tradition.

c. To assign or refer (a thing) to a class or kind. 1870 tr. Pouchet's Universe 57 Men have never known to what kingdom the sponges should be relegated. 1874 Sayce Compar. Philol. v. 206 The comparative study of the Basque numerals has relegated them to the Finnic family. d. Sport. To reallocate (a team) to a lower

division of a league. Cf. relegation i c. 1913 Times 28 Apr. 12/5 Norwich County.. will.. be relegated to the Second Division next season. 1934 Times 7 May 4/5 Everton, when they were relegated for the first time in their history, climbed back immediately. 1981 Times 6 May 10/3 After a trying beginning, that saw the club relegated to the second division.

3. a. To refer (a matter) to some authority for decision. 1846 H. Rogers Ess. (1860) 1. 180 Affirming that that faith to which the appeal is sure to be ultimately relegated is a faith entirely without reason. 1884 Law Rep. 25 Chanc. Div. 282 Where there is an agreement, the whole matter ought to be at once relegated to the Taxing Master.

b. To commit, hand over (a thing), to another to carry out or deal with. 1864 Bowen Logic ii. 35 The discussion of it is, therefore, relegated to treatises on that science of which it forms a part. 1869 Lecky Europ. Mor. iv. II. 43 The later inquisitors, who relegated the execution of the sentence to the civil power. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 427 Men, seeking to escape the drudgery of manual labour, have relegated toil to the captive and the slave.

c. To turn over or refer (a person) for something to some person or thing. 1870 Disraeli Lothair xli, She would..have been relegated for amusement, during her visit, to the attentions of the dark sex. 1883 Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 274 Failing such means of knowledge, we are relegated for information.. to incidental statements.. of the historians. Hence 'relegated, 'relegating ppl. adjs. 1611 Cotgr., Relegue, relegated, banished, exiled. 1692 Wood Life 19 May (O.H.S.) III. 390 Dr. Byrom Eaton resign’d his principality of Gloc. Hall, after it had laid in a religated condition several yeares. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Relegation, In Rome, relegation was a less severe punishment than deportation, in that the relegated person did not thereby lose the rights of a Roman citizen. 1868 Browning Ring Sf Bk. vi. 2076, I am, on earth, as good as out of it, A relegated priest. 1887 H. James Partial Portraits (1888) 31 Such a revision of Emerson has no relegating consequences.

relegation (rEli'geiJsn). [ad. L. relegdtidn-emj n. of action f. relegate to relegate.] 1. a. The action of banishing; the state of temporary exile or banishment. In Roman Antiq. banishment to a certain place, or to a specified distance from Rome, for a limited time and without loss of civil rights. Also attrib. 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie ii. 128 The King after this repealed the former sentences and procured their relegation. 1605 G. Powell Refut. Ep. Puritan-Papist 112 Banishment .. among the Romanes was 3-fold, Interdiction, Relegation, and Deportation. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox III. 55 Neither the King nor the Queen, who both agreed in this relegation, did communicate to each other their Thoughts. 1684 Contempt. State Man ii. vi. (1699) 195 Other Banished Persons.. within the Isle or Region of Relegation, may go or move whither they please. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 502 Deportation which is perpetual, and Relegation which is only for a Time. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp. xxxviii. (1865) IV. 335 His punishment was not strictly exile, but only the milder form of relegation. 1868 Browning Ring Of Bk. i. 1039 He has been censured, punished in a sort By relegation,—exile, we should say. To a short distance for a little time. 1869 Ibid. ix. 1254 The priest, Once fairly at his relegation-place, Never once left it.

b. Banishment or consignment to a place. 1829 Southey Sir T. More (1831) II. 190 To consider such relegation to the wilderness as a punishment appropriated for criminals. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi vii. (1870) 177 The deposition, and relegation to a distance, of the older Gods of the nature system. 1897 P. Warung Tales Old Regime 192 Instead of.. welcoming his relegation to the gaol-cell.. he resented his removal.

c. sport. The demotion of a team to a lower division of a league; spec, in Assoc. Football, the reallocation to a lower division of the Football League of an agreed number of teams scoring the fewest points in a division in the course of a season’s play. Also attrib. 1924 Times 5 May 6/6 Fractions in goal averages decided promotion and relegation. 1928 Daily Express 10 Aug. 13/7 Their supporters have recovered from the bitter disappointment felt when relegation became inevitable.

RELESSE

560

RELEGIOUNE 1949 Times 9 May 6/5 There was the question about relegation from the Championship. 1951 Sport 6-12 Apr. 6/2 Key man in the successful battle now being waged by West Bromwich Albion to steer clear of the First Division relegation zone is Jack Vernon. 1965 [see inject v. 2]. 1969 Listener i May 625/3 Saturday, more than 250 million people are estimated to have watched the ninth club from the bottom of the table beat a relegation candidate by the odd goal. 1977 Daily Mirror 12 Apr. 26/4 We are out of the relegation zone now.

2. The action of referring, consigning, etc., a thing to others for some purpose. 1844 Ld. Dundonald Let. in Pearson's 76th Catal. (1894) 21 The uniform relegation of all my memorials to successive Governments. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 428 The relegation of the government to the mass of the people.

relegioune, obs. form of religion. releif(e, -leiffi obs. forms of relief, relieve. releis(che, obs. forms of release sb.^ and v.^ releive, obs. form of relief, relieve. releivo, obs. form of relievo^.

not relent. 1604 Bacon Apol. Wks. 1879 1.436/2 If she once relented to send or visit, those demonstrations would prove matter of substance for my lord’s good. 1631 R. Bolton Com/. Affl. Consc. (1635) 232 He seemes now when he sees his misery to relent and to be touched with remorse. 1671 Milton Samson 509 Perhaps God will relent, and quit thee all his debt. 1708 Pope Ode St. Cecilia 85 Stern Proserpine relented, And gave him back the fair. 1788 Gibbon Decl. Sf F. xlv. IV. 430 The conqueror paused and relented. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. xxii, Her foes relenting turn, And cast the vote of love. 1882 Ouida Maremma I. 25 The carabinier on his right side, relenting, held the wine towards his mouth.

fb. To yield, give way; to give up a previous determination or obstinacy. Also const, to. Obs. 1528 Gardiner in Pocock Rec. Reformation I. 115 We do not yet relent, but stick still to have the Commission after the first form. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 31 If thou wylte persever thus obstinatlye in thine opinion, and not relent, the Emperour wyll bannishe thee. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xxiv. (Arb.) 299 Princes.. must be suffred to haue the victorie and be relented vnto. 1624 Burton Anat. Mel. II, iii. vii. (ed. 2) 288 Two refractory spirits will never agree, the onely meanes to ouercome is to relent. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 790 To convince the proud what Signs availe. Or Wonders move th’ obdurate to relent?

•fc. To slacken, abate; to cool.

relek(e, obs. form of relic. 1797 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXIV. 221 The banker .. re-lends to the useful trader, at a high interest, this same deposit. 1884 Law Rep. 12 Q.B. Div. 608 The notes in stock were regarded as having been.. relent by the firm to the company.

relenquyssh, obs. form of relinquish. t relent, sb. Obs. rare. [f. the vb.] 1. Slackening of speed. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. vii. 24 She forward went..Ne rested till she came without relent Unto the land of Amazons.

2. Relenting, giving way. 1590 Greene Orl. Fur. Wks. (Rtldg.) Fear of death enforceth still In greater minds submission and relent. 1616 W. Forde Serm. 40 If vertue, if pietie, could worke any relent in death. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies i. xii. 56 Those [days] which are absolutely Cold and Freezing, without the least Sign of Relent or Yielding.

t relent, pa. pple. Obs. rare. [f. L. re- re- + lent-us viscous, soft: see next, and cf. F. relent musty.] a. Loosened, loose, b. Softened. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 928 The bee.. On titymalle and elmes gynneth pike That bitter be, wherof anoon relent Ther wombes are. £^1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 620 Who shall gife me water sufficient,.. That I may wepe my fill with hart relent.. ?

relent (ri'lsnt), v.^

Also 5 pa. pple. relente. [Ultimately f. L. re- re- + lent-us tough, sticky, viscous, slow, etc.; but the immediate source is not clear: cf. L. relentescere to grow slack (Ovid), F. ralentir to slacken (i6th c.), ■\relentir, ‘to smell mustie, grow fustie’ (Cotgr.).] 11. intr. To melt under the influence of heat; to assume a liquid form; to dissolve into water. Obs. C1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 725 He styred pe coles til relente gan The wex agayn |?e fuyr. CI410 Lydg. Reas. Sens. 4179 The wexe with hete wil relente. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. ii. vii. in Ashm. (1652) 136 Behold how Yse to Water doth relent. 1530 Palsgr. 6S4.I2 Se howe this snowe begynneth to relent agaynst the sonne. c 1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cxlvii. vi, Ice in water flowes,.. The streames relenting take their wonted way. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. III. xvi. §3 Were those Musical accents frozen there for a time, and..the Air relenting and thawing became so harmoniously vocal? 1670 Clarke Nat. Hist. Nitre 84 The Coal keepeth the Nitre very dry, that it may not relent and moisten by the Air. 1704 Pope Spring 69 All nature mourns, the Skies relent in show’rs. 1764 Morris in Phil. Trans. LIV. 174 On leaving it exposed to the air, the brown matter attracted moisture from it and relented into a thick brown liquour. fig. C1475 Lament. Mary Magd. Ixx, Myne herte alas relenteth all in paine, Whiche will brast both senewe and vaine. ^1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 153 To haue seyn hir, a harte of stone For ruthe wold haue relente. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 112 Preserved from guilt by salutary fears. Or guilty, soon relenting into tears.

fb. To become soft or moist; also of colours, to give way, fade. Obs. 1531 Elyot Gov. iii. xix. (1880) II. 318 The colours beynge nat suerly wrought,.. by moystnesse of wether relenteth or fadeth. 1573 Tusser Hush. (1878) 63 Both saltfish and lingfish.. from rotting go saue: Least winter with moistnes doo make it relent. 1594 Jewell-ho. ii. 32 Keepe these leaues.. neere a chimney, or stoue, least otherwise by the damp of the aier they relent again. 1620 Markham Farew. Husb. ii. xviii. (1668) 95 Beans after they are once dryed .. will thaw, give again or relent,

c. To grow less tense or rigid, rare-^.

to

relax.

.1854 S. Dobell Balder xxiv. 172 The painful limbs, contract with pangs, Relented.

2. To soften in temper; to grow more gentle or forgiving; to give up a harsh intention or inclination to severity. fAlso const, with inf. (quot. 1604). 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 256 b, It myght not swage the malyce of the iewes ne cause theyr hertes to relent. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 163 Nothyng relentynge of their wonted rygour. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. ii. iii. 165, I powr’d forth teares in vaine,.. But fierce Andronicus would

■\^.trans. To dissolve, melt, soften,

Obs.

c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 1142 In water first this opium relent, Of sape vntil hit ha similitude, c 1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 161 Let do hem to \>q fuyre a3en, tyl pey ben relented. 1509 Hawes Conv. Swearers xl, Lyke as Phebus dothe the snowe relente. 1547 Boorde Introd. Knowl. viii. (1870) 147 Butter is good meate, it doth relent the gall. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 28 This Emplaster.. dissolved or relented with oyl of roses or elders [etc.]. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 50 Fractures.. may be helped by Calves glue, relented in water.

fb. To soften (one’s heart, mind, etc.); to cause (a person) to relent. Obs. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxii. (Percy Soc.) 159 These men.. A maydens herte coude ryght sone relente. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vi. 40 Yet pitty often did the gods relent. C1614 Sir W. Mure Dido ^neas ii. 543 How dar he this his enterprise reveale To furiows Dido? how her minde relent? 1787 Burns Young Peggy iii. Were Fortune lovely Peggy’s foe. Such sweetness would relent her.

f 4. To abate, lessen; to slacken. Obs. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 391, I am bot schent. Without scho cum,.. My heauie langour to relent. 1590 Spenser F.Q. II. xi. 27 Oftentimes he would relent his pace. That him his foe more fiercely should poursew. Ibid. iii. iv. 49 Nothing might relent her hasty flight.

fb. To relinquish, abandon, give over. Obs. 1556 J- Heywood spider & F. liii. 40 To here him speak, ere he his life should relent. 1565 Stapleton tr. Bede's Hist. Ch. Eng. 54 b, After the death of their father they began.. openlie to folowe idolatrie, which while their father liued, they seemed somewhat to have relented. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 142 The disgrace that quickly you shall sustaine, if betimes you relent not these euils. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 181 There’s no Discouragement Shall make him once Relent His first avow’d Intent.

fc. To depart this life. Obs. rare—^. 1587 Mirr. Mag., Albanact Iv, My father.. Perceau’d hee must by sicknesse last relent.

f 5. To repent (an action, etc,). Obs. rare—^. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vi. 25 Shee inly sory was, and gan relent What shee had said.

fb. refl.

To repent (oneself) of a thing.

1640 Sanderson Serm. II, 175 We shall not have much cause to relent us of our choice,

f c. To pity.

Obs. rare~^.

1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman (TAlf. i. i8 Shee that kept the house, seeming to relent her paine, and to be much grieued for it.. sorrowfully reply’d.

fd. To bewail (a thing) to a person. Obs.~^ 1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion iii. 74, I could find nothing at all, and relenting my misfortune to my companion [etc.].

Hence f relented ppl. a. t relentful a.

v.'^ Obs. rare~^. formation.] intr. To return.

[Of

obscure

ei485 Digby Myst. (1882) ii. 259 But now, serys, lett vs relente Agayne to caypha and anna, to tell this chaunce.

relenting (ri'kntiq), vbl. sb. [f. relent v.^] The action of the vb,, in various senses, 1602 Plat Delightes for Ladies Rec. iii. If you feare their relenting, take the Rose-leaues about Candlemas, and put them once again into a sieue. 1694 Kettlewell Comp. Persecuted 161 Make it to work.. Relenting and remorse in their Persecutors. 1703 Rowe Ulyss. iv. i, What means this soft Relenting in my Soul? 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. viii. II. 354 The Saturday.. passed over without any sign of relenting on the part of the government. 1888 Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere xxxvii. The relenting grew upon him.

b. With a and pL An instance of this. a 1586 Sidney (J.), I have marked in you a relenting truly, and a slacking of the main career. 1600 C’tess Essex in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 58 Vouchsafe a relentinge to the not urginge..of that fatell warrant for Execution. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. IV, cccxviii. Strange relentings i

[f. as prec. + -ing^.]

That

relents, in various senses of the vb. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, lu. i. 226 As the mournefull Crocodile With sorrow snares relenting passengers. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 179 The Scriptures indeed doe binde all faithfull, all relenting sinners to belieue. 1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pard. 11. i, (1713) 142 The first essay of Repentance is a relenting thoughtfulness. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. I. i. Like relenting Heav’n He seems unwilling to deface his Kind. 1781 CowPER Charity 608 Relenting forms would lose their power, or cease. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, II. vi. 141 The Bishop.. had put forth the signs of a relenting sympathy to his former masters.

Hence re'lentingly adv. .. relentingly. 1842 Mrs. Poets (1863) 56 What if, relentingly, we declare her innocent.. ? 1845 Jane Robinson Whitehall xxvii, Ramona.. turned relentingly towards the cavalier. 1611 Florio, Browning Grk. Chr.

relentless (ri'lsntlis), a. [f. relent v.^ H- -less,]

Incapable of relenting; pitiless. 1592 Greene Groat's W. Wit (1617) 3 Death is relentlesse, and will not be intreated. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. i. iv, Strike me quite through with the relentlesse edge Of raging furie. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 130 Onely in destroying I finde ease To my relentless thoughts. 1702 Pope Sappho 194 In vain he lov’d, relentless Pyrrha scorn’d. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc ii. 248 Relentless Henry bade his troops Drive back the miserable multitude. 1798 Edgeworth Pract. Educ. 1. 380 Few things can be more terrific.. to the young writer, than the voice of relentless criticism. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Times, A relentless inquisition drags every secret to the day. 1878 Lady Brassey Voy. Sunbeam xv. 268 An island, .which the fiery waves seemed to attack unceasingly with relentless fury.

adv. [f. prec. relentless manner; pitilessly. relentlessly,

+

-ly^.]

In a

1815 Shelley Alastor 292 For sleep, he knew, kept most relentlessly Its precious charge. 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. IV. xlii. 417 The Papal ecclesiastics.. grew relentlessly cruel where they had power.

[f. as prec. quality of being relentless. relentlessness.

+

-ness.]

The

1808 Southey Lett. (1856) II. 86, I devoted a week to the corrections, weeding them with righteous relentlessness. 1883 H. Wage Gospel fef Witnesses iv. 86 The relentlessness with which it exposes the fatal vice.

relentment (ri'lsntmant), RELENT w.* softening

+

-MENT.]

of rigour.

sb.

Now rare.

[f.

The act of relenting;

fAlso

const,

of {=

on

account of). 1628 tr. Mathieu's Powerfull Favorite 65 Did he thinke that this Prince who had so little relentment of the death of his sonne, would care for that of his seruants. 169s J Sage Cyprianic Age Wks. 1847 II. 71 There should be some relentment of the fury of the persecution. 1793 W. Taylor Goethe's Iph. in Tauris ii. 46 Relentment ceas’d from pity when I came, And Custom whets again the rusted knife. 1825 Singer Cavendish's Wolsey I. 209 note, The rejection of the bill may be justly ascribed to the relentment of the king. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 404 The prolongation of labour pains in advanced gravidancy by reason of pressure on the vein, the premature relentment of the amniotic fluid (as exemplified in the actual case) with consequent peril of sepsis to the matrix. 1929 C. E. Montague Disenchantment iv. 65 Great are the forces of decent human relentment after a hearty letout with the temper.

fb. Dissolution. Obs. rare~^. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. 9 Some.. thought it most equal to submit unto the principle of putrifaction, and conclude in a moist relentment.

Also f relentance;

^1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 105 In the roote Relented dong yputte on, doth hit boote. 01586 Sidney Arcadia ii. (1613) 164 [She] with a relented countenance thus sayd vnto him. 1611 Heywood Gold. Age iii. i. Wks. 1874 III. 42 The heauens That make me their relentfull minister. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxi. iv. (1678) 465 The relented bloud of such beasts as feed upon Scammony.. purgeth violently. 1635 Jackson Creed viii. xii. §9 This may be the probable reason of his relentance.

fre'lent,

relenting, ppl. a.

Obs. rare~^.

C1560 Ingelend Disobed. Child Ciijb, As for my loue yt doth neuer relente, For of you I do dreame. 1589 Rider Bibl. Schol. 1206 To Relent as heate, tepesco.

re'lend (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] To lend again.

teare the womb Of Nature. 1709 Stanhope Paraphr. IV. 65 Whose Sins though they be more, yet our Relentings for them are slighter.. than Theirs. 1761-2 Hume Hist. Eng. Ixvi. (1806) V. 37 But Charles next day felt a relenting in this assumed vigour. 1854 Emerson Lett. & Soc. Aims, Resources Wks. (Bohn) III. 203 In the first relentings of March.. these osiers hang out their joyful flowers.

fre'les. Obs. Also 5 relece. [app. a. OF. reles, var. of relais remainder (see Godef.), f. relaisser to leave behind, but the senses of the Eng. word are not recorded in OF. The later form (from the i6th c.) is relish.] a. ? The sensation or impression left behind by anything, b. Taste, aftertaste, or relish, c. Odour, scent. CI320 Sir Tristr. 1356 A maiden ofswiche reles Tristrem may to pe bring, c 1320 Cast. Love 509 Mi word ou3te ben of good reles, For )?ou art kyng and prince of pes. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 10, I.. take a drauhte of such reles, That al mi wit is herteles. 1:1400 Laud Troy Bk. 11267 Another vessel thenne ther stode, Ful of baume ffresche Sc gode, And kest vpward his gode reles. 1:1410 Sir Cleges 208 After a chery the reles was The best that euer he ete in place. 1420-22 Lydg. Thebes (MS. Laud 557) If. 64 Nor of pe gvmmes in pe flame spent To make he eyre swetter of reles As frankensence myrre & aloes. £1440 Promp. Parv. 362/1 Odowre, or relece, odor. Ibid. 429/1 Reles, tast or odowre, odor. 1604 [see release si.q.

reles(e, obs. forms of release sb.^ and v.^ fre'lesch, v. Sc. Obs. rare-K [Of obscure origin: ? cf. relish r;.^] intr. To sing, carol. 1513 Douglas j^neis xii. Prol. 246 The larkis, lowd releschand in the skyis, Lovys thar lege with tonys curyus.

relesche, obs. Sc. f. release sb.' and v.' relesse, obs. form of release sb.' and v.'

RELESSEE re.le'ssee. Law. rare, [re- 5 a; cf. releasee.] One to whom a release is executed. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xx. 325 The occupancy of the relessee is a matter of sufficient notoriety already.

re'lessor. Law. rare, [re- 5 a; cf. releasor.] One who executes a release. Comm. II. xx. 324 There must be a privity of estate between the relessor and the relessee. 1766 Blackstone

tre'let, v.^ Obs. rare-', [app. f. re- + let v., perh. after obs. F. relaisser.] trans. To remit. I554“9 Songs & Ball., Phil. & Mary (Roxb.) 3 What great lovyng kyndnes dyd God show in thys cace?.. That yt so pleased hym to relet owr excyle.

re-'let (ri:-), [re-5 a.] trans. To let again. Hence re-'letting vbl. sb. 1780 A. Young Tour in Ireland i. 53, I found rents in general at 20s. an acre, with much relet at 30s. 1812 Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. 11. 60 To give an industrious., tenant a preference, when the farm is to be re-let. 1872 spectator 5 Oct. 1267/1 When the landlord relets.. those farms on which the old tenants were not willing to pay for the improvement. 1897 Daily News 15 Oct. 3/1 The re¬ letting of premises in Finsbury-circus.

re-let ('riilEt), sb. [f. the vb.] A property that is let again. 1969 Guardian 29 Oct. 1/8 A vast increase in the number of ‘re-lets’ among existing corporation houses. 1971 Daily Tel. 5 Aug. 10/7 Relets could be made to young people and earn £40 to £50 a week for the landlord instead of perhaps £10. 1976 Times T ]2iT\. 13 Even allowing for the substantial numbers of relets from the existing stock, the magnitude of the loss of this source of housing in the new communities is evident.

'relevance. [See next and -ance.] Relevancy; spec, in recent use, pertinency to important current issues (as education to one’s later career, etc.); social or vocational relevancy. 1733 Innes View Laws Scot. 11 The Relevance being determined,.. the Probation proceeds in the next Place. 1865 Lecky Ration. (1878) II. 98 The main principle upon which the relevance of this species of narrative depends. 1890 Spectator 19 Apr. 536/2 What relevance had such a fact to the duty’ of the hour? 1949 Poetry (Chicago) Feb. 299 Tate holds that the poem is autonomous, and that the only relevance the subject-ideas have is to each other within the formal meaning of the work itself. 1955 Bull. Atomic Sci. Apr. 126/1 Relevance is another one of these non-assessable quantities which circumstances require to be assessed. 1970 Time 30 Nov. 40 The impetus came largely from student demands for ‘relevance’, especially for the overdue admission of more minority-group students. Activism has also done much to curb the old absurdities of trivial research and needless PH.D.s. 1975 Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) ix. 129 We have heard the case for ‘relevance’ carried to the point of excluding fantasy or any stories with settings or characters unfamiliar to the pupils from their first-hand experience. 1975 Times 12 Feb. 11/7 Hal [5c. a novel] — while laudable in its social intentions—is little more than a piecing together of stock responses to the current demand for ‘relevance’. 1977 Chem. in Brit. Mar. 105/3 seem anomalous in these days of ‘relevance’ philosophy in tertiary education that the average student of chemistry gets little inkling from his teachers .. of the vast practical importance of disperse systems in industry. 1978 New Scientist 21 Sept. 850/2 ‘Relevance’ in research implies both social efficacy and psychic commitment by the research worker.

relevancy ('relivsnsi). Also 6 Sc. reliv-. [ad. L. type *relevantia: see next and -ANCY.] 1. The quality or fact of being relevant: a. in LaWj esp. Sc. Law. 1561 Reg. Prhy Council Scot. I. 173 Of the law it is requirit to the relevancie thairof that ather of the partis.. be relevant in the self, utherwyise the haill to be nocht relevant. 1575-6 Ibid. II. 487 The relivancy of the said allegeance. 1693 Stair Instit. iv. xxxix. § 12 (ed. 2) 665 The meaning of Relevancy (which is more accustomed with us, than else¬ where) imports the Justice of the point, that is alledged to be Relevant, a 1715 Burnet Own Time vii. (1734) II. 521 Then the Matter of the Charge, which is there called the Relevancy of the Libel, was to be argued by Lawyers. 1746-7 Act 20 Geo. II, c. 43 §41 After the debate of the relevancy is ended, the .. procurators.. shall give in to the clerk informations in writing. 1786 Burke Apt. agst. W. Hastings W^ks. 1842 II. 107/1 The competence, or credibility, or relevancy of any of the said affidavits, or other attestations. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxii, The presiding Judge next directed the counsel to plead to the relevancy. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 844 The relevancy of the libel is the justice and sufficiency of the matters therein stated to warrant a decree in the terms asked. 1883 Law Rep. ii Q.B. Div. 594 He failed to satisfy me that in a case in which this strict relevancy could not be proved the advocate would not be protected.

b. in general use. Now less common than relevance. 1826 Sheridaniana 49 His answer.. would thus come with more relevancy and effect. 1839 Hallam Hisf Lit. ii. vii. §3 note. It is of no relevancy to the history of literature. 1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 95 His Irish enterprise had lost its appositeness and relevancy. 1961 >n/. Physical Chem. LXV 317/1 We are reporting these investigations.. because of their relevancy to problems of the study of apparently simple exchange reactions of chlorine. 1980 Times Lit. Suppl. 30 May 609/2 A tendency to confuse relevancy with recency. .

2. A relevant remark. {Nonce use influenced by IRRELEVANCY.) 1895 ‘Mark Twain’ in N. Amer. Rev. July 10 Conversations consisted mainly of irrelevancies, with here and there a relevancy, a relevancy with an embarrassed look, as not being able to explain how it got there.

RELEXIFY

S6i

relevant ('relivant), a. Also 6 Sc. relivant. [ad. med.L. relevant-em (1481 in Du Cange), pres, pple. of L. relevare to raise up, etc. (see relieve v.)\ cf. It. rilevante ‘auailefull, of importance, of worth, of consequence’ (Florio), F. relevant (17th c. in Littre).] 1. a. Bearing upon, connected with, pertinent to, the matter in hand. (Rare before 1800.) Cf. relevance. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus i. 498, I sail the schaw ane answer relevant. 1646 Chas. I Lett, to A. Henderson (1649) 55 To determine our differences, or, at least, to make our Probations and Arguments Relevant. 1646 R. Baillie Anabaptism (1647) 143 It is very relevant if it were true. 1707 J- Frazer Disc. Second Sight 15 It seems truly to be founded on relevant grounds. 1782 Pownall Study Antiq. 140 A positive regulation respecting marriage, relevant to a like regulation of the institution of the theocracy. 1827 Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 78 If we either admit those objections as relevant, or obviate them as unfounded. 1851 Gladstone Glean. (1879) VI. xxiii. 15 The advantage most relevant of all to the present purpose. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 4 Many things in a controversy might seem relevant, if we knew to what they were intended to refer. 1948 D. Cecil Two Quiet Lives ii. 140 To learn everything that could possibly be thought relevant to the subject. 1969 Harper's Mag. Nov. 86 Either we can commit ourselves to changing the institutions of our society that need to be changed, to make them—to use a term which I hate— ‘relevant’.. or we can sit back and try to defend them. 1970 N. Y. Times i July 44 Museums should have a more involved or relevant public role. 1976 Listener 20 May 627/3 The ultimate sin of the broadcaster is to keep off the air, because of his political or social prejudices, subjects which are relevant and significant. 1978 S. Braden Artists & People p. xvii. What actually makes a work of art relevant to people? It has been said that relevance is achieved when artists meet the real observations of their public.

b. Correspondent something.

or

proportional

to

1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. viii. (1876) 76 Population and the supply of food must be exactly relevant. Ibid. xiv. 191 The value, .is absolutely relevant to the demand for them.

2. Sc. Law. Legally pertinent or sufficient. [see relevancy]. 1644 Maxwell Prerog. Kings 107 If they can make no relevant endictment.. against them. 1723 in Maclaurin Argt. & Decis. Cases (1774) 70 [They] find the libel relevant to infer the pains of law. 1753 Stewart's Trial 149 [They] remit the pannel, with the libel as found relevant, to the knowledge of an assize. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxii, The defence, that the panel had communicated her situation to her sister, was a relevant defence. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 273 The exception of fraud, or force and fear, is not relevant against all actions. 1561

t3. Relieving; remedial. Obs. rare. 1730 Bailey (folio), Relevant, relieving. 1762 Aston in Burke's Corr. (1844) I. 38 They ever pursued vindictive rather than relevant measures. Hence 'relevantly adv. 1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 180 In respect of the libell relevantlie libellit aganis the said Thomas Kennedy. 1883 Law Rep. ii Q.B. Div. 601 Parties and witnesses who make statements without malice and relevantly.

t'relevate, v. (and pa. pple.) Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. relevare to relieve; in some cases suggested by F. relever or It. rilevare, or the pa. pples. of these.] 1. trans. To raise the spirits of (a person); to restore to cheerfulness. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. *iij, Recreate the afflicted, relevate and conforte the depressed and humbled. 1^3 Mirr. Worldly Fame in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 526 Cato, being cumbered with the cares of the commonwealth was wont to relevate his mind with wine. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 72. 2/2 ’Tis a place Created Fit To Relevate the Sons of Wit. 2. To raise, elevate. Hence 'relevated ppl. a. 1623 tr. Favine's Theat. Hon. l. v. 40 The third [crown] was.. releuated with Pales, Piles or Stakes. 1635 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 148 Two relevated flanks. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry iii. v. 45 The Esquires helmet hath the Beaver a little relevated. 1758 Scots Mag. XX. 299/1 The upper circle [of the crown] is relevate or heightened with ten crosses floree.

3. intr. To rise up. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry iii. iv. 34 Crowns of Gold, whereof the Navall was made, with a circle of gold relevating like prowes and poupes of Ships.

t rele'vation. Obs. [a. OF. relevacion {God^i.), or ad. L. relevdtion-em, n. of action f. relevare to RELIEVE.] The action of raising, lifting up, supporting, relieving, etc. c 1400 Beryn 3687 [She] thanked God.. Of hir relevacioun from woo into gladness. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. 445/1 Yn relevation of that charge. 1451 Ibid. V. 222/2 In relevation of oure Navie, and supportation of the grete charges of the same. 1471 in Gross Gild Merch. II. 262 Payng for theire stondynge. .i. d., in releuacion of the kynges ferme. 1606 J. Carpenter Solomon's Solace xxxiii. 136 The worde which the King here vseth.. hath tediousnesse and no releuation, it hath sorrowfull despare. 1658 Phillips, Relevation, a raising or lifting up again. So 'relevator, one who raises. 1865 Neale Hymns Paradise 32 Thou in fall my Relevator.

t rele'vavith. Obs. rare. [ad. L. relevdvit ‘he has relieved’, 3rd sing. perf. indie, of relevare-. see RELIEVE t). 8.] = relief’* I. A.\so fig. 1546 State Papers Hen. VIII, I. n. 840, I see not any greate lightlywod, that any good summe will comm in, tyl after Christmas, and then no more then the releuauithes [printed relevainthes]. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr.

Diij, The one knaue now croucheth, while thother crauith. But to shew what shalbe his releuauith [etc.].

releve(n, obs. forms of relieve

v.

relev6 (rabve). [Fr., lit. ‘raised up’.] 1. = remove sb. 2C. 1825 Lady Blessington Jrw/. Dec. in E. Clay Lady B. at Naplesiigjg) 141 The fragments of and 1846 Jewish Manual, or Pract. Information Jewish Mod. Cookery p. xv, Releves, or Removes, are top and bottom dishes, which replace the soup and fish. 1889 [see mam course s.v. main a. ii]. 1906 Mrs. Beeton's Bk. Househ. Managem. Ixii. 1668 Releve.., the remove. A course of a dinner, consisting of large joints of meat, four-footed game, and sometimes joints of fish. 1961 Froud & Turgeon tr. Larousse Gastronomique 805/2 Remove. Releve—Dish which in French service relieves (in the sense that one sentry relieves another) the soup or the fish.

2. Ballet. (See quot. 1957.) 1930 Craske & Beaumont Theory & Pract. Allegro in Classical Ballet 66 Execute two Petits Battements with a releve and degage. 1953 Ballet Ann. VII. 83 That infinitesimal moment of holding the breath in a releve on point in a held pose. 1957 G. B. L. Wilson Penguin Diet. Ballet 227 Releve or temps releve, lit. a lifted step. The raising of the body on half- or full-point or points. 1976 New Yorker 29 Mar. 92/3 He has an immobile thick torso, a heaviness in plie and releve.

re'level, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To level again. 1928 Daily Tel. 14 Aug. 14/3 Gutters have been filled in, dangerous curb-stones removed, level crossings relevelled. *975 J- B- Harley O.S. Maps i. 7 Each area is relevelled in a cyclic system,.. the interval depending on the character of the country. Mountain and moorland areas are relevelled every forty years.

fre'levy* 56.* Obs. rare. [ad. raed.L. relevi-um.^ = relief^ I. al500 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 214 Yf. .y« heir of hym were of full age and owe releuy, haue he his heritage by olde releuy. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. i. 168 Let the Heriots or Relevies be so moderate, as that they may be tolerable.

tre'levy, sb.^ Obs. rare~'^. [ad. It. rilievi, pi. of rilievo relievoL] Relief. 1673 Ba\ Journ. Low C. (1738) II. 433 It is cut smooth and plain, without any sculpture and engraving, or any relevy and imbossment.

fre'levy, v. Obs. rare~^. [irreg. ad. L. relevare or F. relever: see relieve set up again.

v.]

trans. To raise or

1622 Callis Stat. Sewers (1647) 205 If any such annoyance be done, it shall be pulled down, and that he which shall relevy such annoyance .. shall incur the penalty.

relewe, obs. Sc. form of relieve

v.

relewyt, releyit, obs. Sc. pa. pple. of relieve v. relexification (.riileksifi'keijan). Linguistics, [f. re- 5 a + Gr. word + -fication.] The process of replacing a word or group of words in one language with a corresponding word or group of words from another language, without grammatical adjustment of the items intro¬ duced. 1962 W. A. Stewart in F. A. Rice Stud. Role Second Languages in Asia, Africa, & Lat. Amer. 46 The vocabulary derived from one source language has been largely replaced .. by a more recent vocabulary derived from another language, while the original grammatical structure is preserved... This process of relexification seems to be the converse of restructuralization. 1965 Amer. Speech XL. 172 William Stewart has hypothesized that this Portuguesebased pidgin was re-lexified to yield the English, Dutch, and French pidgins which are the progenitors of the Creoles. This idea of a re-lexification which left the original syntax almost intact is a very attractive one. 1968 IForfiXXIV. 263 The effect of this process is a kind of continuous and massive ‘relexification’. 1971 [see initiator]. 1972 J. L. Dillard Black English iii. 121 Within the Negro community, the use of Africanisms has been demonstrably larger in the past; allowing for relexification, we can still see a great deal of indirect influence. Ibid. 303 Relexification is the replacement of a vocabulary item in a language with a word from another, without a change in the grammar. If I change the sentence I am very tired to I am tres tired I have in a sense relexified the English sentence. A ‘Latin’ sentence like ego amo tu is of course simply a relexification of I love you with Latin words. 1974 R. A. Hall External Hist. Romance Lang. 33 According to certain .. theories, these two varieties .. would have been the predecessors of West African Pidgin Portuguese, from which all other modern pidgins and creoles would have sprung by a process of ‘relexification’. 1975 Language LI. 685 If all of a group of PC’s [sc. pidgin or creole languages], such as those usually embraced in relexification hypotheses .., have a common ancestor, then the extension of the use of ‘mouth’ in that ancestor would account for ‘mouth’ having the added sense in all those PC’s.

relexify (rii'leksifai), v. Linguistics, [f. as prec. + -FY.] trans. To introduce into (a language) vocabulary taken from another language without grammatical adjustment of the items introduced. Hence re'lexified ppl. a. 1962 W. A. Stewart in F. A. Rice Stud. Role Second Languages in Asia, Africa, & Lat. Amer. 46 If a language A can be shown to derive its vocabulary from language B and its grammatical structure from language C, then language A can be both ‘restructured B’ and ‘relexified C’ at the same time. Ibid., It is., possible to consider them all., as relexified forms of some prior language. 1965 Orbis XIV. 521 We know that the Philippine creoles were also relexified very rapidly. 1965, 1972 [see prec.]. 1972 J. L. Dillard Black English iii. 122 Hawaiian Pidgin English pau

(relexified with a Hawaiian word), Melanesian Pidgin English yim's/z constitute other relexifications of cabd. 1979 Amer. Speech LIV. 296 A uniform ‘plantation creole’.. later ‘relexified’ into something nearer to the speech of whites.

rel3ie, obs. Sc. form of

RELIC

562

REL3IE

rail v.^

reliability (nlaia'biliti). [f. next + -ity.] 1. The quality of being reliable, reliableness. 1816 Coleridge Lett. (1895) II. 667 Either in the taste, courtesy, or reliability of his judges. 1817-Biog. Lit. iii. (Bohn) 33 Perfect consistency, and (if such a word might be framed) absolute reliability. 1847 in Webster. 1856 Geo. Eliot Ess. (1884) 126 An air of seriousness and reliability. i860 Adm. Fitzroy in Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 355 The reliability and the universality of the laws of storms. 1887 Spectator 18 June We want doctors to bear a stamp of reliability, like the coinage.

2. Statistics. The extent to which a measurement made repeatedly in identical circumstances will yield concordant results. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XV. 238 The reliability with which any system of measurement represents any particular form of intelligence. 1925 F. C. Mills Statistical Meth. xvi. 561 By the study of successive samples, and by the testing of the subordinate elements in a given sample when broken up into significant sub-groups, much more may be learned as to the reliability of a given measure.. than by unquestioning acceptance and uncritical employment of the usual mathematical formulas for probable errors. 1938 A. E. Waugh Elem. Statistical Meth. vii. 138 We can increase the reliability of the mean by studying more cases, and.. the reliability is greater also when the variation among the original figures is small. 1950 J. P. Guilford Fundamental Statistics in Psychol. & Educ. (ed. 2) xvii. 473 Tests of differences and correlation coefficients may often prove to be insignificant merely because the measures used were lacking in reliability. 1978 R. J. Jesson Statistical Survey Techniques i. 15 In considering reliability we shall be referring to a measure of the closeness of each observation to its own average over repeated trials.

3. attrib.y as reliability engineer^ race, test, trial; reliability coefficient, any of various measures of statistical reliability; freq. the coefficient of correlation between two sets of measurements made of the same set of quantities. 1910 C. Spearman in Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. III. 281 A very convenient conception is that of the ‘reliability coefficient’ of any system of measurements for any character. By this is meant the coefficient between one half and the other half of several measurements of the same thing. 1930 Psychol. Rev. XXXVII. 140 The reliability coefficient of a variable, X, is a special type of correlation coefficient which indicates the degree to which individuals systematically differ from each other in the trait as measured. 1954 Psychol. Bulletin LI. 229/1 The several types of reliability coefficient do not answer the same questions and should be carefully distinguished. 1972 Jrn/. Social Psychol. LXXXVII. 48 The split-half method was employed and resulted in a reliability coefficient for the instrument of 83. 1969 Word Study Apr. 3/2 The reliability engineers, on the other hand, did not want to avoid taboo words; they were chiefly interested in alarming the program to potential failures. 1977 Chicago Tribune z Oct. xii. 57/4 (Advt.), Reliability Engineer, to direct and perform component reliability studies, coordinate with system requirements, and function as reliability consultant. 1907 Strand Mag. Nov. 491/2 A result extraordinarily interesting should be worked out from this thousand-mile [car] reliability race. 1904 Technics Aug. 114 As a ‘reliability test’, the car was driven from London to Newport (Mon.), a distance of about 160 miles. 1929 Even. News 18 Nov. 16/4 [He] crashed on his motor-cycle while taking part in a reliability test on Portsdown-hill. 1902 Car 3 Sept. 43/1 The cars entered for the Automobile Club’s Reliability Trials which are being held this week began to arrive at the Crystal Palace at a very early hour. 1904 ToDay 18 May 58/2 The Automobile Club has arranged to hold a reliability trial for motor boats. 1963 P. Drackett Motor Rallying i. 9 But the true progenitor of the rally was the reliability trial. 1970 Which? July 199/1 We have not done any extended reliability trials on the single samples of television sets we tested.

reliable (ri'lai9b(9)l), a. [f. rely v.^ + -able.] 1. a. That may be relied upon; in which reliance or confidence may be put; trustworthy, safe, sure. In current use only from about 1850, and at first perhaps more frequent in American works, but from 1855 freely employed by British writers, though often protested against as an innovaton or an Americanism. The formation has been objected to (as by Worcester in i860) on the ground of irregularity, but has analogies in available, dependable, dispensable, laughable (Webster 1864). The question has been fully discussed by F. Hall in his work On English Adjectives in -able, with special reference to Reliable (1877). 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 667 Thair deliverance.. and jugement to be als raliabill.. as gif the samyn wer gevin .. be the Lordis of Sessioun. 1624 Bp. Mountagu in Cosin's Corr. (Surtees) I. 34, I knowe not two honester, abler men, and reliable indeed of their ranke and state. 1792 B. S. Barton in M. Cutler's Life, etc. (1888) 11. 288, I have lately used the root, and find it a very reliable medicine. 1800 Coleridge Ess. own Times (1850) II. 296 The best means and most reliable pledge of a higher object. 1850 W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) IV. 70 You have built it up with a care that renders it reliable in all its parts. 1851 Hinton in Hopkins Life & Lett. (1878) 87, I think your feelings on subjects of religion are infinitely more reliable than Mr. -’s views. 1857 Gladstone in Oxford Ess. 49 He seems to think that the reliable chronology of Greece begins before its reliable history. 1876 Trevelyan Life Macaulay (1883) II. 431 Macaulay may not have been a reliable guide in the regions of high art.

b. absol. as sb. A reliable person, animal, or thing.

1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 133 Experiment with all the new things that appear, but do not ‘lose your grip’ on the old reliables. 1908 [see peacherino]. 1910 W. M. I^ine Bucky O'Connor (1920) ii. 20, I hate to have you take that gun, though. I meant to run you down with that same old Colt’s reliable. 1911 R. D. Saunders Col. Todhunter xii. 171 ‘You never can tell about these old reliables,’ said Tom. ‘Solomon might take it into his head to get frisky any minute.’ 1950 Western Folklore Apr. 138 The cowboy’s sixshooter speaks a language universally understood. Familiar epithets for the revolver were equalizer, shootin' iron,.. Old Reliable. 1970 E. Snow Red China Today (1976) 33 The ‘three-way alliance’ of mass organizations, Party ‘reliables’, and army political work teams which had completed the Party purging. 1972 Village Voice (N.Y.) i June 19/3 One of the Governor’s old reliables, Assemblyman Robert Kelly, sponsored the bill in the lower house and told everyone how great it was.

2. Statistics. Yielding concordant results when repeated. [1892 Analyst XVII. 228 When the Babcock test is made according to the instruction given with the machine, strictly reliable results are obtained.] 1932 Jm/. Gen. Physiol. XVI. 23 Under such conditions it might be expected that volumetric measurements be somewhat less reliable than in the simple case first examined. ^94^ J’ Guilford Fundamental Statistics in Psychol. & Educ. xiv. 273 By a perfectly reliable test, we mean one that is free from errors of measurement. 1970 D. W. Matheson et al. Introd. Exper. Psychol, ii. 26 A sampling technique is reliable if several samples from the same population yield similar data. Ibid. vi. 66 If a test is reliable, a subject will receive approximately the same score each time he takes the test.

C1330 R. Brunne Chron, Wace (Rolls) 14559 Abbotes pat reliqes had .. away peym lad, & manye in pe erthe pey dalf. c 137s Sc. Leg. Saints iv. (James) 255 His printes.. stal away pe body.. and pai aryvyt with pat relik of span3e in-to pe kynrik. c 1430 Lydg. Min, Poems (Percy Soc.) 19 The abbot afftyr.. Amonges the relykkes the septure ought he soughte Of Seynt Edward, c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon iii. 112 Bryng afore me your reliques and hallowes, that I shall swere [etc.]. 1532 Dial, on Laws Eng. 11. xxx. 78 b, Than shal he suspende the churche & take awaye the relikes. 1617 Moryson /tin. I. 175 The Friars keepe for a holy relike the Thome wherewith Christ was crowned. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. 243 In this City are many.. Churches.. furnished with rich Altar-pieces, Reliques,.. and other Ornaments. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 396 The only part wanting in their relic is the middle finger of the right-hand. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xiv. 304 A supply of relics for the foundation of churches. 1850 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. 79 His copy of Ambrose,.. covered with his blood, was exhibited.. as a relic. transf. IS94 Drayton Idea 788 You..whose deare remembrance in my Bosome lyes, Too rich a Relique for so poore a Shrine.

fb. Applied to the sacred objects of the ancient Jewish and pagan religions. Obs.

re'liableness.

e •reliks kyst, And gaf parte to a frende. 1796 Mod. Gulliver 2 For want of a cradle, as soon as born, I was popped into a relmue chest. 1807 Syd. Smith Lett. Catholics (1808) 28 The •relic-covered jacket of a Catholic. *933 *Relic form [see hyperform s.v. hyper- IV]. 1951 Amer. Speech XXVI. 13 The preservation of relic forms is made ossible by geographical or cultural isolation. 1972 M. L. amuels Linguistic Evolution vi. 92 The receiving system itself becomes less divergent from its neighbour than before, retaining only relic forms from its antecedent. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) aVI. 59/1 The .. knavery of the Greeks found a rich prey in the stupid credulity of the Latin •relichunters. 1893 Kate Sanborn Truth/. Worn. S. California The plaster statues have been disgracefully mutilated by relic-hunters. 1891 A. J. Foster Ouse 139 These were the days of •relic-hunting. 1854 Brit. Archseol. Assoc. X. 89 The knife.. is of an earlier period, and may perhaps be regarded as a •relic knife. 1593-1602 Donne Sat. ii. 84 The snuffe Of wasting Candles.. •Relique-like [1633 reliquely] kept, perchance buyes wedding-geare. 1854 H. Miller Sch. Schm. vi. (1857) 123 Though not much of a •relicmonger, 1 would hesitate to exchange it. 1808 Scott Marm. II. iii, The •relic-shrine of cost, With ivory and gems emboss’d. 1461 Paston Lett. II. 28 Wretyn at London, on •Relyk Sonday [12 July]. 1520 in Arnolde's Chron. (1811) p. xlvi. On Relyk Sonday, in the aftyr none, was a grete thondre and tempest. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 323 b, The feasts.. of the patrone of the church, dedication day, and Relicksonday. 1709 Riders Brit. Merlin, Fair on Relique-Sunday (being the Sund.-fortnight after Midsum.). 1848 Lytton Harold v. i, Edward was left alone to his monks and •relic-venders. 1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain ii. xix. 284 The doctrine and practice of •relicveneration. 1562 Homilies ii. Idolatry iii. (1859) 236 Our idolaters found too much vantage of reliques and •relique water to follow St. Chrysostom’s counsel. 1871 Tylor Prim. Cult. xv. II. 139 The conception.. would give a rational explanation of much •relic-worship otherwise obscure.

B. adj. Geogr., GeoL, and Biol. = relict a. 4. 1894 J. Geikie Great Ice Age (ed. 3) xxxi. 488 In many of the Swedish lakes there occur certain forms of life which ^pear to be a relic-fauna of the Yoldia Sea. 1926 W. H. TVenhofel Treat. Sedimentation v. 369 The Salton Sink of California is probably an example of a relic sea which appears to have been severed from the Gulf of California in the building of the Colorado River delta. 1940 Jr«/. Genetics XL. 72 At this stage it is usual for some or all of the chromosomes to show ‘relic’ coils or spirals. These coils are to be regarded as the remains of the spirals of the previous division. 1966 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 2 Apr. (1970) 379 He described the ‘relic forest’ of maple, quaking aspen, Douglas fir, and ponderosa pine with huge trunks. By some strange mystery of nature, they have survived from a much earlier time, when the climate was different here. 1976 H. M. French Periglacial Environment V. 95 The presence of obviously relic pingos.. in presentday periglacial environments complicates attempts to identify the conditions for present-day pingo ^owth. 1978 Nature 7 Sept. 19/1 Appropriate physical conditions for the origin of life could exist on the relic regolith grains.

'relicary. rare, [ad. Sp. relicario: RELIQUARY.] A shHne for relics.

see

17^ Southey Lett.fr. Spain (1808) I. App. 288 Whatever remains of such Catholic sufferers she could procure she shrined with her own hands,.. and she labelled the relicaries in which they were placed. 1829-in For. Rev. Cont. Misc. HI. 32 Philip II sent for some of the perspiration, to be placed among the other treasures of his relicary.

re-lick, i;. [RE-sa.] trans. To lick again. 1607 Norden Surv. Dial. A vii, This simple rude lumpe, of which, if some more skilfull, will bestow the re-licking, & bring it to his true shape [etc.].

t'relicly, adv. Obs. rare-', [f. relic + -ly*.] As a relic; carefully. 1633 [see relic-like under relic 7].

relict (’relikt), sb. [ad. L. relict-us, -a, -um, pa. pple. of relinquere to leave behind, relinquish; in sense 2 more immediately ad. med.L. relicta sb. or OF. reticle (14th c.).] 1. = RELIC I, id, and 5. Now rare or Obs. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 223^1 Cum, win my pardon; and kiss my relicts, to. c 1540 in Prance Addit. Narr. Pop. Plot (1679) 36 Steryng them with all perswasions.. to dedd Images and counterfeit Relicts. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 195 "The Apple is .. yearely transported for Constantinople .. and there is reserued for a relict of the fruit of the forbidden tree. iMi R. Knox Hist. Ceylon 80 Each of these Gods hath a Pallenkine.. in the which there are several pieces of their superstitious relicts. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xxvii. 344 For want of a better Image or Relict to adore, they worship a Monkeys Tooth. 1735 Hild. Jacob Wks. 411 In the Statues, Bas-relieves and precious Relicts of the great Masters of old. 1827 Miss Sedgwick H. Leslie (1872) I. 37 The relicts and gifts of a woman whom he had loved. 1884 ‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxxvii. 384 Things that was valuable.. on account of them being relicts.

2. a. The widow of a man. 1545 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 9 Dame Jonet Stewart the relict of umquhile Johne Muir of Caldwell and now spous to Thomas Kirkpatrick. ci6io Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1735) 256 He married the Earl of March’s Relict, a 1659 Osborn Observ. Turfc Wks. (1673) 305 Such cries as are made by the Relicts and Children of slain Souldiers. 1718 Hickes & Nelson y. Kettlewell ii. xxvii. 129 This Gentle-woman, the Relict of so Worthy a Man. 1776 Foote Bankrupt iii. Wks. 1799 II. 129 There has been .. no less than three proposals of marriage already made to my relict. 1804 Eugenia de Acton Tale without Title 11. 214, I am ordered by the relict of my late master..to inform you that she [etc.]. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. xvii. (1876) IV. 59 Nothing could be further from William’s purpose than in any way to disturb the relict of his revered predecessor.

b. Without const. Now rare. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 89 To.. confess his fault in declameing, by words, of the gude name and fame of the said relict. 1702 Steele FuneraZ i. (1734) 15, I never yet could meet with a sorrowful Relict, but was herself enough to make a hard Bargain with me. 1776 T. Percival Ess. HI. 347 To the great prejudice of a poor relict and her helpless child. 1873 Browning Red. Cott. Nt.-cap I. 808 She, sad relict, must drag residue Of days.

fc. The Obs.-'

surviving partner

of a

person.

ai6f^ Jer. Taylor Wks. (1835) II. 84 (Cent.), Though the relict of a man or woman have liberty to contract new relations, yet [etc.]. i. 2i.pl. Remains, remnants, residue. Also ring,

a surviving part; fa survivor. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. ii6 Hee gathered together the relictes of the defeated armies. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 304 In as many places are Christians, or relicts of that holy profession. 1654 R. Codrington tr. lustine xxii. 319 The Carthaginians sent Commanders, .to prosecute the relicts of the war. 1728 Morgan Algiers I. i. 10 He there seems to speak of the Relicts of the Poeni. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. vi. I. 112 The ideas (or relicts of such impression) will exactly imitate the order of the impression itself. 1856 Grote Greece ii. xcviii. XH. 638 Isolated relicts of what had once been an Hellenic aggregate. sing. 1630 B. JONSON New Inn Argt., The eldest daughter, Frances,.. is the sole relict of the family. 1679 M. Rusden Discov. Bees 99 The relict of a good Colony that hath had several Hives taken off. 1764 Foote Patron iii. Wks. 1799 I. 359 My .^neas! my precious relict of Troy!

b. A surviving trace, survival. Also transf. of a person. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xxi. 265 To breake the eggeshell after the meat is out.. is but a superstitious relict. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. Ixi. III. 320 This parliament took into consideration.. the taking away of tithes, which they called a relict of Judaism. 1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. HI. (1871) 271 The Winchester bushel is the only existing relict of the old English system. 1928 Daily Express 3 July 10/2 Our British boards of railway directors are like an ante-room to a museum. They are crowded with relicts of the easy pre-war age for whom the world has never changed.

c. pi. The remains of one deceased, rare. {s loc ne haueC non to offren bute Jjese lif-holie men of religiun. a 1300 Cursor M. 29285 Qua smites preist or clerk,.. or ani man of religion,.. he is cursd. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 7 Renkez of relygioun t?at reden & syngen. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 7 3if )?ei seyn hat pet ben most holy and best men of religion. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 3192 Somme folkys of relygyon. 1485 Caxton Paris &' V. (1868) 12 To become a man of religion.

fc. house, etc. of religion, a religious house, a monastery or nunnery. Ohs. 13.. Sir Beues (MS. A) 4613 An hous he made of riligioun. For to singe for sire Beuoun. 1340 Ayenb. 41 Huanne me bernh oher brekh cherches.. oher hous of relygioun. ? a 1400 Arthur 488 In Abbeys of Relygyoun J?at were cristien of name, c 14^ Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xix. (1885) 155 Oher kynges haue ffounded byshopriches, abbeys, and oher howses off relegyon. c 1535 in Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. IX. cxxi. §95 (i6n) 773/1 Spoiled in like maner.. as the housys of Religion hath bene. 1568 Gr.\fton Chron. II. 144 Many houses of relygion within the Citie..were searched for goodes of aliauntes.

2. a. A particular monastic or religious order or rule; fa religious house. Now rare. a 1225 Ancr. R. 4 Rihten hire & smeSen hire is of euch religiun, & of efrich ordre pe god, & al strengSe. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 52/192 Seint Edward cam.. To an holi man hat here was nei3 in an ohur religion. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1156 His fader forloyne.. feched hem wyth strenhe, & robbed pe relygioun of relykes alle. C1400 Rom. Rose 6352 Somtyme am I prioresse,.. And go thurgh alle regiouns, Sekyng alle religiouns. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 426/1 Saynt Rygoberte .. ordeyned a relygyon of chanounes and clerkes. 1528 Cromwell in Merhman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 322 The exchaunge to be made bitwene your colledge in Oxforde and his religion for Saundforde. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 143 This priest., was receiued into euery Religion with Procession, as though the Legate had been there. 1568 Gr.\fton Chron. II. 194 This Religion of Saint lohns, was greatly preferred, by the fall and suppression of the Templers. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 114 If any professed in the said Religion were negligently forgotten. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. 1. 12 A Dagger, which the King of Spain sent as a Present to the Religion. 1769 Ann. Reg. 147 Some ships of the religion of Malta. 1858 Faber Foot of Cross (1872) 70 There were several false and counterfeit religions, which had troubled the church about this time. transf. 1497 Bp. Alcock Mons Perfect. Biij, As hymself for his pr> de and enuy was cast out of the holy relygyon of heuen.

fh. collect. People of religion. Obs. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 2812 banne pe religion & holi chirche worh ef sone ybro3t al adoun. 1375 Barbour Bruce XX. 162 Till religioune of seir statis. For heill of his saull, gaf he Siluir in-to gret quantite. c 1450 Holland Howlat 190 Alkyn chennonis eik of vther ordouris, All maner of religioun, the less and the mair.

fc. A member of a religious order. Obs. 13.. Cursor M. 2zoo i (Gott), Quatkin man sum euer it es .. Or laued or religiun. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 7557 Specyaly pat comandep he.. to bysshopes, and persones, To prestys, an ouper relygyons. c 1325 Chron. Eng. 527 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 292 That on partie he sende..To thilke that were povre in londe; That other to povre religiouns; The thridde to povre cleregouns.

3. a. Action or conduct indicating a belief in, reverence for, and desire to please, a divine ruling power; the exercise or practice of rites or observances implying this. Also pi., religious rites. Now rare, exc. as implied in 5. 0 1225 Ancr. R. 10 Cleane religiun.. is iseon & helpen widewen & federlease children & from pe worlde witen him cleane & unwemmed. CI250 Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 2e remanand dystribut scho to pure mene. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. clxxi. Spend wele, therefore, the remanant of the day. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 68 A wyseman ought.. to kepe wele the remanaunt of his good. 1566 in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 88 The Remanaunt to the poore. y. c 1440 York Myst. xxvii. 23 The remelaunt parted schall be. 1462 Paston Lett. II. 98, ij c, and 1. mark to bene payed at this Estern and the remulant at Mihelmasse. And of the remulant the Kyng shuld be answered. b. = REMAINDER I. rare-^. 1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 51 Yf the lorde wil graunt the homage of his lande by his dede to another, sauynge to hym the remenaunt of the seruyces.

3. A remaining thing or part; a remnant. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 16 The tothere remenant [F. le remanaunt] of the north son salle thei nomen. 1406 E.E. Wills (1882) 13 All the remenauntys of my godys, y wyll they be preysyd & parttyd in thre. Ibid. 37 Also ij remenauntz of the Lynne bed. 1433 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 45 2/1 The same Clothe to be sold for a remenaunt.. and nat for a Clothe.

4. a remenant, for the future, henceforward. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (i8io) 115 3e wite wele a remenant [F. desore] & forsoth 30 kenne, J>at Inglis & Normant be now ons men.

remenbre, obs. form of remember. re'mend (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] To mend again. 1592 Wyrley Armorie, Ld. Chandos 73 What harme they should His countrie do, that he remend it would.

fre'mene, v. Obs. [perh. a. OF. remener to bring back; but the senses are app. not OF., and may be based upon those of mean 1. trans. To make mention of; to commemorate; to recall to mind. 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 2483 Mony a-venture.. J)at I ne ty3t, at his tyme, in tale to remene. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 56 He shal turne hym to p^ poeple to prayse hem.. and remene [pr. remeue] & recomend her gode maneres. C1440 Macro Plays (E.E.T.S.) 67/960 Put yt, Lorde, in-to my thowte! Thi olde mercy, let me remene.

2. To compare; to apply by way of comparison or illustration. Const, to. 1377 Fo/. Poems (Rolls) I. 216 This good ship I may remene To the chivalrye of this londe. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 371 pat by pc tale pat is i-feyned pe soop by tokenynge may be remened [printed remeued: L. referatur] to pat pat is sopeliche i-doo in deede. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 51 To thi matiere Of love I schal hem so remene. That thou schalt knowe what thei mene. [Cf. II. 348.] C1440 York Myst. xii. 50 pe dewe to pe gode halygaste May be remened [printed remeued] in mannes mynde.

3. To interpret, expound, explain. Also absol. 1382 Wyclif Neh. viii. 9 Esdras..and the Leuitus, remenyng [1388 expownynge; L. interpretantes] to al the puple. Ibid. 13 That he remene to them the woordis of the lawe. C1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iv. 2271 This same figure oure clerkis thus remene.

Hence fre'mening vbl. sb.', also fre'menour, interpreter, translator. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Ezra Prol., Leuende the sens of scripture he foiewide the errour of eche remenour.-Prov. Prol., The remenyng..of the thre volumes of Salomon. Ibid., The translacioun of the seuenty remenoures. -Ecclus. xlvii. 18 In prouerbis, and comparisouns, and in remenyngus.

remenent, -ont, varr. remenant Ohs. rement, obs. form of raiment. t rementimu'tation. nonce-wd. fresh change of mind.

A second or

1650 B. Discolliminium 45, I and my Friends shall be allowed the full benefit of all the variations, interpretations, .. mentimutations, rementimutations,.. that I and my Mare can devise or possibly imagine.

fre'merce, v. Ohs. rare~^. [app. f. re- + -merce as in commerce z?.] trans. To ransom. ^559 Baldwin Mirr. Mag., Earl Northumbld. Gv, And that we might this matter set on fyre From Owens iayle, our cosin we remerst.

REMERCIMENT

1654 Flecknoe Ten Years Trav. iv. 8 To whom I answered (after my most humble remerciments for so high a favour) That as I yet wanted nothing [etc.]. 1777 C’tess OssoRY in Jesse Selzvyn Contemp. (1844) III. 189 Begging you to accept our kindest remercimen[t]s for your good company.

tre'mercy, 56. Obs, rare. [Cf. next and mercy.] Thanks. Also pi. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 163 b, Persones by hym conquered and subdued, who did.. not rendre thankes ne saie remercies for that they had been leat.. to escape. 1600 B. JoNSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii. Wks. (Rtldg.) 95/2 Remercie, madame, and these honourable censors. 1606 Sir G. Goosecappe iii. i, Remercy, my more then English pages.

fre'mercy, t;. Obs. [ad. F, remeraer (15th c.),

re- RE- + merci thanks, mercy.] To thank. ^1477 Caxton Jason 28 b, Thenne Jason remercyed and thanked the noble Quene Myrro. 14S4 - Fables of Alfonce xii, I remercye and thanke yow gretely. 1568 in Maskell Mon. Rit. (1846) II. 264 Wyth al my hert I remercye and thanke thee. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. xi. 16 She him remercied as the Patrone of her life. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 115 With thanks rewards remercied was our paine. f.

re'merge (ri:-), v, [re- 5 a.] To merge again. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. xlvii, That each, who seems a separate whole,.. should fall Remerging in the general Soul. 1901 Spectator 17 Aug. 221/2 A remoter realm, out of which we emerged, and into which we again remerge.

remeta'morphose, v. Also 7 -ise. trans. To change back again.

[re- 5 a.]

1598 J. Dickenson Greene in Cone. (1878) 138 When Vlisses mates turn’d from men to beastes .. they would in no sort be remetamorphosed. 1636 Heywood Loves Mistress i. i. Wks. 1874 V. 92 If men be growne thus savage, oh you powers, Remetamorphise mee into an asse.

re'mete, tJ. rare~^. [re-] trans. To mete out in return. 1647 Trapp Comm., Matt. vii. 2 God delights to give men their own,.. to re-mete them their own measure.

remeue, obs. variant of remove v. t re'mevable, fl. Obs. [f. remeveyvar. remove v. + -ABLE.] Capable of being moved; liable to remove, or to be taken away. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 215 Thoures [ = towers] of trees reme[v]able thou shake I-have ouer al, and Knyghtes there-in wel armyd. CX430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 193 The world so wyd, the air so remevable,.. The fyr so hoot and sotil of nature. 1461 Rolls of Park. V. 493/2 Afore tyme they were datyf and remevabill.

remeve, obs. variant of remove v. t re'mevement. Obs. rare. [f. remeve^ var. remove V. + -MENT.] Removal, transference. 1437 Rolls of Park. IV. 510/1 Withoute eny remevement to be hadde of him into the seid prison. 1439 Ibid. V. 29/2 The.. delyverance and remevement of the said Recordes.

remewe, obs. variant of remove v.\ variant of REMUE V.

Obs.

remex ('riimsks). PI. remiges (’remidsiiz). [L.

remeXy f. remus oar.] 11. A rower. Obs. rare~^. 1674 Petty Disc. Dupl. Proportion 57 If one Remex or Skuller move [a boat of].. 3 inches draught 12000 feet forward in 3600 seconds: then 4 like Rowers [etc.].

2. Ornith. One of the principal feathers of a bird’s wing, by which it is sustained and carried forward in flight; a wing-quill. Chiefly pi. 1767 G. White Selborne xii. Peculiar crimson tags.. at the ends of five of the short remiges. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 505/2 The primary and secondary wing-feathers are called remiges. 1874 CouES Birds N.W. 269 The wings., have but six remiges, in addition to the ten primaries. 1887 Athenaeum 16 Apr. 517/3 The absence., of the fifth cubital remex, its coverts only being developed.

remeynant, variant of remainant Obs. remicle ('remik(3)l). Ornith. [f. L. remi(g-y remex remex: see -cle s.v. -cule.] A smaller outermost primary wing feather in some birds. 1887 R. S. Wray in Proc. Zool. Soc. 344 [In the wildduck’s wing] the distal predigital (i i) is always small and is designated the remicle. 1924 Bull. Amer. Museum Nat. Hist. L. 316 In the three specimens of Gavia stellata seen in the flesh the normal number of quills, ten large ones and the remicle, were present. 1964 A. L. Thomson New Diet. Birds 665/2 In most non-passerine species there are—not counting a remicle, if present.. —10 primaries in normal individuals.

remiform ('remiform), a. rare-'^. [f. L. remus oar.] Shaped like an oar. i860 Worcester (citing Smart, but app. by mistake for reniform): hence in later Diets.

t'remigable, a. Obs. rare~^. [f. L. remigdre: see next and -able.] That one may row over. 1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne xxx. (1869) 167 Where steril remigable marshes, now Feed neighb’ring cities, and admit the plough.

'remigate, v. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L. remigdre, f. remex remex.] intr. To row. 1623 CocKERAM, Remigate, to row, or row backe. 1873 Egypt. Sketch Bk. 260 The rascally darkeys..

Leland

REMINGLE

589

t re merciment. Obs. rare. [a. F. remerctment, f. remercier: see REMERCY t).] pi. Thanks.

declined ‘tracking’ (which is pulling), or remigating (which is rowing).

remi'gation. rare. [ad. L. remigdtidn-em: see prec. and -ATION.] The action of rowing. Erroneously defined by Cockeram and Blount, through association of the initial letters with the prefix re-. 1623 Cockeram, Remigation, a rowing backe. 1656 Blount Glossogr.y Remigation, a rowing or sailing back again. 1842 Blackw. Mag. LII. 726 A man, versed in Latin and Greek, is not, therefore, acquainted with the mechanic laws of remigation or of shipbuilding.

'remigatory, a. rare. [f. L. remigdt-y ppl. stem of remigdre to row + -ORY^.] Pertaining to or connected with rowing. 1911 J. Munro F.J. Furnivall: a Record p. xvii, A special providence seems to have guarded over Furnivall on his remigatory excursions.

re'migiah

rare. [f. L. remigi-um rowing, or (in mod. use) f. remig-es (see remex) + -(i)al.] Serving to propel; now Ornith., of or pertaining to the remiges of a bird’s wing. 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 21 His hands tooke fast hould upon the remigiall bones of the Eagles pinions. 1879 Newton in Encycl. Brit. X. 712/1 In this the remigial streamers do not lose their barbs.

t remigrable. Obs. rare-^. [See next and -ABLE.] Capable of changing back again. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 255 They themselves are yet remigrable into a more simple element.

remigrate ('remigreit, ri:‘maigreit), v.

[orig. (with stress 'remigrate) f. ppl. stem of L. remigrdre; in later use f. re- 5a + migrate v.] 11. intr. To change back again. Obs. 1601 Chester Love's Mart., etc. (1878) 177 Ought into nought can neuer remigrate. 1651 Biggs New Disp. IP288 Whatsoever that is truly vital hath once degenerated .. never remigrates again from the winter of its privation. i68o Boyle Scept. Chem. ii. 126 The rest, which is incomparably the greater part of the Liquor, will remigrate into Phlegm.

2. To migrate again or back. 1623 Cockeram, Remigrate, to retume vnto his first dwelling. 1790 Bewick Hist. Quadrup. 104 In autumn, the Deer, with the fawns bred during the summer, remigrate northward. 1802 Montagu Ornith. Diet. (1831) 523 The Turtle [dove].. re-migrates the beginning of September. 1893 F. Adams New Egypt 40 It is not till.. a sultan re¬ migrated from Tunis to the East, that Egypt once more found herself the seat of empire.

remi'gration. [See prec. and migration.] The action of remigrating; return. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 35 The Pythagoreans and Platonists.. dreame of the remigration and returne of the soule to the bodie. a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. x. (1677) 233 There was a Return of the Jews under Cyrus, which continued in Partial Remigrations for some time after. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 170 note. The Time of their Remigration is soon after Harvest. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. xii. (1878) 331 The first migration when the cold came on, and the re-migration on the returning warmth.

remile, variant of

rimel Obs.

re'militarize (ri:-), z;.

[re-5 a.] trans. Torearm (a country or territory that has earlier been disarmed or demilitarized). So remilitari'zation. 1937 Nation 28 Aug. 215/1 Since the remilitarization of the Reich. 1939 Webster Add., Remilitarize.., to prepare or equip again with military forces, defenses, etc. 1944 D. Thomson French Foreign Policy (Oxf. Pamphlets World Affairs Lxvn) 5 In 1936 .. Hitler paved the way for all further aggressions by occupying and remilitarizing the left bank of the Rhine. 1969 Daily Tel. 5 Feb. 24/6 The explicit intention to re-militarise Sinai and encourage terrorist groups. 1976 Survey Summer-Autumn 13 The status quo ..trend in Soviet policy between 1964 and 1973 was obscured by.. remilitarization of the stagnant economy.

re-'mimic,

tJ. [re-5 a.] To mimic again. 1856 De Quincey Confess. 98 The scene in the poem, that had been originally mimicked by the poet from the sky, was here re-mimicked and rehearsed to the life.

remind (ri'maind), v. Also 7 re-mind. [f.

re- 5 a

+ MIND v.'\

1. a. trans. To recall (a thing) to one’s own mind; to remember, recollect. Now rare or Obs. 1645 Wither Vox Pacif. 189 Let him re-minde, what Attributes were given. 1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 194 Whosoever seriously Reminds the Circumstance of Time wherein the Apostle wrote..will easily agree that [etc.]. 1706 Watts Horae Lyr. ii. Victory of Poles over Osman, This the fierce Saracen wore, (for, when a boy, I was their captive, and remind their dress). 1788 Shirrefs Poems (1790) 167 Ye’ll now remind the happy show’r o’ rain. 1826 Anderson Poems 36 (E.D.D.), Their merry homefair I remind. 1859 Bartlett Diet. Amer., To Remind, for remember; as ‘the company will please remind’. A New York vulgarism.

fb. To bring to mind, to recall to another’s mind. Obs. rare. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ivii. (1739) 104 The issue whereof may remind, that too much countersecurity from the King to the people, is like so many Covenants in Marriage. 1669 Earl Orrery Black Prince iii, O! do not wound me by reminding Things Which rather Trouble than Repentance brings.

2. a. To put (one) in mind of something. Also with omission of personal obj., absoL, and with direct speech as obj.

1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. i. i. rule i §16 It hath no other force upon the Conscience but that it re-minds us of a special obligation to thankfulness. 1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 91 This Re-minds me of the second thing which I propounded to be evinced. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. Cij, By re-minding them often of such Important Truths. 1751 Eliza Heywood Betsy Thoughtless II. 39, I must intreat you will give me leave to remind you of the consequences. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ix, You do well to remind me of this. 1847 Marry AT Childr. N. Forest xi. They would always have reminded me of such a melancholy accident. 1884 F. M. Crawford Rom. Singer I. 19 It reminds me of him and his ways. 1887 Pall Mall G. 11 Jan. 14/1 Many of the names remind of celebrated episodes. 1887 E. Johnson Antigua Mater 260 Little but the mere name Christus to remind of the current beliefs of Judaism. 1891 Kipling Light that Failed xiv. 291 It will recall and remind and suggest and tantalise, and in the end drive you mad. 1966 D. F. Galouye Lost Perception ii. 24 ‘Manuel sent the last two messages,’ Gregson reminded. Ibid. iv. 44 Forsythe withdrew from his sightless isolation long enough to remind, ‘Next week’s Thanksgiving.’ 1976 B. Freemantle November Man vii. 95 ‘The details.. indicated criticism of the Soviet Union,’ reminded Kodes.

b. Const, with inf. or obj. clause. 1662 H. More Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 5 That the High Priest.. might be re-minded not to do.. any thing contrary to the laws thereof. 1670 H. Stubbe Reply Def. Roy. Soc. (1671) 14, I must remind this Adversary that the person I designed to accompany.. was a Carmelite. 1675 Earl Essex Lett. (1770) 206, I must also again remind you to advise Mr. Harbord to go more plainly to work. 1741-2 Gray Agrippina Wks. 1884 I. 107, I might remind my mistress that her nod Can rouse eight hardy legions. 1820 Shelley CEd. Tyr. ii. i. 78 Allow me to remind you, grass is green. 1867 Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 287 The time of year reminds me how the months have gone. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 408 We may be reminded that in nature there is a centripetal as well as a centrifugal force.

Hence re'mindal, the act of reminding. 1883-8 Bp. Walsham How Comm. N. T. (S.P.C.K.) Matt, xxii. 3 The remindal and summons to the feast were made by John the Baptist.

reminder (n'maind3(r)).

[f. prec. -H -erL] Something which reminds, or is intended to remind, one; mention made for the purpose of reminding. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. i. v. §2 There is an active and actuall Knowledge in a man, of which these outward Objects are rather the re-minders then the first Begetters or Implanters. 1831 Arnold in Stanley Life (1844) L vi. 270, I know it is good to have these sobering reminders. 1838 Dickens Lett. (1880) I. 11 Your.. reminder of the subject of a pleasant conversation. 1880 Meredith Tragic Com. (1881) 211 Time passed, whole days: the tender reminder had no effect on him!

b. Path, in pi. toms.

Secondary syphilitic symp¬

1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 260 They escape the class of phenomena grouped as ‘reminders’ (the intermediate stage) and are to all appearance cured. 1897 J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. VIII. 230 In 1880 a mild attack of syphilis occurred, not, however, followed by reminders.

re'mindful, a. [f. as prec. + -ful.] 1. Mindful, retaining the memory, of. 1810 Southey Kehama xi. i, Remindful of revengeful thoughts. -20 Dunbar Poems viii. 28 Pray now for him.. Unto the Lord.. To gif him mercie and remissioun. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 174 Remember.. how he sweat water and bloud for thy remission. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 250 Ingratitude and rebellion after his so many benefits, so many remissions, so many miracles wrought. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Acts ii. 39 The Messiah with his Grace of Remission, and the Spirit, is promised. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. (1841) I. 25 He gives repentance and remission.

b. Pardon for a political, legal, or other offence. Now only Hist.

REMISSIONARY 1429 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 Be rightful juge,.. Thy right ay sugre with remyssioun. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 4093 But doubt, 30 salbe hangit, But mercie or remissioun. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 863 Sir Thomas Broughton.. was at hande .. vtterly dispairing of pardon and remission. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. l. ii. 65 My pennance is, to call Lucetta backe And aske remission, for my folly past. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage vni. xii. 671 If any were found dishonest, they were put to death without remission. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 95 Whosoever are taken stealing of Mastick, are without remission sent to the Galleys. 1864 Kirk Chas. Bold I. viii. 376 They entreated, therefore, that letters of remission might be granted to them for this fault.

fc. Sc. With a and pL A formal pardon; a document conveying this, Obs. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 52 That all maner of man, that had bene before tyme banist out of Rome, suld cum agayne, and thai suld.. have remissiounes. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 1132, I dreid, without 30 get ane remissioun,. .The spirtuall stait sail put 3ow to perditioun. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 34 The remissioun grantit to the Capitane of Dumbertane, and all his complices.. sail presentlie be past throw the signet. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 158 Gif he quha is accused, alledges ane remission, he sail produce the samine in judgement.

fd. An inclination towards pardon. rare~^.

Obs.

1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. v. i. 503, I finde an apt remission in my selfe; And yet heere’s one.. I cannot pardon.

13. a. Release from a debt or payment. Obs. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. vii. 83 To ha Reles and Remission on hat Rental I be-leeue. 1382 Wyclif Deut. xv. i To whom is owed eny thing,.. he shal not mowe 2300 aske it, for 3eer of remyssioun of the Lord it is. 1607 Shaks. Cor. v. ii. 90 Though I owe My Reuenge properly, my remission lies In Volcean brests. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 838 They., only went vp .. in the seuenth yeare of remission twice.

fb. Release, liberation, deliverance, captivity, etc.; respite. Obs.

from

1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 291 From whiche victory of Abraham, somme men say the yere of lubile to haue taken originalle, for that remission of captif men. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Luke iv. 19 To preach to the captives remission,.. to dimisse the bruised unto remission. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. i. iii. (1636) 162 For remission of soules the Patriarch graunts no Indulgences. 1761 Goldsm. Misc. Wks. (1837) I. 471 Some remission from the war gave them leisure to form schemes of future prosperity.

f c. Release from work or exertion. Obs. rare. 1382 Wyclif j Mace. x. 34 Alle solempne days..be alle dais of ynmunite .. and of remissioun, to alle Jewis that ben in my rewme. -2 Cor. viii. 13 Forsoth not that it be remyssioun, or slouthe, to othere,.. to 30U tribulacioun.

4. The action of remitting or giving partially or wholly: a. of a debt, tax, etc.

up

1382 Wyclif Prol. Bible iii. 6 Also in the vij. 3eer shal be remissioun of dette to citeseynes and kynnesmen. a 1719 Addison (J.), Not only an expedition, but the remission of a duty or tax, were transmitted to posterity after this manner. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 491 His remissions [of taxes], as far as they were carried into effect, were productive of great inequality. 1884 Law Rep. g App. Cases 624 He does not ask for any remission of any portion of his obligation.

b. of a penalty or punishment. Also attrib. 1736 Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 18741. 58 Circumstances of aggravated guilt prevent a remission of the penalties. 1741 Betterton Eng. Stage ii. 51 Queen Mary.. immediately granted.. a Remission of her Father’s Execution for that of Transportation. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxvi. The consequence of this confession was a remission of punishment. 1861 Pearson Early ^ Mid. Ages Eng. 177 This was an illegal remission of an important part of the penalty. 1884 Catholic Diet. 442/1 The indulgence.. was no mere remission of canonical penance. 1893 Daily News 9 Mar. 6/7 He [a convict] was punished by the forfeiture of remission marks.

the Trumpet. 1784 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 9 Feb., The remission of the cold did not continue long enough to afford me much relief. 1795-1814 Wordsw. Excurs. ii. 799 Darkness fell Without remission of the blast or shower. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 14 Marked morning remissions of temperature. 1897 Singer & Berens Unrecog. Laws Nat. 390 The fundamental belief that gravity admits of neither intension nor remission.

b. Path. A decrease or subsidence (esp. a temporary one) in the violence of a disease or pain: also transf. of violent emotions. 1685 tr. Willis' Lond. Pract. Physick 549 A Continual Fever.. has its times of remission and exacerbation, but none of intermission. 1741-3 Wesley Extract ofjrnl. (1749) 19, I had a clear remission in the morning: but about two in the afternoon, a stronger fit than any before, a 177^ James Dissert. Fevers (1778) 57 In the very worst cases, if it does not effect a cure itself, it generally brings on a remission. 1797 M. Baillie Morb. Anat. (1807) 59 Empyema may be distinguished .. by rigors having taken place, by a remission of the pain [etc.]. 1849 Macaulay Hist Eng. ii. I. 188 It is the law of our nature that such fits of excitement shall always be followed by remissions. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 297 One very marked character.. is the tendency of the symptoms to periodicity, remission and relapse. attrib. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 407 This will furnish .. nourishment during the febrile and remission periods.

fc. Gram. (See quot.) Ohs. rare. Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 90 Adverbs of intension and remission, or of quantity continuous; as moderately, vastly, exceedingly, &c. 1797

7. The action of remitting or sending (back), in various senses; a remittal, rare. Swift Cone. Weavers Wks. 1841 II. 85/1 The remission of a million every year to England. 1741-2 Stackhouse Hist. Bible iii. i, The Poets’ Fiction of the Loss of Eurydice, and her Remission into Hell. 1883 Law Rep. 8 Probate Div. 194 A remission under the seal of Her Majesty’s Court of Appeals.. commanding the Official Principal.. to resume the cause into his hands. 1724

t re'missionary. Obs. rare-°. [ad. F. remissionaire: see prec. and -ARY^.] One ‘whose offence is remitted’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656). remissive (ri'misiv), a. Also 6 remyssyve. [ad. med.L. remissivus (Du Cange): see remiss v. and -IVE.]

11. Of a letter: Sent in reply. Obs. rare~^. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 135 Constantyne did write un to his moder a letter remissive.

■\2. Careless, negligent, remiss. Ohs. rare. 1514 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 146 As aft tymes as the seid Maister and kepers.. shalbe remyssyve, negligent, and forgitt to syng the seid.. obite. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xv. c. 396 Taxe England, fertill in good lawes.. For that it so remissiue in their Execution is. 1640 O. Sedgwick Christs Counsell 148 You did fall into your decayed estate by remissive operations or actings.

3. Inclined to, of the nature of, productive of, remission or pardon. Now rare. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. i. §13. 176 Punishing seuerely the poore Souldier for small oflfences, but remissiue to the faults of their Captaines and Leaders. 1629 N. Carpenter Achitophel iii. (1640) 142 Absolons case was desperate,.. Davids remissive pardon unlikely. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Disc. viii. 79 No contrition alone is remissive of sins. 1852 W. Anderson Expos. Popery (1878) 126, I judicially bestow on thee .. grace remissive of all thy sins.

f4. Producing something.

or

allowing

decrease

of

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies i. xii. 56 Fog., doth betray a Cause remissive of Cold. 1718 Pope Iliad xiii. 887 A train of heroes.. bore by turns great Ajax’ sev’nfold shield. Whene’er he breath’d, remissive of his might.

5. Characterized by remission or abatement.

fc. Law = REMISE sb} I. Obs. rare^K C1450 Godstow Reg. (E.E.T.S.) 100 He remytted to them and quyte-claymed... And for )?is knowlechyng, remission, fyne, and accorde [etc.].

fS. Relaxation; lessening of tension; slacken¬ ing of energy or application. Obs. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 112 As too much bending breaketh the bowe, so too much remission spoyleth the minde. 1580 Ibid. 383 As the Musitians tune their strings, who., either by intention or remission, frame them to a pleasant consent. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World v. iii. § 18. 474 Such accompt of winnings past, is commonly in Gamesters that are at the height of their fortune, a cause of remission and carelessnesse. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 22 Among the manifold remissions of our minde, among our idle hopes,.. these Images do follow us.. close. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. n. xix. §4 This difference of intention and remission of the mind in thinking.. every one., has experimented in himself. 1741 Middleton Cicero I. i. 41, I used to speak without any remission or variation.

fb. Lowering or humbling (of mind). rare.

REMIT

592

Obs.

a 1628 F. Grevil Sidney (1652) 35 This is that true remission of mind, whereof I would gladly have the world take notice. Ibid. 159 So far was his true remission of mind transformed into ejulation.

6. Diminution of force or effect; lowering or decrease of a condition or quality, esp. of heat or cold. (Cf. INTENSION 3.) 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 69 Morall vertue.. tempereth the remission and intention, and.. taketh away the excesse and defect of the passions. 1625 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. x. (1635) 224 They haue extreame cold Winters, and in stead of Summer a small remission of cold. 1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 35 For then when the heate beginneth in Spaine, the violence thereof lasteth a long time without intension, or remission, or any considerable change. 1696 Bp. Patrick Comm. Exod. xix. 16 When their trembling was abated, by the Remission.. of the Sound of

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies ii. ix. 285 [They] brought more days of excessive Heat, than of remissive Warmth. 1822 Good Study Med. HI. 585 Remissive lethargy. With short remissions or intervals of imperfect waking.

Hence f re'missively adv., leniently; laxly. 1537 Bp. Lee in Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) HI. 417 If your lordship will that I shall deal remissively herein.. I shall gladly follow the same, a 1628 Preston Breastpl. Love (1631) 147 Trust not in Christ by halves, remissively and imperfectly, and weakely, but trust perfectly.

remissly (ri'misli), adv. [f. remiss a. -t- -ly’“.] 1. In a remiss, lax, or indifferent manner; carelessly, negligently, slackly. 1532-3 Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. 11 Them that remisly or insufficiently shall here after mainteyne the same pauement. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. xi. §4 It is not in our power not to do the same; how should it then be in our power to do it coldly or remissly? 1628 Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 94 Yet we that live remissly undertake as great dangers as they. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 613 It is hardly to be believed, how negligently and remissly that Nation..took these Things. 01715 Burnet Own Time iii. (1724) I. 425 Lord Danby.. could not give much credit to it, and handled the matter too remissly. 1752 Carte Hist. Eng. III. 423 Presenting the matter at first with a seeming eagerness, but proceeding afterwards more remisly. 1805 Wordsw. Prelude iii. 322 The months passed on, remissly,.. in vague And loose indifference. 1839 Keightley Hist. Eng. I. 50 At the same time they acted very remissly against their foreign kinsmen.

t2. Faintly, indistinctly. Obs. rare. 1530 Palsgr. 24 The consonant shalbe but remissely sounded. 1577 Dee Relat. Spir. i. (1659) 95 He pronounceth the i so remissely, as it is scarce heard.

fS. Gently, feebly; without vigour. Obs. 1642 R. Carpenter Experience v. xviii. 314 And therefore it will worke in them awhile though at length weakly and

i

V

remissely. 1692 Ray Disc. 142 Being very much deaded.. and burning very remisly in Summer time and hot Weather.

t4. Moderately, slightly.

Obs. rare-'^.

1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. ill. 112 In hot Dise^es simply Cold things are no way expedient, but things remisly hot.

remissness (n'misnis). [f. remiss a. + -ness.] The quality of being remiss. I. Carelessness, negligence; laxity. 1570 Foxe a. Sf M. (ed. 2) 2040/1 He litle regarding their inconstancie and remisnes in Gods cause or quarel. 159® Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 98 The disorders of souldiers do many times grow through remissnesse.. of officers. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 7 Encouraged to villanies by the remisnesse of their lawes. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 51 Impunity and remissenes, for certain are the bane of a Commonwealth. 1685 Evelyn Diary 2 Oct,, The Reformed Churches in Christendom, now weaken’d and neere ruin’d thro’ our remissenesse. 1728 Morgan Algiers II. v. 316 The order [of Knights] rather dreads the Remissness and wonted Luke¬ warmness of the Catholic Potentates. 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. xl[i], The r.emissness of behaviour in almost all the worshippers.. struck me with surprize. 1838 Thirlwall Greece xlii. V. 225 This remissness of the Athenians encouraged Charidemus openly to renounce the treaty.

fb. Relaxation; ease.

Obs. rare.

1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. viii, 34 In profest remissnesse of mind.. a man may play with the sounds.. of words. 1754 Fielding Jonathan Wild iii. xiv, None but the weak and honest can indulge themselves in remissness or repose.

t2. Weakening, diminution, decrease or lack of force or intensity. Ohs. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 259 Nor yet do I consent to them, that thinke Moses still continued his prayers, but that this remisnes was only in his strength. 1659 Stanley Hist. Philos, xiii. (1701) 624/2 The shortness makes amends for the greatness [of the pain], the remissness for its length. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 315 According to the intenseness or remisness of the air. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 249 IPs Laughter.. slackens and unbraces the Mind, weakens the Faculties, and causes a kind of Remissness and Dissolution in all the Powers of the Soul.

remissory (n'missn), a. rare. [f. as remiss v. 4-ORY.] Tending to, of the nature of, remission. 1548 Latimer Serm. Ploughers (Arb.) 33 Propitiatorie, expiatorie, remissorie, or satisfactorie.. signifie all one thynge in effecte. 1592 West Jst Pt. Symbol. §46!, An Instrument remissory, is an Instrument vnder the parties hand describing & testifying some precedent contract of a debt, duty or fact to be paid, performed, done, released or discharged. 1824 Meyrick Antient Armour II. 4 The use of these thongs we learn from a letter remissory, dated 1358,

remit ('riimit, older n'mit), sb. [f. the vb.] II. Remission, pardon. Chiefly Sc. Obs. rare. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. cxcv, Quho sal be thare to pray for thy remyt? 1565-6 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 422 [He] hes alswa obtenit remit and discharge of the said deforcement. 1589 Ibid. IV. 388 A remitt for the said cryme.

t2. A reference from one part of a book to another. Obs. rare~^. 1688 Dallas Stiles Index, This Fourth Part is divided in four Branches ..; and when any of them are in the First Part of the Work, there is a Remit to it, and the Page Cited.

3. a. The consignment or reference of a matter to some other person or authority for settlement, esp. in Law, the transfer of a case from one court or judge to another, or to a judicial nominee. Chiefly Sc. 1719 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 448 This day the Assembly met, and went through their ordinary business; many, many remits to the Commission. 1816 Scott Antiq. ii. Let there be no remits from the inner to the outer-house. 1833 Act j & 4 Will. IV, c. 46 §92 The amount.. shall be ascertained by such magistrate .. by means of a remit to persons of skill. 1880 Muirhead Gaius ii. §278 note, The procedure was.. before the consul,.. without any remit to a iudex.

b. N.Z. An item submitted for consideration at a conference, etc. 1916 Maoriland Worker 12 July 4/7 Messrs. Hutchison and Harper moved that the Order Paper Committee put on a remit dealing with Conscription.—Carried. X918 Conf. United Federation of Labor (N.Z.) 4/1 Mr. B. Martin moved the Auckland District Council remit: ‘That capitation to the National Executive from the District Councils under clause 12 be reduced to 3d per member.’ 1958 N.Z. Listener 5 Sept. 8/2 We might see that New Zealand would put a remit up to the International Board and it would be turned down. 1963 Manawatu Standard 9 Apr. 12/9 A Canterbury remit that the Government should appoint a Minister of Road Transport.. could not meet with the general approval of the Associated Chambers of Commerce delegates in Rotorua. 1966 G. W. Turner Eng. Lang, in Austral. ^ N.Z. viii. 174 Policies of influential bodies are a good deal determined by remits from below.

c. A set of instructions, a brief. 1963 Guardian 30 May 8/6 The remit given to Sir Gilbert Flemming, who is considering the possibility of the dispersal of Government departments. 1971 New Scientist 25 Feb. 407/2 The remit is essentially to produce a scenario of nutritional developments. 1973 M. Mackintosh King ^ Two Queens xv. 209 Your self-imposed remit in America was to find out. .what he was covering up. 1977 Undercurrents June-July 12/3 The answer lies simply in the fact that the DHSS is a bureaucratic department which does not have the remit to support publications other than official government documents.

remit (ri'mit), v. Also 4-6 remyt, 5-6 -mytte (5 -myght), 5-7 remitt(e. [ad. L. remitt-ere, f. reRE- + mittere to send; cf. admit, commit, etc. In Eng. use the secondary senses appear earlier and

REMIT are

more

prominent than the primary: cf. I. trans. I. To forgive or pardon (a sin, offence, etc.).

REMISSION.]

c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vii. {yames less) 209 Lord, remyt J^is gilt J?am to. Ibid. xxx. (^Theodora) 698 He hyr reconsalyt.. & remyted hyre al hyr syne. ^1440 Gesta Rom. Ixxviii. 399 (Add. MS.), Afterwarde the kyng made men to seke the queen,.. and all that was done was remytte. 1503-4 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 37 Preamble, It pleased your Highnesse.. to pardone remitte & forgyve unto your seid Subgiect all the seid Mesprisions. 1535 Coverdale John xx. 23 Whose synnes soeuer ye remytte they are remytted vnto them. 1608 Hieron Wks. I. 695 Bee pleased .. for His sake to remit my former vngratefulnesse. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. I. III. viii. 254 The English being easily to be reconciled, to pardon and remit Offences. 1823 Scott Peveril xl, Your Majesty was pleased to remit his more outrageous and insolent attempt upon your royal crown. 1884 A. R. Pennington Wiclif ix. 297 It is impossible for the priest to remit the sins of any unless they are first remitted by Christ.

fb. To spare, pardon, or forgive (a person). 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W, de W. 1531) 78 He wolde not his prelate to shewe ony mercy on hym, nor to remyt or spare hym in ony thynge. 1549 Coverdale, etc. Erasm. Par. John 44 For God remitteth not hym that forgeueth not his brother. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 13 Can man pardon or remit him whom God doth condemne? 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N. T. 79 Bee comforted in God who hath remitted thee.

t2. To give up, resign, surrender (a right or possession). Obs. C1450 Godstotv Reg. (E.E.T.S.) 42 Milo Basset remitted and furthermore qu^e-claymed.. to the abbesse of Godestowe .., all the right and clayme that he had. 1472-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 6/1 That it may please youre seid Highnes ..to remitte and release..to us..all youre right. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. V. ii. 459 Qu. W'ill you haue me, or your Pearle againe? Ber. Neither of either, I remit both twaine. 1647-8 CoTTERELL DovHa's Hist. Fr. (1678) 12 He was led .. to remit his whole authority into the hands of allies. 1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 96 If Queen Elizabeth had not believed .. she would not have .. remitted her Scepter to my hands. 1670 Dryden Tyran. Love iii. i, Th’ i^gyptian Crown I to your hands remit.

3. To abstain from exacting (a payment or service of any kind); to allow to remain unpaid (or unperformed). 1463 Rolls of Parlt. V. 498/2 To pardon and remitte unto the seid Commons the seid vi M li. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 60 It is reason that the lordes remit some part therof [5c. rent], c 1645 Howell Lett. (1713) 16 All this his Majesty remitted, and only took the Principal, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 508 The Queen, .rigorously demanded the present payment of some arrears which Sir Christopher did not hope to have remitted. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome vi. 109 She remitted the Arrears that were owing. 1783 Burke 44^./nare-for his malancoly to pat man he remyttyte pare. 1393-4 Rolls of Parlt. HI. 314/1 Hit forthynketh me, and byseche yowe of your gode Lordship to remyt me your mautalent. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) i. xxvii. 31 This blessid lord Ihesu Crist remitted his rigour, descending downe to the erthe. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 317 b, I beseche him to remit all displeasure. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 180 [He] would not thus much have remitted his tyranny, had he not been compelled. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 210 Our Supream Foe in time may much remit His anger. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. 1. App. ii. 258 That he would remit

REMIT

593 his displeasure. 1820 Shelley (Ed. Tyr. 11. ii. 99 Remit, O Queen! thy accustomed rage!

b. To give up or give over, abandon, desist from (a pursuit, occupation, etc.). 1587 R. Hovenden in Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 220 The Ladi Stafford was resolved to remyt hir suite. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 60 They.. caused them to remit their workes. 1687 Lady R. Russell Lett. I. li. 123 It seems I must remit seeing you, as you once kindly intended. 1726 Pope Odyss. xxiv. 286 Who digging round the plant still hangs his head, Nor ought remits the work. 1880 Kinglake Crimea VI. vi. 159 Engaged.. in a siege which they could not remit. 6. To allow (one’s diligence, attention, etc.) to

slacken or abate. c 1510 More Picus Wks. 15/1 Ye shall not think, that my trauaile and diligence in study is any thing remitted or slacked. 1590 Marlowe Edw. II, ii. v. He that the care of his realm remits [etc.]. 1742-3 Ld. Hervey in Johnson's Debates (1787) II. 409 To make the attainment of it more and more difficult, that they may insensibly remit their ardour. 1780 Johnson Let. to Mr. Thrale 30 May, Do not remit your care. 1803 Mar. Edgeworth Manuf. ii. (1832) loi, I have never remitted my attention to business. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. iii. 143 Nor did the voluntary exiles established in Flanders remit their diligence in filling the kingdom with emissaries.

b. To admit or manifest an abatement of some quality. ? Obs. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. i. i. i. i, When he.. remembred that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. 1628 Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 8 To try if the Athenians.. would yet in some degree remit of their obstinacy. 1702 Eng. Theophrast. 342 The strongest passions sometimes remit of their violence. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. v. (1783) I. 84 At the end of about two months, the severity of my fate began to remit of its rigour.

c. To mitigate, diminish, or abate. ? Obs. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 39 Stiffe winter which no spring remits. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 316 When the heat, Min, Feaver are remitted. 1658 Rowland tr. Moufet's I heat. Ins. 979 The light by little and little is remitted and slackned. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 17 IP 5 Every man has experienced how much of this ardour has been remitted, when a sharp .. sickness has set death before his eyes.

t7. To relax, relieve from tension. Obs. c 1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners Dj, Ceasse not, perseuer, knock & stande, Remitte not thine armes by knocking fatigate. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. II. iii. 92 When the Breath is drawn in the Midriff is stretched, when it is blowne out, it is remitted or slackned. a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. i. (1677) 29 ’Tis by this.. the Lungs are intended or remitted. 1711 tr. Werenfelsius' Logomachys, Disc. Meteors Stile 192 Let the Judgement., sometimes remit, and sometimes contract the Reins.

III. 8. To refer (a matter) for consideration, decision, performance, etc., to a person or body of persons, now usu. to one specially empowered or appointed to deal with it; also spec, in Law, to send back (a case) to an inferior court. CI400 Maundev. (1839) xxxi. 315 Oure holy Fadir.. remytted my Boke to ben examyned and preved be the Avys of the seyd Conseille. 1455 Paston Lett. I. 321 Wheche mater I remytte.. to youre ryght wyse discrecion. 1484 Caxton Fables of Alfonce ix, They remytted the cause to be discuted or pleted before the Juge. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §7 The spirytuall constructyon of this texte, I remytte to the doctours of dyuynitie. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. l. (1594) 514 Let them remit the judgement and deciding of their controversies to the arbitrement of some good men. 1654 tr. Martini's Conq. China 14 He remitted the business to the chief Governors and Commanders. 1762 Foote Orators i. Wks. 1799 I. 203 We shall., remit the examination of the ignoble ones to the care of subaltern artists. 1863 P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 59 The task and job question was remitted to the Commissioners on the Civil Affairs of the Navy. 1884 Law Times Rep. L. 174/1 The defendants gave notice of their motion to set aside and remit the report [of the special referee]. absol. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 52 The circuit judge .. may recall the judgment appealed from, and remit to the inferior court with instructions.

b. To send (a person) from one tribunal to another for trial or hearing, rare. 1538 Starkey England ii. ii. 190 At London the jugys schold admyt non in sute, but such only as, for some resonabul cause, were remyttyd to them by tne gentylmen of thescyre. 1740 Howe in (1787) I. 31 If we remit this offender.. to any inferior court [etc.].

fc. To commit (a person) to the charge or control of another. Also refl. Obs. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 126 God..wholly remitted his People to the Conduct of the Priests and Levites. 1741 Richardson Pamela I. 407 Ashe knew best what befitted his own rank and condition, I would wholly remit myself to his good pleasure. fd. refl. = REFER V. 5. Obs. rare-^. 1674 Govt. Tongue 18, I dare in this remit me to themselves, and challenge.. their natural ingenuity to say [etc.].

9. To refer (one) to a book, person, etc., for information on some point. 1417 Hen. V in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. I. 62 We remitte hem to have ful declaracion and verrai knaweleche of you in that matere. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. 1346 (Wemyss MS.), Gif je of hat thing mare will wit. To Ovidis buke I 30W remytt. 1533 More Debell. Salem Pref., Wks. 931/1 And some suche places yet as I had happed to finde, I haue remitted the reader vnto in myne apologye. 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 49 To the particularities whereof.. I remit those that are disposed to see and consider. 1650 Fuller Pisgah ii. iv. 113 Well might profane persons be remitted to this river, thereby to be instructed in the Sabbaths due observation. 1714 Ellwoods' Autobiog. Pref., Much of this being already done in the ensuing Pages, I

chuse to remit the Reader thither. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, VII. III. 16 The Emperor.. without deigning to answer a single word, remitted him to his ministers. 1835-8 S. R. Maitland Dark Ages (1844) 156 Let us hear Du Cange, to whom Robertson remits us. ellipt. CI410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) x, Of pe remenaunt of his nature I remytte to Milboumn pe kynges Otyr hunter. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. Prol., I remytte [? to] that boke as myn auctour therof.

fb. To direct (one) to a task. Obs, rare-^. 1544 Supplic. Hen. VIII (1871) 51 Remyttynge byshops to attende their offyee and vocacyon by God.. appoynted.

10. a. To send (a person) back to prison, or to other custody; to recommit. Now rare. 1414 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 57/2 Whan I was remitted to the Prison of Flete. 1474 Ibid. VI. 103/1 The seid Chaunceller there remitted the seid Thomas Buysshop ageyn. 1653 Ld. Vaux tr. Godeau's St. Paul 300 The Captain.. remitted him, with the rest of his prisoners, into the hands of the Prefect of the Pretorium. 1700 Dryden Sigism. & Guise. 287 The prisoner was remitted to the guard. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. vii. 383 Whether such a return was sufficient in law trustify the court in remitting the parties to custody.

fb. To send in return; to send back. Obs. rare. 1461 Paston Lett. II. 67 Remitte me summe letter, by the bringer her of, of all thes maters. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 113 He gave them freedom, and remitted them ransomlesse, sent them all back again.

fc. To emit or send out again. Obs. rare~^. 1700 Dryden Ovid's Met. xv. 522 Whether Earth’s an Animal, and Air Imbibes; her Lungs with coolness to repair, and what she sucks remits. 11. fa. Law. To restore to a former and more

valid title: see remitter^ i. Obs. 1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 141 In so much the wyfe is in her remytter, he is remitted to his reuercion. 1632 Womens Rights xix. 156 The eldest daughter is remitted, that is remaunded and setled in the ancient estate. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. ii. 21 If the issue in tail be barred by the fine.. of his ancestor, and the freehold is afterwards cast upon him; he shall not be remitted to his estate tail.

b. To put back into, to admit or consign again to a previous position, state, or condition. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 1254 He bad the Lyon be remitted Into his seate. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. ii. xxii. 142 Thus his indiscretion remitted him to the nature of an ordinary person. 1654 Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Warrs Flanders 186 It was a long while ere it [the city] could be remitted into its former condition. 1671 Milton Samson 687 Nor only dost [thou] degrade them, or remit To life obscur’d which were a fair dismission. 1761 New Comp. Fest. Fasts xxxvi. §2. 353 When death..is making his near approach to.. remit us to darkness and oblivion. 1863 Bright Sp., Amer. 30 June (1876) 142 You propose to remit to slavery three millions of negroes.

12. To postpone, to put off or defer. 1635 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 166 Willingly would hee have knowne then presently the story.. but.. he remitted it till after supper. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 62 Remitting setting of walls untill the next Spring after. 1769 Goldsm. Hist. Rome (1786) II. 25 The conspirators., remitted the execution of their design to the ides of March. 1786 Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 511 We remitted all further discussion till he should send me a copy of his letter. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852) 73 We must for the present remit our reply to that part of our subject.

fb. To defer the reception of (a person). Obs.-i 1663 H. CoGAN tr. Pinto’s Trav. xliv. 175, I hold it fit to remit him unto some other time, when as he may be better acquainted.

13. To refer, assign, or make over to a thing or person. 1641 Vind. Smectymnuus vi. 78 That which Hierome speakes in the present tense.. he would remit to time past. 1720 Waterland Answ. Whitby's Retoly 58 You., object farther.. that Christ would not suffer Himself to be called Good, but remitted that Title to the Father only. 1788 Reid Aristotle's Log. iv. §6. 89 He thinks that the doctrine of modals ought to be banished out of logic and remitted to grammar. 1837 G. Phillips Syriac Gram. 9 The vowel in such places is remitted to the preceding letter, if it has been previously without one.

fb. To enter or insert in (or into) a book. Obs. ■ C1670 Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 204 This book he gave A. W. because he had, in his great reading, collected some old words for his use, which were remitted therein. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 219 Which Examinations.. were.. remitted by John Fox into his Book of Martyrs.

14. To send or transmit (money or articles of value) to a person or place. 1640 Howell Dodona's Gr. 98 [He] makes one of her proudest Cities his Scale, for remitting his Moneyes to Leoncia. 1690 in J. Mackenzie Siege London-Derry 54/1 You are to receive and dispose of the Thousand pounds which shall be remitted to you, to the best advantage. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 62 IP4 We parted; and he remitted me a small annuity. 1787 Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 149 This has prevented the treasury board from remitting any money to this place. 1840 Macaulay C/iue (1852) III. 61 He had recently remitted a great part of his fortune to Europe, through the Dutch East India Company. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 91 Was it probable.. that in a time of great national emergency the New York bankers would remit their capital for employment to Europe.. ? absol. 1682 [see remitted, below]. 1705 Addison Italy 471 They oblig’d themselves to remit, after the rate of Twelve Hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum. 1809 Byron Let. to Mrs. Byron 12 Nov., I expect Hanson to remit regularly.

IV. intr. 15. To abate, diminish, slacken. 1629 Drayner Conf. (1647) C, The whole masse of waters continue upon the face of the Fenne till those windes remit. 1643 Milton Divorce (1645) 39 The vigor of his Law could no more remit, then the hallowed fire on his altar could be let go out. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iv. 198 Till such time as its motion begins to remit and be less rapid.

REMITIGATE 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 16 How often have I blest the coming day, When toil remitting lent its turn to play. 1850 L. Hunt Autobiog. I. viii. 309 The fishermen’s wives., seemed equally determined not to let the intention remit. 1870 Bryant Iliad II. xiii. 23 Meantime the valor of Idomeneus Remitted not.

b. of pain, fever, etc. Also in fig. context. 1685 tr. Willis’ Land. Pract. Physick 533 If upon sore Lips the Fever does not remit, it will prove of long continuance and severe. 1737 VIHiSTOJSi Josephus, Antiq. ii. hi. §4 Neither did his pains remit by length of tirne. 1747 tr. Astruc's Fevers 195 The fever thus treated, remits generally towards the sixth or seventh day. 1783 Johnson Let. in Boswell 30 Sept., I have been .. much harassed with the gout; but that has now remitted. 1%%^ Pall Mall G. 17 Feb. 13/2 The‘Otello’fever at Milan seems at last a little inclined to remit. 16. To relax/row2 labour; to give over. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 84 They remitted from their toil. 1841 Emerson Ess., Man the Reformer Wks. (Bohn) II. 240 Their enemies will not remit; rust, mould, vermin .. all seize their own.

Hence re'mitted ppL a. 1682 Scarlett Exchanges 65 Every Remitter that remits not directly, but designs to draw in the remitted Sum again [etc.]. e rembnand haue t?ai made A large cros. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. II59 To start in l>e strem schulde non me stere, To swymme pe remnaunt. 1411 E.E. Wills (1882) 19 be remnaund to be payid of my godes pat ieuyth. 1469 Poston Lett. II. 364 These leud wordds greveth me and her grandam as myche as alle the remnawnte. 1535 Coverdale Let', xiv. 17 As for the remnaunt of the oyle in his hande [etc.]. 1595 Shaks. John v. iv. 36 Where I may thinke the remnant of my thoughts In peace. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Life i. Here will I smell my remnant out, and tie My life within this band. 1700 Dryden Pal. ^ Arc. i. 27 The remnant of my tale is of a length To tire your patience. 1784 CowPER Task V. 36 Smooth as a wall the upright remnant stands. 1838 Thirlwall Greece V. 251 His account of the small remnant of his patrimony which his guardians rendered to him. 1865 Grote Plato I. i. 22 By Ens was understood the remnant in his mind, after leaving out all that abstraction .. could leave out. /3.1434 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 41, I will yat all my dettes be payed, and also I will yat ye remlande of my gude be partid in thre. a 1460 Hotv Wise Man taught Son 32 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 170 This lyfe in mesur that thou lede. And of the remlant thou ne rech.

b. The remainder or rest of a number of persons (or animals). Chiefly, and now only, of a small number (cf. 2 b). C1350 Will. Palerne 2901 Redli al po remnant of pe rude bestes for fere be-gunne to fle. c 1400 Destr. Troy 14000 All the Remnond of Renkes, pat raght fro pe toune, With Eneas afterward etlid to see. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 775 She sawe the Lorde Cardinall more redier to depart than the remnaunt. 1535 Coverdale Neh. i. 3 The remnaunt of the captiuyte are there in the londe. 1568 Grafton Chron. H. 675 The remnaunt returned to the armie with small gaine. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine XXVIII. 98 Seeing the remnant were few, to whom his mercy might be manifest. 1651 Jer. Taylor Serm.for Year ii. xix. 244 Many millions did die accursedly, and the small remnant became vagabonds. 1800 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) I. 181, I wrote to the chiefs of the remnant of Goklah’s force. 1862 Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xv. 301 The remnant of the insurgents takes refuge in the lofty tower.

2. a. With a and pi. quantity, part, or piece.

REMOLLIENT

595

A (small) remaining

1624 Burton Anat. Mel. i. iv. i. i. (ed. 2) 184 The open parts were cleane, yet there was .. in the chinckes a remnant of gold. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, ii. 117 The Spontaneous Dilatation.. of that little remnant of Ayr skulking in the rugosities thereof. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 474 Where basking in the Sun-shine they may lye, And the short Remnants of his Heat enjoy. 1715 M. Davies Athen. BriL I. 14 All which numerous Volumes contain .. nothing but little Treatises and small Remnants. 1774 Pennant Tour Scotl. in I’j'jz, 254 A small remnant of the cloister is left. 1825 J. Jennings Obs. Dial. W. Eng. 177 Wi’ remlets o’ tha Saxon tongue, That to our Gramfers did belong. 1856 Stanley Sinai ^ Pal. vi. (1858) 260 Thinly studded with trees, the remnants, apparently, of a great forest. 1888 F. Hume Mme. Midas I. Prol., The remnants of their provisions on the voyage.

b. A small remaining number of persons. Also spec.y in allusion to Isa. x. 22, a small number of Jews that survives persecution, in whom future hope is vested. 1611 Bible Isa. x. 22 For though thy people, .be as the sand of the sea, yet a remnant of them shall returne. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage ix. viii. (1614) 872 Some remnants of them haue been christened. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 128 They are but a Remnant, a seede, a little flocke. 17*3 Addison Cato i. i, A feeble army, and an empty senate. Remnants of mighty battels fought in vain. 1784 Cowper Task i. 340 Once more rejoice That yet a remnant of your race survives. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xx, When, after battle lost. Muster the remnants of a host. 1859 ‘L.N.R.’ Missing Link xiii. 171 The Exiled Remnant.. refuse to snuff a candle or poke the fire, but impatiently call, ‘Shuboth-guy — Shuboth-guy,’ as the stoker passes. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. ix. 314 A few remnants of the aborigines were settled on a township granted by the colony. 1892 I. Zangwill Childr. Ghetto II. xv. 16 The rest of the ‘remant’ that was met to save Israel looked more commonplace. 1914 J. Hastings Encycl. Relig. & Ethics VII. 607/2 The function of Judaism is to fulfil the Isaianic ideal of a missionary ‘Remnant’. Ibid., Judaism is to be the

religion of a Remnant. 1932 C. Roth Hist. Marranos i. 16 It had been only a weak remnant which had accepted baptism as the alternative to death. 1969 Guardian 18 Sept. 8/6 {heading) Germany’s remnant. Ibid., There are only around 30,000 Jews in Germany today, where once there were 600,000. 1972 C. Raphael Feast of Hist. i. 32 In the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust, Jewish history.. seemed to offer a message of bleakness... In the Holy Land, the remnant faced enmity and restriction.

c. Of a single person; A survivor, rare. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, i. ii. 7 Thou bloodlesse Remnant of that Royall Blood. 1642 Rogers Naaman Ep. Ded., The onely remnant of that family. 1804 J. Grahame Sabbath 464 One hapless man, the remnant of a wreck.

d. Geomorphol. = residual sb. 5. 1893 [see monadnock]. 1896 Ann. Rep. State Geologist N.J.^ i8g5 10 This eastern belt of remnants, which are really outliers of the continuous portion of the Pensauken.., runs through Camden.. and Salem counties. 1907 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CLXXIV. 470 At the present time there are remaining only few traces of these old bolson surfaces. Most of these remnants have been preserved only on account of being covered by extensive lava sheets. 1942 [see berm i b], 3. a. A remaining trace or survival of some

quality, belief, condition, or state of things. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 271 The remnaunt of that doctrine remayned in the mindes of many. 1561 T. Norton Calvin s Inst. 111. 173 Thys is not the question among them, whether fayth be yet wrapped with many remnants of ignorance. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage i. vii. (1614) 40 The Arke .., the remnant of the elder, and Seminarie of the new world. 1699 Burnet 39 Art. xxii. 244 It was a Remnant both of Judaism and Gentilism, that the Souls of the Martyrs hovered about their Tombs. 1703 MAVNDRELLjourn. Jerus. (1721) App. I This Place has no remnants of its Ancient Greatness. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vii. 221 No remnant of the exterminated faith Survived. 1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. System iii. (1871) 127 Every remnant of the original uniformity of proportion has disappeared.

b. pi. Traces of a fact. rar€~K 1826 Scott Woodst. i, A jerkin, which . .had once been of the Lincoln green, and showed remnants of having been laced. 4. a. A fragment, a small portion, a scrap. a 1400-50 Alexander 22, I sail rehers .. A remnant of his rialte. 1592 Shaks. Rom. ^ Jul. v. i. 47 About his shelues.. Remnants of pack thred, and old cakes of Roses were thinly scattered. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. ii. iii. [iv.] i, If he get any remnant of hers, a buske-point, a feather of her fanne. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 259 Not of any particular estate carved out of it; much less of so minute a remnant as this. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. xxxv, That remnant of a human being.

b. spec, among drapers and clothiers: An end of a piece of goods, left over after the main portion has been used or sold. 1433 [see remenant 3]. 1571 Wills ^ Inv. Durh. (Surtees) I. 362, j. pece of worssett.. iiij yeardes in Remlauntes. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 39 They buy remnants of silks, veluets, satins. 1634 Ford Perk. Warbeck ii. iii, I was ever confident, when I traded but in remnants [etc.]. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No. 1665/4 A parcel of Grey Searge, Yard and Nail broad, and two Remnants of strip’d Grape. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 26 {f 11 A couple that kept a petty shop of remnants and cheap linen, a 1845 Hood United Family xix, No remnant can sufficient be For our united family. 1882 Caulfield & Saward Diet. Needlework 421 Remnants of any piece of material, as well as those of ribbon, are always sold at some reduction of the original price. fig- 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iv. iii. 112 Away thou Ragge, thou quantitie, thou remnant.

fc. A scrap or tag of quotation. Obs. rare. 1598 B. JoNSON Ev. Man. in Hum. iv. i, I’ll have him free of the wit-broker’s, for he utters nothing but stolen remnants. 1609-Sil. Worn. iil. v, Could your grauitie forget so olde and noted a remnant, as, lippis ©" tonsoribus notum.

fd. A blow. Obs. rare-^. 1580 Lupton Sivqila 49 Then she reached him suche a remnant, that he had a cause to remember hir.

fS. Law. A remainder. Obs. rare~K 1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 10 b, The chylds mother entreth in the remnant, and it occupyeth as gardyne or wardyne in Socage.

6. attrib. and Comb. 1864 E. G, White Testimonies (1871) I. 467 All who have a desire to draw away from God’s remnant people.. should have the privilege. 1885- Testimony for Church xxxil. 228 The remnant church will be brought into great trial and distress. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 21 Oct. 18/2 ‘It is not, then, a curious fact,’ I said, ‘that there should be so many comparatively new books on your remnant stall.’ 1905 ‘O. Henry’ Trimmed Lamp (1907) 115 Did you ever notice me leaning on the remnant counter or peering in the window of the five-and-ten? . [re-5 a.] To molest again. 1611 CoTGR., Rennuyer, to remolest. o\x, remued fro monnes sunnes, on mor most abide, c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 93 All t>are-by is vnderstandant, and neghys negh, ]?at pat ys remued of farre. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 777 Yet is the chalk or cley lond forto eschewe, And from the rede also thy garth remewe.

re'munerable, a. rare. [See next and -able,] That may be rewarded; deserving of reward. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 134 Shall he not (of all other) doe him the most remunerablest seruice? 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. ii. 159 The righteousnesse of the cause.. is an necessary to remunerable suffering, as fuell to make a fire. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 31 [A neutrality] which how plausible soever to the Commonalty of sure Cards or Self-Interests, is yet scarce sufferable, much less promotable or remunerable Alibi.

Hence remunera'bility. rare-^. 16^9 Pearson Creed (1816) I. 570 If there were no other consideration, but.. of the liberty and remunerability of human actions.

remunerate

(ri'mjuinareit), v. [f. L. remunerdt-t ppl- stem of remunerdrt (later -are), to reward, f. re- RE- -h munus a gift; cf. F. remunerer.] 1. trans. To repay, requite, make some return for (services, etc.). 1523 Cromwell in Merriman Life ^ Lett. (1902) I. 313 Entending to remembre and also remunerate the olde acquayntaunces. 1594 J. Dickenson Arisbas (1878) 37, I will remunerate your kindnesse with most ample recompence. Dekker Sir T. Wyat Wks. 1873 III. 90 She no doubt, with royall fauour will remunerate The least of your desertes. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 13 That was to teach righteousnesse, but this to remunerate it.

2. To remove (a person) from a position or office; to put away, dismiss.

2. To reward (a person); to pay (one) for services rendered or work done.

1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 11455 bis tueie erles acorded were )?ere pat iremewed [v.r. yremuwed] al dene pe frenssemen were. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 312 To pe we pleyn vs here, Him for to remue J>orgh comon assent. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 3 r8 Witt and resoun conseilen .. that I scholde will remue And put him out of retenue. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy II. xii. (1555) Gvb, She can make a man for his welfare,.. Whan he least weneth, for to be remewed.

1588 Shaks. Tit. A. I. i. 398 Is she not then beholding to the man.. ? Yes, and will Nobly him remunerate. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xiv, Ixxxii. 343 Should Succession fault in not remunerating thee With such a Monument, a x66i Fuller Worthies II. 534 The king remunerated them both, the former with an addition of honour, the latter with an accession of estate. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xiv, The great Hubbard had acted legitimate drama for twenty nights, and failed to remunerate anybody but himself. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 526 Dryden.. received thirteen hundred pounds for his translation of all the works of Virgil, and was thought to have been splendidly remunerated. refi. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, ii. To remunerate themselves for which trouble.., they only charged three guineas each man.

b. To raise (a siege), rare-^. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 100 berfor pe duke him dight, as man of grete value, Roberd Bellyse with myght, pe sege J>ei wend remue.

3. To remove entirely; to take or clear away. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 11613 Bruggen hii breke oueral, hii ne bileuede ssip non.. pat hii ne remuede echon. c 1350 St. Peter 197 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 51 He bad J>am stir oway pe stone And remu al pe erth oway. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 21 In no wise The drunkeschipe of love aweie I mai remue be no weie. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 4446, I remewe, in especial, Clene with-outen & with-Inne, The fylthe of euery maner synne.

4. To transfer, translate; to change, alter. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Ware (Rolls) 164 Geffrey..fro Breton speche he did remue & made it alle in Latyn. 1340 Ayenb. 104 Wyjjoute him to chongi, wyl?oute him remue ine none manere. c 1403 Lydg. Tem^e Glas 1182 Vices eschew, .. And for no tales thin hert not remue.

5. intr. To move off or away, to depart, to go. 1340-70 Alex. & Dind. 137 (heading) How alixandre remewid to a flod pat is called phison. C1400 Maundev. (1839) V. 38 And whan hem lyst, they remewen to other Cytees. c 1430 Hymns Virgin (1867) 20 we wolden from pee remewe, In ech place )?ou art present. 1482 Warkw. Chron. (Camden) 2 Kynge Edwardes hooste.. remewed from the sege, and were Grayed. 6. To stir, to alter one’s position, to move. a 1350 St. Stephen 519 in Horstm^ Altengl. Leg. (1881) 34 be body remude.. And left to saint Steuen half pe graue. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 316 As if a goshauk hadde sesed A brid, which dorste noght for fere Remue. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5559 He hath forbede.. That noon of hem shul remew, Him to help or reskew.

Hence f re'muing vbl. sb., removal. Obs. rare. 13 ., K. Alis. 7821 Theo lewed folk prayed theo kyng, Of him to make remuwyng. 1497 Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 229 Payed., to c men.. attendyng about the remewyng of the Regent.

remuent, variant of remuant Obs. Ilremueur (rsmqoer). Wine-making. [Fr., lit. ‘mover’.] One who engages in remuage (see quots.). 1926 P. M. Shand Bk. Wine v. 154 The remueur's task is gradually to work down all the sediment. 1965 O. A. Mendelsohn Diet. Drink ^ Drinking 279 Remueur, the craftsman who daily twists and slightly shakes the bottles containing champagne in the making. 1976 N. Roberts Face of France xxv. 229 The man who does the tilting and turning [of champagne bottles] is called a remueur... He can handle 30,000 bottles a day.

remuf(e, -muff, obs. Sc. forms of remove v. re'mugient, a. rare-', [f. pres. pple. of L. remugire, f. re- re- + mugire to bellow.] Resounding, rebellowing. 1660 H. More Myst. Godl. iii. iii. 63 Trembling and tottering Earth-quakes accompanied with remugient Echoes and ghastly murmurs from below.

remulant, variant of remenant Obs.

b. Of things: To recompense or repay (one). 1849 Cobden Speeches 34 The principle that our exclusive trade with the colonies remunerates us for the expense of colonial establishments. 1867 H. Macmillan Bible Teach. ix. (1870) 188 There are few plants that remunerate so largely the labours of the husbandman.

t3. To give as compensation. Obs. rare-^. 1595 Locrine ii. iii, For your houses burnt We will remunerate you store of gold.

Hence re'munerated ppl. a.\ re'munerating vbl. sb. and ppl. a.; also re.munera'tee, one who receives remuneration. i6n CoTGR., Remuneration, a remuneration, remunerating. 1816-30 Bentham Offic. Apt. Maximized, Extr. Const. Code (1830) 14 The benefit of it diffuses itself among any, who.. are in any way connected with the remuneratee. 1825 Ibid., Observ. Peel's Sp. (1830) 32 The very field for which it is proposed to engage their remunerated services. >843 Marryat M. Violet xliv, Objects that bring no remunerating value. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 272 The farmer.. would get a more remunerating crop from his land than he would obtain under a system of thinner sowing.

remuneration

(nmjuins'reijsn). [a. F. remuneration, or ad. L. remunerdtion-em, n. of action f. remunerdrt: see prec.] Reward, recompense, repayment; payment, pay. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 6 He shal gyue remuneracion to the goode for theyr goodnesse. CI500 Melusine 39 For the salary & remuneracioun of alle the seruyse that euer ye dide vnto his fader. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 147 So it bee doon in regard of good will, and affection, and not in hope of gaine or remuneration. 1606 Shaks. Tr. Gf Cr. iii. iii. 170 O let not vertue seeke Remuneration for the thing it was. a 1653 Gouge Comm. Heb. iii. 5 To be faithfull in the trust that is reposed in one .. deserveth much commendation, and procures also remuneration. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 188 When such Grant or Donation is liberally and freely bestow’d without any Prospect of an evil Remuneration. 1832 Ht. Martineau Ireland ii. 26 The rumuneration of the Catholic clergy in Ireland being principally derived from marriage fees. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) R* 83 "The indignant author would accept no remuneration at all.

1481 Caxton Godfrey li. 93 Atyns was a Greke.. the moost fals, vntrewe man that euer was. And so he wel semed, flfor he had his nosethrellys remuled and toumed.

remunaunde, variant of remenant Obs.

1652 Gaule Magastrom. 27 But remuneratively let your starres and planets not onely signe, but cause good fortune or reward. 1877 Fraser’s Mag. XV. 30 Their time is more remuneratively occupied. 1895 Manch. Guard. 14 Oct. 5/5 Of the remunerativeness of the enterprise there can be no doubt, apart from the net gain to the cultivators.

re'munerator. rare. [a. late L. remunerdtor, or f. REMUNERATE V. -h -OR. Cf. F. remunerateur (i6th c.).] One who remunerates; a rewarder, recompenser. 1688 Boyle Final Causes Nat. Things ii. 84 The children of God will by their most bountiful remunerator be thought fit to inhabit the New world. 1828 Landor Imag. Conv., Rousseau & Malesherbes, You have no right, sir, to be the patron and remunerator of inhospitality.

re'muneratory, a.

[f. as remunerate v.

-h

-ORY: cf. F. remuneratoire (i6th c.).] Serving to

remunerate; affording remuneration. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (162^) 22 Remuneratorie, being a gratefull relation of courtesies, benefits or good tumes receiued. 1617 Moryson Itin. iii. 219 The gift of vtensile goods.. is of so little force, as with death it is not confirmed, except it be remuneratory. I75* Johnson Rambler No. 145 f4 Remuneratory honours are proportioned at once to the usefulness and difficulty of performances. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 56 Human legislators have tor the most part chosen to make the sanction of their laws rather vindicatory than remuneratory. 1844 M. Hennell Soc. Syst. 118 Legislation.. will be remuneratory, and distribute the honour and glory due to pre-eminent virtue.

remurmur (ri'm3:ma(r)), v. Chiefly poet. [ad. L. remurmurdre: see re- and murmur w.] 1. intr. a. To give back or give forth a murmuring sound; to resound with murmurs. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 667 The Realms of Mars remurmured all around. 1718 Motteux Quix. (1733) H276 A pleasant Rivulet.. remurmurs over the whitest Pebbles. 1747 T. Gibbons Elegy Col. Gardiner v, Heav’ns high Crystal Domes remurmur with the Sound. 1870 Bryant Iliad II. xxi. 279 The banks around Remurmured shrilly.

b. To answer with murmurs to a sound. 1697 Dryden JEneid xi. 695 A jarring Sound.. Like that of Swans remurm’ring to the Floods. 1703 Pope Thebais 166 Eurota’s banks remurmur’d to the noise. 1762-9 Falconer Shipwr. I. 34 Yonder cave. Whose vaults remurmur to the roaring wave.

c. Of sounds: To echo in murmurs. 1717 Pope Iliad x. 563 A low groan remurmur’d through the shore. 1790 A. Wilson in Poems Lit. Prose (1876) II. 17 Crying and sighing Remurmured through the glen.

2. trans. To repeat in murmurs, 1704 Pope Winter 64 The trembling trees.. Her fate remurmur to the silver flood. 1789 J White Earl Strongbow I. 202 The woods, the valleys, the mountains around.. daily remurmur the effusions of my misery.

Hence re'murmuring ppL a. 1740 Somerville Hobbinol ii. 464 While thy remurm’ring Streams Danc’d by, well pleas’d. 1757 Dyer Fleece i. 608 Deep remurmuring cords Of th’ ancient harp.

t remurmu'ration. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. remurmurdtidn-em: see prec. and -ation.] The action of murmuring or protesting. 1611 W. Sclater Key (1629) 214 So see we many practising vsurie, without any remurmuration of conscience, through errour of iudgement. 1623 R. Carpenter Conscionable Christian 58 To him..there is no condemnation, or remurmuration of conscience for sinne.

re'muster, v. orig. Services\ [re- 5 a.] intr. a. with pass, sense. To be assigned to other duties, b, for refi. To assemble again. Hence re'mustering vbl. sb. 19^ R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. 13 Because Bill Snooks is unfit for air crew duties, he should be allowed to re-muster to.. a sedentary trade. Ibid. 14 A.C. 2 So-and-So has certain qualifications which make him suitable for re-mustering or training. 1963 Times 5 June 14/1 No. 500 (County of Kent) Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force, disbanded in 1957, will remuster for one day to receive its squadron standard from Lord Avon. 1966 Punch 6 July 16 Modern football is a managers’ game... Attack is based on the counter which passes the opposing defence before it can remuster after its own attack. 1977 ‘J. Herriot’ Vet in Spin (1978) xviii. 166 Normally when an aircrew is grounded he remusters on the ground staff, but yours is a reserved occupation.

remu'tation. rare-', [re- 5 a.] The action of changing back again.

remunerative

(ri'mjuinarativ), a. [f. as REMUNERATE V. + -IVE: cf. mod.F. remuneratif.'] 11. Inclined to remunerate. Obs. rare-'.

01843 Southey Doctor ccxvii. (1848) 584 The mutation or rarefaction of water into air takes place by day, the remutation or condensation of air into water by night.

1626 Disc. Pr. Henry in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 262 That remunerative he was of services, and considerative of those that deserved and needed.

re'mutiny, v. [re- 5 a.] intr. To mutiny again.

2. That remunerates or rewards. a 1677 Manton Exp. Lord's Pr. Matt. vi. 11 Wks. 1870 I. 154 Not from his strict remunerative justice, but out of his race. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 690 Men.. become t objects for remunerative justice to display itself upon. 18331. Taylor Fanat. ii. 40 (Jur acquiescence in retributive proceedings as well penal as remunerative.

3. That brings remuneration; profitable. tremuled, a. Obs.-' [ad. OF. remule, found only in the passage here translated.] Mutilated.

REMY MARTIN

604

REMUENT

1859 Smiles Self-Help viii. 209 He advanced by degrees to more remunerative branches of ei^loyment. 1865 H. Phillips Amer. Paper Curr. II. 72 The scheme did not prove remunerative nor a source of revenue. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark. 334 Although chinchonacultivation is a remunerative public work .. the experiment is still in its infancy.

Hence remuneratively, re'munerativeness.

K.

189s Hardy Jfude i. iii. 20 He anxiously descended., tiying not to think of.. the captain with the bleeding hole in his forehead, and the corpses round him that remutinied every night on board the bewitched ship.

Remy Martin (remi marte). Also Remy Martin. [Name of the shippers.] The proprietary name of a cognac; a drink of this. [1951 T. E. Carling Compl. Bk. Drink v. 42 Principal Cognac Producers.. Remy Martin.] 1961 C. Willock Death in Covert i. 9 A large shot of Remy Martin in a balloon glass. 1963 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 26 Feb. tm 137/1 Remy Martin for Cognac. First use 1884. 1965 L. Meynell Double Fault i. iii. 29 Evelyn Barker had a Remy Martin in front of her. 1965 P. D. Wall Trio (1966) iv. 55 He promptly loaded his briefcase with Pernod and Remy Martin. 1975 D. Bloodworth Clients of Omega xxv. 242 Sipping his Remy Martin with its lacing of java. 1976 Trade

REMYNAUNTE Marks Jrnl. 14 Apr. 783/2 Remy Martin .. Brandy. E. Remy Martin and Co... 29th August, 1973.

remynaunte, remyssale,

variant of remenant Obs.

variant of remissal Obs.

remyt, obs. form of

remit sb.

remy'thologize,

v. [re5 b, after DEMYTHOLOGIZE ti.] trans. To provide with a new mythological system; to reinterpret the elements of (an older mythology) in terms of a newer one. Hence rem^hologi'zation. 1964 K. G. Grubb Layman looks at Church v. 156 The Bible.. has to be ‘demythologised’ and then remythologised. 1973 R. Slotkin Regeneration through Violence ii. 36 Both [myth and art] serve as means of ordering and explaining a chaotic and threatening environment. The remythologization of the West began with attempts by French and Spanish Jesuits and English Puritans to order the chaos of the New World. 1974 Canadian-Amer. Slavic Stud. VIII. 492 The updating, transformation and ‘remythologization’ of these legends constituted a form of justification of the validity of their world-view. 1976 H. Montefiore in Christian Believing 148, I may expect to ‘translate’ or ‘remythologize’ its thought forms and imagery.

fren, sb. Obs. rare. [f. renne, obs. f.

run u.; cf.

Du. ren, G. renn, ON. renna.'\ A run, course. c 1250 Gen. Ex. i Man og to luuen Sal rimes ren, 6e wisseS wel 8e logede men [etc.]. CI386 Chaucer Reeve’s T. 159 The wyf cam lepynge Inward with a ren. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 429/1 Ren, or rennynge, cursus.

fren, v. Obs.-' [? for rene:—OE. renian, regnian to set in order.] trans. To clear a way for. 01340 Hampole Psalter Ixxxiv. 14 Rightwisnes of penaunce for oure syn sal ga bifor him in vs, that is, it sail ren his cumynge in til vs.

ren,

obs. form of rain sb.', rein sb.', run v.

renable ('ren3b(3)l), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 5 renabel, -abuUe, -abyll, resnabyl, 7 rennible, 9 dial, -able, runnable, [a. OF. renable, resnable (AF. also rednable), reis-, raisnable, etc.,:—L. rationdbil-em reasonable, rationable. The sense of ‘eloquent’ appears to be characteristic of AF. In later use prob. assoc, with renne run i>.] 1. Of persons: Ready of speech, eloquent: speaking or reading fluently or distinctly; fesp. in phr. renable of tongue. (Cf. reasonable a. 3.) c 1290 Beket 1336 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 144 Non of heom t?ar nas, t>at he preisede muche J>is hei3e man for he so renable was. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8572 Renable nas he no3t of tonge, ac of speche hastif. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. Prol. 158 A raton of renon most renable of tonge. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 25 He was.. resonabel [v.r. renable, renabel] of speche [L. eloqueiu^^ and wel i*lettred. CI400 Ywaine ^ Gate. 209 Of tong sho was trew and renable, And of hir semblant soft and stabile, c 1460 Towneley Myst. xxi. 110 Men calle hym a prophete, a lord fulle renabyll. 1781 J. Hutton Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Renable, loquacious, and never at a stop or inconsistent in telling a story. 1868 Sedgwick Mem. Cowgill Chapel 72 (E.D.D.), Some lassie who was bright and renable was asked to read for the amusement of the party.

b. Of speech, etc.; Ready, fluent, plain. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. ii Noble spekers, Jjat.. faire facounde and resonable [t^.r. renable] speche folowed and streynede all her lyf tyme. C1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 103 J?e ffyfte [virtue], pit he be curtays.. and ..of renable speche. 01450 Myrc 1008 Hast iwu also prowde I-be.. for I>ow hast a renabulle tonge? 1643 Bp. Hall Devout Soul ii. (1646) 5 Not [he] that hath the most rennible tongue (for prayer is not so much a matter of the lips, as of the heart). 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk Gf Selv. 33 We choose the renablest words belonging to the former, wherewith to set forth the latter. 1895 E. Anglian Gloss., Rennable, plain, easy to be understood.

t2. Reasonable, moderate. Obs. rare-^. 1340 Ayenb. 95 hyse pn J>inges byej> nyeduolle to alle pe )?inges l?et in pe er)?e wexe)?. Guod molde, wocnesse norissynde, and renable hete.

'renably,

adv. Obs. exc. dial. Also 4 renab(le)liche, 9 dta/. runnably. [f. prec. + -ly*.] 1. Fluently, readily. 13.. Sir Beues (A.) 2974 For)? per com on redi reke, pit renabliche kou)?e frensch speke, C1386 Chaucer Friar’s T. 211 Som tyme we.. speke as renably and faire and wel As to the Phitonissa dide Samuel. 1895 E. Anglian Gloss., Runnably, currently; smoothly; without hesitation. Often Renably in Suffolk.

t2. To Obs.-'

a

reasonable

extent;

moderately.

CI31S Shoreham III. 19 J>ou schel haue., mete and cloj^es renableliche, And lyf ine herte blisce.

renagado,

RENARDITE

605

obs. form of renegado.

Renaissance (ri'neissns, F. ranesds). Also with small initial. [F., f. renaitre to be born again, after naissance birth; cf. renascence.] 1. a. The great revival of art and letters, under the influence of classical models, which began in Italy in the 14th century and continued during the 15th and i6th; also, the period during which this movement was in progress.

1845 Ford Handbk. Spain n. 745 At the bright period of the Renaissance, when fine art was a necessity and pervaded every relation of life. 1854 Lowell Keats Prose Wks. 1896 I. 244 In him we have an example of the renaissance going on almost under our own eyes. 1873 Pater Renaissance 2 The word Renaissance indeed is now generally used to denote.. a whole complex movement of which that revival of classical antiquity was but one element or symptom.

b. ellipt. The style of art or architecture developed in, and characteristic of, this period. 1840 T. A. Trollope Summer in Brittany II. 234 That heaviest and least graceful of all possible styles, the ‘renaissance’ as the French choose to term it. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. I. i. 23 This rationalistic art is the art commonly called Renaissance, marked by a return to pagan systems. 1859 Jephson & Reeve Brittany 268 The cathedral front is a huge mass of barbarous Renaissance.

c. attrib. with architecture, building, etc. 1842 Queen Victoria^rn/. 14 Sept. (1980) 37 We..saw the fine greenhouse the Duke has built, all in stone, in the Renaissance style. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. I. App. xi. 370 A choice little piece of description this, of the Renaissance painters. 1857 -Pol. Econ. Art ii. 103 Verona possesses .. the loveliest Renaissance architecture of Italy. 1060 G. A. Spottiswoode in Vac. Tour 98 We.. contented ourselves with what we saw of its heavy-looking renaissance buildings. 1882 Caulfield & Saward Diet. Needlework, Renaissance Braid Work.—This is also known as Renaissance Lace. 1930 R. Fry Let. 12 Sept. (1972) II. 650 [Montresor] has.. a very ambitious and rather good Renaissance Gothic church. It’s odd what a really good and convenient style that makes—in fact it does Gothic much better with less fuss than Gothic itself. 1963 A. Lubbock Austral. Roundabout 190 Airy, Renaissance-style stucco arches. 1976 Early Music IV. 512/2 (Advt.), Renaissance viols from 16th-century models. 1980 I. Murdoch Nuns & Soldiers i. 40 A programme of Renaissance music.

d. Special Combs. Renaissance humanism = 4; Renaissance man, one who exhibits the virtues of an idealized man of the Renaissance; also fig. HUMANISM

1906 W. H. Woodward Stud. Educ. Renaissance vii. 128 That the Frenchmen in their King’s train should be profoundly impressed with the Renaissance man as they found him declared in Rodrigo Borgia, and his enigmatic son, in Ludovico Sforza or Ercole d’Este, is no cause for wonder. 1948 W. K. Ferguson Renaissance in Hist. Thought Hi. 71 Bayle.. interpreted Renaissance humanism as an enlightened revolt against barbarism. Ibid. v. 128 The discontented rebels against the restrictions of contemporary bourgeois society.. took the lead in the idealization of the Renaissance man, combining the cult of genius with that of free, egoistic personality. 1955 P. O. Kristeller Classics ©* Renaissance Thought i. 10 Renaissance humanism was not as such a philosophical tendency or system, but rather a cultural and educational program which emphasized and developed an important but limited area of studies. 1970 E. Pace Saberlegs (1971) xiv. 132, I knew your father... A fine man. So many-sided. What 1 believe you would call a Renaissance man. 1975 Language LI. 443 Renaissance humanism was responsible for the most successful system of syntactic analysis to be conceived prior to the advent of explicit syntactic theorizing in the 20th century. 1977 Time 8 Aug. 32/3 At 50, Hood is the Renaissance man of sailing; he designed, cut the sails and outfitted Independence, the first man in history to control every aspect of a 12-tonner from drawing board to helm. 2. Any revival, or period of marked

improvement and new life, in art, literature, etc. 1872 Morley Voltaire 4 Voltairism may stand for the name of the Renaissance of the eighteenth century. 1882 Athenaeum 23 Dec. 857/2 The most satisfactory among the signs of a theatrical renaissance. 1925, etc. [see Negro Renaissance s.v. Negro 7]. 1969 A. Cockburn in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 18 The astonishing works of Mao Tse Tung.. bear witness to the flowering of the May 4 Movement which..has justly been called the Chinese Renaissance. 1969 Physics Bull. June 221/1 The ‘renaissance’ in optics, one of the oldest disciplines in >hysics, has been brought about mainly by the advent of the aser. 1973 Black World Sept. 95 Arna Bontemps was not of the ‘Harlem Renaissance’... His first novel and his poems.. appeared just when.. the Renaissance flopped. 1975 Nature 3 Apr. 391/1 A renaissance occurred in 1969 when Adler proved that bacteria have specific chemoreceptors.

f

renal ('riinsl), a. and sb. [a. F. renal, or ad. late L. rendlis, f. ren kidney; see reins,] A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the reins or kidneys. 1656 Blount Glossogr. s.v. Vein, Renal veins, the kidney veins. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Renal Artery, is said by some, to come out of the Aorta, and to enter into the Kidneys, ciyzo W. Gibson Farrier’s Dispens. i. (i734) 27 By its extraordinary detersive qualities, it scours and cleanses the renal passages. 1788 Baillie in Phil. Trans. LXXVIII. 357 The renal capsules had undergone no change. 1840 E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. (1842) 309 The Renal arteries are two large trunks given off from the sides of the aorta. 1872 Huxley Physiol, v. 105 The renal excretion has naturally an acid reaction.

2. renal colic, colicky pain caused by obstruction of the outlet of the renal pelvis or that of the ureter, usu, by a calculus (see also quots. 1857, 1901); renal dialysis, dialysis performed artificially as a substitute for normal kidney function; freq. attrib. to denote a device to do this; renal dwarfism, infantilism, osteodystrophy, rickets, osteodystrophy due to the failure of the kidneys to convert dietary vitamin D to a more active form. 1857 Dunglison Diet. Med. Sci. (ed. 15) 222/2 Colica nephretica... Renal colic... Acute pains, which accompany nephritis,.. or the passage of a calculus into the ureter. 1865 W. Roberts Urinary Gf Renal Dis. iii. vii. 405 Neuralgia of the lower intercostal and abdominal nerves., is distinguished from renal colic by the absence of blood, pus, and transitional epithelium in the urine. 1901 H. Morris Surg. Dis. Kidney & Ureter II. xxiv. 81 A calculus either may remain fixed in the kidney substance or in a calyx, or may occupy the renal pelvis, within which it can move about, or it may migrate along the ureter towards the bladder. In either of the latter conditions it will probably «ve rise to renal colic. 1912 O. May in Univ. Coll. Host. Mag. II. 99 {heading) A case of ‘renal infantilism’. 1920 H. Barber in Lancet 3 Jan. 18/1 Until some standard text-book gives a full account of this condition it is not easy to select a suitable name; but as the kidney disease not infrequently has a very insidious onset, and many of the cases seek advice for the first time for want of development or bone deformity, some name such as renal dwarfism may be used. 1926 G. V. Ashcroft in Jrnl. Bone ^ Joint Surg. VIII. 279 Renal rickets is a disease not mentioned in medical text-books. Ibid. 288 It is to the association of the typical clinical picture, the typical X-ray picture, and deficient renal function that the term Renal Rickets has been applied. 1929 Thursfield & Paterson GarrocTs Dis. Children (ed. 2) iii. 123 The primary cause of renal rickets is the inability of the diseased kidneys properly to excrete phosphorus. 1930 Lancet 10 May 1002/2 Two conditions associated with bone deformities have been differentiated from late rickets— namely, cceliac rickets and renal rickets. Ibid., Cases of cceliac rickets and renal infantilism only occasionally show rickets. Ibid., Rickets occasionally complicates renal dwarfism. 1943 Liu & Chu in Med. XXII. 103 The term ‘renal osteodystrophy’ seems to be a suitable generic name to include cases of osseous disorder associated with renal insufficiency, while the exact nature of the pathological process in the skeleton is still undetermined. 1957 Brit. Med. Bull. XIII. 57/2 The terms ‘renal dwarfism’, ‘renal infantilism’ and ‘renal rickets’, although obviously not invariably applicable, were apt in their original use. i960 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 Dec. 2124/1 Renal dialysis proved successful in treating previously intractable heart failure. 1962 Lancet 2 June 1169/1 More common, .is the form associated with renal failure which was at one time called ‘renal rickets’.. but which is now more elegantly referred to as ‘renal osteodystrophy’. 1963 Ibid. 5 Jan. 16/1 Renal-dialysis units mostly use complex and powerful artificial kidneys which require experienced surgical, medical, and biochemical super-vision. 1971 S. Milligan Adolf Hitler i. 23 Specialists..came..to examine me... Days later a card arrived saying ‘Renal Colic’. 1974 Times 17 Apr. 2/8 If kidneys for transplant were available many people maintained by expensive renal dialysis machines could be given a fuller life and many of the 5,000 who die each year from kidney failure could be saved. 1982 Macmillan Guide Family Health 509/2 Renal colic is usually felt first in the back, just below the ribs.

B. sb. A renal artery.

Hence Re'nalssancer, one who participates in a renaissance; = next; Re'naissanclst, an advocate or student of a renaissance; also attrib. or as adj.

1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 274 In ten [cases] the upper extremity lay between the inferior mesenteric and the renals.

1895 J. M. Falkner Lost Stradivarius 261 Neo-Platonism .. has enthralled.. many minds from Proclus and Julian to Augustine and the Renaissancists. 1899 G. B. Shaw Let. 17 Oct. (1972) II. 113 The mosque [of Sulieman].. is a successful attempt to take St Sophia and give it refined grandeur in the spirit of Brunelleschi and the early dignified Renaissancers. 1949 Renaissancer [see Brahmsian a. and 56.]. 1973 Compar. Stud. Soc. ^ Hist. XV. 473 That a near¬ century of scholarship.. should fail indeed to validate even the concept of a Renaissance, would appear to have little if any bearing on.. the prosperity of the guild of Renaissancists in our time. Ibid. 478 In characteristic Renaissancist fashion.

Reynard + -ry; cf. obs. F. renarderie.] Guile,

Re'naissant, a. rare. Also F.

renaissant,

pres.

with small initial, [a.

pple.

of

renaitre:

t'renaldry.

Obs. rare-^. [f. Renald, obs. var.

cunning, craft. 1612 tr. Passenger of Benvenuto l. iv. 269 She vsed all malitious Renaldrie [It. volpina malitia] to the end I might stay there this night.

rename (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To name again; esp. to give another or new name to.

016^ Hammond Serm. (1850) 423 By that odious re¬ naming of sin. 1665 J. Webb Stone~Heng (1725) 62 It is scarcely worth re-naming, much less answering to. 1675 Sherburne Sphere Manilius 66 [Philippi] afterwards renamed from Philip.. its Reedifier. 1869 Tozer High! Turkey II. 354 The features of the district were renamed. 1897 Atlantic Monthly LXXIX. 36 Then must we have a new vocabulary and re-name the professions.

cf.

RENASCENT.] 1- = prCC. I C. 1864 Miss Cobbe Italics 14 The great artistic ages, classic and Renaissant. 1886 Ch. Times 17 Sept. 686 Gothic is most appropriate for ecclesiastical buildings and Renaissant for gin-shops, theatres and restaurants. 2. = RENASCENT a. 1972 Times 3 Jan. 15 Rapidly rising output and renaissant business confidence and investment are normally a time at which profits rise. 1972 E. Longford Wellington II. xxi. 331 This was all very difficult for a renaissant Tory party which meant to win and win soon.

'Renardine,

a.

rare~^.

[f.

Renard

var. So t'renardism = regnardism (Blount 1661). Reynard.] Pertaining to Reynard the Fox.

1886 Athenaeum 7 Aug. 165/2 There has been much learning expended.. on the question of why the lion was king in the Renardine tales.

renardite (ra'naidait). Min. [a. F. renardite (A. Schoep 1928, in Bull, de la Soc. Franfaise de Min. LI. 247), f. the name of A. F. Renard

(1842-1903), of the University of Ghent: see -iTEh] A hydrated basic phosphate of lead and uranium, Pb(U02)4(P04)2(0H)4.7H20, found as minute, yellow orthorhombic crystals. 1929 Amer. Mineralogist XIV. 244 Renardite... Found as minute crystals with quartz, torbernite and clay from the Kasolo Mine, Katanga, Belgian Congo. 195^ [see dewindtite]. 1971 Mineral Abstr. XXII. 267/1 The geological, mineralogical, and metallogenic character of the uraniferous schists of the Salamanca province of western Spain are described... Secondary minerals are represented by gummite,.. renardite [etc.].

renascence (n'n£es9ns). Also 9 re- (ri:-). [See RENASCENT and -ENCE.] 1. The process or fact of being born anew; rebirth, renewal, revival. 1727 Barbery tr. Burnet's St. Dead 187 The Souls have a kind of Renascence, or 7raAiyy€v€aia, a new Life, a new World, and all things new. 1827 Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1839) IV. 399 The perpetuity and continued re-nascence and spiritual life of Christ. 1912 E. St. V. Millay in F. Earle Lyric Yr. 185 Renascence... O God, I cried, give me new birth, And put me back upon the earth! 1973 JVofure 20 July 184/3 The Serengeti Lion.. has greater significance in that it reflects the renascence of animal study in Africa.

2. = Renaissance i. 1869 M. Arnold Cult. & An. 159 The great movement which goes by the name of the Renascence. [Note] I have ventured to give to the foreign word Renaissance an English form. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. 390 Here, as elsewhere, the Renascence found vernacular literature all but dead. transf. 1872 Morley Voltaire 5 The four-score volumes which he wrote, are the monument.. of a new renascence.

t re'nascency.

Obs. [See next and -ency.]

=

renascence I. 1664 Evelyn tr. Freart's Archil. Ep. Ded. a 4 This [science] of Architecture.. ows her renascency amongst Us to Your Majesties encouragements. Ibid. 11. i. 91 A renascency from his own Ashes like the Phoenix. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. iii. §25 Job would not only curse the day of his Nativity, but also of his Renascency.

renascent (n'naessnt),

a. and sb. [ad. L. renascent-em, pres. pple. of renasct^ f. re~ re- + nasci to be born.] A. adj. That is being born again, reviving, springing up afresh. 1727 Bailey (vol. II), Renascent, springing up, or being born again. 1747 Gentl. Mag. XVII. 212/2 Care must also be taken to prevent any external impression on the renascent bark. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide vi. 552 (MS.) To console her cares, And give renascent vigour to her frame! 1812 Southey Omniana II. 95 These are the first rudiments of the renascent plant. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis Ivi, Pen’s renascent desire to see his little conquest again. 1883 Symonds Shahs. Predec. ii. (1900) 22 The genius of youthfulness, renascent,.. was dominant in that age.

B. sb. One who takes part in a renaissance. 1898 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. Apr. 115 This we owe to the Greek renascents and to their maintenance of the best standards—the three stars of Attic tragedy.

re'nascible, a. rare-^. [f. h.renasc-t (see prcc.) + -IBLE.] Capable of being born or produced again (Johnson 1755). Hence renasci'bility (Bailey 1721); re'nascibleness (Bailey, vol. II, 1727).

frenash, v. Obs. rare~^. [Of obscure origin.] intr. ? To toss the head. CI47S in Archaeologia (1814) XVII. 293 A rayne of lethir hungry tied fro the hors hede unto the girthis beeneth betwene the ferthir bouse of the hors for renasshyng.

renat(e4 obs, forms of rennet sb.'^ t re'nate,/>p/. a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. rendt-us^ pa. pple. of renasci.] Reborn, reincarnate. 1570 Levins Manip. 39/43 Renate, renatus. c 1614 Fletcher, etc. Wit at Sev. Weap. i. ii. And to confirm yourself in me renate, I hope you’ll find my wits legitimate! 1660 Stanley Hist. Philos, ix. (1701) 428/2 So one man often renate, is named yEthalides, Euphorbus, Hermotimus, Pyrrhus, and lastly Pythagoras.

fre'nate, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. rendt-, ppl. stem of renasci: see renascent.] a. pass. again, b. intr. To form again.

RENCONTRE

606

RENASCENCE

To be born

C1546 Joye in Gardiner Dec/ar.Joye (1546) 91 b, Thus we electe, called & renated of the Spirit, know y® father in Christ, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VII32 A pernicious fable and ficcion .. to feyne a dead man to be renated and newely borne agayne. 1578 Banister Hist. Man viii. 104 The watrie humor being effused may renate or grow agayne.

re'nationalization. [re- 5 b.] The action of removing (a formerly nationalized industry, etc.) from private ownership and bringing it under national control again. 1923 W. P. Livingstone Galilee Doctor iv. ii. 250 It had given them a charter of renationalization. 1957 Economist 2 Nov. 437/1 For months the threat of renationalisation kept steel shares subdued and they have been consistent laggards in the market. 1958 Engineering 28 Feb. 271/2 Steel leaders are hardening in their opposition to re-nationalisation. 1971 Guardian 5 Mar. 13/5 The campaign for ‘Renationalisation without compensation’.

re'nationalize, v. [re- 5 b.] 1. absol. To reinvest with national character. 1927 Scots Observer 26 Feb. 15/3 Professor M’Fadyen,.. has given us., a book, ..based on his rich experience as a missionary professor in India... The argument that

missions denationalise the native is noted, and reasons are given for the contention that missions really renationalise.

2. trans. To transfer (a formerly nationalized industry) from private to national ownership again. 1954 Ann. Reg. 1953 22 Steel and transport were to be renationalized. 1959 Daily Tel. 13 Mar. 19/7 Its proposals not only to renationalise steel and road transport but also to nationalise by one means or another half of British industry. 1980 Times 30 Sept. 4/6 The next Labour Government would renationalize.. transport activity.

renatu'ration.

[re- 5 a.] The process of restoring the nature or properties of what has been denatured. 1940 Nature 31 Aug. 301/1 The reversion of heat denaturation in proteins.. has been demonstrated... The present method of renaturation is of interest owing to the well-defined conditions under which the reversion is achieved. 1965 Peacocke & Drysdale Molecular Basis Heredity iv. 37 A quite different approach to this problem has now become available with the discovery that, under carefully chosen conditions, the two strands of DNA of micro-organisms and bacteriophage may be separated and then subsequently reunited to restore the original helical structure and biological activity. This process of ‘renaturation’ may be followed by centrifugation of DNA. 1978 Nature 28 Sept. 352/1 Kunitz demonstrated by enzymatic and physico-chemical methods that renaturation of the inhibitor yielded a product indistinguishable from the original protein.

re'nature(ri:-), TJ. [re-5 a.] a, trans. To restore the nature or properties of (what has been denatured). 1946 Nature 30 Nov. 768/2 Some fairly close system of supervision by the international authority will be essential to ensure that the denatured material.. is not being ‘renatured’ so as to make it suitable for use in a bomb. 1977 Sci. Amer. Apr. 44/2 Stewart found that after cooling and the removal of the detergent the interferon recovered its original biological activity: it was renatured.

b. intr. To undergo renaturation. 1965 Peacocke & Drysdale Molecular Basis Heredity iv. 38 Such a close correlation clearly has great potentialities in the assessment of the relationship between micro-organisrns but cannot be used for higher plants and animals since their DNA are more heterogeneous and do not ‘renature’. 1973 Nature ii May 55/2 They demonstrated that the centromeric regions.. renature the most rapidly after denaturation.

Hence re'natured ppl. a., re’naturing vbl. sb.; also re'naturable a. 1955 Bull. Atomic Sci. Jan. 12/1 If reconversion of the denatured nuclear explosives is not a protracted process, the threat of seizure, renaturing, and atomic rearmament would remain indefinitely. 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. xii. 315 Such a renatured DNA regains its biological activity and can be used to transform bacteria. 1970 Nature 26 Sept. 1310/1 Renaturable DNA is defined as DNA that after denaturation.. rapidly reverts to a duplex when the denaturing conditions are removed.

re'navigate,

rare-^. [re-sh.] To navigate again. So renavi'gation (Phillips 1658).

1611 Cotgr., Renaviger, to renauigate, sayle backe, or sayle ouer againe. 1623 in Cockeram. 1721- in Bailey and later Diets. 1828-32 Webster s.v., To renavigate the Pacific Ocean.

fre'nay, sb. Obs. Also reney, renye. [ad. OF. reneiiy pa. pple. of reneier: see next.] A renegade, apostate. 13.. Coer de L. 4070 Quod the renay; ‘Mercy I crye!’ 1340 Ayenb. 19 He ys wel renay, \>et >>et land pet ha halt of his Ihorde dej? in-to pe hond of his uyende. Ibid., Ine pri maneres is man ycleped reney and uals cristen. ?ai400 Morte Arth. 2795 The renye relys abowte and rusches to pe erthe, Roris fulle ruydlye, bot rade he no more.

fre'nay, re'ny, v. Obs. Forms: a. 4 renai(e, -aye, 4-6 renay, (5 renn-, reyn-); 4 reneie, 4-6 reney(e, 5 reneyhe. j3. 4-6 reny(e, 6 renie. [a. OF. reneier, renier {renoier, etc.):—pop. L. renegdre: see RENEGUE, and cf. deny v.] 1. trans. To renounce, abjure (one’s faith, God, lord, etc.). a. a 1300 Cursor M. 8995 Leuedis he luued,.. pat did him drightin to renai. a 1330 Otuel 524 Me ne stant nou3t of pe swich awe, pat |>ou sschalt make me reneie mi lawe. 1377 Langl. P. pi. B. XI. 121 Though a Crystene man coueyted his Crystenedome to reneye [etc.]. C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 42 pe emperour lulyan Apostata, whilk reynayd and forsuke Cristen fayth. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. IV. 976 We haue heere a mayde whiche with obstinacye Reneyeth [t^.r. reneyhithe] oure lawes. C1475 Partenay 2173 Me moste here-After our lord to renay. And in sarisine lau beleue. 1534 More Com/, agsi. Trib. iii. Wks. 1212/1 Hee.. geueth.. parte to suche as willinglye will reney their faith. [1900 Raleigh Milton 219 He renayed his ancestry.] absol. 1340 Ayenb. 19 A\pa^ he by be his zigginge cristen, he renayi> be dede. 01380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 371 Lest I .. be drawen to renaye, and sey. Who is Lord? j3. 1375 Barbour Bruce ix. 739 Thow has a quhill renyit thifay. 01400 Sowdone Bab. 1254, ^ shalle..make the to renye thy laye. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 20/2 It is redde in thistoryes, whan he renyed and forsoke our Lord [etc.]. 1511 Guylforde's Pilgr. (Camden) 44 He shall be compelled incontynentlye to renye his fayth and crystendome. 1579 J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf Civ, The king of Nauarre. .had felt the poynt thereof if he had not to hys honour.. renied hys God. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. xi. Ixix. 285 For that thow should’st reny thy Faith, and her thereby possesse, The Soldan did capitulat. reft. 1549 Chaloner Erasm. on Folly M ij b, They dishort vs from sinne, but I renie myselfe, if euer they coulde cunningly diffine, what that should be, we call sinne. i K.

b. To recant (an opinion). Also absol. a 1529 Skelton Replyc. 87 Fayne were ye to reny. And mercy for to cry. Or be brende by and by. c 1533 Song in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. App. xliv. 121 Which opynions wer good for thee to renay.

2. a. To deny, disown (an utterance),

rare-^.

C1440 Partonope 1835 That I haue sayde In no wyse for me shall be renayed [printed remayed].

b. To deny the truth of (a statement). 1510-20 Compl. too late maryed (1862) 16 For to saye that therin is servage In maryage, but I it reny, For therin is but humayne company. 1512 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 66 She blusshed all red,. .but not withstandinge she wende well assuredly to have renied al the case.

3. a. To refuse, decline (a gift), rare. 13.. Gavi. & Gr. Knt. 1821 Ho ra3t hym a riche rynk [ = ring].. Bot pe renk hit renayed, &.. sayde, ‘I wil no giftez for gode’.

b. To refuse to do something. rare“h c 1489 Skelton Death Earl Northumbld. 78 The commons renyed ther taxes to pay Of them demaunded and asked by the kynge; With one voice importune they plainly sayd nay.

fre'nayed, re'nied, ppl. a. Obs. [f. prec. + -ED*, after OF. reneie: see renay s6.] Apostate, renegade. a 1300 Cursor M. 23111 Wreches mistruand, Jjat renaid ar traiturs and fals. 13.. St. Erkenwolde 11 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 266 bene wos this reame renaide mony ronke aeres. c 13^ Sir Ferumb. 4673 If Fyrumbras may beo taan, pat ilke false reneyed man. a 1400 Pistill of Susan 198 po Ros vp with rancour pe Renkes reneyed. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xi. 13 b, This Caddi was a renyed Christian. 1590 Sir J. Smythe Disc. cone. Weapons 41b, The lanissaries.. being Christian mens children renied.

t re'naying, tiW. Obs. [f. renay t>. 4- -ing*.] The action of renouncing or abjuring. a 1300 Cursor M. 29406 If he in renaijng lijs, efter pat he es monest thris. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. f 719 Reneying of god and hate of his neighebors. 014^0 Jacob's Well 131 On .. is renaying; whan a man forsakyth god, & becomyth a iewe or a sarazene. 1529 More Dyaloge ii. Wks. 179/1 It was a plaine renaying of Christes faith to doo anye obseruaunce therto.

fre'nayrie, re'noyrie. Obs. rare. [a. OF. reneierie, renoierie: see renay t».] Apostacy. 1340 Ayenb. 17 He him to-del)? in pri little bo3es..he J>ridde [is] renoyrye. Ibid. 19 pe l>ridde ontreu|>e J>et comj? of prede ys renayrie.

Renee, Sc. variant of Raines Obs. rence, rench, obs. or dial, forms of rinse reach, obs. form of wrench

v.

v.

t'rencian. Obs. rare. [a. OF. rentien (Godef.), of obscure origin.] Some kind of cloth. 01272 Luue Ron io6 in O.E. Misc. 96 Ne byt he wip pe lond ne leode, Vouh ne gray ne rencyan. CI27S Serving Christ 70 in O.E. Misc. 92 Ne geynep vs.. pe robes of russet ne of rencyan.

rencky: see renky a. rencontre (ren'kDnt3(r), F. rakStr), sb. Also 8 -countre, 9 -confer, [a. F. rencontre (13th c.), vbl. sb. f. rencontrer: see next and cf. rencounter sb. The form is given by Blount (1656, etc., copying Cotgrave), but later Dictionaries down to the Webster of 1864 recognize only rencounter.] 1. a. = RENCOUNTER sb. 3. 1619 in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 95 The nice termes his Ma 'y standeth in with the French King.. makes it necessary to acquaint you with a rencontre I had at Antwerp. 1705 Vanbrugh Country House i. iv, Baron. We have not seen one another since we were schoolfellows before. Marquis. The happiest rencontre! 1788 Mme. D’Arblay Diary 2 Aug., One of the letters.. was written just after I had communicated to her my singular rencontre with this lady. 184s Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 82 The accidental rencontre of a vessel homeward bound awakens family recollections. 1884 ‘H. Collingwood’ Under Meteor Flag 117 The rencontre was disagreeable, and, to shorten it as much as possible, Isabel, .turned back.

b. Her. (See quots.) The existence of the use in Eng. is doubtful; quot. 1727-38 is ultimately derived from the Diet. Universe! of Furetiere (1690). 1725 Coats Diet. Her., Rencontre, or au Rencontre, is a French Phrase signifying, that the Face of a Beast stands right forward, as if it came to meet the Person before it, 1727-38 Chambers CycL, Rencountre or rencontre, in heraldry is applied to animals when they show the head in front, with both eyes, etc. Ibid., He bears sable, in rencountre, a golden fleece.

c. An organized but informal scientists.

meeting of

*975 Chem. in Brit. XI. 145/1 One approach is to organize small informal meetings—rencow/rei—at which chemists can meet, be educated by (and educate) representatives from the other sciences. 1975 Physics Bull. Dec. 515/3 A few months ago the SRC organized a rencontre in Aberdeen on ‘Combinatorics’ which was a get-together for mathematicians, physicists and chemists. 1977 Chem. in Brit. XIII. 105 Theoretical research horizons in colloid science formed the theme of a recent rencontre sponsored by the Science Research Council. 2. a. = RENCOUNTER sb. I. 1688 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. IV. 154 Then had happened a rencontre betwixt a party of his Majesty’s Army and that of the Prince of Orange. 1803 Mrq. Wellesley in Gurw. Wellington s Desp. (1838) II. 609 note, I have not yet discovered whether the battle was occasioned.. by an accidental rencontre of the armies before the truce had commenced. 1824 Silliman Tour fr. Hartford to Quebec

RENCONTRE (ed. 2) 157 notey Lord Howe.. was killed near Ticonderoga .. in a renconter the day preceding the.. assault.

b. = RENCOUNTER sb. I b. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) III. xxviii. 293, I referred to my known resolution of long standing, to avoid a meditated rencontre with any man. 1772 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 125/2 A rencontre has just happened.. between the Marquis de Fleury.. and an officer... They fought with pistols. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxvii, Perhaps there mingled with his resolution a secret belief that such a rencontre would not prove fatal. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair Iv, The secret of the rencontre between him and Colonel Crawley was buried in the profoundest oblivion.

C. = RENCOUNTER sb. I C. 1666-7 Pepys Diary 18 Feb., He was mighty witty, and she also making sport with him very inoffensively, that a more pleasant rencontre I never heard. 1874 c. Geikie Life in Woods xxi, I was very much amused at a rencontre between the ‘captain’.. and one of the passengers, who.. had come on board without having money to pay his fare.

3. = RENCOUNTER sb. 2. ? Obs. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. ii. ix. I. 476 The affaires of war: wherein oft the most inconsiderable rencontres or occurrences produce the greatest changements. 1770 in Jesse Selwyn (S Contemp. (1844) III. 3 By the .. despair and misery which the poor waggoner testified on this unlucky rencontrey I guessed we had done some great mischief.

t ren'contre, v, Obs. rare. Also 7 -ter. [ad. F. rencontrer: see RENCOUNTER v.] trans. a. To encounter, to meet with. b. To oppose, reverse. 1654 Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 67, I was stoped be the manie disorders and deficulties that I rencontred at my first comming. 1689 Hickeringill Ceremony-Monger v. Wks. 1716 II. 427 To Ranconter and Ruffle the whole course of Nature, and make Heaven a Pair of Stairs to Hell.

REND

607 3. A chance meeting of two persons, or of a person with a thing. Also transf. (quot. 1685). 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 488 My formalists durst neuer attempt.. any passing countenance in our rancounters. 1685 Crowne Sir C. Nice iii. 30 My eyes and the picture had never any rencounter since. 1720 Morgan II. v. 314 Millions of People dread the Rencounter of an Algerine as they would that of a crew of Daemons. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand, xvi, I was so well pleas’d with this rencounter.. that 1 forgot my resentment. 1794 Godwin Cal. Williams 46 At sight of Mr. Tyrrel in this unexpected rencounter, his face reddened with indignation. 1816 Scott Old Mort. iv. The casual rencounter had the appearance of a providential interference. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 408 Perhaps at this remote season the embarrassment of a rencounter would not have been intense.

b. A meeting of two things or bodies; an impact, collision. Also without article, and transf. Now' rare or Obs. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrse in. i. §8 By their frequent rancounters and justlings one upon another, they at last link themselves together. 1691-8 Norris Tract. Disc. (1711) HI. 38 In the various Rencounter of Bodies knocking and jostling one against another. 1704 Swift T. Tuftxi, My nose and this very Post should have a Rencounter. 1723 Chambers tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 67 Projecting Bodies, just at its own height.. seem to menace the Eye with a Rencounter. 1779 Mann in Phil. Trans. LXIX. 619 When two equal currents of homogeneous fluids meet in opposite directions, there is first a swelling and rising up of them at the point of rencounter. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. I. 92 In this theory. Doctor Hutton wisely steers clear of a rencounter with the sun.

14. (Also vessel of rencounter.) A retort. Obs. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 180/1 Cover the Cucurbit with a Vessel of Rencounter, luting it well. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Age, Fit a Rencounter to the long Neck, lute the Junctures very close.

rencounter (ren'kaunt3(r)), v. Now rare. Also rencounter (ren'kaunt9(r)), sb. Also 6 renconter, -countre, 7 rancounter, -tre. [ad. F. rencontre: see prec. and cf. re-encounter sb.] 1. An encounter or engagement between two opposing forces; a battle, skirmish, conflict.

6-8 rancounter. [ad. F. rencontrer: cf. prec. and re-encounter V.] 1. trans. To meet or encounter (an army, person, etc.) in hostile fashion; to engage (one) in fight.

1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. Ixxxiv. 106 At the first rencounter many were ouerthrowen. 1562 J. Shute tr. Cambinfs Turk. Wars 56 Amorathe and Aladino..in the rencountre that they had with Selim [etc.]. 1588 Allen Admon. 59 Recounte all the.. rencounters of a very fewe Catholikes against the heretikes and rebeiles in Flanders. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 419 Tartars are not.. so manly as the Polonians, who counter-blow them at rancounters. 1682 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 169 There lately happened a rancounter between some forces of the French .. and some Spaniards. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 28 If 8 There are mentioned several Rencounters between.. Detachments of the Swedish and Russian Armies. 1781 Jefferson Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 288 Three little rencounters have happened with the enemy. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xxi. iv. (1872) X. 36 The Russian Armies had only to show themselves to beat the Turks in every rencounter.

*503-4 19 Hen. Vlly c. 34 Preamble, With the Kinges hooste roiall.. they were rencountered, vaynquesshed, dispersed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. iv. 39 But th’ Elfin knight, .. him rencountring fierce, reskewd the noble pray. 1620-55 I. Jones Stone-Heng 31 Boadicia.. bearing down all before her till rencountred by Suetonius. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv. iv. 90 Forced him to return back into the Battel, where General Sobieski with a party Rencountred him.

b. A hostile meeting or encounter between two adversaries; a duel; fsometimes spec, (after French usage) distinguished from a regular duel by being unpremeditated. Also without article. 1590 Spenser F.Q. hi. i. 9 He gan to feare His toward perill,.. Which bv that new rencounter he should reare. 1676 D’ Urfey Mme. Fickle ii. i. Pox on’t, a Rencounter is nothing when thou art us’d to’t. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 39 If 7 A Rencounter or Duel was. .far from being in Fashion among the Officers that serv’d in the Parliament-Army. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) II. i. i. 3 Duelling is often deemed a rencounter, and as such is pardoned. 1816 Scott Antiq. xx. We will dine together and arrange matters for this rencounter. I hope you understand the use of the weapon. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) I. viii. 359 The latter were wont to repair to Granada to settle their affairs of honour, by personal rencounter. transf. 1652 Needham tr. Selden’s Mare Cl. Ep. Ded., Our late Wars, wherein the Pen Militant hath had as many sharp rancounters as the Sword. 1665 D. Lloyd State Worthies (1766) II. 528 There had been before some rancounters or pen combats betwixt him and Dr. Heylin. 1681 Hickeringill Def. Fulltvoocfs Leges Anglis 16 Now for the Rancounter, as thy war-like word is.

c. An encounter or contest of any kind; in early use, esp. a contest in wit or argument. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 386 The Sycilians.. are full of witty sentences, and pleasant in their rancounters. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. i. ii. rule 3 §10 The witty rencounters of disputing men. 1672 Marvell Reh. Transp. I. 166 If so I should, as often it happens in such Rencounters, not onely draw Mr. Bayes, but J. O. too upon my back. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) I. 47 We have a right to lard our history with rencounters and conquests of these voracious animals. 1830 N. S. Wheaton Jrnl. 69 Few quarrels and rencounters happened among the boys. 1880 Meredith Tragic Com. (1881) 6 That unequal rencounter between foolish innocence and the predatory. fis- 178s Mme. D’Arblay Let. 17 Dec., My next business .. was to be presented [to the king].. I had only to prepare myself for the rencounter.

fd. Antithesis. Obs. rare—^. 1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Pocsie III. xix. (Arb.) 219 Ye haue another figure .. which .. we may call the encounter [marg., Antitheton, or the renconter].

t2. The fact of meeting or falling in with something unpleasant; an unpleasant experi¬ ence. Obs. 1609 Bible (Douay) i Kings v. 4 But now our Lord my God hath geven me rest rownd about: there is no satan, nor il rencounter. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ii. 62 The Turkes.. were mindfull to giue vs the new rancounter of a second alarum. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. iii. §23 Our hard entrance into the World, our miserable going out of it, our .. sad Rencounters in it.

tb. intr. To encounter each other in battle. 1591 Jas. I Lepanto ii Betwixt the baptiz’d race And circumcised Turband Turkes, Rencountring in that place.

2. trans. etc.).

To meet or fall in with (a person,

1549 Compl. Scot. Ded. 7 The historigraphours rehersis of ane pure man of perse, quha be chance rencountrit kyng darius. 1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 404 A schip of the toun of Tweisk.. and ane uther schip .. wer in thair dew cours rancounterit and takin be a schip of weare. 1672 Shadwell Miser v. iii, I wonder who those fellows were we rancounter’d last night. 1696 Aubrey Misc. 72 A Minister walking over the Park to give Sir John Warre a visit, was rencountred by a venerable old man. 1889 Stevenson Master of B. 97 On the occasion I had the good fortune to rencounter you at Durris-deer.

fb. intr. Const, with. Obs. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 330 To my great contentment, I rancountred here with a countrey Gentleman of mine. Ibid. viii. 373 Vpon the seauenth day, wee rancountred with another soyle. 1644 Sir W. Mure Let. Wks. (S.T.S.) Introd. 16 We are now lying before Newcastle engaiged anew to rancounter w' new dangers. 1676 Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. xii. (1848) 475 The English rencounters with the Dutch Smyrna fleet.. and takes some of them.

c. To meet each other. 1802 Ld. Campbell Let. in Life (1881) I. 100 They had arrived before me, but through some misunderstanding we never rencountered.

t3. trans. To come into contact or collision with. 1671 R. Bohun Wind 38 The Repulse or Antiperistasis, which the hot and dry exhalations meet with by rancountring the cold Clouds. 1685 J. Scott Chr. Life 11. 146 Men wander about in the dark, and justle and rancounter one another. 1695 Blackmore Pr. Arth. vii. 544 Swords clashing Swords, and Shields rencountring Shields.

b. intr. To come together, collide. Obs. X712 Blackmore Creation i. (ed. 2) 8 Could stupid Atomes.. From Regions opposite begin their Flight, That here they might Rencounter, here Unite? 1794 G. Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos. II. xvi. 239 The balls will seem to rencounter and pass over each other.

'|'4. To move counter to something. rare^^.

Obs.

1689 T. Plunket Char. Gd. Commander 28 Ran-counter to the counter-part, and you Perchance some un-expected thing may do.

Hence ren'eountering vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 505 There is a certaine place of sea, where these destracted tydes make their rancountering Randeuouze, that whirleth euer about. 1720 Swift Mod. Educ. Wks. 1755 II. II. 35 What a figure he would make at a siege or blockade or rencountering.

freneq, obs. variant of rank sb.^ 1585 Q. Elizabeth in Four Cent. Eng. Lett. (1880) 29 It becometh, therefor, all our rencq to deale sincerely.

rend, sb. [f. the verb: cf. rent 56.] 11. A rent, split, division. Obs. rare. 1670 Baxter Cure Ch. Div. 381 O what rends and ruins had it prevented in the Christian world? a 1674 Clarendon

Hist. Reb. xiv. §99 There appeared such a rend among the Officers of the Army, that the Protector was compelled to displace many of them. 2. techn. (Such quots.) 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Rends in a Ship, are the same as the Seams between her Planks. C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 140 Rends, large open splits or shakes in timber.. by its being exposed to the wind and sun. rend (rend), v.^ Pa. t. and/)a. pple. rent. Forms: I rendan (hrendan), 3-4 renden, 4-5 rende, (4 reende, 5 -yn, reynd), 6- rend. Pa. t. 3 rend(d)e, 3-6 rente, 4- rent.

Pa. pple.

3 i-rend, 6-7, 9

rended; 5-6 rente, 4- rent. See also rent v. [OE. rendan = OFris. renda, randa (mod.Fris. renne^ ranne)j

not

represented

in

the

other

Teut.

languages.]

1. trans. a. To tear, to pull violently or by main force, off^ out oft or from a thing or place; to tear off or away. £■950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xi. 8 06ero..6a twiggo .. jebujun vel rendon of Ssem trewum. a 1225 Ancr. R. 148 Heo haueC bipiled mine figer—irend of al pe rinde. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 1332 Syl?en rytte |?ay pt foure lymmes, & rent of pt hyde. c 1386 Chaucer Wife's Prol. 635 He smoot me ones.. For )?at I rente out of his book a leef. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8518 J>en Andromaca for dol.. rent of hir clothis. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 123 Not rend [1580 rent] off, but cut off, ripe beane with a knife. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. v. 6 As if she had intended Out of his breast the very heart have rended. £21661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 94 Being so rudely rent off, it hath.. defaced his monument. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 455 The Rocks are from their old Foundations rent. S'jiiCi-TZ H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 27 He.. began to cut and rip and rend away the lacings of his suit. 1807 WoRDSw. White Doe i. 124 Altar, whence the cross was rent. 1863 Hawthorne Our Old //ome (1879) 362, I seemed to rend away and fling off the habit of a lifetime. fig. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, i. ii. 93 We must not rend our Subiects from our Lawes, and sticke them in our Will. b. To take forcibly away/rom a person. 1611 Bible i Kings xi. 11, I wil surely rend the kingdome from thee. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 394 This Kingdome after it was rent from the Romanes, remained in subiection vnder the French. £21720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iv. 341 So shall thy government be rent from thee and thy house. c. to rap (or rive) and rend: see RAP v.^ i b and RIVE V.

2. To tear, wrench, drag up or down. £21225 Leg. Kath. 2152 [He bade] l?urhdriuen hire tittes Wi6 imene neiles, & renden ham up .. wiS pe. breoste roten. C1386 Chaucer Knt.’s T. 132 He wan the Citee.. And rente adoun bothe wall and sparre and rafter, c 1400 Destr. Troy 12511 Cut down [were] i>ere sailes, Ropis al to rochit, rent vp the hacches. C1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 1083 be fowle wedes and wycys, I reynd vp be pt rote. 1513 Douglas JEneis ii. viii. i6 Troianis agane, schaipand defence to mak, Rent turrettis doun. 1650 Fuller Pisgah ii. 56 God rent them up by the roots in the days of Pekah. *733 Budgell Bee IV. 437 Whose daring Sons, by wild Ambition driv’n, Rent the Hills, and lifted Earth to Heav’n. 3. To tear apart (asunder) or in pieces, C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xiii. 7 Hrendas vel scearfaS.. hia [Rushw. ceorfas vel rendas; L. succidite illam]. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5871 Lute vuel po-^tt he, po me is wombe rende. a 1300 K. Horn 727 be fiss p^x pi net rente. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. C. 527 For he pzt is to rakel to renden his clol?ez. Mot efte sitte. .to sewe hem togeder. CI350 Will. Palerne 1851 pt werwolf.. went to him euene, wij? a rude roring as he him rende wold. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 646 Cleopatra, He rent [= rendeth] the seyl with hokys lyk a sithe. £:i420 Anturs of Arth. 317 For him |?at rewfully rase, and rente was one rude, c 1450 Merlin 26 Than Vortiger.. made hem to be rente and drawen a-sonder. 1535 Coverdale i Sam. xv. 27 He gat him by y® edge of his garment & rente it. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 1370 Upon those gates..he fiercely flewe. And, rending them in pieces [etc.]. 1645 Howell Twelve Treat. (1661) 331 The graue Venerable Bishop., fetcht such a sigh, that would haue rended a rock asunder. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, in. 422 She tears the Harness, and she rends the Rein. 1720 Pope Iliad xvii. 363 The Telamonian lance his belly rends. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 411 Through generous scorn To rend a victim trembling at his foot. 1820 W. Sketch Bk. I. 17 At times the black volume of clouds over head seemed rent asunder by flashes of lightning, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. vi. 42 The glacier.. is rent by deep fissures. 1872 Morley Voltaire (1886) 7 A banner that was many a time rent but was never out of the field. b. To tear (one’s clothes or hair) in token of rage, grief, horror, or despair. £21225 Juliana 70 pz pt reue iseh l?is, he rende his claSes. c 1330 King of Tars 99 Whon the soudan this iherde.. His robe he rente adoun. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 870 Thisbe, Who koude write.. how hire heere she rente, c 1450 Merlin 195 Than a squyer that saugh hym..com cryinge and betynge his hondes to-geder, and rendinge his heer. a 1591 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 65 The man of Benjamin came.. with his clothes rent, and dust upon his head, in token of heaviness. 1730 Young Par. Job 17 His friends.. In anguish of their hearts their mantles rent. 1769 Sir W. Jones Palace Fortune Poems (1777) 29 She rends her silken robes, and golden hair. £21839 Praed Poems (1864) II. 308 Lo, they will weep, and rend their hair. c. To wear out (clothes) by tearing, rare^^. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. ii. v. 5 Thou shalt not gurmandize .. And sleepe, and snore, and rend apparrell out. d. techn. To make (laths) by cleaving wood along the grain into thin strips; also, to strip (trees) of bark. 1688 [Implied in lath-render]. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 612 The following is the method of rending or splitting laths. 1859 T. L. Donaldson Handbk. Specifications 137 The laths are to be rended out of the best .. fir timber. 1893 Baring-Gould Curgenven xiv, The

stools of coppice.. were of some five years’ growth since last ‘rended’ for bark.

his power judicial to another, such a render should be to no effect.

4. To tear apart or in pieces, in fig. applications; in later use, esp. to split into parties or factions.

3. Latv. a. (Usu. grant and render: cf. the vb. 3 b.) A return made by the cognizee to the cognizor in a fine; a conveyance of this nature.

C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 441 Fals men multiplien mony bokes of pe Chirche, nowe reendynge byleve, and nowe clowtyng heresies. 1531 Elyot Gov. in. xxii, He therfore was rente with curses and rebukes of the people. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. v. iv. 47 For whose deare sake, thou didst then rend thy faith Into a thousand oathes. 1610 Donne Pseudo-martyr 285 Hereupon arose such a schisme, as rent that country into very many parts. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 309 The Commons live, by no Divisions rent. 01715 Burnet Own Time ii. (1724) I. 274 He saw both Church and State were rent. 1757 Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X. 421 Popes and anti-popes arose. Europe was rent asunder by these disputes. 1838 Prescott Ferd. ^ Is. (1846) I. V. 246 Navarre.. still continued to be rent with those sanguinary feuds. 1876 Holland Sev. Oaks xiv. 195 While men are about to rend each others reputations.

For legal details see esp. Cruise Digest (1818) V. 107 ff. [X581 Kitchin Le Covrte Leete, etc. 153 Fine sur graunt & render, per que le conisee graunt & render al conisour les terres en taile.] 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. ^$2 A Ten^t for life may not without danger to lose his estate, be cognisor in a fine upon grant and render. 1628 Coke On Litt. 353 Here it is proved by Littleton, that the grant and render.. is not void. 1651 tr. SirJ. Davies' Abridg. R^orts ii. 41 A fine with grant and render implies a consideration in it selfe. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v., A fine with render is that whereby something is rendered back again by the cognisee to the cognisor. 1773 Salkeld Reports s.v. Fines 3 G, Fine and Render is a conveyance at Common Law and the Render makes the Conusor a new Purchaser. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 108 In a fine of this sort, the render must be made of the lands demanded in the original writ, or of something issuing out of those lands.

b. Used to denote the effect of sounds, esp. loud noises, on the air. 1602 Shaks. Ham. ii. ii. 509 Anon the dreadfull Thunder Doth rend the region. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 182 Thunder mixt with Haile..must rend th’ Egyptian Skie. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 557 Then, thrice the Ravens rend the liquid Air. 1738 Gray Propertius iii. 47 While the vaulted Skies loud los rend. 1844 Thirlwall Greece Ixiv. VIII. 318 A shout of joy rent the air.

c. To lacerate (the heart, soul, etc.) with painful feelings. 01591 H. Smith Serm. (1637) 614 His heart is not rent, his mind is not troubled. 1666 Bunyan Grace Ab. § 104 That Scripture did also tear and rend my soul. 1766 Goldsm. Hermit xl, The sigh that rends thy constant heart Shall break thy Edwin’s too. 1877 ‘Rita’ Vivienne iii. vii, His strong frame rent and shaken by a storm of emotion. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon II. 87 Her heart was rent by contending emotions.

5. absol. To tear; to act by tearing. C1250 Gen. & Ex. 3506 Ne slo 6u nogt wi8 bond ne wil, Ne rend, ne beat nogt wifi vn-skil. 1388 Wyclif xv. 3 A swerd to sleeynge, and doggis for to reende. CI400 Destr. Troy 10209 He hurlit of helmys, hedis within, Rent thurgh ribbis. 1607 Shaks. Cor. iii. 1. 248 Whose Rage doth rend Like interrupted Waters. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. i. vi. Wks. 1851 III. 122 If schisme parted the congregations before, now it rent and mangl’d. 1818 Shelley Julian 357 The dagger heals not, but may rend again. 1876 Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 240 Never cast your pearls to swine, Who turn, and rend and trample.

6. intr. To burst, split, break, or tear. Also^g. ri205 Lay. 7849 Scipen gunnen helden, bosmes ptt rendden, water in wende. ^1470 Golagros & Gaw. 691 Ryngis of rank steill rattillit and rent. 1578 T. Proctor Gorg. Gallery Biij, I should.. heale that hart that rendes. 1589 R Harvey PI. Perc. (1590) 25 My shoe shall rend. 1611 Bible i Sam. xv. 27 He laid hold vpon the skirt of his mantle, and it rent. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 268 The Rocke, which (as they say) rent at his crucifying. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-CT. i. Wks. 1716 III. 59 Samuel’s Cassock, made of rotten black Cloath, perhaps, or else it would not have rent. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. ii. 245 The mizen rending from the bolt-rope flew. 1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry I. 277 The veil of the temple rends; an earthquake is felt. 1840 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. ii. vii. 79 The walls of tenements rending and sinking, until a deep chasm.. was formed. Hence 'rended ppl. a.*, torn, rent. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) I. 116 Bernard had farther the satisfaction.. of sewing together.. the rended vesture of the papacy. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 305 Straw for plaiting has recently been supplemented .. by the rended leaves of palms.

rend, v.^ Obs. exc. dial. [f. rend-, stem of F. rendre render v. 17 a: cf. rand v.* and rind d.] trans. To melt; to produce by melting. Hence 'rended ppl. a.^ a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter cv. 19 pe kalfe J?ai rendid, pe ydol l>ai made. 1558 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 167, ij great cakes of rended tallowe xxxiij^. {\\}d. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 30 In makinge of your salve, yow are first to rende or melte your tallowe in a panne.

render ('rend3(r)), [f. RENDt;.* + -er*.] One who rends or tears. (Cf. lath-render.) 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1595) 92 Whie doe you thus vngratefullie.. become.. wretched renders and tearers of your mothers bowels? 1634 Canne Necess. Separ. (1849) 92 The most part of Israel judged them to be renders of the unity of the kirk. 1660 Gauden Brownrig 240 Our renders will needs be our reformers and repairers.

render ('rend3(r)), sb.^ rander.

RENDER

608

REND

Also 4 rendre, 8 Sc.

[f. render tj.]

11. A lesson, repetition. Obs. rare~^. C1325 in Pel. Ant. I. 292 Qwan i kan mi lesson [to] mi meyster wil i gon. That heres me mi rendre.

12. The act of rendering up, or making over to another; surrender (of a person or place). Obs. In the Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 301 sure render is prob. a mistake for surrender. 1548 Gest Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) App. I. 98, I meane the applyall and render of the benefyghtes of Christis deth and resurrection. ri6oo Shaks. Sonn. cxxv, Take thou my oblacion, poore but free. Which .. knows no art But mutuall render, onely mee for thee. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. IX. xii. § 107. 580/2 Hee also tooke sundry places of speciall importance, some by render, some by assault. 1650 R. Stapylton Strada's Low C. Warres viii. 2 The enemies conquest was followed with the present surrender of Middelburg... By which Render Mondragonio gained such honour as we seldome read parallelled, c 1670 Hobbes Dial. Com. Laws {i6Si) 6^ If any Man would render himself to the Judgment of the King, where the King hath committed all

b. A return in money or kind, or in some service, made by a tenant to the superior. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxxi. (lyg) 47 With a render of rent, which in those days was of Com or other Victual. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 221 It is frequent in domesday-book, after specifying the rent due to the crown, to add likewise the quantity of gold or other renders reserved to the queen. 1766 Ibid. II. 290 This render.. in socage.. usually consists of money, though it may consist of services still, or of any other certain profit. 1848 Petrie tr. A.-S. Chron. 458/2 They swore..that they would..make such renders from the land as had been done before to any other King. 1897 Maitland Domesday ^ Beyond 169 Payments in money and renders in kind.

fc. in render: (see quot. 1607). Obs. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Render^ Also there be certaine things in a maner.. that lie in Render, that is, must be deliuered or answered by the Tenent, as rents, reliefes, heriots, and other seruices. 1741 T. Robinson Gavelkind i. 3 All Socage Services whatever which lie in Render. 1742 Viner Abridgment XIV. 136 If a Thing which lies in Render be granted to another and his Heirs annually, the NonPayment of it in one Year shall not be any Discharge.

d. The act of performing a service. 1832 Austin (1879) I. vi. 325 If each of us promise the other to render the other a service, but the render of either of the services is not made to depend on the render of the other.

t4. The act of rendering an account, statement, etc.; an account of expenses. Obs. 161J Shaks. Cymb. iv. iv. 11 Newnesse Of Clotens death .. may driue vs to a render Where we haue liu’d. Ibid. v. iv. 17 If of my Freedome ’tis the maine part, take No stricter render of me, then my All. a 1734 North Lives (1826) HI. 177 At the young lord’s full age the books themselves, in which stood every farthing accountable in proper place, were exhibited for a render of his accounts. 1768 Ross Helenore 113 The squire ordain’d nae rander to be kept.

5. The first coat of plaster or the like applied to a brick or stone surface. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. 221 One hundred and fifty yards of render and set. 1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices 80 Rough render in cement and sand, per yard.

render ('rend3(r)), v. Also 4-8 rendre, 6-7 Sc. rendir, ran(n)der. [a. OF. rendre:—pop. Lat. *rendere (also found in med.L.) an alteration, on anal, of prendere, of class.L. reddere to give back, f. red- RE- + dare to give.] 1.11. trans. To repeat (something learned); to say over, recite; ? to commit to memory. Obs. In quot. 1362 the reading rendred is supported by the alliteration and the later versions: cf. also A. ix. 82. c 1325 in Rel. Ant. I. 292,1 donke upon David til mi tonge talmes; I ne rendrede nowt, sithen men beren palmes. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. V. 125, I drou3 me a-mong pis drapers my Donet to leome.. Among pis Riche Rayes lernde I \v.r. I rendrit] a Lessun. 1393 Ibid. C. xviii. 322 Til pei coupe ^eke and spelle.. Recorden hit and rendren hit. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4800 It is so writen in my thought,.. That all by herte I can it render. 1530 Palsgr. 685/2, I rendre my lesson, as a chylde dothe. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus i. a8 With orisounis.. I randerit ouir to God Omnipotent. 1505 Cooper Thesaurus, Decantare,.. to render or repete.

fb.

With out: To relate, narrate. Obs. rare-^.

c 1400 Beryn 450 Kit be-gan to rendir out al thing as it was.

2. To give in return, to make return of. Now somewhat rare. c 1477 Caxton Jason 18 He salwed her and she rendrid to him his salewe. 1484 -Fables of dEsop v. iv, Men ought not to rendre euylle for good. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xi. (Percy Soc.) 46 In thy youth the scyence engender That in thyne age it may the worship render. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VlII 171 b. He sheweth himself ingrate and vngentle, and for kyndnes rendereth vnkyndnes. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis ii. (Arb.) 54 Scant sayd I theese speeches, when woords to me dolful he rendred. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 8 It is iust with God (saith Paul) to render tribulation to those that afflict his Saints. 1671 Milton Samson 1232 Can my ears unus’d Hear these dishonours, and not render death? 1715 PoPE Iliad ii. 423 Till Helen’s woes at full reveng’d appear, And Troy’s proud matrons render tear for tear. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 959 Receiving benefits and rendering none. 1875 Jowett P/0ro (ed. 2) III. isOughtwe to render evil for evil at all.. ?

b.

To return (thanks).

1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop iii. i, Al maner of folke ought to rendre and gyue thankynges.. to theyr good doers. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon Ixii. 218,1 can not render thankes to your holynes for y® good that ye haue done to vs. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer, Morn. Prayer, To rendre thankes for the greate benefytes that we haue receyued at his handes. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. II. V. 29 Me thinkes I haue giuen him a penie, and he

i K.

renders me the beggerly thankes. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 6 What thanks sufficient, or what recompence Equal have I to render thee? 1730 A. Gordon MaffeVs Amphith. 127 The rendering Thanks for the Victory. 1852 Tennyson Ode Dk. Wellington 48 Render thanks to the Giver.

f c. To recompense, requite. Obs. rare. 1560 Bible (Genev.) J'uJg. ix. 56 Thus God rendred the wickednes of Abimelech.. in slaying his seventy brethren.

td. absol. Obs.

To make return or recompense.

1560 Bible (Genev.) xxxiv. 11 For he wil rendre vnto man according to his worke.

3. To give (for hand) back, to restore. Also with again or back. 1513 Douglas JEneis xii. Prol. 92 Rendryng.. the gers pilis thar hycht Als far as catal.. Had in thar pastur eyt and knyp away. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon lix. 203, I render agayne to you all your londes. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Luke iv. 20 When he had folded the booke, he rendred it to the minister. 1611 Beaum. Sc Fl. King Gf No K. iil. ii, I beseech your Lordship to render me my knife again. 1667 Milton P.L. X. 749 Desirous to resigne, and render back All I receav’d. 1791 Cowper Iliad iii. 347 Then Troy shall render back what she detains. 1879 R. T. Smith Basil the Great viii. 99 The Lord.. rendering back to man again the grace which he.. had lost. absol. 1562 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) i. 146 Reddie ressauaris, bot to rander nocht.

b. Law (usu. grant and render). Of a cognizee: To make over as a return to the cognizor in a fine. (Cf. the sb. 3 a.) 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. § 58 None can take by the first estate granted or rendred by a fine, but some of the parties named in the writ. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Render, A fine is either single, by which nothing is graunted, or rendred backe againe by the Cognizee, to the Cognizour: or double. 1653 tr. Kitchin's Courts Leet, etc. (ed. 2) 299 A Fine upon grant and render, by which the Conisee grants and renders to the Conisor, the Lands in taile. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xxi. 354 The cognizee, after the right is acknowledged to be in him, grants back again, or renders to the cognizor.. some other estate in the premises. 1818 Cruise DigertV. 261 They by the same fine granted and rendered the same lands to the use of the said I.S.

c. To give back, return (a sound, image, etc.) by reflection or repercussion. Also with back. 01600 Montgomerie Misc. Poems viii. 30 The roches rings, and rendirs me my cryis. 1606 Shaks. Tr. fef Cr. iii. iii. 122 Who., like a gate of Steele, Fronting the sunne, receiues and renders backe His figure, and his heate. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 69 Hollow Rocks that render back the Sound, And doubled Images of Voice rebound. 1822 Shelley When the lamp is shattered ii. The heart’s echoes render No song when the spirit is mute. fiS' *59^ Shaks. i Hen. IV, iii. ii. 82 [They] rendred such aspect As Cloudie men vse to doe to their aduersaries.

4. To reproduce or represent, esp. by artistic means, to depict. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, i. i. 44 List his discourse of Warre; and you shall heare A fearefull Battaile rendred you in Musique. 1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) IV. 195 Devoid of imagination.. he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes. 1859 Tennyson Elaine 797 The strange-statued gate Where Arthur’s wars were render’d mystically. 1870 Max Muller Sc. Relig. (1873) 276 A name that should approximately or metaphorically render at least one of its most prominent features. 1885 Truth 28 May 848/2 The spray is rendered with much lightness and delicacy.

b. To play or perform (music). 01676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 66 As the Organ or Pipe renders the Tune which it understands not. 1777 Sir W. Jones Ess. Imit. Arts Poems, etc. 198 Some intervals, which cannot easily be rendered on our instruments. 1867 Freeman in Stephens Life & Lett. (1895) I. 381 The services were magnificently done—‘rendered’ I suppose I should say. 1893 Daily News 25 May 5/3 The band and muffled drums rendering the Dead March in ‘Saul’.

fS. To represent or describe (a person or thing) as being of a certain character or in a certain state; to give or make (one) out to be. Obs. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. iv. iii. 123 O, I haue heard him speake of that same brother. And he did render him the most vnnaturall That liu’d amongst men. 1601-All's Well i. iii. 236 There is a remedie..To cure the desperate languishings whereof The King is render’d lost. 1641 Vind. Smectymnuus Pref., He endeavours to render us to the Reader as destitute of all learning. 1705 in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 81 He has taken the liberty to render thy keeping a coach .. to be not at all with the appearance of a Quaker. i‘^26 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. III. 255 That to do right is not so difficult a Task as some would render it.

fb. To show, demonstrate. Obs. rare-^. 1678 Bunyan Pilgr. i. 205 Thou.. hast such an opinion of thyself, and of what thou doest, as plainly renders thee to be one that did never see a necessity [etc.].

6. To reproduce or express in another language, to translate. Also const, into. 1610 T. Lorkin in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. III. 221 Two other houres he spends in French; one in reading, the other in rendring to his teacher some part of a Latine author by word of mouth. 1631 R. Byfield Doctr. Sabb. 102 That place in Exo. 23. 12...is abusively rendred by you. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. (1675) 10 A skilful interpreter may happily enough render into his own language a great part of what he translates. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 212 He .. takes them from the Hebrew,.. and not as the Septuagint has rendered it. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. Sterne i. 13 The oldest [edition] which remains was rendered into ‘beau langage’. 1855 PusEY Doctr. Real Presence Note S. 338, I have rendered the whole [inscription] without doubt, as addressed to the Christian. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 3 The word has been renderea in different places either Temperance or Wisdom.

b. To make out, succeed in reading. rare~^.

RENDERABLE 1864 Emily Dickinson Lett. (1894) H. 311 Can you render my pencil? The physician has taken away my pen.

II. 7. To hand over, deliver, commend, or commit, to another; to give, in various senses, tto grant, concede. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxx. {Theodora) 406 }?at scho mycht |3are resawit be, & tak pt habyt, &.. rendryt be to J>ame as bruthyre. 1547-64 Bauldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 104b, By pacience we are rendred unto god and proved amongest men. I59^ Shaks. Merch. V. iii. iv. 49 Take this same letter. And.. see thou render this Into my cosin’s hand. 1607 - Cor. I. ix. 34 Of all the treasure in this field atcheiued.. We render you the Tenth. 1616 Chapman Homer's Hymn Apollo 117 To render the effect Of mens demands to them, before they fall. 1671 Milton P.R. hi. 369 It shall be my task To render thee the Parthian at dispose. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 450 The contract of sale shall not bind him so as that he shall render the price. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xl. IV. loi Organs that secrete the gastric juice and render it to the stomach. 1859 Tennyson Geraint 452 Affirming that his father left him gold . .which was not render’d to him. absol. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. iv. v. 36 In kissing doe you render, or receiue? Patr. Both take and giue. transf. 1670-98 Lassels Voy. Italy II. 31 These stairs render you up at the Great Hall. 8. To give up, surrender, resign, relinquish.

Also with up. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13069 Then prinses .. Saydon Orestes be right shuld render his londes, And be exilede. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. ccxvii. 236 Accordynge to his othe, he shulde render the lande, or delyuer it vnto the possessyon of William. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxii. 258 The frenche kynge.. shall rendre and delyuer to the sayde kynge of Englande.. the honours, regalities, obeisaunce, homages [etc.]. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 162 My spreit I rander in thy handis, Eternal God of veritie. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. II. i. 185 He make her render vp her Page to me. 1606 -Ant. Cl. IV. xiv. 33 She rendred life, Thy name so buried in her. 1673 S' too him Bayes 29, I render my cause, as the sword-men would have it. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. III. 744 The thriven Calves.. render their sweet Souls before the plenteous Rack. 1703 Rowe Ulysses iv. i, I have learnt to hold My Life from none, but from the Gods who gave it, Nor mean to render it on any Terms. 1820 Shelley Liberty xiv, Tomb of Arminius! render up thy dead. 1868 Geo. Eliot Sp. Gipsy v. 350 Her Queen Mounted the steps again and took her place. Which Juan rendered silently. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 216 To this royal or political art all the arts.. seemed to render up the supremacy.

b. esp. To surrender (a stronghold, town, etc.) to the enemy. 1481 Caxton Godfrey cxliii. 214 They alle shold..bere with them suche goodes as they had, and rendre and gyue ouer the dongeon. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII84 There was a mutter\'ng that the toune of Caleys should be rendred into the Frenche kinges handes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 90 When the toune was ones rendred, the Byshop of Rome, Clement, chopped of the heades of certen of the Senatours. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. iii. x. 33 To Caesar will I render My legions and my Horse. 1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 96 After he had held out six dayes, he was forc’t to render it and himself up at mercy. 1759 Hist. War in Ann. Reg. 42/2 The capital of French America was rendered to the English, after a most severe campaign. 1823 Byron Juan viii. Ixxxvii, The city’s taken, but not render’d! 1865 Trench Gustavus Adolphus ii. 79 In the city rendered by compact, and not taken by storm.

c. refl. To give (oneself) up; to surrender. 1549 Compl. Scot. xiv. 113 Sa mony castellis and tounis quhilkis hed randrit them be trason to Annibal. 1602 Shaks. Ham. I. V. 4 My hower is almost come, When I to sulphurous and tormenting Flames Must render vp my selfe. 01671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 33, 1 thought it not fit now.. to bid the rest to render themselves to me. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3885/1 Such Seamen .. who .. shall Render themselves.., shall not be Prosecuted before a Court Marshal. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 179 Those that are in default till the Exigent in Treason, tho’ they render themselves to Justice, forfeit their Chattels. 1821 Shelley Hellas 386 Then said the Pacha, ‘Slaves, Render yourselves—they have abandoned you’. 1863 Mrs. A. E. Challice Heroes, etc. Louis XVI, II. 247 Lord Cornwallis and his army rendered themselves prisoners of War.

fd. intr. = prec. Obs. 1523 St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 213 They renderyd be such appoinctement, that they went in ther schyrtes with stykkes in ther handes. 1589 Late Voy. Sp. & Port. (1881) 85 Upon the first Fire thereof he rendered, and compounded to goe away with his baggage and Armes. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ii. 60 The passengers gaue counsell, rather to render, then fight. 1688 Shadwell Sqr. Alsatia iv. i, I am ready to render on Discretion.

t9. To send forth properly provided. Obs.-' 1390 Gower Conf. 111. 314 A1 only at his oghne cost Sche schal be rendred forth with hire.

fb. To give out, emit, discharge. Obs. 1481 Caxton Godfrey clxxii. 254 Without the toun .. ben founden somme fontaynes, but they be but fewe and they rendre but lytil water. 1483-G. de la Tour H iv, Her holy body rendrid holy oyle. C1500 Melusine 317 They al lamented .. & rendred teerys in habundance. 15*3 Douglas /Eneis IX. x. 65 Quhayr as the quhissyll rendris soundis seyr. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 80 Although it were a male, yet it did render his urine backward. 1659 Leak Waterwks. 16 A Vessell.. to receive the Water., and to render it by the Pipe 7. 1705-30 S. Gale in Nichols Bibl. Topogr. Brit. (1790) III. 7 The whole of cedar, which renders a fine fragrancy.

fc. To bring forth (young). Obs. rare-'. 1607 Topsell Four~f. Beasts (1658) 18 In the twelfe moneth after their copulation, they render their foies.

10. To give (an account, reason, answer, etc.); to submit to, or lay before, another for consideration or approval; also, in mod. use, to send in (an account) to a customer or purchaser.

RENDERER

609 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. v. 22 And there eche rendred his reson of that he had found and lerned. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Of Ceremonies, Here be certayne causes rendered, why some of the accustomed Ceremonies be put awaye. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado iv. i. 337, I will challenge him:.. By this hand, Claudio shall render me a deere account. 1603-Meas.for M. i. iii. 49 Moe reasons for this action At our more leysure, shall I render you. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxiii. 205 There can be rendred no one generall answer for them all. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrse III. ii. § 14 To see how well he acquits himself in rendring an account of the Origine of the Universe. 1753 Johnson Diary 3 Apr. in Boswell, When I shall render up, at the last day, an account of the talent committed to me. 1795 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 76 It is with the greatest pain I have to render so long a list of killed and wounded. 1838-9 Fr. A. Kemble Resid. Georgia (1863) 42 At the head of each gang [of negroes] is a driver,.. who renders an account of each individual slave and his work every evening to the overseer. 1842 Tennyson Morte d'Arth. 74 Thou hast betray’d thy nature and thy name, Not rendering true answer, as beseemed Thy fealty,

fb. To declare, state. Obs. rare. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. ii. iv. 119 Render to me some corporall signe about her More euident then this. Ibid. v. v. 135 My boone is that this Gentleman may render Of whom he had this Ring.

11. To pay as a rent, tax, or tribute, or other acknowledgement of dependence. (Cf. the sb. 3 b.) 1526 Tindale Prol. Matt. Wks. (1573) 35/1 The husband-men .. would not render to the Lorde of the fruit in due tyme, and therfore [it] was taken from them. 1611 Bible Mark xii. 17 Render to Cesar the things that are Cesars. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. v. §434. 187 If the tenant had been by fealtie and a horse to be rendred yearely. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Render sb., Other (things] which lie in render, that is, must be rendered or answered by the tenant, as rents, reliefs, heriots, and other services. 1809 Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 317 It is soke, and it is waste, and it renders a pair of spurs. 1874 Green Short Hist. iv. §1. 158 The successors.. swore to observe the old fealty and render the old tribute to the English Crown. fig. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. i. i. 160 My tributarie teares, I render for my Bretherens Obsequies.

+ b. To bring in, yield (a revenue). Obs.-' 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 16 The Jesuites have a Garden, full of Fruit-trees of all sorts, which render them a considerable Revenue yearly.

12. To give, pay, exhibit, or show (obedience, honour, attention, etc.); to do (a service). 1588 J. Craig in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 249 The honour of God to whilkes al christien men ar oblesed.. to rander obedience, R. Johnson's Kingd. ^ Commw. 123 Fealty and homage;.. which he hath ever since the time of Francis the first, denied to render. 1649 Bp. Reynolds Hosea v. 8 Our mouthes wide opened in rendring honour unto him. 1847 Marryat Childr. N. Forest xvii, I feel indebted to you for the service you have rendered me. 1853 C. Bronte Villette XV, There were personal attentions to be rendered. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iii. 78 Two friends who were to render him some undefined assistance. fiS' 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. iii. 33 And Hymen now with luckier issue speeds. Then this for whom we rendred vp this woe.

13. refl. To present (oneself), take steps to be at (for s certain place. Hence intr. to be present; to hold, obtain {rare). 1619 in Eng. Germ. (Camden) 82 In regard of the great diligence he is to make to render himself in Germany with all speede possible. 1640 tr. Verdere's Rom. of Rom. i. i All those Princes.. rendred themselves at the Tent of the Emperour Amadis of Greece. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. II. 79 Rendring himself at the Garden-gate, by Virtue of his Key, he open’d it. 1754 Franklin Plan of Union Wks. 1887 II. 361 The most distant members.. may probably render themselves at Philadelphia in fifteen to twenty days. 1821 Shelley Sel. Lett. (1882) 173 The tocsin of the Convent sounded, and it required all the efforts of the Prioress to prevent the Spouses of God from rendering themselves.. to the accustomed signal. 1852 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 166, I rendered myself at Paddington station on Friday morning. 1874 (!)oues Birds N. W. 374, I believe that some such quality.. renders in the whole order.

15. To make, to cause to be or become, of a certain nature, quality, etc. (Cf. make v. 48.) 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 197 It was ones possessed of Englysh men, but it was rendred Frenche, in the tyme of Charles the first. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iii. ii. 88 These assume but valors excrement. To render them redoubted. 1601-Jul. C. II. i. 303 O ye Gods! Render me worthy of this Noble Wife. 1654 H. L’Estrange Chas. / (1655) 146 That [testimony] once rendred in-valid, the Bishop could easily prognosticate his own ruine. 1671 Milton Samson 1282 He.. Thir Armories and Magazins contemns. Renders them useless. 1705 Addison Italy 2 The Desarts that haue been render’d so famous by the Penance of Mary Magdalene. 1771 Junius Lett. Ixvii. (1788) 340 note. He had a friend.. whose advice rendered all their endeavours ineffectual. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 357 Cases in which superadded words of limitation may control the word heirs, so as to render them words of purchase. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India HI. 66 The total silence.. rendered it probable, that the Burmas had not awaited the assault, i860 Tyndall Glac. ii. xix. 334 The absorbed heat is expended in rendering the substance viscous. 1886 R. C. Leslie Seapainter’s Log 120 The big hybrid screw liners had already rendered H.M.S. Queen an obsolete type. reft. 1652 Howell Giraffi’s Rev. Naples ii. 85 The Spaniards also having rendred themselves masters of so many Posts. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India (S' P. 271 From a Salvage Prince [he] rendred himself a tame Follower of the Patriarch.

fb.

Const, with as or to be. Obs.

1663 Gerbier Counsel 51 The Tiler.. renders the Noble mans roof, as a beggars Coate. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 15 So many Segments, .as are taken away, renders the Figure inscribed to be a so-many-sided Figure. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade 137 By this means we render Foreign Colonies and Plantations, to be in effect the Colonies and Plantations of Great-Britain. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. II. 81 The great reformations introduced.., as well as the discoveries made, render former accounts to be but little depended on.

tl6. To cause, produce (a feeling). rare-^.

Obs.

1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. i This action is of such an .. extraordinary nature, as may render astonishment to the.. most capeable understandings.

IV. 17, techn. a. To melt (fat, etc.); to obtain or extract by melting; to clarify. Cf. rend v.'^ ri375- [see rendered/>/>/. a.']. 1688 R. Holme Armoury III. 102/2 Render the Tallow, is to poure it through a Strainer, to keep the Dross from the pure Tallow. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 149 The fat..being rendered, or melted down. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 243 Hog’s lard is rendered in exactly the same manner as mutton suet. 1875 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) HI. 453 It is understood that twelve hours suffice to render the oil.

b. Plastering. To cover (stone or brickwork) with a first coating of plaster. Cf. render-set. 1750 Wren's Parentalia 309 St. Andrew’s Wardrobe Church.. was.. built of Brick, but finished or rendered over in imitation of Stone. 1756 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 530 For rendring the walls of the Stair-cases and ceilings of the same. 1826 Gwilt Rudiments Archit. Gloss. S.V., The first of three Coat work upon laths, or on brick work, which has been previously rendered. 1843 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IV. ll. 363 Of outside wall. .208 square yards, which must be ‘rendered’ within if built with stone. 1847 Smeaton Builder's Man. 128 Rendering is the first coat upon a naked wall; thus we say, rendered and set... Render, float, and set, is three-coat work.

c. Naut. (See quots. and rendering vbl. sb.

3 b-)

1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 120 Render, to pass a rope through a place. A rope is said to render or not, according as it goes freely through any place. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 568 Any rope, hawser, or cable is ‘rendered’ by easing it round the bitts. Ibid., The rope of a laniard or tackle is said to render when, by pulling upon one part, each other part takes its share of the strain.

renderable ('rend3r9b(3)l), a. rare. [f. prec. + -able.] Capable of being rendered. a 1734 North Lines (1826) HI. 176 So that at all times the books were an account renderable of every branch. 1900 W. W. Peyton in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 528 The word is renderable only by a phrase.

fb. trans. in similar use. Obs. rare. a 1637 B. Jonson Forest iv, To World viii, What bird or beast.. That fled his cage,.. wull Render his head in there againe! ^1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. 89 Every soldier., costing him near upon 100 crowns before he could be rendered in Flanders.

c. To infuse (a quality) into a thing, rare-'. a 1887 R. Jefferies The Open Air (iSgj) 243,1 wonder the painters .. do not sometimes take these scraps of earth and render into them the idea which fills a clod with beauty.

III. 14. To bring (one) into a state or condition (obs.); also, to cause to be in a certain state, rare. 1490 Caxton Eneydos ix. 37 That it maye playse the.. to rendre theym from theyr lacyuyte in-to.. shamefaste chastyte. 1633 Ford Broken H. iv. i, Quiet These vain unruly passions which will render you Into a madness. a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 67 He is rendred into a capacity, i. Of knowing Him: 2. Of knowing his Will. 1707 Curios, in Hush. & Card. 305 Homberg, whose great Capacity.. has render’d him in mighty Esteem with all the Learned. 1810 S. Green Reformist 1. 137 The visional schemes of fanaticism rendered the thoughts of Percival in continual terror of all worldly pleasure.

fb. To present or expose to, to bring under, something. Obs. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iv. xv. 312 Her private virtues rendring her to the imitation .. of all. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. I. xxxviii. (1739) 57 Twelve men enquired of the fame and ground thereof; which if liked, rendred the party under the spot of delinquency, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) 1. 276 His having a prince’s mind imprisoned in a poor man’s purse rendered him to the contempt of such who were not ingenuous.

rendered ('rendad), ppL a. [f. render -ED^] 1. Molten, or melted.

v.

17 a -h

CI375 Cursor M. 23314 (Fairf.), In hate brimstane & rendered lede J^ai salle be sette in pat prisoun. 1541 Lane. Wills (Chetham Soc.) I. 81 Hole cakes of rendred tallow.. and Oder tallowe unmelted. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Swine, The Offal of rendred Tallow, which will not melt. 1758 Goldsm. Mem. Protestant (1895) II. 255 The whole Keel is..rubbed with rendered Tallow. 1806 A. Hunter Culina (ed. 3) 94 Fry them with dripping, or rendered suet, until the fish become of a light brown.

2. Of a brick or stone surface: covered with a render (cf. render sb.’^ 5). 1971 Country Life 25 Feb. 447 (Advt.), It can be applied to brick, concrete, rendered or roughcast surfaces with equal success. 1973 Nation Rev. (Melbourne) 31 Aug. 1450/1 The white rendered, modernised.. premises.. have been an inconspicuous residential for the past three years. 1978 M. & N. Ward Home 90 Stucco-rendered walls.

Tenderer ('r£nd3r9(r)),

[f. render t). + -ERh] One who renders, in senses of the vb. 1:1460 Towneley Myst. xxx. 146 Here is a bag fulle..Of flytars, of flyars, and renderars of reffys. a 169X Boyle Chr. Virtuoso I. App., Wks. 1772 VI. 679 The Heathen astrologers and tenderers of oracles wisely forbore to venture on such predictions. 1695 J. Edwards Perfect. Script. 528 He is a most exact tenderer of the true sense. 1821 Scott Pirate v, Mrs. Baby, as we have described her, was no willing tenderer of the rites of hospitality. 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 91 Wordsworth here is but a tenderer of the Transcendentalism of Plato.

rendering ('rendsn^), vbl. sb. [-ing^] 1. The action of restoring, surrendering, yielding, giving, etc.; also, that which is yielded or given. ti440 Promp. Parv. 429/2 Renderynge, reddicio. 1474 Caxton Chesse 95 God at the lenyng & the deuyll atte rendryng. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 605 To intreate or speake of the rendering of thys towne. 1646 Evance Noble Ord. 20 The rule of Gods rendrings to the Creature, is according to our workes. c 1685 P. Henry in M. Henry Wks. 1853 II. 746/2 Alas! our renderings are nothing to our receivings; we are like the barren field. 1872 Ruskin Eagle's N. § 213 Love itself is, in its highest state, the rendering of an exquisite praise to body and soul. 1889 Times 10 Dec. 9 The rendering in chromic acid is much higher for the Macedonian mineral.

2. a. Translation, interpretation. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 217 Those.. Translators .. put no more difference betwixt their rendring of Davids Hebrew word, and S. Peters Greek word, but pursue, and ensue, a 1647 Filmer Patriarcha ii. § 1 (Rtldg.) 22 In the rendering of this place the elder translations have been more faithful. 1774 J. Bryant Mythol. (i775) I- 8 By which is meant the land of Metzor, a different rendering of Mysor. 1863 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. II. iv. iv. 286 Some of them are open to conjectural renderings of diverse significance. 1883 M. Arnold in igth Cent. XIII. 589 Correct rendering is very often conspicuously absent from our authorised version of the Old Testament.

b. Reproduction, ance.

RENDEZVOUS

6io

RENDERING

representation,

perform¬

1862 S. Lucas Secularia 67 Almost all the copyists of history hitherto have been more or less mistaken in their rendering of the past. 1881 Athenaeum 10 Sept. 347/2 The rendering of the cantata.. was excellent. 1893 Times 29 Apr. 13/3 The painter has shown himself extremely skilful in his rendering of curious effects of light.

3. techn. a. The action of plastering with a first coat; the work so done; the plaster thus applied. Also (in Ireland), a coating of mortar used on the underside of slating to keep the slates firm. 1659 Howell Vocab. li, Lime, oxhair,.. rendring, clear lime. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 81 The workmanship only in.. rendering two pence a yard. 1667 Primatt City C. Build. 89 For Plaistering, Lathing and Rendring at one shilling a yard. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 383 Rendring on a Brick-wall is Three-pence a Yard. 1798 J. Hutton Course Math. (1828) II. 88 Plasterers’ work is of two kinds; namely, ceiling, which is plastering on laths; and rendering, which is plastering on walls. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 613 By set is denoted a superficial coat of fine stuff or putty upon the rendering. 1889 21st Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. 18 The dust and broken mortar, which accumulate owing to the fall of the rendering from the roof.

b. Chiefly Naut. Yielding, running out of tackle or lines.

slipping,

or

1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Rendering, as a seaterm, .. is usually expressed of a.. tackle, laniard, or lashing, .. in contra-distinction to sticking or jamming. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1916/1 To rack a tackle is to seize the parts together and prevent rendering. 1894 Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 227/2 Placing the thumb lightly upon the spool [of the fishing-rod] to control the rendering of the line.

c. Extracting or melting of fat, etc. Also concr. and attrib. 1792 G. Cartwright Jrn/. Labrador I. p. xiii. Rendering oil, a sealer’s term for melting fat into oil. c 1865 Letheby in Circ. Sc. 1. 94/1 Another mode of rendering, is to submit the melted tallow to the action of steam. 187s Knight Diet. Mech. 1916/2 Rendering apparatus, an apparatus for extracting oil or lard from fatty animal matters. 1945 ABC of Cookery (Ministry of Food) xii. 46 Rendering means melting to extract the fat from surrounding tissues. 1979 N. & I. Lyons Champagne Blues 174 We cook the steak in renderings of pork belly.

'rendering,/)/)/, a. rare. [f. render 7;. + -ing^.] fa. Giving a reason, b. Yielding. Obs. a. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. lx. 13 The copulative (and) is almost by the consente of all men turned here into the rendering particle (for). 1636 B. JONSON Eng. Gram. i. xxii. Of Conjunctions .. Rendering are such as yield the cause of a thing going before; as for, because. b. a 1600 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxviii. 33 The rendring reid, whilk bouis with euerie blast.

render-set, v., a., and sb. [See render v. 17 b.] a. vb. trans. To cover (a wall, etc.) with two coats of plaster, b. adj. Consisting of two coats, c. sb. Plastering of two coats. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. §80 To lathe..the ceilings of the kitchen, bed-room,.. render set the walls and partitions. Ibid. §89 One hundred and twenty-one and a third yards of render-set plastering. Ibid. §246 One hundred and fifty-five yards of floated render set. 1842 Gwilt Archit. §2248 The following materials are required for 100 yards of render set.

rendezvous ('rondivu:, 'ren-, rddevu), sb.

PI. rendezvous; formerly also rendezvouses. Forms: a. 6“7 rendez vouz, 7 vous, -vous, -vows, rendesvouz, rendizvouse, 7-8 rendesvous, rendezvouz, (7 -vouze, 8 -vouse), 7- rendezvous; 6-8 rendevous, -vouz(e, 7 -vouez, 7 rendevou, -vow, ren-de-vou. jS. 7 randez-, 8 randizvous; 6-7 randevous, 7 -vouce, -vouze, -vowes, randivous, -voze, randavus, 9 dial, randivoose, -vooze; 7 randevow, -voo, randavou, -vow, 9 dial. randivoo, -ibo. [F., subst. use of rendez vous ‘present or betake yourselves,’ 2nd pi. pres, imper. of rendre to render.] 1. Mil. a. A place appointed for the assembling of troops or armed forces.

1591 Coningsby Siege Rouen in Camden Misc. (1847) I. 22 Our army was marched.. within a myle of Roan, where the rendevous was appoynted. 1600 Holland Livy x. xxxiii. 375 He proclaimed the Rendez-vous at Sora, for his Soldiers there to meete. 1625 Sir T. Dutton in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 212 So remote a place as Giteringberke assigned for our randevowes at this tyme of the yeare. 1630 M. Godwyn tr. Bp. Hereford's Ann. Eng. 19 Alnewike is appointed the rendez-vous where all the troupes should meete at a set day. 1732 Lediard Sethos II. vii. 19 It was highly necessary to have a place of arms, a place of defence, and a rendezvous. 1772 Simes Milit. Guide (1781) ii The order of the march of the troops must be so disposed, that each should arrive at their rendezvous, if possible, on the same day. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxii, I have.. commissioned arms, levied money, appointed rendezvouses. 1874 Froude Eng. in Irel. III. x. i. 357 Every man who could shoulder a pike was off to the rendezvous.

b. A place or port fixed upon, or suitable, for the assembling of a fleet or number of ships; also, instructions concerning a rendezvous (quot. 1813). 1600 Hakluyt Voy. (1810) HI. 188 Such harbors of the Newfoundland as were agreed for our Rendez-vouz. 1655 Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 180 For the fleet.. Niewport writte that they had their randevous at the Barbados. 1745 P. Thomas 7rn/. Anson's Voy. 65 All the Ships had Orders, in case of Separation, for several Rendezvouses. I79^ Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. p. cli, I hope to find all the Frigates on the Rendezvous. 1813 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) XI. 162 It does however appear to me extraordinary that any master of a transport should think of running to any port not in his rendezvous. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 221 The Dutch West India Company., found its bay an invaluable rendezvous for the fleet cruising.

t c. A Station for the supply of men to the navy. Obs. Also attrib. 1770 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 169/1 All the rendezvouslieutenants attended the Lord-Mayor.. in order to have their warrants new backed for pressing. 1771 Ibid. 71/2 Hearing he was on board the Oxford at Chatham, she entered at the rendezvous in London, for the same ship.

2. a. In general use: An appointed place of meeting or gathering; a place of common resort. 1594 Lyly Moth. Bomb. ii. v, A tauerne is the Randeuous, the Exchange, the staple for good fellowes. 1613 Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 297 The bed is the best Rendevou of mankind. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 99 Foul creatures, who as soon gotten into a Court make it their randevouze. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 500 During his stay in the University of Oxford, his Chamber was the rendezvouz of all the eminent Wits. 1725 Pope Odyss. xviii. 377 Hence to the vagrant’s rendezvous repair. 1777 Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) II. V. 110 His quarters became the rendezvouz of the malcontents. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xi. The place which he had named as a rendezvous.. was held in general to be accursed. 1869 Tozer Highl. Turkey I. 308 They have.. the power of meeting on their own account, in which case their rendezvous is a church.

b. transf. ?Lnd fig. 1608 E. Grimstone Hist. France (1611) A i) b. This citie of Paris,.. the Rendez-vous of the greatest miracles in the world. 1647 Harvey Schola Cordis vii. 8 Thy body is disease’s rendevouze. 1679 Land. Gaz. No. 1406/1 FieldConventicles, those Rendezvouses of Rebellion.

fS. a. A place of individual resort; a retreat, refuge. Obs. 1596 Shaks. I Hen. IV, iv. i. 57 A Randeuous, a Home to flye vnto. 1599-Hen. V, v. i. 88 Newes haue I that my Doll is dead.. and there my rendeuous is quite cut off. 1641 H. Thorndike Govt. Churches 34 This was a convenient rendez-vous for the Apostle, in the mean while, to preach the Gospel in the parts of Epirus. C1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. I. ii, I must make my addresse to you, for I haue no other Rendevous.

tb. A last resort or shift. Obs. rare~^. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, ii. i. i8 When I cannot liue any longer, I will doe as I may: That is my rest, that is the rendeuous of it.

fc. A depot or store of provisions. Obs.~^ 1608 Capt. Smith True Relat. 35, 16 daies provision we had.. besides our randevous we could, and might, haue hid in the ground.

t4. a. to make or keep (one’s) rendezvous, to meet, or be in the habit of meeting, in or at a place. Obs. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 244 Good companions and time-serues, who.. make their Rendez-vows always where the best Cheere is stirring. 1624 Gee Foot out of Snare V. 38 The feminine and softer sex..keep there their Rendeuouz. 1657 North's Plutarch, Dionysius 946 To make their rende-vous with their Armes at a day set down at the Towne of the Leontines. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones viii. xiii, The tavern where we kept our rendezvous.

fb. transf. of things. Obs. rare. 1622 J. Reynolds God's Revenge iii. Hist, xv, The Lake of Geneva.. payes its full tribute, and make[s] its chiefest Rendezvous before that City. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 505 There is a certaine place of sea, where these destracted tydes make their rancountering Randeuouze.

5.

a. A meeting or assembly held by appointment or arrangement; falso, an assemblage or gathering of persons thus brought together. 1600 Fairfax Tasso i. xix. The captaines cald foorthwith from euery tent, Vnto the Rende-vous he them inuites. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. iv. 211 Her great Hall, wherein So great a Randevow had lately bin. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. iii. ii. (1673) 263 Here was a whole randezvouz of Cripples. 1683 Brit. Spec. 78 Here he commands a general Rendezvouz of all his Naval Forces. 1718 Bp. Hutchinson Witchcraft 43 She met a Rendezvous of above Sixty Witches. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 17 May, He would not fail to give him the rendezvous at the hour he mentioned. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe ii. Some rendezvous which had occupied the hours of darkness. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. iii. I

vii, As if they had all been out., and were punctual at a general rendezvous to assist at the secret. attrib. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 57 Music, chess, and the other common amusements of a rendezvouz-room.

fb. The assembling, or an assemblage, of things. 1652 J. Hall Height of Eloquence p. xxii, It appears not a single passion, but a conflux and general rendez vouz of them all. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Saerse ill. ii. §ii All the account we have of the Origine of the world, is from this general Rendes-vous of Atoms in this infinite space. 1680 Morden Geog. Reel. Introd. (1685) 6 The Ocean is a general Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters.

c. The pre-arranged meeting (and usu. docking) of two or more spacecraft in space; an instance of this. 1959 ARS Jrnl. Aug. 592/1 Many proposed space missions will require achieving rendezvous of two bodies in an orbit about a planet. 1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 385 Orbital operations involving rendezvous with satellites or space stations. 1962 Listener 29 Nov. 901/2 The vehicle has to be put into a transfer-orbit which will take it from the Earth inward to the orbit of Venus, meeting the planet at a pre-selected rendezvous. 1965 Times 16 Dec. lo/i The Americans achieved the first rendezvous of man in space today. 1969 Guardian 22 July 18/3 About ninety minutes after lift-off Eagle began the complex series of manoeuvres leading to rendezvous. 1973 C- Sagan Cosmic Connection xix. 139 Rendezvous and docking maneuvers are reasonably well developed in manned missions even now.

6. Without article, in place (point, port, etc.) of rendezvous. 1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa 45 A place of Rendeuous or meeting for all such as trauell in Carauans from Tombuto. 1658 W. Burton Itin. Antonin. 70 Their place of recourse, or rendezvous, when they acted their seeming extasies. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 49 If 4 The Coffee-house is the Place of Rendezvous to all that live near it. 1748 Anson's Voy. i. vi. 57 The first place of rendezvous should be the bay of port St. Julian. 1833 Ht. Martineau Charmed Sea vi. 99 The one chosen by the Poles for their point of rendezvous. 1847 Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun x. Wks. 1853 HI. 20 St. Lucar being the port of rendezvous for the Peruvian expedition. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) II. loi They themselves indicate neither name nor place of rendezvous.

rendezvous

('rondivu:, 'ren-, -vu:z, rddevu), v. Forms: a. 7 rendevoze, -vooze, -vouze, 7-8 -vouz, 8 -vous; 7-8 rendes-, rendezvouz(e, 7rendezvous (7 -vouse; pa. t. -voued). 7 randevous, randezvouse. [f. prec.] 1. intr. To assemble at a place previously appointed; also generally, to assemble, come together, meet: a. of troops, fleets, etc. c 164s T. Tully Siege of Carlisle {1^46) 28 They suborn’d great Companies.. to come and rendevoze at Penrith. 1665 Surv. Aff. Netherl. 74, 2800 sail of ships Rendesvouzed in the Sea-towns of Holland. 1678 Hickes in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. II. IV. 46 Thereupon they resolved to rebel and in order thereto rendezvous this day in the Stewartry of Galloway. 1707 E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. 1. iii. 16 Spithead.. is a Road where the Navy-Royal does frequently Rendevouz. 1780 Jefferson Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 250 Our new recruits will rendezvous in this State between the loth and 25th instant. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. i. 38 After rendezvousing at Batavia, the united fleet appeared on the coast of Coromandel. 1885 G. S. Forbes Wild Life in Canara 20 They were also instructed to rendezvous promptly.. at any point which might be threatened.

b. of persons in general, animals, or things. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae iii. ii. §17 Particles, which will.. never rest till they come to that empty space, where they may again Rendezvous together. 1665 Pepys Diary 13 Sept., Here we rendezvoused at Captain Cocke’s, and there eat oysters. 1679 Establ. Test 25 In a place remote from his quarter, he rendevouzes with his fellow adventurers. 1700 Blackmore Paraphr., 34th ch. Isa. 264 The vultures there and all the eagle kind Shall rendezvous. 1771 G. White Selborne xlvii, They [swallows] rendezvoused in a neighbour’s walnut tree. 1834 Marry at P. Simp/e (1863) 46 The Blue Posts, where we always rendezvoused, was hardly opened. 1858 Chambers Inform, (ed. 4) I. 709/1 That the herring do not rendezvous even in the deeper parts of our own seas. 1887 Stevenson Merry Men, etc. 285 The fugitives rendezvous’d in the arbour.

c. To band together. rare~’. 1815 Mar. Edgeworth Love (S Law i. ii, They have all rendezvous’d to drive me mad.

d. Of a spacecraft or its crew: to effect a meeting in space, spec, to dock with another spacecraft. 1960 IRE Trans. Aeronaut. Gf Navig. Electronics VII. 112/2 The system will eventually rendezvous at Rr. 1966 Punch 12 Jan. 68/2 Under bright Uranus We’ll rendezvous in space. 1966 Electronics 3 Oct. 134, 4 [sc. a computer] helped the crew rendezvous and link up with the Agena target on the first orbit. 1969 Observer 20 July 7/2 Collins had a difficult time 'space-walking’ to an Agena rocket with which they had rendezvoused.

t2. Of a commander: To assemble his troops or fleet. Obs. 1652 C. B. Stapylton Herodian 130 There at first he should have rendevoz’d. 1704 Hearne Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 384 Caesar.. rendevouz’d at Brundusium, shipped off his twelve Legions, and sailed to Epirus. 1745 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 85 The Duke., will rendezvous at Stone.

3. a. trans. To bring together (troops or ships) at a fixed place. Now only U.S. 1654-66 Earl Orrery Parthen. (1676) 672 Having Rendez-vous’d on the Banks of the River Calpes thirty thousand Foot,.. he order’d them to move, a 1700 Ken Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 179 Their Naval Strength o’er all their Ports diffus’d. They at a Day appointed rendezvous’d. 1780 Jefferson in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) HI. 11, I think the men will be rendezvoused within the present month. 1895 J. Winsor Mississ. Basin 404

RENDEZVOUSING Amherst.. had thousand men.

rendezvoused

at

b. To bring together, (persons or things). ? Obs,

Oswego

about

collect,

eleven

assemble

1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 34 [He] minces the Text so small, that his Parishioners, until he rendevouz it again, can scarce tell what’s become of it. a 1680 Charnock Attrib. God (1834) II. 371 What legions of angels might he have rendezvoued from heaven. 1719 J. T. Philipps tr. Thirtyfour Confer. 310 If all Men are to be rendevouz’d in a General Assembly to receive severally every one his Final Doom? reft. 1674 Tillotson Serm. i. (1678) 41 How the innumerable blind parts of matter should rendezvous themselves into a world. 1684 T. Smith in Phil. Trans. XIV. 443 The publick Coffee-houses.. where the malecontents used to rendezvouz themselves.

14. To Obs-^

crowd

abouty

hem

in

(a person).

a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 326 A gentleman.. was so rendezvoused about with beggars in London, that it cost him all the money in his purse to satisfy their importunity.

Hence Obs.-^

f Tendezvouser,

an

associate.

01734 North Lives (1826) I. 309 His lordship retained such a veneration for the memory of his noble friend and patron..that all the old rendezvousers with him were so with his lordship. 'rendezvousing, [-ingL] The action of the vb. RENDEZVOUS. Also as ppl. a. 1679 King in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery 31, I am. .far from acknowledging that the Gospel Preached that way, is a Rendezvouzing in Rebellion. 1707 Vulpone 22 The rendevouzing Clause of their Act of Security. 1719 Free¬ thinker No. 108. 11, I discovered her. Three Rendezvousing Nights successively, at the Haunted House. 1758 Descr. Thames Index 289 Rendezvousing of the Herrings and Cod annually. 1798 Hull Advertiser 8 Sept. 2/3 The General was attacked on the very point of rendezvousing. 1965 K. W. Gatland Spacecraft ^ Boosters II. 90/1 Saint or Satellite Inspector.. was intended to provide the capability of rendezvousing with an unidentified satellite orbiting the Earth. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 28 Jan. 22/3 Most [clocks] have served rendezvousing couples and time watchers well for many years.

t'rendible,

a.* Obs. rare. [ad. F. rendable: see

RENDER V. and -ABLE, -IBLE.] That may be given

up, or translated. 1611 CoTGR., Rendable, rendible, renderable, yeeldable, restorable. 1650 Howell Lett. Addit. xxi. 35 Evry language hath certain Idiomes, proverbs and peculiar expressions of its own which are not rendible in any other but paraphrastically. 'rendible, ere, Cracchyng of cheekes, rendyng eek of here, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 429/2 Rendynge a-sundyr, laceracio. 1530 Palsgr. 262/1. 1635 Swan Spec. M. v. §2 (1643) 117 A noise like to the rending of broad cloth. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 151 The vilest Heresies and rendings of the Church. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Arsenick, It causes great Pains, Rendings,.. violent Vomitings. 1813 Bakewell Introd. Geol. (1815) 241 Virgil refers to the rending of rocks as one of the common effects of lightning. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 370 The rending or otherwise yielding of the coats of the vessel was accompanied by severe pain. attrib. 1832 Quarterly Jrnl. Agric. III. 651 The next proceeding [in hurdle-making] is rending the different pieces: this is done at the rending frame.

b.

A rent piece or fragment. In quot. fig.

1859 I. Taylor Logic in Theol. 234 Men who.. bring with them bits and rendings of their academic whims. 'rending, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing*.] rends: a. In transitive senses.

That

c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. i. met. i, For lo Rendyng Muses of poetes enditen to me thinges to ben writen. 1683 Tryon IVay to Health 402 Being of a terrible, rending, tearing, devilish, fierce Nature, a 1693 Urquhart’s Rabelais in. xxxii. 270 Their stinging Acrimony, rending Nitrosity. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 79 He speaks peace to the storm of rending passions. 1842 Manning Serm. vii. (1848) I. loi We have no rending choice to make. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 47 It [anginal pain] may be most acute and agonizing, of a rending character.

b.

RENEGADE

611

In intransitive senses.

1718 Rowe tr. Lucan i. 289 Darts the swift Lightning from the rending cloud. 1758 Beattie Elegy 82 O happy stroke, that,. Darts through the rending gloom the blaze of day. 1839-52 Bailey Festus 58 The world shall stand still with a rending jar. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxxii. 120 With a creaking and rending sound.

rendingly ('rEndii]li), adti. [f. rending/)/)/, a. + -LY^.] In a rending or heart-breaking manner; painfully. 1926 H. Crane Let. 19 Aug. (1965) 273, I have made up a kind of friendship with that idiot boy... He is rendingly beautiful at times. rendition (ren'dijsn).

[a. obs. F. rendition ( = Sp. rendicion)f f. rendre to render.] 1. a. The surrender of a place, garrison, possession, etc. (Common in 17th c.) 1601 Q. Eliz. in Moryson Itin. (1617) ii. 200 We receiued (with much contentment) the newes of the rendition of Kinsale. 1675 G. Towerson Decalogue 267 Where the Throne becomes empty, as it is by the Rendition of those

that before sate in it. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 703 After the rendition of Oxford to the Parliament forces, he lived for some time in the Middle Temple. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 169 To heighten., that puissant garrison to a rendition. 1826 Scott Mai. Malagr. i, Not in right of conquest, or rendition. 1894 Athenseum 26 May 678/1 He then discusses.. the rendition of Mysore. fig. 1682 Flavel Fear 54 Fear..treats with the tempter about terms of rendition,

b.

The surrender of a person.

1649 Milton Eikon. Wks. 1851 HI. 367 His rendition afterward to the Scotch Army. 1670 Temple Let. Wks. 1731 II. 212 Their Answer was, That there was no need of distinguishing the Renditions of the Colony, i860 S. Eliot in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 8) XXI. 442/2 The rendition of fugitive slaves by the Northern States. 1864 Sala in Daily Tel. 13 Sept., Mr. Seward can scarcely place any obstacles in the way of the rendition of this man.

fc. The giving up or back of something; return, restoration. Obs. 1652 Kirkman Clerio Lozia 148 She lost her speech, which love soon made rendition of unto her. 1666 J. Smith Old Age 46 They have assigned unto it [memory] three operations, viz. Reception, Retention, and Rendition.

2. Translation, rendering. Now U.S. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 231 It is.. acknowledged that the most ancient interpreters were divided in their renditions, a 1716 South Serm. (1744) VII. 27 The Jews.. charge Paul as a perverter of the prophet’s meaning, in a false rendition of the sense of the place. 1858 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. (1859) 360 The closest possible rendition of the meaning of the original text of the Scriptures into English. 1875 Stedman Victorian Poets 275, I will not omit mention of Calverley’s complete rendition of Theocritus.

3. a. orig. U.S. The action of rendering, giving out or forth, acting, performing, etc. 1858 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. (1859) 360 On the rendition of the verdict, the large audience present manifested enthusiastic approbation. 1877 H. H. Furness Hamlet I. Pref. 14 In their rendition of Hamlet by the Messrs. Devrient. 1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur (1887) 266 When he spoke, the account seemed to have rendition from both of them jointly. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 237 Ben Dollard does sing that ballad touchingly. Masterly rendition. 1939 N. Monsarrat This is Schoolroom iii. xvii. 385 No account of twentieth-century culture would be complete without reference to the impact of the dance-band world .. as well as strange words and phrases like ‘rendition’. 1975 Radio Times 3 Apr. 17/1 It’s comedian Roy Hudd, strumming the strings.. with a rendition of ‘Auntie Maggie’s Remedy’,

b.

Visual representation of anything.

1959 E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrography of Speech xiii. 89, I chose a sustained sound... The sketch of Fig. 11 is a complete and exact spectrographic rendition of it. 1972 Sci. Amer. Nov. 45/2 (Advt.), If you are interested in additional dimensions of photo-optical performance—rendition of corners,.. stray-light shielding—this chart.. may provide the detailed answer. 1978 Amateur Photographer 2 Aug. 109/2 A polarising filter may be used to darken skies without affecting the rendition of foreground detail.

4. U.S. The amount produced or rendered; the yield (of silk). 1889 in Funk's Stand. Diet.

delivery, including tariffs and delivery costs. Cf. FRANCO a. 1957 Clark & Gottfried Diet. Business 275/2 Rendu price, one on imported goods meaning that the price includes the cost of the goods themselves, freight insurance, landing fees, tariffs, and the costs of delivering the goods direct to the buyer’s place of business. 1959 E- E. Nemmers Diet. Econ. 254 Rendu price, an import delivered price. The price of imported goods including all charges for tariff and freight. 1962 [see franco a.].

t'rendy.

Obs. rare. [app. ad. F. rendez in rendezvous BEFiDEZVOMS.'] A rendezvous; also, an arrangement or disposal of troops. 1581 Styward Mart. Discipl. ii. 134 Staie thee neere thy trench till thou hast viewed thy selfe and the rendies of the enimies; that is, how manie battailes, how they are placed, of what condition, and where they are disposed to fight. 1596 Drayton Piers Gaveston Wks. (1748) 212 The Barons then from Bedford setting on, (Th’appointed rendy where they gather’d head).

rendzina

(rend'znna). Soil Science, [a. Russ. rendzina, ad. Polish r^dzina.'\ A fertile lime-rich soil which occurs typically under grass or open woodland on relatively soft calcareous bedrock (e.g. chalk and some limestones) and has a dark, friable, humus-rich surface layer above a softer pale calcareous layer formed by the breakdown of the underlying rock. Also attrib. 1927 C. F. Marbut tr. K. D. Glinka's Great Soil Groups of World 34 The humus carbonate soils such as the Rendzinas.. constitute a good example of the influence of the parent rock on the soil forming process. 1928 C. L. Whittles tr. E. Ramann's Evolution Classification of Soils V. 91 Recently under the influence of Russian soil workers the term ‘rendzina’ has been applied to all soils which have developed from the weathering of calcareous rocks. 1932 G. W. Robinson Soils xiv. 285 The writer is occupying a debatable position in assigning the chalk soils of England to the rendzina group. 1946 Lutz & Chandler Forest Soils xi. 386 Highly calcareous materials frequently give rise to immature soils called rendzinas. 1955 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. XXI. 53 Vegetation covering the surface of the loess produced soils due to chemical weathering which can be classified as podsols, chernozems, rendzinas, terra rossas and others. 1971 Nature 13 Aug. 453/1 The flora has survived through the post-glacial forest and blanket bog intervals in Teesdale partly on rendzina soils associated with rotted crystalline marble on Widdybank and Cronkley fells. *973 Country Life 29 Nov. 1787/3 The Rural Landscape of Kent.. is strictly for the diligent reader who can disentangle rendzinas from stagnogley soils. 1976 Interim IV. iii. 14 Chalk rendzinas go straight from the A horizon to the C.

trene,

obs. form of rean, furrow, balk. C1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 61 Withouten moold admyxt, ner sondy lene, Nor hungry cley, ner stonys ful vche rene. Ibid. 159 Sette not out thi landis faat or lene To hym whos lond adioyneth on thy rene.

rene,

obs. form of rain sb.^y rein sb.

reneg, var. of renegue sb. and v.

rendizvouse, obs. form of

rendezvous sb.

renegade

'rendles. Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 5 rennelesse, renlys, 6 renlesse, renels; 5 rendlys, 6-7 -les, 8 -less; 7 rindles, 9 dial, rindless, (-lass, -lis). [prob. repr. an OE. *rynels = Flem. ren-, rin-, runsel (Kilian), Ger. dial, rensel, rinsel (Diefenbach): see run v. and -els. Palsgrave gives also the form rortnelles.] Rennet, runnet.

('rsnigeid), sb. (and a.) Also 6 Sc. rannu-, rannigard, 7 renegad. [Anglicized form of RENEGADO: See -ADE 3 b.] 1. An apostate from any form of religious faith, esp. a Christian who becomes a Muslim.

c 1440 Promp. Parv. 429/2 Renlys, or rendlys, for mylke rennelesse, P. renels], coagulum. 1530 Palsgr. 262/1 Rendles for a chese, presure. Ibid., Renlesse to make cheese with, presure. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 486 As white as milke, and as good as rendles to giue the forme to cheese. Ibid. H. 166 It will cruddle milke as wel as rennet or rindles. 1784 Twamley Dairying 10 Collecting the Curd at the bottom of the Tub or Pan, after the runnet or rendless has done its duty. 1879 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. 352 The rindless obtained from a calf whose ‘nursing mother’ grazes the pasture common to the dairy stock.

1583 Leg. Bp. St. Androis 10 Ane fals, forloppen, fenyeit freir, Ane rannugard [v.r. rannigard] for greed of geir. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man (1631) 232 The renegades in place of defending the king joyned with them [the Turks] in the spoyle. 1611 Florio, Rinegato,. .a renegade, a foreswome man, or one that hath renounced his religion or country. 1645 Pagitt Heresiogr. (1662) Ep. Ded., Some of the watch¬ men ought to have been watched themselvs, who..in conclusion run over and turned renegads. 1712 Blackmore Creation Pref. (ed. 2) 20 Renegades and Deserters of Heaven, who renounce their God for the Favour of Men. 1814 Southey Roderick viii. How best they might evade The Moor, and renegade’s more watchful eye. 1873 Smiles Huguenots Fr. i. vii. (1881) 147 Like all renegades, he was a bitter and furious persecutor.

rendle-wood.

2. One who deserts a party, person, principle, in favour of another; a turn-coat.

dial. [app. f. rend v.^ 3d.] Barked oak. Also attrib. 1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders HI. iv. 67 A heap of rendlewood— as barked oak was here called, a 1900- Tess xii. She was kindling ‘rendlewood’ (barked-oak) twigs under the breakfast kettle.

t'rendling, t>/)/. s/). Obs. rare~^. [f. rentf/e, backformation on RENDLES.] Curdling, setting. 1784 Twamley Dairying 33 The rendling of Cheese causeth a very great Fermentation.

rendoun,

rendv.* + rocks/).] A

kind of explosive. 1880 Libr. Univ. Know! (N.Y.) H. 628 The explosives were dynamite, rendrock and vulcan powder. 1881 Lock Spans' Encycl. HI. 901 A number of semi-solid mixtures, such as dynamite,.. giant powder, rendrock.

t'rendry.

Obs. [f. render v. surrendry.] Surrender.

1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 127 Not a few English turning Renegades, and being contemned by the Spaniard. 1751 Affect. Narr. of Wager 31 For if these Renegades had formed such a Conspiracy, what hindered their accomplishing it? 1817 Moore Lalla R., Veiled Prophet 690 Must he.. be driven A renegade like me from Love and Heaven? 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. 1.451 The renegade soon found a patron in the obdurate and revengeful James. 1872 C. Gibbon For the King ii, The past makes me seem in my own eyes, and in the eyes of others —a renegade.

3. attrib.y passing into adj.

obs. form of random.

rendrock('rendrok). [f.

or

+

-(r)y:

cf.

1600 Holland Livy xxvi. xvii. 596 Touching the rendrie and deliverie of the fortresses in every cittie. 1615 Chapman Odyss. XXL 26 For whose just And instant rendry old Laertes sent Ulysses his ambassador.

rendu (radv), a. [Fr., = rendered, delivered.] Of imported goods: designating the price on

1705 Arbuthnot Coins, etc. (1727) 242 If the Roman Government subsisted now, they would have had renegade Seamen and Ship-wrights enough. 1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville II. 6 Kosato, the renegade Blackfoot, had recovered from the wound. 1870 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. I. (1873) 98 The renegade Christian must forswear the true Deity.

Hence 'renegadism (renegadeism), the practice of deserting one’s religion or party. 1826 B. R. HAYDONjrn/. 25 Feb. in Autobiogr. (1853) II. 115 The Academy is certainly modified, but still John Bull never pardons an appearance of renegadeism. 1859 Blackw. Mag. Apr. 455/2 We. .tacitly acknowledged renegadism .. as the standard of moral feeling. 1877 Gladstone Glean. (1879) IV. 315 This population was liable to be thinned by renegadism and constant war. 1939 A. J. Toynbee Study of Hist. VI. 104 The..profanity of Jason..gave Hellenism such a vogue and Renegadism such an impetus.

'renegade, 7;. [f. prec.] intr. To turn renegade; to go over from a religion, party, etc. 1611 COTGR., Maranise, marranized, renegaded. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. II, 316 Which last [rivalling] both High and Low, do Precaution themselves against,. more than against their Converts Renegading or Starving. 1861 Meredith Evan Harrington III. xv. 236 That was before he renegaded. 1893 Leland Mem. II. 140 Johnson had renegaded from the Confederacy.

renegader ('renigeid3(r)). [f. renegade sb. or v. + -ERL] = RENEGADE sb. 2. 1846 J. R. Lowell in Boston Courier 17 June 2 Haint they cut a thunderin’ swarth, (Helped by Yankee renegaders).

renegado (rsni'geidau), sb. (and a.) Also 6 renigado, 7 rennegado, renegador. [a. Sp. renegado, ad. med.L. renegatus: see renegate.] 1. = RENEGADE I. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. H. i. 186 He was a Renegado, which is one that first was a Christian, and afterwards becommeth a Turke. 1624 Bp. Mountagu Gagg 238 The body of Babylas made the oracle mute, in despight of Julian that renegado. 1682 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) 1. 185 The English renegado, who is interpreter to the Morocco ambassador. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. 1. vii. 62 This Relation 1 had from a very old Renegado, who was at the Tragedy. 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) 11. igo A dignified informer, a French refugee, and a renegado to the Church of England. 1814 Southey Roderick ix, Might I meet That renegado, sword to scymitar, In open field. 1850 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 348 The last to whom he was sold was a renegado.

2. = RENEGADE 2. 1600 Holland Livy ii. xi. 39 By the information of a renegado. e kinges sone of Asie.. Out of pc renge he com ride, c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5021 Cesar.. arraied l>em in renges right, & assigned whiche bataille first schold fight. C1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1736 In two renges faire they hem dresse. C1450 Merlin 588 Merlin that rode fro 00 renge to a-nother ascride hem often ‘ore auaunt’. 1481 Caxton Myrr. ii. vi. 77 Wythin the ryuer & flode of ynde named Ganges goon the eeles by grete renges whiche ben .c.c.c. feet long. 1530 Palsgr. 262/1 Renge, rovte, ranc.

t renge, sb.^ Obs. Also 4 reynge. [Of obscure origin; cf. range s6.“] A sieve or strainer. C1362 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 566 Pro uno reynge emp. pro pistrina xviij d. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 38 berow a crees bunte syfte hem, & for defaute of a bonte, take a Renge. 1506 Yatton Church-W. Acc. (Som. Rec. Soc.) 128 For botomyng of y« clensyng renge.. iiij d. 1697 G. Dampier in Phil. Trans. XX. 50 Powder it, and pass it through a Renge or fine Seive.

i

\

fren'grade, v. Obs. rare—', [f. ren- (as in renforce) grade, after degrade d.] trans. To restore from degradation. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxiv. His flight Scotch-qwened his Sister, she rengraded Englands blood.

fren'grege, v. Obs. rare-',

[ad.

F. rengreger

(iSth c.): see re- and engrege v.]

trans.

To

aggravate. 1600 Bp. W. Barlow Serm. Paul's Cross (1601) Bviij, Titles, that.. imputeth to men faultes which they haiie not committed, or doth rengrege or amoinder, that is, make greater or lesse the faults committed.

renguerra

(ren'gweara). Vet. Sci. Also renguera. [S. Amer. Sp. renguera limping, lameness, f. renguear (Sp. renquear) to limp.] = SWAYBACK 2. 1917 S. H. Gaiger in Jrnl. Compar. Path. & Therapeutics XXX. 209 Renguera is a new and hitherto undescribed disease of lambs, occurring in the Peruvian Andes. 1938 Nature 5 Mar. 400/1 The resulting lesions of demyelination are anatomically related to those observed in the enzootic paraplegia (renguerra) reported to occur among lambs bred in certain areas in the Peruvian Andes. 1966 A. Robertson Internat. Encycl. Vet. Med. II. 698 Synonyms [for copper deficiency]. Enzootic ataxia; swayback;.. renguerra.

reni-, comb, form of L. ren kidney (see

reins),

used in some scientific terms, as renicapsular, -cardiac, etc. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Renifolius, having reniform leaves,.. renifolious. Renipustulatus, marked with spots in the form of kidneys: renipustulate.

fre'niant.

Obs. rare. Also renyant. [a. F. reniant, pres. pple. of renier-. see renay ii.] A renegade. 1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i. iii. (Skeat) 1. 118 A renyant [1560 reniant] forjuged hath not halfe the care. 1674 Blount Glossogr., Reniant, a Revolter, a Runnagate.

renicky-boo:

see rannygazoo.

renidifi'eation.

[re- 5 a.] The action of building a nest a second time (Webster 1864, citing Bulwer). So re'nidify, v. to make another nest (Cent. Diet. 1891).

renierite (ra'jiearait). Min. [ad. F. renierite (J. F. Vaes 1948, in Ann. de la Soc. geol. de Belgique LXXII. B22), f. the name of A. Renier, 20th-c. Belgian geologist: see -iXEb] A sulphide of copper, germanium, and other metals (Cu,Fe)3(Fe,Ge)S4, occurring as yellowish tetragonal crystals and granular masses. 1949 Mineral Mag. XXVIII. 737 Renierite... Sulphide of Cu, Fe, Ge (7'75%). Zn, As... Named after Prof. Armand Renier, Director of the Geological Survey of Belgium. Near germanite. ig66 Mineral Abstr.Wll. 537/2 Germanium-bearing (250 p.p.m. Ge) sphalerite occurring with galena in mineralized Cambrian limestone and dolomite in.. southern Sardinia, is found to contain numerous inclusions of renierite up to lO/x in size.

reniew, obs. form of

renew v.^

RENIFORM

RENNET

615

reniform ('ri:nifo;m), a. [ad. mod.L. reniformis: see REINS and -form, and cf. F. reniforme.] Having the form of a kidney; kidney-shaped. (Chiefly in scientific use.)

renitency (n'naitsnsi, ’renitansi). Now rare. Also 7 -ancie. [See prec. and -ency.]

*753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Reniform Leaf, one of the shape of a kidney. 1796 Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 78 [Pyrites is] found reniform. 1819 G. Samouelle Entom. Compendium 81 Shell reniform, velvety, and green. 1834 M>:Mcrtrie Cuvter s Amm. Kmgd. 453 The last joint of the antennae is either almost globular or reniform. i86i R. F. Burton City of Saints 570 Three-legged stools with reniform seats. 1880 Huxley Crayfish v. 237 The corneal substance of the eye is reniform. Comb. 1847 W. E. Steele Field Bot. 113 Leaves reniformcordate, glabrous.

1613 M. Ridley Magn. Bodies 2 Freed from all obstacle and renitency. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. vii. xvii. (1678) 183 The signs of such a Tumour are a certain renitency or resistance. 1681 Glanvill Sadducismus 157 It necessarily and by an insuperable Renitencie expels and excludes all other Matter. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Renitency, is that Resistence which there is in solid Bodies when they press upon, or are impelled one against another. 2. Resistance to constraint or compulsion,

renig, U.S. renigat(e,

var. renegue v. obs.

renin

('riimn).

-inL]

11.

Sc.

forms of renegate.

Physiol, [f. L. renes kidneys -1-

a substance extracted from animals’

kidneys and used in medicine. Obs. 1894 G. M. Gould Illustr. Diet. Med., Biol. ^ Allied Sci. 940/2 Extracts have been prepared from nearly every organ in the animal body;.. cerebrin, from the brain,.. ossin, from bones, renin, from the kidneys. 1900 Dorland Med. Diet. 565/1 Renin, a therapeutic extract prepared from the kidneys of animals.

2. A proteolytic enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys, which acts in the blood to convert angiotensinogen (hypertensinogen) to angiotensin (hypertensin). [Coined in this sense as G. renin (R. Tigerstedt, in Compt. Rend. I2me Congres Internal, de Medecine JcSpyfiSpg) II. ii. 29)] 1906 Lancet 19 May 1375/2 The pressor substance, to which these workers give the name ‘renin’, is not dialysable. 1938 Ptoc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. XXXIX. 214 Undialyzed renin (0-2 cc) caused moderate vasoconstriction. Ibid. 215 Renin is an enzyme-like substance which is activated by a kinase-like material contained in the protein fraction of plasma and whole blood. I9S9 [see hypertensin]. 1965 [see hypertensinogen]. 1968 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxxiii. 20/2 Renin is an enzyme which on reaching the blood activates an a2-globulin called angiotensin formed in the liver, making angiotensin I, a polypeptide containing ten amino acids. Another enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by removing two amino acids. This last substance is the most potent pressor agent known. 1977 Freeman & Davis in J. Genest et al. Hypertension vi. 211 /1 Renin is synthesized and stored.. in the granules of JG [sc. juxtaglomerular] cells which are located primarily in the renal afferent arteriole, although these granular cells have also been identified in the efferent arteriolar wall.. and in the mesangial cells.

tre'niously, adv. Obs. rare^^. [irreg. f. reny, RENAY sb. + -ous -I- -LY*.] Like a renegade. 1522 Stat. Order of Garter If 2 in Ashm. (1672), He that then reniously and cowardly flieth or departith away from thens, ought to be estiemed.. never worthi to be electe Knyght, or Felow of the said Company.

'renish, a. Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 4-5

renysch,

6

rhenish,

7

4 renischche, dial, rennish, 9

? 7 renisht. [Of unknown origin: cf. runish. The sense in early examples is often obscure.] Strange, uncouth; fierce, wild, etc. ran(n)ish; 4-5 renyst, renishit,

13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 96 We haf brojt.. Mony renischche renkez & jet is roum more, a 1400-50 Alexander 387 Quen he had wrojt all his will.. with a renyst reryd Jjis reson he said. Ibid. 2943 Ser Dary.. Rysys him vp renysch & rejt in his sete. 15^ Nashe Saffron Waldon Wks. (Grosart) III. 201 Chute,.. that bobd me with nothing but Rhenish furie. ? a 1600 King Estmere viii. in Child Ballads II. 52/1 Thus the renisht them to ryde. Of twoe good renisht steeds. 1691 Ray N.C. Words (ed. 2) 58 Rennish, furious, passionate: a rennish Bedlam. 1866 Brogden Prov. Words Lines., Ranish, rash, precipitate, giddy, wild. 1889 N.W. Lines. Gloss., Rannish, rash, violent. Hence 'renishly adv., strangely, roughly. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1724 pe fyste with pe fyngeres., pat rasped renyschly pe woje with pe roj penne. a 1400-50 Alexander 4931 The renke within pe redell.. Rymed him full renyschly & rekind pir wordis.

Renishe,

obs. form of Rhenish.

f reni'tation. Obs. rare-', [irreg. f. L. reniti (see next) + -ation.] = renitency i. *597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau’s Ft. Chirurg. 21 b/i If there be greate quantitye it causeth such a renitatione or stretchinge out, as a bottle which is full, and closelye stopped.

fre'nite, v. Obs. rare—', [ad. L. reniti, f. re- re-I- niti to struggle.] intr. To offer resistance. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 28, I dare say, they that most renite, will least repent.

renitence. rare. [a. F. renitence (i6th c., Pare): see RENiTENT and -ence.] = next. 1652 Charleton Darkn. Atheism 265 An exclusion of all coaction, violence, renitence or imposition. 1676 H. More Remarks 14 The weight of Lead, .had crammed the Sand together.. that it stuck by renitence of its irregular parts, one against another. 1743 Hon. C. Yorke in Warburton's Unptibl. Papers (1841) 140 A man would not do amiss to shut up his books; and without the least renitence roll in the vortex of dulness. 1917 C. R. Payne tr. Pfister's Psychoanal. Method\'n\. 168 The result of this renitence consists mostly in the continuance of those symptoms of disease which depend on the repression.

t !• Physical resistance, esp. the resistance of a body to pressure. Ohs.

opposition, reluctance. Now rare, 1626 Prynne Perpet. Regen. Man^s Est. 324 There is a reluctancie, renitancie [pr. reuitancie], dislike and hatred of it in his soule. 1668 R. Steele Husbandman's Calling vi. (1678) 157 His oxe..suffers the sharp visits of the goad without renitency or opposition. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. iv. iv. (1852) 96 The obstruction which the renitencies of that gentleman threatened. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. xxxiv, Nature has form’d the mind of man with the same happy backwardness and renitency against conviction. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. ix. (1819) 129 We have here no endeavour, but the reverse of it; a constant renitency and reluctance. 1844 H. Rogers Ess. (1855) III. 109 This renitency of Mr. Gladstone’s to accept, .the consequences of his Church Principles.

renitent (ri’naitsnt, 'renitant), a. Now rare. [a. F. renitent (i6th c.. Pare), or ad. L. renitent-em, pres. pple. of reniti: see RENITE v.'\ 1. That offers physical resistance; resisting pressure, hard. 1701 Ray Creation ii. (ed. 3) 245 An inflation of the Muscles whereby they become both soft, and yet renitent like so many Pillows. 1755 B. Martin Mag. Arts Sf Sc. 305 The electrical Matter.. can go no further, by Reason of the renitent Quality of the silken Strings. 1889 J. M. Duncan Clin. Lect. Dis. Worn, xxvii. (ed. 4) 213 The right ovary was swollen, renitent, as big as a walnut.

2. Recalcitrant. *847 Prandi tr. Cantu's Reform. Europe I. 257 [He] constrained the people to go to mass, and punished the renitent with imprisonment and conflscation. 1882 Edin. Rev. July 8 The gaps left by renitent warriors were rapidly filled by intending plunderers.

t re'iiix(e. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type *renixus (after nixus) for actual renisus, f. reniti: see renite t;.] A backward effort. 1666 G. Harvey Morb. Angl. iv. 31 The blood by expansion and turgency making a potent renix. 1689Curing Dis. by Expect, xxii. 181 A strong pressure upon the Arteria magna, which by a potent renixe did duplicate its force of Pulsation.

trenk^. Obs. rare-^. [a. F. renc,^

= rank sh.^

ri530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. xxviii. (1814) 81 As Arthur wente searchynge the renkes [printed renkthes; F. les rencs] and preses, he encountred the Erie of Foys.

renk^. Coal-mining. [? var. of rank or rink.] (See quots.) 1851 Greenwell Coal-trade Terms, Northumb. S? Durh. 42 Renk,.. a standard distance of 60 or 80 yards (called the first renk), upon which a standard price is paid for putting a score of coals. 18^ Mining Gloss. (Weale) Renk (Newc.), The average distance the coals are brought by the putters.

renk, var. rink man Obs.-, obs. f. ring sb., rink course.

renka, var. renga. t renke, ? for renge, obs. f. reign sb. ri440 York Myst. xxix. 17, I haue pt renke and pe rewle of all pe ryall.

frenkning, obs. Sc. var. ranking vbl. sb. 1581 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 233/1 The samyn was remittit togidder with the renkning and placeing of the haill burrowis within this realme to the commissionaris.

'renky, a. dial. Also 7 rencky, renty. [Of obscure origin.] Large and well-made. (See also Eng. Dial. Diet.) 1683 G. Meriton Yorks. Dial. 11 There is a Rencky Cow, that beats all th’ rest. 1691 Ray N.C. Words (ed. 2) 58 Renty, handsome, well shaped, spoken of Horses, Cows &c.

fren'large, v. Obs. rare-', [f. re- + enlarge V.-, cf. re-enlarge v.) trans. To set free or open up again. 1616 J. Lane Cont. Sqr.’s T. vi. 88 B’entreatinge Manor Lordes, folkes lesse to fliae, commons renlarge, restore thold colonies.

renlesse, obs. var. rendles rennet, renlett, obs. f. runlet. renlys, obs. var. rendles. renminbi (renminbi). Also jenminpi, renminpi. Renminbi. [Chinese renminbi, f. renmin people -I- bi currency.] a. The name of the currency introduced in China in 1948. b. Occas. used for yuan, the basic unit of this currency. 1957 Encycl. Brit. V. 546 B/i In 1953 the official currency was the jenminpi or People’s bank note on the mainland. 1971 [see jiao]. 1973 Times at Mar. (China Trade Suppl.) p. iii/6 The basic unit of renminbi—which is abbreviated to RMB—is the yuan. 1974 China Reconstructs July 14/3 The Chinese currency, the Renminbi, is stable. 197S Ann. Reg. ig74 320 More than 60 countries were already using the

Chinese renminpi as the trading currency with China. 1979 Fortune 21 May 110/2 Its young tellers .. eagerly explain to a visitor the tax advantages of converting his money into Chinese renminbi and keeping it in Peking.

rennagat(e, obs. ff. renegate. rennare, obs. f. runner. renne, obs. f. run v. rennegado, -gate, obs. ff. renegado, -gate. rennelesse, obs. var. rendles rennet. renner(e, obs. ff. runner. rennet ('renit), sb.' Also 5 renniet, 6 rennette, rennit, 6-7 renet; see also runnet. [f. renne, obs. form of RUN V., or perh. repr. an OE. *rynet: cf. RENDLES, earning®, and G. renne.] 1. A mass of curdled milk found in the stomach of an unweaned calf or other animal, used for curdling milk in making cheese, etc.; also, a preparation of the inner membrane of the stomach used for this or other purposes. 14.. Lat. Gf Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wuleker 591/19 Lactis, rennet, or rennynge. 1477 Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 79 Milk, & also Blood, And Renniet which for Cheese is good, c 1550 Lloyd Treas. Health D iij, The rennet of an hare.. healith the faulyng Euell. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 118 It [cheese] is to strong of the rennet, saith hee. 1575 Turberv. Faulconrie 352 Take little sucking whelpes and feede your hawke with the flesh of them stieped in the milk or renet whiche you shall find in the mawes of them. 1620 Venner Via Recta v. 88 That it bee not tart of the rennet, is far wholsomer. 1676 Hobbes Iliad (1677) 82 As quickly as the milk is turn’d to curd. When with a proper rennet it is mixt. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Cheese, Cheese.. being a preparation of milk curdled by means of rennet, and afterwards dried, and hardened. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 369/2 No people take less pains with the rennet than the Cheshire farmers. 1845 Todd & Bowman Phys. Anat. I. 39 Caseine is coagulated very perfectly by the action of rennet aided by heat. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 607 It is customary to place the dried viscus in wine, and to call the liquid thus formed, as well as the prepared stomach, rennet. fig. 1651 Charleton Ephes. & Cimm. Matrons ii. (1668) 14 The Bawd, who was the very Renet of Concupiscence.

2. Anything used to curdle milk, esp. the plant Galium verum^ Lady’s Bedstraw (cf. cheeserennet), 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. 109b, In the Figge tree it [the sap] is milkie, Whiche serueth as a rennet for Cheese. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 540 The herbe [Gallion] may serue for Rennet to make Cheese. 1678 Salmon Pharm. Lond. 59 Gallium.. is used for Rennet or Runnet to make cheese with. 1750 Ellis Mod. Husb. III. i. vii. no The Cliver, or Rennet or Curd-wort,.. is also pernicious in curdling Milk in the Cow’s Bag. 1851 C. A. Johns Flowers of Field I. 304 The Highlanders use the roots.. and the rest of the plant [Galium verum] as rennet to curdle milk. 1889 N. Q. 7th Ser. VIII. 231/2 It is likely enough that Galium .. is still used as rennet in some neighbourhoods.

3. attrib.y as rennet ferment, gland, rennetbag, the stomach of a calf used as rennet; rennet stomach, the fourth stomach of a ruminant; rennet whey (see quot.); rennet wort, the plant Galium aparine. 1611 CoTGR., Mulette,.. the maw of a Calfe; which being dressed is called the •Renet-bag. 1727 Bradley Country Housewife (1728) 84 Cheese.,may be strengthned, by putting,. Spice into the Rennet Bag, as Pepper. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 369/2 The veil, maw, rennet-bag (or by whatever name it is called). 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 295 The •rennet ferment is the most constant of all the active constituents of the gastric juice. 1872 Thudichum Chem. Phys. 10 The many little ‘rennet glands situated in the walls of the stomach secrete a liquid termed the gastric juice. 1889 tr. Claus' ZooL, Mollusca to Man 317 The food enters the fourth stomach.. the longitudinally folded •rennet stomach or abomasum. *855 Ogilvie Suppl., * Rennet-whey, the serous part of milk, separated from the caseous, by means of rennet. It is used in pharmacy. 1727 Bradley Country Housewife (1728) 76 To make an artificial Rennet.. that is, to boil the Cliver, or as some call it Goosegrass, or others ‘Rennet-Wort, in Water.

rennet ('renit),

Forms: 6, 8 runnet, 6-8 renate, 7 renat, 7- rennet, (8 ren(n)ette, 9 rennett). [ad. F. reinette (see reinette), app. f. reine queen (cf. queen sb. gc), but sometimes written rainette as if f. raine frog, in allusion to the spots which appear on some varieties. Hence also Du. renet, G. and Da. renette, Sw. renett. The obs. Eng. form renate was by some writers explained as from L. rendtus.] One of a large class of dessert apples of French origin, of which the most esteemed varieties are round or flattish in shape, small or medium sized, firm fleshed, and good for keeping; falso formerly applied to a pippin grafted on a pippin-stock (quots. 1612-42). a 1568 Ascham Scholem. i. (Arb.) 36 A childe will chose a sweeting.. and refuse a Runnet, because it is than grene, hard, and sowre. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 223 The sweet Cherry, the temperate Pipyn, and the golden Renate. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. xviii. 677 The Renat, which though first it from Pippin came, Growne through his pureness nice, assumes that curious name. 1642 Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. ii. xxiv. 149 When a Pepin is planted on a Pepin-stock, the fruit growing thence is called a Renate, a most delicious apple. 1688 R. Holme Armoury ii. 48/1 The

Rennet is a fine lasting Apple,.. the Lincoln Rennet is reputed best. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 264 The Golden Runnet is the most certainest Bearer of any Apple I have met with. 1767 Abercrombie Ev. Man his own Card. (1803) 671 English rennet,.. Tender rennet,.. Spanish rennet [etc.]. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 908 The true ‘golden rennet’ can only be heard of at great fruiterers. 1843 J. Smith Forest Trees 156,1 may observe that all the rennetts are highly flavoured. attrib. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 143 A Fruit of the Size of our Rennet Apple.

t'rennet, sh.^ Obs. rare-^. [ad. F. renettCy rainette (1690).] A farrier’s tool, used for probing the hoof of a horse. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Retracts, Then with your Rennet search the Hole, penetrating to the end of it, where the Nail was rivetted to the Hoof. t'rennet, v.

Ohs. rare. [f. rennet sb.^] trans. To curdle (milk) with rennet; to supply with rennet. c 1624 Chapman Batrachom. 59 Nor Cheesecakes,.. Lyurings, (white-skind as ladies:) nor the straines Of prest milke, renneted. 1648 Herrick Hesper., To his Book, Come thou not neere those men, who are like Bread O’re-leven’d; or like Cheese o’re-rennetted.

t'renneting,

Obs. rare. Also 8 rennetting. [f.

RENNET sb.'^ + -ING®; cf. QUEENING sh,, and Flem.

renetting (De Bo).] = rennet sb."^ 1707 Mortimer Husb. 595 Ripe pulpy Apples, as Pippins, Rennetings, &c. that are of a syrupy tenacious nature. Ibid. Kalendar Jan., Winter Queenings,.. Rennetting.

reimeting ('rEnitii]), vb. sb. Cheese-making, [f. RENNET sb.^ + -iNGh] The action or process of

adding rennet in order to curdle milk. attrib.

Also

1894 J. Oliver Milk. Cheese & Butter xi. 172 If no other heating than to obtain renneting temperature, this commenced as soon as last milk has arrived. 1917 WalkerTisdale & WooDNUTT Pract. Cheesemaking xiii. 108 Renneting. Having ripened the milk and regulated it to the renneting temperature, the rennet is added. 1932 R. H. Leitch Cheddar Cheese-Making vii. 41 The standard temperature of renneting Cheddar cheese is 86 degrees Fahrenheit; under average conditions there is no advantage in a higher renneting temperature. 1937 Harvey & Hill Milk Products iv. 200 Renneting is carried out at a temperature of 8o°-9i° F. 1950 J. G. Davis Diet. Dairying 100 Renneting. When the correct acidity has been reached rennet is added at the rate of about i ml. per gal. of milk... The renneting acidity is one of the crucial points in cheese¬ making. 1976 - Cheese III. xxi. 498 There are four crucial stages in cheesemaking. These are the acidity at renneting, the stage of pitching, the point at which the whey is removed from the curd, and the time of milling, salting and putting to press.

rennible, renniet,

obs. form of renable.

obs. form of rennet sb.^

reiinigat(e, -gatt,

obs. Sc. ff. renegate.

rennin ('renin).

Physiol, [f. renn-et sb.'^ -h The specific milk-curdling enzyme of rennet. Hence re'nninogen, the zymogen which produces rennin (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897). -IN*.]

1897 Allbutt’s Syst. Med. HI. 287 In addition to pepsin the gastric-juice contains another ferment, namely ‘rennin’, a milk-curdling ferment.

frenning. Obs. rare.

[f. rewweRUN v. + -ing^.] = RENNET sb.^ (See also cheese-running.)

14.. Lat. Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wuleker 573/41 Coagulum, rennynge. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 348 They vse it in stead of renning, to turn milke and gather curds thereof. 1691 Ray N.C. Words (ed. 2) 57 Race, Rennet or Renning.

renning, -yng(e, rennish, a.: rennit,

obs. ff. running.

see renish.

obs. f. rennet sb.^

rennogat(e,

obs. ff. renegate.

reno-

(rimau), comb, form of L. renes kidneys

(now

more

usual

than

reni-),

as

in

reno-

PERICARDIAL a., RENOGRAPHY, etc.

fre'noble, v. Obs. rare.

[f. re- sa -t- noble a.]

trans. To ennoble again. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 266 Neither [will] their books imprinted be any way disgraced or hindered, but rather revived, renobled, and honoured. 1731-2 Savage On Her Majesty's Birth-Day 61 Renobled thus by wreaths my queen bestows, I lose all memory of wrongs and woes.

renocero,

obs. form of rhinoceros.

t renodate, v. Obs. rare-^. [ad. ppl. stem of L. renoddre to untie: see RE- and node.] ‘To undo, or unknit a knot; also to knit fast or again’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656). So freno'dation ‘an unknitting or undoing of a knot’ (Phillips 1658); also fre'node u., ‘to vnknit’ (Cockeram 1623).

renogate,

obs. form of renegate.

renogram ('rimsugraem). Med. [f. as next + A graphical record of the varying radioactivity of a kidney into which a radioactive -GRAM.]

RENOUNCE

6i6

RENNET

substance has been injected; also, a radiograph or autoradiograph of a kidney. P. G. Smith in M. Campbell Urol. I. ii. ii. 189 The exposure is made as the last few cc. of the contrast medium are being injected. The needle is immediately withdrawn and a second film is made as rapidly as the cassettes can be changed. This last film is known as a renogram or nephrogram. 1964 C. C. Webster in J. F. Glenn Diagnostic Urol. X. 190 (caption) The radioisotope renogram and blood clearance tracing are produced with three scintillation probes connected through three rate meters and three recorders. 1974 Passmore & Robson Compar. Med. Stud. HI. xxii. 16/1 When hippuran (sodium orthoiodohippurate) labelled with 'I'l is given intravenously the substance is secreted rapidly into the proximal tubular fluid. Scintillation counters placed over the kidneys measure the radiation emitted by the isotope and the activity/time curve which is recorded is called the renogram. Ibid. 16/2 Patients with unilateral disturbances in renal function show differences in the shape and amplitude of the two renograms. 1954

renography -GRAPHY.]

(rii'riDgrafi). Med. [f. reno- -h Renal angiography or autoradio¬

graphy. 1911 Brit. Med. Jrnl. i Apr. 748 {heading) A lecture on renography. 1964 C. C. Webster in J. F. Glenn Diagnostic Urol. X. 189 Since its inception in 1955, radioisotope renography has been increasingly utilized for the external measurement of individual kidney function. 1971 Nature 17 Sept. p. xi (Advt.), There is an active research programme in renography carried out in conjunction with the renal unit.

Renoiresque (renwai'resk), a. [f. the name of Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), French painter -h -esque.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Renoir or his work. 1958 Listener 5 June 934/2 He succeeded in creating a Renoiresque atmosphere of the turn of the century. 1961 Times 18 Jan. 15/2 In her Renoiresque paintings Morisot lost a little of her freshness. 1971 R. A. Carter Manhattan Primitive xvi. 150 An oddly put-together woman in a.. black scarf top from which her Renoiresque bosom kept emerging.

tre'nome. Obs. [ad. F. renoniy later form of renon renown sb. Earlier examples of the spelling belong to renomee.] Renown. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxlvi. 175 Do nat a thyng that shulde blemysshe your renome. C1557 Abp. Parker Ps. Ixxviii. 118 In ages still to come To ryse and sprede.. God’s actes to hys renome. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 289 Neither doth Jacob this bicause he is careful for the enlarging of the renome of his name.

t renome,

a. Obs. rare-^, [OF.]

= next.

ri330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 204 Of Mount Morice Mathi a baron renome.

t re'nomed, a. Obs. Also 4 renumed, 5-6 renommed, (Sc. -it, -yt). [ad. OF. renumiy renome (later renomme)y pa. pple. of renomery f. re- re- + nomer to name.] Renowned, 13.. Cursor M. 13763 (Cott.), J?is ilk water.. Was mikel renumed in l?aa dais, c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. ii, t>at al t?ing p2X is ry3t excellent.. semej> to be ry^t clere and renomed. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 131 To him which thenkth his name avance And be renomed of his dede. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 47 Famous poetis.. In Grece and Troye renomed of prudence. 1485 Caxton St. Wenefr. 9 This place as longe as the world shalle endure.. shalle be renommed by grete fame. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xvii. 19 These two lordes were renomed as chief in all dedis of armes. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 109 Quhat order is maist renommed in the haly kirk?

treno'mee. Obs. Also 4-5 renome, (5 -nomme), renommee, 5 -y(e. [a. OF. renomee, later renommee, f. renomer: see prec.] Renown. (Very common in Caxton’s works.) c 1386 Chaucer Wife's T. 303 For gentillesse nys but renomee Of thyne auncestres, for hire heigh bountee. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 43 Hire name was Rosiphelee; Which tho was of gret renomee. C1450 Merlin 186 Renomee that thurgh alle the worlde renneth yede so thourgh euery londe. 1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 561/1 The fame of renommy of the honour and pollicie therof. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxiv. 521 The renommee therof is flowen over alle the worlde.

re'nominate,

u. [re-5 a.] trans. To nominate for a further term of office.

1864 Fremont in Daily Tel. 21 June, If Mr. Lincoln should be renominated. 1899 Daily News 17 Apr. 7/2 He stated that Mr. Croker refused to renominate him. 1927 New Republic 21 Sept. 122/2 It declares that Mr. Coolidge must, shall and will be renominated. 1975 J. P. Morgan House of Lords & Labour Govt, vii, 180 They illustrated the possible influence of systems of renominating voting Peers at successive General Elections. 1981 Times 28 Apr. 15/2 Devices to make it difficult if not impossible for moderate candidates to be renominated.

renomi'nation. [re- sa: cf. 1. Renewed nomination.

prec.]

1855 Hawthorne Eng. Note-bks. (1870) I. 339 He thought the President had a fair chance of re-nomination. 1891 Times ii Feb. 5/2 The gravity of the situation had induced him to accept renomination.

2. A change of name, rare-"^. 1885 Antiquary Mar. 96/2 He follows up the intricate history of the companies, and tracks their devious courses through changes, exchanges and renominations.

renommed, renommee: see renonse, obs. form of i

renomed, -ee.

renounce v.

renoperi'cardial, a. Physiol, [f. reno-as comb, form of L. ren kidney.] kidneys and pericardium.

Pertaining to the

1883 E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 6y6lz Renopericardial orifice placing the left renal sac., in communication with the viscero-pericardial sac.

re'normalizable, a. Physics, V.

+ -ABLE.]

[f. renormaliz(e

That permits of renormalization.

1955 L. D. Landau in W. Pauli Niels Bohr 66 This phenomenon, not being renormalizable, cannot be considered within the limits of the theory. 1968 D. Lurie Particles & Fields vi. 266 Such theories, in which all divergences can be absorbed in the coupling-constant and mass renormalizations and thereby ignored, are known as renormalizable field theories. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 132/2 For many years it seemed there w'as no convincing renormalizable theory of the weak interactions.

So re.normaliza'bility. 1955 L. D. Landau in W. Pauli Niels Bohr $4 This renormalizability of the theory is in reality only approximate. 1975 Nature 11 Sept. 95/2 In 1971. .a Dutch graduate student, ’t Hooft, opened the flood-gates by giving convincing arguments for the renormalisability of a rather special type of Yang-Mills gauge theory.

,renormali'zation. Physics, [re- sa.] A method used in quantum mechanics of removing unwanted infinities from the solutions of equations by redefining parameters such as the mass and charge of subatomic particles. Freq. attrib. Cf. normalize v. 3 a. 1948 Physical Rev. LXXIV. 1430/1 The divergent terms in the line shift problem can be thought to be contained in a renormalization of the mass of a free electron. 1954 WHeitler Quantum Theory of Radiation (ed. 3) vi. 277 What is observable is the total mass and the total charge of the electron and these include the self-mass and self-charge. Although it is still a major unsolved difficulty of the theory that these quantities turn out to be infinite, they should, whatever their value, be combined with the ‘original’ mass and charge (i.e. the theoretical mass and charge when no interaction with the radiation field existed at all). For the original plus the self-mass and charge the observed finite values of mass and charge should then be substituted. This procedure will be called the re-normalization of mass and charge. Ibid. xxx. 310 This is the relativistic form of the ‘renormalization terms’. 1954 Physical Rev. XCV. 1329/1 Ever since the overwhelming success of the applications of renormalization technique in quantum electrodynamics, the problem of understanding this renormalization procedure without the use of perturbation methods has been of great interest. 1962 N. R. Hanson in A. B. Pippard et al. Quanta & Reality v. 88 Theoreticians.. invented a technique to diminish the number of possible solutions into something which practising physicists could manage. The result is a rather arbitrary procedure called ‘renormalization’. It rejects as physically unpromising most solutions of any wave equation. 1977 L. Streit in Price & Chissick Uncertainty Principle Foundations of Quantum Mechanics xviii. 353 Virtually every second calculation of quantum electrodynamics included the process of throwing away an infinite term and interpreting the remainder as the ‘correct result’. These procedures were formalized in the renormalization theory of Feynman, Dyson and Schwinger. 1979 Sci. Amer. Mar. 67/2 In the 1950’s it became apparent that the aims of the renormalization procedure can be achieved by a large family of mathematical transformations; these make up the renormalization group.

re'normalize,

71. Physics. [RE-sa.] trans. To apply renormalization to.

1955 L. D. Landau in W. Pauli Niels Bohr 54 The results hereby obtained can be renormalized, that is, if the physical charge of the electron is defined by its interaction with quanta of zero frequency and its mass, as the physical mass of the electron, the undetermined constant A disappears from the formulae for the physical effects. 1972 Sci. Amer. Nov. 50/1 The second obstacle to a satisfactory theory is that many calculations involving the weak force quickly lead to infinite results. In electromagnetic theory similar divergences are handled by the process called renormalization. Until recently no one could see how to' renormalize the divergences presented by the weak force.

So re'normalized ppl. use of renormalization.

a.y

calculated with the

1954 Physical Rev. XCV. 1329/1 A rather unexpected and quite surprising feature is obtained by comparing the renormalized coupling constant with the unrenormalized coupling constant. 1977 M. E. Fisher in U. Landman Statistical Mechanics ^ Statistical Methods in Theory & Application 17 Renormalized field-theoretic perturbation theory.

renosterbos, -bush,

varr. rhenosterbos.

renoume, -noumpne,

obs. varr. of renown.

renounce (n'nauns), sb.

[ad. F. renonce, f. renoncer to renounce.] 1. Card-playing. An act or instance of renouncing (see the vb., sense 7). 1747 Hoyle Quadrille 33 No person is to be beasted for a Renounce, unless the Trick is turn’d and quitted. 1792 A. Thomson Whist 119 (T.), If with these cards you tricks intend to win, Prevent renounces, and with trumps begin. 1830 ‘ Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 39 If any one renounce, he is basted for each renounce if detected; but a renounce is not made till the trick is turned. 1863 Cavendish Laws of Whist (ed. s) 13 If a renounce is corrected after any of the subsequent players have played, they are at liberty to withdraw their cards.

b. A chance of renouncing, by having no cards of a particular suit. 1830 ‘ Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 24 Never force your partner but when you are strong in trumps, unless you have a renounce yourself. 1874 Gibbs Ombre 82*

RENOUNCE He rashly tries, having a renounce already in Diamonds, to clear his hand of Clubs, and so, having a renounce in that suit also, to give himself a better chance.

t2. Renunciation. Obs. rare-^. 1779 Burgoyne Maid of the Oaks v. i, From this moment I renounce it. Grov. And you never made a better renounce in your life.

renounce (n'nauns), v. Forms; 4 renonce, 4-5 renonse, 4-6 renounse; 4, 6-8 Sc. renunce, 5 renownce, 4- renounce, [ad. F. renoncer (OF. also renuncerY~\a. renuntidre (-cidre) to announce, proclaim, also to disclaim, protest against, f. re~ re- + nuntidre to make known, report: cf. announce, denounce, etc.] 1. 1. trans. To give up, to resign (ffo another), to surrender; esp. to give up in a complete and formal manner. c 1380 WvcLiF Sel. Wks. III. 475 Eche of 50W t>atschal not renounce alle dingus ^at he has in possessioun may not be my disciple, c 1400 Destr. Troy 13629 My ryght I renonse to t>at rynk sone. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 95 Ther renowncyd he All hys hy astate and eke hys dignyte. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. cxiv. 88 If they wylfully wold renounce the sayd place and put them in his grace, he wolde vtterlye pardon theyr trespace. 1530 Palsgr. 686/1 He hath naught to do withall nowe, no more than you have, he hath renounced his tytle. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 69 He shall renounce Naples, Milan, Gene, Aste and Flaunders. 1605 in Goudie Diary J. Mill (S.H.S.) 193 The said William Bruce.. renunceis, quit claimis and dischairgis and ouer gives to the said nobill lord the said twa last of land. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 312 These Titles now Must we renounce, and changing stile be call’d Princes of Hell? 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 748 The Victor Horse.. The Palm renounces, and abhors the Flood. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. (1887) I. 240 The parents.. renounce all future claim. 01768 Erskine Inst. Law Scot. n. vi. §44 (1773) 270 A tack ceases.. if.. the tenant renounce his possession to the landlord. 1776 Gibbon Decl. F. xii. I. 333 They soon experienced, that those who refuse the sword, must renounce the scepter. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxvi. 351,1 should require them .. to renounce in writing all claims upon myself and the rest. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost i. 29 W^hatsoever Thou forbiddest I will renounce. b. to renounce the world, to withdraw from

w'orldly interests in order to lead a spiritual life. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione III. xi. 78 b^i renounce \>e worlde and t^e a Religious lif. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. clxiv. 157 Vpon .viii. yeres after that Lothayre .. renounsyd the pompe of y* world. 1657 Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer (1661) 290 We renounc’d the world when we were baptized. 1779 Cowper Love of World 25 Renounce the world—the preacher cries. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 419 Declaring his own intention of renouncing the world and indulging his love of devotion in retirement at Mecca.

c. To abandon, cast off, repudiate; to decline to recognize, hold, observe, etc. 01533 bo. Berners Huon Ixxxii. 253, I shall.. renounce his law, and beleue in Mahounde. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 86 b. He required them to renounce the protestation of the yeare before. ^1645 Milton Forcers Consc. 2 You have thrown of your Prelate Lord, And with stiff Vowes renounc’d his Liturgie. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 307 After which imprecation the wretch holds up one Finger, thereby renouncing a Trinity. 1713 Addison Cato i. i, Our father’s fortune Would almost tempt us to renounce his precepts. 1757 Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X. 466 To drive the Pope to extremities by wholly renouncing his authority. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks. (Bohn) 1. 368 Napoleon renounced, once for all, sentiments and affections. 1895 Sir N. Lindley in Law Times Rep. LXXIII. 691/1 It is competent for anybody to renounce or disclaim a trust, and to have nothing to do with it.

t d. refl. To give up (oneself), esp. in a spirit of resignation. Obs. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 96 We confess yat we glaidlie embrace ye Croce of Christ, renuncis our seifs [etc.]. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 541 Hee must renounce himselfe, and become like to the bruite beast. 1621 T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 128 Wee should renounce our selves.. because we are not our owne but Gods. 1649 Bounds Publ. Obed. (1650) 24 These Authors have read but of few lonases, who voluntarily renounce themselves to settle a Tempest.

2. To abandon, give up, discontinue (a practice, action, habit, thought, intention, etc.). 1484 Rich. Ill in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 123 To renounce the wering and usage of the Irisshe arraye. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 54 Renunce, rebald, thy ryming. c 1590 Marlowe Faustus vi, I will renounce this magic and repent. 1611 Bible 2 Esdras xiv. 13 Now therefore set thine house in order, and.. renounce corruption. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 463 When the Romans renounced all right and fair dealing, these.. opposed them. 1759 Dilworth Pope 73 He renounced all thoughts of paying attendance at Court. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 293 That tongue is silent now;.. Renounced alike its office and its sport. 1838 Thirlwall Hist. Greece xvii. III. 7 A calamity befel them by which they were forced to renounce this design. 1849 Grote Greece ii. xlviii. (1862) IV. 253 He was compelled to renounce the attempt. 1887 Bowen /Eneid iv. 319 If a prayer can move thee, renounce this purpose of thine. b. To abandon or give up (a belief or opinion)

by open profession or recantation. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 1133, I dreid, without 36.. renunce 30ur new opiniones, The spirituall stait sail put 30W to perditioun. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. viii. 51 If thou wilt renounce thy miscreaunce,.. Life will I graunt thee. 17^9 Blackstone Comm. IV. 56 All others must..submit and renounce their errors, Junius Lett. xli. (1788) 224 We .. do not begin to detest him until he affects to renounce his principles. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 87 On his refusing to renounce his tolerant maxims, [he] put him to death, i860 Tyndall Glac. ii. xxvii. 380 Professor Forbes .. renounced the theory, and substituted another.

617 3. To disclaim or disown allegiance to (a person), ? Obs.

RENOVATE obedience

or

1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) 1. iii. C vij b, And whan one hathe hym named, then he demaundeth him, renouncest thou Sathan. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxiv. 10 Thow art my clerk, the Devill can say, Renunce thy God and cum to me. XSS* Com. Prayer, Ordering of Deacons, I from hencefurth shall vtterlye renounce, refuse, relinquish, & forsake the bishop of Rome. 1593 Shaks. j Hen. VI, iii. iii. 194 To repaire my Honor lost for him, I heere renounce him, and returne to Henry.

b. To cast off, disclaim relationship to or acquaintance with (a person); falso const, from. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis ii. (Arb.) 55 Thee Gods haue flatlye renounst vs. Cure state that whillon preserud. 1594 1st Pt. Contention (1843) 24, I here renounce her from my bed and boord. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. iv. Wks. 1856 I. 54, I renounce thy blood, If thou forsake thy valour. 1700 T. Brown Amusem. Ser. & Com. 15 Tho’ you presented him in the Morning, he will forget you at Night, and utterly Renounce you the Day following. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xiii, I never can renounce you, while you are unchanged. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xxxiii. Your kindred renounce you. 1865 -Mut. Fr. II. XV, My brother has quarrelled with me.. and renounced me.

tc. In passive with complement. Obs. rare~^. 1661 Cressy Refi. Oaths Suprem. ^ Alleg. 23 Can the King be acknowledged.. a Head of Churches of which he renounces, and is renounced the being so much as a member?

t4. To refuse to do a thing. Obs. rare-^. 1582 Stanyhurst ^neis ii. (Arb.) 68 This sayd, shee vannisht, and thogh that I sadlye requyred Too confer further, yeet shee too tarrye renounced.

fb. With double obj. To refuse. Obs. rare-^. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) 35 On sands they renounce vs an harboure. They doe bid vs battayl.

fc. To refuse to carry out; to repudiate (an obligation). Obs. rare~^. 1617 Moryson Itin. III. 255 Lewis the twelfth, after the league for yeers was expired, renounced the payment of all publike or priuate pensions.

fS. To deny (a suggestion or accusation). Obs. 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax I j b. If you will say there is salte in it, I will acknowledge [= admit] it; but if you will suspect there is gall in it, I renounce it. 1597 Beard Theatre Godsjudgem. (1612) 305 When manie were suspected of the murder, and all renounced it [etc.].

6. intr. or absol. To make renunciation. Const, to (the thing renounced). Also Sc. to dispense with (a thing). Obs. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. {Mary Egypt) 683, I sal renunce but delay to )?is fals warld J>is ilke day. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 46 Babilla with hir Sones sevene. Which hath renonced to the hevene. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) I. iii. C viij. He renounceth specyally vnto thre synnes. That is vnto pryde, to couetyse, and vnto lechery. 1687 Dryden Hind & P. iii. 147 He of my sons who fails to make it good. By one rebellious act renounces to my blood. 1728 Ramsay Last Sp. Miser xx, I thought.. That chiel a very silly dunce, That could not honestly renunce With ease and joys .. to win an unce Of yellow boys.

b. Law. To make formal resignation of some right or trust, esp. of one’s position as heir or executor. ?i6o4 in Morison Diet. Dec. XXXI. (1806) 13897 The Lords found. That he.. might renounce to be heir, albeit he .. were decerned as lawfully charged, not having renounced debito tempore. 1695 Ventris Reports (1701) I. 303 There is no Book which proves the Acts of an Administrator void, where there is a Will and the Executor renounces. 1743 Swinburne's Wills (ed. 6) vi. §12. 444 Then two of the Executors of the Son died, and Hay the surviving Executor renounced. 1806 Morison Diet. Dec. XXXI. 13901 [The] Heir, before he renounce, must purge the Estate of his proper debts. 1870 W. D. Christie Mem. Dryden in D.’s Wks. (Globe) p. Ixxix, Dryden died without a will, and his widow having renounced, his son Charles administered on June 10.

c. To make a renunciation of something. 1868 Geo. Eliot Sp. Gipsy in. 243 But you, dear Juan, Renounce, endure, are brave. 1872 - Middlem. Ixvii, Since providential indications demand a renunciation of me, I renounce.

7. Card-playing. To fail to follow suit, to play a card of a different suit from that which has been led; originally implying the possession of, but now usually the want of, a proper card. In the former case revoke is now the current term. (Cf. RENOUNCE sb. I and renegue sb. and v. 4 a.) 1656 Hobbes Lib. Necess. & Chance (1841) 194 In the same manner as men in playing turn up trump, and as in playing their game their morality consisteth in not renouncing. 1676 Wycherley PI. Dealer v. i. Since my lover has played the card, I must not renounce. 1728 Swift Jrnl. Mod. Lady Wks. 1755 III. ii. 197 Madam, you have no cause to flounce, I swear I saw you thrice renounce. 1747 Hoyle Quadrille 33 If any Person renounces and it is discover’d,.. all the Parties are to take up their Cards and play them over again. 1787 Minor 92 He frequently renounced, and seldom returned her lead. 1830 ‘Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 41 The player who holds the same has a right to renounce in every suit during the whole game. 1862‘Cavendish’ Whist i 12 A suit in which he knows that both you and the fourth player renounce.

to him, that should set downe the time of his [the Messiah’s] coming.

Hence re'nounced ppl. a. 1717 L. Howel Desiderius 9 Too many of the most renounc’d Asceticks were celebrated for doing what was next to nothing. 1769 Oxford Mag. II. 144/1 In her renounced companion’s breast. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 474 He .. feels .. A secret thirst of his renounced employs.

re'nounceable, a.

[f. prec.

+ -able.] That

may be renounced. 1862 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xiv. viii. (1872) V. 259 She renounces her engagement... Prussian agent answers that it is not renounceable. 1955 Times 8 July 14/2 Renounceable allotment letters and application forms for additional shares have been posted, ig'jg Daily Tel. ipjan. 13/2 A three-forone capitalisation issue will then produce for Midland 86 million renounceable shares which it can sell free of stamp duty.

renouncement

(ri'naunsmant). [a. F. renoncement (15th c.): see renounce v. and -MENT.] The act of renouncing; an instance of this, a renunciation. fConst. to (cf. renounce v. 6 a). 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 547 All though he had and myght .. haue declared his renouncement by the redynge of an other meane persone. 1597 J. King On Jonas (1618) 387 Against sinners past grace, you shall often find renouncements vnto them. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. 1. v. 34, I hold you as a thing en-skied, and sainted. By your renouncement. 1640 Yorke Union Hon. 185 The renouncement of the Titles to the Kingdome of Castile and Leon. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 9 In what condition is he, other than that which he would have been in, had no such renouncement been made? 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. iv. (1875) 166 The doctrine.. of the superiority of renouncement to activity.

renouncer (ri'nauns3(r)).

[f. renounce v.

+

-ER^.] One who renounces. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 134 Seeing you are in so great an errour.. if you become not repentant, and a renouncer betimes [etc.]. 1676 Doctrine of Devils 131 Renagadoes, Renouncers, Apostates, from the.. Truths of Christian Religion. 1724 Swift Dr0pier’5 v. Wks. 1755 V. ii. loi He was ready to renounce as much as they pleased. .. I am not so thorough a renouncer. 1841 Emerson Misc. (1855) 200 A Re-maker of what man has made; a renouncer of lies. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xxi, He renounce me! Cast your eyes on the Renouncer, Pinch, and be the wiser for the recollection!

renounciation,

obs. form of renunciation.

renouncing (n'naunsig), vbl. sb. [f.

renounce

V. + -ingL] The action of the vb,, in various senses; renunciation. Also, an instance of this. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 235 How God undirstondes pis renunsynge teches he by lif of Crist. 1494 Fabyan Chron. VII. (1516) Ttiv/i The Archebysshop.. shewyd vnto them seryously the voluntary renounsynge of the Kyng. 1562-3 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 230 Befoir the concluding of the caus and renunceing of farther probatioun. 1599 Sandys Europse Spec. (1605) Piv, Those desperate Atheismes, those Spanish renouncings, and Italian blasphemings. 1660 Milton Griffith's Serm. Wks. 1851 V. 390 To charge him most audaciously and falsly with the renouncing of his own public Promises. 1724 Swift Drapier's Lett. v. Wks. 1755 V. II. loi When Sir Charles Sedley was taking the oaths, where several things were to be renounced, he said he loved renouncing. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 Sept., To this renouncing of the wide sleeve we have been coaxed little by little.

fre'nounsal. Obs. rare-^. [f. renounse, obs. f. RENOUNCE V. + -alL] Renouncement. 1646 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi's Civil Warres ix. 188 All France (which falling upon his person by naturall Inheritance; not by anothers Renounsal, was his legal Patrimony).

renounse, obs. form of renounce

v.

t'renovant, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. renovantem, pres. pple. of renovdre: see renovate v.] Renewing; increasing by renewal. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey iv. ii. 81 Perquisites may be diuided into Renouant and Dormant. Renouant Perquisites are Accrewments acquired by Increase and Casualty.

renovascular (ri:n3u'v£escjub(r)), a. Med. [f. RENO- + VASCULAR a.]

Pertaining to the blood

vessels of the kidneys. 1961 Medicine XL. 347 {heading) Functional characteristics of renovascular hypertension. 1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xx. 8/1 Neutralization of the activity of angiotensin II by specific angiotensin antibodies does not always prevent or reverse hypertension induced by renovascular means.

'renovate, pa. pa.

pple. and ppl. a. [ad. L. pple. of renovare: see next.]

t II. 8. trans. To announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce. Obs.

renovdtus, Renewed.

01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 97 Tille.. that the squier herde of the speche, and how it was renounced that he had leide .v. eggis. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) ly. V, Pvij, He [the curate] it ought to renounce unto his souerayne, as is the bysshop of the dyoses. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie’s Hist. Scot. x. 352 Joanna, the Dukes dauchter.., [as] Quene of Jngland al man in publick renunced. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage II. xx. 179 They.. renounced Anathema

c 1520 Barclay Jugurtha (ed. 2) 6 The name and glorie of our household by your manhode is renouate and renewed. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VII 17 b, To shewe that the warre was renovate without hys knowledge and assente. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 940 The king openly sware to keepe the new renouate league and amitie. 1873 Browning Red Cott. NUcap i. 744 Of use to the community? I trust Clairvaux thus renovate and regalized.. Answers that question.

renovate ('renauveit), v. [f. L. renovat-, ppl. stem of renovate, f. re- re- + novare to make new, f. novus new.] fl. trans. To renew, resume (an action or purpose). Obs. 1535 Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 416 That.. ye take som occasion at conuenyent tyme.. to renovate the saide communycacyon .. with the Frensh kyng. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 37 Then prince Edward renouating his purpose, tooke shipping againe. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1796 [see renovated he\o'w'\. fb. To renew in effect, to revive. Ohs. rare^^. 1553 Latimer Serm. Lord's Prayer vii. (1562) 51b, Whosoeuer.. wittingly doth the selfe same sin againe: he renouateth by so doyng al those sinnes which before times were forgiuen him.

2. To renew materially; to repair; to restore by replacing lost or damaged parts; to create anew. a 1522 Leland Itin. (1768) 11. 42 Ethelwolde.. did clerely renovate and augmentid this Abbay. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Renouate, to renew, or repaire. 1768 Tucker Lt. Nat. II. I. vii. §8. 140 Secondary qualities.. are continually destroyed and renovated according to the changes made in that order. h.y motions of the component parts. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 213 The ices of the Poles, then, renovate the waters of the Sea, as the ices of mountains renovate those of the great rivers. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab v. 4 Surviving still the imperishable change That renovates the world. 1857 Wood Comm. Obj. Seashore 11 If he thoroughly renovates his blood by expelling all the impure air. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 187 These movements must be of great service in renovating the surface of the earth. b. To restore to vigour; to refresh. 1671 J. Webster Metallogr. viii. 125 It renovateth old Trees that of twenty years have brought forth no fruit. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho iv. The spirit of St. Aubert was renovated. 1807-8 W. Irving Salmag. xviii. (i860) 408 A little warm nourishment renovated him for a short time. 1837 [see renovated below].

c. To renew on a higher level; to regenerate. 1800 CoLQUHOUN Comm. Thames ix. 281 The great object of renovating the morals of the labouring classes. 1817 Chalmers Astron. Disc. v. (1852) 131 The Gospel..will renovate the soul. 1876 Humphreys Coin-coil. Man. xiii. 157 The art displayed on the Persian coinage seems to have been renovated.

3. To restore (a person) to office, rare-^. 1816 Gen. Hist, in Ann. Reg. 641 They were also to renovate the members of the councils-general of department.

4. intr. To revive, recover, rare. 1790 Bystander 13 [Like a fountain] scattering its translucent pearls on the drooping flowers, which renovate at their touch. 1812 Henry & Isabella II. 258 His exhausted mind and body would here renovate in repose.

Hence 'renovated ppl. a.; renovated butter = process butter s.v. process sb. 13; 'renovater (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855). 1796 Burke Regie. Peace i. (1892) 56 A very active preparation for renovated hostility. 1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville II. 217 The travellers now moved forward with renovated spirits. 1843 J. Martineau Chr. Life I. ix. 125 Christ.. indulging in no dreams of a renovated world without, till [etc.]. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxviii. (1856) 352 Today.. the gulls were flying over the renovated water. 1899, etc. [see/)roce55 butter s.v. process sb. 13]. 1906 Daily Chron. 13 Sept. 5/2 Mr. Hehner went on to explain the nature of American renovated butter. He said that sometimes butter ‘went off, and it was then melted down and the sour milk run oflf and replaced by pure milk and cream. 1937 Harvey & Hill Milk Products iii. 178 Renovated butter. Butter which has become unfit for human consumption is treated in many countries by a process which is said to render it suitable for such consumption. Such methods, however, are not practised in Great Britain.

renovating (’rensuveitiq), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ing'“.] That renovates. 1641 Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 219 As if a man should taxe the renovating and re-ingendring Spirit of God with innovation. 1726-46 Thomson Winter 704 All Nature feels the renovating force Of Winter. 1811 W. R. Spencer Poems 39 The world has felt thy renovating rays. 1830 DTsraeli Chas. /, III. iii. 22 Charles probably meditated to infuse a renovating vigour into his languid administration. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. 11. v. 62 The renovating blessings of animal life and restoring warmth. b. renorvating spring (see remontoir). 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 519, E is the renovating or remontoire spring, fixed to the same stud.

Hence 'renovatingly adv. 1885 Meredith Diana xxxix, Her fall had brought her renovatingly to earth.

renovation (rsnau'veijan).

[a. F. renovation (iSth c.), or ad. L. renovdtion-em, n. of action f. renovate to renovate.] 1. The action of renovating, or the condition of having been renovated; renewal; restoration; an instance of this, a change effected by renewal. *432-50 tt- Higden (Rolls) III. 117 In whiche yere he see also the renouacion of the temple. 1555 Eden Decades 87 The water therof beinge dronk.. maketh owld men younge ageyne. Marg. The renouation of age. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 599 They .. do hartily reioyce .. for the renouation of true religion. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1301 The dismembring of Osiris, and the resurrection or renovation of his life. 1645 Milton Tetrach. Introd., Wks. 1851 IV. 143 To expect.. glorious changes and renovations both in Church and State. i68l tr. Belon's Myst. Physick Introd. 13 Remedies for Conservation and Renovation of Health. 1730-46 Thomson Autumn 1189 How long Shall prostrate Nature groan beneath your rage; Awaiting renovation? 1784 Cowper Task vi. 124 The regular return

RENOWN

6i8

RENOVATE

of genial months. And renovation of a faded world. 1834 Southey Doctor (1862) 383 Both the innovations or renovations which Spenser introduced were against the grain. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 36 To the good man, education is of all things the most precious, and is also in constant need of renovation.

fb. Renewal of the body at the resurrection. Obs. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge I. 3509 Greatter was the hope of the eterne renouacion In her body resolued to naturall consumption. ? 1554 CovERDALE Hope Faithf. xxii. Wks. (Parker Soc.) H. 195 Of our bodies The renovation. Therefore is this My expectation. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 65 Wak’t in renovation of the just.

2. Theol. Renewal wrought by the Holy Ghost; the creation of a new spirit within one. 1543 Necess. Doctrine d iij. In our battaile aforesayde, in.. our dayly spiritual renovation. 1555 Eden Decades 43 To poure vppon his electe the grace of renouation. 1624 Gataker Transubst. 66 The thing that is there wrought, to wit, regeneration and renovation, is a thing intelligible. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. II. 79 How doth God the Holy Ghost save thee? By his Illumination, by his Renovation, and by his Preservation. 01708 Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1711) HI. 225 External reformation is nothing without internal renovation. 1841 Trench Parables (i860) 116 For the true renovation is ever thus from the inward to the outward.

fb. Reformation.

Obs. rare~^.

a. & M. 542/2 Concernynge inioynynge of penance I know of none.. excepte renouation of liuinge in casting a parte olde vyce, and taking them vnto new vertue. 1563 Foxe

t3. The renewal or resumption of an action, agreement, condition, etc. Obs. 1535 Coverdale I Macc. xii. 17 Oure lettres, concerninge the renouacion of oure brotherhode. 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 667 Na quietnes bot renovatioun of displesour and troubill may arryise. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 125 Why should I particularize the often renovation of these warres under so many several kings.. ? 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 15 To attend the Grand Signior.. in order to the Renovation of the Articles. 1774 J. Bryant Mythol. II. 433 The Bull of Perillus was.. designed for a renovation of some cruel rites. 1798 W. Blair Soldier's Friend 77 The renovation of pain that is the necessary consequence of chirurgical treatment.

'renovative, a. rare~^. [f. as

renovate v.

+

-IVE,] Renovating. 1839-52 Bailey Festus 475 A fountain of divine delight. And renovative nature.

renovator ('r8n3uveit3(r)).

[a. L. renovator, agent-n. f. renovdre to renovate; cf. F. renovateur.] One who renovates. I. Taylor Ancient Chr. I. 367 As often as any stem and fanatical renovator came into the management of these religious houses. 1840 Mill Diss. & Disc. (1875) I. 427 The barbarian conquerors were the renovators, not the destroyers of its civilisation. 1839

tre'nove, v. Obs.

[ad. OF. renover, renouver, or L. renovdre: see renovate i?.] trans. and intr. To renew. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 243 In that tyme al thynnges begynnyth to renoue and wix newe, and returne Into estate, c 1440 Love Bonavent. Mirr. xliii. (Gibbs MS.) If. 92 And so he nowe renoued [u.r. renewed] )>e J^rid tyme pe brusures and pe woundes. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 62 b, Be Baptisme we ar regenerat and renouit.

fre'novel, v. Obs. Also 4-5 renouel. [ad. OF. renoveler (mod.F. renouveler), f. L. re- re- + novellas novel a. Cf. renule u.] To renew. a. trans. C1315 Shoreham i. 1826 ptr.. Seel be renoueled l?et a-gonne hijs. And ayjjer fol3y oJ?er. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 7474 And als oft renoueld salle be ilk payne, Als he turned new tylle ilk syn ogayne. c 1386 Chaucer Melib. fp879 To do som thing, by which he may renovele his good name. 1446 Lydg. Nightingale i. 23 Meued of Corage be vertu of the seson, In prime-tens renoueled yere be yere. 1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 65/1 The oold frendelyhode also betwixt theym to be renovelled in such wise, as it may abide. 1537 Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 104 His Maieste hath commaunded you eftsones to renovel the said Ouerture of mediacion vnto him. b. intr. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. xi. All things renovelen.. with seed imultiplied. C1386-Pars. T. IP953 Oones a yer alle thinges in the erthe renovelen.

Hence f re'novelling vbl. sb.; also fre'novelance [OF. renovelance], f re'novelment [OF. renovelement], tre'novelty [OF. renovelete], renewing. Obs. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xxii. (1859) 23 The counseyles conteined in the gospels of Criste, whiche ben in a maner renouellynges of the forsayd pertes. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame ii. 185 And also moo renoveilaunces Of olde for-leten aqueyntaunces. C1477 Caxton 45 It is a grete abuse to me for to thinke and haue a renouelement of payne. Ibid. 123 Peleus.. cam unto the kyng in the renouellite of this noble respyrement. 1501 in Lett. Rich. Ill ^ Hen. F//(Rolls) 1. 154 Overture.. for the renovelling of the said amitie.

reno-'vesical, a. Path. [f. reno- as comb, form of L. ren kidney.] Connected with the kidneys and bladder. 1872 Anstie in Practitioner VIII. 243 Reno-vesical Cantharidism, and the Remedies in General use for its Relief.

renovize (’renauvaiz), v. U.S. rare. [A blend of V. -f modern)ize V.] restore and modernize.

renov(ate

trans.

To

Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 25 Jan. 3/6 A ‘renovize Philadelphia’ campaign has met marked success in its early stages. 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! ii. 53 A *933

i

North American warrior tells me that she has seen ‘to renovise’! 1965 Amer. Speech XL. 303 This suffix has been attached to. .verbs {renovize, fiavorize).

renown (ri'naun), sb. Forms: a. 4-7 renoun(e, 5 Sc. ra-), 5-6 renovne, 6 -nouiin; 4-5 renon(e; 4-7 renowne, (5 Sc. ra-), 5 renownn, rennowne, 5renown. /3. 5-7 renoume, (6 Sc. -mne), 6 renowm, 6-7 renowme. [a. AF. renoun, renun, = OF. renon, later renom (see renome sb.), f. renomer to make famous, f. L. re- re- + nomindre to name: cf. renomee. The form renowme is prob. an assimilation to the earlier form of the verb, or to later F. renom.'[ 1. of renown, of fame or distinction; widely known or celebrated, f Occas. in pi. a. 13.. Coer de L. 689 Sir Foulke Doyly of renoun. Ibid. 1682 Hys barouns, Eerles and lordes off renouns. 1377 Langl. P. pi. B. Prol. 158 A raton of renon most renable of tonge. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 121 The moste wyse clerkes and Maysteris of renoune that haue beyn afor vs in al tymys. a 1500 Bernardus De Cura 183 That men may say, 3on man is of renowne. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 1206 Lol quhair thair sits ane Priores of renown. 1623 Milton Ps. cxxxvi. 62 In bloody battail he brought down Kings of prowess and renown. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 2 John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Gen. vi. 4 Mightie men, which in olde time were men of renoume. a 1592 Greene Alphonsus Wks. (Rtldg.) 228/1 He marcheth on unto our chiefest seat, Naples, I mean, that city of renowm.

b. So of great {high, etc.) renown. a. 13.. Seuyn Sag. (W.) 552 A riche man of gret renoun. CI330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13774 Two pousand of pe Bretouns, Wijjoute men of grete renouns. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxx. {Theodora) 40 A man of gud renone. c 1400 Melayne 21 In Tuskayne townnes gon he wyn.. This lorde of grete renownn. C1450 Merlin 106 Ther was noon but.. seide that he sholde be of high renon. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. (1895) p. xciv, A prince of much renowne and immortall fame, a 1600 Song in Shaks. Oth. ii. iii. 96 He was a wight of high Renowne, and thou art but of low degree. 1784 Cowper Task v. 691 As if, like him of fabulous renown, They had indeed ability [etc.]. 1842 Tennyson You ask me 10 A land of just and old renown. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle {Caxton) iv. xxxviii. (1859) 63 A noble kynge that hyght Poeticus, of grete power, and wonder grete renoume. 1470-85 Malory Arthur i. xvi. 57 Yonder I see.. the man of the most renoume. 1596 Danett tr. Comines (1614) 263 Which had been of so great estimation and renowme through all Christendome.

t c. with great renown, with much distinction or display. Also without adj. Obs. c 1375 Cursor M. 14725 (Fairf.) As men dos 3et in toun per faire is halden wip grete renoun, c 1440 York Myst. xxv. 207, I rede we make vs redy bowne,.. And hym ressayue with grete rennowne. c 1575 Raid of Reidswire iii. in Scott Minstr. Scot. Bord. (1802) I. 98 The Rutherfoords, with grit renown. Convoy’d the town of Jedbrugh out. ? a 1800 Lord Saltoun xi. in Child Ballads IV. 348/1 Then out spake her father, he spake wi renown.

2. The fact or condition of being widely celebrated or held in high repute; celebrity, fame, honourable distinction. a. 1340-70 Alex. & Dind. 369 We no recche of no ricchesse no renoun of landus. C1420 Anturs of Arth. 293 Ther salle the Rownde Tabille losse the renowne. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Iviii. 197 Huon..had grete desyre too attayne to good renowne. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. v. iv. 151 Honor, high honor and renowne To Hymen. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Ixxii. 17 His memory and honour, .shall descend upon his posterity, as a mark of renoun. C1683 Waller On St. James's Park ii ’Tis of more renown To make a river, than to build a town. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 146 Ip8 Whoever claims renown from any kind of excellence, expects to fill the place which is now possessed by another. 1784 Cowper Task iii. 59 Forsaking thee, what shipwreck have we made Of honour, dignity, and fair renown! 1821 Shelley Adonais xlv, The inheritors of unfulfilled renown Rose from their thrones. 1833 Tennyson Lady C. V. de Vere 2 Of me you shall not win renown. jS. 1538 Elyot s.v. Celebro, to celebrate or brynge in renoume. ^1583 Sir H. Gilbert Q. Eliz. Acad. (1869) 12 Better it is to haue Renowme among the good sorte, then to be lorde over the whole world. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. I. (1594) 69 Great and proud armies may by notable victories procure to themselves renowm and glorie. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Renoume, credite, fame.

b. With poss. pron. or genitive: The fame or reputation attaching to a particular person, place, etc. a. C1374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 248 (297), I..love as wele your honour and renoun, As creature in al this world yborn. c 1440 Ipomydon 1500 Thus Caymys rode toward the towne, Whan he had lost all his renowne. 1508 Dunbar Ball. Ld. B. Stewart 50 Throw Scotland.. Fleys on weyng thi fame, and thi renoune. 1580 Sidney Ps. ix. iii. Their renown, which seem’d so like to last, Thou dost put out. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 219 Artificers,.. if they be not known by the ancient renowne of their shoppes [etc.]. 1726 Swift Gulliver i. v, The Emperor, .the Renown of whose Virtues had.. filled the whole World with Admiration. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 123 His renown had spread even to the coffeehouses of London and the cloisters of Oxford. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §6. 403 The renown of the Spanish infantry had been growing. ,(3- *455-6 in Househ. Ord. (1790) 15 It shold be to his singuler renoume, fame, and laude. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 7 To his most noble and immortall renoume. *587 Golding De Mornay Ep. Ded., [To] hold him back from seeking to inlarge his renowme.

fc. of renown, in distinction. Obs. rare.

respect

of

fame

or

C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14753 Westsex [was] pe prydde of renoun. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. 11. xvii.

RENOWN

619

1664 Off Venes he made pe gret towne )jat jhit is ryalle of ranowne. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 88 Rich to behald, and nobil of renounn.

13. Report, rumour. sense 2.)

(Sometimes implying

c 1330 Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5003 Renoun ran [o.r. tydynges ronne], t?at ouer al reches, To ilk a man mad hei speches. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Mathias) 189 [Of] pat sad ded pe ranowne sowne rane throw al pe towne. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1054 Dido, Swich renoun was there sprongyn of hire goodnesse, c 1450 Merlin 176 And so com the renoun in to the hoste, that thei durste not ride that wey with-oute grete foyson of peple. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 193 Of whom, so often I haue heard renowne, But neuer saw before.

fb. Reputation of a specified kind. Obs. rare. c 1339 Brunne Chron. (i8io) 73 Abbot & prioure.. Wer priued of Jjar office, of woulfes had renoun. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. (1549) 12 From that tyme he had the renoume of Constance and grauitee. 1603 Shaks. All's Well IV. iii. 19 A young Gentlewoman.. of a most chaste renown. 1608 -Per. IV. vi. 42 That digniBes the renowne of a Bawd.

tc. Good name, reputation. Obs. rare~^. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. v. v. 202 To make the noble Leonatus mad, By wounding his beleefe in her Renowne.

fd. Commendation of a person. Obs. rare~^. 1631 Chapman Caesar & Pompey Plays 1873 III. 194 His much renowne of you, quit with your utmost.

renown (ri'naon), v.

Also 6-7 renoume, (6 renoumpne), renowme; renoune, 6-7 renowne. [ad. OF. renoumer^ var. renomery -nommer (see RENOME u.); the form renown has been assimilated to the sb. See also renowned p/>/. a.] 1. trans. To make famous, spread the fame of; to celebrate. Now rare. a. 1530 Palsgr. 686/1, I renoume one, I gyve hym a renoume, Je renomme. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 218 Neither take 1 wealth to be any worthy cause to renowme the owner. 1609 Broughton Princ. Positions 25 The third of Esdras was penned to renowme the building of the Temple. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 199 A Prophetesse, Who wrot and spake in verse with such a grace, As she renoumd the Countrey where she was. /3. 1559 Morwyng Evonym. Pref. aj b, I iudge him not to haue bene the first inuentor of this Art, but one that broughte it to lighte and renouned it. 1595 MundayJ^o^” o Kent II. i. (Shaks. Soc. 1851) 20 This resolution dooth renowne ye bothe. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. v. 156 That most famous Towne Which her great Prophet bred who Wales doth so renowne. a 1639 W. Whateley Prototypes i. xi. (1640) 142 Those women Gods owne pen hath renowned for gracious and vertuous. 1735 Pope Prol. Sat. 179 The Bard whom pilfer’d Pastorals renown. 1743 A. Hill Wks. (1753) II. 240, I should feel no inclination to condemn your purpose to renown Strand-green. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleom. 260 As a limb of the Bar, I with honour renown ’em. reft. 1592 Nobody ^ Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 335 Renowne yourselfe by being kind to her. 1631 May tr. Barclay's Mirr. Mindes ii. 110 They are ambitious to doe strange and wonderfull things, and by them to renowne themselves and their times to Posterity. 1853 Jerdan Autobiog. IV. xiv. 255 Being..in the vein to ‘renown’ myself (using a verb coined at Drummond Castle), I shall [etc.].

fb. To report, relate. Obs. rare~^. ri530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 283, I have herd renowned of you, that ye were fre and gentyll of hearte.

tc. To celebrate with some ceremony. Obs.'^^ 1566 Adlington Apuleius 28 This renoumpned with some solempne nouell.

day

is

alwaies

2. intr. [After G. renommiren.] Of German students: To seek notoriety; to make a display; to swagger. Also with it. 1825 Blackvi. Mag. XVII. 331 The Courlanders have been renowning of late. 1839 LoNGF. Hyperion Ii. iv. Prose Wks. 1886 II. 92 The student with the sword leaped to the floor. It was Von Kleist. He was renowning it.

Hence re'nowning vbl. sb. 1631 May tr. Barclay's Mirr. Mindes i. 216 To the renowning of their supposed suffrings. 1826 Blacktv. Mag. XIX. 550 Among many less justifiable pieces of ‘renowning’ which occurred during my stay, there was one prank [etc.].

renownce,

obs. form of renounce.

trenowne(e. Obs. Also 4-5 renoune(e, -none; Sc. 5 ranowne, 6 renownye. [A confusion of renomee and renown 5^.] Renown. 1375 Barbour Bruce viii. 290 Thai suid richt weill revardit be. And gretly ek thair renownee. ^1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1513 Hypsipyle (Camb. MS.), Sche knew by folk that in his shepis be That it was lason ful of renone \v.r. renoune, renomee]. 1513 Douglas ^neiswu. xii. 143 The famus honour, and hie renownye, Or glorious gestis of his posterite.

renowned

(n'naund), ppl. a. Also 5-7 renowmed, etc. [f. as renown v. + -Eoh cf. RENOMED.j Celebrated, famous; covered with renown. a. In predicative use, or following the sb. fAlso with complement (quot. 1456). a. 137s Barbour Bruce a. 32 In fer landis renownyt wes he. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 2372 The roy ryalle renownde, with his rownde table. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 141 Sa did he his awin service.. to be renouned a worthy man of armes. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlviii. 154 Our the laif thy bewty is renownd. 1570 T. Norton tr. Nowel's Catech. (1853) 194 Our prayer is, that the name of God be made renowned and known to mortal men. 1652 Milton Sonn. xvi. To Cromwell, Peace hath her victories No less renownd then warr. 1776 Gibbon Decl. fef F. xii. I. 335 Semno, the most renowned of their chiefs, fell alive into the hands of

RENT

Probus. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 67 He is also renowned as having well understood the system of turning in wood. 14 .. Pol. Ret. & L. Poems (1866) 46 Famose poetys of antiquite In grece and troy, renowmyd of prudence, a 1533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Civ, There haue bene many famous and renoumed by scripture and lerning. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. x. 3 An auncient house.. Renowmd throughout the world for sacred lore. 1621 Ainsworth Annot. Pentat. (1639) Numbers 6 The called or, the renowmed:.. such as were men of renowne for age and wisdom.

b. In attributive use. a. 1417 Ld. Furnyval in Ellis Orig. Let. Ser. ii. I. 55 The gracious prosperitie and noble health of your renowned person. 1508 Dunbar Ball. Ld. B. Stewart i Renownit, ryall, right reuerend and serene Lord. 1573 L. Lloyd Marrow of Hist. (165^) 219 The renownedst (Jratours in all the world. 1630-1 Milton Arcades 29 That renowned flood, so often sung, Divine Alpheus. 1818 Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 164 The renowned wisdom of your Honourable House, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. iv. 33 The Lake of Geneva.., this renowned inland sea. p. 1470-85 Malory Arthur viii. iv. 278 One of the famosest and renoumed knyghtes of the world. 1544 Leland N. Y. Gift in Itin. (1768) I. p. xxiii. The old Glory of your renowmid Britaine. 1638 Brathwait Barnabees Jrnl. III. (1818) 83 Not th’ Ephesian Diana Is of more renoumed fam-a.

Hence re'nownedly adv.y re'nownedness. 1590 Barrough Meth. Physick vin. (1639) 416 To increase and preserve the worthinesse and renownednesse of their good name. 1611 Cotgr., Glorieusementy.. renowmedly. 1659 Bp. Walton Consid. Considered 180 For the honour he bears to the renownedly learned publisher.

renowner (ri'naun9(r)). [f. as prec. + -erL] 1. One who celebrates or makes famous, rare. 1615 Chapman Odyss. xxiv. ad fin., So wrought diuine Vlysses through his woes;.. As through his great Renowner I have wrought. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. Wks. 1851 III. 270 The two famous renowners of Beatrice and Laura.

2. [After G. renommist.] notoriety; a swaggerer.

One

who seeks

1839 Longf. Hyperion ii. iv. Prose Wks. 1886 II. 85 He was a student... In short, he was a renowner and a duellist. 1865 Pall Mall G. 7 Dec. 11 Rather.. than that the Oxford men are less well behaved than the renowners of Heidelberg.

re'nownful, a, rare,

[-ful.] Renowned. 1606 Marston Sophon. i. i. Wks. 1856 I. 152 O. .Man of large fame, great ana abounding glory, Renounefull Scipio. 1892 Brooke Hist. E. Eng. Lit. v. I. 114 Rheda..is the shining and renownful goddess.

of nerve impulses along motor neurons in the spinal cord. 1976 W. R. Ingram Rev. Anat. Neurol, i. 23 Some investigators have questioned the validity of the Renshaw cell concept.

rensselaerite (renss'lsarait, 'rgnsabrait). Min. [Named in 1837 after Gov. Stephen Van Rensselaer: see -ite.] A variety of talc, found in various parts of New York State and Canada, having a fine compact texture which makes it capable of being worked on a lathe and manufactured into various articles. i860 Worcester cites Dana. 1863 Dana Man. Geol. 81 Rensselaerite is a kind of Soapstone of compact structure.

fren'stall.

Obs.

rare~^.

[f.

re-

+

enstall

INSTALL V., after renforce, etc.] Reinstalment. 1630 J. Lane Cont. Stjr.’s T. 195 note, Canace tho fore kinge Cambusc did fall, and beggd his grace for Algarsifes renstall [1616 recall].

rent (rent), sb.^ Forms: 2-7 rente, (5-6 rentte, s rennt), 4- rent. [a. OF. rente (12th c.), rende = Pr. renta, renda, Sp. renta, Pg. renda, It. rendita:—pop. L. *rendita (= class. L. reddita), fern. pa. pple. of *rendere: see render v. Hence also MDu., MLG., MHG. (also mod.Du., etc.) rente, Sw. rdnta.] 11. a. (In pi.) A source or item of revenue or income; a separate piece of landed or other property yielding a certain return to the owner. Obs. CIIS4 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137 Martin abbot., wrohte on J>e circe, & sette Jjar to landes & rentes. CI200 Vices Virtues 77 Da riche menn 6e lane6 here eihte uppe chierches and uppe 6a chirch-landes,.. o6e uppe o8re I^inges J>e rentes 3iue6. 01225 Ancr. R. 168 Purses, baggen, & packes, beo6 alle eor61iche weolen, & worldliche renten. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 323 Odo wastede and destroyede the kynges rentes and enchetes. c 1410 Sir Cleges 94 Whan he thowght.. howe he hade his maners sold And his renttes wyde. 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. v. Their Rentes, their tresours or other thinge wherin they delyte them. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxix. 635 This Philip..was abydynge in his mothers house, and lyued honestely on theyr rentes. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. i. 260 What are thy Rents? what are thy Commings in? 1611 Coryat Crudities 459 A goodly Bishoprick.. which he endowed with most ample rents and reuenewes.

fb. Revenue, income. Obs.

re'nownless, a.

rare, renown; unrenowned.

Devoid

[-less.]

of

1552 Huloet, Renowmles. .ignominis. 1828-32 in Webster. 1892 Blackw. Mag. Mar. 388/2 He grew vexed that a little renownless girl should dare to address a very smart young man like him.

renoyrie, variant of

renayrie Obs.

renpayre, variant of Rens,

rempare v.

Obs.

obs. Sc. form of Rhenish a.

rensch, rense,

obs. forms of rinse v.

II renseignement (rdsEjisma). [Fr.] (A piece of) information; also, a letter of introduction. 1841 E. Everett Let. 30 Dec. in Dickens Lett. (1974) III. 4/1 At Washington you will be able to get abundance of letters & renseignement for every part of the interior, c 1863 Mrs. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 931, 1 am.. sending my courier to you in hopes that you will most kindly give him ‘renseignements’ on one or two points. 1873 W. James Let. 25 May in R. B. Perry Thought Char. W. James (1935) I. XX. 346, I take up the pen today mainly on a matter of business, that is, to get at as early a date as possible certain renseignements which may affect my choice of how to spend next winter. 1875 Lady C. Schreiber Jrn/. 20 Nov. (1911) I. 390 Called on the Consul, saw some fine Oriental dishes at his house, got from him various renseignements. 1921 Glasgow Herald 17 May 3/8 Given, however, accurate renseignements, properties of high potential value are to be acquired.

Renshaw* ('renjo:).

Tennis. The name of William Charles Renshaw (1861-1904) and his twin brother Ernest (1861-99), used attrib. in Renshaw smash to denote a kind of fast overhead volley with which they were associated. [1882: see smash sb.^ i b.] 1883 Field 7 July ii/i Deuce was called in five of the games, and the fifth game was won by four of the ‘Renshaw smashes’. 1889 W. M. Brownlee Lawn-Tennis v. 18 This return very soon was called the ‘Renshaw smash’. 1975 Oxf. Compan. Sports ^ Games 835/1 He took the ball early—the ‘Renshaw smash’ was celebrated.

Renshaw'^ ('renjo:). Physiol. [Name of Birdsey Renshaw (1911-48), U.S. neurologist, who investigated such cells.] Renshaw cell: a nerve cell in the spinal cord that is innervated by collaterals from a motor neurone and forms synapses with that and adjacent motor neurones so as to provide an inhibitory feedback path. 1954 J. C. Eccles et al. in Jrnl. Physiol. CXXVI. 533 A detailed study of the interneuronal discharges has established that these intemeurones form a specialized group mediating the inhibitory path from motor axons. They may appropriately be given the distinguishing title of ‘Renshaw cells’. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, xv. 277 The Renshaw cells exert an inhibitory influence on the flow

a 1225 Juliana 4 An heh mon of cunne ant eke riche of rente, a 1300 Cursor M. 27248 [Of] ani wrangwis merchandise, Or o wasting of his rent. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 60 J^e kyng.. granted pam pes to haue, & gaf him ageyn boI>e rent & lond. c 1386 (^Ihaucer Monk's T. 221 God to thy fader sente Glorie and honour, regne, tresour, rente. 1483 Caxton Cato Giv, Thou oughtest..to holde thyn estate after thy rente and reuenue. 1550 Crowley Last Trumpet 300 Thou..sekest euer for to fynde wayes to encrease thine yerely rent. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. iii. (1636) 43 These Novell Devices brought in a new Rent and great profit to the Clergy. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 166 Palm-Trees, which yield some rent to the Monks. 1708 Swift Abolit. Chr. Wks. 1755 II. i. 86 To allow each of them such a rent, as.. would make them easy. ^83 Burke Sp. Fox's E. Ind. Bill Wks. 1815 IV. 86 Territories yielding a rent of one hundred and forty thousand pounds a year. fig- 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxiv. 39 Rewthe, the frute of nobilnes. Off womanheid the tresour, and the rent.

t c. Profit, value. Obs. rare. c 1305 Land Cokayne 86 J?er bej> iiij willis in )je abbei.. Euer emend to ri3t rent. 1513 Douglas JEneis i. Prol. 82 Set this my werk full feble be of rent.

fd. Recompense, reward; a privilege accorded to a person. Obs. rare. a 1300 K. Horn 984 Wanne hit is wente. Sire king, 3ef me mi rente. 01300 Cursor M. 19593 It fell saint petre als for rent, To call men vnto amendment. 1448-9 J. Meth am Amoryus dsf Cleopes D v (MS.), More loy sche had Than Orphe, qwan he hys wyf receyud ayen for y« rent Off his musycal melody.

t2. a. A tribute, tax, or similar charge, levied by or paid to a person, to hold one’s rent, to succeed in paying a tribute. Obs. c 1290 Beket 390 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 117 He axede at I>e laste Eche 3ere ane certayne rente l?oru3 al engelond wel faste. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5778 Jjre 3er he huld is rente ac pe ver]?e was bihinde. ^13^ Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 87 Jje Cherche, l?at sellen men leve to synne, and 3iven hem leve to last |?erinne for an anuel rente bi 3ere. c 1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 1044 Deeth, that taketh of heigh and logh his rente. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 185 Yf thou wilt.. suffre me go frely fro prisoun. Without raunsoun or ony other rent. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 550 Aganis this erle all Holland did rebell And of thair rentis wald no ansuer mak. 1659 Heylin Examen Hist. ii. 182 That every Minister.. may sue for the Recovery of his Tythes, Rents and other duties. 01703 Burkitt On N.T. Mark vi. 13 Rather than pay the constant rent of daily relief to their poor parents. fig. 13.. Coer de L. 4028 Kyng Richard hys ax in hond he hente, And payde Sarezynys her rente.

b. The return or payment made by a tenant to the owner or landlord, at certain specified or customary times, for the use of lands or houses; \rent of assise (see assize sb. 2 b, and Blackstone Comm. (1766) II. 42). Also, in mod. use, the sum paid for the hire of machinery, etc., for a certain time, fair rent, the amount of rent which a tenant may reasonably be expected to pay for the use of specified land or property; spec, that

620

RENT officially registered by a Rent Office for a particular tenancy. a 1300 Cursor M. 28438 Toll and tak, and rent o syse, withalden i haue wit couettise. & Moises hsefde jefaren ofer pa reodan sae. C1205 Lay. 3528 Heo iward reod.. swilche hit were of wine scenche. Ibid. 19890 z^^nne stunde he wes blac.. ane while he was reod.

reod, obs. form of reed sb. treof, a. Obs. Also 3 ref. [OE. hreof rough, scabbed, leprous = ON. hrjuf-r.] Rough. a 1000 Exeter Bk., Whale 8 Is t>aes hiwjelic hreofum stane. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 3726 LeateS ben swilc wurdes ref. 1418 E.E. Wills (1882) 36, vj. reof quisshens of worsted.

re'oflFer,

[re-5 a.] trans. To offer again. a 1618 Sylvester Brief Catech. iii, Christ our high-priest for ever, Self-offring once to bee re-offred never. />/. a., re'pealing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1444 Rolls of Parlt. V. 117/1 All the matiers conteined in this Petition, save onely repellyng of the Statute. 1533 More Debell. Salem Wks. 1014/1 Where neither the making nor the repelling [of the law] lyeth in neither nother of theyr handes. 1601 Shaks. Ju/. C. iii. i. 51 For the repealing of my banish’d Brother, a 1647 Filmer Patriarcha iii. §7 (1884) 52 The repealing or abrogating of any statute. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. v. § 148 Any bare votes not grounded upon law or reason, or quotations of repealed statutes. 1735 Bolingbroke On Parties (1738) 78 His dispensing, or suspending, which was in Effect a repealing Power. 1863 Sat. Rev. 11 July 39 The same ignorance or indolence which tempts legislators to introduce sweeping repealing clauses.

tre'peal,

obs. variant of repel v.

1582 Stanyhurst JEneis ii. (Arb.) 58 Soom bands of Troians.. Ranck close too geather, thee Greeks most manlye repealing. Ibid. iii. 89 Night shades moysturs glittring Aurora repealeth.

So re'pealist. 1831 Fraser's Mag. IV. 629/1 Such were the murmurings of some of the sterner repealists.

repeall, obs. form of

repeal sb.

[f. repeal sb. + -less.] Without any cancellation or repeal; from which nothing is erased.

re'pealless, a. rare.

C1862 E. Dickinson Poems (1955) I. 318 God can summon every face On his Repealless—List.

re'pealment. Obs. [f. repeal v.^ + -ment.] Recall from banishment. t

?i6o5 j. Bodenham Wittes' Commw. 220 Great is the comfort that a banished man takes, at tidings of his repealement. 1627 Feltham Resolves i. [ii.] xii. 38 Though unthankefulnes banisheth love, Gratitude obtaines a repealement.

repear,

obs. variant of rippier.

fre'pease, v. Obs. Also 6 repayse. [ad. OF. repaiser, rapaiser, f. re- re- -I- -paiser or apaiser: see APPEASE.] 1. trans. To appease or pacify again. 1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. xii. ix. He oughte to delyver his doughter to deth, for to repease the goddesse that empesshid their enterpryse. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xliv. 61 She had moche a do to repayse hym of his dyspleasure. 1530 Palsgr. 686/2 If he be chaffed ones, we have moche a do to repayse hym.

2. To reassure. rare~^. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. i5ob/i Whan thangele knewe that for thys salutacion she was tymerous and abasshed anone he repeased her sayeng Marye be nothyng aferd.

repeat (ri'piit), sb. Also 5-6 repete, 6-7 repeate. [f. the vb.] 1. a. The (or an) act of repeating, repetition. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. Ixi. 10 First thants tale told the spiders he did repeate... Then in repeate, the spiders tale he did treate. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 318 One stroke they aim’d That might determine, and not need repeate. 1855 Hopkins Organ 209 A ‘return’ or ‘repeat’ is caused in the series of Pedal sounds. 1869 Daily News 20 Aug., A message may be hereafter sent from London to Bombay almost without a repeat.

b. A repetition of a musical piece performance, or of some part of these.

or

1853 Miss E. S. Sheppard Ch. Auchester II. 208 Then burst out a tremendous call for a repeat. 1865 Morn. Star 8 Sept., As to the execution of the oratorio, .there was one good feature in it—there were no repeats.

c. In U.S. phr. and repeat, used to denote the return of a horse or the like back over the distance it has just come. Cf. return sb. i g. 1819 Va. //ero/d (Fredericksburg) 19 May 4/5 Second day two miles and repeat, free for all ages. 1856 Trans. Mich. Agric. Soc. VII. 276 Trotting horses shall be tested in harness, by going at least one mile and repeat. 1903 A. Adams Log of Cowboy ix. 131 A race horse can’t beat an ox on a hundred miles and repeat to a freight wagon.

d. Broadcasting. A repetition of a programme which has already been broadcast. 1937 Printers' Ink Monthly May 40/3 Repeat, a term denoting the second broadcast of a regular studio program broadcast for those stations not served by the original broadcast due to time differences. 1941 B.B.C. Gloss. Broadcasting Terms 28 Repeat, repetition (as distinct from reproduction) of a programme which has been broadcast, either live or recorded, on one or more previous occasions. 1959 Halas & Manvell Technique Film Animation xvi. 144 Animation seemed to be too elaborate a process to undertake for the limited number of repeats possible in the television medium. 1965 Spectator 5 Mar. 289/2 In the current fortnight no fewer than twenty-seven of the BBC’s programmes are ‘repeats’. 1973 Listener 6 Dec. 798/2 A true interstice piece was the repeat of E. M. Forster’s talk on Crabbe, in the interval of Death in Venice. 1976 Weekend Echo (Liverpool) 4/5 Dec. 2/3 If B.B.C. and ITV have to put

REPEAT

REPEAT repeats on, why don’t they show those that were on 15 to 20 years ago.

2. fa* A refrain in poetry. Obs. rare. 1497 Bp. Alcock Mons Perfect., The repete of euery balett was this, Englonde may wayle that euer Galand came here. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.) 233 We may terme him the Loue-burden, following the originall, or if it please you, the long repeate.

fb. A repeated word or phrase. Obs. 1551 T. Wilson Logike Gj, The third [term] is called the double repeate, which is twise rehersed. Ibid. Gv, The double repeate which is twise mencioned in both propositions ought to be no doubtfull worde. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Matt. vi. 7 marg.. He commandeth vs to beware muche babling and superfluous repetes.

c. Mus. A passage repeated or performed twice; the repetition of a passage. Also^ig. 1663 J. Spencer Prodigies (1665) 3 Similar figures or dispositions.. serve as a kind of grateful repeats in the harmony of the world. 1752 Avison Mus. Express. 117 When there are no intermediate notes to introduce the Repeat. 1835 Garrick Laird of Logan 56 She began her complaint against what she called ‘these repeats’, or singing one line more than once over. 1874 Spurgeon Treas. David Ps. xcviii. 5 All repetitions are not vain repetitions, in sacred song there should be graceful repeats. 1884 G. Moore Mummer's Wife (1887) 160 Then there is a repeat, in which the tenors and basses are singing against the women’s voices.

d. Mus. A sign directing that a passage is to be performed twice. 1667 C. Simpson Compendium 24 This Mark signifies a Repetition from that place only where it is set, and is called a Repeat. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. ix. 194 It is., expressed in our.. Anthems by a Mark which we call a Repeat. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The great Repeat is only a double bar, dotted on each side. Ibtd. The small repeat is where only some of the last measures of a strain are to be repeated. 1818 Busby Gram. Mus. 159 Other abbreviations are also employed under the form of repeats.

13. A recital, account. Obs. rare. 1609 Markham Famous Whore (1868) 33 Nor will I heere report my foul diseases. For such repeates all modest eares displeases. ci6ii Chapman Iliad xvi. 57 And so of this repeate enough; Take thou my fame-blaz’d armes [etc.].

4. a. A repetition or duplicate of something. 1842 H. Miller O.R. Sandst. vii. (ed. 2) 144 A doubtful repeat in the strata at one point of junction. 1867 Sabbath on Rock ii. 41 The Jewish Sabbath was a repeat of God’s seventh day of rest.

b. A device or pattern on cloth, paper, etc., which is repeated uniformly over the surface. 1855 R. N. WoRNUM Anal. Ornament 19 You have but to design your repeat or unit of repetition; the rest is mere mechanical expansion. 1899 Mackail Life Morris I. 282 The problem was that.. of so arranging the 'repeat' that the pattern should flow continuously over the whole space to be filled, and not fall asunder into patches.

c. Comm. A second or fresh supply of goods similar to one already received; also, an order for such a supply, a re-order. 1885 Pall Mall G. 14 Nov. 2/1, I ordered patterns and fabrics.. only to be disappointed. In short, to use a trade term, I could not be sure of getting a ‘repeat’. 1895 Daily Nevis 19 Dec. 2/6 We can tell how trade is going by the ‘repeats’ we get.

5. a. In general attrib. (or adj.) use, designating a further example or instance of the specified sb.; repeated, occurring again; esp. as repeat order, performance. 1888 Daily News 19 Nov. 2/7 "There is an encouraging influx of repeat purchases. 1891 Ibid. 11 Mar. 2/7 Both new and repeat orders are coming in freely. 1908 A. W. Myers Compl. Lawn Tennis Player xv. 237 ‘E.R.’ comes back in a few minutes for a ‘repeat order’. 1935 E. F. Benson Lucia's Progress vii. 206 ‘Went like hot cakes, ma’am,’ said the proprietor, ‘.. and I’ve just telephoned a repeat order.’ 1949 Radio Times 15 July 13/4, 9.50 p.m. A repeat performance of Thais by Massenet. 1961 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles IX. 15 By loth May all normal clutches have been laid, but repeat-clutches are begun till the last days of May. 1974 J. Wainwright Hard Hit 68 It is a repeat performance of last night; a staring up at the ceiling.. a haunting—a remembering. 1978 Lancashire Life Nov. 89/1 Postal orders rolled in, followed by repeat orders, together with letters from delighted winners testifying to the efficiency of the pills. 1980 Times 6 Sept. 13/5 Last year over half our visitors to London were on repeat visits.

b.

Special Combs.: repeat buying, the persistent buying of brands with which a shopper is familiar; repeat fee, a fee paid to a radio or television artist each time his performance is re-broadcast; repeat pattern = sense 4b; repeat-sign Mus. = sense 2d. 1972 A. S. C. Ehrenberg (title) •Repeat-buying: theory and applications. 1973 Nature 3 Aug. 316/1 A longstanding assumption in the theory of repeat buying has now been explained by results on consumers’ brand switching behaviour. 1969 Daily Tel. 6 Mar. 18 The principle of the •repeat-fee for the repeated employment of an artistic work has been established in the entertainment world for more than 50 years. 1975 Broadcast 21 July 12/2 Repeat fees had to be avoided. 1959 Listener 9 Apr. 629/1 There are even numbers of schools where the bastard activity of handpainted •repeat-pattern-making is still practised. 1967 E. Short Embroidery fef Fabric Collage i. 6 Symmetrical motifs, and repeat patterns, come into their own. 1946 A. L. Bacharach Brit. Music of Our Time iii. 62 Ostinato bassfigures .. could be indicated by •repeat-signs.

repeat (n'piit), v. Also 4-7 repete, 6 Sc. repit-, 6-7 repeit, 7 repeate; pa. pple. 7 repeaten. [ad. F. repeter (13th c.), ad. L. repetere to attack again, do or say again, fetch back, demand the return

634

of, f. re- RE- -I- petere to attack, make for, demand, seek, etc.] I. 1. a. trans. To say or utter over again (something which one has already said), to reiterate. Also with obj. clause. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas) 77 He can hire pray. In pe sammyne led, fore til repete pai sammyne wordis. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. Prol. 220 By the will I repeit this vers agane, "Temporall joy endis with wo and pane. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. V. Ixviii. §2 It is true that in sermons we do not use to repeate our sentences seuerally to euery particular hearer. 1617 Moryson Itin. II. 254 We ad nothing more, but doe repeate vnto you, that we then did say in that point. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 400 Oft he to her his charge of quick returne Repeated. 1719 De Foe Crusoe \. (Globe) 222 He was too earnest for an Answer to forget his Question; so that he repeated it in the very same broken Words. 1780 Cowper Progr. Err. 550 His still refuted quirks he still repeats. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. II. 352 The King, as usual, repeated the same words over and over. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 12 He has repeated his words several times, and yet they cannot understand him. absol. 1859 Tennyson Elaine 1022 As when we dwell upon a word we know. Repeating, till the word we know so well Becomes a wonder.

b. Used in radio communication, dictation, etc., to emphasize or clarify an important part of the message. Often combined with a negative. Also transf. 1938 W. Bullitt Cable 19 Mar. in R. W. Clark Freud: Man Cause (1980) xxiii. 507, I can make available immediately $10,000: but can not (repeat not) be responsible for more. 1943 F. J. Bell Condition Red xvi. 259 We are not—repeat—not—a Jap. 195^ New Statesman 24 May 612/2 We must not, repeat not, call Dragon's Mouth.. a play. 1957 ‘J- Wyndham’ Midwich Cuckoos iii. 23 A notification from the R.A.F. was received in Trayne of some unidentified flying object, not, repeat not, a service machine, detected by radar in the Midwich area. 1961 B. Pym No Fond Return of Love xi. 104 A notice.. which said ‘Nobody, repeat nobody, is to tamper with the electric heating apparatus in here’. 1973 R. Hayes Hungarian Game xxxv. 209 The request was for numbers of people on staff, repeat, numbers on staff. 1978 Guardian Weekly 8 Oct. 10/2 If— repeat, if—the security forces have been tapping the home telephone of the editor of the Economist.

2. a. To say over, to recite (something previously learned or composed); also, to say or enunciate in a formal manner or in due order; to relate, recount. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 6 You have truly repetyd Ptolomaeus wordes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 31b, He wrote to themperour,. repeting the whole action at few words. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 203 And therefore will hee.. keepe no Tell-tale to his Memorie, That may repeat and Historie his losse. To new remembrance. 1605 -Macb. IV. iii. 112 These euils thou repeat’st vpon thy selfe. Hath banish’d me from Scotland. 1640 Brome Antipodes iii. iii. It shall be by posterity repeaten That souldiers ought not to be dund or beaten. 1694 Wood Life (O.H.S.) HI. 450 Daniel Stacy.. repeated the 4 Easter Sermons at S. Marie’s. 1702 Addison Dial. Medals Wks. 1721 1. 437, I cannot forbear repeating a passage out of Persius.. that in my opinion [etc.]. 1754 Gray Poesy 60 She deigns to hear the savage Youth repeat. In loose numbers wildly sweet, Their feather-cinctur’d chiefs, and dusky loves. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxv. Repeat me these verses again, slowly and deliberately. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) 1. 20 An actor who spoiled his poems in repeating them.

b. absol. fAlso spec, to hear recitations or lessons; to preach as a repeater. 1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot. HI. 244 Mr. Magnus wes placit in the said college be way of interim to repeit with the studentis. 1608 Shaks. Per. i. iv. 74 Thou speak’st like him s [Q. himnes] untutered to repeat. 1673 Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 261 Low Sunday, Samuel Parker of Merton Coll, repeated.

fc. To mention, state. Obs. rare~^. 1561 Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. 19 And first S. lohn repeteth his name, lest we shuld any thing doubt of thauthour,.. But he repeteth not himselfe to be y« seruaunt of God.

fd. To celebrate, speak of (as). Obs. rare. 1638 Brathwait Barnabeesjrnl. iii. (i8i8) 135 Thence to Wenchly, valley-seated, For antiquity repeated. 1671 Milton Samson 645 Reserv’d alive to be repeated The subject of thir cruelty, or scorn.

3. a. To say or utter again after another or others. 1595 Shaks. 70/in iii. iv. 95 Greefe fils the roome yp of my absent childe:.. Puts on his pretty lookes, repeats his words. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 424 f 2, I do but repeat what has been said a thousand times. 1754 Pococke Trav. (Camden) 11.55 Here is an eccho at a well to the Church which repeats seven syllables. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xix. With difficulty she forbore from repeating the cries of lamentation and alarm, which were echoed around her. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. i. i. 12 All the writers of the New Testament.. do but repeat or transmit the significance of the life and work of Christ. absol. 1724 Ramsay Vision ix, Eccho answers all; Repetand, and greitand.

fb. Inpassive. To be retorted upon in the same words. ? nonce-use. 1748 Richardson C/arisso (181 i) VII. 334 Lovel. Why so. Sir? Col. Why so. Sir 1 (angrily).. Lovel. (interrupting) I don’t choose. Colonel, to be repeated upon, in that accent.

c. With direct speech as obj.: to say or utter again (something that has just been said by oneself or another). 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xii. 119 ‘A groce of green spectacles!’ repeated my wife in a faint voice. 1866 C. M. Yonge Dove in Eagle's Nest I. ii. 58 ‘Ah! if the steeple of the Dome Kirk were but finished, I could not mistake it,’ said Christina... ‘Dome Kirk?’ repeated Ermentrude; ‘what is that?’ 1956 ‘C. Blackstock’ Dewey Death xii. 278 ‘He I

V

wasn’t really bad,’ said Barbara... ‘Bad!’ repeated Mr. Dodds ‘What does that mean?’ 1976 H. MacInnes Agent in Place xx. 218 ‘Yes,’ Tom repeated, ‘he knew he had been tricked.’

II. t4. To seek again, return to, encounter or undergo again. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) 1. 91 Feynenge oftetymes theym to flee, and after that repetenge fiahte. 1645 Waller Summer Isl. iii. 106 The pious Trojan so. Neglecting for Creusa’s life his own. Repeats the danger of the burning town. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. cclvii. Others.. while through burning labyrinths they retire. With loathing eyes repeat what they would shun. 1697-Virgil Ded. hivCL ffJneas.. having secured his Father and his Son,.. repeated all his former Dangers to have found his Wife.

fS. Sc. To seek in past time; to trace back. Obs. Only in translations, after L. repetlre. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. Prol. (S.T.S.) 1. 8 pe historie of romanis is of grete besines, becaus It is now to be repetit aboue sevin hundreth 3eris. I59^ Dalrymple tr. Leslie s Hist. Scot. I. 68 We think nocht sa far to repeit the beginning athir frome thir.. fin3et Goddis, or frome.. Gyantes. 6. a. To do, make, perform, or execute over

again. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 382b, Such thinges.. ought not to have the force of a law, but that all thinges should be repeted from the beginning. 1635 Quarles Embl. II. xiii, He hath ill repented, whose sins are repeated. 1706 Art of Painting (1744) 65 There is scarce a painter but has repeated some one of his works. 1727-38 Chambers Cyd. S.V., This mark shews, that the particular strain is to be repeated. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 104 Add. .water to the residuum, boil it a second time, and repeat this operation twice. 1864 Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. v. (1875) 70 He repeats the attempt of Theodoric to breathe a Teutonic spirit into Roman forms.

b. To cause to appear, to bring up or pre¬ sent again. Also freq. in passive, denoting recurrence. Also, to broadcast (a radio or television programme) again. 1714 CuNN Treat. Fractions Pref. 6 The Reverend Mr. Brown, in his System of Decimal arithmetick, manages such interminate Decimals as have a single Digit continually repeated. 1778 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) I. 680/2 The second [division of the decimal].. repeats the resulting figure after the dividend is exhausted. 1823 J. Mitchell Diet. Math. & Phys. Sci. 417/2 Recurring Decimals, those which are continually repeated in the same order. 1862 Stanley 0/1.(1877) Tviii. 169 Nine times in the course of this single hymn is repeated this most expressive figure. 1923 Radio Times 28 Sept. 12/1 Why is it apparently not thought advisable to repeat the ‘Request Nights’, which..are so popular? 1955 Ibid. 22 Apr. 28/3 Music and Movement.. To be repeated on Friday at 9.55 a.m. 1974 Listener 29 Aug. There could be no better celebration of the art of standing up and holding forth than the late Dr Bronowski’s The Ascent of Man, the last episode of which was repeated over the weekend as a tribute. refi. 1872 Frost Curve Tracing 190 The manner in which the curve repeats itself is given in another figure.

c. intr. To recur, appear again. 1714 Gunn Treat. Fractions 66 If any required Root of some circulating Expression doth not repeat from the Repetend once used, it cannot repeat at all. 1796 Hutton Math. Diet. I. 290/1 That part of the circulate which repeats is called the repetend. 1965 Listener 10 June 867/2 A certain rugged, irregular shape tends to repeat throughout the picture. 1967 E. Short Embroidery ^ Fabric Collage i. 33 An allover pattern in embroidery differs from one that is printed in that it does not necessarily have to repeat exactly.

d. trans. Educ. (orig. U.S.). To undertake (a course or period of instruction) again. 194s G. V. Good Diet. Educ. 342/2 Repeater, a pupil who has repeated or is currently repeating the work of a grade or part of a subject at some designated level of difficulty. 1973 Sun-Herald (Sydney) 26 Aug. 83/1 A suggestion has come that he should repeat third year as he is so young. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 28 Aug. 6/3 Make them repeat the course, repeat a year, drop a grade in rank, anything short of expulsion. 1977 Rolling Stone 5 May 45/3 Mark had to repeat first and second grades.

7. Spec. a. Of clocks and watches: To strike (the last hour or quarter) again. Also absol. 1727-38 Ghambers Cycl. s.v. Watch, Barlow’s [watch] was made to repeat, by pushing in two pieces on each side the watch-box; one of which repeated the hour and the other the quarter. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 499 A clock.. which strikes and repeats, and goes for eight days. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 107/1 The clock would at any time repeat the hour last struck. 1851 Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 1273 Gold watch, striking the hour and quarters, and repeating when wanted.

b. Naut. To reproduce (signals made by the admiral). Also absol. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Signals, The admiral’s signals.. are always repeated by the officers next in command; by ships appointed to repeat signals [etc.]. Ibid., To preserve order in the repetition of signals,.. the commanders of the squadrons repeat after the admiral. 1809 Naval Chron. XXII. 181 Frigates,.. To repeat in Admiral Byng’s Division. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 568 To Repeat Signals is to make the same signal exhibited by the admiral, in order to its being more readily distinguished at a distance.

c. absol. U.S. To vote illegally more than once at the same election. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. iii. Ixiv. 469 Vagabonds who.. are ready to stuff ballot-boxes, to buy votes, to ‘repeat’, etc.

d. absol. Of food: To rise in the gullet, so as to be tasted again. 1879 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. 1896 Mod. Advt., Emulsion.. does not repeat, which is very much in its favour. 1954 E. B. White Let. 28 July (1976) 398 At my age. Miss T., a writer repeats like an onion. 1981 P. Hansford

REPEATABILITY

635

Bonfire i. vii. 71, I hope these aren’t cucumber sandwiches... Cucumber always repeats. 8. refl. a. To reproduce or present (oneself)

Johnson

1664 H. More Myst. Iniq., Apol. 523 Thus fully have I cleared myself from all general imputations,.. the more industriously, because of the repeatedness of the same.

again; to reappear in the same form. a 1850 Jeffrey (Ogilvie), In personating the heroes of the scene, he does little but repeat himself. 1868 E. Edwards Ralegh I. xxiv. 561 Biography, like history at large, is apt occasionally to repeat itself.

b. To say again what one has already said. Also transf.

1864 Froude Short Stud. (1867) I. i He spoke more than an hour without a note—never repeating himself. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. vi. 220 A man must necessarily repeat himself who writes eighty-five stories.. in less than twenty years. 1965 Listener 9 Sept. 393/2 It contradicts most cogently the persistent accusation that Strauss repeated himself.

III. t9. Chiefly Sc. Law. To ask back, to demand the restitution of (money or goods); to claim, require. Also const./rom. Obs. 1582 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 499 All proffite and commoditie quhilk our said Soverane Lord.. mycht ony wyse ask, cleame or repeit fra the saidis pertiners. 1597 Sc. Acts fas. VI §100 heading. The maner how gudes taken away, rnay be repeated. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 26 Gif he selles hir dowrie, and she consent thereto after his deceis, she may nocht repete the samine fra the buyer. 1649 Jer* Taylor Gt. Exemp. Disc. x. 136 When a man is in a considerable degree defrauded, then it is permitted to him to repeat his own before Christian arbitrators.

repeatability (ripiita'biliti). [f. repeatable a. + -ITY.] Capacity for being repeated; spec, the extent to which consistent results are obtained on repeated measurement (cf. reproducibil¬

ity). 1920 Music ^ Lett. Oct. 289 Repeatability is thus in music an element of the beautiful. 1951 G. Humphrey Thinking iv. 108 The criterion of repeatability [of experiments] is not fulfilled. 1961 A. Fleur Hume's Philos, of Belief 209 The ultimate warrant for accepting these new scientific ideas lies in their implicit open general challenge to falsification and in their implicit open general promise of repeatability. 1965 Wireless World]\x\y 338/2 The problems of obtaining good stability and repeatability of resistance v'alue. 1972 Physics Bull. May 286/1 By using advanced measurement techniques and controlling the loading procedure a short term repeatability of + i part in 20,000 (+ 0 005%) can be achieved. 1976 G. C. Spivak in J. Derrida Of Grammatology p. Ixxxvi, Denying the uniqueness of words, their substantiality, their transferability, their repeatability, Of Grammatology denies the possibility of translation.

repeatable (n'pi;t3b(9)l), a.

[f. repeat v. + -ABLE.] Capable of being repeated, spec, of a scientific experiment or result. Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) III. 455 Two witnesses and the causes of untrustworthiness repeatable upon each. 1844 Fraser's Mag. XXIX. 68 Few see events .. of a more interesting or repeatable description. 1879 Meredith Egoist xxxvii. To make his home a fountain of repeatable wit. 1935 [see operation 5 a]. 1949 Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. CXIII. 396 The reason why so many experiments are approximately repeatable is that we take infinite pains to select them from the others. 1955 R. O. Kapp Facts Faith 45 The precision with which experiments are repeatable does not prove that it is in the nature of matter to behave in an orderly manner but only that it is in the nature of scientists to do so. 1969 Listener 6 Mar. 301/1 An American botanist.. and his wife .. threw up their careers to devote themselves to evolving a repeatable experiment which could incontrovertibly demonstrate ESP. 1977 Theology LXXX. 196 We are here neither in the world of sheer unaccountable miracle nor in that of repeatable experiment. i8o2-I2 Bentham

re'peatal. rare, [-al'.] Repetition. 1891 Talmage in Voice (N.Y.) i Jan,, Are there no new lessons from the story, not yet hackneyed by oft repeatal?

repeated (ri'phtid), ppl. a. [f. repeat d.] 1. Reiterated; renewed; frequent. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. i. vi. 4 My supreame Crowne of griefe, and those repeated Vexations of it. 1642 Milton Sonn. viii, The repeated air Of sad Electra’s Poet. 1703 De Foe in 15th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. IV. 62 Accept my repeated thanks for the friendship you show. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 298 The wave-subjected soil Impels the native to repeated toil. 1793 Beddoes Calculus 2.i() Though I am certain of this increase of weight from repeated experiments. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvi. III. 661 The events which were passing..on the Continent compelled William to make repeated changes in his plans.

2. With advbs. (Well, often, etc.) recited, said over, or related. 1718 Prior Power 15 5 The pleasing song, or well repeated tale. Junius Lett, xxxviii. (1788) 202 The cold formality of a well-repeated lesson. 1864 Burton Scot Abr. I. v. 270 An old and oft-repeated tale. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. xiii. (1875) III. 282 They find it much easier to echo some easily repeated formula.

re'peatedly, adv. [f. prec. +

-ly^.] More than

once, again and again, frequently. 01718 Stephens (J.), And are not these vices, which lead into damnation, repeatedly, and most forcibly cautioned against? 1748 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 314 These persons ought repeatedly to be told, how highly blamable they are. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxxi. III. 221 The assurances of., relief, which were repeatedly transmitted from the court of Ravenna. 1848 W. H. Bartlett Egypt to Pal. xxvi. (1879) 524 On our way to Sidon we repeatedly encountered unknown ruins. 1868 E. Edwards Ralegh I. xiii. 254 Ralegh.. was repeatedly consulted about Irish affairs. So re'peatedness. rare~'.

repeater (n'pi:t3(r)). [f. repeat v. + -erL] 11. A rehearser, trainer. Obs. rare~^. i577“87 Holinshed Chron. III. 920/2 In his chappell he had a deane:.. a subdeane; a repeater of the quire [etc.].

2. a. One who repeats something heard or learned; a relater, reciter. 1598 Florio, Ripitore; a repeater or relator of a matter. 1656 Artif. Handsom. 121 More repeaters of their popular Oratorious vehemencies, than urgers and confirmers of their argumentative strength. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 94 Some great author whose sense is deeper than the repeater’s understanding, i-jgy Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 18/2 There is another very peculiar kind of delivery sometimes used in the person of a repeater. 1819 Byron Juan i. xxviii, The hearers of her case became repeaters, Then advocates, inquisitors, and ju^es. 1893 Max Muller in Barrows Parlt. Relig. H. 936 Thus only can we use the words.. not as thoughtless repeaters, but as honest thinkers and believers.

fb. (Seequot. 1691.) Obs. 1672 Wood Life (O.H.S.) 11.

96 Repeaters—1661, Thomas Tomkins, All S[ouls] C[ollege]. 1691 - Ath. Oxon. II. 817 In 1665 he was the Repeater or Repetitioner in S. Maries Church on Low Sunday, of the four Easter Sermons, which being admirably well performed, all to a word memoriter, without any hesitation, he obtained a great esteem among the Academians. 1710 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) II. 373 The Repeater of the four Easter-Sermons was Mr. Francis Bagshaw. Ibid., Those Privileges that had been granted to former Repeaters.

3. a. A repeating watch or clock. Also attrib. 1725 C. Mordaunt Let. in E. Hamilton Mordaunts {ig6s) vii. 141 It [ic. a watch] is a silent Repeater. 1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. vii. 290 She did further rob the said right hon. &c. of a large purse of money, his gold repeater, snuff¬ box, diamond-ring. 1770 Gentl. Mag. XL. 438 [To] the four .. [he gave] a gold watch each, one of which was a Paris repeater. 1843 Dickens Christmas Carol ii, He touched the spring of his repeater, to correct this most preposterous clock. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 203 Repeater racks.. should be., polished underhand. Ibid. 224 Repeaters were first made about 1676.

b. Naut. A repeating ship. 1782 S. Hood Let. 30 Apr. (1895) 135 Sir George.. took the Eurydice, Admiral Drake’s repeater, to carry his duplicate despatches. 1829 Marryat F. Mildmay iii. The signal officers of a repeater had to make out the number of the flag. 1846 Young Naut. Diet., Repeaters or Repeating Ships.

c. A repeating fire-arm. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 27 This rifle is both a breech-loader and a repeater. 1886 Pall Mall G. 14 Dec. 7/2 The loading of the repeater can be done in four movements.

d. In Telegraphy. A device for automatically retransmitting signals from one circuit to another. Also in Teleph. 1859 T. P. Shaffner Telegr. Man. xxxv. 486 If the line be 600 miles long, and the battery arrangements fail to charge it sufficient for telegraphing, it is the practice to operate it by .. the application of an apparatus called a repeater, i860 G. Prescott Electr. Telegr. 93 A repeater is an apparatus designed for the purpose of duplicating from one electric circuit to another the breaks and completions received from the transmitting station. 1870 Pope F/ec/r. Tel. iv. (1872)45 It was formerly customary to reunite the messages at some intermediate station, but this duty is now usually performed by an apparatus called a repeater. 1923 Sci. Amer. Feb. 106/2 The development of the vacuum tube repeaters .. put an entirely different aspect on the problems which have confronted the telephone engineer in the past. Ibid. 106/3 These repeaters are placed at regular intervals along the line and as the currents become weakened they pick them up, and.. deliver back into the line a current many times stronger. 1958 Times i July 8/3 The idea behind the work now in hand is to make possible the inclusion of submerged repeaters at more frequent intervals along the cable, which would proportionately increase the capacity of the communications system. 1972 Sci. Amer. Sept. 102/2 Each repeater used in coaxial cables and each relay station used in microwave links adds some noise, mostly from its input circuits. e. = RELAY sb. 4 b. Freq. attrib. 1936 R.C.A. Rev. I. 26 The modulations are passed on to the distant terminal via the repeater stations. 1940 Ibid. V. 36 In order to choose the proper amplifying system it becomes necessary to know the amount of gain to be incorporated in each repeater amplifier. 1946 Jrnl. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. VI. 72 Yet three repeater stations circling the Earth could provide a steady, reliable service from Pole to Pole with little more power output than the present London transmitter. 1947 Proc. IRE XXXV. 1226/1 In communications systems involving a number of similar repeaters, the distortion permissible in a single repeater is very small. 1959 Aeroplane XCVII. 542/1 {caption) The 500-lb. repeater satellite proposed by the Space Electronics Corporation. 1965 New Statesman 30 Apr. 674/1 Early Bird is an active repeater satellite. That is, it receives signals from powerful ground stations, amplifies them, and rebroadcasts them to the ground. 1972 Sci. Amer. Feb. 15/1 Microwaves do not bend with the curvature of the earth, so that for long links it is necessary to use repeaters. 1979 Ibid. Jan. 62/3 One example of a ‘next generation’ circuit that could be built with existing technology is a repeater station in a fiber-optics communication link.

4. Arith. A recurring decimal. 1773 Encycl. Brit. I. 397/2 Pure repeaters take their rise from vulgar fractions whose denominator is 3, or its multiple 9- 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. iv, Do what one will, there is ever a cursed fraction, oftenest a decimal repeater.

5. Chiefly U.S. a. One who votes, or attempts to vote, more than once at an election. 1868 [see colonist 3]. 1871 Scribner's Monthly I. 366 Repeaters changed their coats and hats after every vote. 1804 Fortn. Rev. Mar. 389 A leader of a gang of repeaters

REPEATING before the ink on his fraudulent naturalization papers was dry. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. iii. Ixiv. 474 [Troy] is full of fellows who go to serve as ‘repeaters’ at Albany elections. 1904 [see colonizer 2].

b. One who is frequently committed to prison. Also, one who repeats an offence; a recidivist. 1884 Fortn. Rev. Mar. 389 A repeater before he was of age; a rounder, bruiser, and shoulder-hitter. 1890 Chicago Advance 4 Dec., A class of repeaters or rounders, as they are termed, some.. recommitted more than a hundred times to the same prison. 1899 J. Flynt Tramping iv. 386 ‘Revolver’ or ‘repeater’, is both a tramp and a criminal term for the professional offender, who is continually being brought up for trial. 1938 Encycl. Brit. Bk. of Yr. 185/1 These young felons are what prison language describes as ‘repeaters’, young ‘old offenders’, who have previously, almost continuously, served prison sentences. 1954 Daily Mail 10 Mar. 5/6 As regards the ‘repeaters’, if a child sees his name in the papers it may well be an incentive.. to future wrongdoing. 1965 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 18 July (1970) 303, I asked Nick about repeaters among young criminals. He used some horrifying figure—I believe it was 70 percent. 1977 Time ii July 35/1 After stronger juvenile laws were enacted and violent repeaters were finally jailed in New Orleans, teen-age homicides declined from 29 in 1973 to five in 1975.

c. One who repeats an athletic feat. Also^en., one who repeats an achievement or success. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 456/2 He is a ‘repeater’ of the first rank, such performances as winning two three-mile races in the same day.. seeming easy for him. 1944 Sun (Baltimore) 13 Jan. 11/2 Mr. Fetterman and Mr. Huffer.. got.. certificates for their suggestions. Mr. Fetterman is a repeater. He.. isn’t sure just how many citations have come from the War Production Board for his ideas.

d. Educ. A student who undergoes a course or period of instruction again. igizjrnl. Educ. Psychol. June 328, 4640 of the children were ‘repeaters’... There is nothing to show whether the per cent, thus promoted consists of repeaters regaining their lost grade or of bright children who were skipping a grade. 1945 [see repeat v. 6d]. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 6 Nov. 17/3 Repeaters are assigned to schools and remedial classes according to age as well as grade.

e. One who returns repeatedly, esp. to a hotel. 1970 Globe Sf Mail (Toronto) 26 Sept. 31/6 (Advt.), The Bremen probably has the largest number of repeaters on her cruises. 1971 New Yorker 4 Dec. 183/2 (Advt.), We’re a small hotel... Almost all our guests are repeaters. 1977 Time 30 May 21/1 By last week the number of visitors had passed 60,000 (including repeaters), even though news accounts of the ‘miracle’ cloth have been spotty.

repeatered (ri'piitad), a. Telegr. and Teleph. [f. REPEATER + -ED^.] Equipped with repeaters. 1932 Telegraph Telephone Jrnl. XVIII. 120/2 The post¬ war development, as the standard form of trunk line-plant, of repeatered cables which will not carry direct current, drastically limited the progress of further trunk mechanisation. 1964 Discovery Oct. 46/1 {caption) Repeaters are inserted at intervals along submarine cables to amplify the signal about a million times. A typical trans¬ oceanic repeatered cable may now carry up to 138 circuits.

repeating (ri'piitiij), vbl. sb, [f. as

repeater + -iNG^.J The action of the vb. repeat in various senses; repetition. 1530 Tindale Prol. Deut. Wks. (1573) 21 The calling to minde, & a repeatyng in the harte of the glorious.. dedes of God. 1595 Shaks. John iv. ii. 19 This acte is as an ancient tale new told; And, in the last repeating, troublesome. 1671 W. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 500 This.. being the repeating of our dearest Madame’s loss by a solicitation relating to it. 1762 Foote Lyar ii. Wks. 1799 I. 294 In common occurrences there is no repeating after him. 1881 Mahaffv Old Greek Educ. xi. 137 The repeating and expounding of the founder’s views. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. in. Ixiii. 458 The code.. does not forbid falsehood, or malversation, or ballot stuffing, or ‘repeating’.

re'peating, pp/. a. [f. as prec. + -ing^.] That repeats, in various senses of the vb. 1. a. Of watches and clocks, or parts of these. 1688 in J. W. Benson Time Of T.-tellers {igoz) 42 His sole making and managing of all pulling repeating pocket-clocks and watches. 1727 Gay Begg. Op. i. viii. The gentleman who was here yesterday about the repeating watch. 1764 Ann. Reg. 79 A repeating clock which strikes the hours and quarters. 1^3 Jane Porter Thaddeus (1826) 1. ix. 188 He was pressing the repeating spring, which struck five. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI I. 107/2 Fig. i represents the repeatingtrain between the frames. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 226 Repeating Rack.. [is] a rack in a repeating watch which is shifted one tooth for each blow that is struck. b. Of ships (see repeat v. yb). 1805 Naval Chron. XIII. 466 The Elven, a Repeating Sloop. 1844 Ld. Brougham A. Lunel II. iv. 100 The captain’s glass told him that it was only a repeating frigate stationed to windward. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 568 Frigates and small vessels out of the line were deemed repeating ships. fig. 1810 Naval Chron. XXIII. 43 We readily allow the Naval Chronicle to serve as repeating frigate. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet ch. xiii. And you a repeating frigate between Summertrees and the Laird!

c. repeating circle, an instrument for measuring angles, in which accuracy is obtained by repeated measurements on a graduated circle. So repeating instrument, theodolet, tripod, etc. a 1815 Brewster's Edinb. Encycl. VI. 498 The principle to which the repeating circle owes its existence was discovered by Professor Mayer., in 1758. 1821 Troughton in Mem. Astron. Soc. I. (1822) 33 The repeating circle, till within these few years, has been very little used in this country. 1829 Pearson Practical Astron. II. 513 A repeating

instrument of the simplest construction. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 399/2 A watch telescope can scarcely be applied to a repeating theodolet, and we think that the repeating tripod may be so made as to be free from any objection.

d. Of fire-arms: Capable of firing a number of shots in succession without reloading. 1824 W. N. Blans Excursion 47, I saw there several of the celebrated ‘repeating swivels.’ 1858 Greener Gunnery 413 Revolving or repeating pistols have now becorne as necessary in war as the rifle. Ibid. 414 The complicated arrangement of all repeating fire-arms. 1880 Daily News 17 Nov., A repeating rifle of novel construction. e. Photogr. repeating back, a form of slide enabling two negatives to be taken on one plate. 1890 Woodbury Encyc. Photogr. s.v., There are many forms of studio cameras with repeating backs. 1892 Phot. Ann. II. 292 This .. possesses the advantage of a repeating back for two cartes .. upon one plate.

f. Telegr. and Teleph. repeating coil, a type of transformer used to transmit a signal from one circuit to another without alteration. 1889 Telephone 1. 494/2 In connection with one or more of the local circuits on the board are placed repeating coils which terminate in single lines in the local exchanges. 195^ ]. R. G. Smith Elem. Telecomm. Pract. vi. 105 A repeating coil is a special type of transformer in which the ratio of the windings is equal,.. and is used to ‘repeat’ speech currents from one part of a circuit to another.

2. a.

Arith.

Of decimals: Recurring.

1773 Encycl. Brit. 1. 397/2 Repeating decimals are of two kinds: viz. some consist only of the repeating figures [etc.]. 1847 De Morgan Arithm. Bks. 79 Another tract on repeating decimals.

b. Math. (See quot.) 1872 Frost Curve Tracing 187 Repeating Curves.. whose equations involve trigonometrical functions of the coordinates in the place of the coordinates themselves. "The loci of such curves, from the nature of trigonometrical function, are made up of patterns continually repeated in every direction.

3. That repeats a sound. 1709 Mrs. Rowe Love & Friendship 43,1.. All Day to the repeating leaves complain In mournful Accents. 1839 De Quincey Recoil. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 19 A shout from an aerial height.. propagated through repeating bands of men from a distance of many miles.

vane is to repell. 1566 Form Com. Prayer in Liturg. Serv. Q. Eliz. (Parker Soc.) 527 The Turks, .most fiercely assailing the Isle of Malta.. were from thence repelled and driven. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage ix. viii. (1614) 867 They.. land in another place, but are repelled to their ships by the Inhabitants. 1678 Wanley Wond. Lit. World v. ii. §66. 471/2 Henry, the brother of Baldwin, repelled the Bulgarians out of Greece. 1717 Pope Iliad xi. 680 So turn’d stern Ajax, by whole hosts repell’d. 1821-2 Shelley Chas. I, IV. 43 Repelling invasion from the sacred towers. 1859 Thackeray Virgin, vi. The small body of provincial troops with which he marched to repel the Frenchmen. absol. 1595 Markham Sir R. Grenvile F iv, He repeld them whilst repell he might. Till fainting power was tane from power to fight. 1764 GoLDSM. Trav. 344 Here.. Minds combat minds, repelling and repell’d.

b. To resist, repress (a feeling, incentive, etc.). 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 37 What sonne will for any zeale or duty once seeke to repell his owne appetite? 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 643 Perfect within, no outward aid require; And all temptation to transgress repel. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. xvii. The hopes which inly dwell, My manners note that I did long repel. 1877 C. Geikie Christ 1. xxvii. 438 Evil thoughts count as acts with the Eternal, if not at once repelled.

c. Med. To force back into the blood or system; to repress (a morbid humour, swelling, eruption, etc.). Now rare or Obs. 1719 [see REPELLING vbl. j6.]. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Tumour, The other [rnethod] is to stop and repel ’ern; which is call’d Repercussion, that sends ’em back to their Source. 1753 Bartlet Farriery 297 It being thought.. unsafe to repel some of these discharges. 1822-34 [see Repelled below].

t3. To reject or debar (a person) from an office, right, etc. Also without const. Obs. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 251 Sen women be the law commoun ar repellit, and by put, us think that the quene may nocht be juge in the cas. 153^-7 itt Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 142 By authoritie of this Parliament unhabled and repelled from the exercising, receiving, or occupying of that office for ever. 1566 T. Stapleton Ret. Untr. Jewel i. I If any coming to the communion duly and semely prepared be repelled of the priest. 1766 Blackstone Comrri. II. 498 It shall be sufficient to repel the husband from his general right of administring his wife’s effects.

recurring

t b. To Stop, hinder, or restrain (a person)from an action or manner of acting. Obs.

1959 Listener 16 Apr. 679/1 Stuffy repeating patterns, ‘folksy’ craftwork. 1967 E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage iii. 74 Initials could be designed as a separate motif or incorporated into a repeating design.

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 168/2 Many letters by whyche thou repellyd moche folke fro doyng sacrefyse to our goddes. 1609 Bible (Douay) 2 Macc. v. 18 This man also immediately as he came had bene scourged, and repelled verily from his boldnes. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 262 The lanizare .. repelled him from doing mee any wrong.

4.

Of a pattern: repeated uniformly over a surface.

or

t re'peccating,/)/)/. a. Obs. rare~^. ppl. stem of L. peccdre to offend.]

[f.

RE- +

= peccant

a. 3. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 49b/i Only that the repeccating humors be cleanlye purged out.

II repechage (repajais, || rapsjas). Sport {or'ig. Rowing). Also repechage, [a. F. repechage, f. repecher to fish out, rescue; to give an examination candidate a second chance to pass.] An extra contest in which the runners-up in the eliminating contests compete for a place in the final. Also attrib. 1928 Daily Express 7 Aug. 12 M. Bernasconi, their representative in the single sculls, met Joe Wright, .in the repechage—second chance—contests for Saturday s second-round losers. 194^ Call-Bulletin (San Francisco) 3 July 5/7 Harvard, upset by Cornell in the first trial heat, got back into the running by the ‘repechage’ or second-trial system. 1955 Times 25 Aug. iih On Friday there will be repechages for teams beaten in the opening heats. 1959 Times 20 Apr. 3/1 Those teams knocked out in the first round took part in a repechage. 1976 Yachts fef Yachting 20 Aug. 375/3 The following day there is a repechage in the same waters. 1978 Times 30 June 21/6 The Poles won by virtue of the ‘repechage’ principle, which provides for one of the 61 defeated teams to reenter the competition by beating the other defeated teams.

t repe'dation. Obs. [ad. L. type *repeddtionem, n. of action f. repeddre to step back, f. re- re2 a -1- peddre to step.] Retrogression, esp. of the planets. (Only in H. More.) 1642 H. More Song of Soul ii. App. Ixxvi, Another Adam once received breath. And still another in endlesse repedation. i653 - Antid. Ath. ii. xii. §17 The Directions, Stations and Repedations of those Erratick Lights.

repeell, -peit, obs. ff.

REPELLANT

636

REPECCATING

repeal sb., repeat v.

repel (ri'pel), v. Also 5-6 repelle, 6-7 (9) repell. [ad. L. repellere, f. re- re- -1- pellere to drive: cf. compel, impel, etc.] fl. trans. To drive or put away; to remove, extinguish, quench. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 471 Water dothe repelle [L. extinguit] oure naturalle thurste, and golde your thurste. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 85/2 Thenne was it thyng couenable that he that shold repelle this defaulte shold be born of a vyrgyne. a 1586 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xvii. 39 Leid, Ane hevy mettall cauld and deid. Repelling loue,.. And quencher of desyre. c 1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cv. xi, [God] their hunger to repel. Candies the grasse with sweete congealed dew.

2. To drive or force back (an assailant or invader, an attack, etc.); to repulse. Also const. from, foMt of, '\into, ■\to. C1450 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 106 Hese [Satan’s] grete males, good Lord, repelle, And take man onto thi grace. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxvi. 5 A pray to deid, quhome

t c. To put or thrust (one) away. Obs. rare. C1530 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 59 Put from the a proude servaunte,.. Allso repelle that seruavnte that vsith to blaundysh the. 1540-54 Croke 13 Ps. (Percy Soc.) 36 For thou art God myne onely strength, Wherfor then doest thou me repell?

4. To turn back, ward off (a weapon, blow or wound). Also in fig. context. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 188 The sheelde of feyth, wherby we may easely resist and repell all such fyry dartes of temptacion. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. ii. y. §7 Neither doth Tertullian bewray this weakness in striking only, but also in repelling their strokes with whom he contendeth. 1717 Pope Iliad xi. 304 But the broad belt.. The point rebated, and repell’d the wound, c 1753 Cowper To Miss Macartney 42 What though in scaly armour dressed, Indifference may repel The shafts of woe.

b. To ward off, resist (some outward evil). 1600 Holland Livy viii. xxiii. 297 Which conturnelie and reprochfull injurie.. they would with all their might and maine repell.. from them. 1610 GuiLLIM Heraldry vi. v. 267 A Military Habit used .. to repell the extremity of wet, cold and heate. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius’ Logic i. xx. 80 House and Clothes [agree] in End; for the End of both, is to repell the Injuries of the Heavens. 1736 Warburton Alliance betw. Ch. & State III. iii. Evil which proceeds not from the will is called a mischief; and may be simply repelled. 1780 Bentham Princ. Legist xiv. § 3 The case in which an individual repels an evil to which the laws do not wish to expose him. 1799 Cowper Castaway 40 So long he, with unspent power. His destiny repelled.

5. To drive or force back (something moving or advancing), esp. by physical resistance. 1605 Camden Rem. 165 A man ascending a Mountaine, but repelled with contrarie winds. 1657 Trapp Comm. Job xxxvi. 19 As the Rocks repel the greatest waves, so doth God his enemies. 1692 Ray Disc. (1713) 42 There is very great use of them [mountains], for repelling the vapours.. and hindering their Evagation Northward. 1791 Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 153 The waters of both [rivers].. being repelled by the bold and rocky shores of Ross-shire. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. v, I rushed among the rout to have repelled That miserable flight. 1831 Landor Misc. Poems Wks. 1846 II. 620 The ebbing sea thus beats against the shore; The shore repels it; it returns again.

b. To force away by the operation of natural laws of matter. (Cf. repulsion.) 1710 [see REPELLING ppl. Q.]. 1744 BERKELEY Siris §237 Why should the particles of common salt repel each other.. ? 1747 Eranklin Exper. Electr. (1751) 11 If a corkball .. be repelled by the tube.. ’tis surprizing to see how suddenly it flies back. C1790 Imison Sch. Arts I. 48 The hairs of his head .. will repel one another. 1863 E. V. Neale Anal. Th. Sf Nat. 227 That each particle of matter .. repels other particles of matter. 1882 S. P. Thompson in Nature XXVI. 554/2 The moving electro-magnets were first attracted towards the opposing poles, and then, as they neared them, were caused to be repelled past.

c. To refuse to mix with (one another), or to admit (moisture). 1744 Berkeley Sin's §227 Why oil and water, mercury and iron, repel.. each other. 1822 Imison Sc. & Art 1. 23 Oil and water seem to repel each other. 1885 C. G. W. Lock i

K

Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 360/2 If the film repel the solution, just run the finger..over the repellent portion. 6. To refuse to accept or receive; esp. to reject

(a statement, plea, etc.) as unfounded or invalid. 1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1. 180 The said first exceptioun aucht and suld be repellit. 1573 Ibtd. U. 260 Quhilk allegeance being repellit be my Lord Regentis Orace and Counsall. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 11. i. 109, I did repell his Letters, and deny’de His accesse to me. 1852 Mrs Stowe Uncle Tom’s C. xxiv. 231 She always repelled quite indignantly any suggestion that anyone around her could be sick. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma Pref. (1876) 28 T he Greek Christianity of the East repelled the Apocalypse, and the Latin Christianity of the West repelled the Epistle to the Hebrews. 1884 Law Rep. g App. Cases 344 It is declared. That the second plea in law of the defenders ought to be repelled.

b. To confute, disprove,

rare.

111634 Chapman Revenge for Honour Plays 1873 IV. 293 The kernel of the text enucleated I shall confute, refute, repel, refel. 1794 Paley Evid. ii. ii. (1817) 26 It is such a morality as completely repels the supposition of its being the tradition of a barbarous age. 7. To drive away or repulse (one who makes

advances) with harsh words or treatment, or by denial; to reject (a suit). 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 573 Foule wordes, and frownes, must not repell a louer. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 868 Soft words to his fierce passion she assay’d; But her with stern regard he thus repell’d. 173^ Wesley Ps. ii. x, Whoe er Advocate repel, The Anger of their Judge shall feel. I525 Scott F.M. Perth xxv, If I continued to repel his wicked suit, i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 125 Like suitors that will not be repelled.

b. To affect (one) with distaste or aversion. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xix. Through this delirious scene, the child frightened and repelled by all she saw [etc.]. 1846 Hare Mission Com/. (1850) 276 Such extravagan^s.. repell minds that have a sense of truth. 1878 R. W. Dale Lect. Preach, i. 7 "Vou ought also to remember that for purposes of intellectual discipline, a study which repels you is invaluable. , ■ absol. 1817 Mill Brit. India II. v. v. 502 The probability that Hyder would not permit them, unopposed, to pass the river Palar. .was a motive rather to stimulate than to repel. 1821 Shelley Adonais liii, What still is dear Attracts to crush, repels to make thee wither. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 333 Swedenborg.. with all his accumulated gifts, paralyzes and repels.

Hence re'pelled

ppl. a.

1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) HI. 197 Repelled gout, and repelled cutaneous eruptions. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) 1. xiii. 374 The attracted end of the needle being

repel,

obs. form of repeal.

tre'pele. Obs. rare. [? var. of repeal sb.-, but cf. med.L. repellus (Du Cange) as the name of some game.] An additional stake in the Roman game of hucklebones. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 164 The caster.. was of force constraigned in the waye of repele to laie down to the stake one peece of coyne. Ibid. The caster should Wynne and take .. all the repeles.

repele, -pell,

obs. forms of repeal sb. and v.

re'pellance, -ancy.

[See

next

and

-ance,

-ANCY.] The act of repelling; a repellent feature

or trait. i860 OuiDA Tricotrin 1. 36 She uttered the words that had wounded her, as though in haughty repellance of their power to sting. 1878 C. Stanford Symb. Christ iv. loi That man in whose conduct grace is scarcely visible through the repellancies of mortal infirmity.

repellant (n'pebnt), a. and sb. [f. repel t;.] A. adj. 1. a. = repellent a. 2. Also fig. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 317 The repellant quality of external bodies holds their internal parts together in a stronger cohesion. 1877 Sparrow Serm. xxiv. 327 Mercy and works of law know not one another; are mutually repellant; refuse to commingle like oil and water.

b. Warding off, defensive. 1839-52 Bailey Festus 125 Keep thy spirit pure From worldly taint by the repellant strength Of virtue. C. = REPELLENT a. 2 b. 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catal. 274 [Wrap] made of imported black repellant cloth. d. = REPELLENT a. 2 d. 1944 Living Off Land v. 111 Repellant cream should be smeared thoroughly on all parts of the skin which are unprotected by clothing. 2. = REPELLENT a. 3. 1825 Lytton Zicci i. v. His manners were chilling and repellant. 1877 E. Cairo Philos. Kant Introd. vi 117 The exclusive and repellant conception of individuality given by that philosophy. B. sb. = REPELLENT sb.j in various senses. 1689 Moyle Sea Chyrurg. ii. xiii. 62 Use no repellants, nor anything to cool inflammation. 1794 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) IV. 11 May the people, amongst whom I live, be withheld by stronger repellants than their own virtue, from invading my own property. 1805 Luccock Nat. Wool 94 The skilful application of tar mingled with butter, which act as repellants to the water, i860 J. Young Prov. Reason 33 To be followed, there is reason to fear, unless some sufficient corrective and repellant be forthcoming, by not less lamentable consequences. Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. I. 83 He had tried repellants against the cotton boll weevil, including lemon, cinnamon, tar and clove oil. 1945 Tee Emm (Air Ministry) V. 51 Use the shark repellant sparingly. 1958 Moth»repellant [see moth sb.^ 3]. 1958 Sunday Times 20 July 16/5 Simple dressings.. and an insect repellant are obvious necessities.

REPELLE

REPENT

637

repelle, obs. form of repeal sb. and v. re'pellence. [See next and -ence.] = next. 1866 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. ii. iv. 159 There have been severities and repellences, and discouraging tokens, blended so continually with the story. 1884 Pall Mall G. 8 Oct. 4/2 The armament of the Rodney.. is only in strict keeping with his powers of repellence.

repellency (ri'pelansi). [See next and -ency.] The quality of being repellent; repelling power. *747 Franklin Exper. Electr. (1751) 11 You may draw off the electrical fire, and destroy the repellency. 1805 Foster Ess. I. vii. I. no The odious repellency of their example. 1836 J. Abbott Way to do Good vii, 222 It is this overrated importance which each .. attaches to its own forms.. that constitutes the repellency between the brawlers.

Manch. Exam. 30 Dec. 3/1 They are..healthy in tone, without being repellently didactic.

repeller (ri'peb(r)). [f, repel v. + -erL] 1. One who repels. 1611 Cotgr., Repoulseur, a repulser, a repeller. 1832 Examiner 805/1 The one pushes tne human soul from him —the other, with a bow, consigns it back to its repeller. 1836 Lytton Athens (1837) II. 126 The Athenians,, were the true repellers of the invader. 1875 Contemp. Rev. XXV. 701 The apostle of toleration, the impatient repeller of all clerical pretensions. t2. = REPELLENT 56. I. Obs. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Gf Min. 403 The vertigo, is helped by temporal repellers, discutients,.. and quinces. 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 43 Repellers mostly have lace in the very beginnings of Inflammations. 1753 lARTLET Farriery 220 Strains in the hock are to be treated by soaking the parts with coolers and repellers.

g

repellent (ri'pebnt), a. and sb. [ad. L. repellentem, pres. pple. of repellere to repel.] A. adj. 1. Of medicines or medical applications; Having the effect of repelling morbid humours, etc. (See repel v. 2c.) Now rare. *643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. v. 19 It is necessary to use repellent Medicines, to wit, defensives, and clouts wet in Vinegar. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Repellent Medicines, are such things as by stopping the Heat and Afflux of Humors.. decrease the swelling of a part. 1719 Quincy Phys. Diet. (1722) 381/2 All those means are said to be repellent, which check the Growth of the Tumour. 1807-26 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 62 Every thing wet, whether warm or cold, emollient, repellent or astringent. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 39 The leaves [of Sterculia feetida] are considered repellent and aperient.

2. a. Having the power of repelling other bodies; characterized by repulsion. Also const. of. 1744 Berkeley Siris §237 Why should the most repellent particles be the most attractive upon contact? 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 155 Each fragment of a pillar having its attractive and repellent points. 1812 Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 136 The different manner., in which their parts become capable of communicating attractive or repellent powers to other matter. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 47 There are some men.. whose clothes are repellent of dust and mud.

b. Impervious to, not receptive of, moisture. 1^5 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. PI. 44 A manner of draining where the surface soil and base are repellent. 1885 [see repel v. 5 c].

c. Repelling or warding off attack. 1889 Pater G. de Latour (1896) 34 He saw the beautiful city.. as if sheathed austerely in repellent armour.

d. Causing certain insects or other animals not to settle or approach. 1971 ‘G. Black’ Time for Pirates i. 15 The air reeked from .. mosquito-repellent smudge. 1979 D. Kyle Green River High X. 131 We were smothered in repellent cream, but that didn’t stop them [sr. insects].

3. Repelling by coldness of demeanour, or by some disagreeable feature; affecting one with distaste or aversion. 1797 Godwin Enquirer ii, xii. 460 Sherlock.. is.. somewhat repellent in his language. 1836 F. Mahoney Rel. Father Prout, Songs Horace i. (1859) 387 Chilled by thy mien repellent and disdainful. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 519 He overthrew.. the repellent demand that the Gentiles should be circumcised.

B. sb. 1. Med. An application serving to repel humours, etc. (see A. i above). Now rare. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Min. 431 Fractures.. are cured by repellents hindering inflammation. 1710 T, Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 170 Repellents in the Gout are sometimes most exceeding dangerous. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v. Jardon, It should be first treated with coolers and repellents, such as hot vinegar, verjuice, &c. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 214 The bark of the root and the.. leaves.. are considered by the native Indian doctors as powerful repellents.

t2. A repulse.

Obs. rare-^.

1777 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 20 Sept., Did he not hold out against forty such repellents from Mrs. P-?

3. A repelling power or influence. 1802 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit III. 245 All the impediments that act as repellents to your passion. 1802-12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) IV. 292 It becomes a perpetual source of disgust, and serves as a perpetual repellent to the eye of scrutiny.

4. A substance that causes certain insects or other animals not to settle or approach. Freq. in Comb, preceded by the name of the animal, as insect repellent (see insect sb. 4 a), etc. 1908 Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. I. 81 {heading) Experiments with repellents against the com root-aphis. 1923 /6id, XVI. 222 A very effective repellent for practical use is a mixture of one part furfural to four parts pine tar oil. 1942, etc. [see moth sb.^ 3]. 1949 Consumer Reports July 311/1, 38 brands of insect repellents. 1950 ‘N. Shute’ Town like Alice 43 If they were to spend another night upon the veranda she must get hold of some mosquito repellent. 1955 Sci. Amer. Aug, 76/3 It is neither an attractant nor a repellent to unconditioned salmon, and would have meaning only to those conditioned to it. 1963 ‘F. Richards’ First come, First Kill V. 60, I probably smell to high heaven of insect repellent. 1968 C. Helmericks Down Wild River North i. XV. 234 Covering myself..with canvas against the angry insects blown back from the horses’ backs, and bathing my hooded face with repellent. 1979 R. Perry Bishop's Pawn viii. 144 This left the insects free to concentrate on me and the repellent I was using hadn’t matured with age.

Hence re'pellently adv. 1883 Talmage in Chr. Her. i6 May 272/1 It is religion presented repellently, morning, noon and night. 1885

frepelless, a. Obs. rare~K [f. repel v. + -LESS.] That cannot be repelled. 1595 Markham Sir R. Grinvile E vij. Two great Armados .. by assault made knowne repellesse might. re'pelling (ri'pelii]), vbl. sb. [f. repel v. -ING*.] The action of the vb.; repulse.

+

1533 Bellenden Livy ii. xiv. (S.T.S.) I. 183 Valerius left pt said auctorite for [pe] Indignacioun pzx he tuke in his mynde for pe repelling of his petitiouns. x6u Cotgr., Repoulsement, a r^ulsing, repelling. 1651 Hobbes Govt. Soc. vi. § 17. 103 To the repelling of a forraign enemy, they appoint a certain and limited return. 1719 Quincy Phys. Diet. (1722) 381/1 ^ repelling is meant those Means which prevent such an Afflux of Fluid to any particular part, as would raise it into a Tumour.

re'pelling, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing^] That repels, in various senses of the vb. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 44b/2 He is called the expulsive or repellinge ligature. 1611 Cotgr., Repercussif, repercussiue, repelling. 1710 J. Harris Lex. Techn. II. s.v., In Mechanicks, where Attraction ceases to exert it self, a kind of repelling Force should succeed. 1726 Swift Gulliver iii. iii. When the repelling Extremity points downwards, the Island mounts directly upwards. 1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 249, I ordered emollient and repelling Cataplasms to be applied. 1841 L. Hunt Seer ii. (1864) 62 The feeling in the poet’s mind changes.. from the repelling to the engaging. 1^9 Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 296 When the two repelling poles are brought into contact.

Hence re'pellingly adv., re'pellingness. 1815 Zeluca I. 371 She must behave almost repellingly to the two men of her acquaintance she most esteemed. 1863 Thornbury True as Steel \\\. 230 The eyes no longer stared repellingly with a fixed and hard glance. 1895 W. S. Lilly Four Humourists 66 Despite the repellingness of his style.

repeman, variant of reapman Obs. re-'pen, tJ. [re-5 a.] trans. To pen again. C1616 S. Ward Coal from Altar (1627) 77 If Dauid were now to re-pen his Psalme, I think he might alter the forme of his counsell.

t repend, v.^ Obs, rare-^. [ad. OF. repenner, repesneTy etc. (Godef.).] intr. To kick, fling, ?al400 Morte Arth. 2107 Thane riche stedes rependez, and rasches one armes.

repent (ri'pent), v. Also 7 as pa. pple. [ad. F. repentir(i ith c.) f. re- re- + Rom. *penittre:—L. poenitere: see penitent.] 1. reft. To affect (oneself) with contrition or regret for something done, etc. (cf. 3.) const, ofy for, that. Now arch.

Also

C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 52/173 Of hire misdedes heo repentede hire sore, a 1300 Cursor M. 7308 (Cott.), Ful sare yee sal repent yow. 1:1305 Pilate 106 in E.E.P. (1862) 114 Longe after pat he [Christ] was ded, he [Pilate] repentede him ilome. 1:1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 224 Many menne repenten hem neuere of swiche thoghtes. ri400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 63 Repent pe noght of pinges passyd. 1484 Caxton Fables of^sop i. xv, They that be glad.. of the praysynge of flaterers oftyme repente them therof. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon xxiii. 68, I repent me that I hadde not beleuyd you. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill i. iv. 285, I repent me that the Duke is slaine. 1619 Ld. Doncaster in Eng. Germ. (Camden) 207, I now repent me of it, hearing the niewes of Moravia confirmed from all parts. 1682 Bunyan Holy War (Cassell) 157,! was formerly a great companion of his, for the which I now repent me. 1842 Tennyson Ed. Gray 23, I repent me of all I did.

2. impers. To cause (one) to feel regret, etc. 13.. Coer de L. 324 Hym repented that he cam there. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 270 As he withinne his herte caste. Which him repenteth ate laste. } 01400 Morte Arth. 1391 It salle repent vs fulle sore and we ryde forthire! 1470-85 Malory Arthur vii, viii. 224 Me repenteth, grene knyghte, of your dommage, 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 147 It shall not repent them of y' service. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxviii. 123 It repented him that he let go Demetrius. 1664 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 148 This indeed would repent me, for the World will take more notice of it. 1717 Entertainers No. 11. 72 It can never repent us to endeavour to tread in the Steps of those bright Examples. 1819 Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 303 It doth repent me: words are quick and vain. 1878 Swinburne Tri. Time xxi. Will it not one day in heaven repent you?

fb. In passive. Obs. rare. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 71 That is to mene, that they that be confession are clensed and repented [etc.]. 1530 Exam. W. Thorpe in Bale's Sel. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 109,1 say to thee, that in the turning about of thy hand such a sinner may be verily repented.

3. intr. To feel contrition, compunction, sorrow or regret for something one has done or left undone; to change one^s mind with regard to past action or conduct through dissatisfaction with it or its results. r 1290 St. Brandan 104 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 222 3oure on schal attan ende Repenti er he com aje. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. V. 186 He Jjat repentep Rapest schulde arysen aftur [etc.]. 1388 Wyclif Matt xxvii. 3 Judas.. repentide, and brou3te a3en the thretti pans to the princis of prestis. 1:1450 Merlin 328 So fer haste thow gon that late it is to repente. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 12 Whan so euer ony synner repenteth, & is sory for his offences towarde god. 1596 Shaks. j Hen. IV, iii. iii. 5 Well, He repent, and that suddenly. 1650 T. Vaughan Anthroposophia 60 This middle-most mansion is appointed for such Soules whose whole man hath not perfectly repent in this world. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 443 None teach repentance like true penitents. He wants nothing but to repent. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xii, If your purpose is evil, pause a moment, and repent. 1859 Tennyson Guinev. 169 No light had we: for that we do repent.

b. Const, of, at (rare), fon. fre'pend, v.^ Obs. rare. [ad. L. rependere f. reRE- -f pendere to pay.] trans. To repay. CIS50 L. Wager Life Marie Magd. 1297 O Lord..To thee what tong is able worthy thanks to repend, c 1557 Abp. Parker Ps. cix. 321 For good they euil agayne requite:,. And so for loue ., whote hate they do repend.

rependant, obs. form of repentant a. t repen'sation. Obs. rare-^. [ad. late L. repensdtidn-em f. repensdre: cf. compensation.} ‘A making recompense’ (Blount 1656). fre'pent, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.] Repentance; an act of repentance. (Freq. in Greene’s works.) 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. xii. 24 Reproch the first. Shame next, Repent behinde. CI590 Greene Fr. Bacon xiv. 15 For this I scourge myself with sharp repents, 1611 in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 17s My soule..In deepe repent, her former folly hates.

repent ('riipsnt), a.^ [ad. L. repent-y ppl. stem of repere to creep.] 1. a. Bot. Creeping; esp. growing along the ground, or just under the surface, and sending out roots at intervals. 1669 J. Rose Eng. Vineyard (1675) r6 There is no plant whatsoever so conatural to the vine.. as this repent, and humble shrub. 1707 Scom^e Jamaica I. 94 This had a small repent root. Ibid. 112 This has a crooked repent stem. 1846-50 A. Wood Class-bk. Bot. 74 Holland is said to owe its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound together,

b. Zool. Creeping, crawling, reptant. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 405/1 The third order, Serpentia, which are defined as having, .a repent progression.

2. fig. Unable to rise to high ideas. rare~^. 1684 Evelyn Let. to Pepys 8 June, He., bravely enlarges the empire of our narrow speculations, and repent spirits, whose contemplations extend no further than their sense.

t re'pent, a.^ Obs. rare. [f. stem of repent v.; cf. obs. F. repent (Godef.),] Repentant. 121500 Chaucer's Dreme 1694 The queen forthwith hire leue Toke at them all that were present, of hire defaults fully repente.

c 1315 Shoreham vii. 536 Wy hy ne mo3e.. Wei repenty of hare mysdede.. pex ich schal segge, ase ich can. c 1450 Merlin 176 Thei wolde repente with gode will of the stryfe that thei hadde a-gein Merlin, but to late thei were to repente. 1535 Cowekdaee Jonah iii. 10 He repented on the euell, which he sayde he wolde do vnto them, and dyd it not. 1535 Coverdale Jonah iii. 10 He repented on the euell, which he sayde he wolde do vnto them, and dyd it not. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Saerse ii. vi. § i God doth reserve a liberty to himself, either to repent of the evil or the good that was foretold concerning any people. 1667 Poole Dial. betw. Protest. & Papist (1735) 91 A thousand of their Sins are venial; which, tho’ not repented of, will not exclude them from the Favour of God. Junius Lett. xii. (1788) 75 A scene in which a mind like yours will find nothing to repent of. 1818 Parr Wks. (1828) VIII. 640,1 repent not at the gift. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 372 Nor do I now repent of the manner of my defence.

fc. To be sad, to mourn (for an event). Obs.~^ 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. viii. 47 Dead, .thou maist aread Henceforth for ever Florimell to bee; That all the noble knights.. may sore repent with mee.

4. trans. To view or think of (any action, etc.) with dissatisfaction and regret; to be sorry for. CI330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 256 Do 3it be consaile, j?ou salle not it repent. £^1410 Sir Cleges 422, I repent my grauntetynge. That I to the made. 1465 Paston Lett. II. 221 For that or for some other cause he r^entyth his bargeyn and woll nomore of it. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 297 b, Yet do I nothyng repente my first aduise & counsaill. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. li. iii Content with Hermia? No, I do repent The tedious minutes I with her haue spent. 1617 Moryson /fin. i. 179, I could hardly keepe him from falling down most steepe mountaines .. which made me repent the buying of him. 1640 Habington Edw. IV 108 They would sell their lives at so deere a rate, that the King might repent his purchase. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope 14 Sept., I was so much pleased with it, I have not yet repented my seeing it. 1805 T. Harral Scenes of Life I. 49 The landlord began to repent his kindness. 1821 Whewell in Mrs. Douglas Life (1881) 65 Hitherto I have had no reason to repent setting off when I did.

b. esp. To feel regret, sorrow, or contrition for (something inherently wrong, some fault, misconduct, sin, or other offence). c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 261 Jjan he by-gan repentye sare pat he hap greued his Eem. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 418 She

.. in that gret wrethe out of the paleyce went, Seying to herself that chere shuld pey repent. 1537 Cranmer Let. in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 350 Both you and I may repent our dallying. 1579 Fulke Heskins' Pari. 511 To him that intendeth to repent those thinges wherein he hath offended. 1611 W. ScLATERiCey (1629) 147 If the thing couenanted be lawfull, rashnesse must be repented: but the promise performed. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 776 The soft Napaean Race will soon repent Their Anger, and remit the Punishment. 1771 Goldsm. Hist. Eng. IV. 95 He declared they should one day repent their insolence and presumption. 1807 Southey Espriella’s Lett. 11. 53 For a few minutes 1 repented my temerity. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. (ed. 3) 11. 187 William declared.. that he would make the most Christian king repent the outrage.

fc. To regret (a circumstance or event). Obs. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] Lives Emperors in Hist. Ivstine Kk iij, The people founde such ease and plenty of all things, that no man repented a womans gouernment. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 33 Whose death .. all the world repented.

t5. To live out in repentance. Obs. rare-''. 1601 Shaks. All’s Well iv. iii. 272 My offences being many, 1 would repent out the remainder of Nature.

re'pentable, a. [f. prec. + -able.] Capable of being repented of; frepentant. 1571 Dk. Norfolk in 14th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. IV. 574 My harty repentable and pytiefull lamentation. 01603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhem. N.T. (1618) 699 Repentance of all repentable sinne may be in one moment. 1659 Gauden Tears Ch. 65 It seems scarce pardonable because ’tis scarce a repentable sin or repairable malice.

trepentaille. Obs. rare. [OF., f. repentir to repent; see -al*.] Repentance. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11838 Wonder were elles, or art me failles, pey pleye wyp repentailles. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 356 Thus whan love is evele wonne, Fulofte it comth to repentaile. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 156 Whanne plesaunce is fayled .. thanne ofte tymes they falle into repentaille.

repentance (n'pentans). Also 4-6 -aunce, (5 -aunse), 4 -anse, (5 -ans, -once), 6 -ence. [a. F. repentance (12th c.); see repent v. and -ance, and cf. OSp. repentencia (13th c.).] 1. The act of repenting or the state of being penitent; sorrow, regret, or contrition for past action or conduct; an instance of this. 13.. Cursor M. 4958 (Gott.), 3our repentanse es comen ouer late. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 5229 Wyp sorow of herte and repentaunce bou mayst pay God wyp lytyl penaunce. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus in. 1259(1308) And at o word with-outen repentaunce Wel-come my knyght. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 9 She steryd the pepyl ever to repentaunce. 1509 Fisher Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 300 Wepynges & teares somtyme of deuocion somryme of repentaunce. 01591 H. Smith Serm. (1637) 220 Repentance is never too late, but it is a true saying, repentance is never too soon. 1601 B. Jonson Poetaster v. i. In time [they] should him fear. Lest after they buy repentance too dear. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. iii. §26 What patience could be content to. , accept of repentances which must have after penitences. His goodness can only tell us. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 65 The Romish doctors reckon three stages in the passage from vice to virtue, attrition, contrition, and repentance. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab V. 246 Bitterness of soul. Pining regrets, and vain repentances. 1881 Besant & Rice Chapl. of Fleet I. 159 The morning is the time for repentance,

b. personified. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. V. 43 Jjcnne Ron Repentaunce and Rehersed pis teeme. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxii. 133 Repentance ay with cheikis wait, No..pennence did eschew. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado ii. i. 81 Then comes repentance, and with his bad legs falls into the cinque-pace, 1798 WoRDSW. Peter Bell Prol. xxx. Repentance is a tender Sprite.

2. stool of (for for) repentance, repentancestool, a stool formerly placed in a conspicuous position in Scottish churches for the use of offenders (esp. against chastity) making public repentance; also called cutty-stool. So repentance-gavon. (Cf. repenting vbl. sb. b.) 1647 in Jrnl. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland (1901) 271 To Adam M'Neilis for dressing ye stoole of repentance, 02s. sd. a 1674 Clarendon Hist. Reb. xiii, §48 To stand publickly in the Stool of Repentance, acknowledging their former transgressions. 1690 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 120 They are setting up the stool of repentance in their churches as formerly, where people guilty of incontinency are to doe pennance. C1765 Collection Scot. Poems 68 Tague..told him, he behoved to do penance on the repentance stool. 1899 Andrews Church Life 112 The Synods specially enjoined on all parishes the procuring of a repentance-gown. fig. 01704 T. Brown Walk round London Wks. 1709 III. 34 When the Fumes of Melancholy or Wine set them on the Stool of Repentance. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. 11. iii. He has been just half a year on the stool of repentance! 1884 Christian World 2 Oct. 737/1 The Times., seats itself as it were in shame on the stool of repentance.

3. Herb of repentance, the plant rue. (Cf. the etym. note to herb-grace.) 1858-9 Phytologist HI. 207 This [the Herb-of-Grace] is not a native, but it is well known at the Old Bailey as the Herb-of-Repentance.

repentant (n'pentant), a. and sb. Also 5 repend-, [a. F. repentant (12th c.), pres. ppl. of repentir: see REPENT v. and -ant.] A. adj. 1. Experiencing repentance; sorrowful for past sins, penitent. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 174/2377 Heo weren echone repentaunt; ne mi3ten none men more. CI315 Shoreham I. 752 Ry3t repentaunt and ry3t deuout Take hys deap in py meende. ri430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 149 He..

REPERCUSS

638

REPENTABLE

Moost repentaunt for-sook the world. 1495 c^ct 11 tien. E// c. 57 Preamble, Your seid Suppliaunt is as sorrowfull and repentant as any creature may be. 153* More Confut. Tindale Wks. 525/2 As those repentaunte sinners bee a parte of the churche predestynate. 1635-56 Cowley Davtdets iv 771 Kind Heav’n..does long since relent. And with repentant Saul it self repent. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. i Thus they in lowliest plight repentant stood. 1823 Scott Peveril xlix, Charles entered, leaning on the shoulder of his repentant peer. 1876 Farrar Marlb. Serm. xxv. 249 He will cleanse from your repentant souls this daily assoilment. absol. as pi. 14.. in Tundale's Kis. (1843) 97 Sothfast kyng whos regne is inmutabull To repentaunt by rygour not vengeable. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 264 It is my guyse, Alle repentaunt to bryng hem to my blys.

b. (ionst. of, for. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5917 Elfred..Of ire trespas biuore ire dep repentant was. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) 1. 363 No man pat doop dedelly synne schal be i-saued, but he be verrey repentaunt at his lifes ende of al his mysdedes. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 65 Men awe to praye ..and be rependant of hir synnes. 1556 Olde Antichrist 175 b, Them that are hartily repentaunt for their synnes. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 550 Penitent also and repentant, for that which he had done in his furious madnesse. 1817 Keats Woman! when I, etc. 4 The downcast eye, repentant of the pain That its mild light creates to heal again.

2. Expressing or indicating repentance. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. ii. 216 After I haue solemnly interr'd.. this Noble King, And wet his Graue with my Repentant Teares. 1630 R. Johnson’s Kingd. & Commw. 87 Some of them have not spared to commit repentant error, to please the Pope. 1717 Pope Eloisa 17 Relentless walls! whose darksome round contains Repentant sighs.

B. sb. One who repents, a penitent. ? Obs. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 554/1 Though he haue made a true faithfull promise of pardone, to al true repentauntes and penitentes. 1624 R. Skynner in Ussher’s Lett. (1686) 350 Let not a Man that is a true Repentant think [etc.]. 1657 Reeve God’s Plea 21 Dumb gestures are fitter for repentants, then high phrased bablings. a 1814 Gonzanga IV. vi. in New Brit. Theatre HI. 142 This last design of thy vengeful cruelty has made a sincere repent^t of me. transf. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ui. xix. (Arb.) 224, I following the Greeke originall [metanoia) choose to call him the penitent or repentant.

repentantly (n'pentantli), adv. -ly'®.] In a repentant manner.

[f. prec.

+

1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. Ssiij, As that one vnder that one maide did die Repentaunt; so this other repentauntlie Under this other maide. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 78 To recouer his faith, which he ought to looke after repentantly and with more zeale, 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xxvii. She checked herself repentantly, saying, ‘Well, we must not laugh at her [etc.].’

re'pented, ppl. a. [f. repent v. + Regretted; thought of with repentance.

-EDb]

1660 Hickeringill yamoica (1661) 59 Till the repented assay of their valour, disciplin’d them into better manners. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems I. 265 He..sun and moon Perpetual witness made Of his repented humanness.

repenter (ri'p8nt3(r)). [f. as prec. -t- -ERb] One who repents, a penitent. 1621 Cade Serm. 34 Judas..did now repent..much better then the ordinary repenters at shrift. 1681 Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1710) 74 Some say, a Bishop Covenanter, If a Penitent repenter, (iauseth more Joy to Sp’rits Divine, Than all the other ninety nine. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) II. 371 Having enrolled myself among the too-late repenters, who shall pity me? 1842 G. S. Faber Prov. Lett. (1844) 11. 101 The repenters. .ought forthwith to quit the wicked Church of England.

repenting (ri'pentir)), ppl. a. -iNGb] That repents.

[f. as prec. + .1 j

*533 Frith Answ. More Wks. (1829) 177 Christ s blood (which must be received with a repenting heart thro faith). 1618 G Strode Anat. Mortalitie 145 Vnto the repenting person hee giueth a soft heart. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. cxcviii. Repenting England..To Phihp’s manes did an offering bring. *7*9 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 7 Li^ a true repenting Prodigal. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam v. v. Tears of repenting joy, which fast intruded. Fell fast.

Hence re'pentingly adv. 1611 CoTGR., Repentivement,. .repentirtgiy, with repentance. 1642 S. Ashe Best Refuge 54 We must repentingly returne unto the Lord. 01774 Goli^m. Hist. Greece 1. 134 There were many useful citizens whom they had .. sent into banishment, and these they now mpentingly wished to restore. 1893 Daily News 8 May 5/5 Those who

trepentinous, fl. Obs. rare-', [f. as repentine

-1- -ous.] Sudden. 1651 Biggs New Disp. 147 Grimfac’d repentinous Death.

fre'pentive, a. Obs. rare-', [f. repent v. + -ive: cf. obs. F. repentif.] Repentant. 1620 Quarles Jonah (1638) 44 The body must be prostrate; and the minde Truly repentive, and contrite within.

t re'pentless, a. Obs. rare '. -LESS.] Unrepentant.

[f. as prec. -f

01683 Oldham Poet. Wks. (1686) 148 Then may the Stupid, and Repentless die. And Heav’n it self forgive no more than I.

repeople (ri:'pi:p(3)l), v. [ad. F. repeupler (13th c.): see re- and people v.] 1. trans. To people anew; to furnish with a fresh population. 1481 Caxton Myrr. in. xii. 158 After this the world was repeoplyd and made agayn by them that descended of them. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 286, I will repeople the towne againe wyth mere Englishe men. 1652 H. L’Estrange Amer. nojewes 10 Noah had so many yeares of his own life to bestow in repeopling and replanting the Earth. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. I. ii. 52 He invited.. foreigners to re¬ people his Country. 1873 Geikie Ice Age i. 2 We behold.. Britain once more becoming continental, and repeopled,

b. jfig.

To people again in imagination.

1818 Byron Ch. Har. iv. iv. Though all were o’er. For us repeopled were the solitary shore. 1871 Macduff Patmos v. 56 One can still re-people the solitude with busy life. absol. 1835 Lytton Rienzi ii. iv, I had the power to repeople—to create.

2. transf. To restock with bees, fish, etc. 1693 Addison Virg. Georg, iv 297 By repeopling their decaying state,.. Their ancient stocks eternally remain. 1766 Complete Farmer s.v. Queen-bee, From the foecundity of this one female, a whole hive is easily and soon repeopled. 1807 J. Barlow Columb. viii. 484 Renascent swarms.. Re¬ people still the shoals and fin the fruitful tide. 1862 Cornhill Mag. Feb. 201 M. Coste has superintended the laying down of., new oyster beds.., and likewise repeopled a number that had been exhausted.

Hence re'peopling vbl. sb. 1611 Cotgr., Repeuplement, a repeopling, repopulating. 01641 Bp. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 125 Presently upon re-peopling of the earth [etc.]. 179® Malthus Popul. (1817) 1. 466 He..forgets that such a prompt repeopling could not take place without an unusual increase of births. 1863 Dana Man. Geol. 203 There was nearly a complete extermination of the species, requiring a repeopling of the seas.

reperal(e, -all, variants of reparel v. Obs. f re'pentful, a. Obs. rare—', -FUL.] Full of repentance.

[f. as prec. +

1631 Celestina vii. 96 An idle and lazy youth, brings with it a repentfull and a painfull old age.

trepentine, a. Obs. [a. obs. F. repentin, -ine (Godef.), or ad. L. repentinus, f. repent-, repens sudden: see -ine.] Sudden. C1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Bv, Enterprises rashe, hastie and repentine. Are chiefe thinges bringing great workes to mine. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau’s Fr. Chirurg. 5ib/i All repentine and subite permutations are vnto our bodyes very preiudicialle. 1624 Bp. Andrewes Serm. (1629) 259 Never trust a repentance repentine; no sodein flash or brunt. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Pet. ii. i Those repentine, serpentine mischiefes sting before they hisse.

repenting (ri'pEntiij), vbl. sb. [f. repent

v.

-t-

-iNGb] The action of the vb.; repentance. c 1300 Cursor M. 4958 Don yee haue pe sin yee wate. Your repenting es now to late. ci3r5 Shoreham i. 1087 Two pynges her-wyp-ynne bep, For-3efpe, and repentynge. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 156 Thoo that hadde doon vnkyndenesse .. humblely songe hire repentynge. 1530 Palsgr. 262/1 Repentyng, regret, repentence. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado II. i. 76 Wooing, wedding, & repenting, is as a Scotch jigge, a measure, and a cinque-pace. C1655 Milton Sonn., To C. Skinner 6 Deep thoughts.. to drench In mirth, that after no repenting drawes. 1719 Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 444 To talk of my repenting, alas! And with that he fetch’d a deep Sigh. 1851 Trench Poems 93 Repentings for her quick and angry mood.

b. attrib., esp. repenting stool, the stool of repentance (see repentance 2). 1567 in 6th Rep. Hist. MSSi Comm. 643/2 He sail., present him self vpon the Repenting stuill in the parochiall Kyrk of Anstruthair in Repenting maneir. 1721 Ramsay Lucky Spence vii, Whinging fools. That’s frighted for repenting-stools. 01722 Pennecuik Collect. Scots Poems (1787) 34 They gave the surplice to the English prelates. And their repenting stools to Scottish zealots.

i K.

reper'ceive, v. rare-', perceive afresh.

[re- 5 a.]

trans.

To

1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 41 That you rnay reperceive how little he understands Matters of Antiquity.

freper'cuss, ppl. a. Obs. rare-', [ad. L. repercussus, pa. pple. of repercutere: see next.] Beaten upon. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. XII. 23 When the mone is daies oold XV And so not repercusse [L. repercussa] as of the sonne.

repercuss (ri'.pa'kAs), v. [f. L. repercuss-, ppl. stem of repercutere, f. re- re- -h percutere to percuss.]

1. a. trans. To beat or drive back (air, fluids, etc.). }Obs. 1501, 1615 [see repercussed below]. 1626 Bacon Sylva §118 Aire in Ovens, though (no doubt) it doth (as it were) boyle, and dilate it self, and is repercussed; yet it is without Noise. 1669 WoRLiDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 297 If the Winds blow directly downward, and.. force the dust to arise with the Wind, which is repercussed by the Earth. 1696 Salmon Fam. Diet. (ed. 2) s.v. Redness, To apply such things to the Eyes, as many repercuss and drive back the Humours offending. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide vi. 389 (MS.), As when the frighted blood through every vein Drives to and fro, propell’d and repercuss’d. By the effluvia of electric fire. fig. 1601 Holland Pliny xxiii. vii. The marrow or pith.. doth repercusse and smite back the said disease, so that it shall not arise and grow. 1603 Florio Montaigne iii. xiii. 610 The said tempestuous rumours did strike and repercusse his thoughts inward.

fb. To reflect (beams or rays of light). Obs. 1604 Stirling Aurora xxxvii, As the Sunne.. darting from aboue, Doth parch all things that repercusse his beames. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies 1. xiii. 73 The Ray, repercussed or reflected in the perpendiculum is redoubled.

fc. To return, reverberate (a sound). rare.

Obs.

REPERCUSSER

639

a 1585 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 89 And ay the echo diapason sound. 1626 Bacon Sylva §245 Whether a Man shall heare better, if he stand aside the Body Repercussing. 1710 [see repercussing].

f 2. Of light: To beat upon (a thing). rare-^.

Obs,

1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 48 As full of coolers as a Chnstall glasse, repercust and beaten against with the beames of the sunne.

3. [Back-formation from

repercussion.] intr.

To cause or admit of repercussions (sense 6 a, fig.)\ to have an unwanted or unintended effect; to reflect or rebound on something. 1923

[see extra-organismal s.v. extra- i]. 1969 F. in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 323 There are also examples where an initially political campaign by students repercusses back into the campus and detonates an internal revolt within higher education. 1972 Guardian 18 Feb. 13/1 The public crucifixion of a mandarin looks likely to repercuss for years. 1975 J. De Bres tr. Alandel s Late Capitalism vii. 243 The tendency towards thorough planning and organization within the companies or enterprises of late capitalism necessarily repercusses on the structure of the bourgeois class. 1976 Daily Tel. i Dec. 3/3 It is a script which the plaintiffs feel cannot do anything but repercuss poorly on their reputation if it is thought that ‘King Kong’ is associated with that. Halliday

Hence reper'cussed, reper'cussing ppl. adjs. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. Prol. iii, Of repercus[si]t air the echo cryis, Amang the branches of the blomed treis. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 247 The noise that is made by the repercussed waters. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies i. xiii. 73 The repercussed Heat is sufficient for all Operations Natural to quicken and encourage them. 1710 Brit. Apollo No. 9. i/i An Eccho.. is caus’d by any .. Repercussing Body stopping and reflecting the.. Sound.

t reper'cusser. Obs. rare. Also 7 -our. [f. prec. + -ER^ -OR 2.] Med. A repellent. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. 1032 The immoderate use of repercussers. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 29 Others repel by a refrigerating quality.. as water and other such repercussours.

repercussion (riips'kAjan). Also 6 -par-, [a. F. repercussion (14th c.), or ad. L. repercussidnem, n. of action f. repercutere: see repercuss v.] 1. The action of a thing in forcing or driving back an impinging or advancing body; also, the power of doing this. Now rare, *536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. Cosmogr. xv, This goume is generat of see froith, quhilk is cassin vp be continewal repercussion of craggis aganis the see wallis. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 11 The vapor thereof by repercussion, forceth them [the planets] to be evidently retrograde, and goe backward. 1601 Bp. W. Barlow Defence 3 A man cannot fasten.. any maine stroke and visible vpon soft and yeelding bodies, in that they haue no repercussion. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrx III. ii. § 17 Because of the repercussion of other Atoms .. they receive such knocks as make them quiet in their places. 1712 Blackmore Creation iv. (ed. 2) 172 They various Ways recoil, and swiftly flow By mutual Repercussions to and fro. 1799 Kirwan Geol. Ess. 77 From the opposition it must have met in these mountainous tracts, and the repercussion of their craggy sides, eddies must have been formed.

t2. a. Med. The action of forcing back or driving away by the application of remedies; the operation of repelling (humours, swellings, etc.) from a particular part of the body; also, a medicine or application used for this purpose. Obs. R. Copland Guydons Form. Rijb, The seconde [intention].. is fulfylled by repercussyon at the begynnynge. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 229 Mercuric.. For repercussion thou win’st praise. 1663 Boyle Wks. (1772) VI. 372, I should prefer that method in agues before any violent repercussions though it were the famous febrifuga called Jesuits’ bark. 1671 Salmon Syn. Med. i. xlii. 93 The proper.. Nourishment of the Similary Parts is done by.. Repercussion not by Attraction. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Tumour, The other [method] is to stop and repel ’em; which is call’d Repercussion, that sends ’em back to their Source. 1541

fb. The forcing back of flame by blowing upon it. Also fig. Obs. rare. 1628 Bp. Hall Old Relig. 9 Like as the repercussion of the flame intends it more. 1633-Occas. Medit. (1851) 28 O God, if thy bellows did not sometimes thus breathe upon me, in spiritual repercussions.

3. a. Repulse or recoil of a thing after impact; the fact of being forced or driven back by a resisting body. 1553 Brende Q. Curtius viii. 174b, The streame.. apering by the reparcussion of the water in manye places to be ful of great stones in the bottome. 1604 Drayton Owle (1619) 1137 That (with the Repercussion of the Aire) Shooke the great Eagle sitting in his Chaire. 1672 Phil. Trans. VII. 5148 The other Secondary Affections of Winds; as their Undulation, Repercussion from Promontories, Opposition, &c. 1692 Ray Disc. ii. v. (1693) 205 After much thunder and roaring by the allision and repercussion of the flame against and from the sides of the Caverns. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 371 The waters are violently carried against the rocks; and in their repercussion, form dangerous whirlpools. 1793 A. Murphy Tacitus (1805) VII. II By the repercussion bursting out with redoubled force.

b. fig. or in fig. context. Creed v. xiii. §3 This certainty can never be wrought but by a repercussion of the engraffed notion upon itself. 1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. xxiii. 75 A mighty wall As Diamond Solid, where all Sence must fall With repercussion. 1869 J. D. Baldwin Preh. Nations iv. (1877) 138 Their action..has entered the current of European 1625 Jackson

affairs indirectly only, and by repercussion. 1880 Swinburne Stud. Skaks. (ed. 2) 79 The injury done her cousin, which by the repercussion of its shock.. serves to transfigure.. the whole bright light nature of Beatrice.

c. Med. = ballottement. i860 Tanner Pregnancy ii. 94 Ballottement, or repercussion, is a valuable means of acquiring information as to the existence of pregnancy. 1889 J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women vii. (ed. 4) 39 Feeling ballotement or repercussion, hearing the foetal movements.

4. a. The return or reverberation of a sound; echo, echoing noise. *595 Locrine iii. vi, Where every echo’s repercussion May help me to bewail mine overthrow. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Sculler Wks. iii. 28/1 The Ecchoes of his groanings seem’d to sound, With repercussion of his dying plaines. 1713 Derham Phys.^Theol. iv. iii. 119 To bridle the Evagation of the Sound—but not to make a Confusion thereof, by any disagreeable Repercussions. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 95 This dreadful noise is prolonged by repercussions from the caverns of the mountains. 1855 J. H. Newman Ca/Zis/a (1890) 309 Like the echo which is a repercussion of the original voice. transf. 1650 Howell Lett. III. 4 Let our letters be as eccho’s; let them bound back, and make mutuall repercussions. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 23 |p6 Taste and Grace.. sounds which.. have since been re-echoed without meaning.. by a constant repercussion from one coxcomb to another.

b. Mus. (See quots.) 1609 J. Douland Ornithop. Microl. 12 The Repercussion, which by Guido is called a Trope, and the proper and fit melodic of each Tone. Or it is the proper interuall of each Tone. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Of these three chords the two extremes, i.e. the final and the predominant one (which are properly the repercussions of each mode). 1872 Banister Music §391 During the successive entries of the Subject and Answer, the other parts continue with counterpoints,.. and this entry of all the parts constitutes the Exposition (or Repercussion), exhibiting the material of which the Fugue is to be formed. 1889 Grove's Diet. Mus. IV. 139/1 {Tonal Fugue) The alternation of the Subject with the Answer—called its Repercussion..—is governed by necessary, though somewhat elastic laws.

5. a. The action of a substance in reflecting light; fcolour resulting from such reflection. i6oi Holland Pliny II. 541 A certain blacke vernish which., by the repercussion thereof.. gaue an excellent glosse and pleasant lustre to the colors. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 474 Some thick Clouds received its opposite light, and there dispersed the same by repercussion. 1665 Sir. T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 30 A number of Fish, whose glistering shells made that artificial light in the night, and gave the Sea a white repercussion. 1845 De Quincey Wordsw.'s Poetry Wks. 1857 VI. 242 What would the sun be itself,.. if its glory were not endlessly .. thrown back by atmospheric repercussions?

b. Reflection of beams, rays, etc. Also without of. (Common in 17th c.) 1601 Holland Pliny II. no Certaine buttons.. which with the repercussion and reverberation of the Sun-beames, doe shine againe like resplendent gold. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 257 Vpon a house top.. where the repercussion of the Sunne did worke vpon them. 1653 More Antid. Ath. II. xii. §3 That the rays may not be returned; for such a repercussion would make the sight more confused. 1693 J. Edwards Author. O. & N. Test. 142 By reflection and repercussion of the sun’s rays. 1825 Coleridge Aids Reft. 40 Aph. V, Our election from (jod is but the repercussion of the beams of his love shining upon us.

fc. A reflection o/something. Obs. rare—^.

REPERFORATOR repercussive (riipa'kAsiv), a. and sb. Also 4 -if. [ad. F. repercussif, -ive (14th c.): see repercuss V. and -IVE.] A. adj. t F Of medicines or medical applications: Serving to repel humours or reduce swellings. Obs. Cf. repellent a. 1. ri400 Lanfranc's Circurg. 210 To enpostyms of blood, pou mi3t do medicyns repercussifs & dissolutiuis sotilly. 1543 Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. ii. i. 14 The inconvenient and untimely application of medicines repercussive. 1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 818 The flower thereof is good in repercussiue plaisters. 1657 Tomlinson Rnou's Disp. 29 The Greeks call a repercussive Medicament Q.-noKpova-TiK6v. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 673/1 Besides this, it is very drying, repercussive and anodyn.

2. a. Of sounds: Reverberating or reverberated; echoing, resounding; repeated. 1598 B. JoNSON Case is Altered i. ii, That word only Hath, with its strong and repercussive sound. Struck my heart cold. 1638 [Shirley] Mart. Soldier iv. i. in Bullen O. PI. I. 225 All the Goths and Vandalls shall strike Heaven with repercussive Ecchoes of your name. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 1162 Amid Carnarvon’s mountains rages loud The repercussive roar. 1809 Mrs. J. West Mother (1810) 169 The woodland hind Strikes the firm oak with repercussive blows. 1875 Swinburne Ess. ^ Stud. 201 note, I think now that the fantastic beauty of that single repercussive note would perhaps be out of tune. b. Of things or places: Returning a sound. 1695 Congreve Taking of Namur vi, The huge Cyclops did.. Massie Bolts on repercussive Anvils beat. 1712 Blackmore Creation vii. (ed. 2) 358 Ye noise Waves Strike with Applause the repercussive Caves. 1874 Hartwig Aerial W. iv. 39 Echo no longer.. confides her sorrows to the remote glen or the repercussive rock.

t3. Of light: Reflected. Obs. 1604 Dekker King's Entert. Wks. 1873 I. 274 This (the glasse alone) Where the neat Sunne each morne himselfe attires. And gildes it with his repercussive fires. 1701 Watts Horse Lyr., Fun. Poem T. Gunston, As she labours up to reach her Noon, Pursues her Orb with repercussive Light. transf. 1598 Chapman Iliad xviii. 192 Their guides a repercussive dread Took from the horrid radiance of his refulgent head, a 1639 T. Carew To H.D. 16 Shadowes to delude thine eyes With ayrie repercussive sorceries.

4. a. Of a blow: Causing to rebound. rare~^. 1712 Blackmore Creation n. (ed. 2) 69 What vig’rous Arm, What repercussive blow Bandies the mighty Globe still too and fro? b. fig. Of an action, decision, etc.: having

repercussions (sense 6 a). 1974 Daily Tel. ii May 17/5 He said that because of the decision to go ahead with the tour he was worried about the repercussive effect on British and international sport. 1975 Financial Times 27 Oct. 17/4 Britain will in an important sense continue to be ‘reliant’ on other sources herself, since she cannot escape repercussive consequences in her own industry and economy whenever Western Europe suffers. Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 554/2 The repercussive effects of pay policy.

fB. sb. Med. A repellent. Obs. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 209 ^ou must purge pe matere or J>ou leie J^erto ony repercussijf or ony maturatif. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health 75 If the mylke be curded in the brestes, some olde auctours wyll gyue repercussiues. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 278 The herbe is., a singular repercussiue in all impostumes and inflammations. 1651 French Distil, v. 135 A plate of the said Mercury laid upon tumours would be a great deale better repercussive then plates of lead, which Chirurgions use. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Tumour, Repercussives are not used in all sorts of Tumours.

1646 J. Hall Horae Vac. 58 As in a Christall, there is a perfect Repercussion of a Mans visage.

Hence reper'cussively adv., reper'eussiveness (Bailey, vol. II. 1727).

6. a. A blow or stroke given in return; also^g. a return of any kind of action, a responsive act, a resulting effect or implication; an unwanted or unintended reverberation. Freq. pi.

1831 Blackvi. Mag. XXX. 874 It repercussively broken back by gnarled oak.

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 188 When our eies be sore .. we turne away our sight unto those bodies and colours which make no reverberation or repercussion backe againe upon it. 1615 H. Crooke Body of Man 611 The bones strike the Nerue,.. The same Nerue makes a repercussion vpon the Membrane. 1641 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi's Civil Warres V. 92 The subject whereon shee had to worke being hard and apt to resist, made her subject to repercussions, a 1684 Leighton Ps. xxxix. Wks. (1835) 312 Observing others to improve the good and evil we see in them,.. looking on them to make the repercussion stronger on ourselves. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 148 Jf 5 Tenderness once excited will be hourly increased by the.. repercussion of communicated pleasure. 1831 Lamb Elia, Ser. ii. Shade of Elliston, Natural re-percussions, and results to be expected from the assumed extravagances of.. mock life. 1906 Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Jan. i The disasters of Tsardom in the Japanese war have had a repercussion all over Europe. 1935 Times 5 July 15/3 The direct effects and indirect repercussions of any projected action. 1948 Hansard Commons 26 Jan. 673 All practical measures will be adopted .. to minimise repercussions upon other unconvertible European currencies. 1969 T. F. Torrance Theol. Sci. ii. 85 The inclusion of that fact in the Reformation doctrine of the Grace of God had immense repercussions. 1978 Lancashire Life Oct. 96/1 If the strike could be expected to ‘bite’ anywhere, with anarchic repercussions, Merseyside was the place.

fb. The action of returning a blow. Obs.-^ 1608 WiLLET Hexapla Exod. 480 The law of repercussion and retalion tooke no place,

t?. a. A repeated blow. Obs. rare-'. 1621 G. Sandys Ovid’s Met. xii, (1626) 244 Rhoetus.. aggrauates his wound With repercussions of his burning brand.

b. A repeated attack of pain. rare-'. 1796 Burns Let. to Thomson Apr., I have only.. counted time by the repercussions of pain.

did

shiver—

freper'eute, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. repercuter (14th c.), or L. repercutere: see repercuss v.] a. absol. = repercuss v. i. b. trans. To strike in turn. *525 tr. Brunswick's Surg. xxvi, I did therto leues of iusquiamus sodden, .because it repercuteth and resolueth. 1578 Banister Hist. Man i. ii When the first bone, percussed by the stroke of the ayre, repercuteth the other in manner of a mallet.

t reper'eutient, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. repercutient-em, pres. ppl. of repercutere: see REPERCUSS t).] = repercussive a. I. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xill. 392 The laxity of the part.. will not permit us to apply any thing that is violently repercutient or resolvent. Ibid. xvii. 592 Cold and very repercutient things must by no means be applied.

t repercutive. Obs. rare-". [ad. obs. F. repercutif {i^th c.): see repercute and -ive.] = REPERCUSSIVE sb. 1611 CoTGB., Repercutif, a repercutiue; a medicine that repells .. paine from the place whereunto it is applyed.

t repe-refe, variant of reap-reeve Obs. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 596/7 Metellus, a reperefe.

reperel(l, variants of reparel sb. and v. Obs. reperforator (ri:'p3:f3reit3(r)). Telegr. [f. re(ceiving ppl. a. + PERFORATOR.] A machine which perforates paper tape in accordance with telegraphically received signals. 1916 Papers Inst. P.O. Elects. Engin. No. 59. 22 Parment .. proposes re-perforators at the receiver end for x messages, receiving a printed slip simultaneously. 1948 Annals Computation Lab. Harvard Univ. XVI. 61 The reperforator and the printer operate on a time division basis. 1973

REPERFORM & Denny Teleprinter Handbk. iii. lo/i Reperforators are used to store teleprinter signals on unched paper tape so that they may be retransmitted later y means or a suitable tape reader. Goacher

reper'form, v.

[re- 5 a.] To perform again. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 119 Infant Baptism is God’s ordinance, and Baptism not to be reperformed. 1805 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XIX. 219 It rather causes the original organic motion to be re-performed.

reper'fume, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To perfume again. Hence reper’fumed ppL a. 1593 Drayton Sheph. Garl. Eel. viii, While others.. strut the stage with reperfumed wordes. 1888 A. S. Wilson Lyric Hopeless Love vi. 19 Thy love Puts music into forest sounds And odours reperfumes.

'reperible, a. rare.

[ad. L. type *repertbilisy f.

reperhe to find: see -IBLE.] Discoverable. *432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 189 per is noone ylle thynge but hit is reperible in man. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 275 We must strip them of their national, local, and personal distinctions, of all, in short, that is not reperible in every one of them.

t repe'rition. Obs. rare~^. [f. L. repertre to find + -ITION.] Discovery. 1627 Speed England xxxviii. § i Neither the reperition nor the repetition thereof shall be accounted impertinent.

re'periwig,

rare-^. [re-5 a.] trans. To cover again as with a wig. 1608 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. v. Decay 815 The Sappybloud Of Trees hath twice re-perriwig’d the Wood.

re'perjuring,

vbl. sb. Repetition of perjury.

rare-^.

[re-

5 a.]

reper'mit, v. rare~K [re5 a. Cf. F. repermettre (Cotgr.).] trans. To permit again. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. vi. §22 Hee.. suspended himselfe from vse of his priestly function, till vpon sute he was repermitted.

reper'suade,

rare, [re- 5 a.] trans. and absol. To persuade again. a 1661 Fuller Worthies. Bedford, i. (1662) 117 Whereupon for his own preservation he was re-perswaded to return to Pitmister. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. vii. (1783) I. 95. I began to re-persuade;.. I protested [etc.]. obs. forms of repartee sb. and v.

t repertible, a. Obs. rare—^. [a. F. repertible, f. L. repert-, ppl. stem of reperire to find.] ‘Which may be found, gotten, or recovered’ (Blount, 1656, from Cotgr.).

trepertite, v. Obs. rare. [var. of repartite v., with change of vowel as in L. impertire.] trans. To quarter in divisions. Const, upon. ei6o3 in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 40 Companies repertited upon Zeeland... These companies were repertited upon Zeeland, but paid hitherto by the generality. t

reper'tition. Obs. [var. of

fre'pertor. Obs. rare-^. [L., agent-noun f. reperire to find.] A discoverer. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. ii. 31 Let others dispute whether Anah was the Inventour, or onely the Repertour of Mules.

repertorial

(repa'tosnal), a. [f. repertory + -AL.] Of or pertaining to (a) repertory. 1898 J. London Let. 6 Dec. (1966) 8 Worth far more than five dollars, at the ordinary repertorial rate of so much per column. 1912 G. B. Shaw Let. i May in Lett, to Granville Barker 181 To follow a year of Shaw with yet another Shaw is not very repertorial. 1928 Observer i Apr. 15/3 The producer’s laudable desire to deliver Ibsen’s humour from the old repertorial gloom was most happily realized in some of the minor parts.

repertorily ('rEpstsnli), adv. rare. [f. REPERTORY + -LY^,] In the manner of repertory. 1928 Observer 22 Jan. 13/4 Miss Margot Drake’s Ann catches fire in the later phases of the play, but some of the other parts are somewhat repertorily done.

I! repertorium (repg'toansm). [L., f. repert-, ppl. stem of reperire to find: cf. next.] fa. A catalogue. Obs. b. A storehouse, repository. 1667 Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. in He..shew’d him ‘the Repertorium’, and spoke to Jennings the reacher of the records, that he should let him have any record that he should point at in the said Repertorium. 1818 Lady Morgan FI. Macarthy III. i. 17 As for Counsellor Conway Crawley, I look upon him as the very repertorium of the laws. 1866 Liddon Bampt. Lect. ii. § r (1875) 45 The Bible is not a great repertorium of quotations.

repertory ('rEpatan). Also 6 erron.

report-. [See

prec. and -ory.]

11. An index, list, catalogue or calendar. Obs.

Stubbes Anat. Abus. i. (1879) 183 What expostulation, railing, scoulding, periuring, and reperiuring is maintained? 1583

repertfe, -tee,

RfiPfiTITEUR

640

repartition: see

prec.] Division, distribution, allotment. 1578 T. N. tr. Cong. W. India 6 It folowed, that in the repertition of y* lands conquered, lames Velasques gave unto Cortez the Indians of Manicorao. 1635 R. Dafforne Merck. Mirrour Ep. Ded. av. The word Repertition is not used in my Booke, as James Peele, and many Merchants doe.

t reper'titious, a. Obs.-'^ [ad. L. repertitius, f. repert-, reperire to find.] Found by chance. 1656 Blount Glossogr.; hence in later Diets.

II repertoire ('rep3twa:(r), F. repertwar). Also re-. [F. repertoire, ad. L. repertorium REPERTORY.] a. A Stock of dramatic or musical pieces which a company or player is accustomed or prepared to perform; one’s stock of parts, tunes, songs, etc. 1847 Illustr. Lond. News i6 Jan. 42/2 The part.., with the exception of the renowned.. Robert Macaire, is the best character in his repertoire. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis liii, Warrington, who.. had but one tune.. in his repertoire,.. sat rapt in delight. 1885 J. K. Jerome On the Stage i2a, I got hold of the repertoire and studied up all the parts I knew I should have to play. attrib. 1897 Daily News 15 Sept. 6/4 A sound repertoire company, where too many plays are not embarked upon, and yet the so necessary variety is not wanting,

b. transf. 1872 E. Braddon Life in India vi. 201 A Lascar crossingsweeper whose native dialect is Bengali or Tamil, and from whose linguistic repertoire Oordoo and Hindoo have been wholly omitted. 1959 R. Postgate Good Food Guide 211 Latest additions to his marvellous repertoire are Honey Duck.. and a poussin stuffed with mushroom butter and herbs, encased in a very thin pastry and baked. 1961 Webster, A small but dependable repertoire of jokes designed to amuse the young—Frank Sullivan. 1965 Listener 2.0 May 753/1 Easily reached from Dublin, New Grange itself, with its rich repertoire of geometric art, is the showpiece of Irish prehistory. 1971 Nature 13 Aug. 443/2 The most striking aspects of an animal’s behavioural repertoire are often the ‘displays’ it gives in sexual or aggressive encounters. 1973 Archivum Linguisticum IV. 55 The analysis of repertoires, namely, what that community knows of and does with the languages concerned.

1552 in Vicary's Anat. (iSSS) 304 The Vse of the first boke called a Repertory. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instr. C iv b, Vnto which Leager it shalbe necessary to.. make a calender, otherwise called a Repertory or a finder, Holland Pliny II. 372 Hermippus.. made besides a Repertorie or Index to euery booke of the said Poesie. 1687 N. Johnston Assur. Abbey Lands 179 Whose singular favor I must ever acknowledge.. in furnishing me with a Repertory, whereby I am enabled readily to find such Records. 1761 Ducarel {title) A Proposal for Publishing a General Repertory of the Endowments of Vicarages. attrib. *773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 353/2 Quoting a multiplicity of cases from the Repertory [printed Ref-] Book.

.

2 A storehouse, magazine, or repository, where something may be found. *593 G. Harvey Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 66 As I looke..for his vniuersall Repertory of all Histories, contayning the memorable acts 01 all ages, all places, and all persons. e said Jhone till his honour, heretagis, landis, rentis. 1583 in 6th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 637/1 That he may be reponit and placit in my roume,.. landis, honouris and dignitee. a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. VI. (1677) 445 The desire they had to have their old Ministers reponed would make them the more forward. a 1670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 57 That all ministers deposed since the ist of February be reponed in their places to their former functions. 1728 Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 398 It’s given out., that a design is forming to repone Mr Simson at the next Assembly. 1753 Scots Mag. May 253/1

It might please the.. Assembly to.. repone him again to his ministry. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 291 After deposition, the party is not to be regarded as a minister of the church,.. even if he should be reponed, unless he is again settled in a ministerial charge. b. To restore to a certain legal status, to rehabilitate (a person), esp. against a decree or sentence, so that the case may be tried afresh. fAlso const, with inf. and absol. 1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 381 To heir and se the said Bischope.. reponit to use his lauchfull defenssis. 1671 [? R. MacWard] Case Accom. Exam. 12 As a restitution repones against a discontinuance. 1825 Act 6 Geo. IV, c. 120 §29 As soon as the Defender shall enter Appearance and be reponed against the Decree pronounced in Absence. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 852 According to the existing form a party may be reponed .. by presenting a reclaiming note to the Court. 1850 Act 13 Sf 14 Viet. c. 36 §23 Provided always, that a Pursuer may be reponed against a Protestation. 1896 Green's Encycl. Scots Law I. 16 The Sheriff repones the defender. 12. To put (a person or thing) back in a place. Obs. rare. 1582-8 Hist. Jas. VI (1804) 39 That hir majestic should first peaceablie be reponit in the castell of Dumbarton. 1640 R. Baillie Canterb. Self-convict. 108 The English., removed the prayer it selfe from that place: But our men to shew their Orthodoxie, repone the prayer in the owne old place. t3. To give as a reply; to answer. Obs. rare. 1644 J. Goodwin Innoc. Triumph. (1645) 53 In answer to somewhat argued by me.. he repones thus. 1671 R. MacWard True Non-Conf. 289 You repone to us the very meanest of their Arguments, not. .in the least recocted. Hence re'poning vbl. sb. and ppl. a. *753 Scots Mag. May 252/2 In relation to the reponing of these brethren. 1896 Green's Encycl. Scots Law I. 15 The decree must also not have been recalled under the provisions for reponing. Ibid. 16 A defender may be reponed against a decree.. by lodging with the Sheriff Clerk a reponing note.

re'pope,

v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To make (one) pope again. 1869 Browning Ring ^ Bk. x. 110 Theodore.. convoked a synod, whose decree Did.. repope the late unpoped.

re'populate

(ri:-),

v.

[re-

5 a.]

trans.

To

populate again. Hence re'populating vbl. sb. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 220 This Temiragio returned to the city, and then beganne for to repopulate it. i6ii Cotgr., Repeuplement, a repeopliM, repopulating. 1859 Hole Tour Irel. vii. (1892) 73 Great efforts are being made to repopulate the country. iMi R. N. Boyd Chili 116 The town was., rebuilt and repopulated by emigrants from the province of Biscay. So repopu'lation. a 1734 North Lmer (1826) I. 36 That perhaps may tend to some repopulation, which is more needed than any means of extortion. 1832 L. Hunt Translations 330 What possible debtor can pay his debts better, Than De-population with Re-population? 1885 Homilet. Rev. (U.S.) Feb. 166 Believing that prophecy teaches the repopulation of Palestine by Christianized Jews.

report

(ri'paat), sb.

Also 6 raport, reaport.

[a.

OF. report (rare) or raport (mod.F. rapport), vbl. sb. f. reporter, rapporter: see report v.]

1. a. Rumour, common talk. (Sometimes personified.) Now rare. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 593,1 haue & schal for trowe or fals report In wrong & ry3t loued J>e al myn lyf. 14.. Tundale's Vis., etc. (1843) 121 The day of trowthe is turned into nyght Thorow wrang report, c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 70 No langage [is] digne thy vertus to expresse, By newe report so clierly they don shyne. c 1500 Lancelot 777 Arthur by Report hard saye How galiot non armys bur that day. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Tiptoft ii, Might report vprightly vse her tong It would lesse greue vs to augment the rnatter. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 91 Yet doe the eyes.. kindle the more anguishe, whiche see .. those thinges, that others heare by reporte. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. i. i. 6 My brother laques he keepes at schoole, and report speakes goldenly of his profit, c 1645 Milton Sonn. x. To Lady Margaret Ley, As that dishonest victory., Kil’d with report that Old man eloquent. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 601 ’Twas thus with Fleeces milky white (if we May trust Report,) Pan God of Arcady, Did bribe thee. 1784 Cowper Task II. 355 Through that public organ of report He hails the clergy. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian ii, I do not lightly give faith to report. b. With a and pi.

A rumour;

a statement

generally made or believed, the report goes: it is commonly said (cf. go v. 13). c 1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1671 Reportes not so sikyr iuges ben. As man to se pe womannes persone. 1483 Caxton Cato Cv, Many euyles comen by wycked and euyl tunges and euyl reportes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 52 The report goth that you have conspired to destroy the secte of Luther. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 669 The Erie of Warwike.. by euill reportes, did as much as in him lay to hinder this manage. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage VI. v. (1614) 587 Baumgarten saith that it was a common report in Cairo when he was there. 1665 Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xvii. (1848) 274 He will.. perhaps Ruine himself., by spreading Reports, a 1715 [see 00 v. 13]. 1781 Cowper Conversat. 802, I have lived recluse in rural shades. Which seldom a distinct report pervades. 1828 ScOTT F.M. Perth iii. There are bad reports of him among the Dominicans, that is certain. 1848 B’ness Bunsen in Hare Life (1879) II. iii. 112 The shadow of this.. came in the shape of a report from Paris. c. Repute, fame, reputation. Now only with good, etc., as an eebo of Biblical passages. 1514 Barclay Cyt. Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 28 What thynge is glory,.. honour, report, or what is noble name? *535 Co\ERD\i.E Judith viii. 13 This ludith was a woman of a very good reporte with euery one. 1562 Child-Marriages 108 The witnes.. cold not depose truly that she was of i

V

honest name, biecause they hard of her evill Report. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. ii. iii. 12 A Gentlewoman of mine. Who .. Hath blisterd her report. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. III. 180 Those honest and warrantable recreations, which are of good report among the Saints. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 23 The natural disposition,.. to do what is of good report. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 813 Her report has travell’d forth Into all lands. 1784-Tiroc. 459 Of chief and most approved report. 1871 Smiles Charac. vii. 195 He had no regard for popularity, but held to his purpose, through good and through evil report.

2. a. An account brought by one person to another, esp. of some matter specially investigated. CI410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxii, Euerychone shall sey his reporte to t?e lorde of J>at J^ei haue done and y-founde. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5620 Gwynet made noo tariyng But bare the report with glad tithing. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. Ixxix. 57 After report to hym brought of the said Espyes that the countre was fertyll and ryche. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 869 This report, These tidings carrie to th’anointed King. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 377 ’Tis greatly wise to.. ask them, what Report they bore to Heav’n. 1833 Ht. Martineau Manch. Strike xi. 120 The messengers appeared.. and delivered in their report, which was brief enough.

b. Without article, in pbrase to make report (falso = to make answer). *534 Cromwell in Merriman Life ^ Lett. (1902) I. 385 Therof shal I not faile to make true raport to his Highnes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 102 b, The Duke and the Lantgrave had made reporte agayne, howe they misliked not the treaty. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. ii. 8 When you shal finde him, make reporte to me. C1683 Waller On St. James's Park Wks. (1729) 208 Sea-nymphs. .From Thetis sent as spies, to make report. 1859 Tennyson Marr. Geraint 756 When Yniol made report Of that good mother making Enid gay.

c. A formal statement of tbe results of an investigation, or of any matter on wbicb definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 1661 Blount Glossogr. (ed. 2), Report, is a Relation of the opinion or judgement of a Referree, upon any case or difference referred to his consideration by a Court of Justice, most commonly the Chancery, a 1715 Burnet Own Time i. (1715) I. 41 Upon his refusal the rest of the Committee did not think fit to sira the report. 1769 ywmW Lett. iii. (1788) 47 The reports of the reviewing generals comprehend only a few regiments in England. 1781 New Ann. Reg. ii. 166/1 The Report of the Commissioners for examining, taking, and stating the Public Accounts of this Kingdom. 1802 James Milit. Diet, s.v., Reports of cavalry are given in to the senior generals of cavalry. 1833 Act 3^4 Will. IV, c. 52 §2 That no Goods shall be unladen from any ship.. before due Report of such Ship.. shall have been made. 1876 Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Diet. 89/1 The Queen’s Regulations afford.. all information as to the preparation of confidential reports.

d. In Parliamentary practice, the account of a bill, etc., given to the House by the Committee appointed to consider it. 1628 [see reporter ic]. 1724 (title) The Report of the Committee of the Lords of.. Privy-Council.. relating to Mr. Wood’s Half-pence. 1817 Pari. Debates 1528 The Report of the Committee appointed to inquire into this subject was presented. 1886 Pall Mall G. 2 July 11/2 When the bill came down to the House.. it should be merely subjected to what is called report—that is, the intermediate stage between the second and third reading.

e. A teacher’s official statement in writing about the work and behaviour of a pupil at a school. 1873 C. M. Yonge Life j. C. Patteson 1. i. 16 The halfyearly reports often lament his want of zeal and exertion. 1906 R. Brooke Let. i Apr. (1968) 47 My term’s report.. has come in, & is very bad. Result: the family are shocked. 1973 ‘M. Innes’ Appleby's Answer ii. 19 It was a mark I’m simply bound in conscience to put into a pupil’s report.

3. a. A statement made by a person; an account, more or less formal, of some person or thing. Also to make report, to give information. C1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1709 fie gipcians faste behelden here. And of hire beaute maden pei report To pharao. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 204 When Apollo had herd the report Of Pluto, in a maner smylyng he seyde. c 1475 Babees Bk. 203 For the tyme is shorte, I putte theym nouhte in this lytyl Reporte. 1551 Bp. Gardiner Explic. Cath. Faith 24 b, So as the report made here of the doctrine of the Catholique churche..is a very true reporte. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iii. ii. 57 We know (on Valentines report) You are already loues firme votary. 1617 MORYSON Itin. I. 53, I.. mention this from their report, rather then from my ludgement. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 30 Do not make report of this my glorious transfiguration to any man whomsoever. 1784 Cowper Task ii. 6 My soul is sick with every day’s report Of wrong and outrage.

tb. Testimony to, or commendation of, a person or quality. Obs. rare. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. ii. i. 64 Much too little of that good I saw. Is my report to his great worthinesse. c 1600-Sonn. Ixxxiii, And therefore have I slept in your report.

c. Law. A formal account of a case argued and determined in any court, giving the important points in the pleadings, evidence, etc. Freq. in pi. "The reports contain a statement of the facts, a short outline of the arguments made use of by counsel, the authorities referred to, and the decision of the court’ (M'Culloch), [1600 Ashe (title) Le Table al lievr des Reportes del tresreuerend ludge Sir la. Dyer.] 1617 Act 15 Jas. I in Rymer Fcedera (1717) XVII. 27 They shall alwaies attend the Judges of such Courts where the Judgments.. shall passe with their Reports, to the ende they maie be.. reviewed by the said Judges before they be published. 1628

REPORT 651 Coke On 293 Report..in the Common Law., signineth a publike relation.. [of] Cases iudicially argued [etc.]. 1670 Moral State Eng. 59 Every Term bringeth forth a collection of new Reports. e honurrers of mawmetis and reprehendis J>aim. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 510 Thow were ay wont eche louere reprehende Of l?ing fro which pow kanst pe nought defende, c 1450 tr. De Imitatione ii. vi. 46 Thou shalt rest swetly if J?yn herte reprehende pe not. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xix. 69 It semeth that thou oughte not in no wyse to reprehende me. 1530 Palsgr. 687/1 He reprehended me afore al the companye. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 367 Cortes hearing their odious request reprehended them. 1601 F. Godwin Bps. of Eng. 267 For which fact he was bold to reprehend his holinesse sharpely. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxii. 123 Yet was their Assembly judged Unlawfull, and the Magistrate reprehended them for it. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) II. xxviii. 179, I severely reprehend him on this occasion. 1828 Landor Imag. Conv., Southey ^ Porson ii. If.. I am unjust in a single tittle, reprehend me instantly. 1839 Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. ix. (1847) 94 Theodoric.., having been reprehended by him, became his enemy.

b. a thing, action, conduct, etc.

repe, to touch. Obs.

repped (rept), a. rare. [f.

The being

obs. ff. reproof, reprove.

repreevable, -prefable, obs. IT.

repp,

of

1869 Mrs. Oliphant Hist. Sk. Geo. II (1879) II. 373 The sudden fall and rising and reprecipitation into the abyss. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 176 Reprecipitation of the biurate took place in two or three days.

Ilrepoussoir (rspuswar). [Fr., f. repousser: see

1873 H. James in Galaxy Mar. 427 Mr. Casaubon is an excellent invention: as a dusky repoussoir to the luminous figure of his wife he could not have been better imagined. 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. II, xxvi. 513 The relative motion felt by the retina is assigned to that one of its components which we look at more in itself and less as a mere repoussoir, 1906 Westm. Gaz. 24 Mar. zjz A cool, tranquilly pleasing background is degraded to mere dulness in consequence of the gaudy gowns in front of it. Has the word repoussoir any meaning to her? 1925 A. Huxley Along Road III. 169 His exquisitely subtle use of repoussoirs and that extraordinary mastery of colour. 1936 Burlington Mag. May 208/1 The strong repoussoir character of the trees on the left. 1948 L. Spitzer Linguistics & Lit. Hist. v. 235 Since there had to be the Muse.. she had to become the repoussoir, the personification of the Greek culture which had to be rejected. 1970 T. Hilton Pre-Raphaelites v. 150 Brown’s .. landscapes of the 1850s .. shunning the usual devices of repoussoir trees and the conventions of aerial perspective. 1974 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Mar. 261/3 T'he sitter’s shoulders sometimes compressed into the narrowing oval of the frame, a repoussoir for the all-important face. 1977 ‘M. Innes’ Honeybath's Haven v. 46 The traveller who approaches Hanwell Court by the main drive has the advantage of first viewing the mansion disposed beyond a gigantic repoussoir known to art historians as the Poseidon urging the Sea-Monster to attack Laomedon.

To

1842 Parnell Chem. Anal. (1845) 293 It is soluble in cold acetic and dilute nitric acids, and is reprecipitated by ammonia, 1881 Nature XXIV. 470/1 Bone earth dissolved in acid is reprecipitated by alkalies.

REPOUSSE a.]

An object in the foreground of a painting serving to emphasize the principal figure or scene. Also transf. and fig., and attrib.

trans.

precipitate (a substance) again.

U.S. Mil.

[f. repl(acement

-t-

a 1340 Hampole Psalter xlii. 5 J>of men kan fynd noght to reprehend, god kan. c 1375 in Rel. Ant. 1. 39 He that bysyeth hym to lyve piteuosly, he wurchipet God and holy writ, and reprehendet no thing that he undurstondet not. ^1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II, 201 Whanne a man leevij? to reprehende an opyn synne. c 1475 Babees Bk. 29 Therfore I pray that no man Reprehende This lytyl Book, a 1529 Skelton Agst. Garnesche iii. 16 Lewdely your tyme ye spende. My lyuyng to reprehende. 1567 Trial Treas. (1850) 7 It is an harde thing,. For a foolishe man to haue his maners reprehended. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 6 This doctrine reprehendeth a common error in the world. 1657 Trapp Comm. Job v, 9 It is extreme folly to reprehend what we cannot comprehend. 1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 78, I nor advise, nor reprehend the Choice. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 203, I had.. much to reprehend, and much to wish changed, in many of the old tenures. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis Ixii, I .. most strongly reprehend any man’s departure from his word. 1876 E. Mellor Priesth. vii. 313 With a haste and recklessness which cannot be too severely reprehended,

c. absol. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. V. i. 436 Gentles, doe not reprehend. If you pardon, we will mend. 1846 Trench Mirac. xxx. (1862) 433 The very same who at the first reprehended, will in the end applaud.

12. To refute, prove to be fallacious. Obs. rare.

REPREHENDABLE

fS. Sc. Obs.~^

To

take

(one)

REPRESENT

657

1597 agon Couters Good ^ Evill §3 But that denieth the supposition, It doth not reprehend the fallax. Ibid. §5 This coulour will bee reprehended or incountred by imputing to all excellencie in compositions a kind of pouertie.

in

wrong

doing.

1538 Aberdeen Regr. (1844) I. 156 It selbe lesum to quhatsumever nychtbour that reprehendis the layaris of the veschell. .quhill thai be punyst.

H 4. Misused by ignorant ‘represent’ and ‘apprehend.’

speakers

for

1588 Shaks. L.L.L. I. i. 184 Constable, I my selfe mprehend his owne person, for I am his graces Tharborough. 1714 Gay What d'ye call it ii. vii. Constable, hriends, reprehend him, reprehend him there. [They seize the Sergeant.]

Hence repre'hending vbl. sb. and ppl a. *57® f'oxE A. ^ M. (ed. 2) 68/2 The cause of whose martirdome was the reprehending of Idolatrie 1611 Rich Honest. Age Epil. (1844) 68 Such a kinde of subiect, as is.. roughly rubbed with a reprehending veritie. 1603 Gerbier Counsel 60 To shun reprehending of Master workmen openly.

repre'hendable, a. rare. [a. obs. F. reprehendable (Godef.), or f. prec. + -able: cf. irreprehendable (1597).] Reprehensible. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xl. 6 If pai mvght fynd any thynge m vs reprehendabile, 1627-77 Feltham Resolves ii. liv. 271 They were reprehendable.

repre'hendatory, a. rare-', [f. reprehend, after commendatoryConveying reproof. 1853 Tail's Mag. XX. 608 She had given too much occasion for these reprehendatory remarks.

repre'hender. Also 6 -our, -or. [f. as prec. + -ERh] One who reprehends or censures. 155s Watreman Fardle Facions Pref. 20 Let it not moue the,.. if any cankered reprehendour of other mens doynges shal saie vnto the [etc.]. 1585 Parsons Chr. Exerc. II. vi. 370 Therefore fell they in fine, to persecute sharply their reprehendors. 1587 Fraunce Amyntas Ep. Ded., Now for the second sort of reprehenders.. mine answere is at hand. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. Sect. viii. 114 He was a severe reprehender of the Pharisees and Sadducees. 1678 R. L’Estr.ange Seneca's Mor. To Rdr., Seneca; the most lively Describer of Publick V'ices., and the smartest Reprehender of them.

reprehensible (rEpri'hensib(9)l), a. [ad. late L. reprehensibilis, f. reprehens-, ppl. stem of reprehendere to reprehend: see -ible. Cf. F. reprehensible (1314).] Deserving of repre¬ hension, censure, or rebuke; reprovable; blameworthy. 1382 Wyclif Gal. ii. 11, I stood a3ens hym in to the face, for he was reprehensyble [v.r. repreuable]. 1570 FoxE zl. & M. (ed. 2) 183/2 Whereby it is to be gathered, that the bishop and deacon are noted infamous and reprehensible. 1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Poesie i. xx. (Arb.) 58 In a meane man prodigalitie and pride are faultes more reprehensible then in Princes. 1651 Hobbes Govt. & Soc. i. §7. 10 It is therefore neither absurd, nor reprehensible .. for a man to use all his endeavours to.. defend his Body. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 6 To keep such voluminous ado about acknowledg’d uncertainties, is a very reprehensible vanity. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. in. ii, In my mind, the other’s economy in selling it to him was more reprehensible by half. 1831 Lamb Elia II. Ellistonia, The fault is least reprehensible in players. 1844 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, viii. (1862) 104 There is even an irregular, unconstitutional, and reprehensible act done.

Hence repre'hensibleness (Bailey vol. II, 1727); repre.hensi'bility {Cent. Diet. 1891). repre'hensibly, adv. [f. prec. + -ly^] reprehensible manner or degree.

In a

1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerent. 11. vii. 27 They who contend.. reprehensibly. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 502 Even those laws.. were in his judgment reprehensibly lenient. 1885 Truth ii June 932/1 It was reprehensibly foolish and reckless.

reprehension (repn'henj’sn). Also 4 -cion, 6 -syon, 7 -tion. [ad. L. reprehension-em^ n. of action f. reprehendere. Cf. F. reprehension (12th c.).] 1. The action of reprehending; censure, reproof, rebuke, reprimand. C1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 684 Myn entenciown Nys nought to yow of reprehencion To speke as now. c 1477 Caxton Jason 25 Men preyse and alowe moche the fayr Myrro —but I trowe.. she shold be fonden somwhat of Reprehension. 1542 Boorde Dyetary xxxvii. (1870) 299 Vse few wordes to them, excepte it be for reprehensyon or gentyll reformacyon. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia i. (1605) 49 To a heart fully resolute, counsell is tedious, but reprehension is lothsome. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. xv. (1627) 200 To use sharpe reprehension or correction for that carelessnesse. 1678 R. L’ Estrange Seneca's Mor., Life, Exhorting them .. sometimes by Good Counsel, otherwhile by Reprehension. 1709 Steele Taller No. 67 ff 12 That when they will not take private Reprehension, they may be tried further by a publick one. 1777 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 194 If they are corrupt, they merit.. blame and reprehension. i8oi Strutt Sports ^ Past. Introd. 41 The evil consequences.. have in all ages called loudly for reprehension. 1868 E. Edwards Ralegh I. xxi. 464 The Dean .. had used strong language in reprehension of the Prebendary’s acceptance. 1885 Truth 28 May 836/1 Such profligate extravagance is deserving of severe reprehension.

b. With a and pi. An instance of this. *574 Whitgift Def. Answ. ii. Wks. 1851 I. 201 What church-discipline would you have other than admonitions, reprehensions, and .. excommunications? 1589 Puttenham

L xvi. (Arb.) 50 To th’intent that such exemplifying.. might worke for a secret reprehension to others. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 192 He trieth her with sharpe reprehensions. 1671 Flavel Fount. Life xxii. 66 He finds them asleep, which occasioned that gentle Reprehension from him. a 1704 T. Brown Eng. Sat. Wks. 1730 I. 29 His writings contain’d as severe reprehensions as any others. 17^4 Cowper Tiroc. 656 An evidence and reprehension both Of the mere schoolboy’s lean and tardy growth.

\2, Refutation; proof of fallacy. Obs. *53* Elyot Gov. 1. xiv, Certayne partes of an oration, that is to say for Narrations, Partitions, Confirmations and Confutations, named of some Reprehensions. 1597 Bacon Coulers Good Sf Evill §5 It is not so properly a case or reprehension as it is a counter couler. Ibid. §7 An other reprehension is, that things of greatnes and predominancie [etc.]. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 347 Secondly, the solution, or reprehension thereof.

reprehensive (rcpn'hensiv), a. [f. reprehend V.; cf. comprehensive, etc., and obs. F. reprehensif, -ive (Godef.).] Of the nature of reprehension; containing reproof. Now rare. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xiii. (Arb.) 46 The said auncient Poets vsed for that purpose, three kinds of poems reprehensiue. 1592 Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 299 What I did speake in reprehensive sort. 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answ. Nameless Cath. 22 He answereth by an Interrogation, such as the Rhetoricians call ..a question reprehensiue. 1671 Woodhead St. Teresa i. Pref. 4 Words consolatory. Instructive, Reprehensive. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (i8ii) HI. xl. 231, I give you sincere thanks for every line of your reprehensive letters. 1825 Culbertson Lect. Revel, xii. 160 The body of this epistle consists of two parts; one of which is commendatory, and the other reprehensive. 1845 A. Duncan Disc. 159 The benignity of the Deity became a reprehensive witness, reproving and condemning their errors.

Hence repre'hensively adv. 1631 Celestina Ep. Ded. Aiijb, Sithence it is written reprehensively, and not instructively. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. 226 Xenophanes.. reprehensively admonished the Egyptians after this manner.

reprehensory (repri'hensari), a. [See prec. and -ORY.] Reprehensive. Now rare. 1586 A Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 21 Commendatorie, Monitorie or Reprehensorie. 01614 P- Lilie Two Serm. (1619) 56 The words, then, of the angell were not onely reprehensory but consolatory. 1652 URQUHART7e«;e/ Wks. (*834) 272 If by mischance.. their forwardness in solicitation procure a reprehensory check. 1780 Johnson Let. 21 Aug., There is no reason for making any reprehensory complaint. 1825 Culbertson Lect. Revel, xix. 249 The evils specified in the reprehensory part of this epistle.

repreif, obs. Sc. form of reproof, reprove. tre'preme, v. Sc. Obs. rare. [ad. L, reprimere: for the phonology cf. exeme, redeem.] trans. To repress. *549 Compl. Scot. xvii. 154 To repreme and distroye the arrogant consait of them that glorifeis & pridis them, a 1586 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxvii. 23 Sa gude Renoun, quhilk raillaris rage repremis, Advansis moir, |?e moir Invyaris wex it.

t repremi'ation. Obs. rare-^. (See quot.) 1611 COTGR., Repremiation, a repremiation, a rewarding.

repreofing, obs. form of reproving. repreove, obs. form of reprove. frepre'sent, sb. Obs. representation; an image.

[f.

the

vb.]

A

^1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 98 Whenne pstt vche a wyt hauys in hym [the brain] his represent. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 82 Their Churches are many of them well set forth and painted with the represents of Saints. 1635 F. White Sabbath 163 Resting from servile labour, upon the old Sabbath day, was a figure and represent of spirituall ceasing and abstaining from the servile workes of sin.

represent (repri'zent), v.^ Also 6-7 as pa. pple. [ad. OF. representer (i?th c.) or L. reprsesentdre, f. re- re- + praesentdre to present.] fl. trans. a. To bring into presence; esp. to present (oneself or another) to or before a person. ^1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 47 So J^at he may not be delyuerid of his hond til he represente hym in his owen persone in pe hondis of his mynystre, and be pe mynystre holden sadly.. til pzx he represente hym to pe cardynal hostiense. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. ii. (1859) 8 Representeth your self smartely to this jugement, by ordre, as ye shal be clepyd. CI450 Lovelich Grail Hi. 500 He is a manne that 30W Alle hath taken As presoneres. And to Me Represented now here. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) IV. xxix. 340 She [the soul] .. leueth her body and her representeth unto hym unto his blessyd pleasure. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. i. 114 In the day time they did represent themselues before the Gouernours. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Disc. xii. §7 We are taught to pray not that it be all at once represented or deposited, but that God would minister it as we need it.

fb. To bring (one) to some privilege or state. 1435 Misyn Fire of Love 7 O lufly lufe euerlastynge, |?at vs rayses fro J^ies lawe pinges, &.. to i>e sight of godis maiestee vs representys. c 1450 Lovelich Grail Iv. 28 Good Besynesse.. schal kepen 3oure body from Alle torment, and to Endeles blysse 30W Represent.

fc. To render (service); to present (a thing) to a person. Obs. rare. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. v. Prol. 46 \>'\t ar pe twa gret lichtis .. l?at oyssis for to represent And to mynystir t^ar serwice Tyme be tyme. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 129 Thisbe..

kneilland vpon hir kne, To Rhamnusia the missiue represent Fra the Assise. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 493 The Thurines honoured and said i^Iius with a statue of brasse, and represented to him a coronet of gold.

fd. To produce, give forth. Obs. rare-'^. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 2 That as the Heauen moueth, it doth represent indeed a pleasant and incredible sweet harmonie both day and night.

2. a. To bring clearly and distinctly before the mind, esp. (to another) by description or (to oneself) by an act of imagination. *375 Barbour Bruce i. 18 Aulde storys that men redys, Representis to thaim the dedys Of stalwart folk that lywyt ar. C1392 Chaucer Compl. Venus 58 Whanne I me weel avyse On any estate p&t man may represent J>ane haue yee maked me.. Cheese pe best. 1587 Golding De Mornay xxvii. (1592) 433 The Dreame representeth vs the stone hewen without hand. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. To King § 2 Wherefore, representing your Majesty many times unto my mind,.. 1 have been.. possessed with an extreme wonder at those your virtues. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 18 The other.. studieth also to expresse things prefigured only and represented by the phantasie. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 104 Of all external things. Which the five watchful Senses represent, She forms Imaginations. 01708 Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1710) I. 261 Why is God said to have a head and hands? To represent Him the better to our capacities. 1794 Paley Evid. II. ii. (1817) 58 The happiness of the good and the misery of the bad.. is represented by metaphors and comparisons. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith Introd. 4 Man may have knowledge which he cannot represent to his formal reason. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 95/1 It remains, therefore, to complete the work by representing the character of the country. absol. 1692 Norris Curs. Reft. 27 Our Ideas.. are immaterial as to their Representation, that is, they represent after an immaterial manner.

b. To place (a fact) clearly before another; to state or point out explicitly or seriously to one, with a view to influencing action or conduct, freq. by way of expostulation or remonstrance. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. l. Ixvi. 13 5 There was represent unto him the great danger which he feared might happen unto him. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. I. §112 The condition of his Son.. was argument of great compassion, and was lively and successfully represented to the King himself. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 78 They went.. to the Kiaya Bey, and having represented to him how long they had served [etc.]. 1740 Ld. Carteret in Johnson's Debates (1787) I. 119 To obviate those dangers from the army which have been so strongly and justly represented. 1794 Charlotte Smith Wand. Warwick 148 He represented to me, that.. it would be unworthy of me to assail him with words of reproach. 1829 Lytton Devereux I. ii, I have just represented to my good brother the necessity of sending my sons to school. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 63 It would have been useless to represent these things to James. 1864 D. G. Mitchell Sev. Stor. 79,1 represented my official character to the doorkeeper.

c. absol. To make representations or objections against something; to protest. Now rare. 1717 Bolingbroke Let. to Windham (1889) 23 When the Queen seemed to intend a change in her ministry, they had deputed some of their members to represent against it. 1782 R. Cumberland Anecd. Painters II. 81 The Chapter objected to his nomination, and deputed two of their body to represent to Philip against the person of Cano. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, xvi. 248 He.. prosecuted seven Prelates for representing against his Declaration appointed to be read in all Churches.

3. a. To describe as having a specified character or quality; to give out, assert, or declare to be of a certain kind. Const, as, (t/or,) to be, and with simple complement. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. ii. 53 Picus the king, quhilk dois the represent, Saturnus, for his fader and parent. 1612 E. Grimstone Heroyk Life i. 68 Hee did represent it easie, safe, and commodious. 1663 j. Spencer Prodigies Pref. Aivb, Gregory the Great (represented to Posterity as one most studious of the propagation of the Christian Religion). 1685 WoolD Life 2 May (O.H.S.) HI. 142 RadcIiflF represented him to be a turbulent man. 1714 Pope Lett. (1735) I. 210 May they represent me what they will, as long as you think me what I am. 1764 Harmer Observ. 1. xviii. 43 The trees are represented.. as but just grown green at Jerusalem in March. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ix. H. 444 Sunderland they represented as the chief conspirator. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. vi. 229 Society is not what Balzac represents it to be. reft. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India 1. ii. ii. 107 The first legislator of the Hindus.. appears to have represented himself as the republisher of the will of God.

b. To give out, allege that, etc. 1883 [cf. represented ppl. adj. below]. 1891 Barber in Late Times XC. 395/1 The defendant did represent that the cow was.. sound, when he knew it was not so.

4. a. To show, exhibit, or display to the eye; to make visible or manifest; fto display in one’s bearing or air. Now rare. c 1400 Rom. Rose 7402 Of her estat she her repented, As her visage represented. 1514 Barclay Cyt. fif Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 32 It is in power of God omnypotent. His very presence to us to represent. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 11 Iris .. being.. stricken of the Sunne his beames, doth represent and shewe both the figure and colours of the Rainebow vpon the wall next to it. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 25 He thocht him selff.. frie fra the iniuries of all enemyis gif he representit the samyn arrogance that his father did wsse of befoir. 1660 R. Coke Justice Find., Arts & Sc. 2 Neither a right line nor a point can be truly represented to the sense according to the truth of them. 1707 Curios. Husb. Gard. 38 The Root of Fern cut obliquely, represents an Eagle. 1781 Cowper Hope 74 But still the imputed tints are those alone The medium represents, and not their own.

RE-PRESENT b. spec. To exhibit by means of painting, sculpture, etc.; to portray, depict, delineate. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) x. 38 3it es J?are paynting, whare in )?e grete dole t?at l>ai made es representid and purtraid. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia i. (1605) 9 The Painter meaning to represent the present condition of the young ladie. 1661 Feltham Lusoria in Resolves, etc. (1696) 73 They forbad the Holy Ghosts being represented in the form of a Dove. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 14 Pilasters, through whose bodies Lions are represented to creep. Ibid. 16 To direct the Sculptors howto Represent those Images. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xvi, My wife desired to be represented as Venus. 1821 Craig Lect. Drawing viii. 422 The subjects for these purposes should always be represented as if placed at a considerable degree of elevation. 1843 Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. i. i. ii. §2 What is commonly considered the whole art of painting, that is, the art of representing any natural object faithfully.

c. Of pictures, images, etc.: To exhibit by artificial resemblance or delineation. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1913 The thyrd wall.. the Tyme representeth of Reuocacion. 1590 Spenser F.Q. hi. iii. 29 With thee yet shall he leave.. his ymage dead, That living him in all activity To thee shall represent. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. 94 There is one over the Gate, representing in bas relief our Saviour’s riding into Jerusalem upon the Ass. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 26 IP5 The Monuments of their Admirals.. represent them like themselves. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 45 Two allegorical pieces by.. Holbein, representing the Triumph of Riches and the Triumph of Poverty respectively. 1873 Black Pr. Thule iii. The four walls were.. covered by a paper of foreign manufacture, representing spacious 1 yrolese landscapes, and incidents of the chase.

5. a. To exhibit or reproduce in action or show; to perform or produce (a play, etc.) upon the stage. c 1460 Play Sacram. 10 And yt lyke yow to herey® purpoos of y'® play that [ys] representyd now in yower syght. 1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Poesie i. xv. (Arb.) 49 These matters were also .. represented by action as that of the Comedies. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 161 Saint Bartlemews, where all the Pagents showne, And all those acts from Adam vnto Noe Vs’d to be represent. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. BoccalinVs Advts.fr. Parnass. li. xcvii. (1674) 250 Such like Spectacles .. did but little honour to those that caused them to be represented. 1745 P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 203 In China we may.. represent Comedies, and dance Balls in a Lanthom. 1774 Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry (1775) I. 233 In what manner, if ever, this piece was represented theatrically, cannot easily be discovered, a 1822 Shelley Faust ii. 408 Quite a new piece, the last of seven, for ’tis The custom now to represent that number. 1891 Law Times Rep. LXIII. 763/1 Any person had a right to dramatise the novel and to represent the drama. b. To exhibit or personate (a character) on the

stage; to act the part or character of (some one). 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 213 The Physician, a person the fittest in the World to represent a Fool in a play. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 48 |f 5 Persons who represent Heroes in a Tragedy. 1752 Bathurst Adventurer No. 3 IP 8 Amazons, to represent whom I have hired all the wonderful tall men and women .. in this town. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's xx, Oberon, the King of Shadows, whose sovereign gravity.. was somewhat indifferently represented by the silly gaiety of Miss in her Teens. 1888 Shorthouse Countess Eve i. He so entirely associated himself with the characters he represented on the stage, that he lost himself in them.

c. intr. To appear on the stage; to act, perform. a 1547 Surrey JEneid iv. 622 Like Orestes Agamemnons son In tragedies who represented \v.r. -eth] aye Driuen about. 1766 Char, in Ann. Reg. 7/1, I gave him a taste for.. the ‘petits operas’ in which I sung and represented myself.

6. a. To symbolize, to serve as a visible or concrete embodiment of (some quality, fact, or other abstract concept). fAlso intr.^ const, unto. r 1380 Wyclif Se/. Wks. III. 462 Ymagis )?at representen pompe and glorie of ]?o worlde. a 1483 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 56 The Steward and Thesaurer in hys absence, within this Courte, represents unto the estate of an Erie. 1508 Dunbar Poems vii. 71 The sueird of conquis.. Be borne suld highe before the in presence. To represent sic man as thou has beyn. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 25 An Appell of Golde, representynge the shape of the rounde worlde. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 89 Although the Dutchesse may represent the degree of her Father,.. it were impossible she shoulde represent the qualitie of a male. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. i. 249 This hairy meteor.. With grisly type did represent Declining age of government. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 121 The patriciate represented only the title, the service, the alliance, of these distant protectors. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 199 No sovereign has ever represented the majesty of a great state with more dignity and grace. 1866 Kingsley Lett. (1878) II. 243 The House of Lords seems to me to represent all heritable property, real or personal. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Introd. 53 Thus the two Finnians represented Welsh and North British traditions respectively. b. Of quantities: To indicate or imply (another

quantity), i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xxii. 151, I knew the immense amount of mechanical force represented by four ounces of bread and ham. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 45 An inch of rain represents about 100 tons of water to the acre.

7. a. Of things: To stand for or in place of (a person or thing); to be the figure or image of (something). Also, with personal subj., to denote by a substitute. c 1430 Art Nombryng 5 That vnyte by respect of the figure that he came fro representith an .C. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 211 Peple honoure noo thynge in theyme [images] but God, or for God and for seyntes, whiche they represente to us. 1513 Douglas w^«mvi. Prol. 91 Anevthir place quhilk purgatory representis. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 47 The sacred and holy host that representeth Christes body. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 255 Before him burn Seaven Lamps as in a Zodiac representing The Heav’nly

REPRESENTATION

658 fires. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 116 This Colossus which represented the Sun, was cast by Chares the Lyndian. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Lady Rich 16 Mar., I live in a place that very well represents the tower of Babel. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 136 His coronation oath represents a promise to maintain the faith. 1830 Eidrah Trebor Hoyle Made Familiar 2 The inventor [of cards] proposed, by the figures of the four suits,,. to represent the four classes of men in the kingdom. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. xii. (1858) 406 Cyprus thus visible from the mainland, represented to the Hebrew people the whole western world. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. ii. §7 (1879) 39 If we represent the Sun by a globe about two feet in diameter [etc.].

fb. To present the figure or appearance of, to resemble. Obs. 1551 Turner Herbal i. C vj, Dyll groweth.. wyth a spokye top as fenell hath, whome he doth represent wonders nere. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 855 On their outside they [the valves of the veins] represent the knottes that are in the branches of plants.

c. To be the equivalent of, to correspond to, to replace {esp. another animal or plant in a given region). 1855 Smith & Dallas Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 432 The Llamas, which represent the Camels in the New World. 1879 Harlan Eyesight iii. 34 In the eye, the sides of the box are represented by the sclerotic. 1882 Flower in Encycl. Brit. aIV. 738/2 The old idea that they in some way ‘represented’ each other in the two hemispheres of the world was a mere fancy.

8. a. To take or fill the place of (another) in some respect or for some purpose; to be a substitute in some capacity for (a person or body); to act for (another) by a deputed right. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C'tess Richmond'NV^. (1876) 297 Albeit she dyd not receyue in to her house our sauyour in his owne persone.. she neuertheles receyued theim that dothe represent his persone. c 1595 Capt. Wyatt R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 23 Our Generali sent Cap. Jobson, reprasentinge his person with his authorite, as his Leiftenante Generali. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xix. 95 It is manifest, that men who are in absolute liberty may.. give Authority to One man, to represent them every one. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. xiv. 217 All the branches inherit the same share that their root, whom they represent, would have done. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 713 When an heir is cited as representing his ancestor, he incurs a passive title if he states a peremptory defence. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 139 During that interval the king was represented by a board of lords justices. 1853 Maurice Proph. Gf Kings xxvi. 449 There sat upon his soul a weight of sorrow and evil, as if he were representing his whole people.

b. spec. To be accredited deputy or substitute for (a number of persons) in a legislative or deliberative assembly; to be member of Parliament for (a certain constituency); hence in passive, to be acted for in this respect by some one; to have a representative or representatives. 1655 Cromwell Sp. to Parlt. 22 Jan., I have been careful of your safety, and the safety of those that you represented, a 1687 Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 95 May not the three Kingdoms be United into one, and equally represented in Parliament? 1778 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 216, I do not wish to represent Bristol, or to represent any place, but upon terms that shall be honourable. 1780 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 9 May, Did I tell you that Scot and Jones both offer themselves to represent the University in the place of Sir Roger Newdigate. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 47 A committee of nine members, in which every Hanse town was in its turn represented. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 126 The people and the aristocracy alike are to be represented.. by officers elected for one or two years.

9. a. To serve as a specimen or example of (a class or kind of things); hence, in passive, to be exemplified (Jby something). 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-Bks. (1872) I. 25 A soup in which twenty kinds of vegetables were represented. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) II. x. 489 Both English and Danish blood was represented in the Assembly. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. i. §5 (1879) 34 The spiral or whirlpool nebuls are represented by that in the constellation of Canes Venatici.

b. In passive with personal subject. 1882 Daily Tel. 30 Jan., Mr. D. will be represented in the Waterloo Cup by Witchery,

c. Math, group).

To act as a representation of (a

1897 [see PRIMITIVE a. 5 d]. 1971 D. Gorenstein in Powell & Higman Finite Simple Groups ii. 77 We conclude that HjOp{H) is faithfully represented as a linear group on the Frattini factor group of OJH).

Hence repre'sented ppl. a, Man's Est. xi. (1580) 75 This is the true represented Isaac, that humbleth himself to the Aultar. 1822 J. Flint Lett. Amer. 147 His protection is the affection of a free and a represented people. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxiii. (i860) 70 In a representative act.. the represented object is unknown as actually existing. 1883 Daily News ii Oct. 2/2 The auditors were afforded no facilities.. for ascertaining whether the represented securities really existed. (31569 Kingesmyll

re-pre'sent (ri:-), v.^

[re- 5 a.] trans. To present again or a second time; to give back. Early examples (without hyphen) are somewhat doubtful. 1564 Palfreyman in Bauldwin Mor. Philos. To Rdr., Wee are.. encouraged without feare boldly to represent and returne vnto Him such liuely fruits of His grace. 1633 Ford Love's Sacr. v. iii, Thy truth, Like a transparent mirror, represents My reason with my errqrs. 1654 Cokaine Dianea III. 249,1 afresh represented her with my love. 1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxxvii. 380 To represent to the Christian World the Truth founded in the Gospel of Christ. 1810 Naval Chron. XXIV. 451 He was first instituted in 1793, and represented in 1799. 1864 Bowen Logic i. 23 The

I

V

classification of the objects presented and re-presented by the subsidiary powers. 1880 Athenseum 24 July 115/2 The Academy of Sciences.. decided to re-present him with the books.

representable (repn'zent9b(3)l), a.

[-able.]

Capable of being represented. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. 123 All the sorts of bodies representable by graving, a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 311 The Perfections of God are not representable by any created Being in a true propriety of their nature, 1704 Norris Ideal World II. V. 285 God cannot therefore be known by..any similitude.. because not representable by any image. 1821 Examiner 760/1 The best, or at least, the most representable of the tragedies. 1891 igth Cent. XXIX. 222, I have spoken of representable, not imitable, truths. absol. 1828 De Quincey in Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 894 Bringing so mysterious a thing as a spiritual nature or agency within the limits of the representable.

b. spec, in Law (see quot.). 1832 Austin ^mpr, (1879) II. xlvi. 807 A fungible or representable thing is a thing whose place, lieu, or room may be supplied by a thing of the same kind or even by a thing not of the same kind, as money in the form of damages.

Hence representa'bility. 1879 W. James Coll. Ess. fif Rev. (1920) 95 The craving for clear representability.. leads often to an unwillingness to treat any abstractions whatever as if they were intelligible. 1977 M. Cohen Sensible Words i. 14 What these men share is a confidence in the visual representability of meaning.

representamen

(repnzen'teimen). [f. V.: cf. imitamen.'\ The result or product of representation. REPRESENT

1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. Proem 5 A singular first notion or idea is the simple imitamen or representamen of some one individual thing in the mind. 1846 Sir W. Hamilton Diss. in Reid's Wks. 877 The representation, or, to speak more properly, the respresentamen, itself as an.. object exhibited to the mind.

t repre'sentance. Obs. rare-'^. [f. as prec. + cf. obs. F. representance (Godef.).] Representation.

-ance:

*633 J. Done Hist. Septuagint 94 For they affirme foolishly that the Images.. are the Representances and formes of those who have brought something profitable.

representant

(repri'zentant), sb. [= F. representant (1694), Sp. representante (whence quot. 1622), pres. pple. of representer etc.: see represent V. and -ant*.] fl. A stage-performer; an actor. Obs. rare—'^. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman dAlf. i. 175 Hee is but a man, a representant, a poore kinde of Comedian.

2. A person representing another or others; a representative, rare. 1651 Wotton's Panegyrick to K. Chas. in Reliq. W. (1672) 153 As the supreme Character of the Most High is Verity: so what can more become, .his Representants on earth, then Veracity it self? 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xlii. 300 They that are the Representants of a Christian People, are Representants of the Church. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 125 heading. Representative government.— Control over the representants.

3. An equivalent or counterpart. 1863 Tyndall iv. §144 (1870) 124 This experiment is the microscopic representant of what occurs in Iceland.

So repre'sentant a., ‘representing, having vicarious power’ (Worcester, i860, citing Latham).

representation (repnzen'teijsn). Also 5 -acyon(e, 5-6 -acion. [a. F. representation (1325) or ad. L. reprassentdtion-em, n. of action f. reprsesentdre to represent; see -ation.] fl. a. Presence, bearing, air. Obs. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn ix. 37 The knyght sayd vnto Blanchardyn, ‘Syre, ye be a right fayre louencell, and of noble representacion’. 1598 Grenewey Tacitus, Ann. ii. ix. (1622) 151 This yoong man of a noble birth, of a manly representation. 1640 tr. Verdere's Rom. of Rom. II. 136 He espied a Knight of so goodly a representation, that he stayed to observe him.

fb. Appearance; impression on the sight. Obs. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. iv. xvii. 279 Amonge the colours is a difference of noblesse for cause of the representacyon that either of hem doon after his nature. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 46 The Weft (being flat wired Silver) that crosses the Warp, it makes a fine Chequered Representation,

2. a. An image, likeness, or reproduction in some manner of a thing. c 1425 St. Elizabeth of Spalbeck in Anglia VIII. 107 Oure lorde Jhesu.. schewil?.. J>e representacyone of his blyssed passyone in )?€ persone of the same virgyne. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 154 Slepe is a certain ymage and representacion of death. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. iv. §8 The essential form of knowledge, which is nothing but a representation of truth. C1655 Sidney in igth Cent. Jan. (1884) 58 Theis kinds of writings which are the representations of the present thoughts. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 102 It seemed to me to be a faint representation of a Town taken by Storm. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 22 IP 3 The Play-House is a Representation of the World in nothing so much as in this Particular. 1746-7 Hervey Medit. (1818) 249 The silent chamber, and the bed of slumber, are a very significant representation of the land where all things are hushed. 1806 A. Knox Rem. I. 28 It is .. the representation of very heaven upon earth. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 280 He liked to think of the world as the representation of the divine nature.

b. A material image or figure; a reproduction in some material or tangible form; in later use esp. a drawing or painting (o/a person or thing).

RE-PRESENTATION

c. The action or fact of exhibiting in some visible image or form. 1483 Caxton Cato A iij b, Thymages of sayntes.. gyue us memorye and make representation of the sayntes that ben in heuen. 1579.80 North Plutarch, Numa (1612) 67 If we consider what Numa ordained concerning images, and the representation of the gods, it is altogether agreeable vnto the doctrine of Pythagoras. 1830 J. G. Strvtt Sylva Brit. Pref., Fidelity of representation being.. adhered to. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 727 Portraits which left on him the irresistible impression of similar.. depth of representation.

d. The fact of expressing or denoting by means of a figure or symbol; symbolic action or exhibition. Also pi. •526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 41 W'e sholde do as he wolde vs to do by the representacyon or significacyon of y« sayd acte or dede. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xix. 380 The manner of the sacrifice was to drowne them and bury them with certaine representations and ceremonies. ai66i Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 317 Supemition.., making piety pageantry, and subjecting what is sacred to lusory representations.

e. Math. The image of a homomorphism from a given (abstract) group to a group or other structure having some further meaning or significance; such a homomorphism. 1897 - Burnside Theory of Groups of Finite Order ii. 22 As long as we are dealing with the properties of a group per se, and not with properties which depend on the form of representation, the group may, if convenient, be replaced by any group which is simply isomorphic with it. 1908 H. Hilton Introd. Theory of Groups Finite Order xv. 180 One and the same group of linear substitutions may give rise to two or more representations of G. 1940 D. E. Littlewood Theory of Group Characters iv. 48 To several elements of the group may correspond identical matrices, so that the representation is not simply, but multiply isomorphic with the group. 1949 S. Kravetz tr. Zassenhaus' Theory of Groups ii. 35 A representation is said to be faithful if the homomorphy induced by the representation is an isomorphy. 1971 D. Gorenstein in Powell & Higman Finite Simple Groups ii. 76 A faithful, irreducible representation of an abelian group on any vector space is necessarily cyclic. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia I. 752/2 Technically, a representation of a group is a homomorphism of it into another group, most commonly into the group of invertible linear transformations (or matrices) on some linear space. 1980 Sci. Amer. May 68/2 The way mathematicians construct a group depends to a large extent on whether the group has a natural representation as the transformations of some geometrical object.

3. a. The exhibition of character and action upon the stage; the (or a) performance of a play. 1589 [? Nashe] Almond for Parrat Ded. 4 The order and maner of our playes, which he termed by the name of representations. 1663 Cowley Cutter Coleman St. Pref., It met at the first representation with no favourable reception. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 22 If i One of the Audience at Publick Representations in our Theatres. 1756 Foote Eng. fr. Paris II. Wks. 1799 I. 113 Dramatic things, farcical in their composition, and ridiculous in their representation. 1777 W. Dalrymple Trav. Sp. ^ Port, cli, I was told that his theatre was well conducted, but there was no representation during my residence. 1806-7 J Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) ii. x, The last..scene of the tragedy., is too dreadful for representation. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis vii. Never having been before at a theatrical representation, a 1862 Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. V. 318 Influence of dramatic representations over opinions. b. Acting, simulation, pretence. rare~^. 1805 Godwin Fleetwood I. vii. 156 The inference usually drawn is that his [a widower’s] grief was pure mummery and representation. 4. a. The action of placing a fact, etc., before another

or

statement

others or

by

account,

means

esp.

of discourse;

one

REPRESENTATIONISM

659

Jason 66 He.. swore right solemply tofore the representation of the goddesse pallas,. that he sholde retorne. CI489 -Blanchardyn ii. 15 Of Achilles, and of many othre, Of whom he sawe the representacyon in the ^yde tappysserye. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII i b, Uuer the corps, was an Image or a representacion of the late ly'ng, laied on Cusshions of golde. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda s Conq. E. India i. ii. 29 They fell presently "'“'■shipping that Representation. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. vi. 34s They were not content with this Idolatry to dead bodies, but also they made their figures and representations. 1606 Bp Patrick Comm. Exod. xxxii. (1697) 630 They took this opportunity to desire a visible Representation of God ^ong them as the Egyptians had. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's i rati. (1760) 111. 215 A representation of the triumphal arch erected by Augustus. 1776-96 Withering Brit. Plants (ed 3} IV 99 1 his IS a good representation, but the leaves are too broad upwards. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I 160 The Parliament resolved that all pictures.. which contained representations of Jesus or of the Virgin Mother should be burned. 1888 Athenssum 3 Mar. 280/1 An inscription., would explain the scene as an allegorical representation of the triumph of the Casarians at Philippi. 1477 Caxton

intended

convey a particular view or impression

a to

of a

matter in order to influence opinion or action. 1553 Brende Q. Curtius v. 88 b, When Darius had spoken theis wordes, the representacion of the present perill so amased them all, that they were not able.. to shew there aduise. 1662 Stillingfl. Orz^. Sacrse iii. i. §i A faithful representation of the State of the case between God and the souls of men. 1666 Pepys Diary 24 July, Drawing up a representation of the state of my victualling-business. a 1704 T. Brown Praise Drunkenness Wks. 1730 I. 34 Priests impose no longer on mankind, nor amuse the people with empty representations of what they give no credit to themselves. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 280 A Representation of him, by the said Convocation,.. as a person carrying on the cause of irreligion. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. i. 93 There are different representations of the Platonic doctrine. 1853 Bright Sp., India 3 June (1876)

4 A fair representation of their views of what was done. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xvii. 506 False representations had been held out to bring the lady into the realm.

b. Insurance. A special statement of facts relating to the risk involved, made by the insuring party to the insurer or underwriter before the subscription of the policy. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 510 Where the representation is untrue, with a fraudulent design to impose on the underwriter, the policy is completely vacated.

5. a. A formal and serious statement of facts, reasons, or arguments, made with a view to effecting some change, preventing some action, etc.; hence, a remonstrance, protest, expostu¬ lation. 1679 Longueville Let. ii Mar. in Hatton Corr. (Camden) 1. 182 The King too day, in answer to their Representation (that’s y' word now), told them that too much time had been allready lost. 1728 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. III. 298 Nothing less than the Preservation of the Rights and Privileges of the Freeman of Pennsylvania could induce us to make the following Representation. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 26 IP7, I resolved.. to teach young men, who are too tame under representation, in what manner greybearded insolence ought to be treated. 1788 H. Walpole Remin. i. 14 The minister against the earnest representations of his family.. consented to the recall of that incendiary. *817 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. i. 307 Mr. Hastings was nominated Governor-General.. not to be removed.. except by the King, upon representation made by the Court of Directors. 1841 Brewster Mart. Sc. v. (1856) 69 Ferdinand was enraged.. and instructed his ambassador to make the strongest representations to the Pope.

b. Sc, Law. ‘The written pleadings formerly presented to a lord ordinary in the Court of Session, when his judgment was brought under review’ (Bell). 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 854 Twenty days were allowed from the time of pronouncing the judgment, within which the representation might have been presented.

6. a. The action of presenting to the mind or imagination; an image thus presented; a clearlyconceived idea or concept. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §90 Though he was exceedingly perplexed with the lively representation of all particulars to his memory, he was willing still to perswade himself, that he had only dreamed. 1694 Locke Hum. Und. (ed. 2) II. xxi. §37 Many., that have had lively representations set before their minds of the unspeakable joys of Heaven. 1727 De Foe Syst. Magic i. iv. (1840) 95 That Canaan, pleased with the lively representation of his grandfather’s shame, resolved, if possible, to give himself the satisfaction of bringing it to pass. 1838 Sir W. Hamilton Logic vii. (i860) I. 126 The word representation .. I have restricted to denote.. the immediate object or product of Imagination. 1864 Bowen Logic i. 12 The Kantians use Representations to designate the genus which includes.. Percepts, Concepts and Ideas. 1885 J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. I. i. i. §3. 160 A representation of the imagination is a modification of the mind itself.

b. The operation of the mind in forming a clear image or concept; the faculty of doing this. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxii. (i860) II. 59 The doctrine of representation, under all its modifications, is properly subordinate to the doctrine of a spiritual principle of thought. 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. §482 It is quite evident that the growth of perception involves representation of sensations.

7. a. The fact of standing for, or in place of, some other thing or person, esp. with a right or authority to act on their account; substitution of one thing or person for another. 1624 Gataker Transubst. 4 The Rocke was Christ onely symbolically and sacramentally, by representation and resemblance. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ Subj. 111 So cannot these Members be formed into a body but by the King, either by his Royal presence or representation. 1671 E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. i. ii. xxii. (ed. 5) 50 No Parliament can begin without the Kings Presence, either in Person, or by Representation by Commissioners. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 854 Whatever infers the substitution of one person in the room and place of another.. falls under the general denomination of representation.

b. Law. The assumption by an heir of the position, rights, and obligations of his predecessor, right of representation^ the right whereby the son of an elder son deceased succeeds to his grandfather in preference to the latter’s immediate issue (see also quot. 1838). 1693 Stair Inst. Law Scot. iii. viii. §32 (ed. 2) 503 The Line of Succession in Moveables, is first, the Nearest Descendents, Male or Female, in the same Degree, equally; whether Sons or Daughters, without Right of Representation. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 225 The right of representation being thus established, the former part of the present rule amounts to this; that, on failure of issue [etc.], a 1768 Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. viii. § 11 (1773) 546 There is a right of representation peculiar to heritage, by which one succeeds in heritable subjects, not from any title in his own person, but in the place of, and as representing some of his deceased ascendents. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 556 This right of representation takes place in collateral succession to heritage, as well as in that of descendants in the direct line.

8. a. The fact of representing or being represented in a legislative or deliberative assembly, spec, in Parliament; the position, principle, or system implied by this. 1769 Burke Late St. Nat. Wks. II. 138 We ought not to be quite so ready with our taxes, until we can secure the desired representation in parliament. 1780 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 25 May, It would be with great discontent that

I should see Mr. Thrale decline the representation of the Borough. 1802 Bowles Th. Gen. Election 10 A fair and free representation of the people in Parliament was meant to be obtained by means of universal suffrage. 1828 Mackintosh Sp. Ho. Comm. 2 May, Wks. 1846 III. 489 Neither can it be said, that the Assembly of Canada was so entirely indifferent to its system of representation, a 1862 Buckle Civiliz. (1873) III. i. 33 Down to quite modern times, there was in Scotland no real popular representation.

b. The aggregate of those who thus represent the elective body. 1789 Constit. U.S. i. §2 Where vacancies [in Congress] happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. (ed. 2) 60, I found the representation of the Third Estate composed of six hundred persons. 1828-32 Webster S.V., It is expedient to have an able representation in both houses of congress. 1883 Manch. Guard. 22 Oct. 5/3 A fresh method of election, by which the representation shall be made to reflect with greatly increased accuracy the wishes and opinions of the whole of the electors.

re-presen'tation (ri:-). [re- 5 a.] A renewed presentation or presentment. 1805 Eugenia di Acton Nuns of Desert II. 196 Mr. Veerman made his atonement in a re-presentation of Miss Blenheim. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. (Bohn) ir8 In order to discriminate it.. from mere reflection and re¬ presentation. 1857 Lewes Hist. Philos. Introd. 29 If all reasoning be the re-presentation of what is now absent. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 313 The fact.. seems to show that visual re-presentation is in this respect like auditory re¬ presentation.

representational (repnzen'teijsnsl), a.

[f.

REPRESENTATION + -alL] a. Pertaining to, or of

the nature of, representation; also, holding the doctrine of representationism. 1855 in Ogilvie Suppi. 1858 Pirie Inq. Hum. Mind ii. 46 The representational school of the Greek philosophers. 1867 Bushnell in Hours at Home Nov. 5, I speak of the representational office they are designed to fill. 1876 Fairbairn in Contemp. Rev. June 134 If.. religion exist only in the relative and representational form.

b. spec, in Art. (See quots. 1961, 1962.) 1923 [see non-representational s.v. non- 3]. 1934 C. Music Ho! ii. 115 The repetitions of., [an] underlying curve in an abstract or representational picture have no dramatic content. 1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond xxii. 256, I could see he [ic. an ape] was going to be a painter of the abstract type... I thought Suliman ought to try and be a little representational too. 1959 Halas & Manvell Technique Film Animation 12 Though there is still .. some useful place in normal draughtsmanship and painting for the exactly representational illustration as against a good photograph, there would seem to us to be no argument in favour of an exactly representational animated picture. 1961 M. Levy Studio Diet. Art Terms 96 Representational art, that kind of painting or scuplture which tries.. to reproduce the physical appearance of objects, persons, or other subjects. As distinct from nonrepresentational art where the interest in surface appearances is of little or no account. 1962 R. G. Haggar Diet. Art Terms 286/2 Representational, describes art in which figures and objects are depicted as they appear to the eye, or as they are known to be, in contradistinction to abstract or non-representational art. 1965 New Statesman 9 Apr. 566/2 The academy is now positively soliciting exhibits from Pop artists and abstractionists. However,.. there’s no cause for alarm. The R[oyal] A[cademy] will continue to show the best of British representational art, but it aims, also, to provide an annual cross-section of everything which is being done by British artists. Hence represen'tationalism; represen'tationalist a. and sb.\ represen'tationally adv. 1846 J. D. Morell Hist. View Philos. I. ii. 232 The great aim of Reid’s philosophy.. was.. to controvert the representationalist hypothesis. 1867 Bushnell in Hours at Home Nov. 6 The objects of nature are relationally or representationally made. 1899 Haldane Ferrier ii. 52 This system of ‘representationalism’, of representative ideas, necessarily leads to scepticism. 1921 A. Huxley Crome Yellow xii. 115 One could admire representationalism in the Old Masters... But in a modern? 1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! II. 113 It is all very well to hammer out a theory, however mistaken, that applies to an art functioning in space: it is quite another matter to apply this to an art that functions in time. Most of the modern fallacies about abstraction, literary sentiment, representationalism, romantic contamination, etc. in music are due to ignoring this elementary distinction. 1937 R. I. Aaron Locke ii. iii. 121 These accounts would have been the same if Locke had never adopted the representationalist position... Though nominally Locke remains representationalist in his explanation of the knowledge we have of our minds, actually he proceeds as if we know ourselves and our operations directly. 1976 R. Soc. Arts CXXIV. 567/1 The Brocks were among the last great representationalists, preservers of a world of recognizable human types in clearly defined historical settings. 1978 N. & Q. Feb. 91/2 He felt attracted to this best ally of representationalism. Lambert

represen'tationary, a. rare-^. [f. as prec. + -ARY.] Representative. a i860 Young (Worcester), An hereditary, associated, representationary system.

represen'tationism. [f. as prec. + -ism.] The doctrine that the immediate object of the mind in perception is only a representation of the real object in the external world. 1^2 Sir W. Hamilton Diss. in Reid's Wks. II. 817/2 If the immediate, known, or representative, object be regarded as a modification of the mind or self, we have one variety of representationism. 1847 Blackw. Mag. LXH. 243 Representationism declares, that the perception is the proximate and that the matter is the remote object of the mind. 1885 Seth Scot. Philos. 145 The Representationism

REPRESENTATIONIST

660

of the present day has its roots almost entirely in the Kantian theory.

bourgeois representative government was, according to Marx?

represen'tationist. [f. as prec. + -ist.] An

c. Connected with, or based upon, the fact of one person representing another.

adherent of the doctrine of representationism. 1842 Sir. W. Hamilton Diss. in Reid’s Wks. II. 817/2 The Representationists, as denying to consciousness the cognisance of aught beyond a merely subjective phaenomenon, are likewise Idealists. 1847 Blackw. Mag. LXII. 242 Reid, so far from having overthrown the representative theory, was himself a representationist. 1885 Seth Scot. Philos. 145 Kant is, indeed, the very prince of Representationists.

representative (repn'zsntativ), a. and sb. [ad. F. representatif, -ive (1330), or med.L. reprsssentdtiv-us: see REPRESENT v. and -ATIVE.] A. adj. 1. a. Serving to represent, figure, portray, or symbolize. Also const, of (the thing figured, etc.). 1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love ii. xiii. (Skeat) 1. 41 Also, in good by participation, and that is i-cleaped ‘good’ for far fet and representative of godly goodnesse. 1509 Puttenham Eng. Poesie l. xvii. (Arb.) 51 They playing places, and prouisions which were made for their pageants and pomps representatiue before remembred. 1609 Bible (Douay) Ezek. ix. comm., Which signe..is representative and commemorative of our Redemption. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 69 They take vp the representative Bodie, intimating thereby his Resurrection. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) II. 395 You are sure never to admire the representativebeauty, except for the sake of the original, a 1740 Waterland Def. Queries Wks. 1823 I. ii. 32 Not merely as representative of God the Father.. but as strictly and truly God. 1844 W. H. Mill Serm. Tempt. Christ iii. 66 The prophet Ezekiel.. is required to bear for forty days the representative penalty of his people’s sins. 1851 Mansel Proleg. Log. (i860) 12 That sensitive perception takes place through the medium of a representative idea. 1867 Howells Ital. Journ. 179 The group of statuary., representative of the Maremma and family returning thanks to the Grand Duke.

fb. Apparent, seeming. Obs. rare~^. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 82 That the bodies of Flies, Pismires and the like, which are said oft times to be included in Amber, are not reall but representative.

c. Presenting, or capable of presenting, ideas of things to the mind. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. App., Representative power, in metaphysics, a term introduced by Leibnitz, to signify that power of the human soul, by which it represents to itself the universe. 1814 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXXVIII. 211 The representative memory must be exercised. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) II. xx. 13 We have thus a Representative Faculty; and this obtains the name of Imagination. 1842-Diss. in Reid's Wks. II. 822/1 The distinction between perception as a presentative, and Memory,.. as a representative, cognition.

d. Relating to mental representation. 1847 Blackw. Mag. LXII. 242 It is the very essence, .of the representative theory to recognise, in perception, a remote as well as a proximate object of the mind. 1934 A. C. Ewing Idealism vi. 283 By the term ‘representative theory of perception’ I mean to cover any theory of perception which admits the existence of physical objects in the realist sense but is not a direct theory.

e. representative fraction: the ratio of a distance on a map to the distance it represents on the ground. Cf. R.F. s.v. R II. 2 a. 1886 H. D. Hutchinson Mil. Sketching made Easy i. 2 If the Representative Fraction is marked on a sketch, the scale can be understood, and the sketch can be used, by anyone, even though it be a foreign one. 1969 G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs vii. 99 Whether written as a fraction or a ratio, this means of expressing the scale is called the representative fraction (R.F. for short) of the map.

2. a. Standing for, or in place of, another or others, esp. in a prominent or comprehensive manner. c 1624 Lushington Recant. Serm. in Phenix II. 494 The number is universal; not collective, but representative for the whole primitive church, a 1715 Burnet Own Time i. (1715) I. 80 The Nation, of which the King was only the representative head. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith vi. §4. 356 The disobedience of our representative father entailed.. a fallen nature. 1861 Trench Comm. Ep. 7 Churches Asia 3 A king or queen, as representative persons in a nation.

b. spec. Holding the place of, and acting for, a larger body of persons (esp. the whole people) in the work of governing or legislating; pertaining to, or based upon, a system by which the people is thus represented. 1628 A. Leighton in Camden Misc. VII. 7 An indelible dishonour it will be to you, the state representative. 1643 Chas. I Cone. Treaty at Ox/or^/Wks. 1662 II. 330 The two Houses of Parliament being the Representative Body of the Kingdome. l^(i^yunius Lett. xxxv. (1788) 185 A question of right arises between the constituent and the representative body. By what authority shall it be decided? 1819 Mackintosh Pari. Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 206 The representative assembly must therefore contain some members peculiarly qualified for discussions of the constitution and the laws. 1844 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. vi. (1862) 89 We mean by a Representative Government one in which the body of the people.. elect their deputies to a chamber of their own. 1879 Gladstone Gleanings I. viii. 214 We have, proh pudorl found no better method of providing for peace and order in Jamaica.. than by the hard and vulgar, even where needful, expedient of abolishing entirely its representative institutions. 1921 H. Samuel Let. 8 May in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1977) IV. Compan. iii. 1461 The very early establishment of representative institutions. 1975 J. Plamenatz K. Marx’s Philos. Man xv. 464 How., would they [jc. the workers] ensure that this system was not as much of a sham as

Comm. II. 225 The issue or descendants .. are severally called to the succession in right of such their representative proximity. 1845 Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. (1874) II. 663 By inheritance or other such representative title as in the Act specified. 1766

Blackstone

3. Typical of a class; conveying an adequate idea of others of the kind. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 165 The college of princes and prelates.. reduced to four representative votes the long series of independent counts. 1853 De Quincey Autobiog. Sk. Wks. 1853 I. 8 So representative are some acts, that one single case of the class is sufficient to throw open before you the whole theatre of possibilities in that direction. 1869 Tyndall in Fortn. Rev. i Feb. 238 This experiment is representative, and it illustrates a general principle. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets xi. 391 Amid this multitude of poems it is difficult to make a fair or representative selection.

4. Taking the place of, replacing, other forms or species (cf. quot. 1863). 1845 Darwin Foy. Nat. iii. (1879) 53 This close agreement in structure and habits, in representative species .. always strikes one as interesting. 1863 Bates Nat. Amazon xiii. (1864) 430 Many of these were ‘representative forms’ (species or races which take the place of other allied species or races) of others found on the opposite banks.

B. sb. 1. a. A person (or thing) representing a number or class of persons (or things); hence, a sample or specimen. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §119 All which drew the eyes of most.. towards him, as the Image and Representative of the Primitive Nobility. 1676 Towerson Decalogue 10 Noah and his sons.. were.. the representatives of all mankind. 1693 J. Edwards Author. O. & N. Test. 110 They were punish’d for what Adam their representative did long ago. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 457 if 2, I have two Persons, that are each of them the Representative of a Species. 1824 Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Blakesmoor in H-shire, A few bricks only lay as representatives of that which was so stately and so spacious. 1848 R. I. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation viii. (1852) 191 Through the indwelling of Deity, the representative of mankind was viewed with favour. 1873 Tristram Moab vi. 104 Three terebinth trees, the solitary representatives of timber we met with. 1896 Lydekker Brit. Mammals 62 Since the sole British representative of this Family is the Common Mole [etc.].

b. A typical embodiment of some quality or abstract concept. 1715 Addison Freeholder No. 27 IP7 Among other statues he observed that of Rumour whispering an ideot in the ear, who was the representative of Credulity. 1743 Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 208, I don’t believe there ever was a worse Representative of Royalty upon the Face of the Earth. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1866) 124 Providence.. had marked him out for the representative of reason. 1845 Maurice Mor. Philos, in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) II. 622/1 The person who always stands as the type and representative of the.. scepticism of this period is Pyrrho. 1865 R. W. DALEjew. Temp. x. (1877) 103 He [Christ] is the great Representative of our religious life.

2. a. One who (for that which) represents a number of persons in some special capacity; spec, one who represents a section of the community as member of a legislative body; a member of Parliament or ( U.S.) of the House of Representatives. 1635 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1862) IV. 93/1 By the towne rep[re]sentative, 22 of the 12th moneth. 1658 Stat. Virginia (1823) I. 502 Wee find.. the present power of government to reside in such persons as shall be impowered by the Burgesses (the representatives of the people). 1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 109 We will therefore enquire, .whether a House of Commons, as it now stands, can be their Representative. 1671 E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. i. ii. ii. (ed. 5) 37 The Clergy of England had antiently their Representatives in the Lower House of Parliament. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 10. 67 The Elected became true Representatives of the Electors. 1769 Junius Lett. xxxv. (1788) 184 The English nation declare they are grossly injured by their representatives. 1787 Consititution U.S. i. §2 No person shall be a representative who shall not.. be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 1809 Kendall Trav. I. v. 27 The deputies are now frequently denominated representatives. They were anciently called committee-men. 1863 H. Cox Instit. I. iii. 13 The election of representatives of the Commons. 1977 Time 18 July 10/3 Young proved himself a sensible and reasonable Representative—and also an independent one. 1979 Daily Tel. 8 Jan. 8 Members of Parliament are representatives and not delegates.

b. House of Representatives, the lower or popular house of the United States Congress or of a State legislature. Also, similar legislative bodies in Australia and New Zealand. 1789 Constit. U.S. I. § I A congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 1852 Act 15 fef 16 Viet. c. 72 §32 There shall be within the Colony of New Zealand a General Assembly, to consist of the Governor, a Legislative Council, and House of Representatives. Ibid. §40 For the Purpose of constituting the House of Representatives of New Zealand it shall be lawful for the Governor,.. to summon and call together a House of Representatives in and for New Zealand. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. App. ii. 410 The House of Representatives is chosen every two years by each of the States of the Union electing Deputies. 1891 National Australasian Convention Debates 23/1 This Convention [of Sydney, March 1891] approves of the framing of a federal constitution, which shall establish,— !. A parliament, to consist of a senate and a house of representatives. 1930 L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs ist Ser. ii. 27 He was a member of the House of Representatives and of the

i

K

REPRESENTATIVITY Provincial Council. 1965 Austral. Encycl. VII. 9/1 The Speaker’s chair in the House of Representatives is also of interest.

f 3. A representative body or assembly. Obs. 1648 Ashhurst Reasons agst. Agreement 1 The people who shall subscribe this paper shall agree.. to choose an equall Representative consisting of 300 men. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. II. xvi. (1739) 83 Such are the ways of debate in the Grand Representative of the Kingdom. 1726 Swift Gulliver iii. vii, I desired that the Senate of Rome might appear before me in one large Chamber, and a modem Representative in Counterview, in another. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. III. lx. 292 They pretended to employ themselves entirely in adjusting the laws, forms, and plan of a new representative.

4. a. One who represents another as agent, delegate, substitute, successor, or heir; also spec. a person specially appointed to represent his sovereign or government in a foreign court or country. 1691 D. Granville Le«. (Surtees No. 37) 121,1 cannot.. cease to charge the guilt of soe great a sin upon you my representative in my parish. 1751 Earl Orrery Remarks Swift (1752) 212 From hence perhaps, kings have thought themselves representatives of God. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. xiii. 398 About the reign of king Henry the eighth .. lord lieutenants began to be introduced, as standing representatives of the crown. 1766 Ibid. II. xiv. 210 Whenever a right of property transmissible to representatives is admitted. 1028 Scott F.M. Perth iv, Are we not representatives and successors of the stout old Romans..? 1864 Pusey Led. Daniel 154 Perdiccas, Antipater.. were.. guardians of the weak or infant representatives of Alexander. 1957 Clark & Gottfried Did. Business & Finance 299/1 Representative, in selling, a salesman, either one employed by the seller or operating as an agent. 1961 P. F. Payne Brit. Commercial Institutions v. 70 The manufacturer’s agent carries out functions similar to those of the wholesaler’s representative. 1976 Gramophone June 37/3 Raymond Cooke and Robert Cox of KEF demonstrated the excellence of their loudspeakers and there were recitals by record industry representatives.

b. One who or that which in some respect represents another person or thing. 1691-8 Norris Prad. Disc. (1711) III. 184 A Good man is the greatest Representative of God upon Earth, he represents the best and greatest of his Perfections. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xv. 122 Money is only a commodious representative of the commodities which may be purchased with it. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 30 Every simple sound would have its distinct character; and that character be the representative of no other sound. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. ix. 94 The veritable sugar has been long ago defunct; but we have its representative molasses. 1896 Lydekker Brit. Mammals 62 The arm-bone, or humerus, in the True Moles is almost square, and., unlike its representative in ordinary Mammals.

fS, Representation. Obs. rare. 1688 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 238 He had used means to have a due representative of y* attending there, according to y« Charter. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. II. 63 A family picture, the representative of a brother.

repre'sentatively, representative representation.

adv. manner;

In respect

[-ly^.]

in

a

of

C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. Ixxxvii. (Roxb.) 49 Vertualliche j vnderstonde summe,.. and representatyfliche summe, of the thinges j vnderstonde. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 214 By generall consent of the Prince and whole Realme representatively assembled in solemne Parliament. 1608 WiLLET Hexapla Exod. 33 The name lehouah is.. not communicable to any angel either properly or representatiuely. 1673 Hickman Quinquart. Hist. Ep. A 7 b. He thought the Bread was the Body of Christ Representatively. 1704 Norris Ideal World ii. iii. 181 Tho’ all Ideas are spiritual and immaterial, really and essentially, yet they are not all so representatively. 1792 Gentl. Mag. LXII. i. 118 Though he offered himself representatively in the Eucharist, the Eucharist is a real sacrifice. 1855 W. H. Mill Applic. Panth. Princ. (i86i) 192 It is equally clear.. that the title of the Branch in Zechariah’s prophecy was only representatively his.

repre'sentativeness.

[f. as prec. + The character of being representative.

-ness.]

1664 H. More Myst, Iniq. 226 Observing what Reason will.. spy out concerning their significancy and representativeness of things. 1684 T. Burnet Th. Earth i. 302 In a thought there are two things, consciousness, and a representation... Now what hath local motion to do with either of these two, consciousness, or representativeness? 1704 Norris Ideal World ii. xi. 418 The possibility of this like-wise appears from the essential representativeness of their nature. 1842 Mrs. Browning Grk. Chr. Poets 21 No ancient could be missed in the all-comprehensive representativeness of the Laodicaean writer. 1887 Pall Mall G. 2 June 5/2 A critical analysis reveals a.. weakness in the display, from the point of view of just ‘representativeness’.

t repre'sentativer. Obs. rare-^. [f. as prec. -h -ER^.] A representative. 1676 Marvell Mr. Smirke 8, I mean of the humor of this Parliamentum Indoctum, this single Representativer.

repre'sentativeship. [f. representative sb. + -SHIP.] The office of representative. 1845 in B. Gregory Side Lights Confl. Meth. (1898) 429 His report of his representativeship to Canada. 1854 D. King Presb. Ch. Gov. 171 What becomes of the special representativeship of elders?

representativity REPRESENTATIVE a.

(.reprizenta'tiviti). [f. + -ITY.] Representative character; representativeness.

1901 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 632 By. far the most signal instance of Professor Wendell’s open-mindedness is his

REPRESENTATOR recognition Westerner.

of

Mark

Twain’s.. representativity

as

a

representator (reprizEn'teita(r)). [a. late L. repreesentator (Tertull.), agent-n. f. reprsesentdre to REPRESENT.]

11. A representative or representer. Obs. rare. 1607 Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. ii. 58 He [the cross] becommeth a representator of Christes death worthy to bee adored. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 162 They ^ored the Sunne.. a representator of a more powerful Uiety. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. ii Gallants, whose geometrical pates would not well square with these times, which have cap’d their grave Representators.

2. One who gives a representation, rare-^. 1816 M. G. Lewis W. Ind. 6 Jan., The negroes.. afterwards share the money collected from the spectators, allotting one share to the representator himself,

trepre'sentatory, a. Obs. rare^K and -ORY.] Representative.

[Cf. prec.

1674 Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 223 They were Representatory, or.. introductory of Christ and the Gospel.

represen'tee. [f. represent v.] 11. One who is represented. rare~K Obs. 1624 Bp. Mountagu Gagg 309 You honour the Image with the same honour that the Representee is honoured withall.

t2. A (parliamentary) representative. Obs. 1644 Heylin Stumbling-bl. Tracts (1681) 727 The highest Judicatory, consisting of the Kings most excellent Majesty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Representees of the Commons. 1648 E. Boughen Geree's Case Consc. 43 The Parliament, that is, of the Peers and Commons, representees of the people met in a lawfull and free Parliament. 1659 Gauden Tears Ch. 448 By their proxyes and representees chosen and sent from their severall distributions.

3. Law. made.

REPRESS

661

One to whom a representation is

1911 G. S. Bower Law Actionable Misrepresentation i A representation is a statement made by, or on behalf of, one person (hereinafter called ‘the representor’) to, or with the intention that it shall come to the notice of, another person (hereinafter called ‘the representee’), which relates, by way of affirmation, denial, description, or otherwise, to a matter of fact. 1971 R* A. Percy Charlesworth on Negligence (ed. 5) ii. 34 In Jones v. Still an honest misrepresentation, even if negligent, was held to give no cause of action, since no duty to take care in making the statement arose because there was no contract, fiduciary relationship or reliance by the representee upon the special skill, knowledge or training possessed by the representor.

representer (repn'z€nt3(r)). [f. as prec. + -erL Cf. also REPRESENTOR.] 11. One who presents or offers. Obs. rare-^. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 307 b/i They ben our kepars, oure mynystres .., the berers of our sowles in to heuen and representers of our prayers vnto god.

2. fa. One who or that which exhibits, shows, or makes manifest; an exhibitor. Obs. 1570 Foxe a. & M. (ed. 2) 1246/1 As touchyng Images, .. that they be representers of vertue & good example. 1605 Willet Hexapla Gen. 166 This representer and foreshewer of Christs euerlasting priesthood. 1635 Sheph. Holiday 11. v. in Hazl. Dodsley XII. 393 This mirror here, the faithful representer Of that which I adore, your beauteous form. 1685 Crowne Sir C. Nice iii. 30 Diving into my pocket, to present the representer with a gratification.

b. One who represents by acting; one who performs, plays, or impersonates; fan actor. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Representador, a representer, a plaier of comedies, actor. 1638 Mayne Lucian (1664) 377 Though they plainly saw not the madnesse of Ajax, but of the representer acted. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. xvi. 80 Any Representer of speech and action, as well in Tribunalls, as Theaters. 1863 Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. iv. 100 Theatrical conceit was never better impersonated than by the great representer of Pyramus.

3. One who makes a representation, or states a matter in a certain light. Now rare or Obs. 1647 Jer. Taylor Lib. Proph. Ep. Ded. 35 It is farre more unlikely that after Ages should know any other truth, but such as serves the ends of the representers. 1686 W. Sherlock Papist not Misrep. 21 The difference between the Mis-representer and Representer in this article is no more but this. 1703 Savage Lett. Antients xlix. 116 The Representers have not only an interest in Falshood, but likewise an Art to make it pass for Truth. 1741 Warburton Div. Legat. v. iv. II. ii. 440 One singular Circumstance in Favour of the Character of the Representers.

b. Spec. The authors of the Representation presented to the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland in 1721 in connexion with the Marrow Controversy. (See marrow sb.^ ze.) 1722 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 644 The second part of the Marrow was published on Saturday, with a long preface and appendix, which is confidence enough in the Representers. 1848 A. Thomson Hist. Secession Ch. 24 Meanwhile, the Representers are summoned to appear before the Commission.

fc. An exponent o/some thing or person. Obs. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) 11. 9 Lawyers.. are equally the.. representers and misrepresenters, explainers and confounders of our laws. 1766 Museum Rust. IV. 121 Mr. Mills gives, as his authority.., Mr. Miller’s Gardener’s Dictionary.. and he does him no honour as his representer.

14. A representative of a thing or person. Obs. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia v. Wks. 1724 II. 813, I am but the representer of all the late flourishing Arcadia. 1663 Boyle Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos, i. iii. 58 Man .., if not as a resembler, yet as a representer of the Macrocosme or Great World

[etc.]. 1691 Baxter Nat. Ch. viii. 31 His Honour as Gods chief Officer, and in a sort representer. fb. spec. = REPRESENTATIVE B. 2. Obs. 1652 Observ. Forms Govt. Pref. 6 The people have not the power of choosing Representers to govern, if Governours must be sent of God. 1678 Marvell Growth Popery 24 It is to be confessed, that the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses there assembled, are the Representers of the People of England. 1726 Swift To a Lady Wks. 1751 XIV. 227 When my Muse officious ventures On the Nation’s Representers.

repre'senting, vbl. sb. [-ing*.] The action of the vb. REPRESENT in various senses; representation. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iv. 1502 These fayre riche sepultures Whiche be-tokene in her representyng That there is beryed duke or ellis kyng. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 26 Poesie.. is an arte of imitation,.. that is to say, a representing, counterfetting, or figuring foorth. 1643 Milton Divorce 11. xvii. He who understands not after all this representing, I doubt [etc.]. 1666 Pepys Diary 8 Aug., The representing of our want of money being now become useless. 1693 Dryden Ded. (1697) 71, I.. apply’d my self to the representing of Blindsides, and little Extravagancies. b. attrib. in representing days (see REPRESENTATION 5 b, and RECLAIMING vbl. sb. b). 1790 Acts Sederunt Index, Representing Days. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 852 If the reclaiming, or representing days, against an interlocutor of a Lord Ordinary, had.. expired, without a petition or representation [etc.].

repre'senting,/>/)/. fl.

[-ing^] That represents;

representative. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 286 It is usual in Sacraments to call the representing Signs by the Names of the things which they represent. 1704 Norris Ideal World II. V. 289 All knowledge of him by the mediation of any representing image.. being both needless and impossible. 1786 A. Gib Sacr. Contempl. ii. i. v. 178 Of Him the first man was a figure, a representing type.

t repre'sentively,

adv.

Obs.

rare-'^.

=

REPRESENTATIVELY. 1650 R. Hollingworth Exerc. Usurped Powers 17 The body of the kingdom .. either collectively or representively.

representment^ (rcpn’zentmont). [-ment; cf. obs. F. representement (Godef.).] 1. The act of representing in some form or figure; the fact of being so represented, or the result of such representation. Now rare (very common in 17th c.). 1594 Daniel Cleopatra v. ii, Which Representments seeing, worse than Death She deem’d to yield to Life. 1625 Bp. Mountagu App. Caesar 253 In rememoration, and for more effectuall representment of the Prototype. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 288 The Church is in the Bishop (viz. by representment) and the Bishop is in the Church (viz. as a Pilot in a ship). 1675 CAVE.^nri^. Apost. (1702) 30 By this symbolick representment.. God was teaching a new lesson. 1825 Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1836) II. 355 This secret Jove would extort from the Nous, or Prometheus, which is the sixth representment of Prometheus. 1877 E. R. Conder Bas. Faith iv. 162 All those immediate judgments which the intellect passes on the presentments of sense, or the representments of memory [etc.].

\2. Representation by discourse or argument. 1640-1 Ld. J. Digby Sp. in Ho. Com. 9 Feb. ii Representment of inconvenience may bee made. 1653 Milton Hirelings Wks. 1851 V. 337 So far approv’d, as to have bin trusted with the representment and defence of your Actions to all Christendom. 1680 H. Dodwell Two Lett. (1691) 58 You cannot expect to prevail on men’s interests, and inclinations, by a bare representment of the unreasonableness of their actions.

re-pre'sentment*

(ri:-). [re- 5 a: cf. represent

V.] Renewed presentation. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Dream Children, The soul of the first Alice looked out at her eyes with such a reality of representment. 1866 Crump Banking v. 133 There being sufficient funds to meet the bill, and before the representment of the bill the funds disappeared.

repre'senior,

[-or.] = representer, spec, in Law. one by or on behalf of whom a representation is made. 1553 Bale tr. Gardiner's De Vera Obed. dvijb. In that place he hath set princes whom as representours of his image vnto men, he wolde haue to be reputed [etc.]. 1643 Herle Answ. Feme 30 Their consents.. should oblige the Commonalty as consenting in their Representors. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 262 Art being but the Imitator or secondary representor, it must not vary from the verity of the example. 1653 Clarke Papers (Camden) III. 7 Colonel Pride is chosen one of the Representors for.. London. 1911, 1971 [see representee 3].

t re'press, 56. Obs. [f. the vb.] Repression. c 1440 Gesta Rom. xv. 51 (Add. MS.), Here housbond and she helde hym in so grete vyolete [? read vylete] and represse. Ibid. Ixi. 378 Wenyng that they were comyn in represse of Cristen feithe. 1533-4 ^5 Hen. VIII, c. 14 For the represse of heretikes, and such erronious opinions in tyme cominge, be it established [etc.]. 1586 J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in HolinshedW. 153/1 A reasonable and a vsed cesse was to be set and leuied.. for the represse of their enimies.

repress (n'pres), v.^ [f. L. repress-^ ppl. stem of reprimere: see re- and press v.y and cf. repreme and REPRIME.] 1. a. trans. To check, restrain, put down or keep under (something bad or objectionable). ri374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 1033 Whanne cause is & somme swych fantasye With pite so wel repressed is That it vnnet»e doth or seyth amys. 14.. in Tundale's Vis., etc.

(1843) 93 The fyre hit quencheth also of envy And represseth the bolnyng eke of pryde. CI430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 70 O loode-sterre of al goode govemaunce! Alle vicious lustes by wisdom to represse. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 44 Whiche vertue represseth the sensuall appetyte. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 14 To represse this rage.. God hath lightened man with knowledge. 1596 Lodge Marg. Amer. 15 Thy nying grave remember. Which if thou dost, thy pride shall be repressed. 1626 T. H[awkins] Caussin's Holy Crt. 337 Chastity, is a uertue, which represseth the impure lusts of the flesh. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 682 Thus long succeeding Critics justly reign’d. Licence repress’d, and useful laws ordain’d. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 159 If 10 [When] this troublesome instinct.. instead of repressing petulance and temerity, silences eloquence. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 363 Those terrible tempests that deform the face of nature, and repress human presumption. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. xxii. While o’er the land is borne Her voice, whose awful sweetness doth repress All evil. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 89 He was authorised by law to repress spiritual abuses. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 155 Let there be a general law which will have a tendency to repress actions of impiety. b. To check by some special treatment; to

make less troublesome; to cure, stanch. 1493 Petronilla 48 (Pynson), Ye alas hir langoure to represse Lyst nat onys byd hir arise. 1601 Holland Pliny II. Index, Hungrie worme in the stomacke, how to be repressed and cured. 1622 Drayton Poly-olb. xiv. 176 When in her pride.. she nourish’d goodly vines, And oft her cares represt with her delicious wines. 1715 Pope Iliad i. 612 When now the rage of hunger was represt. 1805 W. Saunders Min. Waters 34 A few drops of strong nitrous acid, poured into this hepatic water, at once represses the offensive smell. 1807-26 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 360 The bleeding may be repressed by means of a piece of fine sponge.

2. a. To check or withstand (some passion, feeling, etc.) in another by opposition or control. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 2591 Hypermnestra, His maleyce is hym be-raft; Repressid hath Venus his crewel craft. *430-40 Lydg. Bochas viii. xvii. (1558) iib, Chastice tyrantes and their malice represse. 1555 Eden Decades 20 He went aboute to represse theyr outragiousenes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 4 He of a fatherly love desyrous to represse his rashenes. i>at )?ei assoyle, |7ei speke by reputacioun, and nou3t bi wytynge ne bi trowynge. 1533-4 ^5 Hen. VIII, c. 12 They., traytorously beleeued in their hartes, that the kinge.. was no lenger rightfull king of this realme, in the reputacion of almightie god.

fb. Account or estimation of a thing. rare.

Ohs.

1563 Homilies ii. Idolatry iii. (1859) 253 They seem to take the multitude for ‘vile souls’.. of whose loss or safe¬ guard no reputation is to be had. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage III. V. (1614) 264 Such reputation haue they of this forme, which they call a Prayer.., That [etc.].

2. The common or general estimate of a person with respect to character or other qualities; the relative estimation or esteem in which a person or thing is held. In phrases: t a. in (or of) reputation. In later use applied to titles given by courtesy. Obs. (Cf. 3 b.) C1386 Chaucer Pard. T. 274 He is, as by commune opinion, Yholde the lasse in reputacion. c 1440 Partonope 7370* What they be of condicioun And how they be of reputacioun. C1440 Gesta Rom. xlv. 176 (Harl. MS.), He shall be in Reputacion as a fool. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 11. ii. 3ou.. wolt not here hem? 1573 L. Lloyd Marrow of Hist. (1653) 241 My son, said he, this I charge and require thee.

fS. To ask, request, or desire (one) to do something. With various constructions: a. With that (sometimes omitted). Obs. *375 Barbour Bruce xii. 263 Quharfor I 30W requeir and pray, That.. 3he pres 30W at the begynnyng. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 196 b/1 Requyryng our lord with salte teris that .. he wold delyuer them of this pestylence. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 26 b, He requireth them therefore that they woulde not deale after this sorte. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, II. iv. 144 In humblest manner I require your Highnes, That it shall please you [etc.].

t b. With infinitive. Obs. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi. (1555), First I the requere.. Not to arrecte as to presumption [etc.]. 1470-85 Malory Arthur in. xi. 112,1 requyre the as thow arte a true knyght to gyue me my yefte. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 83, I muste earnestly require you, to teach me some way [etc.]. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 323 Being required by the kinsemen of the dead, to take it from thence. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 75 Gif they be not requyerit by you to come so prepared, the blame shall be imputed to you.

f c. With imperative. Obs. c 1450 Merlin 74, I pray yow and requyre telle me of that ye knowe my herte desireth so. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixix. 32 Cum neir, And be nocht strange, I the requeir. c 1530 Pol., Rel. L. Poems (1866) 41 Humbly also y you Requer, .. Reffuse me nat oute of your Remembraunce. c blood of just Abel shal be requyrid of Cayn. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 97 Lestage, that is a thynge required [L. exacta] in feires. 1490 Caxton Eneydos viii. 34 [They] notefyden vnto the quene, how the sayd kyng had requyred her in maryage. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. deW. 1531) 28 b. Of all these benefytes . . he wyll requyre streyte accountes. 1535 Coverdale Gen. xliii. 9, I wyll be suertye for him, of my handes shalt thou require him. 1581 Savile Tacitus, Hist. ill. x. (1591) 119 His death was now violently required. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 132, I. .require My Dukedome of thee, which, perforce I know Thou must restore. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 529 Our voluntarie service he requires, a 1720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1722) I. HI. 80 Oliver Cromwell.. requir’d, both of the Soldiers and others, the Oath of Fidelity. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. II. ix. 347 The royal commissioners appeared at the Charterhouse to require the submission of the brethren.

b. To ask for (something) as a favour; to beg, entreat, or request (fo/one). Now rare. C1420 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 247 Thy feet embracyng.. Mercy requeeryng, thus I wyl begynne. c 1477 Caxton 12 b, Peleus promised to Jason that he sholde

REQUIRED accomplisshe.. al that he had required of him. 1542 Udall in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 7, I shall not require of your maistership any thing, but oonly that without which noo man can live. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. iii. 12 Dame Una, weary Dame,.. entrance did requere. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, i. (1701) 58/1 Being thirsty he required Water of one of his Scholars. 1697 Dryden JEneid vii. 209 They go commission’d to require a Peace. 1788 Cowper New Year's Gift 10 What favour then not yet possessed Can I for thee require.. ? 1842 Tennyson Gardener's Dau. 224 Requiring at her hand the greatest gift, A woman’s heart.

c. intr. To make request or demand. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. cxcv. To quham for me thou pitousely requere. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas v. xii. (1558) 122 b, Mekely requiryng vnto Scipion To receyue them in thys mortall rage. 1556 in Ripon Ch. Acts (Surtees) 361 Also I will that myn executors reqwyer on sute for my twentie nobles. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Mark xv. 8 And when the multitude was come vp, they began to require [L. rogare'] according as alwaies he did vnto them. 1734 Pope Ess. Man IV. 123 Shall burning i^)tna, if a sage requires, Forget to thunder, and recall her fires? 1819 Keats St. Agnes vi. They must.. require Of Heaven with upward eyes for all that they desire.

d. To ask or request to have, etc. Now rare (common 1550-1640). 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 233 When Achilles was slain, Aiax required to haue his hamesse and weapen. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 322 b, Thambassadors require [L. petunt] to have the conditions mitigated. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis ii. (Arb.) 68, I sadlye requyred, Too confer further. 1622 S. Ward Life of Faith (1627) 12 When hee should haue been tyed to the stake, he required to stand untyed. 1640 tr. Verdere's Rom. of Rom. ii. 123 He., was informed by his Squire, that a man.. required to speak with him. 1821 Scott Kenilw. xiv, The Earl’s chamberlain.. informed Tressilian that his lord required to speak with him.

6, To demand as necessary or essential on general principles, or in order to comply with or satisfy some regulation. 1415 Crowned King 37 A.. subsidie.. To be rered in the reaume as reson requyred. 1477 Sc. Acts Jas. Ill, pari. x. c. 73 That ilk heck of the said cruves be three inch wide, as the auld statute requiris. 1515 Barclay Egloges iv. c ivb. If thou wilt haue of mine Then right requireth that I haue part of thine, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 82 The kinges rode about the felde as honor of armes required. 1562 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 223 To wair thair lyres as thair dewetie and detfull obedience requyris. 1682 Dryden Religio Laid 201 If the Gentiles, whom no law inspired, By nature did what was by law required [etc.]. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 51 All is for want of such Admeasurement as the Act required. zTjo Junius Lett, xxxviii. (1788) 204 The spirit of their present constitution requires that the king should be feared. 1847 Tennyson Princ. iv. 317 Public use required she should be known.

b. To demand or call for as appropriate or suitable in the particular case; to need for some end or purpose. required to, requisite for. c 1386 Chaucer Clerk's T. 374 Whan that the cas required it, The commune profit koude she redresse. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. II. 359 Their magnitude a larger lond requyreth. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) i The condicyons requyred to a pilgrym that entendeth to go to the erthly Jerusalem. 15^ Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 13 Howe can men discerne such vertues in him as be required in a mightye prynce? 1601 Shaks. All's Well iv. iii. 108 If the businesse bee of any difficulty,.. it requires hast of your Lordship. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. Ep. Rdr., That great Industry, or Accurate judgment,.. required to such a Work. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 123 Every one of these Towers.. required an Army to take them. 1723 Chambers tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 2 A Computation of the expences of the Building, and of the time required to go through with it. 1759 Brown Compl. Farmer 110 An acre of ground will require ten pound of seed. 1795 Gentl. Mag. July 581/2 Irony, like Satire, is one of those edged tools which require skilful handling. 1810 Crabbe Borough i. 8 Cities and towns, the various haunts of men. Require the pencil; they defy the pen. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. ii. §7 (1879) 39 More than 1,200,000 Earths would be required to make one Sun.

c. To demand as a necessary help or aid; hence, to stand in need of; to need, want. C1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 53 In grauel wole thei growe But moist bothe erthe & ayer they ther require. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 46 Trewe metalle requeryth noon allay. 1538 Starkey England i. i. 15 In many thyngys, ..nature requyryth the dylygence of man. 1563 Win3ET Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 61 The defence of fraud and falset necessarlie requeris a cloke of fin3eit eloquence. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 46 So doth one of these two alwayes require the others helpe. 1671 Milton P.R. II. 412 Great acts require great means of enterprise. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 60 Light labour..Just gave what life required, but gave no more. 1849 M. Arnold To Republican Friend, For such doing they require not eyes. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 62 The body which is in health requires neither medical nor any other aid.

d. it requires, there is need for, it is necessary to have, etc. (Usually const, with inf.) 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. 1.44 Surely it does not require a palace to be happy with Mary. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 18 It required all the personal influence of the king to check.. his irritated followers. 1895 Law Times XCIX. 476/2 It requires the talents of a Boileau.. to play the part of ^flaneur with any success.

7. intr. rare.

To be requisite or necessary.

requisitely

682

Now

C1500 Lancelot 1962 And pwnice them quhar pwnysing Requeris. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxxxvi. 334 Ye shall fynde the men of warr suche as to dedes of armes requyreth. 1547 Homilies i. Reading Script. 1. (1859) 8 If it shall require to teach any truth or reprove false doctrine. 1802 Beddoes Hyg'da viii. 168 It does not require to be professionally conversant with the sick to be sensible, that [etc.]. 1862 Spencer First Princ. i. iv. §24 (1875) 79 To produce that

orderly consciousness.. there requires the assimilation of each impression to others. 8. a. To feel, or be under, a necessity to do

something. 1805 tr. Lafontaine's Hermann & Emilia I. 161 ‘Louisa’, said he to her, ‘I require to behold you a wife’. 1853 G, J. Cayley Las Alforjas II. 58 The wise man.. requires to be engaged in deeper and more perplexing matters. 1879 B. Taylor Stud. Germ. Lit. 104 This is all of the great migratory movement which we require to know.

b. To fall necessarily, to need, to he done, etc. 18^ Whewell in Life (1881) 259 It is a task which requires to be performed. 1857 Maurice Ep. St. John xvii. 277 In speaking of the state of mankind.. two facts require to be explained. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 253 The wicked are miserable because they require to be punished.

III. t9. trans. To seek after, search for. Also, to inquire after; to call upon, summon. Obs. C1450 Merlin 218 These fledde till thei come be-fore the yate;.. and these other come vpon hem that right straytly hem required. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis i. (Arb.) 24 They theire lost feloes with long talck greedye requyred. 1609 Bible (Douay) Ecclus. xxxix. 13 The memorie of him shal not depart, and his name shal be required [L. requiretur] from generation to generation. 1642 H. More Song of Soul 1. III. xxiv. Though the glory of the Lord ore-flow The earth, .. Yet waters he in waters doth requere. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. cclvi. Those who have none sit round where once it was And with full eyes each wonted room require. 1697Virg. Georg, iii. 160 In vain he bums. .And in himself his former self requires. 1715 Pope Iliad ii. 945 But the brave chiefs .. wandering o’er the camp, required their lord. 1742 Gray West 6 A different Object do these Eyes require. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 548 The sheriff is to cause the defendant to be required at five successive county-courts.

fb.

To

search

into,

investigate,

pursue.

Obs.-^ 1563 Man Musculus' Commonpl. 16 It is needeful also for some places of Scripture, that this question bee required.

required (n'kwaisd), ppl. a, [f,

require v.']

a. That is required, in the various senses of the vb.; requisite. 1601 Shaks. All's Well ii. v. 65 The ministration, and required office. 1604-0th. ll. i. 234 Now for want of these requir’d Conueniences, her delicate tendernesse wil finde it selfe abus’d. 01720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1722) I. III. 80 Some of the Soldiers, .took the requir’d Oath. 1849 Herschel Astron. §198 Then will the find arc A. B. C. D. read off on the circle be ten times the r^uired angle. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 291 The points H and K will lie on the required conic.

b. required reading, literature which one is required to read for an educational course or which must be read in order to gain an understanding of some subject. 1921 H. J. Laski in Holmes-LaskiLett. (1953) I. 370 They are quite intolerable—pushing little professors full of pedantic details, nosing into the dull routine of unimportant matters, pushing their little quack remedies, interested in getting the wrong books on to lists of required reading. 1930 Publishers' Weekly 15 Mar. 1547/1 Some of the important courses in our colleges and universities cannot be taught successfully.. because of the lack of a sufficient number of books for required reading. 1954 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 31 Jan. i/i Here is a book that should be required reading for Democrats in 1954. 1962 Listener 17 May S72I2 They genuinely stimulate thought and thus become required reading for social critics, amateur and professional. 1976 J. Wainwright Walther P. 38 62 The usual sort of stuff which .. was ‘required reading’ for any moderate education.

Hence re'quiredness, the fact or quality of being required.

re'quirer. Now rare. [f. require?). + er*.] One who requires. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xxxiii. 98 They said, they had sene and herde dyuers ensamples of requyrers and nat requyrers. 1587 Golding De Mornay xxiii. 395 The requirers of those playes, are honored; and why then are the plaiers of them reproched? 1611 Florio, Richieditore, a requirer, a requester. 1681 Stair Instit. i. xx. §22 Wodsets are also taken off by Premonition or Requisition,.. yet so that the requirer may pass from his requisition, i860 Pusey Min. Proph. (1885) 1. 71 Christ..a Requirer of mercy, a Praiser of purity of heart.

re'quiring, vbl. sb.

[f. as prec. Request, demand; requisition,

+

-ing^.]

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 313 At pe prayer and requirynge of pope Gregory, Gy of Marchia.. chasede him out of hat londes. C1470 Gol. & Gaw. 1330 Schir Gawane the gay, throu requiring, Gart the souerane.. Cary to the castel. 1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue, Heret. Affirm, bj b. The letter according to the requiring of Christ, .. leadeth us to the death of Sin. 1617 Hieron Wks. II. 358 The matter may be so handled, as that He may take no delight in His owne requirings. 1687 in Magd. Coll. & Jas. II (O.H.S.) 139 A requiring of him to deliver up his office. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Requirement,.. a requiring. 1785 Paley Mor. Philos, iii. xx. The oath lays a snare..and I do not perceive, that the requiring of it.. produces any good effect. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. ii. iii. 128 Hear the requiring, Bring wood for firing.

fre'quiry. Obs. rare.

[f.

as prec.

+ -y: cf.

inquiry.) Request, demand. 1598 Florio, Requisitione, Earl Monm. tr. Biondi's Civil

requisition, requirie. 1641 Warres iv. 40 To doe homage to King Henry.. requiring but 3. monthes space after requiry. 1667 Waterhouse Fire Lond. 117 Answer God, O England! Prince and people, in this requiry of his.

t requise(d,/)a. pp/e. Ohs, rare. [2id.¥.requis{e, pa, pple. of OF. Required.

requerre:

see

require

v.^

01548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV 227 The forme and maner, that in suche a case is requise and accustumed to be done. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Ep. *iv. To drawe as wel the lewes as Gentils to God, it was requised that a newe Couenant shulde be made.

requisite

('rekwizit), a. and sb. Also 5-6 requysite, -yte, (6 -ytt), requisyte, (5 -ques-), 6-7 requisit, etc. [ad. L. requisit^us, pa. pple. of requtrere to require.] A. adj. a. Required by circumstances or the nature of things, necessary, indispensable. 1472-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 38/2 Asmany and such Writtes .. as to hir shal be requisite in that partie. 1522 More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 102 There are ye wote well two poyntes requisite vnto saluacion. 1592 Kyd Sp. Trag. iii. xii. 97 If he be thus helplessly distract, Tis requisite his office be resignde. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 687 A good Nose is requisite also, to smell out worke for th’other Sences. 1659 Thorndike Wks. (1846) II. 504 Supposing the belief of Christianity to be a condition requisite to the having of God’s Spirit. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. III. 1. 97 Martial law, so requisite to the support of discipline, was exercised upon the soldiers. 1836 Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 36 One is expected to have obtained all requisite classical knowledge at school. 1878 Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 28 We can hardly say that capital is as requisite to production as land and labour.

b. requisite variety, the variety necessary in a system for it to be able to control another system in which there is variety.

W. Kohler Place of Value in World of Facts ii. 35 At the bottom of all human activities are ‘values’, the conviction that some things ‘ought to be’ and others not. Science, however, with its immense interest in mere facts seems to lack all understanding of such ‘requiredness’. 1946 C. Morris Signs, Lang. ^ Behavior iii. 63 A command such as ‘Come here!’ may signify with high constancy the requiredness of the response which it prescribes. 1977 A. Ecclestone Staircase for Silence iv. 78 Peguy spoke often of it as invincible anxiety; while Abraham Heschel called it a sense of requiredness, in the language of the Bible: what is required of me?

1956 W. R. Ashby Introd. Cybernetics xi. 207 This is the law of Requisite Variety. To put it more picturesquely: only variety in R can force down the variety due to D; only variety can destroy variety. 1966 S. Beeh Decision &f Control xii. 281 But however many interacting sub-systems of preys and predators, big fleas and little fleas, are invoked, it is none the less evident that the balance of animal populations would be grossly upset very rapidly unless the law of requisite variety held in general throughout nature. 1975 R. M. Glorioso Engin. Cybernetics v. 72 As a minimum requirement, the number of different possible states of the system must equal the number of possible states of the environment, although the proper states of the system must be available as well. Thus, to reduce the variety in the environment, the system must be capable of achieving the ‘requisite variety’.

requirement

B. sb. That which is required or necessary; something indispensable.

1938

fl. The request.

(ri'kwaismant).

act

[-ment.]

of requiring;

a

requisition,

1530 Gardiner in Froude Hist. Eng. (1881) I. 290 My Lord Cardinal, that obtained his legacy by our late Sovereign Lord’s requirements at Rome.

t2. The fact of being requisite; necessity. Obs.-^ 1658-9 in Burton's Diary (1828) III. 248 Mr. Speaker would not without requirement mention the name Danvers.

3. That which is required or needed; a want, need. 1662 Glanvill Lux Orient, xiii. 125 For this Justice is but the distributing to every thing according to the requirements of its nature. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Requirement, the Thing required. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. vii. 79 We must prepare beforehand the entire daily requirements of the sick. 1878 Lecky Eng. in i8th C. II. vii. 422, £15,000 would have amply met the requirements of the county.

b. That which is called for or demanded; a condition which must be cornplied with. 1841 Myers Cath. Th. iii. §39. 144 Has any individual, or church, or nation, ever yet come up to their [the Scriptures’] generally acknowledged requirements? 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. iv. 106 The other professors are under more stringent requirements to teach. I

1602 Archpriest Controv. (Camden) II. 224 They doe whollye reste for meate, drinke, and other requisits to lyfe, upon the providence of God. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. p. viii, You think it more suitable to the requisites of the present Age, to depress Scepticism. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 7*^5 Till all the requisites which imagination can suggest are gathered together. i8io Crabbe Borough xxiii. 76 Alas! he wants the requisites to rise. The true connexion, the availing ties. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 315 The form of febrifuge which combines.. the two requisites of efficacy and economy.

t requisite, v, Ohs. rare-^. [f. as prec.] trans. To request or require. c 1450 Godstow Reg. i. 147 Paying there-of 3erly to hym & to his eyeris or to his assynys oon rose.. whenne pey been conueniently requisityd or Axid.

'requisitely, adv.

rare. [f. requisite a. + -ly^.] Necessarily. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. i. xlv. (1674) 60 Learning, which is born and bred in poverty, was requisitely to live therein, as in her particular Element. 1683 E. Hooker Pref. Pordage's Mystic Div. 65 Properly praliminari, antecedaneous and very requisitly assistent to the advance of the inquisitiv Readers judgment. 1976 Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 13 Feb. 29/2 Neither in England nor

REQUISITENESS

683

America could Jack Scalia expect to rise to the top earning bracket until he is over 30 and projects the requisitely aggressive and reliable image. ^

requisiteness ('rekwizitnis).

+

-NESS.]

or

[f. as prec, The state of being requisite necessary; needfulness, necessity.

1600 Sublet Countrie Farme v. xxiii. 726 Which they steepe in the decoction of the seed or flowers of hops., greatly standing vpon the requisitenes of their hops thereunto. 1663 Boyle Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos. 11. v. xx. 303 in some fevv cases the requisiteness and danger of destructive valour may make its Actions become a vertuous Eatriot. 1764 Harmer Observ. iii. §11. 104 An additional proof of the requisiteness of attending to the customs of the East. 1843 Mill Logic iii. v. §3 That particular condition.. whose requisiteness.. we happen to be insisting on at the moment. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. IV. xxvii. 20 The general reported the ensuing quarrel as a proof of. .the requisiteness of troops for the support of ‘the laws’.

requisition (rekwi'zijan), sb. [a. F. requisition (12th c.), or ad. L. requtsitidn-em^ n. of action f. requirere to require.] !• R- The action of (frequesting or) requiring; a (frequest or) demand made by a person. 1503 in Lett. Rich. Ill & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 201 [Our] instaunt petition to make an instrument.. and the noble men standing about to be witnes[ses, as] we made like requisition. 1566 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 485 Quhais requisitioun being bayth ressonabill, and honorabill [etc.]. 1620 m Reltq. Wotton (1672) 533 Neither of them ought to deny it: provided the same requisition be seasonably made, not upon rash and precipitate advice. 1752 Chesterf. Lett. (1792) III. cclxxiv. 253, I am sure you would have written, according to your engagement and my requisition. 1777 Hist. Amer. II. v. 66 With this requisition.. Montezuma was so obsequious as to comply. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxxii, I obey your requisition and inquire the purpose of it. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp. xlii. (1865) V. 143 The legatus was compelled to send his son to Rome as the bearer of these requisitions.

b. A requirement, necessary condition. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. vii. (1852) 196 How gloriously does the Christian atonement meet this requisition! 1839 Hallam Hist. Lit. II. viii. §59 It would be ■ ■ A great mistake to imagine that the requisitions for academical degrees were ever much insisted on. 1856 Ferrier Inst. Metaph. Introd. 7 It is to be accounted for.. by that neglect of the chief requisition of philosophy which has been already pointed out.

2. a. The (or an) action of formally requiring or calling upon one to perform some action, discharge some duty, etc.; fthe fact of being so called upon. Also, a written demand of this nature. In earlier use chiefly a Sc. (legal) term (cf. 2 b). 1553 7?eg. Privy Council Scot. I. 149 Quhairof as yit thair can be na redress had for na requisitioun that the Wardane of Scotland can mak. Ibid. II. 192 Alexander.. requirit and desyrit him to entir the said maister Thomas to the said Alexander within sex dayis efter his requisitioun. a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 117 If either of the two recover from France, Places belonging to the other, he shall, upon requisition, restore them within a month. 1747 in Karnes Diet. Decis. (1797) IV. 161 A tenant.. having affirmed, that he made requisition to the heritor for that purpose, it was questioned, if he could be allowed to prove the requisition by witnesses. 1780 Burke Sp. Bristol Wks. 1792 H. 315 The reasons for taking away the penalties .. and for refusing to establish them on the riotous requisition of 1780. 1840 Macaulay Ess.. Clive (1887) 558 According to the by-laws of the Company, there can be no ballot except on a requisition signed by nine proprietors. 1892 Daily News 5 Apr. 3/7 He stated that during his lesseeship of the Lyceum he had spent 45,000/. on the house.. some of this voluntarily and some under ‘requisitions’.

b. Sc. Law. *A demand made by a creditor that a debt be paid, or an obligation fulfilled.’ 1681 Stair Instit. i. xx. §22. 410 Requisition requires also the same solemnities that Premonition requires. 1693 Ibid. II. i. §4 (ed. 2) 162 But even compleat Heretable Rights themselves, containing personal Clauses of Requisition, become Moveable by the Requisition or Charge, a 1768 ERSKiNE/nrm. Law Scot. ii. ii. § 16 (1773) I. 175 Requisition used by a creditor upon a right of wadset. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 855 In certain cases, requisition is necessary to put the debtor in mora; and then the proper way of proving requisition is by a notarial instrument.

3. The action of requiring a certain amount or number of anything to be furnished; a demand or order of this nature, esp. one made upon a town, district, etc., to furnish or supply anything required for military purposes.

requital

1796 Charlotte Smith Marchmont IV. 56 His eldest son .. having been put in requisition: he was himself, he said, too old for a soldier 1815 Helen M. Williams Narr. Events trance xi. 244 As the carriages arrived near the bridge, they were immediately put in requisition [to transport the wounded]. 1827 Southey Penins. War II. 477 He placed all horses and mares above a certain height in requisition for the E ren^ch armies. 1831 W. Godwin Thoughts Man 84 When the hrst novelty of his pieces was gone, they were seldom called into requisition. 1877 Gladstone Glean. (1879) I. 152 7 he old terrors, the old bugbears, were at once nut in requisition.

b. (/>/. a., re-re'cording vbl. sb. 1930 Proc. IRE XVIII. 1333 Once it was discovered that re-recording was practical a great many other reasons for its use were discovered. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio V. 104 It is now possible to compare the original and re-recorded signals directly. 1975 P. G. Winslow Death of Angel ix. 186 It seems to be a re-recording of another tape. 1977 Gramophone Aug. 257I2 The incredibly high copying speeds needed to make the exercise economically viable (32 or 64 times normal speed) put severe limits on the re¬ recorded sound quality.

t rere-county. Obs. rare. [ad. AF. rerecounte (Anglo-L. retro-comitatus): see county^ 4.] A subsidiary county-court, held by the sheriff on the day after the regular one. [1285 Act 13 Edw. /, c. 39 {Stat. Westm.) In pleno Comitatu, vel in retro Comitatu, ubi fit colleccio denariorum Domini Regis. ^1290 Fleta ii, Ixvii. §18 (1647) 151 In pleno Comitatu, vel saltern in crastino die post Comitatum, qui quidem dies dicitur Retro-comitatus. 1328 Act 2 Edw. Ill, c. 5 Que ceux que livrer volent lour briefs as viscountes, les livrent en plein Counte, ou en rerecounte.] 1641 Termes de la Ley 241b, Rere county.. seemes by those statutes to bee some publike place which the Sheriffe appointed for the receiving of the kings mony after that his county court was done. [1810 Stat. Realm I. 258/2 That they which will deliver their Writs to the Sheriff, shall deliver them in the full County, or in the Rere County.]

re-re'delve, ti. rare-'. [See

re-4b.] trans. To

delve a third time. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. 1. Ark 532 In March he delves them, re-re-delves, and dresses.

t rere-demain. Obs. rare. In 6 -mayne, -maine. [Later form of rere-main; the reason of the de is not clear.] A back-handed stroke. 01548 Hall Chron., Rich. Ill 35 b, But al such plagues, calamities and troubles.. I shall with a reredemayne.. make them rebounde to our commen enemye. 1591 Harington Orl. Fur. xvi. I, Such a blow he lent him as he past, Vpon his shoulders, from the reredemaine. Ibid. xlii. xlvii, Right blowes and reardemaine he striketh many.

rere-'dorter. rare. Also

6 -our. [rere-.] A privy situated at the back of the dormitory in a convent or monastery. ? a 1500 MS. Arundel 146 (Halliw.), If any suster in the rere-dortour, otherwyse callyd the house of esemente, behave her unwomanly. 1891 W. H. St. J. Hope in Venables Chron. de Parco Lude Introd. 55 This communicated directly at its southern end with the

reredorter. 1900-in Yorks. Archaeol. Jrnl. XV. 354 The rere-dorter built after the fire was 92 feet long.

reredos (’nados). Forms: 4-5 rerdos(e, 5 -doos(e; 5-6 reredosse, (5 -doos, -dose, -doce, -des, 6 -doyse, 6-7 -dorse), 4- reredos; 6 reyredewse; 6 reerdos, rardros, (7 -dess); 7 reardashe, -dorse; 5 redoce, 6 -doss, -dorse, -drosse; 5 reddos. [a. AF. ^reredos (cf. areredos, 1399 in Rolls of Park. III. 431/2), f. rere- rere+ dos back: see doss sb.^ and dorse sh.^ Also in Anglo-L. as retrodorsorium (14th c.). In eccl. use the word is common during the 15th cent., rare in the i6th, and from about 1550 appears to have been practically obsolete until revived in the 19th c. The earliest dictionaries which give it are those of Craig (1848) and Ogilvie (1850). In a number of early examples it is impossible to determine the precise sense intended.]

1. Eccl. a. An ornamental facing or screen of stone or wood covering the wall at the back of an altar, frequently of ornate design, with niches, statues, and other decorations. *372“3 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 180 In contr. facta pro le Rerdose ad magnum altare in ecclesia (de Merington). 1376-7 Ibid. 585 In exp.. .pro cariacione del Rerdos. 1419 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 396 In ornamentum summi Altaris dictee ecclesis Cath. Ebor., videlicet Reredose. 1448 Will of Hen. VI in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 355 Fro the reredos atte the high auter vnto the quere dore. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 19 [I bequeath] x. marks to the peyntyng rerdoos and table at Seynt Marie avter of the story of Magnificat. 1519 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 267 The goodly reyredewse is so full of dust and copwebbes that by lyklyode it shalbe shortly lost. C1541 in Archaeologia (1821) XIX. 272 The Reredose at the highe Altar..ys excellently well wrought and as well gylted. 1836 Parker Gloss. Archit. (1850) I. 384 At Bampton, Oxfordshire, a very perfect reredos remains in the east wall of the north transept, where an altar has stood. 1843 Ecclestologist II. 22 The reredos is richly arcaded. 1879 Sir G. G, Scott Lect. Archit. I, 181, The remarkably ancient retable or movable reredos formerly belonging to the high altar.

b. A choir-screen. 1446 in Hist. Dunelm. Script. Tres (Surtees) p. cclxxiii, Novum opus vocatum le Rerdoose, ad ostium chori. a 1490 Botoner Itin. (Nasmith 1778) 290 Et a porta chori vocata le reredos usque orientem continet 47 gressus. 1861 Morning Post 24 Oct., The five remaining bays [of the choir] .. have been restored; only three of them, though, will be within the reredos.

12. A hanging of velvet or silk for covering the wall at the back of an altar. Obs. Usually named together with a dos, dorse, or vant dorse', the precise distinction from these is not clear. 1381 in Hist. Dunelm. Script. Tres (Surtees) p. cliii, Unum rerdose broudatum cum crucifixo et imaginibus. 1482 Will Ld. Beauchamp (Somerset Ho.), An aulter cloth doce & redoce of the same [red velvet], a 1524 Will Sir R. Sutton in Churton Life (1800) 521 A Dorse and Redorse of Crymsyn Velvet with Flowres of Golde, in length, two yards three quarters. 1552 Inv. Ch. Goods (Surtees, No. 97) 74 A redrosse and vendrosse of yalowe and greine saye and curteyns to the same. Ibid. 163 One rardros and vandros for th’alter.

fS. A wooden panelling attached to a wall behind a seat. Obs. 1396 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) HI. 123 Ft in iij vayneschotes emp. pro j selour, et j reredos facta in camera capituli, iSd. 1453-3 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 277 Pro le Sylarynge domus rasturae et le Rerdose ibidem. [1842 Gwilt Archit. §415 The rere-dos was a sort of framed canopy hung with tapestry, and fixed behind the sovereign or chieftain.]

4. The brick or stone back of a fire-place or open hearth; an iron plate forming a fire-back. Obs. exc. arch. 1392 Earl Derby’s Exp. (Camden) 219 Item pro factura de ij rakks.. Item pro factura j reredos pro eisdem. i486 Nottingham Rec. HI. 258 Breke for to make pe reredose of pe same chymney with, ai^oo in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 92 Also ye shall enquire.. yf ther be ony chemeny y* hath a reerdos made vncumly oder wise than it ought to be for erill of fire, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 74 By Ouens, arthes, reredorses, Chimnayes, Ranges, and such instrumentes that there was ordained. 1577 Harrison England ii. xii. (1877) 1. 240 Fch one made his fire against a reredosse in the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat. 1657 Howell Londinop. 394 All Armorers and other artificers.. which have or use any Reardorses, or any other laces dangerous for fire. 1720 Strype Stoic’s Surv. (1754) I. IV. ii. 34/2 In London, by the law no man may build or make a Reredorse for the fire of Charcoals within any house. 1836 J. Downes Mt. Decam. I. 308 The ‘reredoss’ or antique ironback of the chimney place, still used in the Welsh farm of older fashion. 1843 Lytton Last Bar. i. v. There was no rere-dosse, or fire-place. 1861 Our Eng. Home 127 The billets were heaped against the reredos, or plate of iron fixed against the back of the chimneys,

t b. A brazier, rare—'. 1859 Parker Dom. Archit. HI. iii. ii. 57 The reredos, or brazier for the fire of logs, in the centre of the hall, continued in use.

fS. The back or rear.

Obs. rare—'.

1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxiv. 200 The forsaid erle marchal was all arayed with his batayll at the reredoos of the erle of lancastre.

t6. A piece of armour backplate. Obs. rare.

for

the

back;

a

1405 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 9 note, A breast¬ plate with ‘rerodos’ [sic], a pair of ‘rerebraces’, and a pair of ‘sabatons’. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy iii. xxii. (MS. Digby 230) If. 102 b, And some chose of the newe entaille.. An hole breste plate with a rere doos.

RE-ROLL

686

RE-REDUCE rare-^. [re-5 a.] trans. To bring back again to a former condition.

re-re'lapse, sb.

01676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. vii. (1677) 191 Some great Continents.. were anciently firm Land,.. and yet were afterwards reduced again into the Dominion of the Ocean, and after all that re-reduced into firm Land.

01618 Sylvester Miracle of Peace xxxv, Our sins (I feare) will work worse afterclaps. And there’s most danger in a re¬ relapse.

re-re'duce,

[re- 5 a.]

A second or further

relapse.

re-re'late, t;. re-'reel, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To wind again on to

a reel, or from one reel to another.

Hence

re-'reeling vbl. sb.; re-'reeler (see quot. 1964). 1906 R. W. SiNDALL Paper Technol. vi. 75 {caption) Double-Drum Reeler. The reels from the paper-machine are re-reeled, slit, and finished off on this machine. 1929 Clapperton & Henderson Mod. Paper-Making xvi. 246 {caption) Four-drum winder for re-reeling newsprint. 1937 E. J. Labarre Diet. Paper 211/1 Re-reeling machine, the apparatus on which the web of paper is re-reeled after passing through the operations of tub-sizing.. and drying. 1964 Gloss. Letterpress Rotary Printing Terms {B.S.I.) 17 Re-reeler, an auxiliary unit to rewind the web or webs for subsequent operations. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset XV. 237 The paper can be either cut into sheets or re-reeled for finishing elsewhere.

re-'reference.

rare-^.

[re-

5 a.]

A second

reference. 01734 North Lives (1826) 1. 429 His lordship set his face also against the infinite delays by re-hearings, re-references, and new trials.

rere-fief.

[a.

OF.

rerefief (Godef.).]

Var.

arriere-fief: see arriere. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 57 These inferior feudatories (who held what are called in the Scots law ‘rere-fiefs’).

[re-5 a.] To relate again. 1782 Eliz. Blower Geo. Bateman II. 210 To whom Mrs. Mabberly re-related Cecilia’s misadventure. 1899 Review of Rev. Mar. (U.S. ed.) 332 As related and rerelated at soldiers’ reunions.

re-release, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To release (a film, record, etc.) again. So re-re'lease sb.\ rere'leasable a.\ re-re'leased a. 1948 Daily Mail 7 Feb. 2/5 ‘Mrs. Miniver’.. turned up.. on ‘re-release’, and lasted only seven days. 1968 Listener 26 Sept, The Disney product had to be aimed at all ages, it had to be ‘endlessly re-releasable’. 1975 N. Y. Times 4 Mar. 38/1 The new D. W. Griffith Theater, which has rereleased Cocteau’s ‘Les Enfants Terribles’. 1977 It May 28/1 There are the re-released ‘Jimmy Weatherspoon and Ben Webster’ ‘Stitt Palysbird’. 1977 Guardian Weekly 28 Aug. 20/1 There are currently 38 Presley albums available in this country.. and, with re-releases, he has had 1T7 singles on sale here.

frere-main. Obs. rare-^. [a. AF. *reremain( = arere-main, OF. ariere-main: see Littre, s.v. arriere-main), f. rere- rere- + main hand.] = RERE-DEMAIN. 13.. K. Alts. 7395 Wei they foughte in the playn, With target, and with reremayn. With overhed, and with stoke.

reremouse: re-re'fine (ri:-), V. [re- 5 a.] To refine again. Hence re-re'fined ppl. a.\ re-re'flner; rere'fining vbl. sb. 1631 Massinger Emperor East i. ii, I re-refine the court, and civilize Their barbarous natures. 1678 Yng. Man's Call. 383 Gods mingled service I did re-refine From Romish rubbish, and from humane dross. 1882 Romanes in Nature XXV. 335 We may try in thought to refine this relation, and to re-refine it again and again. 1971 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 10 Feb. 21/5 The re-refined oil sells for 26 cents a quart. 1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 48/3 Today only 100 to 150 million gallons of the 500 million gallons of oil annually drained from the nation’s crankcases are re-refined. 1975 Conservation of Energy (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 12 Shell companies are examining the most effective means of collecting and re-conditioning used lubricating oils, including re-refining. Ibid., It is possible that 10 per cent of the world demand for lubricants will be met by re-refined oils in the early 1980s. 1977 Laconia (New Hampshire) Evening Citizen 21 July 5/5 Your car’s dirty motor oil might soon be ‘rerefined’ through an environmentally safe process which will help conserve.. crude oil. Ibid., A lot of rerefiners’ raw material is being burned as fuel. 1977 Lubricants Business (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 8 Re¬ refining is likely to be primarily attractive in a number of developing countries where savings in foreign exchange could be an important factor.

see rearmouse.

re-'render, v.

[re- 5 a.]

trans. To render or

return again. 1627-47 Feltham Resolves 201, I would not if I could, receive favours of my friends, unless I could re-render them. 1857 Heavysege Saul (1869) 406 Before the sun sets ’neath the sea Again to Zaph re-render me.

re-re'peat,

ZJ. [re-5 a.] trans. To repeat again.

Hence re-re'peated ppl. a. 1629 Gaule Holy Madn. 154 How it tickles him to re¬ repeat the Line. 1761 Mrs. F. Sheridan Sidney Bidulph II. 151 He explained them..to Rachel in English, who re¬ repeated them to her lady within her curtains. 1815 Zeluca II. 67 He read the accompanying note again and again, with .. re-repeated wonder. 1882 E. P. Goodwin Serm. to Amer. Board For. Missions 30 An era of Pentecosts to be repeated, and re-repeated with every widening range.

re-re'port, v.

[re- 5 a.] To report again. 1599 R. Linche Fount. Anc. Fiction liv, Joying to re¬ report the least-heard noise. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (i8ii)V. 71 This fellow reported the following particulars, as they were re-reported to me.

re-represen'tation.

[re-

5 a.]

A

second

representation.

re-re'form, v.

[re- 5 a.] To reform again. 1705 Double Welcome xliii, To Re-reform us all from bad to worse. 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 417 Converted, reformed and re-reformed in religion. 1884 Chicago Advance 3 Jan., Bom where people were in the midst of re¬ reforming the Reformation.

So re-refor'mation. 01631 Donne in Select. (1840) 265 God continue to us the light of this Reformation,.. and we shall not need any such re-reformation, or super-reformation. 1691 Beverley Mem. Kingd. Christ 7 The Antichristian, and Turkish Tyranny shall Fall, and a Great Re-Reformation Ensue.

re-‘reft, pa. pple.

[re- 5 a.] Torn away again. 1623 Cockeram, Rereft, tane away again. 1632 Le Grys tr. Velleius Paterc. 171 Syria and other provinces which he had seized upon, being rereft him, were part restored to the people of Rome.

1679 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 10 The house.. having made a representation and a re-representation to his majestic of the priviledge of the house in chusing their speaker. 1932 Brain LV. 459 These impulses .. may be .. passed on to the main part of the lateral nucleus by short inter-nuclear connections where they acquire a rerepresentation.

rere-rib, -shaft, re-re'solve, v.

[re- 5 a.] To resolve again. 1742 Young Nt. Th. i. 422 Man.. In all the Magnanimity of Thought Resolves; and re-resolves. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. xxvii. So after resolving, and re-resolving, I had courage enough to tell her my mind. 1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry I. 15 The senseless indecisive man Ponders and re-resolves all night.

re-resti'tution. rerefy,

obs. form of rearguard.

re-‘register, v. [re- 5 a.] To register again. So re-'register sb.-, re-regi‘stration. 1858 Cox in Key to Law Rep., List of Chancery ^ Common Law Forms ii Registers of Judgment and Copies. Re¬ registers of do. 1883 Law Times Rep. XLIX. 151/1 The Imperial Hotel Company..was re-registered with fresh articles of association. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 7 July 7/1 However, re-registration is cheap and easy.

re-re'hearing, vbl. sb.

[re-

4 b.]

A third

hearing. 1674 Staveley Rom. Horseleach (1769) 208 A certain case .. received a hearing, rehearing and re-rehearing before it had its final resolution.

re-‘reign, v.

[re- 5 a.] To reign again. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi, They A People shall remaine.. and of that Streene Shall Fiue at length re-raigne.

re-re'iterated,

ppl. a. reiterated or repeated.

[re-

5 a.]

Again

1859 Tennyson Vivien 203 Yield my boon,. .And grant my re-reiterated wish.

re-re'joinder. [Cf.

[re-.]

Restitution made in

return.

obs. form of rarefy.

reregard,

varr. rear-rib, -shaft.

re- 2 a.] A surrejoinder. 1884 Spencer in Contemp. Rev. XLVI. 30 A very reasonable rejoinder this seems until there comes the re¬ rejoinder.

1729 Jacob Law Diet., Re-restitution, is where there hath been a Writ of Restitution before granted: And Restitution is generally Matter of Duty; but Re-restitution is Matter of Grace.

rere-supper. Obs. exc. arch. Also 4-5 -soper(e, 4-6 -souper; 6-7 reare-, 7 rear-, reer-supper. (Written indifferently with or without hyphen and as one word.) [a. AF. rere-super: see rereand supper.] A supper (usually of a sumptuous nature) following upon the usual evening meal, and thus coming very late at night. (App. in use down to the early part of the 17th c.) 1303 R- Brunne Hand! Synne 7260 Rere sopers yn pryuyte [F. les rere supers en priuite]. Ibid. 7268 3yt are )?ere ouper rere sopers Wy)? men pat serue kny3tys and squyers. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 32 Thanne is he redy in the weie Mi reresouper forto make. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 90 He fonde up first ryot and dronkennesse.. Fonde reresoupers and fetherbeddis softe. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 8 Also she wold haue rere sopers whanne her fader and moder was a-bedde. 1509 Fisher Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks, (1876) 294 Eschewynge bankettes, reresoupers, ioncryes betwyxe meales. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. nob. With banquetyng from daie to daie, with sumptuous reare suppers. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] - Hist. Ivstine xii. 55 Immediatly vpon a banket, the Physician Thessalus made a reare-supper. 166s Brathwait Comment Two Tales 50, Reer Suppers were my Solace: I suited my youthful Fancy to jovial Company. [1826 Scott Woodst. xvi, He was guilty of the enormity of rere-suppers. 1830 James Darnley xxvi. Prognostications of a rere supper.] i

re-re'turn,

[re- 5 a.] To return again. 1609 Rowley Search for Money (Percy Soc.) 9 Ale, though kept awhile in the clouds of the body, yet may againe perfectly and providently returne to the fatte, and so rereturneto the body. iSSy Echo 21 June 3/2 The cheers were now returned and re-retumed with increasing volume.

re-re'veal, t;.

[RE-sa.] To reveal again. ai63i Donne Poems (1635) 367 Davids Successors, in holy zeale. In formes of joy and art doe re-reveale To us so sweetly and sincerely too. That I must not rejoyce as I would doe. 1830 Southey in Corr. vi. C. Bowles (1881) 194 His dreams were old patriarchal truths, long forgotten, and now re-revealed. 1894 Forum (U.S.) May 306 [The Bible] is now being re-revealed as man’s great text-book in psychology.

re-re‘vise, sb.

[re- 5 a.] A second revise. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Break/.-t. 54, I require to see a proof, a revise, a re-revise.. of all my productions, especially verse. 1895 Daily News 27 May 8/3 Balzac literally re-wrote his works on proofs, and on revises, and re-revises.

re-re'vise, 1). [RE-sa.] trans. To revise Hence re-re'vised ppl. a.

again.

1786 CowPER Let. to Lady Hesketh 3 Apr., I thought of detaining the third, fourth, and fifth books till I should have re-revised the first. 1806 Southey Let. to G. C. Bedford 17 June, What with revising and re-revising over and over again, they will amount to something like it at last. 1864 Realm 16 Mar. 2 We have had a code, a revised code, and a re-revised code, each more in advance than its predecessor.

So re-re'vislon, further revision. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. p. iv, The new articles.. stood particularly in want of re-revision. i88i Athenseum 28 May 713/2 The result of ten years’ revision and re-revision .. could hardly be other than emendation.

re-revo'lution. [re-] A counter-revolution. So re-revo'lutionize v. 1778 H. Walpole Lett., to Mason Wks. 1846 V. 490 A re¬ revolution was so probable. 1800 Southey Lett. (1856) I. 89 Italy may very likely be re-revolutionised.

rereward, t

variant of rearward.

rerewarder.

Obs.

rare~^.

[f,

rere-

or

REARWARD.] (See quot.) 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xii. (Arb.) 176 But if such supplie be placed after all the clauses,.. then is he called by the Greeks Hypozeugma, and by vs the Rerewarder.

rere-winter. rare~^.

[rere-.]

A late spell of

winter. 1841 Kemble in Garnett Phil. Ess. (1859) p. xii, This rerewinter troubles me: I was beginning to think of.. migrating, when lo! frost and snow forbid me.

re-'ride, v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To ride (a route, contest, etc.) again. Hence 'reride sb. 1884 Cyclists' Touring Club Monthly Gaz. Nov. 335/2 Favourable stretches of high-way are ridden and re-ridden with wearying iteration upon safety bicycles, which are ‘safe’ only in name. 1903 Daily Chron. 28 Sept. 8/7 The tie will have to be re-ridden. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 17 June 1-H/3 Judges gave one cowboy a fourth reride.

rerify, obs. form of rarefy. re-'ring, v.

[re- 5 a.] To ring again. 1805 Southey Madoc in Azt. xxiv, Hark! from the towers of Aztlan, how the shouts Of clamorous joy re-ring!

re-'rise, v.

[re- 5 a.] To rise again. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. V. 208 If thrice by Phoebus* toil re-rose its wall Of molten brass. 1839-48 Bailey Festus xxxiv. 360 To seize the nascent souls Of men as they rerose from death to life. 1855 Tennyson Brook 169 We.. Arrived, and found the sun of sweet content Re-risen in Katie’s eyes, and all things well.

Hence re-'risen ppl. a., re-Tising vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1814 Southey Ode to Alex. I, iv, Moscow’s re-rising walls Had rung with glad acclaim. 1816 - Lay of Laureate Proem xiv. When that last and most momentous hour. Beheld the re-risen cause of evil yield. 1839-52 Bailey Festus xix. 290 Some thought the gates of Heaven were sealed to all Until the great re-rising.

re-'rivet, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To rivet again. Hence re-'riveted ppl. a. 1869 Sir E. j. Reed Shipbuild. i. 11 A stream of water was then thrown upon the re-riveted parts. 1898 Daily News 20 Aug. 7/2 It will be necessary to re-rivet at least twelve feet of the plating.

re'robe, v.

[re- sc.] trans. To dress in a fresh robe; to clothe in a robe again. So re'robing vbl. sb. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley II. v. 126 She immediately took the book from her and, with her own hands, commenced the business of disrobing and rerobing her. 1934 Dylan Thomas 18 Poems 32 Second Rise of the skeleton and Re¬ robing of the naked ghost.

re-'roll, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To roll again. Hence re-'roller, one who or that which rolls iron or steel again; re-'rolled ppl. a. 1846 Greener Sci. Gunnery 125 The frequent welding and re-rolling of iron is of the most beneficial tendency. 1868 Q. Rev. July 299 About 250,000 tons [of rails] require to be taken up, re-rolled, and re-laid. 1891 Pall Mall G. 29 May 6/2 The gelatine strip is unrolled from one spindle and re-rolled upon another. 1931 Times 16 Mar. 19/7 The re¬ rollers are feeling the pinch. 1955 Times 14 July 15/3 Difficulties were experienced due to the national shortage of re-rolled steel products. 1963 Punch 13 Feb. 242/1 It is one of the largest 're-rollers’ in the industry. 1967 Karch &

RE-ROMANIZE Buber Offset Processes viii, 357 Reroll the screens and reassemble thern on the pump. 1976 Woman’s Day (N.Y.) Nov. p. h/i On lightly floured surface roll out each half 3/16 inch thick. Cut in 3-mch squares (reroll scraps).

re-'romanize, v. [re- 5 a.] To make RomanCatholic again. So re-romani'zation. 1606 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. Tropheis 163 ReRomaniz d, so (say they) Heav’n [he] conjures; His errours at Saint Dents hee abjures. 1882-3 Schapf Encycl. Relig. ^nowl. I. 307/1 Immediately after the battle of Miihlberg rerdinand I sent the Jesuits into Bohemia to re-romanize the country. Ibid., Ferdinand 11., now carried through what his ancestor, Ferdinand I, had only attempted -the re-romanization of Bohemia.

re-roof, v. roof.

[re- sa.] To furnish with a new

1867 A. Barry Sir C. Barry viii. 280 To re-roof and re¬ light them. 1875 Alex. Smith Aberdeenshire II. 1155 The church was repaired and reroofed in 1829.

re- route, v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To set upon a new route; to re-direct. Also fig. So re-'rout(e)ing vbl. sb. 1929 Daily Express 5 Jan. 2/1 Post Office officials.. said that It was the first move in a general ‘re-routing’ of mails. 193® J- Steinbeck In Dubious Battle xiii. 203 TThe police stood re-routing the traffic. 1961 ‘E. Lathen’ Banking on Death xi. 94 Arthur was on a Chicago-Boston flight which was remuted to Washington because of the blizzard. 1971 Daily Tel. 21 Oct. 14/5 A council is to spend £250 on remutemg a drainpipe to save an asparagus bed. 1978 S. Herzel in P. Moore Man, Woman, & Priesthood viii. 108 Any real understanding of sexuality and spirituality must be re-routed through a new awareness of the metaphoric and personal character of language itself.

re-Tow, v. [re- s a.] trans. To row (a race) again. Also absol. Hence 're-row sb. 1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 13 June 3/2 The C.U.B.C. had the race re-rowed this morning. 1901 Daily Chron. 19 July 8/3 Kingston and London were ordered to re-row. Ibid. 12 Aug. 8/2 After a foul and a re-row the Senior Pairs fell to H. u! Gould and C. M. Steele. 1979 Oxford Mail 31 May 16/8 Division II (6-io): Subject to rerow 11.45 today.

frert. Obs. rare~^. (Origin and meaning obscure: perhaps an error for cert, certain, sure.) 13 • • E.E. Allit. P. A. 590 Goddez ryjt is redy & euer more rert, 0|?er holy wryt is bot a fable.

re-'rubber, v, [re- 5 c.] trans. To provide (a tyre) with a fresh covering of rubber. So re-‘rubbering vbl. sb. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 2 June 4/2 At the end of three months .. the first set are sent to be re-rubbered.., Re-rubbering [costs] £30. 1923 Daily Mail 16 Feb. 5 (Advt.), Tyre rerubbenng and general Tyre repairs. 1973 Times 28 Apr. 4/2 A womout tyre that has been rerubbered with a new tread.

re-'ruminate, f. [re-5 a.] trans. To ruminate again. 1591 Horsey Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) 213 When you [? read we] meet in Polland we shall reruminat our aquaintaince merily. 1617 Collins Def. Bp. Ely ii. x. 531 Thus does he ruminate and re-ruminate his cud againe.

re-'run, v. [re- 5 a.] To run (over) again; spec, to show (a motion picture) again (also^ig.); to subject again to an experimental or computational procedure. 1804 Larwood No Gun Boats 8 We must re-run the gantelope of our Bounties and Recruitings. 1859 Darwin in Life Lett. (1887) II. 170, I request you, after you have finished, jusyto re-run over the heads. 1962 ‘D. Shannon’ Extra Kill vii. 103 There was a picture Fox made... Last week I saw it’s being rerun at a neighborhood house. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset XV. 239 The product cannot be re-run through the machine. 1971 J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. xxxvii, The discrepancy was caused by technical problems in making final corrections.. in the computer tape... Discrepancies in individual subject categories were so small.. that it was not considered worthwhile to rerun the distributions. 1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 45/2 Our entire simulation of the Antennae (with n = 350) could be rerun in less than five minutes on any fast modem computer. 1976 M. Maguire Scratchproof viii. 115 Re-run it... Slow down the projection speed. 1976 E. Maclaren Nature of Belief ii. 16 You can’t re-run a piece of history with different variables the way you can repeat a chemistry experiment without the chlorine. 1977 Virology LXXVIII. 207/2 The DNA isolated by this procedure was then rerun in a CsCl density gradient.

Hence re-run ppl. a. 1929 Amer. Speech IV. 386 The term smoke is comparatively new.. and means an inferior grade of whitish, cloudy alcohol, usually re-run alky at that. 1968 A. Diment Gt. Spy Race vii. 94 The excuses running through their minds like re-run television shows.

re-run, 5^?. [f. thevb.] 1. A repeat showing of a motion picture; also, the film itself; also transf., of broadcast or printed material. Also^ig. 1934 in Webster. 1955 Times 28 July 9/7 Film costs rather more than ‘live’ television, but it has a great advantage for re-run purposes. 1965 Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Nov. 1070/4 Re¬ runs of old silent films. 1968 Guardian 22 Mar. 10/6 Around the World in 80 Days starts a rerun in 70 millimetre at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre. 1968 p. Marlowe Hire me a Hearse ix. 137 It didn’t take very long for Hazard to run the spools through again. In the rerun some of it sounded repetitious. 1971 Wall St. Jrnl. 22 July 1/5 Liberty magazine, which was around from 1924 until 1950, makes a comeback with reruns of its old articles. 1978 G. Vidal Kalki vi. 151 On the wall opposite the window a row of TV monitors showed us.. a rerun of / love Lucy. 1979 Daedalus

687

resaddle

Summer 15 The current quarrel.. is just the latest rerun of that earlier script.

2. The repeated performance of a computation or computer program. Usu. attrib. J. B. CoNANT Man. Operation Automatic Sequence controlled Calculator ii. 50 Starting, stopping and rerun instructions. 195S [see generator 4 c]. 1980 R. Longbottom Computer Syst. Reliability vii. 105 A further category of rerun time is incurred when it is found that previously created files have been lost... The time to restore hies IS again application dependent. 1946

3. A repeated occurrence or attempt. 1976 H Wilson Governance of Britain iii. 65 A tendency developed in the 1960s for a defeated minister almost ^tomatically to seek for a re-run at Cabinet. 1977 Daily Lel.iy Mar. i/i The Left-wing appeared to be in no mood w have a re-run of last year’s rebellion, when the Government was defeated by 28 votes.

resMreiz). PI. res. [L., = thing.] 1. orig. in Law (see quots. 1851, 1854); hence gen., the condition of something; the matter in hand, the point at issue, the crux. [1684 G. Mackenzie Institutions Law of Scotland 1. ii. 10, I do resolve, first, to lay down what concerns the Persons of whom the Law treats: Secundo, what concerns the things themselves treated of, such as rights, obligations See. Tertio, the actions whereby these rights are pursued, which answers to the Civilians, objecta juris, viz. Personae, res, & Actiones.] 1851 P. CoLQUHOUN Summary Roman Civil Law II. i Res.. is used in contradistinction to persona... In another and more restricted sense it signifies those objects of rights which are neither personae, actiones, nor facta. 1854 P. Cumin Man. Civil Law 59 Q. Define Res. A. All physical and metaphysical existences, in which persons may claim a right. 1923 Law Rep. King’s Bench Div. II. 439 If the res the thing actually and directly in dispute—has been already adjudicated upon, of course by a competent Court, It cannot be litigated again. 1947 Wodehouse Full Moon vi. 126 Do you mind if we get back to the res. Time presses. 1949 W, Stevens in Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci. Dec. 166 The poem is the cry of its occasion, Part of the res Itself and not about it. 1966 Wodehouse Plum Pie i. 23, I saw that I had better come to the res without delay. 2. Used in a number of Latin (esp. legal and

philos.) phrases, as: res 'cogitans Philos., the concept of man as that of a thinking being. [1641 Descartk Meditationes ii. 23 Sed quid igitur sum? res cogitans; quid est hoc? nempe dubitans, intelligens, affirmans, negans, volens, nolens, imaginans quoque, & sentiens.] 1904 J. Iverach Descartes, Spinoza ^ New Philos, iii. 63 It is not possible to take the mind as a thing among other things; a mere res cogitans can apprehend nothing but thoughts or ideas. 1962 M. McLuhan Gutenberg Galaxy 247 The mental res cogitans and the material res extensa. 1972 Z. Vendler (title) Res cogitans; an essay in rational psychology.

res co'mmunis Law, common property; something incapable of appropriation. [a i259 Bracton De Legibus (Rolls Ser., 1878) I. 54 Extra patrimonio autem dicuntur res sacr®, et religiose, et communes.] 1704 T. Wood New Institute Imperial or Civil Law II. i. 65 Res communes are those in which no Person has a Property, neither can any one be Master of them, or deprive others of the use of them. 1854 P. Cumin Man. Civil Law 65 Q. When an island rises in the Sea, who is proprietor?.. A. The first occupier: until occupation, no one, it is a res communis. 1923 W. S, Holdsworth Hist. Eng. Law (rev. ed.) II. iii. iii. 273 He [ic. Bracton] then discourses upon .. res publics and res communes. In his treatment of the latter topic there are traces that he had read Azo hastily. 1970 Internal. & Compar. Law Q. XIX. 237 It has been suggested that Antarctica has, in fact, become res communis.

res ex'tensa Philos., a material considered as extended substance.

thing

1940 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. I. 181 This cosmos of meaning and unmeaning into which man is born, this rich structure of all kinds of relationships, is levelled down to the status of res extensa. 1962 [see res cogitans'].

res 'gest£e, (an account of) things done, achievements; an account of a person’s career; events in the past; in Law, the facts of a case, used esp. with reference to evidence that includes spoken words; also in sing, res gesta. 1616 G. Carew Let. 24 Jan. (i860) 27 In this gazette you may not expect any more than res gestae. 1696 W. Nicolson Eng. Historical Lxbr. I. 213 The like Scruples I have upon me as to some other Res Gestae of this King, which are said to have been written by Robert Bale, sometime Recorder of London. 1794 Trial of J. H. Tooke in T. B. Howell's State Trials (1818) XXV. 440 That letter your lordships have received, and, I believe, without any objection from this side of the table, probably upon the ground, that as it is an answer to an act which is charged against the prisoner, it is fit to be received as part of the res gesta upon the subject. 1815 S. M. Phillipps Treat. Law of Evidence i. vii. 202 Hearsay is often admitted in evidence, as part of the res gestae-, the meaning of which seems to be, that where it is necessary, in the course of a cause, to inquire into the nature of a particular act and the intention of the person who did the act, proof of what the person said at the time of doing it is admissible evidence, for the purpose of shewing its true character. 1930 Burrows & Cahn S. L. Phipson's Law of Evidence vi. 54 Acts, declarations, and incidents which constitute, or accompany and explain, the fact or transaction in issue, are admissible, for or against either party, as forming parts of the res gesta. 1936 Mind XLV. 518 Signor Gentile.. roundly denies any distinction between res gestae and historia rerum gestarum, maintaining that all history is contemporary history. 1951 S. F. Nadel Foundations Social Anthropol. i. 14 Events in the past, which, being as it were closed chapters, res gestae, and having had their particular consequences, exemplify more typically the just-so happenings which limit our search for regularities. 1959 A. G. Woodhead Study of Greek Inscriptions 56 Crossreferences concerning offices held or res gestae in general. 1969 N. Dakota Law Rev. Winter 208 Children talk best in

their native habitat. What they say when pressures of emotion and strangeness are absent is more apt to be true, somewhat analogous to res gestae.

res 'Integra Law (see quot. 1959); also transf. 1754 in F. Vesey Reports (iSn) I. ii, I confess, if this had been res Integra, I should doubt, whether the testator’s declaration is a proper execution within the fifth clause.. but I find myself bound by such a number of former precedents, that I must give way to their superior weight. 1760 G. Gilbert Cases in Law & Equity 250 And if the Matter had been res integra and undetermined, he should have held it ill if it had been brought by the other Name. 1834 J. Ram Science of Legal Judgment xiv. 126 If the matter were entire.., res integra, a new case or point.., it might admit of difficulty. 01873 Mill ThreeEss. Relig. (1S74) 203 The question whether it is so or not is res integra, untouched by any of the results of human knowledge and experience. 1959 JowiTT Diet. Eng. Law II. 1533/2 Res integra, a point governed neither by any decision nor by any rule of law, which must therefore be decided upon principle. 1961 Times 15 Feb. 15/3 If the matter were res integra, his Lordship saw great force that in 1843 the words ‘voluntary contribution’ would be understood as intended to cover an annual subscription.

res 'ipsa 'loquitur Law, a principle that the proven occurrence of an accident implies the negligence of the defendant unless he provides another cause; also transf. and attrib. 1659 H. Grimston tr. Croke's Reports King James 508 It is apparent, that the money was lent for Interest, and is more than the Statute permits; Wherefore being usury apparent, the Court shall adjudg it accordingly: And .. if the corrupt agreement be not expressed in the verdict, and the matter is apparent to the Court to be usury, there the Jury needs not to shew that it was corruptly, for res ipsa loquitur. 1864 in Hurlstone & Coltman Exchequer Reports II. 725 There are certain cases of which it may be said res ipsa loquitur, and this seems one of them. 1872 Wharton's Law-Lexicon (ed. 5) 846/1 Res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself), a phrase used in actions for injury by negligence where no proof of negligence is required beyond the accident itself, which is such as necessarily to involve negligence. 1908 Times Law Rep. XXIV. 551/2 Res ipsa loquitur does not mean, as I understand it, that merely because at the end of a journey a horse is found hurt, or somebody is hurt in the streets, the mere fact that he is hurt implies negligence. 1927 Ld. Hewart in A. P. Herbert Misleading Cases p. v, 'Res ipsa loquitur', as the man in the street said when a sack of flour, in the best manner of the attic declension, fell upon him from an upper room. 1954 Cambr. Law Jrnl. Apr. 132 In Ybarra v. Spangard. .the Californian District Court of Appeal held that the plaintiff might sue all the defendants and recover a joint judgment in a res ipsa loquitur situation. 1965 Mod, Law Rev. XXVIII. v. 623 When a textbook attains an eighteenth edition surely the maxim res ipsa loquitur could hardly boast a better exemplification. 1973 N. Y. Law Jrnl. 19 July 12/3 At the new trial plaintiff shall be permitted to produce an expert to establish a case under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.

res judi'eata Law, a matter that has been adjudicated by a competent court. [01259 Bracton De Legibus (Rolls Ser., 1881) IV. 266 Item cadit ^sisa, si petens petat per assisam quod per judicium amisit, quia cadit assisa propter exceptionem rei judicatae, & agat si voluerit de falso judicio.] 1693 Ld. Stair Inst. Law Scotl. (ed. 2) iv. xl. 675 Res Judicata is Relevant, not only being a Decreet between the Pursuer and the Defender; But it is sufficient, if it was between their Predecessors or Authors. 1867 Wharton's Law-Lexicon (t^d. 4) 830/1 Res judicata, a point decided by authority. 1927 C. K. Allen Law in Making iii. 109 It was a commonplace with the Orators, and especially with Cicero, that the res iudicata, or iudtcatum, was an integral part of the civil law. 1955 Times 14 July 11/3 All too often he spoke of res judicatae as if they were mere obiter dicta. 1972 Mod. Law Rev. XXXV. l. 96 The husband’s solicitor maintained that the issue of cruelty was res judicata.

res non 'verba, ‘things not words’; material fact or concrete action as opposed to mere talk. 1949 E. Pound Pisan Cantos Ixxxii. 116 And for all that old Ford’s conversation was better. Consisting in res non verba. 1961 Times 26 Apr. 20/2 The strapping muleteer who saves every situation by his guiding principle of res non verba.

res 'nullius Law, no one’s property; strictly, a thing or things that can belong to no one. [01259 Bracton De Legibus (Rolls Ser., 1878) I. 60 Res quidem nullius esse dicuntur pluribus modis, natura sive jure naturali, ut fer* bestiae, volucres, et pisces... Item tempore dicunter res in nullius bonis esse, ut thesaurus.] 1704 T. Wood New Inst. Imperial or Civil Law ii. i. 67 Res nullius (or things which are not the Goods of any Person or number of Men) are those that are of a divine Right. 1833 JS. Mill in Jurist IV. 24 It matters not that the property has now become res nullius, and is therefore, properly speaking, our owri. 1951 F. Schulz Classical Roman Law iv. i. 361 Wild ariimals (game, fishes, birds) were res nullius as long as they enjoyed their natural freedom. 1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 28 Jan. 110/2 To the South African government. South West Africa had fallen into a state of res nullius, and sovereignty was acquired by virtue of her occupation.

res^ (rez). Abbrev. of residence sb.^ 1882 W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) II. 288 Sam Long 614 Sansom St—res: 3210 Race. 1972 Guardian 17 Feb. ii/i Her own little bijou res in Chelsea. 1972 J. Gores Dead Skip x. 68 I’ve got a res add on Hemovich 5-0-7 Nevada Street.

res, variant of

rese sb.

re'saddle (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To saddle again. 1856 y. Lvsh Jrnl. 17 Jan. (1971) 174 Giving them Strict injunctions to take care of Rollo I left them to resaddle. 1857 Dufferin Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 50 The horses were resaddled; and.. we took leave of our courteous entertainers. iZryj Harper's Mag. Apr. 754/2 Diaz..stood off the attack till his cavalry could resaddle.

resaf, obs. Sc. form of receive v. resagar, -gor: see resalgar. resai(ee, variants of rezai. resaif(f, obs. forms of receive v. re'sail (ri:-), [re-5 a.] 1. intr. To sail (back) again; to set sail again. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. iii. xvi, The Dane inraged sayled thence.., And did with Brenn, resayling home, at great aduantage meete. 1725 Pope Odyss. rv. 931 From Pyle resaiiing and the Spartan Court. 1780 Fawkes & Meen Rhodius' Argonautics iv. 1565 Discharge this duty, and resail to Greece. 1898 Daily News 25 Oct. 6/2 The San Nicholas resailed, followed by the American cruiser.

2. trans. To sail (a race) again. 1895 Daily News 16 Sept. 3/3 We beg to state.. the reason why the last two races were not ordered to be resailed.

'resail, sb. [f. the vb.] A race sailed again. 1947 Sun (Baltimore) 8 Sept. 14/6 In the resail, sailed Saturday, the breeze barely let the racers finish within the time limit. 1970 Cape Times 28 Oct. 25/8 Experience has shown that resails of cancelled races are not always successful.

fresaille. Obs. rare~^. (Meaning obscure.) C1450 Lydg. & Burgh Secrees 2279 [A counsellor ought] Off thyn Rentys knowyn the Resaylle.

resaitter, obs. Sc. form of resetter. resaive, obs. form of receive v. re'salable (ri:-), e leie.

reschew, obs. f. rescue sb. rescheyve, obs. f. receive reschowe, obs. f. rescue

v.

v.

t re scide, v. Obs. rare, [irreg. var. of next, or for recide, ad. L. rectdere.] trans. To cut. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 54/2 The sagiltalle suture was rescided cleane overthwarte. Ibid 54 b/1 His Parietale was clean rescided throughe.

rescmd (ri'smd), v. [ad. L. rescind-ere, f. re- re+ scindere to split, divide, etc. Cf. F. rescinder (1422).] 1. trans. To cut off, take away, remove. (In/ig. uses.) fAlso rescinding, taking away, leaving out. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. App. 168 His unnecessary expences are rescinded, his superfluous cut oflf. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. xvi. 58 The introduction thereof into the Church of Christ is the rescinding so many Souls from the body of the Church. 01687 Petty Pol. Arith. iv. (1691) 69 England it self rescinding Wales, hath but Three Acres to every Head, according to the present State of Tillage and Husbandry, a 1734 North Lives (1826) I. 376 It proved that which they call an hemiplegia, which rescinded the chief use of one leg and one arm. 1788 V. Knox Winter Even. HI. ix. ix. 280 He who resolves not to be entertained .. will rescind a copious source of soothing satisfaction. 1812 Woodhouse 2lrfro«. xxxiii. 315 In order.. to rescind the occasion of ambiguity which might be attached to the phrase of constant parallax.

fb. To deprive (one) 0/a thing. Obs. rare-^. 1718 Entertainer No. 42. 297 He that dares not speak like an Englishman .. deserves to be rescinded of his Birthright.

rescissory (ri'sisan), a. Also 7 rec-. [ad. late L. rescissori-us, f. resciss-, ppl. stem of rescindere to RESCIND. Cf. F. rescisoire (1579).]

!• Of the nature of, or having the effect of, rescinding or revoking; connected with, or characterized by, rescission: a. of legal actions, etc. (Chiefly Sc. Law.) ‘Rescissory actions are those actions whereby deeds, &c. are declared void’ (Bell). 1605 Daniel Queen's Arcadia in. i, I ouerwhelme My practise too, with darknes, and strange words;.. Conditions, Codicilles, Acceptilations, actions recissorie. 1754 Erskine Print. Sc. Law (1809) 442 Rescissory actions are divided, i. Into actions of proper improbation. 2. Actions of reductionimprobation. 1818 Colebrooke Obligations I. 222 Every person who apprehends himself hurt or affected by a deed is entitled to a rescissory action for setting it aside. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 829 The action of simple reduction Btid the action of reduction-improbation, are the two varieties of the rescissory actions of the law of Scotland. Ibid., In the simple reduction the summons, like all rescissory summonses, commences with the Will. 1846 Bateman Law of Auctions (ed. 3) 65 The first of this class of conditions is called rescissory; the second compensatory.

b. of legislative measures, etc.; spec, of the act passed by the Scottish Parliament in 1661, by which the acts of all the parliaments held from 1633 were rescinded. See Burnet Own Time li. (1724) I. 117-119. 1640 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. ii. (1659) II. 1007 It is impossible, without passing the Rescissory Act,.. to have a valid Parliament. 1654 H. L’Estrange Chas. I (1655) 161 Next they fell upon forming an Act Rescissory, whereby former Acts.. should be nulled. 1671 [R. Mac Ward] True Nonconf. 378 Say not that the first part of the abovementioned rescissory clause, relative to the Act. 1592. Is simple. 1754 Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (iSog) 57 This act, though falling under the act rescissory of Charles II, seems to have been considered as still in force by 1663, c. 21 which [etc.]. 1861 Buckle Civiliz. II. 283 The parliament., consented to what was termed the rescissory act. 1894 Daily News 5 Mar. 5/8 The rescissory power wielded by the non¬ elective peers over the legislative acts of the.. House of Commons.

t2. Asking for rescission. Obs. rare-^. 1610 Selden Duello iv. 14 S. Lewis and the rest were constrained.. to yeeld to the rescissory petitions of their subjects.

t2. To cut through, sever. Obs. rare-'^. 1651-3 Jer. Taylor Serm./or Teor (1678) 224 To rescind the fatal chain, and break in sunder the line of God’s anger.

3. To abrogate, annul, revoke, repeal, cancel. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 492 He answered. He could grant neither the one nor the other till first they should rescinde.. their subscryved Covenants 1690 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) H. 38 The parliament., past an act for rescinding the kings supremacy over the church. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. i. x. (1869) I. 126 It required a particular Act of Parliament to rescind this bye¬ law. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 461 The council of ten had.. power over the senate and other magistrates, rescinding their decisions. 1846 Bateman Law of Auctions (ed. 3) 91 note. The vendor shall have the power of rescinding the contract. 1877 Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 3) II. App. 594 The monks petitioned, and the vote Was rescinded.

Hence re'scinder; re'scinding ppl. a. Also re'scindable a., re'scindment (Worcester, 1846, citing Story). 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. IV. xli. 161 Of the ninety-two who voted not to rescind, eighty-one.. were re-elected; of the seventeen rescinders, only five. 1887 Pall Mall G. 9 Nov. 14/2 The rule that a rescinding resolution requires a majority of two-thirds.

t re'scindent, a. Obs. rare. [f. pres. pple. of L. rescindere\ see prec.] Cutting. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Ft. Chirurg. If. xivb/2 A rescindente Instrumente, the one end wherof serveth for a rasore. 1772 Nugent tr. Hist. Fr. Gerund I. 532 And taught man the manuduction of the rescindent spade.

rescission (ri'si33n). Also 7 rescision. [ad. late L. rescissidn~em^ n. of action f. rescindere to RESCIND. Cf. F. rescision (1517).] 11* The action of cutting off. Obs. rare. 1611 CoTGR., Recision, a rescision; a cutting, or paring ou me take. r375 Barbour Bruce xiii. 369 Thar sail nane of all Yngland To mak 3ow rescours tak on hand. And but rescours may no castele Be haldin lang. 1439 Rolls of Park. V. 16/2 John Forman .. was lawefully arrested;.. and as they were going to bringe hym [to Tutbury].. cometh one Piers Venables .. and made a rescours, and toke awey the saide John Forman fro theym. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) H. 478 Thus had the castel bene left desert, war not the Governour declarit to pas .. to the rescours thairof.

fre'seours, sb.^ Sc. Obs. rare-K In 6 resk-. [Alteration of recourse, after prec.] Recourse. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. xi. (S.T.S.) I. 65 J>ai were constrenit to haue pare vtir reskours to pe samyn.

t re'seours, n. Sc. Obs. rare. [Cf. rescours r6.*] trans. To rescue.

1618 Kalender of Sheph. xxxv. heading. Of the rising and resconsing of the signes in the Orison. Ibid, xxxv, Thus orison [neither] riseth ne resconceth. Meridian also riseth not ne resconseth.

1533 Bellenden Livy 11. xiii. (S.T.S.) I. 177 The consulis send ane burreo to tak him; bot he was haistelie rescoursit be pe pepill. 1536-Cron. Scot. (1821) I. p. xl. This man, that rescoursit the king, wes callit Turnbull.

resconter, -tre; see

t rescous, sb. Obs. Forms: a. 4-7 rescous(e, rescouss(e, 4-5 rescus(e, 5 reskuse, 6-7 rescusse. /3. 5 rescues, reschewes, -scowes, 6 reskues. [a. OF. rescous(s)e, rescusse, etc. (It. riscossa; Rom. type *re-ex-cussa), vbl. sb. to OF. rescourre to RESCUE. The /S-forms may in some cases be taken as plurals of rescue.) 1. Rescue, assistance, aid.

rescounter sb. and v.

re'seore, v. Mus.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To score (a piece of music) again. Hence re'seored ppl. a. \ re'seoring vbl. sb.., the action or an instance of scoring again; a rescored version. 1890 Daily News 16 Aug. 5/4 Bizet.. once undertook the task of re-scoring Bellini’s ‘Norma’. Ibid. He had thrown the re-scored MS. into the fire. 1926 Whiteman & McBRlDE723 hym mvslyke, pzt hoped of no rescowe. C1440 Generydes 2549 Ther fought thei still & reskew was ther non. c 1450 Merlin 156 Thider preced bothe partyes to the rescowe. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 28 At the rescue of the cite [of] Averaunces. ® *533 Ld. Berners Huon lx. 207 They can not scape.. and they are without hope of any rescue. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. ix. 25 b. They of the shippe Raphael, came presentlye to their succour and rescew. 1642 Rogers Naaman 19 What rescue hath the dry stubble against the advantage of fire? 1653 Milton Ps. vii. 6 Least as a Lion.. He hast to tear my Soul asunder Tearing and no rescue nigh. 1738 Wesley Ps. xviii’. iv. He heard me from his glorious Throne, And sent the timely Rescue down. 1820 Byron Mar. Fal. iv. ii. The Genoese are come—ho! to the rescue! i860 Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 127 Rescue would be out of the question, should the climber go over the edge.

b. Bridge. = rescue bid in sense 3 c below.

1

1917 [see overbid v. 2 c]. 1932 H. Phillips One Hundred Contract Bridge Hands 114 West’s double is for ‘business’. .. North does not attempt a ‘rescue’.

2. Law. a. The forcible taking of a person or goods out of legal custody; forcible recovery (by the owner) of goods distrained. CZ450 Godstow Registers (1905) 332 If hit happun pe foreseide sir Richard.. to deliuer pe distres.. or to make rescu with preteninge [etc.]. 1496 Rolls of Park. VI. 516/1 Any suche Shire .. or Toune, where any persone make suche rescue of any distres to be takyn by suche Collectour. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iv. iv. 114, I am thy prisoner, wilt thou suffer them to make a rescue? 1597-2 Hen. IV, ii. i. 61 Fal. Keepe them off, Bardolfe. Fang. A rescu, a rescu. Host. Good people bring a rescu. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. i. 17 In case the distress was taken without cause, or contrary to law.. the tenant may lawfully make rescue. 1769 Ibid. IV. 131 Rescue is the forcibly freeing another from an arrest or imprisonment. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, iii. Precautions.. justifiable.. from the apprehensions so generally entertained of an expected rescue. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 412/2 An indictment for a rescue must set out the circumstances under which the person, &c. was arrested, and the rescue effected. Ibid. 413/1 Upon rescue of goods distrained for rent.

b. A person rescued from custody. 1888 M. Morris Claverhouse 131 [They] marched victoriously off with such of their rescues as would go with them.

3. attrib. a. Connected with the rescue of property or persons, as rescue-appliance, bell, boat, capsule, car, company, co-ordinator, cradle, dinghy, man, mission, operation, party, race, service, ship, f-shot (= fee), squad, station, team, tube, work. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 154/2 New ‘RescueAppliances and Their Use in Mines. 1939 Sun (Baltimore) 26 May 8/6 The ‘rescue bell was plunged down to be attached to one of the aft hatches, i960 W. O. Shelford Subsunk vii. 80 Squalus sank in an area where there were no appreciable tides to delay the divers or the functioning of the rescue bell. 1941 Sun (Baltimore) 12 Aug. 17/2 They had in storage enough Dorchester county white oak to construct keels and frames for all the ‘rescue boats. 1978 Lochaber News 31 Mar. 4/6 At the same time the rescue boat from Dochgorroch sped to the scene. 1977 Sunday Times 24 Apr. 1/5 We just dropped everything we had in our hands and ran to the ‘rescue capsules, which were closed and lowered down to the sea. 1911 Chambers’s Jrnl. Nov. 747/2 Half-adozen ‘rescue-cars, fitted with life-saving apparatus and carrying a crew of trained men.. will be allocated to certain districts. 1975 Irish Times 30 May 14/8 Foir Teoranta, the State ‘rescue company, has exercised its right to appoint its nominee. 1973 G. Moffat Lady with Cool Eye vi. 70 As ‘rescue co-ordinator.. shouldn’t you know who’s operating in your area? 1977 N.Z. Herald 5 Jan. i-i/i The fishermen fastened the rope to a bollard and fitted a ‘rescue cradle to run along the rope to the comparative safety of the rocks. 1^72 Police Rev. loNov. 1444/1 Fluorescent pigments.. put to good practical effect in painting ‘rescue dinghies. 1921 Diet. Occup. Terms (1927) §47 *Rescue man, a member of colliepf rescue team, called upon in cases of fire, explosions, etc., in mine to go underground in an attempt to rescue workers. 1940 New Statesman 9 Nov. 465/1 The rescue men had blue overalls and white steel helmets. 1977 R.A.F. News 11-24 May 2/5 Peter Pitcher rang up his 200th ‘rescue mission when he joined in a flight to pick up three boys from .. a mudbank in the Mersey, i960 Council Brit. Archaeol. Rep. X. 41 While excavations as such are excluded from this Report it is difficult to omit all reference to the ‘rescueoperations which must follow when attempts to preserve a site have failed. 1975 Country Life 3 Apr. 825/1 [Augustus] John himself despised the idea of a ‘rescue operation’, as he called it, where his reputation was concerned. 1892 Zangwill Bow Mystery 153 Somehow he had become the leader of the ‘rescue party. 1937 Ann. Reg. iggb 17 At the same time local authorities were advised to organise rescue parties of six or eight men each for action after air attack. 1897 Daily News 6 July 5/3 There were ‘rescue races, more diving, ..and water polo. 1976 Northumberland Gaz. 26 Nov., Bill Hardcastle opened the ‘rescue service’s first harbour fete. 1941 Sun (Baltimore) 12 Aug. iqjz Officials of the Cambridge Shipbuilders, Inc., today pushed plans for eight more ‘rescue ships to be built for the quartermaster 1944 M, Horton Let. 1 Mty. in Schofield & Martyn Rescue Ships (1968) viii. 136 The introduction and work of Rescue Ships during phases of the Battle of the Atlantic when the U-boats were on the offensive did a tremendous lot towards maintaining the high morale of the Merchant Navy, a 1802 Jamie Telfer xlix. in Child Ballads IV. 8/2 He has paid the ‘rescue-shot, Baith wi gowd and white monie. 1954 ‘M. Cost’ Invitation from Minerva 176 He headed the ‘Rescue Squad, saw the German shepherd dogs drawn up, the blazing torches. 1973 N.Y. Law Jrnl. 2 Aug. 13/5 The defendant.. was taken to the hospital. This was done by a rescue squad. 1979 Arizona Daily Star i Apr. (Advt. Section) r/i Memorials may be made to the Gila County Sheriffs Dept. Rescue Squad. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 2 Apr. 7/2 A well-equipped ‘rescue-station and experimental gallery, established by the leading Lancashire coalowners, was opened to-day. 1976 Cumberland News 3 Dec. 11/6 Rescue station, Derwentwater Boat Club, Portinscale, Peter Fry R^escue Trust. 1956 M. Stewart Wildfire at Midnight ix. 79 The night had been black and wild... Bill Persimmon had telephoned for the local ‘rescue team. 1973 Guardian 13 Apr. 24/5 At 11.29, the rescue teams were alerted. 1980 G. Greene Dr. Fischer xiii. 88 By the time I reached the ski-lift the rescue team was already on the way up. 1977 N.Z. Herald 5 Jan. i -3/2 The two lifesavers on the helicopter, Mr. M. Lawson and Mr. T. Radonich, jumped into the water with a ‘rescue tube, which was used to fly Mr. Stewart back home. 1946 R. J. C. Atkinson Field Archaeol. ii. 67 On •rescue-work sites, where the archaeological material is in any case eventually to be destroyed, the question of restoration does not arise. 1962 D. Lessing Golden Notebk. III. 402 The pleasure of recognition, of a bit of rescue-work, so to speak, rescuing the formless into form.

RESCUE b. Directed to, aiming at, the raising of fallen or degraded women, as rescue home^ shelter^ society, work, worker, etc. 1890 W. Booth In Darkest England i. vi. 51 The records of our *Rescue Homes abound with life-stories.. which prove.. the existence of numbers of innocent victims. 1894 Daily News 13 Sept. 2/6 Offshoots of the first rescue home have been planted in many directions. 1927 E. C. Trenholme Rescue Work iii. 21 It was through this venture failing that one of them came into a rescue home. 1981 C. Scott Heavenly Witch ix. 136 At Nimes the first rescue home was opened, the start of a chain of rescue homes. 1889 L. Ridding Woman's League 12 An Industrial Training Home, Temperance Work, a *Rescue Shelter.. these various efforts are inspired by the starting of the League. 1869 (title) Licensing prostitution; reprinted (with permission) from the Report for 1869 of the ‘Rescue Society, London. 1981 F. K. Prochaska Women & Philanthropy vi. 188 The dramatic growth in rescue societies and Magdalene homes. 1884 H. Brown Is it Nothing to You? iv. 87 The objects of this society are to promote—(i) Purity among men. (2) A chivalrous respect for womanhood. (3) The preservation of the young from contamination. (4) ‘Rescue work. 1896 Mrs. Caffyn Quaker Grandmother 297, I hope you enjoyed your first taste of—rescue-work—that’s the word, isn’t it? 1911 G. B. Shaw Doctor's Dilemma p. Ixxvi, The morbid interest in misery and vice which turns some others to philanthropy and ‘rescue work’. 1977 Rowbotham & Weeks Socialism & New Life 13 This tendency was reinforced by rescue work and the moral shock with which the middle-class reformers encountered, amidst poverty and overcrowding, the complexities and ambiguities of working-class family patterns. 1898 Times 16 Dec 7/6 During the year 218 women and girls have been dealt with by our lady ‘rescue worker. 1930 G. B. Shaw Wks. VII. 180 The only logical conclusion apparent is that the White Slave traffickers are in complete control of our picture theatres, and can close them to our Rescue workers as effectively as they can reserve them for advertisements of their own trade.

c. Special Combs., as rescue archaeology, emergency excavation of archaeological sites in the face of projected building or road development; hence rescue archaeologist; similarly rescue dig, excavation', rescue bid Bridge, a bid made to rescue one’s partner from what seems a difficult position, as when his or her bid has been doubled; rescue breathing, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; rescue circle Spiritualism (see quot. 1961); rescue mission U.S.,a mission established to help those in need of moral or spiritual rehabilitation; rescue opera, an opera, often based on real events, in which the hero or heroine is rescued after great tribulations. 1969 I. N. Hume Historical Archaeol. ii. 43 There are no rules that exist specifically to guide ‘rescue archaeologists. 1972 Rescue News Autumn i/i For some years rescue archaeologists have been worried that the finds from the increasing number of emergency excavations are not receiving proper treatment. [1966 Council Brit. Archaeol. Rep. XVI. 51 The ‘rescue’ aspect of archaeology has nowadays become particularly important.] 19^ I. N. Hume Historical Archaeol. ii. 43 The only recourse is to resort to what is euphemistically known as *rescue archaeology... Rescue archaeology occurs when time has almost run out. 1978 Sci. Amer. Jan. iii An international campaign of rescue archaeology at the ruined city. 1913 F. Irwin Auction High Lights 261 The forcing-bids, the doubles and redoubles, the ‘‘rescue’-bids had just this result, that A’s hand brought him 604 instead of 299. 1973 Times 10 Nov. 10/5 He had been invited to partner a beginner who had no suspicion of the dangers.. from uninvited rescue bids. 1961 Sunday Times 17 Sept. 4/5 Scandinavian countries have a long lead on Britain in training in ‘‘rescue breathing’. 1968 W. Warwick Surfriding in N.Z. 18/2 Attempt rescue breathing as soon as you can reach the victim’s face. 1921 A. Conan Doyle Wanderings of Spiritualist iv. 93 He has run a ‘rescue circle for the instruction of the lower spirits who are so material that they can be reached more easily by humanity than by the higher angels. 1961 R. Crookall Supreme Adventure iii. i. 105 At ‘Rescue Circles’ where ‘earthbound’ men (who have shed the Physical Body without being aware of the fact, and whose Soul Body is still enveiled by the vehicle of vitality) are made to realise their condition—that they have ‘died’. 1973 Light Spring 10 Visitors, or clients, of a rescue circle are more demanding. 1962 Daily Tel. 9 July 10/2 ‘‘Rescue digs’ of this kind have now become one of the principal antiquarian activities of the Ministry of Works. 1957 G. Clark & Society{td. 3) ii. 57 ‘Rescue-excavations, organized in Britain by the Ministry of Works, when known ancient monuments had to be flattened. 1902 S. H. Hadley Down in Water St. ii. 39 The first ‘Rescue Mission in the world.. was started by Jerry McAuley, October 8, 1872, at 316 Water Street, New York. 1912 P. I. Roberts Dry Dock of Thousand Wrecks vi. 93 He has displayed all along the earmarks of a rescue mission worker. 1972 National Observer (U.S.) 27 May 7/5 The camp’s food.. was below rescue-mission fare. 1943 A. Loewenberg Ann. Opera i$gy-ig40 280 Dalayrac: Leheman ou La Tour de Newstadt... More successful in Germany where it was one of the favourite ‘‘rescue operas’ of that period. 1959 Listener 25 June 1128/2 Les deux Journees (1800) and Fidelio (first version 1805) have a great many features in common: their theme (‘rescue opera’), its source in an actual event.

rescue (’reskju:), v. Forms: 4-7 rescow(e, 4 -coue, 5 -cove, 5 -chow(e, -kowe; 4-6 reskew(e, (5 -chew), 5-7 rescew(e; 4 reseuwe, 4- rescue, (7 reskue). [a. OF. rescou-, reskeu-, etc., stem of rescoure, -cure, -keure, -corre, etc. (F. recourre).

RESE

691

=

It. riscuotere:—Rom. type *reex-cutere: see

RE- and Excuss v.]

1. a. trans. To deliver (a person) from the attack of, or out of the hands of, assailants or enemies. 13.. Guy Warw. (A.) 2031 With that com his folk prikeinde And her lord reseuweth there. 13.. Coer de L. 4002 Prove we thys toun to wynne. Rescue thys folk that be withinne. C I350 Will. Palerne 1226 J?e 3ong kene kniBtes.. rescuede him rediliche for rinkes |?at him ladden. c 1400 Destr. Troy 6838 Let vs reskew the Renke, refe hym his fos! ri500 Lancelot 2701 Sir gawan thar reskewit he of fors, Magre his fois, and haith hyme set one hors. 1533 Bellenden Livy ii. vii. (S.T.S.) I. 153 Of pe remanent plegeis be hir reskewit he tuke litill force, a 1548 Hall Chron.y Edw. IV 190 She made hym capitain of Alnewike Castle, whiche he with his freshe men kept till thei wer rescowed. 1643 Whitelock Mem. (1853) h 248 He took.. marw horse and arms, and rescued all their prisoners. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. (Globe) 256, I wish’d .. that I had any way to have come undiscover’d within shot of them, that I might have rescu’d the three Men. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xvi, How thou wilt rescue her afterwards from the clutches of BoisGuilbert seems considerably more doubtful. 1934 G. B. Shaw Too True to be Good iii. 95 You were sent out here to rescue my daughter from these dreadful brigands. 1969 I. & P. Opie Children's Games iv. 163 Here the seeker is at almost greater disadvantage than in ‘Buzz OfF, for a hider can rescue a prisoner merely by getting in sight of the den.

b. To liberate by unlawful force from legal custody. Also in fig. context. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 143 Had not Damain D’Aguiar.. had the charge thereof,.. there was so great a concourse of people..that the offender had been easily rescued. 1680 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 55 Two Jesuits goeii^ to prison..were rescued and taken quit away out of the officers nands. a 1703 Burkitt On N.T. Luke vii. 17 The Lord of life arrests the Serjeant death, and rescues the prisoner out of his hand. *7^ Junius Lett, xxx, They.. rescue the general, and drive away the sheriff’s officers. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, iii, When .. Wilson.. had arrived at the scaffold.., there appeared no signs of that attempt to rescue him.

2. a. To deliver (a castle, town, etc.) from siege. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 275 To pe. Baliol suld pei send, per Castelle to rescue. 1375 Barbour Bruce xi. 67 Gif our fayis assay To reskew Strewilling. 1435 in Wars Eng. in France (Rolls) II. 584 A casteL.that myghte be hastelie rescowed. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccl. 320 The duke of gloucestre wente ouer the see to Caleys mr to rescue the toune. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 54 After he recovereth Wireiburge and reskeweth the castel beseged. 1591 Shaks. I Hen. VI, i. vi. 2 Rescu’d is Orleance from the English Wolves.

b. To recover, take back by force. c 1450 Merlin 586 Thei were com oute to hem to bateile for to rescowe the pray. 1568-9 Act ii Eliz. in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 328 Until he or they pay to the..seyser of the said hogges.. the value and price of the swine so rescowed. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. iv. 39 But th’ Elfin knight,..him rencountring fierce, reskewd the noble pray. 1628 Coke On Litt. i6ob, If the Tenant rescue the distres [etc.]. 1643 Whitelock Mem. (1853) I. 239 The Scots took Coquet Island.., and rescued and restored to the owners a great herd of cattle taken away by the king’s forces. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 12 They may be rescued by the owner, in case the distress was t^en without cause. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 569 There is no rule prescribed by the law of England in the case of foreign property rescued.

3. To deliver or save (a person or thing) from some evil or harm. Also freq. without const. spec, in Bridge, to make a rescue bid (see rescue sb, 3 c); also absol. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5255 While pat y haue.. myght.. pat hym for dep [v.r. fro dede] y may reseuwe. C1374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 808 (857) Whan a chaumber a-fyr is,.. Wei more nede is, it sodeynly rescowe Than to dispute. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 64 As he al one alle othre myhte Rescoue with his holy bede. C1450 Holland Howlat 433 To the Dowglas that sen3e was send,.. all Scotland fra scaith to reskewe. 1483 Caxton Cato Avij, He supposed that it had be his wyf and fayne wold haue rescued hir. c 1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xiii. 42 Gif 3e knew my mynd as it is plicht, 3e wald.. me reskew. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xii. (1887) 61 Whether ye meane to reskew the patient from the headache. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 29 Which set accidentally on fire, Lucius Metellus.. did rescue with the loss of his eyes. 1678 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 52 They saw a man drownding, and she made her boat make up to rescue him. 1718 Free-thinker No. 65. 70 It..is sufficient to rescue Mankind from Tyranny and Oppression. 1791 Cowper Yardley Oak 58 Thou.. art become (Unless verse rescue thee awhile) a thing Forgotten. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 376 Some accident might interpose To rescue him from what is now most sure. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §7. 99 England was rescued from this chaos of misrule by the efforts of the Church. 1921 F. Irwin Compl. Auction Player x. 133 It is seldom wise to attempt to ‘rescue’ your partner from a double. 1958 Listener 13 Nov. 805/3 In a match-pointed pairs contest I might consider rescuing to Two Clubs.

4. refl. respect.

To save or deliver (oneself) in some

C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8878 (Petyt MS.), How pei were raised pei had wondere,.. With pat worde pei pam rescued, pei ne wist how pei suld [be] remued. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 4 The knihtli David him ne mihte Rescoue, that he with the sihte Of Bersabee ne was bestad. c 1460 Sir R. Ros La Belle Dame gi pat in noo vtyse I couthe my selfe rescow. But nede I must cum In, and se pe fest. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 71 Men at the firste were faine to rescue them selues in iourneying, by setting thereon. 1610 Bp. Carleton Jurisd. 27 That he appealed from the high Priest, reskuing himselfe from his iudgement,. . is euident. 1775 Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 9 The traders of Birmingham have rescued themselves.

5. absol. To afford deliverance or safety, rare.

1390 Gower Conf. II. 195 Riht so no lawe mai rescowe Fro him that wol no riht allowe. c 1500 Lancelot 517 Thar is no thing sal sucour nor reskew. Your worldly honore nedis most adew. 1611 Bible Dan. vi. 27 He deliuereth and rescueth. a 1700 Dryden (J.), Riches cannot rescue from the grave. Which claims alike the monarch and the slave.

rescued ('reskjuid), ppl. a.

[f. prec. +-ed^] Saved, delivered, liberated. Also absol.

1667 Milton P.L. xii. 199 The Sea. .Aw’d by the rod of Moses so to stand Divided, till his rescu’d gain thir shoar. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 246 As soon as I had secur’d my two weak rescued Prisoners. 1781 C. Johnston Hist.J. Juniper II. 202 Then turning to the rescued guest, [he] invited him politely to breakfast. 1814 Southey Carmen Triumph, xiv. Raise now the song of joy for rescued Spa.in! 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1875) HI* xiv. 364 To enjoy the congratulations of a rescued people.

rescuee (reskjui'i:). [f. rescue v. + -eeL] One who is rescued. 1950 O. Nash Family Reunion (1951) i. 32 In case of fire, no hero he; Merely a humble rescuee. 1954 1. Murdoch Under Net xii. 171 The simultaneous sight of so many eligible rescuees was too much for him. 1979 C. Kilian Icequake v. 75, I don’t feel much like a rescuer just now. Much rather be a rescuee.

'rescueless, a. rare-^. [f. rescue ^6. + -less.] Without rescue. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. ii. xii. He topled ore his side The Monstrous King, that resculesse to flying people cride.

rescuer ('rEskju:3(r)). [f. rescued. + -er^.] One who rescues. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 114 This is the man we traist this tyme salbe The haill reskewar of oure libertie. 1553 Act I Mary Sess. ii. c. 3 §7 The said Rescuers and Disturbers shall suffer like Imprisonment. 1614 Bp. Andrewes Serm. (1841) IV. 79 The rescuer and the revenger of David. 1665 Pepys Diary 5 Aug., Colonel Danvers.. was rescued from the captain of the guard, and carried away; one only of the rescuers being t^en. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xvii. 200 Nearly all our party, as well the rescuers as the rescued, were tossing in their sick bunks. 1884 Manch. Exam. 16 July 5/2 The rescuer was a volunteer.

rescuing ('reskjuni]), vhl. sb. -ing'.] help.

[f. as prec. + The action of the verb; deliverance,

1375 Barbour Bruce v. 419 He na hop had of reskewing. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 731 He delitith him.. nat in the rescowynge ne releeuynge of his euene cristene. 1545 (title) The Rescuynge of the Romishe fox. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) I. 20 The crusades, the rescuing of holy lands, and such devout gallantrys are in less request than formerly. 1867 A. J. E. Wilson St. Elmo viii. loi If it be Thy will, make her the instrument of rescuing.

'rescuing, ppl. a. [-ing^.] That rescues. 1880 Daily News 17 Sept. 5/2 The rescuing girl was nearly as much exhausted as the rescued. 1893 Athenseum 4 Nov. 631/3 The vessels.. are drawn with., just feeling for the buoyancy of the rescuing craft.

rescu'ssee. Law. rare—°. [f. rescus rescous v. + -EE*.] ‘The party in whose favour the rescue is made’ (Crabb, 1823).

'rescusser. Law. rare. Also 8-9 -or. [f. as prec. + -ER*, -OR.] One who makes a rescue. 1632 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 130 He is charged.. for suinge the rescussers, and for suing the Sheriffes bondes of appearance upon some of them. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Rescussor, is he that commits such a Rescous.

reseyve, obs. form of receive

v.

resdue, obs. form of residue. frese, sb. Obs. Forms; i, 3 raes, (i hrses), 3-5 res(e, 3, 5 rease, 4 ras), 4-6 resse, rees(e, 5 reess, reys, 6 reece). [OE. ris masc. = ON. rds fern, (whence race sb.^), MLG. rds current:—OTeut. *raes-, of uncertain relationship. In ME. chiefly a poetic word (very common in the 14th c.), used with considerable laxity of meaning.] 1. A rush or run; a swiff course or rapid onward movement; the act of running or moving rapidly or impetuously. 0900 Cynewulf Crist 727 Waes se )>ridda hlyp, Rodorcyninges raes, pA he on rode astaj. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. viii. 32 Mid hrges ge-eade all suner.. in sae.-Luke viii. 23 Ofduna asta; hraes windes on luh. c 1000 i^LFRic Horn. II. 514 He het hwilon 5a hundas aetstandan, pQ urnon on 6am raese, deorum jetenge. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 873 Lyk flodez fele laden, runnen on resse. 1340-70 Alisaunder 1189 The steede straught on his gate & stired hym under. And wrought no wod res but his waye holdes. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. i. (Tollem. MS.), Also J?e rees of pt see is let with multitude of grauell and sonde. C1420 Anturs of Arth. 112 He rayked oute at a res, for he was neuer rad. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 256b/2 The deuylle cam wyth a grete Rese to the place.

b. The act of running or rushing against or upon others; a rush in (or to) battle; an onset, assault, attack, sally. [Beowulf 22 $1 Sy66an seata cyning gu6e-raesum swealt.] c 1000 /Elfric Exod. 329 )?raca waes on ore,.. beadumaejnes raes, ..l>®r Judas for. C1205 Lay. 21367, I )?an uormeste raese fulle fif hundred, c 1325 Poem Times Edw. 7/248 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 334 Hii sholde gon to the Holi Lond and maken there her res. CI330 Arth. fe? Merl. 7152 (Kolbing), He bihinde to ben bi cas, To susten pt paiems ras. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 348 I>ere Edward dwelled al a 3ere wi]? oute eny reese of enemyes. 1425 Rolls of Park. IV.

RESE 298/1 By ye Rees of a Spaynell, yere was on a nyght taken.. a man. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vn. 646 Certayne knyghtes.. dyuerse and sondry tymes brake out by sodeyne resys, and skyrmysshed with the lordes people.

2. in (or on) a rese: a. In a rush or run; hence, in haste (to get from one place to another). a 1300 Cursor M. 6550 Quen pai war war o moyses pai fled a-wai, als [v.r. al] in a res. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1782 J?enne ran pay in on a res, on rowtes ful grete. 13.. Gaw. & Gr. K?it. 1164 Rachches in a res radly hem fol3es. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 322 (350) For wo he nyste what he mente, But yn a res to Troylus he wente. 01400-50 Alexander 2979 pai russhyn vp in a reys, rynnyn into chaumbres. ^1460 Towneley Myst. iv. 255, I wille ryn on a res, And slo hym here, right as he lyse.

b. In a hurry, in haste (to do something). So with.. rese. a 1300 Cursor M. 25433 poi adam rap him in a res .. vs all for to spill. C1330 Arth. & Merl. 3990 (Kolbing), King Nanters, king Lot, king Karodas, )?is men armed wi|? gret ras. 01400-50 Alexander 1996 He pam redis in a rese & reches to pe sedis.

3. Action proceeding from sudden or violent impulse; wantonness, recklessness, rashness. 01250 Oml & Night. S12 Hit nys for luue noj^eles, Ac is peos cherles wode res. o 1310 in Wright Lyric P. xxxvi. 100 Unbold icham to bidde the bote, Swythe unreken ys my rees. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 169 To maynten pt pes, J?e foies forto felle, paX. rise wild in res. 1413 26 Pol. Poems 50 God sende vs pes! )7erto eche man be boun: To letten fooles of here res [etc.].

b. to rue one's rese, to repent of an act or course of action. Cf. race sb.^ i b. a 1300 Cursor M. 4325 Reu his res l?an sal he sare. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 237 pt Walssh wer alle day slayn, now rewes pam ptr res. a 1375 Joseph Arim. 491 He arayes his riche men.. pat porw him reowen no res, pat his red wrou3ten. ^1400 Song Roland 370 Thoughe Roulond rew pat rese. ^1420 Avow. Arth. xxii, 3ette Menealfe, or the mydny3te, Him ruet alle his rees.

c. Hot or hasty temper; impatience, anger. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4815 pt kyng was of so felon rees, He ne wolde here of preyere ne pes. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 99 Emila.. wolde nou3t diffame here lord.. by wymmen rees and anger, c 1400 Gamelyn loi Than bispak his brother that rape was of rees.

d. Natural impulse to something, rare-^. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. vii. (Bodl. MS.), [The sick man] lipt vpright and if he yturned is for a tyme to ligge on his side, bi his owne rees he tumep hym silfe efte and lij?e vpright.

4. A sudden or violent impulse; a fit or paroxysm; an attack of distraction or frenzy. C1275 Luue Ron 10 in O.E. Misc. 93 J?is worldes luue nys bute o res.. vikel & frakel & wok and les. c 1350 Will. Palerne 439, I mase al marred for mournyng nei3h hondes, but redeliche in pat res pt recuuerere pat me falles [etc.]. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 149 Lucrecius.. wroot som bokes bytwene pt reses of his woodnesse. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 3 Halfdrunke in such a res With dreie mouth he sterte him uppe. ri400 Arth. & Merl. 820 (Kolbing), J>eo hore start vp in a res And.. Smot hire in pt visage.

b. A rash or violent act. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 267 To while pise Cardinals trauaild for pt pes. Here of a wikhals how he bigan a res. C1400 Gamelyn 547 Gamelyn and Adam haden doon a sory rees, Bounden and y-wounded men ayein the kinges pees.

5. A short space or point of time, a moment. a 1300 Cursor M. 8878 (Cott.), Vte o pat tre it brast a blese pat brent pam al wit-in a rese. c 1370 Clene Maydenhod 26 For monnes loue 3if pou beo-holde Hit lastep but a luytel res. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xxii. 62 Make rowme in this rese I byd you, belyfe. Ibid, xxiii. 481 Thou shall haue drynke within a resse.

frese, v.'- Obs. Forms: i raesan, 3 raesen, 3-5 rese, 4 reese (? rise). [OE. rxsan = ON. rasa to rush, MDu. razen (Du. razen), MLG. rasen (G. rasen) to rage, storm, f. the stem *r&s--. see prec.] 1. intr. To rush on or upon a person, etc.; to make a rush, attack, or assault on one. Beowulf 26^1 Fyr-draca.. rsesde onSone rofan. 0900 O.E. Martyrol. 21 Jan. 28 pets burhserefan sunu wolde rsesan on hi..& hi bysmrian. 971 Blickling Horn. 181 pa faeringa coman paer hundas forp.. & raesdon on pone apostol. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 477 It semede as pey3 sche schulde have i-resed on pe rebel kyng. 1398-Barth. De P.R. XII. Introd. (Tollem. MS.), Som [birds] takep here pray fleyinge in pe eyer, and reesep neuer up on pray on pe grounde. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 377 No beest nor bridde cruwell shuld neuer on man hafe resed. transf. c 1400 Melayne 1305 The Bischoppe es so woundede that tyde With a spere.. That one his ribbis gan rese.

b. So with to. C1205 Lay. 1679 iEldai heo raemden & resden to pan castle. C1275 Ibid. 6496 pat deor vp astod and resde to pan stede. C1400 Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) App. H. 55 O dur.. resede to pe folc & slou ham in o stunde.

2. To make a rush or run; to spring or start. C1205 Lay. 1004 pt riche haueS muchel rum to raesen biforen pan wrecchan. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 231 pan Marcus resede too, and.. kau3te hym wip his honde. Ibid. 111. 211 pe ny3t to fore his deth his chambre wyndowes were so griselich.. i-oponed, pat lulius resede out of his bedde. 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. xviii. xliv. 806 The elyphaunt hath large eeres.. and reesyth and smyteth therwyth ful sore whan he is wrathe.

3. To show excitement; to rage. 01225 Ancr. R. 326 Ure Louerd weop.. and grisbatede, and meingde his blod \var. & resede & mengde him seluen]. Ipomydon 1831 (Kolbing), He sterte up in a brayde And bygan for to rese, As he wold take hyr by the nese.

C1440

RESEARCH

692

frese, v.'^ Obs. Forms: i hrisian, hrysian, 2 hresien, 3 risien, 3-4 rusien, 4 resye, rese, [OE. hrisian = OS. hrisian to shake, tremble. Goth. -hrisjan to shake. The phonology of the Eng. forms is not quite clear.] 1. trans. To shake; to cause to shake or tremble. Also absoL C825 Vesp. Psalter cviii. 25 [Hia] gesejun mec & hrisedon heafud heara. ciooo Ags. Ps. (Spelman) xxviii. 7 Stefn drihtnes hrysiendis westen. 13.. SirBeues{A.) 1818 Whan he com of pat wilde brok, His gode stede him resede & schok. 1340 Ayenb. 116 pervore bit sainte Pawel his deciples pet hi by yzet ase tours yroted ase trawes ine love, zuo pet non vondinge him ne mo3e resye [printed refye] ne rocky. 1377 Langl. P. PL XVI. 78, I had reuth whan Piers rogged [i?. pat Piers rused (st. the tree)], it gradde so reufully.

2. intr. To shake, in various senses. Beowulf 226 Wedera leode on wang stigon, saewudu sasldon, syrcan hrysedon. a 1000 Andreas 127 (Gr.) HaeSne hildfrecan heapum prungon, guCsearo gullon, garas hrysedon. cii6o Hatton Gosp. Mark i. 30 SoSlice pa saet symones sweger hresijende [earlier MSS. hriSijende]. c 1205 Lay. 18868 Scullen stan walles biuoren him to-fallen. Beomes scullen rusien. Ibid. 26917 pa riden Rom-leoden, riseden burnen [C1275 rusede wepne]. 1340 Ayenb. 23 pe grete wynd.. pe greate helles makep to resye. c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1128 Ther-out cam a rage and such a vese. That it made al the gates for to rese.

rese,

obs. form of raise v.

rese,

late variant of reose, to fall.

Obs.

re'seal (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To seal again. Hence re'sealing vbl. sb.

a 1700 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 77 The Faithful.. Re-seal’d for Bliss with the Triunal Name. 1820 Scott Abbot xxxiii, ‘Let Auchtermuchty carry this packet’ (which he had resealed with his own signet) ‘to my father’. 1884 Pall Mall G. 10 June 10/2 Judge Warren ordered the resealing of the probate. 1884 Manch. Exam. 26 Nov. 4/6 His letters .. were found opened and officially re-sealed.

reseant, variant

of resiant Obs.

research (n'saitj, ‘riisanj), sb.^

Also 7 -serch. [ad. obs. F. recerche (1539; mod.F. recherche): see re- and search sb.] 1. The act of searching (closely or carefully) for or after a specified thing or person. 1577 F. de Lisle's Legendarie Givb, Being deliuered of that which they most feared, which was the researche for the Princes imprisonment. 1794 Godwin Cal. Williams 210, I carefully avoided the habitation.. lest it should.. furnish a clue to the researches of my pursuers. 1799 Sickelmore Agnes & Leonora H. 190 His father..was making every possible research after us. 1827 Disraeli Viv. Grey vi. hi, Fortune has not favoured me.. in my researches after a bed. 1847 C. Brontey. Eyre xxxiii. She had left Thomfield Hall in the night; every research after her course had been vain. 1889 Nature 19 Sept. 493/2 Constant explorations are being carried out.. chiefly in researches after gold and other precious metals.

2. a. A search or investigation directed to the discovery of some fact by careful consideration or study of a subject; a course of critical or scientific inquiry. (Usu. in pL) (21639 WoTTON Surv. Educ. in Reliq. (1672) 85 There must go before a main research, whether the Child that I am to manage, be of a good nature or no. 1675 L. Addison Pres. St. Jews 237 Waving all Critical reserches into the word Talmud. 1728 Young Love Fame vi. 413 Ye men of deep researches, say, whence springs This daring character, in tim’rous things? 1752 Hume Ess. ^ Treat. (1777) II. 9 These researches may appear painful and fatiguing. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 290 Our most profound researches are frequently nothing better than guessing at the causes of the phenomena. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, III. lii. 26 Such ambiguous facts.. often baffle the researches of the historian. 1850 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. i. 12 Cuvier was usually engaged for seven hours daily in his scientific researches. 1870 Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 5 Fresh necessities have led continually to fresh researches.

b. Without article: Investigation, inquiry into things. Also, as a quality of persons, habitude of carrying out such investigation. 1694 W. Holder Princ. Harmony Introd., The Matter lies deep in Nature and requires much Research into Natural Philosophy to unfold it. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 208 Men of deep research.. should just be put in mind, not to mistake what they are doing. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. Acc. Author (1849) 19 He found Mr. Cook a man.. of great literary research, and a curious collector of books. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 30 A writer of painstaking research, who goes, .to original and documentary authorities. 1892 Photogr. Ann. H. 161 Spectrum photography for the purposes of photographic research.

c. research knee-jerk, a knee-jerk requiring special means to elicit it. jSgg Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 521 Sternberg.. found that the research knee-jerk is hardly ever., really absent in healthy people.

3. Investigation or pursuit of a subject, rare. 1701 Norris Ideal World i. vii. 396 A thing.. happily performed in that admirable one the Research of Truth. 1759 Dilworth Pope 53 His thoughts being quite weaned from Parnassus to the research of truth.

4. Mus. (See quot.) rare-^. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. [from the Diet, de Trevoux], Research, in music, is a kind of prelude or voluntary.. wherein the composer seems to search or look out for the strains and touches of harmony, which he is to use in the regular piece to be played afterwards. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms.

i

5. attrib. and Comb., as research assistant, building, bureau, council, degree, department, doctorate, fellow, fellowship, grant, lab, laboratory, library, officer, personnel, post, programme, project, room, scholarship, station, student, unit, vessel, work, worker, research^minded adj.; research and develop¬ ment, in an industrial context, work directed on a large scale towards the innovation, intro¬ duction, and improvement of products and processes; freq. as attrib. phr.\ abbrev. R and D s.v. R II. 2 a. 1923 Industr. Engin. Chem. (News ed.) 20 Jan. lo/i (Advt.), Professorship or assistant professorship in first class college or university desired by chemist, Ph.D., with seven years’ experience in university teaching and six years’ practical experience in •research and development work. 1935 Chem. & Engin. News 10 Jan. 15/1 Arthur R. Hitch has resigned from the Ethyl Gasoline Corp. to accept the position of director of research and development with the Nelio-Resin Corp. and the Southern Pine Chemical Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 1946 Happy Landings July (verso front cover). It is the latter type of accidents.. with which the research and development branches of M.S.A.P. is hiV] primarily concerned. 1968 J. Sangster Touchfeatherxv. 182 Research and development is a notoriously difficult thing to budget for. 1979 Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. 84/5 The research-and-development costs of a new product, when funded by government, artificially reduce the price of the product. 1914 Leeds Univ. Tenth Rep., igi2-i3 41 Two •Research Assistants in Botany. 1977 D. MacKenzie Raven & Kamikaze xi. 128 I’ve been a senior research assistant for three and a half years. 1934 H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. ix. 815 It is the least grandiose and most practicable group of *research buildings in the world. 1925 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 404/1 The trade-union congress decided to open an ‘official’ *research bureau of its own. 1934 Amer. Speech IX. 113/1 Traffic counts are made by men from the research bureau of a tourist organization. 1920 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 Mar. 447/2 The Committee will come to life again as the Medical •Research Council and will act under the direction of a Committee of the Privy Council. 1971 Nature 5 Mar. 23/1 Rather more than £100 million are spent through the research councils. 1903 Encycl. Brit. XXXV. 788/1 •Research degrees, i960 Eells & Haswell Academic Degrees ii. 27 Second in importance as a research degree and much more recent is the Doctor of Education. 1920 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism II. xiv. 290 The Fabians have long felt the need for a special •research department. 1964 Research department [see experiment station s.v. experiment sb. 7]. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 397/1 The B.Lit. and B.Sc. (founded in 1895, and completed in 1900 by the institution of •research doctorates), have attracted graduates from., other countries. 1899 *Research fellow [see fellow sb. 7 a]. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. H. 387 There are two broad classes of research fellow in the colleges. 1921 Leeds Univ. Sixteenth Rep., igig-20 76 Mr. T. Hanby resigned the Gas •Research Fellowship. 1946 [see grant-in-aid]. 1971 Daily Tel. 16 June 10/3 An IBM Research Fellowship has been awarded at Oxford University to Mr. M. R. Topp. 1930 Univ. Sheffield Ann. Rep., igzg-jo 37 Mrs. May Mellanby.. has been appointed a member of the •Research Grants’ Committee. 1940 H. G. Wells Babes in Darkling Wood II. ii. 150 His income, derived from research grants, scientific writing, a small parcel of investments and gifts from his brother, was precarious. 1949 Spectator 18 Nov. 665/1 What the subject really needs.. is field-workers and a research grant. 1980 M. Booth Bad Track iv. 77 Thank God for research grants. 1973 D. Francis Slay Ride xiii. 162 It’s a •research lab job. 1914 Leeds Univ. Tenth Rep., igi2-i3 43 A considerable sum of money was raised by public subscription for the establishment of an International •Research Laboratory. 1922 Sci. Amer. Aug. 100 Long before so-called industrial research laboratories were established in any country, there existed a very thorough international cooperation in scientific research. 1957 C. Smith Case of Torches xi. 130 How often do you send reports to the Research Laboratories? 1962 Y. Malkiel in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 3 Numerous *research-library catalogues make it a point to distinguish between mono-, bi-, tri-lingual and polyglot dictionaries. 1978 Amer. N. ^ Q. XVI. 141/1 During the 1950s a familiar sight at the loading dock of research libraries was the van of Hacker Art Books. 1959 Times 27 Apr. (Rubber Industry Suppl.) p. xii/7 •Research-minded graduates with high academic qualifications .. have excellent opportunities with some of the larger companies. 1971 Halsey & Trow Brit. Academics xii. 291 There are more research-minded lecturers than senior lecturers. 1914 Oxf. Univ. Calendar igi5 74 •Research Officer in Diseases of Trees. 1972 Classification of Occupations (Dept. Employment) II. 47/2 Other titles include Research officer (Foreign and Commonwealth office). 1939 R. V. Jones Most Secret War (1978) ix. 73 The only method of dealing with the former is direct espionage, or the observation of indiscretions by •research personnel concerned. 1972 Lebende Sprachen XVII. 47/1 Research personnel, Forschungspersonal. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. II. 252 Included as full-time are all those with a university and/or college teaching or •research post. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. June 514 {caption) The Rukuhia Soil Research Station (Hamilton).. carries out a *research programme in soil physics. 1958 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XLH. 701 Some years ago the Field Research Laboratory of the Magnolia Petroleum Company began a Recent sediments research program in the Gulf of Mexico. 1977 Set. Amer. Dec. 15/1 He now..carries on a research program in the behavioral ecology of ants. 1949 Radio Times 15 July 23/2 Mrs. Proudfoot is engaged on a •research project for Nuffield College. 1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics ig76 XXI. 196 Throughout a good part of his career he has been associated, directly or indirectly, with research projects concerned with the description of corpora of recorded language. 1922 Leeds Univ. Seventeenth Rep., ig20-2i 75 Honour Students now have the advantage of a separate laboratory, one of the old •Research Rooms having been specially equipped for the purpose. 1933 [see carrel(l b]. 1949 J. Routh in Granta (Christmas ed.) 43/2 Then he takes them to the research room where the research workers

RESEARCH t^e down their case histories. 1907 G. B. Shaw Let. 21 Mar. (1972) II. 675 Can’t you get a •research scholarship, travel for a year or so on that? 1937 Grants 3 Feb. 218/2 Un graduating he was awarded the Earl of Derby Research bchol^ship in History. 19x7 Rep. Fuel Research Board 10 1 he Research Station, as planned, will be capable of any extensions which will be required for future researches. 1974 E. Ferrars’ Hanged Man's House v. 42 A lot of scientists in a research station. 1924 Univ. Sheffield Ann. 36 There were 8 Post-Graduate ‘Research btudents in the Session 1923-24. 1934 H. G. Wells Exper. Autootogr. II. IX. 815 Five hundred.. research students ^om abroad were always to be working there. 1976 R. Barnard Little Local Murder x. 129 W^hy don’t you try a research student? 1937 Whitaker's Almanack 244I1 Clinical Research Units. 1941 C. Morgan Empty Room i. 5 Duckboards stretched across.. muddy gravel from the small square Lodge, where, he presumed. Research Unit Seven had thei^ivmg quarters, a 1974 R. Crossman Dianas (1976) 11. 192 To try to get them a medical school for Warwick University and a motor research unit. 1977 Guardian 27 Apr. 6/2 Two ‘research vessels from the Institute of Marine Research at Bergen headed for the area yesterday. 1903 J. B. Tomlinson (^tttle) ‘Research work on popular and general subjects. 1935 Burlington Mag. Aug. 90/2 Most of the research-work .. has already been undertaken. 1950 Univ. Nottingham Ann. Rep. 12 The staffing of departments needs to be reviewed in the light of the amount and kind of teaching required and of the research work in progress. 1917 Jrnl. Soc. Automotive Engineers Oct. 262/1 He was an experimental rather than an analytical ‘research worker. 1950 Univ. Nottingham Ann. Rep. 12 In many departments the work is seriously hampered simply by lack of space for research workers. 1969 I. & P. Opie Children's Games p. vi. The research-worker, .blessed with an unending flow of information can be in as embarrassing a position as he whose sources are limited.

re'search (ri:-), sb.^ rare, [re- 5 a.] A second or repeated search. 1746 Ascanus 272 Those Parts having already been thoroughly ransack’d, and in all Probability would not be exposed to a Re-search. 1878 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cvii. 4 They wandered up and down in vain searches and researches.

research (n'saitj, TiisanJ), v} [ad. obs. F. recercher (mod.F. rechercher) = It. ricercare (med.L. recercdre): see re- and search t?.] 1. a. trans. To search into (a matter or subject); to investigate or study closely. Also, to engage in research upon (a subject, a person, etc.). 1593 G. Harvey New Letter C iij, Some that haue perused eloquent bookes, and researched most curious writinges. a 1639 WoTTON in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 216 To research with freedom.. all their proper characters, and endowments. 1665 Walton Life Hooker Introd., It must prove.. a work of much labour to inquire, consider, research, and determine, what is needful to be known concerning him. 1786 Mrs. a. M. Bennett J'ui’ewiVe Indiscr. I. 103 He had employed himself., in researching history. 1942 R. Chandler High Window (1943) xxxiii. 219 Some I was told, some I researched, some I guessed. 1959 Encounter Dec. 22I2 I’ll author an article about it after I’ve researched the matter further. 1965 New Statesman 23 Apr. 642/1 Bryan Magee must have worn cosy blinkers when he researched lesbianism for his TV programme. 1971 D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps xv. 180 Collect, study and research your stamps. 1978 s. Sheldon Bloodline xiv. 175 She researched the guests, found out their likes and dislikes, what they ate and drank, and what type of entertainment they enjoyed. 1980 Times I Oct. i /4 Union leaders .. said they wanted time to ‘research’ the company’s case before the next meeting.

b. intr. To make researches; to pursue a course of research. Also const. in{t6)^ on. 1781 H. Walpole Let. 27 Jan. (1858) VII. 505, I know, as Gray would have said, how little I have researched, and what slender pretensions are mine. 1801 Southey Let. to John Rickman 20 Nov. in Life (1850) II. 175 On these three subjects he is directed to read and research—corn-laws, finance, tythes, according to their written order. 1811 Moore Mem. (1856) VIII. 97 When you write, or rather when you research, do not forget [etc.]. 1867 J. Macfarlane Mem. T. Archer vi, 135 He travelled with the tourist—researched with the historian. 1935 D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night i. 23, I believe she’s researching on the Bacon family. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Nov. 653/2 The Savage Affair is about one Michael Savage.. researching into Commonwealth Drama. 1975 Nature 6 Nov. 27/3 He is a biochemist who has researched in many areas. 1977 Navy News July 12/3 Former lieutenant-commander, John Winton has researched into sea ballads, ships’ logs, and sailors’ personal writings and reminiscences to produce the latest of his works. 1977 K. O’Hara Ghost of T. Penry xv. 142 If you’d ever learn to research properly, .you’d know you’re always civil.

c. trans. To engage upon research for (a book or the like). 1965 Listener 4 Mar. 343/3 The book has been thoroughly and conscientiously ‘researched’, as the Americans say. 1973 Which? Dec. 367/1 This continued to research monthly features for sale to the mass-circulation Daily Mirror. 1975 Publishers Weekly 2 June 49/3 Barbara Villet, ex-Life reporter, researched her book in five big New York hospitals.

t2. To seek (a woman) in love or marriage. Obs. 1622 J. Reynolds God's Revenge i. Hist, ii. Because he seeth it labour lost, to research Christeneta, he will not bee obstinate in his suite. Ibid, iv. He is not capable to bee dissuaded from researching his Mistresse. 1649 Alcoran 23 You will not offend God in speaking a word in secret to women that you research in marriage.

Hence re'searching vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1611 Florio, Ricerca, a search, a researching, a 1639 Wotton in Reliq. (1672) 351 Your Style, which seemeth unto me.. full of Sweet Raptures, and of researching Conceits. 1887 Charity Organis. Rev. Nov. 408 A stranger would be introduced, who by his questioning compelled

693

RESECRETE

researching of principles. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement viii. 393 He wants to come along early next week and bring his researching friend Jiggs or Hoggs or something. 1981 J. Sutherland Bestsellers xiii. 145 The most respected researching novelist in Britain is probably Len Deighton.

re'search (ri:-), v.^ [re- 5 a.] trans. and intr. To search again or repeatedly. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 76,1 searched and researched my memory. 1804 Eugenia de Acton Tale without Title II. 246, I have searched and researched every comer of the house. 1861 O’Curry Lect. MS. Materials 434 To search and research through the ancient MSS themselves. 1876 ‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer xxxii, The lads searched and re-searched this place, but in vain.

researchable (ri's3:tj3b(3)l), a. [f. research v.^ -t- -ABLE.] Worthy of being researched; suitable for methodical investigation. 1967 L. von Bertalanffy Robots, Men & Minds ii. 86 There is a wealth of researchable and fascinating problems which .. will open new perspectives and bring evolution into the framework of organismic and systems thinking. 1977 A. Giddens Stud, in Social Gf Polit. Theory iv. 169 Ordinary language is not therefore just a topic that can be made available for analysis, but is a resource that every sociological or anthropological observer must use to gain access to his ‘researchable subject-matter’.

re'searched, ppl. a. [f. research t;.] 11. Refined; recondite. Obs. 1654 H. L’ Estrange Chas. I (1655) 137 Men of the most re-searched nations are not usually the best qualified for Government. 1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 639 The clear and distinct neatness of its ratiocinations alwaies discovers to it the shortest way of researched Truths.

2. That has been subjected to research; that is the result of research. 1956 C. W. Mills Power Elite ii. 33 The old southern aristocracy, in fictional image and in researched fact, is indeed often in a sorry state of decline. 1966 New Society 31 25/3 This is a thorough, well researched, and authorised biography. 1978 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVI. 737/2 The project teachers were involved in researched teaching about race relations. That is to say, the majority were either tape-recording their work or teaching with observation by colleagues.

re’searcher, [f. research v.'^ + -er*.] One who researches; an investigator, inquirer. 1615 Maxwell (title) Admirable and Notable Prophecies, .. by lames Maxwell, a Researcher of Antiquities. 1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 120 Whether by chymical researchers it was ever found. 1776 Hawkins Hist. Music I. in. i. 253 The more sober researchers into antmuity. 1802 J. Ritson Anc. Eng. Metr. Rom. I. p. cxlii, 'Thomas Tyrwhitt, so ardent a researcher into ancient poetry. 1833 Whittier Pr. Wks. (1889) I. 292 The researchers of the bosoms of men. 1879 T. H. S. Escott England II. 412 He is followed by the more thoughtful researcher, who goes beneath the surface.

b. One who devotes himself to scientific or literary research (esp. as contrasted with one whose time is chiefly occupied in teaching or directly remunerative work). 1883 E. R. Lankester in Times 21 Sept. 5 Teaching here appears to be producing an income which may support a researcher. 1M3 Pall Mall G. 29 Sept. 12/2 By what means are we to decide whether the money paid to the researcher is being spent upon research? 1894 Westm. Gaz. 4 Dec. 2/1 The statute under which degrees are to be conferred on researchers.

c. Psychical Researcher, a member of the Society for Psychical Research; one who investigates psychical phenomena. 1885 Daily News 14 Feb. 5/2 It., will sum up the aspirations of Theosophists and Psychical Researchers. 1888 Pall Mall G. 24 Oct. 4/1 Psychical Researchers and other students of the supernatural.

re'searchful, a. Devoted to, research.

[f. research sb.^ -1- -ful.] characterized by, replete with,

1819 Coleridge in Rem. (1836) II. 129 Pity that the researchful notary has not.. told us in what century.. he was a writer. 1866 Reader No. 171. 342/1 "rhe researchful sketches of Professor Wilson. 1875 M. A. Lower Eng. Surnames (ed. 4) I. p. xxvi, A more erudite and researchful book.

researchist (n'ssitjist).

[f.

research v.^

+

-1ST.] = RESEARCHER. 1923 Chambers’s Jrnl. Feb. 95/1 In an age when the superstitious seek eagerly for a sign,. House of Clays would have disappointed a psychical researchist. 1961 D. Angus Descent of Venus v. 106 He claims to be a researchist in human relationships.

reseat (ri:'si:t), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To seat again, or replace, (a person) in a former abode, dignity, or position. 1637 Saltonstall Eusebius' Constantine 35 Those that have bin restored to those offices which had beene taken from them, being recalled and reseated in their places. 1654-66 Earl Orrery Parthen. (1676) 615 The Generals re¬ seated them in those Thrones, of which they had been deprived. 1795 Southey Lett.fr. Spain (1808) 1. 153 This morning Manuel was re-seated behind the coach. 1814 Sir R. Wilson Priv. Diary (1862) II. 343 This the pope, however, would not do.. until he was reseated in the papal chair. 1859 Tennyson Guinev. 521 Better the King’s waste hearth and aching heart Than thou reseated in thy place of light. fig. e body to extreme resolucioun [L. tabem].

1644 Digby Treat. Bodies i. x. 77 In the hoat springes of extreme cold countries, where the first heates are vnsufferable, which proceede out of the resolution of humidity congealed. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies ii. ii. 174 It must be caused by the resolution of the Snow which was dissolved the Week before.

2. a. The process by which a material thing is reduced or separated into its component parts or elements; a result of this. Also attrib.

1547 Boorde Brev. Health cclxxi. 90 b, A palsey doth come.. by resolucion or els compression of the nervous or sinewes. 1558 Bp. Watson Sev. Sacram. xvi. c, What resolution, and as it were a meltinge of his bodie and bowelles. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 49 Those that haue the palsie or resolution of the nerues. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Sf Min., Isagoge, Fear.. causeth loosenesse, resolution of the muscles, and sometimes death with a small pulse. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 45. 2/1 A Resolution of the Nerves may ensue, and this faltring of the Tongue be..caused. 1779 Johnson Let. to H. Thrale 23 June, Weariness is itself a temporary resolution of the nerves. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 618 Owing to the complete muscular ‘resolution’ the cheeks will be flaccid.

1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. xxxv, The flawme.. queynt, that they ne myght se Nought but smoky resolucions. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 3327 Our sauiour.. preserued her body .. Both hole and sounde from naturall resolucion. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 239 It dooth preserue the same from resolution & putrefaction. 1626 Bacon Sylva §400 The Immediate Cause of Death, is the Resolution or Extinguishment of the Spirits, a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. III. vi. (1677) 278 The Resolution or Maceration of Frogs and Worms will reproduce Individuals of the same species. 1707 Curios, in Husb. 6f Gard. 230 By their Resolution, or the true Anatomy I made of them, I found them to be compos’d of much Sulphur, a little Mercury, and less Salt. 1794 Hutton Philos. Light, etc. 297 The decomposition or resolution of phlogistic substances.. is now well understood. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 12 The high temperature in the stomach produces a concretive resolution. l88l Nature XXIV. 397/2 A simpler or fundamental group being the resolution product. transf. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Race, All our experience is of the gradation and resolution of races. b. Const, to, into. Also, conversion into

something else, or into a different form. 1519 Inter! Four Elem. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 12 Corruption of a body.. Is but the resolution.. Of eve^ element to his own place. 1659 Hammond On Ps. xc. 3 The resolution of the body to dust, may be fitly exprest. 1812 Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 51 Their resolution into the supposed elements of the chemists of those days. 1867 H. Macmillan Bible Teach, vii. (1870) 134 Instances of the resolution of the stem into a rolled and compressed leaf may be seen in grasses and bulbous plants.

c. Orig., the effect of an optical instrument in making the separate parts of an object {esp. the stars of a nebula) distinguishable by the eye. Now more widely, the act, process, or capability of rendering distinguishable the component parts of an object or closely adjacent optical or photographic images, or of separating measurements of similar magnitude of any quantity in space or time; also, the smallest quantity which is measurable by such a process. i860 Olmsted's Mech. Heavens 396 The resolution of this nebula. 1867 J. Hogg Microsc. i. ii. 72 Resolution, or the power of showing clearly minute details. 1868 Lockyer Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 3) 396 Each new triumph of optical skill results in a resolution of some nebulas, before irreducible. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXH. 776 A resolving power of 100,000 would suffice for the resolution of the closest lines in the spectrum. 1931 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXH. 307 The ‘resolution’ (i.c., the smallest interval of time by which two impulses could be separated and still be separately recorded) of the relay ring.. was between i /100th and i/200th second. 1935 Nature 12 Oct. 592/2 The remarks on numerical aperture may give rise to confusion, as the term ‘definition’ is used, instead of the correct one, ‘resolution’. 1958 Engineering 28 Mar. 389/2 The accuracy and resolution of the equipment are both equal to one digit in the fourth significant place. 1962 Whichf N^ar. 70/1 We measured the resolution. This is the ability of the projector to reproduce fine detail. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 255/1 This provides 8-bit resolution for the input samples. 1971 J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man ii. 20 As they examine the world more and more minutely with instruments of ever higher resolution they come upon phenomena not previously described. 1972 Sci. Amer. July 19/3 A 1,000 kilohertz.. sonar would provide a resolution of 30 centimeters on a target 200 meters away. 1973 Ibid. June 47/1 The time resolution of the shutter is about a nanosecond. *978 Ibid. Mar. 144/2 (Advt.), A usable resolution of 0.001® C makes the HP 2804 an excellent choice for measuring minute temperature differences. 1978 Nature 18 May p. xviii/i By means of a selector key the

5. Relaxation or weakening of some organ or part of the body. Now rare.

II. 6. a. The process of resolving or reducing a non-material thing into simpler forms, or of converting it into some other thing or form. With quots. 1662 and 1677 compare 1656 in b. 1388 Prol. Wyclif Bible xv. (1850) 57 In translating into English, manie resolucions moun make the sentence open. Ibid., I Englishe it thus bi resolucioun. 1570 Billingsley Euclid i. prop. i. 9 The first principles and grounds, which are indemonstrable, and for theyr simplicity can suffer no farther resolution. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae li. iii. §3 The infallible veracity of God in the Scriptures, as the last resolution of faith. 1677 J. Owen Reason of Faith Wks. 1852 IV. 114 Those of the Roman church who are the most averse from that resolution of faith which most Protestants acquiesce in. 1786 H. Tooke Parley (1829) I. 96 Though your method of resolution will answer with most sentences, yet I doubt much whether it will with all. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X. 193/2 Of the Composition and Resolutions of our Ideas, and the Rules of Definition thence arising. 1845 Proc. Philol. Soc. II. 167 This form furnishes a complete and intelligible resolution of the phrase. 1893 Chase in Archiv Stud. neu. Sprache C. 252 Resolution of contractions is denoted by italics.

b. Const, into or fin. 1530 Palsgr. 79 The pronownes derivatyves have thre accidentes,.. by whiche their gendre and nombre is expressed, and resolucyon in to their primityves. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., Black or halfe black ligatures, .. with the resolution of the same in other common notes. 1656 Bramhall Replic. vii. 44 What that Catholick Church is, into the authority whereof they make the last resolution of their Faith. 1660 R. Coke Justice Vind. Pref. 12 This sensless resolution of all things into Reason. 1706 W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 51 The Resolution of Powers into their Roots is called Evolution or the Analysis of Powers. 1837 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) 1. 140 The Resolution of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies into an assemblage of circular motions. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) HI. 14 The resolution of justice into two unconnected precepts.

c. In prosody, the substitution of two short syllables in the place of a long one. 1884 Hadley & Allen Grk. Gram. §1080 A tribrach stands by resolution in place of the first trochee.

7. t a. Math, and Logic. (See quots. and ANALYSIS 7, 8.) Obs. *557 Records Whetst. Cc. ij, Proue theim bothe by resolution: and then shall you knowe, the reason of their agremente. 1570 Billingsley Euclid 1. prop. i. 9 A demonstration a posteriori, or resolution is, when contrariwise in reasoning, we passe from the last conclusion made by the premisses.. til we come to the first principles and grounds. Ibid. xiii. prop. 5. 396 Resolution, is the assumption or taking of the thing which is to be proued, as graunted, and by thinges which necessarily follow it, to passe vnto some truth graunted. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Resolution (in Mathematicks) is a Method of Invention, whereby the Truth or Falshood of a Proposition.. is discover’d, in an Order contrary to that of Synthesis, or Composition. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v.. The business of resolution is, to.. examine the truth or falshood of a proposition, by ascending from some particular known truth,.. by a chain of consequences, to another more general one in question.

RE-SOLUTION

722

b. Logic. (See quot.)

\(>o^Jrnls. Ho. Comm. 28 June, No Resolution or further Speech in it [a question] at that Time. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. II. xxii. 119 Present at all the Deliberations, and Resolutions of the Body. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1897) I. 98 When these resolutions were passed with this protestation, a great many.. met, and formed an association apart. 1771 Junius Lett, xlviii. (1788) 264 Yet now you confess that parliaments are fallible, and that their resolutions may be illegal. 1833 Ht. Martineau Manch. Strike iv. 41 To hold a meeting.. in order to prepare resolutions to be laid before the masters. 1872 Freeman Eng. Const, iii. 155 The passing by the House of Commons of such a resolution as this.

1855 Abp. Thomson Laws Th. §71 (i860) 118 Resolution, where the marks of the definitum are made its definition: as in ‘a pension is an allowance for past services’.

8. Mus. fa. (See quots.) Ohs. rare. 1727-38 Chambers CycL, Resolution, in music, is when a canon or perpetual fugue is not written all on the same line, or in one part; but all the voices that are to follow the guida, or first voice, are written separately. 1811 Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) S.V., Formerly also, a Canon was said to be resolved, or written in Resolution, when instead of being comprised in a single stave, all the parts were given on separate staves.

b. The process by which a discord is made to pass into a concord. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Discord, These discords.. must be succeeded by concords: which is commonly called the resolution of the discord. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy iv. vi, The preparation and resolution of the discord into harmony. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 50/1 Sometimes the resolution is brought about by the base, as in the instance of the discord of the 2nd. 1889 Prout Harmony ix. § 198 The interval of a seventh is always a dissonance, and therefore requires resolution—that is, to be followed by a consonance.

9. Mech. (See quots. 1798 and 1830.) 1785 T. Parkinson Syst. Mech. iv. 78 {heading) Composition and resolution of forces. 1798 Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 137 The Resolution of Forces is the finding of two or more forces which, acting in any different directions, shall have the same effect as any given single force. 1830 Kater & Lardner Mech. v. 52 It is frequently expedient to substitute for a single force two or more forces, to which it is mechanically equivalent, or of which it is the resultant. This process is called ‘the resolution of force’. 1882 Minchin Unipl. Kinemat. 124 The equations., expressing the components of the given strain with reference to a new set of axes.. constitute the resolution of strain. fig. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xxxii. 292 Legree.. governed his plantation by a sort of resolution of forces.

III. 10. a. The answering of a question; the solving of a doubt or difficulty. fAlso, the supplying of an answer. Now rare. (Freq. in 17th c.)

c. A solution or settlement of a dispute. 1890 Spectator 15 Mar., The Italian Government, though it is strong, hardly hopes to see a resolution of its quarrel with the Papacy.

112. An explanatory account of something. Ohs. 1582 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 536 [The safeconduct had been obtained, and directed to him] togidder with a resolution of the forme and tyme appointit for his departing. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. 19 We much deplore the loss of that Letter which Cicero expected or received from his Brother Quintus, as a resolution of Brittish customes.

IV. 113. a. The removal of doubt on some point from a person’s mind. Obs. rare. 1578 Lyte Dodoens To Rdr., For thy instruction and resolution in these matters I referre the to the same Authors. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. iii. (1636) 73 A German Monke adviseth him that doubteth of Purgatory, for his resolution to make his ioumey into Scotland the greater. 1644 J. Cotton Keyes Kingd. Heaven iv. 18 The Church of Antioch sent messengers to lerusalem for resolution and satisfaction in a doubt that troubled them.

f b. Confidence; conviction, certainty, positive knowledge, Obs. rare. 1590 Greene Never too Late Wks. (Grosart) VIII. 98, I haue such resolution in thy constancie, that [etc.]. 1605 Shaks. Lear i. ii. 108,1 would vnstate my selfe, to be in a due resolution. e bodyes [of men].. ar resoluyd by kyndly hete, hat makes drye he moystnes of he body, c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 365 The see grauel is lattest for to drye,.. The salt in hit thi werkis wol resolue. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 17 b, A mellow ground that is fat, and will soone be resolved. 1584 COGAN Haven Health ccxviii. (1636) 251 The fumes and vapors of ale.. cannot bee so soone resolved as those that rise up of wine. 1620 Venner Via Recta iii. 52 They will too soon resolue the iuyee of lighter meats. 1633 Earl Manch. Al Mondo (1636) 94 It is well for man that his bodie by death becomes putrid, resolved and crumbled to nothing. 1776 Bowden Farmer's Director 18 By the assistance of alternate rain and drought, to resolve and break the hard clods.

fb. To analyse, examine (a statement). Obs.

1603 in Lismore Papers Ser. u. (1887) I, 45 To vnderstand their resoluance what they ment to do therin.

1594 Hooker Ecc! Po! ii. vii. §9 Examine, sift, and resolve their alledged proofs, till you come to the very root whence they spring. fc. Math. To solve (an equation). Obs. *743 Emerson Fluxions 36 Then we had been obliged to substitute a + z or a — z for x in the given Equation before it could be resolved. 1798 Hutton Course Math. (1827) I. 269 The form that a cubic equation must necessarily have, to be resolved by this rule.

resolvancy (ri'zolvansi). rare. [f. resolve v. +

d. To analyse (a force or velocity) components. (Cf. resolution 9.)

Hence re'solvableness (Bailey, vol. II, 1727). t re'solvance. Obs. rare~'. -ANCE.] Resolve, decision.

[f. resolve

v.

+

-ANCY.] An outcome or solution. 1930 G. Greene Two Witnesses 84 How utterly grown-up we then become, and the crowded confused days have to be made to clear, have to reach their own resolvancies.

t re'solvativct a. Obs.rare^'^. [f. resolve t;. + -ATIVE.] = RESOLUTIVE a. I a. 1577 Erampton Joyful News ii. {1596) 2 Copall..is resoluatiue, and softneth by some watrish partes that it hath.

resolve (ri'zolv), sb. [f. the vb.] 1. A determination or resolution. 1592 Shaks. Rom. ^ Jul. iv. i. 123 Get you gone, be strong and prosperous In this resolue. 1600 W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 350 A catholike resolue for our Romane faith. 1667 Waterhouse Fire London 135 The common affection of Countrymen soders them into a common resolve of kindness each to other. 1700 Dryden Cymon fef Iph. 526 Speak thy resolves; if now thy courage droop. Despair in prison, a 1794 Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) I. 125 My private resolves were influenced by the state of Europe. 1847 Helps Friends in C. (1851) I. 43 Mere stoicism, and resolves about fitting fortune to one’s self. 1889 Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 78 She made up her mind never to marry again, and she kept her resolve.

2. Firmness or steadfastness of purpose. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, v. v. 75 A Lady of so high resolue, (As is faire Margaret). 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. iv. v, We must be stiffe and steddie in resolve. 1789 Burns To Dr. Blacklock viii. Come, Firm Resolve, take thou the van. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab iv. 155 Man is of soul and body, formed for deeds Of high resolve. 1873 Sy.monds Grk. Poets ix. 296 We find in them no hesitancy and difficult resolve.

3. A determination of a deliberative body; a formal resolution. Now U.S. 1656 Burton's Diary (1828) I. 270 A short vote or resolve of this House .. would haply give satisfaction for the present. 1657 Ibid. II. 94 The several resolves of Parliament touching the matter. 1713 Addison Cato ii. i, Caesar’s approach has summon’d us together. And Rome attends her fate from our resolves. 1775 Franklin in Burke's Corr. (1844) II. 28, I hear your proposed resolves were negatived by a great majority. 1794 S. Williams Vermont 296 That part of the resolves in which the state was threatened. 1859 Bartlett Diet. Amer. (ed. 2) 362 Resolves are usually private acts, and are often passed with less formality. 1865 H. Phillips Amer. Paper Curr. II. 55 These resolves were ordered to be published.

t4. Answer, solution. Obs. 01625 Faithf. Friends ii. ii, I crave but ten short days to give resolve To this important suit. 1643 Milton Divorce i. viii, In hope to give a full resolve of that which is yet so much controverted. 1670 W. Simpson Hydro! Ess. 25 If you consult what I say..you may find a sufficient resolve thereof.

fS. Mus. (See quot.)

Obs. rare~^.

1721 Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. i6o The progressive Tones from that Ground-Note to the Octave, which is the Resolve of the Ground-Note, declares the Key.

resolve (ri'zolv), v.

Also 4-7 resolue. [ad. L. resolvere, f. re- re- -I- solvere to loosen, dissolve. Cf. It. re-, risolvere, Sp. and Pg. resolver, obs. F. resolver, -vir (mod.F. resoudre).] I. fl- trans. To melt, dissolve, reduce to a liquid or fluid state. Obs. For examples with const, into, to, see 6 and g. c 1374 Chaucer Booth, iv. metr. v. (1868) 133 No man tie wondrep whan pe wey3te of pe snowe yhardid by pe colde is resolued by pe brennynge hete of phebus. 1388 Wyclif7o6 xxviii. 2 A stoon resolued, ethir meltid, bi heete, is turned in to money. CI420 Pallad. on Hush. xii. 526 Whit wex is to resolue In fynest oil. 1530 Palsgr. 688/1 This metall can nat be resolved without a marvayllous sharpe fyre. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 141 Cleopatra resolued a pearle in vineger & drunke it. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. 117 Euphrates was risen by reason of snow newly thawed and resolved. 1678 Dryden All for Love ni. i, He could resolve his Mind, as Fire does Wax, From that hard rugged Image, melt him down [etc.]. 1732 Arbuthnot Aliments, etc. 1. 270 Soaps which resolve solid Substances.

into

1785 T. Parkinson Syst. Mech. iv. 80 One force.. may be resolved into any number, either in the same, or different planes, producing the same effect with it. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 5 Each of those portions may, by a similar process, be again divided, resolving the original force to infinity. 1866 Herschel Fam. Lect. Sci. 90 This force then being resolved in radial and tangential directions [etc.].

e. Orig. of optical instruments (or persons using them); To separate, break up (an object) into distinguishable parts. Now more widely, to distinguish (things similar in magnitude or close together in time). Cf. resolution zc. 1785 Herschel in Phi! Trans. LXXV. 219 When he resolves one nebula into stars, he discovers ten new ones which he cannot resolve. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. §77 Star-clusters.. so distant that even in telescopes of great power they could not be resolved. 1870 Emerson Soc. So! Wks. (Bohn) III. 3 The remoter stars seem a nebula of united light; yet there is no group which a telescope will not resolve. 1932 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXVI. 313 Two particles separated by as little as i/sooth second could be ‘resolved’ and correctly recorded. 3. Med. a. To soften (a hard tumour); to

disperse or dissipate (humours, swellings, etc.). ? Obs. CI400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. 210 If l>ou mijt not wij) repercussiuis do awei J?e enpostym ne resolue him. Ibid. 353 Whanne pe mater pat )?ou wolt resolue is swi^e hard. 1541 Copland Galyen's Terap. Hhiv, When ecchymosis is all dygested & resolued, than it is parmytted to drye the broken flesshe. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 274 Those plasters which resolue or maturat any impostumed place. 1683 Salmon Doron Med. ii. 427 For it resolves all hard humors. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man i. ii. §1. 127 Embrocations are of Use in resolving Obstructions. 1786 J. Hunter Ven. Dis. iv. vi. 404 This method of resolving buboes occurred to me at Belleisle in the year 1761. abso! 1562 Turner Herbal ii. (1568) 117 Oyl that is made of vnrype oliues.. doth myghtely resolue. 1610 Markham Masterp. 11. clxxiii. 483 It bumeth, draweth, and resolueth, and is goode for scurfe. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 93. 2/2 Green Tea.. Resolves, and Attenuates, fb. To dissipate or allay (pain, etc.). Obs. rare. 1573 Treas. Hid. Secrets xix, Oyle of Rue is hot, resolving pain. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme ii. xlviii. 306 An oyle.. which hath power to resolue, soften, and appease the griefe of colde rheumes or distillations, a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 130 Fire.. hath not onely heat resolving numbnesse, .. but it hath light.

c. To remove (inflammation) by resolution. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules Diet in Aliments, etc. 321 Such a Fever is often resolv’d by a bleeding at the Nose. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 361 When empyema follows upon pneumonia, the pulmonary inflammation sometimes is never resolved.

t4. a. To slacken, relax (the limbs, etc.); to weaken. Obs. 1483 Caxton Fables of JEsop 3 By cause the water was hote and their stomake [was] resolued by the water. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. (1556) 30 Lyke as by the other the strengthe of bodie is resolvyd. 1588 Kyd Househ. Phi! Wks. (1901) 248 The night., [in which] we may sufficiently restore our bodies resolued with the.. heate of the day. 1644 Bulwer Chiron. 35 The Hand collected, the Fingers looking downewards, then turned and resolved. 1715 Rowe Lady Jane Grey li. Every moving accent that she breathes Resolves my courage, slackens my tough nerves.

fb. To render lax in feeling or conduct. Obs. c 1550 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) io6 It is a very hard work of continence to repell the paynting glose of Batterings whose words resolue the hart with plesure. 1611 B. JoNSON Catiline ill. iii. Each house [being] Resolved in freedom.

fc. To relax or withdraw (a law). Obs. *537 State Papers Hen. VIII, VII. 706 The act made for money by exchange, the wiche,.. onles it be resolvid, wilbe a great ocacion.. to cawse a stey for salis of wolen clothis.

5. fa. To cause (discord) to pass away. Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 282b, It resolueth discorde, reconsyleth ennemyes, & maketh them frendes.

b. Mus. To cause (a discord) to pass into a concord. (Cf. resolution 8 b.) 1727-38 Chambers Cyc! s.v. Discord, The discord is resolved by being immediately succeeded by a concord. 1797 Encyc! Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 125/1 There is no possible manner of resolving a dissonance which is not derived from an operation of cadence. 1838 Penny Cyc! XII. 50/1 Most discords require to be prepared, and all must be resolved. 1868 Ouseley Harmony ii. (1875) 20 When the discords have thus been rendered agreeable to the ear, they are said to be resolved.

II. 6. a. To separate (a thing) into its component parts or elements; to dissolve into some other physical form. fAlso const, in. c 1430 Life St. Kath. 99 My body whyche aftur pe inevitable lawe of nature abydeth to be resolued into dep. *477 Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 79 Liquors departeth Qualities asunder. Substance resolving in Attomes. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. xv. (S.T.S.) I. 85 Becaus pe stoupis and pillaris t»areof war all of tre, they war haistelie brynt and resoluit in powder. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man (1631) 706 God will rayse up His worke that is resolved into dust. 1635 Swan Spec. M. v. §2 (1643) 138 Green clouds.. are altogether watery, and as it were resolved into water. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Bartho! Anat. i. xxvii. 65 The sooty Vapors are condensed, and being resolved into water, are [etc.]. 1781 Cowper Charity 562 He ordains things.. To be resolv’d into their parent earth. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. ii. x. 446 The Empire of the Mahrattas.. would have been resolv’d.. into its primitive elements. 1891 Spectator 4 July 5/2 A.. campaign intended to break up Italy, or to resolve the German Empire back again into its elements.

b. In figurative contexts. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 60 His herte shall yerne and melte,.. & be hole resolued in to teares. 1568 Wilmot Tancred & Gismonda ll. iii, A resolution that resolues my bloud Into the Ice-sie drops of Lethes flood. 1607 Shaks. Timon iv. iii. 442 The Seas a Theefe, whose liquid Surge, resolues The Moone into Salt teares.

c. To convert, transform, alter (a thing) into some other thing or form. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 327 A Towne called Horsmundene, which name (resolved into Saxon Orthographie) is [etc.]. 01623 Swinburne Spousals (1686) 27 By the same means.. are those Spousals by them contracted in their Minority.. resolved or turned into Matrimony. 1641 Jrnls. Ho. Comm. 31 Dec., That the House be resolved into a Committee, to take into Consideration the Militia of the Kingdom. *743 Tomlinson Prot. Birthright 13 Into whose Authority all Christians have resolved their Faith and Obedience. 1861 Dickens in All Year Round i June 221 The spectral figure .. seemed all resolved into a ghastly stare. 1889 Standard 9 Apr., Emin .. has seen islands resolved into headlands.

7. a. To reduce by mental analysis into more elementary forms, principles, or relations. fAlso const, in. 1388 Pro! Wyclif Bible xv. (1850) 57 An ablatif case absolute may be resoluid into these thre wordis. 1570 Billingsley Euclid i. prop. 32. 42 Euery right lined figure is resolued in two triangles. 1628 T. Spencer Logick 284 When the causes doe argue the effect, the effect is resolued into the causes. 01674 Clarendon Surv. Leviath. (1676) 8 He resolv’d all Wisdom and Religion itself into a simple obedience and submission to it. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 204 After I had entertain’d these Notions, and, by long musing, had as it were resolv’d them all into nothing. 1774 Pennant Tour Scot! in 1772, 233, I was for resolving this phenomenon into Ship-wrecks. 1841 Myers Cath. Th. IV. §2. 184 Why may we not., resolve Christianity into a system of practical Morality? 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 239 All sensation is to be resolved into a similar combination of an agent and patient.

fb. To reduce or convert (a quantity) into some other denomination. Obs. 1571 Digges Pantom. i. xxi. Gjb, Then resolue 20 foote into inches. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. vi. 66 The Degrees resolved into Hours and Minutes, is i Hour 49 Min. 1672 Petty Po! Anat. (1691) 352 The victuals.., resolved into money, may be estimated 35. 6d. per week.

8. refl. a. Of things: To pass, by dissolution, separation, or change, into another form or into simpler forms. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. ii. 130 Oh that this too too solid Flesh, would melt. Thaw, and resolue it selfe into a Dew. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World i. i. §7 (1634) 9 The Waters., resolved their thinner parts into Aire. 1799 Southey Cool Refl. during Midsummer Walk, For the flesh upon them; It hath resolved itself into a dew. 1814 Chalmers Evidences ii. 46 The argument.. resolves itself into four parts. 1868 Herschel in People's Mag. Jan. 63 Its pileus.. has the singular property of resolving itself..into a black liquid. 1879 Lubbock Addr. Po! & Educ. iii. 44 His complaint resolves itself into two parts.

b. Of a deliberative body: To convert (itself) into a committee. 1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4699/3 The House resolved it self into a Committee of the whole House. 1753 [see committee 3]. 1818 Par! Debates 1422/1 The house then resolved itself into a committee on the bill. 1885 Manch. Exam. 7 Oct. 5/3 The meeting unanimously resolved itself into a committee.

9. To reduce, transform, or change (a thing) to something else. Also refl. Now rare. *538 Starkey England i. i. 16 Yf ther be any cyuyle law ordeynyd wych can not be resoluyd therto, hyt ys of no value. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. Wks. (Grosart) IV. 67 The Snow on thy Mountaines, by the Sunne is resolued to water. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 321 O ye my faithfull ones who are now resolved to the very dust of the earth. 1665 Dryden Ind. Emp. ii. i, Ye Immortal Souls, who once were Men, And now resolv’d to Element agen. 1799 Southey Minor Poems Poet. Wks. II. 202 Earth, air, and water’s ministering particles Now to the elements Resolved, their uses done. 1856 Lever Martins ofCro' M. xxiii. All resolves itself to some question of a harm to one side. 1875 Stedman

Victorian Poets 387 The attention to enchantment.

RESOLVE

724

RESOLVE succeeding

chorus.. resolves

III. 110. To untie, loosen. Obs. rare. 1558 Phaer Mneid VII, 155 Resolue [L. solvite\ your heades attyre, & celebrate this daunce with me. 1609 Bible (Douay) Dan. v. 16 Thou canst interpret obscure thinges, and resolve [L, dissolvere] thinges bound.

11. a. To answer (a question, argument, etc.); to solve (a problem of any kind). 1577 tr. Bullinger’s Decades (1592) 458 Mee thinketh therefore that this question canne bee none otherwise resolued. 1581 J- Bell Haddon's Answ. Osorius 212 Least he exclayme agayne that his argumentes are not throughly resolved, I will answere in few wordes. 1647 Sprigge Anglia Rediv. ii. i. (1854) 72 This resolved the question at the council of war without putting it. 1685 Baxter Par. N.T. Matt. xxii. 18 He answered so cautelously as not to resolve the third question. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 19 If 15 After a great part of life spent in enquiries which can never be resolved. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §219 A curious question, which being myself unable to resolve, I must leave to the learned. 1830 Sir J. Herschel Study Nat. Phil. iii. i. (1851) 221 We are called upon to resolve the important and difficult problem. 1975 Neiv Yorker 17 Nov. 94/2 Bress proposed the questions to be resolved by the jury—whether the subpoenas were properly served on the McSurelys, whether they refused to comply with a lawful command of Congress, and whether their refusal was willful. 1976 Amer. Speech ig73 XLVIII. 248 Nor can Atlas materials resolve Kypriotaki’s basic question of lexical or environmental control of initial syllable deletion. reft. 1800 Stuart in Owen Wellesley's Desp. (1877) 576 This question of war will soon resolve itself.

b. With double object. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. V. iii. 35 Resolue me this, Was it well done.. To slay his daughter? 1596- Tam. Shr. iv. ii. 7 What Master reade you first, resolue me that? 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 75 Resolve me a question or two. 1706 Estcourt Fair Example i. i, Pray will you resolve me one Question? 1781 Mrs. Inchbald I'll tell you what iv. i, If you can resolve me that.. I have no censure for you.

c. To explain; to make clear. c 1585 Faire Em i. 314 In friendship then resolue What is the cause of your unlookt for stay? 1633 Ford 'Tis Pity i. ii, What’s the ground? Sor, That, with your patience, signiors. I’ll resolve, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 424 Some resolve all this passion on a point of mere revenge. 1718 Prior Solomon iii. 838 The Man who would resolve the Work of Fate. May limit Number, and make Crooked Strait. 1821 WoRDSW. Eccl. Sonn. i. xxix, The full-orbed Moon.. doth appear Silently to consume the heavy clouds; How no one can resolve. 1866 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. Introd. 14 Attempts have been made, in all ages,.. to assert what is called ‘the moral view’ of the atonement, and resolve it by the power it wields in human character.

12. a. To remove, clear away, dispel (a doubt, difficulty, or obscurity). 1571 Digges Pantom. i. xix. Fij, Small practize will resolue all doubtes. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, i\. i. 135 But ere I goe, Hastings and Mountague, Resolue my doubt. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. 48 Myself can shew a catalogue of Doubts which are not resolved at the first hearing. 1666-7 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 210 If you find any thing perplext in it, I shall.. resolve any scruple that you may have of its exposition. 1706 Vanbrugh Mistake ii. Wks. 1893 II. 254 You must resolve one doubt, which often gives me great disturbance. 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. xvii. I. 464 He was frequently requested to resolve the doubts of inferior judges. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. v. 165 All doubts might be resolved by the interrogation.. of the commander. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xiii. 198 She had bravely resolved her doubts and made up her mind.

-fb. To dissipate, dispel (fear). Obs. rare. 1595 Shaks. Jo/in ii. i. 371 Kings of our feare, vntill our feares resolu’d Be.. purg’d, c 1605 ? Rowley Birth of Merlin V. ii. Speak, learned Merlin, and resolve my fears.

fc. To satisfy (a person’s curiosity). Obs.-'^ 1749 Fielding Tom Jones vii. iii, Indeed we cannot resolve his curiosity as to this point.

13. a. To decide, determine, settle (a doubtful point). 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 9 Resoluing all doubtful cases. 1662 Playford Skill Mus. ii. (1674) no Which of these two is the best way, may easily be resolved. 1704 Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit Misc. (1711) 274, I have been perplex’d for some time to resolve what would be the most proper Form to send it abroad in. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones IV. xii. Whether Mrs. Honour really deserved that suspicion .. is a matter which we cannot indulge the reader’s curiosity in resolving. 1842 Cole Westm. Abbey 107 Whether or not they [ic. mandates] were executed, our antiquaries have not yet resolved.

b. With dependent clause (or equivalent) expressing the decision arrived at. 1586 Leicester Corr. (Camden) 401 The surgion doth fully resolue.. he is without danger for this blowe. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 40 They all beheld this place with great wonder, Parselius resoluing it was some Enchauntment. 1642 J. M[arsh] Argt. cone. Militia 18 It is resolved by the Judges that the King may hold his Parliament without the Spirituall Lords, a 1719 Rogers (J.), Happiness, it was resolved by all, must be some one uniform end. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 309 It was resolved, that the remainder limited to B. was good.

f c. To set down decisively as being of a certain character. Obs. rare. B. JoNSON Sil. Worn. iv. ii, But he loses no reputation with us, for we all resolv’d him an asse before. 1625 Bp. Mountagu App. Caesar 2 All things.. so Delivered.. are Errors actuall in themselves; and so stand resolved and accounted of in the Doctrine of the Church. 1609

fd. To conclude, to settle (a thing) in one’s mind. Obs. a 1618 Raleigh Rem. (1644) 237 He left me so weak that he resolved not to find me alive. 1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 55, I was some days since to seek what to resolve in this great debate. 1702 J. Logan in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc.

Mem. IX. 122 Having solicitously resolved several things in my thoughts relating to it, I endeavoured to stave them off.

fe. To fix on, choose (a person), Obs.-^ 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1736) 3 She had., resolved him for her peculiar Pleasures.

14. a. To determine or decide upon (a course of action, etc.). Also, with oneself. Const, with direct object, or with {that and) clause. 1523 Hen. VIII in Lett. Kings Eng. (Halliw.) I. 284 We.. have resolved and determined that.. ye shall then have your letters of discharge. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. ii. i. 105 So must you resolue, That.. You must perforce accomplish [it] as you may. 1609 B. Jonson Sil. Worn. iii. i. It shall be done, that’s resolved. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 662 Warr Open or understood must be resolv’d. Ibid. ix. 830 Confirm’d then I resolve, Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe. 1682 Bunyan Holy War (1905) 198 Wilt thou..suffer thy priviledges to be invaded and taken away? or what wilt resolve with thy self? 1699 Bentley Phal. Pref. p. iii, ’Twas very well resolv’d of them, to make the Preface and Book all of a piece. 1710 Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) I. Advice i. i. 153, I have resolv’d with myself, that the maxim might be admitted. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxix. III. 125 As soon as they had resolved his death, they condescended to flatter his pride. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 169 All must be suddenly resolved and done. 1842 R. I. Wilberforce Rutilius Sf Lucius 265 He had seen enough of the Christians to resolve that nothing should induce him to stain his hands with their blood.

b. To adopt or pass as a resolution. 1590 Cartwright in Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. (1655) 201 At some of such meetings.. it was resolved.. that such.. conferences in severall Shires should be erected. 1604 J^rn/5. Ho. Comm. 26 June, Resolved, upon further Motion, That Mr. Speaker.. should present Thanks to his Majesty [etc.]. 1806 Med. Jrnl. XV. 253 Resolved unanimously, that this meeting.. entertains the most firm conviction that [etc.]. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 175 The Commons began by resolving that every member should, on pain of expulsion, t^e the sacrament [etc.]. 1866 Lowell Seward-^ Johnson Reaction Prose Wks. 1890 V. 288 The Convention might almost as well have resolved the multiplication table article by article.

c. To put (a person) out of a condition by a resolution. 1798 I. Allen Hist. Vermont 237 The inhabitants of Vermont had lived in a state of independence.., and could not now submit to be resolved out of it.

115. a. To free (one) from doubt or perplexity; to bring to certainty or clear understanding. Obs. (Common in 17th c.) 1548 Geste Pr. Masse 8i The broken bread and blessed wyne is institute purposely to resolve and ascertayn our senses, 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 360 If you yet doubt, conferre (I pray you) his report with theirs, and it shall resolve you. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. iv. ii. 225 Yet you are amaz’d, but this shall absolutely resolue you. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 11. Ad Sect. xii. 98 To strengthen the weake, to resolue the scrupulous, to teach the ignorant. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. (Globe) 305 We knew not what Course to take, but the Creatures resolv’d us soon.

fb. Const, of or in the matter of doubt. Obs, 156^ Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 515 That thai being certifiit of the veritie may be resolvit of all doubt. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 68 Ask.. and I will doe the best I can, to resolue you in anything you shall demand. 1648 Gage West. Ind. 6 To resolve the Pope himself of whatsoever difficult points in Divinity may be questioned. 1651 Culpepper Astrol. Judgem. Dis. (1658) 6, I know you would be resolved in one particular. 1767 S. Paterson Anoth. Trav. II. 23 You may ask whatever questions you please, and you shall be resolved of everything within my power.

fc. With dependent clause introduced by where, which, why, etc. (Passing into 17b.) Obs. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 11. i. 9, I cannot ioy, vntill I be resolu’d Where our right valiant Father is become, a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 582 He sent to Spain to be resolv’d.. which of the two Marriages were most convenient. 1690 Locke Govt. i. xi. §147 It will always remain a Doubt.. till our A. resolves us, whether Shem.. had right to Govern. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xvi. (1840) 276 Whether we., may come off any better.., I cannot resolve thee. 1756 Washington Lett. Writ, 1889 I. 253, I wish your Honor would resolve me, whether the militia.. must be supplied out of the public stocks of provisions.

116. a. To convince (one) 0/something. Obs. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 403 For, thus bee you fully resolved of my nature, that with such reverence I remember you. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, in. iv. 20 Long since we were resolued of your truth, a 1604 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 159 This Lacy behaved himselfe so discreetly.. that the King was resolved of his truth and fidelity. 1744 Fielding Tumble-down Dick Argt., She advises him to go to the Roundhouse,.. and there be resolved from his own mouth of the truth of his Sire.

fb. To assure (one) that. Also with of. Obs. 1590 Webbe Trav. To Rdr., They doubtles will resolue them that it is true which is here expressed. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. ii. iv. §2 Nothing but only the word of God can.. resolve us that we do well. 1642 Rogers Naaman 830 It is said of Hanna, that ere Eli had resolved her from God of a sonne, shee was full of trouble. 1650 R. Stapylton Strada's Low C. Wars viii. 30 And, when they resolved him no danger should accrue to either [etc.].

117. a. To inform, tell (a person) of a thing. Obs. 1568 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 629 It is thocht convenient to resolve all personis of the same, that nane heireftir sail pretend occasioun of ignorance. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, IV. V. 19 My Letter will rfesolue him of my minde. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 451 He went back, resoluing them of my stiffe denyall.

fb-With dependent clause. Obs. 1592 Marlowe Massacre Paris iii. iv, The wound, I warrant you, is deep, my lord. Search, surgeon, and resolve me what thou seest. 1601 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. ii. Pray

I

you, resolue mee, why giue you that heauenly prayse, to this earthly banquet? 1690 Locke Govt. ii. ii. §9, I desire them to resolve me, by what Right any Prince.. can put to death ..an Alien. 1697 Dryden JEneid viii. 150 Resolve me. Strangers, whence and what you are.

t c. With direct question, or ellipt. Chiefly in imperative, asking for an answer. Obs. 1607 Norden Surv. Dial. il. 56,1 pray thee, if thou canst, resolue me. Whether is the heriot payd [etc.]? 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 1. 76 Who was your father? Come, resolve me immediately. 1709 Prior Mezeray’s Hist., Can Sense this Paradox endure? Resolve me, Cambray, or Fontaine. 1772 Wesley Jrnl. 31 Oct., They asked me, ‘whether they were good or bad spirits?’ But I could not resolve them. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xvii. Resolve me. Holy Clerk, hast thou never practised such a pastime? fd. To answer (one); to make answer to. Obs. 1586 Young Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 219, I resolue thee (faire Ladie) thus, that many times I tried [etc.].

18. fa. To advise (one) to a decision. Obs. a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII{16S3) 458 He was resolv’d by his Council rather to weary and famish the Emperors Army. 1656 Burton's Diary (1828) I. 32, I would have the Committee to resolve you how you will proceed. b. To determine (a person) on a course of

action. Also with inf. 1836 Browning & Forster Life Strafford (1892) 15 The events of the interim had resolved the leaders of the house on abandoning the terms proposed. 1890 Sir C. Russell in Daily News 24 July 2/7 'The Knowledge of this marriage resolved Lord and Lady C... to send their son abroad.

19. refl. fa. To make up one’s mind. Obs. a 1528 Fox Let. to Wolsey in Strype Eccl. Mem. V. 406 Of whom his ho. wil resolve hymself, we cannot yet tell. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed HI. 1351/1 Resolue your selfe my lord, you haue a goodlie soule. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 25 Solliciting Sebastian to resolue himselfe either to enter or be excluded. 1626 Fletcher Noble Gent. IV. iv. Tell me, have you resolv’d yourself for court? fb. To join oneself to another’s opinion.

06s.-' 1568 Grafton Chron. 11. 648 The Erie of Salisbury and other his friendes, seyng his courage, resolued themselues to his opinion.

t c. To free (oneself) of a doubt. Obs. rare. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 418 If thou resolue thy selfe of a doubt, 1 cannot thinke thee very sharpe. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 4 If you remember that which before you tolde mee you vnderstood: you would resolue your selfe of that doubt.

d. To assure, satisfy, or convince (oneself) on some point. 1593 Lodge William Longbeard C 3 In youth be true, and then in age resolve thee, Friends will be friends, a 1618 I^leigh Rem. (1644) 237 If I live to return, resolve your self that it is the care for you that hath strengthened my heart. 1657 S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 74 If you taste it, you will easily resolve your self. 1710 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) IL II. iii. 276 We apprehend a larger Scheme, and easily resolve our-selves why Things were not compleated in this State. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xxviii. 7 [As one who] tumeth to resolve him, if the glass Have told him true. 1869 Goulburn Purs. Holiness vi. 48 He must resolve himself on the question.

IV. intr. 120. To take rise. Obs. rare—^. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. v. metr. i. (1868) 151 Tigris and eufrates resoluen and spryngen of a welle in pe kragges of pe roche of pe contre of achemenye.

21. To melt, dissolve, become liquid. ? Obs. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 72 In J»is tyme.. pe wyndes blowyn, pe snow resoluys. CI440 Alph. Tales 443 J>is yse resoluyd into watir. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. p. xxxiii, Ony frosin thing that is cassin in it, meltis and resolvis hastilie. 1595 Shaks. John v. iv. 25 Euen as a forme of waxe Resolueth from his figure ’gainst the fire. 1611 B. Jonson Catiline iii. iii, May my brain Resolve to water, and my blood turn phlegm. 1665 Phil. Trans. I. 106 After a while it resolves again, and grows dilute. 1731 Arbuthnot Aliments iv. 104 When the Blood stagnates in any part of the Body, it first coagulates, then resolves, and turns alkaline. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 19 Congealed (as it were) in Clusters, which resolve, and the frozen Swallows revive by the Warmth. fig. 1696 Southerne Oroonoko v. v, Our honours, interests resolving down, Run in the gentle current of our joys.

22. a. To undergo dissolution or separation into elements; to pass into, return or change to, some form or state. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 68 It ys to wete p2X mannys body.. continuely er dimunisshed and resoluyn a3eyn. 1509 Fisher Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 304 Fyrst it [5c. the body] anone begynneth to putrefye & resolue in to foule corrupeyon. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 58 Pleusidippus eyes at this speach resolued into fire. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. /Flxxvii, This Insect.. Resolues to dirt againe in the next Storme. 1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) s/i He conceived Water to be the first principle of all natural Bodies, whereof they consist, and into which they resolve. 1715 Pope Iliad ri. 44 The phantom .. Resolves to air, and mixes with the night. 1716 Ibid. vii. 113 Go then, resolve to earth, from whence ye grew. 1847 C. Bronte Eyre xxvii, The roof resolved to clouds, high and dim. 1878 M. A. Brown tr. Runeberg's Nadeschda 66 The marble then In transformation dire into speech resolved. b. Of non-material things. 1679 Dryden Trail. Cress, i. i, Then every thing resolves to brutal Force, And headlong Force is led by hoodwink’d Will. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) II. iii. i. 345, I..celebrate the Beautys which resolve in Thee, the Source.. of all Perfection. 1752 Hume Ess., Balance Trade (1817) I. 315 These cases, when examined, will be found to resolve into our general theory. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xv, It would resolve into an equitable claim. 1852 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. 533 What would otherwise resolve into a conscious outrage of the most sacred obligations.

RESOLVED c. Path. To undergo resolution. 1822-34 Good’s Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 285 Regular fit of gout.. gradually resolving, and leaving the constitution in its usual or improved health. 1898 P. Manson Trop. Diseases xxvii. 434 These drugs have undoubtedly the power of causing the eruption in yaws to resolve.

d. Law. To lapse; to become void. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 695 On his failure to pay within the time limited, the sale resolves, and the property .. returns to the seller.

e. Mus. To change from discord to harmony. 1889 Prout Harmony xiv. §332 All chords of the ninth can resolve upon their own generator. 1898 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 310/2 The note on which the suspension resolves is not heard with the suspension.

23. a. To come to a determination; to make up one’s mind; to take a firm purpose or decision. 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons Ded. 8 To know, how of himselfe.. with valour to resolue and performe. 1597 Bacon Coulers Good ^ Evill Ess. (Arb.) 143 As he sayth well. Not to resolue, is to resolue, and many times it., ingageth as farre in some other sort as to resolue. 1622 Ford, etc. Witch of Edmonton i. i, Upon what certainty shall I resolve? 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 97 Thus he resolv’d, but first .. His bursting passion into plaints thus pour’d. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. ii. Ixn, Resolve! resolve! and to be men aspire! 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. xxvi[i]. So after resolving, and re-resolving, 1 had courage enough to tell her my mind. 1832 Austin Jurispr. (1879) 1. xxi. 452 When such expressions as ‘resolving’ and ‘determining’ are applied to a present intention to do a future act.

b. Const, with inf. 157®”^ Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) p. vi, I resolved (for sundrie iust respectes) to begin first with that Shire. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv. iii. 371 Shall we resolue to woe these girles of France? 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage viii. iii. (1614) 744 He.. committed many errours, especially in resoluing to winter in that desolate place. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 45, I resolv’d to hold fast by a Piece of the Rock. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 252 At one time he had resolved .. to give way.

c. With on or upon; also fofy •\in. 1586 Marlowe ist Pt. Tamburlaine ii. vi, Since.. He dares so doubtlessly resolve of rule. 1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ Cl. III. xi. 9, I haue my selfe resolu’d vpon a course, W^hich has no neede of you. 1659-60 Pepys Diary 23 Jan., This day the Parliament.. resolved of the declaration to be printed for the people’s satisfaction, a 1715 Burnet Own Time i. (1724) I. 36 The course they all resolved on was, that [etc.]. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia viii. iv, Cecilia..had still the..good sense..to resolve upon making the best use [etc.]. 1809 Susan II. 103 Mrs. Howard .. immediately resolved in going with him. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola xx. The ceremony had been resolved upon rather suddenly,

fd. To decide on setting out/or a place. Obs. *597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iii. 67, I will resolue for Scotland, a 1643 Cartwright Ordinary v. v. Let’s swear Fidelity to one another, and So resolve for New England. *734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. xvii. vii. (1827) VII. 204 He resolved for Sicily which would open him a passage into Africa. 1760 Impostors Detected iv. iii. II. 189 We were obliged to separate, and every one take his chance... As for me I resolved for Lisbon.

t24. a. To be satisfied or convinced. Obs. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 1. xx. 24 The Gouemor by the counsell of those that had perswaded him too surrender, resolued vppon so smal an assurance of the Bascha. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, i. ii. 91 Resolue on this, thou shah be fortunate, If thou receiue me for thy Warlike Mate. 1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man. in Hum. i. v, Bob. For doe you see, sir,.. I could not extend thus farre. Mat. O Lord, sir, I resolue so. 1659 Hammond On Ps. 610, I have allwayes, since I knew any thing of thee, resolved of the truth of it.

RESOLVER

725 1497 Lett. Rich. Ill ^ Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 110 Our fynal and resolved mynde is that ye obteyne al thes articles cor^rised in the second parte. 1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 82 To passe this point with a cleare resolued mynde. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §3, I could never perceive.. that a resolved conscience may not adore her Creator anywhere. 1660 Ingelo Bentiv. ^ Ur. ii. (1682) 76 It is dimcult to suppose that he hath any resolved thoughts concerning God.

b. Of actions, states of mind, etc.: determined upon, deliberate.

Fully

1595 Shaks. John ii. i. 585 From a resolu’d and honourable warre, To a most base and vile-concluded peace. 1638 A. Read Chirurg. xxxi. 210 A doubtfull hope is better than a resolved despaire. 1^4 Kettlewell Comp, for Penitent 92 Confess them to him with a resolved aversion: being resolved in heart to forsake all. 01716 South Serm. (1744) X. 185 A settled, constant, resolved living in sin. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right (1899) 13/1 A great and often resolved scheme.

fc. Deliberately adopted or accepted. Obs. 1659 Rushw. Hist. Coll. I. 176 They shew that some of the Opinions which offended many, were no other then the resolved Doctrine of this Church.

d. That has been decided on. 1748 Richardson resolved-on case.

Clarissa (i8ii) VIII.

273

Not a

4. Of persons, the mind, etc.: Characterized by determination or firmness of purpose; resolute. 1586 Marlowe ist Pt. Tamburl. i. ii, What strong enchantments tice my yielding soul To these resolved, noble Scythians. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. viii. 272 Brave Voadicia made with her resolued’st men To Virolam. 1681 H. More Postscr. to GlanvilVs Sadducismus (1726) 17 Of whom he is sworn Advocate and resolved Patron, right or wrong. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xvi. iv, Here stands your resolved daughter. i8i6 Scott Antiq. i. The hat pulled over his resolved brows. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 207 Men of.. broad resolved temper. Comb. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer 202 A subdued, bronzed, resolved-looking man.

fb. Confirmed (in some practice or course). Obs. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 183 A nation of valiant and resolved Idolaters. 1692 Bentley Boyle Lect. ii. 32 No wonder the resolved Atheists do so labour and bestir themselves to fetch Sense and Perception out of the Power of Matter.

t c. Openly or sincerely attached to some party or body. Obs. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. §261 Which drove all resolved men from their houses into York, where they only could be safe. 1657 Baxter Present Thoughts 33 The one sort were never hearty resolved Christians. 1732 Neal Hist. Purit. I. 55 A yoke which some of the most resolved Protestants could not bear.

fS. Melted, dissolved. Obs. 1582 T. Watson Cent, of Love Ixxvii, Time brings a fiudd from newe resolued snowe. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes Gf Qual. 300 Dropping a little resolv’d salt of Tartar upon the solution of common Sublimate.

t6. Of parts of the body: Soft, relaxed. Obs. 1576 Baker Jewell of Health 162 The extenuation of resolved and weake members. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 182 Lips are soft and resolved.

7, Separated, broken up, analysed. 1812 WooDHOUSE Astron. xxxiii. (1832) 682 One effect, from a resc’. ed part of the Sun’s disturbing force. 1818 T. Busby Gram. Mus. 429 There is the resolved Canon, the unresolved Canon. 1868 Lockyer Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 3) 397 Another point of resemblance between the resolved globular clusters, and the nebula of the same form.

fb. To consult, take counsel. Obs. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 12311 behoves, ere that into the race W’e enter, to resolve first hereupon. 1641 Hinde LifeJ. Bruen xviii. 56 He made them sometimes as his counsellours, to advise, conferre, consult, and resolve with them, in matters of conscience. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 260 Let us retreat out of their View or Hearing, least they awake, and we will resolve further.

resolved (ri'zolvd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ed^.] 1. Of persons: Determined, decided, settled in purpose. Also const, with inf., that, etc. 1520 Hen. viii in Lett. Kings Eng. (Halliw.) I. 246 W’hereunto.. none of our.. ancestors were ever so.. determinate resolved as we be at this time. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 6 He was fully resolved to stire up no further disputation. 1611 Bible Luke xvi. 4, I am resolued what to doe. 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 83, I am resolved to undeceive mankind. 1737 Berington Mem. G. de Lucca (1738) 51 These Considerations made me as good as resolv’d to go along with him. 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. xxvii, He was resolved they should have learning. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 341 That word parricide. Although I am resolved, haunts me like fear. 1847 C. Bronte Eyre xxxv. He was in deep earnest, wrestling with God, and resolved on a conquest.

b. Const, with for, fagainst, ffrom, fof (= on). 1582 T. Watson Cent, of Love xevi, I liue secure,.. Fully resolu’d from louing any more. 1639 Fuller Holy War iv. xvii. 198 About this time many thousands of the English were resolved for the Holy warre. 1641 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 289 The Temple is resolved of a Christmas. 1659 Hammond On Ps. 610 My enemies are maliciously resolved against me.

f 2. Convinced, satisfied. Obs. *577 Whetstone Gascoigne ii, Yet trust me frends.., I am resolu’d, I neuer liu’d til now. 1595 Raleigh Discov. Guiana (1887) 106 For mine own part I am resolved it is true. 1608 Middleton Trick to catch Old One iii. i, Since you are so well resolved of my faith toward you. 1719 D’Urfey Pills (1872) III. 97 Being well resolved that none Could see her Nakedness.

3. fa. Of the mind, etc.: Freed from doubt or uncertainty; fixed, settled. Obs.

re'solvedly, adv. [f. prec. + -ly'“.] 11. Definitely, determinately. Obs. i6zi Beaum. & Fl. King & No King iii. ii. All the kindness I can shew him, is to set him resolvedly in my rowle, the two hundred and thirteenth man. 1646 S. Bolton Arraignm. Errors 353 Who is it that saith resolvedly, we must be one, we cannot live without you? 1677 Gilpin Demonol. (1867) 55 The will doth not resolvedly embrace any object till the light of the understanding hath made out.. the goodness or conveniency of the object.

2. In a determined manner; resolutely. *595 Munday John a Kent 19 But when no answere either could receive. Resolvedly thus we set downe our rest. 1636 Sanderson Serm. II. 49 The greatest blame must remain upon the untowardness of the will, resolvedly bent upon the evil. 16^ Lond. Gaz. No. i We.. do most heartily and resolvedly offer, and engage our Lives and Fortunes to Your Service. 1826 Scott Woodst. iv. The young commonwealth’s-man turned and walked sternly and resolvedly forth. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. V. xlix. 79 Resolvedly blind to consequences, George III. scorned to dissemble.

re'solvedness.

[f. as prec, + -ness.] Resolution, determination; firmness, fixedness of purpose. i6ii W, ScLATER Key (1629) 219 In things substantial!, I loue resoluednesse. 1686 Horneck Crucif. Jesus xxii. 680 How mightest thou have shamed the devil by a continued resolvedness! 1856 Ruskin Mod. Paint. IV. v. App. ii. This resolvedness to break into shell-shaped fragments.. is only characteristic of the rock at this spot. 1872 Bushnell Serm. Living Subj. 60 What can he do by mere will-force and resolvedness, when the heavenly trust is wanting?

resolvend (ri'zolvand), sb.

Arith. [ad. L. resolvend-um, neut. gerundive of resolvere to RESOLVE.] The number formed by extending the

remainder after subtraction in the process of extracting the square or cube root. 1675 Collins in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) I. 215 Offering any resolvend.. whatever, he could by direct operations give the logarithm of the root sought. 1709 J. Ward Introd. Math. l. xi. (1734) 128 It very often happens that the Resolvend is not a true Figurate Number. 1798 Hutton Course Math. (1827) I. 88 From the resolvend take the subtrahend, and to the remainder join the next period of the given number for a new resolvend. 1811 Self Instructor 165 Bring down the next point, 57, which call the resolvend.

So t re'solvend a.

(See quot.) Obs.

1694 Oughtred Key to Math. [161 The (Power to be resolved or) Potestas Resolvenda. Ibid.l 164 All the punctations.. must be made in the Potestas Resolvend.

resolvent (n'zolvant), a. and sb.

[ad. L. resolvent-em, pres. pple. of resolvere to resolve.] A. adj. 1. Chiefly Med. Having the power to resolve; causing solution. Also const, of. 1676 Wiseman Surg. Treat, i. xix. 94, I..applied the milder resolvent Emplaster. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. i. 249 A Juice.. resolvent of the Bile. 1762 R. Guy Pract. Obs. Cancers 75 The resolvent Applications taking no effect. 1822-34 Goods Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 463 All the chylific organs secrete an unusual quantity of resolvent juices. 1866 Odling Anim. Chem. 158 The so-called resolvent action of alkalies upon the animal economy.

2. Of a proposition: That merely asserts what is already included in the conception of the subject. 1856 Ferrier Inst. Metaph. (ed. 2) 25 note. The proposition adds nothing to our knowledge: it is merely explicative, or resolvent.

3. Math., in resolvent equation, product, etc. 1859 R. Harley in Mem. Lit. & Phil. Soc. Manchester (i860) XV. 173 The product..which may be called the symmetric or resolvent product, according as it is or is not symmetric. 1861 Cayley in Phil. Trans. (1862) CLI. 263 Then.. feu is the root of an equation of the order 24 called the Resolvent Equation. 1882 - in Quart. Jrnl. Math. XVIII. 60 Transformation of the Jacobian Sextic into the Resolvent Sextic of a special quintic equation.

B. sb. 1. Med. A medicine or application to cause the resolution of a swelling; a discutient. 1676 Wiseman Surg. Treat, i. xix. 92 Young people., require to be treated with milder Resolvents then those who live a labouring life. 1758 Wood Farriery 16 As soon as Resolvents take effect [etc.]. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 567/2 Soap is also externally employed as a resolvent. 1834 J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 193 Blood-letting, derivatives, and resolvents or stimulants of the absorbent system,.. retard the progress of the disease. 1883-4 Med. Ann. 9/2 He believes the drug to be an aplastic or resolvent of great energy.

2. Something capable of resolving; a solvent. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Resolvents, in Chymistry, certain Liquors that are us’d for the dissolving of Metals, or Minerals. 1708 J. Keill Anim. Secretion Pref. xv, Different Substances require different Resolvents. 1900 Q. Rev. July 55 The whole earth, the one disinfectant and resolvent of death and decay.

3. A means of removing difficulties, settling problems, etc. Const of. 1851 Willmott Pleas. Lit. ii. 6 The harsher resolvents of digamma and allegory. 1880 R. G. White Every-Day English 142 A coin which would serve as a common resolvent of all accounts. 1892 Critic (U.S.) i Oct. 186/2 But those who know the man.. scarcely look for such a resolvent of Samoan troubles.

4. Math. A resolvent equation, function, etc. Galois resolvent: see Galois. 1859 Phil. Mag. XVIII. 54 One of the roots of its resolvent .. is a rational function of another, i860 Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1861) 147 Let us consider the function F(a, x), which is a particular case of the resolvent [etc.].

resolver (ri‘zDlva(r)). [f. resolve v. -I- -er*.] 11. A resolvent substance. Also with of. Obs. C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 6 Cap. ij. of resolueres. 1632 tr. BrueVs Praxis Med. 92 Heere strong resolvers are requisite .. because the Irrmostume cannot by other meanes be resolued. 1663 Boyle Usef Exp. Nat. Philos, ii. v. xviii. 276 Opium.. proves sometimes a great resolver, and commonly a great Sudorifick. 1756 Burke Subl. & B. iv. xxi. Water.. is found when not cold to be a great resolver of spasms.

2. One who, or that which, answers a question, solves a doubt or difficulty, etc. 1609 [Bp. W. Barlow] Answ. Nameless Cath. 27 Hee is a sound Resoluer. 1683 E. Hooker in Pordage's Mystic Div. 88 A better Resolver thereof in all cases England never saw. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1766) II. 116 It was said, that the serving an end was a good resolver of all cases of conscience. *775 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 82/2 A woman applied to a resolver 01 lawful questions.. to be satisfied in relation to some future events.

3. One who makes a resolve; one who supports a resolution. 1749 Lavington Enthus. Meth. ^ Papists (1752) 18 Though from human Infirmity the Resolver himself has sometimes forgot his vow. 1839 Fraser's Mag. XIX. 757 All these addressers and resolvers were taken in. 1894 Woolley in Voice (U.S.) 13 Sept., It improves a resolution to have the resolver mean it.

4. Electr. An electromechanical device which transforms the representation of an electric vector from polar to Cartesian coordinates (see quot. 1956); also, more widely, an electronic device which resolves an input signal into components. 1952 G. A. & T. M. Korn Electronic Analog Computers vi. 283 A special rotatable transformer called a resolver. 1956

RESOLVIBLE & Wainwright Computers iii. loi A special form of transformer known as a resolver.. built something like an electric motor... Turning of the rotor varies the coupling between the windings so as to produce the sine and cosine functions. Ibid. viii. 353/1 Resolver, .a device for resolving a vector into two mutually perpendicular components. 1975 Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 24 Oct. 29/1 Many find that they can get a very pleasant ‘surround’ effect by using a pair of modest rear speakers coupled to a simple unit called a resolver. The Neal resolver, for example, sorts out the signals from a stereo amplifier and passes to the rear loudspeakers the out-of-phase information—the peripheral elements of the sound. 1976 Sci. Amer. Feb. 78/1 The addition of servo control calls for feedback from sensors such as potentiometers, encoders and resolvers, which measure the position of each joint. Berkeley

re'solvible, a. [f.

resolve v. + -ible.] Capable

of being resolved; resolvable. 1691 Norris Pract. Disc. (1711) III. 118 The whole misery of man is resolvible into Pain and Grief. 1701Ideal World i. ii. 43 This is the first of those principles into which the deficiencies of nature are resolvible. 1816 tr. Lacroix's Diff. Gf Integr. Calc. 102 This equation..is resolvible, both with respect to x and to y. 1869 F. W. Newman Misc. 14 We may construct some Geometrical propositions which are purely Verbal, resolvible by a comparison of Definitions.

resolving (n'zDlviq), vbl. sb. -ING^.]

[f. as prec. + 1. The action of the verb in various

senses. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 209 A resoluyng in an vnclene bodi drawij? more matere perto \>^n it resolue)?. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 130 But after the resolving of his blessed body He raised deed men to lyfe agayne truely. 1609 NTS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Cdnterb.i Layd owt to John Kevell towardes his resollving of him at the court, ijs. 1659 Hammond On Ps. Pref. 9 Sufficient to recommend it to the Readers most diligent resolving. 17.. Ramsay Coalier's Daughter iii. After mature resolving.. He tenderly thus teird her. 1889 Pall Mall G. 16 Jan. 6/2 It is strange that all the Unionist speaking and resolving beforehand was in opposition to them.

2. Comb, resolving power, the capability of an optical or photographic system to separate or distinguish closely adjacent images; also, the similar capability of a radio telescope; resolving time, the interval from the start of a counted pulse in a pulse counter to the time when another pulse can be detected and counted separately. 1879 Lond. &c. Phil. Mag. VIII. 262 The resolvingpower of a telescope on a double star. 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 374/1 While the resolving power of a spectroscope with grating.. is independent of the wave-length for each order, the resolving power of a spectroscope with prism will vary inversely as the third power of the wave-length. 1955 Sci. Amer. Mar. 38/1 The resolving power is measured by the sharpness of the peak; it is usually expressed as the ‘half¬ power beam width’, which means the width of the arc along which the antenna receives half or more of the maximum signal power. 1977 J. Narlikar Struct. Universe iv. 107 Because visual wavelengths are considerably shorter than radio wavelengths.., the optical telescope can achieve a better resolving power with an aperture of a few centimetres than the radio telescope can with an aperture of several metres. 1942 W. B. Lewis Electr. Counting viii. 83 The anode potential rises more rapidly after extinction and the resolving time is reduced. 1948 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments XXV. 37/1 The resolving time of the input circuit of the scaler was measured directly by feeding into the scaler pairs of pulses of variable separation. 1963 B. Brown Experimental Nucleonics 175 Due to the short resolving time much higher count rates are possible.

re'solving, ppl. a. Chiefly Med, [f. as prec. + -ING^.] That resolves. ri400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 230 schalt do l?erto sumtyme mollificatiuis & sumtyme resoluyng I?ingis. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. i. 3 Of resolving medicines: Symple and compounde. 1639 Ld. Digby Lett. cone. Relig. (1651) 43 For either of us there is no resolving evidence to be t^en from the Fathers. 1663 Boyle Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos, ii. xiv. 247 Unlesse they be of such a resolving and abstersive nature, as to be able to make way for themselves into the recesses of the body. 1758 J. S. tr. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 259, I prescribed resolving Fomentations.

resommon, reson(e,

obs. form of resummon.

obs. forms of raisin, reason sb.^

freson,

obs. form of reason sb.^ 1449 in Cal. Proc. Chanc. Q. Eliz. (1830) II. Pref. 54 The which flores w* pe resons above shullen accord in heith w^ the flores and resons of an other hous there.

resonance ('rEzanans). Also 5 resonn-. [a. OF. resonance, resonnance (15th c.; mod.F. resonance), = It. risonanza, Sp. and Pg. resonancia, ad. L. resonantia echo (Vitruvius), f. resondre to resound: see -ance.] 1. a. The reinforcement or prolongation of sound by reflection, or spec, by synchronous vibration. 1491 Caxton Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) i. xlviii. 92/1 Merueyllous howlynges and waylynges.., wherof the resonnaunce or sonne was soo horryble that it semyd it wente vppe to heuen. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W, de W. 1506) V. vii. PPij, For the beaute, for the force and for the resonaunce. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 67 Let us see (I say) what resonance and melodie bare wood may yeeld. 1608 Heywood Lucrece I. i, Ther’s no resonance In a bare stile: my title beares no breadth. 1776 Burney Hist. Music (1789) I. viii. 149 Resonance is but an aggregate of echos or of quick repetitions and returns of the same sound. 1833

726 Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 219/1 If percussion be practised on a soft and inelastic surface, the impulse.. will elicit no resonance from it. 1876 tr. Blaserna's Sound ii. 41 A room in which sound shall be considerably strengthened without degenerating into resonance.

b. Path. The sound heard in auscultation of the chest while the person is speaking, or that elicited by percussion of various parts of the body. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 526 [Auscultation] affords, under different circumstances, four different kinds of measure, as that of its degree of intensity, which M. Laennec has denominated resonance. 184s P. M. Latham Lect. Clin. Med. Li. 15 There are other sounds.. entirely produced by our percussion of the praecordial region. These should rather be called resonances than sounds. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 655 When the alveoli are filled with coagulum, although the bronchi still contain air, the resonance is completely lost.

c. Electr. The phenomenon of an oscillating signal (as an electric current or electromagnetic radiation) producing an effect upon an oscillating current of the same frequency; the condition in which a circuit or device produces the largest possible response to an applied oscillating signal, esp. when its inductive reactance balances its capacitative reactance. 1886 Electrician 20 Aug. zgSjz By this to-and-fro reflection, or electrical reverberation or resonance, the amplitude of the received current may be made far greater than the strength of the steady-flow current from the same impressed force. 1889 Fleming Altern. Current Transf. I. 420 In order to determine whether.. the oscillations were of the nature-of a regular vibration, he availed himself of the principle of resonance. 1893 Sloane Electr. Diet. 470 When exposed to electric resonance, or to a sympathetic electric oscillatory discharge, a spark passes from across the gap. 1897 A. Hay Princ. Alternate-Current Working xii. 159 This phenomenon of the neutralisation of an inductance by means of a capacity is generally referred to as electrical resonance. 1920 E. W. Stone Elem. Radiotelegr. i. 22 When these two reactances are equal, a state of resonance is said to obtain. 1920 Whittaker's Electr. Engineer's Pocket-bk. (ed. 4) 446 Resonance is rarely established with the fundamental frequency of the supply, but is generally due to harmonics. 1943 C. L. Boltz Basic Radio viii. 129 The phenomenon of a circuit responding most to one frequency is called resonance. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) vi. 46 It was realized that a hollow closed conducting box of arbitrary shape possessed electrical resonance properties similar to the conventional coil and capacitor circuit. 1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference v. 48 Past the point of resonance, the inductive reactance continues to increase and the capacitor is no longer effective as a bypass filter. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xv. 30 One type of forced commutation uses resonance to generate an alternation which brings the current in a conducting thyristor to zero.

d. Physics and Chem. (i) Generally, a condition in which a particle is subjected to an oscillating influence (as an electromagnetic field or another particle) of such a frequency that a transfer of energy occurs or reaches a maximum; an instance of this; an exchange of energy occurring under such conditions. 1895 Abstr. Physical Papers (Physical Soc.) I. 355 It is thus impossible that resonance should obtain between the electric waves of Hertz and the molecules of a body, and consequently impossible for an ordinary prism to disperse electric waves. 1902 Phil. Mag. III. 396 A new type of light absorption, which it may be possible to refer to the electrical resonance of small metallic particles for waves of light. Ibid. IV. 428 The variable nature of the colour.. makes it appear improbable that the action is similar to that of aniline dyes; namely, a resonance within the molecule. 1931 Proc. R. Soc. A. eXXX. 477 The possibility of the occurrence of line spectra due to a resonance between the a-particle and the nucleus. 1935 Physical Rev. XLVII. The large cross sections [for neutron scattering] may thus be called a resonance effect, but the ‘resonance’ is very unsharp. 1959 Physical Rev. Lett. II. 427/1 Quite a narrow resonance (half¬ width S 20 Mev) appears in these cross sections just below this threshold. 1966 Williams & Fleming Spectrosc. Methods Org. Chem. iv. 78 Since different protons in an organic molecule have varying electronic environments, the precise value of the magnetic field required to bring any one into resonance at constant frequency will vary slightly from proton to proton. 1970 I. E. McCarthy Nuclear Reactions I. i. 6 The reaction occurred preferentially at four different energies between about 4 MeV and 5-3 MeV. Resonance was said to occur in the a, AP’ system at these energies. 1974 Accounts Chem. Res. VII. 341/2 The Raman spectra are dominated by the porphyrin vibrational modes which are enhanced by resonance with the allowed electronic transitions in the visible and near-ultraviolet region. 1976 Sci. Amer. Jan. 50/2 The method of detection employed is an application of Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and it consists in searching for an enhancement at a articular energy in the probability of interaction between nown particles. Such an enhancement is called a resonance. (ii) Chem. = mesomerism b. 1927 Sci. Abstr. A. XXX. 84 {heading) The problem of several bodies and resonance in quantum mechanics. [Abstr. of paper by W. Heisenberg in Ztschr. f. Physik (1926) XXXIX. 499.] 1931 Physical Rev. XXXVII. 489 In some cases there may be several ways of drawing valence bonds in a given compound. In such cases, the real situation is again a combination of the various possibilities, and on account of resonance the energy is lower than it would otherwise be. 1939 L. Pauling Nature of Chem. Bond ii. 35 In case that the extreme covalent structure A:B and the extreme ionic structure A + B “ correspond separately to the same bond energy value, then the two structures will contribute equally to the actual state of the molecule, and the actual bond energy will be greater than the bond energy for either structure alone by an amount equal to the I

V

RESONANCE interaction energy of the two structures; that is, resonance between the two structures will stabilize the molecule. Ibid. xii. 408 A substance showing resonance between two or more valence-bond structures does not contain molecules with the configuration and properties usually associated with these structures. 1950 N, V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements I. 525 From the crystal structure of sodium formate Zachariasen has shown that in the ion there is complete resonance between the two C —O groups. 1968 Nature 24 Aug. 801/2 This departure from planarity, by interfering with resonance, was expected to make the molecule so unstable that one hardly expected to find it. 1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. xv. 494 These structures are less stable than the Kekule forms, because the A —D bonds, etc., are long and weak; therefore, although they must be allowed to take part in the resonance they contribute more weakly.

(iii) spec, (also magnetic resonance) the transition of a particle possessing a magnetic moment between different quantum states in the presence of a magnetic field and electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate frequency; a spectroscopic technique (as electron spin resonance^ nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) in which such phenomena are observed, 1938 Physical Rev. LIII. 318/2 The experimental procedure is to vary the homogeneous field for some given value of the frequency of the oscillating field until the resonance is observed by a drop in intensity at the detector and a subsequent recovery when the resonance value is passed. 1942 Nuclear magnetic resonance [see nuclear a. 4]. 1952 Physical Rev. LXXXVIII. 951/1 We have observed conduction electron spin resonance absorption in fine particles of metallic sodium. 1957 Endeavour Oct. 185/1 When atomic nuclei are placed in a constant magnetic field of high intensity and subjected at the same time to a radiofrequency alternating field, a transfer of energy takes place between the high-frequency field and the nucleus. This phenomenon is known as nuclear magnetic resonance. 1965 R. N. Dixon Spectroscopy ^ Structure viii. 182 Electron spin resonance spectrometers usually use fields of the order of 3000 G, and the resonance is then at microwave frequencies of about 9000 Mc/sec. 1967 Atkins & Symons Struct. Inorg. Radicals i. 7 Signals can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance under conditions where lines are too broad to detect by electron spin resonance. 1977 Nature 17 Nov. 272/2 The spectrum of the enriched pigment contains one additional resonance at approximately 130 8 p.p.m. downfield from TSP-d4.

(iv) spec, in Nuclear Physics, a short-lived particle, or an excited state of a particle, manifested as an increase, at certain welldefined energies, in the probability of interaction of other particles. 1964 Physical Rev. Lett. XIII. 64/2 We have searched for a possible spin alignment of the resonance by analyzing the strong decay into S* (1530) + tr. 1965 Science 10 Sept. 1183/2 When the nucleon is exposed to any kind of highenergy beams, it is transformed into short-lived states of higher energy, which are known under various names, such as ‘hyperons^ or ‘resonances’. 1969 Times 5 Feb. 13/7 The Xi resonances belong to the heavier class of nuclear particles known as baryons. 1972 G. L. Wick Elem. Particles iv. 60 Analyses of particle tracks also helped to reveal numerous short-lived particles called resonances. 1975 Physics Bull. Dec. 537/3 Excited states of the nucleons, so called resonances, can be produced by inelastic electron scattering.

e. Mech. (i) A condition in which an object or system is subjected to an oscillating force having a frequency close to that of a natural vibration of the object or system; the resulting amplification of the natural vibration. 1899 Franklin & Williamson Elem. Alternating Currents v. 59 Mechanical resonance. If a periodic force of given maximum value and given frequency acts upon the body.. the body will be set vibrating at the same frequency as that of the force, and the violence of the motion will be greatest, for the given value of the periodic force, when the frequency of the force is equal to the proper frequency of the body. Phil. Mag. XXVI. 125 Ifthe lower bob is of solid metal.. its damping coefficient will be small and the resonance in consequence probably inconveniently sharp. 1935 J. E. Younger Struct. Design Metal Airplanes xv. 272 In the prevention of dangerous structural vibration, the first principle is to avoid resonance. 1952 D. E. Christie Intermediate College Mech. xii. 306 In practical engineering it is frequently desirable to keep forced oscillations well away from resonance. 1959 Listener 5 Feb. 252/1 Where the lengths of waves and ship are almost equal, we experience severe pitch and heave motions... This ‘resonance’ can be destroyed in two ways. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropaedia VIII. 525/1 Mechanical resonance.. is known to have built up to such large proportions as to be destructive, as in the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.

(ii) Amplification of wave or tidal motion in a body of water when this motion has the same frequency as a natural vibration of the body of water. *9SS P' H. Kuenen Realms of Water ii. 37 Lake Baikal.. has.. no resonance whatever and the tide is less than one inch. Ibid. 42 In the Malay Archipelago .. resonances in the separate basins with natural periods of oscillation. 1975 New Yorker 12 May 94/2 Certain harbors sometimes have problems with a phenomenon known as resonance, wherein waves that might be, say, two feet high on the outside build up energy within the harbor until waves in there stand ten feet high or higher.

f. Astr. The circumstance or phenomenon of the periods of revolution of two bodies about a single primary being, exactly or approximately, in the ratio of two small integers. 1923 Astron. Jrnl. XXXV. 70/2 From the mechanical point of view, the chief feature of the motion of an asteroid of the Trojan group is due to resonance. 1928 Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. XXXIV. 283 Here the millions of ‘stones’ or

RESONANT ‘rocks’ which must constitute those rings revolve round Saturn and resonances are caused by the action of its larger satellites. 1968 R. A. Lyttleton Mysteries Solar Syst. vii. 229 The adopted value implied a period of the unknown planet of some 218 years, which is not very different from three times the period of Uranus, namely 84 years. It would be sufficiently near in fact to give a mild resonance, because of the approximate 3:1 ratio. 1979 Science 5 Oct. 39/1 Mimas has been implicated because it orbits Saturn in exactly twice the time that any particles happening to orbit within the Cassini division would. This whole-number relationship of orbital periods is called resonance. g. fig. and other transf. uses. 1607 R. C[arew] tr. Estienne’s World of Wonders 298 So ought our hearts.. to haue no other resonance but of good thoughts. 1828 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 207 He has a resonance in his bosom for every note of human feeling. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. ii. xvii, Hints of this, intended to be complimentary, found an angry resonance in him. 1892 J. Sully Human Mind II. xiv. 58 That the corporeal resonance does form an essential ingredient in emotion is abundantly proved by a variety of facts. 1925 J. Laird Our Minds Gf Their Bodies i. 21 It is the commonest thing in the world to say that we are ‘not ourselves’ when our bodies, so to say, ring differently to us from their normal resonance. 1939 Scrutiny VII. 441 In particular, his temperament was painfully out of resonance with his father’s. 1956 Day & de LA \\ ARR New Worlds beyond Atom v. 34 A part of the wave¬ form emitted by the drug forms a discord with the radiations of the disease while another part of it is in resonance with the organ which is being treated. 1962 E. F. Haden et al. Resonance-Theory for Linguistics 48 Resonance in Linguistics is a bond, imagined as a hybrid or a wave, linking two language entities. 1965 J. M. Stephens Psychol, of Classroom Learning vii. 176/2 In real life many problems have been solved by this seemingly mysterious, unconscious ‘resonance’. 1967 E. H. Lenneberg Biol. Foundations Lang. ix. 378 Perhaps a better metaphor still is the concept of resonance... Exposure to adult language behavior has an excitatory effect upon the actualization process much the same way a certain frequency may have.. upon a specific resonator; the object begins to vibrate in the presence of the sound. In the case of language onset, the energy required for the resonance is, in a sense, supplied by the individual himself. 1976 Southern Even. Echo (Southampton) 16 Nov. 3/5 For much of the piece there is an extra resonance and significance about Gray’s otherwise-familiar anti-hero. 1977 A. Sheridan tr. J. Lacan s Ecrits iii. 86 What is redundant as far as information is concerned is precisely that which does duty as resonance in speech.

2. a. The quality of reinforcing or prolonging a sound by vibration. 1669 Boyle Physiol. Ess., Absol. Rest §7 Some famous Lutes .. attained not their full seasoning and best resonance, till they were about fourscore year old. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 481/1 Intended for the reception of the sounds produced by the resonance of the bony case just described. 1875 Ellis tr. Helmholtz' Sensat. Tone i. v. §7 The investigation of the resonance of the cavity of the mouth is of great importance. b. The enhancement of one colour by its

proximity to another or others. Cf. resonant a. 2 b. 1933 Burlington Mag. Jan. 3/1, I knew that Titian was a master of rich and sumptuous colour. I knew how splendidly he could evoke from his blues and crimsons their fullest and deepest resonance.

3.

attrib., as resonance apparatus, box, frequency, particle, vibration, etc.; resonance absorption Nuclear Physics, absorption of energy or of a particle under conditions of resonance; spec. = next; resonance capture Nuclear Physics, absorption of a particle by an atomic nucleus which occurs only for certain well-defined values of particle energy; res¬ onance chamber = resonator 2; resonance energy, (a) an energy value at which resonance occurs; (i) Chem., the extent of stabilization of a molecular structure attributed to mesomerism; resonance fluorescence, fluorescence in which the light emitted has the same wavelength as that which excites the emission; resonance hybrid Chem., a molecular structure which is a mesomeric combination of a number of forms; resonance radiation, (the radiation emitted in) resonance fluorescence; resonance Raman spectrum [Raman], a Raman spectrum excited by light having a frequency equal to that of a band in the absorption spectrum of the scattering substance (see quot. 1975'); so resonance Raman effect, spectroscopy, etc.; resonance scattering Nuclear Physics, elastic scattering of a particle by an atomic nucleus at an energy of the incident particle for which the scattering cross-section is large compared with that for adjacent values of the energy (cf. potential scattering s.v. potential sb. 4 c); resonance stabilization Chem. = resonance energy (b). 1945 H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes iv. 24 The term ‘*resonance absorption’ is used to describe the very strong absorption of neutrons by U-238 when the neutron energies are in certain definite portions of the energy region. 1952 [see sense i d (iii) above]. 1961 G. R. Choppin Exper. Nuclear Chem. viii. 114 In indium a resonance absorption occurs for neutrons with a kinetic energy of 1-44 ev. 01879 Randegger Singing 11 The chest, mouth, or head..only act respectively as the ‘*resonance apparatus’ of the voice. 1873 S. Taylor Sound & Music (1896) 85 This convenient adjunct to a tuning-fork goes by the name of a *resonance-box. 1937 G. Gamow Struct.

RESONANT

727 Atomic Nuclei xi. 224 We may have here a case of •resonance-capture. 1964 M. Gowing Britain Of Atomic Energy igsg-^s i. 40 Various other ways of reducing the capture of neutrons by resonance capture.. were considered. 1896 Curtis Voice Building (1901) 74 The condition and shape of the •resonance cavities.. give to the human voice a peculiar beauty and timbre. 1919 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics vi. 15 The effect of a •resonance chamber in modifying quality of tone may be illustrated experimentally. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio iii. 59 The mouth, nose and throat cavities act as resonance chambers for sound coming from the vocal cords. 1931 Amer. Chem. Soc. LIII. 1368 The energy of the bond is largely the •resonance or interchange energy of two electrons. 1941 in M. Gowing Britain & Atomic Energy ^939'45 (1964) 430 Neutrons of certain critical, or resonance, energies are strongly absorbed by uranium without causing fission. 1965 Phillips Sc Williams Inorg. Chem. I. iii. 75 The difference between the computed binding energy of a hypothetical structure and that computed using all possible structures, i.e. the actual binding energy of the real molecule, is called the resonance energy. 1925 Sci. Abstr. A. XXVIH. 121 In the case of •resonance fluorescence the re-emitted line possesses a greater Doppler width than the incident line. 1977 I. M. Campbell Energy Atmosphere viii. 260 {caption) Schematic diagram of apparatus for the resonance fluorescence detection of hydroxyl radicals in air. 1921 W. H. Eccles Continuous Wave Wireless Telegr. iii. 172 When an external sine force acts upon a vibrator, whether at the •resonance frequency or not, it gradually builds up a vibrating motion to a definite final amplitude. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsedia XIX. 101/2 Wind supplied the power causing the bridge to vibrate at one of its torsional resonance frequencies without sufficient damping. 1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond xii. 407 Each of these tautomers in its normal state is represented.. by a •resonance hybrid of this structure and others. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. XXV. 525 The true structure of benzene is., a resonance hybrid, to which the two Kekule formulae.. contribute equally. 1975 Sci. Amer. May 43/2 Other •resonance particles decay by the ‘strong’ interaction in about io“23 second. 1905 R. W. Wood in Phil. Mag. X. 514 Repeated efforts have been made.. to detect a lateral emission of yellow light by sodium vapour when in the act of absorbing sodium light... This seems to be the first case found of the phenomenon, which it may perhaps be well to style •resonance radiation, to distinguish it from fluorescence. 1928 [see quench v. 3d]. 1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) xvii. 661 Sodium absorbs and re-emits as resonance radiation the two well-known yellow lines at wavelen^hs 5890 A. and 5896 A. i960 tr. Shorygin & Krushinskii in Soviet Physics Doklady V. 793 The possibility of observing •resonance Raman spectra is limited to a considerable degree by the loss of light due to absorption. 1962 Pure ^ Appl. Chem. IV. 87 The study of the resonance Raman effect can contribute not only to the extension of the technique of Raman spectroscopy, but also to an investigation of the nature of the interaction of light with matter. 1975 Jrnl. Chem. Soc.: Dalton Trans. 381/1 When a molecule.. is excited with a laser beam whose wavenumber corresponds or closely corresponds with the band maximum of a strongly allowed electronic transition of the molecule, then a rigorous resonance Raman (r.r.) spectrum may be obtained. Such spectra are normally characterised by an enormous increase in the intensity of a totally symmetric fundamental of the molecule together with the appearance of long overtone progressions in this same fundamental. 1975 Nature 25 Dec. 770/1 The results of Lewis and Spoonhower using resonance Raman spectroscopy imply the existence of a strong complex between retinal and a tryptophan residue in rhodopsin. 1937 Bethe & Placzek in Physical Rev. LI. 462/1 Near resonance, the •resonance scattering ct2 niust be added to the potential scattering. 1955 A. E. S. Green Nuclear Physics xiii. 456 These deviations are attributed to the interference between the potential and resonance scattering associated with the /th partial wave. 1978 Nature 26 Oct. 730/1 Resonance scattering of light from a beam of free atoms is an ideal technique for making precise absolute measurements of the shift in wavelength of the light relative to the reference wavelength of the beam atoms. 1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond i. 10 Because the resonating system does not have a structure intermediate between those involved in the resonance, but.. a structure which is further changed by the •resonance stabilization, I prefer not to use the word ‘mesomerism’.. for the resonance phenomenon. 1952 [see oxyanion]. 1978 K. Yates Hiickel Molecular Orbital Theory iii. 118 In order to evaluate the resonance stabilization of benzene, as represented by the formulation (XI), a comparison should be made with cyclohexatrienes possessing the benzene geometry. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 4 Sept. 10/1 If the period of vibration of the two parts is the same ‘•resonance vibrations’ are set up.

So Tesonancy.

rare-'.

1681 H. More Expos. Dan. Pref. 10 There might be a Paronomasticall Resonancy of words in his mind.

resonant ('rezanant), a. and sb. [ad. pres. pple. of L. resonare to resound. Cf. F. resonnant {■\resonant), Sp. and Pg. resonante. It. risonante.'\ A. adj. 1. a. Of sounds: Re-echoing, resounding; continuing to sound or ring. 1592 Conspir. Pretended Ref. Pref. iv, An heape of earnest and resonant, but vndigested wordes. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 559 His volant touch.. Fled and pursu’d transverse the resonant fugue, i860 W. J. C. Muir Pagan or Christian? 105 The clear dignity of its resonant expression [is] becoming a feeble whisper. 1873 S. Taylor Sound ^ Music (1896) 80 A column of air is easily set in resonant vibration by a note of suitable pitch. 1877 Black Green Past, iv, Although he had never made the gallery of the Union tremble with resonant eloquence. fig. 1842 Mrs. Browning Bk. Poets Wks. (1904) 641/2 Massinger’s more resonant majesty. 1883 Tyndall in Contemp. Rev. XLIV. 38 The name and fame of Rumford.. were resonant in Europe at the beginning of this century.

b. Phonet. Of consonants: liquid or nasal. Cf. the sb. 1943 K. L. Pike Phonetics vii. 144 The sonorants are nonvocoid resonants and comprise the lateral resonant orals

and resonant nasals (e.g. [m], [n], and [1]). 1948 W. F. Twaddell in Language XXIV. 141 Before the resonant consonants, only /e/, /a/, and juj occurred regularly.

2. a. Of bodies: Causing reinforcement or prolongation of sound, esp. by vibration. 1685 Boyle Effects Motion vii. 87 The peculiar kind of tremulous motion into which the parts of the resonant body are put. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 98 The resonant steam-eagles Follow far on the direction of her.. hand. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (ed. 6) I. iii. 81 Mounted thus upon their resonant cases, you hear them loudly sounding the same musical note. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 655 The lungs remain resonant when the larger bronchial tubes are filled with gelatine.

b. Of colours: emphasizing each other by contrast. 1887 Portfolio XVIII. 233/2 His painting has ever become slighter, higher in tone and less full and resonant in colour.

3. Of places: something.

Echoing or resounding with

1813 Shelley Q. Mab viii. 103 Fertile valleys, resonant with bliss. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 194 As the Greek and Roman music passed away, the sombre groves of ancient Germany became resonant with sound.

4. a. Involving, exhibiting, or bringing about electrical resonance (resonance i c). 1888 Electrician 28 Sept. 663/2 Drawing the micrometer terminals so far apart that sparks can only be made to pass by means of resonant action. 1925 Resonant frequency [sense 5 below]. 1938 Jrn/. Appl. Physics IX. 654/2 Such a resonator may often be equivalent to a conventional resonant circuit. 1947 R. Lee Electronic Transformers ^ Circuits vii. 192 The heights of resonant peaks and frequency distance between peaks depend upon circuit Q and coefficient of coupling k. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) v. 27 Multiple resonance imposes practical limits on the way in which resonant circuits may be combined. 1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference v. 56 The isolation offered by the turns eliminates resonant effects. 1966 New Scientist 15 Dec. 627/1 The device, known as a resonant-gate transistor, was developed by a team of scientists in .. Pittsburgh.

b. Physics and Chem. Pertaining to, involving, exhibiting, or taking part in any other kind of resonance. 1934 Resonant frequency [sense 5 below]. 1944 L. F. & M. Fieser Org. Chem. xx. 523 Results of the ozonization experiments cited above accord with the concept of two resonant Kekule forms contributing in an equal extent to the structure. i960 Dicke & Wittke Introd. Quantum Mechanics xvi. 291 When the energy of the incoming particles corresponds to such a state, a resonant condition is said to occur, in which the scattering cross-section is markedly greater than for nonresonant energies. 1965 Physics Lett. XIV. 159/1 The enhancement observed [in pion-nucleon interaction] need not necessarily be identified with a resonant state. 1973 Sci. Amer. Nov. 125/3 The reason is that one second is about the period at which a lo-inch pendulum vibrates naturally, that is, one second is the frequency of vibration to which the pendulum is resonant. 1976 Chem. Physics Lett. XLI. 292/1 The resonant electronic transition is the axial d,^ *- d^^ transition at 17 450 cm “ ’. 5. Special collocations: resonant cavity, a

cavity resonator (see resonator 3 b); resonant frequency, a frequency at which resonance (of any kind) takes place; resonant scattering Nuclear Physics = resonance scattering s.v. RESONANCE 3. 1945 Nature 15 Sept. 323/1 Dr. J. T. Randall applied the resonant-cavity technique to the relatively ineffective magnetron of pre-war days, and made of it a radically new and immensely powerful device which remains the heart of every modern radar equipment. 1955 Science 9 Dec. 1132/3 The deuteron beam.. then enters the first of two 48-megacycle resonant-cavity accelerator sections. 1925 W. Greenwood Text~bk. Wireless Telegr. & Teleph. i. 19 The resonant frequency is.. equal to the natural frequency when the damping is negligible. 1934 J. P. Den Hartog Mech. Vibrations ii. 52 The forced frequency coincides exactly with the natural frequency... This important phenomenon is known as ‘resonance’, and the natural frequency is sometimes called also the ‘resonant frequency’. 1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference v. 49 The smaller the total inductance, the higher the resonant frequency. 1948 Physical Rev. LXXIV. 926/1 The present work was begun with the object of detecting nuclear resonant scattering from Mg^** nuclei which are excited by resonant radiation from the radioactive Na^'^ nuclei. 1955 [see potential scattering s.v. potential sb. 4 c]. 1963 W. E. Burcham Nuclear Physics xiii. 484 From the observed cross-section for the resonant scattering effect, with appropriate account taken of the thermal broadening,. .a total width of (21 ± 0 4) x 10 eV for the 412 keV level of *^®Hg was found.

B. sb. A liquid or nasal consonant. 1875 Whitney Life Lang. iv. 63 The result is the class of nasals (or ‘resonants’), m, n, and ng (as in singing). 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 449 Voiced Nasal Resonants. 1948 W. F. Twaddell in Language XXIV. 141, /i/ before resonants was at best very rare. 1956 J. Whatmough Language 37 Thus we have the class known as resonants (e.g. /, m). 1970 B. M. H. Strang Hist. Eng. ix. 406 The third sub-system consists of resonants, i.e. sounds which may or may not have syllabic function (thus corresponding to approximants, liquids and nasals in P[resent-day] E[nglish]). 1976 Archivum Linguisticum VII. 167 The gemination becomes an additional argument for the reconstruction of laryngeals next to a resonant or s.

Hence 'resonantly adv. 1685 Boyle Effects Motion vii. 88 To which note it answered very resonantly, and not sensibly to others, which we made trial of. 1865 Daily Tel. 28 Oct. 3/5 Now shrilly ringing, now resonantly surging through nave and aisle. 1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur 426 To get to the Praetorium, as the Romans resonantly styled the palace of Herod on Mount Zion. 1971 Nature 15 Oct. 469/2 From the observational viewpoint the soft X-ray enhancement.. can be interpreted

RESONATE in terms of solar X-rays resonantly scattered in the Earth’s atmosphere. 1977 Gramophotte May 1737/2 Here if anything he is even more resonantly impressive than he was for Klemperer. 1978 Set. .^mer. June IZ4/1 The audio oscillator was tuned to resonantly oscillate the water.. so as to cause vibrational standing waves to form on the surface.

resonate ('rezsneit), v. [f. L. resonare to resound: see -ATE®.] 1. intr. To produce or exhibit resonance. Also fig. 1873 S. Taylor Sound & Music (1896) 117 The wires of the corresponding note will of course resonate with it. 1896 Curtis Voice Building (1901) 140 In exit the tone should be allowed to resonate in all the natural acoustic cavities. 1946 Physical Rev. LXIX. 37 It [ic. a resonant cavity] was adjusted to resonate at about 30 mc/sec. 1955 R. S. H. Boulding Radar Pocket Bk. vi. 72 An artificial line can be charged from an a.c. supply without a rectifier by making a choke in the charging circuit resonate, at the supply frequency, with the capacitance of the line, if^^bjrnl. Chem. Physics XXIV. 468/1 In NMR spectra nuclei which give signals at the same applied field or resonate with the same Larmor frequency may be considered magnetically equivalent. 1976 Publishers Weekly 27 Sept. 80/1 Prose., resonating with the illustrations.

b. spec, in Chem. To exhibit mesomerism (cf. RESONANCE id(ii)). Const. among or between different structures, as if a real physical alternation were occurring. 1933Pauling & WhelandInyrnl. Chem. Physicsl. 369 In the first step the C — C bond breaks and there are formed two phenyl-methyl radicals, which however can resonate between only the structures A and B of Fig. 3. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iii. 196 The molecule resonates between the following structures. 1965 G. W. Wheland Resonance in Org. Chem. i. 7 Only by exercising the utmost care in the choice of words can one avoid the appearance of implying that the molecules.. are oscillating back and forth among the several structures, and hence that these structures must possess real physical significance... The common statements that the hybrid resonates among the structures and that the structures resonate with one another almost unavoidably give this quite erroneous impression. 1976 Sci. Amer. Nov. 59/1 Perhaps the baryon resonates between these configurations, much as the benzene ring resonates between its various possible structures.

2. trans. To act as a resonator for; to amplify by resonance. 1904 Physical Rev. XVIII. 231 Having the radiating aerial resonating the primary circuit, it is now necessary to have a second primary circuit in tune with the first. 1975 Sci. Amer. July 48/2 Signals become convolved when sounds are reverberated or resonated or, in the case of photographs, when images are blurred.

Hence 'resonating ppL chamber ^ resonator 2.

RESORPTION

728

a.;

resonating

1873 S. Taylor Sound & Music (1896) 135 A reed does not need to be associated with a resonating column in order to produce a musical sound. 1912 Chem. Abstr. VI. 3220 An extensive research on the properties and behavior of resonating gas mols. 1933 Jrnl. Chem. Physics I. 611 A negative carbon atom, with one unshared and three shared electron pairs, occurs rather often in resonating structures, as in carbon monoxide, [etc.]. 1938 Resonating chamber [see RESONATOR 2 b]. 1959 E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrogr. Speech vii. 55 The resonating tuning fork continues to operate for a while after the struck fork has been stopped. 1968 B. M. H. Strang Mod. Eng. Structure (ed. 2) 35 The character of the sound produced can be varied over a considerable range by changing the shape of the resonating chambers. 1974 D. M. Adams Inorg. Solids vii. 230 In PbG, with its inert pair of 5-electrons, bonding is via two resonating p-electrons. 1974 R. C. Hibbeler Engin. Mech. xxii. 958 Resonating vibrations can cause tremendous stress and rapid failure of parts.

resonator ('rez3neit3(r)). [Agent-noun, on L. types, f. resonare to resound.] 1. An instrument responding to one single note, and used for its detection wben combined witb other sounds. a 1869 Donkin Acoustics i. (1870) 92 In order to distinguish the higher and fainter ones [sr. harmonic tones], it is necessary to put the ear in communication with resonators. 1876 tr. Blaserna's Sound viii. 171 The apparatus.. is composed of 8 resonators adapted to the harmonic series of the fundamental note C. 1898 Allbutt^s Syst. Med. V. 467 It has been shewn.. by means of resonators that the normal heart-sound consists of two notes.

2. a. An appliance for increasing sound by resonance; a body or object wbicb produces resonance. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man ii. xiii. (1890) 376 The oesophagus .. becomes much swollen; and this probably acts as a resonator. 1873 s. Taylor Sound ^ Music (1896) 120 The sound-board of the pianoforte.. is in fact a solid resonator. 1894 Bottone Electr. Instr. 176 A paper resonator.. greatly reinforces the sound when the phonograph is speaking.

b. spec. (See quot. 1888.) 1888 Pall Mall G. 4 May 1/3 These primary or laryngeal vocal tones are reinforced by the resonators, that is, by the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords, the upper throat or pharynx, the nose, and the mouth. 1938 Oxf. Compan. Mus. 994/2 The frontal sinuses.. have apparently considerable value as resonators: it is said that the Australian natives have a great want of resonance in their speech due to the small size of these sinuses. All the resonating chambers or passages mentioned above .. are in direct communication with the air which has passed through the vocal cords. 1970 A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. (ed. 2) 11 These cavities [5C. pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity] function as the principal resonators of the note produced in the larynx. Ibid. 19 The way in which the speaker’s vibrator and resonators function together.

3. Electr. a. An apparatus used for the detection of radio waves; also, any device which displays electrical resonance. iSSg Phil. Mag. XXVIII. 125 For this proof we must give somewhat different dimensions to our apparatus in order to be able to introduce electric resonators into its interior. 1893 Sir R. Ball Story of Sun 121 A photographic plate, or a Hertzian resonator, to astonish us. 1898 Edin. Rev. Oct. 301 With a ‘resonator’ of similar construction.. he was able to detect answering sparks. 1943 Proc. /i^EXXXI. 448/1 The simple circuit of Fig. 14(a) is well known as the Hertzian oscillator and is readily recognized as a lumped capacitance associated with a single-turn inductor. At frequencies up to several hundreds of megacycles such a resonator is quite practical.

b. spec, (in full cavity resonator), a hollow enclosure with conducting walls which is capable of containing electromagnetic fields having particular frequencies of oscillation, and of exchanging electrical energy with them; such devices are used esp. for the amplification or detection of microwaves. 1936 Proc. IRE XXIV. 1320 [All of these terminals may act as more or less sharply resonant systems... They may.. be thought of as electromagnetic analogues of the Helmholtz resonator.] Ibid. 1324 A cylindrical resonator attached to the hollow tube system. 1943 Ibid. XXXI. 447/2 The flexibility of the Klystron is seriously limited by the fact that cavity resonators are permanently attached to the grids and thus form an integral part of the tube itself. 1952 Reintjes & Coate Princ. Radar (Mass. Inst. Technol. Radar School Staff) (ed. 3) ix. 613 Cavity resonators are hollow metalwalled chambers fitted with devices for admitting and extracting electromagnetic energy. 1956 Nature 10 Mar. 470/2 During the past four or five years,.. the Radiation Laboratory has concentrated much effort.. on the construction of a linear accelerator of the cavity-resonator type. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. II. Coaxial cavity resonators are often used as wavemeters, particularly for lower than microwave frequencies. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. ix. 29 In the reflex Klystron a single resonator is used to modulate the beam and extract of energy from it, making the tube simple and easy to tune.

4. An object or system which resonates, in any other sense. 1897 Abstr. Physical Papers (Physical Soc.) III. 356 Next a resonator of a perfectly-conducting material is imagined to be introduced. This resonator, while absorbing energy from the incident radiation and radiating it again without loss, will, in general, change the character of the radiation, either in its frequency, the law of its damping, or both. 1914 J. H. Jeans Rep. Radiation & Quantum Theory ii. 9 Planck., supposed that the emission and absorption were accomplished by ‘resonators’ of perfectly definite periods. 1949 Koestler Insight & Outlook p. ix. The theory of memory traces as selective resonator systems suggested in various forms by Jacques Loeb.. and others. 1959 E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrogr. Speech vii. 55 This effect of sympathetic vibration is called resonance, and the object activated by it is a resonator. 1974 G. Reece tr. Hund’s Hist. Quantum Theory ii. 24 He [5c. Planck] constructed a model for the emission and absorption of radiation at the walls of a black body by assuming the presence of resonators. 1979 Sci. Amer. Mar. 81/1 It was soon learned that a particular wavelength could be selected by designing an optical resonator that will allow only the chosen wavelength to pass repeatedly through the amplifying dye cell... The resonator consisted of a partially reflecting glass plate at one end of the laser and a diffraction grating at the other.

'resonatory, a. rare. [See resonate v. and -ORY.] Producing resonance. 1879 Sayce Sci. Lang. (1881) I. iv. 231 The partial tones .. may be .. detected by the help of resonatory instruments. 1961 L. F. Brosnahan Sounds of Language i. 2 The process of vocal sound production in language appears on analysis to consist basically of the production of an airstream, the conversion of some of the kinetic energy of this airstream into acoustic energy in the form of a complex of sound waves, and the subsequent resonatory modulation of that complex.

resonn, obs. form of raisin. resorb (ri'soib), v. [ad. L. resorhere, f. re- re- -Isorbere to drink in. Cf. F. resorber, Sp. and Pg. resorber, It. risorbire.] To absorb again; esp. in Physiol., to absorb into the circulation (material already in the body, esp. material that has been digested or broken down). 1640 R. Baillie Canterb. Self-conv. Postscr. 20 Their., aspersions, which yet ye have a stomach to resorbe, to spew them out once againe. 1730 Short Diss. Tea 57 The Liquids .. are neither exhaled nor resorbed by the Veins. 1772 Priestley in Phil. Trans. LXII. 190 The generation of air, .. except what might be absorbed by quicksilver or resorbed by the substance itself. 1826 Southey Vind. Eccl. Angl. 177 Human souls, which like sparks.. were borne aloft, and then .. were resorbed into the pit. 1876 Swinburne Erechtheus 1563 [The host] Drew seaward as with one wide wail of waves Resorbed with reluctation. 1901 J. S. Marshall Princ. Pract. Operative Dentistry iv. 76 The absorbent organ secretes .. a digestive fluid or soluble ferment which dissolves or digests the dental tissues and alveolar walls, and prepares them to be resorbed. Ibid, xxxiv. 509 Bone is resorbed through the action of the osteoclast cells. 1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2154. 918 The extravasated blood was resorbed. 1928 Moore & Key ty. Leriche ^ Policard’s Normal & Path. Physiol, of Bone iv. 71 If.. one brings about increase of circulation, bone in the epiphyses is resorbed to the extent of detaching itself from the investing cartilage and becoming very friable. 1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens viii. 118 The acids are not resorbed by the hyphae. 1968 R. D. Martin tr. Wickler's Mimicry in Plants & Animals xi. 107 The flea will resorb its eggs if the female host miscarries.

Hence re'sorbed ppl. a.-, re'sorbing ppl. a., undergoing resorption. Also re'sorbable a., that may be resorbed; re'sorbence, reabsorption, backward flow; re'sorbent a., absorbing again. a 1800 WODHULL (T.), Again resorbent ocean’s wave Receives the waters, which it gave. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 95 Digitalis.. augments the oscillation of the resorbent vessels. 1881 W. Cory Lett. & jfrnls. (1897) 472 The forward plunge and resorbence of a wave. 1889 Science 29 Mar. 232/2 Not until the silicates are developed, and the granitic quartz begins to form, does the resorbent action discontinue. 1910 J. P. Buckley Mod. Dental Materia Medica n. 315 (heading) Resorbed root. 1928 Moore & Key tr. Leriche & Policard’s Normal & Path. Physiol, of Bone iv. 85 In resorbing callus the cells were hypertrophied. 1962 K. F. Lagler et al. Ichthyology viii. 257 When the fish descends .. the resorbent capillary network collapses so as to enlarge the area of contact of the gas gland for rapid secretion of gases into the bladder. 1967 Archivum Immunol, et Therapiae Exper. XV. 809 (caption) Section through a resorbable 256 Walker tumor. 1973 Nature 9 Mar. 135/2 Seven [voles] were pregnant but four had resorbing embryos. 1976 Biomed. XXV. 131/1 Porous resorbable ceramics have been found to be most suitable [as bone substitutes] since they encourage replacement of resorbed ceramic with new bone.

resorcin (n'zoisin). Chem. Also -ine. -h ORCIN.] 1. = RESORCINOL.

[f. res(in)

1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 82 Resorcin, C6H6O2, a compound homologous with orcin .. produced by the action of potash on galbanum. iSSo Jrnl. Soc. Arts Apr. 446/2 The same body will act on resorcine to produce a colour only differing from the last in that it contains hydroxyl instead of amido groups. 1899 Allbutt’s Syst. Med. VIII. 517 Sulphur has a peculiar action of its own, but allied to it are ichthyol and perhaps resorcin.

2. attrib. and Comb., as resorcin-ammonia, -sulphonic, etc.; resorcin bronvn, green. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. ist Suppl. 993 Resorcinammonia .. is formed by passing dry ammonia gas into a solution of resorcin in anhydrous ether. 1881 Nature XXIV. 48 The salts of resorcinsulphonic acid. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 558 Boas’ resorcin test is also useful. 1899 Ibid. VIII. 705 Resorcin pastes., are excellent, if temporary, remedies. 1905 Cain & Thorpe Synth. Dyestuffs 42 The fast green or Resorcin green is.. produced by the action of nitrous acid on resorcinol. Ibid. 62 The first.. disazo-dye stuff was the Resorcin brown discovered by Wallach in 1881.

resorcinol (ri'zoisinol). Chem. [f. resorcin + -OL.] A dihydric phenol formerly obtained from galbanum or other resins but now made synthetically, and used as a dye, in the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resins, etc.; = resorcin. 1881 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1747 Resorcinol introduced into the animal organism is converted into a sulphonic acid. 1892 Phot. Ann. II. 94 A small proportion of resorcinol greatly increases the stability of the solution. 1949 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) IX. ^"7^11 Of the dihydric phenols, resorcinol is industrially second to hydroquinone in importance, and is used in considerable amount. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xxi. 439 The three dihydroxybenzenes are called catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone (quinol). attrib. 1892 Phot. Ann. II. 108 Derivatives in which a halogen is substituted in the resorcinol residue [etc.]. 1959 Times 27 Apr. (Rubber Industry Suppl.) p. vii/3 In this country all tire cord is impregnated by an aqueous process .. using the mixed latices and resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. 1972 Materials & Technol. V. iv. 95 Resorcinol adhesives, with the added advantage of being neutral or nearly so, are superior to all others as adhesives for wood, giving exceptional durability.

resorcylic (rezoi'silik), a. Chem. [f. resorc-in + -YL H- -ic.] Pertaining to, derived from, resorcinol. 1894 Morley & Muir Watt's Diet. Chem. IV. 400/2 Resorcylic acid. Ibid., Resorcylic aldehyde.

fre'sore, v. Obs. rare. (See quot. i486.) i486 Bk. St. Albans E viij b. And after when he dowblith and tumyth agaynne Then he resoorth as goode hunteres saynne. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ii. v. 937 By that I knewe that they had the hare and on foote, and by and by I might see him sore and resore, prick and reprick.

fresorp,

variant of (or error for) resorb v. 1656 Flecknoe Ten Years Trav. 119 These must unsay what they have said, and like venomous Beasts, resorp their own poyson.

resorption (rfsoipjan). [Noun of action, on L. types, f. L. resorbere resorb v. So F. resorption.] The fact or process of reabsorption, spec, of an organ, tissue, or excretion. Cf. resorb v. 1818-20 E. Thompson tr. Cullen's Nosology (ed. 3) 239 Scrophula fugax: very simple.., generally occurring on resorption from ulcers of the hand. 1876 Duhring Dis. Skin 66 It may terminate either in resorption, suppuration, or hypertrophy. 1889 Science 29 Mar. 232/2 While the silicates are crystallizing in a molten mass, if porphyritic quartz is present it undergoes resorption. 1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2154. 918 App. 12 Resorption of body cells (liver, kidney, &c.) frequently takes place. 1910 Lake & Rastall Textbk. Geol. xiii. 232 These phenocrysts have often undergone a certain amount of corrosion, or resorption. 1928 Moore & Key tr. Leriche Gf Policard's Normal ^ Path. Physiol, of Bone iv. 71 When osteoclasts are present there is resorption. 1962 Blake & Trott Periodontology viii. 82 In other cases there is resorption of the apices of vital teeth. 1962 K. F. Lagler et al. Ichthyology viii. 247 In many rayfishes.. gas resorption is also performed by.. the oval organ situated in the posterior portion of the gas bladder. 1974 Nature 22

RESORPTIVE Mar. 343/1 This is accomplished by inhibition of bone resorption, of the tubular reabsorption of calcium, and of the intestinal absorption of calcium.

re'sorptive, a. [Cf. prec. and -ive.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, resorption. 1886 Philadelphia Med. Times XVI. 490/2 The removal of such substances is dependent upon the action of specialized cells, called resorptive or giant cells, and the process is physiological. 1889 Science XIII. 232 The resorptive phenomena of porphyritic quartz and other minerals in eruptive rocks. 1951 Bone & Joint Surg. A. XXXIII. 936 All resorptive processes occur principally in relation to calcified matrices and not to osteoid or uncalcified cartilage. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 112/3 My own observations of such ‘flypaper’ trappers as butterworts and sundews suggest that these plants have secretory and resorptive mechanisms that are quite different from the ones likely to operate in pitcher plants.

resort (ri'zoit), sb.

Also 4-6 resorte. [a. OF. resorty ressort resource, aid, spring, etc., f. resortir: see next.] 1. 1. a. That to which one has recourse for aid or assistance, or in order to accomplish some end. f 1374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 134 In trowth alway to don 30W my seruyse, As to my lady right, and cheif resorte. 1433 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 441/2 He ne kan .. other resort have for salvation. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Inz'ent. 43 Nor. .do we offer this as a new Resort whereto this Report.. may be thought to have driven us. 1781 Cowper Hope 378 Between justice, as my prime support, And mercy, fled to as the last resort, I.. steal along with heav’n in view. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxiii, A knowledge of the expedients and resorts in times of hazard, which was remarkable, i860 Tyndall Glac. I. xxvii. 196 A fit one [5c. sledge] was not to be found, and a carriage was therefore the only resort.

fb. Means or way of escape. Obs. rare~^. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 153 A1 men hit [sr. death] haue in mynde. Of that there is noone resorte.

2. fa. The right or privilege of having final decision or appeal vested in one. Obs. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 22 To holde frely in souvereinte and resort of none creature but of God. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxii. 257 His eldest son, shulde renounce all maner of soueraynte, resorte, and rightes, that he shulde haue of any of theym.

b. Recourse to some person, thing, or expedient, for aid or assistance, for the settlement of some difficulty, or the attainment of some end. 1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 117/2 The same persones .. to have resort unto the collectours of the same x*^' part,.. to understood .. in whoos kepyng the same sommes .. resten. 1659 Ha.mmond On Ps. Ixi. i O Gratious God, to thee is my only resort. 1668-9 Stillingfl. Serm. (1673) I. vii. 123 For the design that was laid for that,.. we must have resort to the account that is given of it. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes ii. 73 The constant resort which is had unto them .. is not without its expence. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 572 For the true idea of seisin, resort must be had to the ancient system of feudal tenures. 1884 Manch. Exam. 19 June 5/1 It will be impossible to close the Committee to-night without resort to a sitting of unusual length.

c. in the lastresoH [after F. en dernier ressort\y orig. as a judge or court from which there is no appeal; hence, as a last expedient, in the end, ultimately. (Cf. dernier b and ressort 2.) 1672 Temple Ess., Gov. Wks. 1720 I. 97 All Government is a Restraint upon Liberty; and under all, the Dominion is equally Absolute, where it is in the last Resort. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl., Presidial, a tribunal, or bench of judges, established.. to judge ultimately, or in the last resort, of the several cases brought before them by way of appeal from the subaltern judges. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. ii Arbiters of the property of all their fellow-subjects, and that in the last resort. 1858 j. Martineau Stud. Chr. 352 Life, indeed, is just the one thing.. on whose disposability in the last resort ..the very existence of society depends. 1884 tr. Lotze^s Metaph. 121 If in the last resort it is the greatest perfection which determines the divine choice [etc.].

d. without resort, without appeal. rare~^. 1827 Scott Napoleon Introd., Wks. 1870 IX. 10 The people were judges without resort.

e. court of first resort (cf. 2 c). 1863 H. Cox Instit. II. ii. 308 Parliaments relinquished much of their wonted authority as a court of first resort.

13. a. Opportunity for repair or access to a place, b. Return. Obs. rare. c 142.0 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 68 So that the deere shall haue no resort Withyn short tyme to no maner shade. 1430-40-Bochaswn. viii. (1494) Cvij, In this resort [he was] receyued.. In greate noblesse by cause of that viage.

4. General or habitual repair of persons to some place or person. a. In phr. to make (or have) resort. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 427 In suche festes peple of alle the lewery hade resorte un to hit. 1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 66/1 The same Marchauntes have be encoraged to make and contynue their resort unto this his Lande. 1565 R^SPrivy Council Scot. I. 353 Intending thair to mak thair resort and residence. 1577 Harrison England ii. i. (1877) i. 6 Great resort also was made'unto them from all places of the realme. ri6ii Chapman Iliad xi. 723 To th’ Altars of the Gods they made diuine resorts. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacrae ii. iv. §8 Many other Prophets and Seers . .to whom the people made their resort.

b. Const, of (the persons resorting). fAlso pi. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xviii. i. 725 Syre Launcelot had many resortes of ladyes and damoysels that dayly resorted vnto hym. 1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 12 Those townes.. where there is moste resorte and repaire of people. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Aug. 157 Resort of people doth my greefs augment. 1630 Pagitt Christianogr. i. ii. (1636) 58 In

RESORT

729 which are many languages spoken, by reason of the resort of abundance of merchants, a 1682 Sir T. Browne Tracts (1683) 139 By frequent resort of the French, who to the number of some thousands came over. 1766 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. IV. 485 Where was a great resort of French company. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. in. i. 491 He patronized learning and encouraged the resort of learned men. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 543 An unrestrained and unregulated resort of persons to India for religious purposes.

c. In phr. of {great, public, etc.) resort, applied to places, 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 11. xi. 45 b, A towne of great resort aswel from the firme land as the sea. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. i. ii. 104 But shall all our houses of resort in the Suburbs be puld downe? 1683 Brit. Spec. 104 Encouraging.. to build Houses, Temples, and Places of Publick Resort. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 83 f i It is my frequent Practice to visit Places of Resort in this Town. 1725 Thomas in Portland Papers VI. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 113 There is a large colliery of great resort. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 214 The Five Mile Act had banished him .. from almost all places of public resort. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. x. (1856) 76 Their seats of favorite resort, in the early part of the season.

5. Obs.

Concourse or assemblage of people.

1470-85 Malory Arthur vi. xvi. 209 Syre launcelot gate al his armour., and put hit vpon hym for drede of more resorte. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 777 The Protector had the resort, and the King in maner desolate. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 191b, The Lorde Cobham (whose house you shal seeldome see without great resort). 1634 Milton Comus 379 Her wings That in the various bussle of resort Were all to ruffl’d. 1700 Dryden Ajax Ulyss. 320 Secure, I enter’d through the hostile Court, Glitt’ring with steel and crowded with resort,

b. An assemblage, gathering, throng, crowd. C1550 Cheke Matt. ix. 8 And when resort saw this yei marveild. 1597 J. Payne Royal Exch. 9 The greate resorte to that.. Edifice are of sundrie titles and degrees. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. iv. 370 Gaming-houses whither great resorts Were wont to come. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India ^ P. 55 For a long time the Portugals.. drew a great resort hither. 1703 Prior Erasm. Imit. 9 Folly with her wild Resort Of Wit and Jest disturbs the solemn Court. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 94, I daily frequented Markham’s coffee¬ house, amidst a promiscuous resort of swords-men, literati, beaus, and politicians. 1806 R. Cumberland Mem. 286 A great resort of men of talents now flocked around him.

16. a. Repair of one person with others or to some place. Obs. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 242 And out of Rome hes baneist Chastity, Quha with our Prelats can get na resort. 1607 Shaks. Timon i. i. 127 loyne with me to forbid him her resort, My selfe haue spoke in vaine. 1635 Heylin Sabbath II. (1636) 18 Calvin, .makes this the speciall cause of Saint Pauls resort unto the places of assembly. 1671 Milton P.R. I. 367 Nor from the Heav’n of Heav’ns Hath he excluded my resort sometimes.

fb. Those with whom one associates. Obs.~'^ 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 42 As touching my residence and abiding heere in Naples,.. my resorte and companye [etc.].

7. A place to which persons repair. Now freq. in comb, with health, holiday, seaside, etc. 1754 Young Centaur ii. Wks. 1757 IV. 140 This intellectual cloud, which hangs, like a fog, over every gay resort of our moral invalids, a 1796 Burns Caledonia 15 Chiefly the woods were her fav’rite resort. 1856 Stanley Sinai ^ Pal. l. i. (1858) 18 Wherever these springs are to be found, there.. must always have been the resort of wanderers in the Desert. 1883 Harper's Mag. Sept. 521/1 The bustle of arrival and departure.. [animates] the village in the way peculiar to American towns near a ‘resort’. 1885 Manch. Exam. 10 Sept. 5/3 The houses licensed were the resort of thieves. 1893 K. D. Wiggin Polly Oliver's Problem (1894) ii. 30 She would become the head of a summer resort, with a billiard-room and a bowling-alley. 1909 ‘O. Henry’ Roads of Destiny xviii. 294 He was manager at different times of..a dozen hotels and summer resorts, an insurance company, and a district leader’s campaign. 1936 [see holiday resort s.v. holiday 4]. 1976 Morecambe Guardian 7 Dec. 14/4 The man behind the proposal described Carnforth as ‘a poor little town that could never become a health resort’.

II. fS. ? A channel or arm (of the sea).

06s.-> c 1477 Caxton Jason 68 By this yle is a resorte of the see unto an other litill yle,

t9. Mus. (Meaning uncertain.) Obs. rare-'. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. i. xli, Duplat, triplet, diatesseriall, Sesqui altera, and decuple resortis. Diapason of mony sindrie sortis. 110. A mechanical spring. Obs. (Cf. ressort !•) 1597 A. M. tr. Guiltemeau's Fr. Chirurg. A resorte, or springe, because it [5C. forceps] might allwayes be aperte. 1662 J. Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 130 The hand., returned to its place with force, as if it had a resort or spring to force it to its proper place. 1714 Mandeville Fab. Bees (1733) II. 177 The motion of the hands, what number of resorts soever it is communicated by, is originally owing to something else that first moves within. fig. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. cc, Pathless destiny; Whose dark resorts since prudence cannot know, In vain it would provide for what shall be. 1676-State Innoc. Pref., If you can enter more deeply.. into the causes and resorts of that which moves pleasure in a reader.

III. il. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 7) resort city, cottage, estate, hotel, •motel, -motor hotel, railroad station, town’, resort clothes, -wear, clothes suitable for wearing at a holiday resort. 1974 Sumter (S. Carolina) Daily Item 20 Apr. 1A/5 Police mounted a room-by-room sweep of hotels m this •resort city. 1978 R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant viii. 93 In every resort city there was always one major shop that catered to the reading requirements of a specific nationality. 1974

Country Life 2 May 1097/2 Their Cote d’Azur collection of women’s ‘resort clothes. 1977 N. Freeling Gadget i. 24 Bring more than resort clothes... Evening things, feminine. icyji Jamaican Weekly Gleaner 3 Nov. 3/1 A long debate on the merits or otherwise of licensing ‘resort cottages. 1975 New Yorker 19 May 115 (Advt.), The Mountain View House is a ‘resort estate with a charm only a century of family ownership can achieve. 1919 E. Hough Sagebrusher 49 A few passengers from the ‘resort hotel back in the town began to appear. 1977 Whitaker's Almanack 1978 778/2 Tourism is the most important industry, with a good choice of resort hotels. 1963 New Yorker i June 123/1 (Advt.), America’s most /underful ‘resort-motel. Ibid. 8 June 58 (Advt.), America’s 3 great new resort-motor hotels. 1928 Publishers' Weekly 3 Nov. 1868/1 The..delay involved when a package must change trains in a ‘resort railroad station. 1970 Southerly XXX. 124 Occasionally a car hummed along the bitumen.. making.. for one of the string of ‘resort towns further along the coast. 1972 D. E. Westlake Cops & Robbers (1973) xvi. 243 You could always tell a resort town, it ran much heavier to neon. 1965 Punch 10 Mar. p. xvi/2, Harvey Nichols’s spring collection, which includes Italian and French ‘resort-wear, can be seen on Mar 15. 1975 Harper's Queen June 69 The latest collection of resort wear.

resort (n'zoit), vJ Also 5-6 resorte, 6 reasorte. [ad. OF. resortir (mod.F. ressortir) to rebound, retire, etc., f. re- re- + sortir to issue, go out, etc., of obscure etymology.] fl. intr. To issue, to come out, again. Obs. rare. CX400 Maundev. (1839) xiii. 148 That Ryvere comethe towardes Ynde, undre Erthe, and resortethe [F. ressortisi] in to the Lond of Altazar. 1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. xii. x, The stronge poynte of his darte folded and resorted acayn.

t2. a. To return to oneself; to revert to a former condition or custom. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3553 When he past of his payne.. And resort to hym selfe.., He plainted full pitiously. ^1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 63 Where any wood ys, he [Eolus] shall make hyt pleyn, Yef he to hys lyberte may resorte ageyn. 1441 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) p. Ixi, He was long tyme afterward in dispare of his life, & shall now never resort to the bodyly strength & heale of his person that he was in before. 1559 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ill. xxiv. (Arb.) 290 All such persons as take pleasure to shew their limbes .. should be inioyned either to go starke naked, or else to resort backe to the comely and modest fashion of their owne countrie apparell.

fb. To return {to a place, or home). Obs. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 186 He is a foie that scaped is daunger,.. and fled is fro prisoun. For to resorte. CI450 Lovelich Grail xiv. 583 Whanne that Alle I-taken they were.. He gan to Resorte to that bataylle There Seraphe fawht. a 1529 Skelton Sp. Parrot 281 Go, litell quayre,.. Home to resorte Jerobesethe perswade.

f c. To return to a subject or matter; also, to go back in a discourse or in time. Obs. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 140 But to resorte ageyn to my mateere. c 1450-Secrees (E.E.T.S.) 10 Here the Translator resortith ageyn to set in a prologe. ^1460 Fortescue Abs. &f Lim. Mon. xiv. (1885) 142 It be houyth pat we nowe resorte to the pcwnte in wich we lafte. 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes in Compl. Scot. (1872) 216 Bvt to resorte to our purpose, how can it stand with reason [etc.]? 1654 G. Goddard Introd. Burton's Diary (1828) I. 42 Some would have resorted back again to the business of the Council, and put a full period to that. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones XI. vii, He was obliged to resort above a year.. back, to find any object for this unwarrantable passion.

t d. To revert or fall to one’s lot or share. Obs. 1430 Lydg. St. Margaret 361 Whan it falleth thei haue of me mastrie, Ageyn to me resorteth al the wrak. 1492 in Somerset Med. Wills (igoi) 299 If hit so happe that Johanne my doughter fortune to deye.. then I will that the 40 li before to her bequeithen resorte and tume to the use and profit of all my next children then living, a 1676 Hale Hist. Common Law vi. (1713) 122 The Rule of Descents in Normandy was.. That the Descent of the Line of the Father shall not resort to that of the Mother.

fe. To retire or retreat. Obs. rare, c 1450 Merlin 391 Thei dide presse to the rescowe.. and made hem resorte bakke more than a bowe draught.

fS. To turn, subject.

direct one’s

attention,

to a

c 1450 Lydg. Secrees 308 Till I abrayde, in purpoos to Resorte To hym that drough this processe moost devyne. 1494 Fabyan Chron. 2 Of Fraunce and other I myght lyke wyse reporte.., But to Englande if I shall resorte, Ryght mysty storyes [etc,]. 1534 More Comf. agst. Trib. i. Wks. 1149/1 This first kinde of tribulacion haue you to my minde opened sufficiently, & therfore I pray you resort now to the second. 1581 Lambarde ii. v. (1588) 183, I will leave them, and resort to those other.

4. To betake oneself, to repair or go, to a person for aid. (Now only as in c.) c 1460 Wisdom 942 in Macro Plays 66 Wyche be owur selff neuer may be a-mendyde With-owt Gode..; Therfor to hym let vs resort. 1494 Fabyan Chron. ii. xxx. 22 Brenne.. nat hauynge any comfort how he myght attayne to his former dygnyte, lastly resorted.. vnto the Duke. 1535 Coverdale Ps. cxlii[i]. 9 Delyuer me (o Lorde) fro myne enemies, for I resorte vnto the. 1579 Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 930/2 If we will profit in the holy scripture, let vs learne to resort to our Lord lesus Christ. 1667 Poole Dial. betw. Protest. Papist 25 Not so much as giving notice to his people who they were to whom they must resort for justice.

fb. To refer or turn to a document, book, author, etc., for information or guidance. Obs. 1439 E.E. Wills (1882) 128 If ther be eny clause or matier in his olde will.. to the wich it shall seme to the saide executours.. for to be necessary to resorte, and to take remembraunce of. 1571 Digges Pantom. i. xxxv. L ij b, Now it behoueth you to resorte to your plattes, searching out as nigh as you can by estimation the middlemost place. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage i. vii. (1614) 40 If any would entertaine

RE-SORT longer dispute about this, he may..resort vnto Geropius Becanus his Gigantomachia. 1728 Morgan Algiers I. Pref. V, This gentleman, to whom I often resort, has only saved me so much labour.

c. To have recourse to something assistance or furtherance of an object.

for

1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 11. §21 The King thought it time to resort to other counsels. 1754 Sherlock Discourses (1759) h i- 14 Men should have other Helps to resort to, besides their own Strength and Reason. 1790 Burke Fr. Revol. 84 The Revolution which is resorted to for a title, on their system, wants a title itself. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India III. ii. 67 The evidence to which the nature of the circumstances compelled the complainants .. to resort, i860 Tyndall Glac. 11. ix. 270 At length we resort to actual experiment. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 55 The Persian kings .. resorted to mercenaries as their only salvation.

5. To repair, to make one’s way, to come or go to a person. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) loi Of thi lyfe here in the last our.. My sustrys and I shul to the resorte. 1470-85 Malory Arthur vi. i. 183 Thenne alle the knyghtes of the table round resorted vnto the kyng & made many lustes & turnementes. 1530 Palsgr. 688/2, I wyll resorte to hym to morowe for your cause. ^1595 Capt. Wyatt R. Dudley's Voy. PT. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 39 He approched our bote in the night, which our Captaine would in noe wyse permitt, but willed that they shoulde resorte unto him the next daie. 1637 Prynne Papers (Camden) 67 The persons and dispositions of those that resorted to the said Prynne and Burton in their way to their said imprisonment. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Ixviii. 137 What, to Catullus alone if a wayward fancy resort not? 1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 54 On his arrival Stucley resorted to him to congratulate him.

b. To repair to one frequently or habitually. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xvni. i. 725 Thenne..syr launcelot beganne to resorte vnto quene Gueneuer ageyne. 1535 CovERDALE Ps. cxli[i]. 7 Which thinge yf thou wilt graunte me, then shal the rightuous resorte vnto my company. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iii. i. no No man hath accesse by day to her. Val. Why then I would resort to her by night. 1607 Rowlands Diogines Lanth. (Hunt. Cl.) 25 Crowes will to carrion still, Like euer vnto like resort, The bad embrace the ill. 1617 Moryson Itin. iii. 48 To her that at the drinking bench challengeth loue, the Dutch resort.

fc. To 065.“'

consort

RESOUND

730

or

associate

with

others.

1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. i. 114 b, They resorted with the elders and were no more subiect to goe vnto the warres. 6. To repair ordinarily or frequently to a place. 142^ Rolls of Parlt. IV. 405/1 Certaines.. charges to be.. payed, unto the sustenyng of ye saide warkes, of every Shipp and Boote resortyng thider. 1509 Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 295 At nyght before she wente to bedde, she faylled not to resorte vnto her chappell. 1563 Child-Marriages (1896) 61 The banes were not askid in the church wherto he doth resort. 1611 Bible Ps. Ixxi. 3 Bee thou my strong habitation, whereunto I may continually resort. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Ch. Porch Ixix, Resort to sermons, but to prayers most: Praying’s the end of preaching. 1842 Tennyson Will Waterpr. 210 Plead-waiter of the chop-house here. To which I most resort,

b. With plural subject. 1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 424 And that the Bakers lak no stuffe.. at suche tymes as many straungers resortith to the towne. 1521 State P., Carew MSS. (1.867) h 20 This is the very land of refuge that English pirates resort most unto. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. viii. 7 b, They haue two market dayes.., to the which resort an infinite number of people. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage v. v. (1614) 473 Emanuel Pinner at Cambaia obserued many to resort thither on pilgrimage. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. ii. 12 When Plato was in Egypt, the lews resorted thither. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock iii. 9 Hither the heroes and the nymphs resort To taste awhile the pleasures of a Court. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. vi. 29 The churches could not contain those that resorted to them. 1867 Smiles Huguenots Eng. iv. (1880) 59 The heads of the Reformed party.. resorted to Paris in large numbers. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Introd. 33 A cave in an island.. whither Irish pilgrims still resort.

7. To proceed or go to (or towards) a place; to respond to a call or summons. fAlso without const. c 1450 Lovelich Grail Iv. 46 Aleyn Remevede from that plas,.. and his bretheren with hym gonnen Resort. 1496 Naval Accts. Hen. VII(iSg6) 167 Proclamacion to cause the maryners that hade takyn wages to Resorte to the Ship. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxix. (Percy Soc.) 139 On a day, for hys owne dysporte, To the court of Rome he gan to resorte. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 677 After this battaile the Northren men resorted towarde Warwike. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage i. vii. 33 Noah.. entered the Arke at Gods appointment, to which by Diuine instinct resorted both birds and beasts. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 81 The Sons of Light Hasted, resorting to the Summons high, And took thir Seats. 1703 Pope Thebais 668 To Argos’ realms the victor god resorts, And enters old Crotopus’ humble courts. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 203 The number of females that, on this occasion, resort to his call, is uncertain. 1804 Lauderdale Publ. Wealth (1819) 357 The advantages.. are at once suggested, by resorting to the drawing-rooms.. even of the British West India planter, a 1859 Olmsted Mech. Heavens xxii. (i860) 241 At the age of twenty-five years, he resorted to Italy, for the purpose of studying astronomy, where he resided a number of years.

fb. Of blood: To flow to some part. Obs.

td. Const, with inf. Obs. 1460 Pol., Rel., & L. Poems 194 In connaunt, wreche, t>ou art one-trewe, And Redy also to Resorte, To folowe vyces and sle vertu. c 1471 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 279 O that nobill prynce and emperour flouere. To sitt at Londone resorte he than. 1509 Fisher Funeral Serm, C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 296 The straungers of honeste, whiche of theyr curtesy resorteth for to vysyte the souerayne, must be consydered. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 54 Mo Bowres resorted to aide y* others.

fe. Without const. To come. Obs. rare. 1550 Bale Image Both Ch. iii. Kkvb, For whan I shal resorte, be certaine and sure of it, mi iuste rewarde shal come with me. a 1553 Udall Royster D. ii. iii. When wil our new master come?.. I would it were to morow: for till he resorte Our mistresse being a Widow hath small comforte.

ff. To retire or withdraw into (a place). Obs. 1535 Coverdale 2 Sam. xvii. 13 But yf he resorte in to a cite, then shal all Israel cast roapes aboute the same cite. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 341 They resort every man with his family into his owne chamber.

8. To have repair, to stay, in a place. 1453 Rolls of Park. V. 230/2 Repairyng or resortyng by the space of vi wokys withinne youre said Reaume. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §10 If it be very ranke grounde,.. where catel doth resort, plowe not that lande, tyll ye wyll sowe it. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 28 ’Tis pitty that thou liu’st To walke where any honest men resort. 1632 Lithgow Trav. III. 85 His Nauy which sometimes resort in the Leuante. 1727 Philip Quarll (1816) 14, I., believe, that., these habitations belong to their captain, and that the company resort in caves up and down these rocks. 1773 Han. More Search aft. Happiness ii. 138 A court. Where pleasures, dress’d in every shape, resort.

■\9,trans. To frequent, to haunt (a place). Obs.

1575 Gamm. Gurton iii. iii. 76 Seeke him at Hob Fylchers shop, for, as charde it reported. There is the best ale in al the towne and now is most resorted. 1640 Brome Sparagus Garden ii. ii, A pallace of pleasure, and daily resorted and filled with Lords and Knights, and their Ladies. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 35 Our Thames.. is tainted with.. the scarce numerable ships and other vessels that resort her port.

re-sort, v.'^

[re- 5 a.] To sort afresh. 1889 Pall Mall G. 25 Nov. 2/2 She re-sorts the various loving couples, makes every one .. happy.

resorter (n'zo:t3(r)). [f. resort v. + -er.] 1. One who resorts {to a place or person); a frequenter or visitor. 1533 More Apol. xxxv. Wks. 900/2 All that hathe bene punished in this diocise..or in the cytye selfe, eyther of resiauntes therin, or of resorters thereto. 1575 Baret Alv. s.v. Smell, A common resorter to euery mans table: a smell feast. 1648 C. Walker Hist. Independ. i. 134 How to carry himselfe in his charge towards the Kings, His Servants and all Resorters to Him. 1798 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) V. 148 Of absurdity and bad taste, the politer resorters to Matlock cannot surely be acquitted. 1812 Colman Br. Grins, Low Amb. Ixvii, A pasteboard elephant.. was formed to .. charm the sage theatrical resorters.

2. One who runs a business in a resort. U.S. 1927 Scribner's Mag. Apr. 383/2 Take me along on a Southern trip to see what the rich resorters are wearin’? 1978 Minneapolis Tribune 4 Apr. 6a/i The severe reduction of motorized opportunities.. would devastate the resorters and outfitters of northeastern Minnesota.

tre'sortible, a. Obs. rare~^. [f. as prec. -IBLE.] Open or possible to one.

f-

b. Without const. C1450 Merlin 274 The nyghtingale and these other briddes songen so lowde that the wode and the river resovned. ^1500 Lancelot 3436 Hornys, bugillis blawing furth thar sownis. That al the cuntre resownit hath about. 1591 Spenser Ruins of Time 597 When all his mourning melodic He ended had, that both the shores resounded. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. iii. 6 New sorowes Strike heauen on the face, that it resounds As if it felt with Scotland. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 218 Together rush’d Both Battels maine..; all Heav’n Resounded. 1784 Cowper Task i. 586 Yet even these .. can .. with dance. And music of the bladder and the bag, Beguile their woes, and make the woods resound. 1848 Buckley Iliad 28 The waves.. roar against the lofty beach, and the deep resounds.

2, Of things: To make or produce an echoing sound. 1530 Palsgr. 688/2 Harke howe this home resoundeth. C1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cxxvi. ii. Tongues with gladdnes lowdly resounded. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 306 Hammer milles, which beating upon the iron resound over all the places adjoyning. 1718 Pope Iliad xiii. 470 His arms resounded as the boaster fell. 17^4 Cowper Task I. 357 Thump after thump resounds the constant flail. 1810 Scott Lady of L. i. x. Then through the dell his horn resounds. C1850 Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 187 Instruments of music resounded through the building. 1873 S. Taylor Sound Music (1896) 86 The air contained in the ball resounds very powerf^ully to a single note of different pitch.

3. a. Of sounds: To echo, to ring. a 1547 Surrey JEneid ii. 383 Lowder more and more The din resouned with rattling of armes. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. viii. 30 When those pittifull outcries he heard Through all the seas so ruefully resownd. 1626 T. H[awkins] tr. Caussin's Holy Crt. 75 Strooken with the hammer, the noyce wherof will resound, through all the earth. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 334 The rigid interdiction, which resounds Yet dreadful in mine eare. 1781 Cowper Heroism 62 And echoing praises.. resound at your return. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth iv. These words, which resounded far through the streets, were accompanied by as many fierce blows. 1849-50 Alison Hist. Europe VIII. Iii. §64. 365 The sound of these cannon resounded from one end of the Peninsula to the other.

b. To be much mentioned or repeated; to be celebrated or renowned. 1578 Banister Hist. Man viii. no Many, .whose names on earth resounde as ecchoes from the rockes. 1667 Milton P.L. I. 579 And what resounds In Fable or Romance of Uthers Son. 1836 Thirlwall Greece xii. II. 163 The fame of Croesus resounded through Greece. 1864 Tennyson Milton 4 Milton, a name to resound for ages.

fc. To answer to something. Obs. rare.

1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 314 Anye trade of life, misterye, or facultye which is not resortible ne conuenable to a gentleman.

1560 Rolland Crt. Venus lll. 328 Bot to ressoun that 3our Sermone resound. 1741 Middleton Cicero (ed. 3) III. xii. 305 The consenting praise of all honest men, ..which resounds always to virtue, as the eccho to the voice.

re'sorting, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +

II. trans. 4, To proclaim, repeat loudly (one’s praises, etc.); to celebrate (a person or thing).

The action or fact of having repair or recourse {to some place or thing, etc.); an occasion of this. -ing^.]

1490 Caxton Eneydos Ixv. 164 Ascanyus buylded firste the towne or cyte of Albe in lombardye. And there was his resortynge. 1530 Palsgr. 262/1 Resortyng to, actraict, recours. 1579 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 89 Let the people, and especially women, giue eare to Pagan Quid,.. speaking of those common resortings vnto playes. 1660 A. Brome Songs ii. xiv. 7 We’l in our own faces our colours display. And hallow our yearly resorting. 1887 Pall Mall G. 2 Aug. 7/1 There has been no rough horse-play, and no resortings to election irregularities. attrib. 1540 Palsgr. Acolastus 11. iv, Howe mete or howe redy (at hande) a resortynge place,.. haue I gotten me.

resoun, obs. form of

reason sb.^

1561 in Googe Eglogs (Arb.) 8 If Homere here might dwell, whose praise the Grekes resounde. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 19 Happie, that had such a trumpet as Homer, to resound his vertues. 1633 G. Herbert Ch. Milit. 64 The Warrier his deere skarres no more resounds. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, ii. 543 To Bacchus.. let us tune our Lays, And in our Mother Tongue resound his Praise. 1725 Pope Odyss. I. 2 The man.. Long exercised in woes, oh Muse! resound. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp. xii. (1871) V. 118 Horace resounds the praises of Italy in strains not dissimilar to those of Virgil.

fb. With complement. Obs. rare. 1600 Abbot 615 Their owne stories resound them to have bene exceeding filthie. 1667 Milton P.L. in. 149 Th’ innumerable sound Of Hymns and sacred Songs, wherewith thy Throne Encompass’d shall resound thee ever blest.

fre'sound, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.] A returned or re-echoed sound; a resonance.

5. a. To repeat or utter (words, etc.) in a loud or echoing manner. Now rare.

01586 Sidney Arcadia iv. Eel. iv. And you, O trees,.. receaue The strange resound of these my causeful cryes. 1615 Jackson Creed v. xx. Wks. IV. 177 The pleasant spectacle and sweet resounds which woods and shady fountains afford. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. (1716) 40 Virtuous actions have their own trumpets, and without any noise from thy self will have their resound abroad. 1701 Beverley Praise Glory 53 The whole State of that Kingdom, shall be fill’d with the Highest Resounds of that Perfected New Song. 1835 H. Evans in Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. (1927) XIV. 213 Distinctly.. the resound of guns was heard in quick succession.

1594 Spenser Amoretti xix, The quyre of Byrds resounded Their anthemes sweet. 1659 Hammond On Ps. XX. 9 Let all the congregation resound Amen. 1715 E. Smith Serm. at Wtsbeech 15 As soon as the soundis out of your ears, to graft the profitable sense upon your hearts and resound it at home in your conscience. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vii. 176 Tho’ nations, which consult Their gain, at thy expence, resound applause. 1810 ScOTT Lady of L. iii. xv, The.. matrons round The dismal coronach resound. 1882-3 ScHAFF Encycl. Rel. Know! II. 1326 They repeat aloud the oratio dominica (the Lord’s Prayer), they resound the creed and the doxology.

resound (n'zaund), v.^

fc. Of a stream, etc.: To flow to (another stream). Obs. (Common in Leland.)

Forms: 4-6 resoun, resown(e; 6 resounde, resownd, 6- resound, [f. RE- -h soun{e SOUND v.y after F. resonner (OF. resoner), or L. resondre (Sp. and Pg. resonar^ It. risonare).'] I. intr. 1. Of places: To ring or re-echo with (or ■\of) some sound. Also with to.

1538 Leland Itin. (1745) I. 99 Ther cam doun a Broke from West, resorting, as one said, to Wilebek streme.

c 1386 Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 413 There sat a faukoun.. That with a pitous vois bigan to crye, That al the woode resowned

1531 Elyot Gov. ii. xii, The quicke bloode somwhat resorted unto his visage. 1566 Drant Horace, Sat. 1. viii. D viij b, The blood resorted to an hole, purple, and smoking new. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 273 The other Authors..say, that the madness of a Horse cometh..by some hot bloud resorting to the panicles of the brain.

of hire cry. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 240 Thay fyrit gunnis wyth powder violent,.. The rochis all resownyt wyth the rak. a 1547 Surrey Prisoner Windsor Castle, The secrete groues which oft we made resounde. Of pleasaunt playnt, and of our ladies’ praise. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 51 Their Theatre resounded with hideous bowlings. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 290 A pleasant Grove, With chaunt of tuneful Birds resounding loud. 1697 Dryden Virg. EcL v. 90 For this, with chearful Cries the Woods resound. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 135 The dome resounded with the acclamations of the people. 1812 Combe Syntax, Picturesque ii. 44 While ev’ry hedge and ev’ry tree Resound with vocal minstrelsy, 1861 F. O, Morris Rec. Animal Sagacity & Character 121 He., lies buried., in those very shrubberies which had so often resounded to his joyous cries. 1867 Smiles Huguenots Eng. vii. (1880) 128 They daily made the vaults resound with their prayer and praise.

i

fb. To sound or din into one’s ears. Obs.-^ 1641 Sir S. D’Ewes in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) I. iii. 312 They resound nothing into the Ears of the old Emperor Matthias, but his Cousin Ferdinand’s high Merits.

6. a. Of places: To re-echo, to give back or repeat (a sound) again. *579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Aug. 159 The forest wide is fitter to resound The hollow Echo of my carefull cryes. 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido iv. ii, Whose hideous echoes make the welkin howl, And all the woods Eliza to resound! 1630 Drumm. of Hawth. Flowers Sion, Many an Hymne they..

RE-SOUND Teacht Groues and Rocks, which did resound their Layes. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 789 Hell trembl’d at the hideous Name, and sigh’d From all her Caves, and back resounded ‘Death!’ 1741 Monro Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 86 Serving as.. Vaults to resound the Notes. 1809 Wordsw. Sonn. Liberty II. X, Cliffs, woods and caves, her viewless steps resound. 1821 Clare Ki7/. Minstr. II. 37 Fancy’s echo still yon field resounds With noise of blind-man’s buff.

t b. To return in response something. Obs. rare.

or

answer

to

01617 Bayne Lect. (1634) 100 The faithfull heart resoundeth to Gods command an answer of desire. i68i~6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 544 To which welcome Sentence they will doubtless all immediately resound a joyful Choir of Hallelujahs.

7. To cause (a thing) to sound again. *775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. xxiii. (1783) I. 158 The coachman.. resounded the whip, and drove us upon the full trot to the door.

re-sound, v.^ [re- 5 a.] To sound again. 1897 Daily News 5 May 3/1 Soon the alarm was sounded, and re-sounded, and sounded again all over Aouri. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 5 Aug. i /3 Every available chair was utilised as a temporary rest ere the bells sounded and re-sounded.

t re'soundable, a, Obs. rare-^. [f. resound v. + -ABLE.] Capable of resounding. C1485 Digby Myst. (1882) lil. 904, I be-seche thyn hey paternyte, that my prayour be resowndable to hi fathyrod In glory, to opyn h^yn erys to hi son.

re'sounding, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing^] The action of the vb. resound. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. iii. met. xii. (E.E.T.S.) 107 )>ere he temprede hys blaundissyng sondes by resounyng of hys strenges. 1483 Caxton t^ato avjb. Whan the husbond herde the novse and resownyng of the stone within the water [etc.]. 1611 Cory AT Crudities 27 Vpon the resounding of the Eccho there seemed three to sound together. 1626 Bacon Sylva §817 The Resounding of the Sea vpon the Shoare, And the Murmur of Winds in the Woods, without apparent Wind; shew Wind to follow.

re'sounding (n'zaondn)), ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING*.]

RESP

731

That resounds or re-echoes; sonorous.

Also fig. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. in. met. xii. (Chaucer Soc.) 15 There he temprede hise blaundyssynge songes by resownynge strenges. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy Prol. 49 The werbles of his resownyng harpe Appese dyde the bitter wyrdys scharpe. 1601 Holland Pliny xi. xix. They feare mightily that resounding noise, comming with a double stroke. 1634 Milton Comus 243 So maist thou be translated to the skies. And give resounding grace to all Heav’ns Harmonies. 1733 Pope Ess. Man iii. 155 In the same temple, the resounding wood. All vocal beings hymn’d their equal God. 1794 T. J. Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 429 In the resounding language of the poet of Panopolis. i860 Tyndall Glaciers ii. xxv. 362 A perpendicular shaft.. into which a resounding cataract discharged itself. 1897 Mary Kingsley W. Africa 542 A village that enjoyed the spacious and resounding name of Rumpochembo, from a celebrated chief. 1977 Guardian Weekly 4 Sept. 16/1 The Federal Energy Administration. .says that in the month ending in mid-August, American oil consumption was up a resounding 8 per cent over the same time last year.

Hence re'soundingly adv. 1611 CoTGR.. Resonnamment. resoundingly, lowdly,.. melodiously. 1885 D. C. Murray Rainbow Gold III. vi, ii. 196 He suffered both hands to fall resoundingly upon his thighs. 1889 Herring & Ross Irish Cousin iii. i, She also began by kissing it resoundingly.

resoune, obs. form of reason sb.^ t resour. Obs. rare~^. (App. a variant of or error for resort, resun, reason sb.'‘) 1493 in Chandler Life Waynflete 369, vi coople refters in oon bay wt double syde resours.

resource (n'soss, n'ois).

Also 7 ress-. [ad. F. ressource, fressourse, f. OF. re(s)sourdre to rise again, f. re- re- + sourdre:—L. surgere to rise.] 1. a. A means of supplying some want or deficiency; a stock or reserve upon which one can draw when necessary. Now usu. pi. sing. 1611 CoTGR., Ressource, a resource, new spring, f 1650 Denham Of Old Age 107 For whatsoever from our hand she [jc. the earth] takes, Greater, or less, a vast return she makes. Nor am I only pleas’d with that resource. 1760 Hist, in Ann. Reg. lo/i Out of the general want a resource arose to their armies, who were the more readily recruited, because the scanty pay.. of a soldier became an object of envy to the wretched peasantry. 1849-50 Alison Hut. Europe I. iv. §96. 534 The treasure of the Hotel de Ville presented an immediate resource. 1965 H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy i. 6 A large majority of decisions must be made within the framework of a limited total resource. 1969 Nature 20 Dec. 1233/1 Satisfactory land use—that is, one that will provide a sustained yield of a resource—must take full account of the ecology. 1978 Sci. Amer. Nov. 82/3 The very best of them, such as W. F. Leopold’s classic Speech Development of a Bilingual Child, continue to be a rich resource for contemporary investigators. pi. 1797 Bewick Brit. Birds Introd. 9 The Ostrich.. runs with amazing rapidity, and consequently requires similar resources of air. 1800 CoLQUHOUN Comm. Thames vi. 237 It was limited with respect to pecuniary Resources. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §5. 392 The new resources of thought and language which literature felt to be at its disposal.

b. pi. The collective means possessed by any country for its own support or defence. See also natural resources s.v. natural a. 6 e. 1779 Burke Corr. (1844) 11. 302 The first thing to be done for the defence of a country, is to have its resources and its arms in honest and able hands. 1818 Colebrooke Import Col. Corn 124 That period.. when .. the country shall be

reduced to its own insulated resources. 1870 Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 2 In speaking of the natural resources of any country we refer to the ore in the mine, the stone unquarried, the timber unfelled [etc.].

2. a. Possibility of aid or assistance. (Chiefly in phr. without resource, after F. sans ressource.) 1697 Dryden Mneid xi. 477 Vanquish’d without resource; laid flat by fate. 1749 Smollett Regicide ii. iv. Nor by an oath precipitate, involve Thy fate beyond resource. 1796 Morse Amer. Geogr. II. 322 ‘Geneva’, says the historian of this revolution, 'is lost without resource, in respect to religion, to morals’. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 204 For we cannot hope That aid, or retribution, or resource Will arise thence. 1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) II. xxiv. 442 The flower of the French army was lost without resource.

fb. Recourse to one for aid. Obs. rar€~^. 1720 Mrs. Manley Power of Love 236 But Hymen was his first Relief, he had no resource to any other Deity.

3. a. An action or procedure to which one may have recourse in a difficulty or emergency; an expedient, device, shift. 1697 Dryden Mneid x. 512 [He] Us’d threatnings, mix’d with pray’rs, his last resource. 1748 Anson's Voy. (ed. 4) in. ii. 426 We had no other resource left than chincing and caulking. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvi. II. 12 Many are the resources of courage and poverty. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 44 A revolution will be the very last resource of the thinking and the good. 1853 Macaulay Biogr., Atterbury, A mind inexhaustibly rich in all the resources of controversy. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola xxix, Tito began to think that flight was his only resource.

b. Applied to persons or places, rare. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. ii. 46 Taking Syphax himself prisoner who was the most powerful resource the Romans had. 1802 tr. Ducray-DuminiVs Victor IV. 222 This holy mansion was the resource of young lovers, and the terror of parents.

4. A means of relaxation or amusement. [1752 Chesterf. Lett, cclxxiv. (1792) 255 Sloth, indolence, and mollesse are pernicious and unbecoming a young fellow; let them be your ressource forty years hence at soonest.] 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. xiii. I. 394 The amusements of letters and of devotion, which afford so many resources in solitude. 1837 Disraeli Venetia i. iii, Reading had been her chief resource. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. I. i. 3 He has a resource in the chase, an occupation, ever ready at hand. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 221 We are not over supplied with resources .. as yet... I have sent for some books and ordered the weekly papers.

5. Capability in adapting means to ends, or in meeting difficulties. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxii. (1856) 171 They are a gentlemanly, well-educated set of men.., full of personal resource. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. v. 143 He was a man of a keen and bitter wit, full of resource and readiness. 1879 Froude Caesar xxii. 371 Resource in difficulties is the distinction of great generals.

6. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i a) resource allocation, base, limit, zone\ resource-based, -bound, -intensive, -limited, -poor, -supplying, -wasteful adjs.; resource aggregation (see quot. 1968); resource centre, a library or other centre which houses a collection of learning resources (learning vbl. sb. 4); such a collection itself; also attrib.-, resource industry, an industry of which the raw materials occur as natural resources; resource profile (see quot. 1967); resource time, the length of time a resource is required for a specific project. 1967 A. Battersby Network Analysis (ed. 2) ix. 144 When Esso Petroleum transferred their accounts to a computer, they recognized 20 categories of clerical staff for *resource aggregation. 1968 Gloss. Terms Project Network Anal. (B.S.l.) 9 Resource aggregation, the summation of the requirements of each resource, for each time period, calculated according to a common decision rule. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Anal. viii. 70 The name given by Production Controllers to this aspect of their work is Loading', regrettably, new names have been devised by some of the earlier CPA workers, amongst them Manpower Smoothing, and ^Resource Allocation. 1965 RAnsoff Corporate Strategy i. 6 A resource-allocation pattern which will offer the best potential for meeting the firm’s objectives. 1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Society vi. 80 Classical economics had dealt with scarcity, value, choice, resourceallocation and efficiency. 1974 Times 8 Jan. (Europe Suppl.) • xvi/5 How do you regard that oil? Is it British or is it uropean or is it just Shell’s? I regard it as part of the •resource base. 1967 Times 28 Feb. (Canada Suppl.) 32 •Resource-based industries .. have been characteristic of the economy. 1977 Bull. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. Oct. 18 Doubts about the continuity of past, present, and future., are expressed in current •resource-bound models of growth. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 47/1 (Advt.), The School has a gymnasium and central library with •resource centre. 1971 in T. D. F. Barnard New Directions in Librarianship 44 There are new trends towards treating the library as a nexus for resource centre development. 197^ Ann. Rep. Manpower Services Comm. 1975-76 ii. 20/1 The report therefore recommended that a resource centre should be established so that any organisation wishing to mount industrial relations training could be directed to appropriate sources of advice and teaching material. 1968 Globe ^ Mail (Toronto) 13 Jan. B5/1 Long on •resource industry and lean in secondary industry, British Columbia continues to be especially vulnerable to the fluttering of foreign economies and markets. 1970 Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 1/8 This list .. is likely to be lengthened to include some resource industries, pipelines, and possibly steel. 1976 Conservation News Sept.-Oct. 20/2 A planned transition to a less •resource-intensive economy. i97® S. L. Barraclough in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. iv. 132 In many regions there is a sharp •resource limit that would permit at most a doubling in the amount of productive land available. 1967

A. Battersby Network Analysis (ed. 2) xii. 208 Before running the programme a ‘duration limited’ run or a ‘•resource limited’ run must be specified. 1977 Jrn/. R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 389/1 The processing of many materials could .. become energy-limited rather than resource-limited. 1969 New Scientist 2 Oct. 18/1 The flow of food and raw materials to the developed nations (almost all of which are •resource-poor) will slowly dry up. 1973 Listener 20 Dec. 846/2 The resource-poor countries. 1967 A. Battersby Network Analysis (ed. 2) ix. 141 Fig. 9. i is called a ‘•resource profile’ of a ^oject, and it is obtained by ‘resource aggregation’. The resources required by each job are specified when its duration is calculated; then when the scheduled starting times have been decided, the requirements are totalled over concurrent jobs for each discrete time period. 1969 R. B. Fuller Operating Man. Spaceship Earth ii. 27 They had to control various •resource-supplying mines4 forests, and lands with which and upon which to build the ships and establish the industries. 1973 Bulletin (Sydney) 25 Aug. 50/2 Australia has no idea of proposing the formation of a consortium of resource-supplying countries. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Anal. viii. 72 It is necessary to know the amount of work available—that is, the capacity available. This, too, must be specified in •resource-time. .1976 Cam Feb. 20/2 It is easy to demonstrate that a •resource-wasteful and energy-intensive lifestyle is very damaging to the environment. 1965 New Statesman 12 Nov. 732/1 We should select important amenity ‘•resource zones’ such as the Broads and, rather than trying to stop all industrial development in them, get all interested parties to hammer out ways of developing them for all-round use—with recreation taking a high priority.

Also as V. trans.^ to supply (a person, etc.) with resources; hence re'sourced ppl. a.; re'sourcing vbl. sb. 1975 Listener 27 Mar. 398/1, I would have gone in for smaller [school] units.. resourced from some central agency. 1975 Library Assoc. Rec. LXXVII. 258 The policy of the Association.. must be against diminished resourcing of libraries. 1975 Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) ix. 133 These and many other devices ensure that all the non^ecialist teachers of English are fully resourced. *979 Observer 23 Sept. 4/8 Social workers have been inadequately trained and inadequately resourced to meet the expectations upon them.

re'sourceful, a. [f. prec. + -ful.] 1. Full of resource; fertile in expedient. 1851 D. G. Mitchell Fresh Glean. 67 What is five francs a day to a man of such resourceful spirit? 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi x. (1869) 389 His distinguishing intellectual endowment is to be.. resourceful, elastic, versatile. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 12 She was a strong-willed, resourceful woman.

2. Rich or abounding in resources. 1880 Sir R. Temple India in 1880, 95 The Government, again, finding the money market in London so conveniently resourceful, resorted to it. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. v. xcvi. III. 346 The economical conditions of a new and resourceful country, with an abundance of unoccupied land and mineral wealth.

Hence re'sourcefulness. 1869 Farrar Fam. Speech i. (1873) 35 With all our energy and resourcefulness. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 942 Experiments characterized by a sagacity, a resourcefulness, and a perseverance rarely excelled.

re'sourceless,

a. [f. as prec. + -less.] Without resource; destitute of resources. 1787 Generous Attachm. IV. 113 The resourceless Mr. Traffic, confounded and silent, is the picture of despair! 1826 W. Jay Chr. Contempt, vi. 197 He is laid waste, but he is not resourceless. 1886 A. Weir Hist. Basis Mod. Europe (1889) 540 Resourceless youths who managed to exist., on the patronage of the public.

Hence re'sourcelessness. 1827 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under 7 Administr. (1837) I. 84 We are only to look around us, and wonder at our utter resourcelessness. 1866 Contemp. Rev. II. 202 Poverty,., thinking on her own resourcelessness, sought his company. 1897 Westcott Chr. Aspects of Life 413 The temptations and resourcelessness of the poor.

t resourd,

v. Obs. rare. Also resword, respurdre. [ad. OF. resourdre: see resource.] intr. To rise or spring up again. C1440 Myrc Festial 203 Scho..dyde penawnce for her synnes, and soo reswordyd agayne to grace. C1477 Caxton

Jason 27 Yf a herte infortunate.. may resourdre whan fortune wyll fauoure and ayde. 1481-Myrr. li. iii. 67 Gyon or nylus.. renneth vnder the erthe so ferre that it resourdeth in to the longe see whiche enuyronneth alle Ethiope. 1483-Gold. Leg. 290/1 From whens that the dethe grewe, from thens the lyf resourded.

t re’souvenance. Obs. rare-^. resouvenance.) Recollection, memory.

[a.

F.

C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode ii. cxxvii. (1869) 123 This mirrour is resouenaunce and acordaunce to that that men seyn.

resow (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To sow again.

1611 Florio, Riseminare, to resowe, to sowe againe. 1626 Bacon Sylva §669 They are forced to Resow Summer-corn where they Sowed Winter-corn. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v.

Rye 6 M2/1 The chief use of this sort is to re-sow lands where the autumnal crop has failed. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric., Observ. 78 Resowing Clover, when the Oats were in Haw, was of no perceptible service. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. iii. 75 If several varieties of wheat be sown together, and the mixed seed be resown [etc.].

resowne, obs. form of reason sb.^ resoyngne: see

resoign.

resp, sb. dial. Also 8 respe. [Of obscure origin. Connexion with G. rdspe, raspe (hence Da.

RESP raspe, Sw. rasp), malanders, is very doubtful.] A distemper in sheep, the red-water. 1789 Tram. Soc. Arts VII. 77 The disorder.. resembles what is termed in Lincolnshire, amongst the sheep, the Resp. 1799 A. Young Agric. Line. 376 About Louth, the loss in feeding rape, by the respe is very great. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. 11. 1169 The Resp or Red-water is another disorder to which sheep are exposed.

Hence 'respy a., afflicted with the resp. 1856 P. Thompson Hist. Boston 720 Respy mutton.—The flesh of respy sheep.

resp

RESPECT

732

(resp),

a.

nonce-wd.

Abbrev.

of

RESPECTABLE a. 4 a. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 158 Resp girl (R.C.) wishes to hear of a post in fruit or pork shop.

resp, Sc. var.

rasp

sb,^ and v.^; var.

rasp

v.^

frespair, v. and sb. Obs. rare. Rendering L. spem habere, and so app. intended as the converse of despair, but other MSS. have respire. C1425 Wyntoun Chron. iv. xvi. 1590 (Cotton), Sa Rome, befor dispayrit, han Respayr in gud hope began [Edinb.^ Respair hade in gude hope agane].

re'sparkle, ‘V.

[re- 5 a.] To sparkle again. 1708 OzELL tr. Boileau's Lutrin 52 Your Eyes resparkle with their wonted Fires.

respass,

obs. f. raspis\ variant of raspis^.

re'speak

(ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.]

1. To re-utter, re-echo, resound. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. ii. 128 The Kings Rouce, the heauens shall bruite againe, Respeaking earthly Thunder. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 64 We sing not to the deaf: respeak the forests all. 1898 Longm. Mag. Jan. 226 Every meanest mound Respeaks the word that cries To Lazarus, Arise!

2. To speak again or further. 1620-6 Quarles Feast for Worms 1665 The Lord to lonah thus respake.

respect (ri'spekt), sb. Also 3-6 respecte; Sc. 5, 9 respek, 9 respeck, [ad. L. respect-us, f. ppl. stem of respicere: see next. Hence also F. respect^ Sp. respectOy respeto. It, re-, rispetto, Pg. respeito.] I. In phrases (usually) without article. These are chiefly direct adoptions of L. uses, as habere respectum, respectu, sine respectu.

1. to have respect to: a. To have regard or relation to, or connexion with, something. C1391 Chaucer Astrol. i. §21 Euerich of thise 12 Signes [of the zodiac] hath respecte to a certein parcelle of the body of a man and hath it in gouernance. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. XIX. vi. (Bodl. MS.), For euen femes hajp alwey respect to ye vttermoste parties. 1541 Elyot Cast. Helthe Kvjb, Sanguyne and fleumatyke men have more respecte unto drythe; coleryke and melancolye, unto moysture. 1551 Wilson Logicke (1580) 12b, The ground of every thyng, and the ende whereunto it hath respecte or consideracion. 1652 Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist. Relat. 8 Other such like important affairs, all which have respect to the Generali Union. 1699 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 134/2 This Spirit is opening, and has Respect to the Head and Womb. 1759 Sarah Fielding C'tess of Dellwyn II. 37 Perhaps Lady Dellwyn’s restless .. Movement might have more Respect to the shewing of her Shadow, than even herself, a 1842 Arnold Lect. Mod. Hist. (1845) 125 The limits.. have, often, respect to no natural boundaries, but are purely arbitrary. 1877 M. Arnold Last Ess. on Church 105 They all have a useful end to serve, and have respect to that end solely.

b. To have reference, to refer, to something. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 243 This latine diccion, prsesens,. .h^th respecte vnto three tymes. 1584 R. Scot Discov. Witcher. 551 This name hath not alwaies a respect unto the generation of the sonne of God. 1608 W. Wilkes Sec. Mem. 13 Those rules .. have respect more to your owne private, then reference to the publicke, good. 1641 L’Estrange God's Sabbath 126 The truth is, all ceremoniall laws have respect to the latitude of Jury. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 49 The expressions.. have only in a secondary sense a respect to that destruction. 1819 G. S. Faber Dispens. (1823) I. 167 We may be sure, that it had respect to some special point of doctrine. 1849 S. R. Maitland Ess. 19, I will here offer only a single remark, which has respect to the use [etc.].

2. to have respect to: fa. To turn to, refer to, for information. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 115 As for other meruayles of the temple haue respecte to the bokes of Kynges.

fb. To have an eye to, to give heed to, by looking at. Obs. a 1483 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 45 This maistyr sittith in the halle, next unto these Henxmen, at the same boarde, to have his respecte unto theyre demeanynges. 1535 Coverdale Gen. iv. 4 The Lorde had respecte vnto Abell and to his offerynge. -Eccles. xi. 4 He that regardeth y« wynde, shal not sowe: and he that hath respecte vnto the cloudes, shal not reape. 1611 Bible Isa. xvii. 7 At that day shall a man looke to his Maker, and his eyes shall haue respect to the Holy one of Israel.

c. To give heed, attention, or consideration to something; to have regard to’, to take into account. Also const, ellipt, with that. (Cf. 13.) 1483 Lett. Rich. Ill & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 45 To endent with his grace as it shall mowe be best accorded betwene thaim, havyng respecte as well to the ease of this tymes as to othere presidentes. ^1500 Lancelot 381 To dremys, sir, shuld no man have Respek. 1584 R. Scot Discov. Witcher. (1886) 7 Whosoever shall onllie have respect to the constancie of their words uttered, would easilie beleeve they were true indeed. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims II. vii. vi. 1125 But hauing respect that night began to come on,.. we tooke in our sailes. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 339/1 Of Weights, I have had respect to that of Troy only. 1864 J. H. Newman

Apol. App. 84 In an oath one ought to have respect to the intention of the party swearing.

d. To have in view; to allude to. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 59 To this had the poete Horatius respecte, in thus saiyng. 1583 Fulke Def. Trans. Script. (Parker Soc.) 566 What folly it is to think our translators had respect to your popish devotions, by the name of ‘devotion’! 1824 Heber Life Jer. Taylor p. cxxxviii. He tells us that Balaam, when he prayed to die the death of the righteous, had only respect to length of days. 1873 J. H. Newman Idea Univ. 328 When I speak of the formation of a Catholic school of writers, I have respect principally to the matter of what is written.

3. t a. in respect of, in comparison with. Obs. Common in the i6th and 17th centuries. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 84 pe sunne bemez [were] bot bio & blynde, In respecte of pat adubbement. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 149 Brennynge flammes.., in respecte of [L. respectu'] the heete of whom this fyre materialle is but as warme warm water unto scaldynge water. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 14 Fewe of them or none in respecte of the hole miscaryed. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 639 Hector was but a Troyan in respect of this. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 85 His spirit is so much greater, as commonly a mans is, in respect of a womans. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. I. 152 A well of indifferent good Water, at least in respect of the other Waters of Mecha. 1749 Lavington Enthus. Meth. ^ Papists ii. (1754) 14 Their respect to him, he says, is nothing in respect of what they ought to shew. 1751 R. Paltock P. Wilkins xxii, What can she bring from it, says I to myself, in respect of what must be left behind?

fb. So in (or to) the respect of. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 77 That the altitude and eminence scholde be schewede excellente, and incomparable in the respecte of [L. respectu] oure places habitable. 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) 4 b, I write to thee but littell to the respecte of that I would write. 1550 Cranmer Defence 87 He is but a yonge newe author in the respect of those which we haue brought in for our party.

c. Also in respect to. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 7 Englande, whiche is but a small yle and a lytell corner in respecte to y' hole worlde. 1690 Child Disc. Trade (1698) 218 The productions of the Spanish-West-India commodities are so inconsiderable in respect to the English. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Print. 130 Printing at this city was early, in respect to other places in this kingdom. 1904 H. James Golden Bowl 1. i. II She had struck him, in respect to the beautiful world, as one of the beautiful, the most beautiful things.

fd. in respect, in comparison. Obs. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 148 Bondemenne are in respecte and comparison, the feete of their maisters. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 513 What will remaine? Ah! nothing (in respect). 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. ii. iii. iii. (1651) 326 That all-commanding country is possessed by petty Princes, Rome a small Village in respect.

4. in respect {of): a. With reference to; as relates to or regards. fAlso with the. 1530 Tindale Answ. More (Parker Soc.) 175 The axe doth nothing in respect of the hand that heweth, save receive. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iii. i. 327 Item, shee is not to be fasting in respect of her breath. 1620 Brathwait Five Senses in Archaica (1815) 11, vi. Table, He aggravates.. the misery of this life in respect of Sin. 1654 R. Codrington tr. lustine ix. 139 This day did set a period to all Greece, in the respect of their antient liberty. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man I. Pref., The great Freedom which I have used in respect of all Orders of Men. 1792 Osbaldiston Brit. Sportsman 51 Bedding in respect of horses and other cattle, denotes straw or litter spread under them to lie on. 1825 Moore Sheridan I. 236 In respect of mere style, too, the workmanship of.. Sheridan is well worth.. attention. 1868 ViscT. Strangford Select. (1869) II. 240 These letters are undated both in respect of time and place,

fb. In view of, by reason or because of. Obs. 1583 Fulke Def. Trans. Script, xviii. 473 Oecumenius,.. a Doctour of as little authoritie, as anye other, in respect of the late season, in whyche he liued. 1632 Lithgow Trav. li. 75 Serigo .. was aunciently called .. Schotera, in respect of the fine Marble that is got there. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. II. vi. 68 This Quadrant.. I hold to be as necessary an Instrument as Seamen can use, in respect of its plainness, and brevity. 1738 tr. Guazzo's Art Convers. 132 Their Juniors do them Honour in Respect of their being older.

c. Considering, seeing, since {that). 1580 Fulke Dang. Rock xii. Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 319 Rather in respect that he had greater cause to love Christ. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. iii. ii. 17 In respect it is in the fields, it pleaseth mee well. (71641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 105 Nor was it conferred upon him by.. Darius Histaspes, in respect that he was heire apparant unto the former Kings of Judah. 1649 Evelyn Diary Corr. (1852) HI. S3 How to prevent future ruin, in respect some of us are for an universal toleration: others, for English freedom only? 1876 Gladstone Glean. (1879) II. 350 To a bad clergyman this may be an advantage, in respect that it allows him to remain bad, and to grow worse with impunity.

f d. In case. Obs. rare~^. 1597-8 Bacon Ess., Of Expense, Some forbeare it not vpon negligence alone, but doubting to bring themselues into Melancholy in respect they shall finde it broken.

e. With respect to something. (Cf. 7 b.) rare. 1841 Latham Eng. Lang. ii. x. 178 Unless we admit the supposition in respect tog, that has been indicated in respect to c. Ibid. 184.

fS./or {the) respect of: a. For the sake of, because of. b. In respect of. Obs. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 95 To geue a mocke to the feloe that stood so highly in his owne conceipte for the respecte of suche trifleyng bagguage. 1549 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 25 Who wyll susteyne any damage for the respecte of a publique commoditie? 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. II. 315 And verily his prophecy was to true for respect of that which followed.

6. without respect: fa. Without discrimina¬ tion or consideration. Obs.

c 1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng, Hist. (Camden Soc, No. 36) 211 Thus the barbarus people, withowte respecte, polluted bothe thinggs divine 8c humaine. 1594 Bedingfield tr. Machiavelli's Florentine Hist. (iS95) 203 Murthering both guiltie and unguiltie people without respect.

b. Without consideration of, or regard to, something. Also const, ellipt. with what. 1549 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 19 A fayth that maketh a man rightuous wythout respecte of workes. 1590 Spenser F.Q. III. ii. 7 Onely for honour and for high regard, Without respect of richesse or reward. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 38 The Emperour.. adventured his owne person, without respect what danger might thereof ensue. 1651 Jane Image Unbr. 59 Iconoclastes heapes up untruths without respect to the apparence of their detection.

7. with respect: f a. proportion. Obs. rare,

Relatively;

in

due

1597 J. King On Jonas (1618) 224 In part, not wholly; with respect, not absolutely. 1646 Earl Monm. tr. Biondi's Civ. Wars iv. 3 Their governours.. ought to make use thereof alternatly, and with respect, but not excesse.

b. With reference or regard to something. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 409 After this, the Colony enjoy’d a perfect Tranquillity with Respect to the Savages. 1765 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 32 With respect to the first of these questions, there are three opinions. 1824 Sir J. Macintosh 5/). 15 June, Wks. 1846 III. 439 With respect.. to the State Papers laid before us, I see nothing in them to blame or to regret. 1871 B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) § 12 A body .. changes its state with respect to heat.

fc. In regard 0/something, Obs. rare~^. 1642 Eaton Honey-c. Freejustif. 472 Not drawne thereto with the terrours of the Law, or hireling-like with respect of our owne profit. 1721 Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 162 At a vast Distance from one another, with respect of Magnitude.

II. 8. fa. An aspect of a thing; a relative property or quality; a relationship. Obs. (Common in 17th c.) 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. (W. de W.) in. v. 52 The soule that is one is callyd by dyuers names in dyuers respectes and highte anima while he is in the body and yeuyth it lyfe. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 104 [The secretary] is at the pleasure and appointment of another to be commanded, and being in a second respect as a friend [etc.]. 1599 B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. iv. v, Things of consequence must haue their respects, where, how, and to whom. 1653 H. More Conject. Cabbal. (1662) 3 The logos,.. in which all ideas and their respects are contained, a 1670 Rust Disc. Truth 157 If there be no immutable respects in things, but Just and Unjust., are respects made be meer arbitrarious Will. 1748 G. White Serm. (MS.), Doth Relation to us alter the Case, and that Respect alone impart worth? 1753 Johnson Adventurer No. 107 Ifs Whatever has various respects, must have various appearances of good and evil, beauty or deformity.

b. A particular, a point, a detail. Only in phrases with in, as in all, many, or some respects, in this respect, etc. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osorius 179 Let us compare with this blynd Philosophy of Cicero, the Divinity of Osorius in all respectes as bussardlyke. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. II. (1882) 76 Dooing the dutie of a good shepheard in euerie respect. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. [P15 Neuer scorne those that be not in all respects so complete as they should bee. 1671 Milton P.R. iv. 521 Yet thee I thought In some respect far higher so declar’d. 1736 Butler Anal. i. i. Wks. 1874 I. 30 Death may, in some sort, and in some respects, answer to our birth. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. iv. iii. She shall.. be her own Mistress in that Respect for the future. 1800 CoLQUHOUN Comm. Thames Pref., The Subject is in many respects new. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 463, I should like to know in what respect the argument is not sufficient.

9. A relationship of one person or thing to another; a reference to some thing or person. a. In phr. to have a (..) respect to. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 12 Relatives are those whiche.., as a man would saie, have a mutual respect one to an other. 1587 Golding De Mornay xvi. (1617) 286 Punishment and sin haue a mutuall respect one to another, as a sore and a salue. 1681 Belon New Myst. Physick 12 The Fourth thing to be observed, has a Respect to the certainty of the Cure. (21706 Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) II. 29 The observance of the seventh day had a peculiar respect to the Israelites. 1710 Berkeley Princ. Hum. Know! 1. §140 It having a like respect to other spirits that blueness or heat by me perceived has to those ideas perceived by another. 1816 Faber Orig. Pagan Idol. II. 288 The pretended nurses of Jupiter have all a similar respect to the deluge. 1850 M’^Cosh Div. Govt. iii. i. (1874) 322 A worldly morality which has no respect to God.

b. In other uses. Also with betwixt, 1607 J. Norden Surv. Dial. i. 12 An indifferent Surueyor, namely, such a one as carieth equall respects to Lord and Tenant. 1644 Digby Nat. Soul 359 We shall find, that all they do consist in, or of certaine respects betwixt two thinges. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 H. 13 The very terms.. imply a relation or respect of parts to each other. 1748 G. White Serm. (MS.), To be careful of our respects to him and careless of those to men, is to be defective in one half of our Religion.

flO. a. Relationship; reference. Obs. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. v. i. 99 Ner. It is your musicke Madame of the house. Por. Nothing is good I see without respect, Methinkes it sounds much sweeter then by day! 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. iv. i. iii, Whether he can produce respect without a foundation or terme. 1662 Playford Skill Mus. iii. (1674) 34 Relation, or reference, or respect not harmonical.

fb. Bearings, results. Obs. rare~^. 1692 Dryden St. Euremont's Ess. 14 The First Wars of the Romans were of very great Importance in their respect, but little remarkable.

III. 111. A respite. Obs. Cf. respet(t sb. ri440 Alph. Tales 221 And pan sho askid of pe law a respecte, & had it grawntid. 1533 in Marsden Sel. PI. Crt.

RESPECT Admiral. (Seiden Soc.) II. 65 All other letters of grace, respectes, and other impetracions of favour. 1567 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 540 Eschetis of gudis,.. respectis, remissionis, supersedereis.

112* a. Appearance, aspect. Obs. rare. 1582 Batman Barth. De P.R. iv. x, There is holownes of eyen with moyst respect [L. cum humido aspectu^. 1615 Sandys Trav. (1627) 216 Tyrus, is now no other than an heape of ruines; yet have they a reuerent reject,

t b. A view; a backward survey, (Jbs. rare. 1542 Boorde Dyetary ii. (1870) 235, I had rather not to buyld.. a howse, than to buylde one without a good respecte in it, to it, and from it. a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Wales iv. (1662) 7 The Welsh travailers, when they have dimed up a hill,.. rain their horses backward, and stand still a while, taking a prospect (or respect rather) of the Country they have passed.

13. a. Regard, consideration. Const. 0/or to. c 1530 Crt. of Love xxiii, No respecte hauyng what was beste to done. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utopia ii. (1895) 305 The respecte of euery mans priuate commoditie. 1593 Shaks. Lucr. 275 Then, childish fear, avaunt!.. Respect and reason, wait on wrinkled age! 1605 A. Wotton Answ. 118 They will do nothing, but with especial respect to themselves. 1606 G. W[oodcock] Hist. Ivstine v. 25 The Athenians.. tooke more respect to their safety, then care of their honour. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 25 Wee shall next see what respect hath been had unto the Sea, either in the very first or any more antient Distribution or Division of things. 1791 Cowper Jliad xix. 314 For no respect of amorous desire, Or other purpose, have I lay’d mine hand On fair Briseis. 1814 Cary Dante, Par. xxii. 35, I will make answer even to the thought. Which thou hast such respect of. a 1834 Coleridge Lit. Rem. (1839) IV. 396 Have no respect to what nation a man is of.

b. Discrimination, partiality, or favour in regard 0/persons or things. (Cf. person sb. 13.) 1535 CovERDALE Prov. xxiv. 23 It is not good, to haue respecte of any personne in iudgment. 1558 Goodman How to Obey 170 Gods vengeance, which he with out respecte of persones wil powre. vpon all transgressors. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. II. iii. 98 Is there no respect of place, persons, nor time in you? 1641 Thorndike Govt. Ch. 38 We see the reason why there is no respect of Timothy, in his instructions to the elders of Ephesus. 1837 Hr. Martineau Soc. Amer. III. 33 Those who are brought up to have any respect of occupations,—to regard a grocer as beneath a banker. 1874 Sidgwick Meth. Ethics iii. v. 239 It is of the highest importance that judges and administrators should never be persuaded by money or otherwise to shew ‘respect of persons’.

fc. Heed, care, attention. Obs. 1557 North Gueuara's Diall Pr. (1568) 23 Women must take great respect, least they geve straungers occasion to speake of them. 1596 Bacon Max. & Use Com. Law Pref., When men shall carry a respect not to descend into any course that is corrupt. 1615 W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 22 At the setting of your plants you must haue such a respect, that the distance of them [etc.]. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. clxvii. 723 Having care and respect to give February 29. dayes in the Leap-yeer.

fd. pi. Attention or consideration given to more than one point or matter. Obs. 1612 B.acon Ess., Of Ceremonies Gf Respects, It is losse also in businesse to be too full of respects, or to be to curious in obseruing times and opportunities. 1640 E. Dacres tr. MachiavellCs Prince 205 We see that men .. proceed therein diversly; some with respects, others more bold. 1656 Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 73, I shall,.. I hope, prevail with you that I may have the honour to see you again at my poor villa, when my respects are less diverted.

t e. An opinion or view. Obs. 1662 Gerbier Princ. 28, I must proceed and conclude with my humble respects concerning Palaces of..Princes.

14. a. A consideration; a fact or motive which assists in, or leads to, the formation of a decision; an end or aim. (Very common in 17th c.) 1549 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 37 He was not moued wyth these worldlie respectes, with these prudente considerations. 1595 Shaks. iii. i. 318, I muse your Maiesty doth seeme so cold. When such profound respects doe pull you on. 1632 Brome Northern Lass i. vii, What Respect Moves you to make this strong disswasion? 1673 Temple Observ. United Prov. Wks. 1720 I. 26 These Respects gave the first Rise to a Treaty of Peace. 1705 Addison Italy 511 The same Respect that made him quit this Government, might at another time tempt him to give up that of Neuf-Chatel. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 64 All the honours and worldly respects, for which I formerly risked my life. 1846 Trench Mirac. i. (1862) 105 Higher respects than those of flesh and blood moved Him to the choosing of the present moment.

b. With/or. (Common c 1550-1650.) 1536 Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 16 Whiche.. compelled his Maiestie to staye in the graunting of any contribucion for the respectes expressed. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) p. vi, I resolved (for sundrie iust respectes) to begin first with that Shire. 1632 Lithgow Trav. V. 221 He saw the guide.. send a Moore before him, for what respect he knew not. 1662 Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 36 At his return he was for several respects promoted to a Cardinal’s cap.

IV. tl5. ? Dread, fear. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 147, Y lawde and commende thy manhode that thou dredes God moore then me, and the respecte of hevyn moore then thy cuntre.

16. a. Deferential regard or esteem felt or shown towards a person or thing. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1589) 680 We have the temples in great respect and reverence. 1596 Shaks. j Hen. IV, I. iii. 8 That Title of respect. Which the proud soule ne’re payes, but to the proud. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. IP I Zeale to promote the common good.. deserueth certainly much respect and esteeme. 1690 Temple Ess.y Heroic Virtue Wks. 1720 I. 205 So great a Respect, or rather Veneration, is paid to this wise and admirable Constitution. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 406 fi A Friend, for whom he has

RESPECT

733 a very great Respect. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlii. IV, 220 Some voluntary respect was yielded to age and valour. 1839 Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 35 Her character remains the object of respect to all parties. 1878 R. W. Dale Lect. Preach, viii. 222-There is a.certain measure of respect due from the people to their pastor.

b. The condition or state of being esteemed or honoured. I597”8 Bacon Ess., Of Ceremonies & Respects, Not to vse Ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to vse them againe, and so diminish his respect. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N. T. 32 For they are in so high and deare respect with God. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 78/2 What wants reason, wants respect, Junius Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 343 You stand degraded from the respect and authority of your office. 1820 Byron Mar. Fal. v. iii. Youth without honour, age without respect. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. (1875) 83 By which he may be. .held in respect when he himself is inclined to take liberties.

fc. Rank, standing; station in life. Obs. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 106 The townes of any respect be Dsedala and Crya, peopled onely with banished persons. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. i. ii. 59, I haue heard. Where many of the best respect in Rome .. Haue wish’d, that Noble Brutus had his eyes. 1651 tr. De-las-Coveras' Don Fenise 295 Although it was night, I saw that which made me judge her to be a person of respect. transf. 1652 Culpepper Eng. Physic. (1656) 83 The greater wild Daisie is a Wound Herb of good respect.

fd. a coach (or litter) of respect, ? one used on occasions of state. Obs. 1676 Lady Fanshawe Memoir (iSzg) 281 Then a coach of respect, lined with cloth of gold, mixed with green. Then a litter of respect, lined with the same stuff.

e. with (all due) respect and varr.: a polite phr. expressing proper deference, freq. used before stating (with some insistence) disagreement with another personas views. Also const, to. 1826 M. R. Mitford Our Village II. 207 [My greyhound] is sliding her snake-like head into my hand, at once to invite the caress which she likes so well, and to intimate with all due respect that it is time to go home. 1923 C. Mackenzie Parson's Progress xviii. 257 With all respect to the gentleman at the back of the hall who passed that remark, I tell him that if you think you can do anything with your review.., you’re mistaken. 1977 Belfast Tel. 28 Feb. 6/4 With respect, I feel that the views expressed by Lord MacDermott are unbalanced from the very isolated position of a judge who, by necessity of office, must lead a somewhat cloistered life. 1977 Church Times 22 July lo/i It is, with the greatest respect to His Grace, very little use to say that the book has ‘caused more hubbub than it is worth’. 1978 Ibid. 25 Aug. 11/3 With all due respect to your three correspondents, I do not think they have answered M. J. Feaver’s question (August ii). 1978 Times 13 Mar. 19/4 With great respect, this well-intentioned suggestion seems almost wholly devoid of merit. 1980 J. Follett Churchill's Gold ii. i. 86 With respect, admiral, we should not be building boats for any other purpose than for sinking enemy shipping.

17. pi. t a. Deferential or courteous attentions; actions expressive of respect for a person; politenesses, courtesies. Obs. 1612 Bacon Ess., Of Praise, Some praises come of good wishes and respects, which is a forme due in ciuility to Kings and great persons. 1648 Gage West Ind. 25 We..gave hearty thanks to the Indians for their kind respects unto us. a 1656 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 46 The Promoters of the petitions were entertained with great respects. 1707 Refi. upon Ridicule 352 The Science of Respects, is, as I may say, the Soul of Society.

fb. Deferential salutations. Obs. rare-^.

respect (n'spekt), v. [f. L. respect-, ppl. stem of respicere to look (back) at, regard, consider, or ad. the frequentative of this, respectdre. Cf. F. respecter (i6th c.), Sp. respe{c)tar, Pg. respeitar. It. rispettare.'\ 11. trans. To respite; to put off, neglect, Obs. 1542-3 34 ^ 35 Hen. VIII, c. 16 § 2 Soondrye soomes of money been respected to many persones, whiche haue ben Shirieffes.. vpon theyre accomptes. i549 Somerset in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) II. 292 We., addressed our letters to you for due execution to be don.. upon Paget..: which, as we be informed, is not don but respected. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage 194 If he respect washing after these, if he be learned, he shall forget his learning. 1620 J. Wilkinson Coroners & Sherifes 10 There they respected execution of him to the intent they might procure his pardon.

Obs.

To regard, consider, take into account. (In common use c 1560-1660.)

1548 Geste Pr. Masse 76 Is it not a deadely remorse to respect the worthy clerkes in thys realme and ye greate number of them and yet not one to wryte agaynste hyr? 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osorius 139 Not bycause it is of itselfe nothyng (if you respect the substaunce of it). 1606 G. W[oodcock] &ist. tohne II. 13 For if ye respect the king, he had a great deale more wealth then valour. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. xvii. 45 The Kidney is shaped.. like an Asarum leaf, if you respect the plane surface.

fb. To heed, pay attention to; to observe carefully. Obs. (Frequent r 1575-1630.) 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 317 b, I respected nothinge els, than that.. I might enjoy the inheritance of the heavenly kingdome. 1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Fam. Love 16 b. The cunnyng Archer respecteth more to hitte the marke, than the curious watchyng of the clouen ayre. 1614 Meriton Chr. Mans Assuring-ho. 34 He little respecteth where he clappes himselfe downe. 1662 Playford Skill Mus. (1674) 29 Respect not the fourth below, but look to your fifth above.

t c. To regard, consider, look upon, as being of a certain kind, etc. Obs. rare. 1592 Marlowe Massacre Paris ii. v, Her gory colours of revenge, Whom I respect as leaves of boasting green. 1598-9 B. JoNSON Case Altered iv. ii. To whom my father gave this name of Gasper, And as his own respected him to death. 1602 Warner Alb, Eng. xiii. Ixxviii. 322 Corruption not Production should we Euelnesse respect.

3. To be directed to; to refer or relate to; to deal or be concerned with. 1563 Homilies ii. Fasting i. (1859) 284 For, when it [rc. fasting] respecteth a good end, it is a good work. 1598 Bacon Sacr. Medit., Miracles, His doctrine respected the soule of man. 1663 Patrick Parab. Pilgr. xxviii. (1668) 323 The greatest wits want perspicacity in things that respect their own interest. 1704 Hearne Duct. Hist. Pref., The two parts of Knowledge which in a more eminent degree respect the Common Good and Convenience of Mankind. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxx, Even love and hatred respect the past, for the cause must have been before the effect. 1819 G. S. Faber Dispens. (1823) I. 183 The primary question., would obviously respect the nature of that serpent. 1866 Reader July 676 The remaining part of the book respects man’s position.

b. In pres. pple. With reference or regard to. 1732 Pope Ess. Man i. 51 Respecting Man, whatever wrong we call. May, must be right, as relative to all. 1782 Paine Let. Abbe Raynel (1791) 73 Respecting Canada, one or other of the two following will take place. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xii. 95 He could not agree with him respecting the price. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §8. 103 The legislation respecting ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

fc. To resemble.

Obs. rare-^.

a 1674 Clarendon Hist. Reb. xii. §101 When they had made their several respects, and came to the King, he lightly moved his hat, and bade them cover.

1604 T. Wright Passions (1620) 219 The heart, .of man triangularly respecteth the blessed Trinitie; every corner a Person, and the solide substance your common essence.

c. In complimentary formulte, usually conveying a message expressive of regard or esteem.

fd. To relate to, as regards the effect or result produced. Obs.

Lett. iv. xxvi, So with my very kind respects to my Sister, I rest Your loving brother, J. H. 01657 R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 35, I pray do my due respects to those you think my friends. 1729 Swift Let. to Gay 19 Mar., You are the first to present my most humble respects to the duchess of Queensberry. 1780 in Nichols Anecd. (1815) IX. 263 The Lord Chancellor presents his best respects to Mr. Thicknesse. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia vii. ix. Pray give my respects to him. 1833 Ht. Martineau Loom Gf Lugger ii. iv. 77 And give my respects to the Lieutenant’s lady. 1894 Raymond Sam ^ Sabina x, ‘Here’s luck!’ said Ashford. ‘My respects!’ drank Christopher. C164S Howell

d. to pay one’s respects^ to show polite attention to a person by presenting oneself or by making a call. 1668 Etheredge She wou'd if she cou'd \. i, If I can I will slip away, and pay my respects to your lady. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) V. 2 The Gauls..came to pay their respects to that general. 1771 Smollett Humph. C/. (1815) 188 When he came home, he expressed great eagerness to pay his respects to his master. 1833 Ht. Martineau Brooke Farm i. 2, I generally choose this road, and pay my respects to the rookery before doing the same to the lady. 1886 W. J. Tucker E. Europe 116, I came out here the day before yesterday to pay my respects to the Count.

V. 18. Comb.y as respect-inspiring, -worthy adjs. 1876 Mrs. Oliphant Phoebe, Junior xxxviii, His clergyman,.. an awful and respect-inspiring personage. 1833 Carlyle Diderot, Misc. Ess. (1888) V. 9 In this French Sheffield, Diderot’s father was a cutler,.. a much respected and respect-worthy man. 1889 ‘Mark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xiii. 154 They were about all that was useful, or worth saving, or respectworthy. 1915 A. Quiller-Couch Nicky-Nan xxiii. 296 A neighbours’ quarrel, and between folks I know to be so respectworthy. 1973 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Sept. 1024/4 Horatio Parker (who was none the less respect-worthy, never mean or petty).

1614 Latham Falconry (1633) 95 This scowring., resisteth rottennesse, also it greatly respecteth the head. 1655 Culpepper, etc. Riverius Printer to Rdr., For the use of these Books respects chiefly the Poor of this Nation. 1700 Floyer Cold Baths i. ii. 36 Moistening respects the Skin, but heating and cooling shews the Effects it has on the Humours.

4. To treat or regard with deference, esteem, or honour; to feel or show respect for. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 34 b, He did not one whit respecte the highnes or dignitie of any parson. 1595 Daniel Civ. Wars ill. xxxviii. Which meaner wights of trust, and credit bare Not so respected could not looke t’ effect. 1612 Bacon Ess., Fortune, Fortune is to bee honoured and respected, and it be but for her daughters. Confidence and Reputation. 1657 W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peirescu. 181, I can truly bear him witness, that he most dearly respected them all. 1727 Swift Let. to Gay 27 Nov., I always loved and respected him very much. 1780 Cowper Nightingale Sf Glow-worm 33 Respecting in each other’s case The gifts of nature and of grace. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, II. 298 Who could imagine that such a patriot would not be respected even by his enemies? 1879 R. K. Douglas Confucianism iv. 96 If he should be unable to govern with dignity, the people will not respect him. refi. 1784 Cowper Task ii. 377 To such I render more than mere respect. Whose actions say that they respect themselves, a 1862 Buckle Misc. Wks. (1872) I. 112 When any class of men cease to be respected by the nation, they soon cease to respect themselves.

fb. To esteem, prize, or value (a thing). Obs. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. i. ii. 134 Shall these papers lye, like Tel-tales here? If you respect them; best to t^e them vp. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage vii. xii. (1614) 712 Iron they had not: Gold they respected not. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 177 They did respect gemmes more than to mangle them with cutting.

c. To treat with consideration; to refrain from injuring or interfering with; to spare.

RESPECTABILITY 1621 T. Williamson tr. Goularfs Wise Vieillard 146 Death respects neither babe, young nor old, man nor woman, rich nor poore. a 1721 Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 4 Who .. respectest none. And neither spar’st the laurel, nor the crown! 1745 Pococke Descr. East II. 152 In the excursions which they make for pleasure they are commonly respected by the Arabs. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng.vi. II. 17 Lewis had, like James, repeatedly promised to respect the privileges of his Protestant subjects. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile xii. 316 A dynasty that not only lightened the burdens of the poor but respected the privileges of the rich.

fd. To toast; to drink the health of. Obs. rare. 1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 519 Whoever tastes, let him with grateful Heart Respect that ancient loyal House. 1766 A. Nicol Poems 50 (E.D.D.), Good ale and usque ga’d about In healths, as they respected Their friends that day. 15. To expect, anticipate, look (for). Obs. rare. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 285 b, He would in no wyse assente to that,.. & herein respected no daunger. 1601 B. JONSON Poetaster ii. i, Gaine sauours sweetly from any thing; He that respects to get, must relish all commodities alike. 1623 Pemble Wks. (1635) i, I verily suppose there is none among you, who respects to heare his owne praises; if there be, I come not hither to give satisfaction to such. 6. a. Her. Of charges: To look at, face {esp.

each other). 1562 Legh Armory (i 597) 46 A Lyon.. is returned from his pray and taketh his rest, respecting his enemies. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. xxii. (1611) 169 Fishes are borne hauriant, both respecting each other and also endorsed. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 28/2 A Philip and Mary shilling hath a Man and Womans head respecting each other. 1780 Edmondson Heraldry IL Gloss, s.v., When beasts, birds or fish, are placed in armory to face each other, they are, by some mod. Heralds, termed respecting each other. 1847 [see RESPECTANT l].

fb. To regard; to look upon. Obs. 1567 Trial Treas. (1850) 28 God doth so guide the hartes of the juste. That they respect chiefly the celestiall treasure. 1596 Thanksgiving in Liturg. Serv. Q. Eliz. (1847) 668 Graciously respecting us in the merits of thy dear Son. 1620 E. Blount Horae Subs. 115 Wise men will not view such persons but with scorn, nor respect them but with disesteem.

fc. To look towards (a certain direction); to face (a specified place). Obs. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 4 Upon the south side it respecteth Germanie. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 795 That side of Malta which respecteth Sicilia, hath in it many good harbours. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. xvii. 47 With their sharp and lunary part they respect the kidneys. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 374 The Rooms that respect each particular Coast,.. as those Rooms..that regard the East. 01734 North Lives (1826) II. 104 The latter stands on a sharp cliff respecting the north.

d. mtr. To face or look to or towards, rare. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. iv. These Hands by a small diuision of the Sea, respect towardes the South and North. 1612 Brerewood Lang. & Relig. (1635) 96 The.. east side, that respecteth toward Europe. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. xxxii. (ed. 3) 470 An eagle rising and respecting to the sinister.

respectability (nspekta'biliti). [f. respectable a. + -ITY. Cf. mod.F. respectabilite.] 1. a. The state, quality, or condition of being respectable in point of character or social standing. Also with a somewhat derogatory implication of affectation or spuriousness. 1785 Trusler Mod. Times I. p. vi, He is very sensible that there are in all classes of life, men of honour and respectability. 1802 Mrs. J. West Infidel Father II. 157 He is said to have passed through the ordeal of a military life with high respectability. 1847 C. BronteX Eyre x, A model of elderly English respectability. 1898 G. B. Shaw You never can tell ii. Stage-direct., The excellent quality and condition of these garments, the gold-rimmed folding spectacles,.. all testify to his respectability. 1907 G. B. Shaw Major Barbara iii. 281 The seven deadly sins!—Yes, the deadly seven... Food, clothing, firing, rent, taxes, respectability and children. 1969 Listener 3 Apr. 443/1 The social cost was high: hypocrisy;.. the substitute of ‘respectability’ (spurious morality) for thought-out morals. Now that couples who aren’t ready to support them needn’t have children at all, marriage is redundant. 1978 P. Bailey Leisure 6? Class in Victorian England viii. 178 We approach respectability as a role rather than as an ideology... The myth of substantial working-class respectability.

b. concr.

Those who are respectable.

1808 Spirit Public Jrnls. XII. 327 All the weight, talent, and respectability of the country. 1891 S. C. Scrivener Our Fields Gf Cities 87 Respectability pooh-poohs, but ‘Respectability’ does not visit the north-east corner of the cemetery Pere la Chaise at Paris.

c. transf. Of things. 1903 G. B. Shaw Man & Superman p. xxviii, He and I and Mr. Sidney Webb were sowing our political wild oats as a sort of Fabian Three Musketeers, without any prevision of the surprising respectability of the crop that followed. 1976 Times 21 May 1/4 The alleged smear campaign against the Liberal Party.. gained new respectability yesterday when the Prime Minister confirmed.. that attempts were indeed being made to discredit individual members of the Liberal Party.

2. a. A person of respectable character. 1840 Carlyle Heroes (1858) 342 Smooth-shaven Respectabilities not a few one finds, that are not good for much. 1888 Times 20 Sept. 7/2 Irishmen.. laugh in their sleeve when the dull respectabilities of the Gladstonian party take the thing seriously.

b. pi. Those features of life and conduct which are regarded as respectable. 1843 Carlyle Past & Pres. i. v. 41 With his cashaccounts and larders dropping fatness, with his respectabilities, warm garnitures, and pony-chaise. 1875

RESPECTED

734 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) I. respectabilities of life.

3. Importance,

191

Out of a regard to the

rare.

1817 T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) II. 241 The District of Maine is fitted to derive its respectability especially from fishing, and commerce. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) 1. 223 The diversity of sentiment on this subject, and the respectability of the different opponents, will naturally induce the readers to pause and reflect, before they decide.

re'spectabilize, v.

[f. next + -ize.] trans. To

render respectable. 1843 Blackw. Mag. LIV. 529 It took a long time to respectabilize its neighbourhood. 1879 Miss Braddon Clov. Foot xxvii, Mr. Desrolles left the Manor House a new man. .. He was respectabilised by a full purse. 1933 G. Stein Autobiogr. Alice B. Toklas v. 119 Uhde wished to respectabilise himself and she wanted to come into possession of her inheritance, which she could only do upon marriage. 1940 C. P. Snow Strangers Sf Brothers xliv. 318 But the cafe had been respectabilized since then. There were now two floors, and neat waitresses. 1977 Daily Tel. 30 Apr. 13/4 Journalists are urged not to ‘respectabilize’ racist organizations.

respectable (ri'spekt3b(3)l), a. and sb.

[f. RESPECT sb. + -ABLE. Cf. F. respectable, Sp. respetable, It. rispettabile, -evole, Pg. respeitavel.] A. adj. 11. Worthy of notice, observation, or consideration. Obs. rare. 01586 Sidney Arcadia iii. Wks. 1724 II. 598 This unexpected adventure, or vehemently respectable misadventure. 1605 Verstegan Dec. Jntell. i. (1628) 10 It is also respectable that the most antient Germans being pagans .. ordained [etc.].

2. a. Worthy or deserving of respect by reason of some inherent quality or qualities. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1605) Fij, The prince in maiesty..; and the people in their multitude are respectable and honourable. 1750 Chesterf. Lett. ccxv. (1792) II. 326 Your studies, the respectable remains of antiquity. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 42 The wisdom of his laws, and the success of his arms, rendered his administration respectable in the eyes both of his subjects, and of his enemies. 1801 Eliz. Helme St. Marg. Cave II. 56 His sorrows appear to me not only respectable but sacred. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. iv. 430 He had a personal antipathy to Hyder Ali, which in a mind like his was capable of weighing down more respectable motives. 01859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxiii. V. 28 There might be a large respectable minority whose recollections might materially differ from the recollections of the majority.

b. Considerable in number, size, quantity, etc. 1755 Magens Insurances II. 475 They see a respectable Marine kept up in their Country ready to succour each other in Case of War. 1780 S. J. Pratt Emma Corbett (ed. 4) II. 44 He has the good fortune to conceal under his hat.. a respectable contusion. 1840 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. i. Pref., A beautiful green lane.. will carry them.. to the foot of a very respectable hill. 1869 Tozer High! Turkey II. 337 Modem authorities—whose writings amount to a respectable literature.

c. Of comparative excellence; tolerable, fair. 1775 J- Jekyll Corr. ii. (1894) 49 At five the spectacles commence; and first the comedy, which is very respectable. 1799 Mrs. j. West Tale Times I, 155 He was said to possess very resectable literary talents. 1824 Dibdin Libr. Comp. p. XV, The typographical execution.. is delightful, and the engraved frontispieces are very respectable. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. I. 155 It is at best but a respectable production. 1903 Athenaeum 24 Oct. 552/1 Other places have had respectable weather.

d. Of writers, in respect of authority or literary merit. 1781 C. Johnston Hist. J. Juniper II. 100 A question, both sides of which are supported by such respectable authorities. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) II- 436 An anonymous English Author, highly respectable for the soundness of his judgment, 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. I. 277 The practice of many writers, and some even of our most respectable writers, appears to be erroneous. 1866 FitzGerald Lamb (ed. 2) 193 The complete collection of the more respectable English essayists.

3. a. Of persons: Worthy of respect, deserving to be respected, by reason of moral excellence. 1755 J- Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 436 An example to be followed by no man who would appear respectable in the great world. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 179/2 Thucydides was a great and respectable man. 1816 Coleridge Lett. (1895) II. 665 If a balance and harmony of powers,. render womanhood amiable and respectable. 1831 Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 236 The inhabitants of Norway are a most respectable race of people.

b. Used as a commendatory epithet. 1755 Man No. 9. 4 We shall endeavour.. to ingratiate this respectable order [the clergy] with the people. 1780 S. J. Pratt Emma Corbett (ed. 4) II. 152, I caught the.. affection .. from the respectable authors of my being. 1804 Parr in Barker Life (1829) II. 560, I am now on a visit to my respectable friend, Mr. Rye. 1815 Paris Chit-chat (1816) II. 174 Nor would the painter fail to give a conspicuous place to the respectable sister Bignan.

fc. As a term of address. Obs. 1768 Woman of Honor I. 205 My ever respectable Aunt. 1808 Mem. Female Philos. I. 72 My respectable, my tender mother.

4. a. Of persons: Of good or fair social standing, and having the moral qualities regarded as naturally appropriate to this. Hence, in later use, honest and decent in character or conduct, without reference to social position, or in spite of being in humble circumstances. i

1758 Mrs. Lennox Henrietta v, viii. (1761) II. 260 It will be more for your reputation to have it known that you lived in such a respectable society. 1771-2 Ess. fr. Batchelor (1773) I- *20 His secretary,.. the Provost, and many other respectable persons came to consult with him. 1806 R. Cumberland Mem. (1807) II. 338 Visitors so respectable as the Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, the Ex-Premier Lord North. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain i. 54 The best plan for those who want to buy a horse is to apply to some respectable private person. 1879 Froude Caesar viii. 86 He expressed the opinions of the respectable middle classes, who had no sympathy with revolutionists.

b. So of appearance, character, institutions, etc. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool ofQual. (1809) IV. 4 A man.. of a very respectable appearance. 1788 Trifler No. ii. 140 He sent us to the most respectable schools he could select. 1803 Mary Charlton Wife & Mistr. IV. 32 The loss of the provision which might have afforded you a respectable maintenance. 1834 Ht. Martineau Moral i. 3 All labour for which there is a fair demand is equally respectable. 1889 A. Lang Lett. Lit. i. (ed. 2) 7 The ‘Idyls’..are full of a Victorian respectability, and love of talking with Vivien about what is not so respectable.

c. Of decent or presentable appearance. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. Iv. (1783) II. 154, I believe I have a pair of respectable metal buckles in the house. 1855 Dickens Dorrit i. xxxv. It will be necessary to find a milliner, my love... Something must be done with Maggy too, who at present is. .barely respectable. 1974 A. Price Other Paths to Glory i. iv. 41 Make us all a lot of hot, strong coffee while I get myself respectable. 1978 K. Royce Satan Touch V. 77 Herb Stahm knocked on Ashley’s bedroom door. ‘It’s me. Herb.’ ‘Come on in.’ That meant they were respectable,

fd. Creditable; of a good or superior kind. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. Ixxxv. (1783) III. 126 It will not.. redound much to my credit, or inspire ,. any respectable ideas of my understanding. 1786 Mrs, A. M. Bennett Jmi;. Indiscr. III. 188 Of whom he entertained a very respectable opinion. 1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg. III. 18/1 Judging that a respectable address of congratulation on the occasion will be becomingly proper, as well as dutiful from us.

fS. Convenient, suitable. Obs. rare~^. 1773 J- Wentworth in Chase Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) I. 440 An advertisement in your name, notifying a meeting on the day of your appointment, and at a place and spot most respectable to the College. 6. Comb., as respectable-looking, -tavodry. 1808 Coleridge in Edin. Rev. XII. 370 A very respectable-looking man had been up these rivers. 1820 Scott Abbot xx. He then addressed, by the title of Sir Robert, an elderly and respectable-looking gentleman. 1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl ix. 153 That makes quite a respectable-looking flock. 1916 E. Pound Lustra 112 A quiet and respectable tawdry trio.

B. sb. A respectable person. 1814 Moore Mem. (1853) II. 23 We have been visited by some of the respectables in this neighbourhood. 1841 J. T. Hewlett Parish Clerk I. 293 To show his respect for the respectables by touching his hat. ^1890 Fred Wilson's Fate 97 It was an assembly of the respectables, and they were not his ‘crowd’. 1940 E. Gill Autobiogr. vii. 262 With the young snobs and the young sycophants, the young hangers-on of the academies and, above all the young respectables there is nothing to be done. 1966 Guardian 15 June 9/8 Middle aged respectables here tend to shy away from discussion. 1978 P, G. Winslow Coppergold 142 You think I’m rotten, don’t you? .. You’re like Daddy and all the old respectables.

Hence re'spectableness. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. Ded., May it please your Respectableness. 1771 Whitaker Hist. Manch. I. 165 The pencil of Age may justly be allowed to throw a shade of respectableness, .over the productions of very antient Art.

respectably (n'spektabk), adv.

[f. prec. + In a respectable way or manner; to a respectable degree. -LY^.]

1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. xlii. (1783) II. 210 On the credit side of his books, where, no doubt, the silver buckles figured respectably. 1790 Bystander 286 The author of that piece can write respectably, but not for the stage. 1805 Emily Clark Banks Douro I. 74 The business by which he so respectably supported himself. 1850 Smedley F. Fairleigh xlix, I rang for breakfast, and set resolutely to work to demolish it, in which I succeeded very respectably. 1882 Mrs. Riddell Prince of Wales's Garden-p. 146 What a mother she was!.. Through what troubles she struggled to bring up her children respectably.

t re'spectance. nonce-wd. = respect sb. 1820 T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. 230 Your snug coffer to fill. Undisturb’d by respectance or pity.

re'spectant, a. rare, [-ant.] 1. Her. Of animals: Facing each other. 1688 Holme Armoury ii. xix. 470/2 He beareth Argent, two Snakes in Salter respectant. ^1828 Berry Encycl. Her. I. s.v., Respectant, in triangle. Three birds, or other animals, with their beaks, or heads, meeting in triangle. 1847 Gloss. Heraldry 267 Respectant, or Respecting each other: terms used in describing two animals face to face. Rampant beasts of prey so borne, are said to be combatant.

2. Looking backward. 1830 Tennyson Poems 99 Three shadows, fronting one. One forward, one respectant, three but one.

re'spected,/>/)/. a. [f. respect ij. + -edL] Held in respect. In Shaks. Meas. for M. ii. i. 169 misused for suspected. (J.), There is nothing more terrible to a guilty heart, than the eye of a respected friend. 1878 Seeley III. 342 The part which is..unruly, can only be restrained by the power of a respected Government. 01586 Sidney

RESPECTER respecter (ri'sp£kt9(r)). [f. respect v. + -er^] One who respects: a. In phr. respecter of persons (see person sb. 13). 1611 Bible Acts x. 34 Of a trueth I perceiue y* God is no respecter of persons. 01715 Burnet Own Time in. (1900) II. 457 He was going to be judged by one that was no respecter of persons. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xix. 166 The law.. is no respecter of persons. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 128 To teach them that their King was no respecter of persons.

b. In general use. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 104 Whereby they may become his diligent attenders, and hearty respecters. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xvii. This accusation is brought against you by a respecter of truth. i8oi Helen M. Williams Manners Fr. Repub. 1. iii. 25 This venerable respecter of the rights of man. 1853 Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. iii. §7 (1873) 99 They are no respecters of boundaries.

respectful (ri'spektful), a. [f. respect sb.] fl. Mindful, heedful, careful (0/something). Obs. 1598 Chapman Iliad i. 151 O thou impudenti of no good but thine owne, Euer respectfull. ci6ii Ibid, xxiii. 63 Being aliue, I found thy memorie Euer respectfull. 1650 Venner Via Recta 280, I advise all such as are respectfull of their health. 1663 Gerbier Counsel (1664) 34 All those who have made .. their respectfull observations of the Dimensions the Creatour hath been pleased to give to.. Man.

fb. Considerate (to something). Obs. rare. 1650 Earl Monm. tr. Senault's Man bee. Guilty 372 It is the most perverse and least respectful punishment of all those that befall sinfull man. a 1665 Goodwin Filled w. Spirit (1867) 225 If.. God were so far indulgent or respectful to the zealous desires of men.

t2. Worthy of, or commanding, respect. Obs. 1650 Gentilis Consid. 64 Alcibiades. .strives to become great and make himselfe respectfull by contending with great ones. 1659 Fuller App. Inj. Innoc. ii. x. 94 The like is frequent in manv respectfull Families in England. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. iii. Introd. Rem. 7/1 Both of these [persons] have a respectful Character in the Churches of this Wilderness.

3. Full of, exhibiting, or marked by respect. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 87 The People with a low and respectful Voice, wished him all Happiness and Prosperity. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility vi. 244 Humility is the most respectful inferiour, and the most obedient subject in the world. 1737 [S. Berington] Mem. G. de Lucca (1738) 60, I..stood gazing, tho’ at a respectful Distance, at the Bassa's beautiful Daughter. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xliv, Ludovico received the sword with a respectful bow. 1830 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) II. xiii. 296 The funeral was, of course, quite private—only ourselves, in a mourning coach—but handsome and respectful. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 7 The respectful attention shown to him by Socrates.

b. Const, of. 1846 D. Jerrold Chron. Clovernook Wks. 1864 IV. 444, I must.. above all make it respectful of money. 1892 Harper*s Mag. Sept. 504/2 A moderate man, respectful of tradition and of the established order of things.

respectfully (n'spektfuli), adv.

[f. prec. + -LY^.] a. In a respectful or deferential manner. riti5 nihta,.. t^onne pu restan wille. 1340 Ayenb. 31 Huanne pt man is zuo heui pat ne louep bote to ligge and resti and slepe. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxv. (Julian) 304 Scho .. lad pame in a bed to reste, & bad pame slepe. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 35 Whan thou art dead, in thi bed shal he rest. C1450 Merlin 138 And so were they departed, and eche yede to his ostell to resten. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. XXXVIII. (Percy Soc.) 199 La Bell Pucell to a fayre chambre bryght, Dyde me than brynge for to rest all nyght. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 232 He..laieth hym downe againe to rest. 1605 Shaks. Lear ill. vi. 87 Now good my Lord, lye heere, and rest awhile. 1669 Pepys Diary 23 Mar., Being sleepy, fell soon to rest, and so rested well. 1742 Wesley Extr. of Jrnl. (1749) 24, I ask’d her, How have you rested? 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest viii. She had not rested well. 1802 Med. Jrnl. 324 When he has quietly and well rested, [he hears] worse than after a restless night. 1847 C. Bronte J. Eyre xvi, Too feverish to rest, I rose as soon as day dawned.

b. To lie in death or in the grave. 0900 O.E. Martyrol. 25 Dec. 4 Hyre lichama resteC nu on Romebyrij. cg6z O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 962, Her for6ferde i^;ifgar..& his lie rest on Wiltune. £:i205 Lay. 17231 t>enne pi lif endeS, )3er pu scalt resten. c 1225 Leg. St. Kath. 2481 Striked a stream ut of pet stanene pruh pet ha in rested, a 1300 Cursor M. 1079 pe bodi moght he nangat hide, For vnder erth most it not rest. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 401 Seint Edburgh pat.. restep at Wynchestre. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xlvii. 23 Thus rested Salomon with his fathers. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) 21 Wheare lyes strong Hector... Wheare stout Serpedon dooth rest. 01604 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 63 He builded Cels and Monasteries, but chiefly at Achadha, where he resteth. 1671 Milton Samson 598, I shall shortly be with them that rest. 1742 Gray Spring 40 Their airy dance They leave, in dust to rest. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia v. ix, A set of poor souls you won’t let rest in their coffins. 1813 Byron Diary 23 Nov., Why should Junius be dead?..would he rest in his grave? 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! xxix. Into her merits or demerits I do not enter deeply here. Let her rest in peace.

c, orig. N. Amer. Of the body of a dead person: to remain at an undertaker’s, a chapel, etc., before burial or cremation. (Usu. as pres, pple.) 1967 ‘Coriolis’ Death, Here is Thy Sting iii. 54 Remains will be resting at the John Doe Funeral Home. 1968 Globe Gf Mail (Toronto) 13 Jan. 37/5 Resting at Bates and Maddocks Funeral Chapel.. until 12 noon Monday. 1974 Almonto (Ontario) Gaz. 4 Apr. 4/3 Predeceased by a brother Harold... Rested at the Kerry Funeral Home. 1976 Liverpool Echo 22 Nov. 4/4 Funeral service at Anfield Crematorium... Resting at E. H. Roberts.. where flowers may be sent.

2. a. To take repose by intermission of labour or exertion of any kind; to desist or refrain from effort or activity; to become or remain inactive. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark vi. 31 And [he] cuoeO to him, ‘cymes sundrig in woestig styd & restas huon’. ciooo i^LFRic Exod. XX. 11 On six dagum god geworhte heofenan and eorSan.., and reste py seofoCan dsege and gehalgode hyne. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 3635 Four hundred men ar he reste is owe honde he slou. ^1315 Shoreham vi. 58 pou ert emaus, pe ryche castel, par restep alle werye: Ine pe restede emanuel. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 125 pere is lacobus Welle, pat Criste reste by. c 1400 Destr. Troy 5862 He.. Hade laburt so longe, hym list for to rest, And bowet fro the batell. CI475 Rauf Coil^ear 404 Vpon Solempnit 3ule day quhen ilk man suld rest. 1568 Grafton Chron. 11. 833 Neuer restyng nor themselues refreshing, except the baityng of their horses. 1610 Shaks. Temp. ii\. iii. 6, I.. am my selfe attach’d with wearinesse To th’ dulling of my spirits: sit downe, and rest. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 292 Thither he bent his way, determin’d there To rest at noon. 1732 Pope Ess. Man ii. 7 He hangs between; in doubt to act, or rest. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i, They rested to

REST recover their breath. 185s Kingsley Westw. Ho! xxxiii. Now set me where I can rest among the rocks without fear of falling. 1896 Baden-Powell Matabele Campaign xv. Our men.. had orders not to let the enemy rest. Comb. 1843 Peter Parley's Ann. IV. 114 They set themselves down upon a rest-and-be-thankful stone to survey the glen. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 15 Sept. 3/1 A few who adopt rather too much of the rest-and-be-thankful principle.

b. Of things, in various contextual uses. Beowulf (Z.) 1858 p®t pam folcum sceal.. sib gemsenum & sacu restan. a 1000 Andreas 1576 pa se sealing het stream fare stillan, stormas restan. CI330 Arth. ^ Merl. 8570 (Kolbing), Lete we pis rest, in godes name, & telle forp.. Hou Merlin doth [etc.]. 1382 WYCLipyer. xlvii. 6 O! thou swerd of the Lord, hou longe shalt thou not reste? 1388Exod. xxiii. 11 Sixe 3 eer thou shalt sowe thi lond,.. in the seuenthe 3eer thou schalt leeue it, and schalt make to reste [1535 Coverdale, let it rest and lye still]. 1414 Brampton Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 38 Whan alle the planetys, that tumyn abowte. At the day of dome schul cese and reste. CI450 Lovelich Grail ivi. 37 Now Of this scheld Resteth this Storye. c 1500 Melusine 338 And here resteth thystorye of them and retourneth to shewe of Raymondyns men. 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire viii. (1892) 60 Barlie.. resteth in the ground not past three dayes but up he starteth. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 595 The Harp Had work and rested not. 1771 Encycl. Brit. HI. 333/1 Wnen these parts are not thus doubled, the third and fourth parts rest. 1831 E. Ross Farm Rep. 88 in Lib. Usef. Kn., Husb. Ill, The land was allowed ‘to rest’—i.e., to remain unploughed for a period of years. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 22 June 2/3 The unlucky Oxford-street theatre, after ‘resting’—to use the phrase of the profession — .. was reopened last night.

c. With negatives, and followed by till. CI37S Sc. Leg. Saints xxiii. (Seven Sleepers) 263pane ferlyt he, & wald nocht ryst til he agane come to pe fyrst. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. 4737 Y nyl neuer from preynge here¬ after rast Tylle pey ben for3eue to herre. c 1450 Lovelich Merlin 339 Thou west neuere resten ne dwelle, Tyl mannes feleschepe 3e comen vntylle. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Ixiv. 220 He went, & restyd not tyll he cam to Burdeux. 1593 Shaks. 5 Hen. VI, 1. ii. 32, I cannot rest Vntill the White Rose that I weare, be dy’de [etc.], a 1618 Raleigh War F viij b, They rested not until! they had made the Empire stand headlesse about seaventeene years. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxx, I have often heard of the Pyramids, and shall not rest till I have seen them. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia vii. i, I hastily set out for Suffolk, and rested not till I arrived at Mrs. Charlton’s. 1819 Jas. Morton in Leyden's Poetical Remains 5 He never rested until he had obtained this literary treasure.

d. To cease from, to have intermission or cessation fo/, something. 1382 WYCLipyosA. xi. 23 And the loond restyde fro bateil. 1382 -Rev. xiv. 13 Fro hennus forth now the spirit seith, that thei reste of her trauelis. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxii. (Percy Soc.) 105 Theseventday herestesofhyswerke. 1526 Tindale Rev. xiv. 13 They maye rest from their laboures. 1611 Bible Gen. ii. 2 And he rested on the seuenth day from all his worke. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 802 Here stand Ye Angels arm’d, this day from Battel rest. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab IX. 21 The souls.. There rest from the eternity of toil. 1833 Tennyson Goose 16 She..bless’d herself, and cursed herself, And rested from her labours.

fe. To cease to do (or doing) something. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Isa. i. 16 Resteth to do shreudely, lerneth to do wel. ar beo8 sybbe beam, reste t»ar eower sib. C1200 Ormin 13025 Swa l?att me l?innke)?l? god inn hemm To biggenn & to

REST resstenn. 01225 Marker. 6 Mi sawle schal resten mit te rihtwise. a 1300 Cursor M. 23652 lesu crist.. giue vs grace sua here to do, }?at wit his we mai rest in ro. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. IV. 95 Bote Reson haue reu]?e of him, he reste|? in t?e stokkes Also longe as I lyue. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) iv. 12 Sum saise ]?at he dyed no3t, bot J?at he restez t?are to )?e day of dome. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 15 Ypocras rested in the lie of Than. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixxxviii. 13 Pryncesse of townes,.. A richer restith under no Christen roy. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 160 b, That the citezens hearing where the place of the ieopardye rested, might occurre their enemies. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, v. i. 5 This way the King will come:.. Here let vs rest. 1611 Bible ^05^. iii. 13 Assoone as the soles of the feete of the Priestes .. shall rest in the waters of Iordan. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 111 A stone neither mooueth nor resteth. 1658 R. Newcourt Title to Map of London, Under ye Roman Regencie then rested this Citie & Kingdome by ye space of neere 490 yeares. 1740 Pitt JEneid x. 1183 The wretched father (father now no more!) In sullen sorrow rested on the shore. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia ix. iii, O, then,.. it is not on the side of the young woman that the difficulty seems to rest? 1838 Trevelyan in Macaulay II. i. 5 Mr. Wallace did not choose to rest quietly under a castigation in excess of his deserts.

fb. In phr. rest you merry, fair, happy. (Cf. 7 b and 8 c, to which this may properly belong.) 1548 Elyot, Aue, bee thou gladde: or ioyfull, as the vulgare people saie Reste you mery. 1592 Shaks. Rom. fef Jul. I. ii. 86 Rest you merry. 1596-Merck. V. i. iii. 60 Rest you faire good signior, Your worship was the last man in our mouthes. 1606-Ant. ^ Cl. i. i. 62 But I will hope of better deeds to morrow. Rest you happy.

c. To stop or cease at a certain point and remain otherwise inoperative or inactive, to let .. rest, to pursue or prosecute no further. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccles. Hist. (1619) 392 Neither rested he with this, but destroyed, as much as [etc.]. 1591 Shaks. I Hen. VI, IV. i. 121 Nay, let it [the quarrel] rest where it began at first. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, O.T. 548, I will send a destruction upon the house of Hazael.. w'^^ shall not rest in his person, but [etc.]. 1706 Stanhope Paraphr. III. 196 Charity.. must never rest in the thoughts and Affections of the Soul. But how shall it exert itself in becoming Words and Actions? 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 19 ff 15 So much remains in the power of others, that reason is forced at last to rest in neutrality. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia x. ii, She considered, however, that the matter could not rest here. 1862 Miss Braddon Lady Audley xxii. If I could let the matter rest.., I would do it. d. To be at peace; to have quiet of mind. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia vi. ii, Cecilia had now but little leisure, for Lady Honoria would hardly rest a moment away from her. Ibid. ix. i, I could not rest till I had the honour of assuring you [etc.]. 1803 tr. P. Le Brun's Mons. Botte I. 23 Mr. Horeau, without whom he could not rest long together.

4. a. To have place or position, to settle, lie, be diffused, etc., on or upon some person or thing. c 1000 i^^LFRic Numb. xi. 25 ba se gast jereste on him, hij witejodon and si66an ne jeswicon. C1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 217 Uppe |7are blosme [sal] resten J?e holie gost. 1382 Wyclif Isa. xi. 2 Ther shal resten vp on hym the Spirit of the Lord. C1400 Love Bonavent. Mirr. (B.N.C. MS.) If. 15 b, For bot marie had ben meke pe holy gost had not rested vppon hir. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xliv. 23 Couenaunt dyd he stablysh with Isaac, and made it to rest vpon the heade of lacob. 1611 Bible Ecclus. v. 6 Mercy and wrath come from him, and his indignation resteth vpon sinners. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 128 IP4 The Man and the Woman are joined together for Life, and the main Burden rests upon the former. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia ix. ii. That attack rested upon her mind, in defiance of all her endeavours to banish it. 1819 Shelley Cenci v. iii. How gently slumber rests upon her face. 1862 Miss Braddon Lady Audley xxix, His pale face, haggard under the deepening shadow that had rested upon it so long.

b. Of material something.

REST

748

objects

supported

by

1611 Bible i Kings vi. 10 Then hee built chambers..: and they rested on the house with timber of Cedar. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 125 This stone rests upon a marble-Pillar. 1798 Coleridge Anc. Mar. in. vi. Almost upon the western wave Rested the broad bright sun. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xvii. The roof.. rested upon four concentric arches. 1857 Henfrey Bot. §40 The stem of such plants rests upon some foreign body, such as the branch of a tree.

c. Of the eyes in relation to the object looked at. 1813 Sketches of Character (ed. 2) I. 104 Her eyes resting on a lace cap she had been making. 1847 C. Brontey. Eyre x, My eye passed all other objects to rest on those most remote, the blue peaks.

d. Of a wing or division of an army. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 238 Their left resting on the hills, their right on the Residency.

e. To lie as a charge or stigma on one. 1678 Hatton Corr. (Camden) 162 It shall not rest upon him if I be not made a brigadeere. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles III. xviii, Enough of blood rests on my head.

5. a. To lie or lean on, upon, or against a person or thing to obtain repose or support. fAlso said of Christ hanging on the cross. 1382 Wyclif yo/i« xxi. 20 Thilke disciple.. which restide in the souper on his brest. C1425 Cast. Persev. 2452 pat Lord J?at restyd on pe rode is maker of an ende. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia vii. vii, ‘Oh then rest on me!’ cried he, still holding her; ‘rest but upon me till the ceremony is over!’ 1802 James Mil. Diet, s.v., The soldiers, belonging to the firing party, rest upon the butt ends of their firelocks. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxix, In a half-sitting posture, with her back resting against the door of the hovel. 1862 Miss Braddon Lady Audley xxx, With her little hand resting lightly upon the opposite post.

b. To rely on or upon, to trust to, some thing or person. 1382 Wyclf Isa. vii. 2 Siria restede vp on Effraym. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 35b, To.. set at nought the

counseyle of other, & to lene & rest all togyder to thyne own reason. 1583 Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. i. 20 One Magistrate.. upon whose fidelitye your Excellencie may rest. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 141 I rested much vpon the Cardinals promise. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 9 If he covenant with us, ‘I will be your God’; we must restipulate, ‘Then will we rest upon thee’. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet of Owlst. 150 Each rests a good deal on the greatness of her own connexions.

c. To depend upon, to be based or founded on, something. 1530 Palsgr. Introd. 26 The chefest poynt.. resteth upon the knowledge of the gendre and nombre of the substantyve. a 1704 Locke (J.), Sometimes it rests upon testimony. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia iii. iv, All his hopes now rested upon one friend and patron. 1821 Scott Kenilw. vii, Thus establishing in him an interest resting both on present and past services. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 662 The case against him rested wholly on the evidence of Rumsey and Goodenough. 1884 F. Temple Relig. & Sci. ii. (1885) 63 Science rests on phenomena observed by the senses. d. To dwell upon (a word); to settle or decide

on (a person), rare. 1530 Palsgr. Introd. 15 Thirdly to gyve eve;y worde that they abyde and reste upon, theyr most audible sounde. 1700 Dryden Sigismonda & G. 469 On him I rested after long debate, And not without considering fixed my fate. 6. a. To remain confident or hopeful, to put

trust, in something. ^1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 363 In o bileve men resten, J?at day shal come of pe laste jugement. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 163 In whos counseilles pe kyng hym self, .so moche rested [L. adquievit]. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 62 Committyng my cause into Goddes handes, I rested wholy in his protection. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. i. ii. iii. XV. (1651) 134 These men fail as often as they rest in their projects, and are as usually frustrate of their hopes. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethics 50 Rest not in the helps and remedies that it [religion] bringeth. 1781 Burns Winter iii, Here, firm, I rest, they must be best, Because they are Thy Will! 1859 Tennyson Geraint ^ Enid 973 Nor did he doubt her more, But rested in her fealty. 1870 J. H. Newman Gram. Assent ii. viii. 307 We must patiently rest in the thought of the Eternal, Omnipresent, and All-knowing.

fb. To be vested in a person. Obs. 1483 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 247/2 That the right and tytle.. of and in all suche Londs.. be and rest in every of the said Wyfes. 1577 Harrison England ii. ii. (1877) i. 64 The gift of this prelacie resteth in the earles of Darbie. a 1645 Habington Surv. Worcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) I. ii. 168 Cofton Haket came.. to Mr. Skinner, in whose family nowe it restethe.

fc. To lie or consist in something. Obs. 1513 T. More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 760 Yee see their youth, of which I rekon the onely suretie to rest in your concord. 1530 Palsgr. Introd. 15 The diffyculte of the frenche tong.. resteth chefely in thre thynges. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (1895) 188 Pleasure, wherin they determine other all or the chiefyste parte of mans felycytye to reste. 1602 Narcissus 2 Heerin the matter rests. d. To lie in or remain with one, as something to

be accomplished or determined. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, in. ii. 45 What you command, that rests in me to doe. 1601 Daniel Civ. Wars vi. Ixxiv, It restes within your iudgmentes to vpright, Or els to ruine vtterly the land. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. i. iii. 32 It rested in your Grace To vnloose this tyde-vp lustice. 1819 Shelley Cenci iv. ii. 37 As to the how this act Be warranted, it rests with you. 1867 Ruskin Time & Tide §98 Always to think of things as they truly are.. as far as in us rests. And it does rest much in our power. 1874 Green Short Hist. vi. §5. 317 The whole direction of home and foreign affairs rested with Wolsey alone.

II. reft. 7. a. To give (oneself) rest or repose. In early use with simple reflexive pronoun; in later use usually with self. C890 Laws K. Alfred in Schmid Gesetze (1898) 26 WyreeaS eow vi dagas, & on pam siofoSan restaS eow. 971 Blickl. Horn. 227 he reste hine, l>onne wees his seo £e]?eleste raest..on nacodre eorSan. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 47 pet o6er mihte is on heouene, for-^i pa engles heom rested mare Jjenn on sum o6er dei. c 1220 Bestiary 241 De mire.. renneS rapelike, and resteS hire seldum. CI250 Gen. ^ Exod. 1369 At a Welle wi6-uten 6e tun.. Dor he wulde him resten. c 1350 Will. Palerne 2801 Go we on oure gate, .to recuuer sum resset, J^ere we vs rest mi3t. C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) ix. 36 Whare oure Lady restid hir when scho was delyuer of hir childe. c 1440 Alph. Tales 360 ‘If you like ye may go vnto your bed and riste you.’ And so he did. 1530 Palsgr. 688/2 You may rest you here a while in this wyndowe. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, ii. v. 2 Kind Keepers.., Let dying Mortimer here rest himselfe. 1610-Temp. iii. i. 18 Pray set it downe, and rest you. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 205 We rested our selves upon the Rock. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Mar 21 Nov., I was very glad to stay there a day to rest myself. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia i. vi, He then begged him to be seated, to rest himself. 1847 C. Bronte X Eyre xxi, Will you rest yourself here an hour. Miss? Ibid, xxvii, When I got there I was forced to sit to rest me under the hedge. fig. C1200 Ormin 9598 Clene hohht iss Godess bedd, & tsere he wile himm resstenn. a 1310 in Wright Lyric P. xvi. 52 He that reste him on the rode. transf. c 1425 Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 53 The trowblys tempestuous wyndis vttirly rested them.

b. With adjectival (for adverbial) comple¬ ment. a 1400 Floriz ^ Bl. (E.E.T.S.) 85 And so him sede child floriz, ‘Rest pe murie, sire daris’. C1420 Chron. Vilod. 485 By hym come an olde hore mone And sayde: ‘syr kyng, rest 30V wylle!’ i6io Shaks. Temp. v. i. 144, I haue her soueraigne aid, And rest myselte content. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, O.T. 324 He that believes shall rest himselfe contented with this alsufficient meanes. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab VI. 26 Oh! rest thee tranquil; chase those fearful doubts. 1833 Tennyson CEnone 156 Oh! rest thee sure That I shall love thee well and cleave to thee.

I

K

fc. To rely upon. (Cf. sb.) Obs. rare. 1611 Bible 2 Chron. xxxii. 8 The people rested themselues vpon the words of Hezekiah king of ludah. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, O.T. 295 As this people have not rested themselves upon the Gracious promise of Gods protection.

III. trans. 8. a. To give (one) rest or repose; to relieve or refresh by rest; to lay to rest. Also const, up. Cf. sense 2 g. Quots. 1975 and 1976 are both U.S. slang. CI205 Lay. 17229 }?u seolf scalt per in bine ban resten. a 1300 Cursor M. 2733 Quen p2.\ war rest wel, vp-ras pai. c 1330 Arth. & Merl. 7482 (Kolbing), Doun of her destrers pai li3ten, Her stedes to rest, her armes ri3ten. 149S Trevisa's De P.R. (W. de W.) v. xxvi. 135 Somtyme the sholders ben greuyd .. and thenne they ben curyd and restyd. a 1586 Sidney Ps. xxiii. i, He rests me in greene pasture. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 33 Then would I hide my bones, not rest them heere. 1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo’s Trav. 8 So that I had the convenience of resting my back. 1697 Dryden JEneid i. 236 A grot is form’d beneath, with mossy seats, To rest the Nereids. 1781 CowPER Retirem. 451 He..seeks a more convenient friend,.. On whom he rests welLpleas’d his weary pow’rs. 1830 Scott Auchindrane ii. i. The grim sexton.. Made him the bed which rests his head for ever. 1855 Lynch Rivulet vi. i. It rests us to look on their calm. 1872 Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. ii, Wears goggles very commonly; says it rests his eyes. 1896 Baden-Powell Matabele Campaign xiii, I told Poore to rest the men and horses, while.. I went on ahead. 1974 ‘J. Le Carre’ Tinker, Tailor xxviii. 241 They’re resting you up for a season. 1975 L. Dills CB Slanguage Diet. 50 Rest 'em up place, rest area (SE). 1976 Lieberman & Rhodes Compl. CB Handbk. vi. 157 Hey, we just spotted a smokey at that rest’em up area. absol. 1400 Pol., Rel., ^ Love Poems (1866) 31 Hit rested and hit queme)?.

b. In phr. {God or heaven) rest his soul, him, etc. Now arch. ri4i2 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2107 O maister, maister, god pi soule reste! 1596 Shaks. Merck. V, ii. ii. 75 Is my boy, God rest his soule, aliue or dead? 1605-Macb. iv. iii. 227 Not for their owne demerits.. Fell slaughter on their soules: Heauen rest them now. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. cxxxiii. (1783) IV. 203 They are a set of fellows who are not worth a resurrection, and therefore God rest ’em and rot ’em for us. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. i. Introd. 50 And he began to talk anon.. of Earl Walter, rest him, God! 1818-Br. Lamm, xxi. Fill a brimmer of my auld auntie’s claret, rest her heart! 1875 Tennyson Q. Mary i. v. My good mother came (God rest her soul) Of Spain.

t c. God rest you merry (cf. 3 b and 7 b). Obs. 1568 Fulwel Like will to Like Hazl. Dodsley (1874) III. 342 God rest you merry both, and God be your guide. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. v. i. 65 God rest you merry, sir.

d. To allow (a thing) to rest; to permit to remain undisturbed, quiescent, or inactive. 1580 Blundevil Horsemanship v. vii. 5 The water of an Oxe, that hath beene rested a certaine time. 1592 Shaks. Rom. Sf Jul. II. iv. 22 He fights as you sing pricksong,.. he rests his minum, one, two, and the third in your bosom. 1737 Waterland Eucharist 33 A learned.. Writer.. has with great appearance of Probability brought it down to a.d. 96: And there I am willing to rest it. 1763 Mills Pract. Husb. II. 18 Instead of resting, or fallowing, a whole field,.. the fallow here is.. interposed by means of alleys, which are the part rested, i860 Reade Cloister & H. xxxvii, He had never budged nor even rested his knife at all this fracas. 1892 Illustr. Lond. News 21 May 615/1, I doubt if it is wise to ‘rest’ a fish that has missed a fly.

e. To hold (weapons) in an easy position. Also transf. of a commander of troops. 1682 Lond. Gaz. No. 1684/1 Both sides of the Bridge., being Lined with Grenadiers with their Muskets rested. 1706 Ibid. No. 4253/2 A Company of Her Majesty’s FootGuards .., who rested their Arms as the Ambassador pass’d by. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 577/1 As Nicias was drawing up against him, Gylippus rested his arms, and sent a herald. 1802 James Mil. Diet., To Rest arms, to bring the firelock to the same position as in present arms.

f. Sc. To make up (a fire) for the night. fli774 [see rested ppl. a.]. 1845 Still Cottar's Sunday 145 There’s nocht ado but bar the door An’ rest the fire. 1881 Gregor Folk-lore 160 The last thing done on the last day of the year was to ‘rist’ the fire, that is, cover up the live coals with the ashes.

g. U.S. To bring the presentation of evidence pertinent to (a law case) to a close voluntarily. 1905 S. W. Mitchell Constance Trescot xiv. 183 All the evidence for the plaintiffs was before the court, and Greyhurst sat down, stating that the plaintiff rested the case. 1950 Chicago Tribune 23 Jan. 1/8 Defense attorneys., elected to rest their case without calling a single witness. *953 E. S. Gardner Case of Hesitant Hostess xiv. 234 The prosecution objects. The prosecution has rested its case. 1972 N.Y. Law Jrnl. 14 Nov. 19/5 Plaintiff had not been cross-examined and certainly had not rested his case.

9. a. To lay (the head, something for support.

etc.) on or upon

01225 Ancr. R. 260 SeoSen.. nefde he hwar he muhte resten his heaued. o 1300-1400 Cursor M. 16762 + 113 Man son has nothing apon his hed to rest. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xiii. {Mark) 84 Restand his hed one cristis kne. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. ii. ii. 40 Finde you out a bed. For I vpon this banke will rest my head, a 1659 Waller Panegyric Cromwell xiii, England now does.. Her weary head upon your bosom rest. 1750 Gray Elegy 117 Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth, A Youth. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia iv. ii. He rested one arm upon the table. 1835 Ure Philos. Manuf. 350 Resting their hands on the lay or shuttle-bearer. 1847 C. Bronte J. Eyre xxviii, A large old pointer dog rested its massive head on the knee of one girl. fig- c 1374.Chaucer Troylus ii. 1326 Sumwhat he byheld On which him l?oughte, he myghte his herte reste.

b. To place, lay, or set (a thing) upon something to support it or keep it in position. 1422 in Surtees Misc. (1890) 17 Hafe rowme and space .. to ryste hys tymbre apon. 1660 Guillim’s Heraldry iv. xiii. (ed. 4) 328 A thing whereon to rest their Lances. 1680

REST Moxon Mech. Exerc. x. i8o Its office is to rest the Tool upon, that it may lie in a steddy position while the Work¬ man uses it. 1776 G. Semple Building in Water 50 On those set-off’s stretch your Plates, and on them rest your Spurbraces. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §299 Its ground-sill was rested upon a bed of lead. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! xxiv, Amyas rested the point of his sword on the ground, and his hands upon the hilt.

c. To throw (some weight) on a thing.

VIII, v. i. 55 Many good nights, my Lord, I rest your seruant. i6^>i Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 50, I shall giue you a larger trouble; in the mean time resting Your most affectionate [etc.]. 1765 Sterne Tr. Shandy viii. xxxiv, I rest thy affectionate brother, Walter Shandy. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xlviii, I rest your affectionate sister, E. 1826Woodst. xxvii, I kiss your hand, sir, and rest yours, under a sense of obligation.

d. To owe (something). Chiefly Sc. ? Ohs.

1809 Roland Fencing 5 You will thereby possess more freedom.. than if you had rested your body mostly on the right [foot]. 1872 Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. vi, I try the ground to find out whether it is firm or not before I rest my weight on it.

d. To make or allow to depend on something. 1732 Pope Hor. Sat. ii. i. 141 This is my plea, on this I rest my cause. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §255 It was determined not to rest the matter solely upon the efforts of our seamen. 1832 Lewis Use & Ab. Pol. Terms vi. 56 The point on which he intended to rest the distinction. 1885 Law Times LXXX. 136/2 The plaintiff in her statement of claim .. rested her case on equitable grounds.

10. To place or settle in something. ^1375 Cursor M. 23948 (Fairf.), Bot t>at in hertis rote is rest, nede ways out mote hit brest. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 184 So that in reste Mihte every man his herte reste. a 1586 Sidney Ps. ii, They that in him their only trust do rest, O, they be rightly blest! 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, i. i. 44 Cease, cease these larres, & rest your minds in peace. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, i, The hereditary jurisdictions, which.. rested the investigation of crimes in judges, ignorant, partial, or interested. 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 22 You are called to have a will perfectly harmonized with God’s and rested in his.

rest, [ad. F. rester (12th c.), = Sp. and Pg. restar. It. restare, ristare: — L. restore, f. re- rebehind + stare to stand. Hence also Du. and G. resten. Da. reste.] 1. intr. fa. To remain due or unpaid. Obs. (Chiefly Sc. and in pres, pple.) 1463 Exch. Rolls Scot. VII. 165 note, Certane soumes of moneye restande upon oure lovete familiar clerk .. that time that he was oure chaumerlane. 1590 in Antiquary XXXII. 118 [Received] in part..x5.; restes, xxs. iiijt/. 1600 Act Sederunt 20 June, That, .his Hienes may see the said Erie satisfeit of the saidis superexpensis, restane be his Majestic to his said umquhill father. 1640'! Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 31 Being requirit to put out the troupe horss restand by that paroche, [he] refuissit to doe the samyn. 1698 Acts Pari. Scot. (1814) X. 152 Resolved that they will be carefull to have the forsaid arrears and debts payed in so far as they are still resting. en laborars. 1614 Meriton Christian Mans Assuring~ho. 20 We have heere the perfection, not of resters, but of runners. a 1680 Charnock Attrib. God (1834) I. 256 As the law itself is called flesh, so the observers of it and resters in it are called Israel after the flesh. 1931 R. Aldington Colonel's Daughter V. 300 The anteroom of a dramatic agency filled with restless resters.

2. A ledge for placing articles on in front of a balcony in a theatre. 1922 Rep. Theatres ^ Music Halls Comm, in Minutes Proc. L.C.C., July-Dee. ig2i 158 In order to prevent trays.. being pushed off the resters in the front of balconies at theatres, etc... we have .. decided to require .. that the rester shall be sloped at, say, an angle of 30 deg.

t 'rester^ Ohs. rare-°. [f. rest i*.®] One who arrests. 1:1440

Promp. Parv. 431/1 Restare, or a-restare, arestalor.

restey,

obs. variant of resty, restive.

'restful, a. Also 4 resteuol. [f. rest s/*.'] 1. Characterized by, of the nature

of, productive of, rest or repose; free from strife or disturbance. Ayenb. 199 he o^er is y-hote resteuol (contemplatiue), vor pet hi is reste of workes wyp-oute. 1388 Wyclif Wisdom xviii. 14 Whanne alle thingis helden restful silence. 1413 PUg^. Sowle (Caxton) v. i. (1859) 68, I had ben brought to another more restfull place. C1460 G. Ashby Dicta Philos. 1001 Eke kepe your Roialme in tranquillite. Restful peas, comfort & feelicite. 1535-^ 27 Hen. VIII, c 63 The good restefull and politike govemaunce of the same Town. 1586 J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in Holinshed U. 176/1 To Hue thensefoorth in some dutifull and restfull order. 1616 W. Forde Serm. 38 It is in vaine to expect the restfull comfort of forgivenesse heereafter. 1726 Pope 1340

RESTINESS

751 Odyss. xix. 598 A while.. Suspend the restful hour with sweet discourse, i860 Warter Sea Board II. 428 When the services of the holy restful day are over. 1878 Besant & Rice Celia's Arb. I. iii. 31 It has a restful sound, the talk of rooks. Comb. 1607 J. Davies (Heref.) Summa Totalis Wks. (Grosart) I. 11/2 Their Mouer moues not, but doth rest In restful-restlesse perfect Action.

2. Quiet; peaceful; taking or enjoying rest. 1388 Wyclif Daniel iv. i, I, Nabugodonosor, was restful in myn hous. ^1425 Hoccleve Min. Poems 209/837 Now restfullere in thy goost be withynne, pex ouer ferd art. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 152 His holy seruyee oughte to be sayde wyth dene and restefulle hartes. 1547-64 Bauldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 103 That man seemeth good that is meeke & gentle of condition, soft in words, & restfull in person. 1594 Kyd Cornelia iv. i. 124 The restfull Allmaynes with his crueltie He rashly styrd against vs. 1625 K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis i. i. i A shrill noyse disturbed with unquiet fancies his restfull minde. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics {1S60) II. vii. ii. 16 ’Tis not discipline. Wins them a will so restful and so blest. 1859 Boyd Recreat. Country Parson 1 Somewhat tired with the duty of yesterday, but feeling very restful and thankful.

’restfully, adv. [f. prec. -f -ly^.] In a restful manner; quietly, peacefully. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. 423 Restfully governyng hym self. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 100 Whiche ye say in scylence for to gather the more restfully your mynde togyther. 1531 Elyot Gov. (1580) 192 Lyuing restfully and in helth unto extreme age. 1828-32 in Webster (citing Herbert). 1873 Miss Broughton Nancy II. 66 In it, leaning restfully back.., is the lady I noticed in church. 1883 Harper's Mag. Apr. 749/2 He is sleeping naturally and restfully.

'restfulness. [f. as prec. +

-ness.] The state or

quality of being restful. a 1400 Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) i. Ixxvii, In pees of glad conscience with a sad restfulnes. 1489 Rolls of Park. VI. 431/2 For the more quiete and restfulness of the Kyngs Subgietts. 1503 in Lett. Ric/i.///^ Hen. T//(Rolls) I. 212 The restfulnes and profite of your grace in evityng of the daunger. c 1557 Abp. Parker Ps. evii. 309 Who.. found no way to dwelling towne to stay in restfulnes. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. i. (ed. 2) 85 He not only safe guardeth himselfe, but also holdeth the people in a surety of restfulnesse. jS6s Pall Mall G. 16 Sept, ii/i Restfulness is the keynote of its calming music. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. iii. 255 Yet still no less did love with him abide, Tempered with quiet days and restfulness.

'rest-harrow, [f.

rest sb.^ or v.^ + harrow; cf. med.L. resta boviSy OF. reste beof.] A field-shrub (Ononis arvensis)^ with tough roots, also called CAMMOCK. C1550 Lloyd Treas. Health Oiij, Take of Plantayne, Starewort, Scabiouse and of the rote of restharrowe. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 35 b. In some place for hindring and staying the Husbandman it is called Rest harrow. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme v. v. 667 The couchgrasse, and that which is called rest-harrow, make shew to be more standing tenants, a 1682 Sir T. Browne Tracts (1683) 88 Bindweed, Restharrow and other vitia segetum. 1728 Gardiner tr. Rapin's Gardens i. (ed. 3) 41 Restharrow, whose tough Root obstructs the Plough. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxv. (1794) 352 Restharrows are lowly shrubs, or rather undershrubs, with purple flowers. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 944 On light soils, the rest-harrow..is a great pest. 1880 Jefferies G^. Estate 131 Some bushy plants of the rest-harrow, whose prickly branches repel cattle.

'rest-house,

[f. rest sb.^] 1. a. In India, Malaysia or Africa, a building in which travellers may obtain rest and shelter; a choultry, a dawk-bungalow. Desc. Ceylon I. 205 The children assemble in the rest-house, as their parish school has fallen a sacrifice to the ravages of time. 1829 Blackw. Mag. XXVI. 45 There is moreover an empty rest-house or two, merely sufficient to shelter the weary traveller from the rays of the sun. 1871 Alabaster Wheel of Law 280 Half that distance is accomplished, which we know by finding a rest-house in the jungle. 1954 [see Nigerian sb. and a.]. iq64{title) Malaysia: visitors guide. Hotel and rest house directory. 1966 D. Forbes Heart of Malaya iii. 43 He.. drove to Belinggu and took Abigail to the rest house there. 1972 Guardian 22 Sept. 9/1 My night at the Rest House—a hang-over from the colonial days, where Government officials could stay when travelling across country—was interrupted by the distant sound of a gong. 1978 G. Greene Human Factor v. ii. 241 He could even imagine himself in Africa, at some resthouse in the bush. 1807 CoRDiNER

b. An establishment catering requiring rest and recreation.

for

persons

1928 Galsworthy Swan Song iii. ii. 231, I feel I should be ever so much more interested if I ran a place of my own in the country—a sort of rest-house that I could make attractive for girls who wanted air and that.

2. attrib., as rest-hostse garden, keeper. 1909 Athenaeum 24 Apr. 492/1, I dislike the ramshackle rest-house, and its rude indifferent rest-house-keeper. 1973 ‘B. Mather’ Snowline xv. 183,! withdrew into the resthouse garden again.

t'restible, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. restibilis.] (See quot. 1656.) 1656 Blount Glossogr., Restible.., which beareth every year, that is sown or delved every year, that springs up again, and quickens after it was thought to be dead. 1657 "Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 324 They grow in many places in France .. in fat and restible soyl.

restie,

obs. variant of resty, restive.

restiff ('restif), a. restif(f)e;

Also 5 restyf(e, -yffe; 6-7 8-9 restif. [a. OF. restif (mod.F.

retif):—•pop. L. *restiv-um, f. restore rest v.‘‘ Now more usually restive. Cf. resty a.*] 1. Of animals: Stationary (obs.)-, refusing to go forward; resisting control of any kind. C1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xiii, fiei be not so wyse forto disseuer pe hert fro J*e chaunge, for J*ei abyde styll and restyffe. 14.. Lat.-Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Willcher 608 Retrogradus, restyfe. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. iii. (1586) 118 b. Too long rest will cause them to be restife, and to tyer sooner. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. 1. v. 32 Like restife Horses, they went the worse for Beating. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 324 The pamper’d Colt... Impatient of the Lash, and restif! to the Rein. 1747 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. 185 Like a restiff horse.. he pains one’s hands.. to rein him in. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 14 Mar. an. 1775, "rhe bull, broke-in yesterday, had likewise become restiff. 1843 WoRDSW. Prose Wks. (1876) III. 58 We were stopt by one of the horses proving restiff. 1869 Echo 11 Feb., A fine young heifer .. appeared rather restif.

b. transf. Of persons. 1581 G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iii. (1586) 134 There are some such restife iades, that they will not at any time be commaunded. 1676 Etheredge Man of Mode i. i. Was there ever such a restiff bawd? 1685 Dryden Thren. August. 472 So James the drowsy Genius wakes Of Britain .., Restiff and slumbring on its Arms. 1729 Gay Polly l, But husbands, like colts, are restif; and they require a long time to break them. 1788 Wolcot (P. Pindar) Peter's Pension Wks. 1812 II. 19 Your favourite Minister, I’m told runs restiff. 1822 Scott Peveril xxvii. But how if the youth proved restiff? fig. 1687 Dryden Hind P. iii. 1026 The way to win the restiff world to God. 1831 W. Godwin Thoughts Man 395 Restiff and uncomplying nature refuses to conform herself to his dicta.

c. Of conditions or character, rare. 1692 R. L’Estrange Fables ccccliv. This Restiff Stubbornness is never to be Excus’d. 1827 D. Johnson Ind. Field Sports 162 An obstinate restiff disposition.

t2. Of land: Lying fallow. Obs. rare~^. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. x. 73 Now first the ficche is sowen; .. Farrage in restyf lond [L. loco sterilt], ydonged eek, Is doon.

'restififness. rare. [f. prec.] Restiveness. 1607 Markham Caval. i. (1617) 34 Neither shall you finde restifenesse or churlishnesse, except it spring from your owne furie. 1663 S. Patrick Paraf*. Pilgr. xxx. (i668) 351 He began to be so lazy and listless... He cured himself of this restiffness of spirit. 1827 Miss Sedgwick H. Leslie (1872) I. 36 She made her own destiny conformable, not without some restiffness.

restiform ('rEstifo:m), a. Anat. [a. mod.L. restiform-is, f. restis a cord. So F., Sp., Pg. restiforme.] Cord-like; in restiform body, one or other of two rounded bundles of fibrous matter lying on each side of the medulla oblongata and connecting it with the cerebellum. So restiform column, tract. 1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 417 They commence by a rather indistinct line between the olivary eminence and the restiform body. 1856 Todd & Bowman Phys. Anat. II. 105 The floor of this fossa is formed by the restiform column. 1873 Mivart Elem. Anat. 367 Behind each of these, .is a band named the restiform tract. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 388 A case of tumour of the left restiform body.

re'stigmatize, v. [re- 5 a.] To mark again. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. viii. 122 In the Parchments of his body.. much of his History was to be read,.. which upon solemne dayes was seen, and the part re-stigmatiz’d according to order.

t'restily, adv. Obs.-^ Stubbornly. 1611 Cotgr., Restivement, restily, stubbornely.

re'stimulate, [re- 5 a.] trans. To stimulate again. Hence restimu'lation, restimu'latory a. [-ORY^]. 1796 A. Seward Let. ii Dec. (i8n) IV. 282 Mr. B. will succeed in his design to re-stimulate the public mind to continue the war. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 127 Such particular sense, .restimulated into action. 1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. iv. 89 What are regarded as influerices from the subconscious are due to a restimulation of brain tracts which have been influenced by previous experiences. 1925 T. Dreiser ylmer. Trag. (1926) 11. xxxiii. 381 Even his obviously dwindling affection was restimulated by her quite visible need of help. 1962 Economist 27 Oct. 332/2 A Keynesian restimulation of internal demand. Ibid. 29 Dec. 1256/1 The orthodox thing .. may be to take no further restimulatory action .. and then to give big tax reliefs in his budget. 1968 Ibid. 20 July 18/2 In spurring the re-expansion made possible by a freeing of labour from uneconomic jobs, it will be sensible to rely on tax cuts as the main restimulatory weapon.

t re'stinction. Obs. rare. [ad. L. restinctio, f. restinguere to quench.] (See quots.) 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 273 Restinction is a gradation, whereby metals or the like, candified by fire, are restinguished in liemor of exaltation, and thereby made more noble. [1678 p hillips, Restinction, in Chymistry, is the quenching of any metal in some exalting liquor, to bring it up to its designed perfection.]

t'restiness*. Obs. [f. resty a.^ ■+■ -ness.] The quality of being resty; restiveness. C1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden Soc. No. 36) 128 In noe wise abiding the restines of ease. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xxx. 7 The faythfull.. shake of restynesse, and exercyse themselves in the warfarre. 1610 Markham Masterp. i. liv. 116 A horse tireth.. through dull cowardlinesse or restinesse. 1673 O. Walker Educ. 54 Nor doth he strive to make himself known to be a Gentleman .. by disobedience, and restines towards Superiors. 1708 tr. Petronius Arbiter 18 All on fire at Lycurgus’s Restiness.

RESTINESS -ness.]

t'resting, vbl. sb,'^ Obs. [f. rest tj.®] The action of checking or arresting. Also attrib.

1499 Promp. Parv. (Pynson), Restynesse of flesshe, rancor. 1611 Cotgr., Rancissure, mustinesse, fustinesse, reasinesse, restinesse, a taint.

1398 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. vii. xxxvii. (Bodl. MS.), Whanne bodies bej? not fulle clensed in resting of pe feuer. 1465 Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 285 Paid for entrynge of a pleynt in the Cownter.., and the restynge, xij. d. c 1500 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 95 To helpe the officers of the cite .. for resting of mysdoers. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxii. 261 Takynge of.. prisoners, or restynge of any persone, their goodes or marchandyses. 1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 75 For fear off restyng I lye in the sentuary. 1616 Shetland Witch Trial in DalyeTl Darker Superst. Scot. (1834) 118 He tauld Garth that thair was ane woman in Delting.. quha culd give him ane resting threid.

t'restiness^.

[f. resty

+

Rancidity.

'resting, vbl. sb.^ Also 4-6 restyng; 4 ristynge; 5 resteng. [f. rest v.^ + -ing^.] 1. a. Rest, repose, inactivity. ^21300 Cursor M. 6846 Ox and ass, womman and knaue, )?at dai sal pai resting haue. 1382 Wyclif Lev. xxv. 4 The seuenthe.. 3eer of the loond shal be the saboth of the restynge of the Lord. C1450 Lovelich Grail Iv. 306 Sire kyng, I warne the here behoveth non Resteng forto be. 1590 Stockwood Rules Const. 54 Verbes that betoken bodily moouing, going, resting, or dooing. 1611 Cotgr., Relaschement, a reposing, resting, refreshing. 1660 Thorndike Due Way §39 No man dare to maintain that both were or are tied to the same measure of resting. 1703 tr. Van Oosten's Dutch Gardener 18 The resting of a Tree, you commonly perceive on a Bud. 1850 Browning Christmas-Eve xix, To.. enjoy the gentle resting From further tracking. 1877 Cornh. Mag. Oct. 389 I’m quite ready to rest as long as you like. I consider resting my strong point. b. A pause or stop for rest. 1662 R. Mathew Uni. Alch. 52 A very aged woman, who .. through .. weakness made five or six restings by the way.

c. Theatr. Unemployment; being without an acting job. 19Z4 G. B. Stern Tents of Israel vi. 85 A young singer .. [who] had sold all her things during her long period of enforced ‘resting’, i960 Times 2.^ Sept. 15/1 My theatrical colleagues who are only too familiar with the long periods of ‘resting’—which being out of work is so politely called. 1973 J. Burrows Like an Evening Gone i. 12 Though what.. she did with herself in the great metropolis, in the frequent intervals of ‘resting’—she didn’t take typing jobs.

2. a. Rest in a particular place; a place where one rests or may rest, a resting-place. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 6654 Abrahams bosum ys a dwellyng pat holy men haue yn restyng. 1382 Wyclif Ps. cxxxi[i]. 8 Ris, Lord, in to thi resting; thou and the arke of thin halewing. 1587 Golding De Mornay iv. (1592) 43 God .. hath not his resting in another but in him selfe. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, V. i. 6 Here let vs rest, if this rebellious Earth Haue any resting for her true Kings Queene. 1611 Speed Theat. Gt. Brit. (1614) 87/1 To seeke their resting among the vast mountaines. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 237 Such resting found the sole Of unblest feet. b. A rest-house. 1879 Mrs. a. E. James Ind. Househ. Managem. 27 Huts and restings, or dak-bungalows, are usually furnished with a bed, a table, and two or three hard chairs.

3. Reliance, confidence; a remaining satisfied. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 221 There is no building vpon our selues, but a hopefull resting vpon the Lord. 1650 Baxter Saints' R. III. §2. 40 marg., It is a Resting on the deceiving promise of the Devil for Justification. 1739 Waterland Wks. (1823) VHI. 279 In order to guard the more strongly against a common failing, viz. the resting in a string of unmeaning words.

4. attrib. a. In sense *of rest’, as resting-dayy -houTy -periody

RESTITUTE

752

-while.

1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. i. iv. Handicrafts 678 The Last shall be the very Resting-day. 1840 Bremner Excursion Denmark, etc., II. 357 The resting-hour of noon. 1895 Funk's Stand. Diet., Resting period. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 717/2 Resting period.., any time in the life of a plant, or plant organ, when no growth or other activity appears to be in progress. 1952 Resting period [see aspect sb. 14]. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 139 For things that lacke a resting time, can neuer long indure. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. I. pr. iv. (1868) 14 po fringes pat I hadde lerned of pe among my secre restyng whiles. 1387-8 T. Usk Test. Love 1. ix. (Skeat) I. 24 Suche as I have lemed thee in our restingewhyles. b. In sense ‘serving for rest’, as resting-chairy

-foldy -ground, -house, -point, -room, etc. C1817 Hogg Tales fef Sk. I. 328 Fling herself on the *resting-chair. C1878 G. Stewart Shetland Tales (1892) 6 Pointing to a settle or ‘restin’ chair’ which stood at one side of the fireplace. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstrel I. iii The mellow low and bleat. Greeting.. *Resting-fold and milking-pail. 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 27 Oct. 10/3 Feeding and *resting grounds scattered over the country for the use of birds during migration. 1879 Mrs. A. E. James Ind. Househ. Managem. 33 At a dak-bungalow, or travellers’ *resting-house... These resting-houses are found in every station. 1587 Golding De Mornay xviii. 323 Both of them together being the *restingpoint of the whole man. 1866 J. H. Newman Gerontius §3. 24 And memory lacks its natural resting-points, Of years, and centuries, and periods. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. A ij, I petition you would afford our aged Traveller to take up a *resting room at last in your study. 1674 J. B[rian] Harv. Home vii. 48 An everlasting *resting seat. 1813 Byron Corsair i. vi, In pensive posture leaning on the brand. Not oft a •restingstaff to that red hand.

c. With condition, state, etc., passing into ppl. a.\ resting stage {Cytology) = interphase i. 1857 Henfrey Bot. §797 In the resting condition they contain oil and albuminous matters. 1885 Goodale Physiol. Bot. (1892) 389 The ‘resting’ state of some plants cannot be shortened by any increase in the amount of oxygen furnished. 1896 E. B. Wilson Cell ii. 53 There are. .some undoubted cases.. in which the centrosome remains undivided during the resting stage and only divides as the process of mitosis begins. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 828 The eyes remain in their static or resting position. 1932 [see interphase sb. i]. 1957 C. P. Swanson Cytol. & Cytogenetics iii. 48 Cells in interphase, or the resting stage, are characterized by a nucleus that shows little or no definable structure, except for the nucleoli and the prochromosomes.

t'resting, vbl. sb.^ Obs.~^ [f. rest a. Cf. reese

v.^] Becoming rancid. C1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 33 For to save venysone fro restyng.

'resting, ppl. a. [f.

rest v.^'\

1. a. That rests or is taking a rest. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. xx. (Bodl. MS.), Resting men shul ete and drinke lasse J?anne trauailling men. 1640 Herrick Hesper., Rest Refreshes, A resting field Will, after ease, a richer harvest yield. 1878 Hardy Ret. Native i. ii, As the resting man looked at the barrow. 1898 C. Hyne Capt. Kettle 213 Fishing craft, dredgers, and the other resting traffic of the Tyne.

b. Bot., in resting hud, spore, cell, etc.; also in Cytology, as resting (= interphase) cell, nucleus; ZooL, resting egg, a fertilized egg which can survive the winter or other unfavourable period before hatching. 1857 Henfrey Bot. §796 Seeds and resting-spores.. are organized in a manner especially adapted to preserve the latent vitality from inju^ by external influences. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 388 These true spores.. may be called resting or inactive spores. 189s Sci. Progress HI. 333 Structural changes in the resting nucleus, which lead up to the formation of the reduced number of chromosomes, and which I have termed collectively the synapsis. 1896 M. Hartog in Cambr. Nat. Hist. II. viii. 200 The fertilised eggs are of the kind termed ‘winter’ or ‘resting’ eggs. 1904 Nature 24 Nov. Figures are given of resting-buds, twigs and their transverse sections [etc.]. 1934 Biol. Rev. IX. 160 Among the Cladocera. .the same female may produce both females and males (by parthenogenetic reproduction) and resting eggs (by gameto-genetic reproduction). 1953 H. L. Edlin Forester's Handbk. ii. 22 The shoot increases in length only during the annual period of active growth. It grows.. by actively dividing cells within the bud at its tip. When autumn comes, this suspends its activity, and becomes a resting bud, protected by bud scales, which remains dormant until the following spring. i960 L. PiCKEN Organization of Cells iv. ii. 103 The conflict between the genetic evidence, that the persistence of serial order of discrete genetic units in the linkage groups is of primary importance; and the light microscope evidence, that chromosomes are not visible in the resting nucleus in a majority of cells. 1975 J. B. Jenkins Genetics i. 27 In the resting, or interphase, cell the chromosomes are in an uncoiled condition and thus difficult to see. 1976 Freshwater Biol. VI. 408/1 Lack of food is probably the most important factor stimulating resting egg production.

c. Theatr. Between acting jobs; unemployed. 1958 A. Wilson Middle Age of Mrs Eliot ii. 143 The rich ‘resting’ stage stars. 1969 M. Pugh Last Place Left xxiii. 178 The waitress.. looked like a resting actress who did her resting in daytime. 1971 M. Babson Cover-up Story iv. 43 We still had the dubious privilege of representing two ‘resting’ actors.

2. Remaining stationary. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. iii. i. 61 The Northerne Starre, Of whose true fixt, and resting quality, There is no fellow in the Firmament.

3. Restful, rare. 1896 A. Beardsley Let. 17 Nov. (1970) 205,1 wish Mabel could have started from Southampton. I do hope her crossing may be quiet and resting after all her hard work. Hence 'restingly adv. a 1400 Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) ii. xxi. That there be no thynge of thyn own worchynge that thou wolt lene vpon restyngly.

'resting-place, [f.

resting vbl. 1. A place where one rests or may rest.

1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 16 Myght he neuer noure fynd a restyng place. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 16540 A Pylgrym or a passagour.. reioyseth whan he Resorteth to his restynge place. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) i That he sholde neuer thynke this worlde his fynall habitacyon and restyng place. 1587 Golding De Mornay xix. (1592) 303 Like as the lewes betokened the Restingplace of the blessed sort by a goodly Garden, a 1627 Sir J. Beaumont Dial, betw. World, Pilgr. Vertue ii, Weary passengers, whose desp’rate case I pitie, and prouide a resting-place. 1682 Otway Venice Preserved iii. ii, Can Belvidera want a Resting-place When these poor Arms are open to receive her? 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 291 The various conveniencies and accommodations provided for the brutes, their feedings and resting-places. 1814 Southey Carmen Triumph, xviii. Then when the waters of the flood abate The Dove her resting-place secure may find. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost i. 23 That this world is not his restingplace, that his home is in eternity.

h.fig.y in various uses. c 1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 1005 Trouthe.. chose hys maner principalle In hir that was his restynge place. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 88 As a resting place and perfection of so much former speach as had bene vttered. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 333 |f 22 As he knew all the Arts of affecting the Mind, he knew it was necessary to give it certain Resting-places. 1789 Ld. Auckland Corr. (1861) II. 185 The sameness.. is such, that there are no periods or resting-places for the mind. 1863 Sat. Rev. 2 May 554 The French Academy is now the last resting-place in France of I

K.

freedom of thought. 1876 R. H. Hutton Ess. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The final resting-place of the moral reason of man.

c. The place where a dead person is laid to rest, Freq. with last. 1808 Scott Marm. ii. xiv, His body’s resting-place, of old. 1833 Tennyson May Queen ii. x, If I can I’ll come again, mother, from out my resting-place, 1856 KANe. Arct. Expl. I. xix. 240 The chapter from Job which has consigned so many to their last resting-place.

2. A break or landing in a staircase. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 439 The floor between the two flights is termed a half-space or resting-place. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 594 Where the height of a story is considerable, resting places are necessary. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v. Haff-pace.

t re'stinguish, v. Obs. [ad. L. restinguere, after EXTINGUISH.] trans. To extinguish, suppress, subdue; to quench. 1578 J. Jones Preserv. Bodie & Soule i. xxxix. 84 It is not so necessary for vs to beware of vice, as to restinguish and keepe backe the increase of euils. 1597 J. King On Jonas (1618) 557 If lonas had restinguished and choked the feruour of his wrath. 1612 [see restinction]. ^1616 R. Field in N. Field Life (1716) 41 Hence the Thirst of languishing Soules is Restinguished.

re'stipulate, v. Now rare. [f. ppl. stem of L. restipuldri.^ trans. and intr. engage in return.

To promise or

1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 9 If he covenant with us, ‘I will be your God’; we must restipulate, ‘Then will we rest upon thee’. 1683 Case Inf. Bapt. 87 But how can Infants restipulate.., who have not the use of reason? 01708 Beveridge Priv. Th. i. (1730) 53 What can God stipulate more to us, or we restipulate more to him. 1880 Muirhead Gaius iv. 94 For the same reason the defender does not restipulate.

re-'stipulate (ri:-), v.

[re-

5 a.]

intr.

To

stipulate anew. 1847 Mrs. Kerr tr. Ranke's Hist. Servia 343 To restipuiate for the conditions of peace formerly proposed.

restipu'lation. to RESTIPULATE.]

[ad. L. restipuldtio, f. restipuldri

The action of restipulating; a

counter-engagement. 1611 W. ScLATER Key (1629) 340 If we haue performed our restipulation, carrying our selues in all thinges, as the people of God. 1649 Bp. Reynolds Hosea i. 16 In the promise or Restipulation we have first the Covenant. 1720 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II 493 Your thoughts., as to the restipulation, and the nature of allegiance. 1760 T. Hutchinson Hist. Mass. iv. (1765) 420 The constitutive part of a., church ought to be, a restipulation or mutual covenanting. 1880 Muirhead Gaius iv. §13 The amount of the sponsion or restipulation under the present system.

re'stipulatory, a. rare. [f.

restipulate v.

+

-ORY^.] Pertaining to restipulation. 1880 Muirhead Gaius iv. §180 A restipulatory penalty is also imposed in certain cases.

re'stitch

(ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To stitch or

sew again. 1611 Florio, Ripunto, repricked. Also restiched. 1862 S. Lucas Secularia 386 No number of bayonets can restitch the rent which runs across an immense continent. 1887 Mission. Herald (Boston, U.S.) Mar. 122 Nearly all of them show signs of having been taken to pieces and restitched.

trestitue, v. Obs. Also 5-6 restytue. [ad. F. restituer (14th c.) or L. restituere, f. re- re- + statuere to set up, etc.] a. intr. To make restitution, b. trans. To restore. Also in paw., to have restitution made to (oneself). *377 Langl. P. pi. B. v. 281 Alle pat haue of pi good.. Ben holden at pe heighe dome to helpe pe to restitue. Ibid. 297 And if pow wite neuere to whiche ne whom to restitue, Bere it to pe bisschop and bidde [etc.]. 1393 Ibid. C. xi. 54 Raper haue we no reste til we restitue Our lyf to oure lord god for oure lykames gultes. 1425 Rolls of Park. IV. 304/2 The said Merchantz .. yat have lost.. any Woll.. may be restitued and allowed of ye Subsidee of yat so perished .. or lost. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 428 b/2 Two dombe chyldren and dyuers other that had loste the use of the tongue were restytued of theyr spekyng. 1484-Fables of Mfonce iv, Who someuer had fond a thowsand Crownes.. he shold restitue and brynge them to hym ageyne. 1530 Palsgr. 689/1, I restytue, I restore.

t restitute, pp/e. Obs. [ad. L. restitut-us, pa. pple. of restituere: see prec. In quot. 1643 after AF. restitutz in i Hen. IV. c. 5.] Restored. c 1470 Harding Chron. exxiv. vi, Sone after kyng Dunkan of Scotland slayn By treason was, and Dunwall restitute Vnto the croune of Scotlande ther agayne. [1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. in. 42 It is ordained and assented, that the Lords and other.. shall be wholly restitute and restored to their names,.. inheritaments and possessions.]

restitute ('restitjuit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. restituere: cf. prec.] 1. trans. To restore to a position or status; to reinstate, rehabilitate. Now rare. c 1500 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 42 To alle her fraunches and free usagis.. be they restituted. 1530 Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 328 The King did restitute TOur Grace before He was intitled. 1570 Levins Manip. 196 To restitute, restituere. 1855 Lorenz tr. Van der Keessel's Select Theses dcccxxix, A debtor who has become impoverished by mere change of fortunes, and has not acted fraudulently, is discharged from all liability, and restituted, provided one half of the creditors to whom a half of the debt IS due consent to such restitution.

RESTITUTIO IN INTEGRUM 2. To restore, hand back, refund. Also absol. to make restitution. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Restitution, The Lutheran and Calvinist princes were obliged to restitute, restore what they had taken. 1885 Field 17 Oct. 542/1 The inclosures which would be affected and ‘restituted’ by Mr. Jesse Collings’s regulations. 1893 Ibid. 4 Mar. 334/1 Having promised to restitute expenses to professionals if they did not win. 1907 Westm. Gaz, 17 Aug. 4/1 If., he acts to the detriment of someone’s interest, he must be compelled to restitute.

3. intr. Genetics. Of a break in a chromosome or chromatid: to be reversed by restitution (sense 8) of the two broken ends. Genetics XLVII. 13 Some of the breaks which restitute are lethals. 1971 Levitan & Montagu Textbk. Human Genetics iii. 135 Nonrearrangement breaks tend to restitute .. quite readily.

Hence 'restituted ppL a. 1727-38 [see RESTITUTION 7]. 1757 Dyer Fleece ii. 347 Restituted trade To every virtue lent his helping stores.

Whatever is an answer to a restitution suit is also a ground for judicial separation.

2. With a and pi. A restoration of something taken from another. c 1440 Alph. Tales 32 He.. made a restitucion & become a gude man. 1442 Rolls of Park. V. 59/1 All restitutions of Londes.. made by you. 1604 Shaks. Oth. v. i. 16 He calles me to a restitution large Of Gold, and lewels, that I bob’d from him. As Guifts to Desdemona. 1662 Petty Taxes 58 It will be asked with how manifold restitutions should picking a pocket (for example) be punished? 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 119 David passes sentence.. that there should be a fourfold restitution made, a 1781 Watson Philip III (1839) 31 To procure a restitution of some towns on the German frontier.

13. Reparation of hurt or loss. Obs. rare, c 1400 Destr. Troy xii. heading. How the Grekys sent two Kinges in Message to Kyng Priam For Restitucion of paire harme. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. (1637) 85 The English consull of Aleppo is absolute of himselfe.. whose chiefe employment is.. to labour a revenge of wrongs, and a restitution of losses.

il restitutio in integrum (resti'tjunisu in in'tegram), sb. phr. Law. Also ad integrum. [L., restoration to the uninjured state, etc,] (See quot. 1909.) Also transf.

4. a. The action of restoring a person or persons to a previous status or position; the fact of being thus restored or reinstated; a document authorizing such restoration. Now rare.

[a 1633 T. Hope Major Practicks (1938) II. 207 {heading) De Restitutione in Integrum.] 1704 T. Wood New Institute Imperial or Civil Law i. ii. 55 A Restitution shall be adjudged in the behalf of the Minor if he is circumvented, tho’ the Tutors or Curators were present and consenting, and tho’ the Decree was made against the Minor judicially; and this is called Restitutio in integrum. 1845 T. Thornton Notes Cases in Eccles. ^ Maritime Courts III. 77 The principle is, that the vessel should be placed in statu quo before the collision,—a restitutio in integrum. 1902 W. James Var. Relig. Exper. vi. 156 When disillusionment has gone as far as this, there is seldom a restitutio ad integrum. 1909 Halsbury's Laws of Eng. X. 302 The underlying great principle by which the courts are guided in awarding damages is restitutio in integrum. By this is meant that the law will endeavour, so far as money can do it, to place the injured person in the same situation as if the contract had been performed, or in the position he occupied before the occurrence of the tort which adversely affects him. 1936 Buckland & McNair Roman Law & Common Law xii. 337 An action which had once reached the stage of litis contestatio could never be brought again, unless the facts brought the matter within the rather narrow range of cases in which a man could get restitutio in integrum. 1975 J. R. Murdoch Law Estate Agency & Auctions xiii. 385 Since the principle underlying rescission is 'restitutio in integrum' it will only be allowed where both parties can be substantially returned to their pre-contractual positions.

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 163 He hadde lettres of pope to pe kynges of Engelond to his restitucioun. a 1450 Mankind (Brandi) 17, I haue be I>e very mene for yowur restytucyone. 1485 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 307/2 The Acte of Restitucion of the said late Viscount, made or to be made in thys present Parlement. 1503-4 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 28 §i The restitucions and enhablements of the seid persones. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 317 The restitution of the English bloud to the crowne. 1610 Willet Dan. 138 The effect of this his restitution to his reason. 1621 Abp. Williams in Fortescue P. (Camden) 169 Soe I may be restored to my temporalities.. if his Majestie will be pleased to signe this restitution. 1662 Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 417 His piety and patience were rewarded by God, with a happy restitution to his undoubted dominions. 1703 De Foe Poor Man's Plea Misc. 291 After the Restitution of King Charles the Second. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 637/1 A peremptory mandamus, or writ of restitution. 1855 [see restitute V. l].

restitution (rssti'tjuijan). Also 5-6 restyt-. [a. OF. restitution, -ucion (Sp. -ucion, It. -uzione), or ad. L. restitution-em, n. of action f. restituere: see RESTITUE t;.] 1. a. The action of restoring or giving back something to its proper owner, or of making reparation to one for loss or injury previously inflicted. a 1300 Cursor M. 27279 For slikin suik agh wit resun Be mad of restituciun. 1377 Lange. P. PI. B. v. 235 ‘That was no restitucioun,’ quod repentance. 1413 Pilgr. Sotcle (Caxton, 1483) IV. v. 60 This that felyth hyr seluen wronged and asketh restitucion shal fyrst haue audyence to make hyr compleynt. 1494 Act ii Hen. VII, c. 21 For the Recovery and Restitution of the same Debt, Damages, and Costs, the Plaintiff.. may.. sue. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 90 b, Euer the Frenche Ambassadours promised restitucion of euery thyng, but none was restored. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, III. i. 118 Many a Pound of mine owne proper store .. Haue I dis-pursed to the Garrisons, And neuer ask’d for restitution. 1625 T. Godwin Moses & Aaron v. (1641) 204 Restitution in identitie, was and is principally required. 1681 Stair Instit. (1693) i. vii. 61 Restitution of things belonging to Others, may seem to be an Effect of Property. 1727 Pope & Gay What passed in London, He was advised to restitution, but I never heard that he complied with it. 1772 Junius Lett. Ded., A death-bed repentance seldom reaches to restitution. 1836 Thirlwall Greece HI. 337 The three .. important points on which the Athenians felt themselves aggrieved: the restitution of Amphipolis [etc.]. 1877 Froude Short Studies (1883) IV. i. ix. 106 He had been promised restitution of his property, but it had been given back to him in ruins.

b. In phr. to make restitution. CI375 Cursor M. 27279 (Fairf.), For suche kin ping with gode resoun sulde men make restitucioun. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. V. 232 Repentedestow pe euere,.. ne restitucioun madest? CI430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 143, I.. Made in my liffe no restitucioun. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. clx. 152 He shulde .. make restitucion of all thynges that he before had takyn from the churche. 1545 Brinklow Lament. (1874) 113 Thou must..make restytucion to thy power. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. v. v. 33 Why, now is Cupid a child of conscience, he makes restitution. 1611 Bible Exod. xxii. 5 Of the best of his owne vineyard shall he make restitution. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Matt. v. 23, 24 Go presently and make restitution, a 1720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I- 39 They had wronged her .., therefore they ought to make her restitution. 1835 Thirlwall Greece ix. 1. 345 The Spartan, instead of making restitution, took away the life of his companion. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 56 Though their tenure might be changed and the restitution not made without a price paid to the new lord.

c. restitution of conjugal rights (see quot. 1768 and CONJUGAL a.). Also ellipt. in attrib. use. 1768 Blackstone Comm. HI. 94 The suit for restitution of conjugal rights is .. another species of matrimonial causes: which is brought whenever either the husband or wife is guilty of the injury of subtraction, or lives separate from the other without any sufficient reason. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy-Bk. Prop. Law xii. 73 Restitution of conjugal rights may be granted by the Court. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 6 Dec. 1/2

RESTIVE

753

b. restitution in blood (see quots. and blood sb. 13).

chaunce, I?ou sal to me make restoraunce. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun (Roxb.) 87 Til aungels restourance and of seints delyvring He saide this king shuld be. 1466 Cal. Rec. Dublin (1889) I- 323 All manner costes done for the restorauns of the Spaynardes shippe. 1525 loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 401 To make restorraunce and amendes. 1581 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 373 The restorance of the said Johnne Flemyng in his Hienes Parliament wes stayit.

restoration (rests'reijan).

[Later

form

of

RESTAURATION, after RESTORE V.l

1. The action of restoring to a former state or position; the fact of being restored or reinstated. Also const, to. a. Of persons. 1660 Jrnls. Ho. Comm. 30 May, The happy Restoration of his Majesty to his People and Kingdoms. 1678 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 52 The joy I ought to shew for my owne restoration to His Majestys favour. 1724 Waterland Athan. Creed x. §39 The Opinion.. that wicked Men, and even Devils, after a certain Revolution, should have their Release and Restoration. 1843 Lytton Last Bar. IV. i. While seeking your restoration, I have never neglected the facilities for flight. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist, xviii. III. 214 The nation without regret and without enthusiasm recognised the Lancastrian restoration. 1892 Westcott Gospel Life 243 In the Apocalypse the restoration of man and the restoration of nature are placed side by side.

b. Of territory, conditions, or things. 1663 Boyle Exp. Hist. Colours iii. Though this may be said to be rather a restoration of a body to its own colour [etc.]. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 140 Europe dates a new aera from his restoration of the Western empire. 1837 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) I- i3S This motion in latitude would be sufficiently known if we knew the period of its restoration. 1841 D’Isfaeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 99 That period which has been distinguished as the restoration of letters. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 110 We owe to the monks the agricultural restoration of a great part of Europe. C. Theol, (Cf. RESTITUTION 5.) 1781 Winchester Seed of Woman 19, I shall set down such Passages as the Friends of the Universal Restoration generally bring to prove the same. 1833 J- Martineau Ess.

RESTORATIONISM Addr. (1890) I. 13 Beginning with the question respecting the person of Christ, and ending with the Universal Restoration. 1834 Dean in B. B. Edwards' Encycl. Relig. Knowl. (1851) ior8 The restoration was introduced into America about the middle of the eighteenth century.

2. Hist. (With capital initial.)

a. The re¬ establishment of monarchy in England with the return of Charles II in 1660; also, the period marked by this event. 1718 Apol. Ch. Eng. 21 The Office .. for the Twenty Ninth of May thankfully commemorates the Blessings of the Restoration. 1725 B. Higgons Rem. Burnet i, Wks. 1736 II. 67 The Restoration, a Blessing that sticks in his Gizzard. 1825 Macaulay Ess., Milton, For many years after the Restoration, [the Puritans] were the theme of unmeasured invective and derision. 1869 Rogers Hist. Glean. I. 10 The expedient by which the landowners of the Restoration freed themselves from their ancient contributions to the public revenue. 1886 fng. Hist. Rev. Oct. 682 The Laudian school of divines, who at the Restoration remodelled the prayer book. b. The reinstatement of the Bourbons in the

sovereignty of France in 1814. 1848 W. H. Kelly tr. h. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. I. 49 The first ministry of the Restoration overthrown by the mere approach of the chamber.

3. a. The action of restoring a person to health or consciousness; recovery of physical strength. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 127 During these short sentences and difficult restorations. 1826 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 85 Instances of restoration from a state in which suspension of sensation.. had been induced by cold. 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. I. iii. 70 Toward the close of the voyage the eldest, whose restoration had been the principal object, died of fever. b. A restorative. rare~^. 1823 J. Simpson Ricardo the Outlaw I. 290 Every restoration was administered that the affection of Ellen could suggest.

4. a. The action or process of restoring something to an unimpaired or perfect condition. 1801 Med. Jrnl. V. 467 The restoration of feeling [is kept up],.. and, finally, the natural power of action is completely .. restored. 1835 Field Chromatography 216 The restoration of disfigured and decayed works of art is .. next in importance to their production. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xii, She saw in this, .the restoration of the old man’s health and peace, and a life of tranquil happiness. 1874 Spedding Lett. Life Bacon VII. Pref. 4 For the passages which defy restoration, blank spaces would be left with some indication of their apparent extent. b. Arch. The process of carrying out

alterations and repairs with the idea of restoring a building to something like its original form; a general renovation. 1824 Byron xvi. Iviii, A plan whereby to erect New buildings.. And throw down old, which he call’d restoration. 1849 Parker Gothic Archit. (1874) 11. 291 Unfortunately restoration generally destroys the historical value of a building. 1852 Ruskin Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 67 Under the name of ‘restoration’ the ruin of the noblest architecture and painting is constant throughout Europe. 1879 Stainer Music of Bible 82 When the muniment-room was being removed for the purposes of restoration.

c. A representation of the original form of a ruined building, extinct animal, etc. 1836 Buckland Geol. & Min. II. 29 Conjectural Restoration of the Skeleton of Plesiosaurus. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 420/1 Restorations, in Architecture, a term applied to drawings intended to show antient buildings according to their original design... In some cases the building itself will afford sufficient data for a complete restoration of it upon paper. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. xvii. 282, Fig. 81 represents a restoration of this extinct elephant.

d. Dentistry. Any structure provided to replace dental or oral tissue that has been removed or lost, such as a filling, crown, or bridge. 1934 F. W. Frahm Princ. fsf Technics Full Denture Constr. xxvi. 475 The change from the natural to the artificial teeth is made so easily that the patient becomes accustomed to the supplied restoration in a few hours. 1962 Blake & Trott Periodontology xvi. 170 Before the construction of such prosthetic or conservative restorations is begun the occlusion should be studied. 197^ Torres & Ehrlich Mod. Dental Assisting xxvi. 802 To seat a restoration the casting is inserted into the tooth or onto the tooth crown.

5. The action of restoring something to one who has been previously deprived of it. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 134 He recovered his speech and sight; and this natural event was improved to the miraculous restoration of his eyes and tongue. 1837 Dickens Pickw. ii, The restoration was soon made. 1877 Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. iii. 29 He demanded the restoration of estates that his predecessors had alienated.

6. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 2 a) Restoration comedy, drama, dramatist, pamphleteer, wing', (sense 4 b) restoration fund. 1898 G. Saintsbury Short Hist. Eng. Lit. viii. ii. 487 The cloven foot of Restoration comedy—the passionless and malevolent licentiousness of too much thereof. 1910 Encycl. Brit. IX. 630/2 Restoration comedy at first followed Jonson. 1925 B. Dobree Congreve's Comedies I. p. xii, The Restoration comedy writers .. keep us dancing along to a gay tune. 1955 N. Marsh Scales of Justice iii. 53 ‘Kettle,’ Lady Lacklander said,.. Nurse Kettle did not resent being addressed in this restoration-comedy fashion by Lady Lacklander. 1976 Amer. N. & Q. XV. 35/1 In Restoration comedy, reference is often made to the ‘canonical hours . 1898 G. Saintsbury Short Hist. Eng. Lit. viii. ii. 491 The glory .. of this Restoration drama was not reached till long after the Restoration itself. 19^3 A. Nicoll Hist. Restoration Drama 1660-1700 i. 3 The study of Restoration drama demands a continual care. 1935 I^- I^* Sayers Gaudy Night iv. 82 Calling people names that poor Miss Lydgate

RESTORE

755 didn’t know existed—the worst she knows being Restoration drama. 1977 J- Aiken Last Movement vii. 130 I’d cast him as Rochester.. or one of those fiends in Restoration Drama. 1912 E. Gosse in Restoration Plays p. x. What all the Restoration dramatists suffer from is a tendency to produce common and inadequate poetry. 1923 A. Nicoll Hist. Restoration Drama 1660-1700 iii. 184 Manners, in the mouths of the Restoration dramatists themselves, meant something quite apart from the modern meaning of the term. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia IV. 113/1 William Congreve, more than any other Restoration dramatist, shaped the English comedy of manners. 1898 G. B. Shaw Mrs. Warren's Profession iii. 204 Gov’nor’s ever so fond of it, because he got up a restoration fund and had it completely rebuilt. 1978 Lancashire Life Nov. 140/1 A restoration fund has been launched to restore the decaying 15th century tower of Mitton Church, near Whalley. 1875 Grosart in Marvell's Wks. II. p. xxiv. Anything more dishonest.. is scarcely to be matched outside of the vilest Restoration pamphleteer and partizan. 1920 ‘O. Douglas’ Penny Plain XXV. 300 The austere Tudor front, the Restoration wing, the offices built under Queen Anne. 1936 J. Buchan Island of Sheep viii. 141 Nothing more modern than the Restoration wing built by Bruce of Kinross.

Hence resto'rationer, = restorationist. 1855 Ogilvie Suppl.

resto'rationism. [f. prec. -I- -ism.] The doctrine that all men will ultimately be restored to a state of happiness in the future life. 1834 Dean in B. B. Edwards' Encycl. Relig. Knowl. (1851) 1019 'The Independent Messenger.. is devoted to the cause of Restorationism. 1879 J. Cook Marriage 98 There is very little difference between Universalism and Restorationism. 1896 Tablet Mar. 408 Restorationism is difficult to harmonize with the Bible.

resto'rationist. [f. as prec. -h -ist.] 1. A believer in restorationism. 1834 Dean in B. B. Edwards' Encycl. Relig. Knowl. (1851) 1018 Though the Restorationists, as a separate sect, have arisen within a few years, their sentiments are by no means new. 1892 Critic (U.S.) Oct. 177/2 He is a restorationist and this optimistic view.. imparts a certain tinge to his handling of all themes.

2. One who restores dilapidated buildings. 1880 Scribner's Mag. July 466 Not any of its towers have escaped, where ‘restorationist’s’ chisel could cut.

restorative (re'storativ, -oar-), a. and sb. Also 5 restoratif, -atyf(f, -etyffe, -atyve. [a. OF. *restoratif, variant of resfauratt/restaurative.] A. adj. Pertaining to restoration (of strength or health); capable of restoring or renewing. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 354 It wole be a good oynement restoratif. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 103 Yowre restoratyf celestial manna. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxv. 11 O! 3e heremeitis and hankersaidilis. That.. eitis nocht meit restoratiue. 1584 Cogan Haven Health x. (1636) 34 Risepottage., is verie pleasant and easie of digestion and restorative. 1^6 Dekker Seven Sins (Arb.) 24 The very shadow of thee hath beene to them a restoratiue Consolation. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 69 The air for eight months is very pure and restorative. 1807 Life Fielding in Tom Jones I. p. xix. To try if there was any restorative quality in the more genial air of that climate. 1868 Browning Ring ^ Bk. i. 89 The thing’s restorative, I’ the touch and sight. 1875 McLaren Serm. Ser. ii. iv. 67 The depth of our need determines the strength of the restorative power put forth,

b. Spec, in Dentistry. 1963 C. R. Cowell et al. Inlays, Crowns, & Bridges i. i Gold is stronger than other restorative materials and can be used in thin sections without danger of fracture. 1974 News & Press (Darlington. S. Carolina) 25 Apr. 17/3 It was first thought that the council might buy a mobile unit and employ a full time dentist who could., do restorative dentistry.

B. sb. 1. a. A food, cordial, or medicine, which has the effect of restoring health or strength. C1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) loi Repast ay lasting, restoratyf eternal. 1446 Lydg. Nightingale Poems ii. 247 He gaf his body.. Restoratif best in the forme of brede. C1485 Digby Myst. (1882) III. 486 Here, lady, is wyn,.. to .. woman a good restoratyffi 1547 BoORDE Brev. Health §86 All maner of cordyalles and restoratiues .. doth comfort the hert, 1590 Spenser F.Q. in. v. 50 Many Restoratives of vertues rare. And costly Cordialles she did apply. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 105 The Princesse.. calling for some cordials and restoratives, gave them her. 1747-96 Mrs. Glasse Cookery xv. 271 Knuckle broth, .is a certain restorative at the beginning of a decline. 1806 A. Hunter Culina (ed, 3) 222 In cases where restoratives are required, a basin of milk [etc.]. 1861 Flor, Nightingale Nursmg (ed. 2) 53 Coffee is a better restorative than tea, but a greater impairer of the digestion. transf. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, To All Angels & Saints, Thou art the holy mine, whence came the gold. The great restorative for all decay In young and old. 01680 Butler Rem. (1759) I. 91 And Sleep, Death’s Brother,. . Gave weary’d Nature a Restorative. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 2184 Rest,.. Man’s rich restorative,

b. A means of restoring one to consciousness. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom’s C. xxviii. 268 St. Clare had fainted,.. but as Miss Ophelia applied restoratives, he revived, opened his eyes. 1869 H. Ainsworth Hilary St. Ives II. iv, Fortunately there were.. restoratives at hand.

t2. Restorative or nourishing restoration, nourishment. Obs.

power;

1528 Paynell Salerne’s Regim. (1557) 31 b. These three foresayde thynges are comfortable and of greate restoratiue for mans bodye. Ibid. 40 If wyne be dronke for nouryshment, for restoratiue of the body.

fS. Restitution, repayment. Obs. C1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 651 [Two debtors,] pe whych wher pore, and myth make no restoratyf.

4. (See quot.)

1810 Bentham Packing (1821) 218 The remedy here ventured to be proposed is stiled without scruple a restorative: a plan for the restoring.. the original composition of Juries.

Hence re'storatively adv.-, re'storativeness, ‘a restoring quality’ (Bailey, vol. II, 1727). 1835 Blackw. Mag. XXXVHI. 162 How restoratively on our temples.. were the blessed dews distilled! 1851 G. S. Faber Many Mansions in. i. After the Resurrection, Man’s Spirit.. will be again restoratively clothed with a material body.

re'storatory, a. rare-^. [Cf. prec. and -ory.] ‘Restorative’ (Webster, 1847). fre'store, sb. Obs. [f. the vb., perh. after OF. restor, restaur. It. ristoro, med.L. restaurum.] Restoration, restitution. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6122 Seke men of heele had restore. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. v. 18 Till he had made amends, and full restore For all the damage which he had him doen afore. 1640 Shirley St. Patrick i. i. Let the first use I make of their restore be To bend my knees to you. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 147 Disputes at Law, and contestations concerning a restore of the dowry.

restore (ri'st03(r)), v.^ Also 5 restour, -oyre, 6 Sc. -oir. [a. OF. restorer, = It. ristorare-.-h,. restaurdre: see restaur n.] 1. trans. To give back, to make return or restitution of (anything previously taken away or lost). 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 10287 We essel?..J>at ^ou suerie vpe pe bok clanliche to restore Holi chirche p&t I>ou hast him binome. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 99 Roberd.. bisouht pe kyng po fees he fro him nam, restore ageyn pat ping. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 113 Neuerl^eles vnder Kenulph pe kyng it was restored to Caunterbury a3en. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 5653, I pray, he says, my belt restore. 1484 Caxton Fables of JEsop v. ix, Your helthe shalle be restored to yow. 1530 Palsgr. 689/1 He shall restore hym all his goodes agayne. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 11 b, The Spaniards wil hardly at any time restore unto us again this dignitie of thempire. 1634 Milton Comus 607 lie find him out, And force him to restore his purchase back. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 212 Forev’ry Bloom his Trees in Spring afford. An Autumn Apple was by tale restor’d. 1738 Wesley Hymns, Father of Mercies ii. Their Alms in Blessings on their Head A thousand-fold restore. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 56 The law..will make Gaius restore the possession to Titius. 1821 Shelley Adonais iii. Dream not that the amorous Deep Will yet restore him to the vital air. 1841 Elphinstone Ind. 11. 577 To restore all the forts in his possession within that tract. 1884 F. Temple Relat. Relig. & Sci. iv. (1885) 121 The doctrine of Evolution restores to the science of Nature the unity which we should expect in the creation of God. absol. C1440 Jacob’s Well 66 Had I restoryd, as J70u taw3tyst me, I had be sauyd to ioye. 1611 Bible Isa. xlii. 22 They are for a praye, & none deliuereth; for a spoile, and none saith, Restore.

2. a. To make amends for; to compensate, to make good (loss or damage). Now rare or Obs. 13.. K. Alis. 7909 Y geve .. everiche knyght a thousand pound, or more, Youre harmes to restore, a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxlvi. 2 Restorand wip paim pe fallynge of aungels. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 186 Bot Crist restoreth thilke lost, And boghte it with his fleissh and blod. c 1460 Play Sacram. 963 Now wylle we walke by Contre & cost owr wyckyd lyuyng for to restore. 1463 in Somerset Med. Wills (1901) 198 Item, that my dettes..or wronges dieuly proued be restored as may be moost to the helth of my soule. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Iv. 185 Thou to restore all y® domages that thou hast done him. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scotl. I. 123 His maister receiueng the slane beist, sal restore the skaith to his nychtbour. 1642 Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. III. viii. 170 Time may restore some losses.

b. To set right, repair (decay, etc.), rare. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, iii. iii Restoir againe 30ur foule polluted fame. at pai [sc. devils] may na man tempte ne greve. CI420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1013 He seyd he wold nat restrayne hys lyberte. c 1460 FoRTESCUE Abs. & Lim. Mori. vi (1885) 121 Be reason hereoffhe will pe more restrayn his yeftis off oper off his livelod. Ibid., This may in nothinge restrane the Kyngis pover. 1576 Fleming Panopl Epist. 150, I restraine this accusation from being universall. 1654

RESTRAINT

757 BRAMHALLJ^U5^ FiW. 1. (i66i) 2 That they did use in all ages .. to limit and restrain the exercise of Papal power. 1^9 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 497 The bill for restraining the number of officers sitting in the house of commons. 1738 tr. Guazzo's Art of Convers. 136 The Denomination of Gentry was much more restrained by Diogenes. 1748 Anson s Voy. ii. x. 237 This trade., is confined by very particular regulations, somewhat analogous to those by which the trade of the register ships from Cadiz to the WestIndies is restrained. 18x8 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 420 Conditions to restrain those powers, generally, were void, as being repugnant to the estate limited.

b. Const, to. Now rare. 1509 Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 294 She restrayned her appetyte tyl one mele & tyl one fysshe on the day. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 198 The tearme of nobilitie amongst vs, is restrained to one order. 1644 C. Jessop Angel of Ephesus 50 When the title of Bishop was restrained unto one of the Presbyters. 1692 Bentley Boyle Lect. ix. 321 The conditions of Salvation are restrain’d to those times and countries only. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 418 IP7 His Soil is not restrained to any particular Sett of Plants. 178s Paley Mor. Philos, iii. i. xvii. He swears ‘to speak the whole truth’, without restraining it, as before, to the questions that shall be asked. 1846 Trench Mirac. xxvii. (1862) 369 The language shows that the rebuke is not restrained to him, but intended to pass on to many more.

t4. a. To withhold, to keep back, from one. Obs. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 198 Sche wolde him nothing elles sein Bot of hir name..; Alle othre thinges sche restreigneth. 1480 Bury Wills (Camden) 59, [I] charge myne executourez that they .. kepe and restrayn from hym or them there legatis and byquestis. 1538 Starkey England i. iv. 102 Bettur hyt vs.. to restreyne from the prynce such hye authoryte. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol., Chancerie § 144 The rents, issues, and profites therof [they] have wrongfully restreyned, perceyved, and taken to their owne use. absol. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. 420/2 Yat the Tresorer of England.. have power and auctorite to restreigne of alle maner of assignementz .. to the somme of MM. li.

fb. To save, keep free. Obs.—^ CX430 Lydg. Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 62 O welle of swetnes.., That.. al oure joye fro langour didest restrayne.

t5. a. To forbid or prohibit (a thing) to one. 1526 Pi/gr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 238 b, In the whiche god restrayneth or forbyddeth man ony thynge. C1533 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. II. 53 The said blake rentes whiche by parliament is restrayned to be any further payd by any of the Kinges subjectes. 1628 Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 268 The doubt.. you may well understand to go only to the trees and timber—the coppice woods are not meant to be restrained.

restrained (ri'streind), ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + Checked; repressed; kept under control; confined; frestricted. -ED^.]

1580 J. Stubbs in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 43 Pray for your old poore restrained frend. 1650 Jer. Taylor Holy Living iv. § i (1727) 187 In a more restrained sense it is taken for that part of duty which particularly relates to God. 01676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 241, I shall consider the more restrained Perswasion of the Learned. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Restriction, Arguing affirmatively from a non-restrained to a restrained term. 1791 Mrs, Radcliffe Rom. Forest v, Her conversation was restrained. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iv. 343 The bishop was heard out with hardly restrained indignation. 1865 Tylor Early Hist. Man. ii. 33 The sober, restrained looks and gestures.

Hence re'strainedness, 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. Ixii. 9 A certeine peevish restrynednesse.. casteth them at last into despayre. 1853 Tail's Mag. XX. 388 An enthusiasm which contrasts with the usual restrainedness of his style.

re'strainedly, adv.

[f. prec.

+ -ly^.]

With

restraint; frestrictedly. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xxxvii. 19 Bycause our flesh woold streit fall to loocenes, God dealeth more restryenedly, with us. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 295 Strictly and restrainedly vsed, or largely. 1684 T. Burnet The. Earth ii. 164 More particularly and restrainedly, the government of Christ is opposed to the kingdom .. of Antichrist. 01703 Burkitt On N. T. Luke vi. 30 These and the like precepts of our Saviour, are not to be taken strictly, but restrainedly. 1890 Daily News 4 Oct. 3/1 The gilt designs that cover in some cases exuberantly, in others restrainedly, the sides of the volumes.

re'strainer. [f. restrain v. + -er.] 1. One who or that which restrains. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 940 These two persons were euer restrayners and refrayners of the kinges wilfull scope. 1609 Bible (Douay) Isa. ix. 14 The perverter and restrayner. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 45 Wee must with patience submit unto that restraint, and expect the will of the Restrainer. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (i737) I- 25 Even that prince.. was a great restrainer of persecution. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 34 To restrain the restrainers from injustice. 1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 84 Those great correctors and restrainers of human conduct, shame and remorse. 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm II. 691 Accompanied with a few restrainers of reins and ropes. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. 299 A jealous observer and restrainer of the others.

2. Photogr. A chemical used to retard the action of the developer.

prohibit (one) to do back from something

1878 Abney Photogr. (i88i) iii No restrainer such as bromide is employed. 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 47 Overdoses of pyro act as restrainers.

i579>8o North Plutarch, Theseus (1656) 7 Restraining all manner of people to bear saile in any vessel or bottom. 1611 Bible Gen. xvi. 2 Behold now, the Lord hath restrained me from bearing. 1649 in Def. Rights Univ. Oxford (1690) 7 Restrained all bakers and brewers.. to bake and brew within the city except [etc.]. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 868 The Serpent wise. Or not restraind as wee, or not obeying, Hath eat’n of the fruit. 1791 Mrs. Inchbald Simple Story I. i. 8 He still restrained him from all authority.

re'straining, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing*.] The

fb. To forbid or something; to keep desired. Obs.

f 6. a. To draw tightly. Obs. rare. ri430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5817 His bridel thoo he gan restreyn. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. in. ii. 59 A headstall of sheepes leather, which being restrain’d to keepe him from stumbling, hath been often burst.

f b. To confine, keep; to bind, secure. Obs.~^ 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 7 )>e philosophore seil>, p2X wiyn hath also |>e propirtee to restreyne in it pe influence and vertues of gold. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. lob/i Those vaynes which there doe restrayne that membrane fast vnto the sculle.

f c. To compel or constrain. Obs. rare. 1621 Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 103 The Subjecte is restreyned by praemunire to receive, though the Kinge be not restreyned to gyve. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. 185 By antient custome no Vestal Virgin or Flamen of Jupiter was restrained to swear.

7. intr. a. To refrain (from something; falso with infin.). Now rare. 1594 Drayton Idea 337 O, Why should Nature niggardly restraine! 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 39/2 We muste suffer it to bleede till it of it selfe restraygneth and stoppeth. 1623 Massinger Dk. Milan v. ii. Thrice his desperate hand was on his sword, T’have killed them both: but he restrained. 1640 Petit. Lond. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) I. HI. 94 Hence it is that the Prelates here in England .. have restrained to pray for the Conversion of our Soveraign Lady the Queen. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair lx. It was impossible to restrain from laughter.

f b. To limit or confine oneself. Obs.~^ 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 15 Not to enlarge in Modeme graunts, but to restraine to one Pope of renowmed fresh memorie.

re-'strain (ri:-), v.^

action of the verb, in various senses. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. vii. xviii. (Bodl. MS.), Restreynyng schal be made aboute pe temples.. a^ens rennyng of teeres. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 531 borw mouj? pe\ passen wi)7-outen restreyning. C1450 Lay^ Folks Mass Bk. 69 bat itt may be.. senchyp to ouer enmyse, gaynstanding and restrenyng of J^are power. 1502 Atkynson tr. De Imitatione i. xvii. 165 Thou muste make a restrayninge in many thynges of thyne owne wylle. 159^ Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 622/2 For restrayning of a fowle abuse, which then raigned commonly among that eople. 1604 Hieron Wks. I. 548 The yoking and ampering and restraining of mans naturall disposition. 1657 Deuine Louer 12 All and euery of those doings or actings, abstainings or restreignings. 1842 Manning Serm. iv. (1848) I. 56 The warning, and striving, and restraining of the Holy Ghost shall then be over. re'straining, ppl. a. [-ING^.] That restrains or

checks; frestringent. 1541 Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. xxix. 46 Take hede..that stiptik or restrainyng meates be [not] taken at the beginnyng. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 197 The ancient heretics, who would have the restraining term only to belong, not to the Son, but to the Father. 1678 Rymer Trag. last Age 126 Amintor was.. endu’d with a restraining grace, and had his hands ty’d. 1704 Trapp Abra-Mule ii. i, It ne’er conquers the restraining Bounds Of Reason. 17^5 Blackstone Comm. I. 87 This has occasioned another subordinate division of remedial acts of parliament with enlarging and restraining statutes. Ibid., Let us instance again in the same restraining statute of the 13 Eliz. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 90 The directors of these legal and restraining institutions.

Hence re'strainingly adv. 1863 Not an Angel II. 230 No less restrainingly his stedfast eyes seemed to hold her. 1890 Universal Rev. Aug. 633 ‘My dear Mary?’ he said slowly, interrogatively, restrainingly.

t re'strainment. Obs. [f. restrain t;. + -ment. Cf. obs. F. restrendement (Godef.).] The act of restraining; restraint.

[re- 5 a.] To strain again. 1874 Raymond Statist. Mines (sf Mining 414 The quicksilver collected in kettles outside the settler is strained through canvas sacks, the amalgam collected is.. re¬ strained.

1579 Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 145/1 Without any restrainement or holding backe. 1607 W. Sclater 3 Serm. (1629) II Temporall paines remaine as preuentions, as admonitions, as restrainments. 1688 Enthus. Ch. Rome 40 From the restrainment of his Tears no other effect could follow.

restrainable

restraint (n'streint), sb. Also 5-6 restraynt(e, 6 -strainte; 5 restreint(e, -streynt(e. [a. OF.

(ri'strein3b(3)l), a. [f. restrain v.

+ -ABLE.] Capable of being restrained. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 262 Nor is the hand of the Painter more restrainable than the pen of the Poet. 1649 Canne Golden Rule 30 Such a power is restrainable and punishable by the subject. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. i. i. Mad movements both, restrainable by no known rule. 1859 Hawthorne Marb. Faun (1878) II. i. 10 Never quite restrainable within the trammels of social law. 1891 Pall Mall G. 15 Sept. 6/2 That such people should be detainable and restrainable in such public institutions.

restrainte fern, (also restraint masc.), verbal sb. f. restraindre to restrain.] 1. a. The action of restraining or checking a thing, operation, etc.; an instance of this, a stoppage, without restraint, freely, copiously. c 1400 Commandm. Love x. in Stow's Chaucer There let your pitie spred without restreinte.

452 b. 1470-85

RESTRAINT Malory Arthur x. Ixxxvi. 567 Thenne syr Tristram.. made a restraynte of his anger. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. cxc. 193 In conclucyon a restreynt of warre was graunted. 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth. 31b, Somtyme happeneth a restraynt in the small guttes. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. IV. (1586) 190b, The roote and the water thereof, .is good against the.. restraint of womens Purgations. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 240 The restraint of the money, not to be payed but vpon a testimony brought vnder our hands, was a good caution. 1671 Gumble Life Monk 12 The great reason of God’s restraint of his Blessing upon many of these worthy Endeavours. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, Her tears flowed silently and fast. That she might indulge them without restraint, she went [etc.]. 1863 H. Cox Instit. I. ii. 279 A bill for the restraint of the Press was brought into the House of Commons. 1878 Abney Photogr, (1881) 68, i to 2 drops of this solution suffices to give sufficient restraint.

fb. A means of retaining, or controlling. Obs-^ 1695 Kennett Par. Antiq. restraint of water on a river.

RESTRICTED

7S8

Gloss., Sera, a Lock or

c. Something which restrains or holds in check; esp. head restraint, an attachment to the seat of a motor vehicle to prevent the head from jerking back suddenly. 1968 Wall St. Jrnl. 5 Aug. 28/4 American Motors Corp. said it will make head restraints standard equipment on all 1969-model cars. 1972 Times 28 Nov. 5/6 (Advt.), Both front seats recline, have sockets for optional head restraints. 1973 Timer 3 July 1/5 Technically, ahead rest was purely for comfort, whereas a safety device for protecting the head was termed a head restraint. 1976 Amer. Speech ig73 XLVIII. 207 There, if he should become violent, he is placed in restraints ‘straps’ in his room. 1980 Times 29 Feb. 3 (Advt.), The seats are covered in crushed velour with head restraints at the rear as well as the front.

2. a. A means of restraining or checking persons from a course of action, or of keeping them under control; any force or influence which has a restraining effect; an instance of restraining or of being restrained. 1421-2 Hoccleve Dialog 207 A bettar restreynte know I none fro vice. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 259 There was no restraint could hold them. 1625 Bacon Ess., Marriage Single Life, So sensible of euery restraint, as they will goe neare, to thinke their Girdles, and Garters, to be Bonds and Shackles. 1672 Temple Ess., Gov. Wks. 1720 I. 97 All Government is a Restraint upon Liberty. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 144 Where the laws of our country have laid them under necessary restraints. 1784 Cowper Task VI. 49 He could now endure,..And feel a parent’s presence no restraint. 1844 Thirlwall Greece Ixvi. VIII. 427 The insolence of Charops now began to break through every restraint. 1890 Spectator ii Jan., Subjected to the strong restraints of officers in a Queen’s ship at sea.

b. Without article. Restraining action or influence, as applied to persons. moral restraint see moral a. 10 c. 1567 Trial Treas. (1850) 24 So sharpe is this snaffell called restrainte That it maketh me sweate. 1611 Bible Lev. xxiii. 36 It is a solemne assembly [marg. day of restraint]. 1667 Milton P.L. hi. 87 Now Through all restraint broke loose he wings his way. Ibid. ix. 1184 Restraint she will not brook. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 34 Neither is restraint by any means peculiar to one course of life. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 151 (P9 To the happiness of our first years nothing more seems necessary than freedom from restraint. 1820 Shelley (Ed. Tyr. i. 74 Moral restraint I see has no effect. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 179 Still less restraint was imposed by the government.

c. The state or condition of being restrained; esp. abridgement of liberty, confinement. 01547 Surrey in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 14 Thus I alone.. In prison pyne, with bondage and restrainte. 1595 Shaks. John IV. ii. 52 Th’ infranchisement of Arthur, whose restraint Doth moue the murmuring lips of discontent [etc.]. 1663 Butler Hudibras i. iii. 1017 ’Tis not Restraint or Liberty That makes Men prisoners or free. 1676 Dryden Aurengz. iii. i. Though Int’rest his Restraint has justify’d Can Life and to a Brother be deny’d? 1701 De Foe Trueborn Eng Misc. v. 21 Restraint from Ill, is Freedom to the Wise. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wm. (1767) II. xii. 191 Perpetual restraint is perpetual wretchedness. 1846 Trench Mirac. Introd. (1862) 17 Continually we behold in the world around us lower laws held in restraint by higher. 1857 Ruskin Two Paths v. 244 You will find..that it is his Restraint which is honourable to man, not his Liberty.

d. spec, (in above senses) with reference to the treatment of refractory prisoners or insane persons. 1829 in Proc. Lincoln Asylum (1847) 22 The Governors have particularly directed their views to the subject of Coercion and Restraints. 1840 Ibid. 37 Restraint rapidly weakens and depresses the vital powers of the unhappy victim. 1847 Ibid. 28 note, Patients are frequently brought to this Asylum under distressing restraints. attrib. 1846 State Lincoln Asylum 39 Restraint Rooms, Seclusion Rooms, Padded Rooms [etc.]. 1897 ‘E. L. Prescott’ Scarlet & Steel xxxviii, Restraint jacket. Made of No. 3 sail canvas, doubled and quilted with Dutch twine in squares of about four inches.

3. fa. A prohibition. Obs. 1463 Mann. ^ Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 187 Any restraynt or ordenaunce made to the contrary nat wythstandyng. 1482 Rolls of Park. VI. 222/2 A restreint was made that certein thyngs of Silkewerk.. shuld not be brought into this Reame redy wrought. 1526 Pi7gr. Per/. (W. deW. 1531) 238b, The seuenth commaundement.. & the last of the x, in maner also doubleth the restraynt of thefte. 1594 Plat Jewell-ho. 1. 55 To force the sopeboilers (after they had procured a generall restrainte) to growe to composition with them.

b. An embargo. Usually restraint of princes. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxlviii. 317 This same yere was a restraynt of the wullys of Caleys made by the Soudyours. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. i. xxv. 150 Arrest, Restraints and Detainements of Kings and Princes. 1752 Beawes Lex Mercat. Rediv. 244 Of Embargoes, or Restraint

ofPrinces. 1769 Molloy'sDejure Marit. (ed. 9) II. ii. vii. §7. 50 A Policy against Restraint of Princes, will not extend to Practices against the Laws of Countries. 1848 Arnould Marine Insur. II. iii. i. 788 When the further prosecution of the voyage is rendered hopeless.. by blockade,.. and the voyage is accordingly wholly abandoned, that is a loss, by restraint of princes, within the policy, c. restraint of trade, 1890 Statutes at Large U.S.A.ICKW. 209 Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States.. is hereby declared to be illegal. 1913 Halsbury*s Laws of Engl. XXVII. 532 Under the head of restraint of trade by statute come all those cases in which certain trades have been absolutely forbidden by Parliament. 1933 Sutton & Shannon on Contracts xi. 164 A contract in restraint of trade is not contrary to public policy. 1941 Economist 5 Apr. 437/2 The greater danger lies in the growing influence of what the common law knows (and used to condemn) as ‘agreements in restraint of trade’. 1973 N. Y. Law Jrnl. 31 Aug. 1/5 The two-count indictment charged conspiracy in restraint of trade in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

4. Constraint; reserve. 1601 Shaks. All's Well v. iii. 213 She knew her distance, and did angle for mee. Madding my eagernesse with her restraint. 1791 Gouvr. Morris in Sparks Life & Writ. (1832) I. 357, I find that there is much restraint and etiquette here. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. Sterne, etc. ii. 41 He ventured to break through his restraint. 1819 Shelley Cenci I. i. 60 One thing, I pray you, recollect henceforth. And so we shall converse with less restraint. 1877 ‘Rita’ Vivienne i. ii. We are reconciled again, but there is a restraint between us now.

15. Restriction or limitation. Obs. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. xi. §6 The positive laws which Moses gave, they were given for the greatest part with restraint to the land of Jewry. 1597 Ibid. v. Ixxi. §i This restraint of Easter to a certaine number of dayes. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone (1674) 281 The Patent of his admission..; with a restraint..that [etc.]. 1746 Wesley Princ. Methodist 33 Before those words which you suppose to imply such a Restraint—were those spoken without any Restraint or Limitation at all.

t re'straint,/>a. Obs. rare. [a. F. restreint, ^restraint, pa, pple. of restreindre to restrain.] Restrained, restricted. 1444 Rolls of Park. V. 115/2 That be this Act the punischement. .in no wise be restreint. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) i. i, Y* puyssaunce of god is not restraynt nor bounde. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 112 The nexte day this pyt or well wyll be as full as it was, yf it be not restreynt. 1555 Eden Decades vii. (Arb.) 127 The libertie of free passage was restraynt.

t re'straintive, a. Obs. [a. obs. F. restraintif, -ive: see prec. and -IVE.] Restrictive. 1541 Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. lijb. The other seame sowyng hyght restrayntyfe of blode. 1566 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. iii. i. 28 Annoynt it rounde about with some restrayntiue oyntment, a 1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhem. V. T. (1618) 623 It is not rightly compared with Mark 16 and Acts 2, which are more restraintiue to the Apostles times and persons then this is.

re'stream, v. [re- 5 a.] To stream back. ai7ii Ken Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 8 From Bondage I my Love redeem’d, And all my Powers to God re-stream’d.

re'strengthen (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. strengthen again, put new strength into.

To

1577-87 Holinshed Chron., Hist. Scot! I. 333/1 Wherevpon he.. dooth restrengthen the towne and steeple of Glascow. 1611 Florio, Riforzo, a re-enforcing or restrengthening. 1645 Wither Vox Pacifica 108 They, strength receiving, from our false-ones, here. Restrengthen them. 1877 Public Opin. 7 July 10 The restrengthening of her great position as a Power of Central Europe. 1892 Stevenson Lett. (1899) II. 273 Some beer.. to restrengthen the European heart.

restreyn(e, obs. forms of restrain v. frestrial, a. Her. Obs. [Of obscure origin.] Of a shield: Having dividing bands which extend to (or include) the point, the colour of the latter being that of the field. The varieties are described as barry, paly, and ‘sentry’. i486 Bk. St. Albans. Her. bivb, Here shall be shewed what Cootartnuris restryal ben and weer the blaser shall begyn to blase. Ibid., Thre cootarmuris be ther called restryall in armys. 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 204 There were also coates of Armes, called with olde Blazonners Restriall or Rest-triall, because if they were touched or pressed, yet were they able to abide the triall. [Similarly in Guillim (1611) II. vii. 73.]

compassion. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §1.351 The power of preaching was restricted by the issue of licences only to the friends of the Primate.

b. To restrain by prohibition. 1835 Penny Cycl. III. 381/1 The act of 1797, which restricted the Bank from making payments in gold.

2. To tie up, confine by tying. rare~^. 1824 WiFFEN Tasso XVI. xxiii. Gathering up.. Her hair, restricting each resplendent tress.

3. To withhold or keep (a thing) from some person’s knowledge. rare~^. 1802 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit I. 38 It is a very bad compliment paid to your wife, that this secret business of your’s should be restricted from her knowledge.

Hence re'stricting ppl. a. 1848 R. I. WiLBERFORCE Doctr. Incarnation xi. (1852) 258 Such restricting conditions as at present interfere with the growth of the Church. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 17 Sept. 2/3 A minimum of restricting conditions and the slenderest possible examination test.

t re'strict,/>^>/. a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. restrict-us: see prec. So Sp. and Pg. restricto, It. ristretto.'] a. Strict, b. Limited. Also restrict line (see quot. 1678). a 1654 Gat AKER Just Man 224 (Latham), Men.. in some one or two things demeaning themselves as exceedingly restrict, but in many others, or the most things, as remisse. 1678 Phillips (ed. 4), Restrict Line (in Chiromancy) is that which distinguisheth, and separates the hand from the arm, either by a simple or double transcursion. 1681 H. More Exp. Dan. vi. 232 Which Time of the End here has a more restrict signification.

re'strictable, a. [f. restrict v. + -able.] Able to be restricted. *973 I- Robinson Survival of English iii. 82 Economic management is management of human beings, which is just not restrictable to economics.

re'stricted, ppl. a. [f. restrict v. -f- -ed^.] a. Limited, confined. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, III. v. 77 All men of the learned professions, who live in one restricted circle, are liable to suffer. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxviii. 282 The men’s strength was waning under this restricted diet. 1876 Holland Sev. Oaks xi. 147 Dividends that will add permanently to our somewhat restricted sources of income.

b. In which a speed-limit is operative. *933 F. Caldwell God's Little Acre vii. 107 They passed through the other company towns slowing down in the restricted zones. 1939 New Statesman 29 July 196/1 The existing mild supervision of restricted areas is carried out by the so-called ‘speed cops’. 1959 Listener 2 Apr. 603/1 There are cases where a driver is mistaken about a restricted area. c. Of documents, information, etc.: for restricted circulation only (see also quot. 1975); not to be revealed to the general public for reasons of national security. 1944 [see classifiedpp/. a. c]. 1950 [see clear t;. 9 c]. 1957 Ann. Reg. 1956 345 A new model of the R.A.F.’s only fully supersonic fighter flying in Britain.. was taken off the restricted list in August and was demonstrated at the aircraft industry’s annual display at Famborough. 1965 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 2 Sept. (1970) 313 Then President Truman gave us the tour [of the library], with Max asking all sorts of architectural questions—storage, humidity, traffic routing, vaults for documents that were still restricted. 1972 K. Benton Spy in Chancery xv. 180 The Russians always start by asking you to hand over something quite harmless... And then they ask for something that’s on the restricted list, but not really secret. 1972 P. Ruell Red Christmas ix. 83 What I’m going to tell you is restricted information. That means it’s only known to the Prime Minister, [and] security top brass. 1975 Times 8 Feb. 2/1 ‘Restricted’ papers (‘restricted’ is the lowest security classifleation) had been found on my doormat.

d. U.S. Limited to use by non-Jews; denying admission to Jews. 1947 Cosmopolitan Jan. 84/2 Is your inn restricted?.. You mean you do restrict your guests to Gentiles. 1953 P. Frankau Winged Horse i. ix. 41 Draw the slums. Draw the restricted hotels. 1972 W. P. McGivern Caprifoil (1973) xii. 204 Anti-Semitism.. is not only a matter of restricted clubs and colleges’ quotas. 1979 Listener 16 Aug. 204/2 ‘I’m sorry, Mr Marx, but we can’t let you use the pool, this country club is restricted.’.. ‘Well, my daughter’s only half-Jewish, could she go in up to her knees?’

e. Biol. Of a virus: unable to reproduce at its normal rate in certain hosts. Of DNA: subject to degradation by a restriction enzyme.

1. trans. To confine (some person or thing) to or within certain limits; to limit or bound. *535 Lyndesay Satyre 3813 Verteous men that labours

1957 Virology III. 500 A certain proportion of the Ti phage produced is now able to multiply on B(Pi) or Sh (Pi) (‘unrestricted phage’). Single-burst experiments.. showed that about 70% of the yielder cells liberate only normal, ‘restricted’ Ti. The other yielder cells produce a mixture of restricted and unrestricted Ti. 1965 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XIX. 366 Phage A variants can be classified with respect to their state of adaptation.. by determination of the efficiency of plating (eop) on various hosts... A K has an eop of one on Ki2 and C, i.e., it is accepted, nonrestricted. The same phage A K, however, plates only exceptionally on B or on Pi-lysogenic strains: it is said to be restricted. Ibid. 367 The whole population of restricted DNA molecules.

with thair hands, Resonabillie restrictit with sic bands. That thay do service. 1570 FoxE A. & M. (ed. 2) 1474/1 Neither shoulde we haue any more wherwith to vexe them with confessions, cases reserued, restricted, or ampliated for our gayne. 1731 Arbuthnot Aliments vi. (1735) 218 In the Enumeration of Constitutions.. there is not one that can be limited and restricted by such a Distinction. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. iii. ii. (1904) I. 430 The common law of England.. is said to abhor perpetuities, and they are accordingly more restricted there than in any other European monarchy. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. viii. (1852) 224 God himself is yet restricted in the exercise of his

1962 B. Bernstein in Lang. & Speech V. 32 Two general types of code can be distinguished: elaborated and restricted. .. In the case of an elaborated code, the speaker will select from a relatively extensive range of alternatives... In the case of a restricted code the number of these alternatives is often severely limited. 1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Linguistic Sci. 96 Some registers are extremely restricted in purpose. They thus employ only a limited number of formal items and patterns... Such registers are known as restricted languages. 1968 E. W. Gordon in M. Deutsch et al. Social

restrict (ri'stnkt), v. Also 8- Sc. restrick. [f. L. restrict-, ppl. stem (cf. next) of restringere to RESTRINGE.] Designated by Johnson (1755) as ‘a word scarce English’, and included 1^ Dr. Beattie among his Scoticisms (1787).

i

K

f. Of a language system: having a limited syntax and lexicon.

RESTRICTEE ClasSy Race Csf Psychol. Devel. xi. 390 Restricted language.. develops as a product of unilateral decision making in the lower-class home. 1971 Archivum Linguisticum II. 67 Firth advocated what he called ‘partial studies’, e.g. the study of newspaper headlines per se, in which attention would be drawn to features of the ‘restricted language’ itself as well as to contrasts between it and other restricted languages. 1975 Amer. Speech 1973 XLVIII. 35 It has been further suggested that if speakers of a restricted code do not use such conjunctions, their language and probably their logical processes are somehow deficient.

g. Of a person: not allowed to move about freely; confined to a certain area or certain areas. 1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 9/5 ‘If a restricted person can satisfy me that he can obtain residence overseas and that he has a bona fide intention of not returning to South Africa, I cannot refuse his request for an exit permit,’ Mr. Gerdener said. 1971 Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg) 4 Dec. 13/1 Anglican bishops.. are accused of defying the Government by wanting to offer help to people banned or restricted under the Terrorism Act. 1972 Straits Times (Malaysian ed.) 24 Nov. 21/2 Unemployed, and a restricted resident, Chua Ali Kow, 32, was sentenced to two years’ jail.

Hence re'strictedly adv.-, re'strictedness. 1859 Gullick & Timbs Paint. 72 This style., in him., appears most decidedly in all its restrictedness. 1870 Ruskin Lect. Art 98 Whatever is truly great in either Greek or Christian art, is also restrictedly human. 1899 Speaker 29 July 105/2 Lake was essentially an Educator, Goulburn restrictedly an Evangelist.

restrictee (ristnk'ti:). [f.

RESTRICTIVE

759

restrict v.

after detainee.] One whose movement is restricted, usu. reasons.

+ -ee\ freedom of for political

1959 Obsert'er 31 May 6/8 This pay starts in the open camp—no guards, no wire, no warders—at 30s. monthly plus rations. When detainees thus become ‘restrictees’ they are trade tested and trained for various jobs as clerks or artisans, i960 Guardian 24 Dec. 7/1 The Southern Rhodesian (jovernment must now be keen to release the seven detainees and forty restrictees. 1965 Spectator 8 Jan. 35/2 The government can no longer prevent the restrictees from receiving visitors at will and today there is a constant stream on the trains. 1970 Guardian Weekly 21 Feb. 6/4 The main legal advantage that restrictees have over detainees is that their term of restriction is defined.

restriction (ri'strikjan). Also 5 restriccioun. [a. F. restriction, or ad. late L. restriction-em, noun of action f. restringere to restringe. Cf. Sp. restriccion. It. re-, ristrizione.] 1- a. A limitation imposed upon a person or thing; a condition or regulation of this nature. ri4i2 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4792 Crist scheelde t^at your wil or your entente Be sette to maken a restriccioun Of paiement. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 2807 That al the temporal lands Be set in few.., With sic restrictiouns as sail be devysit. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 264 The restrictions of this former conclusion are these. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 225 It necessarily suffering such restrictions as take of generall illations. 1693 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) III. 190 Giving security to export yearly i50,ooo£ worth of English manufacture, with some other restrictions. 1728-9 Swift’s Lett. (1768) IV. 19 All restrictions of marriage are odious in the civil law, and not favoured by the common law, especially after the age of one and twenty. 1772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) II. 117 The restrictions under which our first parents were laid. 1822 Scott Peveril xlviii, A restriction which he supposed as repugnant to his Majesty’s feelings as it was to his own. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 371 That one restriction of the royal prerogative had been mischievous did not prove that another restriction would be salutary. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §6. 398 The old restrictions on the use of the pulpit were silently removed.

b. The action or fact of limiting or restricting. 1629 H. Burton Truth’s Triumph 95 With speciall restriction too, as iustifying a man onely from originall sinne. 1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 76 The law of nature gives Fathers a power over their children without restriction. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 145 Yet this must be understood with some restriction. 1829 I. Taylor Enthus. iv. (1867) 91 There is something incongruous in the idea of a revelation enveloped in menace and restriction. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop Ixvii, It was the day.. which threatened the restriction of Mr. Quilp’s liberty. 1874 Green Hist. Eng. ix. §2. 604 Not only was the Monarchy restored, but it was restored without restriction or condition.

c. attrib., as restriction act, order. 1835 Penny Cycl. III. 380/2 Not.. until 1797, when the celebrated Bank Restriction Act was passed. 1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 319/1 Progress of Banking in England down to Restriction Order of 1797.

d. Deliberate limitation of industrial output. 1888 W. E. Nicholson Gloss. Terms Coal Trade 71 Restriction, an arrangement or understanding among the hewers limiting their day’s work to something less than a fair ordinary day’s work. 1930 Economist 22 Mar. 652/1 At the same time, restriction is being maintained in Oklahoma, while in Texas, although the State Governor views all restriction schemes as a breach of the Anti-Trust laws, a certain amount of voluntary restriction is in force. 1931 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. July 89 Restriction is practised by the non-union worker just as much as it is by the member of a trade union. 1961 Problems of Progress in Industry No. 11 p. 11 If their [sc. workers’] standards are lower than those considered as reasonable by managers, such behaviour is usually called ‘restriction of output’.

2. a. Logic. (See later quots.) 1551 Robinson tr. More’s Utopia 11. (1895) 185 They haue not deuysed one of all those rules of restryctyons, amplyfycatyons, and supposytyons, very wittelye muented in the small Logycalles, whyche heare oure chyldren m euerve place do learne. t727“3® Chambers Cycl., Restriction, among logicians, is understood of the limiting a

term, so as to make it signify less than it usually does. 1850 Sir W. Hamilton Disc. (1853) App. 11. 692 Table of the mutual relations of the eight propositional forms... Restriction, sub-alternation. 1864 F. Bowen Logic vi. 169 In some cases the Restriction (Subalternation) and the Integration may be bilateral, b. = RESERVATION 4 b. (Usu. With mental.) 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 169 Making use to this purpose of their mental Restriction. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 638/2 They have now divided mental restriction into two main heads. 1884 Catholic Diet. (1897) 620/2 If the restriction is of such a nature that it cannot be perceived by the hearer, then the person who uses it certainly sins.

saloons by one-half. 1941 Economist 29 Mar. 406/1 The preservation of the margins of, say, August, 1939, as maxima, may simply do the work of monopolists or restrictionists for them. 1951 Sun (Baltimore) 19 Mar. 1/2 A powerful bloc of ‘restrictionists’ is threatening to strike a successful blow at freedom of information in the name of the United Nations. 1962 Listener 8 Mar. 400/1 A restrictionist policy which the unions have denounced as the cause of most of the trouble. 1965 New Statesman 30 Apr. 673/1 What is needed is.. a restrictionist philosophy in the field of reproduction.. coupled with an expansionist philosophy in the field of production and distribution of all the other good things of life.

3. fa. Med. Constipation; suppression. Obs.

restrictive (n'stnktiv), a. and sb. Also 6 restryct-. [ad. F. restrictif, -ive, = Sp. and Pg. restrictivo. It. restrittivo, ad. late L. restrictiv-us: see RESTRICT V. and -ive.] A. adj. fl- = RESTRINGent a. i. Obs.

A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 47b/i The Cholicke, the restrictione or constipatione. 1599 - tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 219/1 For restrictione of the flowers, and for the corroboratione of the Harte. 1597

b. Constriction, compression, rare. 1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 99 An Uneasiness.. that was attended with a slight Restriction of Breath. 1871 Figure Training 31 Notwithstanding that severe restriction of the waist suddenly applied appears likely to prove most irksome, if not injurious.

4. Math. A function / whose domain is a subset of a given function g, whose codomain is the codomain of^, and for which/(x) = G(jc) for all X in the domain of /. Also restriction mapping. & Pollak Algebraic Topology viii. 168 Since f is a restriction of g, we have that the map g of H(A) into H(B) which is reduced by g is exactly the same as the map ?. 1963 D. Bushaw Elem. Gen. Topology 147 If/: X Y and A «/. Physiol XXIV. p. x, The fibres of reticular or retiform tissue are anatomically continuous with, and histologically identical with, the white fibres of connective tissue. According to Siegfried they are however chemically different, for they yield not only gelatin, but also a new substance he has named reticulin. 1902 Ibid. XXVIII. 321 Miss Tebb believes that reticulin is collagen, which has been changed by alcohol and ether. 1930 Amer. Jrnl. Path. VI. 631 In successful preparations, reticulin stains black while collagen bundles stain yellow, thereby fortifying Mall’s conclusion that reticulin.. is a substance different from collagen. 1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 133 Following up an observation.. that incubation with Cl\pstridium\ welchii Type A filtrates causes rapid disintegration of muscle, and that this is due .. to destruction of the reticulin scaffolding. Oakley et al... have confirmed the presence of a collagenase enzyme in such filtrates. 1973 Law & Oliver Gloss. Histopath. Terms 118 Reticular fibres. These elements of connective tissue are often loosely referred to as ‘reticulin’ which perhaps more accurately should be confined to the constituent protein. A long-standing controversy still rages over their relationship with collagen fibres; although reticular fibres possess a strong argyrophilia and collagen fibres do not.. examination under the electron microscope shows no basic structural dissimilarity. 1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 30 Phagocytes attached to reticulin fibrils line sinusoids in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and certain endocrine glands such as the anterior pituitary, adrenal and thymus glands.

reticulitis

(ntikju'laitis). Vet. Sci. [f. + -iTis.] Inflammation of the reticulum of a ruminant,

reticul(um

1905 Moussu & Dollar Dis. Cattle, Sheep, Goats ^ Swine v. 186 Rumenitis or reticulitis may., follow the ingestion of irritant foods or plants. 1970 A. R. Jennings Animal Path. v. 91 A common cause of reticulitis is the penetration of the reticular wall by a sharp foreign object.

re'ticulo-, combining form of L. reticulum, as in reticuloramosBy -venose. (Cf. reticulato-.) 1775 J. Jenkinson tr. Linnaeus' Brit. PI. Gloss, s.v., A reticulo-venose leaf, is a leaf whose surface is full of veins somewhat like net-work. 1875 Blake Zool. 331 In Retepora the polypary is reticulo-ramose, or perforated reticularly and calcareous.

reticulocyte

(ri'tikjubusait).

Med.

[f.

RETICULO- H—CYTE.] a. A red blood cell which

has lost its nucleus but is not yet mature, characterized by a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained. 1922 E. B. Krumbhaar in Jrnl. Lab. Sf Clin. Med. VIII. 11 The presence of reticulated or ‘skeined’ erythrocytes.. in the peripheral blood.. has.. in the last decade.. assumed clinical importance as an index of the activity of blood formation. I would suggest.. that when the normal percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood is exceeded, the condition be designated ‘reticulosis’... The word ‘reticulocyte’ might similarly be substituted for ‘reticulated erythrocytes’. 1956 Nature 28 Jan. 190/1 Although reticulocytes have practically their full complement of haemoglobin, evidence from amino-acid incorporation studies suggests that these cells, unlike mature erythrocytes, still have protein-synthesizing capacity. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 12 The mammalian reticulocyte continues to synthesize haemoglobin for some days after elimination of the cell nucleus.

b, attrib. y as reticulocyte leroel\ reticulocyte count, the proportion or concentration of reticulocytes in the blood. 1922 E. B. Krumbhaar in Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. VIII. 14 The temporary rise in the reticulocyte count immediately after transfusions were begun was found in another dog, and considered by us as probably due to bone marrow irritation. 1961 Lancet 26 Aug. 490/1 The reticulocyte and platelet counts were 36% and 228,000 per c. mm. respectively. 1980 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. 892/1 Thirty patients receiving haemodialysis.. showed significant increases (p < 0 001).. in reticulocyte count. 1946 Nature 2 Nov. 627/1 All the rabbits used in these experiments showed a normal reticulocyte level of 10-2 0 per cent.

reticulocytosis (n.tikjulausai'tausis). Med. [f. prec. + -osis.] The presence in the blood of abnormally many reticulocytes. 1926 in R. J. E. Scott Gould's Med. Diet, iiio/i. 1929 Arch. Internal Med. XLIV. 502 {heading) Reticulocytosis produced by liver extract. 1956 Nature 28 Jan. 190/2 Preparations of rabbit blood containing 70-90 per cent reticulocytes, obtained following reticulocytosis induced by phenylhydrazine. 1977 Jrnl. Clin. Invest. LIX. 639/2 Patients with reticulocytosis.. did not have increased denatured hemoglobin. 1980 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. 893/2

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL The delayed onset of reticulocytosis after the beginning of cytolysis suggests that hepatocyte regeneration rather than hepatocyte destruction was the stage when this erythropoietin secretion occurred.

re.ticuloendo'thelial, a.

Med. Also with hyphen. [ad. G. retikulo-endothelial: cf. RETicuLO- and endothelial adj. s.v. endo-.] Of, pertaining to, or designating a diverse system of tissues and cells characterized by their phagocytic ability and now known to be involved in the immune response. The circulating monocytes of the blood are now usu. included, but formerly were excluded by some authors. 1924 Phystol. Rev. IV. 548 In various experimental conditions.. the whole reticulo-endothelial system, all the histiocytes in the body and chiefly in the abdominal organs and in the bone marrow are entering a phase of functional stimulation. 1929 Lancet 5 Oct. 711/1 The distribution of reticulo-endothelial cells might be determined by the injection into animals of various dye substances which were taken up by the cells. 1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 291 Until recently it was generally held that antibody formation is the function of the ‘reticuloendothelial system’ i.e., phagocytic tissue cells. 1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 7 Reticuloendothelial rather than bloodborne cells participate. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 523/1 From this sort of information we can derive circumstantial evidence in favour of impaired reticuloendothelial function in patients with liver disease.

reticuloendotheliosis

(ri.tikjobuendau Giili'susis). Med. Also with hyphen, [ad. G. reticuloendotheliose (O. Ewald 1924, in Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med. CXLII. 227): see prec. and -osis.] Hyperplasia of some part of the reticuloendothelial system. 1926 Q. Cumulative Index Current Med. Lit. XII. 591/1 Reticulo-endothelial reaction or ‘reticulo-endotheliosis’ (leukemia form?). 1933 J'rn/. Path. & Bacteriol. XXXVII. 327 The other group of cases (in which sinus reticulum is affected) is represented by monocyte leukaemia, and by certain of the cases described as systematic aleukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. 1958 R. W. Raven Cancer II. xxiv. 452 The word reticuloendotheliosis was originally used, by analogy with myelosis and lymphadenosis, to describe a systematized proliferation of ‘reticuloendothelial cells’, of which the monocytes are representatives in the circulating blood. Both leukaemic and aleukaemic forms of reticulo¬ endotheliosis were recognized. 1978 Nature 20 July 269/2 ‘Pool’ sensitisation of T cells from patients with hairy cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) gives rise to CTL [sc. cytotoxic T lymphocytes] that lyse autologous leukaemia cells but not autologous normal lymphocytes.

re.ticulosar'coma.

Path. [ad. F. reticulosarcome (C. Oberling 1928, in Bull, de r Assoc. Fran false pour VEtude du Cancer XVII. 279): see RETICULO- and sarcoma.] A sarcoma arising from the reticuloendothelial system. 1938 Jrnl. Path. ^ Bacteriol. XLVII. 473 The idea of grouping all the neoplastic conditions of reticular tissue under the generic term reticulosarcoma. 1953 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. XLI. 75 {heading) Multiple reticulosarcoma of the duodenum and jejunum. Ibid. 76/2 Description and classification of reticulosarcomata. 1958 R. W. Raven Cancer II. xxiv. 452 In 1928 Oberling introduced the name reticulo-sarcoma as a generic term for all neoplasms of the LRS [sc. lymphoreticular system]: since then varieties such as lymphocytic and lymphoblastic reticulosarcomas.. and sundry more disputable cytological types have been listed. 1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 31 If the growth contains a large number of reticulin fibres, as revealed by special staining methods, the growth is called a reticulosarcoma.

reticulose (ri'tikjubus), a. [f. L. reticul-um + -OSE.] Of the nature of, resembling, network. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. xlvi. 271 Reticulose,.. having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions. 1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 373/1 The testaceous Foraminifera. .afford the best means of.studying the life-history of the ‘reticulose’ type.

reticulosis

(ritikju'busis). Med. PI. -oses (-busiiz). [ad. G. retikulose (E. Letterer 1924, in Frankfurter Zeitschr. f. Path. XX. 392): see RETICULO- and -osis.] Proliferative disease of reticuloendothelial cells. Quot. 1922 s.v. RETICULOCYTE a illustrates a different sense. 1932 B. D. PuLLiNGER in Rose Res. on Lymphadenoma 134 The term ‘reticulo-endotheliosis’ is not applicable to any member of the group. The term ‘reticulose’ or ‘reticulosis’ (Letterer) is more suitable. 1958 R. W. Raven Cancer II. xxiv. 453 The term reticulosis was first used in 1924, when Letterer described his original case of what is now often known as Letterer-Siwe disease: he interpreted the case as a variety of ‘aleukaemia’, which he named.. aleukamische Retikulose bzw. Retikuloendotheliose... In 1934, Letterer stated that the term reticulosis should be used.. only in relation to a systematized proliferation of reticulum cells, in which these cells did not proceed to form.. fibres. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 46/2 The subject of the symposium held on the second afternoon was The Reticuloses; it dealt with management of the leukaemias in children and adults, and of Hodgkin’s disease and the nonHodgkin lymphomas.

reticulum (n'tikjubm).

[L. reticulum, dim. of rite net: cf. reticule.] l.Anat. a. The second stomach of a ruminant. 1658 Sir T. Browne Card. Cyrus iii. 55 The Reticulum, or Net-like Ventricle of ruminating homed anirnals. 1676 Grew Musaeum, Anat. Stomach & Guts vi. 27 The Reticulum forthwith throws it up into the Gulet and Mouth. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ruminant, The.. reticulum,

RETINACULUM

779 which we call the honeycomb. 1782 A. Monro's Compar. Anatomy 76 The second stomach., is called.. reticulum, honeycomb, the bonnet or king’s-hood. 1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. V. S37/i In the reticulum the walls remain smooth and do not exhibit any very evident traces of the contained water-cells. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 559 The reticulum is succeeded by the psalterium (omasus).

fb. The omentum or mesentery. Obs. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Reticulum, the same with Omentum. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl., Reticulum, the caul, or omentum; a name sometimes given this part from its netlike structure.

2. a. Arch. Reticulated work. rare~^. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 140/2 In the city of Salino are still to be seen remains of some walls, evidently of Roman origin from the reticulum.

b. Bot. (See quots.) 1835 Lindley Introd. Bot. (1839) 144 The fibrous sheath at the base of the leaves of Palms, called reticulum by some. 1856 Henslow Diet. Bot. Terms 157 Reticulum, the debris of crossed fibres about the base of the petioles in Palms.

c. A net-like structure; a membrane, etc., having a reticulated form or appearance. 1858 Carpenter Veg. Phys. §199 The ribs forming a reticulum, or minute net-work. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 82 A ve^ fine supporting reticulum is arranged around the radial spicula. 3. Astr. ~ RETICULE 3. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 422/1. 1870 Proctor Other Worlds than Ours xii. 287 The extension of some of these streams in the constellations Grus, Hydra, Reticulum, &c.

4. a. Histology. Retiform tissue forming part of the reticuloendothelial system. 1870 H. Power tr. Strieker's Man. Human & Compar. Histol. I. ii. 65 A remarkable form of connective tissue occurs in the supporting and investing reticulum of the glands of the lymphatic system and allied organs in connection with their blood capillaries, and around the fasciculi of fibrillar connective tissue. Ibid. 66 In the fresh condition, the reticulum is soft and easily tom. 1896 Jo/im Hopkins Hasp. Rep. I. 171 A tissue practically identical with reticulum is widely distributed throughout the body. Ibid. 202 Since they [5c. liver fibrils] seem to be identical with the reticulum of lymphatic glands, spleen and mucous membrane, I shall retain for them the name reticulum. 1964 Jrnl. Exper. Med. CXX. 1083 The most interesting feature .. of this reticulum web in primary follicles is its possible importance in the induction of immune responses. Ibid. 1084 A fine web of phagocytic reticulum in primary follicles was found to be responsible for antigen localization.

b. Cytology. The firmer parts of the cytoplasm; Obs. except in endoplasmic reticulum, a complex and often extensive system of membrane in the cytoplasm of a cell, containing RNA and involved in protein synthesis. 1891 Quain’s Elem. Anat. (ed. 10) I. 173 (caption) Protoplasm, showing a reticulum of plastin. Ibid., In most cells .. it is found that a differentiation of the protoplasm has occurred in such a manner that a part of it appears under high powers of the microscope in the form of a network or spongework... The network is known as the reticulum or spongioplasm. 1896 [see enchylema]. 1948 Porter & Thompson In Jrnl. Exper. Med. LXXXVIII. 24b (caption) The relatively large mitochondria lie amidst strands of the endoplasmic reticulum. 1953 Ibid. XCVII. 736 This component is absent from the thinner (ectoplasmic) margins of the cell and appears instead to occupy the central or endoplasmic portions of the cytoplasm. From its location and form it has come to be referred to as the endoplasmic reticulum and by this name it has been noted in previous reports. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, iii. 52 The endoplasmic reticulum, when viewed under an electron microscope, resembles a thin tubular network. 1976 Sci. Amer. Mar. 27/1 There were striking changes in the ultrastructure of the liver cell: the mitochondria.. were enlarged and distorted, and the smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of enzymes associated with the metabolism of alcohol and other substances, proliferated. C. Histology. = RETICULIN. 1927 Amer. Jrnl. Path. III. 524 Reticulum as a chemically distinct intercellular substance does not exist; it is collagen in separated form, rendered prominent by the silver stain. 1941 Cancer Res. I. 234/1 By using a method which differentiates collagen from reticulum, we have found that, as age advances, there is a transformation of the latter into the former in the endometrium.

5. Special Comb.; reticulum cell, variously used to denote cells of the reticuloendothelial system; cf. reticular cell s.v. reticular a. i a (iii); [the sense is due to Ribbert, who used G. reticulumzell {Beitr. zu path. Anat. u. zu allg. Path. (1889) VI. 206)]. 1912 E. A. Schafer Textbk. Microsc. Anat. 400 The ramified cells which cover the reticular tissue of the lymphsinus often contain a considerable number of pigmentgranules, especially in the medulla of the gland. These reticulum-cells are phagocytic. 1939 Cooper & Jones Human Histol. iv. 44 There is no obvious matrix, and the unhampered connective tissue or reticulum cells possess active phagocytic properties. igy$ Jrnl. Path. CXVII. 119 The terms reticular cell and reticulum cell are widely and variously used to describe cells in lymph-nodes. It has been suggested.. that the term reticulum cell should be applied to cells in lymph-nodes which are not readily described as macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells or leukocytes and that the term reticular cell should be reserved for the dendritic reticular cell of Nossal et al. Ibid. 121 Reticulum cell, heterogeneous group of cells some of which bind antigen, some of which synthesise DNA, some of which may be macrophage precursors. Ibid., The term ‘reticulum’ cell appears a useful omnibus word to describe all the mesenchymal cells of the lymphoreticular tissue which cannot at present be clearly categorised. Clearly as more is learned about these cells, fewer cells will fall within

the category ‘reticulum cell’. Ibid. 122 The popliteal lymph nodes showed macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and a heterogeneous group of cells here described as reticulum cells.

retie (ri:-), u. Also 8-tye. [re-5 a.] trans. To tie (something) again. Also absol. 1711 Gay Rural Sports 134 Let the fisherman.. Encrease his tackle, and his rod retye. 1864 Meredith Sandra Belloni xxiv, Having untied it, he retied it with care. 1892 Mrs. H. Ward David Grieve ii. vii. She came up to her father’s chair, put his hair straight, re-tied his tie. 1954 A. G. L. Hellyer Encycl. Garden Work 106/2 If there is any doubt on this point, do not disturb the scion but retie at once.

retiform ('rirtifoim), a. [ad. mod.L. retiform~is, f. rete net: see -form. So F. retiforme, It., Sp., and Pg. retiforme.] Having the form of a net. 1691 Ray Creation ii. (1692) 27 The retiform tunicle is whitish, for the better and more true Reception of the Species of things. 1704 Ibid. (ed. 4) 292 If any [light] be by the retiform Coat reflected. 1777 T. Percival Ess. I. 15 A.. canal,.. divided into similar lesser ones,.. at last collected into a retiform contexture. 1803 Med. Jrnl. X. 238 The most beautiful retiform distribution I ever beheld. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 106/2 Organs of respiration retiform or aerian. 1876 Bristowe Th. Pract. Med. (1878) 21 The central nervous organs and the lymphatic glands possess a peculiar form of connective tissue, termed ‘retiform’.

Hence f retl'formous a. Obs. rare-^. 1730 Chamberlayne Relig. Philos. I. xiv. §10 Encompassed and fastened together by a Reti-formous Body lying between the Cutis and Cuticula.

re'till, t;. [re-5 a.] trans. To till again. 1614 Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue i. 187 These fat Fields wee have but now re-tild.

re'timber (ri:-), u. [re-5 c.] trans. To furnish again with timber or woodwork. reforest.

Also, to

1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 159 The pumps will be placed in the air-shaft, which has been retimbered since the fire. 1899 Daily News 27 Sept. 3/5 Putting down entirely new cement foundations, and entirely retimbering the place. 1924 J. A. Hammerton Countries of World HI. 1928/1 The state., is responsible for the systematic retimbering of the Alps in the upper valley of the Durance.

re-tin (ri:-), I), [re- 5 c.] trans. To plate afresh with tin. Hence re-'tinning vbl. sb. 1843 Holtzapffel Turning I. 451 The grease often penetrates so deeply.. that the re-tinning is sometimes scarcely possible. 1895 Spon's Workshop Rec. (ed. 2) Ser. i. 35S/i Retinning Old Copper Pans.

retina ('rstina). Also 5-6 reth-.

[ad. med.L. retina (?f. L. rete net). So It., Sp., and Pg. retina, F. retine (1314).] The innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball (esp. of vertebrates), which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 241 Of pe substaunce of dura matris is engendrid rethina, pat is pe )?inne skyn pat goip without pe i3e, pat is clepid pe vilm of pe i^e. 1525 tr. Jerome of Brunswick's Surg. Bj b/2 The thyrde [coat] groweth of the senowe optico; the inner parte therof is named retina. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. E iij b, Of the inwarde party is called rethina and of the outwarde parte on the humour Crystallyn it hyght Aranea. 1619 Purchas Microcosmus viii. 89, I omit the Tunicle,.. the Retina, and the rest. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 536 The Retina was also streaked with very apparent sanguineous Vessels. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man 1. iii. §4. 379 The Pictures made by Objects upon the Retina. 1777 Priestley Matt. & Spir. (1782) I. X. 129 The brain is of the very same substance with the retina, and optic nerves. 1811 Wood Optics vi. 139 The images cannot, in both cases, fall upon corresponding points of the retinas. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. xii. 90,1 found that the objects before me made duplicate impressions upon my diseased retina. 1897 Nature i Feb. 296/1 Kiihne’s observations were made on the retinae of frogs and rabbits. fig. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy ii. v, This identical bowlinggreen .. became curiously painted.. upon the retina of my uncle Toby’s fancy. 1807 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 45 The more just refraction of the rays shall paint the picture in its true colours on the retina of his mind. 1854 Brewster More Worlds i. 8 The image of the future is the last picture which is effaced from the retina of the mind.

retinacular

(reti'naekjulaCr)), a. [f. next.] Relating to, of the nature of, a retinaculum. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 157 They frequently possess the retinacular apparatus binding the fore- and hind-wings together.

II retinaculum (reti'naekjubm). PI. -ula. [L. retinaculum, f. retinere to hold back, retain.] fl.Surg. (See quot.) Obs.-^ 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl., Retinaculum, the name of a chirurgical instrument used in castration, and in the operation for a hernia, to prevent the intestines from falling into the scrotum.

2. Ent. a. (See quot. 1826.) 1825 T. Say Explan. Terms Entom. 29. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. xxxiii. 391 The Retinaculum, a minute horny moveable scale or plate with which the darts are furnished, which prevents their dislocation by being shot forth too far.

b. An arrangement of hooks, or of hooks and bristles, whereby the fore and hind wings of insects are interlocked when in flight. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 393 Wings horizontal for the most part or deflected, guarded by a retinaculum with few exceptions. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 500 The fore and hind wings may be connected together by retinacula, either a series of booklets

on the fore-edge of the hind wings.., or a hook and bristle with a bundle of stout hairs.

c. In collembolans, a fused pair of appendages which hold back the furcula before releasing it for a spring. 1923 H. M. Lefroy Man. Entomol. 15 A curious appendage, the so-called ‘catch’ or retinaculum,.. holds the furca in place when not in use. 1939 H. Womersley Primitive Insects S. Austral 81 When the retinaculum releases the spring, the latter strikes the ground, forcing the insect to leap a considerable distance. 1969 R. F. Chapman Insects xiv. 264 The appendages of the third and fourth segments of the abdomen of many Collembola form the retinaculum and the furca which are used in locomotion.

3. Bot.

(See quot. 1849.)

1849 Balfour Man. Bot. §421 In Orchids, each of the pollen masses has a prolongation or stalk,. .which often adheres to a prolongation at the base of the anther.. by means of a viscid tenacious matter secreted by cells, and denominated retinacula. i8S7 Henfrey Bot. 119. 1861 Bentley Bot. 262.

retinal

('rEtinsel), sb.

-AL^.]

=

aldehyde.

Biochem. [f. retin(a + usu. spec, vitamin Also reti'naldehyde in the same

retinene;

sense. 1944 Morton & Goodwin in Nature i Apr. 406/1 The elegance and accuracy of Wald’s work on retinal extracts makes us hesitate to suggest that the term retinene is inappropriate. Unfortunately, it suggests a retinal carotenoid... Perhaps retinaldehyde is more appropriate than retina/, i960 Jrn/. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXXII. 5581/1 The pure substance hitherto known as retinene shall be designated retinal. 1963 Nature 30 Mar. 1279/1 In accordance with recent recommendations of the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, we shall use hereafter the following terminology: for vitamin A, ‘retinol’; for vitamin A aldehyde (retinene), ‘retinal’ or ‘retinaldehyde’; for vitamin A acid, ‘retinoic acid’. 1968 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) xl. 902 Upon bleaching, rhodopsin dissociates to yield the protein, opsin, and a carotenoid, retinal (formerly retinene or vitamin Ai-aldehyde). 1969 Nature i Feb. 432/1 Retinaldehyde forms a Schiff base with an aliphatic aminogroup on opsin. 1976 Sci. Amer. June 42/2 Retinal, complexed with various proteins, or opsins, is the chromophore of all visual pigments in animals.

retinal ('retinal), a.

[f.

retina

+

-ALb]

Pertaining or relating to the retina. 1838 Penny Cycl. X. 138/2 There is no doubt of the existence of the retinal membrane, which was discovered by Dr. Jacob of Dublin. 1855 Bain Senses & Int. ii. ii. §5 It is immaterial whether the retinal presentations be two.. or thousands. 1872 Huxley Physiol, ix. 223 The red lines are the retinal blood-vessels.

Hence 'retinally adv., with respect to or by means of the retina. 1970yr«/. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 228 The results clearly indicate that retinally disorienting novel outline shapes from training to test does not lead to recognition disturbances. 1974 Sci. Amer. Jan. 79/1 Tilted-head subjects recognized the environmentally upright (but retinally tilted) figures about as well as the upright observers did. 1980 Ibid. Jan. 92/3 In normal three-dimensional viewing it is quite irrelevant whether or not a baseboard is retinally collinear with a molding.

retinalite (’retinslait). Min. [f. Gr.

pijTivi) resin + -LITE.] A variety of serpentine which has a resinous lustre.

1836 T. Thomson Min., GeoL, etc. I. 201 Retinalite.. is.. totally different from Serpentine. It often contains mixed with it a quantity of carbonate of lime. 1896 Chester Diet. Min. s.v.

retinaphtha (reti'ntefGa). Chem. [f. as prec. + A hydrocarbon formed during the distillation of resin; toluene.

NAPHTHA.]

1838 R. D. Thomson in Brit. Ann. 329. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem., Org. (1862) 655 Toluol, or benzoene,.. appears to be identical with the retinaphtha obtained by Pelletier.. from the distillation of rosin.

retinasphalt (retin'sesfaelt). Also -asphalt-um. [f. Gr. p7)TLvr) resin + L. asphaltum asphalt. So F. retinasphalte.] A fossil resin found with lignite. a. 1804 Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XCIV. 410 As it has been proved to consist partly of a resin and partly of a bituminous substance, I am induced to call it Retinasphaltum. 1826 Henry Elem. Chem. II. 318 Retinasphaltum .. has no elasticity; but is brittle, and breaks with a glassy fracture. Its colour is pale ochre yellow; its specific gravity i'i35. /3. 1816 Jameson Syst. Min. (ed. 2) II. 411. 1818 W. Phillips Outlines Min. & Geol. (ed. 3) 71 Retinasphalt.. is brittle and soft, and consists of resin, asphalt and earth. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem., Org. (1862) 124 Fossil Resins, and Bitumen. —These substances include amber, retinasphalt, asphalt, retinite.

re'tincture, v.

[re- 5 a.] intr. To effect a second

tincture. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 74 By a super-addition of the oyl of Vitriol you may re-tincture as before.

t'retinence. Obs. rare-^. [ad. L. retinentia, f. retinere to coherence.

RETINOL

780

RETINAL

retain:

see

-ence.]

Power

of

1642 H. More Song of Soul iii. i. xiii. Wks. (Grosart) 105 When once an end Is put unto this life, and fate doth rend Our retinence; what follows nought at all Belongs to us.

f'retinency. Obs. rare. [Cf. prec. and

-ency.]

The fact or capability of retaining something; retentiveness. a 1640 Jackson Creed x. x. Wks. IX. 55 Original sin.. is a positive retinency of the flesh or corrupt nature of man. 1709 F. Hauksbee Phys.-Mech. Exper. v. (1719) 117 The Canals will restore themselves so far forth by their Elasticity, till the Momentum of their Retinency becomes equal to that of the diminish’d Pressure.

retinene ('retmiin).

Biochem. [f. retin(a -h -ENE.] Either of two closely related yellow carotenoids, the aldehydes of vitamins A, and A2 respectively {spec, that of the former), which occur esp. in the retina combined with opsin as rhodopsin; (sometimes followed by distin¬ guishing numeral). Now more usu. known as retinal. 1934 G. Wald in Nature 14 July 65/1 In the retinas of dark adapted animals, no xanthophyll and only a trace of vitamin A occurs. Instead their chloroform extracts contain a third carotenoid with novel properties. I have named this substance retinene. 1950 Sci. News XV. 17 Kiihne found, when visual purple is acted on by light, that a new substance is formed which he called visual yellow. The latter has now been shown to be closely related to, if not identical with, the aldehyde of vitamin A], called retinene-i. 1956 Nature zS Jan. 176/1 In the retina, the retinene formed by bleaching rhodopsin ordinarily is reduced to vitamin A. 1970 Ibid. 22 Aug. 778/1 Vision..is triggered by isomerization of the carotenoid, retinene.

re'tinian, a. rare. [f.

retina.] Retinal. 1881 Athenseum 2 July 19/2 One [form of Daltonism] is named retinian torpor, persons affected with which are as if in poor light; other rays than blue are indistinct.

re'tinic, a. Chem. [f. Gr. pTfrivt] resin.] retinic acid, an acid found in retinasphalt. 1844 Fownes Chem. 541 The soluble portion, the retinic acid of Prof. Johnston, contains C2iH]40s.

retinite (’retinait). Min. Also -it. [a. F. retinite (1795)1 f- Gr. prjrivq resin -I- -ITE.] a. Retinasphalt. b. A mineral resin derived from brown coal. c. Pitchstone. 1821 Ure Diet. Chem., Retinite, retin-asphalt... It is found at Bovey Tracey in Devonshire, adhering to brown coal. 1853 — — Diet. Arts I. 892 Resin, pitch, tar, oil, retinite, or other substance .. capable of yielding carburetted hydrogen gas. 1862 Scrope Volcanos 90 Clay is occasionally turned into jasper; marl into pechstein or retinite.

retinitis (rsti'naitis). Path. [f.

retina + -itis.]

a. Acute inflammation of the retina. 1861 Bumstead Ven. Dis. (1879) 723 Retinitis is by no means as frequent a symptom of secondary syphilis as iritis. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 532 A specimen of pigmentary retinitis, with commencing lenticular opacity. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 828 The retinal degeneration of diabetes, constituting the ‘diabetic retinitis’ of some authors.

b. retinitis pigmefitosa [mod.L.: fem. of pigmentosuSy i. pigment-um pigment + ~dsus: see -OSE^], a chronic, hereditary form of retinitis characterized by the occurrence of black pigment in the retina and leading gradually to blindness. 1861 Amer. Med. Monthly fef N. Y. Rev. XV. 183 Let us hope that there may soon be found a remedy for retinitis pigmentosa. 1865 Ophthalmic Rev. I. 47 The occurrence of pigment in the retina.., on account of its marked character in the case of the Spanish Marquis Ariani, was called morbus Arianus, an appellation which has, since Donders’s pathological and anatomical researches, become changed into that of retinitis pigmentosa. 1910 Encycl. Brit. X. 98/1 Where the connective tissue elements are primarily affected [by retinal inflammation], the condition is a slow one, similar to sclerosis of the central nervous system. The gradual blindness which this causes is due to compression of the retinal nerve elements by the connective tissue hyperplasia, which is always associated with characteristic changes in the disposition of the retinal pigment. This retinal sclerosis is consequently generally known as retinitis pigmentosa, a disease to which there is a hereditary predisposition. 1925 Amer. Jrnl. Ophthalm. VIII. 375/1 Since the eye changes are so constantly associated with bodily defects, hereditary, congenital and acquired, the nervous system may be the primary seat of the affection of which retinitis pigmentosa is only the ocular expression. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics x. 242 Retinitis pigmentosa, a serious disease of the eye which has been much studied, may be determined by at least five separate genes of which only one is clinically distinguishable from the rest. 1969 Listener 16 Jan. 66/1 One serious congenital abnormality—a form of blindness manifest in adults, retinitis pigmentosa—the early symptoms of which are likely to appear after a man is married and had children, who will then continue to carry the gene.

re-'tinker (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To patch up; to try to improve. Hence re'tinkered ppl. a. 1864 Spectator 440 He only sent the reports back for the Inspectors to re-tinker. 1868 Browning Ring iSf Bk. xi. 364 Our fire-new gospel is re-tinkered law.

retino- ('retinsu-), comb, form of retina, used in terms in Med., as ,retinobla'stoma (pi. -omata) [see blasto-, -oma], a malignant, familial tumour of the retina occurring chiefly in young children; retino-'cerebral a., of or pertaining to the retina and the brain; .retinocho'roidal a., pertaining to the retina and to the choroid; .retinochoroi'ditis = choroidol

V

reti'nopathy [-pathy 2], non¬ inflammatory disease of the retina; so retino'pathic a.; retino-'tectal a., of or pertaining to the retina and the optic tectum; retino'topic a. [Gr. tottik-os of or pertaining to place], (of a projection on the optic tectum) that preserves the spatial relations of the sensory receptors of the retina. Also retinoscopy.

retinitis;

1924 Trans. Amer. Ophthalm. Soc. XXII. 26 We therefore recommend that the term glioma of the retina be not used, except temporarily as a synonym or explanation to one of the following, which may more properly be applied to this condition: Neuro-epithelioma..; Retino-blastoma, proposed by Mallory; or Retino-cytoma. 1940 S. DukeElder Text-bk. Ophthalm. III. xxxvi. 2832 Retino¬ blastomata.. are common, forming the great majority of retinal ‘gliomata’. 1966 Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. II. xl. 1627/1 A retinoblastoma is a highly malignant tumour that arises in the pars optica of the retina. It usually appears during the first two years of life. 1976 Path. Ann. XI. 319 Exfoliated cells of medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma are characterized by nuclear molding and clustering of adjacent cells. 1891 Retino-cerebral [see fatigue sb. ic]. 1930 Jrnl. Physiol. LXIX. 433 An interaction is occurring between the retino-cerebral apparatuses of the two eyes. 1962 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) v. 168 The ‘overpowering’ of the retino-cerebral or visual sensory system does not occasion the painful feeling experienced when we are dazzled. 1895 Arch. Ophthalm. XXIV. 334 {heading) Three unusual cases of retino-choroidal degeneration. 1971 Jrnl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. CLVIII. 740 (heading) Retinal and retinochoroidal lesions in early neuropathic canine distemper. 1881 G. Sigerson tr.J. M. Charcot's Lect. Dis. Nerv. System II. iii. 41 The lesion of the optic nerve which sometimes supervenes in glycosuria and syphilitic retinochoroiditis. 1975 Ann. Ophthalm. VII. 853/1 Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of focal exudative retinochoroiditis. 1933 Amer. Jrnl. Ophthalm. XVI. 612/1 From 1856 .. until the present, the question of a retinopathic entity due to diabetes has remained unsettled. 1976 Lancet 30 Oct. 961/2 The mean prolactin concentration in retinopathic patients was 11:5 ng/ml. 1932 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CLXXXII. 137 Retinal arteriosclerosis in association with hemorrhages and sharply defined white patches, so-called arteriosclerotic retinopathy. 1939 M. L. Hine May & Worth's Man. Dis. Eye (ed. 8) xviii. 288 To distinguish the non-inflammatory affections from the inflammatory, the now-accepted term ‘retinopathy’.. has been adopted. 1966 Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. II. xl. 1629/2 Formerly, it was supposed that the variety of ophthalmoscopical appearances associated with the vascular retinopathies merely represented different phases of the same disease: now, however, it is generally recognized that .. three distinct forms can be differentiated—(i) arteriosclerotic retinopathy, (ii) hypertensive retinopathy, and (iii) diabetic retinopathy. 1978 Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 636/1 The impression is that encephalopathy and retinopathy are particularly related to the severity and rate of rise of blood pressure. 1962 Nature i Dec. 898/2 (heading) Retinotectal connexions after retinal regeneration. 1977 Ibid. 6 Jan. 52/1 The topography of the retino-tectal projection onto the optic tectum was found to be similar in the bullfrog and leopard frog. 1961 Jrnl. Physiol. CLVII. 27P In sixteen frogs the normal retinotopic projection on the optic tectum had been restored after optic nerve regeneration. 1979 Nature 12 Apr. 623/1 If these exchanges were cumulative, it is arguable that any nascent retinotopic order should become scrambled before axons reach the brain.

'retinoid, a.

rare~^. [f. Gr, ptjtlvtj + -oid.] ‘Resin-like, or resiniform; resembling a resin without being such’ (Webster, 1847).

retinoid

(’reunoid), sb. Biochem. [f. retin(ol^ + -OID.] Any substance displaying vitamin A activity.

1976 M. B. Sporn et al. in Federation Proc. XXXV. 1332/1 Natural forms of vitamin A and synthetic analogs of vitamin A; this entire set of molecules, both natural and synthetic, we shall call retinoids, in a manner analogous to the naming of carotenoids or steroids. 1976 Lancet 27 Nov. 1174/1 The value of using the synthetic retinoids in the treatment of these dermatoses lies not only in the excellent therapeutic response but also in the comparative lack of toxicity. 1980 Nature 17 Apr. 626/1 Retinoids reduce the saturation density and/or growth rate of many normal and tumorigenic cell lines.

fretinoF (’retiriDl). Chem. Obs.

Also -ole. [f. Gr. pTjTivT} resin + -OL.] (See quots, 1875 and 1893.)

1838 R. D. Thomson in Brit, Ann. 330 Retinole. 1857 Elem. Chem., Org. (1862) 585 Common rosin is thus found to furnish.. Terebene, Colophene,.. Retinol, Naphthalin. 1875 Ure's Diet. Arts III. 702 Retinole, a hydrocarbon, obtained from the turpentine-resins. 1893 Allen Handbk. Local Therapeutics 389 Retinol, when pure, is simply a hydrocarbon .. in the form of a viscid fluid similar in appearance to castor oil, with a peculiar odor. Miller

retinoP ('retinol). Biochem. [f.

retin(a -i- -ol.]

Either of vitamins Aj and A2 {spec, the former), which are yellow carotenoid alcohols of formulse C20H30O and C2gH280 respectively; (sometimes followed by distinguishing numeral). i96o7rn/. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXXII. 5581/1 The pure substance hitherto known as vitamin Aj or axerophthol shall be designated retinol. 1968 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) 1. 1048 Vitamin A activity in mammals is exhibited by a-, and y-carotenes, by retinol and retinoU.. and by a few other carotenoids. 1976 Nature 4 Mar. 49/2 Vitamin A (retinol) is a nutrient essential for vision, growth, reproduction and proper differentiation of epithelial tissue.

Also reti'noic carboxylic acid

a.y in retinoic acidy the obtained from retinol by

RETINOSCOPIC

781

oxidation; hence reti'noate, the anion of this;

'retinyl attrib.y denoting esters of retinol; reti'nylidene, [-idene], the group in which form retinal

exists

in

rhodopsin,

i.e.

a

side

chain

linked to opsin by a double bond formed in a condensation

reaction

between

the

aldehyde

group of retinal and an amino group of the opsin. i96o^rn/. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXXII. 5581/1 The pure substance hitherto known as vitamin A acid shall be designated retinoic acid. 1968 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) 1. 1049 Retinyl esters, the form present in ingested liver and fish-liver oils, are hydrolyzed in the intestine. Ibid., Retinoic acid.. readily replaces retinol in the rat diet. 1969 Nature i Feb. 435/1 There could perhaps be a direct interaction between the charged quanidinium ion and the molecular orbitals of the retinyledene [iir] chromophore. 1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xxvi. 645 Since it won’t save vision, it is apparent that retinoate is not readily reduced to retinal. Ibid., Polar bear livers.. contain as much as 30 micromoles of retinyl esters per gram—a 20-year supply for a human in each pound. 1973 Nature 16 Nov. 166/2 The only action of light in vision is the photoisomerisation of the i i-cis retinyiidene (derived from vitamin A aldehyde) prosthetic or chromophoric group of rhodopsin, from the ii~cis to the oW-trans configuration. 1976 Ibid. 4 Mar. 49/2 Some retinol is oxidised to retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) in vivo, but if an animal is provided with retinoic acid in place of dietary retinol, it can only partially substitute for the missing retinol.

retino'scopic, a. [See next and-scopic.] Of or pertaining to, performed by, retinoscopy. 1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 30 Sept. 734 The true retinoscopic observation was thereby obscured. 1902 Ibid, i Feb. 267 To facilitate retinoscopic examination for glasses.

Hence retino'scopically adv. 1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. i Feb. 267 At the end of a week she was examined retinoscopically for the glasses.

retinoscopy

(rEti'noskapi).

[f.

retina

+

-SCOPY.] The method of examining the eye, for refraction, by the observation of the movement of a shadow on the retina, caused by the rotation of the mirror of the ophthalmoscope. 1884 Ertcyc/. Brit. XVII. 787/1 Retinoscopy.. is useful in determining and correcting the refraction where the patients are .. too stupid to assist with their answers. 1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 30 Sept. 734 A patient for whom a correction could not be found by the ordinary method of retinoscopy.

Iretinospora (reti'nDspsra). Bot. [mod.L., from Gr. pTjTttrq resin + oTropd seed.] A variety of cypress, so called from the resinous channels with which the outer surface of the seeds is covered. 1882 Garden 20 May 351/1 The Retinosporas as a class succeed better than any other Conifers under pot culture. 1895 Daily News 28 Aug. 5/4 Magnificent retinosporas, 12 feet to 15 feet in height,.. and many others have been lifted.

retinue ('retinju:), sb. Forms: 4-5 retenu (5 -w), 4-6 retenue, 5- retinue (6 retyn-); 4-5 retenewe (5 -ev, -ew, reteignew), 5-6 retynew(e, 5-7 retinew (6 -ewe), [a. OF. retenue, fern, of retenu, pa. pple. of retenir to RETAIN. In French the word has been current in a number of meanings which have not been adopted in English. The usual stressing in the 16-18th centuries appears to have been re'tinue. The forms reten, retene, which appear in a few instances in ME. texts, are probably due to scribal misreadings of retenu{e as retennle.'\

11. The fact of being retained in the service of another; a relationship of service or dependency. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 86 This is a wonder retenue, That malgre wher sche wole or non Min herte is everemore in on. Ibid. 318 That I scholde will remue And put him out of retenue. 1488-9 Act 4 Hen. VII, c. 4 Yf eny persone.. reteyned in the seid arme or viage resorte.. yn to this reame discharged of the seid retinue arme and viage. 1535 Act 2y Hen. VIII, c. 14 §6 Any captaine of any shippe in the time of warre, being in the retinue and seruice of the kinges highnes. 1606 Holland Sueton. 44 The Bononians also.. were dependantes of the Antonii and in there retinue and protection. 1607 Topsell Four-f- Beasts (1658) 557 Never rising against them, but proud of their dependence and retinue.

fb. o/* retinue, in service. Ohs. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 1103 Ymang vthire ane par wes pat of retenu wes. .of pat land til a mychtty man. c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 2502 Knyghtes of retenu, and eek squieres. 1390 Gower Con/. III. 351 So that Danger, which stant of retenue With my ladi, his place mai remue.

fc. to make {one's) retinue, to take service with one; to do service. Ohs. rare. 1390 Gower Conf. II. iii But Slowthe, which is evele aflfaited. With Slep hath mad his retenue. 1415 Sir T. Grey in Rep. Deputy Keeper Rec. (1882) 583 Quen I hade made my retenu withe 30W at Waleyway ye tyme of yat retenu makyng. 1444 Reg. Mag. Sig. (1882) 63/2 Service till us to be done as is contenit in the lettrez of retenew till us maid.

t2. at {one's) retinue, at (one’s) service or command. Obs. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 348 [If the king] hi3t pee greet eritage to be at hijs retenu & serue hym treuly. CI386 Chaucer Friar's T. 1355 He hadde eek wenches at his retenue. c 1400 Brut ccxxii, I>e same 3er pat pe Mortymer was taken, he hade at his retynu ix [score] knyghtz. C1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 652 Ryght nyce girles at my retenue Hadde I an heep.

fb. to make a retimie, to keep retainers, to have retinue, to have the services of one. Obs. 1399 Rolls of Park. III. 452/1 That thei.. gyf no Liverees of Sygnes, no make no Retenue of men bot of Officers necessaries wythin her Household. 1487 Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 15 § I By the unlawfull reteyners and retinews made.. by the seid Officers. 1490 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. i § i Every Capteyn .. and all other havyng under them retynue of any Soldeour or Soldeours atte the Kinges Wages.

3. A number or company of persons retained in the service of some one, or attached to and following one, esp. a sovereign, noble, or person in authority; a train or suite. *375 Barbour Bruce xv. 429 His retennew than gaderit he, That war gud men of gret bounte. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 222 To make of suche his retenue Whiche wise ben, and to remue The foies. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 127 Alexander.. passyd wyth his retenue towarde.. Inde. *472-3 Rolls of Park. VI. 58/1 Other persones beyng in the said Tresorer’s of Calice retenue. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 7 The damned spirytes in hell, with all theyr adherentes, retynue 8c seruauntes. 1595 Spenser Col. Clout 460 So many Nymphs, which she doth hold In her retinew. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 58 Hauing sent away his army, and trauelling with his ordinary retinue to Tiberias. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. Table, Painters chiefe of the court and retinue to the Emperour of Japan. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 793 His Majesty..and their royal Highnesses went from their Lodgings with their respective Retinews. 1748 Anson's Voy. iii. ix. 515 Three Mandarines, with..a vast retinue, came on board the Centurion. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest vi, The Marquis passed on to the hall, where his retinue awaited. 1840 Thirlwall Greece Iviii. VII. 285 Philip was immediately taken with all his retinue. 1877 Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. iv. 49 The hall was thronged with the retinues of the King and the barons. transf. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iii. 121 Their Captaine, the Heart,.. pufft vp with his Retinue, doth any Deed of Courage. 1642 H. More Song of Soul ii. App. Ivii. Wks. (Grosart) 96 For right it is that none a sun debarre Of Planets, which his just and due retinue are. 1685 Dryden Thren. August. 507 There appears The long Retinue of a Prosperous Reign, A Series of successful Years. er.. flowethe furthe or retractethe the sees in to hit. 1597 A. M. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 4ob/i They retracte and drawe backe the humors which trouble those partes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 231 The heat of the Ayre attracting the humours outward, and the action of the Medicine retracting the same inward. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 869 He affirmed every Irrational Power or Soul, to be.. Retracted and Resumed into the Deity. 1791 Cowper Iliad xx. 396 From the shield, himself Of brave iEneas the bright-pointed ash Retracting, placed it at Achilles’ feet. 1830 Herschel Study Nat. Phil. 334 Let the piston be suddenly retracted and the air restored to its original volume in an instant. 1846 Brittan tr. Malgaigne's Man. Oper. Surg. 221 If you retract the skin dividing the cellular bridles [etc.]. 1874 Masson Three Devils 92 The soul, retracting its thoughts from the far and physical, dwells disgustedly on itself. transf. 1875 Kinglake Crimea (1877) V. i. 311 The commander.. retracted all at once the right shoulder and wheeled his squadrons half back.

b. To draw back or in (some part of the body). Used esp. of lower forms of animal life, having parts or organs which may be protruded and drawn in again. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 8 [The butterfly’s tongue] being drawn up into an Helix, and retracted into the mouth. Ibid. 36 The Eyes .. are sheathed in her horns which she can retract or protrude. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 297/1 Birds which have sharp claws.. retract them when they hope to prevent their being blunted. 1851 Richardson Geol. (1855) 293 The head is proportionally large, and cannot be retracted within the carapace. 1872 Dana Corals i. 26 A kind of case or jacket, into which the upper extremity .. may be retracted.

fc. To draw, bring, or call back (a person) from or to a place, or to reality. Obs. 1650 Cowley Guardian iv. viii, When a dead man from Orcus I retract. 01652 Brome New Acad. iii. i, My great love unto the Nation .. Retracts me hither. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos. V. 150 It is the same in undistracted phantasy, which they admit, when there is nothing that can retract us.

f d. To draw out of or up. Obs. rare. 1608 Ussher’s Lett. (1686) App. 20 A Knowledg. .vvhich Experience might produce, if we would assay to retract it out of Nature by particular Probations. 1698 Phil. Trans. XX. 119 They may retract it up, and the easier, because passing over these Bones like a Fully, their force is more augmented.

e. Phonetics. To pronounce (a sound) with the tongue drawn back. [1889 A. J. Ellis Early Eng. Pronunc. v. 17 In d 6, 7, the tongue is often merely retracted.] 1890 H. Sweet Primer of Phonetics 73 The first element of the diphthong in high is retracted towards ]• *97® M. Swanton Dream of Rood 33 CGmc. a fronted to early OE * and retracted instead of broken before an / or /-group.

t2. a. To delay or retard (one). Obs. rare-K 1524 State Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 364 The Duke and his armye was so tarded and retracted, that finally the French King .. had leisour.. to gadre strength.

fb. To restrain; to hold back or prevent/rom some course. Also refl. and absol. Obs. e good recouerymge and retreuynge and pe maystreys and pt sotiltees J^at be in goode houndes. C1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. 348 Take heed you do not lose me, for if you do,.. there is no retrieving of me. 421680 Butler Rem. (1759) I. 205 All’s laid out upon Retrieving of the Curse of Babylon. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 440 If 2 The Establishment which we have here made for the retrieving of good Manners. 1719 W’. Wood Surv. Trade p. vii, To this we owe the Retrieving of the lost Condition our Trade., was generally in. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rur. Sports 46/2 Nothing requires so much practice as retrieving. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 205 A sheep-dog.. that inclines to retrieving is invariably a fool among sheep. 1962 Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery V. ii {heading) Information structures for processing and retrieving. attrib. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits^ Literature, I know that a retrieving power lies in the English race. 19172 J. S. Hall Sayings from Old Smoky 3 A computer-like retrieving process.

re'trieving, ppl. a. [-ing*.] That retrieves. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rur. Sports 46/1 You must pay about £s 3 brace more for the retrieving-setters. 1895 Q. Rev. Jan. 93 The stalking horse and the Egyptians’ retrieving cat.

re'trim (ri:-), v.

RETRO-

795

Bostons Fourfold St. 5 Human nature..in its depraved condition, in its retrieved state. 1807-8 W. Irving Salmag. No. 13 (i860) 299 My fancy echoed to the applauding voices of a retrieved generation. 1892 Greener Breech Loader 237 The retrieved birds should be placed on or near the hampers containing the living pigeons.

[re- 5 a.] To trim again.

1868 Browning Ring & Bk. ii. 1217 The Canon.., then, was sent To change his garb, re-trim his tonsure. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta xxvi. Sunday hats and bonnets had been re-trimmed. 1880 Stevenson Lett. (1899) I. 173, I shall hear you, years from now, timidly begin to retrim your feathers for a little self-laudation. 1966 D. Francis Flying Finish xviii. 217, I put on full flap, maximum drag,, retrimmed .. felt the plane get slower and heavier. 1977/0. Jacks’ Autumn Heroes v. 71 You drag ’em out, boss, while I re-trim.

t'retriment. Obs. rare. [ad. L. retrlment-um.'\ Dross, refuse. 1614 Bargrave Serm. (1615) Bij, Then suppose all things under the moone to bee but.. retriment and dung [etc.]. Ibid. Fij, The retriment of the people, 1656 Blount Glossogr., Retriment, the dregs of a thing, the dross of mettal, all kinde of superfluities and rubbish.

re'trip.

[re- 5 a.] A return or second trip. 1760 Projects in Ann. Reg. 147/2 The time in making a compleat trip and retrip with the 40 ton barge. 1788 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) II. 151 Your purposed re-trip to Lichfield,. will, I trust, be realized.

retro ('retrau),

[Short for retro-rocket.] =

retro-rocket b. Heto Scientist 2s Sept. 719/3 Whether because of the timing of the order, or the impulse of the retros, or drift of the wind.., the robot cosmonaut got away from its shepherds on the sea and fell into the water seventy miles front the nearest waiting ship. 1962 S. Carpenter in Into Orbit 56 The pilot must.. have the capsule pointed exactly right when the retros fire. 1966 Word Study Dec. 1/2 Commander Alan B. Shepard, whose flight lasted only fifteen minutes, was precise and terse: ‘Disarm.’ ‘Auto retro jettison circuit.’

11'retro,

adv. rare. [L. Backwards; into past time.

retro:

see

next.]

1771 Encycl. Brit. II, 931/1 The compensation, after it is admitted by the judge, operates, retro,.. to the time that, by the parties acknowledgment, the debt became due. 1885 Law Rep. 10 App. Cases 383 note. Such presumption of use retro may be re-argued,

retro- ('riitrau, 'retrao), prefix, repr. the Latin adverb retro backwards, back, which in the postAugustan language appears in combination with various verbs and verbal nouns, as retroagere, -cedere {-cessio, -cessus), -gradare {-graddtio), -gradt (-gressus), -spicere, and more rarely in adjectival forms as retrogradus. The use of the prefix was widely extended in mediteval Latin (see examples in Du Cange), but most of the important words in English which begin with it are derived from, or modelled on, the more classical types. The earliest to appear is the adj. retrograde, before 1400, followed in the 15th and 16th centuries by other forms from the same stem. Retrocedent and retroversion also appear in the 16th cent., but the main additions to the number are made in the 17th and following centuries. In the 19th, esp. the latter part of it, retro- has been very freely used as a prefix, chiefly in scientific terms (see examples under 3 below). 2. The pronunciation of retro- is to some extent unsettled, and lexicographers vary in their recognition of, or preference for, the short or long vowel. Walker gives only the short. Smart only the long, while Webster admits both in all cases. Recent dictionaries which attempt to discriminate between the various words usually favour (Viitrao), except in retrograde and retrospect. 3. All the earlier or more important combs, of retro- are given below as main words; the following are illustrations of the extended use of the prefix in the 19th century. a. Miscellaneous terms, as retroa'nalysis Chess, analysis of a position so as to recon¬ struct the moves of the game leading to that position; also transf.-, so retroana'lytical a. retrocog'nition, (a) knowledge of the past supernaturally acquired; (b) Psychol., paranormal cognition of events in someone or something else’s past; so retro'cognitive a. retro'coupling a., joining backwards or behind, 'retrodate v., to put back to an earlier date, retrodis'placement, displacement rearwards, 'retroflux, a backward flow, 'retrofocus a. Photogr., designating an optical system in which the distance of the rear surface from the image of an object at infinity exceeds the focal length, usu. achieved by placing a diverging group of lenses before a converging group, 'retroform v. (see quot.). retromi'gration, migration back again, retro-'operative a., having a retro¬ spective effect, 'retroplexed a., folded back upon itself, retropo'sition, change of position in a backward direction, retro'presbyteral a., lying behind the presbytery (or choir and altar) of a cathedral or other large church, retrore'ception, the action of receiving back again, retro'seer, one who sees into the past, retrosu'sception, the action of taking back, retro'transfer, -'transference, the act of transferring back again, retro'vision, vision into or of the past. A number of similar forms are given in some Diets., as retroclusion, -curved, -dejlect vb., -deviation, -duct vb. -jection, -location, -morphosis, etc, [1933 H. Phillips Week-End Problems Bk. 182 Profound and puzzling retrograde analysis is needed to prove the legality of the key-move.] 1937 T. R. Dawson Caissa's Wild Roses in Clusters 13/1 "Trio of ‘retro-analyses. 1979 Sci. Amer. Dec. 20/2 Most chess problems deal with the future, such as how can White move and mate in three. Smullyan’s problems belong to a field known as retrograde analysis (retro analysis for short), in which it is necessary to reconstruct the past. 1980 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 13/7 Retro-

analysis is.. the root of much scientific thinking. It is as useful to the astronomer pondering the creating of the universe by observing space as it appears now as it is to the detective who solves a murder by deducing the series of events that led to the crime. 1966 New Statesman 10 June 858/3 It contains a good many highly complicated ‘‘retroanalytical’ problems. 1980 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 13/7 The chess-board here is being used only as a tool for an exercise in retro-analytical deduction, a 1901 Myers Human Personality (1903) I. 31 Our ‘retrocognitions seem often a recovery of isolated fragments of thought and feeling. 1962 C. D. Broad Lect. Psychical Res. 402 What I will call‘states of direct but not ostensibly recollective retro-cognition'. 1969 J. J. Macintosh in Macintosh & Coval Business of Reason 154 In the absence of a body there is no way of distinguishing between veridical memories and what might be called accurate retro-cognition. 1973 Daily Tel. (Colour suppl.) 30 Nov. 27/4 Retrocognition, as precognition, but of past events, 1897 Daily News 5 Feb. 6/7 ‘Retrocognitive clairvoyance.. is thus explained. 1828 Loudon's Gardener's Mag. III. 414 Description and Use of Dyer’s ‘Retrocoupling Bee-boxes. 1862 Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 346, I send it now that my thanks may be antedated (or ‘retrodated rather) more than a year. 1903 Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 27 June 434/2 (heading) The treatment by anterior vaginal section of ‘retrodisplacement of the uterus, complicated by adhesions. 1972 Biol. Abstr. LIII. 3376/2 Physical exertion of women employed in mechanical coal dressing does not affect the incidence of.. retrodisplacement of the uterus. 1889 Matthews Dis. Women (ed. 4) xv. 116 Hence the ‘retroflux through a tube. This retroflux sometimes occurs before the operation. 1965 Focal Encycl. Photogr. (rev. ed.) II. 1293/2 ‘Retrofocus lenses are almost invariably of the inverted telephoto type. 1977 J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 323 In wide-angle, retro-focus constructions the back focus is much greater than the focal length which allows room for mirrors etc. within the camera construction. 1979 Amat. Photographer Feb. 95/2 The normal simple calculations for finding the effective f/number when engaged in close-up work with extension tubes or bellows do not always give the right answers when using a telephoto or retrofocus lens. 1848 De Quincey in Tait's Mag. XV. 85 They were reforming the Church.., viz., *retroforming it, moulding it back into compliance with its original form and model. 1894 Lancaster (Pennsylv.) Daily Intel! 8 Feb., The most recent ‘retromigration of disheartened Germans from the West. 1863 Kinglake Crimea (1876) 1. xiv. 311 Prince Louis Bonaparte and Morny.. issued a *retro-operative decree. 1858 De Morgan in Graves Life Sir W. Hamilton (1889) III. 539 Cauchy’s proof., is Argand’s, much complexed, perplexed, ‘retroplexed, and omniplexed. 1843 Whewell in Todhunter Acc. Writ. (1876) II. 311 The propagation of the tide from place to place by free waves gave a further •retroposition. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. V. 363* The effect of friction will be a retroposition of tides. 1849 Ecclesiologist IX. 274 The propriety of the term whereby you describe this •retropresbyteral space. 1829 Bentham Justice fef Cod. Petit., Abr. Petit. Justice 65 Now, as to retrotransference and •retroreception, or say, return of the suit to the originating judicatory. 1821 R. Pollok in D. Pollok Life 117 May not these our ‘retro-seers have made some mistake in consulting the..past? i8o2>I2 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) IV. 139 Practice of the ecclesiastical courts: transmission and ‘retro-susception, as in the equity courts. 1830Ojffic. Apt. Maximized Pref. p. xiii. For the purpose of retrosusception or say resumption. 1869 W. S. Dallas tr. Mullers Facts for Darwin xii. 123 A ‘retro-transfer of lateacquired advantages to this early period of life. 1829 Bentham Justice fef Cod. Petit., Abr. Petit. Justice 60 Transference is followed by ‘retrotransference. 1830 Cunningham Brit. Painters II. 176 They had precisely the same ‘retro-visions and prophetic visions with himself.

b. Terms of Anat. and Path, in which retro- is combined with an adj. denoting some part of the body, and has the sense of ‘situated behind* (the part in question), as retro-csecal^ -cardiac, -duodenal, -mastoid, -maxillary, -ocular, -peritoneal, -pubic, -sternal, -tarsal, -uterine, etc.; retro-'bulbar, situated or occurring behind the eyeball. [1866 A. von Graefe in Archivfiir Ophthalm. II. 147 Als solche erscheint mir die Annahme einer retrobulbaren Neuritis.] 1879 Archiv fiir Ophthalm. VIII. 328 {heading) Three cases of ‘retrobulbar, pulsating, vascular tumor. 1879 E. Nettleship Student's Guide Dis. Eye ii. xvii. 225 Neuritis behind the eye (retro-bulbar neuritis). 1961 Lancet 29 Apr. 908/2 Retrobulbar neuritis is a rare, though wellrecognised complication of addisonian pernicious anaemia. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) 568 Retro¬ bulbar injections should be preceded by an injection of procaine. 1903 Amer. Med. V. 836/1 Case i. ‘Retrocecal gangrenous appendicitis. 1961 Lancet 23 Sept. 671/2 Staph[ylococcus\ aureus.. was isolated from .. the retrocecal abscess. 1901 Ibid. 12 Jan. 118/2 This clear zone is somewhat triangular in shape. Dr. Mignon proposes to call it the ‘retro-cardiac triangle. 1908 Practitioner Dec. 863 The ‘retro-cardiac triangle’, seen when the patient is in the lateral oblique position. This triangle is bounded by the heart in front, the spine behind, and the diaphragm below. Ibid. 827, I am inclined to think that transduodenal or ‘retro-duodenal operations for this condition should be avoidable. 1878 Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. 171 The ‘retro-mastoid sutures are complicated. 1891 Moulin Surg. 869 ‘Retromaxillary growths. 1872 Darwin Emotions vi. 161 This is due to the dilatation of the ‘retro-ocular vessels. 1893 Trans. Path. Soc. XLIV. 69 The case is. .an example of what Astley Cooper termed the mesenteric variety of ‘retro-peritoneal hernia. 1977 Lancet 28 May 1133/1 Retroperitoneal haemorrhage occurred in 5 patients. 1967 Taylor & Cotton Short Textbk. Surg. xxvi. 397 ‘Retropubic Prostatectomy. The prostate is approached .. via a suprapubic incision through the cave of Retzius, the potential space between the back of the pubis and the bladder... A drain is inserted into the retropubic space. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 11 The sensation is almost always ‘retrosternal. 1875 Walton Dis. Eye 846 The oculopalpebral portion, called also the ‘retro-tarsal fold. 1851 Monthly Jrnl. Med. Sci. XIII. 278 {heading) ‘Retro-uterine sanguineous tumours. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 439 A retro-uterine dermoid cyst.

RETROACT c. Terms in Astronautics relating to retrorockets and their use, as retro-ignition, -impulse, -manoeuvre, -propulsion, -system, -thrust. 1967 New Scientist 21 Sept. 595/1 *Retro-ignition was delayed for 12 5 seconds, coming at 150 000 feet instead of the normal 274 000 feet. 1961 H. H. Koelle Handbk. Astronaut. Engin. xxv. 29 The instantaneous •retro impulses applied tangentially to the trajectory. 1976 Sci. Amer. June 7/3 In the Viking missions .. the •retromaneuver.. that will put the spacecraft in orbit around Mars will be based on commands sent from the earth at least a day earlier. Ibid. 59/1 Those commands will cause the spacecraft’s ‘retropropulsion system to fire for 43 minutes, subtracting enough velocity to place the spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around Mars. 1962 S. Carpenter in Into Orbit 56 The ‘retrosystem is rigged so that the rockets will not fire.. unless the capsule is in the correct attitude. 1962 Riley & Sailor Space Syst. Engin. iv. 86 The ‘retro-thrust is directed at such an angle as to provide a desired range. Increases in retro-velocities result in small range angles.

retroact (riitrau-, rstrau'aekt), v. [ad. L. retroact-, ppl. stem of retroagere: see retro- and ACT V. So F. retroagir.l intr. To react; also, to operate in a backward direction or towards the past. 1795 Hussey in Burke's Corr. (1844) IV. 279 The very ghost of that bill would retro-act, and put down the House of Peers. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh vi. 330 A simple shade or image of the brain, Is merely passive, does not retro-act. Is seen, but sees not. 1877 Scribner's Mag, XV. 223/2 That woman could not retroact and touch the memory of Ida.

retroaction (riitrsu-, retrsu'sekjon).

[ad. L. type *retroactio\ see prec. and action sh. So F. retroaction, Sp. retroaccion. It. retroazione.'\ 11. (Meaning not clear.) Obs.~' 1570 Foxe .^4. & M. (ed. 2) 540/2 To proceed against them .. concerning the foresaide hereticall and erroneous conclusions, accordyng to the forme of retroactions and qualitie of the busines in this behalfe had and vsed.

t2. ‘A driving backward’ (Phillips, Obs. 3. A retrospective action.

RETROCES SIGNAL

796

1658).

1727-38 Chambers Cyc/. s.v. Retroactive, We have some instances of laws that have a retrospect or retroaction, i.e. are made with express design to extend to things already past, a 1816 Bentham Offic. Apt. Maximized, Introd. View (1830) 20 In the frugality here recommended, no retro-action is comprised.

4. a. Return action; reaction. 1829 J. Sterling Ess. (1848) I. 71 The design which occupies by a necessary retroaction modifies the means whereby we seek to attain it. 1874 G. Macdonald Malcolm III. iii. 34 The hatred of the grand old man had an element of unselfishness in its retroaction, of power in its persistency [etc.]. 1884 Biggs Magn. Dyn. Electr. Mach. 267 Retro¬ action of the moving circuit on the fixed.

b. Psychol. The effect of later learning on the memory of what was learnt previously. Also attrib. 1949 Postman & Egan Exper. Psychol, xvi. 378 Maximum retroaction occurs when original and interpolated learning are approximately equal in strength. 1953 C. E. Osgood Methods ^ Theory in Exper. Psychol, xiii. 562 The fact that so-called ‘rest’ control groups show loss in retention has already been noted in connection with the logic of transfer and retroaction experiments. 1971 L. Postman in J. W. Kling et al. Woodworth & Schlosberg's Exper. Psychol, xxi. 1110/2 The treatment corresponds to the rest condition in experiments on retroaction.

retroactive (riitrau-, retrsu'askOv), a.

[Cf. prec. and active. So F. retroactif, -ive, Sp. and Pg. retroactivo, It. retroattivo.'\ 1. a. Of enactments, etc.: Extending in scope or effect to matters which have occurred in the past; retrospective; also with to. Also transf. 1611 CoTGR., Retroactif, retroactiue; casting, driuing, relating, backward. 1668 Persec. Ref. Ch. in France 11 They have given it a Retroactive Power (as they call it) by putting it in Execution against persons who returned to us a long time before the Declaration was in being. a 1751 Bolingbroke Fragm. Ess. xxxviii, As the death of Christ had a retroactive efifect on those that lived and died before they were redeemed. 1794 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. III. 60, I objected to the date to be fixed to the Treaty, particularly if in addition to the giving it this retro-active force, an advance.. was to be required. i8i i W. R. Spencer Poems 131 Must I, for follies past assess’d By retro-active laws be fin’d? 1847 R. W. Hamilton Rewards & Punishm. V. (1853) 215 The resurrection of Christ.. is represented as possessing a retroactive influence. 1897 Times 22 Apr. 6/1 The retroactive clause in the Dingley Bill will be either cancelled or amended. 1952 Sun (Baltimore) 22 Mar. 6/4 A handsome wage increase.. allows 12.5 cents an hour immediately and retro-active to January i. 1978 J. Paxton Diet. Europ. Econ. Community (rev. ed.) 49 The United Kingdom.. informed the Council of Ministers on 27 March that a subsidy would be granted on sugar and made retroactive to i Feb. 1979 Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. C8/4 Placed Paul Hartzell, pitcher, on the 21-day disabled list, retroactive to last Thursday.

b. Directed backwards in time. 1822 Blackw. Mag. II. 165 We may say century, without stretching our retroactive foresight to any extraordinary degree.

c. retroactive infinitive {Gram.), an active infinitive that has a preceding noun as its object. 1946 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. V. xv. 233 Retro¬ active infinitives are found in connexion with the adverbs and still:.. Rome and Naples—even Florence are yet to see

(= we have not yet seen; are yet to be seen would mean ‘can still be seen’).

2. Operating in a backward direction, rare. 1611 [see above]. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Retroactive (Lat. in Philos.), driving back; as A retroactive Motion. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 383 In the centre of the axle is placed a retroactive fulcrum, to which chains are made fast.

retro'cedence.

[See next Retrogression; retrocession.

+

-ence.]

1796 Bage Hermstrong xxxv, Love has its fits of progression and retrocedence. 1866 Aitken Pract. Med. II. 47 Besides metastasis to the stomach and intestines, this retrocedence may take place to other parts.

fS. Reactive. Ohs. rare. 1799 Mrs. j. West Tale of Times II. 264 The odium with which you bespatter a neighbour’s reputation has a retro¬ active effect in furbishing your own. 1802 Beddoes Hygeia II. 68 The total abstraction of the mind from all regard to the retroactive tendency of conduct.

4. Psychol. That affects the remembering of what has been previously learned; esp. as retroactive inhibition, the inhibiting effect on recall that can be produced by attention given to new material after the original learning. Cf. INHIBITION 4, PROACTIVE^ a, 1909 C. S. Myers Exper. Psychol, xiii. 163 This ‘retro¬ active inhibition’ is yet another cause of the greater difficulty in learning longer than shorter studies. Ibid. 166 Similar experiments have been conducted with the object of proving retro-active, i.e. backward association. 1909 Psychol. Monogr. X. iv. 138 With G. retroactive inhibition was obvious. Each series was remembered fairly well until the next was given. 1915 Ibid. XIX. iv. (title) A study of retro¬ active inhibition. 1938 Brit.finl. Psychol. Jan. 244 It could be argued that retroactive inhibition might influence the result by preventing the possibility of such recall. 1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning vi. 162 The natural conjecture on the assumption of continuous variation is that the amount of retroactive inhibition would increase gradually as dissimilarity was increased. 1963 Gofer & Musgrave Verbal Behav. & Learning 7 Many facts of acquisition are consistent with either formulation, but.. others, especially the facts of proactive and retroactive interference, are not. 1965 J. M. Stephens Psychol, of Classroom Learning viii. 203 Your experience with the second task would work back to strengthen the rather tentative earlier association. This backward-working process is called retroactive facilitation. 1966 J. M. Brown el al. Appl. Psychol. 36 A common explanation for this loss of retention is that newly learned material inhibits that previously learned. A technical term for this is retroactive inhibition. 1975 G. H. Bower in W. K. Estes Handbk. Learning & Cognitive Processes I. ii. 75 An inherent restriction on retrieval times would then produce the observable phenomena of retroactive interference.

Hence retro'actively adv. 1828-32 in Webster (citing Wheaton). 1879 Daily News 5 Nov. 5/6 That the amnesty did not retroactively affect the material fact of six months’ residence in Paris required by the law. 1887 Contemp. Rev. May 703 Unfortunately for the public, the laws do not apply retroactively.

retroac'tivity. [Cf. prec. and activity. So Sp. retroactividad, Pg. -idade.l The condition or fact of being retroactive or retrospective. Justice & Cod. Petit. 110 In the case of judge-made law, this retro-activity is of the very essence of this species of law. 1894 Daily News 5 Nov. 7/1 The retroactivity of all treaties, provided that reciprocity is agreed upon, will accordingly be admitted henceforth. 1829 Bentham

retro'aspect. rare~K

[f. retro- + aspect 56.]

Retrospect. Creed ix. xxxvii. The relation or retroaspect unto the solemnities used by Barak. 1638 Jackson

retrocalcuTation. rare-',

[f. retro-.] process of calculating backwards.

The

1664 Power Exp. Philos, iii. 188 Which by retrocalculation will point out the lime of the World’s Nativity to be about 5000 years ago.

retrocede ('retrsosiid, ’rutrsu-), v.'

[ad. L. retrocedere, f. retro retro- + cedere to yield, go back. So obs. F. retroceder, Sp. and Pg. -ceder. It. -cedere.] 1. intr. To go back; to retire; to recede. 1654 Vilvain Epit. Ess. v. Ixxxii, One ran t’ his Cave, th’ other trembling hid. And went home glad, but would not retroced. 1681 H. More Ext. Dan. iii. 70 He durst proceed no further but retroceded from his enterprise on i^gypt. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Precession, The Equinoctial Points.. do retrocede or move backwards from East to West, about 50 Seconds each Year. 1850 Browning Easter Day xvi, 1 felt begin The Judgment-Day: to retrocede Was too late now. 1878 igth Cent. Dec. 1051 When we retrocede further into the secondaries it seems rather doubtful whether birds, as we now understand them, had even come into being at that period.

2. Med. Of gout: To strike inwardly. 1866 Aitken Pract. Med. H. 53 If acute gout should have ‘retroceded’, as it is called, and the stomach or intestinal canal be inflamed, leeches should be applied.

retrocede (rktrau'skd), v.'^ [ad. F. retroceder: see RETRO- and cede f.] trans. To (territory) back again to a country, etc.

cede

1818 Gentl. Mag. LXXXVIH. ii. 172 By a treaty of 1783, Great Britain retroceded to Spain all the territory which Spain and France had ceded to her in 1763. 1856 Abridgm. Deb. Congress (1858) 11. 741/2 note, In 1846, the Virginia part of the District was retroceded to that State. 1879 Spectator 20 Sept., The valuable province of Kuldja..has been retroceded to China.

Hence retro'ceded ppl. a. 1883 Pall Mall G. 8 Mar. 1/2 The most important of these chiefs.., who has always been a partisan of the Boers, occupied the central portion of the retroceded country. I

retrocedent (riitrau-, retrau'skdant), a. [ad. L. retrocedent-em,

pres.

pple.

of

retrocedere

RETROCEDE 1).*]

1. Astr. = RETROGRADE a. rare. 1583 R. Harvey Astrol. Disc. A 8 b, All which time frowning Saturne shal be retrocedent also. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies ii. i. 142 The Retrocedent Aspect is brisker according to his more fixed Stint of fewer (i.e. but Three Days) for the most part. 2. Med. a. retrocedent gout (see first quot.). 1776-84 Cullen First Lines Physic §522 Another state of the disease I name the retrocedent gout. This occurs when .. [the] pain and inflammation [of the joints].. suddenly and entirely cease, while some internal part becomes affected. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 299 In the two ensuing varieties, constituting atonic and retrocedent gout, we have a podagric diathesis grafted upon an unsound frame. 1866 Aitken Pract. Med. H. 53 If the chronic or atonic gout should become retrocedent, and the stomach and intestinal canal be the seat of the spasmodic form of the disease. b. Of tubercle: Retrograding or caseating. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 264 Some change in the lungs, such as collapse or retrocedent tubercle.. preceded the establishment of emphysema.

retrocession^ (riitrsu-, retrau'sejan). [ad. late L.

retrocessio,

noun of action f. retrocedere So F. (med.) retrocession, Sp. retrocesion. It. -cessione.] 1. The action or fact of moving backward, retiring, or receding; retrogression. RETROCEDE

a 1646 J. Gregory Posthuma (1650) 37 If it be said that the Retrocession of the Sun and shadow in the Diall of Ahaz was as great a wonder as anie. 1659 H. More Immort. Soul iii. iii. 66 This argument is drawn from the stars retrocession. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies ii. i. 124 What is the return of the Luminaries from the Tropiques, but a kind of Retrocession. 1779 Johnson L.P., Milton (1868) 57 These transient and involuntary excursions and retrocessions of invention. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) II. 233 The retrocession of the Roman terminus under Adrian. 1863 Tyndall Heat i. 25 This retrocession of the index is due .. to the lowering of the temperature within the bulb. 1882 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 309 An appeal to the present rate of the retrocession of waterfalls.

b. Eccl. The return of the priest or clergy to the vestry after divine service. 1877 J.D. Chambers Div. Worship 206 Psalms were sung in the Retrocession. Ibid. 419 Retrocession of Celebrant. \2. Astr. = RECESSION I. Obs. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Precession, This motion backwards is by some called the Recession of the Equinox, by others the Retrocession. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Precession, Which retrograde motion is called the precession, recession, or retrocession of the equinoxes.

3. Path. The action or fact, on the part of a disease, of striking inward, so as to affect the internal organs; the ‘going in* of an eruption. 1771 T. Percival Ess. (1777) I. 147 The retrocession of the morbid acrimony in the measles, is prevented by nothing more powerfully than by the cortex. 1799 Underwood Diseases Children (ed. 4) I. 99 The reader is reminded of this, from the great importance of attending to such retrocession. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 481 Retrocession of gout. 1876 Duhring Dis. Skin 236 No fears need be entertained concerning dan^r from retrocession. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. Vll. 47oThe sudden retrocession of an extensive eruption of phlegmonous scrofulides.

4. Med. rare”'.

Replacement

(of

an

intestine),

1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 311 A much larger portion of the gut will be exposed, and its retrocession will be more difficult.

retrocession^

(riitrau-,

retrau'sEjan). [See So F. retrocession,

RETROCEDE ti." and CESSION.

whence prob. sense 2.] 1. Sc. Law. (See quots.) 1681 Stair Instit. II. xxiii. 4 Retrocessions, which are returning back of the Right assigned from the assigney to the Cedent, which are also called Repositions, a 17M Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. v. § i If the assignee makes over his right to a third person, the deed is called a translation; and if that third person conveys it back to the cedent, it is called a retrocession. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot.

2. The action or fact of ceding territory back to a country or government. 1796 Earl Malmesbury Diaries & Corr. HI. 310 We want much to know what retrocessions you intend for us and our allies. 1826 Mackintosh Case Donna Maria Wks. 1846 11. 415 The Portuguese plenipotentiaries.. required the retrocession of Olivenza, which had been wrested from them at Badajos. 1884 Pall Mall G. ii Jan. i/i The retrocession of Basutoland to the Imperial Government.

retro'cessional,

a. and sb. rare. [f. a. adj. Of or pertaining to retrocession, b. sb. = recessional B {Cent. Diet.). retrocession'.]

1887 in Cassell. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 28 July 6/3 At the close they retired singing a fine retrocessional hymn.

RETROCESSIVE see RETROCEDE t).* and t;.^] a. Retrograde, Characterized by restoration of territory.

b.

Peacock Headlong Hall x, ‘All things,’ says Virgil, ‘have a retrocessive tendency’. 1869 Wilmot & Chase Ann. Cape Colony 439 The fifth Kafir war... Fitting legacy of the retrocessive policy of 1836!

retrochoir ('riitrsu-,'rstr3ukwai3(r)). EccL [ad. med.L. retrochorus (Du Cange): see retro- and CHOIR.] That part of a cathedral or large church which lies behind the high altar. 1848 B. Webb Cont. EcclesioL 24 It is cruciform, with an apse, but has no retrochoir or choir-aisles. 1849 Freeman Archit. 412 That most exquisite and lovely retrochoir at Peterborough. 1889 Athenaeum 16 Mar. 352/1 The pavement of the retro-choir.. is being relaid preparatory to the use of that portion of the Minster.

retro'chorally, adv.

rare-K [See prec. and CHORALLY adv.] With a retrochoir. 1848 B. Webb Cont. EcclesioL 117 In most churches, not retrochorally aisled, the choir is lower than the nave.

retro'coient, a. (and sb.) rare. [f. retro- + L. coient-em, pres. ppl. of coire to copulate.] = next. Also as sb., an animal which copulates backwards. 1709 Phil. Trans. XXVII. 60 Some asserting, that it is Retrocoient and Retromingent. Ibid. 61 There can be no such thing as a Retrocoient Animal. 1801 Ibid. XCI, 149 Which proves that this animal must be a retro-coient.

retro'copulant, a.

rare-^.

[f.

retro-

-l-

COPULANT a.] That copulates backwards. 1819 W. Lawrence Lect. Physiol. Zool. (1823) 196 They are, consequently, retromingent and retrocopulant.

retro'copulate, v. rare~^. [Cf. next.] intr. To use retrocopulation. (Ogilvie, 1882.)

retrocopu'lation. rare, [f,

retro-.] The action

or fact of copulating backwards. 1645 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 151 From the nature of this position, there ensueth a necessitie of Retrocopulation. Ibid. 261 It will be hard to make out their retrocopulation.

retrod(den:

see retread.

retro’diction.

[f. retro- + diction, after sb.] The explanation or inter¬ pretation of past actions or events inferred from the laws that are assumed to have governed them. Cf. POSTDICTION. PREDICTION

1895 J. M. Robertson Buckle ^ his Critics x. 311 Let us first put a little order in our conception of prediction and ‘retrodiction’ as they indisputably take place in the settled sciences. Ibid. 316 The same reasoning applies to errors of interpretation, of what we have called ‘retrodiction’. 1939 Mind XLVIII. 421 L-propositions are plainly useless save in so far as they assist prediction—or retro-diction—as to particular matters of fact. 1940 Philosophy XV. 22 It may be what Mr Ryle calls a retrodiction, as when I infer from marks seen in the snow that a cat has passed that way. 1956 J. N. Findlay in H. D. Lewis Contemp. Brit. Philos. 185 Prediction and retrodiction alike depend on the presence in our world of what have been called ‘world-lines’, i960 I. Berlin in W. H. Dray Philos. Analysis & Hist. (1966) 13 In the case of an historical study, retrodiction—filling in gaps in the past for which no direct testimony exists with the aid of extrapolation performed according to relevant rules or laws. 1975 J. W. Cornman Perception, Common Sense ^ Sci. viii. 302 The argument based on retrodiction might prompt another reply, namely, that the supposed fact of retrodiction violates Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Ibid. 303 Epistemic and causal indeterminacy limit prediction but not retrodiction. Hence (as a back-formation) retro'dict v.

Irons, and absol., to infer by retrodiction (cf. POSTDiCT t;.); retro'dicting vbl. sb. Also retro'dictable, retro'dictive adjs., retro'dictively adv. 1932 H. H. Price Perception vii. 201 Any perceptual act is bound to be among other things a prediction,. .and in the same way it must be ‘retrodictive’ as well. i^9 G. Ryle Concept of Mind v. 124 They are inference-tickets, which license us to predict, retrodict, explain and modify these actions, reactions and states. 1951 W. H. Walsh Introd. Philos. Hist. ii. 41 It has been said that whilst it is certainly not the business of historians to predict the future, it is very much their business to ‘retrodict’ the past. 1952 Mind LXI. 225 Attempts to predict or retrodict when no grounds for rational belief are obtainable. 1956 E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics vi. 222 We now interpret ‘causality’ as meaning that there can be formulated a universal sentence which.. allows us to derive a singular, descriptive, predictive or retrodictive, sentence. 1959 J- Blish Clash of Cymbals v. 104 Time in our experience is not retrodictable. Ibid. 105 Can we write a convergent retrodictive equation? 1966 C. G. Hempel Philos. Nat. Sci. vi. 72 The theory was used by Halley., to identify it retrodictively with cornets whose appearances had been recorded on six previous occasions. 1975 J. W. Cornman Perception, Common Sense & Sci. viii. 303 Is there any reason to think that retrodicting the position and momentum of an entity more precisely than stated by the uncertainty principle violates the principle? 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Aug. 1057/4 What a historical model is meant to do: not to allow us to predict or retrodict .. but to provide insight into and explanations of historical events.

retro'duction.

RETROFLEXION

797

retro cessive, a. [f. ppl. stem of L. retrdcedere\

a. (See quots. 1656, 1786.) b. In Philos., a type of logical reasoning that develops from some commonly accepted proposition until reasons are found that may alter the

acceptance or understanding of the original proposition (see quot. a 1914). 1656 Blount Glossogr., Retroduction, a bringing, leading or drawing back. 1786 J. Pinkerton Anc. Scotish Poems 1. p. xxxiii, The poor man [5c. Walter Goodall] was writing a retroduction to Fordun. 01914 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1931) I. 28 There are in science three fundamentally different kinds of reasoning, Deduction.., Induction.. and Retroduction (Aristotle’s dnaywy^, but misunderstood because of corrupt text, and as misunderstood usually translated abduction). Ibid. 29 Retroduction is the provisional adoption of a hypothesis, because every possible consequence of it is capable of experimental verification, so that the persevering application of the same method may be expected to reveal its disagreement with facts. 1939 Mind XLVIII. 378 In discussing ‘the leap of the mind from data to hypothesis’ he makes no reference to C. S. Peirce’s Retroduction. 195^ N. R. Hanson Patterns of Discovery 217 Retroductions do not always lead to syntheses like those of Newton, Clerk Maxwell, Einstein and Dirac. They sometimes show the first chink in the old armour. 1965 P. Caws Philos, of Sci. xxxii. 243 This is the essential ingredient in what Peirce called retroduction, the intuitive jump from observed facts to hypotheses about them. 1976 C. Selltiz el al. Res. Methods Social Relations (ed. 3) ii. 32 In the process of determining explanations for observed events, social scientists often reason pom conclusions to reasons for conclusions. We call this inference process retroduction, in contrast with deduction and induction. In retroduction, we try to think of plausible reasons why some event could have occurred in an attempt to construct an explanation of why the event did occur.

Also retro'ductive a., pertaining to or characterized by retroduction; retro'ductively adv. a 1914 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers {1932) II. 491 Induction .. is manifestly adequate, with the aid of retroduction and of deductions from retroductive suggestions, to discovering any regularity. 1958 N. R. Hanson Patterns of Discovery iv. 86 H cannot be retroductively inferred until its content is present in 2. 1974 P. Achinstein in F. Suppe Struct. Sci. Theories 357 Retroductive or explanatory reasoning.. is reasoning falling under the logic of discovery, whereas deductive reasoning from established theories is reasoning falling under the logic of justification. 1976 C. Selltiz et al. Res. Methods Social Relations (ed. 3) ii. 32 An example of retroductive reasoning appears in a study of the decline in trust in the national government during the last decade.

'retro-engine. Astronautics. Also as one word, [f. RETRO- + engine 5^).] = RETRO-ROCKET b. 1967 Britannica Bk. of Year 804/1 Retro-engine, retrorocket. 1971 New Scientist 6 May 305 Each Mariner., carries to Mars..about 1000 lbs of fuel for the 14-minute retroengine bum needed to slow it to the requisite orbital speed. 1977 Sci. Amer. Nov. 52/1 With the help of its retroengines and parachute it dropped to the surface of Mars.

retro-fire ('retr3ufai3(r)), v. Also retrofire. [f. RETRO- + FIRE 1).*] trons. To ignite or fire (a retro-rocket); to fire a rocket engine so as to give (a spacecraft) backward thrust. Also absol. 1961 Ann. Rev. Med. XII. 315 Periodically, a very light¬ weight disposable capsule may be retro-fired in such a way that the capsule together with all unwanted materials will be incinerated on re-entering the atmosphere. 1969 [see free return s.v. FREE a. D. 2]. 1969 Guardian 14 Mar. 1/8 At 5 31 (BST) over Hawaii, Scott retrofired the main service propulsion engine.. and Apollo 9 began its long arching descent.

Hence ‘retro-,firing vbl. sb. 1962 J. Glenn in Into Orbit 41 You superintend the retrofiring sequence from here with toggle switches. 1968 Guardian 24 Dec. 1/3, 3 21 p.m.: second retrofiring to bring spacecraft into a circular orbit 69 miles above the moon’s surface. 1971 Ibid, i July 1/5 In order to carry out the descent to earth .. retro-firing took place at 01.35.

retro-fire ('retr3ufaia(r)), sb. Also retrofire. [f. RETRO- -t- FIRE ^6.] The process or action of burning a retro-rocket. Also attrib. 1962 J. Glenn in Into Orbit 42 The clock is pre-set on the ground according to a timing for retro-fire which we have computed before the mission. 1962 Flight Internat. LXXXI. 263/1 Kauai Island acquires the spacecraft,.. and checks the retro-fire clock for possible change if Mercury control so advises. Point Arguello.. gives back-up command to the spacecraft after the clock initiates retro-fire. 1967 New Scientist 16 Nov. 424/2 It is not impossible to visualize a carefully controlled descent, the only limitations being the weight of propellants needed for continuous retro¬ fire. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropaedia XVII. 369/2 Below the Command Module is the Service Module. It.. contains the propulsion system for midcourse corrections, retrofire to achieve lunar orbit, and thrust to return from lunar orbit into Earth trajectory.

retrofit ('retraufit), sb. orig. U.S. Also with hyphen, [f. retro(active a. + re)fit i6.] A modification made to a product, esp. an aircraft, to incorporate changes made in later products of the same type or model. 1956 in W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Diet. 441/1. 196* Flight Internat. LXXXI. 292/1 Fig. 2 is a plot of the ratios of revenue lost versus maintenance and first costs for retro¬ fitted and ‘designed-in’ equipment. It points out.. that the economic cut-off point for retrofit is near the looft ceiling, J mile point. 1963 T. Pynchon V. x. 286 An injury of the sexual organs could still be simulated by an attachable moulage, but then this blocked the cooling vent... A new retrofit, however, eliminated this difficulty, which was felt to be a basic design deficiency. 1967 Times Rev. Industry May 55/3 It is some indication of Avimo’s position that it has been involved in three major retro-fits for aircraft—that is, the instruments already installed in the aircraft have been taken out and Avimo’s put in instead. 1978 Solar Energy (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 5 Thus the markets and

products are likely to split into ‘new’ products incorporated, for example, into roof structures of new buildings, and ‘retrofit’ applications for existing housing stock.

retrofit ('rctraufit), v.

orig. U.S. Also with hyphen, [f. prec.] trans. To subject to a retrofit; to modify so as to incorporate changes made in later products of the same type or model. Also absol. 1956 in W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Diet. 441/1. 1971 Sci. Amer. June 2 The.. passenger entertainment and service system.. is now in service in the first class sections of a Boeing 747 which American Airlines retrofitted. 1973 Guardian 18 Jan. 4/4 American aircraft manufacturers are now researching a modification, known as ‘retro-fitting’ their engines to make them a good deal quieter... But Concorde.. cannot be retrofitted except at extreme cost. 1975 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 3 May 14/4 You can’t retrofit... That is, an existing furnace—coal or oil-fired— cannot feasibly be replaced with a solar system. 1979 Nature 5 Apr. p. xiii/i The B305W can be supplied either as a module for retro-fitting to an existing pumping system or can be supplied installed as an integral package with the Ion Tech B500 high vacuum pumping system.

Hence 'retrofitted ppl. a., 'retrofitting vbl. sb. i960 Aeroplane XCIX. 145/2 Lately I’ve been collecting examples of dreadful Americanese. Such as unitized, retrofitted, heat treat, destruct button, [etc.]. 1962 [see retrofit 56.]. 1975 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 May 563/1 The ‘retrofitting’ of jet aircraft to make them quieter. 1975 Nature 30 Oct. 727/1 New models and retrofitted older planes were, even in 1972, achieving 6 dB reductions on the figures quoted for their noisier brothers. 1977 Blair Ketchums Country Jrnl. (Brattleboro, Vermont) May 33/2 The Mount Washington hung on by virtue of its convention facilities, its retrofitted bathrooms and sprinkler system.

retro'flected, a. [f. retro- -I- elected a.] Bent, directed, or turned backward. 1812 Edin. Rev. XX. 84 The words ‘retroflected divergence’ are therefore purely ornamental. 1853 G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Bord. I. 126 The spines on their margins.. are all retroflected.

'retroflex, a.

Bot. [ad. mod. or retroflex-us, pa. pple. of retroflectere.] 1. (See quots.)

med.L.

1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. Explan. Terms 381 Retroflexi, retroflex, bending backward and forward towards the Trunk. 1793 Martyn Lang. Bot. (1796), Retrofiexus, retroflex... Bending this way and that, in different directions, usually in a distorted manner.

2. Phonetics. Pronounced with the tongue curled back; cacuminal. 1915 [see cacuminal a.]. 1932 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 3) xxv. 199 Retroflex sounds (also called ‘cerebral’, ‘cacuminal’ or ‘inverted’ sounds) are those in the formation of which the tip of the tongue is curled upwards towards the hard palate. 1942 Amer. Speech: Reprints & Monogr. No. 4. 41 This sound is generally clearly retroflex in the Great Smokies, as in most American speech. It is heard in such words as the following: Birch, bird, birth, Burchfield, burn. 1964 B. Honikman in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 78 The frequent retroflex consonants in the languages of India and Pakistan are produced with the tongue curled back. 1973 J. C. VIellSt Jamaican Pronunc. in London 128 Dentals, alveolars, retroflex sounds, and palatoalveolars. 1977 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1974 lxi/lxii. 36 Again, the retroflex mid-central vowel comes horn different speakers.

'retroflex, v. [Back-formation from retroFLEXED a.] trans. and intr. To turn or fold back. So 'retrofiexing ppl. a. 1898 H. C. Porter tr. Strasburger's Text-bk. Bot. 396 The male branches give rise.. to spherical stalked antheridia, which open at the apices by means of retroflexing valves. 1934 Webster, Retroflex, v.i., to turn or bend backward. 1954 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 12) xxiii. 405 A large comeal section is made as for cataract.., the cornea retroflexed by traction on the suture, and a triangular piece of iris more deliberately excised.

retroflexed, a. [f. as retroflex a. + -edL] 1. Bot. Bending or bent backwards, or backwards and forwards, retroflex; also Path. (cf. retroflexion). 1806 Galpine Brit. Bot. 83 Cor. retroflexed: L. cordate, angular, denticulate. 1872 Peaslee Ovarian Tumors 61 Frequently the uterus, being also carried backward by the traction of the ovary, is for the time retroflexed.

2. Phonetics. = retroflex a. 2. 1932 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 3) xxv. 200 Retroflexed vowels may be represented in phonetic transcription. 1950-Phoneme p. xiii, 1 fricative tonguetip r; also the corresponding frictionless continuant, and a retroflexed variety of this. 1973 Amer. Speech 1969 XLIV. 263 The study consequently proposed to measure the degree to which the Midland dialect, in the form of heavily retroflexed postvocalic /r/, appears in Austin.

retroflexion (riitrau-,

retrso'flekjsn). [ad. mod.L. retroflexio. So F. retroflexion, Sp. retro flexion. 1. The fact or state of being turned back or retorted. Chiefly Path., retroversion. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VI. 541/1 The stratified limestones of these localities are bent into such extraordinary retroflexions, as to imply repeated operations of the most violent Mechanical agency, i860 Tanner Pregnancy iii. 136 The patient was suffering from retroversion or retroflexion of the uterus. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 458 Having suffered from symptoms of retroflexion for about a year.

2. Phonetics. Articulation of a sound with the tongue curled back.

RETROFRACT

798

193a D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 3) ii. 11 In many parts .. the effect of the r appears as a modification known as ‘retroflexion’ or ‘inversion’ of the preceding vowel. 1954 Bull. School Oriental Afr. Stud. XVI. 558 It is well known as a feature of Sanskrit ‘internal sandhi’ that the coarticulation of retroflexion with constriction has more extensive syntagmatic implications than its coarticulation with occlusion. 1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics hi. 98 All vowel sounds may be characterized by retroflexion... This retroflexion is one of the characteristics of what is loosely called in Britain ‘an American accent’. 1973 Amer. Speech 7969 XLIV. 263 A careful study of this feature was therefore planned and conducted to determine the degree of retroflexion of /r/.

'retrofract(ed, a. Bot. [ad. mod.L. retrofractus: see retro- and refract ij.] (See quots.) 1793 Martyn Lang. Bot. (1796), Retrofractus, retrofracted. Applied to the Peduncle... Reduced to hang down as it were by force, so that it appears as if it had been broken. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) III. 445/2 A Peduncle is .. retrofract, broken backward, reduced to a depending state as if by force.

fretrogate, erroneous f. retrograde a.

Ohs.

1584 Lodge Alarum 24 Appollonius.. hauing calculated the Gentlemans natiuitie, and seeing some planets retrogate. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Printing 385 Making the last lines of two retrogate pages to fall on the Back of each other. t retrogation, erroneous f. retrogradation. 1646 Game at Sc. & Eng. 6 Whereby you would.. utterly debar them in this difference from all retrogations beyond the Covenant. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 85. 2/1 Stations and Retrogations of the Planets.

retro'generative,

a.

rare.

[f.

retro-

+

generative fl.] = RETROCOPULANT a. 1743 Phil. Trans. XLII. 535 He is a retromingent Animal, and consequently retrogenerative.

t retrogradant, a. Ohs. rare. [ad. late L. retrogradant-eniy pres. pple. of retrograddre: cf. next.] Retrograding. 1523 Skelton Garl. Laurel 4 When Mars retrogradant reuersyd his bak. 1558 G. Cavendish Poems (1825) II. 3 Whan Phebus in Gemynys had his course overgon And entered Cancer, a sygne retrogradant.

t retrogradate, a. Ohs. rare-K [ad. late L. retrograddt-uSy pa. pie. of retrograddre: see RETROGRADE a,'\ Having retrograded. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. 11. i. in Ashm. (1652) 135 Into ther owne fyrst nature kyndly retrogradate.

tretrogradate, t;. Ohs.rare-^. [Cf. prec.] intr. RETROGRADE V. 1599 T'* M[oufet] Silktvormes Ded., Nay, heau’ns themselues (though keeping stil their way) Retrogradate, and make a kind of stay. —

retrogradation (retrau-, riitrau gra' deijan). [ad. L. retrdgraddtiOy n. of action f. retrograddre: see RETROGRADE a. So F. retrogradatiofiy Sp, retrogradacion. It. retrogradazione.] 1. a. Astr. The apparent backward motion of a planet in the zodiac; motion of a heavenly body from east to west; a case or instance of this. 1554 F. Van Brunswike tr. De Montulmo’s Facies Coeli Evj, Mars.. signifieth that mortal war shall happen amongest men, and the more because of his retrogradacion. 1583 R- Harvey Astrol. Disc. A 8 b, Saturne shal be retrocedent also, beginning his retrogradation the 25th day of June. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 12 The starres themselues are thought to returne more speedily in their retrogradation, than in their direct course forward, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts ^ Mon. (1642) 124 The Retrogradation of the Sun in Ezechias time. 1670 Cudworth Serm. i John ii. 3-4 (ed. 3) 58 These upper Planets.. have their Stations and Retrogradations as well as their direct motion. 1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 449 Of the greatest Elongation of the Planets from the Sun, their Direction, Station, and Retrogradation. 1755 B. Martin Mag. Arts Sci. 83, I have no Occasion to ask concerning his Conjunctions, Oppositions, Retrogradations, 8cc. 1839 Moseley Astron. liv. (1854) 169 This retrogradation will continue until about the 28th. i86i Lewis Astron. Anc. iii. 14 The theory of epicycles accounted by circular movements for the stations and retrogradations of the planets. fig. 1603 Florio Montaigne ii. xii. (1632) 301 There is no more retrogradation, trepidation,.. than they have fained.. in this poore seely little body of man. c 1630 Donne Serm. Ixxii. 731 There is a Going behind Christ, which is a Casting out of his presence without any future following, and that is a fearefull Station, a fearefull Retrogradation. 01652 J. Smith .Se/. Disc. v. 140 No such ebbings and flowings, no such diversity of stations and retrogradations as that love hath in us.

b. The backward movement of the lunar nodes on the ecliptic. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Retrogradation of the nodes, is a motion of the line of the nodes, whereby it continually shifts its situation from east to west, contrary to the order of the signs. 1855 Brewster Newton I. xii. 328 He showed that the retrogradation of the nodes.. arose from one of the elements of the solar force being exerted in the plane of the ecliptic, and not in the plane of the moon’s orbit.

2. The action or process of going back towards some point in investigation or reasoning. 1577-87 Holinshed C*ron. I. 141/2 As you shall find it by retrogradation from the 32 verse vnto the first of the lift chapter of Genesis. 1637 A. Warwick Spare Min. (ed. 6) no What’s a City to a Shire? What a Shire to the whole Island?.. And so by a retrogradation how little, how nothing is this poor glory? 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 349 Then by Retrogradation orderly one might come to the said Aequation. 1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. I. 481 Without being able, whatever retrogradations we might

make, to discover their first generation. 1819 Foster Ess. Evils Pop. Ignorance 7 You cannot perform in imagination a series of acts of unlearning, realizing to yourselves, throughout the retrogradation [etc.].

3. a. The action or fact of moving or drawing back or backwards; retirement, retreat. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies xx. (1658) 222 Atoms..in a motion of retrogradation back to their own north pole. 01646 J. Gregory Posthuma (1650) 37 The most visible part,.. that which would bee most of all observed was the Retrogradation of the shadow. 1748 Richardson Clarissa IV. xxxvii. 229 She..did it before she was aware. Ladypride, Belfordl — Recollection, then Retrogradation! 1790 Phil. Trans. LXXXI. 22, I have said above, that hemp and gut have only a very little retrogradation. 1821 New Monthly Mag. 11. 60 The retrogradation of the American Indians upon their woods and wildernesses. 1843 Sedgwick Let. in Clark & Hughes Life (1890) II. 63 Never having once fallen during my retrogradations before the face of the Queen.

b. Physical Geogr. The landward retreat of a beach or coastline caused by wave-erosion. 1922 C. A. Cotton Geomorphol. N.Z. i. xxviii. 391 This process is termed progradation (as contrasted with retrogradation, the cutting-back of a coast by marine erosion). 1937 Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis of Geogr. xxi. 332 Retrogradation comprises not only beach recession but the general recession of the coastline under wave-attack. 1954 W. D. Thornbury Print. Geomorphol. xvii. 442 Retrogradation of a shore line may go on so rapidly that small streams are unable to keep pace in downcutting with the rate of sea-cliff recession. As a result, these streams enter the sea from hanging valleys. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 941/2 During retrogradation, a wide belt of beach ridges with their overlying dunes.. may be rapidly removed.

4. fa* Reversion from one state to another. Ohs. 1639 Sir R. Baker in Spurgeon Treas. David Ps. li. 7 How, then, is it possible that my sins which are as red as scarlet should ever be made as white as snow? Indeed such retrogradation is no work of human art.

b. The action, fact, or condition of falling back in development; retrogression, decline. In first quot. directly transf. from sense i. 174^ Hartley Observ. Man ii. i. 29 We ought to suppose ourselves in the Centre of the System, and to try.. to reduce all apparent Retrogradations to real Progressions. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 360 Improvement admits of frequent intermissions and retrogradations. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I V. xxxvii. 29 A similar instance of the retrogradation of science occurs in the history of the microscope. 1814 Ann. Reg. Pref. p. iv, The singular mixture of advance and retrogradation which the events of the year have exhibited. 1849 H. Miller Footpr. Great, ix. (1874) 173 It indicates, not the starting point from which the race of creation began, but the stage of retrogradation beyond it. 1873 H. Rogers Orig. Bible ix. (1875) 378 Amidst all the fluctuations and apparent retrogradations of the world.

retrogradatory, a.

rare-^. [Cf. prec. and -ORY.] Serving to reverse motion.

1797 Monthly Mag. HI. 383 The Retrogradatory Machine consists of an axle, suspended horizontally on its centre points [etc.].

retrograde ('retraugreid, 'riitrao-), a. and sh. Also 6 rethro-; 4, 7 -grad, 6 -garde (?), -grat(e, Sc. -graid. [ad. L. retrograd-us, f. retro retro- + gradus step: cf. next. So F. retrograde, Sp., Pg., and It. retrogrado.] A. adj. 1. Astr. a. Of the planets; Apparently moving in a direction contrary to the order of the signs, or from east to west. c 1391 Chaucer Astrol. ii. §35 This is the workinge of the conclusioun to knowe yif t^at any planete be directe or retrograde. C1400 Treat. Astron. (Bodl. MS. B. 17) If. 8 Hit is to wete also pat 3ef pe planetes regnen retrograde.. pey myght neuer be made evene as by her cours. c 1480 Henryson Mor. Fab. iv. {Fox’s Confess.) iii. The planeitis.. Sum retrograde and sum stationeir. 1503 Hawes Examp. Virt. I. 6 Myxt with venus that was not retrograte. 1509Past. Pleas, xxii. N iiij b. He sette in werking The bodies aboue to haue their mouing,.. Some rethrogarde, and some ^rectly. 1574 W. Bourne Regiment for Sea iii. (1577) 12 The Sunne and the Moone be neuer retrograt, as the other 5. planets or lyghts be. 1589 Greene Tallies Love Wks. (Grosart) VII. 139 Fonde are those women that are inquisitiue after Astrologers, whether Venus be retrograde or combust in their nativities. 1671 Blagrave Astrol. Pract. Phys. 91 By no means let the Moon be aspected of any retrograde planet. 1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 9 Venus, when Retrograde,.. is nearer to the Earth, and consequently appears bigger than at other Times. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy iii. xxiii, I would have sworn some retrograde planet was hanging over this unfortunate house of mine. 1808 Scott Marm. iii. xx, His zone.. Bore many a planetary sign. Combust, and retrograde, and trine. 1880 Shorthouse John Inglesant I. 282 Jupiter, lord of the ascendant, and Saturn being retrograde.

b. Actually moving from east to west. 1853 Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. iii. §13 (1873) ro6 Retrograde comets, or those whose motion is opposite to that of the planets, are as common as direct ones.

2. Of movement: a. Astr. Apparently or actually contrary to the order of the signs; directed from east to west. fAlso transf. of aspect. 1423 Jas. I King’s Q. clxx. Though thy begynnyng hath bene retrograde. 1549 Compl. JScot. vi. 55 The mune..is moir suift in hyr retrograid cours nor the soune is. c 1585 Fatre Em iii. 670 But planets ruled by retrograde aspect Foretold mine ill in my nativity. 1667 Milton P. L. viii. 127 Thir wandring course now high, now low, then hid, Progressive, retrograde, or standing still. 1693 J. Edwards Author. O. ^ N. Test. 201 The Chaldean astronomers.. i

RETROGRADE labour’d to suppress this retrograde motion of the sun. 1755 B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. 98 The retrograde Motion in Mercury is but of short Duration indeed. 1833 Herschel Astron. ix. 299 Contrary to the unbroken analogy of the whole planetary system.., in these orbits their motions are retrograde. 186^ G. B. Airy Pop. Astron. iv. 124 The planets sometimes move in a retrograde direction. Comb. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dragon, These points .. have a motion of their own in the zodiac, and retrogradewise, almost three minutes a day.

b. Directed backwards; in a direction contrary to the previous motion; retiring, retreating. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law^Merch. 400 The partie who tooke this Bill.. must goe a retrograde course heerein. 1676 Worlidge Cyder (1691) 57 The sap.. will expend itself by a retrograde as well as by a direct motion. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Spect. No. 10 (1748) II. 208 They seem rather like buckets in a well, that are always in a retrograde motion. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxi, Every step that he had taken.. was retrograde. 1803 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1835) II. 35 A retrograde movement is always bad in this country. 1847 Prescott Peru (1850) II. 326 The sufferings endured by the Spaniards on their retrograde march to Quito. 1880 Gunther Fishes 44 Retrograde motions can be made by fish in an imperfect manner only.

3. a. Tending or inclined to go back or to revert; moving or leading backwards, esp. towards an inferior or less flourishing condition. c 1530 Compl. of them that ben to late Maryed (Collier, 1862) 18 Both yonge and olde must haue theyr sustenaunce Euer in this worlde, soo fekyll and rethrograte. 1595 Daniel Civ. Wars vi. xxxvi. Weary the Soul with contrarieties; Till all Religion become retrograde. 1612 Bacon Ess., Ambition (Arb.) 224 Ther-fore it is good for Princes, if they vse ambitious men, to handle it soe, as they be stil progressiue, and not retrograde. 1664 Evelyn Pomona iv. 13 Nature does more delight in progress, then to be Retrograde and go backwards. 1709 Sacheverell Serm. 22 Who..is agen ready to be Retrograde, whenever the Wind shall Change, and Veer about. 1773 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 21 Sept., His retrograde ambition was completely gratified. 1816 T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall x, The human mind, which will necessarily become retrograde in ceasing to be progressive. 1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. vi. 57 The capital of a country may be stationary, progressive, or retrograde.

fb. Backward; slow. Ohs, rare. 1695 Congreve Love for L. ii. i, You know my aunt is a little retrograde (as you call it) in her nature. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy v. xvi, He.. would often say, especially when his pen was a little retrograde [etc.].

c. Bot. Of metamorphosis: (see quots.). 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 135/1 Retrograde metamorphosis .., when organs assume the state of some of those on the outside of them, as when carpels change to stamens or petals,.. and the like. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 356 If any of these organs become transformed into a leaf, this is called retrograde or descending metamorphosis.

d. Path. Tending to disintegration. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen. Path. 287 In retrograde changes attention has until now been turned more in both directions. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 33 Obsolescent or retrograde tubercle in the lungs occurs in about nine per cent of all necropsies.

e. Petrol. Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure. Opp. PROGRADE a. I. 193* A. Harker Metamorphism xx. 342 The changes which befall metamorphosed rocks subsequently to the culmination of metamorphism.. are of the nature of degradation... This class of changes includes what Becke has styled ‘diaphthoresis’, implying ruin or corruption; but this rather cumbrous term has not been very widely adopted. It will be more convenient to speak of retrograde metamorphism. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 34/1 The metamorphism of many igneous rocks involves the replacement of a very high-temperature original mineral assemblage by a metamorphic assemblage at a lower temperature. This type of change, though not strictly referred to as retrograde since the starting material is not a metamorphic rock, nevertheless has all the essential characters of retrograde metamorphism. 1980 Nature 29 May 320/2 The Alpine uplift was accompanied by widespread retrograde metamorphism.

4. a. Moving backwards (in literal sense); returning upon the previous course. 1564 Chaloner in Froude Hist. Eng. (i88i) VIII. 45 [I am] now further from wealth.. than I was eighteen years agone. Methinks I became a retrograde crab. 1599 B. JONSON Cynthia’s Rev. v. ii, F faith, master, let’s go; no body comes..; let’s be retrograde. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 191 The gate of Saint Steuen (where on each side a Lion retrograde doth stand). 1662 Playford Skill Mas. i. (1674) 59 This Mood had its derivation from.. the winding retrograde Meander.

b. Of order in enumeration, etc.: reversed.

Inverse,

1664 H. More Apology 557 We will now take a Summary view of all the Objections.., which we shall doe in a retrograde order, beginning with the last, and then conclude. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 421 The Dominical and other Letters vary every year in a retrograd order. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl., Retrograde order, in matters of numeration, is when, in lieu of accounting r, 2, 3, 4, we count 4, 3, 2, I. 1751 Johnson RamWer No. 86 P14 Here the third pair of syllables in the first.. verse have their accents retrograde or inverted; the first syllable being strong or acute, and the second weak. 1851 Monthly JrrU. Med. Sci. XII-, 39 The incuse and retrograde form of these inscriptions.

c. Mus. Of imitation, etc.: (see quots.), i727“38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Imitation, Sometimes the movement, or the figure of the notes, alone, is imitated; and that, sometimes, even by a contra^ motion, which makes what they call a retrograde imitation. 1869 Ouseley Counterp. xv. 103 Imitation may also be retrograde, i.e. the consequent may be produced by reading the antecedent backwards. 1887 H. C. Banister Mus. Anal. vii. 153 Imitation may be by contrary or inverse motion.,; and by

RETROGRADE

RETROGUARD

799

^trograde motion, from the end to the beginning. 1891 Counterpoint (ed. 2) 243 Another even more intricate kind of canon is the Reverse Retrograde Canon.

4. a. To move backwards, to take a backward course; to retire, recede, etc. fAIso with it.

d. Of verses: (see quot.). rare-^. i727“38 Chambers Cycl., Retrograde verses are such as

1613 Heywood Braz. Age ii. ii, I can by Art make riuers retrograde. Alter their channels, run backe to their heads. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law 14 His Sun of glory may decline and retrograde it, as on the Dyal of Ahaz. 1796 State Papers in Ann. Reg. 192 The armies.. retrograded towards our frontiers. 1822-34 Goods Study Med (ed. 4) I. 200 Some portion of it retrogrades, and is carried by absorption into the system. 1863 Lyell Antiq. Man. 292 The marks which a glacier leaves behind it as it retrogrades.

give the same words, whether read backwards or forwards; called also reciprocal verses, and recurrents.

e. Operating in a backward direction, rare. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 384 It will be of infinite service for every species of retrograde machinery. 15. Opposed, contrary, or repugnant to

something, Obs.

b. To go back in time or succession,

1602 Shaks. Ham. i. ii. 114 For your intent In going backe to Schoole in Wittenberg, It is most retrograde to our desire. 1643 Milton Soveraigne Salve 4 Preferred the means before the end, which is retrograde to reason. 1704 Elegy XXXV. 31 Malice is always Retrograde to Sense. 01776 Johnson in Boswell (1903) 651/1, I would not..for ten pounds have seemed so retrograde to any general observance. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) IV. 117 There was something in trade.. very retrograde to her feelings.

6. As quasi-t7t/z;. direction.

In a backward or reverse

01619 Fotherby Atheom. ii. x. §4 (1622) 307 If wee will but walke retrograde, the same way backe againe. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 188 [The priest] crab-like goes retrograde from the Idoll. 1709 Refl. on SacheverelVs Serm. 21 The Reformation begun to go retrograde in Q. Elizabeth’s time. 1771 Encycl. Brit. I. 438/1 Her horary motion from the sun 3' 57",i3 retrograde. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 367 It has been supposed that the chyle flows retrograde from the thoracic duct into the lymphatics of the kidney. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. §381 It will appear to us to travel from left to right, or retrograde. 1959 A. G. WooDHEAD Study of Greek Inscriptions iii. 24 The assorted sherds of early date.. show writing in both directions, but the majority of fragments.. have their messages written retrograde. 1980 Early Music Jan. 111/2 Its slow movement incorporates the melody ‘God Save the King’, played first retrograde, later in inversion and finally in its normal form.

7. Of amnesia: pertaining to incidents preceding the causal event. *935 Lancet 5 Oct. 763/1 The duration of this retrograde amnesia, i960 Jrnl. Compar. & Physiol. Psychol. LIII. 524/1 Retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock., or other trauma. 1969 Times 14 Apr. 6/8 Concussion, anaesthesia.. and dosage with various drugs, are all known to impair the memory of the immediate past, a phenomenon known as retrograde amnesia. 1979 ‘S. Woods’ This Fatal Writ 150 ‘He remembered too much.. everything.. up to and including the blow on the head. And you know.. that’s just not possible.’ ‘Retrograde amnesia.’

B. sb. 1. One who falls away or degenerates. *593 Kelway tr. Perrier's Judgem. Natiuities 26 If the sayd lords of the sayd part be retrogrades or otherwise ill disposed. 1633 Prynne Histrio-m. 100 Our Play-hunters would haue been good proficients, not retrogrades, in the schoole of Virtue. 1897 Chr. Her. (N.Y.) i Sept. 663/1 These retrogrades are to be pitied quite as much as those who.. have not enjoyed any training advantages.

2. A backward movement or tendency, rare. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage {lb I 27 As if with an imperfect retrograde he [man] would return into his first elements. 1643 Plain English 18 The designe must on, the authours are impatient of this retrograde they have suffred these three yeeres. 1830 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under y Administr. (1837) II. 14 What Sir Robert [Wilson] styles the retrograde of intellect would be the breaking up of these meshes of thraldom.

3. in retrograde advb. phr. rare. *954 W. Faulkner Fable 5 For another instant, the cavalry held. And even then, it did not break. It just began to move in retrograde while still facing forward. retrograde ('rstrougreid, 'riitr^u-), v. [ad. L. retrogradi or retrograddre (hence F. retrograder^ Sp. and Pg. retrogradar. It. retro-^ ritrogradare)^ f. retro RETRO- + gradus step.] 1. a. trans. To turn back, reverse, revert; to make, or cause to become, retrograde. Now rare. 1582 Bentley Mon. Matrones ii. 25 And euen as the feare of death doth retrograde us; so ought loue to giue us a desire to die. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. 1. Eden 502 The Firmament shall retrograde his course. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. v. 55 To Rectifie the Table: retrograde the Ruler. 1653 R. Sanders Physiogn. Moles 37 Say these letters B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, and retrograde them from K to B. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 351 We see, now, events forced on, which seem to retard or retrograde the civility of ages.

b. To cause to move backward. 1^10 Jrnl. Geol. XVIH. 165 Headlands are cut back, or retrograded.

2. intr. Astr. Of the planets, etc.: To go backward (in apparent motion) in the zodiac; to seem to travel from east to west. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. iv. Columns 391 Then Southward Sol doth retrograde, Goes (Crab-like) backward. 1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) HI. 745 The Moone.. which retrogradeth thirteenth parts of the Zodiacke in foure and twenty houres. 1654 Culpepper Opus Astrol., Aphorisms §30 If a Planet retrograde,. . he denotes much discord and contradiction in the business. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Mars retrogrades more than Jupiter. 1833 Herschel Astron. viii. 255 The former [rc. Mercury] continues to retrograde during about 22 days. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 758/2 Seeing that this luminous point .. had been stationary and retrograded within comparatively small limits like the planets.

fS. Of gout: To become retrocedent. Obs.-^ 1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 203/1 The Goute, which chaunceth to one in anye of the Joynctes, and retrogradeth this way, or that way, with greate greefe.

1819 Scott Ivanhoe xxix, Our history must needs retrograde for the space of a few pages. 1825- Talism. xxii. Our narrative retrogrades to a period shortly previous to the incidents last mentioned. 1877 Bp. Butcher Eccl. Cal. 37 The Sunday Letter retrogrades.. one place, or two.

c. To draw back from a position. 1859 Mill Diss. ^ Disc. (1875) II. 169 All sorts of confused voices called for different things, and most of the assailants wished to retrograde rather than to advance.

5. To fall back or revert towards a lower or less flourishing condition. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage vii. xi. (1614) 710 Thus you see one Retrograde from a sensitiue to a vegitatiue life. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. Ixxi. VI. 622 All that is human must retrograde if it do not advance. 1816 T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall v. Where one man advances, hundreds retrograde. 1845 McCulloch Taxation i. iii. (1852) 106 Compared with the latter the labourers may be truly said to have retrograded. 1875 Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. App. 465 Some races have been stationary, or even have retrograded.

Hence 'retrograding vbl. sb. and ppl. a. Also retro'gradingly (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855). 1860 Olmsted's Mech. Heavens 179 marg., Retrograding of the nodes on the ecliptic. 1891 Athenaeum 25 Apr. S^9l^ A theory of previous progressive or retrograding existences. i9io3^rn/. Geol. XVIII. 166 The retrograding of the shore.. due to active wave erosion. 1919 D. W. Johnson Shore Processes Shoreline Devel. vi. 295 The phenomenon of a shifting fulcrum between a retrograding cliff and a prograding beach plain. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 941/2 The retrograding shore line may cut back at an angle to previously formed ridges.

'retrogradely, adv.

[f. the adj. + -ly^.] In a retrograde way or manner.

can be no reasonable rule unto distant Nations at all, and by reason of their retrogression but temporary unto any one. 1794 G. Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos. III. xxiv. 46 Sufficient to account for.. the retrogression of the equinoctial points. 1869 Dunkin Midn. Sky 141 These four stars no longer hold these prominent offices, as the equinoxes and solstices are now in very different parts of the heavens, on account of their retrogression. 1873 Proctor Exp. Heaven 94 His [Saturn’s] slow advance alternating with yet slower retrogressions.

2. Movement in a backward direction. In early use Math,

or

reverse

1704 Hayes Treat. Fluxions 153 The use of Fluxions in Investigating the Points of contrary Flexion and Retrogression of Curves. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Retrogradation^ The retrogression of curves may be thus conceived. 1753 - Cycl. Suppl., Point of reflexion, in geometry, is commonly used instead of point of retrogradation, or retrogression. 1857 Wood Comm. Obj. Sea-shore 121, I should rather have said, that the tail was the organ of retrogression. 1861 G. Musgrave By-Roads France 296 What at first was mere retrogression .. became eventually a rapid flight.

b.

Mus.

Retrograde

imitation.

(Cf.

RETROGRADE a. 4 c.) 1869 Ouseley Counterp. xvii. 148 Counterpoints also may be devised by contrary motion, or by augmentation or diminution, or by retrogression.

3. The action or fact of going back in respect of development or condition; return to a less advanced state or stage; a case or instance of this. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 674 Concurring by slow and imperceptible degrees, and sometimes with temporary retrogressions, to advance the grand design. 1800 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. VIII. 597 Retrogression they prefer to any untried innovation. 1840 Macaulay Ranke's Hist. Ess. (1851) II. 145 We find at best a very slow progress and on the whole a retrogression. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 190 There are many traces of advance as well as retrogression in the Laws of Plato.

b. Path.

The disappearance of an eruption.

1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 478 In the course of retrogression they become pale, polished, angular in outline. Hence retro'gressional a., of a retrograde

character.

1658 Bromhall Treat. Specters iv. 264 The water making a reflux and flowing retrogradely. 1813 T. Busby Lucretius I. II. 325 Some powerful agent struggles in the heart, And sends the spirits swift to every part; Till checked again, they retrogradely fly. 1894 Idler Sept. 199, I daresay it’s all very foolish and retrogradely sentimental.

1889 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 23 Some of these [manipulations], from a technical point of view, seem retrogressional.

'retrogradeness. rare~^.

1865 Standard 30 Sept. 4/6 Nothing but the forebodings of a retrogressionist, suspicious of the advance of civilization. 1874 F. Hall in N. Amer. Rev. CXIX. 331 Neither from studious retrogressionists nor from studious innovators can we hope for a stamp of English superior to what we now possess.

[f. the adj.] ‘The faculty of going backwards^ (Bailey, vol, II, 1727).

t retro'gradient, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. retrogradient-em, pres. pple. of retrogradi.^ Astr. = RETROGRADE a. I a. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. xxxiii, Tyll Phebus chare .. Out of the Crabbe towarde the Lyon Holdeth his course in the fyrmament, I mean whan he is retrogradyent. 1426 -De Guil. Pilgr. 12351 In the Epicicles whan they be. They make hem retrogradyent.

retrogradism. rare-',

[f. retrograde a. +

-ISM.] Adoption of reactionary principles. 1856 Chamb. Jrnl. VI. 322 The old Marchese Testaferrata, the strongest advocate of retrogradism in the societa.

So retrogradist, a reactionary. 1851 Fraser's Mag. XLIV. 250 The princmal employments were occupied by retrogradists. 1869 Contemp. Rev. XI. 507 Madame..had been imprisoned as the ‘wife of an abominable retrogradist’.

tretrogradous, a. Obs. rare-', [f. as prec. + -OUS.] = RETROGRADE a. /.), proceeds, results, return on capital^ gain, profit, or income earned by capital (see also quot. 1970). Various other phrases, e.g. return for capital, return to capital, and return to invested capital were used from the late nineteenth century onward. 1691 Locke Lowering Interest, etc. Wks. 1714 II. 9 If the Merchant’s Return be more than his Vse, (which ’tis certain it is, or else he will not Trade). 1776 Adam Smith W.N. ii. V. (1869) I. 373 The returns of the foreign trade of consumption are very seldom so quick as those of the home trade. 1804 T. Thornton Sporting Towr (1896) 83 Returns of the day: six snipes and one duck. 1833 Hr. Martineau Manch. Strike v. 58 Your wages consist of the proportion you receive of the return brought by the article you manufacture. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 410/1 The Profession will always afford at least a sufficient return to the really competent man. 1938 W. L. Crum in Harvard Business Rev. XVI. 336 The return on invested capital is one of the most significant.. among possible measures of corporate performance. No entirely satisfactory determination of the average rate of return on invested capital.. can be made, but data accumulated over recent years.. enable us to prepare a fairly close estimate. 1962 A. Battersby Guide to Stock Control X. 94 ‘Return on capital’ has been used in this book as a concise description of the cost of holding stocks, for two principal reasons—it is often the predominant cost and the most readily variable. 1969 J. Argenti Managem. Techniques 102 Confusion over the term ‘Return on Capital’ is considerable since this can have either the traditional meaning or the DCF meaning and there is no fixed relationship between these two figures. 1970 M. Greener Penguin Diet. Commerce 285 Return on capital, a rather nebulous phrase. In the terminology of investment analysis and accounting it means the profit earned by capital... In company accounts return on capital is often the ratio that the profit bears to the total equity funds or shareholders’ funds employed... The phrase ‘return on capital’ is frequently used when what is really meant is dividend yield or earnings yield. fig-1650 Jer. Taylor Holy Living i. Introd., From the few hours we spend in prayer.. the return is great and profitable. 1748 Gray Alliance 34 The soft returns of Gratitude they know.

c. The fact of bringing value in exchange. *753 Scots Mag. July 325/2 What maketh rich, is a small profit and a quick return. 1822 Lamb Elia 1. Distant Correspondents, This sort of merchandise above all requires a quick return. A pun, and its recognitory laugh, must be coinstantaneous.

7. Muslim Law: (see quot. 1825).

1825 Macnaghten Mooham. Law 23 The return is where there being no residuaries, the surplus, after the distribution of the shares, returns to the sharers. 1895 Sir R. K. Wilson Digest Anglo-Muham. Law viii. §238. 201 The wife or husband of the deceased has no share in the Return as against ‘Distant Kindred’.

III. 8. a. The act, on the part of a sheriff, of sending back a writ to the court from which it issued, together with a statement of how far he had been able to carry out its instructions; hence, the report of a sheriff upon any writ directed to him. Also />/., forms for making such reports (quot. 1620). 1429 Rolls of Park. IV. 346/1 Touching the retourne, servise, and alle executions of the Writtes, Processe and Juggementz, in and of the saide actions. 1458 Coventry Leet Bk. (E.E.T.S.) 303 J?at the shirrifs of pis Citie from hensfurth fauour all maner persones of pis Citie in makyng their returnes as ferre as they goodely may savyng theym self. 1542-3 Act 34 & J5 Hen. VIII, c. 27 §79 The shirefe shall haue for the retourne of euery such byll foure pence. 158* Lambarde Eiren. ii. ii. (1588) ri6 Then must the lustice of the Peace., make retourne of the Writ. 1620 J. Wilkinson Coroners & Sherifes 56 You shal find in this booke good retorns for all maner of writs now in use,.. and also apt retorns of all your Exchequer proces. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. IX. X. 184 Any person whom (in discretion) they suspected to have dealt lewdly, about any Writ, Returne, entrie of Rule, pleading, or any such like Matter. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull i. xi, Fees., for Enrollings, Exemplifications, Bails, Vouchers, Returns. 1810 Bentham Packing (1821) 161 The sheriff was and is the person, by whom, in all cases, what is called the return, was and is made. 1884 Law Rep. 25 Chanc. Div. 341 The sheriff., made a return of nulla bona to the writ of fi. fa. b. day of (the) return, = return day. Also

with ellipse of day. *455 Rolls of Park. V. 336/1 Yf at eny of the seid daies of retourne, it be retoumed by the seid Shireffes. 1472 Ibid. VI. 52/1 At the day and daies of the retourne conteyned in the same Writte and Writtes. 1531 Dial, on Laws Eng. ii. iii. 8 So longe daye of returne that fyue counties myghte be holden before the returne therof. 1702 Modern Cases (1716) 59 He coming in upon a Habeas Corpus, and pleading to the Writ, at the Day of the Retorn of it, the Court could not deny his Plea. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 275 The day.. on which the sheriff is to bring in the writ and report how far he has obeyed it, is called the return of the writ.

c. ellipt. (See quots.) 1577 Harrison England in Holinshed (1587) I. 181 A perfect rule to know the beginning and ending of euerie terme, with their returnes. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v., Hilary terme is said to haue 4 returnes,.. and Easter terme to haue 5 returnes. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. loi Each of these Terms hath several Returns, and each Return hath four Days belonging to it. 1684 Spelman's Law Terms §11. 6 The Eight days wherein the Court of the Exchequer sits, ..are to be accounted as parts of the Terms, for that they fall within the first Return. 1830 Act i Will. IV c. 70 §6 In Easter Term there shall be but four Returns instead of five.

9. a. The official report made by a returning officer (originally the sheriff) as to the election of a member or members of Parliament; hence, the fact of being elected to sit in Parliament. \ double return, the fact of two or more candidates being provisionally returned. 1459 Rolls of Park. V. 367/1 For eny maner elections of Knyghtes,.. and for Retournes of the same, and for almaner Retournes of Citezeyns and Burgeyses in their severall Shires, for this present Parlement. 1698 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 409 Elections since my last... Weobley, Mr. Price, Mr. Thomas Foley, and Mr. Birch, it being a double return. 1736 Gentl. Mag. VI. 437/2 A Petition .. complaining of an undue Election and Return for the said County, was presented to the House. 1769 Burke Late St. Nat. Wks. II. 140 How will this great politician preserve the rights of electors, the fairness of returns.. ? It would.. be a glorious sight to have eight or ten petitions or double returns [etc.]. 1789 Constit. U.S. i. §5 Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. xvi. (1876) III. 273 The house of Commons had an undoubted right of determining all disputed returns to the writ of election. 1853 Lytton My Novel i. x, Having procured Audley’s return to Parliament. Ibid. xi. v, Audley Egerton had no chance of return for his own seat. 1863 H. Cox Instit. I. viii. 114 The return is made by indenture, which names the persons chosen, is signed and sealed, and returned to the Crown office in Chancery, tacked to the writ itself. t b. A response to a demand; a reply to a letter

or dispatch. Obs. 1640 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) I. iii. 45 The King’s Remembrancer.. shall make a Certificate of the last Subsidy, as it was Assessed upon the several Counties,.. and to Certifie the Returns of every County. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 471 In a letter of the said Ambassador.. wee find this Return, touching the business of the Fisherie. *655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. 143 The true estate of Ecclesiasticall affairs.. may be extracted out of the following dispatches, and their returns.

c. A report of a formal or official character giving information as to the numbers, amounts, etc., of the subjects of inquiry; a set of statistics compiled by order of some authority; spec, in Cricket, a summary of bowling figures at the end of play. 1756 Washington Lett. Writ. 1889 I. 398 A return of the stores at this place is enclosed. 1787 Nelson 4 July in Nicolas Disp. (1845) I. 241 Having given Commodore Parker a Return of the Squadron and the services they were employed upon. 1808 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1835) IV. 16 You will direct the regiments to make returns for the number of canteens and havresacks that they may require. 1863 H. Cox Instit. i. ix. 154 Many accounts and papers are

RETURN obtained from public departments as returns to orders of either House. 1871 C. Davies Metric Syst. iii. 284 The table of a return from the various Custom houses. 1976 J. Snow Cricket Rebel 44 My return read nought for 117. 1977 J* Laker One-Day Cricket 137 Bob White..must have surprised many Londoners with a number of fine returns since he left Lords. transf. 1784 J. Barry Lect. Art vi. (1848) 206 The contraction or extension of our sphere of vision depends upon other considerations than the simple return of our mere natural optics.

10. fa. Recovery 0/something taken. Ohs. 1544 Ld. Hertford's Exped. Scot. (1798) 15. lx oxen [were] brought away: for y® retorne wherof a nomber of Scottyshmen pursued very ernestly.

b. Restoration of something to a person; spec. in Law (see quots.). 1641 Termes de la Ley 241 Then hee that tooke the distresse shall have againe the distresse, and that is called the returne of the beasts. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Returnum irreplegiabile, is a Writ.. for the final restitution or return of Cattle to the Owner, unjustly taken by another. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 423/2 Return of Cattle, &c. is a term applied to the restoration of cattle, &c. distrained, to the party by whom they were distrained, after it has been ascertained that the distress was rightfully taken. 11. a. The act of giving, or (more usually) that

which is given or received, by way of recompense, acknowledgement, or reciprocity. a 1542 Wyatt in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 92 By which returne be sure to winne a cant Of halfe at least. 1602 Shaks. Ham. II. ii. 60 King. What from our Brother Norwey? Volt. Most faire returne of Greetings, and Desires. 1668 Davenant Man's the Master in. ii. That’s a valuable return of intelligence from us for what he gave of himself. 1700 Rowe Amb. Step-Moth. i. i, You out-bid my Service And all returns are vile, but Words the poorest. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xliv. IV. 395 A grateful return is due to the author of abenefit. 1807 Southey (1850) III. 106 Mr. Aikin has sent me no returns either for this year’s reviewing or the last. 1884 Manch. Exam. 17 May 4/7 The Church does not get.. any adequate return for the sacrifices she is compelled to make.

b.

The yield of some productive thing considered in relation to the original amount or expenditure. 1626 Bacon Sylva §409 In some Grounds which are strong, you shall haue a Raddish, etc. come in a month; That in other grounds will not come in two; And so make double Returnes. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, ii. 642 The Swain.. Receives his easy Food from Nature’s Hand, And just Returns of cultivated Land. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes ii. 105 Wheat.. produceth ten Bushels in the return. 1764 Burn Poor Laws 156 One loom.. will make fourteen returns the first year of cloth ready for sale, and sixteen returns every year after. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 174 One hundred and twenty one bolls, an acre, being thirty-eight returns of the quantity of seed planted. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-farming Introd. p. xvi. In the course of a year they give two returns,—the lamb, and the fleece.

c. In phr. in return. 1607 Shaks. Timon iv. iii. 517 As rich men deale Guifts, Expecting in returne twenty for one. 1719 De Foe Crusoey (Globe) 309, I wrote to my old Friend at Lisbon, who in Return gave me Notice, that he could easily dispose of it there. 1754 Hume Hist. Eng. iv. (1812) I. 289 In return he promised that he would assist his brother. 1781 Cowper Charity 92 No land but listens to the common call. And in return receives supply from all. 1827 Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 68 The Indians.. brought me a present,.. and in return, I induced my friends to follow. 1896 Law Times C. 360/2 He paid his fare to the conductor, and in return received a ticket.

d. in return for, fo/) or fto. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone (1674) 268 In return of so prostrated a patience. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones vi. i. In return to all these concessions, I desire [etc.]. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 143 Here are five guineas in return of the pleasure you have given me. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §249 In return for our continued interruption.., our works had an uninterrupted progression for eighteen days. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xliii, They covered her, in return for her exertions, with some pieces of sail-cloth and ends of tarpaulin. 1857 Livingstone Trav. x. 196 A present is usually given in return for the hospitality.

e. ellipt. In various sports: a return match. 1958 F. C. Avis Boxing Reference Diet. 111 Return, a second contest with a boxer whom one has previously fought. 1964 Guardian 2 Mar. 7/6 Or we might arrange for a monkey’s (monkey’s paw—draw) so that we can have a return. 1977 Daily Express 29 Mar. 32/4 England.. could only score four in the return at Highbury.

12. a. A reply, answer, or retort. Now rare or Obs. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, ii. iv. 127 If my Father render faire returne. It is against my will, a 1617 Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1683) 34, I answered as I thought most pertinent. When he had heard my returns, he was pleased to say [etc.]. 1677 Yarranton Eng. Improv. 194 If any Gentleman.. please to put Pen to Paper, in opposition to what is here asserted; I shall give him a Civil return. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. vii. 16/2 Unto those Replies he gave Returns; and unto those Returns the Synod gave Rejoinders. 1751 Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 161 Whose verses are these? the return is a sentence, These are verses of Homer. 1796 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Warning III. 260 They had no return to the letters they had written.

b. A thrust, stroke, volley, etc., given in reply to one from an opponent or enemy. 1705 Blackwell Fencing-Master 15 These are the Returns upon those Thrusts without Faints. X809 Roland Fencing 60 Being much nearer your adversary’s body to deliver your return (called the riposte). 1837 Marryat Perc. Keene xix, The Stella was put about, and the other broadside given without a return from her opponent. 1863 WhyteMelville Gladiators I. 30 If your guard is an inch too high, your return a thought too slow.

804

c. Card-playing. (Cf.

return v. zi c.) 1742 Hoyle Whist 16 You may wait to finess your Ten upon the Return of Trumps from your Partner. 1830 ‘Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 15 You may wait the return of that suit. Ibid. 19 Wait the return from your partner. 1974 Country Life 24 Jan. 152/3 West should have led the Heart Nine, to ask for a Diamond return. 1978 Times 22 July 9/4 East led his % 7, in order to. .invite a spade return for a ruff.

d. The act of sending back to one. 1841 Hope-Scott in Ornsby Mem. (1884) II. 3 Your speedy reply and return of my proofs was very kind. 1897 [see 15].

e. The act of returning (a ball) to an opponent or to another player; skill in doing this. 1833 J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor 70 He had. . such a rapid return .. that I have seen many put out.. in a single run. 1886 Field 19 June 794/1, Mr. R. D. Walker seemed for once to have lost his power of return. 1891 Grace Cricket 258 The first-named had a wonderfully good return, and knew.. at which end there was a greater chance of a run-out. 1897 Sportsman 16 Dec., The return.. being a poor one, the first ‘scrum’ was formed on the Oxford ‘25’. 1906 A. E. Knight Compl. Cricketer iv. 143 Inaccurate and wild returns not merely give away runs, they contribute to general slovenliness and slackness. 1972 !• Mosedale Football X. 139 McElhenny embellished the performance with 52 yards on two kickoff returns, 32 on the punt returns.

13. a. The act of bringing a thing back to a former position. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 294 In admiration we hold the hand up,..with all the fingers closed, which in the returne we do both spread and turn in one motion. 1787 Best Angling (ed. 2) 122 Wave the rod in a small circumference round your head, and never make a return of it before it has had it’s full scope. 1867 F. Francis Angling vii. (1880) 277 In bringing out the line behind over the shoulder, the return must not be made so abruptly, b. A part of a ribbon-loom. (See quot.) 1782 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) IX. 6711/2 The retuming-sticks, or as others call them, the returns, or the tumblers, or pulleys, to which the tires are tied, to clear the course of cords through the high-lisses.

14. />/. a. Refuse-tobacco {obs.). In later use, a mild, light-coloured tobacco for smoking. 1789 Evidence Comm, for repealing Duties on Tobacco 150 The returns are the edges of the boxes after they are gone through the engines.. and the trimmings after finishing, the shag smalls, and the sand. 1789 Act 2g Geo. HI, c. 68 §155 All returns of Spanish shall be deemed.. to be returns of tobacco within the meaning of this Act. 1835-6 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 396/2 Both [shag and returns] are made from the same cask of tobacco, the lighter leaves being chosen for the returns, and the darker ones for the common tobacco. 1893 ‘Q.’ Delect. Duchy 322 Who..smoked threepenny Returns in his Louis Quinze library, b. Brewing. Return worts. (See 16 d.) 1846 Tizard Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 555 By steeping it in sour beer, such as returns. Ibid., That which is the most highly concentrated may be added to weak returns.

15. a. A thing or person sent back. Chiefly pi. 1875 Jevons Money (1878) 266 Any cheques or bill refused payment are called ‘returns’. 1892 I. Zangwill Childr. Ghetto III. 53 He let himself fall backwards, impinging noiselessly upon a heap of ‘returns’ of number one. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 18 May 2I2 ‘The returns’ leave Queensland in good health. 1897 N. & Q. 8th Ser. XII. 215 Many of the papers being sent ‘for sale or return’, and the unsold copies referred to as ‘returns’. 1902 Chambers's Jrnl. Feb. 114/1 The bags of tea, known as ‘returns’ which the samplers who come to the warehouse bring from the establishments they represent. 1934 T. Wood Cobbers xi. 132 ‘Any returns?’ says the waitress, challengingly. 1971 Publishers' Weekly 20 Dec. 16/1 The average rate of returns (unsold books) in the industry as a whole is about 50% • 1977 Private Eye 13 May 6/3 As the evening’s performance was a charity gala, there would be no cheap seats available. Returns were few and would start at £3. b. = RECOVERY 5 f. 1909 Brit. Birds H. 364 The returns for a species so much shot as the Woodcock are shown to be scarcely more than 5 per cent. 1959^rn/. du Conseil XXV. 58 Haddock tagging.. has shown that returns may come from the position of liberation after a very long period of freedom, or from a long way off after a comparatively short time. 1975 Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. LXVIII. iii. 282 Band returns from quail released September or earlier indicated a general dispersal of 0-3-0-5 miles from the release site.

IV. attrib. and Comb. 16. a. Denoting return (of a person or thing) to a place, as return box, cargo, chaise, flight, journey, load, mail, omnibus, passenger, post, ship, voyage-, return address, the address to which a postal item is to be returned in case of non-delivery; return-case, a case of infectious disease occurring after the return home of a patient from hospital; return date U.S. Law, the date on which a specified person is required to appear in court; return envelope U.S., an addressed envelope enclosed with a letter for the recipient’s reply; return fare, the fare for a return-ticket. 1928 Publishers' Weekly 30 June 2605 All envelopes must carry the name and '•‘return address of the sender in the upper left hand corner. 1852 C. Bronte in Mrs. Gaskell Life (1857) II. 247, I have, .sent off to-day, per rail, a •returnbox of Cornhill books. 1827 Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 51 Sufficient for a ‘return Cargo. 1838 Penny Cycl. XI. 23/2 The return cargo was generally more valuable than the investments. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 130 In spite of every precaution these so-called ‘‘return cases’ will occasionally appear. 1798 G. Thompson Sentimental Tour 20 Falling in with a ‘return-chaise, I agreed with the driver for a cast—So far, for so much. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser. I. (1863) 6 A sort of open square, which is the constant i

RETURN resort of carts, waggons, and return chaises. 1972 N. Y. Law Jrnl. 24 Oct. 18/7 A subpoena without a specific ‘return date and a specific place of attendance is invalid. 1973 Ibid. 31 Aug. i/i There is a substantial probability that he will not appear in court on the return date. 1886 ‘Mark Twain’ Lett, to Publishers (1967) 205 Enclose a stamped and printed ‘return-envelop. 1974 Spartanburg (S. Carolina) Herald 19 Apr. A4/8 So send for my booklet ‘How to Prevent Platonic Marriage’, enclosing a long stamped return envelope, plus 25 cents. 1976 Eastern Even. News (Norwich) 22 Dec. 7/3 The clerk.. should.. see if it was possible to reintroduce the reduced rate ‘return fare in off peak hours. 1979 Homes Gardens June 26/4 The return air fare to Nice is a cracking jCi8o. 1966 M. Woodhouse Tree Frogx. 74 I’ve booked my ‘return flight. 1976 New Yorker 15 Nov. 83/1 The European booking agent who had arranged for the Belgrade and London appearances paid for their return flight. 1865 Daily Tel. 13 Dec. 5/4, 1 found that everybody was coming back again, and I performed the ‘return journey. 1913 Jones & Wyatt Motor Traction for Business Purposes 15 This matter of light mileage naturally brings us to the question of ‘return loads. 1977 ‘D. Rutherford’ Return Load i. 25 We have a job for you... A return load. 1864 Harper's Mag. Jan. 205/2 Miss Amber answered the letter by ‘return mail. 1975 P. Fussell Gt. War ^ Mod. Memory ii. 67 Geoffrey Keynes specialized in receiving antiquarian booksellers’ catalogs and buying books by return mail, i860 A. J. Munby Diary 21 Feb. in D. Hudson Munby (1972) 51 Waiting for the ‘return omnibus, I discovered some pretty Gothic schools, new, on the green. 1864 M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 187 The ‘return passengers by the Palmaria almost always have to walk home from the port on foot. 1885 List of Subscribers, Classified (United Telephone Co.) (ed. 6) 226 (Advt.), Estimates per ‘return post. 1912 W. Owen Let. ? 14 Nov. (1967) 168, I flatly disobeyed your Return-Post command. 1929 M. de la Roche Whiteoaks ix. 137 Alayne wrote by return post. 1977 Private Eye 13 May 22/2 Send small sample or urine and £3 for reliable and strictly confidential results by first class return post, c 1700 Evelyn Diary an. 1680 (1955) IV. 212, I went to visite a French Stranger,.. who having been thrice at the East Indias, Persia 8t other remote Countries, came hither in our ‘returne ships from those parts. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 570 A ship on a ‘return voyage is not generally liable [to confiscation].

b. In scientific or technical uses, as return air, charge, current, flerw, shock, smoke, stroke, "wave. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal Mining 202 ^Return Air, the air or ventilation which has been passed through the workings. 1849 Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 68 Faraday first observed the singular phenomenon of the ‘return charge. He found, that, if.. the apparatus.. was suddenly and perfectly discharged, .. it gradually recovered a charge. 1873 F. Jenkin Electr. ^ Magn. (1881) 313 The ‘return current is especially great when any portion of the line L is formed of wire coated with india-rubber. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. v. 268 We have a wind drift at the surface almost along ♦he direction of the wind, and a region near the bottom of current flowing against the wind, the so-called return current. 1964 Economist 23 May 837/3 The only possible source is ‘‘return-flow’ from irrigation. 1881 S. P. Thompson Electr. Gf Magn. i. §26. 28 When a charged conductor is suddenly discharged, a discharge is felt by persons standing near, or may even affect electroscopes, or yield sparks. This action, known as the ‘‘return-shock’, is due to induction. 1861 Mrs. Riddell City & Suburb I. ii. 29 A fire-board which had been put up with the friendly intention of preventing any occupant being suffocated with ‘return smoke. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 301/1 On the ‘return stroke the air enters into the cylinder below the piston. 1881 S. P. Thompson Electr. & Magn. iv. §304. 257 The ‘return-stroke’ experienced by persons in the neighbourhood of a flash. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 22 June 7/1 Visitors were specially warned by placards in various directions against the dangers of ‘the ‘return wave’.

c. Allowing or causing return of something, as return conductor, pipe, spring, valve. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 509 The small return-spring should be as thin as possible at the end fastened to the other spring. 1839 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. II. 306/2 H the return-pipe. Phil. Mag. XXX. 194 The earth has been made to act the part of the return conductor. 187s Knight Diet. Mech. 1926/2 Return-valve, a valve which opens to allow reflux of a fluid under certain conditions.

d. Brewing, return wort, a weak wort blended with the following mash. 184s Tizard Voice from Mash-Tun i. 38 Examples of four brewings by the ordinary practice, from which the usual lengths, with Table-Beer or Return Wort, are drawn. 1846 -Brewing (ed. 2) 186, etc.

e. return room, a mezzanine room at the turn of a flight of stairs. 1914 Joyce Dubliners 82 He glanced up and saw Jack regarding him from the door of the return-room. 1922Ulysses 296 The other boot which he had been looking for was at present under the commode in the return room. 1927 St. John Ervine Wayward Man i. ii. 35 The return-room at the top of the first flight of stairs could be converted into a kitchen.

17. Denoting change of direction or recedence, esp. at right angles (see sense 4), as return angle, arm, crease, desk, piece, side, voall. 1676 Moxon Print. Lett. 51 Placing one Foot of your Compasses on the ‘Return Angles. 1870 F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 94 The masonry at the return angle of the nave is likewise Saxon. 1861 Smiles Engineers II. 219 The moment the vessel gets within the outer angles of the two ‘return arms or kants, she may be said to be in or out of the harbour. 1775 New Articles Game of Cricket 2 The Bowling-Crease must be parallel with the Stumps, Three Feet in Length, with a ‘Return-Crease. 1787 Laws of Cricket in Waghorn Cricket Scores (1899) p. x, The Bowling-crease must be parallel with the stumps, three feet in length, with a returncrease. 1902 [see CALL V. 4I]. 1948 Sporting Mirror 21 May 6/1 Three creases are marked out at each end of a cricket pitch—the bowling crease, return crease and popping crease. 1963 Times 23 Apr. 4/7 He [5c. an umpire] is required ,. to see whether the bowler is no-balling on the return

RETURN crease. 197^ J- Snow Cricket Rebel 99 Stackpole’s bat was outside ^e return crease at the time the wicket was broken. ID.. in Parker Gloss. Arch. (1850) I. 386 Ye chapel.. iij stooles on y' one side and a •retome desk at the ende. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xx. f 3 Its end.. hath a small •Return piece.. made square to the under-side of the Rod. 1679 Ibid., Carp. ix. 171 Either the adjoyning sides of the Front of an House or Ground-plot, is called a ‘Return-side. 1683 Ibid., Printing x. |f 9 A square Iron Plate .. with Return Sides about six Inches long each side. 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 330/1 Opposite the •return walls, and sometimes at certain distances in the length.

18. Denoting a doubling back upon the former direction, as return bend, block, flue. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 754/2 Return Bend, a Ushaped pipe coupling for uniting the ends of pipes. 1888 Lockwood’s Diet. Terms, Return Block, a snatch block. Ibid., Return Flues, the hues of Cornish, Lancashire, and Wagon boilers.

19. Played, given, etc., in return, as return buffet,entertaining, leg, match, stroke, thanks, thrust, tie. 1883 R. W. Church in Ward’s Eng. Poets (1883) II. 280 The men who.. dealt the return buffet to Spanish pride in the harbour of Cadiz. 1899 ‘Mark Twain' in Forum (N.Y.) Mar. 29 You can judge, .what sort of return-entertaining she has done. 1973 Times 31 Oct. 10/5 After Soviet objections to playing the return leg in the Santiago stadium .. Fifa .. sent a delegation to investigate. 177a in Waghorn Cricket Scores (1899) 84 The return match at cricket was played at Wye. 1873 Routledge’s Young Gentlm. Mag. Dec. 100/2 We can’t have the return match before Wednesday. 1891 W. G. Grace Cricket iv. io8 The return match, at Lord’s..was more encouraging to us. 1915 J. Buchan Thirty-Nine Steps i. i8 This is the return match for the pogroms. The Jew is everywhere. 1929 Evening News 18 Nov. 16/6 In a return ice hockey match yesterday Berlin beat London by four goals to two. 1971 Nature 23 July 213/1 This follows.. a conference in Washington a month ago... A ‘return match’ meeting to clinch the project is scheduled for Madrid for early August. 1973 Times 21 Mar. 9/6 The suspense of the medical report and the outcome of the return match. 1977 Times 8 Dec. 17/4 Contrary to my prematch forecast and your diarists’ ex post account, I did not win: nor has a return match been played or planned. 1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 361/1 ‘Return thanks’ card... Return thanks for kind enquiries and sympathy. 1972 V.A.T.: Scope fif Coverage (H.M. Customs) 33 Postcards .. acceptance cards; ‘thank-you’ or ‘return-thanks’ cards. 1861 Chapman Art Fencing i. 19 The direct return thrust (Repost).. should be delivered with the greatest rapidity. 1972 G. Green Great Moments in Sport: Soccer xi. 108 The return tie was played at Maine Road.

c 1450 Merlin 597 The saisnes were grete and stronge, and ..often thei returned vpon hem that'hem pursued. 1484 Caxton Fables of dEsop iii. vi, Synne retometh euer vpon his mayster. 1611 Bible i Kings ii. 33 Their blood shall therefore returne vpon the head of loab. 1719 Waterland Vind. Christ's Div. 21 Let it stand, to support the Second Query; which returns upon you, and expects a fuller Answer. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 619 When the beauteous hateful isle Return’d upon him. i8ey..seye hit ys per heritage To haue oure godes, & vs to reuille! 1390 Gower Conf. III. 247 His fader and hise brethren bothe.. Him hadde beten and reviled. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 97 Also he revilede moche and detracte seynte Edmunde. 01460 Wisdom 989 in Macro Plays 68 By holy chyrch to be reconsylyde, Trustynge verely ye xall neuer be revylyde. 1530 Palsgr. 690/1 He is a marvaylouse hastye man in his fume, he revyled me and I had ben a dogge. 1591 Spenser M. Rubberd 365 The man..with reproachfull tearmes gan them revile. 1648 Wilkins Math. Magic i. xi. 69 He did not revile the gods of ingratitude. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. 1. 249 [The Arabs] hate the Persians, they revile every thing that concerns them. 1729 Savage Wanderer \. 411 They jar, accus’d accuse, revil’d revile, And wrath to wrath oppose. 1780 Cowper Love of World 33 Revil’d and lov’d, renounc’d and follow’d, Thus, bit by bit, the world is swallow’d. 1833 Ht. Martineau Tale of Tyne ii. 40 He reviled heaven and earth when he saw his wife sinking from want. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 185 Ctesippus then says that he is not reviling the two Sophists, he is only contradicting them. fig. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, i. i. 126, I read in ’s looks Matter against me, and his eye reuil’d Me as his abiect obiect. a 1616 Beaum. & Fl. Bonduca ii. iv, No ill words! let his own shame first revile him.

3. intr. To use opprobrious language; to rail at a person or thing. 1526 Tindale I Pet. ii. 23 When he was reviled, reviled notagayne. 1621 Brathwait Nat. (1877) 141 This short Satyre.. reuiling at the couetousnesse.. of women. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 58 It was then, that the doctrine of the Jesuits was carped, and reviled at. 1797 Mrs. M. Robinson Walsingham III. 65 While the tithe-pamper’d churchman reviles at the poor. 1871 B. Taylor (1875) I. xvii. 165 How scornfully I once reviled. When some poor maiden was beguiled.

Hence re'viled ppl. a. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! vii, The Lord’s people were always a reviled people and a persecuted people.

1833 Tennyson Two Voices 220 He heeded not reviling tones.

Hence re'vilingly adv. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. i John ii. 44 He prayed to the father for them that spake reuilyngly agaynste him. 1681 Baxter Acc. Sherlock iii. 177 [They] talk revilingly of persons and things which they never knew.

revin,

obs. Sc. f. raven sb.^ and riven pa. pple.

of RIVE V. t re'vince, v. Obs. [ad. L. revincere, f. re- re- + vincere to conquer, subdue.] 1. trans. To refute, disprove. 1529 More Dyaloge iv. Wks. 254/2 The king.. effectually reuinced and confuted the.. pestilent boke of Luther. 157® Foxe a. & M. (ed. 2) 976/2 When he shoulde see his errour by manifest and sound testimonies of scriptures reuinced. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon’s De Aug. Sci. iv. i. 178 The opinion of Copernicus,.. because it is not repugnant to the Phoenomena, cannot be revinced by Astronomicall Principles. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies I. xii. 44 As if Astrology were a close and cunning Faculty, and afraid.. to be revinced by ordinary experience.

2. To restore to a possession. 1584 Sc. Actsjas. F/ (1814) HI. 355 The saidis personis .. to be consolidat and revincit, likas his hienes consolidatis and revincis thame to pe saidis beneficis.

re'vincible, a. Obs. rare~^. [f. prec., or ad. late L. revincibilis.'] Refutable. t

1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter iii. 16 They are raised out of the Scriptures, though they be revincible by the same letters.

t re'vinct, Obs.~^ [ad. L. revinct-uSy pa. pple. of revinctre.] trans. Bound up, girt. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 191 Wherewith children in.. Summer revinct with swaith-bands, are as it were stew’d.

re'vindicate, v. [f.

re- and vindicate v.y after F. revendiquer. Cf. revendicate and med.L. revindiedre.'] trans. To vindicate anew; to reclaim, recover, or restore, as a rightful possession. 1828-32 in Webster (citing Mitford). 1842 De Quincey Philos. Herodotus Wks. 1858 IX. 179 Having thus said something towards revindicating for Herodotus his proper station [etc.]. 1864 Burton Scot Abr. II. i. 52 There was no other country to which they could be revindicated. 1872 Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 27 In vain he.. rebuked the untimely .. haste of Paris to revindicate this right for herself.

revindi'cation. REVENDICATION.]

revilement (ri'vailmant). [f. revile n.] 1. The act of reviling; the fact or practice of employing abusive language. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. iv. 12 Yet n’ould she stent Her bitter rayling and foule revilement. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus iii. 2 If any man prouoke thee by reuilement and reproaches, returne not euill for euill. 1649 tr. Warn. fr. J. Beem Iviii. 25 He doth not push with the horn of revilement and scorne. 1780 Bentham Princ. Legist, xviii. §34 And thus we have two genera or kinds of offences against reputation merely; to wit, i. Defamation and 2. Vilification or Revilement. 1881 Harper's Mag. LXIV. 216 It is devoted by custom to the particular revilement of Judas.

2. An instance of this; a reviling speech.

reviler (ri'vail3(r)).

[f. as prec.

+ -ERh]

One

who reviles or abuses. 1598 Hakluyt Voy. I. 553 [Those] who haue applied themselues.. to shake off the yoke of railers & reuilers. ^wi, Antiq. ii. (1733) 306 They came to this Resolution, that the Book might be subjected to a careful Examination and Revise. 1710 Acc. Distemper Tom Whigg n. 50 Let it be the frequent Subject of your Revise and Meditation. 1811 Gifford in M. Napier^s Sel. Corr. (1879) 4, I am greatly pleased with your additions, and indeed with the whole of your revise. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. xxi. (ed. 3) 209 The corrections have been unusually large, and the revises frequent.

b. A revised version or form. 1844 Dickens Let. 29 June (1977) IV. 153 Mr. Dickens will be glad if Mr. Newby will send a complete revise of the whole book .. to Mr. Overs for his attentive perusal. 1875 A. Thackeray Let. in H. Ritchie Lett. A. T. Ritchie (igz^) viii. 163 Mr. Payn writes sternly for the revise for my story and I must not write any more now. 1894 Current Hist. IV. 283 Shortly after the revise of the Wilson bill came up .. in the Senate on April 2. 1970 W. Garner Puppet-Masters xxxvi. 259 Here’s the revise. We had it retyped with the new ending.

3. Typog.

A revised or corrected form of proof-sheet; a further proof submitted by the printer after having made the required corrections, alterations, or additions. Also attrib. 1612 T. James Corrupt. Scripture iii. 24 There was no sheete printed off, before either the proofe, or the reuize (as they call it) was brought vnto him. 1644 Prynne & Walker Fiennes' Trial 56 When he read the printed proofe and revise. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc.^ Printing xvii. 264 After the Second or Third Proof he has a Revise, which is also a Proof-sheet. 1753 Richardson Grandison VI. 417 He had hardly.. composed any other Copy but first proofs, revises, &c., clandestinely obtained from England. 1778 Johnson in Boswell II. 345 Let me have the revises as soon as can be. 1816 Scott Antiq. xi, [He] pulled oflf the first proof as clear and free from errors, as if it had been a triple revise! 1887 Ruskin Prseterita II. 338 The revise of the last sheet was sent to printer. 1892 A. Oldfield Man. Typog. iii, When all the corrections have been made a Revise Proof will have to be pulled and submitted to the reader. 1972 H. Evans Newsman's English i. 8 The copy is normally passed to a third executive, the ‘revise editor’. On American dailies he is a ‘slot man’.

absol. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xv. xi, I am prevented from revising;—Perhaps I have said more than I meant.

b. To go over again, to re-examine, in order to improve or amend; -fto condense by revision. 1596 Bacon Max. Use Com. Law (1630) Ep. Ded. 2 To revise the Romane lawes from infinite volumes.. into one competent and uniforme corps of law. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 120 That they would be pleased in the forementioned particulars to revise the Directory. 1764 Burn Poor Laws 274 There is great reason to revise the game laws, and to reduce them into some order and compass. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 67 A commission sometimes granted.. to revise the sentence of the court of delegates. 1819 J> Marshall Const. Opin. (1839) 189 The opinion of the highest law tribunal of the state is to be revised. 1847 Power Latt? Qualif. fef Registr. 113 Every revising barrister is required to notify his appointment to the clerk of the peace of the county .. which he has been appointed to revise. 1876 Holland Sev. Oaks xi, People began to revise their judgments of the man whom they had .. condemned. 1939 N. Marsh Overture to Death v. 57 Then he gave himself four minutes to revise the conversation he had planned to have with Dinah.

c. To go over (a subject already learnt) in preparation for an examination. Also absol. 1946 ‘B. Truscot’ First Year at University v. 66 Assuming the examination to be in May or June, ..[the Easter] vacation should.. be devoted to revision, and the work to be revised must be systematically divided up among the time available. 1977 C. Dexter Silent World N. Quinn xii. 109 You revise, I suppose?.. I mustn’t keep you from your revising.

Hence re'vised ppl. a.

1611 Bible Transl. Pref. f 14 Neither did we disdaine to reuise that which we had done. 1693 Freke Sel. Ess. Apol. 3 What I have done of late has been only to Correct and Revise them [sc. essays] a little for the Press. 1743 Pope Let. to Warburton 12 Jan., Whatever very little respites I have had .. have been employed in revising the papers on the use of Riches. 1796 KiRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2) 1. Pref. xii, Upon the decease of Mr. Leske, it was revised, corrected, and enlarged, by Mr. Karsten. 1828 D’Israeli Chas. I, 1. iii. 30 The King carefully revised the papers which he commanded others to write. 1847 De Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun viii. Wks. 1853 III. 16 Pussy, however, saw no use in revising and correcting the text of papa's remembrances.

1845 Kitto Cycl. Bibl. Lit. (1849) II. 919/1 A revision of it.. is now wanted, or rather, a new translation. 1880 N.T. (Revised Version) Pref., The English Version of the New Testament here presented to the reader is a Revision of the Translation published in.. i6ii.

2. The fact of seeing some person or thing again.

1833 Macready Remin. Diary 3 Jan., Let my revision of this day enable me to be more resolute in my resistance of future temptations.

1884 4 Oct. 1289/1 We may by hypothesis want such an institution [i.e. a Second Chamber], even if the Revisers are inferior men to the Revisees.

reviser (ri’vaiz3(r)). [f. revise v. h- -erL Cf. REVISOR.] One who revises or makes corrections. 1694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 475/2 The Commentator or Reviser, in his Notes upon the same. 1738 T. Birch Life Milton in M.'s Wks. 1738 I. 48 It is not improbable Milton trusted much to the Care of the Printer and Reviser. 1778 Johnson L.P., Milton I. 251 Verbal inaccuracies, which Bentley.. imputed to obtrusions of a reviser. 1846 Maskell Mon. Rit. II. 121 note, The Prymer of 1545 corrected it, and was followed in later years by the revisers of Q. Mary’s Book. 1870 Graphic 25 June 703/3 The revisers of the authorised version of the New Testament met for the first time on Wednesday.

re'visership. [f. prec. + -ship.] The office of reviser, or spec, of a revising barrister. 1882 Pall Mall G. 5 July 4/1 Every kind of legal office in England—recorderships, reviserships, judgeships, &c.

freVisible, a.^ Obs. rare-^. [re- 5 a.] Visible again. ? a 1500 Chester PI. (E.E.T.S.) i. 103 Here will I bide now in this place..; to be revisible in short space, yt is my will in this same hower.

re'visible, a.^. Variant of revisable a. 1882 Fraser's Mag. XXV. 781 Any hold beyond that of expediency, revisible like all expediencies from time to time. 1898 Daily News 2 July 7/2 To insist that every arrangement between railway companies shall be revisible under the general law.

revising, vbl. sb.

[f. revise v.) The action of

1611 Florio, Reuisione, a reuising or reuiewing. 1621 Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 103 Moved, whether there may not be a newe revysing of this Bill to that purpose. 1673 S. Parker Reproof Reh. Transp. 528 The authour had not the revising of the sheets. 1969 C. Fremlin Possession xvii. 137 Janice said what about her revising?.. How could she ever get through her Mocks next term? 1977 [see revise V. 3 c].

3. a. To look or read carefully over, with a view to improving or correcting.

b. A product of revising; a revised version.

revi'see. [f. revise v. -f -ee.] One whose work is subjected to revision.

re- RE- + viser to look at, aim:—pop. L. *visdre. Cf. advise, devise, and L. revisere.) 11. intr. To look again or repeatedly at, to look back or meditate on, something. Obs.

\2. trans. To see or behold, to look at, again.

1611 CoTGR., Revision, a reuision, reuise, reuiew, reexamination, looking ouer againe. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. To Rdr. A3 Considering this Revision, what is now publish’d is both a more curious, and more compleat Piece. 1771 Johnson in Boswell 29 Aug., I am engaging in a very great work, the revision of my Dictionary. 1797 Malone Mem. Reynolds R.’s Wks. I. p. xxvii. Though they are only detached thoughts, and did not receive his final revision and correction, I am unwilling to suppress them. 1817 Pari. Deb. 14 Our commercial situation and system deserved and required revision. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, III. i. 12 Few letters or papers passed his revision without being returned with marginal notes. 1876 Contemp. Rev. June 96 Revision [of the New Testament] has .. become a public question. 1916 A. Huxley Let. i May (1969) 98, I am busy with revision, doing papers for my tutor under examination conditions. 1979 Observer 29 July 21/1, I thought the end of school term might be a good occasion for a little revision. attrib. 1884 O.T. (Revised Version) Pref., The Rules laid down by the Revision Committee of Convocation for the guidance of the Revisers. 1937 Corbett & Eichele {title) Classified revision exercises in German,

1796 Owen Trav. Europe II. 310, I was particularly gratified in this ascent by a revision of that prodigious rock, the Aiguille de Dru. 1838 S. Jackson tr. Strauss' Remin. Life Lutheran Clergym. iii. 286 Heaven and earth beheld each other, and seemed to be astonished at the revision. 1891 E. L. Arnold Phra the Phoenician xi, A sweet revision of Blodwin, my.. British wife!

the verb; revision.

a 1618 Sylvester Triumphant ii. 305 Th’ Eye that hath seen him, shall not see him twise, Nor shall his Places him againe revise. 1687 Beverley Exposition Song of Songs 66 So long forgotten, I by Love revis’d Would now from future Forfeiture Fore-pris’d, Stand sealed. 1727 Foxton in Earbery Burnet's St. Dead App. 75 If any doubt it they may revise what we have there written. 1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) 11.63 She reserves this .. for her own .. inspection; to revise it, to gaze and dwell upon it in secret.

has already been learnt, esp. in preparation for an examination.

Revised Version, the version of the Bible made in 1870-84 as ‘a Revision of the Translation published in.. 1611, and commonly known by the name of the Authorised Version’. 1837 Lockhart Scott II. vi. 223, I suspect this had been a revised edition. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 159 There might be a revised litur^ which should not exclude extemporaneous prayer. 1880 N.T. (Revised Version) Pref., We forwarded to them the Revised Version in its final form.

revise (n'vaiz), v. [a. F. reviser (also reviser), f.

1567 Reception of Q. Eliz. at Cambridge (Harl. MSS. 7037). "The Queen following.. and marvellously revising at the beauty of the chapel. 1627 Lever Q. Eliz. Teares ix, Waking, or not, I oft reuise thereon, a 1640 Jackson Creed X. xxxi. Wks. IX. 217 Surely the thoughts of a mere natural, civil or moral man are free.. and able to revise and work upon these occurrences.

REVISIONISM

833

re'vising, ppl. a. [f. revise v.'\ That revises. revising barrister^ a barrister appointed to hold local courts at stated periods for the purpose of revising the lists of parliamentary electors. 1757 Richardson Let. 19 Nov. (1964) 337 Your Ladiship’s Correspondence & mine, will be ye safer, because of its length, & for its being only in our own Hands; & if it has yr. Ladiship’s revising Eye, will be of ye less consequence. 1832 G. Price Compl. Election Guide ix. {heading), Revisal of Lists of Voters, Appointment and Business of Revising Barrister. 1847 Power Law Qualif. Registr. 113 The like duty devolves upon the senior judge of assise on the summer circuit to appoint revising barristers to act for each circuit. 1875 E. White Life in Christ Pref. (1878) X, In preparing the present edition I have been again much indebted to the revising accuracy of my friend. 1898 S. Lee Life Shaks. v. (1899) 59 In both these plays Shakespeare’s revising hand can be traced.

revision (ri'visan). [ad. late L. revtsion-em, f. revisere: see revise v. So F. and Sp. revision. It. re-, rivisione.) 1. a. The action of revising or looking over again; esp. critical or careful examination or perusal with a view to correcting or improving. Also spec., the action of going over a subject that

3. A retrospective survey.

Hence re'visional, re'visionary adjs. 1828-32 in Webster. 1856 W. H. Thompson in A. Butler Hist. Anc. Philos. I. 362 It probably would not have survived its author’s revisionary criticism. 1859 I. Taylor Logic in Theol. 74 In explication of this revisional process in philosophic reasoning. 1882-3 Schaff JE'ncyc/. Relig. Knowl. \. 324 There arose in France a strong revisionary spirit,.. which carried a great reform.

revisionism

(ri'vi33niz(3)m). Politics. [f. 1. A policy first put forward in the 1890s by Edward Bernstein (1850-1932) advocating the introduction of socialism through evolution rather than revolution, in opposition to the orthodox view of Marxists; hence a term of abuse used within the communist world for an interpretation of Marxism which is felt to threaten the canonical policy. REVISION

+

-ISM.]

1903 Social-Democrat VII. 84 {heading) Revisionism in Germany. 1909 E. C. Harvey tr. Bernstein's Evolutionary Socialism p. xxii, Subsequently the views put forward in the book have received the bye-name of Revisionism. 1934 P. & I. Petroff Secret of Hitler's Victory iii. 40 In the social democratic ranks extreme revisionism predominated. 1947 Partisan Rev. XIV. 396 It is permissible, is it orthodoxy or revisionism, for a Marxist to take any significant ideas from the prevailing fashion of the ‘neo-Kantian’ revival? 1958 Times 4 Aug. 7/2 It is not only over Yugoslav ‘revisionism’ that China has lately taken a distinctive and uncompromising attitude. 1959 M. S. Levin tr. Lenin's Against Revisionism 122 The ideological struggle waged by revolutionary Marxism against revisionism at the end of the nineteenth century is but the prelude to the great revolutionary battles of the proletariat. 1962 Listener 8 Mar. 404/2 Russian Khrushchevian revisionism. 1965 New Statesman 18 June 945/2 China was going to fight Soviet revisionism to the bitter end. 1969 A. G. Frank Latin Amer. (1970) xiv. 221 There exists no dual society in the world today and all attempts to find one are attempts to justify and/or cover up imperialism and revisionism. 1975 J. De Bres tr. Mandel's Late Capitalism xvi. 517 Cheprakov’s revisionism is here unequivocally spelt out.

2. A term used for a revised attitude to some previously accepted political situation, doctrine, or point of view; concr., the name of the policy adopted by a right-wing Zionist group, active during the formative period of the State of Israel; mostly U.S., a movement to revise the accepted versions of American history, esp. those relating to foreign affairs since the war of 1939-451921 Glasgow Herald/^ Apr. 10 The British Foreign Office has got over its momentary lapse into revisionism. 1932 Palestine Post 25 Dec. 6/2 The leader of the Revisionism, Jabotinsky. 1939 G. F. Hudson Turkey, Greece ^ E. Mediterranean (1940) 28 Turkey, Greece, Rumania, and Jugoslavia therefore left out Bulgaria, and concluded between themselves a pact of mutual guarantee, the foundation of the so-called Balkan Entente (9 Feb. 1934). This was in effect an alliance against Bulgarian revisionism, just as the Little Entente was an alliance against Hungarian revisionism. 1940 Economist 6 Apr. 606/2 The Near Eastern States offer a happy hunting-ground to the roving ambition of predatory Great Powers. Once again, it is a question of revisionism versus the status quo. 1949 Koestler Promise & Fulfilment ill. 302 The conflict between Revisionism and official Zionism was mainly one of character and temperament. 1953 J. A. Lukacs Great Powers & E. Europe p. viii, The somewhat vague concept of historical revisionism is applicable only when there is an abundance of

REVISIONIST

REVIVAL

834

well-documented historical writing which, because of its unilateral emphasis or perspective, needs to be counter¬ balanced. Ibid. III. 282 Ribbentrop.. termed the Russian attitude [over Finland] as ‘reasonable’, stemming from an aim of ‘modest revisionism’. 1959 Encounter Sept. 64/2 A humanistic revisionism can be secured only by revising the claims of science itself, i960 S. G. Evans Short Hist. Bulgaria v. 175 The extent of German economic penetration and the degree of national chauvinism in the ruling class, leading to a clamant revisionism, plus the fact that Hitler appeared to be winning, made it certain that they would turn the way they did. 1965 New Statesman i Oct. 486/2 One linguistic difference between American and British historians lies in the frequency with which they use the word ‘revisionism’. It is common currency in Transatlantic seminars and journals, but hardly ever heard in this country. Ibid., ‘Revisionism’ goes on all the time because of disagreement about the moral and political significance of what happened. 1973 in R. Staar Yearbk. on Internat. Communist Affairs 80 The fact that the work was not condemned or suppressed, but indeed approved..by Georgian authorities, until Moscow intervened, indicated that historiographical ‘revisionism’ was rife in the republic. 1977 Time 15 Aug. 26/1 Revisionism is starting on Johnson as it has started on other Presidents.

revisionist (ri'vi33nist), sb. and adj.

[f. revision

+ -1ST. Cf. F. revisionniste adj.]

A. sb. 1. One who advocates or supports revision. 1865 Reader No. 151. 567/3 The Revisionists and the ultra-Ritualists. 1884 Spectator 4 Oct. 1305/2 The more impatient political revisionists among ourselves should.. reflect,—and hesitate. 1909 [see opportunist la]. 1915 L. B..Boudin Theoret. Syst. K. Marx i. ii What they [^c. critics] claim is that they [sc. Marx’s theories] were based on insufficient data, and that our present knowledge requires the revision of some of his tenets or the supplementing of them by some qualifying truths... Hence, the name Revisionists, under which most of the newer Marx-critics are known, and the term Revisionism applied to their writings and teachings. 1927 H. E. Fosdick Pilgrimage to Palestine (1928) xii. 288 Some [Zionists] are revisionists, trying to force Britain’s hand and compel aggressive action towards making Jews the dominant political power. 1930 Time Tide 6 Sept. 1125/2 Professor Barnes is what is known as a ‘revisionist’, in other words, an exponent of historical views on this subject, almost completely reversing those dominant in England and America eleven years ago. 1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory 115 The fallacious premise.. found also in the writings of such Freudian revisionists as Fromm, that the structure of society primarily restrains the free expression of man’s fixed native impulses. 1957 Observer 27 Oct. biz The purge will be used to root out..the ‘revisionists’ who evince a negative attitude towards the Soviet Union. ig62 Daily Tel. 17 Nov. 16/3 The article is an important move in the Moscow-Peking dispute. It accused the ‘revisionists’ of retreating from the decisions taken jointly in Moscow. 1966 C. Potok Chosen (1967) xiii. 226 Every shade of Zionist thought was represented.. from the Revisionists, who supported the Irgun, to the Neturai Karta, the Guardians of the City.. Jerusalem. 1973 P. Hollander Soviet ^ Amer. Society i. 13 The revisionists simply cannot believe that if American foreign policy was wrong (criminal, bankrupt, or irresponsible) in regard to Vietnam, it could have been otherwise in different historical situations, especially if Communism was at issue. 1976 Times 9 June 16/2 It is not easy to strengthen contacts with Yugoslavian communists while keeping Spanish and French ‘revisionists’ at arm’s length.

revisit

(rii'vizit), v. [ad. F. revisiter, = Sp. and Pg. revisitar, It. rivisitare, L. revtsitdre, or f. re5 a + VISIT V.'] fl. trans. To revise, reinspect, re-examine. Ohs. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. ccxxiii. [ccxviii.] 691 They saye, that ye haue not dilygently reuisyted nor ouersene the letters patentes. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 105 To visit and reuisit all the before appointed matters and orders. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 156 You then revisit your Parterre from one End to the other, and new furnish with Box the Places that require it.

2. a. To visit again, to return or come back to (a place, person, etc.). always in pa. pple).

Also fig. (cf. sense i;

b. ahsol. To pay a visit or visits again. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 312/2 Nanny revisits, and disgrac’d I fall. 1862 Lytton Str. Story II. 73 Rejoiced, at least, that Margrave had not revisited at Mrs. Ashleigh’s.

Hence re'visiting vbl. sb. Riuisita, a reuisiting, a reuiewing.

re'visitant, a.

rare-^. Returning to a place.

[f.

prec.

+

-ant.]

1852 Hawthorne Blithedale Romance xxiii, A kind of medium fit for spirits departed and revisitant, like myself.

revisi'tation (ri:-).

[a. obs. F. revisitation (Godef.), or f. revisit, after visitation.'] fl. Revisal, revision. Ohs. rare.

1549 Paget in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. 258 We thought best to put you in mind of the confirmation and revisitation of the treaty. 1611 Cotgr., Revisitation, a reuisitation; or., a reuisii^, reuiewing, recognizing,.. overlooking againe.

2. The action or fact of visiting again. 1828-32 in Webster. 1859 J. A. Alexander On Mark vi. 6 A regular concerted plan of periodical revisitation. 1889 Stevenson Art Writing, Pref. Master Ballantrae 145 There are few things more strange.. than such revisitations.

fre'visitor.

Ohs. rare. [a. obs. F. revisiteur (Godef.), f. revisiter to revisit,] An examiner, inspector. 1594 R. Ashley tr. Loys le Roy 29 b, Controllers, reuisitors, and serchers. 1611 Cotgr., Revisiteur, a reuisor, reuiewer, reuisitor, ouerlooker, ouerseer.

2. pi. The revisers of the Bible. 1881 Q. Rev. Oct. 309 The result at which the Revisionists of the New Testament have arrived. 1885 Ffoulkes Prim. Consecration ii. 16 The Revisionists much more correctly translate [etc.].

revisor (ri'vaiz3(r)). Also 7 -our. [See

B. adj. That advocates or supports revision; pertaining to revisionism or revisionists.

In quots. 1723 and 1891 after Russ, revizor. 1598 Florio, Riuisore, a surueyer,. .a reuisor. C1620 Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) Introd. 23 Referring to the said revisours to make choose of such of my Workis. 1675 Temple Let. Wks. 1720 II. 335 All Revisions should be made by Three of the first Judges, and Four Revisors joined with them. 1723 Pres. St. Russia II. 202 Brigadier and Revisor-General, Basil! Zatoff. 1790 Cowper Iliad Pref., Mr. Fuseli.. voluntarily and generously offered himself as my revisor. 1825 Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 45 The Revisors had adopted these opinions. 1850 Forshall & Madden Wycliffe’s Bible 1. Pref. p. xxxi. The revisor seems, as he proceeded, to have grown weary. 1891 Pall Mall G. i Apr. 2/3 The revisors of the population report.. about 72,000 genuine Pagans in the Government province of Irkutsk.

1866 Church Times 17 Feb., The Revisionist party states its opinion [etc.]. 1888 Times i Oct. 5/4 The calling together of a Revisionist Congress. 1903 Social-Democrat VII. 97 Thus, the so-called democratising of industry through the company makes for the Social Revolution, and renders Revisionist Socialism impossible. ig2$ Zionist Rev. IX. 48/1 The Radical and the Revisionist Opposition. 1934 Sun (Baltimore) 16 Oct. 10/3 The ‘revisionist’ historian of the war has transferred the responsibility for that great tragedy from the shoulders of the German military autocracy to those of M. Poincare. 1949 Koestler Promise & Fulfilment II. 259 A Revisionist doctor makes his living on Revisionist patients, goes to Revisionist cafes and frequents only Revisionist circles. 1961 Listener 30 Nov. 905/2 Much fruitful thinking is now going on within the framework of revisionist Marxism about the kind of relation which exists between basis and superstructure. 1969 Amer. N. Q. Oct. 31/2 It is ‘revisionist’ history in the finest sense, a wholly new interpretation of the sources. 1971 Human World Nov. 18 In Chinese polemics of the same period, it was discernible that the primary object of Peking’s venom was the ‘revisionist social imperialism’ of the ‘new Tsars’. 1974 Times 18 Feb. 7/2 Their local Communist Party committees should carry out reforms aimed at preventing the growth of ‘revisionist’ tendencies. 1977 Time 30 May 4/3 The recent cluster of ‘revisionist’ books on Nazism, which would soften the frightening teachings of this maniacal movement.

revise v.

and -OR. So F. reviseur, Sp. and Pg. revisor. It. revisore.] One who revises; a reviser.

revisory (ri'vaizan), a. [f. revise v. + -ory. Cf. med.L. revisdrius (Du Cange).] Having power to revise; engaged in, of the nature of, revision. 1846 in Worcester (citing Story). 1884 Bryce in Contemp. Rev. Nov. 723 A revisory body is needed for all legislation. 1891 Times 29 Jan. 5/1 The law.. conferred no revisory power upon the Supreme Court.

revissar, -ing,

obs. Sc. ff. ravisher, -ing.

A repeated or

second visit.

revitali'zation. [f. next.] The action of revitalizing, or the fact of being revitalized. Also attrib., as revitalization movement.

1623 in Birch Crt. & Times Jas. I (1848) II. 385 So particular a relation of all their visits and revisits, that, .it tells every step. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 206 Albeit our Ambassadour in civility sent to visit him, he returned a sleight thanks without a re-visit. 1699 R. L’Estrange Erasm. Colloq. (1725) 13, I have been on a visit .. to the famous Lady.. in England (which in truth was a revisit). 1817 J. Scott Paris Revisit, (ed. 4) 307 The spirit of female intrigue.. was very instrumental in bringing about the re-visit from Elba. 1889 Daily News 10 May 2/2 The proposed revisit of the Russian pianist.. has been abandoned.

1872 Nicholson Biol. 16 This is a mere instance of revival and not of revitalisation. 1890 S. J. Duncan Soc. Departure 235 It was a revitalisation of a certain large round tin box associated with the home store-room. 1956 A. F. C. Wallace in Amer. Anthropol. LVIII. 265 A revitalization movement is defined as a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture. 1970 R. D. Abrahams Positively Black vi. 151 Perhaps the most important feature of resemblance between revitalization movements and the present separatist position is that both turn on the idea of social and cultural polarization within a pluralistic situation.

revisit (ri:'vizit), sb.

[re- 5 a.]

I

t). [re-53.] trans. To restore to put new life into. Hence re'vitalizeid ppl. a., revitalizing vbl. sb.

vitality;

1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 374 The returning sun.. sets them creeping forth, revitalized and re-empowered with life. 1862 Reichel Cathed. of igth C. 25 The regenerated and revitalized restoration or product of this century. 1869 Microsc. Jrnl. May 294 There are organisms which we can devitalise and revitalise—devive and revive —many times. 1892 Daily News 25 Oct. 6/2 This revitalising, if I may so express myself, in municipal life.

revittle,

obs. form of revictual.

reviva'bility. [f. next +

-ity.] The quality of

being revivable.

1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. iii. iii, Now gapes the graves, and through their yawnes let loose Imprison’d spirits to revisit earth. 1633 P. Fletcher Poet. Misc. 60 But then revisit our long-Iong’d-for Kent. 1667 Milton P.L. III. 13 Thee I re-visit now with bolder wing. 1729 Pope LeU to Harley 24 Dec., I have been twice revisited with this distemper. 1776 Gibbon Decl. fef F. xii. (1782) I. 405 It was time that the emperor should revisit Rome. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam i. xlvi. My pale lip quivers When thought re¬ visits them. 1847 C. BronteX Eyre ii, I began to recall what I had heard of dead men.. revisiting the earth. 1869 Tozer Highl. Turkey II. 324 The young mother longs to revisit the infant she has left behind her. 1971 Language XLVII. 503 {heading) The phoneme revisited. 1975 I. Robinson New Grammarians' Funeral ix. 169 {heading) ‘The science of language’ revisited. 1976 Lingua XL. 321 {heading) The -ing form revisited. 1977 Language LIII. 277 {heading) Conversational postulates revisited.

1598 Florio,

re'vitalize (ri:-), to

185s Bain Senses Sf Int. 11. ii. § 16 The property of mental persistence and revivability. 1868 Spencer Print. Psychol. (1872) I. II. V. 229 We have to inquire what determines this revivability.

revivable (ri'vaiv3b(a)l), a.

[f. revive v. -ABLE.] Capable of being revived.

+

i8io W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. (1843) II. 288 My zeals, however, though never lasting, are always revivable. i860 All Year Round No. 43. 390 Living animalcules.. are revivable in this state. 1890 Maher Psychol. 79 The very revivable and associable character of its sensations.

Hence re'vivably adv. 1884 Mind IX. 350 What kind of agency can it.. be.. that revivably stores up the memory of departed phenomena?

revival (ri'vaival). [f. revive v. + -al*.] 1. a. The act of reviving after decline or discontinuance; restoration to general use, acceptance, etc.; an instance or result of this. 1651 Davenant Gondibert iii. iv. 68 The King has now his curious sight suffis’d With all lost Arts, in their revival view’d. 1693 Dryden Disc. Satire Ess. (ed. Ker) II. 29 Unnecessary coinage [of words], as well as unnecessary revival, runs into S^ectation. 1731-8 Swift Polite Conv. Introd. 58 The happy Revival of Masquerading among us. 1780 Cowper Let. to Rev. J. Newton, 12 July, I have often wished.. for the revival of the Roman custom—salutis at top, and vale at bottom. 1865 Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. vi. (1871) 160 The new German Empire is a fair revival of the old German Kingdom. 1874 Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 179 The modem revival of extempore preaching.

b. The act of restoring an old play to the stage, or of republishing an old literary work. Also, the act of resuming a series of broadcast programmes. 1664 J. Wilson Cheats, Another [prologue], intended, upon the revival of the Play, but not spoken. 1779 Johnson L.P., Otway, Friendship in Fashion.. was, upon its revival.. in 1749, hissed off the stage. 1815 Haslewood Mirr. Mag. Ded., The Mirror for Magistrates: A Popular Production of the Reign of Elizabeth which merited Revival. 1863 Sat. Rev. 16 May 63 3 The preservation of hundreds of plays, and names which deserve remembrance and justify revival. 1888 Century Mag. Feb. 544 note. Some of Mr. Daly’s revivals have been beautifully costumed. 1955 Times 13 May 16/1 The B.B.C. had left the door open... The minimum gap before such a revival would be six months. 1976 in Amer. Speech (1978) LIII. 58 We retain the right to edit our material which includes excessive emotionalism or statements which could be detrimental to S[tar] T[rek] fandom or revival.

c. revival of learning, letters, or literature, the Renaissance in its literary aspect. 1785 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. Introd. (1794) 3 At the revival of learning, every thing disappeared to make room for the works of antiquity. 1812 Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 20 Till the revival of literature in Europe there was no attempt at philosophical discussions in any of the Sciences. 1835 Macaulay in Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 323 The great revival of letters among the Western nations at the close of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. 1872 Morley Voltaire (1886) i The names of the great decisive movements in the European advance like the Revival of Leamii^ or the Reformation.

d. Arch. The reintroduction of Gothic Architecture towards the middle of the 19th century. 1850 Sir G. Scott Anc. Churches 20 One of the most discouraging features in the revival which has happily commenced among us. 1855 - Sec. & Dom. Archit. (1858) 17 We have so generally come to the conclusion that the best period of our national architecture was the latter half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries, that we have insensibly adopted that as the groundwork of our revival. 1872 Eastlake Hist. Gothic Revival 209 The year in which the foundation stone of the Parliament Houses was laid may be taken as a turning point in the History of the Revival.

2. a. Restoration to vigour or activity. 1752 Mrs. Delany Life ^ Corr. (1861) III. 151 A month’s visit would have been such a revival to me! 1772 Wesley yrn/. 4 Sept., There had been a fresh revival of the work of God among them. 1783 Burke Rep. Aff. India Wks. 11.33 The revival of trade in the native hands is of absolute necessity. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. (1878) 491 This was the first time he had shown such a revival of energy. 1874 J. Sully Sensation Sf Intuition 153 Where a feeling is extremely simple.., its too frequent revival tends to exhaust it.

b. Restoration consciousness.

or

return

to

life

or

1788 Gibbon Decl. fe? F. xlix. V. 134 On his revival from the swoon.., he recovered his speech and sight. 1810 Crabbe Borough xx. 253 His son suspended saw him, long bereft Of life, nor prospect of revival left. 1856 Kane Arct. ExpL II. xxiv. 240 Ohlsen was no more. He had shown, a short half-hour before, some signs of revival. 1875 Jowett Plato {^d. 2) I. 446 And revival, if there be such a thing, is the birth of the dead into the world of the living?

REVIVALISM

835

c. Chem. Revivification. 1788 Trans. LXXIX. 14, I mentioned some m^an^ of the revival of red precipitate in inflammable air.

d. The fact of renewing or raising again. 1885 Act 48 Viet. c. 15 § I Any notice.. relating to the withdrawal and revival of objections.

3. a. A general reawakening of or in religion in a community or some part of one. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. HI. 71 There was a notable Revival of Religion among them. 1757 E. Wheelock Mem. (1811) 215 We rejoice to hear of a revival of religion in the established church. 1793 Baptist Reg. for 1794-7 H- 74 A short sketch of revivals in religion, a 1817 T. Dwight Trav. (^821) II. 277 Four considerable revivals of Religion have taken place in Somers during his Ministry. 1821 Universalist Mag. 9 June 193/3 There has been of late. *n Hartford and its vicinity, what is called a revival in religion.

b. ellipt. for prec.; freq. in depreciatory use in reference to the excitement and extravagance which tend to accompany such movements. 1818 J. PALMERyrn/. 76 The Methodists of Cincinnati are very zealous, and have what they call ‘a revival’ in the country. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley i, In the Methodist chapel down yonder, where they are in the thick of a revival. 1877 Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. ii. i. 166 The number of those who recollect the beginnings of the Oxford revival is shrinking fast. attrib. 1831 J. J. Strang >n/. 31 July in M. M. Quaife Kingdomof St. James {192^) 195 The revival meeting lasted a fortnight or more. 1843 J. C. in Baptist Reporter Feb. 56 A series of revival-meetings were held. 1059 Stopford Work & Counter-work 7 A bodily illness which has come to be co-existent with this revival movement. 1891 Atlantic Monthly June 813/2 The old slaves are loath to give up the hysteric emotionalism of revival preaching. 1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond (1957) ix. 88 Then there had been the Billy Graham mission, which had passed through the other day, hired a room in the municipal buildings, and held a revival service through an interpreter. 1969 C. Burke God is Beautifuf Man (1970) 98 One day there was a guy named Peter in a revival tent on an empty lot. 1976 Times 13 Feb. 7/5 In 1876 he [sc. William Booth] set up as music publisher with Revival Music, a collection of hymns and gospel songs used by the Christian Mission, as his army was known until 1878.

revivalism (ri'vai\’3liz(3)m). [f. prec. + -ism.] 1. The state or form of religion characteristic of revivals. (Cf. prec. 3 b,) 1815 in Polwhele Trad. ^ Recoil. (1826) II. 679, I verily -believe that Revivalism has had this effect in some degree. 1859 Stopford Work & Counter-work 37, I say, that hysteria, in connection with revivalism, is now commonly produced and propagated by man. 1883 Pall Mall G. 8 Nov., Revivalism in general and American revivalism in particular, is desperately vulgar.

2. Tendency or desire to revive what has gone out of use or belongs to the past. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library I. 245 However far the rage for revivalism may be pushed, nobody will ever want to revive the nineteenth century. 1876 F. Harrison Choice Bks. (1886) 247 A whited sepulchre, where spruce revivalism is still scraping.. the empty and ruined tombs.

revivalist (n'vaivalist). [f. as prec. -f -IST.] 1. One who promotes, produces, or takes part in, a religious revival. 1820 R. Polwhele Introd. Bp. Lavington's Enthus. of Method. & Papists p. cxiii. The Irish Shouters, the Welsh Jumpers, and the Cornish Revivalists. 1859 All Year Round No. 28. 33 Much stress has been laid by the Revivalists.. on the decrease of drunkenness.. among the converted. 1889 Jessopp Coming of Friars vi. 272 With the dawn of the thirteenth century came the great revivalists—the friars.

2. One who revives or reintroduces former conditions, methods, etc. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp. Ixviii. (1865) VIII. 364 The place they hold between the teaching of the earlier philosophers, and that of the revivalists of the third century. 1870 Ruskin Crown Wild Olive ii. (1898) 96 The Revivalist worshipped Beauty of a sort and built you Versailles and the Vatican. 01878 Sir G. Scott Lect. Archil. (1879) I. 349 The error of the French revivalists in selecting an earlier type for their groundwork.

3. attrib. or as adj. 1859 All Year Round No. 28. 33 During a Revivalist meeting. 1864 Realm 27 Apr. 2 ‘A lay teacher’ appointed by some revivalist clergyman. 1875 Rossetti Hooffr Poe/. Wks. Ser. ii. Pref. p. xvii, A most astonishing example of revivalist poetry: it is reproductive and spontaneous at the same time. 1890 Times 20 Dec. 9/3 The Salvation Army as a revivalist agency. 1956 M. Stearns Story of Jazz {1957) iii. 30 The ceremonies became famous for their revivalist power and frenzy. 1965 G. Melly Owning Up xi. 128 Revivalist jazz was based on the Negro jazz of the ’twenties.

Hence reviva'listic a. 1882 Macm. Mag. XLVI. 413 What will be the position of this great revivalistic movement in the year 1900? 1886 Century Mag. XXXI. 438 Spiritual preaching is reviving; it is not necessarily revivalistic.

reVivalize, v. [f. as prec. +

intr. conduct or bring about a religious revival. -IZE.]

To

1882 Ch. Rev. 73 Where Messrs. Moody and Sankey are revivalising.

tre'vive, 56. Obs. rare. [f. the verb.] a. Revival, restoration to life. b. A revival (of a play) on the stage. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 50 Hee is dead, and there¬ fore grieue not thy memorie with the imagination of his new reuiue. 1663 Pepvs Diary 22 July, He grew very proud, and demanded 20I. for himself extraordinary .. upon every new play, and lol. upon every revive.

revive (ri'vaiv), v. Also 5 revyfe, 5-6 reuyue, revyue, 6 revyve, 6-7 reuiue, 7 reviue. [ad. F. revivre (loth c., = Prov. reviure, Pg. reviver, Sp. revivir, It. rivivere) or post-classical L. revivSre, f. re- RE- -I- vivere to live. The trans. use (expressed in Italian by rivivare) probably originated in the conjugation of the perfect and past tenses with is, was, etc.] 1. intr. 1. To return to consciousness; to recover from a swoon or faint. •432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 477 Canutus..lay on the grownde as dedde; whiche revivynge, was gladde that he was reservede to lyfe [etc.]. 1530 Palsgr. 690/1 He is in suche a swounde that I wene he wyll never revyve agayne. 1611 Bible Judg. xv. 19 When he had drunke, his spirit came againe, and he reuiued. 1634 Milton Comas 840 And through the porch and inlet of each sense [they] Dropt in Ambrosial Oils till she reviv’d. 1725 Pope Odyss. v. 507 As pious children joy.. When a lov’d sire revives before their sight. 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. xxxii. 399 It is clear, that if, upon judgment to be hanged by the neck till he is dead, the criminal be not thoroughly killed, but revives, the sheriff must hang him again. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xxviii. 268 St. Clare had fainted,.. but as Miss Ophelia applied restoratives, he revived, opened his eyes. 1884 Pae Eustace 11 ‘She is reviving,’ exclaimed Eustace.

2. a. To return or come back to life; to regain vital activity, after being dead; to live again. 1526 Tindale Rom. xiv. 9 Christ therfore dyed and rose agayne and revived. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 25 [Their parts] being once so discerped .. can neuer after reuiue and uicken againe. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, i. i. i8 Henry is ead, and neuer shall reuiue. 1628 T. Spencer Logick 128 The Sunne dyes by setting, and revives by rising, man dyes, but revives no more. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 334 Nothing properly dieth but the body:.. and nothing can revive but that which dieth. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock v. 70 She smil’d to see the doughty hero slain. But, at her smile, the Beau reviv’d again. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 113/2 Still the pale dead revives and lives to me. 1819 Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) IV. ix. 284 Dr. Morris ought, like Nourjahad, to revive every half century, to record the fleeting manners of the age. 1861 Trench Comm. Ep. Churches Asia 11 Who revived at the touch of Elisha’s bones. fig. a 1661 Holyday Juvenal (1673) To Rdr., The endeavor of such, as would prove that Martial.. in his later age reviv’d into Christianity. 1888 Pop. Sci. Monthly XXXHI. 386 Emotionally we revive in our children.

b. Chem. To return to the metallic state. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 765 When the lead revives, it separates the gold from the sand.

3. a. To assume fresh life or vigour after nearly dying or becoming extinct. Also^ig. 1526 Tindale Phil. iv. 10, I reioyse.. greatly that now at the last ye are revived agayne to care for me. 1530 Palsgr. 677/1, I quyeken, I revyve, as a thyng dothe..that was wyddered, or almoste deed, and retourneth to lyfe agayne. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 338 Even as a dying coal revives with wind. 1611 Bible Hosea xiv. 7 They that dwell vnder his shadow shall returne: they shall reuiue as the come. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 493 If chance the radiant Sun.. Extend his ev’ning beam, the fields revive. 01763 Shenstone Elegies iii. 30 The sweetest bud that blows Revives less lovely from the recent show’r. 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. xii. (1782) I. 396 The strength of Aurelian had crushed on every side the enemies of Rome. After his death they seemed to revive with an increase of fury and of numbers. 1821 Shelley When passion's trance is overpast. After the slumber of the year.. All things revive in field or grove.

b. To resume courage or strength; to recover from depression. *53® Palsgr. 677/1, I quyeken or revyve, I take hert,/e deuiens vif. 1535 Coverdale Gen. xiv. 27 Whan he sawe y« charettes that loseph had sent to fetch him, his sprete reuyued. i6n Bible j Mac. xiii. 7 As soone as the people heard these words, their spirit reuiued. 1667 Milton P.L. XI. 867,1 revive At this last sight, assur’d that Man shall live. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. xxxiii. My powers revived within me, and I went.. Through many a vale, i860 Warter Sea-board II. 200 When this was done, his spirits seemed to revive.

4. a. Of feelings, dispositions, etc.: To become active or operative again. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v.cxv. 89 His olde condicions began in him to reuyue and quyeken, soo that at length he retournyd to his olde accustomed vycys. 1526 Tindale Rom. vii. 9 When the commaundement came synne revyved and I was deed. 1621 T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 69 There are sinnes, which doe not grow old, nor dye in old age, but commonly grow young, and reuiue againe. 1746 Hervey Medit. (1818) 271 Anon, sin revives, and leads our souls into a transient, though unwilling captivity. 1779 Cowper Human Frailty 8 But Passion rudely snaps the string [of the bow], and it [rc. vice] revives again. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles vi. ix, And Love, howe’er the maiden strive, Must with reviving hope revive! 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 544 Ambitious hopes which had seemed to be extinguished, had revived in his bosom. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede xxvi, The jealousy and fretfulness which had revived when Adam came to tell her that [etc.].

b. To return to a flourishing state; to assume fresh life or vigour after decline or decay; also in LaWy to become valid again. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Resurgo, Maiestas Pop. Rom. resurrexit, reuiued, or came to the olde state agayne. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 124 Such is the kinde of your cause, that, together with the commonwealth,.. it must of necessitie, as it were, revive. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 701 Then Sculpture and her sister-arts revive; Stones leap’d to form, and rocks began to live. 1709 Steele Taller No. i Ip6 It is not now doubted but Plays will revive, and take their usual Place in the opinion of Persons of Wit and Merit. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 3/2 Therefore I do not doubt.. Trade will here again revive. 1771 Encycl. Brit. II. 910/2 Upon the vassals resignation, the superior’s right of property revives.

REVIVE 1840 Macaulay Clive Ess. (1897) 541 The abuses which he had suppressed began to revive. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy-Bk. Prop. Law xix. 149 If.. you desire the gift to the legatee to revive also, you should expressly declare such to be your intention. 1891 Sat. Rev. 24 Oct. 471/2 It looked as if speculation there was once more reviving; but it fell away again.

c. To return, come back again, after a period of abeyance. 1759 Goldsm. Polite Learn, iii, Happy country, where the pastoral age begins to revive! 1809 Scott Let. in Lockhart 0837) II. V. 194 The days of William Wallace.. seem to be reviving there. 1881 Stevenson Lett. (1899) 1. 226 But the old time is dead also, never, never to revive.

II. trans. 5. To restore to consciousness; to bring back from a swoon or faint, or from a state of suspended animation. In some instances with was, etc., perh. intr. (cf. etym. note). C1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 9745 On swounyng she fel him befom; Whan that she revived was. She called hir doghtre Lucidas. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon cl. 570 Huon and she.. fell downe bothe in a traunce..: then the lordes reuyued them. 1548 Elyot, Reuiuisco, to be reuiued; to recouer life agayne. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. ii. (1900) 176 They fetcht her a Bundle of Myrrh, and awhile after she was revived. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 243 This Water reviv’d his Father more than all the Rum or Spirits I had given him. 1737 Whiston Josephus, Antiq. ii. vii. §5 Jacob almost fainted away at this .. great joy; however Joseph revived him.

6. To restore to life; to resuscitate or reanimate; to bring back/row death or the grave. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xvi. xiii. 682 The blood that the grete foule bled reuyued the chyckens from deth to lyf. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 139 b. Caused the spiryt of man after deth to retume to the body & reuyue the same. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. iii. 22 Hable to heale the sicke, and to revive the ded. 1603 England's Welcome to Jas. /, iii. ix, He Lazarus reuiued from the graue. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ii. x. 129, I remember not in Scripture that God ever revived a brute Beast. 1700 Dryden Pal. & Arc. iii. 877 Old ^geus only could revive his son. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 97 jp2 A Prince could not revive a Dead Man by taking the Life of him who killed him. 1818 Shelley On a Faded Violet 11, I weep,—my tears revive it not! I sigh,—it breathes no more on me. absol. C1440 Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 27 He roys vp hole And wente to his owne, yeldynge thankynges to God that mortifieth and revyuyth, smytyth and helyth. transf. C1450 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 256 Into this werd Goddys sone hath sowth For veray love man to revyfe. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 200 To end one doubt by Death Reuiues two greater in the Heires of Life. 1742 Gray Adversity 45 The gen’rous spark extinct revive. Teach me to love and to forgive.

7. a. To restore from a languid, depressed, or morbid state; to infuse fresh life or vigour into. fAlso const, with inf. 01547 Surrey in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 7 Reuiued with a glimse of grace olde sorowes to let fall. 1567 Turberv. Ovids Ep. 67 In fayth I was revivde At those thy cheerfull words. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 756 He..with sweete delight Of Musicks skill revives his toyled spright. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. 5 The Lord will reuiue you, I hope, and all of us also who labour in this toyling kinde. 1697 Dryden JEneidi. 633 What first iEneas in this place beheld, Reviv’d his courage, and his fear expell’d. 1712 Blackmore Creation iv. 446 Th’ admitted Nitre.. Revives the Fire, and referments the Blood. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 316 Our men were revived with this discovery. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolphov, St. Aubert was revived by rest, and by the serene air of this summit. 1806 Med. Jrnl. XV. 16 The turpentine revives the function of the liver. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. 1. 251 Like a summer cloud, which ..revives the fields over which it passes. 1898 J. Geikie Earth Sculpt. 306 The erosive energy of the rivers is renewed, and they are said therefore to be revived.

fb. To restore (persons) to a flourishing or thriving state. Ohs. rare. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 304 b, Thus beyng againe revived [L. auctus], he forgot the benefit received. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 31 What helpes to reuiue the thriuing to thriue? Plough, fense, and store, aught else before.

c. To renew; to restore again from or after decline or decay. 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 369 His Monument is lately reuiued by the Companie of the mystery of Mercers. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. v. i. And Thirsil with night’s death revives his morning lay. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia ii The War in Candy.. encourag’d ’em to revive their Commerce in the Territories of the Grand Signior. 1731-8 Swift Polite Conv. Introd. 62 When Conversation appears in Danger to flag,.. I took care to invent some sudden Question .. to revive it. 1759 Goldsm. Polite Learn. iii. Two poets in an age are not sufficient to revive the splendour of decaying genius. 1799 Med. Jrnl. II. 175 Those who are endeavouring so meritoriously to revive the reputation of digitalis. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 127 Plato is not disposed to encourage amateur attempts to revive religion in states.

8. a. To set going, make active or operative, again. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxiv. 250 Malcolyn departyd from the Kyng in great dyspleasure, for the which .. y* warre atwene Englonde and Scotlande was reuyued. 1547 Act i Edw. VI, c. 7 Preamble, The Demandants.. were compelled .. to prosecute and sue Resummons.. to revive their said Actions. 1598 Manwood Lawes Forest xxv. (1615) 257 The plees may be reuiued againe by the Kings writ of resummons. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 303 Yet the estates did not forbeare.. to reuiue the demaunds made at the estates helde at Tomar. 1696 Phillips s.v.. To Revive an old grudge. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Revivor, Praying the former proceedings may stand revived, and be put in the same condition as at the time of the abatement. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 349 Supported by the nation, he would have been able to revive the ancient opposition to the papacy. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II.

REVIVED vii. 176 The attempts which during that time were made to revive the feuds of the houses.

b. To re-enact (a law, etc.); to renew or revalidate; to reopen (an election). 01548 Hall Chron.y Edw. IV, 225b, Suche Lawes..as kyng Henry the sixte had caused to be abrogated .., he again reuiued and renouated. 1641 Baker Chron. (1653) 226 A Parliament is holden, in which the Acts made in the eleventh year of king Richard were revived. 1655 Clarke Papers (Camden) HI. 24 His Highnesse.. hath past an ordinance for reviveing the former ordnance against horse races for 6 monthes longer. 1736 Geyitl. Mag. VI. 301 The best Way to remedy this Grievance would be by reviving and pursuing the Design of the Act. 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. loi The last Act only [is] repealed, by which means the former stands revived. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 65 A writ of scire facias, for the defendant to shew cause why the judgement should not be revived. 1839 Montagu & Neale Laio Pari. Elect. I. 28 When once the poll is formally concluded by public announcement.. the election is complete, and cannot be revived. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy-Bk. Prop. Law xix. 148 You may wish to revive your will after you have revoked it. absol. 1838 Story Equity Pleadings 393 In each of these cases, if the appropriate Bill is not brought by the party seeking to revive a demurrer will lie.

c. To reawaken (a desire, etc.). 1590-6 Spenser F.Q. (J.), Noise of arms.. Might not revive desire of knightly exercise. 01771 Gray Dante 4 Would’st thou revive the deep Despair. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. il. ix. HI. 36 The beautiful specimens of pearls ..revived the cupidity of the nation. 1859 FitzGerald Omar iv, Now the New Year reviving old Desires, The thoughtful Soul to Solitude retires.

9. a. To bring into existence or use, to set up, again; to restore or re-establish (something which has been discontinued or out of use). 1495 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 469/2 That the same Manours.. be reuiued and reannexed to the said Duchie of Cornwall. 1516 Birgette in Myrr. Our Lady (E.E.T.S.) p. 1, And loo a meruaylous thyng, the olde myracle was reuyued. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis i. (Arb.) 24 Theare must thee kingdoom with Troian fame be reuiued. 1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 246 The end of our prosecution is to reforme the Kingdome, to reuiue Justice and order. 01653 Gouge Comm. Heb. x. 10 This demonstrateth the great danger..of reviving Jewish ceremonies. 1712 Prideaux Direct, to Ch.-wardens (ed. 4) 81 It may cost the Parish a Chancery Suit again to revive the Trust. 1776 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. x. (1782) I. 301 To execute this .. arduous design, he first resolved to revive the obsolete office of censor. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey\. xv, We might all retire to this valley, and revive the feudal times with great success. 1866 Seeley Ecce Homo iii. (ed. 8) 28 In what new form he proposed to revive the ancient monarchy, a 1878 Sir G. Scott Lect. Archil. (1879) I. 348 If the revivers went on the principle of now reviving one style and now another.

b. To bring back again into knowledge, notice, or currency. In quot. 1577 perh. used for reviewed, revised. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, i. (Percy Soc.) 9 Their great actes agayne to revive, In flaming tongues for to abyde on lyve. 1577 Vicary's Anat. (title-p.). Which work is newly reuyued, corrected, and published by the Chirurgions of the same Hospital. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, ii. vii. § i That.. I may reviue and reintegrate the misapplyed.. name of Natural Magicke. 1630 Prynne 124 It reuiues the old Pelagian Tenet. 1693 Dryden Disc. Satire Ess. (ed. Ker) II. 29 In my opinion, obsolete words may then be laudably revived, c 1730 Swift Verses on Death of Dr. Swift Wks. 1751 VII. 249 He’ll treat me, as he does my Betters,.. Revive the Libels born to die. 1778 Miss Burney Evelina Ixxvii, Have you, Madam, been prevailed upon to revive that ridiculous old sto^? 1837 Lockhart Scott I. xi. 416 Scott’s object and delight was to revive the fame of the Rhymer. 1882 Ainger Lamb vi. 99 The publishers brought out.. a new monthly journal, reviving in it the name of an earlier, and extinct periodical.

c. To put (an old play) upon the stage again; also, in modern use, to resume (a series of broadcast programmes). Also intr. ior pass. 1823 Examiner 845/1 Do the managers ‘revive’ some of the standard plays? 1899 A. W. Ward Eng. Dram. Lit. I. ii. 248 Thersytes.. was printed at some date not earlier than 15 61; it may have been revived under Queen Elisabeth. 1912 G. B. Shaw Let. 13 Feb. in Lett, to Granville Barker (1956) 179 The play [sc. Hamlet] revives sensationally every 15 years or so. 1955 Times 13 May 16/1 The B.B.C. had left the door open when its run ended. It would be too soon for Hughie Green to ‘raise his eyebrows’ in September, 1949, because he had not been told that it would be revived. 1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Feb. 200/2 The plays.. do not in my view revive successfully today.

10. a. To bring again before the mind; to renew the memory of (a person or thing); to recall. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 160 The Citizens., send him a choking message reviving the cruelty done.. his brother. 1670 Pettus Fodinae Reg. Ep. Ded., At every 70 Years some signal Occurrence revived them to our Memories. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. ii. x. §2 The mind has a power.. to revive perceptions which it has once had. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 192 jf 8 You cannot recal your Father by your Grief, but you may revive him to his Friends by your Conduct. 1759 Dilworth Pope 85 Some of the letters served to revive past scenes of friendship. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab II. 246 The Spirit., felt All knowledge of the past revived. 1855 Bain Senses ^ Int. III. i. §8 Take first the recovery of feelings of energetic action, as when reviving the exploits and exertions of yesterday. i86o Tyndall Glac. i. iii. 24 The surrounding scene revived .. all the impressions of my boyhood. reft. 1774 Johnson Let. to W. Hastings 30 Mar., I cannot omit this opportunity of reviving myself in your memory.

b. To renew or freshen up, to bring back to one (the memory of some person or thing). 1592 Nashe P. Pennilesse 18 b, Vpbraiding me for reuiuing in an epistle of mine the reuerend memory of Sir Thomas Moore. 1665 Boyle Occas. Refi. Pref. (1848) p.

836 XXX, The Objects..do revive the Memory of those good Thoughts. 1713 Steele Guardian No. 5 [fa This Conversation revives to us the Memory of a Friend. 1781 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xxvii. (1787) HI. 66 Every disgraceful moment of the unfortunate reigns of Arcadius and Honorius revived the memory of their irreparable loss.

11. Chem. To convert, restore, or reduce (a metal, esp. mercury) to or into its natural condition or form; to restore/row a mixed to a natural state; to revivify. 1677 W. Harris tr. Lemery's Course Chem. 17 Thus Cinnaber and the other preparations of Mercury are Revived into Quick-silver. at was afore done.. mycht J>an be abrogate and revocate be public commites.

t'revocate, Ohs. [ad. ppl. stem of L. re?;ocdre to revoke.] 1. trans. To recall, call back. 1540 Coverdale Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 490 If it like your favour to revocate to your memory the godly communication. 01548 Hall Chron. Hen. VI, 158b, To appeace the furious rage.., and.. to reuocate him into his olde estate.

2. To do away with, repress, rare-^. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health xlii. 21b, To revocate this inordinate appetide I wolde that a cockrel or a pullet myght be sodyn or rosted.

3. To revoke, rescind. 1564 Richmond Wills (Surtees) 116, I do revocate and make frustrat all other wills and testaments. 1595 Daniel Civ. Wars iii. Ixxxix, His successor.. nullifies Many his patents, and did revocate And re-assume his liberalites.

Hence f'revocating vbl. sb. Obs. *570 Foxe a. & M. (ed. 2) 1222/2 Vnles the kyng would recompense and requite the same by reuocatyng of such statutes as were made, .in the hygh Courte of Parlament.

revocation (revau'keijan). [a. OF. revocacion, -ation (mod.F. revocation, = Sp. revocacion. It. re-, rivocazione), or ad. L. revoedtio, n. of action f. revoedre to revoke.] 1. The action of recalling; recall (of persons); a call or summons to return. Now rare or Obs. In 17-18th cent. esp. the recall of a representative or ambassador from abroad; also in letters of revocation. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1746 Then sesyd the Tyme of Deuyacion,.. Entryng the Tyme of Reuocacion. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 161 Themperour.. callede Liberius from exile,.. whiche beenge gladde of pet revocation.. declinede hym selfe to pet heresy. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 179 They armed vessels to the Sea and sought to compell the King to their revocation. 1592 Unton

REVOCATIVE Corr. (Roxb.) 412, I perceave.. howe willingly you vouchsafFe to assent to my revocation. 1612 Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 115 There may some stay be made of your revocation by reason of the necessap' use of your presence there. C1645 Howell Lett. i. xxxi. (1650) I. 87 Don lulian..got letters of revocation, and came back to Spain. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 11 The whole Establishment, .had utterly gone to ruine, by the recalling of their Resident.., had they not been better advis’d then to make that Revocation. 1710 Land. Gaz. No. 4713/1 The Envoy delivered his Letters of Revocation, and is preparing to leave this Court. 1782 Johnson Let. to Dr. Taylor 22 July, Sir Robert Chambers slipped this session through the fingers of revocation, but I am in doubt of his continuance.

b. transf. with reference to things. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases Consc. i. iv. (1654) 29 The inconvenience or losse whereunto he is put upon the sudden revocation of that money. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. vi. 197 The Italians.. apply Cupping-glasses to the lower parts, for revocation of the poisonous matter from the Heart. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxi. (1859) II. 25 The faculty of which this revocation is the energy, I call the Reproductive. 1881 Nature XXIV. 572/1 When the second patch is placed on an independent tube, where no such revocation is possible, phosphorescence actually appears, showing that the revocation is no mere supposition.

2. The action of revoking, rescinding, or annulling; withdrawal (of a grant, etc.). c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. v. ii. 281 Qwhen his procuratouris ordanyt he.., Seyldyn reuocacion He made of J?ar commyssion. 1488-9 Act 4 Hen. VII, c. 5 This Act of adnullacion, resumpeion, revocacion, or voidaunce of lettres patentes. 1568 Ld. Scrope in Ellis Orig. Lett. i. II. 240 Synce thoroe hyr pryvye revocation theroflf within full aege they cowld not injoye the same by lawe. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 268 The former testament may be the more easily reuoked, without any such precise obseruation of speciall reuocation. 1639 Fuller Holy War iv. xix. (1840) 212 These [laws] were those of the grand charter, which admitted of no revocation. 1671 Flavel Fount. Life xii. 34 It expiates all fully without Exception and finally without Revocation. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes i. 21 The Law of Tithes.. could not cease without a particular revocation under the Gospel. 1788 Gentl. Mag. LVIII. 198/2 He foresaw the revocation of the edict of Nantz, several years before it happened. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India 1. 281 The persuasion that the revocation of the Government order would alone prevent a general and fatal insurrection. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, xiv. 211 The Queen sent a message to promise a general revocation of all such grants.

t3. Recantation; withdrawal (of vStatements). Ohs. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 510/2 When he wist wel his reuocacion could not saue his body: yet reuoked he his heresies.. for to saue his soule. 1540 Coverdale Confut. Standish Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 345 What revocations ye make in men’s names, they being absent, I cannot tell. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. xiii. (1627) 184 Those figures of Sentences.., as of Exclamations, Revocations, Apostrophees. 1684 T. Burnet The. Earth 1. 150, I affirm nothing therein but with a power of revocation, and a liberty to change my opinion when I shall be better inform’d.

t4. Reformation. Obs. rare—^. 1579 Fulke Heskins's Pari. 484 Basil speaketh not of wicked men.., but of such as be not zealous and earnest ynough, to practise mortification, & reuocation.

'revocative, a. rare. [Cf. next and -ive.] Possessing the power of recalling. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xx. (1859) II. 16 The Reproductive or Revocative Faculty.

revocatory ('rEvakatari), a. and sb. [ad. late L. revoedtori-us: see revocate v. So F. revocatoire (1419), Sp., Pg., and It. revocatorio.l A. adj. Tending or pertaining to, expressive of, revocation; esp. revocatory letters^ after med.L. litterse revocatorias. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 405 For diverse of those monkes, knowynge the wille of thaljbot, purchasede letters revocatory of the pope. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 437/1 The king.. directed his letters reuocatorie into euerie countie. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 267 The force and effect of these clauses derogatorie, and reuocatorie. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xii. §67. 683 To these reuocatorie lines King Edward made this wise and noble answere. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 899 The Pope.. sent his Revocatory Letters to him. 1878 Fr. A. Kemble Rec. Girlhood II. i. 33 Upon this view of her epistle,.. she would (instead of rewriting it) tack on to it.. a sort of revocatory codicil, in the shape of a postscript.

fB. 5^.

Revocation.

REVOKE

838

Ohs. rare.

1636 Abp. Williams Holy Table (1637) 66 To make Declaratories and Revocatories of their Common Law.

1611 Florid, Riuocabile, reuokeable. 1648 Ashhurst Reasons agst. Agreement 9 A Magistrate with no power but such as is alterable and revokeable at the pleasure of any multitude. 1752 Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) I- 68 A misguided prince arose who deemed all these privileges., revokeable at pleasure. 1596 Bacon Max. Com. Law xx. (1630) 73 This is not simply revokable. 1644 Bp. Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings ii. 27 An ordinance by high authority not revokable, not repealable. 1670 Conclave wherein Clem. VIII was elected Pope 13 Which occasion being once omitted, would never be revokable. 1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4668/3 Which Assignment is not revokable. 1750 Carte Hist. Eng. II. 588 For they thought it revokable, and in every part of it erroneous.

revoke (n'vauk), sb. [f. the vb.] 1. Cards, esp. Whist. An act of revoking; a failure to follow suit when a proper card can be played. 1709 Brit. Apollo No. 36. 2/1 If one side make a Revoke. 1742 Hoyle Games 8 No Revoke to be claimed ’till the Trick is turned. 1821 Lamb Elia Set. i. Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist, She never made a revoke, nor ever passed it over in her adversary without exacting the utmost forfeiture. 1862 ‘Cavendish’ Whist (1879) 2 The penalty for a revoke takes precedence of all other scores. 1874 H. Gibbs Ombre iv. 36 The other players have to show their hands, so that he may see that there has been no Revoke. attrib. 1810 Splendid Follies III. 8 Spank flew another revoke card from the hand of Samuelina. 1862 ‘Cavendish’ Whist (1863) 13 If they mix their tricks, the revoke penalty can be scored against them.

2. Revocation, recall. a 1882 Rossetti Soothsay xi, How callous seems beyond revoke The clock with its last listless stroke!

revoke (ri'vouk), v. Forms: 4-7 reuoke (5 rewoke), 4- revoke (4 revokyn); 5 reuoque, 6 reuolk, Sc. rewolk, revoik, rewoik; 6-7 revock. [ad. OF. revoquer (mod.F. revoquer, = Sp. and Pg. revocar, It. re-, rivocare)y or L. revocdrcy f. re- RE- H- voedre to call.] 1. trans. f 1. To recall, bring back, to a (right) belief, way of life, etc. Also without const, Obs. 1382 Wyclif Rom. Prol., Thes reuokith the apostle to the verrey and the gospels bileue. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy II. 2509 To reuoke to pe ri3te weye Svsiche as wrongly fro trou)?e do forveye. 1532 More Confut. Barnes viii. Wks. 811/1 Reuoking them that erred, setting vp agayne those that were ouerthrowen. 1577 F. de Lisles Legendarie Hiij, By this meanes may such be quailed and reuoked to their dueties. 1687 Assurance of Abbey Lands 134 They had Conference, how the Kingdom of England might be revoked to the Unity of the Church.

fb. To recall, draw back or away,/row some belief, practice, etc. (esp. a wrong or wicked one). ri400 Three Kings Cologne (1886) 122 In so mochel )?at Preester lohn and Patriark Thomas my3t no3t revoke pe pepil from her heresyes. ^1450 tr. De Imitatione ill. vii. 73 J?at he [the devil] mowe.. reuoke pQ fro praier & holy redyng. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 177 b, The woordes of Demaratus meaned to reuoke hym from ire and wrathe, to takyng better wayes. 1590 Greene Neuer too Late Wks. (Grosart) VIII. 95 Hee was in loue..so deepely, that no perswasion might reuoke him from that alluring curtizan. 1603 Sir C. Heydon Jud. Astrol. ii. 24 The Prophet euen here .. reuoketh the lewes from worshipping the heauenly bodies, a 1619 Fotherby Atheom. i. xii. §3 (1622) 128 Visions, which God..sendeth him, to reuoke and deterre him from that his vngodlinesse. absol. c 1440 Alph. Tales 464 When we synd, J?ou nowder reuokid with nowder gude wurde nor exsample.

f c. To induce (one) to desist or refrain/row some purpose or action; to restrain or prevent from something. Also reft. Ohs. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) i. xxxvi. 33/1 All thyse thynges putt he in his mynde for to haue reuokyd hym from his good purpoos. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 546 By whose polycies, not without great dyffycultee, they were reuokyd frome theyr euyll purpose. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 36 You did.. reuoke your selfe from continuing to the end, notunaduisedly. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis iii. (Arb.) 92 From foloing cure ships thee fluds hye reuockt hym. 1600 Holland Livy x. xlii. 384 He could not be revoked from battaile, albeit there was some question .. about the auspice. 1608 Willet Hexapla Exod. 732 He.. commanded them hard things, to reuoke them from their intention.

fd. Without const. To check, restrain, rare. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. ii. 28 Yet she with pitthy words, and counsell sad. Still strove their stubborne rages to revoke. 1637 R. Humphrey tr. S. Ambrose i. 46 Abigael by her., deprecation pacified and revoked David and his army.

freVoce, obs. variant of revoke

2. t a. To bring back into or unto life; to restore to consciousness. Ohs.

re'voice (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To voice again or in return. Hence re'voicing ppl. a.

ri374 Chaucer Troylus iii. 1118 Him to revoken sche dide al hir peyne; And, at the last, he gan his breeth to drawe. 1528 Roy Rede me (Arb.) 40 Doynge all that ever he canne To revoke masse vnto lyfe agayne. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage ii. xxi. (1614) 221 Messias Ben Dauid with Elias shall reuoke into life that Messias Ben loseph. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, i. 6 By virtue of the Sun.. they [rr. flies] will be revoked into life and perform its functions again.

v. 1528 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) V. 269 All testamentis and willes bifore maide .. I revoce and utterly forsakes.

1610 G. Fletcher Christ's Viet. ii. Ixii, To the windes the waters hoarcely call. And Eccho back againe revoyced all. 1640 F1JLI.ER Joseph's Coat (1867) 219 The revoking echo with replies Did descant on the plain-song of the cries.

2. ‘To refurnish with a voice’; to readjust the tone of (an organ-pipe). 1847 in Webster. 1898 Elliston Organs ^^^^^^^(ed. 3) 112 If space permits, stops of too small scale may perhaps be shifted upwards one or two pipes, and be cut down and re¬ voked.

revokable (ri*v3uk3b(3)l), a. Also revokeable. [f. revoke V. + -ABLE.] = REVOCABLE a. a. 1584 Copie of Letter 39 The Lord.., to do him good, no doubt, if he were reuokeable, hath laid his hand upon him.

b. To call back to memory. Also const, io, into. Now rare. 1565 Hawkins Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 42 Reuoking to minde the former talke betweene the captaine and him. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 42 The man I know is not cleane out of your conceit, and therefore I will cease in further speeches at this present to revoke him. a 1618 Sylvester Mottoes 45 When Them I to my Minde revoke [etc.], a 1716 South (Cent.), By revoking and recollecting.. certain passages. 1838 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xxx. (1866) II. 121 If the faculty by which they [^c. cognitions] are revoked into consciousness be inert.

f c. To bring back into use; to revive. Ohs. i

V

1574 tr. Marlorat's Apocalips 47 Wicked Jezabel, which reuoked, stablished, and increaced the abhominable seruing of Baal. 1627 Herrick Hesper., Dial. Horace & Lydia v, Say our first loves we sho’d revoke. And sever’d joyne in brazen yoke. 1644 Bulwer Chiron. 131 We are not to tread in their steps so far, as to revoke the whole Art of their obsolete Rhetorique.

3. To recall; to call or summon back: a. a person, esp. from exile or from some office abroad. Now rare. (Common e 1540-1640.) 1521 State Papers, Hen. VIII, 1. 10 Hys owne affayris doith not succede wyth thEmperour.., and that therfore he intendith schortly to revoke the M’’. of the Rollys. 1535 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. II. 361, I..trussed his male, and was cariying it to his horse, and he revoked me and seied [etc.], a 1562 G. Cavendish Wolsey (1893) 48 Mistress Anne Bolleyn was revoked unto the court, where she florisshed after in great estimacion. 1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 8 Shortly after.. Sir John Perrot being reuoked. Sir William Fitzwilliams was sent Lord Deputy into Ireland, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 306 Had he not been suddenly revoked into England, he would have perfected the project. 1709 STRYPE^nw. Re/. ,Introd. I. 21 Now the English forces were revoked from the marches of Scotland. Ibid, xxxviii. 398 Sir Thomas Chaloner, being dangerously sick, without hope of recovery but by returning, was revoked. 1828-43 Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) III. 330 Sussex.. having assumed to himself some credit for revoking the army. 1887 Pall Mall G. 16 Feb. 2/1 The Directory would nominate and revoke the Ministers.

b. an animal or thing. Chiefly/ig. 1576 Fleming tr. Caius' Dogs (1880) 8 These Hounds., being acquainted with their masters watchwordes, eyther in reuoking or imboldening them to serue the game. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. iii. 28 The faint sprite he did revoke againe To her fraile mansion of mortality. I599 Davies Immort. Soul Introd. xxxiv. Seas as troubled, when they do revoke Their flowing Waves into themselves again. 1648 Herrick Hesper., Hock-cart, Ye must revoke The patient Oxe unto the Yoke. 1784 CowPER Task VI. 25 How readily we wish time spent revok’d, That we might try the ground again.

f c. To refer (one) to some authority. Obs. rare. 1599 Broughton's Let. ix. 30 Thither you reuoke vs. 1601 [Bp. W. Barlow] Defence 181 Againe, he reuoketh us to Church and Councels.

fd. To reduce tOy bring into, something. Ohs. 1605 Timme Quersit. l. xv. 78 What power or virtue soeuer is in the nature of medicines and of sicknesses,.. the same is to bee reuoked to those three beginnings. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox x. 246 Which clause was offensive to her Ears, as revoking into doubt her constancy.

4. To annul, repeal, rescind, cancel. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 363 J>e pope may graunte to day, and to morowe perseyve his folye, and revoke pe formere errour. c 1400 Brut clxxxvii, )?e Kyng.. bihight to pe peple of Engeland, J^at pe exiling of pe forsaide Piers shulde bene reuokede. CI449 Pecock Repr. ii. vi. 175 The gouemaunce of Laban.. was not reuokid, as was the gouernaunce and lawe of the lewis. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. IV. xii. 264 The prynces and lordes shuld not suffre to reuoque nor calle ayen theire sentences. 1578 T. N. tr. Cong. W. India 99 If by chaunce his Majestie had alreadie given the sayde office of Gouvemement to any other person, that it might please him to revoke it. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 268 Yet is not the testament presumed to be reuoked by the course of so long time. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 143 Antipater the Idumoean procureth him to revoke his resignation. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 126, I else must change Thir nature, and revoke the high Decree Unchangeable, Eternal. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) III. xvii. 109, I doubted not but the letter was to revoke or suspend your resolution. 1786 Burke Art. agst. W. Hastings Wks. II. 162 Knowing, that the said Sullivan’s appointment had been condemned and revoked by the court of directors. 1837 Lockhart Scott II. v, 187 Her only son, who stood by, implored her to revoke the malediction; but in vain. 1873 Smiles Huguenots France i. i. (1881) 10 Louis XIV lived for thirty years after the Edict of Nantes had been revoked. transf. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540) 5 Where as profyte semeth to plucke and catch to hymselfe, honestie on the contrary parte semeth to revoke and reverse such thynges. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 99/2 Cicero., saith, when Euripides made his Play Orestes, Socrates revoked the three first Verses.

fb. To break up, dismiss. Obs. rare~K 1675 Hobbes Odyss. (1677) 14 By Jove I you adjure and Themis, who Convokes assemblies, and revokes again.

fS. To retract, withdraw, recant. Obs. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 340 b/2 Whanne he seie this, He reuoked hit in his retractions. 1529 More Dyalogue ii. Wks. 184/1 Therefore he bounde his preachers to stande thereby and not to reuoke his word for no pain. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 7 The Cardinall.. at the fyrste metynge commaunded him to revoke his workes. 1581 G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iii. (1586) 141 Then revoke your first sentence, and conclude that the fault is in the father. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. |Pi3 The same S. Augustine was not ashamed to retractate, we might say reuoke, many things that had passed him. 1656 Cowley Pindar. Odes, To Dr. Scarborough v. The first fam’d Aphorism thy great Master spoke. Did he live now he would revoke. 1671 Milton P.R. III. 356 Prediction still In all things.. supposes means. Without means us’d, what it predicts [it] revokes,

fb. To yield or give up. Obs. rare~^. 1599 Sir Clyom. in Peele's Wks. (Rtldg.) 517/1 Take with thee that mortal blow or stroke The which shall cause thy wretched corpse this life for to revoke.

fb. To take back to oneself. Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 27 Suche sedes that we haue layde out of our spiritual! barnes for his loue, let vs neuer reuoke or call agayne. 1557 Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 144 Wherby is lost my libertie: Which by no meanes I may reuoke. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 425 Wherefore the Byshop.. revoketh the suite to him selfe. 16^ E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 94 Beseeching him to reuoke the cause vnto himselfe, and to be the onely iudge thereof.

fb. To draw back, withdraw.

Obs. rare.

1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. viii. 39 Yet with his troncheon he so rudely stroke Cymochles twise, that twise him forst his foot

REVOKEMENT

839

revolt. Bulwer Chiron. 41 Who.. doe also revoke and bow back their whole body.

II*

intr. 7. To make revocation.

1500-20 Dunbar Poems ix. 70, I rewoik in thir quhair I miswent. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 411 It is.. an other thing to revoke in season, assoone as a man doth know *^41 Milton Reform, ii. 81 To compasse sinister ends, and then revoke when they see their time. 1817 Selwyn haw Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 828 On the ground of an intention to revoke, to be presumed. 1819 Crabbe T. of Hall XII. 356, I make a promise, and will not revoke.

8. Cards, esp. Whist. To fail or neglect to follow suit when a proper card can be played. 1592 Defence Conny Catch. (1859) 6 As thus I stood looking on them playing at cros-ruffe, one was taken revoking. 1680 Cotton Compl. Gamester (ed. 2) 102 You must nm revoke, if you do you pay all on the Table. 1742 Hoyle Games 8 A revokes; Query, what is the Penalty. 1841 T T. Hewlett Parish Clerk I. 261 A noisy rubber, in which Esau accused Jacob of having revoked. 1874 H. Gibbs Ombre 84 If either of the Adversaries revoke.., he who revoked pays his penalty. fig. 1791 Burke App. Whigs Wks. I. 535 And shall we Englishmen revoke to such a suit?

Hence reVoked ppl. a.

Also re'vokeless a.

1461 Rolls of Parlt. V. 491/1 The pretended and revoked Parlement last holden at youre Toune of Coventre. 1628 Layton Sion's Plea agst. Prelacy (ed. 2) 20 According to that formerly revoked Statute of Henry 4. 1773 Poetry in Ann. Reg. 239 Why call us to revokeless doom?

t re'vokement. Obs. rare. [f. prec. -h -ment.] The act of revoking; revocation. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, i. ii. 106 Let it be nois’d, That through our Intercession, this Reuokement And pardon comes. 1651 Howell Ventce 137 The revokement wherof wold.. utterly overthrow the very fundamentalls of the State.

re'voker. [f. revoke v. + -er^] Cards. One who revokes. 1886 Field 13 Mar. 313 If the stand hand loses, the revoker does not receive anything. 1^4 Bridge & Progressive Bridge 13 The penalty for a revoke is the addition of three tricks to the score of the opposing side, or the deduction of three tricks from the Revoker’s score at the option of the opposing side. 1922 E. F. Benson Miss Mapp xi. 261 This way of taking a revoke was new to Tilling, for the right thing was for the revoker’s partner to sulk and be sarcastic for at least twenty minutes.

re'voking, vbl. sb. [f. revoke v. + -ing^.] The action of the verb, in various senses. 1547 J- C. {title), Melancthon’s Epistle made unto.. Kynge Henry the Eight for the revoking and abolishing of the Six Articles. 1620 Sanderson Serm. I. 159 In the revoking of His threatnings, Gods mercy and His truth go hand in hand together. 1646 Evance Noble Order 2 Gods revoking of his promise. 1746 Hoyle Whist (ed. 6) 10 He can avoid it without revoking. 1830 ‘Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 4 Renouncing or trumping suit.. is in this case termed Revoking.

revoking,/)/>/. a. [-ing^] Cards. That revokes or has revoked. 1746 Hoyle Whist (ed. 6) 8 The revoking Party., must remain at 9. 1830 ‘Eidrah Trebor’ Hoyle Made Familiar 12 If a revoke happens to be made, the adversaries may.. take tricks from the revoking party. 1862 ‘Cavendish’ Whist (1879) 16 The revoking player and his partner may .. require the hand in which the revoke has been detected to be played out.

So re'vokingly adv., ‘by way of revocation’ (Webster, 1847). 'revolant, a. rare-^. [ad. L. revolant~em, pres, pple. of revoldre.'\ Flying back. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 106 No refluent fin the unpeopled stream divides, No revolant pinion cleaves the airy tides.

Ilrevolera (revo'lera). Bullfighting. [Sp.] A movement in which the cape is fluttered above the matador’s head (see also quot. 1957). *957 A. MacNab Bulls of Iberia vi. 60 At times, good matadors prefer to finish off their series of passes in a gentler way with a largo,.. in the form the revolera in which the cape swirls above the man’s head... The term revolera is often loosely used for serpentina and vice versa. 1967 [see MARIPOSA].

revolt^

Macedonian towns in a revolt against their sovereign. 1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 245 Every person so offending . .shall be deemed guilty of a revolt or mutiny and felony. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. IV. xvii. 75 William chose as his companions the men whose power he dreaded... In their absence revolts would be less to be feared.

b. An act of this nature on the part of an individual; a movement of strong protest against, or refusal to submit to, some condition, practice, etc. *599 Peele David Beth. i. iii. 308 O prowd reuolt of a presumptious man, Laying his bridle in the necke of sin. 1621 Fletcher Isl. Princ. v. ii, *Tis in their wills, their mercies,.. And these revolts in you shew mere rebellions. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 135 {^4 We frequently see the Apostates turning from their Revolt toward the End of their Lives. 1788 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xlix. V. 127 The images, the first cause of their [sc. the popes] revolt, were restored. 1844 Emerson ATetc Eng. Reformers Wks. (Bohn) I. 264 The revolt against the.. inveterate abuses of cities did not appear possible to individuals. 1888 Bibliotheca Sacra Oct. 717 The iconoclasm of Protestantism was not a revolt against art, but against a misuse of art.

c. A change of sides, or of opinion; emphatic withdrawal/rom a party, etc.

an

1596 Warner Alb. Eng. xi. Ixv. (1602) 280 She did obserue his soone Reuolt from friend to friend. ci6oo Shaks. Sonn. xcii, Thou canst not vex me with inconstant minde. Since that my life on thy reuolt doth lie. 1668 Dryden Dram. Poesy Ess. (ed. Rer) I. 24 ’Tis a revolt, without occasion, from your party.

2. The act of revolting or casting off allegiance; also, language tending to this (quot. i6ii). c 1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. lxxx. v. Then we preserv’d thy name shall magnify Without revolt. i6ii Bible Isa. lix. 13 Departing away from our God, speaking oppression and reuolt. 1781 CowpER//ope 181 Man is the genuine offspring of revolt. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxx. (1787) III. 173 The spirit of revolt, which had formerly disturbed the age of Gallienus, was revived. 1801 Encycl. Brit. Suppl. II. 404/1 They fixed upon the 20th of May as the day of revolt. 1854 Milman Lat. Chr. iv. vii. II. 158 An act of direct revolt, as prohibiting the payment of tribute by the Italian province.

b. in revolt, in a state of rebellion. 1602 M ARSTON Antonio’s Rev. v. i. They can scarce retaine from bursting foorth In plaine revolt. 1821 Shelley Hellas 580 The Christian tribes Of Lebanon and the Syrian wilderness Are in revolt. i86o Mrs. Browning Little Mattie iii. She will lie there in default And most innocent revolt.

fc. Revulsion of appetite. Obs. rare-'^. 1601 Shaks. Ttoel. N. ii. iv. 102 No motion of the Liuer, but the Pallat, That suffer surfet, cloyment, and reuolt.

fre'volt, sb.^ Obs. [? ad. F. revolte, pa. pple. of revolter: see next.] A revolter or rebel. 1585 Fetherstone tr. Calvin on Acts vii. i He was accused as an Apostata or reuolt. 1600 Holland Livy xlii. Ixv. i i 54 Having intelligence by a rennegate revolt, that the Romans were scattered all over the fields. 1627 W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 31 All equally suffer; as much Paganish Infants, as Christian Rebels or Reuolts.

revolt (ri'vault, n'volt), v. Also 6 reuolt(e, revoke, [ad. F. revolter (i5-i6th c.), = Pg. revoltar, ad. It. rivoltare:—L. type *revolutdre, f. re- RE- + volutdre to roll, revolve, etc.] I. intr. 1. To cast off (for change) allegiance; to rise against rulers or constituted authority. 1548 Flyot, Deficio, to go from one capitayne to an other, to reuolte. 15^ Daus tr. Sleidane’s Comm. 424 b, A1 men.. bycause they served against their wylles,.. do revoke. 1573 P. More Almanack ^ Prognost. Fivb, Some noble men shall intends to reuolt. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage iv. ix, (1614) 390 The sword signifieth death, if he reuolt againe. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxviii. 163 Such as are they, that having been by their own act Subjects, deliberately revolting, deny the Soveraign Power. 1727 De Foe Syst. Magic I. iii. (1840) 71 Nor are the people we come to speak for, inclined to revolt or rebel. 1743 Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 183 If they should revolt at this Juncture, we shall stand a very bad Chance. 1836 Thirlwall Greece xiv. II. 210 Aristagoras opened these singular credentials, and read an invitation to revolt. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 49 The youth revolted and refused to receive their own fathers. fig. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iii. ii. 59 You are already loues firme votary. And cannot soone reuolt, and change your minde.

b. To fall away/rom a ruler, obedience, etc.; to rise against a person or authority.

revolet, obs. variant of rivulet. revolt (ri'vault, n'volt), sb.^ Also 6-7 reuolt, 6 revoke, [a. F. revolte (1501, = Pg. revolta, It. rivolta, Sp. revuelta), vbl. sb. from revolter: see REVOLT u.] 1. An instance, on the part of subjects or subordinates, of casting off allegiance or obedience to their rulers or superiors; an insurrection, rising, or rebellion, f to give (one) the revolt, to revolt against (one). 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 310 marg., A revolte. 1561 Brende Q. Curtius (1570) 184 For they had not lost the battaile at such tyme as the messengers were dispatched that brought the newes of their reuolt. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform. V. 109 Reuoltis hes bene ma nor fyftene. 1605 Shaks. Macb. I. ii. 2 He can report. As seemeth by his plight, of the Reuolt The newest state. Ibid, v, iv. 12 Both more and lesse haue giuen him the Reuolt, And none serue with him. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 48 Whereby.. the Empire [is] strengthened both against forraine inuasions, and reuolts of the subdued. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 33 Who first seduc’d them to that fowl revolt? Th’ infernal Serpent. 1737 Whiston Josephus, Antiq. XX. vi. §3 The authors of this revolt from the Roman government. 1838 Thirlwall Greece V. 11 To engage the

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 466 He sollicited the Emperour to make it frustrate; For he sawe how many revolted daily from his kingdome. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 587 After he had revolted.. from King Henry the Third. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 740, [I] shall soon..rid heav’n of these rebell’d.. That from thy just obedience could revolt. 01727 Newton Chronol. Amended (1728) 36 The Western nations.. revolt from the Assyrians. 1768 Swift's Hen. /, S.’s Wks. IV. 285 The principal towns in Flanders revolted from him. 1838 Thirlwall Greece xlii. V. 193 Pydna .. had revolted from Archelaus. 1839 Ibid. VI. 105 Little encouragement could be necessary to induce him to revolt against the sovereign whom he had unpardonably offended. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §8. 430 The national spirit of France revolted more and more from the rule of Spain. transf. 1749 Smollett Gil Bias {it$0) II. 31 It was feared .. that he would revolt against the condition of the will.

c. To go over to a rival power, etc. fAlso with on (one’s side). 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 202 He revolted unto the tentes of his adversaries. Ibid. 350 How much better were it, to abide thextreme peril, than.. to revolte to the Romish Antichrist. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, ii. ii. 89 The Commons they are cold, And will 1 feare reuolt on Herfords side. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Wars 224 The hopes of great plunder allured many to revolt to the Enemy. 1692

Washington tr. Milton's Def. People Eng. M.’s Wks. 1851 VIII. 232 To revolt to the common Enemy in their hearts is the worst sort of absence.

fd. In pa. pple, with is, was, etc. Obs. 1561 Brende Q. Curtius (1570) 10b, He made al such feare him, as before were reuolted, and regarded him little, 1574 tr. Marlorat's Apocalips 37 As the mynd of man, whych is reuolted from God, is miserable or wretched, a 1618 Raleigh Mahomet (1637) 128 Valentia was revolted from his obedience. 1664 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 124 When his Subjects were generally revolted, His Friends as it is usual most of them failed.

t2. a. To go over to another religion; to become a pervert (from some faith, etc.). Obs. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 36 If they revoke unto Papistrie. 1563 Sandys in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. xxxv. 356 He upon displesure departed from Mr. Goodrick, and revolted in religion. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 135 Julian was first a Christian, but reuolted and became a most bitter and constant Persecutour to all that honoured Christ. 1673 Cave Prim. Chr. i. ii. 19 Revolting from a way of Worship which had been universally received. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 132 All other Kings that were cotemporary with him were revolted to Idolatry.

fb. To draw back from a course of action, etc.; to return to one’s allegiance. Obs. 1570 Foxe./4. ^ M. (ed. 2) 155 It is better not to take good things in hand, than after they be begune to thinke to reuolte backe from the same againe. c 1590 Marlowe Faustus xiii. Thou traitor, Faustus,.. Revolt, or I’ll in piece-meal tear thy flesh. 1610 G. Ckrueto^ Jurisdict. 171 The Pope., commanded the Archbishop to yeeld to the King without exception: whereupon hee did so, but afterward reuolted from that promise.

fc. To depart from the truth. Obs. rare~'. 1585 Fetherstone tr. Calvin on Acts xv. 37 Paul might haue granted something to the importunatnesse of his fellow apostle and yet haue not reuolted from the trueth.

3. To feel revulsion or disgust at something. 1760-2 Goldsm. Cit. W. cx[i]x, The observer revolts at this mixture of important and paltry claims. 1771 Mrs. Griffith Hist. Lady Barton III. 261 My heart revolted at the mean idea. 1802 Beddoes Hygeia Advt. 7 Errors, at the grossness of which common sense.. revolts. 1839 Times 27 July, Nature revolts at its complete infliction. 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 47 ’Tis just the main assumption reason most revolts at!

b. To rise in repugnance against something. *775 C- Johnston Pilgrim 9 My heart revolted against eating at the same table with him. 1792 Charlotte Smith Desmond III. 10 A preference against the indulgence of which her principles must revolt. 1829 Southey Sir T. More (1831) II. 119 The heart instinctively revolts against the unnatural privations which are imposed upon it, i860 Holland Miss Gilbert's Career ix. Her whole nature, she felt, would revolt against the adverse judgment at once.

c. To turn in loathing/rojw something. 1782 R. Cumberland Anecd. Painters II. 87 The very eye that the hand of death was.. closing.. revolted with abhorrence from a disproportioned and ill-carved crucifix. 1796 Southey Lett.fr. Spain (1799) 299 How do we revolt from appearances, instead of from realities! 1806 H. SiDDONS Maid, Wife, fef Widow I, 51 Every feeling of his heart and mind revolted from what he heard. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola iii. xxiv, He knew well that her mind revolted from that means of escape.

t4. To return to a place. Obs. rare~^. 1567 Golding Ovid's Met. x. 68 Shee.. then reuolted too the place in which he had her found.

II. trans. fS. a. To turn back. Obs. rare-^. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. xi. 25 As a thonder bolt..doth displace The soring clouds ..; So to her yold the flames, and did their force revolt.

fb. To withdraw by revolting. Obs. rare-^. 1607 Dekker & Webster Sir T. Wyatt Wks. 1873 III. 98 Then they reuolt the allegiance from my Daughter, And giue it to another.

fc. To cause to revolt. Obs. rare. 1574 Hellowes tr. Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 236 Whether of vs is moste culpable, I in following and obeying the King, or you in altering and reuniting ye kingdome. 1624 Bedell Lett. x. 136 Pope Constantine.. reuolted Italie from the Greeke Emperours obedience.

6. To affect (a person, etc.) with disgust or repugnance; to nauseate, *75* Female Foundling I. 170 From that time [I] avoided the low Name of Nancy, which revolted my Pride and Vanity. 179^ Bystander 284 Lest it should.. revolt the feelings of the public to see it turn about so suddenly. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xvii. Why, man, thy policy were enough to revolt a heathen divan. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. viii. viii. (1864) V. 32 Grave churchmen.. who were revolted by these achievements in an ecclesiastic. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) I. vi. 496 The cruelties wrought on his captives deeply revolted the public opinion of the time.

b. absol. To cause revulsion. 1898 Daily News 24 Jan. 8/5 You may not treat of a subject until it disgusts and revolts.

i|r6volt£ (revoke). fern. revoltee; also unaccented and erron. revoke. [Fr.] One who revolts; a rebel or iconoclast; a nonconformist. 1890 F. Dowson Let. c 11 June (1967) 153 The revolte.. I conceive as a violent & rather venomous person. 1910 G. B. Shaw in Nation 24 Dec. 544/1 Mary Fitton is quite modern, an amoureuse and a revoltee. 1934 R. Campbell Broken Record 21, I have never been a revolte. 1938 Sat. Rev. Lit. (U.S.) 19 Nov. 4/3 The book is worth reading for those few chapters dealing with the association of those young revoltees. 1963 ‘Han Suyin’ Four Faces 219 The British have always had the genius of stimulating revoltees. 1978 Dxdalus Fall 98 Now they felt more competent to question the assumptions of the public school avant-garde revoke.

re'volted,/)/>/. a. [f. revolt tJ. + -ed^] 1. That has cast off allegiance; rebel, insurgent. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, II. ii. 57 Why haue you not proclaim’d Northumberland And the rest of the reuolted faction, Traitors? 1611- Wint. T. 1. ii. 199 Should all despaire That haue reuolted Wiues, the tenth of Mankind Would hang themselues. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 835 Think not, revolted Spirit, thy shape the same. 1704 Swift T. Tub Introd., By the revolted and new-fangled Writers most perfidiously ascribed to the others. 01781 Watson Philip ///(1839) 31 No other effectual remedy could be applied.. but an accommodation with the revolted states. 1837 Thirlwall Greece IV. 99 He restored the Athenian sovereignty in most of the revolted cities. 1871 Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. viii. 213 The Emperor was leading an expedition against the revolted Bretons. absoL 1653 {title), Legenda Lignea, with Pleadings to the Revolted to the Church of Rome. t2. Torn or pulled out. Ohs. rare-^. 01668 Davenant Poems Wks. (1673) 234 Slender Ropes, on which instead Of Pearle, Revolted Teeth they thred.

3. Disgusted; outraged. 1819 Shelley Cenci i. i. 14 The deeds Which you scarce hide from men’s revolted eyes. 1896 Black Briseis xvii, Her revolted judgment had hardly a word in reply.

re'volter. Also 6 reuolter. [f. as prec. + -er^.] One who revolts, or has revolted; a rebel, insurgent, or renegade. 1602 Fulbecke Pandects 46 Fugitiues, reuolters, rebels and traitors he may not bring with him. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 469 The revolters with Jeroboam from the house of David. 1682 Norris Hierocles 31 Reclaiming the revolters from Vertue by the laws of his justice. 1749 Smollett Regicide ii. viii, There is no fame —no glory to be won From a revolter’s brow. 1796 Stedman Surinam I. 76 These new revolters were now distinguished by the name of the Cottica Rebels. 1849 Grote Greece ii. xlv. V. 432 Their fleet, by invitation of the revolters, sailed up the Nile. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) II. x. 499 Harold tried in vain to reconcile the revolters to his brother.

revolting, vbL sb. [-ing^.] The action of the verb; rebellion, insurrection. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 443 Fardinando alledgeth the revoltinge of., divers Townes from him. 1577 tr. BullingePs Decades (1592) 478 Sundrie names, which do impart and signifie.. a fault, an error, a reuolting. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 144 For which his reuolting, Othoman presently gaue him an ensigne. 1612 Selden Illustr. Drayton’s Poly-olb. ix, After uncertain fortune of war, on both sides, and revolting of Southwales. 1898 Daily News 25 June 6/3 The peasant’s revolting against the noble is easily explained.

revolting, ppl. a. [-ing**.] 1. That revolts or rebels; insurgent, rebellious. Shaks. Rich. II, in. iii. 163 Our sighes.. shall lodge the Summer Come, And make a Dearth in this reuolting Land. 1595 -—'John iii. i. 257 Let the Church our Mother breathe her curse .. on her reuolting sonne. 1611 Bible Jer. V. 23 But this people hath a reuolting and a rebellious heart. 1842 Manning Serm. (1848) I. xiii. 182 We..shall best spread His kingdom in an evil and revolting world. 1872 Hanna Resurrection of Dead 79 This last revolting province in the domains of the Most High. 1593

2. That repels; repulsive, disgusting. 1806 A. Knox Rem. (1844) ^3 Nothing, having the Christian name, could be more uncouth or revolting. 1849 Maitland Ess. 67 There is, to us, something so revolting in the very idea. 1863 Longf. Wayside Inn, Robt. Sicily loi In the corner, a revolting shape. Shivering and chattering sat the wretched ape. 1890 Sat. Rev. 12 Apr. 446/1 The revolting inflictions which were abolished in 1814. absol. 1888 Stevenson Pulvis et Umbra i, This mountain mass of the revolting and the inconceivable.

Hence reVoltingly adv. 183s Hood Poetry, Prose, & Worse xxxiii, With gore made revoltingly florid. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. xiv. ii. (1864) IX. 74 Its adoration in its intensity became revoltingly profane. 1876 Meredith Beauch. Career xxxii, A confused recollection.. surged up in her mind revoltingly.

re'voltingness. [f. revolting/)^/. a. + -ness.] The state or quality of being disgusting; repulsiveness. 1749 J- Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 5 The revoltingness of gross, rank, and vulgar expressions. 1907 G. Murray Rise Gk. Epic v. 122 Homer has cut out these stories for their revoltingness. 1957 Wodehouse Over Seventy xvi. 153 He.. smiled a smile of just the right degree of revoltingness.

revoltive (ri'vnltiv), a. rare~^. [f. revolt + -IVE.] Characterized by revulsion; = revolted ppl. a. 3. 1954 W. Faulkner Fable 241 A wounded man..was stared at with the same aghast distasteful revoltive pity and shock and outrage as a man in an epileptic seizure at high noon on a busy downtown corner. tre'voltment. Obs. [-ment.] = revolt ii. el aungelez [he was] attled pe fayrest, & he vnkyndely as a karle kydde a reward, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xi. Csf Jude) 212 bat he mycht gaynand revard mak to pame pat suthfaste fundyn war. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1879 For a riche reward of my ranke wille. All the soueranis by assent assignet me hir. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 130 Oone of his knyghtis for his Service askyd of hym a reward, c 1460 Fortescue Abs. Csf Lim. Mon. (1885) 119 Yf the kynge be pouere, he shall of necessite make his giftes and rewardes by asseignementes. 1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1304/1 Then was Judas rewarde the valure of tenne shillings of our English money. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 3 Wherin the diligent reader may see the good successe and rewarde of noble and honeste enterpryses. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 244 My brother and my selfe treated with him by the way, to giue him a reward that he would dismisse vs. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. VII. 397 The King conferred the Manour of Exetland.. on their Corporation, in reward of their loyalty and valour. 1710 Steele Toiler No. 124 jP6 He scorned to take a Reward for doing what in Justice he ought to do. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 6 IP 6 She could at leisure gather her reward. 1832 Irving Alhambra I. 255 ‘Behold’, cried the astrologer, ‘my promised reward’. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 326 The clergy had also lost the ascendency which is the natural reward of superior mental cultivation. 1876 Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Diet. 342/1 The most recent reward for military merit is the Victoria Cross. attrib. 1820 F. Westley's Catal. i May, The following Catalogue of Reward-books. 1865 C. M. Yonge Clever Woman of Family I. iii. 82 A summary pawning of all poor Lovedy’s reward books. 1977 W. Feaver When We were Young 92/1 The cheap, spongy paper of reward books and annuals.

tb. Hunting. Some part of the animal which has been caught and killed, given to the hounds on the spot. Also similarly in Hawking. Obs. ei4io Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii. One shulde be rydy behynde to pulle away pe skynne, and let pe houndes come to pe rewarde. i486 Bk. St. Albans e iij, Thay shall haue the bowyllis boyle with the brede Cast vppon the grownde ther the boore was slayne. And that is calde a Rewarde. 1575 Turberv. Venerie 132 Let him stand from the rewarde and suffer the Houndes to eate it. 1614 Latham Falconry i. iv. 15 If the pleasure which shee takes in her reward, be the only cause that moues a hawke to come vnto the man [etc.]. 1688 Holme Armoury ii. 188/1 Quarry, or Reward, is a gift or reward given the Hounds, being some part of the thing hunted.

fc. Remuneration (regular or extra). Obs. 1428 in Heath Grocers' Comp. (1869) 6 Mason’s weages with maistre mason’s rewarde... Carpenter’s weages with the maistre carpenter’s reward. C1440 Promp. Parv. 431/2 Rewarde, for syngarys, and mynstrallys, siparium. 1466 Paston Lett. II. 267 To the baker for ceex. eggs, xixd. To him for hys reward, iiis. iiiid. C1642 Twyne in Wood's Life (O.H.S.) I. 64 They were promised 55. by the moneth for every man as a reward besides his daily paye. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. v. i. iii. (1904) II. 420 A little school, where children may be taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common labourer may afford it.

d. A sum of money offered for the capture or detection of a malefactor, discovery of a missing person, recovery of lost or stolen property, etc. 1593 Shaks. j Hen. VI, v. v. 10 Is Proclamation made. That who finds Edward, Shall haue a high Reward, and he his Life? 1702 Prod, in McCarthy Reign Q. Anne (1905) 60 Whoever shall discover the said Daniel De Foe..so as he may be apprehended shall have a reward of fifty pounds. 1722 De Foe Col. Jack ii. He should publish a reward for the encouragement of those that have them to bring them again. 1820 Shelley Hymn Merc, xliv, If you should promise an immense reward, I could not tell more than you now have heard. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. iv. xii, Julius Handford .., for intelligence of whom a reward had been publicly offered. 1907 Miss Braddon Her Convict v, I don’t think there was any reward offered. Scotland Yard is against rewards.

e. In phr. to go {pass, etc.) to one’s reward, to die (and go to heaven). Also in ironic use. orig. U.S. 1883 ‘Mark Twain’ Life on Mississippi li. 503 He went to his reward, whatever it was, two years ago. 1896 J. Curtin tr. Sienkiewicz’s Quo Vadis Ixx. 521, He went to his reward like a conqueror. 1942 E. Paul Narrow St. xxiii. 202 Vladimir de Pachmann .. has recently died. I wept.. when I read that the grand old poet of the piano.. had gone to his reward at the age of eighty-five. 1949 G. Davenport Family Fortunes III. iv. 266 It was lucky for Mrs. Wilkens, Lou Belle thought, that her grandfather Aaron Toler had passed to his reward. 1975 D. Lodge Changing Places ii. 49 His beloved parent had passed to her reward from this very bed. 1977 D. Williams Treasure by Degrees ii. 19 When the old baggage was finally called to her reward .. his own temporal benefit would be substantial.

rewardable

845

f. Psychol. A recompense for a response which reinforces specific learning or behaviour. Freq. attrib.y esp. as reward celly centrCy system^ with reference to areas of the brain in or near the hypothalamus which, when stimulated, reward the organism with sensations of pleasure. Cf. PUNISHMENT I b. 1907 R. M. Yerkes Dancing Mouse vii. lOo In connection with the discussion of motives, it is an important fact that fornis of reward are far harder to find than forms of punishment. 1912 Jrnl. Animal Behavior II. 50 It seems evident from this experiment that a combination of punishment and reward-motives is more effective in bringing about visual discrimination in the rat than is either punishment or reward used alone. 1929 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Oct. 173 Some experiments on the influence of the amount of food given as a reward on the rate at which young chickens learn. 1952 E. L. & R. E. Hartley Fund. Social Psychol, ix. 274 Without reinforcement or reward, no connection will be established between response and motivation. 1956 Sci. Amer. Oct. 108/3 At this point we assumed that the stimulus must provoke curiosity; we did not yet think of it as a reward. Ibid. 116/3 ^he main question.. is to determine how the excited ‘reward’ cells act upon the specific sensorymotor systems. 1964 M. Argyle Psychol. ^ Social Probl. ii. 26 A most interesting series of attempts to demonstrate the acquisition of drives by reward learning has been carried out with monkeys. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, x. 186 Drugs capable of causing the release of norepinephrine,.. are able to increase the rate of self-stimulation when electrodes are )laced in the reward center. Ibid., The reward system is ocated in the medial forebrain bundle. 1977 E. L. Deci in von H. Gilmer & Deci Industrial Organizational Psychol. (ed. 4) viii. 208 Intrinsic rewards are ones which a person administers to himself or herself.

f

5. Recompense or retribution for evil-doing; requital, punishment. 1388 Wyclif Isaiah Ixvi. 6 The vois of the Lord 3eldynge a reward to hise enemyes. ^1400 Brut cxcviii. 221 A, sire traitoure!.. now shal je haue pe reward pat longewme 3e haue diserued. CI410 Sir Cleges 437 He sowght after the prowghd styward. For to yeve hym hys reward, Becavse he grevyd hym sore. 1535 Coverdale Ps. x[i]. 6 Vpon the vngodly he shal rayne.. storme and tempest: this rewarde shal they haue to drynke. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. v. 14 He from daunger was releast,.. Yet not escaped from the dew reward Of his bad deedes. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God I. xiv. (1620) 15 The just reward that our first parents received for their sinne. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 655 Thy great Misdeeds have met a due Reward. 1819 Shelley Cenci i. i. 23 That which the vassal threatened to divulge Whose throat is choked with dust for his reward. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. I. li. 31 Hanging was the reward of treason and desertion.

t6. An extra supply or allowance of food; an extra dish. Obs. C1440 Promp. Parv. 431/2 Rewarde, at mete, whan fode fallythe [u.r. faylyth] of the seruyee. Ibid., Rewarde, yn pe ende of mete, of frutys, impomentum. c 1450 Bk. Curtasye iii. 423 Whenne brede faylys at borde aboute, The marshalle gares sett withouten doute More brede, that calde is a rewarde. 1523 in Ann. Reg. (1758) 267/1 At dyner, a pese of beyf, a stroke of roste, and a rewarde at our said kechyn. 1530 Palsgr. 262/2 Rewarde of meate, entremetz. t reward, Obs. rare. = rearward sfr. c 1440 Partonope 989 He sendith to his rewarde tho That they shull make hem redy And come hj^ to. 1515 Scottish Field 408 in Chetham Misc. (1856) II, Thus the Reward in aray rayked ever after.

reward (ri'woid), v. Also 6 Sc. rewaird.

[a. ONF. rewarder, = OF. reguarder, regarder to REGARD.]

1.11- trans. To regard, heed, consider; to look at or observe. Obs. C1315 Shoreham hi. 227 pye senne schal sle pe, 3yf t»ou rewardest J?yne eldrynges nau3t. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 294 A child of pat land.. Edward sauh him stand, pe Flemmynges to reward. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiv. 145 If ye riche haue reuthe and rewarde wel pe pore. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 217 Rewarde this figure and telle vs the qualyteis.. of Suche a man as this figure Presentyth. c 1475 Partenay 2367 Hit you behouith rewarde and behold Ho shall doo gouerne and rule this contre.

■\2. To agree; to determine or decide. Ohs. ^1380 Sir Ferumb. 312 Hit ys rewardet ous two be twyne pat Olyuer schal wende & take pe batayl wif* pe 3ond Sarsyne. Ibid. 3463 ‘3us,’ qua)? Roland, ‘y wil it do, If 3e rewardie)? it shel be so’. ^1440 Alph. Tales 359 And pan he [the judge] rewardid at pe clew sulde be won of, & sho at said sothe of )?e bothom sulde hafe it.

t3. intr. To look; to give heed. Obs. rare. 1382 Wyclif Job xxxix. 24 Feruent and gnastende he soupeth the erthe; and rewarde he not to the trumpe sounende trumping. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 174 He rewardid aboute, and Sawe an olde knyght quakynge for colde. c 1430 Bk. Hawkyng in Reliq. Antiq. 1. 296 If there be eny hawke, and she rewarde gladly to her game, ye shull say cast your hawke thereto.

II. t4, trans. To assign or give (to one) as a reward or recompense. Obs. C1320 Cast. Love (Halliwell) 1662 Receyvyth the blysfull joy anon That to 30W byth rewarded withoutyn endenge. CI370 Stacions Rome (Vernon MS.) 100 Pope Vrban pat holy syre So rewardede men heore huyre. 1393 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 185 It es my will that ye reward sumwhat to ilkane of my seruandes. 1426 Audelay Poems 13 He that is untreu to his lorde.. The law wyl hym reward deth to his mede. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 14 For whois raunson.. king Edwarde rewarded the Prince xx. M‘. li. sterlinges. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xxxvii[i]. 20 They that rewarde me euell for good, speake euell of me. 1611 Bible j Sam. xxiv. 17 Thou hast rewarded mee good, whereas I haue rewarded thee euill. c 1650 Metrical Ps. Scotch Ch. vii. 4 If I rewarded ill to him.

5. To repay, requite, recompense (one) for some service, merit, etc. C1350 Will. Palerne 3840 What man vpon molde so may him me bring, I schal riuedli him rewarde. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 133 Bot he rewarde him for his dede. So as he mihte of his godhiede. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 49 Scho was wele rewarded, as scho was wele worthy. ^1460 Fortescue Abs. Lim. Mon. xi. (1885) 136 For lakke off money, the kyng than rewarded pam with lande. 1484 Caxton Fables of Msop ii. xix, I.. praye the that thow wylt reward me of the grete seruyse whiche I haue done to the. ^1533 Ld. Berners Huon lix. 204, I abandonyd to you all that I had; yll it hath ben employed without ye rewarde me better. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iii. i. 134 There is remuneration, for the best ward of mine honours is rewarding my dependants. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxx. 183 To Reward those that aspire to greatnesse. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N. T. Matt. xvi. 27 Then I will reward those that were faithful to me. 1744 Harris Three Treat, i. (1765) 3, I shall think myself well rewarded in the Labour of reciting. 1781 CowPER Truth 218 He.. Consults all day your int’rest and your ease, Richly rewarded if he can but please. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 83 Sir Edward publicly apostatized, and was rewarded with the command of a regiment of foot. 1872 Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 224 The toil is forgotten when the highest point is attained, for a magnificent view rewards the traveller. •fb. Hunting and Hawking. (Cf. reward sb.^

4 b.) Obs. 13.. Gaw. Gr.Knt. 1610 With bred blent )?er-with his braches [he] rewardez. ^1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) Prol., Whann the hert is spaied and dede he vndothe hym and maketh his kirre and enquirreth or rewarde)? his houndes. i486 Bk. St. Albans biiij, If she will forsake the fowle that she plumyth on,.. then .. rewarde yowre hawke with the Brayne and the necke. 1575 Turberv. Venerie 134 Call hir to your fist wyth meat.., and when she commeth rewarde hir well. Ibid. 174 How you shall rewarde your houndes when they haue killed an Hare. 1614 Latham Falconry i. v. 18 So reward her with cleanlie feed.

fc. To give (one) something out of a legacy. 1482 Paston Lett. HI. 288, I wull that iche of myn other godchilder be rewarded by th’ avyse of John Paston, my sone. 16.. in Mills Ordin. Isle of Man (1821) 47 Then the Ordinary shall make.. his next of Kindred.. to be lawful Executors: and the base begotten to be rewarded of Charity.

fd. To serve with food. Obs. rare. c 1440 in Househ. Ord. (1790) *38 When my lady is served of the seconde course,.. the chamber is rewarded and the hall with breade and ale, after the discretyon of the usher.

6. ta* To make up for (a deficiency). Obs.~^ 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xv. c. (Bodl. MS.), What lakke)? in )?is londe in quantite of space is rewarded & recouered in godenes of grounde.

b. To requite, to make return for (a service, merit, exertion, etc.). 01533 Ld. Berners Huon Ivi. 189 The grete seruyee.. shall be euen ryght well rewarded. 1594 Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1596) xiii. 201 Rome.. did.. reward.. their temperancy in abstaining from wine, a 1618 Raleigh Rem. (1664) no A crop of cares rewarding your labour with remorse. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 72 That Crop rewards the greedy Peasant’s Pains. 1748 Foote Knights Prol., The pious boy, his father’s toil rewarding. For thousands throws a main at Covent-Garden! 1781 Cowper Hope 761 Still happier, if he till a thankful soil. And fruit reward his honourable toil. 1836 Random Recoil. Ho. Lords ix. 186 The discovery, when made, would not at all reward the labour expended in the search. 1862 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. iv. 113 The most upright and virtuous intentions are not always rewarded by happiness in proportion.

7. a. To requite or repay (one) for evil-doing; to punish, chastise. 1484 Caxton Fables of Msop v. iv. Who so euer rendreth euylle for good he shalle therof iustly be rewarded. 1519 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 269 One of them .. sawe there were no dogges nor bryborse in ye Churche, bot tha wolde rewarde tname. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 132 b, They were rewarded with the losse of their heades. 1611 Bible 2 Sam. iii. 39 The Lord shall reward the doer of euill, according to his wickednesse. 1671 Milton Samson 413 Servil mind Rewarded well with servil punishment!

b. To pay back (injury or wrong) to one; to visit upon one. rare. C1420 Anturs of Arth. 525, I shal rewarde )?e p‘\ route, if I cone rede righte. 1535 Coverdale fudges ix. 57 All the euell of the men of Sichem, dyd God rewarde them vpon their heade. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Hosea iv. 9, I wil visit their wayes vpon them, and rewarde them their dedes.

8. absoL To make recompense. *377 Langl. P. PI. B. iii. 316 But after )?e dede pat is don One dome shal rewarde. 1613 Chapman Mask Inns of Court, To employ with countenance, and encouragement, but reward with austerity and disgrace.

fre'ward, pa. pple. Obs. [Irreg. from prec.] Rewarded. 1567 Pikeryng Horestes 491 (Brandi), Soffer him not for to depart, tyll well reward he be. 1574 R. Robinson Rewarde of Wickednesse Sjb, All these I knewe and many moe,.. That for their trauels were rewarde.

rewardable (ri'wo:d9b(9)I), a. [f.

reward v. -h -ABLE.] Capable of being rewarded; worthy or deserving of reward. 1534 More Comf. agst. Trib. i. Wks. 1153/2 We graunt.. that no good woorke of man is rewardable in heauen of his own nature. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. ix. § i Whether they bee in their own nature rewardable or punishable. 1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribae 71 Neither is Vertue rewardable, nor Vice punishable, except it be done.. with intent of the will. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 7 He is rewardable as he suffereth for fearing to disobey God. 1709 Stanhope Paraphr. IV. 108 The Actions were Voluntary and Rewardable in St. Paul. 1760 Wesley Jrn/. 20 Dec., Till you know the difference between meritorious and rewardable. 1829 I. Taylor Enthus. vii. (1867) 144 Christian

REWARD ABLENESS philanthropy .. is vicarious; obligatory; rewardable. 1868 Bain Ment. ^ Mor. Sci. (1875) 615 Virtue is in itself rewardable; vice is of essential demerit.

re'wardableness.

[f. prec. + -ness.] Capability of being rewarded; the state of being worthy of reward. 1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints' Perseverance Wks. 1851 XI. 591 It will take away all rewardableness from their actings. 1705 Goodman Wint. Even. Conf. 11. 159 What can be the Praise or Rewardableness of doing that which a Man cannot chusebutdo? 1772 J. Fletcher Logica Genets. 32 She pleads for the rewardableness, which is all we understand by the merit of works. 1850 Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. vii. (1863) I. 43 The doctrine of the rewardableness of work.

re'wardably, adv. [f. as prec. + -LY.*'] ‘In a rewardable manner’ (Webster, 1847).

re'warded, ppl. a.

[f.

reward

v.

+

-ed*.]

Requited; recompensed. 1623 Wodroephe Marrow Fr. Tongue 318/2 From hired Preests, from rewarded Barbers, the Lord deliuer vs. 1728 Eliza Heywood tr. Mine, de Gomez's Belle A. (1732) II. 67 The Sweets of that Repose, which Virtue and rewarded Tenderness can never fail to afford.

Hence re'wardedly adv. 1869 Browning Ring fef Bk. ix. 741 Nay, and what if he gazed rewardedly On the pale beauty prisoned in embrace.

rewarder (n'wo:d3(r)),

[f. reward v. + -er\]

One who rewards or requites. a 1340 Hampole Psalter iv. 6 God is rewardere of goed and ill. 1382 Wyclif Hebr. xi. 6 He is rewarder of men yrisekinge him. C1450 tr. De Imitatione iii. iii. 67, I am rewarder of all gode men. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 187 That he is the rewarder of all good dedes. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, I. iii. 124 A liberall rewarder of his Friends. 1620 Fletcher Chances iii. ii, Whose hard heart never Slew those rewarders. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals ii. iii. 182 He is.. no great rewarder of his Servants. C1705 De Foe in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 324 The unknown rewarders of my mean performances. 1772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 106 God is..the most munificent rewarder of real worth. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ix. (1875) 373 The belief that God is.. a rewarder of them that seek him.

re'wardful,

a. [f. reward s6. + -ful.] Yielding

or producing reward. 1595 Spenser Col. Clout 187 Whose grace was great, and bounty most rewardfull. 1846 D. Jerrold Chron. Clovernook Wks. 1864 IV. 381 Blessings rewardful of their piety. 1903 Ainger Crabbe xi. 198 What is best and most rewardful in the study of Crabbe.

Hence re'wardfulness. 1873 Scribner's Mag. VI. 30 Of the beauty, the rewardfulness of the place, I cannot trust myself to speak.

re'warding, vbl. sb. [f.

reward v, + -ing^.] The action of the verb, in various senses.

a 1340 Hampole Psalter Iviii. 18 In rewardinge of endles bliss. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 333 Thanne I scholde in such a wise In rewardinge of my servise Be ded. C1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, Also if pe lorde be pere alle ]7inge shulde be doo of pe abay and rewardynge, as before is seyde. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 230 Tho that in lokynge or in rewardynge ficchyth hare syght and hit holdyth stabill. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 262 The rewardinges which ar sayd to be prepared for the keper of the law. 1582 Stanyhurst Mneis iv. (Arb.) 95 Wyl ye not haue children, nor sweete Venus happye rewarding’s? 1650 J. Hall in Harrington's Oceana (1700) 10 Their generous and indiscrete rewarding of Virtue.

re'warding, ppl. a.

[-ing'‘.] That rewards. 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. ii. (1703) 131 Hope..is sometimes so sprightly and rewarding a quality, a 1708 Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1710) I. 40 This is what we call His distributing or rewarding justice. 1871 Meredith H. Richmond xxxvi, My grandfather’s praise of her she received with a rewarding look back of kindness.

Hence re'wardingly adv. 1850 Browning Christmas Eve xviii. Which fact pays the damage done rewardingly.

re'wardingness.

[f. rewarding ppl. a. + -NESS.] The quality or state of being rewarding.

1951 Mind LX. 124 The subject of modal logic is of course extremely difficult. These are two illustrations of the dangers of any sort of intuitive approach to it even in Aristotle, and at the same time of its rewardingness for anyone who forgoes that approach. 1972 M. Argyle Social Psychol, of Work iv. 60 Rewardingness may be an important part of this general ability—rewarding people are both more popular and influential. 1978 A. Ryan in Hookway & Pettit Action & Interpretation 66 If we want to know why someone does what he does, we must look to the goals he is seeking, and to his beliefs about their rewardingness to himself.

re'wardless, a. [f.

RE-WIND

846

re'wardress. rare-^. [f. rewarder + -ess.] A female rewarder. 1613-16 Browne Brit. Past. (1625) To Rdr., The great Rewardresse of a Poet’s pen. Fame.

re-'warehouse (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] To warehouse again. Hence re-'warehousing vbl. sb. 1833 McCulloch Diet. Commerce (1834) 1221 Goods may be removed to any Ports to be rewarehoused. Ibid., Bond to rewarehouse. 1863 Olver Shilling Tariff 40 On the rewarehousing after the expiration of five years [etc.].

|rewa-rewa ('rewa-'rewa). Also riwa-riwa. [Maori, f. the verb rewa to float.] A tall broadleaved forest tree, Knightia excelsa, of the family Proteaceae, native to New Zealand, bearing long, narrow, toothed leaves and racemes of tomentose red-brown flowers followed by woody pods, and yielding a light easily-split wood which is used for furniture. Also called honeysuckle. 1831 G. Bennett in London Med. Gaz. 5 Nov. 150/1 Knightea excelsa... This tree is abundant in the New Zealand forests, and is named Riwa-riwa by the natives. 1838 J. S. Polack N.Z. II. 396 The Rewd rewd..is a handsome grained wood, very serviceable to the builder and joiner... It grows to the height of sixty feet. 1843 C. Holtzapffel Turning I. 41 The Rewa-rewa (Knightia excelsa), from New Zealand. 1878 Trans. New Zealand Inst. XI. 73 Dry rewarewa wood being used for the charring. 1880 Ibid. XIII. 53 The boy went into the forest.., and brought back with him a seed-pod of the rewarewa tree. 1966 Encycl. N.Z. III. 70/1 The rewarewa.. grows to heights of up to 90 ft.

re'warm (ri:-), v. [re- s a.] To warm again. 1608 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. iii. Schisme 490 His spirits (rewarm’d) with-in his artir’s tremble. 1673 Harvey Anat. Exerc. ii. 120 Unless., new, warm and spirituous blood flowing in do foment and re-warm the parts. 1861 Olmsted Journ. ©" Expl. in Cotton Kingd. I. 160 Coffee evidently made the day before, and half re-warmed.

re'wash (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.]

To wash again.

Hence re'washed ppl. a. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Tin, After this they rewash it, as before, and then dry it a little. 1805 Med. Jrnl, XIV. 449 It will be adviseable to rewash with milk afterward. 1874 Raymond Mines & Mining 21 [As much] as would justify their being rewashed for these substances alone. 1908 Sears, Roebuck Catal. 170/1 Inner tubes.. made.. of the very best quality of Upper River Para rewashed rubber, 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. vii. 69/2 Detrital gold was mined in the Preservation Inlet area from rewashed glacial debris.

rewate, Sc. variant of realty^ Obs. re'water (ri:-), v. [re- sa.] To water again; to place in water again. 1612 J. Davies Muse’s Sacrifice Wks. (Grosart) II. 64/2 The Vrehin of the Sea, in pieces rent, Re-water’d, ioynes, and hues incontenent!

rewbarb(e, obs. ff. rhubarb sb. rewbarbative: see rubarbative. rewde, obs. f. rude a. t 'rewden, a. Obs. dial. ‘Made of Rood or Reed, that is of combed Straw’ {Exmoor Gloss.).

reweave (ri:-), ti. [re-5 a.] To weave again. In quots. fig.

Hence re'weaving vbl. sb.

c 1700 Congreve Ovid's Met. x, Let me again Eurydice receive. Let Fate her quick-spun thread of life re-weave. i860 Ld. Lytton Lucile ii. i. §19. i ‘Sol’ he thought, ‘they meet thus: and reweave the old charm!’ 1882 Miss WoOLSON Anne 349 [It] will rend this filmy fabric of imagination immediately, never to be rewoven again. 1929 Oxford Poetry 6 These worn and tangled threads of day reweave Like memory’s or music’s threads. 1963 Economist 2 Feb. sgzjz It is this reweaving of America with Europe that General de Gaulle is now challenging. 1964 McCall's Sewing xv. 265 {heading) Reweaving/Invisible Patching. Ibid., You can only use threads ravelled from the fabric for reweaving. refi. 1877 Ruskin Laws of Fesole vi. (1907) 84 It is a web which re-weaves itself when you tear it.

re'wed (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] To wed anew. 1839-48 Bailey Festus 49 Industry, and commerce,.. Rewedding those the Deluge once divorced.

tre'wardon. Obs. rare.

2. intr. To amount to (so much) on being weighed again.

= reguerdon sb. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 96 For riche rewardons to Roberd [they] gan loute. Ibid. 143 Inglis & Normant, knyghtes for rewardoun, With Richard ere in conant.

re-'weight.

[re- 5 a.] Weighing again; also, the weight ascertained by re-weighing. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 399 Increase by re¬ weight. Ibid., Reweight of the Bags. 1841 Ellis Laws & Reg. Customs II. 310 If any deficiency be found between such re-weights and the original landing weights, the duty is to be paid on such deficiency.

rewel,

obs. f. rowel, rule.

rewel-bone:

see ruel-bone.

rewele(r, obs.

ff.

rewelich, -ly,

obs. ff. ruly.

re’wend

rule(r.

(ri:-), t). rare~^. [re-5 a.] To wend or

turn again. 1616 J. Lane Contn. Sqr.’s T. iv. 344 Wheare in hee trottes, vnto the pathes farr ende, but theare, on thinder heeles turnes to rewend.

rewene-cheese:

see ruen.

rewengeance, var. rewer(e, rewese,

revengeance Obs.

obs. ff. ruer.

obs. f. ravish v.

t rewet. Obs. rare—'^. [a. F. rouet, f. roue wheel.] (See quot.) 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Rewet, the Lock of a Harquebuss, or other Gun. [Hence in Bailey and later Diets.]

re-'wet (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To make wet

again. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm 1. 241 The wet bulb..will last a considerable time wet, and be rewetted when required. 1889 Westgahth Austral. Progress 50 This gum tasted abominably, if you licked it for re-wetting.

rewet, variant of

ruet Obs.

reweth, rewejte,

obs. ff. ruth.

t'rewey, a. Obs. rare.

[app. f. rew sb.^ 3 + -Y.]

(See quots.) 1601 Act 43 Eliz. c. 10. § I, The same Clothes being put in Water, are found to shrink, be rewey, pursey, squally, cockling, bandy, light, and notably faulty. 1684 Manley Cowell's Interpr., Rewey.., it is as much as unevenly wrought, and full of Rewes.

rewful(li,

etc., obs. forms of rueful(ly.

fre'whelp, w. Obs. rare—.

[re- 5 a.] trans. To

bring forth (young) again. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi. 318, I fear the Beast., which thousand times (almost) Re-whelps her whelps.

re'whirl (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To whirl again. 1799 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. VII. 140 Now at the witches sabbath may attend Long-absent I—rewhirl the airy reel.

1754 Richardson Grandison I. xxxvii. 271 I’ll be hang’d if Miss Byron thinks so, re-whisper’d she. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia ix. vi, ‘Surely he will not come in here?’ re¬ whispered Cecilia. 1894 Bliss Carman Low Tide, Afoot, And the Mother there once more Will re-whisper her dark word.

of ROW v.\ obs. f. RUE sb. and v.

j. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 400 Order for re¬ weighing Pimento, to be taken from the Pile. 1849 Ansted Gold-seeker's Man. 74 Weigh it first in air... Immerse it and re-weigh it in water. 1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 308 We re-weighing and opening in presence of English Post Office clerk.

rewerdotiy var. of reguerdon.]

re-weigher.

rewe, obs. f. reave v. and rew, row; obs. pa. t.

e muchele reounesse of pe lure of pc muchele blisse of heouene. C1300 Havelok 502 He pc knaue nouth ne slou, But for rewnesse him wit-drow. Ibid. 2227 He hauede reunesse of pc knaue.

1730 Young Ep. to Pope ii. 137 Write and re-write, blot out and write again. 1806 Southey Let. in Life (1850) III. 8, I acknowledge no fault.., except the struggle of the women .., which is clumsily done, and must be rewritten. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 2 Every generation., demands that the history of its forefathers be rewritten from its own point of view. 1880 Swinburne Stud Shaks. 103 The two tragedies.. were thoroughly recast and rewritten from end to end. 1928 Manch. Guardian Weekly 5 Oct. ztsiz The events of the last four years in which the history of 1906 to 1914 was rewriting itself.

re'word (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. trans. To put into words again; to repeat. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. iv, 143 Bring me to the Test And I the matter will re-word. 1874 Tennyson in Mem. (1897) 11. 159, I bolted out a long metaphysical term which he could not re-word to me. 1885 Yeats Song of Happy Shepherd Poems (1899) 186 They thy comforters will be, Rewording in melodious guile Thy fretful words.

2. To re-echo. *597 Shaks. Lover's Compl. i Off a hill whose concaue wombe reworded A plaintfull story from a sistring vale.

3. To put into different words. 1882 G. M. Hopkins Note-bks. fef Papers (1937) 431, I.. had to leave out or reword all passages speaking of God’s kingdom as falling. 1892 Proc. Amer. Mission Assoc. 78 The reports.. lead me to believe that my subject needs if not to be re-worded, to be defined. 1894 Daily News i Sept. 6/2 Titles are re-worded, re-arranged, perhaps curtailed, or expanded.

Hence re'wording vbl. sb. and ppl. a. a 1650 T. May Life Satyrical Puppy (1657) 42 Farwell the lowde Trumpet with whose voyce rewording Ecchoes scolde. 1849 Sears Regeneration iii. i. (1859) 126 The wording and rewording of liturgies is not prayer.

re'work (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] 1. a. To work again. 1842 Civil Eng. fef Arch. Jrnl. V. 392/2 The whole of the walls, arches, and aisle vaults have been reworked. 1855 JR. Leifchild Cornwall Mines 254 Thus a great and profitable tin mine seemed to wear out by degrees. It may, however, be successfully re-worked. 1891 Law Times Rep. LXV. 562/2 Butterine.., if intended for exportation to London,.. was reworked at the Drummoyne factory.

b. Spec, in Geol. Of a natural agent: to alter, esp. to remove and redeposit (rock or the like). 1870 C. F. Hartt Thayer Exped.: Sci. Results Journey Brazil xix. 573 Where the surface of the rock., had been covered by a thick layer of loose material, the glacier re¬ worked this loose material, and when it disappeared left it as a paste. 1939 P. D. Trask Recent Marine Sediments iii, 202 The tidal mud is reworked as rapidly as it is deposited. 1962 Read & Watson Introd. Geol. I. vii. 381 Loose pyroclastic accumulations are always liable to be reworked by wind, streams and other surface-agents and may then be redeposited along with appropriate kinds of sedimentary rocks. 1964 Oceanogr. Gf Marine Biol. II. 122 Mud-feeding animals play a significant part in re-working the sediment even on the floor of the abyssal parts of the ocean. 1977 Sci. Amer. Mar. 94/3 One extreme hypothesis is that most if not all of it [5c. continental crust] was made early in the course of the earth’s chemical differentiation and that ever since then it has been reworked, that is, heated, melted, recrystallized and deformed.

2. To change the variety of (a plant) by grafting. 1942 Jrnl. Pomol. XIX. 194 When reworking apple trees liable to attack by silver leaf after grafting, it is important to retain as much of the head of the tree as possible. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. June 52SI2 Auckland growers decided to rework thousands of Delicious trees to other varieties.

Hence re'worked, ppl. a.; re'worker, one who works (something) again, spec, a reviser or redactor; re'working vbl. sb. 1873 Whitney Oriental fef Ling. Stud. 267 There has been no thorough reworking of those parts of the lecture. 1886 T. S. Hunt Mineral Physiol. Gf Physiogr. vii. 275 The layer of ground and ‘reworked’ decayed material resting on the gneiss, found by Hartt in Brazil. 1891 Law Times Rep. LXV. s^izjz Of these ninety-five kegs three were lost in the reworking. 1939 P. D. Trask Recent Marine Sediments iii. 197 This type of bedding indicates frequent reworking of the sediments under the influence of currents of varying strength and direction. Ibid. 201 In these areas the sediments are reworked deposits, not new ones. 1955 J. G. Davis Diet. Dairying (ed. 2) 157 Reworking of butter invariably increases the count and also increases the size of the water globules. 1970 J. R. L. Allen Physical Processes of Sedimentation iv. 140 The beds preserved have properties denoting extensive sediment re-working. 1972 G. Jones Kings, Beasts, Isl Heroes ii. i. 66 The story-tellers of the Mabinogion are to a high degree reworkers of old material, borrowers from an often remote antiquity. 1977 Early Music Oct. 581/1, I think it is a pity that the models of the two known reworkings are not identified more clearly. 1979 Daedalus Summer 94 The reader is not simply beckoned to catch an unwonted glimpse of the diverse states of a subtly reworked self-portrait.

re'worship (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] trans. restore to former honour and dignity.

fTo

1562 Legh Armory 122b, These, .may be reworshipped agayne, with somethynge of mettall sette vpon them.

obs. forms of rule.

rewlar, -er,

obs. ff. ruler.

rew(le)less,

obs. ff. ruleless.

rewli(che, -lik, -ly(che, rewll(e, rewm(e,

variants of ruly a.

obs. ff. rule. obs. ff. realm, rheum.

rewmatick(e,

obs. ff. rheumatic.

re'wound (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] To wound again. Hence re'wounded ppl. a. 1621 Quarles Argalus & P. i. Wks. (Grosart) III. 244/1 Demagoras, whose rewounded heart Had newly felt the unexpected smart. 1817 Hogg Dram. Tales I. 250 Do not Re-wound that kind and virtuous heart.

re'write (ri:-), t;. [RE-sa.] 1. trans. To write back; to reply in writing. 1567 Drant Horace, Ep. vi. Dij, Straighte waye when he had searched his house rewrytte agayne this mome. That [etc.].

b. Linguistics. To write (an analysis of a phrase or sentence structure) in a different form, usu. by expansion. Also absol. *955 N- Chomsky Logical Struct. Linguistic Theory vi. 235 We can produce derivations from this linear grammar by applying the conversions S, (interpreted as the instruction ‘rewrite Xi as Y,’) in sequence. 1957 Syntactic Structures v. 40 These rules can be dropped if we rewrite., so that either C or M, but not both, can be selected. 1970 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XV. 95 Many contemporary linguists describe their data in terms of a system of rules which state that one string of symbols is to be rewritten as another string of symbols. Ibid. 97 We know that rule i must be the first rule executed because S is the initial symbol and rule i is the only rule that rewrites S. 1972 Archivum Linguisticum III. 14 A lexical redundancy rule could also be used to rewrite the semantic feature as a syntactic one.

Hence re'writer, one who revises or rewrites; re'writing vbl. sb.; also attrib., as rewriting rule Linguistics, a rule that governs the rewriting of a structural analysis. 1838 J. S. Mill Let. 19 Oct. in M. Fawcett Life Sir W. Molesworth (1901) x. 204 This winter.. will see me through the whole of it except the rewriting. 1854 C. M. Yonge Heartsease I. ii. xii. 309 She has.. given me some re-writing to do. 1863 Sat. Rev. 4 Apr. 446 There is nothing in them that cannot easily be remedied by a little re-writing. 1892 Athenaeum 9 Apr. 468/3 ‘The Foreign Policy of Pitt’.. is hardly a rewriting of history, Collier's 2% SepX. 17/2 By all the earmarks it was a ‘three head’ to be laconically telephoned into a ‘rewriter’ who would dutifully chronicle the event in 100 words. 1934 Blunden Choice or Chance 51 Rewriters, novelists and mirth-provokers. 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects of Theory of Syntax ii. 66 The natural mechanism for generating Phrase-markers.. is a system of rewriting rules. A rewriting rule is a rule of the form . .A^ZjX— Y where X and Y are (possibly null) strings of symbols, is a single category symbol, and Z is a nonnull string of symbols. 1970 Language XLVI. 261 These PS rules generate the structure-sensitive a" quite simply with one non-terminal category and two rewriting rules.

rewrite ('riirait), sb. [f. the vb.] 1. a. orig. U.S. slang. The act of revising a text; a revised text. (Chiefly in journalistic and publishing use.) 1926 E. B. White Let. Sept. (1976) 75 Carl.. gravitated naturally down to Mr. Hearst’s American and got a job on rewrite. 1933 Partridge S/ang To-day & Yesterday in. 181 To vet a book is to revise it, whether for the author or for his publisher; if the work entailed amounts to a virtual rewriting, the resulting typescript or manuscript is a re¬ write. 1938 E. Pound Let. 22 Apr. (1971) 307 How much revision do you propose to make in the proofs?.. We’re not out for collaboration and rewrite a la E. P. 1952 Scrutiny June 3/3 Dryden states the case nicely in the Preface to his rewrite of Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra, i960 News Chron. 23 Feb. 6/3 Belting out a rewrite of a wobbly third act. 1972 H. Evans Newsman's English ix. 191 Mix both techniques—rewrite the lead into the story but edit the rest of it on copy... Or you can move nearer to a full-scale rewrite. 1976 G. McDonald Confess, Fletch (1977) xxv. 121, I haven’t got the rewrite man I need... The guy I’ve got on rewrite now is a kid.

b. attrib. and Comb., esp. as rewrite man, one employed to rewrite newspaper copy for publication; also transf. 1901 Munsey's Mag. Nov. 222/1 Much of the copy that reaches the big newspaper offices is passed over to the ‘rewrite man’. 1912 G. M. Hyde Newspaper Reporting ix. 125 The terms ‘rewrite story’ and ‘follow-up, or follow, story’, are names which newspaper men apply to the rehashed or revised versions of other news stories. 1935 Amer. Mercury ]u\y sjgiz, I have yet to discover an instance of real literary talent being brought to the surface by back¬ breaking chores on the rewrite desk. 1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-Four ii. iii. 131 She could describe the whole process of composing a novel, from the general directive issued by the Planning Committee down to the final touching-up by the Rewrite Squad. 1955 H. Roth Sleeper xv. 126 She seemed .. capable, especially of rewrite, and good rewrite people are hard to find, i960 R. St. John Foreign Correspondent i. 12, I had been a rewrite man in Camden, New Jersey. 1973 Times 2 Mar. 14/4 He is..the GLC’s chief strategic planner and ‘rewrite man’ on planning policy. 1977 Detroit Free Press 11 Dec. 3-B/3 He phoned the story in over a vodka and orange juice. ‘It ain’t much,’ he told the rewrite man.

2. Linguistics. The act or process of writing an analysis of a phrase or sentence structure in a different form, usu. by expansion. Freq. attrib. and Comb., esp. as rewrite rule = rewriting rule s.v. REWRITING vbl. sb. i960 R. B. Lees Gram. Engl. Nominalizations i. 2 The rewrite rules, which permit the conversion of given strings of symbols into more expanded strings. 1964 E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. ii. 17 In the grammar above the items to the left and right of the ‘rewrite’ arrow are strings of symbols. 1967 ITorfi XXI11. 289 The equivalence of the different classes manifesting identical functions is implicit in the rewrite-rule formulations. 1971 Amer. Speech ig68 XLIII. 132 If the universals generally posited by linguists for human language can be formulated as a set of re-write rules whose elements are unordered by nature.

REWRITTEN then the relatedness between languages is determinable. 1977 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1975 79 Many individual verbs will no doubt need extra specifications in terms of ‘contextsensitive rewrite rules’.

re'written, ppl. a. [Cf. rewrite v.'] Written over again.

REYNOLDS

848

reyingsife:

Show X. 125 The Devon Rex and the Cornish Rex. Strange, friendly, fantasy creatures, with curly astrakhan coats and great butterfly ears. 1977 D. S. Richards Handbk. Pedigree Cat Breeding vii. 107 No rex cats should be mixed with other breeds.

reyjoysse,

rex, obs.

sb.'^

f. recks, reck v.

reyle, reyll(e,

rex-doller,

rewth(e, etc., obs. ff. ruth.

Rexine (Veksirn). Also rexine. The proprietary

reyn, var.

rewSe, rewSful, obs. ff. ruth, -ful.

name of a kind of imitation leather used in upholstery, book-binding, etc. Also attrib. and Comb.

reyn,

rewth(e)full, -voile, obs. ff. ruthful a.

obs. f. rix-dollar.

rewve, obs. f. rue. rewvine, obs. Sc. f. ruin sb. rewych, obs. f. ravish v. rewyll(e, obs. ff. rule. rewyn, obs. f. raven sb}, riven. rewyne, rewynus, obs. ff. ruin, ruinous. rewys, obs. f. ravish v. frex*. Obs. Also 7 recks. [Of obscure origin: see REAKS. In sense 2 evidently associated with L. rex, but the evidence does not show clearly that this is the source.] 1. = REARS. Usu. to play.. .rex, to play pranks. 1566-76 [see REVEL si.' 4]. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 659/2 To suffer such a caytiff to play such Rex. 1615 Armin Val. Welshm. (1663) Civb, The Bastard plays his Rex, whose ancient sore Begins to fester, a 1638 Mede Wks. (1672) 657 Another [king].. should bring down or humble three Kings, and play those recks which follow in the Text. 1642 Rogers Naaman 304 The Lord Jesus will one day judge you for your prankes and rex that you haue plaid in your Services.

2. to play rex, to act as lord or master; to domineer. 1578 Foxe in Bk. Chr. Prayers 28 b, Needs would haue.. an Italian stranger, the Bishop of Rome to play Rex ouer them. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 529 The Scots that were so curbed in his fathers dayes, now played rex through his negligence. 1608 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. Decay 412 Then playes hee Rex: tears, kils, and all consumes. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xxxvii. (1739) 168 The Prelacy.. played Rex all the while with the people. 1692 Washington tr. Milton's Def. People Pref., Consider with your selves,.. who it was, that but lately began to play Rex in your Country.

b. So to play the rex. 1570 Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 67/1 This Theodorius.. began to playe the rex, placing and displacing the Bishops at hys pleasure. 1593 G. Harvey Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 128 Roome for a roister,.. that will suffer none to play the Rex, but himselfe.

& Stephen Man. Libr. Bookbinding iv. 56 There are several textile fabrics, known as Rexine.. and Pegamoid, etc., produced as substitutes for leather. 1915 Trade Marks Jrnl. 18 Aug. 860 Rexine... Artificial leather and goods manufactured wholly or principally thereof.. British Leather Cloth Manufacturing Co., Limited,.. Hyde, near Manchester; leather cloth manufacturers. 1922 [see Pegamoid]. 1930 Daily Tel. 5 Apr. 21/3 (Advt.), Sale... Three-piece suites in hide, rexine and fabrics, [etc.]. 1946 T. H. Mistress Masham's Repose x.ix.. 158 She carried a Rexine shopmng bag. i960 Practical Wireless XXXVI. 287/1 (Advt.), This contemporary cabinet in two-tone grey rexine is ideal for the modem home. 1963 J. Clements Bookbinding ix. 78 Rexine and some imitation cloths need to be cleaned with methylated spirit.. before tooling. 1971 R. P. Jhabvala Experience of India 140 Their drawingroom was furnished with a blue rexine-covered sofa-set. 1975 E. Burdett Craft of Bookbinding viii. 361 Leathercloth.. was the original waterproof cloth first made at the turn of the century, one of the best known being ‘Rexine’, with a surface consisting of several coatings of nitro-cellulose. 1977 Transatlantic Rev. lx. 161 In the dining room, never used, there was a square table with six rexine-seated chairs around it.

rex^. [L. rex.] 1. a. A king. Also attrib.

Rexism

('rEksiz(3)m). [f. L, (Christus) Rex, (Christ) the King: see -ism.] A right-wing Roman Catholic political movement established in 193s in Belgium. So ‘Rexist sb. and a. 1936 Times 23 May 13/5 The Liberals represent the ‘Rexists’ as disguised Catholics. At all events, in spite of an entrance fee used for propaganda, the ‘Rexist’ meetings have drawn the biggest crowds. Ibid. 26 Oct. 13/3 M. Vandervelde, the Minister for Public Health, to-day addressed the Socialist Congress in Brussels on the attitude of the Socialist Party towards recent events, internal and external. His remarks on the relative merits of Rexism and Communism were loudly cheered by the Congress. 1937 ‘E. B. Ashton’ viii. 245 M. Degrelle’s ‘Rexists’. 1954 B. & R. North tr. Duverger's Pol. Parties ii. ii. 313 The violent surge of Rexism in Belgium in 1936 followed by just as violent a decline. 1966 ‘Han Suyin’ Mortal Flower xvi. 344 Degrelle (who had organized the Rexists, something like the Nazi Brownshirts). 1971 M. Lyon Belgium v. 70 In 1935 a twenty-nine-year-old ex-student of Louvain University named Leon Degrelle started a Belgian movement in favour of his own brand of authoritarianism flavoured with Christianity, which he called Rexism from the name Christus Rex (Christ the King).

rey, obs. f.

ray, re sb.^, roe (deer),

reyal(ly, varr.

1617 Moryson Itin. i. 284 They had Rex groats so called of the Kings of England, after they had the stile of Kings of Ireland, a 1653 G. Daniel Idyll ii. loi ’Tis not the fatall Rex, doth only Sting; A Commonwealth’s a Tirant, as a King. 1883 Besant All in Garden fair i. xii, He will be the leader, dictator, rex, imperator.

reyche, obs. f.

b. (With capital initial.) Used, during the reign of a king, esp. in law reports, to designate the prosecution in criminal proceedings. Cf. Regina.

Reye (rai, rei).

1657 Reports of Edward Bulstrode i. 96 Dominus Rex, and Sir William Fitzwilliams against Ives. 1717 W. Salkeld Reports of Cases Court of King's Bench 324 Rex versus Bear. 1792 W. Boscawen Treat. Convictions on Penal Statutes 48 This was one of the points in the case of Rex v. Hall, last cited. 1848 E. W. Cox Reports of Cases in Crim. Law II. 423 Rex V. Webb is no authority for that distinction. 1976 Law Reports Queen's Bench Div. 373 Rex v. Bishop of Lincoln (1637)-

2. A rabbit or mouse belonging to a variety so called, distinguished by a genetic mutation in which the guard hairs are reduced and wavy or completely lacking, giving the fur a soft, plushy texture; also, the characteristic mutation itself. Also attrib. 1929 Heredity XX. 192 Rex rabbits produce only rex offspring when bred with each other. 1935 Nature 14 Sept. 434/2 During the years 1927-29.. a new class of rabbit, namely the ‘Rex’, with fur like the mole..was imported from France and Germany. 1939 Ibid. 23 Sept. 557/1 The rex mouse has a coat somewhat similar to that of the same character in the rabbit... Rex is an autosomal dominant to normal. 1956 C. Auerbach Genetics in Atomic Age iv. 16 The Rex rabbit.. has a mole-like fur. 1977 West Briton 25 Aug. 34/2 (Advt.), Rabbits: Breeding pairs and young. Rex, dwarf, English and Dutch.

3. A cat belonging to the breed so called, developed in Cornwall and Devon during the 1950s and 1960s, and distinguished by short curly or wavy fur. Also attrib. i960 News Chron. 28 July 6/3 There’s going to be a Rex kitten. This is the curly-coated kitten—a new breed which experimental breeders are trying to establish. 1965 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 31 Jan. 4/3 A new sort of highly exclusive curly-coated cat called a Rex. 1972 M. Babson Murder on

reyd, obs. f.

ream sb.^, realm.

raign v. Obs.

obs. f. rain, reign, rein.

reynard ('reinad, 'rs-,

-aid). Forms: a. 4 reniarde, 5, 8 ten-, 5 reygnard (-art, reynart), 6 raynard(e, 6-7 rain-, 5, 7- reynard. jS. 4 renaud; 6 rayn-, 7 rein-, 6-7 reynold (9 -olds); 7 rein-, reynald. [Orig. a. OF. Renart, Renard, Regnart (see Regnard), etc., the name of the fox in the celebrated Roman de Renart, repr. the OHG. personal name Reginhart. The ^-forms show assimilation to ME. Reinaud, Raynold, Reynold, OF. Renaud, — G. Rein(h)old (OHG. Reginolt). The later form Reynard is that used by Caxton (along with Reynart, etc.) to render the MDu. Reynaerd-, Reynaert of his original.] A quasi¬ proper name given to the fox; also occas. used as an ordinary noun. As a proper name written either with or without capital. a. 13.. Gate. & Gr. Knt. 1728 Ofte he was runnen at, when he out rayked, & ofte reled in ajayn, so reniarde was wyle. ri430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode ii. cxxiii. (1869) 121, I do as Renard dide that made him ded in the wey, for to be cast in to the carte. [1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 5 Alle the beestis grete and smale cam to the courte sauf reynard the fox.] 1562 Legh Armory (1597) 82 b, Hee beareth Or, a Saltier Sable, between foure Rainardes passaunt proper. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse 10 b, Raynard, the Fox, may well beare vp his taile in the Lion’s denne. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) 136 So Aesops crow whom crafty rainard spide With prey in bill, was earst by him deceivde. 1622 Fletcher Beggars' Bush iii. iii. Prick ye the fearefull hare through crosse wayes, sheep walks; And force the craftie Reynard climb quicksets. 1700 Dryden Cock ^ Fox 492 Before the break of Day, Saint Reynard through the Hedge had made his way. 1709 Dykes Eng. Prov. & Reft. (ed. 2) 46 Let Reynard loose after five or six Years taming, ..and I would not be a Goose in his Way, for the Kingdom. 1798 Bloomfield Farmer's Boy, Spring 158 Where prowling Reynard trod his nightly round. 1842 J. Wilson Christ. North (1857) L 39 After the first Tally-ho, Reynard is rarely seen, till he is run in upon. 1873 Tristram Moab ix. 168 A foxhunt after a reynard who started under our horses’ feet. j9. 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 1898 Renaud com richchande )?ur3 a ro3e greue, & alle pe rabel in a res, ry3t at his helez. 1591 Spenser M. Rubberd 917 Such as hath a Reynold to his man, That by his shifts his Master furnish can. 1667 in J. Playford Mus. Comp. 67 Acteon shall eccho my Hounds and my Horn; Ne Reynold shall ’scape, though he run by the way. 187s- in dialect use (see Eng. Dial. Diet.).

CI440 Partonope 6511 Two fayre Reynes ordeyned haue he Where in these lordys shuld turneye. Ibid. 6526 And after cometh Gaudyn.. In to the Reynes rydyng avysely.

receipter.

reach

reycive, obs. f.

obs. ff. rail, reel.

freyne. Obs. [? a. MDu. reen, reyn shootingrange, etc., identical with rain jr6.^] pi. Lists.

real a.^, really adv.^

reyceter, obs. f.

raik sb. and v., reach v}, reek

reyme, obs. Sc. f.

rush sb.

1911 CouTTS

rewtheles(se, obs. ff. ruthless a.

obs. f. rejoice v.

reyk(e, obs. ff.

1828-32 in Webster. 1875 Poste Gaius Pref. p. v, The palimpsest or rewritten manuscript originally contained 129 folios. 1882 Athenseum 7 Jan. 27/3 Mr. Byron’s rewritten burlesque of ‘Pluto’ follows.

rexen, dial. pi. of resh

see reeing vbl. sb.

v.^

reyne,

receive.

obs. form of rain, reign sb., rein sb}

reynes,

rede v., reidL

reyng,

Path. [The name of Ralph Douglas Kenneth Reye (1912-78), Australian pediatrician, who with others first described the syndrome in 1963 {Lancet 12 Oct, 749-52).] Reye’s (or Reye) syndrome: an often fatal metabolic disease of young children. 1965 Amer. Jrnl. Dis. Children CX. 95/1 The possible occurrence of the Reye syndrome in the United States. 1969 Ibid. CXVII. 721/1 Thirty-three cases of Reye’s syndrome (acute encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the viscera). 1976 Nature 20 May 184/1 A number of children, mostly from areas that have been heavily sprayed in the past, have died from Reye’s syndrome, a condition first described in 1963 following the US Air Force’s aerial defoliation in Vietnam and Thailand. The disease causes increased susceptibility to viral infection, and it is the spray dispersal emulsifiers which are suspect; the sprays used are Fenitrothion and Phospamidon. 1977 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 17 Dec. 12/1 There is no connection between the chemical Fenitrothion and the sometimes fatal children’s disease called Reye’s syndrome.

var. Raines; obs. f. reins.

obs. f. reign, ring.

reynge,

var. renge sb.^ Obs.

reynge-net, obs. f. reyngne,

ring-net sb.

obs. f. reign v.

reyng syff:

see reeing vbl. sb.

reyni(e,

obs. ff. rainy a.

reynke,

var. rink Obs.

Reynolds ('renaldz).

sb. and v.

Physics. The name of Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912), Irish engineer and physicist, used attrib. (and in the possessive as Reynolds’, occas. erron. as Reynold’s) to designate quantities discovered and concepts used by him, as Reynolds number, a dimensionless number used in fluid mechanics as a criterion to determine whether fluid flow past a body or in a duct is steady or turbulent, evaluated as Ivpjv, where / is a characteristic length of the system, u is a typical speed, p is the mass-density, and v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid; magnetic Reynolds number, a number analogous in formation to the Reynolds number, used to describe the dynamic behaviour of a magnetized plasma; Reynolds stress, the net rate of transfer of momentum across a surface in a fluid resulting from turbulence in the fluid.

[re- s a.] To yield again. 1562 Phaer Aiineid ix. Ccivb, Some should soone repent If Turnus from the Troians loftie walles did not reyeelde.

1910 Sci. Abstr. A. XIII. 406 The flow.. is conditioned by the so-called Reynolds’ number. 1930 Dougall & Deans tr. Euiald’s Physics of Solids Fluids vi. 273 'This number, which gives the ratio of the forces of inertia and the forces of viscosity, is called Reynolds’ number, in honour of Osborne Reynolds, the discoverer of this law of similarity. 1952 Ark.

reye,

obs. f. ray.

reyes, obs. reyff,

f. reis (Portuguese money).

obs. Sc. f. reave v.

reyflake:

see reflag.

reygaUe,

obs. f. regal sb.'^

reygh(e, reyh(h)e, etc.: see reygne, var. rey-grass,

raign

v.;

reigh.

obs.,f. reign

obs. f. ray-grass.

re'yield (ri:-), v.

I

V

REYNY f. Fysik V. 322 The non-dimensional ratios are analogous to Reynolds number in ordinary hydrodynamics. In rnagneto-hydrodyriamics there are many numbers of this kind entering in different combinations in different cases. 1958, etc. [see Nusselt]. 1962 W. B. Thompson Introd. Plasma Physics iv. 50 These conditions may be combined to give the condition for typical magneto-hydrodynamic behaviour... This condition was derived by Lundquist (1952) who called M the magnetic Reynold’s number. 1974 Encycl. Brtt. Macropaedia XIV. 507/2 When the magnetic Reynolds number is much greater than one, resistance effects can be ignored and the magnetic lines of force are said to be frozen to (or to move with) the plasma. 1975 Sci. Amer. Nov. 83/1 In a large hummingbird.. the mean value of the Reynolds number for the flow past oscillating wings is 15,000; in a large wasp.. it is 4,000; in the small fruit fly Drosophila.. it is 200, and in the tiny parasitic wasp Encarsia fomosa..it is less than 20. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol, of Plants ii. 42 The flight Reynolds numbers for spores, pollen and the tiny dust seeds such as those of Monotropa and many orchids are usually so small that movement in air is dominated by viscous forces. 1943 Q. Appl. Math. I. 11 A new set of equations is obtained which diners from the first only in the presence of additional terms added to the mean values of the stresses due to viscosity. These additional terms are called the Reynolds stresses or eddy stresses. 1947 Hunsaker & Rightmire Engin. Appl. Fluid Mech. viii. 137 This fictitious [shear] stress is called either the turbulent shear stress.. or the Reynolds stress, after Osborne Reynolds, who first pointed out the existence of turbulent momentum transfers. 1964 Oceanogr. ^ Marine Biol. II. 17 They concluded that the portion of the spectrum which they had measured contributed only about J of the total turbulent energy and that the spectrum for k > 0 02 cm~^ could not make a major contribution to the Reynolds stresses.

reyny,

obs. f. rainy a.

reynyez,

obs. f. Rhenish a.

re'yoke (ri:-), v.

[re- 5 a.] To yoke again. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 193 Scarce had the Pleiades cleared the main, Or Charles reyoked his golden wain. 1862 Stretton Chequered Life II. 223 Dinner over, and the pipes smoked, we began to re-yoke the beasts.

rare-', [re- 5 a.] trans. To make young again; to rejuvenate. t).

1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iii. Lawe 955 A plenteous stream,.. proud, that his glass. Gliding so swift, so soon re-youngs the grass.

re'youth (ri:-), v.

[re-

5 a.]

refl.

To make

(oneself) young again. 1834 Lytton Pompeii I. iv. From the young hearts of my victims I draw the ingredients of the caldron in which I re¬ youth myself. 1836 E. Howard R. Reefer xxiii. He reyouthed himself.

reyoyse,

obs. f. rejoice v.

obs. f. raise v., reis, rese, rice.

reysbuto,

obs. f. Rajput.

reyse(n, obs. ff. reysen,

raise v.

obs. f. resin.

reysin(ge, reyson(e, reyst(e,

obs. f. raisin. obs. ff. raisin, reason.

obs. ff. rest sb.^

reyster, var.

reister Obs.

reysyn, obs.

f. raise v.

reysyn(ge, reyte, var. reyter,

obs. ff. raisin. reit Obs.

obs. f. reiter sb.^

reyuer, -our,

obs. ff. reaver.

freyve, t). Obs. rare~'. [a. ON. reifato disclose, to sum up. Cf. RAVE v.^ and reave t;.®] trans. To disclose, make clear. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 294 Oper were perceyued, pat per 3ede disceite, Bot 3it was it not reyued, so Edward pouht him streite.

reyve,

(formerly often printed pp) is represented by rrh (as in diarrhoea).

1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Min. (ed. 5) too Retzbanyite... A lead-gray ore of bismuth. 1896 A. H. Chester Diet. Names Minerals 231 Retzbanyite, an obs. name for an impure var. of cosalite.

While OE. initial hr is rarely represented in later periods by rh, a large number of variant spellings are found with rh where it is etymologically inappropriate (cf. rhine*).

2. An orthorhombic lead and copper bismuth sulphide found as light grey masses, [ad. G. rezbanyit (A. Frenzel 1883, in Mineral, und petrogr. Mittheil. V. 178).]

t rha. Obs. [late L., a. Gr. pa, said to be from the ancient name 'Pa of the river Volga. See also rhabarbarum, rhapontic.] Rhubarb.

18847r«/. Chem. Soc. XLVI. 266 From the analyses, the formula of rezbanyite is calculated to be 4PbS,5Bi2S3. 1968 Mineral. Abstr. XlX. 18/1 In the Fe-Cu deposits of I’Adrar Taliouine [Algeria], in addition to pyrite and chalcopyrite the rare minerals.. rezbanyite.. and tetrahedrite occur.

llrez-de-chauss6e(redJose). [Fr.] The ground floor of a building. 1802 C. WiLMOT Let. 6 Oct. in Irish Peer (1920) 99 Its rez de chaussee is open’d by 60 arches through which one enters into the Amphitheatre. 1837 J. F. Cooper Recoil. Europe II. x. 245 Besides the rez de chaussee, which is but little above the ground, there are two good stories all round the building. 1842 Barham Ingol. Leg. 2nd Ser. 262 The rez-dechaussee,—as some call the ground floor. 1871 C. Schreiber yrnl. 3 June (1952) 124 All open spaces and cellars under the rez-de-chaussee of the houses. 1959 M. S. Briggs Everyman's Cone. Encycl. Archit. 272 Rez-de-Chaussee (Fr., literally ‘level with the ground’), hence, the ground floor or ground storey of a building.

reze, obs. f. raise v.

1865 F. B. Palliser Hist. Lace ii. 17 This plain netted ground was called reseau, rezel, rezeuil. Ibid. 19 Teachers of the art soon caused the various patterns to be reproduced in .. samplars.., and young ladies worked at them diligently, as a proof of their competency in the arts of cut-work, lacis, and rezeuil. 1900 E. Jackson Hist. Hand-Made Lace 218 Reseau, (i) Identical with Rezel and Rezeuil.

rezen, obs. dial. f. reason sb.^

obs. f. reeve

I rezai (razai'i). Anglo-lnd. Also resaifee, rosaie, rosei, rozye. [Urdu razdi, of obscure origin.] A quilted counterpane or coverlet. 1820 Mrs. Sherwood Orange Grove 21 A warm cotton quilt or rosaie. 1825-9-Lady of Manor V. 40 My women had stretched themselves on their rosaies. 1834 COL. Mountain Mem. (1857) 137 The saddle bears the coarse blanket of the animal and the resai of the master. 1859 Lang Wand. India 139 The Sepoy covered his head over with his resaiee (counterpane), and lay as still as possible. 1884 ‘Edna Lyall’ We Two xxvi. All that she could do was to.. throw herself, half-dressed, on the bed, draw the rezai over her, and yield to .. slumber.

rezbinyite (’rezbainjait). Min. Also rezbanyite, (sense i) retz-. [f. Rezbdnya, name of a village in Hungary (now Baija in Romania): see -ite'.] fl. (See quots.) Obs. [ad. G. rezbanyit (R.

re-'zero (ri:-), v, [f. re- 53 + zero v.'\ intr. and trans. To return to a zero position. 1971 Amateur Photographer 13 Jan. 51/2 This operates only when the camera is loaded and automatically re-zeros when the film cartridge is removed. 1978 Nature 17 Aug. 675/2 A further advantage is that the instrument can be re¬ zeroed simply by opening a valve which connects the two arms of the instrument allowing the pressure to equalise.

Ilrezident (rezi'dent). PI. rezidenty. [Russ., in same sense.] = resident $b. 4. 1968 W. Garner Deep, Deep Freeze xii. 132 The London rezidenty: ‘illegal’ agents who are members of Soviet rezidentsii in foreign countries. 1969 J. Fredman Fourth Agency vi. 47 Appointed ist Secretary Soviet Embassy, Washington. This post believed to be official ‘Rezident’ for direction of all illegals under G.R.U. tutelage in U.S.A.

II rezidentsia (rEzi'dentsia). PI. rezidentsii. [Russ., in same sense.] = residentura. 1968 W. Garner Deep, Deep Freeze xi. 130 A rezidentsia is a network of Soviet ‘deep-cover’ agents working in a foreign country. Its members.. are known as Illegals. Ibid., One country may have several independent and unrelated rezidentsii.

rezidentura, var. residentura. rezina, var. retsina. re'zone (ri:-), v. [re- 5 a.] trans. To assign (land, property, or people) to a new zone. Hence re'zoned ppl. a., re'zoning vbl. sb. 1951 Southern Reporter 2nd Ser. LIII. 720 Chapter 17833 .. does not empower the Board of Adjustment to zone or rezone land located within Dade County but outside the boundaries of its municipalities. Ibid., The action of the Board of Adjustment,.. ‘was, in legal effect, the rezoning of said land by said Adjustment Board and is wholly void for want of jurisdiction in said Adjustment Board so to do.’ 1961 Guardian 16 Jan. 6/3 On the opening of a new school our 8-year-old son was re-zoned to the new school. 1964 Daily Tel. 24 Jan. 23/7 (heading) Rezoned acres for houses. Ibid., To curb office development London County Council is considering rezoning more than 54 acres, some already approved for offices. 1966 ‘D. Shannon’ With Vengeance iii. 39 It had been a realtors’ meeting: something to do with.. a re-zoning matter. 1974 Union (S. Carolina) Daily Times 24 Apr. 1/3 The city council denied the request to rezone B-i business districts to include the operation of retail liquor stores. 1976 Time 27 Sept. 55/2 In 1970 a rezoning brought black and white kids together in some school districts. 1978 N.Y. Times 30 Mar. 83/5 The Town Board in Harrison, N.Y., has voted unanimously to rezone 131 acres of land.

rhaading, obs. form of raiding vbl. sb. rhababe, var.

rh, a consonantal digraph used in Latin, and hence in English, French, and other languages, to represent Gr. initial p (with spiritus asper); in English it has the same phonetic value as the simple r. In med.L., OF., and consequently in ME., the h was frequently dropped (see RHETORIC, rheum'), and in a few instances (e.g. RACHis, raphe) custom has sanctioned its omission in mod.English. Gr. medial pp

rebab.

t Thabarb. Obs. Variant f. rhubarb sb.', cf. OF. rhabarbe, and med.L. rhabarbarum. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv, xiii. 230 Of this sort [ir. gentle purgatives] are Aloe, Rhabarbe, Senna, &c. 1657 Simples..as Cassia, Rhabarb, E. India & P. 377 Rhabarb, Turbith, and Scammony, are dreadful to them. Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 6 Polipody. 1698 Fryer Acc.

rhabarbarate (ra'baibarat), a.

and sb. [f. med.L. rhabarbarum -ate.] fA. adj. ‘Impregnated or tinctured with rhubarb’ (J.). 1696 Floyer Anim. Hum. xii. 151 The Salt Humours must be evacuated by the Sennate, Rhabarbarate, and sweet Manna Purgers, with Acids added, or the Purging Waters.

A salt of rhabarbaric acid. Also -erate.

1840 Pereira

Mat. Med. 8i8 Metallic rhabarberates and

tannates.

rhabarbaric (raebai'baerik), a.

Chem. Also -eric. [f. med.L. rhabarbarum (see next) + -ic. Cf. rhubarbaric, -arin.] = chrysophanic s.v. CHRYSO-. So rha'barbarin [-in'], chrysophanic acid. 1839 Royle Bot. Himalayan Mts. I. 317 Rhabarbarin. 1840 Pereira Mat. Med. 817 PfafTs rhabarberin consists of uncrystallizable sugar, extractive, resin, rhabarberic acid, and tannin. 1845 W. Gregory Outl. Chem. ii. 455 Rhabarberine.. the yellow acid of rhubarb, now called chrysophanic acid. 1850 Chem. Gaz. VIII. 100 It [rc. erythrose] is almost entirely soluble in alcohol and in sether, which on evaporation furnish rhabarbaric or erythrosic acid.

II rhabarbarum (ra'baibaram). [med.L., = rha barbarum ‘foreign rha’ (cf. RHAPONTIC).] Rhubarb-root. [1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 58 Reubarbarum by it selfe from two drammes unto foure, infused or stiped in lycour.] 1597 Gerarde Herbal ii. Ixxix. 317 It is called, .in shops Rhabarbarum: in English Rubarbe, and Rewbarbe. 1598 Sidney Def. Poesie 502 If one should begin to tell them the nature of the Alloes or Rhabarbarum they should receiue. 1660 Bk. Rates (Act 12 Chas. II, c. 4), Rhabarbarum or Rubarb y« pound. 1693 [see rhapontic 2]. IP The Lat. word (with its var. rheubarbarum: see rhubarb sb.) is widely represented in the Romanic and Germanic langs., and hence various forms appear in Eng. translations of foreign books (see quots., and cf. MLG., MDu. rebarber, MDu., Du. rabarber, G. rhabarber). 1525 tr. Jerome of Brunswick's Surg. xciii. Riiij, Take Rebarbere [orig. rebarbara] one dragma. 1578 Lyte Dodoens III. X. 328 Of Reubarbe, or Rhabarba. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 49/1 An ounce of Cassia, with halfe a dragma of Rabarber. 1598 W. Philip tr. Linschoten Ixxxi. 126 Rhabarbo, Manna, and such like costlie Apothecaries ware.

rhabd:

see rhabdus 2.

rhabdalCraebdal), a. Zool. [f. rhabdus + -alL] Pertaining to a rhabdus. 1888 SoLLAS in Challenger Rep., Zool. XXV. 345 Disc.. sometimes notched by a rhabdal sinus.

rhabdite 1. Zool.

('rsebdait). [f. Gr. pathos rod + -ite.]

One of the homogeneous rod-like bodies found in the integument of turbellarian worms. 1885

L. von Graff in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 170/2.

2. Ent.

One of the three pairs of organs forming the ovipositor of some insects. 1890 in Cent. Diet. [1898 Packard Text-bk. Entom. 167 Morphologically the ovipositor is composed of three pairs of unjointed styles (rhabdites of Lacaze-Duthiers, gonapophyses of Huxley).] Ibid. 168 Two pieces forming the outer pair of rhabdites.

3. Min. (See quots.) 1881 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XL. 690 The phosphide [of iron] found in a Branau meteorite by G. Rose, who gave to it the name rhabdite. 1892 Dana Min. 31 Rhabdite... A phosphide of iron and nickel.

rhabditid (’raebditid), a. and sb.

Zool. [f. A. adj. Belonging to the family Rhabditidae of nematodes or the order or suborder Rhabditida (or Rhabditata) containing it, the members of which are characterized by a rhabditiform oesophagus. B. sb. A rhabditid nematode.

rhabdit(is

Rgveda, Rgivedic, varr. Rig-veda, Rig-vedic a. (sb.)

normally

1578 Lyte Dodoens iii. x. 329 Rha is hoate in the first degree, and dry in the second. 1597 Gerarde Herbal ii. Ixxviii. 313 The root [of Bastard Rhubarb] is..verie like vnto the Rha of Barbarie.

B. sb. arch,

obs. form of rejoice v.

re'young (ri:-),

reys,

Hermann 1858, '\njrnl.f. prakt. Chem. LXXV. 450).]

Ilr^zelf rezel (rezel), r6zeuil (rezeej), varr. reseau i.

obs. f. reins.

Reynyssh,

reyose,

RHABDITID

849

J-

-ID®.]

1930 E. C. Faust Human Helminthol. 607/1 (Index), Rhabditid larvse. 1933 JrnZ. Washington Acad. Sci. XXIII. 513 Male:.. tail not extending beyond bursa; caudal papillae arranged as in the peloderan group of rhabditids. 1951 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates III. xiii. 292 Rhabditid juveniles have repeatedly been found in terrestrial snails. 1962 J. D. Smyth Introd. Animal Parasitol. xxv. 284 Sub-class II. Phasmidia (= Secernentea)... Sub-order 3. Rhabditata (Rhabditids). Small transparent meromyarian worms. 1964

RHABDITIS Nematologica X. 343 {heading) A xenic cultivation of two species of rhabditid nematodes on a commercial medium. 1980 Parasitol. LXXXI. ii. p. Ivii, Live rhabditid larvae were found contaminating the microfilarial cultures,

rhabditis (raeb'daitis). Also rhabditis. [mod.L., f, Gr. pdpSos rod; coined in Fr. by F. Dujardin in Hist, nat, des Helminthes (1845) 239.] A nematode worm of the genus so called (family Rhabditidae), the members of which are found in soil, water, and decaying organic matter and in the larval stage are facultative parasites of mammals. 1876 van Beneden's Anim. Parasites {i^2>2) 156 This worm is evidently a Rhabditis. 1884 Sedgwick tr. Claus' Text-bk. Zool. I. ix. 350 Numerous generations of the Rhabditis form may succeed one another. 1906 P. Falcke tr. Braun's Animal Parasites of Man 276 In the papules [on a boy’s skin] the observer found one or more rhabditis. 1967 P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. viii. 278 {caption) Anatomy of Rhabditis, a typical nematode. 1971 A. F. Bird Structure of Nematodes x. 235 Mapes.. was unable to detect breakdown of food in the posterior bulb of Rhabditis and concluded that the principal role of the bulb flaps was a valvular rather than a crushing one.

b. Comb., as rhabditis-form, a form (of a nematode worm) characterized by a rhabditiform oesophagus; rhabditis-like a. = RHABDITIFORM a. 1886 W. E. Hoyle tr. Leuckart's Parasites of Man 96 Such is the case -with .. Rhabdonema {Ascaris) nigrovenosum .., whose Rhabditis-form, living in the excrement of frogs, differs very little from the animals related to it. 1897 Parker && Haswell Text-bk. Zool. I. vi. 287 The embryos [of the Nematode Ascaris nigrovenosa] pass from the lungs into the enteric canal of the host, are expelled with its faeces, and develop in water into a sexual Nematode, called the Rhabditis-form. in which the sexes are separate. 1906 P. Falcke tr. Braun's Animal Parasites of Man z’jfi It must have belonged to the rhabditis-like larva of a Nematode.

Hence rhab'ditic, rhab'ditiform (also rhabdiform) adjs.^ characteristic of, or of the form of, Rhabditis) also spec, having or being a short, thick oesophagus with a bulb at the proximal end and another medially, as in the free-living, non-parasitic larval stages of certain nematodes. 1890 Cent. Diet., Rhabditic. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 1040 Development proceeds under certain circumstances so rapidly that in one to two days a rhabditiform embryo.. is born. Ibid. 1088 The various species are heterogamous, each species including a free, bisexual, and rhabditic form. 1924 yrnl. Helminthol. II. 58 The latter [^c. the CESOphagus of Rhabdias fuscovenosa] has completely lost its rhabditiform shape and is now very narrow for the greater part of its len^h. 1951 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates III. xiii. 304 The developing eggs pass into the host’s buccal cavity and thence are swallowed into the digestive tract where they hatch into rhabdiform young, so called because of the rhabditoid form of their pharynx. 1969 A. M. Dunn Vet. Helminthol. i. 10/2 The oesophagus [in Nematoda].. differs in form according to the higher taxon to which the worm belongs... It may be filariform.,; rhabditiform, with anterior and posterior swellings, in many free-living and plant-parasitic adult nematodes and., in the free pre-infective stages of the stron^lates; bulb-shaped, [etc.]. 1973 T. C. Cheng Gen. Parasitol. xvii. 607/1 After molting, rhabditiform larvae become filariform larvae.

rhabditoid ('raebditoid), a. and sb. Zool. [f. rhabdit(is + -oiD.] K.adj. a. = rhabditiform a. b. Belonging to the superfamily Rhabditoidea of nematodes. B. sb. A rhabditoid nematode. 1886 W. E. Hoyle tr. Leuckart's Parasites of Man 97 {caption) Rhabditoid form of Rhabdonema {Ascaris) nigrovenosum. 1932 Borradaile & Potts Invertebrata viii. 221 The classical life history of Ancyclostoma... First larval form (rhabditoid) with a buccal cavity like Rhabditis. 1951 [[see rhabdiform a.]. 1961 E. R. & G. A. Noble Parasitol. XV. 719 Members of all four rhabditoid families occur in intimate relationship with soil-dwelling insects. 1962 J. D. Smyth Introd. Animal Parasitol. xxv. 292 [Sub-order] Rhabditata. Usually possess the ‘rhabditoid’ type of pharynx. 1973 T. C. Cheng Gen. Parasitol. xvii. 593/1 In rhabditoids.. the buccal capsule is divided into three sections.

rhabdo- ('raebdsu, raeb'dD), combining form of Gr. pd^Sos rod, occurring in a few technical terms (chiefly zoological); 'rhabdoccEl(e [Gr. KolXos hollow] a., having a straight digestive cavity, as turbellarian worms; sb., a worm of this kind; one of the Rhabdoccela. rhabdo'coelian, -'cceIous adjs., = prec. rhabdo'erepid a. [Gr. KpT]TTis foundation], belonging to the group Rhabdocrepida of lithistid sponges having desmas of various forms, 'rhabdocyst, a rod¬ like cell, 'rhabdolith [Gr. XWos stone], one of the rod-like bodies forming the armature of a rhabdosphere. 'rhabdomere [Gr. pifpos], one of the rod-like constituents of a rhabdom; hence rhabdo'meric a. rhabdomy'olysis Path., the pathological lysis of skeletal muscle. II ,rhabdomy'oma, a myoma involving the striped muscular fibres (Dunglison Diet. Med. 1876). .rhabdomyosar'eoma PfltA., a malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle (malignant rhabdomyoma), or (but see quots. 1958, 1976)

RHABDOPLEURA

850

of embryonic tissue. || rhabdo'nema [Gr. thread], a minute slender worm living in the duodenum. 'rhabdophane, rhab'dophanite [Gr. -avfis appearing], see quots.: identified with scovillite. 'rhabdopod, one of the clasping organs of the Ephemeridse. || rhabdosar'eoma (see quot.). 'rhabdosome, f -soma Palaeont. [Gr. awpa body], a colony of conjoined graptolites. 'rhabdosphere, a name given to certain spherical bodies found in abundance on the surface of the waters in warm seas, 'rhabdovirus Biol., any of the group of RNA viruses that includes the rabies virus. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iv. 194 The *rhabdocoele Turbellaria. 1883 Q.Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXIII. 353 GrafFs Rhabdocoel family of the Proboscida. Ibid. 355 Phylogenetically related to the separate proboscis of certain Rhabdocoels. 1864 T. S. Cobbold Entozoa i. 10 *Rhabdocoelian group [of Planarians]. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iv. 178 The higher *rhabdoccElous Turbellaria. 1887 Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2 "^Rhabdocrepid desma. Ibid. 422/1 A distinct passage can be traced from the Tetracladose to the Rhabdocrepid group. 1888 Rolleston && Jackson Anim. Life 332 In the Turbellaria very similar structures are met with in the *rhabdocysts or rod-cells. 1885 Challenger Rep., Narr. Cruise I. i. 194 In all the deposits the carbonate of lime consisted chiefly of pelagic Foraminifera, Coccoliths, and *Rhabdoliths. 1083 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXIII. 211 The compound hard-piece formed in the axis of a retinula by the union of the laterally formed **rhabdomeres of its constituent nerve-end cells. 1932 Borradaile & Potts Invertebrata x. 274 In the midst of each retinula is a vertical rod, known as the rhabdom, secreted by the cells of the sheaf in vertical sections which, when they are distinct, are known as rhabdomeres. 1974 Nature 29 Mar. 380/3 In the worker honey bee, ..eight photoreceptor cells.. each contribute a wedge of microvilli (termed a rhabdomere). 1969 Nature 9 Aug. 641/1 No noticeable swelling of the *rhabdomeric microvilli was observed during exposure to ultraviolet light. 1976 Ibid. 12 Aug. 626/2 The ultrastructure of invertebrate rhabdomeric visual cells have been studied. 1956 D. H. Bowden et al. in Medicine XXXV. 351 Biochemical and histological data have been obtained in three children with paroxysmal myohaemoglobinuria. These findings indicate that the recurrent symptom complex is the result of a pathological process in which striated muscle suddenly undergoes lysis. As a more satisfactory description of the disease, we propose that the condition be renamed acute recurrent ♦rhabdomyolysis. 1963 Amer. Jrnl. Med. XXXIV. 554/1 Idiopathic recurrent rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria is a syndrome characterized by acute skeletal muscle weakness and pain associated with the passage of urine that is darkly pigmented owing to myoglobin. 1976 Lancet 18 Dec. 1343/1 Rhabdomyolysis is usually caused by serious muscle trauma (crush injuries), electric shock, arterial occlusion, or toxins (drugs, sea-snake bite). 1898 T. N. Kelynack Renal Growths xi. 104 {caption) *Rhabdo-myo-sarcoma of left kidney. 1940 Pack & Anglem in H. W. Dargeon Cancer in Childhood 95 The recurrent rhabdomyosarcomas, the difiFusely invasive sarcomas of striated muscle and those which are so deeply adherent that a local excision is not feasible, are best treated by amputation. 1958 Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. LXXVIII. 96 The exact cytological classification may eventually prove to be important from the prognostic and therapeutic point of view, so that the term rhabdomyosarcoma should not be applied unless striations have been demonstrated unequivocal^. 1974 J. R. Wilbur et al. in Neoplasia of Head & Neck 281 Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. 1976 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXIX. 897/1 It has been suggested (Ashton 1958) that all such tumours should be regarded as embryonal sarcomas because of their origin from undifferentiated foci of mesenchymal cells, and that the term ‘rhabdomyosarcoma’ should be applied only when there is evidence of longitudinal and cross-striations in the tumour cells, an indication perhaps of some degree of differentiation. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 1088 The mature *rhabdonema lives in the intestinal mucus of the duodenum. 1878 Jrn/. Chem. Soc. XXXIV. 652 A ^ecimen in the Mineralogical Collection, Oxford, labelled Cornwall blende, was found.. to consist essentially of didymium and erbium phosphates. The name *Rhabdophane has been given to this very rare mineral. 1892 Dana Min. 820 •Rhabdophanite. Rhabdophane... Scovillite. 1898 Packard Textbk. Entom. 179 The cercopods and *rhabdopods in the Trichoptera. 1891 Moullin Surg. 131 In the *rhabdo-sarcomata the muscle takes the form of transversely striated fibrils, or of elongated spindle-cells, also striated. 1893 Lunds Univ. Arsskrift XXIX. xii. i, I have prepared.. a series of longitudinal and transverse sections through the *rhabdosoma of several species. 1910 Encycl. Brit. XII. 366/2 It is the general practice of paleontologists to regard each graptolite polypary (rhabdosome) developed from a single sicula as an individual of the highest order. IW5 Twenhofel & Shrock Invertebr. Paleontol. iv. 90 The Dendroidea include graptolites with fan-shaped rhabdosomes composed of branches or stems joined together into a trellis-like framework by means of transverse bars. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. Technol. VI. 259/2 The Ordovician graptoloids have been subdivided into a large number of genera, based mainly on the branching and form of rhabdosome. 1885 Challenger Rep., Narr. Cruise I. i. 218 The occurrence of the following organisms was noted during the trip... •Rhabdospheres, Coccospheres. [1965 Ann. Inst. Pasteur CIX. 633 The viruses possessing RNA, helical symmetry and a naked nucleocapsid, the order of Rhabdovirales is subdivided into two suborders according to the rigidity or flexibility of the virion.] 1966 Progress Med. Vtrol. VIII. 404 *Rhabdovirus group. This group was recently proposed to include members whose structure is rod-shaped but is more like a bullet, flat at one end and rounded at the other. 1976 Jrn/. Gen. Virol. XXXII. 369 Rhabdoviruses infecting plant and vertebrate cells differ in their morphology.

rhabdoid ('rasbdoid), a. (sb.) Also ra-. [ad. mod.L. rhabdoides (Blancard), a. Gr. pajSSoeiS’^y, i

K

pa/SScoSijj, f. pdfibos rod: see -oid.] Resembling a rod; rod-like. Also sb. (Bot.): see quot. 1900. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Rhabdoides,.. rhabdoid. Anat. An old epithet of the sagittal suture. 1885 E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 849/2 The siliceous skeleton.. may become discoid, rhabdoid, or irregular. 1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, Rhabdoid, a rod-shaped body found in the cells of the tentacles of the Drosera. So rhab'doidal a. 1855 Ogilvie Suppl., Rabdoidal. 1864 Webster, Rhabdoidal, the same as Rabdoidal.

rhabdology (raeb'dDl3d3i).

Also rabdo-. [ad. mod.L. r(h)abdologia (Napier, 1617), f. Gr. pdpSos rod -I- -Xoyla -LOGY. Cf. F. rhabdologie.] 1. The act or art of computing by Napier’s BONES (or rods). Now Hist. 1667 Leybourne Art of Numbering i. i Rabdologie is the Art of Counting by Numbering Rods. 1671 Phil. Trans. VI. 3044 In the Rabdology of the Noble Nepper, the multitude and embarasment of those sticks.. proved long and tedious. 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 144 Rhabdology. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 228/2 Rabdology. If 2. Used for rhabdomancy. 1855 Leifchild Cornwall 134 One or two remarkable instances of the supposed efficacy of the rod are on record. .... I find that some learned men believed in this science, called rabdology. Hence rhabdo'logical a.: (see quot.). 1825 Ann, Philos. Feb. 147 A box of rods, named the Rhabdological Abacus... These rods were invented by Mr. Goodwyn for the purpose of facilitating the multiplication of long numbers of frequent occurrence.

rhabdom ('raebdam). Ent. Also -ome. [ad. late Gr. pdpStopa, f. pdpSos rod.] One of the rods supporting the crystalline lenses in a faceted eye. 1878 Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 264 The rods.. become united, and form a special structure, the ‘rhabdom’, in the long axis of a group of combined retinal cells, 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 460 Two to four rhabdomeres fuse into a rhabdome. 1977 Sci. Amer. July 108/2 A compound eye is made up of ommatidia: tiny individual eyes that point in different directions. Each ommatidium consists of a lens that focuses light on several receptor cells sharing the common light-sensitive organ known as a rhabdom.

rhabdomancer ('raebd3umaens3(r)). see -ER^.] One who professes rhabdomancy; a dowser.

or

[f. next: practises

1817 Edin. Rev. XXVIII. 184 No proprietor will..dig down in trace of the metallic effluvia, which reach the subtle senses of the Rabdomancer above. 1944 S. Putnam tr. E. da Cunha's Rebellion in Backlands v. 237 Skilled rhabdomancers capable of indicating with their mysterious wands the exact spot where a stream of water might be found. 1971 Daily Tel. 17 Aug. 8/1 Their predictions have no more validity.. than the predictions of crystal-gazers, rhabdomancers, oomancers and observers of the flights of birds. 1976 Worcester (Mass.) Telegram 10 Sept. 7/1 This one is for Rhabdomancers. Among the other things dowsers are called [are] water witches, water diviners, water finders.

rhabdomancy

('ra£bd3ijmaensi). Also 7 rhadomoncie, 7, 9 rabdomancy. [ad. late L. rhabdomantia, a. Gr. papSop,avTela, f. pdj38oj rod + p,avT€La (see -mangy).] Divination by means of a rod or wand; spec, the art of discovering ores, springs of water, etc., in the earth by means of a divining-rod. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xxi. 271 A..peculiar way of Rhabdomancy is that which is used in Minerall discoveries, that is, with a forked hazell. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, cxxxv. The Hassle soe will bend (A Rhadomoncie was observ’d of old) Stretch’d on the Earth, vnto a Mine of Gold. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Divination. 1817 Edin. Rev. XXVIII. 184 note. The doctrines of Rabdomancy still retain their ground in various parts of the Continent. 1856 De Quincey Confess. 85 note. Whatever science or scepticism may say, most of the tea¬ kettles in the vale of Wrington are filled by rhabdomancy. 1871 E. B. Tylor Prim. Culture I. iv. heading, Rhabdomancy, Dactyliomancy, Coscinomancy. 1976 Worcester (Mass.) Telegram 10 Sept. 7/1 The formal term for dowsing is rhabdomancy. In Arkansas—but probably not in Danville, Vt.—.. it is also known as witch-wiggling. fig. 1856 De Quincey Confess. 84 The memorable rhabdomancy or magical power of evocation which Christianity has put forth. So rhabdo'mantic a., pertaining to rhabdo¬

mancy or the use of the divining-rod (in recent Diets.); 'rhabdomantist, = rhabdomancer. 1856 De Quincey Confess. 85 note. The remedy is—to call in a set of local rhabdomantists. These men traverse the adjacent ground, holding the willow rod horizontally.

rbabdome ('raebdaum).

Zool.

[ad. late Gr.

pd^Scofia (see rhabdom).] The shaft of a rhabdus

of which one ray is branched. 1887 Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII, 417/1 A particular case of the cladose rhabdus, but one of the most frequent occurrence, is the trisene-, in this form one ray of a rhabdus ends in three branches, which diverge at equal angles from each other. The rhabdus then becomes known as the shaft or rhabdome. 1900 Minchin Sponges 132.

rhabdopleura

(rsebdsu'plusra). Zool. [mod.L., f. rhabdo- + Gr. TrXevpd rib, side.] A member of the genus of protochordates so

RHABDOSOPHY

851

called, belonging to the class Pterobranchia and having two tentacle-bearing arms. [1869 G. J. Allman in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Set. IX. 58 The remarkable polyzoon for which the genus Rhabdopleura has been constituted is eminently distinguished by the presence within its ccencecium of a rigid chitinous rod.] 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 435/1 The dwelling of Rhabdopleura is a branched system of annulated tubes of a delicate membranous consistency, each tube corresponding to a single polypide. 1955 [see cephalodiscus].

rhab'dosophy.

[See rhabdo- and -sophy.]

(See quot.) 1820 L. Hunt Indicator No. 33 I. 262 There is an undoubted Rhabdosophy, Sceptrosophy, or Wisdom of the Stick, besides the famous Divining Rod... It supplies a man with inaudible remarks, and an inexpressible number of graces.

lirhabdus ('raebdas).

[mod.L., a. Gr. pdjSSoy.] 1. Bot. The stipe of certain fungi.

1866 Treas. Bot. 968/2.

2. A sponge spicule of the monaxon biradiate type. Also anglicized as rhabd (rsebd). 1887 [see rhabdome]. 1900 Minchin Sponges 116. 1940 [see

DiACTiNE

a.].

rhachi(o)-:

see also rachi-, rachio- and related main entries.

rhachis: rhada-,

see rachis,

rhadomontade,

obs.

ff.

RODOMONTADE.

Rhadamanthus

(raeda'mgenOas). Also anglicized 6-7 Rhadamant, 7 -manth. [L., a. Gr. ‘PaSd^ap^o?.] In Greek mythology, a son of Zeus and Europa and one of the judges in the lower world. Hence used allusively for: An inflexible judge; a rigorous or severe master. Also transf. 1582 Stanyhurst ^neis, etc. (Arb.) 155 In wisdom Salomon,.. For iustice Radamanthus: in equitye woorthye Lycurgus. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 67 Petty diuels, and cruell Rhadamants. 1603 S. Daniel Def. Ryme H, For who hath constituted him to be the Radamanthus thus to torture sillables, and adiudge them their perpetuall doome? 1634 Massinger Very Woman ii. (1655) 26 Yirk him soundly. ’Twas Rhadamanths sentence. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Rhadamant, taken for a severe Judge. 1879 Geo. Eliot Theo. Such xvii. 300 A wondrously delicate machine for testing sovereigns, a shrewd implacable little steel Rhadamanthus, that.. lifts and balances each in turn. Comb. 1828 Eng. in France II. 337 A certain Rhadamanthus-looking personage, who listened.. with all the impartial and unmeaning suavity of the bench.

Hence f Rhada'manthean, f -ian, Rhada'manthine adjs., resembling or characteristic of Rhadamanthus; inflexibly rigorous or severe. So Rhada'manthously adv., with the severity of a Rhadamanthus. 1655 J Owen Vind. Evang. xxiii. 484 The Heathens Apprehension of Rhadamanthean Righteousnesse. 1833 Fraser's Mag. VII. 4 Rejecting whatever deserves such a fate with Rhadamanthian sternness of purpose. 1840 Thackeray Paris Sk.-bk. Wks. 1900 V. 220 Severe Rhadamanthine judges are not to be melted by such trumpery. 1859 Dr. John Brown Lett. (1907) 129 All this will come before you and you will deal with it Rhadamanthously. 1878 Browning Poets Croisic 38 Rhadamanthine law.

rhadar, rhadorage: rhadish,

see rahdar, rahdarage.

erron. obs. f. radish.

Rhaetian ('rhjsn), sb. and a. Also Rhe-, Rjetian. [f. Rhsetia (see next) + -lAN.]

A. sb. a. A native or inhabitant of Rhaetia or the Rhaetian Alps in eastern Switzerland, b. The name of either of two languages (a) = Rh^toRomances6.; (b) = Rh^tic 1600 Holland tr. Livy's Romane Hist. v. 202 And doubtlesse, the nations about the Alpes, especially the Rhetians, had their beginning thus. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts 33 The Italians call a Badger Tasso, the Rhetians, Tasch. Ibid. 40 The herbe Wolfbanie .. is poison to Foxes .. as the Alpine Rhetians affirme. 1779 CoxE Trav. Switzerland III. Ixxix. 281 The Rhetian, or as it is more commonly called the Romansh, which is the vernacular tongue among the greatest part of the Grisons. 1828 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XIX. 756/1 The Romansh, or ancient Rhastian. 1867 Chambers's Encycl. IX. 246/1 A third Teutonic people, the Goths, entered the country of the Rhsetians, which nearly corresponded with the Grisons. 1933 L. Bloomfield Language iv. 64 The inscriptions in ancient Rhaetian show this language to have been an off¬ shoot of Etruscan. 1939 L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. xii. 384 The Raetian of Italy has also been regarded as akin [to Etruscan]. 1970 Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Jan. 40/2 The five national tongues—French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Rumanian —and .. their five regional varieties—Occitanian or Provencal.. Catalan .. Dalmatian .. Romansch or Rhaetian (now strictly West Rhaetian, for that alone has evolved a recognized written language), and Sardinian. 1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. hi. 23 The sphere of Latin .. embraced the Alpine area, where it replaced Rhaetian, a language of unknown affinities attested in a handful of inscriptions.

B. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Rhaetia or the Rhaetian Alps. 1618 H. WoTTON Let. in L. P. Smith Life ^ Lett. Sir H. Wotton (-1907) H. 149 At the next general assembly of the Rhaetian communities. 1880-1 Trans. Philol. 5oc. 403 The Rhaetian language is also spoken in the large district of the

RHAME

Engadin. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 45/2 Bormio and Valtellina were annexed..in 1815 (despite the remonstrances of the Rhaetian leagues) to the kingdom of Lombardo-Venetia.

2. Geol. Of, pertaining to, or designating the highest (youngest) of the three stages constituting the Upper Triassic in Europe. Also absol. . *955 G. G. Woodford tr. Gignoux's Stratigraphic Geol. vii. 324 This Swabian facies of the Rhaetian is found everywhere in Europe outside of the Alpine domain. 1959 Wells & Kirkaldy Outl. Hist. Geol. (ed. 4) xv. 232 Ammonite specialists.. recognise a Rhaetian Stage as the topmost stage of the Triassic System. 1966 D. T. Donovan Stratigraphy viii. 178 In 1864 E. Renevier proposed the Rhaetian Stage for the Rhaetic Formation. Ibid., It is difficult to decide whether the Rhaetian fauna as a whole is more like that of the Trias or the Lias. 1969 Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 154 The use of Rhaetian, not Rhaetic, as the name for the latest Triassic age/standard stage is supported. It has been agreed (by the Stratigraphy Committee) to retire the word ‘Rhaetic’.

Rhsetic (’riitik), a. and sb.

Also Rhe-. [ad. L. RhaetiC'USy adj. of Rhsetia^ ancient name of a district of the Alps.] A. adj. 1. Geol. Applied to strata, extensively developed in the Rhaetian Alps, regarded as passage-beds between the lias and trias; belonging to or characteristic of these. The Rhatic beds lie between the Keuper series of the Upper Triassic and the Liassic of the Lower Jurassic. They have been assigned variously to the Triassic and (esp. in Britain) to the Jurassic, and also to form a separate system between the two; they are now regarded as forming a series of the Triassic. i86i Q.Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 22 May 496 The Kossen stage, or, as it is now proposed to be termed by Mr. Giimbel the StateGeologist of Bavaria, the Rhsetic formation,—a designation recognized by Professor E. Suess. 1896 Guide Fossil Rept. Brit. Mus. 103 Semionotus and Colobodus are Triassic and Rhaetic;.. and Lepidotus ranges from the Rhsetic to the Wealden. 1904 [see non-sequence]. 1909 [see ophiolitic a.]. 1969 Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xii. 279 The Rhaetic Beds, not exceeding 100 feet thick.., are important as a datum of reference at the top of the Triassic and can be presumed to be approximately contemporaneous throughout the outcrop. 1980 Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 8/8 Derived fossils from the Avon gravels are also among the gift with vertebrate remains from the Rhaetic Bone Bed at Aust Cliff including 34 teeth of the lung fish.

2. Also Rsetic. Of the ancient Rhsetic language. 1948 D. Diringer Alphabet ii. ix. 501 The Raetic and other Alpine alphabets. 1952 Archivum Linguisticum IV. 87 Rhetic and Pyrenean scholars.

B. sb. 1. Geol. The Rhaetic formation; the epoch during which the strata were deposited; in pL, Rhaetic series of strata. 1881 Nature 15 Sept. The green marls agreed with underlying beds in the Keuper, but differed markedly from the overlying Rh$tics. 1896 [see A. above]. 1948 R. L. Sherlock Permo-Triassic Formations ii. 244 Since most of the vulcanism took place in the Rhaetic, which we regard as Jurassic, it need not be described here, but the fact has an important bearing on the correlation of Gondwana Strata. 1963 [see Rh^eto-Liassic a.]. 1971 B. W. Sparks Rocks & Relief x. 334 In the Alps of eastern Switzerland, ammonites found in the Rhaetic are more closely related to Triassic than to Jurassic forms.

2. Also Raetic. An ancient language of the Rhaetian Alps and the area to the south of them. *933 J- Whatmough in R. S. Conway et al. Prae-Italic Dial. Italy II. 4 Arrian {Tact. 44) distinguishes explicitly between Raetic spoken by the Raeti, and Keltic spoken by the Kelts, as late as the time of Hadrian. 1939 L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. xi. 332 It is generally agreed that it [sc. Illyrian].. was connected with at least two ancient Italic dialects: Venetic..and Messapic.. and to these we may perhaps add Raetic, with some sixty fragments. 1974 R. A. Hall External Hist. Romance Langs, iii. 51 Among those [pre-Italic dialects of Italy] commonly considered to be Indo-European., are.. Rhaetic, in the Alps north of present-day Venetia, Lombardy, and Piedmont, and perhaps in the Po valley before the coming of the Etruscans .. and of the Gauls. 1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics Spring ^ i The Early Italic dialects of Celtic, Ligurian, Lepontic, Raetic, and Venetic.

rhaetizite rhcE-. [ad.

Min.

Also rhe-; erron.

G. rhdtizit (1815),

f. Rhsetia: see prec.

('riitizait).

and -ITE.] A white variety of cyanite. 1816 Jameson Syst. Min. (ed. 2) II. 424 Rhaetizite... It occurs at Pfizsch in the Tyrol. 1837 Dana Min. 319 A milkwhite variety of Rhoetizite. 1864 Webster, Rhetizite.

,Rhaeto-E'truscan.

[f.

Rhseto- (see RH.qETO-

Romance a. and sb.) + Etruscan a. and s6.] A hypothetical ancient language group. *939 E. Prokosch Compar. Gmc. Gram. 55 Celtic, Finnic, Rhaeto-Etruscan.

,Rhaeto-Li'assic, a. Geol. [f. as prec. + Liassic a.'\ Of or pertaining to the Rhaetic and Liassic series or the geological epochs during which they were deposited. Also .Rhsetic-Li'assic a. 1963 D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion Sedimentation xviii. 357 The Rhaetic-Liassic Basin of Northwest Scania, Sweden, which is of paralic type, has been partly supplied by rivers, and partly by the sea. It provides an example of rhythmic sedimentation comprising at least twelve cycles in the Rhaetic and the Hettangian. 1965 Senckenbergiana Lethaea XLVI. 127 {heading) RhaetoLiassic plant microfossils from the Leigh Creek coal measures. South Australia. 1970 B. E. Balme in B. Kummel Stratigraphic Boundary Probl. 387/1 Species of Falcisporites ..are typically Triassic in Australia and are especially

abundant in coals and other sediments of Middle to Late Triassic, and Rhaeto-Liassic age.

,Rh£eto-'Roman, a. and sb. Also Rhe-. [Backformation on Rh.*:to-Romance a. and sb. after Roman.) K.adj. = RH.'ETO-RoMANCEa. B.sfe. A speaker of Rhaeto-Romance. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 15 Aug. 320/4 The University of Geneva is creating a professorship in rheto-roman languages. 1933 C. D. Buck Compar. Gram. Gk. & Lat. 29 The Rhaeto-Roman dialects in parts of present Switzerland and northeastern Italy are a series of numerous dialects which cannot be reckoned as either French or Italian dialects, and of which some are used locally as written languages, as Romansh, Upper and Lower Engadine, Ladin, Friulian. 1942 K. W. Deutscf in J. A. Fishman Readings Social, of Lang. (1968) 601 Rheto-Romans found their ancient language introduced on a basis of full equality into the administration of Switzerland.

Rhaeto-Romance, a. and sb. Philology. Also Rse-. Formerly Rhaeto-Romanic; also Rhe-. [f. Rhseto-, combining f. L. Rhsetus Rhsetian + Romance.] Applied to those dialects of the Romance family which are spoken in south¬ eastern Switzerland and the Tyrol; sometimes particularly to the Rumansch of the Grisons or the Ladin of the Engadine. 1867 Whitney Language iv. 167 The Rh$to-Romanic of southern Switzerland. 1877 [see Ladin]. 1878 Encycl. Brit. VIII. bggjz Ladin (Rumonsh, Rumansh, Rheto-Romance). 1880-1 Trans. Philol. Soc. 402 The district in which the Rhseto-Romanic language is spoken comprises a large.. part of the canton of Biinden, otherwise.. Graubunden or Grisons. 1934 Webster, Rhaeto-Romance languages. 1937 J. Orr tr. Iordan's Introd. Romance Linguistics i. ii The dialects of the Rheto-Romance area. 1941 M. E. Maxfield in Studies in Romance Lang. Gf Lit. (Univ. N. Carolina) ii. I {title) Raeto-Romance bibliography. 1952 Archivum Linguisticum IV. 87 Rheto-Romance agor. 1969 G. Price Present Position Minority Lang. W. Europe 9 Romansh — otherwise known as Raeto-Romance; it is no part of our concern to discuss whether or not the various Romansh dialects of the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubunden), the non-Italian Romance dialects of the Dolomite valleys (known as Ladin) and Friulan (spoken in north-east Italy) are rightly considered to be forms of the same language. 1976 Language LH. 703 Rohlfs’ latest publication., represents an excellent introduction to the history of Rhaeto-Romance. *977 C. F. & F. M. Voegelin Classification Index World's Lang. 298 Rhaeto-Romance = Raeto-Romance = Rheto-Romance = Ladin = Rhaetian.

Ilrhagades ('raegadiiz), sb. pi. Path. Also 7 -ies. [late L., a. Gr. paydbes, pi. of payds rent, chink.] Chaps or fissures of the skin. i6oi Holland Pliny II. 169 The rhagadies, fissures, and chaps in the feet. 1772 M'^Bride Physic 541 Dry fissures called Rhagades. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 184/1 These fissures or rhagades are attended with pain in defaecation. 1879 St. George's Hasp. Rep. IX. 744 In winter she has rhagades in the hands and elsewhere.

Rhages ('raidsiiz). The name of a city in Persia (Iran: now Rayy, near Tehran), used attrib. to designate a type of pottery made there from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, characterized by polychrome enamelling. 1909 G. C. Pier Pottery of Near East v. 81 The Rhages lustre ware is well illustrated by the superb vase. 1925 B. Rackham tr. E. Hannover's Pott. & Pore. I. ii. 65 The greatest possible caution is.. required in the case of the most expensive of all the Rhages wares, those with a wealth of figures and colours in the decoration. 1935 A. Christie Death in Clouds xi. 117 There was a good deal of Rhages ware and other Persian pottery. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 371/2 The designs on this Rhages enamelled ware are pencilled with miniature-like fineness recalling.. the beautiful workmanship in the manuscript illuminations of the early 13th century. 1974 Savage & Newman Illustr. Diet. Ceramics 240 Rayy {Rhages) ware, a type of Persian ottery made at Rayy, near Teheran, c. 1037-1256. The ody is medium-hard and coarse. Many pieces have a blue ground, and the backs of some dishes have a deep-blue glaze.

rhagite (‘rasgait). Min. [ad. G. rhagit (1874), f. Gr. pay-, pd^ grape: see -iTE.] Hydrous arsenate of bismuth, occurring in yellowish-green concretions with grape-like arrangement. 1S74 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVII. 667.

rhagon ('raegon).

[mod.L., f. Gr. pay-, pd^ grape.] A type occurring as a stage in the development of some sponges, so called from the botryoidal form of its flagellated chambers. Hence 'rhagose a., having the characters of a rhagon. 1887 SoLLAS in Encycl. Brit. XXII, 422/1 The eurypylous Rhagon type. Ibid., The flagellated chambers are eurypylous and rhagose. 1900 Minchin Sponges 125 The Rhagon is a little sponge organism, in shape like a cake or bun, being usually slightly flattened and spread out.

rhaim, variant of

rame sb.^

Rhamadan, -azan(i: rhame, variant of

see Ramadan.

rame sb.^ and

RHAMN rhamn (raem). Also 4 rammyn, ramne, 6 ram(me, 7 rhamne, rham. [ad. late L. rhamnus.] The buckthorn; also, the buckthorn berry. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Ivii. 9 Rammyn, pat pa\ call thefthorne. 1388 Judg. ix. 14 The ramne [gloss ether theue thorn]. 1562 Turner Herbal ii. 115 The fruyt or rounde ramnes. 1597 Gerarde Herbal in. xxvi. 1153 Christes Thorne or Ram of Lybia. i6oi Holland Pliny II. 197 Among the diuers kinds of brambles, is reckoned the Rhamne... This Rham beareth many flours. 1633 Johnson Gerarde's Herbal iii. xxviii. (1636) 1334 White floured Ramthorne. 1697 Potter Greece {1715) II. Index, Rhamn fixed on sick Persons Doors. 1807 Robinson Archseol. Grseca v. ii. 41 6. 1895 F. T. Elworthy Evil Eye 446 Rhamn or Christ-thorn.

rhamnad ('raemnaed).

Bot. [f. rhamnus + -AD.] Lindley’s name for a plant of the N.O. Rhamnaceae. So 'rhamnal a., belonging to the ‘alliance’ Rhamnales of plants allied to N.O. Rhamnaceae-, sb., a plant of this ‘alliance’. Veget. Kingd. 576 Rhamnales.—The Rhamnal Alliance. Ibid., The compound ovary of Rhamnals. Ibid. 581 Spurgeworts are allied to Rhamnads. 1866 Treas. Bot., Maimunna, a fruit-bearing rhamnad of Affghanistan. 1846

Lindley

rhamnegin (‘raemnidsin). Chem. [arbitrarily f. rhamnus: see -in^.] A glucoside obtained from buckthorn berries. 1872 Watts

RHAPSODIST

852 they find enough, as also of Rhamnus-berries. 1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 408/1, I have two female rhamnus’s in my garden. 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. Suppl. s.v., The constituents of rhamnus berries have.. been examined by W. Stein.

b. bastard rhamnus: Hippophae rhamnoides.

the

sea-buckthorn,

rhamphoid (‘raemfoid), a. Math. Also ram-, [f. Gr. pa.^(j>os beak + -OID.] rhamphoid cusp, a cusp at which the two branches of the curve lie on the same side of the common tangent. 1852 Todhunter Dig. Calc. §301. 1873 [see keratoid i].

rhamphotheca

(raemfso'Biika). Ornith. [mod.L. (J. C. W. Illiger Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium (1811) 150), f. Gr. pdij^os beak -H sheath.] The modified integument, usu. horny but in some birds leathery, that covers the jaws and forms the bill. 1870 Baird & Cooper Ornithol. I. 567 Ramphotheca [indexed as rhamphotheca'], the horny covering, or sheath of the jaws. 1890 [see gnathotheca s.v. gnatho-]. 1972 P. Stettenheim in D. S. Farner et al. Avian Biol. II. i. 45 In ptarmigans {Lagopus spp.) and certain other grouse {Tetrao spp.), the rhamphotheca is shed intact after the breeding season.

rhanny, obs. form of ranee. rhantism, -ize, varr.

('raemnias), a. [f. mod.L. Rhamneus, f. rhamnus: see -eous.] Belonging to or resembling the genus Rhamnus. 1847 Nat. Encycl. 1. 959 Brogniart, in his memoir on Rhamneous plants. 1858 Expos. Lex. s.v. Rhamneus.

rhamnetin ('rffimmtm).

Chem. Also -ine. [Arbitrarily f. rhamnus: see -IN^.] A yellow crystalline substance obtained from rhamnin.

1858 Gellatly in Edin. New Phil. Jrnl. (N.S.) VII. 257 The pale yellow matter separated by boiling with the dilute mineral acids, according to the nomenclature in use.., should receive the name of Xanthorhamnetine, but.. I propose to .. call it simply Rhamnetine. i86i Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XIII. 327 Rhamnetin.

So (in the names of chemical substances, chiefly crystallizable principles, obtainable from Rhamnus): 'rhamnin (also -ine); 'rhamnite; 'rhamno-, used as combining form of Rhamnus (the genus), in rhamnoxanthin^ etc. 1843 Ann. Chym. & Pharm. I. 407 While the juice of the [buckthorn] berries is undergoing fermentation, a portion of *rhamnin gathers on the surface of the liquid. 1844 Chem. Gaz. II. 430 Rhamnine, under the influence of oxydising agents,.. becomes of a dark yellow colour. 1894 Morley & Muir Diet. Chem., * Rhamnite C6H14O5.. Formed by reducing isodulcite with sodium-amalgam in a solution kept nearly neutral by H2SO4. 1854 Chem. Gaz. XII. 129 *Rhamnoxanthine is dissolved by ammonia and the fixed alkalies with a purple-red colour. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem., Rhamnoeathartin,.. the uncrystallizable bitter principle of buckthorn berries... Rhamnotannie acid,.. obtained in the preparation of rhamnoeathartin. 189& Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry IX. 1141/2 Rhamno-hexose.. is obtained by reducing a solution of the lactone of rhamnohexonic acid by per cent, sodium amalgam.

rhamnose (’rEemnauz). Chem. [a. G. rhamnose (Rayman & Kruis 1887: see Chem. Centralblatt (1888) XIX. 6): see rhamnus and -OSE®.] A methyl pentose sugar with reducing properties which occurs widely in nature, esp. combined as glycosides in berries of the buckthorn and other shrubs of the genus Rhamnus. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LIV. 667 As the analogy of the sugar C6H]20s to the dextrose series is brought into prominence, the authors propose to call it rhamnose, because it also appears to be identical with the sugar obtained by Liebermann from Rhamnus. 1888 Jrn/. Soc. Chem. Industry VII. sySli All alcoholic solutions of crystalline rhamnose are laevo-rotatory. 1890 Ibid. IX. 1141/1 Rhamnose is a methyl pentose. 1931 E. C. Miller Plant Physiol, viii. 408 Rhamnose, CH3C5H9O5, is a pentose in which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group. 1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xxiv. 585 Glycoproteins commonly contain residues of L-fucose.. and some have residues of L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose)... The mammalian nucleotide carrier of rhamnose is not known for certain. 1888

Hence ‘rhamnoside, rhamnose is the sugar.

a glycoside in which

1904 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXVI. i. 681 Rhamnosides. 1907 Chem. Abstr. I. 83 Violaquercetrin of Viola tricolor is identical with rhamnoside of buckwheat. 1959 New Biol.

XXIX. 35 A substance having some characteristics of a sugar and provisionally called a ‘rhamnoside’, has been found in water from the Gulf of Mexico in concentrations of up to 50 milligrams per litre.

IIrhamnus ('raemnss). [late L., a. Gr. pdp,vos.'\ Formerly, the buckthorn {R. catharticus) or Christ’s thorn (Paliurus aculeatus); now only the name of a genus of shrubs typical of the N.O. Rhamnaceas and comprising the buckthorns. Also attrib. 1562 Turner Herbal 11. 114 b, Rhamnus.. hath twigges that grow right vp, and sharpe prickes. 1578 Lyte Dodoens VI. xxix. 696 The leaues of Rhamnus do cure Erysipelas. 1610 Fletcher Faithf. Sheph. ii. i, Ramnus [early edd. mispr. Ramuus, Ramuns] branches .. stucke .. about the barre That holds the dore, kill all inchantments. 1672 Petty Pol. Anat. 355 As for wild and green weeds [for dyeing].

name of the rhapontic rhubarb. i860 Amer. Weeds, etc. 285 Rhapontic Rheum.. Pie

Darlington

Rhubarb.

Hence rhaponticin (ra'pontism) Chem. [-in'], a yellow principle extracted from the root of Rheum Rhaponticum. 1840 Pereira Mat. Med. 817.

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 324.

Diet. Chem. Suppl. s.v. Rhamnus.

rhamneous

systematic

rantism^, rantize v. 1843 Baptist Rep. Jan. 16 The holy Gospel says, Baptizing; these vile magicians must of necessity say, (Rhantizing) sprinkling and pouring. Ibid. 61 Unless they wash their hands clean of ‘Infant Rhantism'. 1894 Freeman 20 July 486/1 We believe that all the monarchs of England up to Queen Elizabeth were baptized, but none have been since—only rhantized.

rhaphe, rhaphis,

varr. raphe^, raphis.

rhapidosome ('raepidausaum).

Microbiology. [f. Gr. patTis, paiTiS- rod -I- -o -f -some^.] A small rod-shaped body, frequent in bacteria of certain species. 1963 R. A. Lewin in Nature 6 Apr. 104/1 It is proposed that for the present these rod-shaped particles be called ‘rhapidosomes’. ig6y Jrnl. Bacteriol.'KClW. 1755/1 It is not likely that the rhapidosomes of Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Photobacterium are either phage or parts of phage since similar structures have been seen in every strain examined. Ibid. 1755/2 The function of these rhapidosomes is unknown, but. .they may be involved as anchorage for the nucleoplasm and may serve as an axis around which rotation occurs during replication. 1972 Nature 24 Mar. 144/3 Rhapidosomes are in essence two overlapping hollow cylinders... The two components are made of distinct protein subunits and there is no nucleic acid associated with the rhapidosome. 1977 Canad. Jrnl. Microbiol. XXIII. 1604/1 Rhapidosomes resemble bacteriophage tails.., but are often found alone, with no phage heads, coats, or other phage-like appendages.

rhapontic (rs'pontik), sb. {a.).

Also 6 rha ponticke, 7 rha-pontick(e, 7-8 rhapontick, 8 r(h)aphontic, 9 rapontic; also in L. form 7 rapontica, 7-8 -icum. jS. 6 rewponticke, rupontike, reu-, 7 rupontic(k. [ad. mod.L. (i) rhaponticum, — rha Ponticum (see rha and Pontic a.^, and cf. radix Pontica, Celsus); (2) r{e)uponticum (altered form corresp. to reubarbarum rhubarb sb.). Cf. OF. reupontic, r{h)eu-, repontique, mod.F. rhapontic. It. reupontico, MLG. repontik.] 11. Greater Centaury, Centaurea Rhapontica. Obs. 1548 Turner Names Herbes (E.D.S.) 24 Centaurium magnum.. is called of the Poticaries Ruponticum, and in Englishe Rupontike. C1550 H. Lloyd Treas. Health Rviii, Rewponticke is a singular remedye agaynst Feuers. 1601 Holland Pliny xxvi. viii. II. 250 The greater Centaurie, commonly called Rhapontick. 1617 Mosan Gen. Pract. Phys. 2nd Table, It is.. called with vs pontish Rubarbe, to distinguish it from the roote of the great Centorie, which we do commonly call Rapontica.

2, A species of rhubarb, Rheum Rhaponticum^ or its root. Also applied to other species. 1578 Lyte Dodoens iii. x. 329 The roote of Rha Ponticke .. cureth the vile white scurffe. 1583 Rates Custome Ho. E b, Rhaponticum the pound ii,^. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. XXII. vii. 198 Neere unto this is the river Rha, on the sides whereof groweth a comfortable and holsom root so named [marg. Rha-Ponticke: and not Rhabarbarum or Rhewbarbe]. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 933 That the Rha¬ barbarum of Alpinus, which in our Gardens is called Rubarb, is the true Rupontick. 1724 Index Mat. Med. 49 True Raphontick, or English Rhubarb. 1763 S. T. Janssen Smuggling laid open 114 This Rhapontick.. is a Root so very much resembling Rhubarb.. that it is very common to export the same as Rhubarb. 1802-3 tr. Pallas's Trav. (1812) I. 138 Our rhapontic, or rhubarb of the steppe, is no other than the Rheum Ribes. 1819 Pantologia s.v. Rhaponticum, The rhapontic.. is more astringent than rhubarb. 1838 Lindley Flora Med. 358 There is no difficulty in recognising it by.. its smell of‘rhapontic’.

f3. mountain rhapontic: monk’s rhubarb. Obs. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Rhaponticum, The mountain rhapontic, or monk’s rhubarb. 1737 [see monk’s rhubarb].

4. attrib. or adj. 1758 Elaboratory laid open 371 The true rhubarb may be distinguished from the rhapontic.. by the grain and colour. 1820 Hooper Med. Diet., Rheum rhaponticum, the I

V

rhapsode ('raepssud). [ad. Gr.

paipipBoSi f. panreLv

to stitch + epBrj song, ode.] = rhapsodist 2. 1834 H. N. Coleridge Grk. Poets (ed. 2) 95 These rhapsodes were indigent persons, who gained their livelihood by reciting the Homeric poetry. 1846 Grote Greece i. xxi. II. 173 The expulsion of the rhapsodes from Sicyon, by the despot Cleisthenes in the time of Solon. 1907 T. W. Allen in Class. Quart. I. 135 The rhapsode, Socrates says, should also interpret his poet. transf. 1867 Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 116 There has been since Chaucer no second teller of tales, no second rhapsode, comparable to the first.

frhapsoder. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. +

-erL]

=

RHAPSODIST I. 1610 Donne Pseudo-martyr 16 These Rhapsoders, and fragmentary compilers of Canons, a 1614- Btadavaros (1644) 32 Those definitions of sinne, which the first Rhapsoder Pet. Lombard hath presented out of ancient learning. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) 1. 224 Let a nation remain ever so rude or barbarous, it must have its poets, rhapsoders, historiographers.

rhapsodic (raep'sodik), a. [ad. Gr. pa^icpBiKosy f. paifscpBos RHAPSODE or

RHAPSODY ^6,]

1. = RHAPSODICAL 2. 1782 V. Knox Ess. xv. (1819) I. 88 Many books of devotion, are written in that rhapsodic style, which wearies by its constant efforts to elevate the mind to ecstacy. 1787 Mme. D’Arblay Diary 16 Feb., I begged him to rise, and be a little less rhapsodic. 1879 Geo. Eliot Theo. Such viii. There is a fable that when the badger had been stung all over by bees, a bear consoled him by a rhapsodic account of how he himself had just breakfasted on their honey.

2. Consisting of the recitation of rhapsodies. 1846 Grote Greece i. xxi. II. 188 note. It appears that there had once been rhapsodic exhibitions at the festivals of Dionysus.

rhapsodical (raep'sodiksl), a. [f. as prec.] 11, Of a literary work: Consisting of a medley of narratives, etc.; fragmentary or disconnected in style. Obs. 1659 Martin His Opinion Let. i. (1662) 17 Dr. Heylin’s Confutation of Fuller’s Rhapsodical stories of the Church of England. 1692 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 315 [Prynne’s works] are looked upon to be rather rapsodical and confus’d, than any way polite or concise. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy (1760) I. xiii. 75 It is so long since the reader of this rhapsodical work has been parted from the midwife, that it is high time to mention her again to him.

2. Characteristic of or of the nature of rhapsody (sense 4); exaggeratedly enthusiastic or ecstatic in language, manner, etc. 1783 Blair Rhet. xxxix. II. 359 The Odes of Jean Baptiste Rousseau have been., justly celebrated... They are animated, without being rhapsodical. 1844 Disraeli Coningsby v. vii. We.. alternate between a supercilious neglect of genius and a rhapsodical pursuit of quacks. 1847 Longf. in Life (1891) II. 97 A very striking, rhapsodic^, forcible.. sermon. 1885 J. Payn Talk of Town I. 213 The whole composition strikes me as rather rhapsodical.

3. Of the rhapsodist. rare. a 1822 Shelley Ion Prose Wks. 1888 II. 126 Does it belong to the medical or rhapsodical art, to determine whether Homer speaks rightly on this subject?

rhap'sodically, adv.

[f. prec. + -ly^.] rhapsodical manner; fdisconnectedly.

In a

a 1608 Dee Relat. Spir. i. (1659) 423 Thus much very rhapsodically, (yet faithfully),.. I thought good to commit to the safe .. conveyance of a young Merchant here. 1787 Hawkins Life Johnson 129 Pitt’s [speech] void of argument, but rhapsodically and diffusively eloquent. 1819 Lamb Lett. (1888) II. 25 My pen goes galloping on most rhapsodically. 1853 Fraser's Mag. XLVII. 560 He breaks out rhapsodically in its praises.

'rhapsodism.

rare—',

[f.

rhapsodist:

see

-ISM.] The recitation of poems by rhapsodists. 1829 E. H. Barker Parriana II. 763 The preservation of poems by rhapsodism and oral tradition.

rhapsodist (‘raepssdist). Also 7 rap-,

[f. Gr. paipu>86s RHAPSODE -|- -1ST. Cf. F. rhapsodiste.] 11. A collector of literary pieces. Obs. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. viii. 31 Plinius Secundus.. was the greatest Collector or Rhapsodist of all the Latines. 1671 J. Webster Metallogr. i. 4 The Catholick Transcriber and Rhapsodist Athanasius Kircherus.

2. Antiq. In Ancient Greece, a reciter of epic poems, esp. one of a school of persons whose occupation it was to recite the Homeric poems. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Rhapsodists, the Interpreters or Rehearsers of Homers verses. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles 1. in. i. 15 The Rapsodists, holding a Rod, or branch of Laurel, in their hands. 1763 J. Brown Poetry fef Mus. §6. 117 The Rhapsodists, whose Profession it was to sing the Poems of Homer and Hesiod. 1795-1814 Wordsw. Excurs. iv. 733 The gross fictions chanted in the streets By wandering Rhapsodists. 111854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. iv. (1878) 153 When the earliest poetry of Greece had no surer abiding place than the memories and tongues of the Rhapsodists. 1880 Mahaffy Hist. Grk. Lit. I. 26 It was believed in old times that both poems were written down by Homer, and then transcribed and preserved by schools of rhapsodists. 1886 J. B. Jevons in Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. VII. 294 Before rhapsodists existed, the Iliad was.

RHAPSODIZE 1765 Percy Reliq. I, Pref. x, The artless productions of these old rhapsodists [jc. our ancient English Minstrels]. 1851 Carlyle in. iv, The same populace sit for r^urs. . . listening to rhapsodists who recite Ariosto. 1869 A OZER Htghl. Turkey II. 229 In his character of rhapsodist he passes from village to village.

3. One who rhapsodizes or uses rhapsodical language: in early use, with implication of want of argument or fact. 174^ ^ ATTS Intprov. Alind i. x. § 11 (1801) qo Let me ask our rhapsodist, ‘if you have nothing else, Sir, but the beauty and excellency, and loveliness of virtue to preach and flourish upon’. 1786 Gentl. Mag. LVI. i. 305 He complains of some other ranters and rhapsodists. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. xxiv. The grief with which I read this rhapsody of predetermined insult had the rhapsodist himself for its whole and sole object. 1873 Dixon Two Queens ii. ii. I. 78 ‘Granada’, cried her rhapsodists, with Oriental flush of metaphor, ‘has no equal on the earth’. 1889 Spectator 26 Oct. sstiz Like Burns, he was a satirist.. and a rhapsodist of Nature, animate and inanimate.

rhapsodize ('raepssdaiz), v.

Also 7 rap-, [f. RHAPSODY sb. -t- -IZE.] fl. To piece (miscellaneous narratives, etc.) together; to relate disconnectedly. Obs. Walkington Opt. Glass Ep. Ded. [f 6 Looke not on these rapsodized lines, I pray you, with a pittying eie. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy vi. xxi. To rhapsodize them, as I once intended, into the body of the work. 1765 Ibid. vii. xxviii, I am.. in a handsome pavilion.., where I now sit rhapsodizing all these affairs. 1607

2. To recite in rhapsodies. Also absol. a 1822 Shelley Ion Prose Wks. 1888 II. 130 How is it.. that.. you continually go about Greece rhapsodising, and never lead our armies? 1846 Grote Greece i. xxi. II. 173 That the Thebais and the Epigoni were then rhapsodised at Sicyon as Homeric productions. 1886 F. B. Jevons in Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. VII. 307 We do know on good external evidence that the Iliad was rhapsodised.

3.

intr. To rhapsodically.

utter

rhapsody;

to

talk

H. K. White Let. to J. Charlesworth 22 Sept., I.. shall be happy to spend a few days with you at Clapham, and to rhapsodize on your common. 1855 Smedley H. Coverdale xliv. 308 Thinking the gallant Hibernian had been rhapsodising. 1862 Thornbcry Turner I. 230 He never rhapsodized about scenery. 1887 Marzials Dickens v. 66 [Little Nell] has been etherialized, vapourized, rhapsodized about, till the flesh and blood have gone out of her. 1806

t4. trans. To exalt, carry aloft. Obs. (? Suggested by rapt pa. pple.) 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle v. 1925 But for the rest, whose vertuous operation .. Doth rapsodize the soules intelligence Above the levell of inferiour sence.

Hence 'rhapsodizing vbl. sb. and ppL a. 1814 Jane Austen Mansf. Park II. iv. 76 You will think me rhapsodizing. 1872 Miss Braddon R. Ainsleigh II. xii.

171,1 took you for a beggarly native; and here have you been listening to my rhapsodizing. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece iv. 94 He specially inveighs against rhapsodising bards.

'rhapsodomancy. [f. Gr. paiftwBoi rhapsode + fji.avTfia -MANGY.] (See quot.) .1727-38 Chambers CycL, Rhapsodomancy, an antient kind of divination performed by pitching on a passage of a poet at hazard, and reckoning on it as a prediction of what was to come to pass. rhapsody ('raepsadi), sb. Also 7 rapsody, -idy, -idle. [ad. L. rhapsodia (applied by Nepos to a book of Homer), a. Gr. pat/iwSla, related to paipwSos RHAPSODE. Cf. F. r(h)apsodie.] 1. An epic poem or part of one, e.g. a book of the Iliad or Odyssey, suitable for recitation at one time. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 76 The grammarians in olde ty'me spent moste of their studie and were moste famyliare in the rhapsodies of Homerus. 1640 B. Jonson Horace A.P. II A Rhapsody of Homers [L. lliacum carmen]. 1713 Bentley Freethinking vii. (1743) 26 Poor Homer..wrote a sequel of Songs and Rhapsodies, to be sung by himself for small earnings. 1727-38 Chambers CycL s.v., Those [verses] of Homer, which .. were at length, by Pisistratus’s order, digested into books, called rhapsodies. 1886 F. B. Jevons in Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. VII. 298 The Jio/iijSou? apianla, which seems to have been a favourite rhapsody. transf. 1813 Scott Let. to Byron in Lockhart III. ii. 101 Those who have done me the honour to take my rhapsodies for their model. 1817 Moore Lalla Rookh 293 The youth.. proposed to recite a short story, or rather rhapsody.

2. fa. Obs.-°

The

stringing

RHEIN

853

b. transf. and gen. A reciter of poems.

together

of poems.

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. Explan. Words, Rhapsodie, a sowing together or conjoining of those Poems and verses.. which before were loose and scattered. 1616 Bullokar Eng. Exp., Rapsodie, a ioyning of diuerse verses together.

b. The recitation of epic poetry, rare. 01822 Shelley Ion Prose Wks. 1888 II. 119 A man professing himself a judge of poetry and rhapsody.

13. A miscellaneous collection; a medley or confused mass (of things); a ‘string’ (0/ words, sentences, tales, etc.). Obs. 1574 Life Abp. Parker To Rdr. C iv b, Certaine Rapsodies, and shredes off olde forworne storyes, allmost forgotten. 1580 J. Hay in Cath. Tractates (S.T.S.) 34 The doctreine.. is na other thing bot other the inuention of lohne Calvin, or ane rapsodie of awld condamned heresies. 1602 Shaks. Ham. HI. iv. 48 Such a deed. As.. sweete Religion makes A rapsidie of words. 1665 Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. 72 A

meer rhapsody and confused ramble of they knew not what. 1699 Bentley Phal. Pref. p. Ixxvii, His whole Book..is nothing else but a Rhapsody of Errors and Calumnies. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 46 IP i That would look like a Rhapsody of Nonsense to any Body but myself. 1765 H. Walpole Otranto ii. 59 Have done with this rhapsody of impertinence. 1837 Hallam Hist. Lit. 1.1. vii. §20. 399 The treatise of Agrippa on occult philosophy is a rhapsody of wild theory and juggling falsehood.

the rhe, the reciprocal of the poise. 1974 McGraw-Hill Did. Sci. fef Techn. Terms 1261/1 Rhe. i. A unit of dynamical fluidity, equal to the dynamical fluidity of a fluid whose dynamic viscosity is i centipoise. 2. A unit of kinematic fluidity, equal to the kinematic fluidity of a fluid whose kinematic viscosity is i centistoke [«c].

t b. A literary work consisting of miscellaneous or disconnected pieces, etc.; a written composition having no fixed form or plan. Obs.

rhea‘ (’rirs). [mod.L. generic name (Mohring, 1752), a use of the mythological name L. Rhea, Gr. Pea.] The South American or three-toed ostrich; the genus to which this bird belongs.

1602 Davison (title). A Poetical Rapsody Containing, Diuerse Sonnets,.. and other Poesies, both in Rime, and Measured Verse, 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 207 Some old ragged rapsodies and overwoorne discourses. 1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne (1877) I. 56 There is no subject so frivolous that does not merit a place in this rhapsody. 1710 T. Smith Let. in Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) HI. 53, I have lately got A. Wood’s Rhapsody [sc. Atherne Oxonienses]. 1764 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 51 A treatise entitled Droit le roy, a rhapsody of all the prerogatives at any time attributed to the kings of England.

[1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 38/2 According to the new classification of Dr. Latham, it [sc. struthio] forms, along with the dodo, cassuarius, and rhea, a separate order.] 1801 Latham Gen. Syn. Birds Suppl. II. 292 American Rhea, i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 201 The rheas, which are the representatives of the ostrich in South America, inhabit regions presenting many of the characteristics of the African plains. 1884 G- Allen in Longman's Mag. Jan. 293 The South American rheas have real wings with real feathers in them.

fc. A collection (0/persons, nations). Ohs. 1647 Sanderson Serm. II. 217 A cento and a rhapsody of uncircumcised nations. 1654 Vilvain Epit. Ess. iv. 90 The Queen of Wooers had a large rapsody. 1689 Def. Liberty agst. Tyrants 120 According to the saying of Saint Augustine, those Kingdoms where Justice hath no place, are but a rapsody of freebooters. 1701 De Foe True-born Eng. 21 Which Medly canton’d in a Heptarchy A Rhapsody of Nations to supply.

4. An exalted or exaggeratedly enthusiastic expression of sentiment or feeling; an effusion (e.g. a speech, letter, poem) marked by extravagance of idea and expression, but without connected thought or sound argument. Also without article. *639 Quarles Embl. iv. xv, O then my brest Should warble Ayres, whose Rapsodies should feast The eares of Seraphims. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 30 If 2 To turn all the Reading of the best and wisest Writings into Rhapsodies of Love. iTji Junius Lett. liv. (1772) II. 232 If he means any thing more than a pompous rhapsody, let us try how well his argument holds together. 1784 Cowper Task v. 677 Spend all the pow’rs Of rant and rhapsody in virtue’s praise. 1802 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit IV. 187 ‘Upon my word, a fine rhapsody,’ said she, with a disdainful smile. 1839 James Louis XIV, II. 353 After some wild and vehement rhapsodies.. he was easily persuaded to retire. 1879 Gladstone G/ean. II. ii. loi This looks like mere rhapsody.

5.

Mus. An instrumental composition enthusiastic in character but of indefinite form. 1880 F. Hueffer in Grove Did. Mus. 11. The fifteen Hungarian Rhapsodies [of Liszt]. 1894 Sir G. Parker Transl. Savage xii, Marion was seated at the piano, playing a rhapsody of Raffs.

'rhapsody,

t;. [f. the sb.] 1. = rhapsodize?;. 2. 1822 Blackw. Mag. Aug. 231/2 A conclusion, in which Sidney heartilyjoined, rhapsodying—‘O Paris, fatal was the hour!’ [etc.]. 2. = RHAPSODIZE V. 3. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 13 June 2/3 Miss Jane H. Oakley., rhapsodies this morning on ‘Our Guns’. 1909 W. J. Locke Septimus xxi. 321 His face beamed as it had beamed in the days when he had rhapsodied over the vision of an earth one scab to be healed by Sypher’s Cure.

rhasophore, rhatania,

var. rasophore.

obs. form of ratanhia.

rhatany ('rsetani). Also

rat(t)any, ratanhy. [ad. mod.L. rhatania, ad. ratanhia.] The South

American shrub Krameria triandra; the astringent extract of its root, used in adulterating port-wine and medicinally. Also attrib. Savanilla rhatany, Krameria Ixina of New Granada. 1808 Reece Diet. Dom. Med. s.v., Tincture of Rhatany. Take of Rhatany root bruised, three ounces. 1846 Lindley Veget. Kingd. 378 The Kramerias,.. called Rhatany-roots. i86i Bentley Man. Bot. 487 Qur supplies at present being chiefly derived from an unknown species, a native of New Granada, and which is called Savanilla Rhatany. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. I. 215/1 The roughness and flavour of the red wines are.. often communicated to them by the addition of astringents, such as rhatany. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 565 Rhatany lozenges .. will.. relieve the symptoms. Ibid. 576 The cases., were treated., by astringents, such as rhatany, locally.

h. false rhatany: the astringent extract of the Seaside Grape, Coccoloha uvifera. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 237/2 In the West Indies the juice of the Coccoloba uvifera is called.. false rhatany extract. 1873 Hooker tr. le Maout Decaisne's Syst. Bot. 635.

rhe(rei). Physics, [ad. Gr. pe-o? stream.] A unit of dynamic fluidity, defined variously as the reciprocal poise or the reciprocal centipoise (see quots.); also, a unit of kinematic fluidity, equal to the reciprocal centistokes. 1928 Bingham & Thompson in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. L. 2879 The fluidity at 20'’ of a saturated solution of copper was 63 9 rhes. [Note] Reciprocal powes. 1933 Physics IV. 207/2 All the alcohols have a positive association as expected, and it is appreciably higher at a fluidity of 10 rhes than at 50 rhes. Ibid. 388 {caption) Fluidity data of organic compounds in rhes at regular intervals of temperature. 1958 Van Nostrand's Sci. Encycl. (ed. 3) 1417/2 Rhe, the absolute unit by which fluidity is measured or expressed. It is the reciprocal centipoise. 1961 Handbk. Chem. & Physics (ed. 43)3151 Fluidity, the Ttciproc^X of viscosity. The cgs unit is

rhe, variant of ree sb.^

rhea^ ('riis). Also rheea. [Assamese.] = ramie. Also attrib. ^^853 J. G. Marshall in Royle Fibrous PL India (1855) 354 Cultivated Rheea... Rheea fibre. 1855 Royle Ibid. 363 The Ramee or Rheea Nettle. 1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 636 Bcehmeria speciosa (Wild Rhea). Ibid., Caloee Hemp or Rhea fibre, one of the strongest known fibres.

Rhea®, Rea (' riia).

Jocular aphetic form of

DIARRHCEA, GONORRHCEA, etc. 1935 M. B. Carey Mademoiselle from Armentieres II. 65 Oh, the Rea sisters came to Brest, Parlez-vous, Leucor, Gonor and all the rest. 1971 Coming, Dear! 29 And now that famous rendition of I got it bad and that ain't good by the famous Rhea sisters Pya, Dia and Gonna.

rheadic, -ine, varr. rhceadic, -ine. rheam, obs. f. ream sb.^ rhebarb, rbebuck: see rhubarb sb., reebok. rbe'darious, a. rare~°. [f. L. rheddri-us (rhse-), f. rheda four-wheeled carriage.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Rhedarious, of or serving for a Cart or Chariot.

rbe(e)boc, -bok, -buck, variants of reebok. rbeem, dial, form of ream v.^ rbeen, variant of reen, Rhine*. rbeic ('ri:ik), a. Chem. [f. rhe-um*“ + -ic, after F. rheique.'] rheic acid = RHEIN. 1847-54 Webster, s.v. Rhein. 1868 Watts Diet. Chem.

rbeid ('rind), sb. and a. [f. Gr. pe-eh to flow -i-idy after liquid.] A. sb. A substance which undergoes viscous flow when at a temperature below its melting point. 1954 S. W. Carey in Geol. Soc. Australia I. 70 The substance deforms as a fluid. In order to distinguish it from a liquid (seeing that it is below its melting point).. such a substance is here named a rheid. 1963 Turner & Weiss Struct. Anal. Metamorphic Tectonites viii. 321 We still have no knowledge of the threshold conditions beyond which rocks such as granite and schist.. can be regarded as rheids.

B. adj. Characteristic of a rheid; that is a rheid. "^^SAyrnl. Geol. Soc. Australia I. 83 There are.. numbers of empirical observations of solid intrusion of serpentine by rheid flow. 1962 L. C. King Morphol. Earth iv. 123 The long period over which the Jura folding has been accomplished, from Oligocene to late-Pliocene time, favours the idea of slow, rheid creep in the basement. 1965 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. (ed. 2) ix. 204 While ice or any other solid body in a rheid state is slowly flowing, the deformation stress may temporarily increase to a point where the material is compelled to fracture, if only momentarily. 1972 J. G. Dennis Structural Geol. v. 102 A material is rheid by virtue of the time of observation. Rocks are not rheid in a quarry operation, but they are so during geological deformation.

Hence rhe'idity, the phenomenon of rheid behaviour; also, a measure of the rheid behaviour of a substance, equal to the time required for the viscous deformation to become one thousand times as great as the elastic deformation. 1954 S. W. Carey in Jrnl. Geol. Soc. Australia I. 70 Duration.. to allow the viscous term to become a thousand times as great as the elastic term... This may be adopted arbitrarily as the threshold of wholly fluid behaviour and will be referred to as the rheidity of the substance for the given conditions. 1965 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. (ed. 2) X. 238 The rheidity of salt is.. about lo® to 10’ seconds.. i.e. between 3 and 30 years. Ibid. xi. 282 Fifty years ago little or nothing was known of the phenomena of rheidity and diapirism.

rheim, variant of riem. rhein ('ri:in). Chem. Also -ine. [f. rhe-um^ + -in‘, after F. rheine.] An orange-coloured principle obtained from rhubarb; rheic acid. 1838 Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies i6o. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem., Org. (1862) III. 603. Hence rhe'inic a., = rheic (1897 Syd. Soc.

Lex.). rhein, variant of Rhine*, ditch.

RHEIN-BERRY t Rhein-berry. Obs. Also Rheyn-, Rheine-. [ad. MDu. rijnbesie, f. Rijn Rhine^ + besie berry.] The buckthorn berry. Also attrib. 1578 Lyte Dodoens vi. xxx. 697 The fruite of the same thorne [sc. buckthorn] is called.. in English, Rheyn beries, because there is much of them founde alongst the riuer Rhene. 1611 Cotgr., Nerprun, buck-thorne, way-thorne, Rhein-berries. 1635 J. Hayward tr. BiondVs Banish'd Virg. 153 Aurora.. painting with her more lively colours the Rheineberry or full-ripe Cherry. 1671 Skinner Etym. Bot., Rhein-berries, Spina Cervina. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Rhamnus,.. the Rhein-berry Bush.

Rheingold ('raingauld). [Ger., lit. ‘gold of the Rhine’, name of an opera by Wagner.] An express train that runs between Amsterdam and Basle, along the course of the Rhine. Also attrib. 1935 C. Winchester Railway Wonders of World I. 492/3 The ‘Rheingold’ express is one of the most famous of European Pullman trains. It runs between the Hook of Holland and Basle. Ibid. 583/1 The ‘Rheingold’ is among the..most comfortable trains on the Continent. 1955 H. Nicolson Diary 25 Jan. (1968) 274 It is cold and dark when the steamer reaches Rotterdam... The Rheingold express is hot and comfortable. 1968 R. Sawkins Snow along Border ii. 6 You can catch the Rheingold—it’s a marvellous train, one of the Trans-Europe expresses. 1969 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 4 Jan 48/2 To make a railroad voyage in like style today, an American must journey overseas. In Germany he rides the Rheingold; in France, the Mistral. 1973 Guardian 17 Mar. 14/S The ‘Rheingold’ from Basle to Amsterdam.. has a vista-dome observation car.

rhema: see rheme. rhematic (rii'msetik), a, and sb. rare. [ad. Gr. pTjfjLaTLKo^i f. pr)p.aT‘, p^fia word, verb.] A. adj. 1. a. Pertaining to the formation of words. 1856 Max PduLLER Chips (1867) II. 9 This period, during which expressions were coined for the most necessary ideas, .. forms the first in the history of man,.. and we call it the Rhematic Period. 1882 L. Campbell Life Clerk Maxwell 379, I think a good deal may be learned from the names of colours,.. and I think it is remarkable that the rhematic instinct has been so much more active.. on the less refrangible side of primary green.

b. Formed on verbs. 1877 F. Hall Adjs. in -able 47 Such [adjectives in -able] as are derived from verbs deserve the precedence. And these, to avoid the ambiguousness of the term verbal, I shall take leave to denominate rhematic.

2. Of or pertaining to a rheme. 1959 J- Firbas in Brno Studies in English I. 39 The thematic elements are less important.. than the rhematic elements. 1969 K. H. Wagner Generative Gram. Studies Old Eng. Lang. i. 49 Although there can be no definite proof, it is to be assumed that the rhematic constituent carries the primary stress. 1977 J. Lyons Semantics II. xii. 507 There is a very high correlation.. between occupying initial position and being thematic, rather than rhematic.

B. sb. The propositions.

science

RHERIC

8S4

of

sentences

or

1830 Coleridge Table-t. 23 Sept., The object of rhetoric is persuasion,—of logic, conviction,—of grammar, significancy.' A fourth term is wanting, the rhematic, or logic of sentences.

'rhematize, v. Linguistics, [f. rhemat(ic a. + -IZE.] trans. To advance (a non-verbal term) to the status of a separate rheme. Hence rhemati'zation; 'rhematizing ppL a. 1959 J, Firbas in Brno Studies in English I. 43 Rhematic elements.. communicatively strengthen basically thematic positions if they occur in them; they.. ‘dynamize’ them, rendering them transitional or ‘rhematizing’ them. Ibid. 51 Sentences that contain special rhematizing means of FSP [Functional Sentence Perspective]. 1969 K. H. Wagner Generative Gram. Studies Old Eng. Lang. i. 49 The rheme is placed immediately before the verb just in case there is a non-verbal constituent which can undergo rhematization. Ibid. 50 Generally speaking only previously mentioned constituents can be thematized, and only non-mentioned ones can be rhematized.

rheme (ri:m). Logic and Linguistics. Also rhema. PI. rhemas, -ata (rare), rhemes, [ad. Gr. prjfia, -aros that which is said, word, saying.] That part of a proposition or sentence which expresses a single idea. Specialized use in current linguistics: that part of a sentence giving new information about the theme. Cf. MONORHEME, RHETIC a. 1892 C. S. Peirce in Open Court VI. 3417/1 A rhema is closely analogous to a chemical atom or radicle with unsaturated bonds. A non-relative rhema is like a univalent radicle; it has but one unsaturated bond. A relative rhema is like a multivalent radicle. Ibid., Two non-relative rhemas being joined give a complete proposition. Ibid. 3417/2 It follows that if we find three distinct and irreducible forms of rhemata, the ideas of these should be the three elementary conceptions of metaphysics. 1897 J. P. Postgate in Fortn. Rev. Sept. 428, I propose.. to call the expression of a single idea or notion a rheme from ‘a thing said’ and to distinguish the expressions of qualifications and connections of such rhemes by calling them epirrhemes though, as a general term, rheme may serve for both, c 1903 C. S. Peirce in Coll. Papers (1932) H. ii. ii. 144 A Rheme is a sign which, for its Interpretant, is a Sign of qualitative Possibility, that is, is understood as representing such and such a kind of possible Object. 1955 [see pheme]. 1959 J. Firbas in Brno Studies in English I. 39 Those sentence elements which convey something that is known, or may be inferred, from the verbal or from the situational context.. are to be regarded as the communicative basis, as the theme of the sentence. On the other hand, those sentence elements which convey the new piece of information are to be regarded as

the communicative nucleus, as the rheme of the sentence. 1972 J. Vachek in V. Fried Prague Sch. Linguistics i. 19 The other part, now usually called the rheme, contains the essential information transmitted by the given sentenceutterance and so substantially enriches the listener’s knowledge. 1976 Archivum Linguisticum VII. 130 He points out that the distinction between old and new information has been recognized as the dichotomy of ‘theme’ and ‘rheme’ in the Prague school of linguistics, and under the terms ‘topic’ and ‘comment’ in recent times. 1976 Geach & Kenny Prior's Doctrine of Propositions ^ Terms 88 Predicates thus conceived as propositions with their subjects left out he called ‘rhemes’, from the Greek for ‘verb’. More often he excepts proper names and especially demonstrative pronouns, i.e. the kinds of ‘terms’ which may fill the blanks in ‘rhemes’ but which are not ‘rhemes’ themselves.

rheme, obs. form of

ream sb.^

Rhemish (ViimiJ), a. [f. Rhemes, former Eng. spelling of Rheims + -ISH.] Of or pertaining to Rheims in the north-east of France: the specific designation of an English translation of the New Testament by Roman Catholics of the English college at Rheims, published in 158Z. 1589 W. Fulke Text of N.T. Ep. Ded., Discharged., from any further dealing against these Rhemish glosses. 1610 C. Hampton Serm. (1611) 24 Our Rhemish Seminaries, say Luther, Caluin, &c. came out of their Church, not they out of ours. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Bible, The second [version] by the papists at Rheims in 1584, called the Rhemish bible, or Rhemish translation. 1841 Bagster's Eng. Hexapla 144 The chief agent in causing the Rhemish version to be made was.. Cardinal Allen. Ibid. 146 The Rhemish translators.

Rhemist ('riimist). Also 6 Remist. [f. asprec. -t-IST.] One of the authors of the Rhemish translation of and commentary on the New Testament. 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax Czb, We call it very wel Circumcision, and vncircumcision, though the Remists (of purpose be like to vary from Geneua) will needs bring in Prepuse. 1620 Bp. Hall Hon. Marr. Clergy i. §18 It is a cunning tricke of the Rhemists, and their Vulgar, in stead of Their Wiues, to reade, The Women. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Bible, Dr. Fulke.., who refuted the Rhemists with great spirit and learning. 1849 Stovel Canne's Necess. 67 (Cartwright’s answer to the Rhemist’s Testament.

b. Comb.: f Rhemist-English, = Rhemish. a 1653 Gouge Comm. Heb. xiii. 4 The manifest mistake of the Vulgar Latine and Rhemist-English translation.

rhen: see

rein sb.^

fRh^nan (rend), a. GeoL Obs. Also Rhenan(e). [a. F. Rhenan Rhenish, ad. L. Rhenanus, f. Rhenus, the river Rhine.] The name given by A. Dumont {Bull, de V Acad. R. de Belg. (1848) XV. 684) to an independent terrain (‘system’) of the Palaeozoic found in the Rhineland (see quot. 1853^), identified by later writers with the Lower Devonian or the Siegenian and Emsian stages; of or pertaining to that series or those stages. Also absol. 1853 Q.Jrnl. Geol. Soc. IX. 24 [The Terrain Rhenan of M. Dumont comprises three divisions, of which the lowest or Systeme gedinnien appears to belong to the top of the Silurian system. The two upper divisions, called Ahrien and Coblenzien, which are consequently intermediate between the Old Red Sandstone and the Silurian system, have not yet been recognized in England.] Ibid. 25 The red sandstones are not naturally the base of the Eifel series, but rather the top of the Rhenane series. Ibid., The ‘Gedinnian system’ must be entirely separated from the Rhenane series, with which.. it has no organic remains in common. 1895 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. (ed. 4) 626 The Lower, Middle, and Upper divisions [of the Devonian] are named (i) the Rhenan, (2) the Eifelian, and (3) the Famennian. Ibid. 627 In the Eifel, the three divisions, the Rhenan, Eifelian and Famennian are well developed. 1931 Gregory & Barrett Gen. Stratigraphy 250 {table) Rhenan.

rhenate ('rimeit).

Chem.

[f.

+ So 'rhenic acid, H2Re04, the parent acid of these salts, which is unstable and is known only in solution. rhen(ium

-ATE'*.] A salt of the anion Re04-2.

1929 Chem. Abstr. XXIII. 1833 A soln. of black Re02 in dil. HNO3 gives a yellow-red coloration, yellow with NaOH, from which Ca(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2 ppts. bright yellow salts, rhenates, stable only in alk. soln. 1932 J. W. Mellor Comprehensive Treat. Inorg. Chem. XII. Ixv. 478 The yellow product in all these cases is either an acidic soln. of rhenic acid, H2Re04, or a salt of that acid, namely the rhenates, Ri2Re04. 1950 N. V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements II. 1292 Rhenium trioxide is formally the anhydride of rhenic acid H2Re04, the salts of which can be obtained in solution. 1962 J. E. Fergusson et al. in B. W. Gonser Rhenium 38 Of the complex compounds of Re'^', the green rhenate BaRe04 has been prepared as mixed crystals with BaS04. 1973 R. D. Peacock in J. C. Bailar et al. Comprehensive Inorg. Chem. xxxix. 940 Concentrated alkali induces dismutation to perrhenate and dioxide, so that it is not possible to prepare rhenate8(VI) in aqueous solution— alkali fusion in the absence of air is necessary.

rhendeer: rhene,

see reindeer.

variant of Rhine*.

rhenic, a.\

see rhenate.

Rhenish (’renij), a. and sb.

Forms (formerly often with small initial letter): 4 Raynysh, Rynys, -is, Rinische, Renys(s, -is, -yche, 5 i

V

Reynyssh, R5misch, -yssh(e, 6 Reinnishe, Reinish, Rennish, Rheynisshe, 6-7 Renish, 7 Reanish, Rhinish, Rhennish, 6- Rhenish. j8. Sc. 5 Rynche, Ryns, 6 Rens, Ranche. [Grig, partly a. or ad. OF. rinois, rynois, rainois, AF. reneis (from 13th c.):—med.L. type Rhenensis, f. Rhenus; partly ad. continental Germanic forms (MHG. rinisch, G. rheinisch, also monosyllabic MHG., MLG. rtnsch, MDu. rijnsch, rinsch, rijns, Du. rijnsch): see -ISH. The mod. spelling is due to L. Rhenus or early mod. Eng. Rhene, = Rhine®.] A. adj. 1. a. Of or belonging to the river Rhine, or the regions bordering upon it. Also, in Archteology, used to designate a type of pottery made in the Rhineland in the Roman period. 1545 Rates Custome Ho., Glasses, Reinish. 1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 587 As green as the Rhinish glasses were here¬ tofore tinged. 1837 Alison Hist. Europe (1847) III. 348 Soldiers trained in the regular wars on the Rhenish frontier. 1866 Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. viii. The three Rhenish archbishops. 1954 M. Wheeler Rome beyond Imperial Frontiers (1955) i. iv. 48 One was a black-glazed Rhenish beaker of familiar late type. 1955 I. A. Richmond Roman Brit. iv. 177 Production of Samian ware was brought to an end by the invasion of Gaul in the-later third century... The gap was filled by.. an increasing volume of imports of Rhenish glass-ware and Rhenish glazed pottery decorated with white slip. Ibid. 179 Rhenish pottery.. comprises jugs, beakers, and vases. The fabric is thin, with a highlypolished dark colour coating, usually ornamented in simple running scrolls or medallions in white slip. 1957 Archaeologia Mliana XXXV. 187 (heading) Narrow¬ mouthed beakers in Rhenish ware. 19^4 Webster Romano-British Coarse Pottery (Council for Brit. Archaeol. Research Rep. No. 6) 7 Rhenish ware, pottery from the Rhineland imported into Britain during the late second century and later.

t b. Applied to the gulden formerly current in Germany and the Netherlands. Obs. Cf. MDu. rijnsch gulden, MLG. rinsche gulden. 1479 in Cely Papers (1900) 19, xxx Rynysche iiij* iiij® sum .. vj'i xv> fls. c 1485 [see guilder]. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 286 A Rhenish Gold Gulden was worth seuen and twen^ silver Groshen. 1756-7 [see guilder]. 1787 Maty tr. Riesbeck’s Trav. through Germany III. 194 One million one hundred and fifty thousand Rhenish guilders, or about one hundred and fifteen thousand pounds. c. = Rhineland. 1832 Encycl. Amer. XI. it Rhenish or Rhinland Foot. 1858 Homans Cycl. Commerce 1949/1 Engineers and surveyors use the Rhenish foot and inch.

2. Rhenish wine: wine produced in the Rhine region; Rhine wine. 1375-6 Durh. Acc. Rolls 582 Ryniswyne. Ibid., Rinischewyn. 1390-1 Earl Derby's Exp. (Camden) 80 Pro xij stopis de Rynyswyn. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 203 Rynisch wyne and Rochelle, richere was neuer. C1490 Paston Lett. III. 364, I sen my lady a lytyll pes of Renysch wyne of the best. 1528 Paynell Salerne's Regim. Rij, Mustis, that haue bytynge lies, as moche reinnishe muste. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. i. ii. 104 A deepe glasse of Reinish-wine. 1607 Englishman's Docter in Regimen Salem. (1830) 133 New Rhennish-wine stirs vrine. 1660 Bk. Rates (Act 12 (^ar. II, c. 4), Rhinish wines brought into any Port the Awme, j li. 1787 Maty tr. Riesbeck's Trav. through Germany III. 189 The little village of Hocheim, from whence the English give all kinds of Rhenish wine the name of Hock. 1840 L. Playfair Liebig's Org. Chem. 287 The aroma which distinguishes Rhenish wine. 1972 Guardian 30 Nov. 15/4 Of the rich Rhenish wines, the Alsatian Traminer and Gewurztraminer are becoming popular. attrib. 1700 Congreve Way of the World in. i. F4b, That goodly Face, which in defiance of her Rhenish-wine Tea, will not be comprehended in a Mask. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 291 The Underleaf [apple] hath a Rhenish-Wine flavour. /3. 1468 Burgh Rec. Edin. (1869) 23 Rynche wyne. 1546 /61W. (1871) 125 The Rens wynexx*‘d. the pynt. 15.. Aberd. (Jam.), Ane greit peis of Ranee wyne.

3. Rhenish stoneware, stoneware manufac¬ tured in the Rhineland, usually salt-glazed. 1925 B. Rackham tr. E. Hannover's Pott. Pore. I. iii. 197 The manufacture of stoneware [in Germany] was confined to certain districts; its centre was for centuries the Rhineland from Coblenz to Cologne. Its present designation ‘Rhenish stoneware’ is, however, of comparatively recent date. 1974 Savage & Newman Illustr. Diet. Ceramics 245 Rhenish stoneware, saltglazed stoneware made in the Rhineland from the latter part of the Middle Ages, but principally in the i6th and 17th centuries, at a number of centres, the largest of which was Cologne. It was exported in great quantities at the time, and imitated extensively in the 19th century. It is especially noted for relief work.

4. Rhenish fan, a fan-shaped bundle of isoglosses in the Rhine valley, separating Low from High German. 1933 L. Bloomfield Language xix. 343 Some forty kilometers east of the Rhine the isoglosses of the great bundle that separates Low German and High German begin to separate and spread out northwestward and southwestward, so as to form what has been called the ‘Rhenish fan’. 1961 R. E. Keller German Dialects 249 The Rhenish Fan. .was seen as the result of a linguistic thrust from south to north along the River Rhine. 1977 Word 1972 XXVIII. 233 The ‘Rhenish fan’ has its counterpart in the isoglottic bundles separating North and South Wales.

B. sb. Rhenish wine. Now rare. Also attrib. [1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iii. i. 44 There is more difference betweene.. your bloods, then there is betweene red wine and rennish.] 1602-Ham. i. iv. 10 As he dreines his draughts of Renish downe. 1638 T. Whitaker Blood of Grape 52 Adolescency.. may not feare either White, Claret, or Rhenish. 1685-8 Dryden Let. to Sir G. Etherege 45 Then

RHENISH

rhenish, obs. form of

RHEOLOGY

855

Rhenish rummers walk the round, In bumpers every king is crowned. 1756 Johnson Let. to Miss Boothby 3 Jan., I took Rhenish and water, and recovered my voice. 1820 Keats Eve of St. Agnes xxxix, Drown’d all in Rhenish and the sleepy mead. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth v. If sack, or rhenish, or wine of Gascony can serve, why, say the word. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 331 What say you, good masters, to.. a medlar tansy and a flagon of old Rhenish? 1970 M. Kelly Spinifex i. 24 Letting the chilled Rhenish dissolve a hard, nervy lump inside. renish a.

frhenite ('riinait). Min. Obs. [f. L. Rhen~us Rhine -f -ite.] Pseudomalachite. C1830 H. J. Brooke in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VI. 488/1 Hydrous Phosphate of Copper. Rhenite.

rhenium ('ri:ni3m). Chem. [mod.L., coined in Ger. (W. Noddack et al. 1925. in Sitzungsber d. Preuss. Akad. d. IVissensch. 409), f. Rhen-us, L. form of the name of the river Rhine: see -ium.] A very dense, refractory, rare metallic element belonging to the manganese group, resembling platinum in appearance, and obtained in small quantities from molybdenite ores. Symbol Re; atomic number 75. 1925^[see masurium]. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xvi. 160 In the case of the element 75 (rhenium), the regularities in the periodic classification .. allowed definite predictions on the chemical nature of the missing substance to be made, so that the element could be looked for with success. 1950 N. V. SiDGwiCK Chem. Elements II. 1291 Such sulphides as molybdenite (M0S2) may contain as much as i, and in two cases as much as 10 and 21 parts of rhenium per million. 1961 New Scientist 30 Nov. 557/3 The resistance to corrosion offered by rhenium metal has for long been appreciated by industry and its special properties have frequently been put to good use. 1963 1. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 4) I. xii. 276 Both rhenium heptaselenide and heptasulphide are good catalysts for hydrogenation. 1971 World Petroleum June 193/1 This catalyst, containing platinum and rhenium, exhibited such exceptional stability characteristics that it was possible to employ it at substantially lower operating pressures, so that marked increases in yields of motor fuel of a given octane rating, of hydrogen and of aromatics were obtainable. 1973 R. D. Peacock in J. C. Bailar et al. Comprehensive Inorg. Chem. III. xxxix. 905 Rhenium, the dvi-manganese of Mendeleev, and the least abundant of the natural chemical elements, was the last.. to be identified by conventional chemical methods. Ibid. 938 Rhenium forms three anhydrous oxides: the dioxide, the trioxide and the heptaoxide.

rhenosterbos(ch), -bush (re'nDstabos, -boj, -buj). 5. Afr. Also renosterbos, -bush, rhinoster bos(ch), bush. [Afrikaans, f. renoster rhinoceros -I- bos bush.] A shrub with greyish foliage, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, belonging to the family Compositse, native to South Africa, and bearing small scale-like leaves and clusters of small purple flowers; = rhinoceros bush s.v. RHINOCEROS 3. 1812 A. Plumptre tr. Lichtenstein's Trav. S. Afr. I. 73 We found here in abundance a plant which.. the colonists call .. rhinosterbosjes, because, they say, that in the time when the rhinoceros was an inhabitant of the country, it used to feed very much upon this plant. 1822 W. J. Burchell Trav. Interior S. Afr. I. loi A neat pale bushy shrub, of the height of three or four feet, called Rhinoster bosch (Rhinoceros bush). 1850 R. Gka\ Jrnl. 19 Dec. (1851) 199 More dreary than usual, with its unbroken monotonous rhinoster bush. 1896 R. Wallace Farming Industries Cape Colony 81 The rhenoster bush has spread more widely and more quickly than exotic plants generally do. 1939 Nature 11 Mar. 412/2 The ‘rhenosterbush’.. represents the most arid kind of sclerophyll. 1948 Cape Times 6 Feb. 14/5 The rhenosterbos could be subdued by burning. Ibid. 22 Sept. 9/6 The stunted renoster bush has already appeared. 1955 V. M. Fitzroy Dark Bright Land 55 Papa means to clear the lower slope of a grey scrub they call rhenoster bush. 1966 E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xvii. 277 Tea made of the leaves of the rhenoster or rhinoceros bush to cure their indigestion. This low grey bush.. sprawls over many of our Karoo mountains. 1973 Y. Burgess Life to Live 113 You can try some wildeals or renosterbos in a little brandy to make you strong.

rheo- ('ri:3, rir'o), also reo-, used as comb, form of Gr. peoy stream, current, chiefly in names of electrical apparatus: 'rheobase Physiol, [ad. F. rheobase (L. Lapicque 1909, in Compt. Rend. Soc. de Biol. LXVII. 283), f. base base s6.^], the minimum electrical stimulus which, applied continuously, can excite a nerve or muscle; cf. CHRONAXIE, chronaxy; hence rheo'basic a.; 'rheochord, -cord, a wire used in measuring the resistance or reducing the strength of an electric current; f 'rheocline [Gr. KXlv-q couch], a form of air-bed; ,rheo-e'lectric a., producing electric currents; .rheogoni'ometer Physics, a form of goniometer which can be used to measure shearing stresses in Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids; hence .rheogoni'ometry; 'rheogram Physics, any diagram exhibiting experimental results pertaining to rheology (see quots.); rheo'morphism Geol. [ad. G. rheomorphose (H. G. Backlund 1937, in Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala XXVII. 234), f. Gr. lJ.op4>-r] form], the process by which a rock

becomes mobile and partially or completely fused, usu. the result of heating by the addition of extraneous magmatic material; so rheo'morphic a.; 'rheomotor, an apparatus by which an electric current is generated; 'rheophil(e) a. Zool. [-phil, -phile], tending to seek or inhabit an environment of flowing water; also as sb., such an organism; hence rheo'philic, rhe'ophilous (also stressed -philous) adjs.; rheo'phobic a. Zool. [-phobic], tending to avoid or not to inhabit an environment of flowing water; so 'rheophobe, such an organism; 'rheophore [F. rheophore; Gr. -opos bearing], (a) Ampere’s name for the connecting wire of a voltaic cell; (6) one of the poles of a voltaic battery; an electrode; hence rheo'phoric a.; 'rheophyte Bot. [-phyte], a plant that is confined to flowing water; hence rheo'phytic a.; 'rheoreceptor Zool., a sensory receptor that is sensitive to the flow of the surrounding water; hence 'rheoreceptlve a.; 'rheotome [Gr. -to/xos cutting], a device for interrupting an electric current; = interrupter b; 'rheotrope [Gr. -rpoTTos turning], an instrument for reversing an electric current. 1924 Nature 22 Mar. 427/1 The •rheobase is the intensity in volts of a constant current closed instantaneously which will just excite if continued indefinitely. 1944 Electronic Engin. XVII. 27/2 In measuring chronaxie a current value is found which, when caused to flow for infinite time, will produce a minimal contraction in the muscle under observation. (For this purpose any period in excess of one second can be referred to as infinity.) This current value is called the Rheobase. 1952 Ibid. XXIV. 334/1 The ratio of this current to the rheobase depends on the rate of accommodation of the nerve. 1965 S. OcHS Elements Neurophysiol, ii. 21 A utilization or utilized time also occurs during the.. shorter times of excitation found when using stimulating pulses stronger than rheobase. 1976 Exper. Neurol. L. 71 The C-fibers had a rheobase of 0-033 and a utilization time of 7 80 msec. 1942 Chem. Abstr. XXXVI. 6636 With faradization the *rheobasic effect was decreased, the chronaxia increased. 1944 Electronic Engin. XVII. 27 Chronaxie is defined as that period of time for which a current, having twice the rheobasic value, must flow in order to produce the same minimal contraction. 1965 S. Ochs Elements Neurophysiol, ii. 20 When a rheobasic current is used, the nerve actually becomes excited a short time after the onset of the step pulse current. 1865 Tyndall Heat §508 It was only necessary, by means of the tangent compass and •rheocord, to keep the current constant. 1890 in Phil. Trans. (1892) CLXXXII. 326 note. The rheochord readings are in decimals of a volt. 1851 Hooper Physician s VadeMecum 315 The water-bed or the *rheiocline, should be resorted to in the more severe class of cases, i860 Flor. Nightingale Nursing viii. 46 An iron bedstead, with rheocline springs, which are permeable by the air up to the very mattress. 1^3 J. Nott in Rep. Brit. Ass. Notices & Abstr. (1844) 16, I insulated the ring, and connected it with the resinous conductor of the •rheo-electric machine. 1946 Nature 2 Nov. 614/2 The practical application of the Weissenberg •rheogoniometer. 1949 K. Weissenberg in Princ. Rheol. Measurement (Brit. Rheologists’ Club) iii. 39 It has therefore become necessary to design a new instrument, termed Rheogoniometer, which measures the macroscopically observable forces and displacements in a sufficiently comprehensive manner. 1974 [see rheometric a.]. 1974 Physics Bull. Jan. 20/2 These theories.. led to the design of. .the ‘rheogoniometer’ which allowed for the first time the movements and forces in flowing fluids to be measured as functions of time and in all three dimensions in space. 1976 Nature 5 Feb. 389/1 •Rheogoniometry seems to measure T, as accurately as previous methods. 1933 Schofield 8c Blair in Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXIX. 558 A study was made of the rate of elongation of cylinders of unyeasted dough hung vertically by their upper ends and allowed to extend under the action of gravity... It has been found convenient to mark on the dough cylinders a series of fine parallel lines accurately spaced i mm. apart. The marks were made by successive turns of a fine wire wrapped round a frame, which are wetted with enamel, the marks remaining wet long enough to be subsequently printed off on to a strip of duplicator paper... The print (which may be called a •rheogram) is available for whatever analysis appears suitable. 1941 J. Stanley in Industr. Engin. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) June 404/2 These facts are secured from the rheograms. 1944 G. W. S. Blair Surv. Gen. Gf Appl. Rheol. X. 123 Stanley.. used the word ‘rheogram’ to describe a rateof-shear stress curve. This is confusing, since such flow curves are quite different from the charts so described by Schofield and Scott Blair. 1974 P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Manual vi. 224 One procedure suggested by Forbes includes construction of a regular rheogram chart of shear stress versus shear rate. 1937 Proc. Gec^ogists' Assoc. XLVIII. 275 The quartz-felspar intergrowths of the •rheomorphic veins are less perfectly micropegmatitic. 1954 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLH. 602 The term ‘rheomorphic’ in accordance with its derivation means ‘flow form’. It was introduced by Backlund (1937) to describe the flowage of rocks where there is no evidence to show that the rocks concerned were melted and capable of liquid flow. 1962 E. A. Vincent tr. Rittmann's Volcanoes vi. 199 Migmatitic granites thus frequently show very well marked rheomorphic structures on solidification. 1937 Proc. Geologists' Assoc. XLVIII. 260 These are clearly cases of •rheomorphism. [Note\ Backlund has introduced the term rheomorphism for the process whereby a pre-existing rock becomes partially or completely mobilised or fused as a result of the introduction of migrating materials (in great or small amount) with concomitant rise of temperature. 1964 L. U. De Sitter Struct. Geol. (ed. 2) xxix. 402 In some of these pockets of recrystallized nonoriented rock the random orientation of gneissic or schistose inclusions or xenoliths proves that this disturbance can develop into flow. This phenomenon has been called ‘rheomorphism’. 1843

in Phil. Trans. 306, I shall.. employ the word •Rheomotor to denote any apparatus which originates an electric current. 1873 F. Jenkin Electr. & Magn. (1881) xxii. §2 The sending battery, or other rheomotor. 1934 Webster, •Rheophile, -phil adj. 1964 Oceanogr. ^ Marine Biol. II. 41*7 It appears as though A. chiajei is a slowgrowing sediment feeder.. whereas A. filiformis is a more rheophile suspension feeder with rapid growth. 1965 B. E. Freeman tr. VandeVs Biospeleol. xvii. 294 Gammarus are stream animals and are essentially rheophiles. 1974 Nature 8 Feb. 395/1 Rheophobic species may co-exist with the rhee doctour..was a philosofre and a rethor. c 1386 Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 30 A Rethor excellent, That koude hise colours longynge for that Art. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixiii. 5 Divinouris, rethoris, and philosophouris. 1611 H. Broughton Require of Agreement 47 Aristides, the Rhetor Sophister. 1643 Ha.mmond Serm. Wks. 1683 IV. 514 Your Hearing,.. what is it but as of a Rhetor at a Desk, to commend or dislike? 1750 Warburton Julian Introd. p. xxxiii, From the teaching Rhetors they learnt the art of reasoning by similitudes and analogies. 1847 Grote Greece II. xxxvi. IV. 454 Themistokles had received no teaching from philosophers, sophists and rhetors, who were the instructors of well-born youth in the days of Thucydides. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 386 The.. city.. was full of professors, rhetors, tutors,.. grammarians.

fb. transf. A master of eloquence or literary expression. Obs. ? 1409-11 Lydg. Life our Lady xxxiv. (Caxton) e vij b, And eke my master chauceris now is graue The noble rethor poeie of bryTayne. ?ci450 in Lydg. Temple Glas (1891) 78 Moral gower, lydgate, Rether and poete. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 253 O reuerend Chaucere, rose of rethoris all.

2.

An orator, esp. a professional one. Sometimes in depreciatory use: A rhetorical speechifier, a mere rhetorician. 1588 Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. v. 31 b, This were an affect of an extemporall Rhetor to salute a man by name without premeditation. 1807 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. V. 577 He must be pacing about in his rhetor’s cassock, watching its turgid folds. 1821 Jefferson Autobiog. Writ. 1892 I. 140 The rhapsodies of Rhetor Burke, i860 A. L. Windsor Ethica v'ii. 383 Not that Chatham was a mere sophistical rhetor. 1874 Lewes Probl. Life & Mind I. 29 Those rhetors who declaim against it.

t rhe'torculist. rare. [f. L. dim. *rhetorculus (see -CULUS) + -IST.] A petty rhetorician. 1609 [Bp. W. Barlow] Answ. Nameless Cath. 25 Many restraints were made vnder seuere penalties, which this Rhetorculist himselfe confesseth. Ibid. 201.

trhe'torial, a.

RHETORICAL

857

Obs. rare-K

[f.

rhetor

or

RHETORY + -(i)al.] Rhetorical. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge, Balade (1887) 201 O frutefull histore,.. Enbawmed with doctrine of virtues infinite. With termes exquised and sence retoriall.

trhe'torian, sb. and a. Obs. In 4-5 rethorien, -yen, 5 retoryan. [a. OF. rethorien (.rect-), f. med.L. *rethoria rhetory: see -ian.] A. sb. = RHETORICIAN. fi374 Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. iii. (1868) 38 J>ou rethorien or pronouncere of kynges preysinges. £1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 54 And sent out lettres.. vnto alle rethoriens and gramariens. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 41 The firsh rethoryens Gowere, Chauncere & now Lytgate. 14^3 Cath. Angl. 305/2 Retoryan, rethor, rethoricus. B. adj. = RHETORICAL. [So OF.] C1374 Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. i. (1868) 30 )ye suasioun of swetnesse Rethoryen.

rhetoric ('retarik), sb.^

Forms: 4 [rethorice,] rettorike, 4-6 ret(h)orik(e, -yk(e, 5-7 rethorick (4 -ikke, 5 -ykk, -yque, retherique, 6 rethoric, -ique, -icke, rhet(h)orike, 7 rhet’rique, reth’rick), 6-7 rhetorique, -icke, rhethorick, -ique, 7“8 rhetorick, rhet’ric, 7- rhetoric, [a. OF. rethorique (mod.F. rhetorique), or ad. L. rhetorica, -ice (med.L. reth-), a. Gr. priropiK-q {sc. rexvT]), fern, of ^ropiKOS RHETORIC a.] 1. a. The art of using language so as to persuade or influence others; the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may express himself with eloquence.

In the Middle Ages rhetoric was reckoned one of the seven 'liberal arts’, being comprised, with grammar and logic, in the ‘trivium’. , 13.. Seuyn Sag. i86 (W.), Geometne, and arsmetrike, Rettorike, and ek fisike. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 361 Aristotle.. tauyte eloquence.. as it is specialhche i-sene

.. in his Dyalogus of Poetis and in Tretys of Rethorik. 14.. Bewte will shewe 69 in Pol., Rel., ^ L. Poems, Was neuer clerk, by retoryk or science, Cowde all hyr verteus reherse to his day. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 25 The famous clerke of eloquence Tullius seithe in his booke of retherique [etc.]. 1481 Caxton Myrr. i. ix. 34 The therde of the vii sciences is called Rethoryque. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. i Rhetorique is an art to set furthe by utteraunce of wordes matter at large. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 10 Many excellent Figures and places of Rhetorique. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos. V. (1687) 176/2 Rhetorick is conversant in singulars, not in universals. 1741 Watts Improv. Mind xx. §33 (1801) 193 Rhetoric in general is the art of persuading. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 280/1 Having lectured successively in grammar, rhetoric,.. humanity, and moral philosophy. 1843 Mill Logic Introd. §3 The communication of those thoughts to others falls under the consideration of Rhetoric.

b. fig. or with personification. [fi374 Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. i. (1868) 30 And wih Rethorice com forpe musice a damoisel of oure house.] 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. cxcvii, Gowere and chaucere, that on the steppis satt Of rethorike. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 11 And Retoryk had eke in her presence Tulyus, callyd ‘Mirrour of Eloquence’. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo ii For quhy the bell of Rethorick bene roung Be Chawceir, Goweir, and Lidgate laureate. 1642 Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. II. vii. 73 Some condemn Rhetorick as the mother of lies. 1742 Pope Dune. iv. 24 There, stript, fair Rhet’ric languish’d on the ground.

c. A treatise on, or ‘body’ of, rhetoric. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Rhetoricus, In primo Ciceronis rhetorico.., in the firste booke of Ciceroes rhetorike. 1580 G. Harvey in Three Proper Lett. 32 To bring our Language into Arte, and to frame a Grammer or Rhetorike thereof. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. i. xi. 63 It is a good Counsell (which Aristotle giueth in his Rhetorikes ad Theodectem). 1654 T. Blount {title), The Academic of Eloquence, Containing a Compleat English Rhetorique. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 297 If 17 Aristotle himself has given it a place in his Rhetorick among the Beauties of that Art.

d. The top class or the second class (from the top) in certain English Roman Catholic schools and colleges. So ^to make one's rhetoric. 1599 in Foley Rec. Eng. Prov. S.J. (1879) V. 569, I have made my rhetoric in these parts, c 1620 in Mem. Stonyhurst Coll. (1881) 8 They go down two by two with their books under their arms, and first those in Rhetoric, into the Refectory. 1908 Stonyhurst Mag. in Tablet 25 Apr. 646/2 We are informed that any boy from Rhetoric down to Elements may join the class.

e. Literary prose composition, esp. as a school exercise. 1828 R. Whateley Elements Rhetoric 4 Some writers have spoken of Rhetoric as the Art of Composition, universally; or, with the exclusion of Poetry alone, as embracing all Prose-composition. 1944 H. J. C. Grierson Rhetoric & Eng. Composition p. iii. Of University teaching in English I had enjoyed just fifty lectures at Aberdeen, of which twentyfive were devoted to Rhetoric or, as Rhetoric had come to mean under Dr. Alexander Bain and his successor William Minto, English Composition. 1953 T. S. Eliot Amer. Lit. & Amer. Lang. 5, I am happy to remember that in those days English composition was still called Rhetoric. 1972 Lebende Sprachen XVII. 35/2 US rhetoric—BE"/C/5 literary composition.

2. t a. Elegance or eloquence of language; eloquent speech or writing. Obs. b. Speech or writing expressed in terms calculated to persuade; hence (often in depreciatory sense), language characterized by artificial or ostentatious expression. c 1386 Chaucer Clerk's Prol. 32 Fraunceys Petrak,.. whos Rethorik sweete Enlumyned al Ytaille of poetrie. 1426 Lydg. in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 133 Alle be that I in my translacioun.. Of rethoryk have no maner floure. 1562 WiNSET Cert. Tractates Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 25 As I persaue rethorik thairof verray small, swa I can espy na thing thairin abhorring fra the treuth. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 46 Nor your faire pretense, by such rashe ragged Rhetorike, any whit, well graced. 1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 24 Heere is no substance, but a simple peece Of gaudy Rhetoricke. 1671 Milton P.R. iv. 4 And the perswasive Rhetoric That sleek’t his tongue. 1733 Swift Lett. (1766) II. 189 The one word from you, is of much more weight than my rhetoric. 1784 CowPER Task IV. 491 Modem senators.. Whose oath is rhet’ric, and who swear for fame! 1825 Macaulay Ess., Milton, The sublime wisdom of the Areopagitica and the nervous rhetoric of the Iconoclast. 1837 Landor Pentameron 3 3 Escape from rhetoric by all manner of means. 1880 Swinburne Stud. Shaks. 269 The limp loquacity of long-winded rhetoric, so natural to men and soldiers in an hour of emergency.

c. pi. Elegant expressions; flourishes. Also, rhetorical terms.

rhetorical

1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 19774 That poete, Wyth al hys rethorykes swete. 1543 Bale Yet a Course 26 Neuer coude tolwyn throughlye knowe what these rhetoryckes merit, as are denuncyacyon, deteccyon, and presentacyon. 1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Poesie iii. ii. (Arb.) 151 Graue and wise counsellours .. do much mislike all scholasticall rhetoricks. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. 42 b, Their fantastique Rhetoriques, Who trim their Poesies with schooleboytricks. 1942 W. Stevens Parts of World 143 Midsummer love and softest silences. Weather of night creatures, whistling all day, too. And echoing rhetorics more than our own. 1949 Koestler Promise & Fulfilment ii. v. 274 It was a disappointing speech—emotional rhetorics without a constructive programme. Sunday Times (Lagos) 3 Oct. 10/4 We cannot decide on the fundamental values and goals that will bind the present and future generations on the basis of vague ideas, irrelevant foreign slogans and rhetorics.

d. in ironical or jocular use. 1580 Spenser in Three Proper Lett. 14 Like a drunken man, or women (when their Alebench Rhetorick commes vpon them). 1595 W. S. Locrine III. iii, I think you were brought up in the university of Bridewell, you have your rhetoric so ready at your tongue’s end. 1613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage ill. xiv. (1614) 316 Some of them vpbraiding

both him and other Christians with the names of dogs, Ethnickes, vnbeleeuers, and the like zealous Rhetorick. 1742 Fielding 7- Andrews i. xviii. The rhetoric of John the hostler, with a new straw hat, and a pint of wine, made a second conquest over her. c 1750 Shenstone Ruin'd Abbey 10 Fearless he of shouts Or taunts, the rhet’ric of the wat’ry crew. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. 1. 450 He [Jeffreys] acquired a boundless command of the rhetoric in which the vulgar express hatred and contempt.

e. transf. and fig,, said esp. t(^i) of the expressive action of the body in speaking; (ft) of the persuasiveness of looks or acts; (c) of artistic style or technique. 1569 Sanford tr. Agrippa's Van. Aries xxi. This daunsinge or Histrionical Rhetorike in the ende beganne to be lefte of all Oratours. 1587 Greene Euphues his Censure Wks. (Grosart) VI. 252 For he considered with himselfe,.. that liberality was the soundest rethoheke. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. IV. iii. 60 The heauenly Rhetoricke of thine eye. 1597 Breton Wit's Trenchmour Wks. (Grosart) II. 15/1 Silence can best talke with wooden Rethoricke. 1644 J. B. {title), Chironomia: Or, The Art of Manuall Rhetorique. 1647 Cowley Mistr., Rich Rival ii, Whilst thy sole Rhetorick shall be Joynture, and Jewels, and Our Friends agree. 1669 Stillingfl. Six Serm. iii. 127 Every part of the Tragedy of his [the Son of God’s] life, every wound at his death,.. were designed by him as the most prevailing Rhetorick, to perswade men to forsake their sins. 1712 Gay Trivia in. 318 Mov’d by the Rhet’rick of a Silver Fee. 1851 Ruskin Stones Venice I. i. 11 His larger sacred subjects are merely themes for the exhibition of pictorial rhetoric,—composition and colour. 1941 W. H. Auden in Southern Rev. VL 729 Around them boomed the rhetoric of time. 1963 R. I. McDavid Mencken's Amer. Lang. 339 Among the neo-Aristotelian critics rhetoric is a current fashionable synonym for technique... The of Fiction. 1964 J. Summerson Classical Lang. Archit. iv. 33 Well, there are three buildings which, I believe, demonstrate.. the ‘rhetoric’ of the Baroque. 1976 Howard Jrnl. XV. i. 52 The rhetoric of treatment will have to be replaced by the reality of treatment.

f 3. Skill in or faculty of using eloquent and persuasive language. Obs. C1440 Partonope 5835 These lordis are chosyn be myn assent. The fyrst ys the kyng of affryke For his grete wytte and his retoryke. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 17 Though he be wise and of might meruailous, Endued with Rhethorike and with eloquence. 1634 Milton Comus 790 Enjoy your deer Wit, and gay Rhetorick That hath so well been taught her dazling fence. 1680 H. More Apocal. Apoc. Pref. 7 The highest Encomium .. that the Wit and Rhetorick of men or Angels can invent. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 171 If 12 Joseph .. endeavoured, with all his Art and Rhetorick, to set out the Excess of Herod’s Passion for her. 1750 Gray Long Story 117 But soon his rhetorick forsook him.

4. attrib. and Comb. 1656 Earl Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. from Parnass. ii. Ixxxviii. (1674) 240 To Declaim.. publickly in the Rhetorick-School. 1806 H. K. White Let. to Bro. Neville 30 July, The Rhetoric Lecturer sent me one of my Latin Essays to copy for the purpose of inspection. 1884 Punch 23 Feb. 87 To unmask His rhetoric-shrouded weakness.

t rhetoric, In 4 rethorik, -ique, 4-5 retorike. [ad. L. rhetoric-us (med.L. reth-), subst. use of adj. (see next).] = rhetorician. e maisters of clergy. Both retorikes and gramarione. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 48 Tullius the rethorique. a 1450 R. Spaldyng St. Kath. in Anglia (1907) 540 Fyfti fyue retorikes in hast pei hem hent.

rhetoric (ri'tonk), a. rare. Also 5-6 reth-, 6 ret-, rheth-. [a. F. rhetorique (OF. also reth-), or ad. L. rhetoric-us (med.L. reth-), f. rhetor: see RHETOR and -IC.] Rhetorical; feloquent. ?I400 Lydg. Serp. Devision (1590) Ciijb, The first that euer elumined our language with flowers of rethorick eloquence: I mean.. Chaucer. 1484 Caxton Fables of Alfonce vii. This fable.. of a rethoryque man or fayr speker. 1517 Watson Shyppe of Fooles Pro!., It was translated.. out of Latyn in to rethoryke Frensshe. 1542 Boorde Dyetary Pref. (1870) 228 With eloquent speche & rethorycke termes. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. iii. vi. 189 With many rhetoric flourishes and pompose triumphs. 1866 Kingsley Herew. ii. I. 81 note, The crude matter, too little, .ornate by the care of any trained intellect, or by dialectic and rhetoric enigmas. 1889 Pater G. de Latour (1896) 194 Helping himself indifferently to all religions for rhetoric illustration.

rhetorical (n'tonkal), a. Forms: as in prec. [f. L. rhetoric-us: see prec. and -ical.] 1.1 a. Eloquent, or eloquently expressed. Obs. b. Expressed in terms calculated to persuade; hence (often in depreciatory use), composed or expressed in artificial or extravagant language; of the nature of mere rhetoric (as opposed to sober statement or argument). 1476 in Antiq. Rep. (1808) II. 385 A Colacyon made by Metre in Rhetorical Terms. 1509 Barclay Shyp Folys (1570) 222 Other with their wordes hye and retoricall Their sentences paynt. ? 1554 Coverdale Hope of Faithful Pref., If one should barely, and wyth oute all rhetorical amplificacions, but rehearce only the great pompe.. [etc.] of myghtye men and rulers. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. iv. (Arb.) 24 It [5C. metrical speech] is beside a maner of vtterance more eloquent and rethoricall then the ordinarie prose. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage viii. i. (1614) 719 But easier it was for him, with a Rhetoricall flourish.. to dash this opinion out of countenance. er nas Rial of pe

1835-6 Todd's CycL Afiat. I. 576/2 The heart of the Dugong.. and of the Rytina is cloven by the deep separation of the two ventricles. 1853 Henfrey tr. Schleiden's Plant 400 Walruses and sea-cows, Rytinae and mermaids. 1882 Standard 10 Feb. 5/3 The Rhytina which, less than a hundred years ago, crowded the shores of Behring Strait.

rewme, p&t hem durste rebuke. C1425 Cast. Persev. 7 in Macro Plays 77 Save our lege lord, J?e kynge, pe leder of pis londe. Si all pe ryallis of t^is revme. C1475 Rauf Coiljear 14 As that Ryall raid ouir the rude mure. fb. Dominion; royal power. Obs.~^ C1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7096 Me thinketh oure goddis speciale.. haue vs 3euen gret riale.

lirhyton ('raiton, ’riton).

t2. The second branch of a stag’s horn, lying immediately above the brow-antler. Obs.

Gr. Antiq.

[a. Gr.

pvToVf neut. of pvTos flowing, related to pelv to

flow.] A form of drinking-cup often in the form of an animal’s head and having a hole at the bottom through which the wine ran. 1850 Leitch tr. C. O. Muller's Anc. Art §245* A rhyton having a lion’s head. 1854 Badham Halieut. 523 The other prizes were not awarded, as thirty of the contenders died rhyton in hand. 1887yrn/. Hellenic Stud. VIII. i A Rhyton in Form of a Sphinx.

II ri (ri). PI. ri. [Jap.] 1. A traditional Japanese unit of length equal to 36 cho\ in modern use equivalent to approximately 2*44 miles (3-93 kilometres). 1845 Encycl. Metrop. XX. 486/2, i long ri = 3 standard miles nearly, i short ri = 2 ditto ditto. 1874 Trans. Asiatic Soc. Japan 1873-4 33 After a somewhat disagreeable walk of 3 ri Kusatsu is reached. 1876 H. W. Bates Illustr. Trav. 248/1 The ri is little short of two and a half miles. 1890 B. H. Chamberlain Things Japanese 352 Tokyo.. covers an immense area, popularly estimated at four ri in every direction, in other words, a hundred square miles. 1897 Japan Times 10 Apr. 3/4 How many ri of the inundated tracts of land along the rivers could possibly be polluted by the poisonous matter from the mine? Japan (Unesco) (rev. ed.) 847 Ri (36 cho), 3-92727 kilometre, 2 44033 miles.

2. In Japan (in ancient times) and Korea, the smallest subdivision of rural administration. 1959 R. K. Beardsley et al. Village Japan iii. 40 We have already mentioned the division of old Kibi into provinces {kuni). These were further divided into districts {kori, later gun), and still further into villages {go, today ‘mura’) and hamlets (ri). 1966 J. W. Hall Govt. & Local Power in Japan, 500 to 1700 iii. 82 Groups of fifty or fewer ko formed the administrative village, called ri. Ibid.S^ In 715 the name ri was abandoned, and the fifty-/eo units were renamed go. These newly named administrative villages were then divided into two or three smaller units to which the term ri was applied... For some reason the ri was discontinued as a unit of official organization in 740. 1971 Korean Folklore & Classics HI. 7 Mr. Kwak lived in Sa Dong Ri. 1972 P. M. Bartz South Korea 54/1 A myon may be divided into one or more ri... It is usually translated into English as ‘village’, but a ri does not ipso facto contain a village. It is merely the smallest area of rural subdivision.

c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, On pe left¬ side auntelere and ryall and surereall and not fourche but onely pe beame. i486 Bk. St. Albans ej b, When he hath Awntelere .., Ryall and Surriall also there Isett,.. Then shall ye call hym forchyd and hert of tenne.

3. a. A gold coin formerly current in England, originally of the value of ten shillings, first issued by Edward IV in 1465. Now Hist. [The following are statements of its value at various times: — 1473 Warkw. Chron. (Camden) 4 The yere.. m’.cccc.lxiiij. Kynge Edwarde.. made of ane olde noble a ryall, the whiche was commaundyde to goo for x.s; nevere the latter the same ryolle was put viij.d. of aley. 1526 Wriothesley Chron. (Camden) I. 15 In November, the Kinge enhaunsed his coyne, that is to saye, the riall at i is. 3d. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 47 The xvj. day of May [1544] was made a proclamacion in London for raysynge of golde and sylver, as the ryalle xij. shillings.] 1488 Nottingham Rec. HI. 16 C. libras in riales. 1496-7 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 123 She hath in coyne, in old nobles, c'‘—in ryalls, c*'. 1503 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 5 §i Riall, half Ryall, and the iiij*^ parte of a Ryall. 1579 Northbrooke Dicing {1S42) tg, I dare holde a ryall, you meane the church. 1600 Heywood 2nd Pt. Edw. IV, i. iv. Bid the bearer of our privy purse Enclose therein a hundred English ryals. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Ryal or Rial, a Piece of Gold [etc.]. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Coined into 45 rials,.. or a proportional number of half rials,.. or rial farthings. 1817 Ruding Ann. Coinage H. 34 These new Nobles were called Rials. 1853 Humphreys Coin Coll. Man. II. 443 The nobles and rials [of Edw. IV] differ but slightly from the nobles of previous reigns. 1884 Kenyon Gold Coins Eng. 57 Half and quarter ryals were also coined. fb. A French gold coin struck by Philip IV

t c. Applied to certain silver coins of Scotland in the i6th century. (See quots.) Obs. 1565 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 413 That thair be cunyeit ane penny ofsilvercallit the Marie ryall. 1567556 That thair be cunyeit ane penny of silver callit the James I^all.

4. a. A Spanish coin; = real sb.^ i a. ? Obs. 1508 Aces. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IV. 41 Item, to the said Robert, quhilk [he gave] to preistis thare.. viij ducatis of wecht and tua riales; for ilk ducat xviij s., and the ij riales iij s. 1547 Boorde Introd. Knowl. xxx. (1870) 199 In Spayne.. In siluer they haue ryals & halfe ryalles; a ryal is worth .v.d. ob. 1622 Fletcher Span. Cur. i. iii, I will fire The portion I brought with me, ere he spend A ryal of it. 1672 Petty Pol. Anat. (1691) 347 A piece of 8 rials being full 17 penny weight, passeth for 45. gd. 1707 Funnell Voy. 114 For a Ryal, which is seven pence half-penny. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Money, The [Spanish] ducat of silver contains 11 rials of silver; and that of vellon, 11 rials of vellon. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias iii. iii. iP2 He counted me over six ducats instead of six rials.

fb. rial of plate, = real sb.^ i a. Obs. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 225 The cyrcle of letters of a riale of plate. 1622 R. Hawkins Foy. 5. (1847) 94 Every peece of tenne ryals, which they receive in ryals of plate, for there is no other marchandize in those partes. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 135 At.. Arragon, The Rial, or Ryal of Plate is 23 Dinero’s (Hunt saith 13) and the Ducat is 12 Ryals. 1740 Johnson Life Drake Wks. IV. 442 A quantity of Jewels, and twelve chests of ryals of plate. 1748 Earthquake Peru i. 30 Thirteen Chests of Ryals of Plate.

fc. rial of eight, = REAL sb.^ 2. Obs. 1598 W. Phillip tr. Linschoten 69/1 There are likewise Rialles of 8, which are brought from Portingal. 1615 tr. De Montf art's Surv. E. Indies 4,1 gaue him a 100. Rials of eight, for dyet and safe conduct through the Arabian desart. 1678 in Wheeler Madras in Old. Time (1862) HI. 427 That not a man shall stir out of the Fort until the Governor returns home; upon penalty of half a riall of eight for the Merchant and Officer. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Piece, It has its name piece of eight, or rial of eight, because equal to eight silver rials.

fd. ellipt. = prec. Obs. rare. 1640 Pagitt Christianogr. (ed. 3) Life Cyril 13 He received yeerly.. about 50000 Rials, each of them being worth foure shillings six pence. 1671 Ogilby America 464 Forty thousand Pieces of Silver, each valu’d at thirteen Ryals, each Ryal being four Shillings.

5. Also riyal. The monetary unit of Iran, introduced in 1930 and equal to one hundred dinars. 1932 A. T. Wilson Persia x. 278 The Gold Standard Act [of 28 Mar. 1930] establishes as the legal unit of currency the gold rial, to be represented in coinage by the pahlevi of 20 rials and the half pahlevi of 10 rials. 1936 Encycl. Islam III. 1162/3 The modern Persian riyal is a money of account: originally (1930) 20 riyals = stg. but by the system finally adopted in 1933, 100 dinars = i riyal = i pahlavi = £i stg. 1948 D. N. Wilber Iran 213 The rial is also popularly referred to as the kran. 1953 A. Smith Blind White Fish in Persia vii. 115 Eggs, ii rials; mast, 4 rials; grapes, 18 rials. 1972 Times 20 Oct. 9/4 Smuggled opium is sold in Iran at a price below the 17-5 rials (about lOp) a gram the Government charges registered addicts. 1973 E. Hyams Final Agenda v. 61 ‘Can I have that map?’ ‘Forty-five rials, sir.’ 1976 R. Moore Dubai i. 6 Fitz removed a thousand-rial note, about fifteen dollars, and placed it in the envelope.

b. The monetary unit of Saudi Arabia. *939 H. St. J. B. Philby Sheba's Daughters ii. 21 It is perhaps sufficient to mention that the camels hired by him for our use cost no more than 15 Riyals (about £,1 sterling) apiece for a journey that occupied two and a half months. 1951 Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 689/2 In the 19th century the dollar was banned in the Ottoman Empire, including Egypt, and became obsolete in Tunis and Algeria. Rather later, Ibn Saud of Arabia substituted, not without difficulty, his own rials for it. 1964 Ann. Reg. igbj 308 The sum of 244 million riyals was allocated to provide free education for everyone. 1970 Times 3 Apr. (Arab League Suppl.) p. x/5 The Government has already spent more than 4,000m. rials in five years developing communications. 1977 Arab Times 13 Dec. 4/5 Recently Shahwa found at Ahmad Al Jaben Street a bag containing KD 1,300 and Saudi Rial 2,594 and an expensive watch.

c. Any of various monetary units of other countries of the Middle East (see quots.). 1959 Statesman's Year-bk. 1383 The monetary unit is the Sudanese pound (£S), divided into 10 Riyals. 1968 Listener 4 Jan. 7/1 A guerrilla attack on the outskirts of Sanaa for a few Yemeni riyals. 1970 Whitaker's Almanack igyi 917/2 Oman... On May 7, 1970, a new currency was brought into circulation. The main unit is the Rial Saidi = £1. Each rial is divided into 1,000 new Baiza. 1972 Times 15 May (Qatar Suppl.) p. iv/6 Banknotes of one, five, to, 25, 50 and too Riyals. 1977 Times 18 Feb. (Banking Suppl.) p. v/5 In.. 1976 the Qatari rial joined the Bahrain dinar and the United Arab Emirates dirham in the travellers’ reciprocity scheme.

trial, sb.^ Obs.-° Also 5 ryal(l. [Perh. the same as prec.] Froth or foam. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 432/2 Ryal, or fom of berme, spuma. 262/2 Riall of wyne, fome, brovee. fievr.

1530 Palsgr.

t'rial, a. (adv.). Obs. Forms; 4-5 riale, 4-6 rial,

and his successors, current in Scotland in the 15-16th centuries. Obs..

5-6 riall (s rialle); 4-5 ryal, 5-6 ryale, 4-6 (8) ryall, 5 ryalle, ryeall, ryoll, 6 ryell. [a. OF. rial. var. of real or roial: see real a.' and royal a.] Royal, regal. 1. Of persons, etc.: Having the rank of, or the qualities befitting, a king.

1451 Sc. Actsjfas. II (1814) II. 40 Jje Rial of franco sal haf cours for vj s. viij d. 1488 Aces. Ld. High Treas. Seal. I. 79 Deliuerit be Dene Robert Hog.jto the Thesaurare,.. in rialis of France fyfty and foure. 1488-91 Ibid. 167 He chargis him. .with liiij. li., be fifty foure Fraunce riallis of gold. [1507 Aces. Ld. High Treas. Scot. III. 334 To the King himself, quhilk wes set on the syment riall, and part cun3eit in riales thareof, xx Franch crounis.]

c 1350 Ipom. 64 There come many a ryall kynge. For to wowe that lady, c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1605 Hypsipyle (Fairf. MS.), Now was lason a semely man with-alle.. And ofhis lokeas rial as lyon. CI420 ITarj 2l/cx(E.E,T.S.) 45 Me aughte nojte to sende swylk tythynge to 30ur ryalle maiestee, bot.. nede gets me do it. 1483 Caxton Gold Leg. 281 b/1 Saynt Lupe or Lowe was borne at Orliaunce and was of the ryal lygnage. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 11. 801 A

I

K

RIALLY

877

noble geruilman .. Descendyng of the hie and riall blodde of costy. 1580 in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 43 The destruction ot your most ryall person. of Arth. 641 Here.. by-fore thiese ryalle [I] resynge the my ryghte. CI470 Golagros ^ Gaw. 396 Berore the riale on raw the renk wes noght rasit. Comb. C1485 E. Eng. Misc. (Warton Club) i Wyves and maydynus ryallyke.

2. Properly pertaining or appropriate to a king. ^.*374 Chaucer Troylus 1. 432 For myn astate ryal here I resigne Into her bond, c 1400 Destr. Troy 1630 Priam., a pales gert make Within the Cite full Solempne of a sete riall. c 1450 Godstow Reg. 129 With relefis, and heriettis, mariagis, Eschetis, and riall services. 1533 Bellenden Livy 1. iii. (b. 1 .b.) 1. 24 be more princely, j?at he behad him in his dignite nail, the mor his lawis.. wald be dred. 1584 R Scot Dtscov. Witcher, xv. viii. 336 All the riall names and words of the living God.

3. Befitting a king; magnificent, excellent.

sumptuous,

splendid,

13.. Sir Beues 3480 bou3 ich discriue noujt j>e bredale,. hit was riale. 13 .. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1082 Rial ryngande rotes & he reken fyhel. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles ni. 125, I say .. That ho is riall of his ray that light reede him Folwith. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. J>an serue it forth for a ryal mete. c 1449 Pecock Repr. i. viii. 40 That the ij*. premisse .. is also trewe is schewid bi a ful solempne and rial processe. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. v. xxxviii. in Ashm. (1652) 157 A ryall Medycyne. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 142 b, The people of Israeli.. buylded a solemn temple, moost ryall of stones precyous. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 20 This same yere was the [most] ryall syght and wache of men of armes in London that ever was sene.

b. Sc. Notable, remarkable, rare. ^375 Barbour Bruce xii. 557 Men mycht se .. mony a riall rymmyll ryde Be roucht thair apon athir syde. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, iii. 90 Quhen Dauie deit our Quene rycht potentlie Into this Realme did rais ane ryall rout.

4. Of paper: (see royal a.). 139* Derby's Exped. (Camden) 8 Pro j quaterno papiri ryal, xij d. [Ibid. 13 Pro xxi foliis papiri realis.] 1572 in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 178 Paper Riall and other paper for pattemes. 1573-4 in Turner Sel. Rec. Oxford (1880) 356 Item, for tenne quier of ryoll paper.

5. As adv. = RIALLY. a 1400-50 Alexander 4360 Ne rede we neuire na retorik ne rial to speke. 1441 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 207, I went bare fote on my fette. That sum tyme was wonte to ride rialle. c 1500 World the Child 268, I am ryall arayde to reuen [}read rennen] vnder the ryse. C1560 Gude & Godlie Ball. (S.T.S.) 232 Princes and Kingis, that sa Ryall Ringis.

t'rially, adt;. Obs. Forms; 4 ryaliche, rialliche, 5 -ich; 4-6 ryally, 5 ryaly, rialy)e, rially, rioUy. [f. RIAL a. + -LY^. Cf. REALLY adv.''\ Royally, regally, splendidly, etc. 13 .. Coer de L. 3888 Kyng, eerls, barouns, knyghts, and squyers, Ryden ryally on trappyd destrers. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6191 \>ey byried hym Ful ryaliche wij? gret honur. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3009 He araiet hym full riolly with a route noble. C1430 Two Cookery-bks. 2 Charlette a-forcyd ryaly. ^1440 Generydes 1308 Thanne was ther made an ordenaunce therfore, Full rially with all maner seruice. 1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1301/1 When Christ came rydyng into Hierusalem so ryally vpon Palme sonday. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 52 He., was ryally resevyd and had grete chere with many grete jeffttes.

t rialm. Obs. rare. Also 4 ryalme. [a. OF. rialme, var. of realme realm.] Kingdom. 13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 691 Now ridez J?is renk pUT^ pe ryalme of Logres. a 1400-50 Alexander 20 He recouerd .. all rialme & pt riches in-to the rede est.

t'rialness. Obs.-° [f. rial a.] Royalty. 1530 Palsgr. 262/2 Rialnesse, royalte.

II Ri'alto. [The name of the quarter of Venice in which the Exchange was situated.] An exchange or mart. Also_^g. 1596 Shakes. Merch. V. I. iii. 108 Signior Anthonio, many a time and oft In the Ryalto you haue rated me About my monies and my vsances. 1611 Coryat Crudities 169 The Rialto which is at the farther end of the bridge as you come from S*. Marks, is a most stately building, being the Exchange of Venice, where the Venetian Gentlemen and the Merchants doe meete twice a day, betwixt eleuen and twelue of the clocke in the morning, and betwixt fiue and sixe of the clocke in the aftemoone. 1869 S. R. Hole Bk. about Roses i. 11 There the poor Rose-trees stand.. in the spring a rialto, rendezvous, common-room, and tap for all the riff-raff of the insect world. 1879 Scribner's Mag. XIX. 299/1 In Paris, all trades and callings have their Rialto. 1901 Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 5/2 It was this .. that made it some forty or fifty years ago the rialto of the West Indian islands.

t'rialty. Obs. Forms: 4-6 ryalte, 5 -tee, 5-7 -tie, 5 -tye, 6 -ty; 4-6 rialte, 5 -tee, 4 riaulte, 5 riolte, 6 rialtie. [a. OF. *rialt€^ var. of realte realtyL] 1. Royalty; regal state or dignity; royal pomp or splendour. c 1325 Song of Yesterday 88 in E.E.P. (1862) 135 Hit were wel bettre forto se.. pen a fest of Rialte. c 1350 Will. Palerne 5057 No clerk.. ne kow|>e nou3t descriue.. pe richesse ne pe riaulte. C1400 Destr. Troy 3464 Double fest. .was holdyn. With all pe reuell & riolte pzt Renkes couthe deuise. 1470-85 Malory Arthur v. xii. 182 [Arthur] was crouned emperour.. with all the ryalte that coude be made. 1534 More Comf. agst. Trib. ii. Wks. 1209/2 If a manne kepe richesse aboute him for a glory and ryaltie of the world. 1557 Malory's Arthur (Copland) ill. i, So they roode freshly with great ryalte. .til that they came nyghe unto London.

b. A royal or magnificent feast or ceremonial. a 1470 H. Parker Dives & Pauper (W. de W. 1496) iii. xvii. 152/2 In ryaltees as playes and daunces that are used in grete festes & in the sondayes. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxx. 243 He saw neuer ne herd suche solempne feestes, ne

^altes holden ne done without payng of gold or siluer. 1556 Clyon. Gr. Friars (Camden) 53 At that ryallty was made sir Edward Semer., duke of Somerset.

2. Royal power; sovereignty. *375 Barbour Bruce xx. 132 Robert Stiward suld be Kyng, and brwk all the rialte. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 379 So l>is man had neuer so grete cause to fle & to hide hym self as whan he was callid to l^is rialte. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 148 Ryaltee wythout wysdome and cvnnynge ne may not endure. 1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 253 It was determynit.. that never women suld succede to the ryaltee of Fraunce. b. A royal estate; a kingdom. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 117 Nabugodonosor regnede in Babilon ten jere. He putte moche more to his fader realte [u.r. rialte]. C1440 York Myst. xvi. 3 The clowdes.. Raykand ouere my rialte on rawe me reioyses.

c. Sc. A district directly under the king, as opposed to a regality^ (sense 2 c). 1432 5c. Actsjas. I (1814) II. 21 Gif he happynis to fle in pe Regalitie oute of the Rialte, the schiref sal certify pe lorde of pe Regalite. 1545 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 6 All Sheriffis Stewartis Bailies alswele Regalitie as Ryalte. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 160 Inquisition sail be made alswell within Regalitie as Ryaltie anent malefactours.

d. = REGALITY^ 2 3. rare~^. 1552 Richmond Wills (Surtees) 73 My chief house with all the rialties and ayrelomes founded by my predecessors.

riancy ('raiansi). rare-^. [f. next: see -ancy,] Bright or smiling character. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. ix, The tone, in some parts, has more of riancy, even of levity, than we could have expected!

riant ('raisnt, ||rja), a. Also rarely riante (rjdt).

RIB waes jescaepen of his ribbe. a 1000 Soul ^ Body 113 Rib reafiad re6e wyrmas. c 1000 ^^Ilfric Gen. ii. 21 J>a jenam he an ribb of his sidan & jefilde mid flaesce, p^r p2tr pect ribb waes. C1205 Lay. 1603 Corineus heom tobrutte ban & heora ribbes. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 227 Ut of his side he toe a rib. And made a wimman him ful sib. c 1300 Havelok 1900 per mithe men wel se boyes bete. And ribbes in here sides breke. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. iv. 149 Bote I Rule l>us p‘\ Reame, Rend out my Ribbes! C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 161 Wij? J^ese .vij. boonys ben maad fast .vij. ribbis I>at ben grete ribbis.., & hese ribbis ben crokid. c 1440 York Myst. xxvi. 285 Fro we may reche J^at rekeles His ribbis schall we rappe. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §56 Se that he haue a brode ryb,.. and to be lose-skinned, that it stycke not harde nor streyte to his rybbes. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 28 That I might refreshe my crackte ribbes in her bountie and goodnesse. 1604 Shaks. 0th. I. ii. 5 Nine, or ten times I had thought t’ haue yerk’d him here vnder the Ribbes. 1667 Milton P.L. X. 512 His Visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare, His Armes clung to his Ribs. 1741 A. Monro Anat. (ed. 3) 222 The Ribs are commonly divided into True and False. 1795 Burke Regie. Peace iv. Sel. Wks. (1892) 265 We require some food that will stick to the ribs. 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin IV. i. Take my brute, and lead him in, Stuff his ribs with mouldy hay. 1871 T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 652 In Serpents the ribs are wanted for locomotion, and are accordingly developed from the head nearly to the tail. transf. 1605 ist Pt. Jeronimo (1901) ill. ii. Noble rib of honor, valliant carcasse. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. evii, The wood which grides and clangs Its leafless ribs and iron horns Together.

fh* ellipt. (See quot.) Obs.~^ a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rib, or Ribroasting, a Dry¬ basting.

c. Zool. One of the meridional plates characteristic of the Ctenophora-, a ctenophore.

[a. F. riatU masc., riante fern., pres. pple. of nVe:—L. rtdere to laugh: cf. rident a.] Smiling, mirthful, cheerful, gay. a. Of persons, their dispositions, actions, etc.

1890 in Cent. Diet. 1896 tr. Boas’ Text-bk. Zool. 118 Each of these lines or ribs, as they are called, is composed of a series of tiny laminae.

1567 Paynell tr. Treas. Amadis 276 What an evill is it to be depryved of all the goodnesse that I receyved of hir riant and laughing eye. 1827 Carlyle Germ. Rom. 1. 13 Whatever bordered upon awe or horror, his riant fancy rejected with aversion. 1867 -E. Irving 206 He was jovial, riant, jocose rather than serious. 1897 Gunter Don Balasco ii. 28 A girl of.. dancing, riant blue eyes, and exquisite figure.

1929 J. P. McEvoy Hollywood Girl iii. 39 Of course it was just a rib to see him, as the only thing I know about newspapers is that they smell fresh. 1952 Herald-Tribune (N.Y.) 25 Jan. 18/3 Wilt said, ‘He is a parasite.’ Maybe this was a rib. 1958 J. Wain Contenders 8 The mere idea of Robert as a schoolmaster is, of course, a screaming rib. 1964 ‘E. Queen’ in Cavalier Aug. 15/2 ‘Dad, is this a rib?’ ‘I wish I could joke about it.’

b. Of landscapes, places, etc. a. 1720 Pope Iliad xviii. On Shield of Achilles ix, There is something inexpressibly riant in this Piece, above all the rest. 1760 Gray Let. Wks. 1884 III. 24 The Vale [is] as riant, as rich, and as well cultivated. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 149 A pretty riant landskip of the river doubling through the vale. 1^60 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 178 Choice plants.. were there in wild and riant luxuriance. 1892 Heales Archit. Ch. Denmark 2 These together present a singularly bright, riant impression. jS. 1792 Charlotte Smith Desmond II. 173 (Stanf.), Of late.. I have found this view too riante. 1843 Thackeray Irish Sk. Bk. I. 9 Pretty market-gardens.., and shining glass-houses, give the suburbs a riante and cheerful look.

Hence 'riantly adv. 1897 Gunter Susan Turnbull xxiii. 303 ‘Then you will all have to keep me company,’ says Miss Naughty, riantly.

Ilriata (ri'ata). Also reata. [Sp. reata (= Pg. reatCj arreata, arriata halter), f. reatar to tie again, f. re- re- -I- atar\—\^. aptdre.] = lariat. Also in Comb., as riata^man. 1846 Californian 12 Sept, i/i A riata (rope) was made fast to the broken bone and the jaw dragged out. 1853 Harper's Mag. Aug. 308/2 Each mule being secured by a long reata .. was permitted to graze until sunset. 1869 B. Harte Luck Roaring Camp 196 He looked at my hand, which still unconsciously held the broken ‘riata’. 1872 De Vere Americanisms 131 ‘I’m a coiling up my riata’.. means, very graphically, I am preparing for my death. 1893 K. Sanborn 5. California 178 The saddle-tree is hung with silver rings, .. to answer all the requirements of the vaquero in lacing up his riata. 1924 F. R. Bechdolt Tales of Old-Timers 103 They had failed to take into account.. a skill with the reata. 1934 Amer. Ballads ^ Folk Songs 409 Old Sandy Bob was a riata-man. 1948 F. Blake Johnny Christmas i. 41 Johnny loosened the horse-hair knots, then .. took down his rawhide riata. 1964 F. O’Rourke Mule for Marquesa 126 He sliced rope lengths from the reatas tied to the saddles. 1970 Arizona Highways Oct. 48/1 Now Buster Jig was a riata man. With his gut-line coiled up neat.

riatour, riattous, obs. fF. rioter, -ous. rib, sb.^ Forms: i- rib, i-8 ribb, 4-7 ribbe; 5-6 ryb (5 rybe), rybb(e; 6 reb. [Comm. Teut.: OE. rib, ribb neut., = OFris. rib, reb (WFris. rib spar, rack; NFris. rabb, robb rib), ON. rif (Norw. riv, MSw. rif, riff, Sw. ref, MDa. riff, reff), MLG. ribbe, rebbe, OHG. ribbi, rippi (MHG. rippe, rippy, also OS. ribba fern., MDu. ribbe, rebbe (Du. rib-, WFris. ribbe), OHG. rippa (MHG. rippe, ribbe, riebe; G. rippe). Da. ribbe, Norw. ribba-, Sw. ribba lath. Outside of Teutonic the stem is represented by Russ, rebro.) I. 1. a. One of the curved bones articulated in pairs to the spine in men and animals and enclosing or tending to enclose the thoracic or body cavity, whose chief organs they protect. asternal, floating ribs: see those adjs. false rib = asternal rib. sternal or true ribs, those attached to the breast-bone or sternum, abdominal ribs, certain osseous formations in the abdominal wall of some reptiles (Huxley). to smite (one) under the fifth rib: see fifth a. i b. £•725 Corpus Gloss. 585 Costa, rib. 0900 O.E. Martyrol. 23 Mar., On pstm [djeg] waes Adam jescaepen.., & Eua his wif

d. A joke; a teasing or joking remark. Chiefly U.S.

e. Slang phr. to get into (someone’s) ribs-, to borrow or otherwise obtain money from (someone). (Only in Wodehouse.) 1939 Wodehouse Uncle Fred in Springtime iii. 47 Leave it to me. I will get into his ribs for you. 1951-Old Reliable xviii. 200 It was .. the worst possible moment anyone could have selected to approach him with the idea of getting into his ribs for twenty thousand dollars, a 1975-Sunset at Blandings (1977) viii. 59 Did he discover that Jeff was the son of the man who got into his ribs for that substantial sum, there would be no question of engaging him as his secretary.

2. One of these bones taken from an ox, pig, etc., with the meat adhering to it, as used for cooking. 1426-7 Rees. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 65 In bred & ale & ij rybbes beff & o|?er costes, xvjef. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 8 Take Pypis, Hertys, Nerys, Myltys, an Rybbys of the Swyne. Ibid. 10 Take Rybbys of Venysoun. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 152b, A peece of Porke of two Ribs, that waied three and twentie pound. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 88 Sixe ribs of beefe, are worth sixe weeks of Lent. 1666 Pepys Diary 25 Dec., Dined well on some good ribbs of beef roasted and mince pies. 1802 Pinkerton Mod. Geogr. (1811) 660 A savoury dish, called chuleta, or ribs of pork, which they have fresh throughout the year. 1848 [see PORK* 2]. 1883 [see joint sb. 8]. fis- 1576 Gascoigne Steele Glas (Arb.) 45 Though the skorneful do mocke me for a time, yet in the ende I hope to giue them al a rybbe of roste for their paynes. transf. 1595 Shaks. John iii. iii. 9 The fat ribs of peace Must by the hungry now be fed vpon.

3. a. With allusion to the creation of Eve (Gen. ii. 21): A (person’s) wife; a woman. 1589-90 Jas. VI in Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 470 note. Recommending me and my new rib to your daylie prayers. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 61, I am confident a practising Rib shall kill more then the law-bone of an Asse; and a Quacking Dalilah, than a valiant Sampson. 1733 Fielding Mock Doctor ii, Go thrash your own rib, sir, at home. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy i. xvi. He would.. place his rib and self in so many tormenting lights and attitudes. 1802 Lamb Let. to Manning Feb., The Professor’s Rib has come out to be a disagreeable woman. 1822 Byron Juan xi. xlvi, A rib’s a thorn in a wed gallant’s side. 1862 Borrow Wales liv. Near to it was the portrait of his rib. Dame Middleton,

b. So rib of man(kind), lost rib. ? Obs. 1609 Ev. Worn, in Hum. i. i. in Bullen O. PI. IV, I cannot holde to see a rib of man, A moytie of it selfe, commaund the whole. 1621-3 Middleton & Rowley Changeling v. iii. That broken rib of mankind. 1647 Trapp Marrow Gd. Authors in Comm. Ep. 612 Surely if feasting ever be in season it is at the recovery of the lost rib [i.e. marriage].

II. 4. a. The central or principal nerve or vein of a leaf, extending from the petiole to the apex, = MIDRIB 2; also, one of the smaller or secondary nerves. Now Bot. CI420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 48 Take cole and strype horn porowghe pi honde And do away po rybbys. c 1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 204 Tak pe rote of hemelok,.. & pe rybbe of dokke. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 90 The great Plantayne hath great large leaves.. with seven ribbes behinde. 1688 Holme Armoury 11. 85/1 The Rib is the chief vein, from the stalk to the end of the leaf: the Master-vein. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 178 Sending forth from the main Rib some Fibres. 1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. 386 Where the Margin is plaited, but the Folds do not reach to the middle Rib of the Disk. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 354 The rib [of a fern-leaflet], with the Stamens upon it. 1849 Balfour

RIB Man. Bot. § 144 There is occasionally an obscure rib running close to the edge of the leaf, and called intramarginal. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 433 In the petioles and ribs of the leaves.

b. The shaft or quill of a feather. 1545 Ascham Toxoph. Wks. (1904) 88 In settyng on of your fether, whether it be pared or drawen w' a thicke rybbe, or a thinne rybbe (the rybbe is y® hard quill whiche deuydeth the fether). 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Feather, The shaft, or rib, is exceeding strong, but hollow below, for strength and lightness sake. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 453 The ribs are scraped with a bit of glass cut circularly, in order to render them very pliant.

c. Ent. A nervure in an insect’s wing. 01843 Fncycl. Metrop. (1845) VII. 2S2I2 This frame consists of hollow horny tubes, to which have been indifferently applied the names ribs, nervures, and veins. Ibid., The ribs.. are filled with a soft parenchyma.

d. Bot. A more dense or firm part extending along or through an organ or structure. 1847 W. E. Steele Field Bot. 181 Leaves and sheaths glabrous;.. the ribs of pales glabrous. 1857 Henfrey Bot. 114 The connective is normally a solid rib, running up the middle of the anther.

5. a. A hard or rocky portion of a mountain, etc., esp. when in the form of a projecting ridge. C1586 C’tess Pembroke Ps. civ. viii, That safe in rocks the conyes may remaine, To yield them caves, their rocky ribbs are tome. 1692 Bentley Boyle Lect. 271 If violent rains and tempests must not wash down the earth and gravel from.. those mountains, and expose their naked ribbs to the face of the sun. 1697 Dryden JEneid ix. 680 They rowl down Ribs of Rocks. 1822 Shelley Faust ii. 120 Cling tightly to the old ribs of the crag. 1871 L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. (1894) iii. 83 Nothing is visible but the black ribs of the mountains.

b. A vein of ore, or the solid part of one; a stratum or dyke of stone or rock. Now esp. Geol. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 690 Soon had his crew Op’nd into the Hill a spacious wound And dig’d out ribs of Gold. 1747 Hooson Miner's Diet. Q iv. Most Veins carry their Ore in Ribbs, which is that solid Part of the Ore that sets forward according to the Sides..; many times a Vein will carry two Ribbs. 1839 Murchison Silur. Syst. i. xiv. 178 The firmest ribs of sandstone. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 193 Lava is then injected into the cracks, forming, when cold, huge rocky ribs known as dykes. 1885 Seeley Phillips' Man. Geol. i. xxii. 401 The metallic matter occurs in an irregular vertical table, called a rib of ore.

c. Mining. A wall of coal left standing to support the roof of the workings. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 981 The ribs or walls of coal left standing round, constituting the side of work. 1867 W. W. Smyth Coal Coal-mining 125 It is found to be the better course.. to trust to pack-walls,.. rather than to leave a rib of coal. 1895 Daily News 8 Feb. 5/6 They .. would have left a rib as a support to part them from the old workings.

6. a. A narrow strip of land, as that between furrows; also dial.., a furrow, b. A narrow ridge separating a roadway from the ditch. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 92 The Man of God fetching up his single Melancholy Cow, from a small rib of Land. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 20 Oct. 1775, This, instead of laying the ribs of the lands convex, leaves them hollow. 1805 Forsyth Beauties Seot. II. 235 The ribs, as road-makers term the declivities on each side, should be kept very clear. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 658 Ribs of hard land standing untouched in the subsoil.

7. In technical use, an artificial ridge raised upon some object; a. Jewellery. An edge separating two faces of a cut diamond. ? Ohs. 1751 D. Jefferies Treat. Diamonds {ed. 2) Explan. Terms, The Ribs are the lines, or ridges, which distinguish the several parts of the work, both of Brilliants, and Roses.

b. Mech. A raised band or flange, esp. one made upon a metal plate in order to stiffen it. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §97 This ruler was preserved from bending..by a Rib raised upon its upper side. 1793 Trans. Soe. Arts V. 69 The upper roller, with its diagonal projecting ribs of iron. 1832 G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 203 The glass is prevented from running off the sides of the table by ribs of metal. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 477 The projecting ribs were forced into the surface of the ball.. during its expulsion. 1856 Orr's Circle Sci., Mech. Philos. 289 This is often effected.. by introducing ribs or flanges, and thus dispersing a given quantity of material in a better form.

c. Gunmaking. A bar or ridge of metal made on each barrel of a double-barrelled gun, and serving to connect the two. 1815 Sporting Mag. XLVI. 119 The construction of gunlocks, and elevated ribs. 1881 Greener Gun 267 Commoner ribs also are used, that is, either scelp twist, or plain iron, and there is not so much care taken to insure the rib being tapered, levelled [etc.].

d. A raised ridge in a knitted stocking, cloth, or the like. Derby rib (see quot. 1829). 1829 Glover Hist. Derby I. 242 Messrs. Jedediah Strutt and William Woollatt,.. in the year 1758, produced a machine for making ribbed stockings. This was termed the Derby rib. 1834-6 Encycl. Metrop. (184.5) VIII. 748/2 An additional looping, which.. raises the rib above the plain intervals. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 653 Needles are only placed where ribs or stripes are to be formed.

e. Bookbinding. One of the raised bands upon the back of a book, serving as a covering for the cords and as an ornament. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1935/2.

8. a. Conch. A salient ridge upon a shell. c 1711 Petiver Gazophyl. Dec. vi. 2/1 A sort of Winckletrope with Ribs finely chained. 1815 Burrow Conchol. 34 Costae, ribs; keel-like processes reaching from the apex to the periphery of the shell. 1849 Murchison Siluria 211 A new species with two raised ribs in front.

RIB

878

b. Bot. A prominent line or ridge upon any part of a plant, a fruit, etc. (Ogilvie, 1882.) III. 9. Naut. a. One of the curved frametimbers of a ship, extending from the keel to the top of the hull, upon which the planking of the side is nailed; also, in later use, a piece of strong iron-work serving the same purpose. 1553 Douglas’s JEneis i. p. xii. The storme ouerset [the ship], raif rebbis and syde semes. 1564 Rastell Confut. Jewel’s Serm. 131b, No boerde or rybb of the broken shipp. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. i. i. 29 Vailing her high top lower then her ribs. 1617 Moryson Itin. iii. 79 Their ships.. are generally made large in the ribs. 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Wars 751 This victory of the Zelanders with so small loss, which happened because the ribs of their Ships were more solid and compact. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. ii. 260 The ribs, oppress’d by ponderous cannon, groan. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 236 Scotch oak..is found to snap over when used as ribs to a ship. 1810 Crabbe Borough i. 82 See the long keel,.. See the strong ribs which form the roomy side. 1877 Bryant Sella 217 Bones of men Shipwrecked, and mighty ribs of foundered barks.

b. ribs of the parrel, ribs and trucks (see quots.). 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman’s Gram. v. 20 Parrels are little round Balls called Trucks, and little peeces of wood called ribs, and ropes. 1644 Manwaring Seaman’s Diet. 83 Those little long wooden peeces which.. doe belong to the Farrells of the yards, are called the Ribbs of the Farrells. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine s.v. Parrel, There are four different sorts of parrels, one of which is formed.. of a rope communicating with an assemblage of ribs and trucks. 1867 Smyth Sailor’s Word-bk., Ribs and Trucks, used figuratively for fragments. Ibid., Ribs of a Parrel,.. the ribs were pieces of wood, each about one foot in length, having two holes in them through which the two parts of the parrel-rope are reeved with a bull’s-eye between.

10. Building, a. A piece of timber forming part of the framework or roof of a house; in mod. dial., a purlin. 1378 Durh. Halm. Rolls (Surtees) 149 De cujus meremio sunt in manu Johannis fil. Rog. x spars et ribs. 1618 ? Dekker Owles Almanacke 56 The ribbes of tottring houses must be coated with a new paint against the christning of the next childe. 1648 Hexham, Ribben-lage, the Ribs or the Crosse-beames of a house. 1840 Parker Gloss. Archit., Ribs of Timber, a term applied in some districts to the purlins of the roof. 1869 Peacock Gloss. Lonsdale, Ribs, stout pieces of timber laid on the principals of a roof, and on which the spars are fastened.

b. An arch supporting a vault; one or other of the transverse or oblique arches by which a compound vault is sustained; the edge or groin of two intersecting arches in a vault. Also, in later use, a projecting band or moulding on a groin or ceiling (whether vaulted or flat), or on some other architectural feature. 1726 Leoni Alberti’s Archit. I. 55 The Ancients.. made their Ribs of.. Bricks, and.. advise to fill up the interspaces of. .Vaults with the lightest Stone. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xvii, The ribs of two of these arches remained, though the roof had fallen down betwixt them. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps ii. §7. 33 In the vaulting of a Gothic roof it is no deceit to throw the strength into the ribs of it. 1859 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. (ed. 4) 835 In the simple groin, the arches or ribs, and diagonal rib, carry the vaulting, a rebate being formed at the lower part of the ribs on which the vaulting lies. 1870 F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 63 The plaster work between the ribs of the roof is colored blue. Comb. 1874 Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 21^ The rib-and-panel vault is, however, much less costly.

tc. The haunch or flank of an arch. 06s.-' 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 53 An Arch is..a conjunction of a number of wedges, whereof.. those on the sides [are called] the Turn, or Ribs of the Arch.

A kind of wicker basket.. fixed in the earth by means of the points of the ribs of the wicker work.

b. A bar of a grate or the like. Now only Sc. and north, dial. 1651 Jer. Taylor Holy Dying iii. ix. §i We should have .. thought the Grid-iron fairer than the spondee, the ribs of a marital bed. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. too A wooden stand, which has several ribs across to sustain the tobacco. 1826 Galt Lairds xxxit. Ye wad see the ane fizz and flee away frae the ither up the lum, or out at the ribs. 1895 ‘Sarah Tytler’ Macdonald Lass x. 125 Balancing her eggpan on the ribs of the grate.

c. One of the two horizontal iron bars of a printing-press upon which or in the grooves of which the carriage supporting the bed slides on its way towards the platen. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing iv. 51 The Ribs lye within a Frame of four Foot five Inches long, one Foot eleven Inches broad. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. xxi. (Roxb.) 256/1 A Rib... This is a foure square Iron flat at the ends to be nailed on the wooden ribs for the cramp Irons at the bottom of the coffin to run ouer them. 1727-38 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Printing, On this carriage, which sustains the plank, are nailed two long iron-bars, or ribs. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 296 The manner in which the wheels run in rebates or recesses in the edges of the ribs. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 774/j2 Beneath the plank of the carriage, cramp irons..are nailed, which slide upon two long iron bars or ribs.

d. dial. (See quots.) 1814 Pegge Suppl. Grose, Ribs, bindings in hedges. Kent. 1887 Parish & Shaw Diet. Kent Dial, s.v.. Ribs are done up into bundles, with two wiffs, and are used for lighting fires and making raddle-fences.

e. Aeronaut. A structural member in an aerofoil, positioned more or less fore-and-aft and serving to define the contour of the aerofoil and sometimes also as part of the load-bearing structure. 1888 [see propeller 3 c]. 1919 H. Shaw Text-bk. Aeronaut, ix. 109 The chief function of the ribs is to give the wing its correct shape, while they also serve as compression members between the two spars, and as a framework for the attachment of the fabric. 1941 N. H. Anderson Aircraft Layout & Detail Design ii. 24 The term ‘skewed rib’ is applied to a rib that is bent inboard or outboard along its line of intersection on a spar. 1965 C. N. Van Deventer Introd. Gen. Aeronaut, vii. 141/2 The ribs are secured to the spars, and since they are curved they give the wing its familiar aerodynamic shape when it is covered with a ‘skin’ of aluminium alloy. 1966 D. Stinton Anat. Aeroplane xi. 206 Ribs may be built up like frames, be light as formers, or be made like bulkheads.

12. a. One of the curved pieces of wood forming the body of a lute or the sides of a violin. 1676 Mace Mus. Monum. 49 Then again observe the Number of Ribbs [in a lute]... Next, what Wood is Best for the Ribbs. 2839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 203/2 'The body or belly, of the same wood or cedar, constructed of nine convex ribs joined. 1884 Heron-Allen Violin-making 287 To prevent the ribs from sticking to the mould if.. the glue should run anywhere but on the blocks.

b. One of the strips of whalebone or stout metal wires composing the framework of an umbrella or sunshade. 1716 Gay Trivia i. 213 Let Persian Dames th’ Umbrella’s Ribs display To guard their Beauties from the sunny Ray. *77* Jefferson Writ. (1892) I. 395 A large umbrella with brass ribs. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 500/2 In umbrellas of the ordinary construction the ends of the ribs are connected with the fixed ring upon the end of the stick. 1887 Times -2.-1 Aug. 10/2 Japan imported.. umbrella ribs to the value of £9.769-

c. One of the hoops which serve to form the folds in organ-bellows.

d. One of a set of arched wooden trusses used for the centering of a bridge; one of a set of parallel timbers or iron beams (whether arched or flat) serving to carry a bridge.

1881 W. E. Dickson Organ-Build, vi. 72 Organ-bellows .. consist of.. the middle board, the top board or table, and the feeder, and of thin plates of wood called ribs. Ibid. 75 The upper ribs of the reservoir are in a position the reverse of that of the lower ribs.

1735 J- Price Stone-Br. Thames 7 One of the Ribs, to carry the Planks, whereon the Arch is to lie. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 413/1 The first iron bridge built in England .. consists of one arch upwards of 100 ft. wide, composed of five ribs. 1842 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. V. 279/1 Each tubular rib is composed of 23 pieces. Ibid., These keys enabled us.. to set the ribs with great precision. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator I. 108 Each of these girders rests immediately on a pile, so that the bridge is supported by seven ribs.

IV. attrib. and Comb. 13. a. Attributive, in sense i, as rib-bacon, -bone, -cartilage, -chop, -coat, -end, -leroer, -steak; also rib-beads, rib sign (see quots.); rib¬ cage, the chamber formed by the ribs and their connecting tissues, which contains the lungs, heart, etc.; also fig.; rib-eye AT. Amer., a cut (cf. EYE i6e) of meat that lies along the outer side of the rib (of beef-cattle); usu. attrib., as ribeye muscle, steak.

e. One of the curved pieces of stone-, timber-, or iron-work which form the framework of a dome. 1766 in Entick London IV. 205 The spandrels.., having large planes between the stone ribs, are capable of further ornaments of painting. 1842 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. §2049 The dome is boarded from the base upwards, hence the ribs are fixed horizontally at near distances to each other. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. II. 138 The ribs., are alternated by narrower ones,.. the main ribs being constructed of five thicknesses of timber.

11. a. A bar or rod (of wood or iron) serving to strengthen or support a structure. Also fig. 01547 Surrey JEneid ii. 141 Of clinched ribbes of firre This hors was made. 1589 Pasquil's Return B ij. One of the first Lawes that Romulus layd, as a ribbe of yron into his gouernment. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado iv. i. 153 Confirm’d, confirm’d, O That is stronger made Which was before barr’d vp with ribs of iron. 1646 Evelyn Diary 23 Mar., He consulted to remove the whole wall by binding it about with ribs of iron and timber. 1748 Anson’s Voy. iii. x. 415 The sails are made of matt, strengthened every three feet by an horizontal rib of bamboo. 1823 J. Badcock Dorn. Amusem. 152 The boiler is to have ribs of wood, like small joists, fastened at half way from its bottom, about two inches thick, and three or four inches apart. iSzy Q. Jrnl. Sci. XXIV. 168 I

K

1681 in Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 520 *Rib-bacon, by the pound, bd. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 124 Other marks of rickets such as •rib beads, grooves and cartilage proliferation. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. ix. 34 Kynde.. made man, ..And Eue of his •ribbe-bon. 14.. Voc. in Wr.Wiilcker 632 Spondilia, rybbebone. 17^ Richardson De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 7) I. 4 A Rib-bone of a large Whale. 1816 Scott Old Mart, xliii. This second notch was made in the rib-bone of an impious villain. 1909 Daily Chron. 9 July 9/4 By any outward pressure about the waist, the diaphragm is hampered in its movement, and breathing becomes costal; that is, a woman then breathes only within her chest or ‘rib¬ cage. 1932 W. Faulkner Light in August x. 212 Feeling.. his white chest arch deeper and deeper within his ribcage. *959 Times 17 Aug. 10/6 The builder showed me some of the points of a racing pigeon... The full rib-cage inside which the heart and lungs generated the energy for sustained flight *978 J Irving World according to Garp i. 25 There were two waist gunners tucked into the rib cage of the plane. 1899 Allbutt s Syst. Med. VI. 78 It might be necessary to remove one or more ‘rib cartilages. 1936 ‘Rib chop [see best a. 5]. iqqq Lore & Bang. Jan. 29 Rib chops. C1720 Gibson Farrier s Guide i. iii. (1738) 24 A double Membrane arising from the Pleura or ‘Rib-coat. 1851 H. Melville Moby

RIB

879

Dtck II. xxxix 259 So did this old whale leave his aged bulk, and now and then partly turning over on his cumbrous •ribends, expose. the unnatural stump of his starboard fin. ^79 Lore Sr Lang. Jan. 27 Rib end of sirloin. 1926 Nat. Provistoner 3 Feb. lo/i Roast-ready rib is prepared.. Starting at a fixed point determined by measuring off 3 in. D outer tip of *rib-eye muscle at 12th rib. 1043 P. T. Ziegler Meat tve Eat xvi. 251 The quartering is done by inserting the knife at the desired spot below the rib eye rnuscle. Ibid. 255 A recent practice is to cut out the rib eye of the better grades of ribs and serve them as club steak. 1966 A. Hawkins Stca* Book (end-paper). Club steak. Country Club steak. Delmonico steak. Ribeye steak. 1974 Greenville (b. Carolina) News Piedmont 20 Apr. 5/1 (Advt.), 4 oz. Ribeye steak... 59c. 197^ Chicago June 229/1 Recommended: the special rib-eye steak and the Lithuanian roast duck. 1891 C. L. Morgan Anim. Sk. 197 By the movement of the •rib-levers the body [of a serpent] is drawn forwards. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 758 Dr. William Ewart regards what he calls the 'first •rib sign’ as important in the diagnosis of considerable pericardial effusion. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 659 On the middle shelf..a small dish containing a slice of fresh •rib-steak. 1976 Columbus (Montana) News (Joliet Suppl.) 27 May 3/4 (Advt.), Rib Steak.. lb. $1.69.

b. Objective, etc., in sense i, as rib-bearing, -breaking, -poking, -sticking', rib-grated, -mauled, -supported, rib-like adjs.; rib-bender, a severe blow on the ribs; rib-digger, a person given to light-hearted banter; so rib-digging ppl. a,', rib-tickler, that which amuses; a joke or aphorism; hence rib-tickling ppl. a. 1839*47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. III. 825/2 The *rib-bearing vertebra of the Fish. 1861 H. Rhys Theatr. Trip through Canada Sf U.S. xii. 108 He was licked in five minutes by as many of Morrissey’s ‘rib-benders. 1887 Daily News 24 June 2/2 Fippen..now took a most decided lead and delivered some good rib-benders. 1901 G. B. Shaw Admirable Bashville ii. 311 My calling hath apprenticed me to pangs. This is a rib-bender; but I can bear it. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. I. ii. 151 Is there yet another doates vpon *rib-breaking? 1929 *Rib-digger [see back-slapping ppl. a. and vbl. sb.]. 1925 H. J. Laski Let. 28 Apr. in Holmes-Laski Lett. (1953) I. 737 In a very different genus, Love by the Countess von Amim which seemed to me devilish clever, with a sly ‘rib¬ digging quality not unworthy of Jane Austen. 01892 Tennyson Leper's Bride viii. 3 This poor ‘rib-grated dungeon of the holy human ghost. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 44 ‘Rib-like ossifications of the intermuscular ^oneuroses are attached to the neural arches. 1881 Trans. Obstet. Soc. XXII. 74 The interval between the converging spinal columns is filled in by single rib-like bones. 1871 Browning Balaust. 1952 ‘Rib-mauled, before he let the wonrian go. 1888 Catholic Press 9 June 103/1 Some are foolish after a smiling and ‘rib-poking fashion. 1829 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 205 Their [hounds] food should have less ‘‘rib-sticking’ qualities. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man ii. xii. (1890) 355 The little lizards of the genus Draco, which glide through the air on their ‘rib-supported parachutes. 1933 P. Godfrey Back-Stage vii. 98 By the introduction of ‘stage business’.. the skilled comedian can transform very thin stuff into a real ‘‘rib-tickler’. 1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 May 379/2 He does include some real rib-ticklers. 1976 M. Millar Ask for me Tomorrow viii. 66 ‘Isn’t that a funny idea?’ ‘A real rib-tickler.’ 1936 J. L. Hodson Our Two Englands vi. 108 This centre for providing violent or exquisite or ‘rib-tickling emotions has a Fun-house resembling a super-modem factory. 1977 It June 26/4 Your old pal has written this rib-tickling tale specially for jubilee freaks all.

c. In specific names of animals, etc., having rib-like markings (see quots.). 1781 Pennant Quad. I. 107 marg., •Rib-faced [Deer], 1817 Raffles J'ava I. 49 The rib-faced and axis deer. 1874 Jerdon Mammals India 265 The Rib-faced deer is found in all the thick jungles and forests of India. 1897 WattsDunton Aylwin (1900) 93/2 A blue-faced ‘rib-nosed baboon. 1832 J. Rennie Consp. Butterfi. & M. 147 The ‘Rib-striped Snout. 1711 Petiver Gazophyl. 8/2 ‘Ribwelted Limington Tellen.

14. a. Attrib., in sense 10, as \ rib-resen sb.^y, rib-moulding, -shaft, -vaulting, etc. Also rib-pointed adj. (l^ASON

-stone,

ri340 Nominale (Skeat) 445 Treefs et guenchisons, bemes and ribresenes. 1822 Ware in Gwilt Encycl. Arch. (1859) 836 On comparing rib-pointed vaulting with Roman vaulting [etc.]. 1837 Civil Eng. Arch. Jrnl. I. 57/2 This archway is composed of thirteen columns and rib-mouldings. 1848 Rickman Styles Archit. App. p. xiv, This tower has quoins and rib-stones like Barton-on-Humber. 1850 Inkersley Styles Roman. ^ Pointed Archit. France 308 The transverse rib-shaft, the diagonal on each side, and the wall-rib. 1859 Gwilt Encycl. Arch. (ed. 4) 837 The construction.. is totally different from rib vaulting.

b. Attrib., in sense yd, as rib-bar, -hosiery, -knit, -needle, -stitch, -weave, etc. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 653 The whole of the rib-bar is not fitted with needles like the other. Ibid. 654 A small iron slider is placed behind the rib-needles. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl., Rib Fabric Machine, a knitting machine adapted to make the rib stitch. Ibid., Rib-top Machine, a knitting machine adapted to make rib-tops of hosiery. 1892 Pall Mall G. 6 Aug. 2/3 Arkwright’s rollers have perhaps played a larger part in the world than Strutt’s rib hosiery machine. 1964 McCall's Sewing iv. 51/2 The Rib Weave which has ribbed or corded effects in either the warp or filling direction is another variation of the plain weave. 1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 247 A rib knit (i.e. purl and plain) fabric is much more elastic than a plain knit. Ibid. 261 Rib weave: the ribbed effect is obtained by using thicker or doubled yarn in one direction. 1973 Guardian 10 Apr. 13/2 Cape faced with chunky ribknit.

c. Misc. combs.: rib-cloud', rib-chair (see quot.); rib-furrowing, -ploughing, = ribbing vbl. sb.', rib-joint U.S. slang, (a) a brothel; (b) a restaurant serving pork ribs and other ‘soul

food ; rib-randing Basketry (see quot. 1953); also (as back-formation) rib-rand vb. trans.; rib-roll sb., a farm roller with a ribbed or hooped surface; hence as vb. trans.', rib-saw (see quot.); rib-stall, a set of wall-bars for physical exercises; rib-wall (see sense sc). 1877 Thrupp Hist. Coaches 75 The •Rib Chair was a similar vehicle [to the whisky], but without springs. 1868 G. M. Hopkins Jfrnls. & Papers (1959) 170 At sunset ^atherbed sky with a fluffy and jointed ‘rib-cloud. 1805 Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 579 This in some places is termed by facers ‘rib-furrowing. 1943 M. Shulman Barefoot Boy ^ith Cheek xx. 192 One night Scott became involved in a fracas in a Minneapolis ‘rib joint. 1965 C. Colter in A. Chapman New Black Voices 70 Forty-third Street,.. the street of rib joints and taverns. 1975 Amer. Speech ig6g XLIV. 91 The great majority represent middle-class restaurants. There are a few exceptions: a few drugstores, 'rib-joints’, snack bars, and a couple of ‘soul food’ places in the black ghetto. 1811 Keith Agric. Aberdeen 233 They are broke up from grass by what is called a ‘rib-ploughing. 1912 T. Okey Introd. Art of Basket-Making ix. 92 *Rib-randing.. is used.. where it is desirable to break the monotoiw of a deep space of simple randing. 1953 A. G. Knock Willow Basket-Work (ed. 5) 17 Rib-Randing. This is produced by carrying the randing rod in front of two stakes instead of one, as in ordinary randing. 1959 D. Wright Baskets & Basketry ii. 36 Rib-randing.. must be worked over a number of stakes not divisible by three. The close weave is useful on lids. Ibid. iv. 125 ‘Rib-rand the ball.. finishing with a round of pairing. 1969 G. E. Evans Farm Village 176 *Rib-roll, land roller with corrugated surface. 1971 Arable Farmer Feb. 29/2 The crop is not rib rolled until the peas have chitted and are just coming through. 1794 Rigging & Seamanship 152 * Rib-saw is a long narrow saw used in a pit. 1908 Mosquito Dec. 2 The heart of the Games’ Mistress still yearns after some more ‘ribstalls, a Norwegian ladder, and a bench for remedial work. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 981 The upper coals are then begun to be worked, next the ‘rib-wall.

trib, Obs. Forms; i, 3 ribbe, 5 ryb(be. [OE. ribbe fern., prob. f. rib rib sb.'^ Cf. Gotland dial. sur-ribbor, leaves of dock or sorrel.] a. Hound’stongue. b. Ribwort. Halliwell gives 'Rib, ..the common water-cress. East.' There appears to be no other evidence for this. C825 Epinal Gloss. 184 Canis lingua, ribbae. ciooo Sax. Leechd. I. 210 Das wyrte pe man cynoglossam & o8rum naman ribbe nemnep. CI050 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 362 Canis lingua, ribbe, hundestunge. CI265 Voc. Plants in Wr.-Wiilcker 556 Lanceolata, launceleie, ribbe. C1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 176 Weybrode, rybbe, brusewort. Ibid. 227 Tak auence,.. herbe water, weybrode, ryb, confyry. 1483 Cath. Angl. 306/2 Rybbe; herba est.

frib, sb.^ Obs. In 4, 6 ribbe, 5 rybbe, ryb. [ = MLG. ribbe-, ribbisern (LG. ribbe-isen, -tsder), G. rippe: see rib ti.*] A flat iron tool used for cleaning flax after the breaking process. c 1340 Nominale (Skeat) 523 Rastel, martel, et rastuere, Rake, hamur, and ribbe. CI440 Promp. Parv. 432/2 Rybbe, ynstrument, rupa. 1483 Cath. Angl. 306/2 A Ryb for lyne. 1530 Palsgr. 262/2 Ribbe for flaxe.

rib, v,^ [f. RIB sb.^ Cf. MDu. rehben, LG. ribben, G. rippen; Sw. ribba to lath.] 1. a. trans. To furnish or strengthen with ribs; to enclose as with ribs. a 1547 Surrey JEneid ii. 235 Which masse he willed to be reared hye Toward the skies, and ribbed all with oke. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 11. vii. 51 It were too grose To rib her searecloath in the obscure graue. 1611-Cymb. iii. i. 19 Your Isle, which stands As Neptunes Parke, ribb’d, and pal’d in With Oakes vnskaleable. 1618 Fletcher Loyal Subj. I. i, Never arms more Shall rib this body in, nor sword hang here, sir. 1725 Pope Odyss. v. 321 So large he [Ulysses] built the raft; then ribb’d it strong From space to space. 1766 in Entick London IV. 207 He only ribbed the outward Cupola. 1791 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 178 The diving castles.. Ribb’d with strong oak. 1858 Greener Gunnery 244 A fresh Act in 1815, by which parties receiving any barrel to rib, stock, &c. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid ii. 16 The Achsean chieftains.. build them a horse, Vast as a mountain, and rib it with timbers sawn from the pine. fis- *657 W. Morice Coena quasi Koivt) x. 117 As if they would ribbe or buttress the former Argument.

b. To form the ribs of (a ship). 1791 CowPER Yardley Oak 95 Solid contents. That might have ribb’d the sides and plank’d the deck Of some fiagg’d admiral.

2. a. To mark with rib-like ridges; to form or shape into ridges. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 76 A garment of Clothe of Siluer, of Damaske, ribbed wyth Clothe of Golde. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. xlvi, The wide sky..was ribbed overhead By the black rafters. 1862 Thornbury Turner I. 281 Brown lines of ink that quite rib the paper. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last v. The background of mountain, ribbed and gullied .. by the tropic rains. refi. 1877 Blackmore Cripps ii, The slimy dips of the path began to rib themselves, like the fronds of fern.

b. Agtic. To plough (land), leaving a space between the furrows; to rafter or half-plough. 173s in Agric. Peeblesshire 155 That no ground be brunt.. at all except what is ribb’d. 1799 Robertson Agric. Perth 134 The farmers have a practice.. of ribbing their land, i.e. they turn up and leave a furrow alternately. 1832 Scoreby Farm Rep. 4 in L.U.K., Husb. Ill, When the land is in good order, one horse will rib about three acres a day. 1851 R. Agric. Soc. XII. i. 124 It would be found advantageous to rib or half-plough the land across in autumn.

t3. (See quot.) Obs.-^ 1688 Holme Armoury in. 105/2 Terms used by the Fletchers or Arrow-Makers... Ribbing [the feathers] is cutting the side skirts away.

RIBALD 4. a. colloq. (now dial,). To beat (one) on the ribs. (So LG. ribben.) 1723 Mrs. Centlivre Man's Bewitched iii. An I catch you out of this house, by the Mass I’ll rib you. 1773 Ainsworth's Lat. Diet. V, Praelumbo, to beat well about the loins, to rib one.

b. To discredit; to incriminate. rare.

U.S. slang,

1926 Clues Nov. 162/1 Rib, to frame up. 1929 Hostetter & Beesley It's a Racket! 236 Rib, to talk about anyone, to talk slander about anyone. 1935 Amer. Speech X. 52/2 To rib (to discredit).

c. To annoy or threaten; to put pressure on (someone). U.S. slang, rare. 1929 D. Hammett Red Harvest iv. 49 If Max Thaler means anything to you, you ought to pass him the word that Noonan’s trying to rib him.

d. To fool or dupe; to tease; to make fun of (someone or something), slang (orig. U.S.). Also absol. 1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. I^i^> ^ j to beguile. ‘We rib the sap that it’s McCoy and he goes for it.’ 1934 J. O’Hara Appointment in Samarra (1935) 98 Mr. Robert Hermann is in his best form, ribbing me about last night. 1938 New York Panorama xi. 262 Armstrong.. could take a pop tune and reinterpret it, often ribbing (satirizing) it. 1941 K. Tennant Battlers xiii. 143 The busker pricked up his ears when he heard the merry-go-round owner ‘ribbing’ Fosdick on the number of lodgers he was taking in nightly. 1942 Sun (Baltimore) 2 Feb. 8/4 I’ve been here about a year and every once in a while I get ‘ribbed’ about Baltimore. 1955 L. P. Hartley Perfect Woman viii. 78 When the chaps rib her she doesn’t quite know how to act up. 1958 J. Wain Contenders 30 Baxter just thought I was ribbing him. i960 ‘N. Shute’ Trustee from Toolroom 294 Quit ribbing, Sol. 1967 H. Storey in Coast to Coast ig6$-6 203 One of the neighbours had ribbed him about ‘being on the bottle’. 1972 M. Williams Inside Number 10 xii. 303 Jim Callaghan has always been very charming to me, though I won’t say that once I began to work for Harold I was not often ribbed and left with the odd, slightly acid remark ringing in my ears. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Dec. 1640/3 [Ben] Jonson was ribbed on more than one occasion for daring to put forth his collected works even before he could have been called middle-aged.

5. intr. To branch off, as ribs from the spine. 1880 Sir S. Lakeman Kaffir-land 95 A deep glen between the stony ridges that ribbed off from the water-kloof heights.

rib, v.^ Obs. Also 4 rebbe. [f. rib sb.^, or a. Du. and LG. ribben, G. rippen.] trans. To rub or scrape (flax or hemp) with a flat iron tool in order to remove the particles of core adhering to it after the process of breaking. t

*393 Langl. P. pi. C. x. 81 Bope to karde and to kembe, .. To rubbe [v.r. ribbe] and to rely. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. XVII. xcvii. (Bodl. MS.), Flexe is. .yrebbid & hecheled & ispunne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 433/1 Rybbyn flax, hempe, or oper lyke, metaxo. 1483 Cath. Angl. 306/2 To Ryb lyne; costare, ex-, nebridare.

Ribaga

(n'baigs). Ent. The name of Constantino Ribaga (fl. 1897-1929), Italian zoologist, used attrib., in the possessive, and with of to designate a pouch on the abdomen of female insects, chiefly of the family Cimicidas, into which spermatozoa are deposited by the male during copulation. Orig. restricted in application to a part of the organ now so called (see quot. 1920). 1920 F. W. Cragg in Indian Jrnl. Med. Res. VIII. 46 Its only attachment is to the ventral wall of the abdomen, by means of a structure to be described as the organ of Ribaga. Ibid. 51 Berlese considered that these granules are waste products, produced during the digestion of the spermatozoa, and excreted through the organ of Ribaga. *957 Richards & Davies Imms's Textbk. Entomol. (ed. 9) i. 189 In the Cimicidae and in .Xylocoris the sperms are deposited in Ribaga’s organ.. and from there pass through the haemocoele to the ovaries. 1970 Entomol. Abstr. II. 38/1, 5829 ? C[imex] lectularius from a variety of sources showed 185 specimens with an abnormality of the Ribaga organ.

ribald ('ribald), sb. and a. Forms: a. 3 pi. ribauz, 4 pi. ribaus, 4 ribaut; 4-7 ribaud, 4, 6 rybaud (6 rybbaud); 4-6 ri-, rybaude (4-5 re-); 4-5 rybawde (5 ri-). 5-6 rebawde. p. 4, 6- ribald (8 ribb-), 5-6 rybald. Sc. rebald, 5 ribold; 5 re-, 6 ribalde; 5-6 rybaulde, ribaulde (6 ribb-); 6 rybault, 6-7 ribauld. [a. OF. ribaut, -aud, -ault, -auld (also rebalt, rybault, etc.; pi. ribaus), mod.F. ribaud, of uncertain origin. Hence med.L. ribaldus, Sp., Pg., and It. ribaldo. The word also passed into the other Teutonic languages, as MDu. ribaut, ribald, etc., MLG. ribalt, ribald- {ribold-), MHG. ribalt, ON. ribbaldi, MSw. ribalde, riballe, etc., MDa. ri-, rybalde.] A. sb. 11. One of an irregular class of retainers who performed the lowest offices in royal or baronial households, especially in France during the 14th and 15th centuries, and were employed in warfare as irregular troops; hence, a menial or dependent of low birth. Obs. 01240 Wohunge in O.E. Horn. I. 279, I for pe luue of pe polede scheme and bismere, and schomeliche spateling of unwurSi ribauz. 13.. K. Alts. 1578 (Bodl. MS.), Noyse is gret wip tabor & pype,.. Ribaudes festep also wip tripe. CI330 Arth. & Merl. 7557 (Kolbing), He..toke him ribaudes pre pousinde, be cuntre to brenne. Ibid. 7573 bis ribaus pus.. Ofersett pe cuntre. c 1400 Rom. Rose 5673 Is no man wrecched, but he it wene. Be he kyng, knyght, or

RIBALDAIL

RIBAND

880

ribaude. 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 153 Ribawdes armyd with iyrne and stele, Was never better oflP devyce. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxxxv. 525 The iii. day they ordayned to gyue a sore assaut, sayeng how those rybaudes shulde nat longe endure agaynst them, a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 123 b, When the menne of warre wer departed the rybaudes with pykes, iauelyne, and knyues, fell on the Englishemen. 1609 Coke in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 11, I find of ancient time, that if a Ribaud had stricken a Knight,.. he should have lost his hand. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixvi. (1739) 142 If he proceed against the prohibition, and it is tryed by Witnesses of two ribaulds [etc.].

t b. king of the ribalds, an officer of the royal household of France, who had jurisdiction over crimes committed within it, vagrants resorting to it, and all brothels and gaming-houses about the court. Hence used allusively. Obs. C1400 Rom. Rose 7302 ‘Fals Semblant,’ quod Love, .. ‘Sith I thus have avaunced thee, That in my court is thy dwelling, And of ribaudes shalt be my king’ [etc]. 1599 Thynne Animadv. (1875) 71 He is called ‘Roye des Ribauldez’, whiche is, ‘the kinge of Ribaldes, or Harlottes’, or euill or wicked persons.

1760-72 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 160 In conversations of ribald entendre. 1780 Burke Wks. 1808 III. 415 The ribbald invectives which occupy the place of argument. 1835 W. Irving Tour Prairies x, Peals of laughter were mingled with loud ribald jokes. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xii. III. 204 In the most ribald farces which were performed by mountebanks in Smithfield. 1882 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. II. 128 Some ribald tracts of Bale.

t'ribaldail. Sc. Obs. In 5 rybb-, 5-6 rebaldaill (6 -aile). [a. OF. ribau{l)daille, f. prec. (see -al^ 5). Cf. It. ribaldaglia.] Common fellows, rabble; low company. Barbour Bruce i. 103 That thai, that war off hey parage, Suld ryn on fute, as rebaldaill. Ibid. 335 Till swylk thowlesnes he 5eid,.. And wmquhill in-to rybbaldaill. 1513 Douglas JEneis i. Prol. 323 Sic ar the peple at ganis best for ws. Our werk desiris na lewit rebaldaill. Ibid. ix. Prol. 43 A knyght, Quhamto efferis hant na rebalddaile. 1375

fribalder. Obs. In 4 rybaudour(e, ribaudour, 6 ribaulder. [f. OF. ribauder to play the ribald. Cf. OF. ribauderesse fem.] A ribald.

t2. A low, base, worthless, or good-fornothing fellow; a varlet, knave, rascal, vagabond. Obs.

1362 Langl. P. PI. A. vii. 66 lacke pt logelour.. And Robert pt Ribaudour. C1589 Theses Martinianae 27 Such a ribaulder as this is.

a. 1301 Ballad agst. French 62 in Ritson (1877) 46 Goth, faccheth me the traytours... Tho suor the Eorl of Seint Poul .., We shule facche the rybaus wher thi wille be. 1381 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 225 In Kent this kare began,.. In rowte the rybawdus ran. c 1394 P. PI. Crede 376 Loke a ribaut of hem |7at can noujt wel reden. c 1400 Brut clxix. 192 Wherfore pe Scottes chosen to bene her kyng, William Walis, a rybaude, an harlot, comen vp of nou3t. c 1440 Gesta Rom. xxiii. 77 (Harl. MS.), He seid to h^mperour, ‘O! ribawde, seist Jjou that t70u art Emperoure?’ 1513 More Chron. (1641) 426 Drunkards without discretion, rybauds without reason. 1538 Starkey England i. iv. 140 In such a multytud of rybbaudys as be now-a-days in the ordur of presthode. 1641 Prynne Antipathie 237 In despite of those Ribauds (so he then termed the Londoners). /3. ri440 York Myst. xvi. 35 Arest 3e po rebaldes p&t vnrewly are rownand. c 1470 Henry Wallace vi. 426 Off this regioun I think nocht for to gang, Quhill tyme that I sail se that rybald hang. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 140 It is not so, but ye be two rybauldes & vagabundes. 1589 Nashe Martin Marprelate Wks. (Grosart) I. 156 Neither should the hangman [tarry] for such ribalds.

t ri'baldious, a. Obs. rare. Also ribau(l)d-. [f, RIBALD sb. + -lOUS.] = RIBALDOUS.

t3. A person of abandoned character; wicked, dissolute, or licentious person. Obs.

a

a. 1340 Ayenb. 51 )>anne he becom)? ribaud, holyer, and pyef. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xvi. 151 And so was with iudas po, p&t Ihesus bytrayed. ‘Aue raby,’ quod pat ribaude. C1450 Mirour Saluacioun (Roxb.) 6 More ouer scho lykned hym till harlots and ribavdes. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 93 Ye shal suffer noo maner rybaudis nor none of euyll lyuing.. wythin the warde. 1570 Foxe A. M. (ed. 2) 115/1 Maximinus, .was a Ribaud, an adulterer. fig- 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xvii. 46 Seuene synnes pat per been pat assailen ous euere, ..And with richesse tho ribaudes rathest men by-gylen. /3. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 78 The tane lufis the marchandis and labouraris, and the tothir rybauldis and hasardouris. 1474 Caxton Chesse iii. viii, By.. the dyse ben represented the players at dyse, Rybauldes and butters. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 6 After he and his ribauldes had saciate with theym theyr lecherouse appetites. 1590 Spenser F.Q. II. i. 10 When that lewd rybauld, with vyle lust advaunst, Laid first his filthie hands on virgin cleene.

fb. [F. ribaude fem.] A woman of loose character; a wanton. Obs. rare. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wulcker 693 Hie et hec scurra, a rebalde. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) ii. xviii. 134 The false and unfaythfull rybaude.. hath broken .. the maryage bytwene her and the kynge of kynges. 1530 Palsgr. 262/2 Ribalde, a woman, ribaulde.

4. One who uses offensive, scurrilous, or impious language; one who jests or jeers in an irreverent or blasphemous manner. In early examples only a contextual sense. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 4119 ‘J?ow lyest, rybaud,’ saide he pan, ‘My fader was kud a trewe man’. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. vii. 435 Ich fedde me with aIe..a-mong rybaudes, here rybaudrye to huyre. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7651 Ephistafus hym presit.., As a ribold with reueray in his Roide speche. 1484 Caxton Chivalry 53 Janglours and rybauldes that speke of putery and of synne. a 1529 Skelton Agst. Garnesche iv. 79 What eylythe the, rebawde, on me to raue? 1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xl. 234 Harling thame befoir Princes and Kings, As rauing Rebalds rudelie to be rent. 1641 Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 247 Fit for a Scurra in Trivio, or some Ribald upon an Ale-bench. 1735 Pope Prol. Sat. 163 Yet ne’er one sprig of laurel grac’d these ribalds. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey v. xiii, To insult such a woman with the commonplace sophistry of a ribald, i860 All Year Round No. 66. 378 [It] changed him from a jeering ribald into an admiring spectator. Comb. 1586 W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 88 In iesting it must be obserued that it bee not lacyuious or Rybaldlike.

B. adj. Offensively abusive, scurrilous, wantonly irreverent or impious, a. Of persons (and birds). 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxvii. 45 Sanct Girnega did glyd, Befoir that rebald rowt. c 1530 Court of Love Ixix, Disguised in a raie, Ribaude in speche. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. iv. ii, 9 The busie day, Wak’t by the Larke, hath rouz’d the ribauld Crowes. 1703 Rowe Ulyss. i. i, Let the ribald Railer learn To curb the lawless Licence of his Speech. 1822 Shelley Triumph Life 136 The ribald crowd that followed them. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 356 A miserable set of ribald ballad writers. 1890 R. Bridges Shorter Poems iv. xii. 73 A ribald cuckoo clamoured.

b. Of speech, writing, or conduct. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 68 To red thy rebald ryming with a rowt. 1621 Quarles Esther 1478 Foule ribbauld talke, and lothsome Drunkennesse. 1641 Milton Ch. Gov. ii. Wks. 1851 III. 48 The luxurious, and ribald feasts of Baalpeor.

ri5io Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Aiij, [If he] with all these vices haue wordes ribaudious, What is more uncomely.? 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. xiii. Ixxvii. 320 Those ribaldious plaies To them erected.

Hence t ri'baldiously

Obs.-^

c 1530 More Anstv. Frith Wks. 1136/2 Such a rude ruffyn .. as vnder the name of a clarke, so ribauldiouslie rayleth agaynst the blessed body of Christ.

t'ribaldise. Obs.-^ In s rybauudise. [a. OF. ribau(J)dise.'\ Debauchery. e on pc pore. 1426 Audelay Poems (Percy Soc.) 10 The pore schul be made domysmen Apon the ryche at domysday. c*475 [see poor 0. 7]. 1738 Wesley ‘O Thou, whose Wisdom' ii. The Rich, the Poor, the Mean, the Great Are link’d by thy strong Hands. 1781 Cowper Hope 18 The rich grow poor, the poor become purse-proud. 1817 Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) IV. ii. 75 The rich., do not, in general, require to be so much stimulated to benevolence. 1921 Kahn & Egan Ain't we got Fun {song) 5 There’s nothing surer The rich get rich and the poor get children. 1936 C. Sandburg People, Yes 164 The rich get richer and the poor get children. The rich have baby napkins, the poor have diapers. 1972 Times 8 May 14/1 It is the old story of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer, this time by courtesy of Dr Borlaug’s miracle grains. 1973 Black Panther 31 Mar. C/i County underassessment too, perpetuates the ‘rich get richer’ cycle in Oakland. Comb. 1609 J. Davies (Heref.) Humours Heauen on Earth ccxlv. Wks. (Grosart) I. 29/2 The working woes of th’ idlecurious; Of the Rich-couetous.

b. Without article. C1200 Ormin 16139 Acc stanndej?)? upp biforenn folic, Biforenn riche & kene. 01300 Cursor M. 1796 All tok a right, bath pouer and Rike, All hade a dom, bath riche and pour. ^*375 Sc. Leg. Saints 1. {Catherine) 17 J>at pad suld cume, bath gret & small,.. bath poure & Rik. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. Ot’jbjz Do right as well to poure as to ryche. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 445 Pluralitie of meit and drink siclike, Forbiddin wes bayth for puir and ryke. 1567 Gude Gf Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 13 As we forgeue all Creature Offendand vs, baith ryche and pure. 1622 Drayton Poly-olb. xxii. 536 Then [Cade] goodly London took. There ransoming some rich. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. evi. Ring out the feud of rich and poor.

13. One who is rich; a rich person. Also in phr. new rich', cf. new a. 8 d. c 1205 Lay. 24967 J>a iherde ArSur.. and )jus spac pc riche wiS ra3en his folke. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 37 The riche ayeinward cride tho: ‘O Habraham’ [etc.], c 1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4885 pc worlde fauorith ay pc riches sawe, J>ow pzi his conseil be noght worth an hawe. C1470 Gol. Gaw. 1265 Yone riche cummis arait in riche robbing. 1611 Bible Prov. xiv. 20 The poore is hated euen of his owne neighbour: but the rich hath many friends. 1909 Daily Chron. 3 Nov. 3/5 It is concerned with the intrusion of Saul Dene, a ‘new rich’, into a Yorkshire country set.

2. refl. To address (oneself) to a place, or to do something. 13., Gaw. Gf Gr. Knt. 8 Riche Romulus to Rome ricchis hym swyt>e. Ibid. 1309 He ryches hym to ryse, & rapes hym sone. 01400-50 Alexander 5056 He risis vp belyue. Riches him radly to ride & remows his ost.

b. intr. To take one’s way; to run.

3. refl. To dress or array (oneself). 13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 1130 Gestes pzx go wolde.. trussen her males, Richen hem pc rychest, to ryde alle arayde. Ibid. 1873 When ho was gon, sir G. gerez hym sone. Rises, & riches hym in araye noble.

4. trans. To direct, advise. 13.. Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1223 3e schal not rise of your bedde, I rych yow better.

5. To arrange, prepare (a thing). 13.. Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2206 pzt gere as I trowe. Is ryched at pc reuerence, me renk to mete.

6. To adjust, settle, set right, restore. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1736 Thes redurse to riche.. Hit were sittyng, me semys. Ibid. 2059 To wreke hym of wrathe & his wrong riche. Ibid. 13149, I..Restid me rifely, ricchit my seluyn.

'Richard.

1. ? = richardine. Obs. rare.

1648 Hexham ii, Ritsart-boom, Apple Richard. 1707 Mortimer Husb. 540 The Arier Apple, a constant bearer, making a strong and lasting Cyder; some call them Richards, some Grange Apples.

2. [More formal equivalent of dick sb.^] detective.

A

1914 Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang 70 Richard, noun. General currency. A detective. Derived from the process of nicknaming, but in reverse of the usual custom. Thus from the term 'detective', ‘dick’ was suggested and hence 'Richard' was derived. Or, following the corruption of the English ‘Robert’ to ‘Bob’ and ‘Bobby’, the American parallel was suggested. 1952 in Wentworth & Flexner Diet. Amer. Slang (i960) Mickey Spillane, who turns out epics about a private richard named Mike Hammer. 1964 H. Kane Snatch an Eye xxiv. 147 The richard tails his own client... If the private detective shows up, it means that the client did not shake him. 1967 E. McGirr Hearse with Horses i. 7 Private eye, poor Richard, or shamus. 1974 —— Murderous Journey 12 A surprisingly high proportion of well-to-do murderers hire private richards to delve into the demise of the victim.

3. [Shortening of Richard the Third, rhyming slang for bird sb. i d.] A girl, woman. 1950 P. Tempest Lag's Lexicon i8o Richard. A girl. The girl friend, i960 ‘A. Burgess’ Doctor is Sick xiv. 107 Judged by some of vem glamorous richards on ve telly. 1964 Listener 31 Dec. 1053/1 What Richard’s gonna look at them in them ’airy outfits and them big boots. 1970 G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard viii. 232, I was just sleeping at this Richard’s place during the day... I didn’t know she was brassing.

rich, v.^ Also 4 reche, 4-5 ryche, 4-6 riche, 6 ritch. [ME. riche(n, = OFris. rtkia^ MDu. rtketij rijeken, OHG. rthhariy richan to become rich, MLG. rtketiy ryken to make rich.] 1. trans. To enrich, make rich.

4. Prefixed to another word, so as to form a name or nickname, or used in a phrase with specific sense: poor Richard (see quot. 1970); Richard Roe Law, the name formerly given to a fictitious defendant in actions of ejectment; U.S., also an unidentified defendant in criminal proceedings; Richard’s himself again (orig. in quot. 1700) (see quot. 1911).

01300 Cursor M. 7481 pc man Jjat him wald fight a-gain, .. I suld him riche in all his lijf. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 77 Thanne he schal be riched so, That it mai faile neveremo. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 186 For y-now he hath, that Is appayet of that, that he i-richet is. 1483 Act i Rich. Ill, c. 8 Preamble, Youre Realme..hath greatly ben encresed and riched. 1515 St. Papers flen. VIII, II. 10 Who richeith the Kinges treasor, and repayreith his cofers.., saue the Comyns? 1567 Drant Horace Ep. ii. i. Hiiij, To ritch his cuntry let his words lyke flowing water fall. 1610 Heywood Gold. Age iv. i. Those barren Kingdomes I haue richt with spoiles. 1657 W. Burton Comm. Itin. Antoninus (1658) 162 Thus richt, thus populous, thus great. 1912 J.

1700 Cibber Richard III v. 52 Conscience avant; Richard’s himself again. Hark! the shrill Trumpet sounds, to Horse: away! My Soul’s in Arms, and eager for the Fray. 1768, etc. [see John Doe s.v. John 4]. 1779 ‘R. Saunders’ Poor Richard’s Prophesy 4, I have frequently heard one or other of my adages repeated, with, OlS poor Richard says, at the end on’t. 1870 Brewer's Diet. Phr. & Fable 747/1 Richard Roe, a mere nominal defendant in actions of ejectment. The name used to be coupled with JoAn Doe, but these airy nothings are no longer the lawyer’s tools. 1911 Cone. Oxf. Diet. s.v. Richard, . .Poor R.'s sayings, maxims from almanacs issued by Benjamin Franklin with Poor R. as pseudonym; R.’s himself again.., said by or of person

i

K

RICHARDIA recovered from despondency, fear, illness, &c. 1928, 1957 [seeCoe s.y. John 4]. 1970 Brewer’s Diet. Phr. & Fable Cey. ed.) 851/1 Poor Richard, the assumed name of Benjamin Franklin in a series of almanacs from 1732 to 1757 They contained maxims and precepts on temperance; economy, cleanliness, chastity, and other virtues; and several ended with the words ‘as poor Richard says’.

richardia (ri'tja:di9). [mod.L. (C. Kunth i8i8, in Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris IV. 433), f. the name of Louis Claude Marie Richard (1754-1821), French botanist + -iaM = CALLA 2. LXXXV. 5140 (heading) Spotted¬ leaved Richardia. 1914 W. F. Rowles Garden under Glass VI. 100 Any good potting soil will suit Richardias. 1951 [see I

CALLA 2j.

t'richardine. Obs. Also 5 ric(h)ardon. [f. the personal name Richard', cf. OP. richars, ricars pi., ellipt. for pommes de Richard, so named, ace. to Benoit, from Richard, Duke of Normandy (see Godef.).] A kind of apple. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 15 Costardes, etiam wardens. And other many [fruits] fulle faire and ffresshe to see; 1 he pome-watyr, and the gent>’lle ricardons. [01513 r ABYAN Chron. vii. 605 Costardes, wardens, pomewardons, nchardons.] 1600 Sl'RFlet Countrie Farme iii. xviii, 465 graftes of an apple tree vpon a sowre peare & vpon the Richardine apple tree, and you shall haue apples of a yellow or straw colour.

Richardson^ (’ntjadsan). The name of Sir John Rjc/iurdion (1787-1865), Scottish naturalist and explorer, used attrib. or in the possessive in the names of birds or other animals first collected by him or named in his honour, as Richardson(’s) (ground) squirrel, a spermophile, Citellus richardsoni, found in central North America; cf. picket-pin gopher s.v. picket sb.'^ 7; Richardson( s) grouse, the North American spruce grouse, Canachites canadensis-. Richardson’s jager = Richardson’s skua; Richardson’s owl, the Arctic owl, j^golius funerea richard¬ soni; Richardson’s skua, the Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus. 1831 W. SwAiNSON in R. Jameson Wilson & Bonaparte's Amer. Ornithol. IV. 334 The next species in size and importance is Richardson’s grouse (Tetrao Richardsonii), so named in honour of Dr. Richardson, the distinguished traveller. Ibid. 354 Richardson’s jager, whole plumage, brown. 1835 L. Jenyns Man. Brit. Vertebr. Animals 282 Richardson’s Skua. 1856 J. Cassin Illustr. Birds Amer. 185 Richardson’s Owl... The largest of this genus. 1868 Amer. Naturalist II. 529 Richardson’s squirrel. 1896 R. Ridgway Man. AT. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 260 Northern North America; south, in winter, to northern border of United States,. Richardson’s Owl. 1897 R. B. Sharpe in A. H. Miles Cone. Know! Nat. Hist. 264 Richardson’s skua.. nests in the Orkneys and Shetland Isles, as well as in some of the Hebrides and on the north-west of Scotland. 1901 Daily Co/onirf (Victoria, B.C.)3oOct. 1/6 The Richardson grouse, or fool hen, a smaller species .. abound everywhere at lower levels. 1927 Daily Express 30 Nov. 9/5 At Regent’s Park.. a 'Richardson’s Owl’. 1940 E. T. Seton Trail of ArtistNaturalist 189 The Richardson or yellow ground squirrel.. nests in colonies like those of the prairie dog. 1947 R. T. Pcterson Field Guide to Birds (ed. 2) 137 The facial discs of Richardson’s Owl are framed with black. 1963 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles XII. 17 As a summer visitor to nest in the British Isles, Richardson’s skua is much more numerous and more widely spread than the very local great skua.

891 fluid density gradient to the square of the velocity gradient. D Physical & Dynamic Meteorol. xiii. 255 Richardson’s criterion agrees with that given by Prandtl except for a factor 1948 >n/. Marine Res. VII. 280 One type of nondimensional number, the Richardson number . .r = gE/iVy. 1956 Nature 3 Mar. 435/2 A regime of ettectively free convection of heat begins to operate in the surface layers of the atmosphere at a negative Richardson number as low as 0 02 or 0 03. Ibid., This transforms the Rayleigh criterion into a Richardson criterion. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. v. 255 Richardson’s number. 19(^4yceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 19 If, as is usually the case in the ocean, the density of the water increases with stability effects will tend to reduce the intensity of the turbulence... The stability effect is usually considered in of the Richardson number. 1974 Encycl. Brit. MicropsdiaWXW. 570/1 The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of practical importance in weather forecasting and in investigating density and turbidity currents in oceans, lakes, and reservoirs.

Richard'sonian, a. and sb.

[See below.] A. adj. Pertaining to, resembling, etc., the works or style of the novelist Samuel Richardson (1689-1761). 1786 A. Seward Let. 29 Mar. (1811) I. 135 Miss Reeves’ reply to my Stricture on her Richardsonian absurdity, is at once weak and artful. 1831 Macaulay in Trevelyan Life (1883) I. 216 When my Richardsonian epistles are published, there must be dull as well as amusing letters among them. 1836-7 Dickens Sk. Boz, Tales x, To demonstrate that the Richardsonian principle was the best on which love could possibly be made. 1844 Thackeray in Frasers Mag. XXIX. 709/1 b is entirely unnatural, theatrical, of the Davidgian, nay, Richardsonian drama. 1930 A. Birrell Cetera ix. 161 Doddridge’s love affairs are narrated by him at Richardsonian length. 1952 Essays in Crit. II. 388 Fielding ridiculed the Richardsonian use of the present tense in Shamela. 1975 M. Butler^. Austen War of Ideas xiii. 295 She [sc. Jane Austen] is the Fielding of her period, reacting against the Richardsonian individualism of the sentimental genre.

B. sb. An admirer of Richardson. 1888 Stevenson Some Gentlemen in Fiction ii, My own investigation of a kindred quarter of the globe {Clarissa Harlotve) has led me to set a high value on the Richardsonians. 1892 A. Birrell Res Judicata i. 32 The great Napoleon was a true Richardsonian. 1932 J. M. S. Tompkins Pop. Novel in England 1770-1800 iv. 120 Such arrant Richardsonians as.. the inevitable book-sellers’ hacks.

Richard’s pipit (Titjsdz). [tr. F. pipi Richard (L. J. P. Vieillot in Nouveau Diet. d’Hist. Nat. (1818) XXVI. 491), named after Monsieur Richard, an amateur ornithologist of Luneville, who first made it known.] A large pipit, Anthus novseseelandise (which includes the former A. richardi), found in large areas of the Palaearctic region. 1833 P. J. Selby Illustr. Brit. Ornith. (ed. 2) I. 264 (Aeadm^) Richard’s pipit. iSyo Zoologist V. 1984 Richard’s Pipit... Some of them are doing well in confinement. 1921 Ibis III. 653 La Touche.. appears to recognize this southern Chinese race of Richard’s Pipit. 1953 D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles II. 51 Richard’s pipit has been found over a hundred times in the British Isles since the first established record in 1812 when one was netted near London. 1971 Country Life 9 Sept. 616/2 It is the Scarborough bird¬ watchers who have made Filey Brigg famous .. searching for and identifying rare visitors.. such as Richard’s pipit.

richas, richchesse, varr. richesse Obs. rich-dollar, obs. form of rix-dollar.

Richardson^ ('ritjsdsan). Electronics. [Name of Sir Owen W. Richardson (1879-1959), English physicist.] Richardson{'s) equation: an equation giving the maximum current density of electrons emitted by a hot metal surface in terms of its temperature and work function. Also called Richardson-Dushman equation [Saul Dushman (1883-1954), U.S. physicist]. 1925 [see OUTGASSING v6/. sb.]. 1939 H. J. Reich Theory ^ Appl. Electron Tubes ii. 17 Richardson’s equation holds only for the saturation current. 1950 P. G. Andres Surv. Mod. Electronics ii. 41 At the turn of the century O. W. Richardson, using the analogy of evaporation at the surface of a liquid, developed an equation for electron emission. Later S. Dushman modified Richardson’s equation. 1958 Chambers's Techn. Diet. loio/i Richardson-Dushmann equation. 1967 Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) vin. vi. 77/1 {heading) Statistical derivation of the Richardson equation. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. l. 32 If the electrons are removed from the emitting surface as rapidly as they are released, the emission is temperature-limited and the density of current of emitted electrons obeys the Richardson-Dushman equation^ = (i - R)AqT'^€-*i^'^. Ibid, xxvii. 12 If Vc < e, .. the saturation current density j, is as given by Richardson’s equation.

Richardson^ ('ritjadssn). Physics. The name of Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953), English physicist, used attrib. and in the possessive to designate quantities and concepts discovered by him, as Richardson(’s) criterion, a criterion, depending on the value of the Richardson number, used to determine whether flow in a stratified fluid will be turbulent or laminar; Richardson(’s) number, a dimensionless number given, essentially, by the ratio of the

t'richdom.

Obs. rare. Forms: i riceddm, 3 richedom(e, 6 rychedom(e. [Common Teutonic: OE. ricedom, = OFris. rikedom, MDu. rijedoem (Du. rijkdom), OS. rtkidom (MLG. rikedom), OHG. rih-, rtchtuom (G. reichtum), ON. rikdomr (Sw. rikedom. Da. rigdom); see rich a. and -DOM.] a. Royal power; kingdom, b. Wealth, riches. In latest quot. introduced from Flemish or LG. a 1023 Wulfstan Horn. (1883) *25 J>in ricedom ofer us rixie symble. C1205 Lay. 6555 Wha se hiefde richedom, he hine makede wr$cche mon. C1230 Hali Meid. 3 be richedom pat tes lauedis hauen. c 1275 Lay. 7283 Hii neme of ^^an londe richedomes stronge. c 15H Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) p. xxx, Pope lohn whose myghtynes and rychedome amounteth aboue all prynces of the world. [He] hathe vnder hym well xl. kynges rychedom.

t riche, rike.

Obs. Forms: a. 1-2 ric(e, 2-4 riche, 3-4 ryche. [3. 4-5 rik(e, 5 ryk(e. [Common Teutonic; OE. rice, = OFris. rike, rtk (mod.Fris. ryk), MDu. rike, rijc, ric (Du. rijk), OS. riki (MLG. rike, ryke, LG. rik), OHG. rtchi, rihhi, etc. (G. reich), ON. riki (Norw. and Sw. rike. Da. rige), Goth, reiki, a derivative from the stem of reiks rich a.] A kingdom, realm, royal domain; also, royal power or estate, sovereignty. a. Beowulf (Z.) 1390 Aris, rices weard; uton hrape feran. C897 K. .IIlfred Gregory's Past. C. 1. 391 He him sealde ricu o6erra kynrena. 971 Blickl. Horn. 187 Ure bisceopas jeond ea! Romana rice, ciooo AIlfric Saints' Lives xviii. 13 God .. hine of his rice awearp. a 1122 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1102, Se htefde pone eorldom.. & micel rice paer to. c 1200 Ormin 7011 Himm sifenn wass patt riche, a 1225 Leg. Kath. 47, I pe moderburh of Alixandres riche. 1390 Gower

richening Conf. I. 118 To sechen al the worldes riche, Ther was no womman forto love. j9. a 1300 Havelok 290 Sho was |?e rithe eyr Of engelond, of al pe rike. 13.. Cursor M. 24821 (Edinb.), Til erlis and baruns of pat rik pan gaf he serkin giftis rik. c 1400 Rule St. Benet 2238 ptn sal pe bisschop of pat rike Swilk a priores sone depose, c 1470 Henry Wallace ii. 359 Bot Wallace.. In Ingland fer socht battaill on that rik.

b. The kingdom of God or of heaven, a. u neauer to pi va [= foe] )?in ilicnesse J^at tu ruddest of dea8. a 1240 Wohunge in O.E. Horn. I. 273 p)\x.. lesedes tine prisuns and riddes ham ut of cwalm hus. ^1400 Destr. Troy 5343 \>i fader..Rid me pis Rewme out of ronke Enmys. 1514 Barclay Cyt. ^ Uplondyshm. (1570) D iij b, Subiect to become, And neuer to be ridde from bondage & thraldome. 1535 Coverdale Isa. xlvii. 14 Yf it be kindled with fyre, no man maye rydde it for the vehemence of the flame. 1592 Skaks. Rom. Jul. v. iii. 241 She.. bid me deuise some meanes To rid her from this second Marriage. 1635 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 220 The good are called before their time, for ridding them out of the hands of the wicked. 1843 Marryat M. Violet xxix. Had we had powder to waste, we would certainly have rid the graminivorous from many of their carnivorous neighbours. refl. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Absoluo, To rydde him selfe from the processe that one hath against him in any courte. 1597 Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 363 This noble minded woman inuented a most.. subtile shift.. to rid her selfe out of his hands. 1650 W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Uni. §430 If any bird, being fettered with a foot-snare, riddeth her self, away she flieth. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 167 We were very happy, that we ridded our selves out of it so luckily.

fb. To dispatch; to clear (oneself); to acquit. 1530 Palsgr. 691/1, I praye you, syr, rydde me firste, je vous prie me despecher premier. Ibid., We be able ynough to rydde us for this mater without the. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 236 A iudge riddeth a persone aunsweryng before hym to the lawe.

fc. To get away or escape from. Obs.^'^ 1615 Wither J'uveni/io (1633) 427 If I my Cage can rid I’ll fly where I never did.

3. a. To make (a person or place) free of (or from) something; to disencumber of. Golding tr. Heminge's Postill 10 To the intent to rid his disciples of thys errour. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shrew i. i. 150 Would I had giuen him the best horse in Padua., that would.. ridde the house of her. 1611 Middleton & Dekker Roaring Girl v. ii, If I do not.. Rid him of this disease that now growes on him. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 737, I..shall soon, Armd with thy might, rid heav’n of these rebell’d. 1727 Swift Lett. (1766) II. 83 It is one comfort to me, that I am ridding you of a troublesome companion. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones v. xii, If you put the laws in execution, ..you would soon rid the country of these vermin. 1810 WoRDSw. Prose Wks. II. 271 The taste of a succeeding proprietor.. has ridded the spot of its puerilities. 1859 Ruskin Le/. to Rossetti 17 June, I think the book will be an interesting.. one, if you will rid it from crudities. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) H- 476 To rid England once for all of this ever recurring plague.

b. refl. To free or clear (oneself) of something troublesome. Now somewhat rare. 153® Palsgr. 691/1 If I coulde convenyently rydde me of this felowe, I wolde go with you with all my herte. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Foy. iii. xxii. 112 b, To ridd my self of them I gaue them about 20. Aspres. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ii. vi. 987, I could not tell how to rid my selfe.. of the troublesome Burre. 01687 Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 30 The Hollanders do rid their hands of two Trades, which are of greatest turmoil and danger. 1726 De Foe Hist. Devil i. xi. (1840) 169 Thus Satan ridded his hands of ten of the twelve tribes. 1759 Johnson Idler No. 53 f 11 She must not rid herself of them all at once. 1823 in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 320 The gallant French had ridded themselves of the tyranny which sent them to the galleys. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. xxii. 258 To rid himself of the unpleasant task he had undertaken.

RID c.

to be rid of (fon), to be freed from (a

troublesome or useless thing or person). c 1440 Alph. Tales 528 Jjus .. he was clere and fullie rid on hur. 1490 Cmton Eneydos xxvii. 103 [Dido] sayd in this maner to the for-sayd barthe, for to be rydded of her. 1530 ^ALSGR. 691/1 1 was lyke to come into a great trouble, but r»- “ m e romme riden alexandre, richest of kingus.

2. That has been ridden upon; broken-in. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §120 A corser is he, that byeth all rydden horses, and selleth them agayne. 1570 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees, 1835) 317 A young nagge.. and a Ridden mare. 1607 Markham Caval. ii. (1617) 262 When you finde that you are able to ride a ridden horse both with good arte and comelinesse. 1976 Leicester Advertiser 26 Nov., Best ridden Dartmoor awards have been anonymously donated at the NPS and Bath and West shows, and there is also the Allendale Award for the most versatile pony under saddle —for ridden classes have for a long time been a poor relation in all pony breed classes.

13. Oppressed, taken advantage of. Obs. 1677 Otway Cheats of Scapin i. i, I told him thou wert as valiant as a ridden cuckold. 1684 Southerne Disappointment ill. i. The common, ridden cuckold of the Town.

4. Forming the second element in combs., as hag-ridden, priest-ridden, etc. (Freq. in mod. use.) *653- [see priest-ridden]. 1684- [see hag-ridden]. 1831 Moore Mem. (1856) VI. 189 It was. .the old king-ridden feeling. 1850 F. W. Newman Phases of Faith 128 The deaf, the dumb, the hunch-backed, are spoken of as devil-ridden. 1861 F. W. Robinson No Church I. iv. 100 One must take advantage of the weather in this mist-ridden country.

'ridder, 56.* Now rfta/. Forms: i hrider, hridder

5 rydder, erron. ^doun, 7-9 dial, ridder, rudder, ruther. [OE. hrider, later hridder, from a stem hrid- to shake (cf. hridian to shake with fever), an ablaut-variant of which is represented by OHG. ritera, ritra (MHG. ritere, riter, G. reiter), and more remotely by L. cribrum, Ir. criathar. In later Eng. the more usual form is riddle ^6.^] A sieve or riddle. eyas Corpus Gloss., Glebulum, hrider. ciooo i^LFRic Horn. II. 154 Da absed his fostormodor an hridder. 1398 Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxxvi. (Bodl. MS.), Come is iclensed w* seue oper wip rydderne. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 32 Take a seve or a where rydoun, & ley pin pesyn per-on. 1619-20 in Swayne Sarum Church-w. Acets. (1896) 309 A sieve called a Rudder, ^d. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 527 \Vash it [lead-ore] clean in a running stream; then sift it in IronRudders. 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. 331 Rudder, or Ridder, the widest sort of Sieves for the separating the Corn from the Chaff. 01722 Lisle Husb. (E.D.S.) s.v. Rudder, They said.. the rudder would easily separate tills and barley. 1750 [see ridder 0.']. 1848- in southern dial, glossaries. 1856 Morton Cyclop. Agric. 1. 194/1 Wheat ‘Rudder’, twenty inches diameter... Barley Rudder. 1884 West Sussex Gaz. 25 Sept., Bushel, shaul, shovel, ridder, sieves [etc.]. Proy. 1678 Ray Prov. (ed. 2) 289 As much sib’d as sieve and ridder, that grew in the same wood together. Trevisa

'ridder, sb."^ rare. [f. rid v. + -ERh]

1. One who rids; a deliverer. C1521 J. Heywood Pardoner &f Friar Plays (1905) 14 This is the pardon, the ridder of your sin. 2. Sc. = REDDER 1. 1624 in Maidment Spottiswoode Misc. (1845) II. 307 The said Alexander alleged that.. he was a ridder and intervener between them that not one of them should hurt another. 1637 Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (Spalding Cl.) 12 He .. was a ridder only between him and John Milne. 1862 Whately Comm.-pl. Bk. (1864) 214 The Scotch proverb that ‘the ridder gets aye the worst stroke in the fray’.

t'ridder, sb.^ Obs.-K [a. obs. F. ridde, rid{d)re, rider, a. Flem. rijder, ridder knight.] = rider sb. 3. 1694 Motteux Rabelais iv. Prol. (1737) p. Substantial Ridders, Spankers, and Rose Nobles.

Ixxxv,

'ridder, v.^ Obs. exc. dial. Also rudder. [OE. hridriariy f. hridder RIDDER sb.^] trans. To sift, riddle. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Luke xxii. 31 Nu satanas jyrnde J^aet he eow hridrude [Hatton riddrede] swa swa hwsete. 1750 Ellis Mod. Husbandm. VI. iii. 60 Riddering is also applied to cleaning wheat by means of a large sieve or wheat-ridder. Ibid. 72 To ridder or riddle it. 1893 Wiltshire Gloss., Rudder, .. to sift.

'ridder, v.^ rare-^. (See quot.) 1750 Ellis Mod. Husbandm. I. xii. 92 When the hedge is riddered, as we call it, that is, when all the superfluous wood .. is taken out.

'ridding, vbl. sb. [f. rid v. + -iNcb] 1. The action of clearing or removing. 1347-8 Durh. Acc. Rolls II. 545 In exp. factis in Ryddyng stagni de Fery. a 1400-50 Alexander 2244 3oure corage to bend, And in ridding of oure riche toun 3our reuth for to call. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 507 For the stubbyng and ryddyng all a long the pale off the long pond. 1501 Church~w. Acc., Yatton (Somerset Rec. Soc.) 125 For rydyng of gotters of y* chyrch and y* gargells. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Ablaqueatio, the riddyng or clensinge of trees in maner aboue mencioned. 1630 Brasenose Coll. Munim. Q 3. 104 Charges for the Riddinge of the Lanne betwixt Brasnnose and Excestre Colledge Garden. 1666 Pepys Diary 16 Aug., I fell to the ridding away of a great deale of business, c 1850 J. Gemmel in Mem. R. Craig (1862) 250 A thorough ridding of the marches between what is changeable and what is unchangeable. 1875 lire's Diet. Arts III. 704 Ridding,.. a term used in the Newcastle coal-field for the operation of separating the iron ore from the coalshale. 1897 Longman's Mag. Mar. 441 The marble seam.. is easily obtained by ‘open ridding’.

b. Separation of combatants. Also attrib. 1500 in I. S. Leadam Star Chamber Cases (Selden Soc.) 111 The seid Thomas.. came.. onely for the Riddyng of the seid assauute & fray. 1721 Kelly Scot. Prov. 159 He who meddles with Quarrels, gets the ridding Stroke.

c. Deliverance, setting free.

rare-^.

1648 Sanderson Serm. II. 234 For..the ridding of our selves and others from troubles.

2. A cleared piece of ground; a clearing. (Now only in local names.) north. 1586 Wills Gf Jnv. N.C. (Surtees, i860) 140, I will that Barnard Dowthwhet haue the newe mower, with my parte in the fer ryddynges. 1651 MS. Indenture, Yorks., 9 selions lying together in one field called the Rydings. 1827 Hodgson Hist. Northumb. II. i. 94 note. It is plain that a ridding is pure English for assartum. 1868 Atkinson Cleveland Dial., Ridding... More frequently met with in local names, or in documents, than in modern expression.

13. p/. Clearings, refuse.

RIDDLE

898

RIDDER

Obs.rare~^.

1598 Grenewey Tacitus, Ann. ii. x. (1622) 152 In a Tumbrell which carried away the riddings of Garefens.

4. (See RID sb.^ 2, quot. 1827.) riddle ('rid(3)l), sb.^ Forms: a. i raed-, redels, 4 redilis, 4-5 redel(e)s, 9 dial, ridless. jS. 4, 6 redele, 4-5 redel, redil, 6 readle, redle, reedel, reedle. y. 4-6 rydel, 6 ryddel(l, ryd(d)le, 4 ridil, 5 ridel, 6 riddel, ridelle, ridle, 6- riddle. [OE. rxdels masc. and ridelse fern., counsel, opinion, conjecture, etc., also a riddle, = Fris. riedsel, MDu. raetsel (Du. raadsel), OS. rddisli neut., radish masc. (MLG. rad-, redelse, redesal, LG. radsel), OHG. radisle (MHG. ratsel, retsel, etc., G. rdtsel), f. reedan to read or rede: see -els.] 1. a. A question or statement intentionally worded in a dark or puzzling manner, and propounded in order that it may be guessed or answered, esp. as a form of pastime; an enigma; a dark saying. a. c 1000 i^LFRic Num. xii. 8 Ic sprece to him .. openlice, n$s l?urh redelsas [L. senigmata] ne purh hiwinge. 1382 VI'vci.i? Judges xiv. 16 Thou hatidist me,., and therfor the redels [L. problemd].. thou wolt not to me expowne. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 181 J?e kyng putte forp a rydels [L. paradigma] erliche amorwe. ere he was stad A redeles vnto him he bad. 1879 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk., Ridless, a riddle, a conundrum. /3. a 1300 Cursor M. 7120 At I?at fest.. A redel pz.m vndo he badd. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xill. 184 Ar 3e coueitouse nouthe After 3eres3yues or 3iftes or 3ernen to rede redeles? C1440 Promp. Parv. 426I2 Redyn or expownyn redellys. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 46 b, To a certain persone that had propouned an harde reedle. Ibid. 92 The redle that Sphinx propouned. 1567 Fenton Trag. Disc. 45, I shall hardlye reade the misterye of your readle, for as yet I understande nothinge but highe duche. 1596 Foxe's A. & M. 1142/1 margin. The 8. chapter of Daniel.. speaketh of the king of faces and reedels. y. c 1375 Cursor M. 7122 (Fairf.), He .. he3t pa men to gif ham mede, if pai cowde pat ridil rede. C1440 Promp. Parv. 433/1 Rydel, or probleme, enigma. 1483 Cath. Angl. 307/2 He pat spekis Rydels.., enigmatista. 1535 Coverdale xiii. 12 Therfore laye this ryddle before them. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. ii. 26 As by a ryddell or a darke figure. 1589 ? Lyly Pappe w. Hatchet B iij b, I forgate a riddle, ‘the more it is spied, the lesse it is seene’. Thats the Sunne. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 19 The Authour hath thought fit to unfold it by a medicinall riddle. 1671 Milton P.R. IV. 573 As that Theban Monster that propos’d Her riddle, and him, who solv’d it not, devour’d. CI718 Prior Beauty, a Riddle 36 Your riddle is not hard to read: I guess it. 1780 CowpER Wks. (1876) 49, I have lately exercised my

ingenuity in contriving an exercise for yours and have composed a riddle. 1810 Crabbe Borough in. 105 And his fair friends .. Oft he amused with riddles and charades. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 19, I am quite certain that he put forth his definition as a riddle.

b. Without article. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xlix. 4 Riddle thou in riddle. 1589 Puttenham Art Eng. Poesie iii. xviii. (Arb.) 198 We dissemble againe vnder couert and darke speaches, when we speake by way of riddle. 1727 Swift Wonder ojf Wonders Postscript, It has been the Policy of all times, to deliver down Important Subjects by Emblem and Riddle.

2. transf. Something which puzzles or perplexes; a difficult or insoluble problem; a mystery. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiii. 167 )?ere nys neyther. .Pope, ne patriarch, pat puyre reson ne schal make meyster of alle po men poru3 mi3t of pis redeles. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 320 Mo redelis pan we can telle ben sop of Crist bi his two kindis. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xi. 67 Shadowes and darke riddels of the olde lawe. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 253 Yet how and when this tincture began, it was yet a riddle unto him. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. ii. Introd. Lines 230 These Riddles that lie couch’t within thy breast, Freely propound, expound. 1706-7 Farquhar Beaux' Strat. IV. ii. 48 Where there’s a Priest and a Woman, there’s always a Mystery and a Riddle. 1785 Reid Intell. Powers iii. iii. 344 Such paradoxes and riddles.. men are involuntarily led into when they reason about time and space. 1832 Lytton Eugene A. iii. vii, It seems to me a riddle how we could ever have been thus connected. 1879 N. Smyth Old Faiths iii. (1882) 52 Judaism is said to have been a dark riddle which tormented Hegel all his life.

syfue or wyth a Ryddyll. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems vi. 55 We weir als sib as seue & riddill. 1566 Ludlow Church-w. Acc. (Camden) 123 For dyginge and siftinge of ytt [sr. sand], and for a new rydle. 1601 Holland Pliny xvi. xi. I. 464 The same are shred and minced so small, as they may passe through a sieve or a riddle. 1675 Evelyn Terra (1776) 63 Casting the coarse remaining Stuff which would not pass the Riddle, into the cistern again. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 140 Horse-beans and Tares together.. are easily parted with a Riddle. 1798 Naval Chron. (1799) I- I7i My hull is like a riddle. 1830 Kyle Farm Rep. 40 in L.U.K., Husb. Ill, The stones.. are freed from sand by being thrown into a riddle. 1856 J. Brown in T. Hughes Struggles for Kansas (1862) 366 If all the bullets.. had hit me, I should have been as full of holes as a riddle. 1881 Work Gf Design 24 Dec. 450/2 The wool.. is carried .. by a conveyer, run by a small engine to a riddle... The riddle is a simple contrivance, consisting of a box [etc.]. transf. 1848 Thoreau Maine Woods i, Through this steel riddle, more or less coarse, is the arrowy Maine forest.. relentlessly sifted,.. till it comes out boards, clapboards [etc.].

b. to turn (or cas^) the riddle {and shears), to practise a mode of divination mainly employed for the discovery of theft. Sc. and north, dial. For a description of the process, see Jamieson. 1570 Durham Depos. (Surtees) 117, I, Allice Swan,.. used by the space of certen yeres to cast or tourne the riddle and sheares. 1573 Ibid. 251 Ther was a wyflf in Newcastell.. that culd tome the ^ddle [etc.]. 1589 in Lawson Bk. Perth (1847) Whilk day Violet Brown.. was accused for turning of the riddle with sheers. 1709 [see 4].

c. a riddle of claret: (see quot. 1889).

1648 Boyle Seraph. Love xxiv. (1700) 145 There we shall have clearly Expounded to us those Riddles of Providence, which [etc.]. 1648-9 Eikon Bas. xxii. (1662) 111,1 must now resolve the riddle of their Loyalty. 1706 Addison Rosamond III. iii, O quickly relate This riddle of fate! 1816 Coleridge Lay Serm. (Bohn) 320 The minds that feel the riddle of the world. 1859 Holland Gold Foil xii. 146 The riddle of life is unsolved. 1870 Max Muller Sci. Relig. (1873) 392,1 do not say that..we have solved the whole riddle of mythology.

1831 Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXX. 413, I bet you a riddle of claret. 1889 N. ^ Q. 7th Ser. VIII. 13 A riddle of claret is thirteen bottles, a magnum and twelve quarts. The name comes from the fact that the wine is brought in on a literal riddle. 2. to make a riddle of, to pierce with holes. 1817 J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 19 He was instantly pierced with arrows so numerous, that, to use the language of Colter, ‘he was made a riddle of. 1842 Lever J. Hinton li, I was to be made a riddle of if I attempted to escape.

3. concr. A person or being whose nature or conduct is enigmatical.

3. A board or metal plate set with pins, used in straightening wire.

1663 Butler Hud. i. iii. 337 ’Twas a strange Riddle of a Lady. 1711 Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 3, I am still a riddle they know not what to make of. 1732 Pope Ess. Man ii. 18 Sole judge of Truth, in endless Error hurl’d: The glory, jest, and riddle of the world! 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 46 No more Man as riddle to be read.

1843 Holtzapffel Turning I. 425 The riddle is a piece of wood or metal with sloping pins, which lean alternately opposite ways, so as to keep the wire close down on the board. 1866 Tomlinson's Cycl. Usef. Arts II. 912/2 Harddrawn and unannealed wires.. are straightened .. by drawing them through a riddle.

4. Comb.y as riddle-voise adv. (also with in)\ riddle-like adj.; riddle-maker^ -monger^ -writer; riddle-lovingj -rid adjs.

4. attrib. and Comb., as riddle-frame, -maker, manufactory, sierve; riddle-turning (see i b); riddle-board, -land (see quots.).

a. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 33 pey translated it in a redel wise. 1563 Mirr. Mag. ll. 142b, I name no man outryght. But ryddle wise, I meane them as I myght. 1594 R. Wilson Coblers Proph. iv. iii, The bastards name he tolde me too, But it was riddle-wise. b. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. v. i Forasmuch as I like not theis riddelike tytles. 1601 Shaks. All's Well i. iii. 223 She.. that.. riddle like, Hues sweetely where she dies. 1891 Winsor Columbus App. 633 The strange and riddle-like narrative. c. 1641 Brome Jovia// Crew ii. Wks. 1873 III. 383 In spite of Fortune and her Riddle-makers. 1751 Earl Orrery Remarks Swift (1752) 83 The thought is closer pursued than in any other riddle-writer whatever. 1849 Halliwell Pop. Rhymes 148 The pen has been a fertile subject for the modern riddle-writer. 1850 Smedley F. Fairleigh iv, That riddle-loving female, the Sphinx. 1918 W. de la Mare Motley 44 Old and alone, sit we, caged, riddle-rid men.

1709 in W. Andrews Bygone Ch. Life Scot. (1899) 124 The horrid sin of the hellish art of riddle-turning. 1747 Genii. Mag. XVII. 311 The greatest part of the com, which falls thro’ this riddle sive, is at once clear from chaff and buzzes. 1818 J. Palmer yrw/. Trav. 48 One wire weaving and riddle manufactory. 1818 Massachusetts Spy 14 Oct. 4/3 ‘And what.. is riddle land?’ That which is of so open and loose a texture as to let the rain falling on it pass through it. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 332 That part of the sides that form[s] the riddle-frame lies horizontally. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Riddle-maker, a manufacturer of large coarse wire sieves. 1969 E. H. Pinto Treen 141 Riddleboards were formerly used in the North of England and Scotland for making oatcake or oatbread.

b. Const, of. (Common in 19th cent.)

5. attrib., as riddle-ballad, -book, -craft, -game, -rhyme, -song; riddle canon (see quot. 1889). 1816 Jane Austen Emma I. x. 176 There go you and your riddle-book one of these days. 1820 Keats Eve of St. Agnes XV, An aged crone Who keepeth clos’d a wond’rous riddlebook. 1849 Halliwell Pop. Rhymes 141 Nursery riddlerhymes are extremely numerous. 1858 Matson Poems 459 Love..sagely musing o’er Fate’s riddle-book. 1882 Child Ballads I. 13 Riddle-craft is practised by a variety of preternatural beings. 1889 Cent. Diet. s.v. Canon^, Enigmatical canon,.. riddle canon, in old music, a canon in which one part was written out in full and the number of parts was given; the remaining parts were to be written out by the student in accordance with the requirements of an enigmatical inscription written upon the music. 1934 Webster, Riddle ballad. 1950 M. J. C. Hodgart Ballads i. 14 The ‘riddle’ ballads are at the beginning of Child’s collection... The basic theme of these is that of a mortal outwitting a supernatural being by quickness of wit, and of the magic power of the Word expounded in riddles. 1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring 21 Gollum challenged Bilbo to the Riddle-game. 1965 M. Spark Mandelbaum Gate ii. 32 She heard the familiar lilt of the riddle song, ‘One Kid’, from the lips of her lolling cousins.

riddle ('rid(3)l), sb.^ Forms: i hriddel, 4 riddil, 4, 6 riddill, 7 riddell, 6- riddle, 7, 9 dial, ruddle; 4 ridelle, 5 ridil, 6 redell, 7 ridle; 4 rydil, 5 ryddyll, rydyl, rydelle, 6 ryd(d)le. [Late OE. hriddel: the earlier form is hridder ridder ^6.*] 1. a. A coarse-meshed sieve, used for separating chaff from corn, sand from gravel, ashes from cinders, etc.; the most usual form has a circular wooden rim with a bottom formed of strong wires crossing each other at right-angles. Also applied to those parts of some machines which serve for similar purposes. a 1100 Gerefa in Anglia IX. 264 Saedleap, hriddel, hersyfe. C1340 Nominale (Skeat) 531 Sak, cryuere, et sace, sak, ridelle, and heresyue. 1382 Wyclif Amos ix. 9 As whete is smyten in a rydil. ^1440 Promp. Parv. 433/1 Rydyl, of corn clensynge,.. cn'6rwm. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxxv. 691 Hulkes falleth of whan come is clensyd wyth a

i

V

'riddle, sb.^ nonce-wd. made by a bullet.

[f. riddle v.^'\

A hole

1880 E. Marshall Troublous Times I. 82 My mother., had dropped a tear over the riddle of a bullet in the flap.

riddle, sb.^, variant of reddle or ruddle. 1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. iv. §7 (1689) 34 Riddle or red Oker (with which People in Lancashire use to mark their sheep). 1886 Gloss. Rochdale.

t riddle, sb.^, obs. variant of raddle sb.^ 1695 Kennett Par. Antiq., Gloss, s.v. Cladus, A hurdle.. in Kent is sometime call’d a Riddle, Raddle, or Ruddle:.. as riddle-wall, a riddle-basket.

'riddle, v.^ Also 7 ridle. [f. riddle sb.^] 1. intr. To speak in riddles, or enigmatically; also, to propound riddles. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xlix. 4 That is to say. Riddle thou in riddle. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. ii. iii. 53 Lysander riddles very prettily. 1629 Carlell Deserving Favorite ii. ii, What, do you riddle me? Is she contracted. And can I by your counsell attaine my wishes? 1660 Shirley Merchant's Wife III. iii, Madam, you riddle strangely. 1748 Melmoth Fitzosborne Lett. (1749) I. 8 That he who knows not how to riddle, knows not how to live. 1888 Gilbert Yeomen i, I can riddle you from dawn of day to set of sun.

2. tram. To interpret or solve (a riddle or question), a. In imp. phr. riddle me a (or my) riddle; or riddle me this, that, why, etc. 1588 Marprel. Epist. (Arb.) 11 Riddle me a riddle, what is that his grace threatened to send Mistris Lawson to Bridewell? 1621 Bp. Mocntagu Diatribse 526 Riddle me a riddle, what is this? 1661 Holyday7ut)ena/ (1673) 38 Riddle me this; what’s he, that to Rome came [etc.]? 1668 Davenant Man's the Master in. i. Riddle my riddle, what’s this? 1773 Goldsm. Stoops Conq. v. ii. Riddle me this then. What’s that goes round the house, and round the house, and never touches the house?

b. Redupl. riddle me, riddle me. 159® Nashe PasquiVs Apol. B b. Riddle me, riddle me, what was he? 1631 P. Fletcher Piscatory Eclog. Livb, I have another play within to doe. Riddle me. Riddle me, what’s that? 1673 Hickeringill Father Greybeard 199 Riddle me, riddle me what it is. [1841 Chambers Pop. Rhymes Scotl. (1870) 109 Riddle me, riddle me, rot-tot-tot, A little wee man in a red red coat.]

c. In general use. Also absol.

RIDDLE

d. With adverbs, as to riddle forth, out. ■ Militant xiv. 84 You understand To riddle forth man s Fortunes by his Hand. 1642 H. More Song of Soul I. II. Ixv, So rnight we riddle out some mystery. L 5~ Par. Prophet, xii. 91 The Time-eaten names of the Consuls in that Monumentum Ancyranum abovementioned, as riddled out by T. L.

3. To be a riddle to (a person); to puzzle, rare. 1818 Scott Rob Roy xviii, I think it will riddle him or he gets his horse ower the Border again.

'riddled, ppl. a.' rare.

[f. riddle

1. a. trans. To pass (corn, gravel, etc.) through a riddle; to separate with a riddle; to sift. Also const, out, in. a 1225 Ancr. R. 234 Satan is 5eorne abuten uorto ridlen pe ut of mine come! 1382 Wyclif Dan. xiv. 13 Thei brou3ten to ashe, and by al the temple he ridlide [it] byfore the kyng. —— Luke xxii. 31 Sathanas hath axid 3011, that he schulde ridele [you] as whete. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 433/2 Rydelyn cpbro, capisterio. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §146 The bolles of flaxe, whan they be ripeled of, must be rideled from the wedes. 1570 Levins Manip. 116 To Riddle, cribrare. 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire xi. {iSgz) 90 Two ridlers, who ridle the coales when it is aland. 1688 [see riddling vbl. sb.^ i]. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 244 The finest sifted Mould that can be got, which must be.. rather ridled in than pressed down. 1729 Walkden Diary 12 Sept. (1866) 41, I owed.. 3d. to his son, due for riddling and blending lime. 1784 New Spectator No. 10. 5 As ridiculous as Hercules with the distaff, or a Duchess ridling cinders! 1833 J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 203 The ashes, on falling, are riddled or sifted through the grating. 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm II. 281 The shrivelled beans and other refuse being riddled out. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 16 One is sifting or ‘riddling’ the old sand to make it ready for another casting. absol. 1616 B. JoNSON Love Restored Wks. (Rtldg.) 588/2 Robin Goodfellow, he that sweeps the hearth .., riddles for the country maides, and does all their other drudgery. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 282 Very few people who profess to work in the bam can riddle well.

b. transf. and fig. 1613 Jackson Creed ii. 468 Appointed to riddle out some good meaning. 1630 Davenant Cruel Brother iii. i, Thus thy years do riddle grief away. 1649 Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) 23 The Goodness of the Water is as it were Ridled, Screened, and Strained out into the Land. 1831 Carlyle in Froude Life (1882) II. 146 That mind which must all be riddled monthly to see if there are any grains in it* 1863 Torrens Life Sir J. Graham I. 235 His power of sifting evidence, and riddling the truth out of reluctant or evasive witnesses.

2. a. To pierce with holes like those of a riddle; to render sieve-like by perforation {with bullets or the like); to shatter by missiles. 1849-50 Alison Hist. Europe IV. xxi. §62. 195 Above 100,000 cannon-balls, and 25,000 bombs,.. had riddled all its defences. 1874 Green Short Hist. iv. §3. 186 Edward riddled the Scottish ranks with arrows. 1886 Law Times LXXX. 213/2 W’orms will riddle the wood-work of a ship. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 209 You machine-gunners riddling holes in a target or a row of posts. fig. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Curious Dream 87, I dosed him with bad jokes, and riddled him with good ones. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. III. Ixxxvii. 165 Proposals.. which the criticism of opinion riddled with its unceasing fire.

b. esp. in pa. pple. riddled {with holes, etc.). 1817 J. Scott Paris Revisit, (ed. 4) 211 The door was riddled through and through with all sorts of shot. 1865 Gosse Land Sea (1874) 31 An interior riddled with holes like a honeycomb. 1884 Cassell's Fam. Mag. Mar. 220/1 Steep banks of sandstone, riddled with the holes of the sandmartin. fig. 1897 ‘Ouida’ Massarenes viii, They are as poor as Job and riddled with debts. 1928 Daily Mail 3 Aug. 16/7 London is riddled through and through with receivers of textile goods.

[f. riddle r:.* + -EDb]

Made enigmatical. 2 in Archseol. Cantiana XVI. 186 For makinge a newe doore..the rydes, nayles and Woork. 1703 T. N. City C. Purchaser 245, 10 pair of Hooks and Rides for Doors. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., Rides, the iron hinges fixed on a gate by means of which the gate is hung on the hooks in the post. 1853-87 in dial, glossaries (Kent, Surrey, Sussex).

ride,

dial. [See wride s6.] (Seequot. 1669.) 1669 WoRLiDGE Syst. Agric. 275 A Ride of Hazel, or such like Wood, is a whole plump of Sprigs or Frith, growing out of the same Root. 1890- in dial, glossaries (Yks., Glouc., E. Anglia).

ride,

obs. f. reed; var. rithe, stream.

t ride, a.* Obs. rare. Also ryde. [Of obscure origin: poss. for unride, but cf. also MLG. ryde violent (Theutonista).] Of blows: Violent, severe. In Bruce vi. 288 the Edinb. MS. has roid by mistake for ride. It is doubtful whether rydde men in the alliterative Morte Arthur 4117 belongs here. 1375 Barbour Bruce xii. 557 Ther men mycht se., mony a riall rymmyll ryde Be roucht thair apon athir syde. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 9271 Then my3t men se strokes ride, Gregeis feld on eche a syde. c 1470 Gol. ^ Gaw. 500 Yit sal I.. reve thame thair rentis, with routis full ride.

fride,

[f. by substitution of not for un- in UNHIDE.] Small, slight. ri462 Wright’s Chaste Wife 524 As he cam by hys hows syde He herd noyse that was nott ryde.

ride (raid), v.

[Common Teutonic: OE. ridan (rad, ridon, geriden), = OFris. rtda (mod.Fris. ride), MDu. riden (Du. rijden), OS. -ridan (MLG. riden, ryden), OHG. ritan, riten (G. reiten), ON. rida (Norw. and Sw. rida. Da. ride). The pre-Teut. stem reidh- is represented by i

V

RIDE OIr. riadaim I travel, nWjourney, Old Gaulish reda chariot. OF. rider, ryder (Godef.) is prob. from Flemish.] A. Inflexional forms. 1. a. Inf. (and Pres), i ridan, 2-4 riden, 3-5 ryden, 5 rydyn; 3-7 ryde (4 ryede), 5-7 Sc. ryd (6 rid), 3- ride. C900 tr. Baeda’s Hist. iv. ill, Heht hine Theodor biscop ridan. a 1000 Riddles Ixxx. 7 (Gr.), Hwilum ic on wloncum wieje ride. C1205 Lay. 432 i?a lette he riden vnirimed folc. ri330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace 14818 An hauene hit is, schipes in to ryde. c 1350 Ipom. 1164 Where thou shake goo or ryede. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 53 On his hunting as he cam ride, c 1440 Promp. Parv. ^321^ Rydyn, equito. 1483 Cath. Angl. 307/2 To Ryde, equitare. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 36 He sal rid apone ane ass. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. 1. viii. Camels .. they doe.. lade, and ryde vppon. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. iii. iv. 318 Marry He ride your horse as well as I ride you. 1639 Sc. Acts Pari. (1814) V. 249 To ryde solemnlie to Parliament.

b. 3 sing. pres. ind. 1-5 rit, 4-5 rytt, 4 ritt. c888 K. iElfred Boeth. xxxiv. §7 Nan mon forSy ne rit [etc.], ciooo ML.TR1C Gram. v. (Z.) to Hwa rit into 8am port? a 1225 Hali Meid. 18 Jj® deofle..rit ham. 13.. Sir Beues (A.) 1260 In is wei forp a rit. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. I. 186 Wher he ryt oper rest. (;I400 [see B. 4]. 2. Pa. t. a. I rad, 2-5 rad (3 raed), 3- rade, 5-

raid (5-6, 9 red, 6 rayde, 9 rayd, raidd, reayde, reead, ryad, etc.). After 1300 these forms are only northern and Scottish. a goo tr. Baeda's Hist. iii. ix, Sum mon rad be J^aere stowe. c 1123 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1123, Se king rad in his der fald. C1205 Lay. 19516 Octa him ut raed. a 1300 Cursor M. 11425 Quer pai rade [v.r. rad] or yode. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 329 Toward Odymsy syne thai rayde. C1440 Alph. Tales He rade his ways. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. IIL 533 He raid ouir all Scotland. 1594 in Dalziel Scot. Poems i6th C. II. 347 Back w' him I red. 1615 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems xiv. 4 Quhill he liued, to Pluto [he] raid post. 1785 Burns Mauchline Lady, Where’er I gaed, where’er I rade. 1816 Scott Old Mort. xxvii. They.. rade through the country, couping and selling a’ that they gat.

/S. 3-8 (9 dial.) rod, 4-5 rood, 6 roode, rodde, 6-7 road(e, 4- rode (9 dial, raud, rwode). c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 89 Ure helende rod J>erone. c 1275 in O.E. Misc. 39 He.. rod vppe on asse. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 202 He tok his hors and rod anon. C1420 Sir Amadace (Camden) vi, Amadace.. Rode furthe opon his way. 1536 Wriothesley Chron. (Camden) I. 51 Then she roode to Hunsdone agayne. 1565 Cooper Thes. s.v. Alcoranum, The asse, that Jesus rodde on. 1570-6 Lambarde Kent (1826) 359 He roade to London. 1653 Holcroft Procopius, Goth. Wars II. 51 As the Romans rod back, a 1700 Ken Hymnoth. Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 42 On a pale Horse lean as himself, he rod. 1761 Gray Odin 3 Down the yawning steep he rode. 1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting 324 We rode a weary way.

y.pl. I ridon(e, rid-, riod-, reodan, 3 reoden, 3-5 riden, 4 rydden; (also sing.) 5-6 ryd(de, 7 rydd, 6-7 ridde, 6- rid; 6 rydyde. Beowulf 3170 Jja ymbe hlaew riodan hildedeore. C900 O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 871, J>aes ymb iii. niht ridon ii. eorlas up. CI127-(Laud MS.) an. 1127, Hi ridone on swarte hors. C1205 Lay. 5507 J?at Romanisce floe riden [C1275 reoden] heom bi-hinden. 13.. Coer de L. (W.) 4025 These rydden in the vawmewarde. ^1374 Chaucer Troylus I. 473 Wher-so men wente or riden. C1489 Caxton Blanchardyn 83 So longe rydde blanchardyn. 1523 Ld. Berners Froissart I. xii. 12 And so [they] ryd forth on theyr ioumeis. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 15 His troopes..rid backe vpon the spurre. 1627 Lisander Cal. ii. 33 The same footman.. also ridde. 1714 Steele Lover No. 11 He rid an Hour and a half. 1823 Byronxiii. xxiii, Henry rid Well, like most Englishmen. 1852 Thackeray Esmond ii. v, He rid to the end of the village. 3. Pa. pple. a. 3 (h)iriden, 4-5 riden (5 -in, -yn),

5 rydin, -yn, reden, -yn(e, -yng; 5 Sc. ryddin, 6 rydden. Sc. ridne, 6-7 Sc. riddin(e, 5- ridden (9 dial, rudden). C1205 Lay. 24855 Heo beo6 hider iriden. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 326 Scottis men.. in the forest War ryddin. ^1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) 3, I hafe many tymes..riden it. 1461 Paston Lett. II. 4 My brother is redyn to Yarmowth. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 328 We haue ridden so nere. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 406 Four myl scho had not jit ridne. 1639 Sc. Acts Pari. (1814) V. 254 These who .. have.. riddine before him. 1649 Milton Eikon. 5 A natural sottishness fit to be abus’d and ridd’n. 1741 Berkeley in Fraser Life (1871) 274 To be ridden and hood winked by the Pope. 1839 Fr. A. Kemble Resid. Georgia (1863) 265, I have ridden, .over it in every direction.

f. 4 i-ride, y-ride, 5 i-ryde; 4 ride, 4-6 ryde; 4, 6-7 ridde, 4-6 ryd, 7- rid (9 dial. red). CI330 Arth. & Merl. 3093 (Kolbing), bei he fer hadde yride. 1390 Gower Conf. HI. 181 This Consul..was into the feldes ride, c 1400 Solomon’s Bk. Wisdom 250 So fer to haue iryde. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 306 They had not ryd halfe a league. 1664 H. More Exp. 7 Epist. 130 They have not rid upon white Horses. 1703 Farquhar Inconstant i. i. We have rid a swinging pace. 1798 Jane Austen Northang. Abbey x. He has rid out this morning with my father.

y. 6- rode, 7 (9 dial.) rod. *597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, v. iii. 98 Helter skelter haue I rode to thee, a 1699 Lady Halkett Autobiog. (Camden) 10 And had Rod up and downe that part of the country. 17^ Trifler No. 18 We might in a few years behold a sweepstakes rode by women. 1835 Moore Mem. {1856) VII. 92 Tom having rode thither direct. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Result, 'The swarms which.. have sailed, and rode, and traded.

B. Signification. I. intr. 1. a. To sit upon, and be carried by, a horse or other animal; to move about, make one’s way, or journey upon horseback (or, in mod. use, on a cycle).

RIDE Freq. const, on, upon, fof, the horse, etc., and with prepositional or adverbial complements, as at, against, over, to; away, forth, on, out, up, etc. Beowulf i8g2 Landweard.. him tojeanes rad. aooo tr. Baeda s Hist. in. xxviii, Nal*s ridende on horse, ac .. on his totum gangende. ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 5 Jjin cyning •• ‘JPPan tamre assene. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137, 6if twa men oper iii. coman ridend to an tun. r 1200 URMIN 6966 batt folic ridepp onn a der )jatt iss Dromeluss nemmnedd. cizso Gen. & Exod. 3953 Dus rideS forS Sis man for-loren. C1320 Sir Tristr. 179 \,o rouland to hem rade, Ojain him gun pai ride, c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 1548 Alday pai riden & no3t ne ali3t. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 129 What knight IS yon That rideth of Gwynanes stede? 1470-84 Malory Arthur ix. xxviii. 382 He rydeth wel that neuer tylle. 1553 J Wilson Rhet. (1562) 72 And so ridde awaie, as taste as his horse could cary him. a 1599 Spenser F.Q. vii. vii. 43 Lastly carne cold February, sitting In an old wagon] tor he could not ride. 1617 Moryson/tin. i. 240 We rode over the place of burial of the Turks. 1658 Franck North. Mem. U 021) 146 He carelessly rid along to view the country. 1722 De Foe Hist. Plague (1754) 181 The Aldermen in Person, and on Horseback frequently rid to such Houses. 1782 CowpER J. Gilpin 251 And, when he next doth ride abroad, May I be there to see! 1825 Scott Talism. i, The long steel-headed lance,.. which, as he rode, projected backwards. 1850 R. G. Gumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (ed. 2) I - 98 At which time they can easily be ridden into. 1804 A. Morrison M. Hewitt iii, Osmond, I believe, was better than any man riding now. fis- *393 Langl. P. pi. C. hi. 184 And ich my-self cyuyle and symonye my felawe Wollen r^'den vp-on rectours. 1529 Skelton Bouge of Court 472, I hate these wayes..: Were I as you, I wolde ryde them full nere. 1581 Burne Dwput. 156 Ye Mmisteris in Scotland ryd als neir thame [the Anabaptists] as ye may. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 216 Riding on quite through the Alphabet, f 1742 Gray Hymn to Ignorance 28 She [Ignorance] rode triumphant o’er the vanquish’d world. 1803 Jane Porter Thaddeus xxii, A young guardsman, who had just rode into her heart. 1869 Hughes Alfred 160 A desire to ride off on side issues.

b. In pa. pple. with is, was, etc. Now arch, or Obs. ri205 Lay. 19495 Alle heo..t>at hider beo6 iridenen. *375 Barbour Bruce xix. 596 His men .. War rydyn in-till a randoune. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 181 This Consul..was into the feldes nde. 1461 Paston Lett. II. 4 My brother is redyn to Yarmowth. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. iii. 2 The King himselfe is rode to view their Battaile. 1633 Ford Love's Sacrifice li. ii, Now when the duke is rid abroad. 1742 Richardson Pamela HI. 308 My Brother, .and Mr. H. are all rid out together. 1761 Mrs. F. Sheridan 5. Bidulph II. 296 One of the gentlemen is rid off for a surgeon. 1778 Miss Burney Ixiii, Is he rode out this morning?

c. With sbs. denoting the rate of progress, as to ride a {good) pace, gallop, etc. Also to ride whip and spur: see whip sb. 13 .. Coer de L. 2773 Our men .. gunnen to ryde swythe gret randoun. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 60 Forth she rit.. a pas. 01425 Cursor M. 11657 (Trin.), Marie folewed ridyng good paas. 1470-85 Malory Arthur i. xxii. 69 He rode a grete wallop tyll he cam to the fontayne. 1523 Ld. Berners Froissart I. 228 He .. rode forthe a gret galoppe. 1549- [see POST adv.]. 1617 [see gallop sb. 3 a]. 1703 Farquhar Inconstant i. i. We have rid a swinging pace from Nemours. *749 Fielding Tom Jones xi. ii, He.. rode a full gallop. 1788 Clara Reeve Exiles II. 3 Adam .. rode full speed up to the house.

d. With other complements, as to ride bodkin, booty, pillion, etc. to ride for a fall, to ride recklessly, so as to be liable to a fall; usu. fig. to ride grub: (see grub sb. 3 b). 1631 Shirley Love's Cruelty in. ii, Would you durst no better ride booty at the horse match! 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 424 If Fortune had been one of the Jockeys, and rid booty, the three to one hath lost the Prize. 1760 Sterne Tr. Shandy iv. xvi. To have so many jarring elements., riding triumph in every comer of a gentleman’s house. 1861 Pycroft Agony Point I. xix. 294 Her maid by special agreement riding bodkin all the way. 1884 E. W. Hamilton Diary 16 Jan. (1972) II. 544 He [ic. Goschen] believes that C. [re. Chamberlain] is ‘riding for a fall’ and has doubts as to his loyalty towards Mr. G. 1895 Pall Mall Mag. Mar. 520 Roy Branton, who rode pillion, had an opportunity of studying his pilot’s pretty hair. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 91 o Her husband .. has ridden for his falls. 1904 G. B. Shaw Let. 31 Dec. (1972) II. 479, I conclude that on turning it over you have concluded that you had better ride for a fall than face the economies that would be needed to allow the shop to clear itself. 1951 J. D. Salinger Catcher in Rye xxiv. 242, I have a feeling that you’re riding for some kind of a terrible, terrible fall. 1963 Review Sf Herald 31 Jan. 7/3 People who spread their physical favors around over all the available members of the opposite sex are riding for a fall in the realm of final, lasting happiness with any one person.

e. To serve in a cavalry regiment. 1711 Steele Spect. 152 IP 3, I remember two young Fellows who rid in the same Squadron of a Troop of Horse. 1796 Grose's Diet. Vulgar T. s.v. Ride, He rode private, i.e. was a private trooper. 1806 M. Noble Hist. Eng. III. 314 Wishing to have a commission he rode as a private in the guards. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ix. II. 516 The military ardour which he had felt twenty-eight years before, when he rode in the Life Guards.

f. Of persons; To weigh when mounted. 1836 Sir G. Stephen Search of Horse i, Be it known, then, that I ride rather more than twelve stone. 1857 G. Lawrence Guy Liv. iii. He rode little under fourteen stone.

g. To sit on and manage a horse properly. 1881 Miss Braddon Asphodel 1. 167 He can stick in his saddle somehow,.. but he can’t ride.

h. to ride herd on (rarely, croer): to guard and control (a herd of cattle) by riding on its perimeter; also transf., to keep guard over, be in charge of, keep in check; to boss, subject to discipline. N. Amer. 1897 A. H. Lewis Wolfville xviii. 235 The way them pore darkened drunkards rides herd on each other.. is as good as

901 sermons. ^ 1902 - Wolfville Nights xviii. 266 I’m romancin’ leesurly along the street when I encounters a ^rty who s ridin herd on one of these yere telescopes. 1906 H. Green At Actors' Boarding House 367 Buck was riding herd on all the Dutch ovens in camp, filled with baking baimocks. 1940 Variety 3 Apr. 39 The name bands are come on for the record jockeys who ride herd over not only Decca i^cords but all the others. 1944 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Nov, 8/6 Her mother-in-law.. and a cousin of her husband .. arrived in Albany to-day to ride herd on the Dewey small fry. 1955 B. P. Hobson Nothing too Good for Cowboy vi. 51 Some of the horses would be night horses for riding herd on the cattle. 1973 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ontario) 11 Aug. 7/ij I was riding herd on a hundred head of beeves. 1977 ‘E. McBain’ Long Time no See xi. 172 Two men who should be taking care of people getting robbed or mugged, go to waste our time instead riding herd on a bunch of street hoodlums.

i. Jazz slang. To play with an easy or easily flowing rhythm. 1929 T. Waller (record title) Ridin’ but walkin’. 1933 Melody Maker 23 Dec. 7/1 Ellington .. never played the sort of music to cause Sonny Green to ‘ride’ in the SidneyMansie manner. 193^ Metronome Feb. 25 When they ride, you can’t help getting a lift. 1977 J. Wainwright Do Nothin xi. 184 When Ellington opens on an eight-bar piano intro.. you know that.. when the full outfit starts leaning back and riding, you are going to be lifted cloud-high.

j- - rides again: someone or something makes a reappearance, usu. under different or unexpected circumstances or in modified form. *939 {film title) Destry rides again. 1941 Pleasures of Publishing (Columbia Univ. Press) 3 Feb., Our good friend Helen Bower of the Detroit Free Press sends us a circular which.. is headed, ‘Blackstone Rides Again’, and is an announcement for a new edition of Blackstone’s Commentaries. 1961 C. WiLLOCK Death in Covert xii. 203 One headline said; Regency Rakes Ride Again. 1972 J. Wainwright Requiem for Loser iv. 72 The publisher said: ’A sequel?’.. He [sc. the author] said: ‘What d’you think we should call it? Drover Rides Again, or Son of Drover?' 1977 I. Shaw Beggarman, Thief iii. iv. 240 Willie Abbott rides again.

k. to ride work: to exercise a racehorse. 1950 Landfall IV. 19 Gordon, did you know I ride work now in the mornings? 1959 M. Gee in C, K. Stead N.Z. Short Stories (1966) 271 He’d ridden work on the horse and knew her well. 1979 D. Francis Whip Hand vi. 74 A work jockey is a lad who rides work on the gallops. Ibid. xiv. 174 My girl assistant says she saw you riding work on the Heath.

l. Spec, in Surfing. 1963 Observer 13 Oct. 15/4 Riding a wave gives me a feeling of control. I know when I’m riding well and when I’m not. 1975 Oxf. Compan. Sports & Games 1005/2 A surfer who prefers to ride with his right foot forward is called a ‘goofy footer’.

m. to ride shotgun: to travel as an (armed) guard in the seat next to the driver of a vehicle. Hence transf. and fig., to act as a protector; to ride in the passenger seat of a motor vehicle. Chiefly U.S. 1963 B. S. Johnson Travelling People v. 107 And if you want anyone to ride shotgun for you, just you let Henry know. 1966 National Observer (U.S.) 26 Dec. 1/2 'The gunships ‘ride shotgun’ on the highly vulnerable, more lightly armed transports. 1971 M. Tak Truck Talk 131 Ride shotgun, to ride in the passenger seat of the tractor. 1972 National Observer (U.S.) 27 May i/i Bob Earle was riding shotgun when suddenly my car skidded hard, its rear whipping out to the right, 1972 J. Wambaugh Blue Knight (•973) XV. 284 On nightwatch it’s comforting sometimes to have someone riding shotgun or walking beside you. 1976 Wymondham & Attleborough Express 3 Dec. 2 He offered to ride shotgun for me. 1980 Times 21 Jan. 5/2 It was quite by chance that The Times found itself riding shotgun for the Red Army.

2. Spec. To go on horseback upon a warlike expedition; to go upon, take part in, a raid or foray. In later use Sc. and now arch. c 1205 Lay. 432 J>a lette he riden vnirimed folc. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 2583 )?ou may haue hit.. To ride 3yf pat l?ou wile bygynne. C1386 Chaucer ProL 45 Fro the tyme that he first bigan To riden out, he loued chiualrie. 1412-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 603 Alysaundre.. Rood in his conqueste.. With al his hooste. c 1420 Brut (E.E.T.S.) 321 be Frensshe men breken pG pees.., ryding on the Kinges ground. 1523 Skelton Garl. Laurel 196 Theis people., ^de and rinne from Carlyll to Kente. 1550 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1. 86 That nane of thame tak upoun hand to ryde in Ingland or to mak ony perturbatioun thairintill. 1561 Ibid. 186 Gif it be thocht expedient.. that ony persone .. be riddin on and invadit be fyre and swerd. 01639 Earl Monm. Mem. (1759) 119 Not so few as two hundred.. that were ever ready to ride with them to all actions. 1802 Scott Border Minstrelsy (1869) 249 The rapacity of this clan, and of their allies, the Elliots, occasioned the popular saying, ‘Elliots and Armstrongs ride thieves all’. 1824 Redgauntlet let. xi, As if a tenant could have helped riding with the Laird. 1897 Ld. E. Hamilton Outl. Marches 7 Others of the Scots rode into England.

b. To go in procession on horseback. In later use Sc. (cf. 13 b). 1466 Cal. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 324 For procession and pylgryn^age, and hors for rydyng at Corpus Christi, 1495-6 in Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. IV. 212 All they of the xxxiiij that hath be maire shall ride in scarlett ayenste the Kynge. 1530 Ibid. 216 Mr. Mayer and all his brethren shall ride on Seynt Osmundy’s evyn .. in maner folowyng. 1606 Sc. Acts Pari. (1814) IV. 279 The haill Estaittis of Parliament will convene and ryd with thair honouris with crowne, sword, and sceptour. *637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow) 223 Mr. David Lindesay.. and Mr. Johne Spotiswood .. did ryde in Parliament as commissioners fra the Kirk. Ibid., At Perth the Parliament did not ryde.

3. To mount the female; to copulate. (Cf. i6.) Now only in low and indecent language. 01250 Owl Night. 494 He ne rekb of clennesse,.. Ac euerich vp oj?er ridep. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xi. 329 As

RIDE whan pei hadde ryde in rotey tyme. 1393 Ibid. C. xiv. 154 Man and hus make..out of reson..ryde. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §37 He maye suffre his rammes to goo with his ewes ..to blyssomme or ryde whan they wyll. 01659 Osborn Charac. Wks. (1673) 664 In case any ride double, he proclaims them Man and Wife. 1719 D’Urfey/*z7/s IV. 141, I will.. find out a Russet-coat Wench and a Hay-cock, And there I will ride Tan-tivee. 4. a. To be conveyed, to travel or journey, in a wheeled or other vehicle. (Cf. ride sb.^ i a.) Now chiefly of travelling in public vehicles: see drive v. a 1300 Cursor M. 4657 To ride ai quar in kinges char. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. iv. 27 On a wayn witti and wisdame I-feere Folweden hem.. And Riden faste. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) 241 He rytt in a Charett with 4 Wheles. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 238 b. Her Grace.. alyghted out of her Chariot in the wlwch she had rydden all her long iourney. 1634 Milton Comus 135 Stay thy cloudy Ebon chair, Wherin thou rid’st with Hecat’, and befriend Us thy vow’d priests. 1667 Pepys Diary 13 Feb., I rid with my sword drawn in the coach. 1746 H. Walpole (1846) II. 132 The Duke has given Brigadier Mordaunt the Pretender’s coach, on condition he rode up to London in it. 1788 Mrs. Hughes Henry & Isabella IV. 165, I am going to send the coach to town .., and .. you may ride in it. 1810 Splendid Follies II. 19, I never rode with such a disagreeable driver in my life. 1844 S. R. Maitland Dark Ages 307 Gerard.. always rode in a carriage, reading his own books. 1886 Elworthy W. Somerset Wordbk. s.v., You can jump in the train and ride so var’s [= far as] Norton. b. To be carried or drawn about {on or \in a cart, hurdle, rail, etc.) as a punishment. (Cf. CART V. 2.) *556 Chron. Grey Friars (Camden) 70 A tayler of Fletstret & hys syster rydde in a carte abowte London.. for avouttre. 1632 Massinger City Madam iii. i. I’ll hang you both, you rascals! I can but ride! 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. ii. i. Ah! many a wretch has rid on a hurdle who has done less mischief. 1872 De Vere Americanisms 194 Riding on a rail .. is a savage punishment inflicted by an excited crowd upon a person who has exasperated a community by some real or fancied outrage. C. Mining. (See quots.) i860 Eng. & Foreign Mining Gloss, (ed. 2) 61 Ride, to ascend up the pit. 1883 Gresley Gloss, Coal-mining, Ride, to be in a cage or bowk whilst descending or ascending a pitshaft.

5. To sit or be carried on or upon something after the manner of one on horseback; fto hang on the gallows, in a rope, etc. Beowulf (Z.) 2446 Swa bi6 jeomorlic gomelum ceorle to jebidanne paet his byre ride jiong on galjan. c888 K. i^LFRED Boeth. xxxvi. §6 Da cild rida6 on hiora stafum. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxv. 34 Jonet the weido on ane bussome rydand. 01585 Montgomerie Flyting 96 Goe ride in a raipe for this noble new 3eir. 1596 [see fiddlestick i]. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. i. 138 Infected be the Ayre whereon they ride. i6io- Temp. ii. i. 115, I saw him beate the surges vnder him, And ride vpon their backes. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 663 The Night-Hag, when call’d In secret, riding through the Air she comes. 1^7 Dryden Virg. Geog. II. 212 Nor in so vast a length our Serpents glide. Or rais’d on such a spiry Volume ride. 1834 Mudie Brit. Birds (1841) I. 109 The bird rides lightly on the wind. 1892 Rider Haggard Nada 7 She carried my little sister Baleka riding on her hip. fig. 1601 Shaks. All's Well iii. ii. 112 O you leaden messengers. That ride vpon the violent speede of fire. 1784 CowpER Task I. 369 Constant rotation of th’unwearied wheel That nature rides upon. 1812 Byron Ch. Har. i. xxxviii. Death rides upon the sulphury Siroc. 1816 Ibid. ill. xliv, Their breath is agitation, and their life A storm whereon they ride. 6. a. Of horses, etc.: To admit of being ridden; to carry a rider; to ‘go’. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ii. vi. 82 Thenne he.. was ware of a damoysel that came ryde ful fast as the hors myghte ryde. 15^ Rous Thule O 3, The horse whose back the tamer oft bestrides, At length with easie pace full gently rides. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 298 The Dromidory.. will ride aboue 80. miles in the day. 1692 Lond. Gaz. No. 2792/4 A Chestnut Gelding,.. rideth gracefully, paceth a little. 1714 Ibid. No. 5195/4 Commonly Rides with her Tongue out of her Mouth. 1805 Spirit Publ. Jrnh. IX. 352 Can you get me a nag That will ride very quiet? . b. Of a Stream; To allow of crossing on horseback. Sc. 17.. Jock o’ the Side xxvii. Honest man, will the water ride? 1890-1 in Eng. Dial. Diet. c. Of land; To be of a specified character for riding upon; to bear riding upon. 1864 M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 200 Its soil.. rode quite as clean and sound as the Nottinghamshire dukeries ride. 1889 Crommelin & Brown V. Vyvian HI. xii. 207 Rain.. made the ground ride soft. 1931 Daily Express 21 Sept. 15/4 The course rode dead, and was not in favour of weight-carrying. *974 Country Life 3 Oct. 925/3 While there were refusals in plenty, most of them due to rider-failure, the course rode well. d. Of a motor vehicle: to admit of being driven, in respect of passenger comfort, etc. Cf. ride sb.^ 6 a. *973 Milestones Winter 27/3 The car rode quite well, handling bad surfaces with aplomb. II. 7. a. Of vessels: To lie at (or fon) anchor; also to (or fat) an anchor. Beowulf 1882 Stegenga bad ajendfrean, se pe on ancre rad. *390 Gower Conf. I. 197 This grete Schip on Anker rod. 14 .. Sailing Directions (Hakl. Soc.) 15 A man that ridith in the way of odierene at an ankre. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 175 He the shypmen preyid hertyly .. To rydyn on ankyr a whyl ther by. 1598 [see ANCHOR sb.' 6 a]. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia (1629) 56 Long they shot, we still ryding at an anchor without there reatch. 1698 T. Froger Voy. 4 The next day we likewise rode at anchor. 1745 P. Thomas J'rn/ Anson’s Voy. 276 We rid fast at an Anchor. 1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms Ii. 185 He sees a stately vessel ride At anchor in

RIDE a bay. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman iii. x. 160 A schooner riding to an anchor in the bay. fig. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet ch. iii, This.. snug little road¬ stead, where I thought to ride at anchor for life.

b. ellipt. in the same sense. Also with compL, as to ride across, a-peak., hawse-fully etc. (see these words). a 1300 K. Horn 146 Bi se side Hi leten X>At schup ride. c 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 968 Dido, But forth they gon & lafte his schepis ryde. 14.. Sailing Directions (Hakl. Soc.) 13 Yif ye be bounde to Caleis haven and Ride in the Doowns. 1497 Naval Accts. Hen. F// (1896) 252 In Portesmouth haven.. the seid Ship rode betwyxt the Towre & the dokke. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 381 In the rode yowshall ryde in .xiij. or .xiiij. fadomes, good owes & sande. 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 45 To ride betwixt wind and tide, is when the wind and tide are contrary and of equall power. 1668 Lond. Gaz. No. 286/4 Sir Thomas Allen with his squadron is still riding at Spitthead. 1712 W. Rogers Voy. (1718) 244 Capt. Dampier.. never rode where we did, which is the best and only good road in the island. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §148 The Buss had rode perfectly easy in the gale of wind. 1832 Marryat N. Forster xiii, The shipping.. with a heavy strain on their cables were riding to the S.E. gale. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word~bk. 39 Ground which is suitable.. for ships to ride in safety upon. fig. 1666 Third Advice to a Painter 27 Well George, in spite of them thou safe dost ride.

fc. In phr. to ride admiral. Ohs. 1660 Hickeringill Jamaica viewed (1661) 72 He’s unfit to ride Admiral of a Fleet, that cannot carry the Flag at home. 1697 Phil. Trans. XIX. 597 The Ambassador was Complemented by Sir Jeremy Smith, then riding Admiral. fig. 1689 Shadwell Bury Fair i. i, What lady rides Admiral here at Bury. 1713 M. Henry Admonit. Drunkards Wks. 1853 I. 95/2 When reason is sunk and drowned, rage and passion will ride admiral.

8. To float or move upon the water; to sail, esp. in a buoyant manner. a 1000 Genesis (Gr.) 1392 He h®t scip beleac. Si88an wide rad wolcnum under ofer holmes hrincg hof seleste. a 1300 Cursor M. 1843 On J?e streme |>at arche can ride. 13 .. Profir. Sand. (Vernon MS.) in Herrig's Archiv LXXXI. 112/82 Whil crist in t»at hul abod, J>e schip a-midde pe see rod. C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxii. 102 Fra l?is citee may men ride in schippe or in bate by pat riuer. C1420 Chron. Vilod. 3486 [They] reden hamewarde fast w* seylle & hore. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 66 Saylinge by the coastes of lohanna .. he rode lyttell lesse then eyght hundreth miles. 1643 Jrn/. Ho. Comm. 13 Apr., To appoint a Ship to ride Northward, for the Relief of Berwick. 1688 Prior Ode Exodus iii, ii. Yet cease to hope thy short-liv’d Bark shall ride Down spreading Fate’s unnavigable Tide. 1757 Gray Bard 72 While proudly riding o’er the azure realm, In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes. 1839 Civil Eng. 6f Arch.Jrnl. II. 450/2 This is effected by what is called riding on the wave. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis i[i]x, It has been prosperous, and you are riding into port. 1887 BowEN Virg. jEneid v. 862 Not less safely and swiftly the fleet rides over the wave.

9. a. Of things: To move in any way, to be carried or supported, after the manner of one riding. In fig. uses hardly distinct from sense 5. a 1586 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxviii, 41 The busteous blast.. Quhilk ramping ouer his rigging ryds. 1600 SuRFLET Countrie Farme ill. liii. 553 A droppe of oile dropped vpon your hand, if there be any moisture,.. it will swim and ride aloft vpon the same. 1674 Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 196 None of those rayes of other atoms .. come riding or drilling through both. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Print. 322 That the Carriage may ride so far out, as that the irons of the Tympan may just rise free. 1840 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. III. 5/2 The eccentrics are then brought into the position shown in the drawing, riding clear of the rails. 1862 Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 2466 By means of the straps .. [they] can be carried on the shoulders, where they ride the lightest. fiS- 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, iii. iii. 18 But let thy dauntlesse minde still ride in triumph, Ouer all mischance. 1605 - Lear i. ii. 198 On whose foolish honestie My practises ride easie. 1679 Dryden Trail. Sf Cress, iv. ii, Hinder us not,.. My blood rides high as his. 1770 Jenner Placid Man i. iv, Philosophy and love for his brother had so long rode triumphant. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton ix, The distress which was riding .. among the people.

1597 Shaks. j Hen. IV, v. ii. 84 If life did ride vpon a Dials point. 1606-Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 67 Strong as the Axletree In which the Heauens ride. 1665 Phil. Tram. I. 10 Between the Fore-leggs and the Hinder-leggs was a great Stone on which the Calf rid. 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xvi. He.. tries whether or not the Lyner ride upon the part that was extuberant. 1805 Dickson Pract. Agric. I. PI. xi, An Improved Harrow, with running bulls: By this contrivance the harrows are prevented from riding on each other. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm 1. 170 Try by a searching motion of the legs and feet whether any of the stones ride upon others. 1956 B. Holiday Lady sings Blues {loTi) Vui. 76,1 knew that night I had the future of the whole band riding on me. 1964 G. B. ScHALLER Year of Gorilla (1965) iv. 87 They had tried to raise pigs and failed, and their luck now rode on a crop of turnips. 1972 Village Voice (N.Y.) i June 70/4 Basically, however, the election will ride on Lowenstein. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 25 Sept. 10/2 A lot was riding on grapes, but the quality of the white wine made from the postwar harvest was poor.

b. To extend or project over something. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 594 To bind the stones wel, they ought in alternatiue course to ride and reach one ouer another halfe. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xv. viii. (1678) 332 You must have a care [in fracture] that the bones ride not one over another. 1880 Huxley Crayfish 98 The pleura..even ride over the posterior edges of the branchiostegites.

c. ellipt. in previous senses. Also Naut. of a rope (see quot. 1769). 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xvi. To know which of them it is that Rides, or is extuberant, he uses the Liner. 1741 Phil. Trans. XLI. 564 In oblique Fractures of the Thigh, where the Bones are apt to ride. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Riding, A rope is said to ride, when one of the turns by which it is wound about the capstem or windlass lies over another, so as to interrupt the operation of heaving. 1784 J. Barry in Lect. on (1848) 141 Their toes are even pressed close together, and ride, as is seen in the feet of those that have been accustomed to wear tight shoes. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 170 When the stones ride, they have not been properly bedded in mortar. 1862 Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 2799 It prevents the chain from riding, in paying out or heaving in. 1888 Jacobi Printer's Voc. s.v.. When leads are pieced in wide measures they sometimes shift and overlap each other. They are then said to ‘ride’.

II. a. dial. (See quot.) 1736 Pegge Alph. Kent (E.D.S.) 43 The raddishes ‘ride’, i.e. rise upon the stomach. 1887-93 Kent and Surrey glossaries.

b. Of a dress, etc.: To work up so as to form folds or creases; to ruck. 1854 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss, s.v., A badly made gown rides up more in one place than another. 1881 Mrs. P. O’Donoghue Ladies on Horseback 253 Short-skirted hunting-habits frequently ride up. 1890 Dialect Notes I. 19 Your collar rides up behind. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 528 The scanty, daringly short skirt, riding up at the knee to show a peep of white pantelette, is a potent weapon. 1951 Sunday Times 28 Oct. 11/4 ‘Ski pyjamas’ with deeply-ribbed ankles and wrist-bands that won’t ride up. 1971 Guardian 2^ 9/1 The pantie .. holds the blouse from riding up.

III. irons. 12. To traverse on horseback; to ride over, along, or through: a. a certain distance. Also with cognate accusative, as to ride a race, course, circuit, match, etc. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 49/80 He ne rod bote wel luyte wei, are he feol to grounde. 01300 Cursor M. 11385 Elies moght not kinges thre Haf raght to ride sa ferre wai. c 1420 Avow. Arth. xxxii, Gawan hase my rawunsun made For a course that he rode. 1596 Shaks. j Hen. IV, iii. iii. 222 [We] haue thirtie miles to ride yet ere dinner time. 1599 in Fowler Hist. C.C.C. (O.H.S.) 352 The Fellows whom the rest appoint for the time to ride the circuit with the President. 1017 Sir E. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 251 My brother.. rid in two days a hundred miles. 1736 Pegge Alph. Kent (E.D.S.) 43 To ride tythe,.. to ride about for that purpose [of collecting tithes]. 1778 Foote Cozeners i, But were you to see him on the turf, at Newmarket,.. Why, he has rid matches. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 115 He rides a race! ’Tis for a thousand pound! 1808 Scott Marmion i. xxii, We can neither hunt, nor ride A foray on the Scottish side. 1853 G. J. Cayley Las Alforjasll. 152 These poor wretches, who have to ride three or four hundred miles on end without stoppage of more than two hours.

b. Of the heavenly bodies: To appear to float in space, Freq. with high.

b. a road or way, a street, a stretch of ground or country, etc.

1632 Milton Penseroso 68 To behold the wandring Moon, Riding neer her highest noon. 1667-P.L. i. 769 In spring time, when the Sun with Taurus rides. 1727 Dyer Grongar Hill 11 While Phoebus, riding high. Gives lustre to the land and sky. 1825 Scott Talism. xii. The moon rode clear and high in heaven. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last i, To see Sirius.. riding high in a December heaven. fig. 1821 Shelley Hellas 273 The lamp of our dominion still rides high.

1377 Langl. P. pi. B. iv. 42 b^nne resoun rode faste pe ri3te hei3e gate. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 52 Whene he thys rewmes hade redyne and rewlyde the popule. 1464 Paston Lett. II. 145 It is seid that the Kyng wold ride Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and Norffolk, and so to the Parlement. 1525 Ld. Berners Froissart II. 181 The duke rode the fronters of Galyce. 1592 Marlowe Massacre Paris i. iv, The Lord High Admiral, Riding the streets, was traitorously shot. 1648 Lane. Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 26^ Twelve miles of such ground as I never rod in all my life. 1706 Baynard Cold Baths ii. 376, I rode, quoth he, the cold Hills every Morning. 1787 ‘G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsem. (1809) 43 In riding the road, observe [etc.]. 1850 Mrs. Browning Kime of Duchess May Ixv, May the sweet Heavens hear thee plead If he rides the castle-wall. 1876 Morris Sigurd iv. 309 Three days they ride that countiy.

c. To pursue a course without intervention; to rest without further elaboration; to pass without comment; chiefly in phr. to let (something) ride, to leave alone; to allow to take its natural course. 1921 S. Ford Inez & Trilby May iii. 52 If I’d been brought up in a pawn shop I might describe ’em better, but, being no gem expert, I’ll have to let it ride at that. 1933 H. L. IcKES Diary 14 Nov. (1953) I. 121, 1 was assured through Marx that the thing would be allowed to ride. 1938 ‘R. Hyde’ Nor Years Condemn 171 Ah, let her ride and see what happens. 1944 R. Chandler Lady in Lake xi. 63 ‘Kind of smelly work, to my notion.’ I let that ride. 1959 H. Holt Wreath for Lady xi. 68 ‘We’ll let it ride like that for the present,’ said the detective. 1961 J. Wade Back to Life vi. 56, I let it ride. I couldn’t be bothered to reply. 1975 J. Symons Three Pipe Problem xvi. 158 You think you can just let it ride?

10. a. To rest or turn on or upon something of the nature of a pivot, axle, or protuberance. Also fig-

RIDE

902

c. a boundary, etc., for the purpose of maintaining or reviving a clear knowledge of it. (See also quot. 1877.) 1421 Cov. Leet-bk. 33 Hit is ordenyd that the fraunches of this Cite be Ryden this yere within the monyth of May. 1476 Rental-bk. Cupar-Angus (187$) I- 204 He sal kep and defend our marchis as tha war redyng at the last ridyng. 1572 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 341 The francheses of this Cytie shalbe ryd according to auncient custom. 1733 W. Crawford Man. agst. Infid. (1836) 106 To ride the marches between good and evil. 1798 Statist. Acc. Scot., Dunkeld XX. 441 It is customary to ride the marches, occasionally, so as to preserve in the memory of the people the limits of their property. 1816 in Picton L’pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 316

i

K

The day on which the Liberties were rode. 1877 N. Line. Gloss, s.v.. The surveyor of the court of sewers is said to ride the drains when he goes to overlook them.

d. a river or water. Also in fig. use. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. ii. xxxix. We raid the swift riuer Sparthiades. 01670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 198 They could not ride the water, it being great. 1774 D. Jones yrnl. (1865) 18 Several ferries are kept on it, tho’ it may frequently be rode in the summer season. 1790 Scott Let. 6 Aug. in Lockhart, The servant was waiting there with our horses, as we were to ride the water. 1896 E. Durh. Gloss., He’s not safe to ride the water with.

13. a. To pursue, proceed upon (one’s way, etc.) on horseback. In OE. with genitive, as ponne rideS eelc his weses (.Alfred Oros. I. i. 21). 01300 Cursor M. 11427 )>ir kinges rides forth pair rade. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 94 Ryd thanne forth thi wey. C1450 Merlin 202 Thei rode so her iournes till thei com to Tarsaide. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxv. (Percy Soc.) 184, I.. made me ready for to ride my waye. 1642 Slingsby Diary (1836) 83 He rode up..and shot a townsman on y' neck.., and so rid his w^s.

b. Sc. and north. To open (Parliament, a fair) by a procession (cf. 2 b). Now only Hist, [e king aras.. and burne he warp on rigge. a 1325 Prose Psalter xlix. 18 J>ou kest my wordes byhynde rygge. 1393 Langl. P. pi. C. XXII. 287 Sholde no curiouse cloi>e come on hus rygge. c 1425 Leg. Rood (1871) 202 All is rede, Ribbe and rigge, pe bak bledej? a3ens pe borde. 1470-85 Malory Arthur v. iv. 165 The dragon.. smote the bore on the rydge whiche was x foote large fro the hede to the taylle. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 391 Let the backe or ridge be anoynted therewithal before, or at the first comming of the fittes of the Ague. 1581 Mulcaster PoriZiow xxxvii. (1887) 157 Neither refusing the saddle on his ridg, to be rid on, neither the bit in his mouth. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1658) 599 Their gall .. is forced to the mouth by certain veins under the ridge or back-bone. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. iii. 673 They rob’d me, and my Horse, And stole my Saddle,.. And made me mount upon the bare-ridge.

2. The top, upper part, or crest of anything, esp. when long and narrow, a. Of the sea, waves, rising ground, hills, etc. In pi. passing into sense 4. Beowulf (Z.) 471 Sende ic..ofer waeteres hrycg ealde madmas. ciooo Ags. Ps. (Thorpe) Ixviii. 2 Com ic on saes hrieg. 14.. Tretyce in Walter of Henley's Husb. (1890) 47 pe come p^is inj?e ryge off pe lande. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §16 Make a depe holowe forowe in the rydge of the lande. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 155 The rydgies also of these

RIDGE mountaynes are diuided with.. valleis. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, I. i. 64, 1 would.. meete him, were I tide to runne afoote Euen to the frozen ridges of the Alpes. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 11 Dancing upon the ridge of dreadful waves. 1669 WoRLiDGE Syst. Agric. 275 The Ridge, the upper edge of a Bank, or other rising Land. 1737 [S. Berington] Mem. G. de Lucca (1738) 89 We were almost on the Ridge of Africa, which made it cooler than one can well believe. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 123 The Pentapolis.. advanced into the midland country as far as the ridges of the Apennine. 1839 Thirlwall Greece xiv. II. 215 They., hastily retraced their march over the ridge of Tmolus. 1879 Browning Pheidippides 57 Such my cry as, rapid, I ran over Fames’ ridge. fig. 1678 Dryden All for Love 11. i. Is this the Man who.. Drives me before him. To the World’s Ridge, and sweeps me off like Rubbish? 1823 Byron Juan xi. xxiii, Night was on the ridge Of twilight. 1878 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cxxx. 5 As of one on the ridge of a journey, looking onward on his way.

b. Of the back, or other parts of the body. C1550 H. Lloyd Treas. Health Ti, Mingle the Joyce therof with oyle to anoynte the rigge of the backe. 1580 Blundevil Horsemanship iii. 24b, Drawe his backe with a hot iron right out on both sides of the ridge of his backe. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. v. Wks. 1856 I. 60 A bush of furs on the ridge of his chinne. 1641 Best Farming Bks. (Surtees) i Close tuppes are such as have both the stones in the ridge of the back. 1690 S. Blancard Lex. Med. 339 Isthmus.., the ridg of the nostrils. 1759 Johnson Idler No. 82 If 5 The line that forms the ridge of the nose. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 185 The short bristles., gradually encrease in length, as they approach the ridge of the back. 1876 Swinburne Erechtheus 1374 The ridge of their necks as the wind-shaken mane on the ridges of waves. 1888 Harper's Mag. July 186, I made out the horns, neck, and the ridge of the back of a tremendous old bull. fig. 1671 WooDHEAD St. Teresa i. xx. 129 This kind of Soul is. .upon the very top, or ridge, as one may say, of itself.

3. a. Th^ horizontal edge or line in which the two sloping sides of a roof meet at the top; the uppermost part or coping of a roof. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Luke iv. 9 Da Isedde he hyne.. & jesette hine ofer J>aes temples hricg [Hatton ricg]. 1503 Hawes Examp. Virt. x. 178 A lytell brydge Not halfe so brode as a hous rydge. 1556 Recorde Castle Knowl. 114 A three cornered forme like the rygge of an house where tone syde lyeth flatte, and the other two leane a slope. 1607 Shaks. Cor. ii. i. 227 Leades [are] fill’d, and Ridges hors’d With variable Complexions; all agreeing In earnestnesse to see him. 1662 Gerbier Principles 9 A Chimney some two Foote higher than the Ridges of the Roof of a Building. 1726 Swift Gulliver ii. v. Here I sat for some Time,.. expecting every Moment., to fall.. and come tumbling.. from the Ridge to the Eves. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. §849 To cover the whole of the roofing with old sound plain tiles .., the hips, ridges, and eaves in mortar. 1876 W. P. Buchan Plumbing iii. 16 Zinc ridges are made of sheet zinc. 1884 Law Times Rep. LI. 161/2 The attachments to buildings were made.. by a bolt screwed into the lead of the ridge. Prov. 1562 Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 50 A man may loue his house well. Though he ryde not on the rydge.

b. Fortif. (See quot.) 1853 Stocqueler Mil. Encycl., Ridge.. is the highest part of the glacis proceeding from the salient angle of the covered way. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1939/1.

4. a. A long and narrow stretch of elevated ground; a range or chain of hills or mountains. Also applied to submarine features. 938 in Birch Cartul. Sax. II. 431 Anlang hryeges to Caere eorCburh. 941 Ibid. 498 West Conan on Cone hryeg. a 1000 Ibid. I. 229 iErest of sae upp on Haengestes ricg;.. swa norC andlang rihges. 1538 Leland Itin. (1769) VH. 10 There is a grete Hill or Rigge, that stretchethe.. from Glassenbyry on to within 2 Miles of Bridgewater. 1574 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 367 This hill or ridge ioyneth vnto the citie. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Ind. iii. xx. 184 There are two ridges of mountaines which runne.. in one altitude. 1671 New York Col. Doc. (1853) III. 195 They saw a Ridge of Mountains lyeing N. and S. 1737 [S. Berington] Mem. G. de Lucca (1738) 158 Vast ridges of Mountains in the Heart of the Country. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 136 In Holland, which is all a flat, they shew a little ridge of hills, near the sea-side. 1815 Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 129 There are three branches, which stretch from the great ridge at right angles to the inferior ranges. 1880 Haughton Phys. Geogr. v. 208 The Kenia ridge has deprived the Equatorial lakes of fully one-half of their natural rainfall supply. 1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xv. 319 In the shallower depths, over sub-tropical and tropical submarine banks and ridges, the shells of pteropods become abundant. 1954 W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xviii. 462 Off the coast of California .. there is a series of submarine basins and ridges similar in origin to the faulted structures landward from them. 1961, etc. [see mid-ocean a. b, midoceanic a.]. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 99/3 Topographic forms can greatly influence currents, which may for example be.. diverted round large hills and ridges. fig. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 57 Here runs the mountainous and craggy ridge That tempts ambition.

b. A line or reef of rocks. 1695 Phil. Trans. XIX. 35 The Riff or Ridge .. descending a little towards the Eastward. 1769 Home Fatal Disc, ii, Fast, on a ridge of rocks, a wreck appear’d. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 572.

c. Meteorol. , An elongated region of high barometric pressure. 1883 Daily News 15 Sept. 2/7 The ‘ridge’ of high pressure which lay over our islands on Thursday. 1887 Ibid. 10 Jan. 3/5 A ‘ridge’ lay over that region, and the sky was clear. 1914 Seaman's Handbk. Meteorol. (Meteorol. Office) vii. 81 An area of considerably higher barometric pressure.., either as a ridge.. or in the more extensive form of an anticyclonic system. 1968 G. M. B. Dobson Exploring Atmosphere {td. 2) vi. 136 Troughs and ridges tend to circulate round the pole from west to east, but the general westerly wind at these heights has a much greater speed, and the air actually flows

RIDGE

906 through these troughs and ridges. As the air blows into a low pressure trough it descends, while as it approaches a ridge it ascends. 1977 Hongkong Standard 14 Apr. 16/2 A ridge of high pressure covers the northern part of the south China Sea.

5. a. Agric. A raised or rounded strip of arable land, usually one of a series (with intermediate open furrows) into which a field is divided by ploughing in a special manner. (Cf. land sb.^ 7.) t to spare neither ridge nor furrow, see furrow sb. i. C1380 Sir Ferumb. 1565 J>ay.. Ne spared rigges noI>er vores til pay mette pat pray. C1440 Pallad. on Husb. i. 1151 Lete se the litel plough, the large also, the rigges [v.r. londes] forto enhance. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §7 He seeth not whether the plough go in rydge or rayne. 1577 B. Googe Herebach's Husb. i. (1586) 23 b, As we leaue betwixt two Furrowes a Ridge, for the drie keeping of the graine like a Garden bedde. 1649 Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. 79 Consider thy Land how it lyeth, whether round with Ridg and Furrow [etc.]. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 168 Th’ aspiring Off-spring of the Grain O’ertops the Ridges of the furrow’d Plain. 1733 Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. 120 note, This Observation was before I planted my Rows on high Ridges. 1787 Winter Syst. Husb. 276 A few buts or short ridges, which were planted with a proportion of one bushel to an acre. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 465 Heavy land is formed into narrow ridges, to allow the rain to flow quickly into the open furrows. 1884 Allen Amer. Farm Bk. 103 The depth of the furrow should be about one-half its width, and the land or ridges as wide as can conveniently be made. transf. 1667 MiLTON P.L. vi. 236 Each Warriour. .expert When to.. turn the sway Of Battel, open when, and when to close The ridges of grim Warr. 1815 Wordsworth Spanish Guerillas in Poems II. 255 They have learnt to open and to close The ridges of grim War. 1895 W. B. Yeats Death of Cuhoollin in Poems 203 My father dwells among the seaworn bands. And breaks the ridge of battle with his hands. Comb. 1851 Art Jrnl. Hist. Exhib. 22/2 Among other striking examples of the ingenuity of the originators and constructors of the Crystal Palace is the ridge-and-furrow roof. 1871 Kingsley At Last ii. Gullies sawn in the slopes .. giving.. a ridge-and-furrow look to this and most other of the Antilles. 1919 J. Masefield 51 Meadows ridgeand-furrow ploughed. 1958 New Biol. XXVI. 40 This is particularly well shown in grasslands in which there are marked variations in the height of the water table, such as the characteristic ridge and furrow grasslands of Britain. 1967 Listener 6 July 10/3 The head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire, Joseph Paxton, then invented ridge and furrow roofing, without rafters. 1974 C. Taylor Fieldwork in Medieval Archaeol. iii. 57 The ridge and furrow ends on a well-marked terrace which was both a trackway through the fields and a headland on which the plough was turned.

b. Used as a measure of land. The size of ridges varied greatly in different parts of the country; cf. Stephens Bk. Farm (1844) I. 465. 967 in Birch Cartul. Sax. III. 486 lytle linland eal butan anan hryege, |?aem westmaestan twegen aeceras. 1439 Brasenose Coll. Munim. 4 rygges of meadow in Cropredy. 1631 Indenture, Bucks, 3 ridges or butts. 1688 Holme Armoury ii. ii. §32 Smaller parcells according to that quantity of ground it containeth,.. Ridges, Butts, Flats, Stitches or small Butts, Pikes. 1716 Lond. Gaz. No. 5487/4 Also four or five Ridges of Arable Land, and one Ley. 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. iv. 114 Such was their numbers that they used not to get but thrice nine ridges for each man.

c. Hort. A raised hot-bed on which cucumbers or melons are planted. 1725 Family Diet. s.v. Melon, To make Ridges for your Melons and Cucumbers, of the same kind of Dung with the Seed-Bed. 1796 C. Marshall Gardening xiv. (1798) 194 The hot-bed, or ridge made in May, for hand-glass, should be sunk in a dry soil. 1847 Mrs. Loudon Amateur Gardener 86/2 The cucumbers raised from seed last month should now be planted out on ridges.

6. a. A narrow elevation or raised part running along or across a surface. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §4 A reste-balke is where the plough.. leaueth a lyttell rydge standynge betwene. 1677 Yarranton Eng. Improv. 41 At last I found in the Sea great quantities of Iron Stones lye in a Ridge. 1693 Evelyn De La Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 94 Strawberries being likewise order’d in double ridges, in Baskets made on purpose. 1726 Swift Gulliver iv. i. They had Beards like Goats, and a long Ridge of Hair down their Backs. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad VII. 228 A tempest.. began to blow And rear in ridges high the deep below. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 293 Seeds small, with 5 membranaceous ridges. 1810 Crabbe Borough xxii. 71 None could the ridges on his back behold. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 154 In a few species, the cells are confluent also across the ridges. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 347 Dead-smooth files are.. of so fine a cut that the unaided eye cannot discern the ridges. b. = BAR sbf 7 a. 1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v.. It is commonly in the third or fourth Ridge that the Farriers strike, in order to bleed a Horse whose Mouth is over heated. [1831 Youatt Horse 133 The hard palate, composed of a firm dense substance divided into several ridges called bars.] 1847 T. Brown Mod. Farriery 198 The palate, divided into ridges and bars. 1876 Huxley in Nature XIV. 34/1 The valleys between the various ridges are not filled up with cement.

c. A raised something.

line,

bank,

bed,

or

strip

of

1763 Mills Pract. Hush. IV. 364 The French vine¬ dressers .. lay along that side of the vineyard .. a ridge of dry litter. 1800 Wordsw. Brothers ii The snow-white ridge Of carded wool which the old man had piled. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xiv. 123 From behind some dusky cotton-bale, or.. over some ridge of packages. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 168 A ridge of chalk runs across the island.

d. One of the many raised lines on the skin that are esp. noticeable on the fingers and palms of the hand and the sole of the foot. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 86/2 Each such ridge shows on its summit a little furrow dotted with minute apertures. 1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 756/1 The cross grooves that i

K

intersect the ridges and papillae on the hands and feet. 1892 F. Galton Finger Prints i. i Let no one despise the ridges on account of their smallness, for they are in some respects the most important of all anthropological data. 1920 E. Wallace Daffodil Mystery xxviii. 220 Compare them!.. Line for line, ridge for ridge,.. it is Milburgh’s thumb¬ print. 1940 R. Morrish Police & Crime-Detection x. 89 The ridges (‘papillary’ ridges as they are called) are formed by the mouths of the ducts of the sweat-glands. 1966 T. S. & C. R. Leeson Histology xiii. 250/1 Ridges are absent on the forehead, external ear, perineum, and scrotum. 1980 A. Silverstein Human Anat. & Physiol, vii. 97/2 The patterns of grooves and ridges we see are in the epidermis, but they do not originate there. They are produced by variations of folds and ridges in the underlying dermis. 7. attrih. and Comb, a. In sense 3 (or related

uses), as ridge-beam^ -board, -cap, -crest, etc.; ridge-roofed adj. Also ridge-piece, -pole, -TILE, -TREE. 1578 Banister Hist. Man i. 18 The composition of the Vertebres compared to the •ridgbeame of a shippe. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1939/1 Ridge-beam, a beam at the upper ends of the rafters beneath the ridge. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. §1301 The •ridge-board, 8 inches and a half by i inch and a half, [to be] of red deal. 1881 Young Every Man his own Mechanic §970 The rafters may abut after the manner of rafters against the ridge-board or pole of a span roof. 1787 W. Marshall Prov. Norf. (1795) II. 387 Roofing, the ’ridge-cap of thatched roofs. 1975 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ontario) 4 Sept. 23/6[Her] specialty is to make ridge cap shakes which are joined and overlapped alternately to make a leak-proof seal for the roof ridge. 1849 Ecclesiologist IX. 161 There are rich but over large ’ridgecrests to the chancel. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xvi. 170 A neat housing of light canvas was stretched upon a ’ridge-line sustained fore and aft by stanchions. 1850 Parker Gloss. Arch. (ed. 5) 388 note. The longitudinal ’ridge-rib runs along the apex of the main vault; the transverse ridge-rib crosses this and runs along the apex of the cross vault. 1879 Baring-Gould Germany II. 355 English architects alone used the ridge rib, running the whole length of the church and uniting the keys. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. §1301 The ’ridge roll (a piece over which the lead is turned on ridges and hips). 1883 Hardwick Phot. Chem. 299 Many operators prefer to work in what is called a ’ridge-roof studio. 1963 H. N. Savory in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment iii. 34 A small rectangular, ’ridge-roofed house. 1933 ’Ridge rope [see A tent]. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. 1130/1 *Ridge-spikes, nails with broad heads for fastening on lead. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. xlvi. 23 There went a ’rygge wall rounde aboute them all foure. b. In sense 5, as ridge-are (ear -breadth,

-furrow, -hoe, -method, etc. Also ridge-drill, -harrow, -plough (Knight Diet. Mech.). For ridge-and-furrow see sense 5. 1649 Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. 79 If it be Lands & great Balkes together, then for the Lands Plough them as you please, that is, whether ’Ridge-Are [etc.]. 1806 J. Grahame Birds of Scot. 141 A ’ridge-breadth round The partridge nest. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 666 Rendering them drier by deepening the ’ridge-furrows. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, ’Ridge-hoe, a field implement for row-culture, of which there are several combinations. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 687 In setting the plants out, in the ’ridge method, it is necessary to have them placed in lines as regularly as possible. 1817-8 Cobbett U.S. (1822) 71 The ’ridge-sowing method, or the broad-cast method. 1786 Abercrombie Gard. Assist. 11 Blending the whole together into an heap ’ridgeways. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 88 The manner of performing the ’ridge-work, or laying up the soil for the winter. c. In sense 4, as ridge crest, prairie (U.S.),

road (U.S.), system, -top, walk. 1963 L. F. Chitty in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment vii. 179 From Onibury, the general trend of the way is clear, but its actual line is partly problematical: there is no longer an extended ridge-crest to give it definition. 1971 1. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xxi. 303/1 This relationship.. poses the question of whether these volcanoes in the flanking basins originated on ridge crests and remained active while they were carried away upon the spreading sea-floor. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 97/3 The mean depth below the water surface of the world’s ridge crests is 2700 m (8775 ft). 1882 Econ. Geol. Illinois II. 73 The prairies are.. of two classes—those that are a little elevated and rather level near the lower course of the streams, and more elevated and rolling prairies on the higher ridges. The latter are the so-called ‘ridge prairies’. 1817 N. Amer. Rev. IV. 185, I have returned by the ridge road. 1871 Harper's Mag. Dec. 46/2 These ‘ridge-roads’.. form a system of ready-made highways. 1961 Ridge system [see mid-ocean a. b]. 1971 L G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xxi. 302/2 Such volcanoes are mostly found along the ridge systems, particularly in the Atlantic. 1877 Bryce Transcaucasia i. 35 Looking from one of these billowy ridgetops across the vast expanse. 1977 G. Scott Hot Pursuit viii. 74 The ground began to climb.. and we were on a ridgetop. .. The mountain ranges stretched away. 1940 W. A. PoucHER Lakeland through Lens 43 Their proximity to the Buttermere Valley makes the western end of these ridges equally approachable, and incidentally very fine ridge walks either way. 1976 Lancs. Even. Post 7 Dec. 8/4 The switchback skyline of the Troutbeck fells.. provides one of the best ridge walks in eastern Lakeland.

d. Misc., as ridge-bank, -chain, character¬ istics, -count, -form, -like, -line, -nose, system, etc.; also ridge-hop vb. 1945 C. Mann in B. James Austral. Short Stories (1963) 72 The house they had on the ridge-bank was near the middle of the river bend. 1968 J. Arnold Shell Bk. Country Crafts 164 This.. left the wagoner free to throw the ridgechain over the back-pad. 1954 F. Cherrill Cherrill of Yard vii. 75 The incriminating impressions of the ridge characteristics of a fragment of his palm. 1970 P. Laurie Scotland Yard ix. 200 These ridge-counts go in as well. 1976 Ridge-count [see phenylthiocarbamide]. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. PI. 31 A white-thorn hedge,.. cut .. in the ridge form, or broad at bottom and narrow at the top. 1973 C. Bonington Next Horizonxviii. 247 The twin-

RIDGE engined Fokker Friendship ridge-hops over the treeTOvered tentacles of the great peaks. 1816 Coleridge Lay ierm. (Bohn) 379 A few .. whose ample foreheads, with the weighty bar, ridge-hke, above the eyebrows, bespoke observation. 1833 Herschel Astron. iii. 156 The bottoms of vall^s and the ridge-lines of hills. 1940 R. Morrish Police is Cnme-Detection x. 91 Ridge-lines on the print may represent furrows which have become filled with blood on the finger. 1703 Land. Gaz. No. 3945/4 A black Cart OeWing. .with a ridge Nose. 1954 F. Cherrill CherriU of Yard vii. 69 The patterns on the ends of the fingers are simply a culmination of the ridge system which covers the whole of the palmar surface of the hands.

8. Special combs.: ridgeback = Rhodesian ridgeback s.v. Rhodesian a. 3 c; ridge barrow Archasol. [barrow ^6.^ 3], a type of long, earthen grave-mound; ridge cucumber, a cucumber of a variety suitable for growing outside in a temperate climate, freq. grown on ridges of soil (cf. RIDGE sbf 5 c); ridge-fillet, ridge myrtle (see quots.); ridge runner U.S. slang, a southern mountain farmer, a hill-billy; also in Blacks’ use, any white person; ridge stone, (a) a curb-stone for a well; (b) a coping-stone for the ridge of a house; ridge stay, dial., a ridge-band; ridge-tackle (see quot.); ridge tent (see quot. 1963); ridge-washed a. (see quot.); ridgewise adv., in the manner of a ridge; ridgewith (ridgeworth, etc.), dial., a ridge-band (cf. rigwith). 1937 Cre L)ogs 10 Dec. 886/3 The ridge in the breed, .is present in practically every *Ridgeback puppy. 1945 L. G. Green Where Men Still Dream 167 The finest type of Bushman hunting dog, a light brown ridgeback mongrel with dark stripes and a trace of the greyhound in its appearance, is now verging on extinction. 1977 P. C. Venter Soweto 51 A ridgeback yawned and got up from the polished door step. 1951 Field ArchseoL (Ordnance Survey Prof. Papers No. 13) (ed. 3) 15 The whole affair, which belonged to Neolithic times, was.. interpreted as an eccentric form of long barrow to which the term ‘*ridge barrow’ has been applied. 1963 Ibid. (ed. 4) 28 A variant of the earthen long barrow which seems to be confined at present to Dorset is the so-called *ridge-barrow’ which was found during the excavation of Maiden Castle near Dorchester. 1851 B'ham & Midi. Card. Mag. Apr. 45 Sow in frame on hot bed,.. *Ridge Cucumbers [etc.]. 1933 H. H. Thomas Pop. Encycl. Gardening 257/2 The plants must be grown out in a greenhouse or frame, with the exception of the Ridge Cucumber and the Gherkin, which can be grown out of doors in summer. 1^2 Listener 25 Oct. 698/1, 2 small ridge cucumbers. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech., *Ridge-fillet, 1. (Architecture), the fillet between two channels of a pillar. 2. (Founding), the runner or principal channel. 1889 Maiden Useful Native PL 276 Melaleuca genistifolia, .. *Ridge Myrtle’. Called ‘Ironwood’ in Queensland. 1933 Amer. Speech VIII. m. 31/1 *Ridge runner, originally an Arkansas, rather than a Kentucky, hill billy. Any uncouth, stupid felIow\ 1947 A. M. Trout Greetings from Old Kentucky 9 While strolling through the woods one day with my friend, Bill Curry, a ridge runner from London, in Laurel County, we came upon a large bunch of hogs. 1966 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. ig64 XLii. 31 The most characteristic feature of Negro terms for Caucasian is the tendency to expand particularized designations for Caucasians to include all members of the race, e.g., terms for poor Southerners:.. rid'gerunner [etc.]. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., *Ridge stay. 1694 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 320 Some *ridg stones may be sett round the mouth of the well. 1829 Glover's Hist. Derby I. 91 At Pentrich common quarry, ridge stones are prepared, sawed out like an angular trough. 1899 Mackay Introd. to Lindesay of Pitscottie's Chron. (S.T.S.) 34 A few of the ridge stones were unearthed some years ago. 1794 Rigging Sf Seamanship *Ridge Tackle is composed of a double block and a single block, strapped with an eye: it is used to suspend the awning in the middle. 1913 J. F. M. H. Stone Caravanning ^ CampingOut xiv. 125 The tent I have the most liking for.. is the type known as ‘•ridge tent’, ‘patrol tent’, or ‘emigrant tent’. 1926 E. E. Reynolds Camping for All iii. 13 Stanley.. states that one of these double-roof ridge tents withstood three hundred days of rain. 1963 Camping (‘Know the Game’ Series) 3/2 Ridge Tents. These have long sides to the roof supported by upright poles at each end... A ridge tent with roof running down to the ground is called an A-tent. 1977 Grimsby Even. Tel. 5 May 3/6 (Advt.), Wanted, small ridge tent with fly-sheet. 1823 Crabbe, *Ridge-washed-kersey (Mech.), kersey-cloth made of fleece wool, washed only on the sheep’s back. 1725 Family Diet. s.v. Mushroom-beds, The Dung should be well mix’d..and thrown into the Trench two Foot up *Ridge-wise. 1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Nov. vii. 316 They., cover the Tumeps and Foss with Earth, Ridge-wise. 1902 J. Buchan No-Man'sLand i. 5 A sort of plateau, benty and rock-strewn, running ridge-wise above a chain of little peaty lochs. 1552 Huloet, •Ridgwyth for a cart. C1700 Kennet in MS. Lansd. 1033, fol. 322 A Ridge-with, the rope that is fastned to the rods, and goes over the saddle of the Fillar. Chesh. 1854- in Lane., Chesh., and Northampton glossaries.

ridge, sb."^ Cant. Now only U.S. [Origin obscure.] Gold; gold coin. Also, any metal coin, fridge-cully, a goldsmith. 1665 R. Head Eng. Rogue 1. iv, Ridge-cully, a Goldsmith. [Hence in B.E. Diet. Cant. Crew {a 1700), and later Diets.] 1796 Grose's Diet. Vulgar T., Ridge, a guinea. 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Ridge, gold, whether in coin or any other shape..; a cly-full of ridge, a pocketfull of gold. 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. v. My thimble of ridge [= gold watch]. 1931 Writer's Digest Oct. 29 Ridge, a gold coin of any denomination. 1935 Amer. Speech X. 13/2 Chink, metal money; loose change. (Obs.) Modern ridge, coin. 1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 78 Pockets were actually picked for metal coins—ridge or smash.

907 ndge (rids), v. Forms: 5 ryge, rigge, 6 rygge, ^dge, 6- ridge (6 ridgg, 7 ridg). [f. ridge sbf An OE. hrycisende occurs as a gloss to L. resulcans.'^ 1. trans. To provide (a building) with a ridge, or a proper covering for this; to make or renew the ridge of (a house, etc.). Cf. rig vf 1. in 5tA Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. (1876) 528/1 Paid ri/'.1 rygyng the house with turfs, 3d. 1406 Will of Pirnpe (Somerset Ho.), Whereas the rofife of the body of the said churche is now Rigged w' Rigge tile I will that it be rigged w' leede. 1595 in Sheffield Gloss. (1888) 328 That the copyholders of this manor shall.. moss and ridgg the west end of the mylne. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God XV. xvii, 569 The fittest forme for to keepe of the rayne and weather was to bee ridged downe a proportioned descent Uom the toppe downeward, 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 115 As in Oxfordshire.. they use it [sc. turf] frequently to ridg and head their meaner houses.

2. To break or throw up (land, a field, etc.) into ridges. Freq. with up. Cf. rig v.^ 2. *523 Fitzherb. Husb. §13 In the begynnynge of Marche, rydge it vppe agayne. Ibid., Than let hym caste his barleymhe, and shortly after rygge it agayne. 1549 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 19 The ploughman.. breaketh it in furroughes, and sometime ridgeth it vp agayne. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Setllonner vne terre, to ridge a ground. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 239 Ridging it up twice or thnee for every casting tilth. 1733 Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. xviii. 121 The Soil is equally rich, whether it be plowed plain or ridged up. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 366 The land may be again ridged up by means of the plough. 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. mjrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 397 The fields are neatly ridged with the hoe. 1884 Allen Amer. Farm Bk. 103 A stiff clay is sometimes ridged up by turning a double furrow. fis- *549 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 20 Nowe ridgynge them vp agayne, with the gospel, absol. 1868 Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869) 248 The safest course is to ridge before the loth of November.

3. To mark with or as with ridges; to raise ridges or ripples upon (a surface). 1671 Milton Samson 1137 Bristles.. like those that ridge the back Of chaft wild Boars. 1816 L. Hunt Rimini i. 204 The branching veins ridging the glossy lean. 1830 Tennyson Arab. Nts. 35 A motion from the river won Ridged the smooth level. 1886 Ruskin Prseterita I. 242 The kind of breeze that drifts the clouds, and ridges the waves. refi. 1880 J. Legge Mem. 262 The placid sea may ridge itself in mountains.

4. To plant (put) in ridges or hot-beds. 173* Miller Gard. Diet. s.v. Cucumis, The common Allowance for ridging out the earliest Plants, is one Load to each.. Hole, 1786 Abercrombie Gard. Assist. 31 To have a proper supply for ridging or planting into large hot-beds. Ibid. 32 Melons. —Sow in hot-beds,.. ridge out into strong hot-beds. 1868 Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869) 248 The young plants make a more uniform growth when ridged.

b. To cover in, by raising ridges. 1827 Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 496 The practice usually is, to dig in Farm-yard Dung..; or sometimes to ridge in the dung. 1868 Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869) 422 The dressings were sown .. in drills, which were then ridged in.

c. To arrange in ridges. 1821-30 Ld. Cockburn Mem. (1874) iv. 220 It ran over the sky-lines of people ridged on all the buildings.

5. intr. To form ridges; to rise (up) in ridges. En. Ard. 525 The Biscay, roughly ridging shook And almost overwhelm’d her. 1891 One of our Conq. HI. x. 194 Dartrey’s forehead ridged with his old fury. 1899 Pall Mall Mag. Jan. 9 The veins ridged up upon his forehead. 1864 Tennyson

eastward,

Meredith

Hence 'ridging ppl. a. 1828 Tennyson Lover's Tale 55 The slowly-ridging rollers on the cliff Clash’d, calling to each other. 1885-94 Bridges Eros & Psyche Apr. xxix. Hid from earth by ridging summits twain, They came upon a valley.

ridge (rid3), a. Austral, slang, [f. ridge Good, all right, genuine. 1938 Partridge Diet. Slang (ed. 2) 1026/2 Ridge, adj., good; valuable: Australian. 1953 K. Tennant Joyful Condemned'!. 4 ‘It’s ridge, Hec,’ she assured him. ‘He won’t come here again.’ 1971 D. Ireland Unknown Industrial Prisoner vii, 130, I convinced her the whole thing was ridge!

'ridge-band. Now dial. Also 5 rigebound. [f. RIDGE sb.'^ + BAND = BACKBAND I. 1418 in Rymer Foedera (1709) IX. 543/1 Rigeboundes, Bellibondes, & Shotyng-ledders. 1611 Cotgr., Dossiere, the part of a draught horses harnesse which runnes ore-crosse his backe, we call it the ridgeband. 1775 in E. Angl. Gloss. (1895). 1838 in Holloway Pron. Diet. 1854- in dial, glossaries (Northampton, Shropsh., Heref., Sussex).

'ridge-bone. Forms: i hryegban, 4-5 rugge-, 4-6 rygge-, rigge- (5 ? ragge-), 5-6 rydge-, 5ridgebone (6 ridg-); also 4 -boon, 5 -boone, 4-5 -bon. [OE. hryegban, = OFris. regben, MDu. Yig(ge)-, rug(ge)been (Du. ruggebeen), MLG. ruggeben (LG. riigge-, riigben), OHG. rukkipein (MHG. riickbein, G. riickenbein), Norw. ryggbein, Sw. -ben. Da. rygben.) The spine or back-bone. Now rare or Obs. (common c 1380-1610). For northern and Sc. examples, see RIG-BONE.

RIDGE-POLE skyrtis.. And after the Ragge boon cuttis euen also. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health cccxxii. 104 b, The backe bone or the rydge bone the which may have many diseases. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxvii. (1887) 105 It helpeth the ridgebone, by stowping, bending, and coursing about. 1651 Raleigh's Ghost 85 Throughout the whole spine or ridgebone of the back. 1765 J. L. Jackson Riding 7 The rider.. sitting with his body erect, his ridge bone answering to the ridge bone of the horse. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth viii. The saddle and the man were girthed on the ridge-bone of a.. Flemish mare. ridged (rid3d), ppl. a.

[f. ridge sb.^ or v. Cf. ME. broke-rugget broken-backed.] Rising in a ridge or ridges; marked by a ridge or ridges. c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) iv. He renneth with leepes and with rygged and stondyng heere. *55* Robinson tr. More's Utop. i. (1895) 31 Afterwarde they founde shyppes wyth rydged kyeles. *578 Lyte Dodoens 313 A ceitayne fruit like unto small peares, saving they be ridged alongest the sydes. 1622 Drayton Polyolb. xxvii, 11 So lowd the Ecchoes cry’d, that they were heard to shreeke To Fournesse ridged Front. 1681 Grew Musasum i. iii. 51 A kind of a Ridged Tail or Epiphysis. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. 1. 136 A great Room.. with a Ridged Roof. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 15/1 Sloping or ridged like ordinary mean Houses. 1789 T. Wright Meth. Watering Meadows (1790) 25 A field that has been .. left by the plow in a ridged state. 1830 Tennyson Sea Fairies 39 When the sharp clear twang of the golden chords Runs up the ridged sea. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 329 Seeds ridged and wrinkled. ridged, obs. variant of rigid a. ridgel ('rid33l).

Now dial. Forms: 6-7 ridgell, 8-9 ridgel, 9 rudgel; 7-9 ridgil (8 -ill, 9 -ul); also 7 rigele, -ell(e, -il. [App. f. ridge sb.'^ i (cf. 2 b, quot. 1641), the testicle being supposed to remain near the animal’s back, instead of descending into the scrotum. The northern forms answering to ridgel and ridgeling (see below) are riggald and riglin(g: cf. also rig sb.^, riggon, and riggot'.]

An animal which has been imperfectly castrated (for spayed), or whose genital organs are not properly developed; esp. a male animal (rarn, bull, or horse) with only one testical. Also attrib. *597 ID Sheffield Gloss. (1888) 328 That no persone.. shall put any ridgell tupp upon the moore .. upon payne for euery ridgell so found xijd. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 154 One branded rigelle whye, and a little blacke rigele stot. 1664 Cotton Scarron. iv. (1741) 64, I hate a base cowardly Drone Worse than a Rigil with one Stone. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. ix. 31 O Tityrus tend my Herd.. And ’ware the Libyan Ridgils butting Head. 1723 Dk. Wharton True Briton No. 59, When they make Ridgels, I have known as unlikely things hit off. 1779 Phil. Trans. LXIX. 290 Nearly as large..as those of the ridgill, the bull whose testicles never come down. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVIII. 210 He would not give so much for a ridgil as for a clean-cut horse, 1884- in dial, glossaries (Chesh,, Notts., Wore., Glouc.). 1886 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. XVII. 42 Ridgling or ridgil .. is still used in Tennessee and the West. transf. 01625 Fletcher Women Pleased ii. vi, A pox of yonder old Rigell The Captaine, the old Captaine. 'ridgelet. Alsoridglet. [f. ridge small ridge, esp. of earth.

1778 [W, Marshall] Minutes Agric. 17 Oct. 1774 Observ., Opened the potatoe-ridgelets with a plow. 1787 Norfolk I. 234 If the land lie in narrow work, the ridglets are split. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. H. 592 To plough the land into ridglets of about two feet six inches in width. 1852 Dana Crust. 1. 249 One of the ridgelets or rugae extends inward. 1863-Man. Geol. 723 It should be remembered that mountains are relatively to the size of the earth but little ridgelets on its surface. 'ridgeling. Now rare. Also 6 redge-, 7-9 ridgling. [-ing or -ling: cf. riglin.] = ridgel. *555 W. Watreman Fardle Facions Ii. xi. 259 Greate menne, that cannot alwaie haue their wiues in their own eye, appoincte redgelinges, or guelte menne to awaite vppon them. 1682 D’Urfey Royalist Prol., Yet who here would refuse a kind Intrigue; Faith none; who does it, is a Ridgling Whig. 1684 Dryden Theocritus, Idyl iii. 5 O Tityrus, tend them well,.. And ’ware the Ridgling with his butting head. 1886 [see ridgel], 1891 Hartland Glossary s.v. Ridger. A ridgel or ridgeling, an animal half castrated. 1974 E. C. Stacey Peace Country Heritage ii. 103 Reddon studied the occurrence of ridglings in boars and sought to determine if it was a hereditary trait, which it proved to be. ridgeling adv.-. see rugling. 'ridge-piece,

13.. Gaw. Gr. Knt. 1344 So ryde |7ay of by resoun bi I>e rygge bonez, Euenden to |7e haunche. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 383 Perdix..made it i-toI>ed as a rugge boon of a fische. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 226 A greet boch I>at cornel? of J?e passioun of |7e riggeboon. c 1425 Eng. Conq. Irel. 142 My fyngyr ys gretter than was my faders ryggebone. 1485 Bk. St. Albans f iij b, Than schall ye kyt the

[ridge ii.' 3.]

(See quots. 1823

and 1850.) i6ii Cotgr. s.v. Enfaisture, Pieces d'enfaisture, sparres, rafters, ridge-peeces of timber. *823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 128 A ridge-piece is a beam at the apex of a roof. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. §83 Ridge pieces, nine inches deep.., rounded on the top for lead. 1850 Parker G/orr. Arch. (ed. 5) 388 A piece of timber called the ridge-piece, upon which the upper ends of the rafters rest. 1863 Baring-Gould Iceland 270 Then the men pulled at the gable ends, heaved the ridgepiece aside, and broke it asunder.

a 1000 Ags. Ps. (Lamb.) xxxi. 4 Sewend ic eom on.. yrm-

5um minum, I>anne tobrocen bi6 hryegban.

-1- -let.] A

'ridge-pole,

[ridge sb.' 3.]

1. a. The horizontal pole of a tent. 1788 Falconbridce Afr. Slave Trade 5 The sailors first lash the booms and yards from mast to mast, in order to form a ridge-pole, 1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 391 Captain’s Marquee. Ridge-pole, length 6 ft. ii in. 1855 Longf. Hiaw. xiii. 155 Tied him fast.. To the ridge-pole of his wigwam. 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets, etc. 27 The sun

RIDGER was.. shining cheerily through the thin canvas. Three magpies were chattering on the ridge-pole. fig. 1788 J. May J'rn/. IS Lett. (1873) 29 We., began to ascend Alleghana... At ten o’clock we were on the ridge¬ pole. b. attrib. in ridge-pole pine (see quot.). 1885 Roosevelt Hunting Trips 306 The forest was composed mainly of what are called ridge-pole pines, which .. do not branch out until the stems are thirty or forty feet from the ground. 2. A horizontal timber at the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are fastened. Also fig. 1814 Niles' Weekly Reg. V. 322/2 At the time I left the boat the waters were about midway on the roofs of the houses generally, and quite to the ridge poles of several. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archit. § 1940 The ridge pole of such a roof is made exactly like one of the main ribs of the principals. 1863 Hawthorne Our Old Home (1879) 80 They are mostly of the timber-and-plaster kind, with bowed and decrepit ridge-poles. 1881 Young Every Man his own Mechanic § 1332. 614 The rafters are notched on to the wall plates.. at their lower end, while the upper end of each is rested against the ridge-pole. 1955 E. Pound Classic Anthol. in. 184 High, pine-covered peak full of echos, Proud ridge-pole of Heaven. Hence 'ridge-poled a. 1861 Russell in Times 10 July, A few ridge-poled tents, pitched under the shade of some trees.

ridgey-dite (,rid3i 'dait), a. Austral, rhyming slang. [After ridgy-didge a.] All right; = RIDGE a. 1953 K. Tennant Joyful Condemned xxx. 295 He’d tell you himself I’m ridgey-dite. I worked for him.

ridgid, ridgil(l: see rigid, ridgel. ridgie-didge, var. ridgy-didge a. t ridgill-backed. Obs.-° (See quot.) 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Asne, A Dos 4*aine,.. ridgill-backed; bowed, boughtie, or bowing; highest in the middle.

'ridging, vbl. sb. [f. ridge v. + -ing^.] 1. The action of making or covering the ridge of a house; the ridge itself. Also attrib., as ridging grass (see quot. 1864), stone, tile, tree. 1458 Visitat. St. Paul's Churches 96 Orreum indiget reparacioni cum stramine et in ryggyng. 1611 Cotgr., Enfaisture, a ridge, or a ridging; or the frame of a ridge, roofe, or house top. 1752 Ray Hist. Reb. 311 The spy was hanged on what they call the ridging-tree of a house. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 198 The droved angular freestone ridging-stone.. costs 6d. a lineal foot. 1862 Catal. Internal. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 2286 Ridging, roofing, and flooring tiles. 1864 Grisebach Flora W. Ind. Isl. 787 Ridging grass, Anatherum bicorne.

'ridger.

2. The action of ploughing in ridges, or of rising up in ridges. Also with up.

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern ^ Vale Farming 322 Two Ropes or Chains.. are held by the Ridger of the Cart-saddle. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet. 1854 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss. s.v. Ridge-band, Ridge-band .. in Suffolk .. is called ridger; .. and ridge-rope in London and its vicinity. 2. A ridging implement. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 315/2 An implement which he calls a Ridger and Subsoiler. By means of it the soil.. is thrown into 36-inch ridges, a 1890 Sci. Amer. LXIl. 181 (Cent. Diet.), A small ridger or subsoiler extending below to form a small furrow into which the seed is dropped. 1947 T. Hennell Countryman at Work 70 The ‘free ends’ of the thatch (where the building ends vertically, and the thatch cannot be continued round the comers) must be made up to the proper thickness within long rods or ridgers, which are first bent upwards to a right angle, pinned in the edges of thatch, finally bent again and pinned down across it. 1977 Grimsby Even. Tel. 5 May 3/6 (Advt.), BMB Iron Horse, in perfect working order, with two pair of wheels,.. plough, drag, skerry, potato lifter and ridger.

1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §13 The whiche ryggynge maketh the lande to be drye. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 647 The ridging up of the land may be of utility. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 224 Sometimes two ridges are set up against each other, which is called ridging or bouting. 1897 Geikie Anc. Volcanoes Gt. Brit. I. 12 The ridging up of any part of the terrestrial crust. attrib. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 1939/2 A ridging-plow, the wings of which are expanded or contracted by segmental racks and a pinion.

[ridge sb.^ or v.'\ 1. dial. = RIDGE-BAND.

'ridge-rope, [ridge 1. dial. = RIDGE-BAND. 1611 CoTGR., Surselle, a broad and great band,.. fastened on either side of a thill, and bearing vpon the.. saddle... About London it is called the Ridge-rope. 1854 [see ridger I]-

2. Naut.

(See quots. 1769 and 1867.) 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780), Sauve-gardes, the ridge-ropes which extend the nettings of a ship’s head. 1846 Young Naut. Diet., Ridge-ropes (or Man-ropes). 1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 22, I, guessing we were in for it, sent down the topmasts,.. rove the ridge-ropes, and reefed all down. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Ridge-ropes are of various kinds. Thus the centre-rope of an awning, and those along the rigging to which it is stretched, the manropes to the bowsprit, safety lines from gun to gun in bad weather—all obtain this name. 'ridget. rare, [ridge s6.‘] = ridgelet. 1791 W. Marshall W. England (1796) II. 278 A wrested plow .. forcing up the ridgets. 1796 Ibid. I. 190 The rows or ridgets of soil and clods, forced up by the plow. 'ridge-tile.

RIDICULE

908

Also ridge tile (5 rigge, 7-8 tyle).

[ridge sb.^'i A tile used for roofing the ridge of a building. The northern form rig-tile is found a little earlier: see rig sb.^ 5. 1496 [see ridge v. i]. i6ii Cotgr., Renfester vne maison, to put new ridge-tyles on it. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 64 Laid on Mud-walls, and the tops of Houses, in the place and manner of these we call Ridge-tiles. 1726 Swift Gulliver ii. v, The Monkey.. let me drop on a Ridge Tyle, and made his Escape. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. iv. vii. (1872) III. 164 All prisons and Houses of Arrest in French land are getting crowded to the ridge-tile. 1851 Ord. ^ Regul. R. Engin. xix. 100 The Ridges being covered with lead, or Ridge Tiles. 'ridge-tree, [ridge = ridge-pole 2. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 148 They will sowe downe theire thatch in fower places,.. lastly, aboute a yard or more belowe the ridge-tree. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §100 Planks being well spiked down upon the ridge-tree and upon the sills on each side. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 187 If a slated roof is adopted, there should be a ridge-tree 10 inches broad by 2 inches thick. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. II. 100. 'ridgeway. [OE. hryeguoes'. see ridge sb.'^ 4 and WAY s6.] A way or road along a ridge, esp. one following the ridge of downs or low hill-ranges. Also attrib. 938 in Birch Cartul. Sax. II. 431 b^non on hone nor6mystan hryc wej. a 1000 in Kemble Cod. Dipl. III. 427 On 6one beorh to 6em riegwege; Sonne east andlang hriegweges. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Plaga, An high ridge way paued with marble. 1778 Eng. Gaz. (ed. 2) s.v. Childrey, The ridge-way, called Ickleton, part of the Roman Icknildstreet, runs just above this place. 1861 Smiles Engineers I. 157 In some districts they are called trackways or ridgeways, being narrow causeways usually following the natural ridges of the country. 1882 Jessopp Arcady 72 Across ridgeway plantations, furze breaks, and short cuts. ridgeways, -wise, adv., see ridge sb.^ 7 b.

'ridgingly, adv. rare-^. [f. ridge v.^ 1552 Huloet,

Ridgynglye, or after the maner of rydges.

Ridgway ('rid3wei). The name of the Ridgway family, used attrib. and absol. to designate pottery and porcelain produced from 1792 by the brothers George (c 1758-1823) and Job Ridgway (1759-1814), or by their descendants. 1911 J. F. Blacker Nineteenth-Cent. Eng. Ceramic Art ix. 207 To say that there will be little old Ridgway ware and china amongst future collections is to assume that fashion will never fail in its pursuit of fine specimens. That is probably true; useful articles stand in another class, and though there is fine old Ridgway it is not easy to get. i960 H. Hayward Antique Coll. 239/1 Ridgway earthenware & porcelain. 1972 G. A. Godden Illustr. Guide Ridgway Porcelains ii. 10 It is extremely unlikely that we shall ever be able to identify positively the eighteenth-century Ridgway earthenwares. Ibid. 14 The Ridgway porcelain dessert and tea-wares do not at this pre-1830 period bear any factory trade-mark. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropaedia VIII. 577/3 {caption) Ridgway porcelain inkpot, a caricature of Job Ridgway’s wife . .c 1810.

ridgy ('rid3i), a. [f. ridge sb.^ + -y.] Rising in ridges, or after the manner of a ridge. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, i. 599 Ridgy Roofs and Tiles. -Mneid iii. 739 To Heav’n aloft on ridgy waves we ride. 1718 Rowe tr. Lucan iv. 251 Long rows of ridgy mountains run behind. 1783 W. F. Martyn Geogr. Mag. II. 139 Cleves .. is said to derive its name from its ridgy situation. 1791 W. Bartram Carolina 182 A very ridgy horny cartilage. 1810 Crabbe Borough i. 182 Faint, lazy waves o’ercreep the ridgy sand. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps iii. §xxii. 89 A low ridgy process is seen emerging along the outer edge of the cylindrical shaft. 1880 Miss Japan I. 314 The back bones of all [the horses] are ridgy. Comb. 1872 Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes 334 To the right of Skiddaw is .. the ridgy-fronted Blencathara.

1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iii. 201 In this Masse-Sacrifice what a world of ridicules are there. 1690 Andros Tracts I. 143 The purchasing of the Natives Right, was made nothing of, and next to a Ridicule. 1762 Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) IV. 139 Monarchs.. have their private life, and may not the ridicules of it be displayed upon the stage? 1785 ‘C-T-ss of R.’ Ess. II. 33 The English have taken it into their heads to assume all the ridicules of their neighbours. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (i8i6) I. viii. 51 Not that any folly or ridicule escaped his keen penetration. 1850 Macaulay in Trevelyan Li/e(i875) II. 273 He marked every fault of taste, every weakness, every ridicule. 1867 Q. Rev. July 16 This comedy.. summed up.. the vices and ridicules.. of the ‘great’ of the present time.

fb. A subject of ridicule; a laughing-stock. 1680 Honest Cavalier 7, I am so far from making a Ridicule (as you call it) of that Worthy Person that [etc.]. 1^4 Wood Life 23 June, Imposing upon a generous person and making him a ridicule to the company.

2. Ridiculous something).

nature

or

character

(0/

1711 Addison Spect. No. 18 If 6 It does not want any great Measure of Sense to see the Ridicule of this monstrous Practice. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. xxix. II. 147 Leo was fully acquainted with the ridicule and falsity of the doctrines. 1824 Miss Perrier Inker, lx, He.. seemed quite unconscious of the ridicule of such a supposition. 1859 J. C. Hobhouse Italy I. 148 Cicognara luckily saw the ridicule of such a project, and stopped it. a 1864 Hawthorne Amer. Note-bks. (1879) I. 69 The man seemed too simple., to comprehend the ridicule of his situation.

b. That which is ridiculous; ridiculousness. 1712 ? Hughes Spect. No. 467 jf i We rather delight in the Ridicule than the Virtues we find in others. 1729 Law Serious C, i. (1732) 3 We see such a mixture of Ridicule in the lives of many people. 1769 Goldsm. Hist. Rome (1786) I. 423 A desire of uniting in himself incompatible qualities, which gave an air of ridicule to his greatest actions. 1804-6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 365 If a nation of savages were to see such a drama acted, they would see no ridicule in it at all.

3. The act or practice of making persons or things the object of jest or sport; language intended to raise laughter against a person or thing. 1690 Temple Ess. Poetry Wks. 1720 I. 240 Another Vein which has enter’d, and help’d to corrupt our Modem Poesy, is that of Ridicule; as if nothing pleas’d but what made one laugh. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 291 IP 8 A Man who has the Gift of Ridicule is apt to find Fault with any thing that gives him an Opportunity of exerting his beloved Talent. 1736 Butler Anal. Introd., The system of Religion..is not a subject of ridicule. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. Sterne, etc. 6 Which gave an appearance of extravagance to what was once correct ridicule. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. 117 He had to sustain a storm of reproach and ridicule from his own people. 1875 Helps Soc. Press, iii. 56 Such a proposal is just one of those things which admits of great ridicule,

b. to turn {in)to ridicule, to make ridiculous. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode iii. i, Methinks I’m to be turn’d into ridicule by all that see me. 1702 Addison Dial. Medals Wks. 1736 III. ii The very naming of them is almost sufficient to turn them into ridicule. 1784 COWPER Task V. 689 ’Tis a change That turns to ridicule the.. stately tone of moralists.

14. A piece of derisive mirth or light mockery. 1710 Addison Whig Exam. No. i |fi4 That..piece of raillery .. appears a pleasant ridicule to an ignorant Reader. 1755 H. Walpole Let. to Bentley 17 Dec., There never was so good a ridicule of all the formal commentators on Shakspeare. 1774 Earl Percy Lett. (1902) 45, I have sent you enclosed a Ridicule upon the Gen* Congress.

'ridicule, sb.^ Obs.

exc. dial.

[a. F. ridicule^

perversion of reticule.= reticule 2. 1805 Harral Scenes of Life II. 105 Angela instantly drew the paper from her ridicule. 1824 Creevey in C. Papers (1904) II. 78 Having deposited and left upon the counter her ridicule. 1838 Dickens O. Twist xlii, ‘Pockets, women’s ridicules, houses, mailcoaches..said Mr. Claypole.

Hence 'ridgyness. 1872 C. King Sierra Nevada v. 100 The eye..took cognizance of a certain ridgyness of surface.

t'ridicule, a. Obs. [a. F. ridicule^ ad. L. ridiculus^ f. ridere to laugh.] = ridiculous a. i.

ridgy-didge (,rid3i'did3), a. Austral, slang. Also ridgie-didge, ridgy-dig, rigi-dig. [Elaboration of ridgy, f. ridge a. + -y®, -ie.] = ridge a.

1672 Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 54 Our Author having undertaken to make Calvin and Geneva ridicule. 1674 Case of Bankers fef Creditors vii. 31 It was thought very pleasant and ridicule. 1683 D. A. Art Converse 28 Let us not discover by a suddain fit of anger our ridicule ambition.

1953 Baker Australia Speaks 102 Ridgy-didge or ridgy-dig .., honest, genuine, okay. 1953 R. Braddon in I. Bevan Sunburnt Country 130 The phrase is used invariably either as a simple question ‘Ridgy Didge?’ or as an unequivocal assurance: ‘Ridgy Didge!’ 1963 L. Glassop Rats in New Guinea xii. 153 ‘It’s ridgie-didge,’ said Eddie. ‘Spit me death.’ 1968 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 27 July ii Strike me handsome! What a fair dinkum, dinki-di, rigi-dig, bonzer, curl-the-mo, nob of coots these O’Grady blokes are, mate! 1976 Sunday Sun (Brisbane) i Aug. (Fun Holiday Guide) i/i Just to prove I’m ridgie-didge, I talked to my friends at Sunday Sun.

t ridi'bundal, a. Obs.-' [f. L. ridibund-us, f. ridere to laugh.] Inclined to laughter. 1652 Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 231 With no less impetuosity of ridibundal passion .. she fell back in a swoon.

t'ridicle. Obs. rare. = next. 1570 Foxe a. fef M. (ed. 2) 194/1 So was the comming & assaulting of their enemies to the people.. but a trifle, to the king but a ridicle. Ibid. 942/1 So minde I to leaue it stil vnto them selues, with other their apishe toyes and ridicles, as thinges worthy to be laught at.

ridicule ('ndikjuil), [a. F. ridicule or ad. L. ridiculum, neut. of ridiculus: see ridicule a.] 1. A ridiculous or absurd thing, feature, characteristic, or habit; an absurdity. Now rare.

'ridicule, v. [f. prec. or ridicule sb.^] 11. To render ridiculous. Obs. rare. 1684 N. S. Crit. Enq. Edit. Bible xxvi. 238 Save only when he.. Preaches, Cants and ridicules himself. 1735 Pope Prol. Sat. 110 One dedicates in high heroic prose. And ridicules beyond a hundred foes.

2. To treat with ridicule or mockery; to make fun of, deride, laugh at. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Ridicule, to Railly or turn any thing to a Jest. 1705 Clarke Nat. & Revealed Relig. Introd. XV. §2 They indeavour to ridicule and banter all Humane as well as Divine Accomplishments,.. all learning and knowledge. 1726 Swift Gulliver iii. iv, His Country¬ men ridiculed and despised him for managing his Affairs no better. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. loi Humanity and compassion are ridiculed as the fruits of superstition and ignorance. 1838 Lytton Calderon i, This tale,.. ridiculed by most, was yet believed by some. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) II. ii. 46 The old-fashioned pastorals ridiculed by Pope and Gay.

Hence 'ridiculed ppl. a.-, 'ridiculing vbl. sb. 1701 Norris Ideal World 1. vi. 305 Those whom he exposes under the ridiculing title of meditative men. 1710 Berkeley PnVic. Hum. Know! i. § 11 That antiquated and so much ridicul’d Notion of Materia Prima. 1887 Athenaeum 19 Feb. 253/1 There is a good deal of very excellent ridiculing of the early days of Royat.

RIDICULER

909

ndiculer. [f. prec.] One who ridicules. 1705 Clarke Nat. & Revealed Relig. Introd. xv. §4 They are generally Ridiculers of all that is truly excellent 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) V. 115 A ridiculer or scoffer at ^ institut^n which all sober people reverence. 1812 U Israeli Calam. Authors (1867) 115 The wisest men have been some of the most exquisite ridiculers. 1896 Godey’s Mag. Apr. 396/1 A group.. in the midst of which were several of my chief ridiculers.

•'ore-K [Cf. F. ridiculiser (1666).] trans. To make ridiculous. 1

I*!? Chapman Odyss xxiii. 333 My heart still trembling ■j* alarms That words oft strike up should ndiculize me.

ridicu losity. rare.

[See next and -ity.] ridiculous matter; ridiculousness.

A

Erasm. Colloq. (1878) I. 120 Bring.. all your witty Jests, .and all your Ridiculosities. 1773 J. Hoadly Let. i6 Nov. in D. Garrick Private Corr. (1831) I. 583 You seem now to give into Dr Goldsmith’s ridiculosity in opposition to all sentimentality. 1876 Quiver XI. 701 Look at the ridiculosity of ladies’ dresses behind, i960 C. Achebe No Longer at Ease xii. 119 Pat said it was all silly and ridiculous. She actually used the word ridiculosity, which made Ubi smile internally. 172s Bailey

ridiculous (ri dikjuilas), a. Also 6 ridyculouse; 6-8 rediculous. [ad. L. rtdiculus (see ridicule a.) or rtdiculdsus; cf. F. ridiculeux.] 1. a. Exciting ridicule or derisive laughter;

absurd, preposterous, comical, laughable. aBal£ Eng. Votaries ii. Sjb, A subtile enemye was It.. that prouided hym so ridvculouse and obprobriouse a falle. 1570 Foxe A. ^ M. (ed. 2) 1615/2 It is ridiculous & a ver>' fond aunswere [1563 It is an answere to be laughed at]. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 258 We all obeyed this ridiculous custome, not to oflfend them. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 2^212 You are not unreasonable as some are, who ^ink good advice ridiculous. 1711 J. Greenwood Eng. Gram. 16 We..send our Boys and Girls to learn French, a Custom.. very ridiculous and nonsensical. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Sped. No. 21 (1748) IV. 155 The thing appeared to her so very ridiculous, that.. she could not forbear bursting into a loud laughter. 1817 J- Scott Paris Rex^isit. (ed. 4) 331 No tale was too ridiculous for momentary belief, if it accorded with the national anger. 1848 W H Bartlett Egypt to Pal. x. (1879) 228 Gazelles sometimes occur, with ridiculous magnitude of horns. 1886 Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman x, It was ridiculous to hurry away like a thief. Comb. 1859 J. White Hist. France (i860) 106 A ridiculous-looking hollow mass composed of plates of iron. *579 G. H.arv'EY Letter-bk. (Camden) 63 You see nowe what homely and rediculous stuffe I still sende abroade. 1610 Shaks. Temp. ii. ii. 169 A most rediculous Monster, to make a wonder of a poore drunkard. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 14 Rediculous Ornaments. 1691 L. Eachard Descr. Irel. 24 With great out-Crys, and abundance of rediculous Expostulations.

b. dial, (and U.S.). Outrageous, scandalous, shameful, etc. 1839 [Sir G. C. Lewis] Hereford Gloss., Ridiculous, scandalous, morally wrong. 1841 C. H. Hartshorne Salop. Antiq. 547 Ridiculous, t^en frequently in the sense of indelicate. 1886 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. XVII. 43 In the South we often say, ‘That’s a ridiculous affair,’ when we really mean outrageous. 1893 Cozens-Hardy Broad Norfolk (ed. 2) 98, I never heard of such conduct. I call it right down ridiculous.

c. slang. Outstanding, excellent. 1959 Summer 209 His technique is ridiculous! i960 D. Cerulli et al. Jazz Word 95 To a jazzman.. ridiculous is wonderful. 1968 Scottish Daily Mail 3 Jan. 6 Superlatives.. gradually increased with the years into ‘out-of-sight’, ‘ridiculous’ and ‘unbelievable’.

2. a. absol. with the: That which is ridiculous. 1742 Fielding^. Andrews Pref., The only source of the true Ridiculous.. is affectation. 1795 Paine Age of Reason (ed. 2) II. 22 One step above the sublime, makes the ridiculous. 1858 O. W’. Hol.mes Aut. Breakf.-t. iv, It is a very dangerous thing for a literary man to indulge his love for the ridiculous. 1W3 Sat. Rev. 13 June 755 If there is an air of the ridiculous in the business.

b. As adv. Ridiculously, absurdly, dial, and colloq. 1830 Galt Lawrie T. iii. ix, It was ridiculous strong. 1834 C. F. Hoffman Winter in West (1835) b ^70 Those Indians behaved most ridiculous. They dashed children’s brains against the door-posts. 1976 Daily Mirror 11 Mar. 24/2 Don’t talk ridiculous!

3. Derisive, mocking. rare~^. 1771 Luckombe Hist. Printing 132 Scurrilous pamphlets wrote .. in a snarleing and ridiculous manner.

ri'diculously, adv.

[f. prec. ridiculous manner; absurdly.

+

-ly^.]

In a

a. 1570 Foxe A. ^ M. (ed. 2) 1383/1 So foolishly and ridiculously seeking holes and corners to hyde them selues in. 1580 G. Harvey in G. G. Smith Eliz. Crit. Ess. (1904) 1. 119 We are.. not to deuise any.. Accent of oure owne, as manye.. haue corruptely and ridiculouslye done in the Greeke. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 34 They most ridiculously pretended, that in a vniversall deluge, mankinde was preserued in themselues onely. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacree iii. iv. §3 It could not bee then any particular deluge.., as some have ridiculously imagined. 1713 Berkeley Hylas & Phil. ni. Wks. 1871 I. 335 Whether it be not ridiculously absurd to misapply names contrary to the common use of language. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty viii. 40 In some it would be ridiculously losing time. 1822 Scott Peveril iv. If the Puritan was.. ridiculously precise in his manners. 1885 Manch. Exam. i8 Feb. 3/3 The ridiculously high prices given for violins. /S. 1606 G. W[oodcock] Lives Emperors, Hist. Ivstine F f 6, Being redicolously left off, he followed swarmes of flies.

1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 65 Rediculously supposed.. [to be] Seth, Enosh and Methuselah.

ri'diculousness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The state or quality of being ridiculous; absurdity. 1603 p. Hall Serm. Wks. 1837 V. 13 The Church of Rome shall vie.. with them, whether for number or for ndiculousness. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. (1675) 178 Designed by their ridiculousness to make their readers sport. 1735 Bolingbroke On Parties 118 They would prove that the Form of our Government is defective to a Degree of Ridiculousness. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) I. vii. xciii. 428 rrugality to a degree of ridiculousness. 1843 Miall in Nonconf. HI. 744 A certain air of ridiculousness and burlesque. 1875 G. Macdonald Malcolm II. xix. 254 Florimel.. attempted a laugh at the ridiculousness of her late situation.

riding ('raidiq), sb. Forms; a. i ? )?rihing, trehing, i, 3 treing; i treding, 3 trething, trithing, tndmg. p. 3 redyng, 5 rithyng, -ing, 6 rydding, rydmp, 7 rideing, 6- riding. [Late OE. type uprising or ^priding (recorded only in Latin contexts or forms), ad. ON. prtdjung-r third part, f. pridi third: see -ing^. The initial consonant was subsequently absorbed by the preceding t or th of east, west, north. urrh porrness & purrh breress, pztr shulenn beon ridinngess nu. ) be the extended Riemann { function. 1931 Q.Jrnl. Math. II. 161 The theory of the Riemann zetafunction. 1966 Ogilvy & Anderson Excursions in Number Theory iii. 35 We needed a value of the Riemann Zetafunction, the technical name for the series that converged to 772/6.

Riemann-ChristofTel

(.nimsn'knstafal). Math. [f. prec. + the name of E. B. Christoffel (1829-1900), German mathematician.] Used to designate a tensor of the fourth order whose components are functions of a co-variant co-ordinate system and the corresponding contravariant system, and which occurs in the mathematical description of curved space-time. 1918 A. S. Eddington Rep. Relativity Theory of Gravitation iii. 40 The required equations of the law of gravitation must, therefore, include the vanishing of the Riemann-Christoffel tensor as a special case. 1956 G. C. McVittie Gen. Relativity & Cosmol. ii. 30 In relativity theory applications of the tensor calculus a very important part is played by a symmetrical tensor of rank two, called the Ricci tensor, which is obtained by contraction from the Riemann-Christoffel tensor. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropaedia VIII. 580/2 The Riemannian curvature is obtained by first contracting the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, applying it to two vectors spanning the subspace in question, and then dividing by the area of the parallelogram formed from the vectors.

Riemannian (rii'maenran), a. Math. [f. as prec.

wood with ‘reimpje’ bottoms (criss-crossed thongs of homecured leather), all in a simple old Dutch style, looked strangely unfamiliar. 1937 S. Cloete Turning Wheels vi. 100 While dozing in her wide riempie-bottomed chair, she had seen one girl and two men leave the camp. 1938 E. A. Walker Great Trek 41 A couple of deal tables and riempie chairs and stools.. as seats along the stoep. 1939 ‘D. Rame’ Wine of Good Hope i. iv. 44 Even Lowell, perched on a little riempie stool beside Grim.. smiled at the torrent of highpitched abuse. 1943 ‘B. Knight’ Covenant (1944) i- 34 Jannion saw her mother hook her foot under the top of the riempie-stTung stool. 1949 M. Masson Narrowing Lust xix. 180 Calmly she seated herself on a stool of riempje. 1953 M. Murray Fire-Raisers x. loi He saw that Sarel was lying on the riempje sofa, his feet on one arm. 1971 Cape Times 13 Feb, 21/3 (Advt.), 2 riempie seated chairs.

II riempiestoel ('rimpi,stul). S. Afr. Also riempies-stoel. [Afrikaans, f. prec. -I- sfoe/stool.] A n'empfe-seated chair or stool. 1933 W. MacDonald Romance of Golden Rand "jz Louw Geldenhuys, sitting on a riempiestoel in the little office. 1953 U. Krige Dream & Desert i. 75 Marta, sitting on her riempiestoel in front of the door leading to the kitchen. 1963 H. C. Bosman Unto Dust 122 A newly-appointed veldkomet, looking important, seated on a riempies-stoel.

riemschoen, rien,

riende, riep,

name of a variety of vine and grape widely grown in Germany, Austria, Alsace, and elsewhere; the dry white wine produced from this grape. Also attrib. 1833 C. Redding Mod. Wines V. i68 The white wines are ranked in quality as follows: Riesling, muscadine, Kleber, or Klebner, and common. Riesling wine is distinguished by a particular bouquet, by strength, and durability. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 609/1 The grape from which it [sc. Sercial] is produced is of the Riesling variety. Ibid. 611/1 Amongst the leading descriptions of vine plants in German vineyards the Riesling stands out pre-eminent. 1902 E. R. Emerson Story of Vine vii. 127 The Steinberg is a hill about three miles from the Rhine... Only Riesling vines are grown, but several grades of wine are made. 1954 PHighsmith Blunderer (1956) ii. 18 Walter ordered a broiled fish and a bottle of Riesling. 1959 Times 21 Sept. 13/3 Johannisberg.., as it is made from the riesling grape, has some of the fuller fruitiness of German wines. 1961 New Statesman 15 Dec. 921 (Advt.), Riesling. Per crate of 12 at 7/9 each. 1977 Time 21 Nov. 59/1 Riesling, the small yellow grape from which come the classic wines of Moselle, Alsace and the Rhine. 1980 D. Bloodworth Trapdoor x. 56 A chilled bottle of Jugoslav Riesling.

riet,

obs. f. rete.

rietbok, -buck: rieueled,

riever,

1850 R. G. Gumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. I. xvi. 384 A wide-awake hat, secured under my chin by ‘rheimpys’, or strips of dressed skin. 1885 Rider Haggard K. Solomon's Mines ii. It was fastened with a little strip of hide, what we call a rimpi. 1887-A. Quatermain Introd. 2 An elephant gun with strips of rimpi, or green hide, lashed round the stocks. 1887 A. A. Anderson 25 Yrs in Waggon I. xii. 280 A rope of beads of sufficient length to go round the loins twice and fastened in front with a piece of rimpey. 1891 B. Mitford Romance of Cape Frontier xxiii. 419 Just slip off these bits of reimpje, Tambusa; and give me an assegai and a stick or something. 1913 D. Fairbridge That which hath Been xx. 229 Heavy teak chairs with riempje seats were ranged round the wainscot with mathematical precision. 1914 Kipling in Geogr. Jrnl. XLIII. 372 The smell of home-made rimpje on a Dutch farm at the other side of the world. 1920 R. Y. Stormberg Mrs. Pieter de Bruyn xxiii. 76 Ouma du Preez on the riempje settee devoutly clasped her cotton-mittened hands. 1923 O. Schreiner Thoughts on S. Afr. 17 The great clean, bare ‘voorhuis’ (front room) with its mud floors and its chairs and sofa with reimpje seats. 1926 Brit. Weekly 27 May 158/4 Men and women sat on reimpjeseated chairs. 1927 Glasgow Herald 14 May 11/4 The sitting-room with its beautiful chairs and settee of native

see reit-buck.

obs, f. rivelled.

obs. f. or var. of reave v.^, reeve

rive

V.

riew,

(ri'faempin). Pharm. The equivalent in Pharmacopeia of rifampicin.

rifampin

rifampicin.]

[f. as the U.S.

1968 Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 519/1 The in vitro and in vivo activity of rifampin against gram-positive bacteria. 197a Evening Telegram (St. John’s, Newfoundland) 27 June 4/8 The great danger in rifampin is that tuberculosis bacteria, which cause the disease, can readily become resistant to the drug. 1978 Pediatr. Res. XII. 491 Haemophilus influenzae type b infection in a day care center: eradication of carrier state by rifampin.

rifamycin (riifa'maisin). Pharm. orig. rifomycin. [Prob. f. It. rifo-rmare to reform -h -MYCIN.] Any of a class of natural and semi¬ synthetic antibiotics of which the first examples were isolated from the fungus Streptomyces mediterranei. 1959 P. Sens: et al. in Farmaco (Ed. Sci.) XIV. 146 The antibiotic, named by us rifomycin, shows a high activity against gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, i960 Antibiotics Ann. igsg-igbo 262 Rifomycin has been isolated in our laboratories from the fermentation broths of a strain of Streptomyces mediterranei. 1963 Antibiotics tSt Chemotherapy XI. 61 The Rifamycins constitute a group of antibiotics, produced by a new Streptomyces. 1970 New Scientist 24 Dec. 546/1 Rifamycin B per se is not active against bacteria but slowly degrades in aqueous solution to yield an active product, rifamycin SV. 1976 Lancet 11 Dec. 1304/2 The rifamycin antibiotics have been used in the treatment of leprosy since 1963.

rifart, Sc. variant of raifort Obs.

Riesling ('riisbi),-zlii); also’raizliq). [Ger.] The

1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation xii. 183 The world became non-Euclidean; a new geometry called Riemannian geometry was adopted. 1923 Ann. Math. XXIV. 367 A generdization of Levi-Civita’s concept of infinitesimal parallelism in a Riemannian manifold. 1926 L. P. Eisenhart Riemannian Geom. ii. 35 The metric defined .. is called the Riemannian metric and a geometry based upon such a metric is called a Riemannian geometry. Also we say that the space whose geometry is based upon such a metric is called a Riemannian space. 1965 H. Eves Survey of Geom. II. xiv. 341 One can describe Riemannian geometry as the mathematical study, couched in geometrical terminology, of an arbitrary quadratic differential form. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropaedia VIII. 580/2 In Riemannian geometry, a straight line of finite length can be extended continuously without bounds, but all straight lines are of the same length.

Ilriempie ('riimpi, 'rimpi). S. Afr. Also rheimpy, riempje, rimpey, rimpi, rimpje. [a. Du. riempje, Cape Du. rimpi.} = riem sb. Freq. used for the seats of chairs or stools. Also attrib. and in Comb.

obs. f. rind.

obs. f. REAP V.

rieve,

-IAN.]

var. remskoen.

obs. f. rain sft.*

Used to designate a non-Euclidean geometry which is everywhere positively curved, and various associated concepts. +

RIFE

912

var. of reaver.

obs. f. rue.

II rifacimento (rifatji'mento). Also 8 refaccimento, 9 refaci-, rifaccimento, rifac(c)iamento. [It. rifacimento (pi. -menti), f. rifac-y stem of rifare to remake.] A newmodelling or recasting of a literary work. 1773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 134 About fifty years after Boyardo’s death, Francesco Berni. .published his Rifacimento of the Orlando Innamorato. 1800 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. VIII. 878 If..the English Universal History should..be reprinted,..improvements may be derived from the German refaccimento of that work. 1832 Miss Mitford Village Ser. v. (1863) 429 That volume of Dryden called his ‘Fables’, which contains the glorious rifacimenti of parts of Chaucer. 1884 Athenasum May 689 Virtually a rifacimento of the introduction to that magnificent quarto. transf. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey iv. iii. The same refacimento of lies, and treachery, and cowardice.

rife (raif), a. (sb.) and adv.

Forms; 2 ryfe, 3-5 riue (rive), ryue (ryve); 3-5 rif, rijf (4 riif, 5 riife, riyf), 5-7 riffe, 6-7 rief (6 riefe), 3— rife; 4-5 ryf (5 ryif, ryyf), 5-6 ryfe, ryffe, 5-7 ryff. [Late OF. ryfe (for *rtfe), = mod.Fris. rju, MDu. rive, rijf, MLG. rive, ryve (LG. rife), ON. rtfr (MSw. river, Norw. riv). The prevalence of the word in early southern texts is in favour of its being native in Fnglish, rather than an adoption from Scandinavian.] A. adj. 1. Of common or frequent occurrence; prevalent; widespread: a. Of hurtful or obnoxious things or conditions; in later use esp. of infectious diseases or epidemics. CII20 in Sax. Leechd. III. 164 Dere .vii. niht ^yf wind byoC, fir by6 swySe ryfe J>y geare. c 1205 Lay. 631 Jjar was muchel blod-gute; baluwe per wes riue. Ibid. 20677 DaeC per wes rife. at senne hys ryf in londe. 01400 Destr. Troy 11775 be cumbrid with couetous,.. That rote is & rankist of all the rif syns. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 185 The worlde.. is now.. constreynede as with ryfe greuaunces to a nye dethe. 1543 Surrey Satire agst. Citizens London, Synnes, that groo Within thy wicked walls so ryfe. 1575 Troubles about Com. Prayer 138 Siknesse beinge so riffe in this citye. 1616 R. C. Time's Whistle (1871) 68 ’Mongst such men are rife These damnd opinions. 1692 Bentley Boyle Lect. 29 So other epidemical vices..are rife and predominant only for a season. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. II. loi It is rife and catching, swelling from less to greater. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 182 Though this disorder be too rife in our country, I see no just cause for pronouncing it endemial. 1816 J. Wilson City of Plague iii. iv, I wonder where will imposition end Thus rife within the dwellings of the dead! 1849 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life (1870) III. 216 It [small-pox] has been most rife in the neighbourhood, and very heavy. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 118 Even where no open outbreak took place, local conspiracies were everywhere rife.

b. Of good or neutral things or conditions. C1205 Lay. 32107 J>enne scullen i Bruttene blissen wurSen riue. c 1320 Cast. Love 150 Jjere joye and blisse is so ryue. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. cxxi. The songis new, the fresch carolis and dance,.. That quhilum was amongis thame so ryf. c 1475 Rauf Coilyear 170, I haue oft tymes bene quhair gude has bene tyfe. 1531 Tindale Exp. i John (1537) 91 Hys wyshynge is playne ynoughe, for it is so ryfe in other Epistles. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iv. 1. (1636) 518 What winds and currents were most rife in every place. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 565 As for Dipcenus, his workes were rife in Ambracia. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 301 Wagers were very rife among us. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop V, The activity and noise of city day were rife in the street. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 203 An area in which volcanic action must have been rife on an enormous scale.

fc. Customary or common to or with a person. Hymns Virgin (1867) 124 Man, hytt was J>e [= to thee] fulle ryve To swere be my wowndys fyve. 1573 New Custom II. ii. Then shall you perceive that Hypocrisy is rife To all kind of men. 1654 Gataker Disc. Apol. 3 For it is a rife matter with thee to hear ill language from others, and as ready a matter to return the like again. C1430

Rifa’ee,

var. Rufai.

rifampicin

(n'faempisin).

Pharm.

[f.

rifam(y)cin with inserted pi- f. piperazine.] A

reddish-brown crystalline powder, a member of the rifamycin group of antibiotics, which is used to treat a wide range of diseases, esp. pulmonary tuberculosis. 1966 N. Maggi et al. in Chemotherapia XL 285 The hydrazone . . 3-(4-methyl-piperazinyl-iminomethy 1)rifamycin SV, named by us ‘rifampicin’. 1969 Times 12 May 16/3 The antibiotic called rifampicin could interfere with the production of R.N.A molecules. 1970 Nature 25 July 382/1 Rifampicin has also been found to be active against some viruses. 1975 Sci. Amer. Mar. 126/2 The fast-acting antibiotic rifampicin, found in a soil organism.. in 1957, was proved against leprosy in the 1960’s. 1980 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. 900/2 In three [families] rifampicin had been given to contacts and family members because the initial presentation of the child suggested meningococcal disease.

i

V

2. a. Of rumours, reports, etc.: Common or generally current in popular knowledge or talk. In quots. 1390 and 1564 not clearly distinct from sense 3. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 26 Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges 3it a stone;.. pat saw is 3it rife. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 213 Two Sones.. Whos fame is yit in Grece rif. 1564 Haward Eutropius To Rdr. 4 Those gestes of such men are so ryfe in memory, that in manner they do yet lyve. 1599 Broughton's Let. 48 It was rife that you were proued mad. 1600 Holland Livy ii. xxxii. 65 This is the rifer report, and goeth more currant, than that whereof Piso is the author. 1635 N. tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. ii. 111 The rumour of the marriage waxed more and more rife. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 650 Whereof so rife There went a fame in Heav’n. 1792 Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 31 The reports which they circulate .. grow more rife than ever. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. xi. 473 A rumour of the queen’s arrest was rife in

RIFEFUL

RIFFIAN

913 London. 1894 Standard 8 Oct., The reports which are rife squadron having been sighted.

b. Of words or phrases: Commonly or frequently employed or heard; esp. in the phrase Ttfe ift (one^s) motith. Now rare. ^ *513 Douglas

i. Prol. 381 [Words] Quhilkis ar als in scule As euir fowlis plungit in laik. 1534 More Com/, apt. Trib. iii. Wks. 1249/2 The manifolde toolishe vnfaythfull woordes which are so ryfe in our manye mouthes. 1562 Turner Herbal ii. 37 But what if thys were a ryfe phrase in Pliny? 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xviii. §5. 100 Hauing that Apothegme of Scipio Africanus rife in his mouth. 1671 Milton Samson 866 That grounded celebrated in the mouths Of wisest men. 1578 Browning La Saisiaz 68 What’s the adage rife in man s mouth?

tc. Common, trivial. Obs. rare-K *598 Bp. Hall Sat. iv. i. 161 O Esculape! how rife is phisicke made, When each brasse-basen can professe the trade.

t3. Widely known, famous, renowned. Obs. c 1250 Gen. ©■ Ex. 232 Name he gaf hire Sat is ful Rif. a 1300 Cursor M. 8531 Homer pe poet, hat was sa rijf, Liued m his king dauid lijf. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 3242 Here fayrhede was yn renoun ryfe. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints XXVI. {Nicholas) 967 bane he low ryf has mad his merakle. C1407 Lydg. Reason & Sens. 1879 Kyng Pelleus.. Helde a feste, as hit is ryfe, At the weddyng of his wyf. c 1470 Harding Chron. Proem x. 4 [He] begatte on her Philip, his doughter ryue.

4. Abundant, plentiful, ample; large in quantity or number; numerous: a. With plural sbs. a. c 1205 Lay. 14542 ba hsSene weoren swa riue, & auere heo comen beliue. 1340-70 Alex. ^ Dind. 160 For skahe of the scorpionus askape hei ne mi3hte, So riue romede hei he riuer bi-side, c 1400 Gamelyn 783 Gamelyn and his men made myrthes Ryve. c 1425 Cast. Perset'. 629 in Macro Plays 96 Lykynge! be-lyue late clothe hym swythe In robys ryve W’ith ryche a-ray. a 1200 Cursor M. 7695 For-hi he hight ham giftes rijf, bat suld bring dauid of his lijf. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles ii. 5 Hertis y-heedyd,.. So ryff as they ronne 3oure rewme horu-oute. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees Soc.) 8 So mony myracles in his lyfe, And eftir his dede in rewmes ryfe. *549-62 Sternhold & H. Ps. xvii. 15 Worldly men, to whom all worldly goodes are rife. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Ltop. 1. (1895) 43 Theues neuertheles w'ere in euery place so ryffe and ranke. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 6 The last times, wherin the spirits of error shall be more rife than euer. 1627 Hakewill Apol. 129 Direfull comets never rifer were. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. 1. ii, It’s a heartsom thing to be a wife, When round the ingle-edge young sprouts are rife. 1732 Fielding Lottery 1. i. Folly’s a fund Will never lose ground, While fools are so rife in the nation. 1849 Murchison Siluria v. 100 Such igneous rocks are rife upon a similar., line, i860 Reade Cloister ^ H. xxxvii. Great store of deer, and wild boars rife as flies at midsummer.

b. With sing. sbs. a. CI230 Hali Meid. 9 [Thou] hauest i^^jnden weane hrin, 6 wondra&e riue. Ibid. 29 Alle worldes wele ham is inoh riue. ri290 St. Edmund 57 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 433 Ore louerdes swete grace with him was wel riue. 14,. Sir Beues (M) 1574^ Sorowe he had Full ryve, Wery he was of his lyve. iS. c 1250 Gen. fef Ex. 1252 Of him cam kinde mikil and rif. n/. R, Agric. Soc. XII. ii. 431 Three out of the four [sheep].. were, indeed, what are termed nggs , or were only half-castrated. 1881 Greener Gun 509 ‘heaviers’, and rigs are in season with the yeldhinds till the end of January.

ng, sb.* Now dial. Also 6 ryg, rigg, 6-7 rigge. [Of obscure origin; cf. rig d.'*] A wanton girl or woman. 157s Gamm. Gurton in. iii. Nay, fy on thee thou rampe, / P®*'* *59* E. Guilpin Skial. (■ 078) 49 My Muse shall play the rig Once in her dayes, but shee shall quittance thee, o i6i8 J. Davies (Heref.) Wittes Ptlgr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 49/2 The most voluptuous ouerwanton Rigge, Proud Plentie, scornes meeke Pieties Woman-hood. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. vi. no Let none condemn them for Rigs, because thus hoiting with boys. 1694 Motteux Rabelais, Prognost. v. Those whom Venus is said to rule, as Punks, Jills, Flirts,.. Misses, Cats, Riggs 1829 Brockett JV.C. Gloss, (ed. 2), Rig, a female light in her carriage, a wanton. 1886 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. S.V., Proper rig her is, an’ no mistake.

rig, sb.^ slang or colloq. [Of obscure origin. For dialect variations of meaning and phrasing see the Eng. Dial. Dict.'\ 1. Sport, banter, ridicule. Chiefly in phr. to run (one’s) rig{s) upon (another), to make sport or game of, to banter unsparingly. Now dial. 1725 New Cant. Diet., Rig, Game, Diversion, Ridicule. *753 A. Murphy Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 25 You have been very facetious all Night,—you have run your rig upon me. 1^2 Spirit Publ. Jrnls. VI. 113 I’ll tell thee. Dear Jack, without nonsense or rig. Why I’m constantly seen in this old flaxen wig. 1814 in Nichols Lit. Anecd. i8th C. (1816) VIII. 543 You are always running your rig upon me, and calling me stupid. 1840 "rH.ACKERAY Yellowpl. Mem. (1869) 330 Mr. Deuceace, don’t you be running your rigs upon me.

2. A trick, scheme, or dodge; a method of cheating or swindling. (Cf. racket sb.^ 3.) rig sale, a sale by auction under false pretences. *775 in Farmer/Vfujfl Pedesm'j (1896) 55 I’m up to all your knowing rigs. 1796 Grose's Diet. Vulgar T. (ed. 3) s.v., I am up to your rig; I am a match for your tricks, c 1830 Frauds of London 12 (Thimble-riggers) The rig is practised at fairs, at races, or on public roads. iS^i Chamb.J/rnl. XV. 102 The ‘Rig’ Sale. Ibid. 105 Sometimes the Rig.. is only confined to one or two rooms, or to a certain species of goods. *894 Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 194 The ‘rig is worked’; or in other words, the swindle is perpetrated, by means of a dealing-box. b. = CORNER sb. 14. *877 Giffen Stock Exch. Sec. 46 The operations of such syndicates are usually accompanied by market manoeuvres which are described generically by the name of ‘rigs’. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 April 2/3 When a man first gets into his hands the whole stock of any particular article and then goes into the market and secures contracts for more than exists, that is what is called a ‘rig’ or a ‘corner’.

3. A frolic or prank; an act of a mischievous or wanton kind; a ‘game’. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 75 War cannot.. be styled a sporting rig; why then, I answer, it is a fashionable rig. 0*845 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. ni. Wedding-Day, Don’t grudge them their jigs, And their frolics and Tigs’. 1866 Gornh. Mag. Nov. 620 Everybody says that she is as proud as Lucifer; and, after all, nobody knows what rigs she has been up to.

b. In phr. to run a (or the) rig, to run (one’s) rigs, to play pranks, to run riot. 1782 CowpER Gilpin xxv, He little dreamt, when he set out. Of running such a rig! 1797 B. Hamilton in Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knotvl. (1799) 315 To run the rig with the boys in the street in place of going on my errand. 1818 Scott in Lockhart Life IV. 185 While Tom marks out a dyke or drain .., one’s fancy may be running its ain riggs in some other world. 1886 Mrs. Lynn Linton Paston Carew xxv, When I’m gone I sha’n’t be none the wiser if you go wrong and run your rigs as you have done.

rig, [f. RIG v.'^ Cf. Norw. and Swed. rigg, which may be from English.] 1. Naut. The arrangement of masts, sails, etc., on a vessel. Also [infl. by Da. rig, Norw., Sw. rigg), = RIGGING (vbl.) sb.^ z. 1822 ScoRESBY in Brewster Nat. Magic vi. (1832) 144, I could distinguish by a telescope every sail, the general rig of the ship, and its particular character. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports ii. viii. i. §4. 462/2 The rig suited to very small river boats. 1888 L. A. Smith Music of Waters 222 Out in Pamerent in Holland, There lay a brig so old; Worn out was her hull, And worn out was her rig. 1889 Musical Times 1 July 394/2 On page 222 she uses the word ‘rig’ as ‘rigging’, whereas even a landsman knows the difference. *897 F. T. Bullen Cruise 'Cachalot' 3 As old-fashioned in her rig as in her hull. 1903 Rudder Feb. 52/1 Mr. Crowninshield has changed the overhangs slightly .. and has put on a slightly larger rig. 1934 Yachting Monthly LVI. 463/1 The weight and center of gravity of the rig must be considered.

919

RIG

fig- *878 Emerson Misc. Wks. (Bohn) III. 399 Mor? forward and forthright [are] his whole build and rig than the Englishman’s.

2. colloq. Costume, outfit, style of dress. Also rig--up and rig-out; rig of the day (Naut.), the uniform to be worn on any particular day. *843 ’I'- G. Haliburton Attache 1. xii. 218 Congregations are rigged out in their .. bran new clothes, silks, satins.., and all sorts of rigs. 1853 ‘P. Paxton’ Stray "Yankee in Texas xxvii. 267 Here was a rig for a July day in Texas, with the thermometer at 105° in the shade! 1857 Hughes Tom Brown I. V, You’ll do very well as to rig, all but that cap, 1884 G. Allen Philistia II. 28 Two sturdy British holiday-seekers, in.. regular Alpine climbing rig. 1896 Mrs, Caffyn Quaker Grandmother Either she’s mad or in a peck of trouble, to come., in this rig-up. 1914 [see number sb. 5 c]. 1948 Partridge Diet. Forces' Slang 155 The rig-of-the-day. The dress that is to be worn for the day is ‘piped’ with ‘Hands to breakfast and clean; rig-of-the-day, number—whatever it is’, i^i F. H. Burgess Diet. Sailing 154 Out of the rig of the day, incorrectly dressed.

3. a. Apparatus for well-sinking, spec. = oil rig s.v. OIL s6.' 6e. *875 Knight Diet. Mech. HI. s.v. Well-boring Tools. 1883 Cent. Mag. July 329/2 [The boiler] usually stands at some distance from the derrick, so that it will not be injured in case the rest of the ‘rig’ is destroyed by fire. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIH. 716/2 When the location of a well has been determined, a derrick or ‘rig’ is built, which consists of the derrick itself and a small house for an engine. *946 E. Hodgins Mr. Blandings builds his Dream House i. vi, 89 Mr Blandings’ well was being drilled... The rig’s motor roared and stank. 1957 Economist 21 Dec. 1080/3 During 1958 test wells will be drilled in the Benin area in Western Nigeria..; five rigs are now drilling. 1974 E, Ambler Dr. Frigo i. 46 It’s not the same as ordinary offshore drilling. The rigs have to be different. 1975 Daily Tel. 24 May 11/4 Some gas production rigs built up to 10 years ago for the southern North Sea had designs which underestimated the full vigour of the waves.

b. An equipage; a horse vehicle. Hence, any vehicle; spec, a lorry, a truck. Orig. and chiefly N. Amer, 1831 A. Stoddard Diary 30 Nov. in Michigan Hist. Mag. (1927) XI. 472 Breakfast swallowed we stepped into our next rig, which was a lumber wagon. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It xlvi. 325 I’ve heard tell of carriages all my life. .. I mean to have the nobbiest rig that’s going. 1885 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. XVI. no One part of the team (or *rig’, as they say west of the Hudson). 1894 C. L. Johnstone Canada 64, I hired a ‘rig’ or ‘buckboard’ for 3 dollars to take me as far as Carlton. Ibid., Springless vehicles, these rigs. 1931 H. F. Pringle Theodore Roosevelt i. i. 4 A rig had been ..summoned from a near-by stable. 1938 Amer. Speech XIII. 307 Rig, also a designation for any bus. 1938 Commercial Car Jrnl. June 60/3 Rig, a truck. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §766/2 {Bus, taxicab, truck.).. oilcan, rig, tub. 1957 J. Kerouac On Road (1958) 16 A great big tough truckdriver.. got his rig under way. 1963 Amer. Speech XXXVIII. 45 Rig.., a tractor and semitrailer; sometimes just a tractor. 1969 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc, Lii. 35 Rig, any truck on the fire fighting force. ‘Back the rig in.’ 1970 J. H. Gray Boy from Winnipeg 63 The [fire brigade] horses were kept in box stalls behind the rigs which were all parked facing the street. 1972 J. Minifie Homesteader x. 85 When the last rig had pulled out my father went down to the barn. 1974 Times 11 Feb. 6/7 Mr Nixon came on the air.. to urge the drivers to get their ‘big rigs’ back on the road. 1976 Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 16 July 10/1 No CBer ever drives. He cooks or pushes a rig. 1976 L. Deighton Twinkle, Twinkle Little Spy xxiii. 225 The gargantuan trailer-trucks rolled south to Timbuktu in convoy, enough drivers in each rig to eat and sleep in relays. 1977 Hot Car Oct. 76/2 Pulled into Steeple Claydon early Sunday morning and looked out across nearly 250 vans, trucks, rods and rigs.

c. Any apparatus or device. 1868 Rep. Iowa Agric. Soc. 1867 174,1 consider the Victor mill & Cook’s evaporator the best rig for making sirup profitably from cane. 1950 Engineering 10 Mar. 265/2 Regrinding is extremely simple; the drill steel is placed on a rig and the tip is ground either by a pedestal grinder or by a hand grinder. 1973 Sci. Amer. Nov. 1/3 (Advt.), Before a new seat enters production, its suspension must survive 300,000 load changes on a vibrating rig. 1977 Amer. Speech ^975 L. 65 Rig n, hypodermic needle used to inject drugs into a vein. ‘A rusty rig will give you hepatitis.’ 1979 Sci. Amer. Dec. 52/1 Intravenous infusion, which is normally done in a hospital with an elaborate rig involving bottles of fluid, connecting tubes and cannulas.

d. An amateur’s radio transmitter and receiver; also, a telegraph, a radar set, or the like. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §810/2 Telegraph, ethegraph, kid, Old Betsy, rig, she. i960 Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 29 Sept. 39/3 Hams have their own slang terms. ‘Rig’ is what they call their sending and receiving equipment and ‘shack’ is the name of the room or structure housing their sets. 1966 M. Woodhouse Tree Frog xxi. 155 This [radar] rig is operational two per cent of the time. 1976 A. Hope Hi-Fi Handbk. 10 After the purchase of a house and a car, an impressive hi-fi rig may well be the next most expensive item ever bought by a householder. 1977 Rolling Stone 30 June 118/4 But by the time you added a booster amplifier, and perhaps a separate cassette unit—not to mention a CB rig—you ended up with no leg room. 1978 Observer 18 June 4/2 The normal range of a regular watt rig is between five and ten miles.

e. The penis, coarse slang.

3 a)

rig (ng)» dial. Also rigg. [Perh. f. whig v., as the fish is remarkable for the way it twists itself round the line on which it is caught.] The tope, Galeorhinus galeus, a shallow-water shark found in the eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean; in quot. 1963 = Huss sb. [1547 Act I Edw. VI vii. m. 5 pisces regal, viz’ sturgions balenas catas porpec’ delphinos regges graspes. 1549 Act j Edw. VIII. m. 40 pisces regal videF sturgiones balenas cetas porpec’ delphinos rigges graspes.] C1700 in Newnes Encycl. Angling (1963) 90/2 Royal fish, viz. sturgeons, grampuses, whales, porpoises, dolphins, rig^s and graspes, and generally whatsoever other fish having in themselves great and immense size or fat. 1887 Parish & Shaw Diet. Kentish Dial. 128 Rig, the common tope. Galeus vulgaris.— Folkestone. Glasgow Herald^ Sept. 12/7 On the south¬ east coasts of England a species of small shark, known locally as ‘rigg’, is caught on strong lines baited with mackerel. 1963 [see HUSS sb.].

rig, vf Also 4-5 rygg-. [f. 1. trans. = ridge v. i.

rig

*379 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) HI. 102 In coopertura et tractacione dicti straminis cum eodem ryggand. C1440 Promp. Parv. 433/2 Ryggyn howsys, porco. 1678 O. Heywood Diaries (1881) II. 187 Willm. Clay points, rigs his house. 1690 Burgery of Sheffield 246 Paid for poynting and rigging the Almshouse, ys. yd. 2. = RIDGE V. 2. Also absol. 1853 W. Watson Poems 82 (E.D.D.), Her fertile braes are rigget by the ploughman lad. 1886 S.W. Line. Gloss, s.v,. They’re beginning to rig for swedes.

rig, vf Also 5-6 ryg(ge, 5-7 rigge (6 Sc. reg), 7-8 rigg. [Of obscure origin. Norw. and Sw. rigga. Da. rigge, in nautical use, are prob. from English, but Norw. has also rigga to bind or wrap up, and Sw. dial, rigga pa to harness (a horse); the precise relationship of these to the Eng. word is doubtful. Cf. also reek v.^] 1. a. trans. To make (a ship) ready for the sea; to fit out with the necessary tackle. c *4^9 Caxton Blanchardyn liv. 221 He rigged certaine ships, wherein he and diuers of his Lordes embarqued them-selues. 1530 Palsgr. 69112 He intendeth or it be aught longe to make sayle, for his shyppe is rygged all redy. 1575 Turberv. Venerie 2 Then did hee cause to be rygged and trimmed a greate number of shippes. 1608 E. Grimstone Hist. France (1611) 454 Hee rigges a great fleet of gallies to seize vpon the Islands. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. vi. 14 After that he caused some of the vessels of the fleet to be rigged. 1738 Johnson London 247 Lest ropes be wanting.. To rig another convoy for the king. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Girt-line, The girt-line is therefore the first rope employed to rig a ship. 1870 Bryant Iliad I. ii. 68 He rigged a fleet of ships and led on board A numerous host. fig. *637 Milton Lycidas loi That fatall and perfidious Bark Built in th’eclipse, and rigg’d with curses dark.

b. Const, with forth, out, up. 1567 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1. 546 To reg furth how mony schippis thai sail think meit. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 109 At ech time that the King passeth over the sea, the Fortes ought to rig up fiftie and seaven ships. 1593 Lodge Will. Longbeard (Hunterian Cl.) 52 Rigging out two warlike Gallies, he sailed with them into the great sea. 1626 M iddleton Anything for Quiet Life i. i, Your lordship, minding to rig forth a ship To trade for the East Indies. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low-C. Wars 544 With a greater Fleet, which was to be built and rigged up in Spain. *737 [S. Berington] Mem. G. de Lucca (1738) 29 He had made a Shift to rig out a small Vessel.

c. In passive sense: To be rigged; to get rigged (afresh). 1614 in Birch Crt. & Times Jas. I (1849) 1. 337 Eight of the king’s ships are rigging and making ready for sea. 1688 grd Coll. Papers rel. to Pres. Juncture of Affairs i Two of the Prince’s principal Men of War were forced to new Rigg at Helversluse. 1794 Rigging fef Seamanship 229 Ship’s Pinnaces.. sometimes .. rig with a sliding-gunter. 1805 Collingwood 28 Oct. in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1846) VII. 218 In the gale the Royal Sovereign and Mars lost their foremasts, and are now rigging anew.

d. Aeronaut. (See quot. 1956.) *909 Aero Man. 104 By rigging diagonal wires across top and bottom and across both sides, the entire frame of the glider will be rendered quite rigid. 1916 Aeronaut. Jrnl. XX. p. ii (Advt.), Steel wire strands & cords of galvanised or plated steel wire (for rigging aircraft). 1956 W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Diet. 443/1 Rig. i. To assemble, adjust, and align the major components of an aircraft, specif., to assemble and align the airfoils or other surfaces of an aircraft. 2. To fit out an aircraft with control cables, bracing cables, pulleys, turnbuckles, and the like. 1978 Sci. Amer. Nov. 135/1 The Wrights also flew the machine as a glider, experimenting by rigging it with a dihedral angle.

t2. To make ready (an army). Obs.-'

1964 Amer. Folk Music Occasional i. 12 There is a certain latitude in the approach to Negro blues where women are sweet food .. and sex is hard, virile labor (I got a big tall rig, it drills way down deep). 1973 M. Amis Rachel Papers 92 All weekend I cried,.. thought of ways of committing suicide, .. considered lopping off my rig with a razor-blade.

4. attrib., as (sense (colloq.), operator.

limited only to rig crews. 1977 Observer 24 Apr. 1/6 The rig crew was about to install a safety valve on the top of a production pipe. 1977 Lancet 8 Oct. 751/1 Resuscitation during this period is the responsibility of a sick-bay attendant (‘rig medic’) or, if life-supporting measures are required in a pressure chamber, of a suitably trained diver. 1975 Offshore Aug. 51/1 A rig operator, on the average, will call on the divers two or three times a month for inspection, repairs or retrieval of lost equipment.

rig crew,

medic

1972 L. M. Harris Introd. Deepwater Floating Drilling Operations xviii. 191 The shortage of personnel is not

eawe arwyrSra rehta [L. iuxta morem canonum venerabilium]. 971 Blickl. Horn. 135 I?a men lje..wi6erwearde w$ron Codes beboda & Jjses gastlican rihtes. c 1000 ^LFRic Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 114 Fas, Codes riht. Jus, mennisc riht. Ibid, ii^ Rodia lex, scipmanna riht. ri200 Ormin 7202 Herode king wass grill.. whannse he sej? J?att Godess rihht & Godess la3he riseJjJ?. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 427/1 Ful of grete scyence bothe in ryght cyuyl and in cannon. 1610 Willet Dan. 356 These doe not distinguish betweene the ceasing of the sacrifices in right and in fact.

t2. That which is proper for or incumbent on one to do; one's duty. Obs. C897 K. iELFRED Gregory's Past. C. xxi. 159 Dset Sonne bis Sas recceres ryht Saet he Surh Sa stemne his lariowdomes stiewe Saet wuldor Saes uplican eSIes. a 1000 Csedmon's Gen. I (Grein), Vs is riht micel, S$t we rodera weard.. wordum herijen. 01225 Ancr. R. 134 Ichulle deien i mine neste, & beon as dead )7erinne: vor \>tt is ancre rihte: & wunien uort heo deie Jjerinne. Ibid. 142 Vor pet is ancre rihte, muchel uor to wakien.

3. a. That which is consonant with equity or the light of nature; that which is morally just or due. (Often contrasted with might and wrong, and in ME. freq. coupled with reason or skill.) Beowulf 1700 pact la m®5 seejan, se pe soS & riht fremeS on folce. c888 K. ^Elfred Boeth. xxxviii. §7 Ne paet nis nan riht paet mon pone yflan hatije. c 1000 iELFRic Horn. II. 48 5if se lareow riht taece, do gehwa swa-swa he taecS. rii23 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1123, He saede pone cyng paet hit waes togeanes riht p®t man scolde setten clerc ofer muneces. 01225 ^cg. Kath. 961 Hit is a3ein riht, ..paet godd, pe is undedlich mahe deS drehen. C1250 Owl Gf Night. 950 J>e heorte.. so uorleost al his lyht, pat ho ne syhp sop ne riht. 01300 Cursor M. 29 pe wrang to here o right is lath. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 622 Ay pe ofter, pe alder pay were, pay laften ry3t & wro3ten woghe. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 351 If ther were.. such a kniht That wolde sein it was no riht, I wole it with my bodi prove, c 1470 Gol. Gaw. 1219 Now wil I be obeyand, And make the manrent with hand, As right is, and skill. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems 1. 52, I cry him Lord of everie fuill,.. And, verralie, that war gryt rycht. 1567 Golding Ovid's Met. ix. 119 Too age it dooth belong Too keepe the rigor of the lawes and search out ryght from wrong. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 116 Force should be right, or rather, right and wrong.. Should loose her names. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 572 Self-esteem, grounded on just and right Well manag’d. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 131/1 You must acknowledge a Distinction betwixt Right and Wrong, founded in Nature,.. by which Actions nriay be call’d just or unjust. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 118 So let their blood be shed, who scorning right. Shall impiously dare its ties to slight. 1832 Tennyson ^none 147 Because right is right, to follow right Were wisdom. 1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 46 We judge a stranger by our home-bred ways. Who, maybe, walks by other rule of right. Comb. 1865 Ruskin Sesame ii. §90 Rex et Regina. .. ‘Right-doers’. 1874 W. P. Mackay Grace ^ Truth 202 Many moral, unconverted men are specimens of the highest external right-doing. 1896 Morley in Westm. Gaz. 7 Nov. 4/2, I am for a safe England,.. a just England, a right-doing England.

b. The fact or position of being in the right (cf. 6 b). Chiefly in phr. to have right. Now rare. C1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 1282 Whan I had wrong and she ryght. She wolde alwey so goodely For-yeve me. ri430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5534 Right maketh a feble man strong. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 74 Had the pape Clement had rycht his folk had nocht bene in bataill disconfyte. c 1500 Melusine 128 We haue good right in oure caas; they are come vpon vs without cause. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.\.Jus, The indifferent iudge attributed victorie to him.. to whome right appeared. 1^4 T. Wright Passions (1620) 117 Whether you have right or wrong, I knowe you must have the last word. 1822 Scott Peveril xxix, The bigots have some right when they affirm that all is for the best. 1865 Kingsley Hereward xxvii, ‘The king has right!’ cried Hereward. ‘Let them take the plunder’ [etc.].

c. Consonance with fact; correctness. 1796 Burke Regie. Peace ii. (1892) 126 Whether.. there was some mixture of right and wrong in their reasoning. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps iv. §xxviii. 118, I can but rapidly name the chief conditions of right. 1867-Time Tide X. § 51 And yet.. there was something of right in the terrors of this clerical conclave.

4. a. Just or equitable treatment; fairness in decision; justice. Freq. in phr. to do (one) right. C900 in Thorpe Dipl. Angl. Sax. (1865) 140 pa ewsedon ealle pa weotan pset mon ufie paere cyrean rihtes swa wel swa oCerre. CI205 Lay. 2511 Heo was swa swifie wel bi-pouht, pat aelche monne heo dude riht. C1250 Gen. & Ex. 52 Dat wise wil, Cat weldet alle Singe wit ri3t and skil. 01300 Cursor M. 1796 All tok a right, bath pouer and Rike; All hade a dom, ^th riche and pour. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvi. 598 The gilt spuris.. He suld in hy ger hew 30W fra; Richt vald with cowardis men did swa. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton, 1483) i. ii. 3 Come byfore the luge and he shal do the ryght. c 1450 Burgh Secrees 2051 Ryght and the Kyng as brethryn owen to be. 1535 Coverdale 2 Chron. vi. 23 Then heare thou from heauen, and se y’ thy seruaunt haue righte. 1565 Cooper s.v. Jus, Nundinatio iuris, sellyng of right and iustice. 1589 Lodge Scillaes Metam. (Hunterian Cl.) 20 W hich spectacle of care made Thetis.. call on Glaucus, and command her Sonne To yeelde her right. 1642 Fuller Holy

RIGHT ^ P>'of. St. I. xi. 34, I can do her memorie no better right, men to confesse she was wrong in somethings. 1691 T HLale] Account New Invent. 86 In right to his Majesty and his Service, no less than to it and themselves. 173s Somerville Chase ii, 71 Oh! were a Theban Lyre not here, And Pindar’s Voice, to do their merit right! Scott F.M. Perth xx, To petition the King, as a matter 01 right, that the murder of their fellow-citizen should be into. 1842 Browning Cavalier Tunes ii. i, King Charles, and who 11 do him right now?

t b. With reference to drinking, in phr. to do (one) right. (Cf. reason 15b.) *597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, v. iii, 76 Why now you haue done me right. 1605 Chapman All Fools \. i, Come in when they u Ladyes right. Ibtd.y Fill’s a fresh pottle, by this light, Sir Knight, You shall do right. 1624 Massinger & Field Bondman ii. iii, These Glasses containe nothing; doe me right As e’re you hope for liberty.

5. In prepositional phrases, with, by, or of right, = rightfully, properly, with reason or justice. t a. with (or mid) right. Ohs. 863 Charter in O.E. Texts 439 Sue 6er mid riahte to Sem lande limpafi. 971 Blickl. Horn. 123 Seo mennisce jecynd.. mass mid rihte h®m Scyppende lof & wuldor secjean. c O.F. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1127, forl®s he pset mid rihte forhi p^t he hit h^fde $ror beieten mid unrihte. c 1200 Ormin 1395 Forr enngless haffdenn heoffness aerd Forrlorenn all wijJh rihhte. C1290 5/. Brandan 53 in S.E. Leg. I. 221 He.. seide hat we ou3ten Ihesu crist honki suyhe wel with rijte. c 1315 Shoreham i. 1656 He spekeh of hyng hat his to come, bat scholde be myd ry3te Of treuhe. a 1400 in Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. 22 With gud ryghte hay loue he, and onoures he,.. all thy creatures.

b. by right, in mod. use by rights. c 1315 Shoreham i. 1671 bet compleh het spoushod.. bat hyt ne may be ondon .. By ry3te. 1387-8 T. Usk Test. Love ii. iii. (Skeat) 1. 83 On you by right ought these shames and these reproves al hoolly discende. a 1425 Cursor M. 4589 (Trin.), God hah he shewed fair warnyng, berfore owe hou byri3tTohonourehim. 1535 Coverdale Lu/^exxiii. 41 And truly we are therin by right, for we receaue acordinge to oure dedes. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 143 Haly is his name be richt. i6oo Shaks. A.Y.L. iv. iii. 177, I should haue beene a woman by right. 1818 Keats Let. Wks. 1889 III. 159, I should not, by rights, speak in this tone to you. 1853 Whewell in Life (1881) 429 By rights he ought to leave his work and go play. 1884 Rider H.aggard Dawn vii, I suppose that I should not by rights have told you.

•\c, of right. Obs. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle iv. xxx. (Caxton, 1483) 78 To lesen his lyf as to a fals traitour of good right and reason belongeth. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 85 For the wiff of right owithe to honoure her husbonde. C1500 God spede the Plough 17 (Skeat), And so shulde of right the parson praye, That hath the tithe shefe of the londe. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 345 Seinge the case standeth thus, ther can no rebellion of right be obiected unto us. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 277 They are all of Right his Subjects.

6. a. the right, that which is right; righteousness, justice, truth; esp. the cause of truth or justice. c 1000 .(^^LFRic Deut. xvi. 20 Filije rihtlice p^m rihte, pxt hu lybbe lange on pzm lande, pe drihten..be syl8. ri205 Lay. 19941 Woh him wes wunder laS, and bat rihte a leof. a 1300 Cursor M. 4370 O pe haf i nakin might, For elles it war a-gain pe right, r 1420 Anturs of Arth. xxi, W’^e..That riche rewmes ouer rynnes agaynes the ryghte. 1535 CovERDALE Ps. xvi[i]. I Hearc y® right (O Lorde), considre my complaynte. c 1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 63 The harralde cryd, ‘God schaw the rycht’. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, ii. iii. 55 Here let them end it, and God defend the right. 1611 Bible Isa. x. 2 To take away the right from the poore of my people. 1690 W. W^alker Idiomat. Anglo~Lat. 376 The right itself shineth of itself. 1774 Goldsm. Petal. 40 Too fond of the right to pursue the expedient. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 561 The liberty of governing himself.. according to his own sense of the right and of the becoming. 1865 Lincoln 2nd Inaug. Address, With firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right.

b. In phr. to have the right (cf. 3 b). c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5533,1 haue the right and he the wrong, a 1585 Montgomerie Cherrie Gf Slae 892 3ea, he suld rather die than 3ield, Though Reason had the richt. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth ii. It is not my part.. to decide who had the right or wrong in the present brawl.

c. to be in the right, to have justice, reason, or fact upon one’s side. C1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxvi. 554 Ye shall take vengaunce of thyse traytours. For ye ben in the right and they in the wronge. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxvi. 626 Ye be in the ryght of this warre. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, v. iii. 275 He was in the right, and so indeed it is. 1603Meas.for M. ii. i. 167 He’s in the right (Constable), what say you to it? 1680 Otway Orphan i. iv. Your Sex Was never in the right, y’re always false. Or silly. 1710 [see reverie sb. 3 a]. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia v. ii. She knew all the time she was in the right. 1815 Scott Let. in Lockhart m* 365 They are in the right, however, to enforce discipline and good order. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 125 A historical question about which they were in the right.

II. 7. a. Justifiable claim, on legal or moral grounds, to have or obtain something, or to act in a certain way. Chiefly in various phrases, as writ (etc.) of right, in right, to have (good) right, etc. c888 K. iF^LFRED Boeth. xiii, ForScem hi mid nanum ryhte ne magon jearnigan pxt je heora wundrien. a 1000 Caedmon s Gen. 2152 (Gr.), Nelle ic p2 rincas rihte benaeman. CI205 Lay. 28776 For he hefde rihte to bissere kineriche. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7496 J7us lo pe englisse folc.. come to a nywe louerd pzx more in ri3te was. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 57 To coroune kyng Edward, Als he bat had gode right vnto pe regalte. 1375 Barbour Bruce i. 46 Off kingis, that aucht that reawte. And mayst had rycht thair king to be. 1414 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 59/2 Oure Lond, by the Kynges Writ of right enclosed. 1425271/1 He bat hath

923 verray title of right in eny thing. 1461 Ibid. V. 467/2 Any of the Kynges in dede and not in right. C1510 Gesta Rom. ^.E.T.S.) 432 As moche ryght haue I in this tree as ye. 1579 Fulke Heskins' Pari. 89 A writ of right being brought against him, prescription of possession will not serue him. a 1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vm. ii. §8 In case it do happen that without right of blood a man in such wise be possessed. 1642 Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. 11. x[i3x. 123 Nor doth it follow that he hath the best in right, who hath the best in fight. 1671 Milton Samson 310 Who made our Laws to bind us, not himself, And hath full right to exempt Whom so it pleases him. 1727 Swift Baucis Phil. 134 Against Dissenters [he] would repine, And stood up firm for Right divine. 1771 Junius Lett. (1788) 239 [He] rejects with indignation the claim of right, which his adversary endeavours to establish. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xix. But here comes one has good right to do our errand to him. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 191 It was might, not right, which had put her in the position she occupied. 1897 Daily News 11 Dec. 5/7 Right, in its personal application, is indeed never but the underside of duty; turn it upper-most, and everything becomes topsy-turvy.

b. In phr. in right of (a person or thing). 1439 Rolls of Parlt. V. 26/2 Noght seised of Lond or rentes .., bot in right of beire Wyves. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage iv. viii. (1614) 379 Solimanbee,..who made challenge to the State in right of his wife. 1704 Swift T. Tub Ded., I should now, in Right of a Dedicator, give your Lordship a List of your own Virtues. 1726 - Gulliver i. vi, I allow he preceded me in Right of his Post. 1859 Jephson Brittany xvi. 258 Claiming the dukedom in right of his wife. 1887 Rider Haggard Allan Quatermain i. Nought have I brought save this mine axe; in right of which once 1 ruled the people of the axe.

c. So by right (also frights) of. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 89 They succeeded by right (as they call it) of consanguinitie. 1611 Bible Tobit iii. 17 She belongeth to Tobias by right of inheritance. 16^ Pepys Diary 9 Jan., He said that.. he did it by rights of his office. 17S9 Cowper On the Queen's Visit to London 3 By right of worth, not blood alone. Entitled here to reign! 1833 Tennyson Palace of Art 207 Hers by right of fullaccomplish’d Fate. 1865 Kingsley Hereward xxi, Pack up the Englishman’s plate-chest, which we inherited by right of fist.

8. In prepositional phrases denoting justifiable title or claim to something: a. with right. (In OE. mid rihte.) Beowulf 2056 [He] bone madbum byre6, bone pe 6u mid rihte raedan sceoldest. c888 K. .Alfred Boeth. vii. §3 Hi me habbaS benumen mines naman pe ic mid rihte habban sceolde. C1290 St. Gregory 29 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 356 3if bat lond is swuch ase pe men beoth, name it hauez with ri3te. C1470 Gol. & Gaw. 1314 Thoght I myght reif thame with right, rath to my handis. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, i. ii. 96 May I with right and conscience make this claim?

b. of right. >375 Barbour Bruce i. 159 The kynryk 3ham I nocht to have, Bot gyff it fall off rycht to me. c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, Lete pe houndes comme too and eete pe flessh.. for bat is hir rewarde of reght. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 117 He that of very ryght owed y« cappe. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Ep. 391 He may (of right) chaienge to him self this singular title. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. ii. xxi. (1674) 169 He ought of right to have precedency. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 61 i To come..and worship thee of right declar’d Sovran of Creatures. 1827 Cobbett Prot. Reform. §330 Those great estates, which of right belonged to the poorer classes. 1874 Green Short Hist. x. §4. 791 W’hile England repelled the claims of the Prince of Wales to the Regency as of right, Ireland admitted them.

c. by (good) right, also in mod. use by rights. >377 Langl. P. pi. B. X. 343 )>ei han heritage in heuene, and bi trewe rijte. Ibid. xx. 95 By ri3te he it claymed. 1466 in Archaeologia (1887) L. 1. 52 Askynge.. their Casuallys and other thynges b* long to hem be right ameabully. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 78 [He] affirmed the kyngdome to be his by good right. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, i. iii. 172 This Sorrow that I haue, by right is yours. ri6i6 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems xx. 10 Pretending tytyls.. By ry[ch]t hereditar to serve thy grace. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 325 Owe not all Creatures by just right to thee Duty and Service? 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! ii. Days when the gentry of England were by due right the leaders of the people. 1868 Dickens Uncomm. Trav. xxvii. Any little matters which ought to be ours by rights.

9. a. A legal, equitable, or moral title or claim to the possession of property or authority, the enjoyment of privileges or immunities, etc. Freq. with qualifying word, as civil, natural, real rights: see the various adjs. Declaration or Bill of Rights, ‘a Bill declaring the Rights and Liberties of England, and the Succession to the Crown’ (Burnet), passed in 1689. ^900 Cynewulf Elene 909 (Gr.), Nu cwom elbeodij,.. hafa6 mec bereafod rihta jehwylces. ^900 in Thorpe Dipl. Angl. Sax. (1865) 140 pSi sona wass Ebelwald pats wordes, baet he no b^s rihtes wiSsacan wolde. a 1300 Cursor M. 3544 J>ou sal neuer.. In bi forbirth do claim na right. 1375 Barbour Bruce i. 78 He suld that arbytre disclar,. .And lat him ryng that had the rycht. 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 20 §7 All such right, title, interesse, clayme.. as they.. have in any of the premisses. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. lii[i]. 188 Let the ryght go to the ryght. 1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 96 b, The donee to whom the release was made then had nothinge in the land, but onely a righte. 1641 Termes de la Ley 129 b. For when the Right, which is the foundation and the principall, is released, by consequence the Action.. is also released. 1681 Stair Instit. (1693) ii. i. 161 All Real Rights are either that original Community of all Men,.. Or the Interest which Possession giveth, or Property. 1706 Stanhope Paraphr. HI. 334 After all our boast of Settlements and Estates, nothing is or can be settled, but the Fee and Original Right in the great universal Lord. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. (1778) I. i Strange!.. that one and twenty miles sailing.. should give a man these rights. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 172 The husband is entitled to all those rights and privileges which his wife would have had if she were alive, and which were annexed to her estate. a 1853 Robertson Lect. (1858) 747 Rights are grand things,.. but

RIGHT the way in which we expound those rights.. seems to me to be the very incarnation of selfishness. 1893 Traill Soc. Eng. Introd. p. xiii. Association, however, necessarily creates rights and duties; from rights and duties spring law and government. Comb, a 1816 Bentham Offic. Apt. Maximized, Introd. View (1830) 17 A civil, or say a right-conferring code.

b. Const, to (funto, rarely ffor), with following sb. (or equivalent construction), spec, in rightto-life adj. phr., designating persons, etc., opposed to the abortion of the unborn foetus or concerned with this issue; hence rlght-to-lifer. c 1205 Lay. 26411 OSere londes monie, pe Julius hafde an honde, pat he naueC nane rihte to. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7495 A fals king bat nadde no ri5t to pe kinedom. a 1300 Cursor M. 26511 To couer pe right til heuen blis. 14.. Gaytryge in Hampole's Wks. (1896) I. 109 Robes and Rychesce.. bat we haf na gud titil ne na ryght to. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, viii. 9 War 30ur richt reknit to pe croun It mycht be laid with litill menss. a 1643 Ld. Falkland, etc. Irifallibility 99 The Turkes .. are sensible of the right the Christians.. haue for the free exercise of their Religion. ri68o Beveridge Serm. (1729) I. 71 When he hath given it to us, we have a civil right to it. 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1720) III. 28 He..is not permitted to fill those Vacancies (to which by the Law of War, he has an indisputed Right). 1789 Bentham Princ. Legist xviii. §25 note. On various occasions you have a right to the services of the magistrate. 1855 Brewster Newton II. xv. 40 He asserted his own right to the discovery of the differential calculus. 1882 Farrar Early Chr. II. 536 [St. Paul] maintained against them his independent right to the highest order of the Apostolate. 1916 G. B. Shaw Androcles ^ Lion p. Ixx, We must begin by holding the right to an income as sacred and equal, just as we now begin by holding the right to life as sacred and equal. 1972 Times 22 Jan. 18/7 English law does not yet recognize a right to privacy. 1973 A. E. WiLKERSON Rights of Children 312 It is doubtful that in the right-to-life controversy the rights of the unborn child will be inviolate. 1973 Austral. Humanist XXVI. i/i The victory of the Roman Catholic-dominated Right to Life Association over the McKenzie-Lamb private members Bill to provide abortions on request.. will be seen by social historians of the future as pyrrhic. 1977 Time 25 July 2/3 If the Government provided its citizens with alternative birth control methods (free of charge), there would be fewer abortions. Even the right-to-lifers would like that.

c. Const, to with inf. Chiefly in phrases to have a (or no) right to (do something), which in dialect use is also employed with reference to obligation (see quots. under (b)), and right-towork, used attrib. with reference to a worker’s right not to be required to join a trade union (U.S.); right to die, the alleged right of a brain¬ damaged or otherwise incurably ill person to the termination of life-sustaining treatment; chiefly (hyphened) as attrib. phr. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1275 Thane salle we rekkene.. whatt ryghte pat he claymes, Thus to ryot bis rewme! 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 524 Some good Gentleman, that hath the right Unto his Church for to present a wight. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 194 A Palisadoe.. to hinder the fishing of those that have no right to fish. 1681 Dryden Abs. Sf Achit. i. 409 If not, the people have a right supreme To make their kings. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 145 IP 4 He has no Right to act here as if he were in an empty Room. 1784 J. Potter Virtuous Villagers II. 128 Women claim a right to inspect into the indiscretions of their husbands. 1803 Sir J. Mackintosh Wks. (1846) III. 242 He has a right to expect from me a faithful, a zealous, and a fearless defence. 1887 Rider Haggard Allan Quatermain xvi. We were officers.., and in that capacity had a right to come and go unquestioned. (^») 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 24 May IP 7,1 have no right to maintain idle vagrants. 1808 Eleanor Sleath Bristol Heiress I. 209, I don’t see as how women have any right to be trampled on. 1829 J. Hunter Hallamsh. Gloss, s.v., ‘I have no right to pay at that toll-bar,’ means, I am not obliged to pay there. 1054 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss, s.v., ‘I have no right to pay’: i.e. I ought not to be compelled to pay. 1892 M. C. F. Morris Yorks. Folk-talk 82 ‘To have a right’ is equivalent to ‘ought’ or ‘in duty bound’, in such a phrase as this—‘He’ gotten a weyfe an’ bairns, and he’s a right to keep ’em.’ (c) 1958 Economist 15 Nov. 599/2 So far the only change that Mr Meany has committed himself to seek is one to remove the provision which allows the states to adopt ‘rightto-work’ laws. These are laws forbidding employers and unions to enter into contracts that require workers to join the union within a specified period, 1967 Harper's Mag. Mar. 8 You might have then seen the virtue of the right-towork policy... What would have been gained.. if you sanctioned a system by which this honest and qualified excon were compelled to join a union against his will as the price of holding his new-found job? 1976 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 22 Mar. 6/1 In 1967 the great bulk of federal civil servants were given the right to strike. 1979 Tucson Mag. Mar. 31/3 Both [cities] are situated in a right-to-work state. {d) 1976 N. Y. Times 5 Sept. iv. 5/2 The California legislature has passed..the nation’s first ‘right-to-die’ bill. .. The bill will permit healthy persons to sign ‘living wills’ which would order their physicians.. to disconnect lifesustaining equipment if that equipment serves no other purpose than to delay the moment of death. 1978 Detroit Free Press 14 Apr. 4B/2 Death ends right-to-die case before Ind. court can decide. 1986 N. Y. Times 24 Apr. A22/2 What she has asked the California courts for this time is not the right to die but the right to refuse medical treatment.

d. Const, of (in early use = to), with sbs. or gerunds. See also right of way. 1463-4 Cal. Rec. Dubl. (1889) I-315 Apon the varyaunce of the ryght and tytle of the office of Recorder. 1559 Baldwin in Mirr. Mag. e ij, Earle Richard.. had the right of Salysbury in holde. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. IV. xxxiii. 155 b, [He] wold not permit these .. to enioy the right of Burgesie. i6ii Bible Tobit vi. 11, I wil speake for her, that she may be giuen thee for a wife. For to thee doth the right of her appertaine. 1641 Termes de la Ley

924

RIGHT 129 b, Right of entrie. 1702 H. Dodwell Apol. §15 in S. Parker Cicero's De Finibus, Authority.. had undoubtedly the Right of Life and Death. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 178 The alienee.. hath not only a bare possession, but also an apparent right of possession. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. 1st. I. 81 A certain part of the senators.. possessed votes without the right of addressing the assembly. 1889 Law Times Rep. LVIII. 163/2 The right of using this road constituted an easement of the farm.

e. A document substantiating a claim or title. miner's right: see miners 6. 1545 Pfivy Council Scot. I. 9 The said Thomas.. hes promittit to bring with him sik rychtis as tha will use quharby tha dame the sadis landis to pertene to thame. 1637 Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. Ixxvii. 198 The man who will not be content with rights to bought land, except he get also the ridges and acres laid upon his back to carry home with him. 1890 [see miner* 6].

f. In pi. A title or authority to perform, publish, film, or televise a particular work, event, etc. serial rights: see serial adj. b. 1890 Kipling Let. in C. E. Carrington Rudyard Kipling (1955) vii. 162 Harper & Co. bought the serial rights for American and paid me. 1913, etc. [see film rights s.v. film sb. 7 c]. 1935 Discovery The cost of the televising rights for the fight would have to be such as to compensate for the loss of cinema rights. 1939 D. L. Sayers In Teeth of Evidence 208 There were the touring rights.. and film rights .. and probably radio rights. 1953 [see astronomical a. ib]. 1959 Bookseller 17 Jan. 124/1 American publishers., claim.. that the financial rewards of book-publishing come not from mere publishing but from the sale of film, paperback, serial and other rights. 1974 I. Parsons in A. Briggs Ess. Hist, of Publishing 49 Richardson had made binding agreements with a succession of Dublin booksellers under which he was to receive certain sums in return for exclusive rights. 1981 Bookseller 27 June 2226/1 We’ve sold the US and UK rights in books on the South Island of New Zealand. 1981 M. Spark Loitering with Intent xii. 220 The Triad [Press] sold the American rights, the paperback rights, the film rights, and most of the foreign rights.

g. rights isstie. An issue of shares offered at a special price by a company to its existing shareholders. Also ellipt. Times 20 Aug. 11/2 The Commercial Bank of Australia’s ‘rights’ issue of 2,105,868 Ordinary shares of los. (Australian currency) at 15s. each has been over-subscribed without recourse to the underwriters, i960 Economist 8 Oct. 187/1 Successive mergers.. reduced its proportionate holding. So, too, did the rights issues of ordinary shares, for as an American investor Bendix could not subscribe for the new shares but had to sell its rights. 1968 Sun 25 Oct. 10/5 With last night’s price for the ordinary i8s. 9d., the ‘rights’ are worth a little over 2d. per share, which is not very much. 1970 Money Which? Mar. 61/2 Under a rights issue, a company in which you already own shares offers you the chance to buy new shares at a special price. 1976 Birmingham Post 16 Dec. 9/5 Lazards are to discuss the intricate and difficult problems of the conflicting timing of its offer for Dunford and Elliott and Dunford’s rights issue with the takeover Panel. 1981 Times 24 Apr. i5/4Rowntree Mackintosh.. is to raise C^2m after expenses from shareholders with a rights issue... Terms of the issue are one new ordinary share at i6op for every four held.

10. a. With possessive pron. or genitive; The title or claim to something properly possessed by one or more persons. Also transf. rii29 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1129, )?aet hi scolden ealle cumen to Lundene.., & scolden sprecon of ealle Codes rihtes. C1250 Gen. ^ Ex. 3714 Bur3es stronge and folc vn-fri3t, stalwurSi to weren here ri3t. a 1290 Beket 229 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 113 Swy^e wel bi-gan his Ercedekne holi churche bi-lede, And stifliche heold op hire ri3te. a 1300 Cursor M. 26320 )?ou p'\ right fordon has p2x\. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 30 bey schal saue pe. kynge hys rythe, and non prejudys don a-geyn his lawe in hes ordenaunce. 1425 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 273/1 be pretensed ryght of my said Lord. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour hvj, Whanne the kyng was dede, somme wold haue taken her ryght fro her. 1558 Goodman How to Obey 180 It is.. a great discouraging to the people.. when they are not defended.. in their right and title. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. I. i. 92 Lysander, yeelde Thy crazed title to my certaine right. 1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 194, I yeeld up my right in all the good I receive from you. 1670 Hobbes Dial. Comm. Laws (1681) 37 My Right is a Liberty left me by the Law to do any thing which the Law forbids me not. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad i. 14 In vain for Polynices’ right they bled. 1799 Han. More Fern. Educ. (ed. 4) I. 147 To these have been opposed, with more presumption than prudence, the rights of woman. 1819 Mackintosh Pari. Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 232 The enlightened friends of the rights of the people. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xii. III. 222 Human nature at last asserted its rights. 1878 Dale Lect. Preach, ix. 291 Respect the rights of the past: assert the rights of the present.

b. In phr. in {the) right o/’, in one's right. Also in one's oruon right: now freq. used in general senses, without reference to a particular title or claim, 1472 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 15/2 In the possession of the same Richard and Anne his wyfe, as in the right of the same Anne. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII., c. 48 The castell of Douer, wherof the kinges maiesty is verye owner in the right of the imperial crowne of this his realme. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 53 Wherefore king Henry havyng now maryed the sayde Alianor claymed as in her right the Erledome of Tholose. 1599 Thynne Animad. (1875) 26 Alice, the wyfe of Richarde Neuille, (erle of Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice). 1618 Bolton Florus in. xvii. (1636) 225 The gentrie.. robbed the commonweale in their own right. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones i. x. Where they might enjoy almost the same advantages of a liberal fortune as if they were entitled to it in their own right. 1766 Blackstone Comm. II. 435 The only method he had to gain possession of it, was by suing in his wife’s right. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, iv. She has a little money in her own right. 1863 Times 11 Mar. 5/2 The Crown Princess of Prussia., has always been popular in her own right. 1885 Law Times Rep. LIII. 526/1 Property which

should come to the wife, or the husband in her right. 1939 G. B. Shaw In Good King Charles's Golden Days i. 47 When I am King—as I shall be, in my own right, and not by the leave of any Protestant parliamentary gang. 1965 Listener 2 Sept. 33 i/i, I shall try to say something of the fundamental problems of science which are of the deepest significance in their own right. 1966 Ibid. 20 Oct. 560/1 It is a pity that Tvardovsky is so little known in the west. He is a very perceptive critic, and a considerable poet in his own right. 1971 Guardian 12 Nov. 9/4 The Domaine de la Rayre.. is a wine of character.. in its own right. 1978 I. B. Singer Shosha iii. 50 He has a nasty wife and estranged children who are rich in their own right.

II. a. That which justly accrues or falls to any one; what one may properly claim; one’s due. C897 K. i^LFRED Gregory's Past. C. 397 Ajife se wer his wife hire ryht on hira ^esinscipe. C970 in Thorpe Laws I. 258 Do Sam Seofe his riht, swa hit ser Eadmundes cwide wffis. ri200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 179 UnneSes hie winnen 3iet here louerdes rihttes. c 1275 Lay. 7906 Ich hou segge, cnihtes, Rome his cure rihtes \c 1205 eowre irihte]. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6755 3e.. waytes vs wyb sum tresons. For to wyb-halden vs oure right, c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 328 bei ben bevys, ..and cursed, for pei wibdrawen ri3ttis of holy Chirche. C1400 Destr. Troy 7987, I shall.. our ground to pe grekes graunt as for right. 1535 CovERDALE xxii. 16 Yee when he helped y* oppressed and poore to their right, then prospered he well. 01586 Answer to Cartwright 55 Wee shoulde not take our ryghte on a thyefe, to iustyfie his theeuerye. a 1625 Fletcher Nice Valour v. iii. Honour and admiration are her rights. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 11 Observing the Laws and paying the Rights of the Countrie. 1655 Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 81 Let us not but give the Devil his right. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia x. iii, He has been advised by his friends to claim his rights. 1832 Ht. Martineau Life in Wilds iii. 41 Our provisions are the right of those who work for them. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 35 We cannot help acknowledging that what is right for us is the right and inheritance of others. fig. 1810 Scott Lady of L. iii. xviii. Grief claim’d his right, and tears their course.

fb. A territory, estate, dominion. Obs. rare. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 10 Whan he had regned foure 3ere, one ryued vpon his right. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. viii. 26 Sir Artegall.. taking with him, as his vanquisht thrall. That Damzell, led her to the Souldans right.

fc. (Usu. pi.) Church.

The last sacraments of the

a 1330 Roland & V. 372 b^r fel a miracle of a kni3t, Wiche bat was to deb y*'di3t,.. Er he dyd he hadde his ri3t. c 1400 Brut 134 Oppon seynt lohnes day.. pe Kyng vnderfonge his rightes of holy cherche, as fallib to euery (Kristen man. [c 1450 Contin. Brut (E.E.T.S.) 493 When he saw he shold dye, he made his testament, and.. receyved al pe rightes of holy churche.] 1470-85 Malory Arthur xiii. xiii. 630 But bere me vnto the Abbay.. that I may be confessyd and haue my ryghtes. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xli. (Percy Soc.) 204 Of holy church with all humilite My rightes I toke.

fd. pi. That part of the quarry given to the hounds as their share or due. Obs. CI410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, When be houndes beth bus enquyrered, be lymmers shulde haue both be shuldres for beire reghtes. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon Iii. 177, I can chase the herte & the wyld bore, and blowe the pryce, and serue the houndes of theyr ryghtes.

e. pi. A stag’s full complement of antlers, consisting of the brow, bay, and tray. ri4io Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, Fourched on be reght syde and lacke nought of reghtes bynethe. Ibid.., If hym lacke any of his reghtes benethe, ye muste abate so many in be toppe. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Marque, A deere, which hath more rights, or branches, on th’ one side then on th’ other. 1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. ii, A head. Large, and well beam’d: with all rights somm’d, and spred. 1677 Gentl. Recr. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XX. 416/2 You must say he beareth.. a false Right on his near horn, for all that the Beam bears are called Rights. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports i. x. 82 The three first are termed the rights; the two points, the crockets. 1884 Jefferies Red Deer ii. 142 To be runnable or warrantable, a stag, .must bear his ‘rights’ (that is, brow, bay, and tray), and two on top.

III. 112. a. on, of, or by right, = aright adv. Beowulf 1555 Rodera raedend hit on ryht jesced. c888 K. ..^iLFRED Boeth. vii. § i 5if ic I>ine unrotnesse on riht ongieten haebbe. 971 Blickl. Horn. 45 Se biscop sceal.. prahan pa maesse-preostas.. pact hie healdan Codes aewe on riht. CI250 Gen. IS Ex. 2226 Alle he woren Sanne sori ofri3t; lacob Sus him bi-menetS o-rist. 01300 Cursor M. 1566 Sua blind pai war in pair insight, pat reckining cuth pai nan o right. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1513 per was rynging, on ry3t, of ryche metalles. c 1400 Destr. Troy 344 And all fowles in Fether fell pere vppon, For to reckon by right, pat to ryuer haunttes. c 1420 Avow. Arth. xxxiii, Quat is the rawunsun opon ry3te. The sothe thou me sayn?

fb. at right (rarely rights)^ properly, aright. Sc. Obs. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 171 That nycht the Scottis cumpany War wachit richt weill, all at richt. c 1470 Henry Wallace iv. 278 Syne restit thar at rycht In a forest. 1513 Douglas JEneis iii. vi. 22 AlL.godlie wychtis Schew we suld haue a prosper rais at rychtis. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 414 Placebo, rewll our Roy at richt.

t c. at their rights to the full, completely. Obs. rare. c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) vi, So bat hir teth be waxe vp alle at hire ryght. Ibid., pen oper teth commeth to hem alle newe... And whan pei be wexe vp agaynn at hir right, ben bei.. gothe at hir aventure.

113. at (or to) all rights (also Sc. right), at all points, in every respect. Obs. 13.. Coer de L. 2123 He was armyd to alle ryghtes. c 1325 Orfeo 134 Ther come to me two fait knyghtes, Wele arayde at alle ryghthis. 1375 Barbour Bruce x.. 312 The castele.. wes varnyst vondir wele With men and wittale at all richt. c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 2102 An hundred knyghtes Wel armed for the werre at alle rightes. 1470-85 Malory Arthur VIII. vi. 281 Syr Trystram commaunded his seruaunt..to.. I

V

RIGHT dresse his hameis at al manere of ryghtes. C1475 Rauf Coihear 686 Greit Squechonis on hicht.. Reulit at all richt Endlang the hall.

14. to rights: a. (Also rarely to right, fto the rights, at rights.) In a proper manner {obs.)', to or into a proper condition or order. In later use chiefly with bring, put, or set. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4127 He mayntende pe lond to ryght. He was curteys & doughty knyght. 1340-70 Alisaunder 846 With pe gaie golde ring graue too-rightes. Ibid. 1222 That bolde borou Byzance bat buyld was to-rihtus. C1350 Will. Palerne 53 A-grebed ful riche, wib perrey & pellure pertelyche to pe ri3ttes. Ibid. 1632 b»emperour & eueri man were esed to ri3ttes. 1472-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 59/1 That all Wolles..be sufficiauntly, trewly and indifferently jpakked to rights, within the Royalmeof Englond. 1535 CovERDALELw?evi. loThenwas his hande restored him to right, euen as whole as the other. 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 43 Bring the ship to rights, that is, againe vnder saile as she was. 01641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 481 To set all things at rights as at first they were being no work.. for the arme of man. 1662 Pepys Diary 30 Jan., Employed all the afternoon in my chamber, setting things and papers to rights. 1706 Logan in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 146 When once puzzled he can with difficulty bring himself to rights. 1748 Richardson Clarissa Wks. 1883 V. 487 Sense of shame.. may make rifled rank get up, and shake itself to rights. 1767 Franklin Let. Wks. 1887 IV. 23, I received the watch chain, which you say you send to be put to rights. 1821 Jefferson Writ. 1892 I. 109 How the good should be secured, and the ill brought to rights, was the difficulty. 1842 G. S. Faber Prov. Lett. I. 55 Call in Mr. Maitland,.. and he will speedily set all to right. 1859 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. 111. 8 A good sleep would have put me to rights. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. III. 216 The lists of voters..were set to rights.

b. At once, straightway (now U.S.)', also, fcompletely, altogether. Formerly freq. in phr. t to sink to rights. (0) 1663 Pepys Diary 8 June, Mr. Coventry and us two did discourse with the Duke a little.., and so to rights home again. 1683 Tryon Way to Health 390 The King.. ordered him to be carried to rights, to the Tower. 1702 S. Parker tr. Cicero's De Finibus v. 303 When Indigent People are ready .. to suffer any Thing rather than die to Rights. 1835 Major Downing Lett. 129 So to rights the express got back, and brought a letter. (6) 1673 Dryden Amboyna iii. iii. The vessel rifled, and the rich hold rummaged, they sink it down to rights. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iii. i. (1723) 150 The whole Tract..sinks down to rights into the Abyss underneath. 1726 Swift Gulliver ii. viii, The Hulk .., by Reason of many Breaches.., sunk to Rights. 1731 Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope I. 34 The poor fellow, in a most piteous condition, and his heart sinking to rights under the melancholy notion he had of it.

115. Hunting. The scent, the track. Obs. C1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xiii, A bolde hounde shulde neuer pleyne nor yowle, but if he were oute of pe reghtes. And also he shulde agayne seche pe rightes.

16. The true account or interpretation of a matter. Now pi. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xviii. ii, There hath been a terrible to do. I could not possibly learn the very right of it. 1751 Eliza Heywood Betsy Thoughtless III. 147, I verily believe thou hast hit upon the right. 1846 Marbyat Valerie viii, I have never heard the rights of that story. 1853 Whyte Melville Digby Grand I. vi. 166 Those ladies who dearly love the last bit of news.. and who are never satisfied without learning what they call the rights of it. IV. 17. a. = RIGHT HAND 2. 01240 Sawles Warde in O.E. Horn. I. 257 \>e middel sti bituhhe riht ant luft. a 1300 Cursor M. 2463 Queder pou ches, on right or left, I sal ta me pat pou haues left. 1382 Wyclif Prov. iv. 27 Ne bowe thou doun to the ri3t, ne to the lift; turne awei thi foot fro euel. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 558 Vangard, to Right and Left the Front unfould. 1707 F'reind Peterborow’s Cond. Sp. 211 Take to the Mountains on the right with all your Men. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 105 Far to the right, where Apennine ascends. 1823 F. Clissold Ascent Mont Blanc 11 A precipitous declivity, which shelved down, upon our right, in one plane of smooth rock. 1894 Mrs. H. Ward Marcella II. 306 Benny appeared.. elbowing the Jewesses to right and left.

b. The right wing of an army, etc.; the righthand extremity of a line of men. 1707 Lond. Gaz. No. 4334/4 Our right was then at Louvignies, and our Left at Naast. 1743 in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 1. 401 Their right reaching to the village called Keldersbach. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxiv. Four of them occupied the right of the first line. Ibid., The Chief occupied the centre of the middle rank, instead of being on the extreme right. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xxxiii. There are the French, close on our right. 1896 Baden Powell Matabele Campaign viii. The Cape Boys had worked their way round to the enemy’s right.

c. The right-hand way or road. i-j64j. Kirby's Suffolk Trav. (ed. 2) 278 At 2 m. take the Right which goes to Sutton Church,.. at 3 m. 6 f. the Right goes to Sutton.

d. Politics. Orig. in Continental legislative chambers, the party or parties of conservative principles. (See centre sb. 15.) Now applied generally to any political group holding conservative principles. 1825 Ann. Reg. 1824 152/1 M. de la Bourdonnave (leader of the extreme right). 1830 Ann. Reg. i82g 157/2 All the new ministers belonged to the extreme right. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell Let. 2 Nov. (1966) 60, I never can ascertain what I am in politics; and veer about from extreme Right,—no, I don’t think I ever go as far as the extreme Left. 1887 Harper's Mag. Jan. 180/1 The political differences between the two great parties, the parliamentary Right and Left. 1940 W. Temple Thoughts in War-Time iii. 24 The Right tends to have a fuller sense of historical continuity than the Left. 1954 Koestler Invisible Writing xxxvi. 385 "rhe trial

RIGHT of the so-called 'Anti-Soviet Block of Rights and 1 rotskyists took place in Moscow. 1955 Times 23 May 11/7 1 here is much division among the delegates of free countries on how to deal with the Left and Right dictatorship delegations, i960 O. Manning Great Fortune xviii. 220 We did nothing to establish a liberal policy that could save the country from either extremity—Left or Right. 1969 A. G. Frank Latin Amer. xix. 316 The current wave of government repression against the Left need not mean a permanent move to the Right. 1974 J- White tr Poulantzas's Fascism Dictatorship iv. 224 In the struggle against the Left Opposition.. the Comintern took a turn to the right .

e. In various sports, the right side or wing of the field of play; a player occupying this position (cf. RIGHT WING z). 1867 Players Chron. 8 Aug. 6/3 The nine will be as follow:. . Peters, right. 1892 College Index (Auburn, Alabama) Nov. 27 Mr. G. O. Shackleford, the Athens left guard, who gave our right so much trouble at the match game in Atlanta last February has entered college here. 1934 in B. James England v Scotland (1969) 152 Attack after attack on the English goal. Superb work by that sprite of a player, Cook, on the extreme right. 1949 Telephone-Reg (McMinnville, Oregon) 4 Aug. 2/1 Jimmy ‘Whiskers’ Beard then drove both in with a single to right.

18. a. A boot or shoe for the right foot; a glove for the right hand. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 515 It belonged to the left foot of the wearer; so .. this is proof that ‘rights and lefts’ are only ‘An old, old, very old’ fashion revived. 1864 F. Locker My Mistress's Boots vii, Cinderella’s lefts and rights To Geraldine’s were frights. 1884 Harper's Mag. Dec. 117/1, I didn’t want two rights [sc. gloves].

b. (See quots.) 1846 Holtzapffel Turning II. 911 Nail scissors are made in pairs, and formed in opposite ways, or as ‘rights and lefts’, so that they may suit the respective hands. 1889 C. T. Davis Bricks Csf Tiles (ed. 2) 73 Bricks., are termed ‘rights’ and ‘lefts’ when they are so moulded or ornamented that they cannot be used for any comer.

c. A blow given with the right hand. 1898 Daily News 24 Nov. 7/3 Sharkey put over a straight right on Corbett’s nose, seeming to bring blood. 1898 [see LAND V. 2e]. 1930 Daily Express 6 Oct. 11/5 The blow with which he dropped Compere for the full count was a right to the jaw. 1937 C. Himes Black on Black (1973) 130 He’d go out fast with the garrote in his left hand, throw a hard right at the bastard’s face. 1972 J. Mosedale Football iv. 49 Bob Snyder.. threw a roundhouse right that knocked Matheson out the door.

d. A shot fired at game with the right barrel of a double-barrelled shotgun; a bird or beast hit by such a shot. Cf. right and left, right-andleft sb. 2. *893, etc. [see left sb. 4].

e. Surfing, The (use of the) right foot. 1968 Surfer Mag. Jan. 73/1 Eamonn Matthews.. caught some nice rights. 1970 5ur/’70 (N.Z.)44/2 There were good lefts and occasional rights with Ted Spencer carving turns people thought were impossible.

f. A right-hand turn. U.S. 1961 Webster, s.v., Take the right at the fork. 1969 D. E. Westlake Up your Banners v. 35 The light turned green and she made a right. 1977 R. E. Harrington Quintain vi. 49 A blue Rover had made a right off a side street to pull in ahead of the cab. 1981 G. V. Higgins Rat on Fire xiii. 96 Leo Proctor took a right in Dorchester Avenue and drove the van south.

119. The direct road or way. Obs. rare. *535 Lvndesay Satyre 4189, I man pas to the King of Farie, Or ellis the rycht to hell. 1595 Shaks. John 1. i. 170 Something about a little from the right, In at the window or else ore the hatch.

20. A facet (of a diamond). Obs. rare. 1675 Lond Gaz. No. 1050/4 A short hart Diamond,..4 Rights and the Coller pollished, the Stone being about half made.

V. 21. Comb, right-left attrib. phr.y of or between right and left. 1968 M. S. Livingston Particle Physics vii. 132 The parity conservation expresses this symmetry between events in the real world and their mirror images, this right-left symmetry of form. 1970 S. Rokkan Citizens, Elections, Parties x. 335 He sees in this circumstance a possible explanation for the absence of a clear-cut tradition of rightleft polarization in the United States. 1978 Science 24 Feb. 852 {heading) Right-left asymmetries in the brain.

right, sb."^, erron. spelling for RITE sb. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. (1600) iv. i. 138 No doubt they rose vp early, to obserue The right of May. 1634 Milton Comus 125 Com let us our rights begin, ’Tis onely day-light that makes Sin. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1687) 405/1 Being initiated into the Orphick Solemnities, the Priest telling him, that they who were initiated into those Rights [etc.]. 1700 Prior Carm. Sec. 36 Numa the Rights of strict Religion knew; On ev’ry Altar laid the Incense due. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 463 Worship the immortal gods according to the rights of thy country. 1865 Lever Luttrell i, He’ll give her the rights. Ibid., I sent for you to administer to her the rights of her Church. [Cf. right sb.^ ii c.]

right (rait), a. Forms: i reht (rect), reoht, rseht; 1-4 riht, 3 rihht, rihct, 2-3, Sc. 6- richt; 3-5 ri3t(e, 4 ri3tt, ri3ht, ri3th (4-5 rith), 3- right; i, 4 ryht (4 -te), s-6 Sc. rycht; 4 ry3ht, 4-5 ry3t (4 -tte, 5 -te); 4 rygth, 5 rygt, ryth, 4-6 ryght (5-6 -te); also dial. 8-9 reet, 9 reeght, reight, raight. [Common Teutonic: OE. reht, riht, ryht, = OFris. riucht (mod.Fris. rjucht), MDu. recht, richt (Du. recht, '\regt), OS. reht (MLG. and LG. recht), OHG. reht (MHG. and G. recht), ON. rittr (Norw. rett. Da. ret, Sw. rdtt), Goth, raihts; related to L.

RIGHT

925 rectus, the base being the root reg- to make or lead straight. In OE. riht frequently forms the first part of a compound instead of having adjectival flexion.]

1.1. fa. Straight; not bent, curved, or crooked in any way. Also right with, in a line with. Obs. r95o Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. iii. 3 Rtehta doeS vet wyrcas sti^a his [Hatton DoS hys sypas rihte]. 971 Blickl. Horn. 207 Nalas .. pact pa wajas wsron rihte, ac jit swiSor on scrtefes onlicnesse ptet wses aeteowed. eiooo Sax. Leechd. I. 316 Deos wyrt.. hafaS leaf swylce winjeard & rihte stelan. a 1122 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 656, V. mile to J?e rihte « pe ga8 to iElm & to Wisebece. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 7 J>enne make we ham [his paths] rihte 3ef we haldet his beode. C1205 Lay. 7830 )>a Bruttes.. nomen longen raeftres, stronge & rihte. C1220 Bestiary 86 Sifien wi6 his rijte bile [he] take8 mete 8at he wile. C1330 Assump. Virg. 666 As soone as he hadde seide )>is bede,.. Alle his lymes bi come ful ry3t. ? att.. shollde ledenn hemm Till himm pe rihhte we33e. 13.. Coer de L. 3894 Ful ryght way wenten [they] to Archane. c 1350 Will. Palerne 5322 He rides.. to-wardes rome po ri3tes gates. CI386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 504 Vpon the morwe..To Britaigne tooke they the righte way. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xiv. 62 Now will I tell 30W j>e rightest way and pt schortest to lerusalem. c 1470 Henry Wallace v. 3 The day faillit, throu the rycht cours worthit schort. 1535 Lyndesay Satyre 1929 Wische me the richt way till Sanct-Androes. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 162 A newe & ryghter way founde of late. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xix. cxvi, Many follow’d that enquest, But these alone found out the rightest way. 1620-55 E Jones Stone-Heng (1725) 60 Ermin-street.. led the right Way into the Northern Countries. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 69 To shoot in a Right-Range, .is, as far as the Bullet doth go in a Right-line at any Degree of Elevation. 1704 [see range sb.^ II b].

fc. In fig. contexts. Obs. (Cf. 9.) c888 K. i^^LFRED Boeth. xxiii. §2 J)u ne meahtes jyt ful rihtne wes aredian to 6aem soSum sesaelSum. 971 Blickl. Horn. 109 men pt beam habban.. him taecean lifes we; & rihtne gang to heofonum. CI200 Ormin 5507 Jjatt rihhte we33e..J?att lede)?)? pa till heoffness £erd. C1300 Harrow. Hell 211 J>ou sendest me pe ryhte wey into helle. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 58 Also it is a gret werk of mercy to teche men p^ ri3tte weie to heuene. c 1^0 Jacob's Well 258 Kepyth pe. ry3te weye in myddys of pe x. comaundementys. 1451 Capgrave Life St. Aug. (E.E.T.S.) 2 He was cause.. with his bokis J>at many a soule is ledde pe rith weye to heuene. 1538 Starkey England i. ii. 39 We must now seke out.. the veray true commyn wele, seyng that we haue therby thus found.. the ryghtyst way therto. 1590 Spenser F.Q. I. X. 10 All.. take delight With many rather for to goe astray,.. Then with a few to walke the rightest wa^

fd. Of legitimate.

lineage,

descent,

etc.:

Direct,

1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love ii. ii. (Skeat) 1. 115 Who is discended of right bloode of lyne fro king Artour? 1448-9 Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 79 This knyght despousyd had a lady, Hauyng decens be ryght lynage Off that wurthy and excellent stok lyneally, That Poolys men clepe. 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xiii. 117 Ane teinfull tratour of rycht successioun.

t e. transf. Keeping a straight course. Obs. 1603 Daniel Def. Rhime in G. G. Smith Eliz. Crit. Ess. (1904) II. 372 Discretion is the best measure, the rightest foote in what habit soeuer it runne. 1626 [see foot sb. 29 c]. 1640 Featly Abbot in Fuller Abel Rediv. (1867) II. 282 All their children, treading in their holy steps, walked with a right foot to the Gospel.

ff. (After L. rectus.) Nominative. Obs.—"^ 1654 Z. Coke Logick 20 Always absolutely in the right (that is the nominative) Case.

2. right line, a straight line. (Cf. LINE-RIGHT.) 1551 Records Pathw. Knowl. i. Defin., Of lynes there bee two principall kyndes,.. a right or straight lyne, and.. a croked lyne. 1570 Billingsley Euclid i. def. 5. 2 One right lyne cannot be tighter then an other. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot, iv. (1736) 43 Circles and Right Lines limit and close all Bodies. 1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 146 A Body which is not urged by a Force tending to a Centre, will not describe a Circle, but a Right line. 1812 Davy Chem. Philos. 69 Supposing that there is a certain unknown matter always moving through the universe in right lines. 1898 Tout Empire ^ Papacy xvii. (1901) 425 The right lines and measured regularity or an American city. Comb. 1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) II. 466 An uniform progressive Motion in a Right-line Tangent to its Orbit. 1075 Knight Diet. Mech. 1943/2 Right-line Pen, a drawing-pen.

transf. 1697 Dryden Ded. JEneid Ess. (ed. Ker) II. 165 Pulci, Boiardo, and Ariosto, would cry out, ‘make room for the Italian poets, the descendants of Virgil in a right line’.

3. Formed by or with reference to a right line or plane perpendicular to another right line or plane. a. right circle, horizon, sphere: (see quots. and the sbs.); right triangle, a right-angled triangle. f 1391 Chaucer Astrol. ii. §27 This is the conclusioun to knowe the Assenciouns of signes in the riht cercle. C1391, 1549 [see horizon sb. 3]. 1551 Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 209 In the Righte Sphere. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 15 The sphere is deuided into a right sphere and into an oblique or crokyd sphere. Ibid. 20 This Picture sheweth the fourme of a right Horizont. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. xvii. (1636) 313 When is the Horizon said to be right, and thereby to make a right Spheare? 1700 Moxon Math. Diet. 158 A Right or Direct Sphere hath both the Poles of the World in the Horizon, and the Equinoctial transiting the Zenith. 1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 221 For either the Horizon of the Place is right to the Equator,.. or it is oblique. 1795 Hutton Math. ^ Phil. Diet. II. 375/1 Right Sphere, is that where the equator cuts the horizon at Right angles; or that which has the poles in the horizon, and the equinoctial in the zenith. 1846 Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Right Circle, a circle drawn at right angles with the plane of projection. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. 147 Parallel, Right, and Oblique Spheres. 1903 J. McMahon Elem. Geom. i. 62 In a right triangle the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. 1970 J. R. Byrne Mod. Elem. Geom. v. 153 Suppose that we had a ‘Book of Standard Right Triangles’ for angles from measure i to 89®.

b. In miscellaneous uses: fright corner, a right angle, right sailing (see quots. 1704 and 1867). right sine: (see sine sb.). 1548 Elyot, Recorde

Orthogonius, that hath ryght comers. 1551 Knowl. i. Defin., The square angle, whiche is commonly named a right corner, is made by twoo lynes meetyng together in fourme of a squire. 1579 J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf F iv b, The very rightest perpendicular downfal that can be imagined from the point. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 250/2 Simple, local Motion is twofold: circular.. and right: the right is either upwards from the center, or downwards to the center, and both these either simply, or Kara rt. 1667 Milton P.L. IV. 541 The setting Sun.. with right aspect.. Leveld his eevning Rayes. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I., Right Sailing, is when a Voyage is perform’d on some one of the four Cardinal Points. 1748 H. Ellis Hudson's Bay 93 The land trenched away from East by North to North by West, making right Points of the Compass. 1840 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. III. 232^ It is a common idea that the oblique is weaker than the right arch. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Right sailing, running a course on one of the four carding points, so as to alter only a ship’s latitude, or longitude. c. right ascension: (see ascension 3). Also

fright descension (see descension 5). 1594 Blundevil Exerc. ii. (1636) 114 Knowing the Sunnes place, you shall learne the right ascention thereof thus. 1651 C. Brookes Sphaer. Triang. 24 It is required to find out the Right Adscension and Declination of both those starres severally. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 367 Such is the Sun’s Right Ascension when he is in 29 deg. of Taurus. *755 B- Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. 185 The same Thing which on the terrestrial Globe and Maps is called Longitude, is, on the celestial Globe and Sphere, called Right Ascension. 1812-16 Playfair Nof. (1819) II. 79 The parallax in right ascension is nothing when a body is on the meridian. 1882 Knowledge No. 15. 317 Transit observers have to determine the declination of a star as well as what is called the right ascension.

d. Of solid figures: Having the ends or base at right angles with the axis. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 524 If a Right Cylinder have the Diameter 14, and the Height.. as much; then shall the Area of each Base be 154. 1795 Hutton Math. & Phil. Diet. II. 375/1 Right Cone, or Cylinder, or prism, or pyramid. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 140 All the faces of the right quadrangular prism are equal and similar. 1854 Pereira's Polarized Light (ed. 2) 218 In this system are included the right rhombic prism, the right rhombic octohedron [etc.]. 1887 [see cylinder ^6. i b].

t4. a. Of the eyes, etc.: Directed straight forwards. Obs. CZ410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxi, f?ere oper beloweth with a reght musell byfore hem. 1616 J. Lane Contn. Sqr.'s T. iv. 73 Wrest the streight crooked, the right eyes besquint.

fb. Of a blow: Direct, forward. Obs. c 1470 Henry Wallace ii. 62 The tothir fled,.. Bot a rycht straik Wallace him gat that tyd. 1591 Fi.omo 2nd Fruites 119 Hee will hit any man .. with a right or reverse blowe. 1594 I. G. Grassi's Art Def. Eeiv, When, after a right blowe, he would discharge a reverse.

II. 5. Of persons or disposition: Disposed to do what is just or good; upright, righteous. Now rare. f 825 Vesp. Psalter xxiv. 8 Swoete & reht [is] dryten. Ibid. xxxi. II WuldriaO alle rehte on heortan. 0900 Cynewulf Crist 18 Eala pu Reccend ond pu riht Cyning. c 1320 Cast. Love 398 p>‘\ dou3ter.. I am, I wot bi pon, For pou art kyng, riht domes-mon. a 1340 Hampole Psalter vii. 10 When he sees oure hert in heuen.. pan he makis vs mare right and helpis vs. 1382 Wyclif Ps. Ixxviii. 37 The herte forsothe of hem was not rijt with hym. 1567 Gude Sf Godlie Ball. (S.T.S.) 28 Thow, God, the quhilk is onlie richt, Thow saif me fra the Deuillis net. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 360 Execute this office simply, justly, and according to the rule of a right conscience. 1652 Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 307, I believe he hath a very right heart for the K[ing]. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 352 But God left free the Will, for what obeyes Reason, is free, and Reason he made right. 1770 Burke Corr. (1844) I. 237 He is a right man, and, I make no doubt, much yours. 1871 Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. i. (1878) 23 Hence, in right character there is no struggle at all.

RIGHT 6. a. Of actions, conduct, etc.: In accordance with what is just or good; equitable; morally fitting. In later use chiefly predicative. c82S Vesp. Psalter xxxii. 4 ForSon reht is word dryhtnes & all were his in jeleafan. c888 K. jElfred Boeth. iii. §4 Is J?is nu se ewide pe me geo ssedest p2£t se wisa Plato ewaede, .. )?2Bt nan anweald naere riht butan rihtum Jjeawum? c looo Ags. Gosp. Luke xii. 57 Hwi ne deme je of eowsylfum p2^t riht is. ^1200 Ormin 18773-4 Unnderr Cristess rihhte dom, & inn hiss rihhte wr$che. a 1250 Ot4»/ & Night. 179 And fo we on myd rihte dome, a 1300 E.E. Psalter xviii. 9 Right wisenesses ofe lauerd [are] right, hertes fainand. 13.. Cursor M. 3394 (Gott.), Abraham .. Tok a wijf, for sua was riht. a 1400 Pistill of Susav 265 Alle my werkes )?ou wost, J?e wrong and pe riht. 1445 in Anglia XXVIII. 267 A1 that right is thou grauntyst soon. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 145 That he maye leame to Hue in a right trade of vertue and honestee. 1579 Poore Knt.*s Palace Giijb, No freend-ship hath withdrawe his minde to leve the rightest part. 1600 Holland Livy xxii. xxxix. 457 b, That right and true dealing may well be sicke, but it shall not die. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 16 With some regard to what isjust and right [they] Shall lead thir lives. 1745 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 276 Religion is the principal security of men’s acting a right part in society. 1753-4 Richardson Grandison (1781) VII. 126, I sincerely think this is the rightest measure you can now pursue. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xviii, The patrons by whose direction they expected to obtain it [revenge] in right and legal fashion. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xix. 187 Don’t you. .ever do anything that you did not think quite right? Comb. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas, Eden 563 False guiding paths,.. And right-wrong errors of an end-less Maze,

b. In phr. it is right to or that. c 888 K. iF^LFRED Boeth. xxxix. §12 ForSsem hit is riht p^t Sa goodan haebben good edlean hiora godes [etc.]. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xx. 22 Is reht us to seallanne p^et jeafel 5aem caseri? 971 Blickl. Horn. 35 Riht p^t is pset ealle seleaffulle men [etc.], a 1023 Wulfstan Horn. Iviii. (1883) 304 bonne is hit rihtast pveX he hanonforS buton slcum wife wunije. C1200 Ormin 2532 patt iss rihht onn eor)>e, patt mannkinn be till Drihhtin Godd Herrsumm onn alle wise. a 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 6837 It es right J>at )?ai duelle J>are, In pset hidus myrknes ever-mare. CI375 Cursor M. 3126 (Fairf.), Doun our lorde to erp he li3t to fonde abraham him po^t ri3t. 1535 Coverdale Acts iv. 19 Whether it be right before God, that we shulde be more obedient vnto you, then vnto God. C1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xx. 31 bairfoir it is bot rycht That thow indure pe pane. 1663 Butler Hud. i. iii. 953 They thought it was but just and right, That [etc.]. i66y Milton P.L. ix. 570 It is..right thou shouldst be obeyd. 1819 Shelley Peter Bell 3rd ii. iii, Like some one whom it were not right To mention, a 1832 Bentham Wks. (1843) II. 522 It is right that men should be as near upon a par with one another.. as they can be made.

7. a. Agreeing with some standard or principle; correct, proper. Also, agreeing with facts; true. c888 K. iELFRED Boeth. xxxv, § i Forman hit is swi6e ryht spell J7$t Plato se uSwita saede. a 1000 Colloq. JElfric in Wr.Wiilcker 88 Hwset rece we hwaet we sprecan buton hit riht spraec sy? a 1122 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 627, He sende Scottum jewrit p?fet hi scoldon gecerran to rihtum Eastrum. C1200 Ormin 7264 b^tt wass bajje rihht & wel batt Crist wass borenn p^re. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 4148 Him lestede hise si3te bri3t, And euerilc to6 bi tale ri3t. 1340 Ayenb. 252 Ase ich habbe aboue yssewed, sobrete ne is ober bing bote to loky ri3te mesure ine alle binges, c 1400 in Turner Dom. Archit. (1859) III. 86 Who so dispyse this lesson ry3t, At borde to sitt he base no my3t. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxiii. 37 Ane raknyng rycht cumis of ane ragment small, a 1568 Ascham Scholem. ii. (Arb.) 136 The knowledge of the tonges. .was manifestly contemned: and so, ye way of right studie purposely peruerted. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 522 A right description of our sport, my Lord, c 1630 Sanderson Serm. II. 301 To bring us, by a righter understanding of ourselves, to a better knowledge of God. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 274 He contends, that the Pagans did entertain righter Opinions concerning the Supreme God, than the Jews themselves. 1709 J. Palmer Latter Day Glory 117 Time.. will discover which is the rightest way of counting. 1762 Foote Orators i. i. The perfectioning of our countrymen in .. the right use of their native language. 1779 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 275 What you say about his engaging in parties may be right, for any thing I know to the contrary. 1861 Flor. Nightingale Nursing (ed. 2) 32 This simple question .. (not, how can I always do this right thing myself? but), how can I provide for this right thing to be always done? 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 70 In the next book, Plato pursues further his notion of educating by a right use of pleasure.

b. Of belief: Orthodox, true; that ought to be accepted or followed. ?c82S Vesp. Hymns (Sweet) xi. 9 Se rehta s^leafa mid haetu walle. 971 Blickl. Horn. 77 b®t hie sceolan burhwunian on rihtum geleafan. ri200 Ormin 13005 Forr batt te33 wolldenn p^^re att himm J>e rihhte trowwbe lemenn. a 1225 Beg. Kath. 2438 Wifi luue & rihte bileaue. 13.. Coer de L. 284 Them to noye.. That be not in the ryght byleve. 1362 Langl. P. pi. a. xi. 297 Arn none rabere yrauisshid fro pe ri3te beleue )?anne arn bise grete clerkis. ^1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 520 pe ri3tte feib of Cristene men. 1548 Elyot OrthodoxuSy a man of a right opinion, faith, or belefe. 1648 Hexham ii, Recht-geloovigh, of the True and Right faith, or Orthodoxall.

c. With agent-nouns: Correct, exact. &tt filledd shulenn ben burrh Godd Att heore rihhte time. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 42 For ther may noman finde The rihte salve of such a Sor. 1584 Three Ladies Lond. i. in Hazl. Dodsley VI. 254 Huff! once aloft, and I may hit in the right vein, a 1720 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) 1.1. i Thou, O Lord, alone knowest the right times and seasons to open the eyes of the people. 18^ Malkin Gil Bias i. xii, God knows if his heart lay in the right place. 1854 Stanley Mem. Canterb. iii. (1857) 145 That happy art of saying the right thing to the right person. 1883 V. Stuart Egypt 7 Her Commander’s knack of being in the right place at the right time, and doing the right thing. Comb. 1^5 K. Grahame Golden Age 44 Nature, in providing water-rats, had furnished right-sized stones.

b. Mr. Right, Miss Right, the right person, the destined husband or wife, colloq. i860 Sala Baddington Peerage xviii, I suppose I’m not the Mr. Right of her affections, Kipling Light that Failed 164 But.. couldn’t you take and live with me till Miss Right comes along?

c. right sort, stuff: an alcoholic drink, slang. 1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy no Right sort, gin. 1927 WoDEHOUSE Meet Mr Mulliner vi. 198 A sharp spasm had reminded him how much of the right stuff he had in him at that moment.

d. Of persons and things: regarded with approval; socially acceptable; potentially influential. 1842, 1883 [see SORT j6.' i i b]. 1900 H. James Little Tour in France (ed. 2) vii. 76 The middle of the eighteenth century .. was surely, in France at least, the age of good society, the period when the ‘right people’ made every haste to be born in time. 1901 J. Vaizey About Peggy Saville x. 76 Travelling is good fun if you .. provide yourself with introductions to the right people. 1928 Kipling Bk. of Words xi. 86 It may be a snobbish way of putting it, but a man should know ‘the right people’ in the great world of books. 1931 S. Jameson Richer Dust xv. 445 She went regularly to their houses, and with them to the right restaurants. 1936 A. Christie Murder in Mesopotamia xx. 178 She’s young and she’s crude, but she’s the right sort. 1946 G. Millar Horned Pigeon i. 6 All of these officers were ‘the right sort’. Which meant that their parents had all had sufficient money to send them to the more expensive schools. 1956 I. Bromige Enchanted Garden i. iii. 28 The importance of knowing the right people, of being seen with the right people. 1963 L. Peters Tarakian vii. 98 Firth.. had been to one of the ‘right’ schools, and one of the ‘right’ universities, and .. belonged to one or two of the ‘right’ clubs. 1973 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Starry Bird xi. 161 He had been to all the right schools and belonged to all the right clubs. 1981 J. Carey John Donne ii. 77 Goodyer knew the right people... He mingled with the dispensers of power and lobbied them on Donne’s behalf.

e. Criminals' slang. Reliable, trustworthy (from the criminal’s point of view); friendly or sympathetic to criminals. Freq. in phr. right guy. Also right croaker, a doctor who will treat criminals without informing the police, or give prescriptions for drugs. 1856 in G. L. Chesterton Revelations of Prison Life I. ix. They [jc. the swell mobsmen] frequent those publichouses the landlords of which they know to be what they term right (i.e. a thief s friend). 1886 A. Pinkerton Thirty Years a Detective 324 You will find him game, a good workman an a ded rite man. 1891 J. Bent Criminal Life 272 Will you go and tell Dutch Doll to come up to try and get me right twirl (good warder). 1891 ‘F. W. Carew’ No. 747 i. 4 Warder—who, when accessible to a bribe, is termed a ‘rightscrew’. 1906 H. Green At Actors’ Boarding House 61 Sammy explained that.. the remainder had dwindled rapidly, what with treating the gang and being a right guy generally. 1911 [see BOOB sb. i]. 1914 Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang 70 Right,.. sympathetic in a criminal sense; fixed; squared. 1926 [see in aNd in adv. i c]. 1929 W. R. Burnett Little Caesar i. i. 8 Some day he’ll turn yellow. Hear what I say . He’s not right. 1929 HosTETTER & Beesley It’s a Racket! vii. 93 To him [rc. the racketeer], a physician or surgeon is only a ‘croaker’, a ‘right croaker’ if he is the sort who will treat a fugitive criminal’s wounds or injuries 137

without notifying the police. 1938 J. Phelan Lifer viii. 70 ‘Friend of yours?’inquired Mansell. ‘Sure. Mine and Art’s and Bill Weldon and—and anyone that’s right.’ 1951 Evening Sun (Baltimore) 27 Mar. 4/1 He [sc. a dope addict] may have found he could acquire prescriptions.. from a doctor who had his price... (The doctor was a ‘right croaker’). 1953 W. Burroughs yunAie vii. 71 When I told Gains what the hotel clerk said to me and how lucky we were he happened to be a right guy, he said, ‘We’ve got to pack in. We can’t last with this crowd.’ 1969 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. LI. 23 We shall use this vocabulary.. to indicate how both races equally—but separately—participate in such aspects of a common ‘inmate culture’ as those of right guys and stoolpigeons.

9. right way (cf. i b and i c): a. The way of moral rightness or spiritual salvation. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxlii. lo Gast fiin god gelaedefi mec in weje rehtum. at j haue seyn alle pilgrimes ryghteden hem and kepten hem from forueyinge.

13, To guide as ruler; to govern, rule, judge. 971 Blickl. Horn. 191 hurh J?e ic l>ys eowde styran & rihtan nu ne maeg. £1205 Lay. 6254 Heo sculleS eow pet lond bitaken.. and eower la3en setten to rihten core leoden. e rihfolle. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1606 Emperour [Trajan] was pe nobloste J>at mi3te be,.. So rijtuol he was. 1362 Langl. P. PL A. IX. 17 Seue sij>es a day. .sunge]? J^e rihtful mon. ^1380 Lay Folks Catech. (Lamb. MS.) 531 This god is.. most ry3tful, and most ful of goodnesse. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 189 Be ryghtfull to al men, Slow to be wroth, Redy to mercy. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 66/4 Thenne said Saul, I haue synned... Thou arte rightfuller than I am. 1529 Rastell Pastyme (1811) 20 The moost ryghtful and indyfferent juge that ever was. 1596 Shaks. Merck. V. iv. i. 301 Por. The Court awards it, and the law doth giue it. lew. Most rightfull ludge. 1611 CoTGR., luste,.. incorrupt, rightfull, vpright, sincere. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 179 Mighty death! Thou double-visaged shadow! Only judge! Rightfullest arbiter! tb. absol. (Cf. RIGHTEOUS I b and i c.) 01325 Prose Psalter xxxvi[i]. 25 Whan pe ri3tful ha)? fallen, he ne shal nou3t ben hirt. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. iii. 241 Alle )?at helpeth pe innocent and halt with pe ri3tful. o 1425 Cursor M. 17315 (Trin.), Euel haue 36 done wolde 36 be knowen Of )?at ri3tful )?at 3e dud honge. 2. Of actions, etc.: In conformity with what is right or just; equitable, thoroughly fair. 1297 F* Glouc. (Rolls) 2876 Hii binome him is kinedom & pat is a n3tuol dede. Ibid. 5391 Lawes he made ri3tuolore & strengore pan er were. 1340 Ayenb. 44 pe o)?re manere is huanne me hep ri3tuolle wy3tes and ri3tuolle mesures and zeWep ontreweliche. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. Prol. 127 Crist.. leue pe lede pi londe, so leute pe louye, And for pi ri3tful rewlyng be rewarded in heuene! 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 145 Hoppe is a ryghtfull tryste for a ryghtfuii Werke. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 103 The quarel that I haue is rightful, a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Ixxxi. 249 Let me haue ryghtfull and trewe iugement. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. xii. 28 For truth is strong her rightfull cause to plead, c 1630 Milton Upon Circumc. 17 For we by rightfull doom remediles Were lost in death, a 1721 Prior (J.), The smiling hours; Such as with friendly care have guarded Patriots and kings in rightful wars. 1813 Scott Rokeby v. xxi. He that sings the rightful cause. 1859 I. Taylor Logic in Theol. 201 Can it be rightful.. to enact in India.. that which was enacted for the Roman world? 3. Legal, lawful, legitimate: a. Of persons, in respect of position or claims. c 1330 Arth. ©* Merl. 2804 (Kolbing), Euerichon .. maden solempne bisecheinge For to haue a ri3tful kinge. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 4122 So were thei for everemo.. Departed fro the rihtfull heir. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. vii. 19 But thou didst these goods bereave From rightfull owner by unrighteous lott. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, ii. v. 80 In this haughtie great attempt.. to plant the rightfull Heire, I lost rny Libertie. 1^5 Camden Rem. 3 Her vndoubted and rightfull successor. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 815 Every Soule in Heav’n Shall.. Confess him rightful King. 1724 Welton Chr. Faith ^ Pract. 215 A due obedience to our rightful governors. 1784 CowpER Task III. 749 The legitimate and rightful lord is but a transient guest. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 161 The common people.. regarded him as their rightful head. 1855 Ibid. xxi. IV. 684 How a rightful and lawful possessor is to be distinguished from a possessor who has the exclusive right by law [etc.]. Comb. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro' M. 623 A daughter —an illegitimate one—but worthy to be the rightful-born child to the first man in the land. b. Of inheritance, possessions, etc. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. xiv. 291 Selde is any pore riche, but of ri3tful heritage. 1399 Gower Conf., To Hen. IV, 59 To cleime and axe his rightful heritage In alle places wher it is withholde. 1483 [see heritage sb. 2]. 1612 Drayton Polyolb. xii. 359 His., son. By.. stepdame’s hate, to death was lastly done. To set his rightful Crown upon a wrongful head. 1736 Gentl. Mag. VI. 434/1 The rightful undisturbed Possession of it will add vastly to the Power of France. c 1792 Burns Extempore on Thomson 8 Th’ unfading garland .., Thy sair-won, rightful spoil. 1856 Hawthorne Eng. Note-bks. (1870) II. 69 This unparalleled Englishman declined taking anything beyond his rightful halfpenny. 01859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 294 An innocent boy, who was kept out of his rightful inheritance by an ambitious kinsman. t4. Straight. Obs. rare. 1382 Wyclif Matt. iii. 3 Make 3e redy the wayes of the Lord; make 36 ri3tful the pathes of hym. [Also Heb. xii. 13.] 5. Proper, fitting; correct. Now rare. ? a 1366 Chaucer Rom. Rose 405,1 trowe that she Was fair sumtyme,.. Whan she was in hir rightful age. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. IV. 377 Relacion rect is a ryhtful custome. 1422 tr, Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 240 Of the ryghtfull houris and tyrnes of ettynge and drynkynge. a 1586 Sidney Ps. xli. vi, Triumph well may I, whome thou did’st stay In my sound rightfull way. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 794 Such is the rightfull Courtier in his kinde. 1676 Marvell W^. (Grosart) II. 537 If they have no share by right in the government of themselves, by their certain rightful times of parliaments. 1704 Prior Let. to Boileau 111 Danube scarce retains his rightful Course. 1839 J. Very Poems 42 (Cent.), The hand and foot that stir not, they shall find Sooner than all the rightful place to go. a 1853 Robertson Lect. i. (1858) 30 You have surely proceeded in the rightful order. t6. Asaiiu. Rightfully, properly. Obs. 13.. Cursor M. 3742 (Gdtt.), He has me done ful mekil schame, Rihtful was iacob cald his name. 1422 tr. Secreta

RIGHT hand

934 Secret., Priv. Priv. 167 The Powere of a prynce that is not ryghtfull demenyt.

Hence t‘rifehtfulhood.

Obs.-''

1:1470 [see bighteoushood].

rightfully (’raitfoli), adv. Forms: see rightful a.; also 4 -lych(e {comp, -lokest), 4-5 -liche, 5 -lich; 4 -li, 6 -lie, -lye. [f. rightful a, + -ly^.] 1. In accordance with, with due regard for, what is right or just; justly, equitably, fairly. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1872 Constantin.. ladde is kinedom Ri3tuolliche & sui)?e wel. C1330 Arth. ^ Merl. 2948 (Kolbing), It nis no ri3t, pat )?ou me werne, Ri3tfulliche )?aty wil 3eme. £^1380 Wyclif 5c/, Wks. III. 328 Where he be wrongly cursed or ri3tfully. c 1400 Rom. Rose 6630 Ne I ne wene not, sikerly. That they may have it rightfully. 1495 Act II Hen. VII, c. 64 § 12 Other enheritamentis perteynyng rightfully to dyverse the Kingis true lieges. 1545 Brinklow Lament. 6 The plages of Egipte, which ye haue already rightfully deserued. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 350 The realme of Fraunce, the whiche rightfully did apperteyne vnto them. 1658-9 Burton's Diarv (1828) IV. 124, I should be glad they could make it out by law, that they sit here rightfully. 1695 Anc. Const. Eng. 5 This [kingly] power cannot rightfully be acquired without the people’s consent. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1865) 14 No man can rightfully be condemned without reference to some definite law. 1885 Law Times Rep. LI. 747/1 The goods were rightfully sold under the bill of sale.

2. Rightly, properly, correctly. 1340 Ayenb. 196 Yef hi weren ri3tuolIiche milde, hi ssolden betere louie pe uela3rede of poure men [etc.]. 1362 Langl. P. PL A. i. 52 For rihtfoliche Resoun schulde rulen ou alle. C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iii. xiv. (1869) 142 For riht-fulliche j may be cleped an ape clogged. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John xv. 90 b, They that are vnder Moses law be rightfully called seruauntes. 1591 Spenser Teares Muses 52 None but you.. Can rightfully aread so dolefull lay. 1831 Coleridge Table-t. 12 Sept., I show to each system that I fully understand and rightfully appreciate what that system means. 1854 Thoreau Walden (1884) 112 Books., stand naturally and rightfully on the shelves of every cottage. 1884 Manch. Exam. 24 Nov. 6/3 He rightfully distrusted such a frail-looking craft.

rightfulness ('raitfulnis). Forms: see rightful a.; also 4-6 -nes, 4-7 -nesse. [-ness.]

fl. = RIGHTEOUSNESS I. Obs. Until c 1400 the V\x\g. justitia was frequently translated as ‘rightfulness’. 1303 R Brunne Handl. Synne 600-1 Yn pe tou)?er werlde .. pere ys but ry3tfulnes of dome; pere ys al ry3tfulnes at pe last ende. a 1325 Prose Psalter xxxix. [xl.] 13 Y ne hyd nou3t py p'Btfulnes in myn hert. 1388 Wyclif Gen. xviii. 19 That thei kepe the weie of the Lord, and.. do ri3tfulnesse and dom, 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 147 The Ryghtfulnes of workis or of dedis comyth and rysyth of Ryghtfulnesse of wille. c 1460 Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 94 The fourthe lyne.. sygnyfyith ryteffulnes and enduryng in gode werkes.. and vertu. 1532 Hervet Xenophon (1768) 58 Do you in dede take vpon you to teach them that iustice and ryghtefulnes? a 1586 Sidney Ps. xxxiii. i, Rejoyce in God, O ye That. . cherish rightfullnesse. 1594 Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 204 The rightfulnesse and singlenesse of the vnderstanding, which admitteth no doublenesse. personif. 01325 Prose Psalter lxxx[i]v. 14 Ry3tfulnes shal go to-fore hym, and shal sett his goings in his waie. 01470 H. Parker Dives & Pauper (W. de W. 1496) 329/2 Ryghtfull dome is tourned bacwarde, & ryghtfulnesse stode from ferre. C1557 Abp. Parker Ps. xxv. 59 Let perfectnes and rightfulnes both guide and wayte on mee.

tb./)/. = RIGHTEOUSNESS I b. Obs. 01325 Prose Psalter xviii. [xix.j 9 pe ry3tfulnesses of our Lord ben makand ioyful ry3tlich pe hertes. 1388 Wyclif Deut. iv. 5 Y tau3te 30U the comaundementis and ri3tfulnessis, as my Lord God comaundide to me.

t2. Of Stature; Erectness, uprightness, rare-^. 1387 Trevisa tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 213 In mannis body was., ri3tfullnesse of stature, fairenesse of schappe.

3. The fact of being right or just; the justness or equity of something. 1676 Towerson Decalogue 265 The rightfulness of ^inces pleas. 1736 Plea for Sacram. Test 48 None of their Tenets.. will incline them to dispute the Rightfulness of the present Civil Settlement. 1821 Coleridge Lett., Convers., etc. II. 36 Those women.. who feel the rightfulness of their own claim to be loved with honor. 1879 McCarthy Own Times xxviii. II, 334 The men who are to carry on a war must have no doubt of its rightfulness of purpose.

right hand. Also right-hand, righthand. Forms; see RIGHT a. and hand sb. [f. right a. i8. Cf. Fris. rjuchterhdn, (M)Du. rechter hand, G. rechte hand.] 1. a. That hand which is normally the stronger of the two. (Opposed to left hand.) c 1000 Nicodemus xxi, Se Hselend.. be Ssere ryht handa me jenam. ei20o Ormin 8i8i And himm wass sett inn hiss rihht hannd An dere kinejerrde. ei290 S. Eng. Leg. Lit His rijt bond he liet of-smite. a 1300 Cursor M. 1618 Be his right hand he suar his ath. 1340-70 Alisaunder 1174 He raught forthe his right hand & his rigge frotus. a 1400-50 Alexander 784* With hys right hande hym rodely [he] strakez. c 1475 Rauf Coil^ear 150 He.. hit him vnder the eir with his richt hand. 1535 Coverdale TobitCii. 13 Sohe toke the righthande of his daughter, and gaue her in to the right hande of Tobias. C1585 R. Browne Ansta. Cartwright 3 This he shoulde houlde in his right hande. 1635-56 Cowley Davideis i. 2 That right hand which held the Crook before. 1670 C. Gataker in Gataker*s Antid. Errour To Rdr. Bij b. Whom I desire to receive with the right hand, that which is offered with the right hand. 1710 Land. Gaz. No. 4784/1 On Condition that he should give the Right Hand to the Marquis de Prie in his own House. 1781 CowPER AntiThelyphth. 169 To horse! he cried, or by this good right hand .. I smite you. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xix. She let her right hand fall on his shoulder. 1879 Browning Halbert & Hob i

V

4 Right-hand with left-hand linked,—He faced his son submissive. attrib. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 51, I desire nothing more.. than that God would pull out right-eye sins, and cut off right-hand sins. 1680 Roscommon Poems (1780) 78 Give my exalted soul a place Among thy chosen righthand race. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy v. xxix, He set his righthand thumb upon the bow of the saddle. 1805 Southey Madoc in W. xi, The Prince, .gave to Caradoc the righthand pledge. 1^4 Harper's Mag. Dec. 114/2 She started from home with two right-hand gloves.

b. transf. as a symbol of friendship or alliance. (Rendering L. dextras.) 1591 Savile Tacitus, Hist. i. liv. 31 The Lingones.. had sent giftes to the Legions, Right-hands in token of mutual loue. 1598 Grenewey Tacitus, Ann. ii. xiv. (1622) 53 Calling to mind their friendship.. with the Romans, and desiring that they might renew right hands.

c. transf. A person of usefulness or importance; an efficient or indispensable helper or aid. r 1528-37 Ld. j. Butler in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii, II. 48 O Connor.. who hath maried the erle of Kildare’s doghter, is his right hand. 1581 G. Elliot (title), A very true Report of the apprehension.. of that arch-Papist Edmund Campion, the Pope his right hand. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. 329 A Lawyers simple Clarke Is his Masters right hand, if hee bee not left-handed. 1665 Pepys Diary 22 July, It is strange to see how poor.. Backewell is like to be put to it in his absence, Mr. Shaw, his right hand, being ill. 1713 Steele Guard. No. 5 If 4 For Mrs. Jane is the Right-hand of her Mother. 1765 Welldon (title). The Smith’s Right Hand, or a Complete Guide to the Various Branches of all sorts of Iron Work. 1846 Grote Greece (1869) I. 57 [Hephaestos] is indispensable as the right-hand and instrument of the gods. 1847 Tennyson Princess iii. 21 Lady Psyche was the right hand now, And she the left, or not, or seldom used.

2. a. The right side. b. The direction towards the right. = right ^6.* 17 a. ri205 Lay. 14734 Heo ise3en an heore riht hond a swi)?e fffiier aeit-lond. 01240 Creed in O.E. Horn. I. 217 per he sit o godes rithond feder al-mihti. 01300 Cursor M. 6325 He loked als on his righthand. 01340 Hampole Psalter cxli. 5, I byheld til pe righthand. C1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1769 The iii*^* on the ryght hande here hit ys to the tolde. 1470-85 Malory Arthur i. xv. 56 Syr Arthur, .stered his hors here & there on the right hand & on the lyft hand. 01548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 26 He left the right way toward Pomfret,.. and toke the way on the right hand. 1596 Shaks. Merck. V. ii. ii. 42 Tume vpon your right hand at the next turning. 1661 Pepys Diary 23 Apr., My wife [was] in one little one, on the right hand. 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 82 Pluto. Two martyrs, say’st thou? Where the devil are they? Pope. On my right-hand. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton (1907) 99 They might continue as far to the right hand, and to the left as far. 1837 G. Phillips Syriac Gram. 1 The Syrians in common with many other Eastern nations, read from the right-hand to the left. 1863 Mary Howitt tr. F. Bremer's Greece I. 2 On the right hand we discern Mount Athos. attrib. 1592 Kyd Sp. Trag. i. i, Three waies there were: that on the right hand side Was ready way unto the fore-said fields. 01600 Flodden F. v. (1664) 46 In Right-hand wing did warlike wend. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 633 Som times He scours the right hand coast. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad ii. 33 [It] struck the right-hand courser to the ground. 1839 De LA Beche Rep. Geol. Cornw., etc. x. 305 What the miner terms a ‘right hand heave’. 1887 Rider Haggard Allan Quatermain ii, I made out several dark heads gliding away towards the right-hand bank.

fc. The position of honour, to take the right hand of, to take or assume precedence of. Obs. 1652 Seas. Exp. 9 If..the time..be made Umpier of Precedency, Geneva must take the right hand of You. 1682 News fr. France 2 It is true, the Precedence was then granted to the Bishops of Rome,.. and the Empire carrying its name from Rome, no wonder if the Bishop.. had the Right-hand still reserved to him. 1704 N. N. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. I, 188 The Scotch Nobility.. said ’twas a very hard Case, that a poor Scholar.. should afterwards by Virtue of a Bishoprick.. not only assume as good a Title as his Master, but even pretend, upon some Occasions, to take the Righthand of him.

d. Of errors: on the right hand, on the right side, in the right direction. Also attrib. ? Obs. 1693 Dryden Persius vi. (1697) 490 One Error, tho’ on the right hand, yet a great one, is. That they are no Helps to a Virtuous Life. 1785 Wesley Wks. (1872) XHI. 95 Miss Cooke leans to the right-hand error—It is safer to think too little than too much of yourself.

3. right-hand man: fa. A soldier holding a position of responsibility or command on the right of a troop of horse. Obs. b. = sense i c. a. 1665 Pepys Diary 4 Dec., Not only..being admitted into the Duke of Albemarle’s guards.. but also.. put as a right-hand man, and other marks of special respect. 1710 Steele & Addison Taller No. 253 fi Mr. Alexander Truncheon, who is their Right-Hand Man in the Troop [of horse guards], 1721 Land. Gaz. No. 5925/3 He.. was lately a Right Hand Man in the 4th Troop of Horse-Guards. b. a 1802 Earl Richard xxiii. in Scott Border Minst. (1869) 362 O wba has slain my right-hand man. That held my hawk and hound? 1809 Malkin Gil Bias vii. vi, I am in want of a secretary..: he shall be my right-hand man. 1841 Marryat Poacher xxii. Little Peter was her right-hand man. 1890 ‘R, Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (i>) 145 He will go with me as stockman and right-hand man generally.

4. right-hand drive, a steering system in a motor vehicle in which the steering wheel and other controls are fitted on the right side instead of on the left; also attrib.', so right-hand driving vbl. sb.; right-hand(-laid) rope: (see quot. 1867); right-hand screw, one with the thread turning to the right; right-hand lock (see quot 1875)-

RIGHT-HANDED 1841 Dana Seaman’s Man. 8 Parcel the score of the deadeye, and r^ave the shroud taut round it, turning in with the sun, it right-hand-laid rope. Ibid. 34 Right-hand rope must be coiled with the sun. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1002) 89 A metal fuze with a right-hand screw. 1867 Smyth Sailor s Word-bk., Right-Hand Rope, that which is laid up and twisted with the sun, that is to the right hand. 1875 Knight Mech. Diet. 1340/2 The right-hand and lefthand locks are for doors to swing to the right or to the left. 1912 Horseless Age 2i Feb. 375/2 In right hand drive cars it [sc. tr^ steering column] is located directly in front of the right hand front passenger. 1936 M. Kennedy Together & Apart III. 178 ‘But don’t you,’ she asked, ‘find the righthand driving rather confusing?’ ‘I don’t mind it. But in Sweden it s left-hand.’ 1940 R. Chandler Farewell, my Lovely viii. 55 The car had a right-hand drive. 1956 [see LEFT HAND 3]. 1965 Listener 10 June 878/2 The two latest French saloons, the Renault 16 and the Peugeot 204, did not appear at Silverstone last Wednesday because right-hand drive versions are not yet available. 1969 J. Leasor They don't make them like that any More vi. 185, I thought that all Mercedes exported to England before the war had righthand drive? 1974 A. Price Other Paths to Glory 11. viii. 208 Got ‘GB’ in the back..the Jag had—that’s English. An’ right-hand drive—that’s English too.

right-handed, a. (adv.). [f. prec. -I- -ed.*.] 1. a. Having the right hand or arm stronger or more useful than the left; using the right hand by preference; = dextrous a. 6. Also transf. 1398 Trevtsa Barth. De P.R. v. xxviii. (Bodl. MS.), A womman is nought right handed and lifte handed. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xix. (1887) 81 Double right handed which vse both the handes a like. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. iii. vii. 80 A ranke [of archers] on the right side, whiche are lefthanded, and another vpon the left being right handed. 1629 Sir W. Hope Fencing-Master *4 If you are a Right-Handed Man. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Epid. 191 Some are,. ambidexterous or right handed on both sides. 1833 Nyren Yng. Cricketer’s Tutor 68 If bowling to a right-handed hitter, his ball would twist from the offstump into the leg. 1885 Myers in Proc. Psychical Res. Jan. 58 The following formulae will represent the graphic automatism of a right-handed man.

b. fig. Skilful, dexterous, rare. u 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) I. 424 He was righthanded in the Cyclopaedia of all arts. Ibid. HI. 372 He was . . right-handed to any great employment.

2. On the right side; of the right kind. 1656 Bramhall Replic. i. 8 Yet these [schisms] were not about the essentialls of Religion, but about a right-handed error, even too much admiration of their Pastors. 1822 T. Mitchell Aristoph. II, 295, I this last conclusion draw, That for smart right-handed wisdom none my equal ever saw.

3. In various uses; a. Pertaining or belonging to the right hand. b. Of a blow: Delivered with the right hand. c. Of implements, etc.: Fashioned for the right hand. 1700 T. Brown tr. Fresny's Amusem. Wks. 1709 III. 28 A London Alderman, who sold a Jew five Fatts of Righthanded Gloves, without any Fellows to them. ? a 1820 Debtor Creditor 41 If you resent that, it’s ten to one but you’re complimented with a right-handed facer. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth v, I.. am sorry for that poor lover who will never wear right-handed chevron again. 1891 Sir D. Wilson Right Hand 138 It is a right-handed implement.

RIGHT-LINED

935 handed over Clawson Lodge, Clawson Hill Farm.. where he tried the earths.

Hence right-'handedly adv., right-'handedness. 1855 Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sci., Chem. 82 The amount of right-handedness or left-handedness displayed by the solution. 1876 D. Wilson Preh. Man (ed. 3) I. 107 The question of right-handedness, as a natural or acquired practice peculiar to man, has a special interest. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 613/1 The motion takes place in one direction (say right-handedly) in the circle.

,right-'hander. [f. right hand + -erL] 1. A blow struck with the right hand.

(Cf.

LEFT-HANDER C.) 1857 Hughes Tom Brown ii. v, Tom.. is.. deposited on the grass by a right-hander from the Slogger, i860 Dickens Uncomm. Trav. vii, One of the combatants, receiving a straight right-hander with the glove between his eyes. 1883 C. Reade in Harper's Mag. Dec. 132 The carter, .received a dazzler with the left, followed by a heavy right-hander.

2. One who naturally uses the right hand; a right-handed person. (Cf. left-hander a.) 1885 Myers in Proc. Psychical Res. Jan. 42 There are.. some right-handers.. who, if they try to write with their left hands, instinctively produce Spiegel-Schrift. 1968 Listener 19 Sept. 357/1 If to right-handers this heart-cry sounds wildly exaggerated, it can only be because they are unaware of the inconvenience .. they perpetually inflict on those of us who live the half-life of the submerged left. 1972 Sci. Amer. Apr. 83/3 It is an interesting fact that right-handers with a strong family history of left-handedness show better speech recovery than people without left-handed inheritance. 1978 Amer. Speech Llll. 285 Stone tools surviving from that epoch were mainly chipped by right-handers.

3. A bend to the right in a road, track, etc. ^970 J- Miles Expert Driving Police Way xv. 139 On a right-hand bend I usually do not dip so early, as the lights are pointing away from oncoming traffic, but on certain right-handers I find it an advantage to have my lights dipped. 1973 ‘J. Ashford’ Double Run xiv. 113 The first right-hander with slightly banked curve was dead ahead.

frighthead. Obs. -head.] Rightness.

rare-^.

[f.

enne pemperour wendes him euene tille. 1548 Elyot, Directe,.. an aduerbe signifyinge rightly or streightly. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 25 The zodiack goeth ouerthwarte them, and not rightly as th’ equinoctiall and the right Horizont doth. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, u. ii. 18 Like perspectiues, which rightly gaz’d vpon Shew nothing but confusion, ey’d awry. Distinguish forme. 1635 Swan Spec. M. (1670) 293 The Optick Masters confess and prove, that the forms of the Stars are comprehended of the sight reflectly, and not rightly. C1350

15. At right angles; so as to form a right angle. Ohs. rare. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. i. (1636) 272 There be also certain Sphericall.. Angels.. which do crosse one another in some point, either rightly or obliquely: if rightly, then they make right angles.

Sylva §201 Which nevertheless is not caused by the Rightness of the Line, but by the shortness of the distance.

f 3. Reckoning; account. Obs. rare. ^950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 19 i^fter monije tides cuom drihten Seana 8ara & sette rihtnise mi8 him. c 1275 Lay. 14 Hit com him on mode.. pat he wolde of Engelond pe ristnesse telle.

4. a. Correctness, accuracy; fitness, appos¬ iteness. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. Pref., Accordyng to the rightenesse that they haue bothe of witt, judgement and mynde, 1657 Fuller Comm. Jonah (1868) 190 The rightness of the way..maketh our going pleasing to God. 1&6 Bunyan Grace Abound. §188 The fitness of the word, the rightness of the timing of it,.. was marvellous to me to find. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxxii. (1695) 214 It is in our Ideas, that both the Rightness of our Knowledge, and the Propriety or Intelligibleness of our Speaking consists. 1787 Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 240 Your own reason is the only oracle given you by heaven, and you are answerable, not for the rightness, but uprightness of the decision. 1865 Ruskin Sesame ii. §70 That poet who is distinguished.. from all others—not by power, but by exquisite rightness. 1885 Law Times Rep. LIH. 199/1, I..followed it without expressing any opinion as to the rightness of the decision.

b. An instance of this. 1872 Ruskin Fors Clav. xiv. 20 The rightnesses only perceived; the felicities only remembered.

5. The condition or character of being on the right-hand side. rare.

right-minded, a. [f. right a. + mind 1. Having a mind naturally inclined or disposed towards what is right. Also transf.

1884 [see bilaterality]. 1887 W. James in MiWJan. 14 Rightness and leftness, upness and downness, are again pure sensations differing specifically from each other.

1585-6 Hooker Serm. iii. Wks. 1888 HI. 601 There is no incongruity in terming them right-minded men. 1791 Ld. Auckland Corr. (1861) II. 396 The public prosperity is great, and the nation is right-minded. 1833 Tracts for Times No. 10. 3 All well-disposed, right-minded people, i860 PusEY Min. Proph. 488 The good and right-minded have power to fulfil what is to the glory of God. 1885 Ruskin Prseterita v. §102 As all right-minded apprentices and good shopmen do. 1933 Granta 19 Apr. 358/1 These appointments have been virtually closed to Jews, Socialists, and indeed any but right-minded nationalists for many years. 1961 Times 28 Dec. 11/4 For those who enjoy books set in Oxford, there were at least two detective stories, a right-minded farce by Mr. Dacre Balsdon [etc.].

righto ('raitau), int. Also right-ho, right-o, right-

2. colloq. Sane; of sound mind. 1877 Blackmore Cripps vi. That his sister was not ‘rightminded’—that she dreamed things, and imagined things.

Hence right-'mindedness. a 1817 Jane Austen Persuasion i, With her had died all such right-mindedness. 1830 H. N. Coleridge Grk. Poets (1834) 153 She possessed a right-mindedness towards the really beautiful, which was then., rare in France. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. 174 That simple confidence of his in the right-mindedness of his fellow-men is very touching.

rightmost (’raitmaust), a. [f. right a. + -MOST.] Situated or occurring farthest to the right. Also ahsol. 1963 New Yorker 15 June 28/2 The three casement windows on my left (the rightmost of which is missing a hook latch). IBM Systems Jrnl. III. 125 Decimal digits .. appear in fields of variable length.. and are accompanied by a sign in the rightmost four bits of the low-order byte. 1971 Language XLVH. 263 All the cases discussed involve the movement or deletion of verbal objects rather than subjects. The reason is that since the NSR [nuclear stress rule] assigns primary stress to the rightmost element, only cases in which the underlying rightmost element has been affected by transformations can provide crucial evidence. 1973 [see packed ppl. a.^ ic]. 1978 Language LIV. 411 Complex NP Shift applies in 9, where the complex NP does not substitute for the rightmost constituent in S.

rightness (’raitnis). Forms: i rehtnisse, 1-2 -nise (2 -nis), 1-3 rihtnesse (3 rist-), 4 ry3-, ri^tnesse, -nisse, 6-7 rightnes, -nesse (6 righte-), 7- rightness. [OE. rehtnisse, rihtnesse, etc., = MDu. rechtenesse, OHG. rehtnissa: see right a. and -NESS.] 1. a. Uprightness, integrity, moral rectitude; the quality or condition of being right in respect of character or conduct. c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Thorpe) xcvii. 9 He.. his syndris folc on rihtnesse raede sebringeS. C1300 Beket 1629 Oure Louerd loveth soth and Rightnesse. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 53 So alle creaturis shal dampne him panne, and witnesse to Cristis dome pat it is fulli ri3tnesse. 1530 Palsgr. 263/1 Rightnesse, rectitude. 1646 H. Lawrence Comm. Angells 125 Sincerity is immixednesse, and rightnesse of ends. 1650 W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659) 414 A rightness in religion and conversation perfect a good man. a 1716 South Serm. (J.), It is not necessary for a man to be assured of the rightness of his conscience [etc.]. 1834 Chalmers Const. Man II. 89 A rightness which.. hath had everlasting residence in the character of the Godhead, i860 Pusey Min. Proph. 415 Pride and independence of God are the centre of the want of rightness. 1891 H. Jones Browning 74 The meaning of the universe is moral, its last might is rightness. personif. 1340 Ayenb. 265 Ry3tnesse zayp, ‘Lybbe we sobreliche, ry[3t]uollyche an bonayrelyche.’

b. Sincere attachment to a party, rare-^. 1654 Nicholas P. (Camden) II. 95 His rightnes to our cause I take up upon my implicite faith of Sir E. Hide.

t2. Straightness; the fact of being straight. Obs. C1050 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 522 Perpendicula, walSraed, paet is rihtnesse. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 219 3erde rihtnesse he heuede on hire liflode, for he ne turnde naht on hire to doinde.. nan per pinge pe he leten solde. 1610 Guillim Heraldry ii. iii. (1611) 43 Rightnesse is a propertie of a line whereby it is carried levelly or equally throwout the Escocheon without either rising or falling. 1626 Bacon

I

V

oh. [f. RIGHT a. + h)o int.^ 5.] An exclamation expressing agreement with or acquiescence in an opinion, proposal, etc., or compliance with a request. Also as sb., an acceptable person, and as V. intr., to acquiesce, agree. Cf. righty-ho int. 1896 E. Turner Little Larrikin i. 12 ‘Hurry up now and be a good kid.’ ‘Right-0!’ said Lol cheerfully. 1899 Punch 7 June 274/3 Dear Clarence, —Yours to hand. Righto! Announcement sent to Morning Post. Thine, Mabel. 1902 C. J. C. Hyne Mr. Horrocks, Purser 52 Do it how you like, only anyway do it. *Right-0,’ said the fourth officer. 1905 Pall Mall Mag. Oct. 456/2 ‘We will leave Mrs Bergman’s name out of the question.’ ‘Right oh’, assented Leonard. 1912 Collier's 26 Oct. 16/3 ‘Right-oh,’ said the young man. 1915 T. Burke Nights in Town 191 Righto, laddie, righto. I get you. 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 134 ‘Then if the shells pitch too near we can slip the cable and run for it.’ ‘Right-oh!’ said the captain. 1920 Wodehouse Damsel in Distress viii. 110 ‘Give this note to Lady Maud.’ ‘Right-ho.’ 1921 Galsworthy To Let i. v. 53 Stable secret! Righto! 1922 Joyce Ulysses 420 We two, she said, will seek the kids where shady Mary is. Righto, any old time. 1924 F. M. Ford Some do Not i. ii. 44 On Monday I shall telegraph: ‘Righto’ and nothing else. 1930 [see go v. 58 d]. 1930 Kipling Limits Renewals (1932) 267 We’ll expect her at nine, then... Righto! 1936 Wodehouse Loug/img Gar iv. 41, I had met her when she was taking a holiday at Cannes. We became chummy. I asked her to marry me. She right-hoed. So far, so good. 1937 G. Frankau More of Us xi. 120 Thought she like that? He wouldn’t put it past her. Righto. Then let her learn which was the master. 1949 N. Marsh Swing, Brother, Swing ix. 212, I never say ‘right-ho’. He’ll think I’m demented. 1952 Wodehouse Pigs have Wings ii. 56 All set. She right-hoed like a lamb. 1974 J. Thomson Long Revenge ix. 106 ‘You’re Mr. Finch.. ?’ Finch replied that he was and Ken replied, ‘Right-oh.’ right of way.

Also right-of-way.

1. a. The legal right, established by usage, of a person or persons to pass and repass through grounds or property belonging to another. 1768 Blackstone Comm. HI. 241 When a person..is obstructed by inclosures, or other obstacles,.. by which means he cannot enjoy his right of way. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) HI. 115 Where a person has a right of way over another’s close, and he purchases such close, his right of way is extinguished by the unity of seisin and possession. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 153/1 The proper origin of a private right of way is, a grant from the owner of the soil, whose means of enjoying his own property are abridged thereby. 1890 Spectator 30 Aug., Lord Salisbury.. insisted upon rights-of-way being established between the British lane and the coast. 1925 A. J. Toynbee in Survey Internat. Affairs ig20-23 41 The part played by the League in the problems of the right of way through the Kiel Canal.. is noticed in Part HI. fiS- *®77 F. R. CoNDER Basis Faith ii. 62 Denying our right of way in this inquiry.

b. The right to build and operate a railway line on land belonging to another; the land on which a railway line is built. U.S. 1839Indiana Ho. Representatives 1838 23 Sess. loi Mr. Blair introduced bill no. 32, to grant the right of way to Illinois. 1883 Rep. Indian Affairs (U.S.) p. xxii, I had the honor to submit to the Department.. the draft of a bill.. to grant a right of way to the Carson and Colorado Railroad Company. 1902 S. E. White Blazed Trail 407 On either side of the right-of-way lay mystery in the shape of thickets. 1919 T. K. Holmes Man from Tall Timber xxix. 365 The right-of-way of the railroad was not wide enough to halt the conflagration in any case. 1931 H. F. Pringle Theodore Roosevelt i. viii. 94 The locomotives of the Northern Pacific were still a novelty to those who lived along the right of way. 1949 Boston Sunday Globe i May (Fiction Mag.) 13/5 My suggestion is that you put some guards out there patrolling the right-of-way.

2. A path or thoroughfare which one may lawfully make use of, esp. one traversing the property of another. iSos Times 7 Nov. 4/1 In passing through the inclosures belonging to the Defendant, he arrived at a gate which was fastened, and, considering it a public way, he forced the

RIGHT-RULE

3. a. The legal right of a pedestrian or user of a (motor) vehicle to proceed with precedence over other vehicles and road-users at a particular point where their paths cross or converge. Also of sea-traffic. 1913 Evidence Sel. Comm. Motor Traffic I. 343/2 in Pari. Papers VIII. 93 One of the objections raised here by other witnesses to it was that vehicles going along the main thoroughfares would not slow up at all for the side streets if they thought they had the right of way? 1920 Statutes of Manitoba 10 Geo. V. c. 81 s. 10 p. 268 When a person operating a motor vehicle meets another person operating a motor vehicle or driving any draft animal at a crossroad or intersection of roads or streets, the person to the right hand of the other shall have the right-of-way. 1925 Motor 29 Dec. I loo/i The existing rule of the road being ‘keep to the left’, surely so long as a driver can drive on the left of the centre of the road he has right of way. 1934 Glasgow Herald 16 Apr. 11/5 There must be crossing-places where the pedestrians’ right of way is inviolable and the motorist must pass over at his peril. 1954 Highway Code ii. 6 Give way to pedestrians on uncontrolled zebra crossings. They have tne right of way. 1954 Lloyd’s List Law Rep. I. 144/2 That does not, of course, mean to say that the upcoming ship has anything in the nature of an absolute right of way, because, as has been frequently laid down, there must be some give and take between the two vessels. 1958 U.S. & Canad. Aviation Reports 453 As a seaplane was coming down to a lake for a landing.. another seaplane started its take-off run .. its pontoons damaged the wing and rudder as it passed over. Held: The take-off airplane pilot was solely at fault for failing to yield right-of-way to the descending seaplane. 1975V. Times'll Oct. 38/2 Sylvester Lachut was cited by a Castle Shannon patrolman for failing to yield the right-ofway at a street crossing.

b. transf. in Sport. 1963 Amer. Speech XXXVIII. 204 Reference is made to .. trail hogs who do not give the right of way to slower skiers. 19^7 J- Severson Great Surfing Gloss., Right of way., the surfer who is already on the wave and riding has the right of way and others coming into the wave should respect this right.

4. attrib., as (in sense i b) right-of-way man, one who surveys a right of way for a railway. 1891 Harper’s Mag. Nov. 886/2 The first men to follow the engineers .. are ‘the right-of-way men’. 1904 F. Lynde Grafters xxviii. 361 Our right-of-way man has just sent a telegram to all agents.

frights, adv. Obs. [OE. rihies, gen. sing. neut. of riht RIGHT a.] Of direction: Straight, direct, right. c 1205 Lay. 2659 He nom his folc & ferde forS & droh him rites norS. C127S - i5549 Tweie verden anne way l>at west rihtes him lay. c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 2278 The Sowdon .. Sente iij hundrid of knightis. To kepe the brigge and the waye Oute of that Castil rightis.

b. Of time: Precisely, just. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 427 Of secounde monyth \>e seuenj>e day ry3tez. C1400 Laud Troy Bk. 14144 Armed kny3tes That haue sclayn 30ure men now rightes.

-rights, suffix, an occasional ME. variant of -RIGHT, as in anonrights, duvelrights, forthrights. right

+

-ship.]

1873 in Eng. Dial. Diet. 1899 Raymond No Soul i. He ^oke with firm conviction, as if the rightship of this to any English understanding must be beyond doubt.

'right-side, v. Chiefly dial. [f. right a. + side i6.] trans. To put right, set in order. 1865 W. White E. Eng. I. 46 'When last come last,’ said a rustic to whom I spoke about the devastation, ‘it’ll take years to right side it’. 1874 W. E. Forster in Reid Life (1888) II. 57, I have very nearly right-sided my papers.

right-sided, a. [f. right a. + side 5^1.] 1. Path. Of diseases, etc.: Situated in, or affecting, the right side of the body. 1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. IX. 96 After he had been at his duties for about two hours, intense right-sided vertigo suddenly set in. 1881 Obstet. Soc. Trans. XXII. 103 The great majority of the tumours twisted were right-sided tumours.

2. Having a tendency to use the limbs on the right side of the body. 1884 J. LE Conte in Nature XXIX. 4S2I2 In my own case the whole body is right-sided, so far as dexterity is concerned.

Hence right-'sidedness. 1884 H. T. Wharton in Nature XXIX. 477/2 In discussing right-sidedness.. we must not forget that prize¬ fighters normally strike with the left hand. 1891 Sir D. Wilson Right Hand 169 Dr. Brown-Sequard affirms that right-sidedness affects the arms much more than the legs. t'rightsomes, adv. Obs.~^ adv.'\ Towards the right.

right-thinking, a. [right 16 b.] Thinking rightly; holding sound or acceptable views. Also transf. Hence right-thinker sb. 1829 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 156 There is always a way that all right-thinking people fall into. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis Ixiii [Ixiv], He thought Blanche.. the most pious, gifted, right-thinking, fascinating person he had ever met. 1890 Kipling in Pioneer Mail (Allahabad) 19 Mar. 394/1 And verily it is not a good thing to live in the East for any length of time. Your ideas grow to clash with those held by every right-thinking white man. 1920 A. Huxley Limbo 137 Jacobsen himself rarely volunteered a remark about the war; it was taken for granted that he thought about it in the same way as all other right-thinking folk. 1922 S. Lewis Babbitt iii. 34 It was the very best of water-coolers, up-to-date, scientific, and right-thinking. 1930 E. Rice Voyage to Purilia xix. 293 Was marriage.. regarded by all right-thinking Purilians as the summit of happiness? 1931 A. Huxley Music at Night 172 Granted the preliminary assumption that concupiscence is wicked, right-thinkers are justified in specially discriminating against the representations of this sin... Among the right-thinking the doctrine of the inherent wickedness of concupiscence is still held with an extraordinary intensity. 1934 B. Russell Freedom ^ Organization 1814-1^14 xxviii, 394 The area must not be in Asia or Africa; this was clear to all rightthinking people. 1939 Ann. Reg. 1038 i. 12 Lord Snell., gave eloquent expression to the grief and indignation felt by all right-thinking men at what was happening in Austria. 1961 Times 11 July 12/6 Now no right-thinking suburbanite would be seen on his lawn without wearing Bermudas. 1961 Times Lit. Suppl. i Dec. 861/2 Midcentury is one prolonged grouse.. about those ‘right-thinkers’ dedicated to ‘the word with the welfare label’. 1974 ‘J. Le Carre’ Tinker, Tailor xxxviii. 335 He ought to censure him on behalf of rightthinking men.

right-turn. movement to motor vehicle attrib. and as

[f. right a. + turn sb.] A the right, spec, one made by a from one road to another. Also v. intr. So right-turning ppl. a.

i960 Guardian 24 June 20/4 Much of the present congestion in the area is due to right-turning traffic. 1967 Gloss. Highway Engin. Terms {B.S.I.) 11 Right-turn lane, an auxiliary deceleration and waiting lane constructed between an overtaking lane and a central reserve or traffic island so that vehicles approaching a junction can slow down and wait clear of other traffic. 1968 Highway Code 17 When it is safe, give a right turn signal and .. take up position just left of the middle of the road, or in the space marked for right-turning traffic. 1972 Guardian 26 June i The ring system has been evolved to do away with the conflicts of right-turning traffic. *973 J- Gores Final Notice xvi. 102 They should right-turn toward the freeway on-ramp.

right-up, a. ? Ohs. [f. right adv. + up adv. Cf. UPRIGHT a.] 1. Steep; rising straight up.

right-rule, v. (see right adv. 16 c).

'rightship. dial. [f. Rightness, justness.

RIGHTY

937

lock... [He] wrote... I always considered it a public right of way. i«55 Macque^ Rep. Sc. Appeals 451 That the terminus of a public right of way need not itself be a public place. 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets^ etc. 177, I went into a right-of-way, and showed about a hair-breadth of my right eye in the direction of the shop.

[Cf. leftsomes

1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ix. i. (Tollemache MS.), Strayte and forl?ry3t meuynge is ri3tsomis ojjer lyftesomis, for|?warde oper bakwarde, upwarde oper dounwarde.

1511 Guylforde's Pilgr. (Camden) 52 It is very daungerous to go vp vnto the hyghte of this mounte ., for the perillous, step and right vp passage. 1604 E. Grimstone Siege Ostend 87 This house was in the right-vp-street. 1838 Ht. Martineau West. Trav. I. 120 Utica, the most extempore place we had seen. The right-up shops, the daubed houses.

t2. Upright; honest. Obs. *545 Primer of Hen. VIII, DDijb, Then shal I with a ryght vp hart.. extolle and magnifie thy holy name, c 1557 Abp. Parker Ps. cxix. 343 A rightup man of perfect wayes is blest and blest agayne.

'rightward, adv. and a. [f. right a. + -ward. Cf. LEFTWARD.] A. adv. 1. On the right hand. Also to rightward of. rare. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles vi. xxiv, To rightward of the wild affray The field show’d fair and level way, at god riked, in genge sai yhe.

like, Sc. var. reach vJ rikelot: see kikelot. rikels, var. rekels Obs. riken(i, obs. ff. reckon v. Ilrikka (Vika). Also rikkwa. [Jap., lit. standing flowers.] A traditional form of Japanese flowerarrangement. 1889 J* CoNDER Theory Jap. Flower Arrangem. (1935) 25 The use of many different kinds of flowers in one composition though followed in the earlier styles of Rikkwa and Shin-no-hana is opposed to the principles of the purer styles. 1914 M. AvERiLLjap. Flower Arrangem. i. 28 Rikkwa and Nageire are the two branches into which Ike-bana has been divided. 1934 A. Koehn Art Jap. Flower Arrangem. xvii. 131 A huge well-shaped Pine branch or Bamboo spray formed the centre of these ‘rikkwa’ designs. 1965 W. Swaan Jap. Lantern iv. 49 There are two main styles [of ikebana]: the formal rikka arrangements used to decorate the altars of Buddhist temples.. and the nageire or ‘thrown-in’ style. 1976 San Antonio (Texas) Express 14 Oct. 3-G/1 Rikka is the oldest established form [of flower arrangement], dating back five centuries. It is a complex style with 11 main branches presenting a stylized representation of the landscape of Buddhist paradise.

[| Riksdag (’riksdag). Also riksdag. [Sw., f. gen. of rike realm + dag day; cf. Rigsdag.] The name of the Swedish Parliament. Since 1971 a one-chamber Parliament. 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXH. 743/1 The riksdag meets every year on January 15, and consists of two houses. 1893 W. W. Thomas Sweden & Swedes xvii. 217 The Riksdag, or Diet, of Sweden is opened with great pomp and ceremony... Both houses of the Riksdag leave the parliament building and come to the palace to have their sessions opened by the King. 1955 Ann. Reg. 1954 234 These elections had, possibly, important effects on the Riksdag elections. 1976 S. Lloyd Mr Speaker, Sir iii. 93 The Speaker, .cannot adopt the Swedish practice under which, when the votes are equal, the Talsmand of the Riksdag has to draw lots.

riksha, var. ricksha(w. II RiksmAl (Viksmol). Also riks-,-maal. [Norw., f. gen. of rike realm -I- mdl language; cf. Rigsmaal.] = Dano-Norwegian sb, Cf. LandsmAl. The usual term now for this language is Bokmdl. 1926 Encycl. Brit. II. 1090/1 Simultaneously with this lyric flourishing in the riksmaal, no adequate revival has taken place in the landsmaal. 1939 L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 346 Norwegian died out as a literary language in the Middle Ages, when it gave place to Danish, which, under the appellation of Riksmaal, served as the standard speech until the nineteenth century and, indeed, still so functions to a considerable extent. The Riksmaal is now yielding place to a truly national Landsmaal, based upon indigenous Norwegian dialects, 1952, 1966 [see Nynorsk]. 1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-Europ. Lang. 125 Landsmdl ‘National Language’.. in 1885 won official recognition beside Dano-Norwegian, now known as Riksmdl ‘Language of the Realm*.

Ilrilawa ('nbwa:). Zool. [Sinhalese rilawd: cf. The Toque Macaque (Macacus pileatus) of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). RiLLOW.]

1859 Sir j. E. Tennent Ceylon I. 129 The little graceful grimacing rilawa.. is the universal pet and favourite of both natives and Europeans. 1897 H. O. Forbes Hand-bk. Primates II. 35 Knox, in his interesting account of the island, gives an accurate description of the Rilawas.

riif(e, rijf(e, obs. ff. rife.

rile (rail), sb. [var. of roil 56.^] A thick or muddy condition of water or other liquid.

rijp, obs. f. REAP sb.^, ripe a.

1848 Lowell Biglow P. Ser. i. Poems 1890 II. 124 ’T ’ll take more fish-skin than folks think to take the rile clean out

RILE 1859 Beecher Life Thoughts Ser. ii. 7 The muddy bottom sends its rile through all the waters.

on ’t.

rile, dial, variant of roil sbf and vf rile (rail), v. Chiefly U.S. and colloq. Also ryle. [Later form of roil v^'\ 1. trans. To make (a liquid) thick or turbid by stirring up the sediment; to muddy. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., To rile or roUe, to stir up liquor and make it thick by moving the sediment. 1838 J. C. Neal Charcoal Sketches (Bartlett), No doubt existed in the minds of Mr. Dobb’s fellow-boarders, that the well of his good spirits had been riled. 1896 Strand Mag. XII. 348/2 At spring tides the water becomes too ‘riled-up’ to dive with any degree of success.

2. a. To excite, disturb, to vex, annoy, make angry. Also const, up. 1825 J. Neal Bro. Jonathan I. 158 Bein' afeared he might ryle my blood. 1836 Haliburton Clockm. Pref. (1862) 7 Fair play’s a jewel, and I must say I feel ryled and kinder sore. 1850 Smedley F. Fairleigh viii, I like to rile Cumberland sometimes because he’s so soft and silky. 1857 J. G. Holland Bay-Path iii. 32 It only raises the devil in rne, and riles me all up. 1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting vii. 273 It riles me to hear them everlastingly talking of getting home. 1872 W. A. Hickman Brigham's Destroying Angel iii. 72 Some of the boys began to get terribly riled up. 1889 R. Buchanan Heir of Linne xxi, Don’t get riled. 1929 W. Faulkner Sound & Fury 67 ‘Getting Quentin all riled up.’ Dilsey said. ‘Why can’t you keep him away from her.’ 1966 T. Pynchon Crying of Lot 4g iii. 68 Calculating this ought to rile up public opinion some,

b. absol. with up. To get angry. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xvi, They rile up, sometimes; but in general we have a hold upon our citi2ens. 1863 Brierley Waverlow 156 The little fellow riled up at this. Hence riled ppl. a. (also riled-up.) (Cf. roiled

ppl. a.) 1839 J. Very Poems 163, I thirst for one cool cup of water clear, But drink the riled stream of lying breath. 1856 S. Smith in National Intelligencer 26 Jan. 3/1, I found the President.. looking kind of riled and very resolute. 1978 G. A. Sheehan Running Being x. 137 If we go to bed mad we are likely to wake up with a riled-up stomach.

riley ('raili), a. U.S. Also ryley, rily. [f. prec. + -y; cf. ROILY a.] 1. Thick, turbid, muddy. 1825 J. Neal Bro. Jonathan I. 369 A gallon o’ ryley water .. right out o’the spring. 1828 Cunningham N.iS. WalesW. 55 An American landlord brought in a jug of water, and apologised for its being so riley. 1850 Pangborn Diary in Amer. Hist. Rev. (1903) IX. 105 Got more black rily Coffee and eat sea Bread. 1861 Catlin Life among Indians i6 The mud and water in the ‘Lick’ still riley with their recent steps.

2. Angry; irritable, bad-tempered. 1847 Robb Squatter Life 64 (Bartlett), The boys and gals were laughin’ at my scrape.., that I gin to get riley. 1867 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 404 The Americans.. speak of an illtempered person as being riley. 1872 De Vere Americanisms 534 An ill-tempered, cross-grained person is apt to be called ‘a rily fellow’.

Riley ('raili), sb. orig. U.S. Also Reilly. [A common Irish surname,] In colloq. phr, the life of Riley, a comfortable, enjoyable, and carefree existence. The phrase is freq. said to owe its origin to one of a number of late nineteenth-century songs (as, for example, in W. & M. Morris, Diet. Word 8c Phr. Origins (1962) 215, and S. J. Raff in Amer. Speech (1976) LI. 944 ff.) but has not been traced earlier than the song of 1919, which gave it currency. 1919 H. Pease My Name is Kelly (song) 3 Faith and my name is Kelly Michael Kelly, But I’m living the life of Reilly just the same. 1923 E. Rice Adding Machine vi. 85 This is the life of Riley all right. 1936 H. Miller Black Spring 142 The old man’s leading the life of Reilly. 1949 J. B. Priestley Delight 7 The life of Reilly, which some people imagine me to lead, has been further away than a fading dream, i960 20th Cent. May 387 The executive is..living the life of Riley by tax evasion and expense account. 1965 J. Porter Dover Two vi. 70 The native cunning which had enabled him to live the life of Riley with no visible means of support, .failed him dismally now. 1978 Daily Tel. 8 Feb. 6/7 It is simply not true that we don’t pay tax and are living the life of Riley.

rilievo, variant of relievoL riligioun, obs. form of religion. riling (’railiB), ppl. a. Annoying, aggravating.

RILLETTES

942

colloq.

[f.

rile

1870 Simmons Oakdale Grange 291 You know it’s such a riling thing to have said of one. 1894 F. S. Ellis Reynard Fox 212 But was it not a little riling, To hear this infamous reviling?

rill (ril), sb.^ Also 6 rylle, 7 ril(le. [Agrees in form and meaning with mod.Du. and Fris. ril, LG. ril, rille, G. rille: the precise nature of the connexion is not clear.] 1. a. A small stream; a brook, runnel, rivulet; spec. A small trickle of water formed temporarily in soil or sand after rain or tidal ebb. 1538 Leland Itin. (1768) I. 37 There is a rylle that cummith by the Towne. 1598 Stow Surv. 13 Diuers rilles or rillets to the Riuer of Thames. 1637 Milton Lycidas 24 We.. Fed the same flock, by fountain, shade, and rill. 1694 Addison Poems, Virgil Misc. Wks. 1726 I. 17 And shallow rills run trickling through the grass. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 253 Innumerable rills and brooks of water. 1784 Cowper Task i. 192 Rills that slip Through the cleft rock. 1829 Lytton Devereux in. v, I have some

remembrance of the green sod, and the silver rill. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. xxxvii, Go down beside thy native rill. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 176 A mere rill of warm water running over the surface of the sea. 1883 T. C. Chamberlin Geol. Wisconsin 1. 43 Rills, especially those following outgoing tides furrow the sand or mud, particularly in flowing over a pebble, shell or other obstruction. Such grooves where preserved constitute rill marks. 1908 Jrnl. Geol. XVI. 748 The word ‘rill’ will be used to indicate such a streamlet in an overloaded condition, that is previous to the degree of concentration necessary to cut a gully. 1925 Water-Supply Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 499. 96 As the supply of debris is small these rills are not fully loaded and are effective eroding agents. 1939 U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1167 Frequently in sheet erosion the eroding surface consists of numerous very small rills. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 430/2 All traces of the rills are removed after the land is tilled. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 1102/1 In calm weather, the backwash of the returning water [on a beach] has little energy, creating a diamond pattern of small rills. 1975 R. V. Ruhe Geomorphol. vi. 108/1 During intense runoff, a divide between two rills is broken by caving, by undercutting by a deeper rill, or by overflow.

b. transf. and^g. 1698 Farquhar Love ^ a Bottle iii. ii, Our knives cut passage clean Through rills of fat, and deluges of lean. 1704 Fuller Med. Gymn. (17ii) 95 There must be a continual Rill of these temperate Juices into the Blood. 1784 Cowper Task IV. 64 Here rills of oily eloquence in soft Meanders lubricate the course they take. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 214 The exiguous rill of a discourse. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 85 His was a tiny rill of conversation, not a tidal wave of thought.

c. attrib. and Comb., as rill action, channel, -cutting, erosion, -mark, -wash, -way\ rill-like, -threaded adjs.; rilh-wise adv. i960 B. W. Sparks Geomorphol. iv. 69 In the wet season the middle section of the slope may be under the influence of concentrated rill action. 1962 L. C. King Morphol. of Earth v. 137 Following the cutting of a steep hillside by rill and gully action.., surface water requires to be discharged across a relatively flat terrain to an adjacent stream channel. Ibid. 138 The water.. may be insufficient to form sheets and then passes across the pediment in rills only. Where this occurs frequently, pediments are scored by rill channels. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 819/2 Frequently the cutting of rill channels and gully heads is by far the most active process operating upon the steeper slopes. 1925 Water-Supply Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 499. 96 Rill cutting at the foot of mountain slopes. 1962 L. C. King Morphol. of Earth v. 138 The zone of laminar flow .. is often elided, and rill-cutting and gullying appear extensively upon many pediments. 1939 U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1167 Rill [erortow],.. accelerated erosion by water which produces small channels that can be obliterated by tillage. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII 431 /1 {caption) Rill erosion showing how water has followed the old corn rows. 1876 Meredith Beauch. Career xxxv. The ripple crease and rill-like descent of the turf. 1863 Dana Man. Geol. 94 Rill-marks, mud-cracks, and rain-drop impressions. 1888 Dawson Geol. Hist. PI. 32 The beautiful branching rill-marks produced by the oozing of water out of mud and sand-banks left the tide. 1963 D. W. 8c E. E. Humphries tr. Termier’s Erosion & Sedimentation x. 211 Tidal currents which occur during the retreat of the sea from a beach form a pattern of fine channels, particularly where the water is retarded by obstacles, pebbles or shells. These channels or rill-marks formed on the surface of moist, soft sand can be preserved by fossilization. 1933 R. Campbell Flowering Reeds 28 The shimmering beams of a morning that sinewed The lowlands with silver, and trawled to the plains. Rill-threaded, the sweep of its glittering seines. 1^0% Jrnl. Geol. XVI. 751 {heading) Hypothesis of rill-wash applied to the St. Louis region. 1937 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XLVIII. 343 The interstream areas..are today being lowered chiefly by tributary streams and rill wash. 1972 A. Young Slopes vii. 62 Surface flow may be divided into sheetwash, where the ground is entirely or largely covered by a moving layer of water, and rillwash, when the water flows mainly as micro-channels. 1886 A. Winchell Walks Geol. Field 51 Obviously, the roadside slime has descended the rill-ways from the middle of the street. 1862 F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 238 The water of a reservoir.. enters the fields rillwise.

2. A small narrow trench; a drill. Now dial. 1658 Evelyn Fr. Card. (1675) 244 Lay them in the bottom of the rills. 1664-Sylva 6 Immediately before you sow, cast, and dispose it [the ground] into Rills, or small narrow Trenches of four, or five inches deep. 1706 London & Wise Retir'd Gard. I. 314 To succeed in planting Anemones,,. draw a Rill from one End of the Bed to the other. 172s Family Diet. s.v. Candy-Tuft, When you have drawn Rills Length-ways, and Cross-ways, you may sow the Seed. 1871 W. Morning News May (E.D.D.), Potatoes which were up in rills looking healthy and promising. 3. Astr. = RILLE. Also attrib. 1876 E. Nelson Moon iii. 71 There is one class of formations.. which, from their unknown nature, cannot well be classified. These are the rills or clefts. 1888 J. A. W. Oliver Astron. 70 On the south-east of this bright little crater there is an easy rill. Ibid. 73 This ring-plain is associated with one of the most remarkable rill-systems on the moon. 1954 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XL. 1103 The rills are cracks in the surface, about i" (2 km.) in width and narrower, occurring almost anywhere on the moon. 1963 A. N. Strahler Earth Sci. v. 83/2 Rills may be on the order of a mile wide and as long as 150 miles.

4. Phonetics, [ad. Da. rille (O. Jespersen Fonetik, 1899).] Used attrib. to designate a fricative produced by forcing air through a groove-like aperture between the tongue and the roof of the mouth (see quots.). 1912 E. Prokosch in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. XXXIII. 197 Spirants of these places of articulation can be formed in two ways: either, the surface of the tongue is convex, so that the breath passes through a narrow slit, as with f>, xl or, the tongue forms a more or less distinct rill in its median line, as with s, sh. The former may be called slit sounds, the latter

1

V

rill sounds. 1918 A. W. Aron in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 56 They are synonymous with what we call in Jespersen’s terminology ‘rill spirants’, namely unvoiced s, voiced z, and the sibilants in shall and azure. 1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics viii. 72 Both English /sz/ and English j&bj are normally apicoalveolar, but the former are rill spirants, the latter slit spirants.

frill, sb.^ Obs. rare-’^. In 5 rylle. [Of obscure origin.] (See quots.) CI440 Promp. Parv. 434/1 Rylle, thynne clothe, ralla. Ibid. 491/1 Thynne clothe, that ys clepyd a rylle, ralla.

rill (ril), ti.' [f. RILL 1. intr. To flow in a small stream. 1610 [see the ppl. a.]. 1651 Biggs New Disp. IP 144 The profuse sweat, that rills through.. the pores, c 1709 Prior 2nd Hymn Callim. 153 The wholesome Draught from Aganippe’s Spring.. gently rilling Adown the Mountains. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 106 May showers never fail.., Nor suns dry the fountain that rills by its side. 1855 Bailey Mystic 44 Time’s sand-dry streamlet through its glassy strait Rilled restless. 1884 Sala in Illustr. Lond. News 30 Aug. 195 A small fountain rills from the rockwork. 2. trans. a. To form by flowing, b. To utter in

liquid notes. 1845 Hood Stag-eyed Lady xiv, Then closed the wave, and then the surface rill’d A ring above her, like a waterknell. 188. Scollard Summer Song ii. (Funk), The brook is dry; its silver throat Rills song no more.

3.

To make drills in (a garden bed), rare-^.

1658 Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 244 For this you may make use of the houe, rilling the bed where you would set them.

Hence 'rilling ppl. a, 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey i. ii. 40 The grauelly colde of rilling fountaines. 1797 F. Baily Tour (1856) 260 Vortices, which.. cause a rilling, murmuring sound. 1853 FW. Newman Odes of Horace 207 What boy these cups of hot Falemian Tempers quick with rilling water?

trill, v.^ Obs.-^ In 5 ryll. (App. meaning ‘to roar or bellow*, but perhaps an error.) C1400 Song of Roland 421 Your knyghtis be-hind haue som bores fond, or Among the holtis I-herd ryll som hertis.

rille (ril). Astr. [a. G. rille: see kill sb.^] One of the long narrow trenches or valleys observed on the surface of the moon. (Cf. rill sb.^ 3.) 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. §226 The rilles, of which 425 are now known, are trenches with raised sides more or less steep. 1878 - Stargazing 350 Hours may be spent in examining the craters, rilles, and valleys on the surface. 1957 New Scientist 7 Nov. 16 Criss-crossing the lunar surface there are alignments of mountains, valleys and trench-like formations called rilles. 1971 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 25 July 2/3 A gorge called Hadley Rille cuts an 80-mile long i ,200-feet-deep gash across the.. face of the moon. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 15/3 These features, known as rilles, are shallow, often sinuous, valleys that cut across the maria.

rilled (nld), a. [f. rill sb.^, rille -b -ed^.] Marked by or possessing rills or rilles; having narrow grooves. 1924 R. Newstead Guide to the Study of Tsetse-Flies 24 Wings with the membrane slightly rilled. 1935 O. Davies Roman Mines in Europe i. 39 In prehistoric times ore was pounded with rilled hammers. 1957 N. K. Sandars Bronze Age Cultures in France iii. 130 Rilled [G. gerillt] ware pots are of various shapes... Rilled decoration appears quite suddenly in France with graves and bronzes. 1970 R. E. Horton in G. H. Drury Rivers River Terraces v. 154 In the latter case.. a rilled surface may not develop. 1974 Nature 12 Apr. 573/2 The two large craters Oppenheimer and Schrodinger were also rilled. Small rilled craters are again found within larger flat-floored craters.

rillet ('nlit). Also 6 ryllet. [f. rill sb.^ -i- -et* or -LET.] A small rill or rivulet; a brooklet. 1538 Leland Itin. (1769) V. 37 Ther cummith a litle Ryllet by this square Toure... There be other smaulle Rylletrys yn Molesdale. 1598 Stow Surv. 13 Diuers rilles or rillets to the Riuer of Thames. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. i. 264 Those rillets that attend proud Tamer and her state. 1678 Hobbes Decam. v. 55 A thousand small Rillets of melting Snow fall down into it. 1830 Tennyson Arab. Nts. 48 From the green rivage many a fall Of diamond rillets musical. 1871 Meredith H. Richmond xlv, A single tent stood in a gully.., near an ironred rillet. 1890 H. M. Stanley Darkest Africa I. ix. 223 A score of lazy, oozy rillets. Cornb. 1S6S Browning Ring & Bk. x. 1476 Let the world’s praise or blame run rillet-wise Off the broad back.

b. transf. and/ig. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. To Rdr. (1651) 14 This by¬ stream, which as a rillet, is deducted from the main chanel of my studies. 1626 Shirley Brothers i. i, Francisco and Fernando are two rillets from one spring. 1885 Meredith Diana II. xiii. 310 Then was heard such a rillet of dialogue .. as nowhere else in Britain.

Ilrillettes (rijEt). [F. rillettes pi.] A tinned preparation of minced ham, chicken, fat, etc. Also rillettes de Tours, a finely-minced pork pate from the Tours region of France. 1889 J. Whitehead Steward's Handbk. iv. 420/1 Rillettes de Tours, cold cakes of meat of the head-cheese order. At the Paris ham fairs the rillette makers build up fancy pyramids of small rillettes and decorate them. 1894 G. du Maurier Trilby I. iii. 238 Tongues, hams, rillettes de Tours., for the supper. 1896 Southampton Times ii Jan. 6/1 Charged with stealing 4 lbs. of rilletts. Ibid. He identified the.. tins of nlletts as the property of the company. 1931 A. de Croze What to eat & drink in France xix. 160 Rillettes de Tours (same preparations as for ‘Rillons’, but the dices of meat are popped and warmed again before being potted), i960 E. David French Provincial Cooking 215 Another speciality..

RILLING

943

was the pate made largely with grattons, the little browned scraps which are the residue after the pork fat has been rnelted down, and which were also the original ingredient of the renowned rillettes de Tours. 1973 Times 26 May 12/5 One local resident.. writes, properly conscience-stricken, in praise of its [jc. a restaurant's] rillettes and ratatouille.

t rilling, Sc. Obs. Also 6 relyng, rylling. [var. of RIVELING*. Cf. RULLION.] A shoe made of undressed hide. Also transf. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 243 Rank beggar.., ruch rilling. *5*3 Douglas JEneis vii. xii. 118 Ane rouch rylling of raw hyd and ^ hayr. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 268 The Scottis.. Tha rouch rillingis .. behind thame than left thair. *57® Henry s Wallace I. 219 Rouch rillingis [14S9 rewlyngis] upon thi harlotis fete. C1700 Rennet in MS. Lansd. lojj, fol. 323 b, The Scotch now call a Shoe that hath a sole with the hair to the ground a Rough Rilling.

rilling ('rilii]), sh.'^ Archxol. [f. rill sb.^ + -ing‘.] Pottery decoration or marking of a rilled nature. Cf. rilled a. 1940 C. F. C. Hawkes Prehist. Found. Europe iv. 98 There ^e straight or curving bands of rilling. 1957 N. K. Sandars Bronze Age Cultures in France iii. 130 Xhe rilling is close-set, lightly drawn with a blunt implement on the moist clay, leaving a noticeable ridge between the rills. 1964 H. Hodges Artifacts i. 29 The presence on the inner and outer surfaces of pottery of fine horizontal grooves and ridges, called rilling, caused by the coarser particles in the clay body and irregularities of the potter’s hands, is commonly held to be a certain indication that pottery was wheel-thrown.

rilling, vbl. sb. [f. rill ij.'] 1. The formation of a rill or runnel; a furrow or drill. i6io W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. ii. 50 Dyking, drayning,.. rilling, brooking, riuaging, foording. 1725 Family Diet. s.v. Springs, Smaller Fowl.. that uses to feed in wet.. Grounds, and amongst Water Furrows, or Rillings. *975 R. V. Ruhe Geomorphol. vi. 107/2 Rilling, a more effective erosion agent than sheet wash .., is a dominant process in hillslope reduction. 1978 W. W. Emmett in M. J. Kirkby Hillslope Hydrol. v. 171 Rilling is generally considered to be evidence of more accelerated erosion than sheet erosion.

2. Flow in rills, rare. 1929 R. Bridges Testament of Beauty i. 12 Valleys vocal with angelic rilling of rocky streams.

‘rillock. rare.

[f. rill sb.^ + -ock.] A rillet.

1893 Nat. Observer 18 Nov. 17/2 She dabbled her feet in the rillock. 1903 R. M. Gilchrist Beggar’s Manor 161 A stream—or rather a rillock—runs from end to end.

t'rillow. Zool. Obs. [ad. Sinhalese rilawd, pi. = RiLAWA. bonneted rillaw, the Bonnet Macaque of Southern India.

ri/att’.]

1681 R. Knox Rel. Ceylon vi. 26 This sort of Monkeys have no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their heads... They call these Rillowes. 1792 Kerr Anim. Kingd. 69 Rillow. Ibid., Bonneted Rillow. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 498/1 The rillow, cercopithecus sinicus, or Chinese bonnet... Inhabit[s] Ceylon.

'rilly, a. [f. rill s6.*] Abounding in rills. 1727in Bailey, vol. II. 1791 J. Learmont Pocmi 123 How sweet’s the windin’s o’ the rilly flood.

Rilsan ('rilsjen). Also rilsan. [Invented word: ri- f. F. ricin castor-oil plant (see ricinus).] A proprietary name (orig. used in France) for a kind of nylon used esp. as a fibre. 1951 R. Dumon in Rev. Gen. Caoutchouc XXVHI. 348 Rilsan, a new plastic of the polyamide type.. made out of castor oil, may be spun in order to get textile threads. 1952 Sun (Baltimore) (B ed.) 28 Feb. 4/3 Two plants to produce rilsan already have been built and a third is under construction. 1956 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 27 Mar. TM 185/1 Rilsan Corporation, Boston, Mass. Filed May 17, 1955. Rilsan... For synthetic yarns. Usesincejuly 27. 1953. ,*^3 Trade Marks Jrnl. 2 Oct. 1393/2 Rilsan... All goods included in Class 22 made of plastics. Organico.., Paris... Manufacturers. 1963 A. J. Hall Textile Sci. ii. 84 Rilsan fabrics can be permanently pleated under appropriate high temperature heat-setting conditions. 1969 -Stand. Handbk. Textiles (ed. 7) i. 60 At present Rilsan fibres are used in articles such as brushes.

rily: see riley. rim, sb.^ Forms: i rimo, rima, 5 reme, 5, 7, 9 rime, 6-7 ryme; 5-7 rym, 6 rymme, 7 rimme, 7-8 rimb, 7- rim. [OE. rima wk. masc., = ON. rime, rimi (Norw. rime) a raised strip of land, a ridge. There are app. no parallel forms in the other Teutonic languages. The evidence for the OE. word chiefly rests on the compounds dae^ima day-rim, saerima sea-rim, and todrima gums. The Corpus Gloss, however has the entry ^Creptdo, rimo’ (Hessels, C 898), which is repeated in a later vocabulary (c 1050, in Wr.-Wuleker 366) as 'Crepido, rima’. In early ME. the evidence appears to be limited to day-rim and sea-rim, wood-rim in La3amon 740, and perhaps wayrim (text weie reme) in the Prov. Alfred 617.]

1. a. The peripheral portion or outer ring of a wheel, connected with the nave or boss by spokes or by a web. In wooden wheels the rim does not include the metal tyre protecting it. In the metal wheels of locomotives, cycles, or machinery it is usually grooved or flanged. a 1400-50 Alexander 1850 We riden on f>e rime [v.r. reme] & on |7e ringe seten of J?e qwele of Fortoun. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 434/1 Rym, of a whele, timpanum, circumferencia. 1513 Douglas JEneis xii. Prol. 162 The payntit povne.. Kest vp his taill, a provd plesand quheil rym. 1530 Palsgr. 263/1 Rymme of a whele or stabbe, peav. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 331/1 The Cart Wheel hath the Rim set with

round Nails. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Rim, in a Watch or Clock, is the Circular part of the Ballance thereof. 1794 W. FELTON Carriages (1801) I. 113 The patent wheel has the rim of one entire piece. 1873 Richards Operator's Handbk. 140 Procure pulleys of 30 to 36 inches diameter with 8 inches face, the rims heavy and turned true inside and out. 1886 Cyclist Touring CL Gaz. Dec. 474/2 A fairly deep rim is important. Whether the advantage of the hollow rim is paid for or not should depend a great deal on the character of the general riding.

b. The hoop-shaped piece of wood which forms the outer frame of a sieve, drum, etc. Also dial, a hoop. 1660 Bk. Rates in Stat. Realm V. 196 Rims for Sives. 1674 Ray Coll. Words 122 The sand, earth and other dross, flows over the rimme of the sierce with the water. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 33 The Drum-maker uses it for Rimbs. 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm II. 281 A wheat-riddle of wood.. with an oak rim. 1888 Sheffield Gloss, s.v., A child’s hoop, used as a plaything, is called a rim. 1934 [see rim-shot, sense 6 below]. 1976 New Yorker 8 Mar. 108/3 He would hit the snare directly, or hit the snare-head and the rim (a rim shot).

c. A circular mark or object. Cloister fef H. Iii, They have all the Dutch rim under their bright eyes, that comes of dwelling in eternal swamps. 1873 W. H. Dixon Two Queens III. xiii. iii. 18 He besought the king to crown his brother Henry with that golden rim. i860 Reade

d. pi. spec, that part of the frame of a pair of spectacles which surrounds the lens. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. II, in. vi. 48 Mr Wegg, in fitting on his spectacles, opened his eyes wide, over their rims, and tapped the side of his nose. 1903 G, B. Shaw Man & Superman iv. 147 He pauses quietly to take out and put on his spectacles, which have gold rims. 1923 A. Huxley Antic Hay X. 156 For semi-evening dress, shell rims with gold ear¬ pieces—and gold nose-bridge. 1937 J. Squire Honeysuckle & Bee i. 24 They certainly wouldn’t swallow my yarn at a ‘Spike’ if I turned up in tortoiseshell rims.

2. Naut. The surface of the water. 1602 Carew Cornwall 106 In the hotest Summer weather, they swimme with the ryme of the water, and in the Winter, keepe the depth. 1622 R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 72 The sword fish placeth himselfe under the belly of the whale, and the thresher upon the ryme of the water. Ibid. 116.1887 J. T. Brown in Goode Fisheries of U.S. II, 264 If the whale is swimming ‘top-water’, the harpooner has a better target to dart at; but if swimming under the ‘rim of the water’,,, he must make the best use of his time,

3. a. The edge, border, or margin of an object, esp, one which has more or less of a circular form. Also^ig. (quot. 1603). 1603 Breton Dial, of Pithe & Pleasure Wks. (Grosart) II. 13/1 By herthat cameout ofhim, euenapart of himselfe, the Rimme of his whole selfe. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 437 The Sight of the Quadrant being slid along the Rimb of it. 1698 Ibid. XX. 112 The Verge or Rime of the outward Ear seem’d to be crimp’d. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Mushroom, The rims of the tender umbels in these kinds clap themselves quite close to the stalks. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 596 We.. garnish the rims of our dishes with dabs of chewed greens. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 335 Anthers forming a hollow cylinder as long as the floret, with 5 teeth at the rim. 1817 Keats I stood tip-toe 113 The moon lifting her silver rim Above a cloud. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxi. IV. 620 Few pieces were exactly round; and the rims were not marked. i88s Watson & Burbury Math. Electr. & Magn. I. 137 The disc [becomes] a spherical bowl, whose rim is a circle at right angles to the axis. Ibid., The colatitude of that rim.

b. The verge of the horizon, sea, hills, etc. Chiefly poet. 1842 Tennyson Day-dream 170 Across the hills, and far away Beyond their utmost purple rim. 1850 B. Taylor Eldorado i. (1862) 3 The far rim of the horizon seemed as if it would never break into an uneven line. 1858 Longf. M. Standish i. 56 The steel-blue rim of the ocean. fig. 1862 ‘Shirley’ (J. Skelton) Nugae Crit. ii. 97 The desolate and unpeopled unknown which lies beyond the rim of our life. *863 Tyndall Heat xiv. (1870) 502 Having exhausted science and reached its very rim.

c. U.S. slang. The outer edge of the semi¬ circular or horseshoe-shaped desk at which a newspaper’s sub-editors work. 1923 W. G. Bleyer Newspaper Writing ^ Editing (rev. ed.) i. 10 The copy-desk is semicircular in form, and the head copy-reader sits in the‘slot’, or inside of the desk, while the copy-readers occupy places around the outside, or ‘rim’. 1933 Garst & Bernstein Headlines Deadlines ii. 26 The copy desk usually is semicircular or horseshoe-shaped... The copy editors sit ‘on the rim’. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 2 Oct. 4/2 At 9:05 p.m., Crimson President Jim Kramer hurries over to the rim, where Managing Editor Margaret Shapiro is marking copy.

4. a. An edge, margin, or border; esp. a raised or projecting one upon something having a circular form. 1669 Boyle Contn. New Exp. i. (1682) 165 A Wooden plug,.. furnished with a Rimme or Lip. 1824 R. Stuart Hist. Steam Engine 69 A projecting rim rising above the highest point to which the piston is elevated. 1832 H. Martineau Life in Wilds iii. 30 One little boy complained.. that there was no rim to his plate. 1875 Darwin Insectiv. Plants xiv. 324 A narrow rim of the broad flat exterior part of each lobe is turned inwards. 1896 Daily News 19 Dec. 6/4 A rim of chinchilla finished the edges of this novel sleeve.

b. A verge or margin of land, sea, etc.; a narrow strip. 1781 CowPER Hope 49 The blue rim, where skies and mountains meet. 1033 Tennyson Palace of Art 75 The ragged rims of thunder brooding low. 1864-Aylmer's F. 147 Where the brook Vocal, with here and there a silence, ran By sallowy rims. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. xv. 254 Inside the rim of land there is a shallow lake or lagoon. fig. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 185 Having fringed the Tweed with a black broad mourning rim of havoc.

RIM c. Naut. (See quot.) C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 141 Rims, those pieces which form the quarter galleries between the stools. Also a cast-iron frame in which the dropping palls of a capstan traverse and bring up the capstan.

d. ellipt. = rim-Tock^ sense 6. N. Amer. 1869 J. Anderson Rough but Honest Miner in Sawney's Lett. (ed. 2), He hammers at the rock, Believin’ its’s a rim, When ten to ane ’tis naething But his fancy’s whim. 1946 Notes Placer-Mining (Brit. Columbia Dept. Mines Bull. No. 21) 21 The first shallow diggings gave way to..sniping operations along the rims or on weathered bed-rock. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 4 July 8-D/4 (Advt.), Between the rims, comfortable, pleasant and quiet 2 and 3 bedroom duplex.

5. Orkney dial. A rocky bottom in the sea. Cf. Norw. dial, rimm (rimb), rimme, = rime ridge. *795 Statist. Acc. Scot!, Orkney, Birsay XIV. 315 As to rocks, we have three of what we call rims, which are generally occupied by our fishermen as their best fishing grounds..; the rim shoals deepen from 20 to 40 fathom, or upwards.

6. Comb., as rim band, a driving belt or rope passing around a rim wheel; rim-base (see quots.); rim-brake, a brake operating on the rim of a wheel; rim-cap (see quot.); rim drive, a method of driving a gramophone turntable by means of frictional contact between the motor shaft and the inner rim of the turntable, often with an intermediate wheel between the two; so rim-driven a.; rim-face, the outer surface of a wheel-rim; rim-fire, of a cartridge, having the detonating substance disposed round the edge (opp. to centre-fire)-, hence of a gun, adapted for cartridges of this kind; rim-ignition, = prec.; rim-iron, iron intended to form the rim of a wheel; rim light Photogr. and Cinemat., a lamp placed behind the subject in order to produce the appearance of a halo of light; also, the light produced by a lamp in such a position; so rim lighting; rim-lock, a lock having a metal case which stands out from the face of the door (opp. to mortise-lock)-, rim man U.S. slang, a newspaper sub-editor (cf. sense 3 c above); rimrack V. trans. U.S. dial, (chiefly Naut.), to injure or damage (something) (see also quot. 1929); also fig.-, hence rim-racked; rim-rock, N. Amer. (see quot. 1882); hence as v. trans., to drive (sheep) over a cliff (see quot. 1944); also rim-rocker, {a) one who rim-rocks sheep; (b) (see quot. 1968); rim-shaft, the shaft of a rimwheel; rim-shot, a drum-stroke in which the stick strikes the rim and the head of the drum simultaneously; rimstone GeoL, a thin layer of calcite deposited round the rim of an overflowing basin or in an evaporating pool of water, characteristic of karst topography; rimwheel, on a spinning mule: a large pulley which transmits drive to the spindles and serves as a fly-wheel. *890 J. Nasmith Mod. Cotton Spinning Machinery xi. 184 Over this the endless cord or band driving the spindles is passed—being known as the ‘•rim band’. 1970 H. Catling Spinning Mule ix. 163 Minders naturally spared neither trouble nor expense to keep their rim bands in the best possible condition. 1864 Webster, *Rimbase, a short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Rim-Base, the shoulder on the stock of a musket. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 447/1 The trunnions.. support the gun on its carriage, the width of which is determined by the distance between the rim-bases. 1896 A. Sharp Bicycles & Tricycles xxxii. 528 Tyre and •Rim Brakes. — The brake is usually applied to the tyre of the front wheel. 1899 Fortn. Rev. LXV. 120 Of the rimbrakes there are several varieties. Cycling Man. 18 Rim brakes are the most common in use. 1974 Listener 14 Feb. 212/2 The effectiveness of rim brakes is reduced.. in wet weather. 1884 Britten Watch fef Clockm. 47 The •rim cap encloses the space between the plates or frame [of a watch]. 1961 E. N. Bradley Records Gramophone Equipment iii. 69 Wow could also occur as a result of damage to the turntable rim (in a •rim-drive system). 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio viii. 147 Quick-start techniques fall into two categories, depending on the type of drive ernployed by the turntable, (i) Rim drive. 1976 A. Hope HiFi Handbk. iv. 43 In an idler wheel or rim drive design the motor drives a sequence of rollers... Belt drive tends to be quieter, and more expensive, than rim drive. 1956 G. Slot Hi-Fi from Microphone to Ear vii. 67 The rim of the turntable (if it is •rim-driven) [must be] perfectly circular. 1863 P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 243 The fly-wheel is 25 feet in diameter, 15 inches broad on the ‘rim-face. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 28 In the Spencer rifle magazine, .. it is impossible to explode the ‘rim-fire cartridges, except by a concussion made by the hammer. i88i Greener Gun 136 The cartridge is rim-fire. 1900-1901 Kynoch Jrnl. Dec.-Jan. 41/2 The first real rifle I possessed was an antiquated rim-fire rook rifle. 1977 D. Seaman Committee 14 Sedgwick assembled the -22 Marlin rimfire repeater. 1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 19 The comparative merits of central-fire and ‘rim-ignition cartridges. 1841 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. IV. 29/1 A faggot of wrought iron bars are worked and .. drawn out.. under the hammer upon an anvil, having a groove to form the flanch, into the state of ‘rim iron. 1940 \V. Nurnberg Lighting for Photogr. iv. 105 The greatest luminosity in a ‘rim-light picture is obviously always the main light produced by the basic illumination. 1948-Lighting for Portraiture ii. 84 A combination of basic cross lighting.. supplemented by a rim light on the near side, is bad. 1961 p. Snow Electronic Flashlight Photogr. xiv. 115 We are already using two backlights for

RIM ‘rim-light’ effects on the subject. 1977 J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 94 Generally it is advisable to reveal some detail in the rest of the face by using frontal light. This should be soft, shadowless and less intense than the rim light. 1940 W. Nurnberg Lighting for Photogr. iii. 61 If we now move the light source horizontally we obtain side¬ lighting, and when continuing this movement *rim-lighting. 1971 Listener 11 Nov. 671/2 The Fonda film has everything: .. minimal rim-lighting, fancy focus-pulls. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 218, 8-inch Scotch made iron •rimlock for back-door. 1933 R. M. Neal Newspaper Desk Work ii. 7 Copyreaders .. are designated as ‘*rim men’. 1970 R. K. Kent Lang. Journalism 113 Rim men are the copy-readers who sit at the rim to do their work. 1914 Dialect Notes IV. 78 *Rimrack, to injure, damage. 1939 F. C. Bowen Sea Slang 112 Rim-Racky to, to strain or damage a vessel, particularly by driving her too hard in a sea. Very frequently used on the Grand Banks. 1952 Amer. Legion Mag. July 5/2, I am going to tell you right now my husband is not joining the American Legion another year if you keep up this rimracking the Administration. 1957 Maine Coast Fisherman July 21/1 If nets have been rimracked it means working on deck under flood repairing nets and gear. 1974 J. Dowell Look-Ojf Bear 32 Faded denim workshirt, rim-racked old felt hat..and calf-high lumberman’s rubbers, i860 H. Greeley Overland Journey 350 It is one of the arts of the miner to know just where to tunnel through the ‘•rim rock’ so as to strike what was the bottom of the lake. 1872 Raymond Statist. Mines Mining 84 Two small mills of eight stamps each were erected in 1868 and inclines sunk on the rim-rock. 1882 U.S. Rep. Prec. Met. 621 ‘Rim-rock’ is such portion as remains of the country-rock which formed the sides or banks of the ancient rivers. 1942 Berrey & Van DEN Bark Amer. Thes. Slang. §917/9 Rimrock, to drive sheep over a precipice. 1944 R. F. Adams Western Words 128/2 Rim rockin' sheep, running sheep over a cliff to destruction. This was often done during the wars between the cattle and the sheep factions. 1949 World-Herald Mag. (Omaha, Nebraska) i8 Sept. 18/5 Cattle raisers destroyed the flocks [of sheep] by clubbing, shooting, dynamiting,.. poisoning, and stampeding them over cliffs—a practice sometimes called rim-rocking. 1958 ‘W. Henry’ Seven Men at Mimbres Springs ix. i o i They’re.. crawling the rimrock to smell out what took Major Mobry off so suddenlike. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 27 June 5-D/8 (Advt.), Canyon setting surrounded by the rimrocks, nestled in Spring Valley. 1934 Nat. Geogr. Mag. Feb. 213/2 My first companion, John Mullens, of Homestead, a ‘•rim-rocker’.. steered me through in six days. 1950 Amer. Speech XXV. 305 The term rimrockers goes back to the days of the cattle-sheep wars. 1968 R. F. Adams Western Words (rev. ed.) 251/2 Rim rocker, a cowboy’s name for a horse agile enough to climb steep hills and travel over rocks and rough country. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 370 A second band, which had.. lain upon its loose pulley, upon a small driving pulley of the •rim-shaft. 1934 E. Little Mod. Rhythmic Drumming 25 A characteristic feature of rhythmic drumming is the ‘rimshot. This is the effect obtained by striking the snare drum head and the edge of the counter hoop simultaneously. 1968 Crescendo May 30/3 Bellson’s rhythm is tremendous. His sympathetic fills, from ‘cute’ rimshots to make-’em-’ave-it roar-ups kicking the phrases are worth the price of the record alorie. 1977 J. Wainwright Do Nothin' viii. 133 The right stick is used for the fireworks: for the rimshots, for the off-beats, for the roll-work. 1930 W. M. Davis in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XLI. 485 ‘Rimstone has been added to the list to name calcareous deposits formed around the rims of overflowing basins. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 105i/i Rimstone dams greater than 40 feet in height are known while micro-forms only a few millimetres high abound on stalagmites and flowstone. 1971 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 24 Jan. 5/3 Rimstones are the layers of calcite left by receding pools. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 369 For one revolution of the great ‘rim or fly wheel of the mule, the front roller makes about 6-tenths of a turn. 1894 J. Lister Cotton Manuf. vi. 54 The main shaft drives the spindle by the rim wheel. 1950 J. W. Radcliffe Woollen ^ Worsted Yarn Manuf. xxv. 351 (caption) Fast and loose pulleys, rim wheels for driving spindles, and the backing-off friction.

rim, sb.'^ Now dial. Forms: i reoma, reama, 4 reme; 4-6 rym(e, rime, 6 rysme, rism(m)e; 6-7 rimme, rymme, 7 rimm, 7- rim. [OE. reoma {reama), = MDu. rieme (Du. riem), OS. reomo (MLG. reme\ hence prob. ON. reim, Sw. and Da. rem), OHG. riumo, riomo (MHG. rieme, G. riemen), a leather strap or thong: see riem. The later forms of the Eng. word appear to have been influenced by rim 56.^] fl. A membrane, pellicle, caul. Obs. riooo Sax. Leechd. III. 146 Jjonne bi6 )?£et braejen utan mid reaman bewefen. C1050 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 380/1 Cartilago, se reoma pees br^jenes. c 1340 Nominale (Skeat) 306 Poi vaut le crut del oef, lityl is worth the reme of an ey. C1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 520 A rym [v.r. reme] pat es ful wlatsome, Es his garment when he forth sal com, }>at es noght bot a blody skyn. 13.. Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1343 Verayly l>erafter Alle pe rymez by pe rybbez radly pay lance. C1500 Kennedie Passion of Christ 768 Fra heid to fute pai brak baith hid and ryme [= rim]. 1545 Elyot, Meninges, the rysme wherin the brain is inclosyd. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 35 A thinne skinne or rimme like a nette, encompassing the shell of a nutte. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 342 Certain pellicles or rims of the Midriffe, which the Latines call Proecordia.

fb. A scale or film upon the eyes. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Tobit vi. 9 The galle is worth to e3en to ben enointid, in the whiche were rime. Ibid. xi. 14 The ryme of his e3en began, as the fellis of an ey, to gon out. 1580 Frampton Yron & Steele in Joyful News (1596) 158b, The pouder made of yron.. taketh away the Rime from the eye.

fc. ringside, the flesh-side of a skin. Sc. Obs. 1474 Records Burgh Edinb. (1869) 29 Brekand schepe skinnis on the ryme sidis.

2. rim of the belly {-womb, paunch, etc.), the peritoneum. Now dial. [154s Raynold Byrth Mankynde 8 Vnder the last muskle of the belly.. succedyth a certayn thyn ryme, kell, or skyn, named in latin Peritoneum.] 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v.

RIME

944 Ascistes, When betweene the rimme of the beally and the guttes is gathered.. much watry humour. a 1585 Montgomerie Fly ting 329 The rotten rim of thy wombe with rooke shall bee reivin. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 321 Even as the rim of the paunch, which is called in Latine Centipellio. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. Democritus to Rdr. (1651) 27, I thinke he would breake the rimme of his belly with laughing. 1718 Pope Iliad xiv. 521 Struck thro’ the Belly’s Rim, the Warrior lies Supine. 1757 Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X. 411 The rim of his belly was wounded; and this wound.. proved fatal. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 258 A slight degree of anasarca extended to the rim of the belly. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., Rim-of-the-body, the membrane lining the abdomen and covering the bowels. 1893 Heslop Northumbld. Gloss, s.v., The rim of the belly is said to be broken when its muscles are lacerated or violently sprained.

b. ellipt. in the same sense. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. iv. 15, I will fetch thy rymme out at thy Throat, in droppes of Crimson blood. 1607 Markham Caval. ii. (1617) 94i I opened her with mine owne hands,.. and I found that her rimme was broken, her call cleane consumed. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. i. i. ii. iv. 25 The second [concavity] of the Navell and Flancks, diuided from the first by the Rimme.

rim, sb.^ north, dial. [ = ON. rim (Norw. rim, reem) a rail or rung; cf. also Fris. rim shelf, LG. rimm cross-beam.] A rung of a ladder. 1788 W. Marshall Yorksh. II. 348 Rims, the steps or staves of a ladder. 1876 Mid Yorks. Gloss., Rim, a spoke, or ‘rung’ of a ladder.

rim, v.^ [f. RIM sb.^] 1. trans. To furnish with a rim; to border, bound, or encircle in some way: a. In pa. pple. rimmed. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 113 The preservation of both wheels lies in the hoops that the wheels are rimmed with. 1812 Southey in Q. Rev. VII. 431 His nails entered his own flesh, and were rimmed round with blood. 1869 Blackmore Lorna D. xv, A bright green valley, rimmed with sheer black rock. fig. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 164 His experience, his sagacity are rimmed with a halo.

b. In active forms. 1842 Tennyson Gardener's Dau. 177 A length of bright horizon rimm’d the dark. 1867 Jean Ingelow Story of Doom v. 78 Blue as the much-loved flower that rims the beck. 1876 Farrar Marlb. Serm. x. 91 The God who.. bids the sunset rim his very thunderclouds with golden light. fig. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 172 The sea still rimmed our prosy lives with mystery.

2. intr. Of a steel ingot: to form an outer skin of relatively pure steel. Also trans. (causatively). 1958 A. p. Merriman Diet. Metallurgy 290/2 Steels which contain not more than 015% C can be made to ‘rim’. 1967 A. H. Cottrell Introd. Metallurgy xi. 138 Only lowcarbon steels contain enough oxygen to rim satisfactorily. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropsdia XVII. 651/2 Plain carbon steels containing between 0 04 and 0 25 percent carbon can be rimmed successfully.

and pull him out. Ibid., The rimaye.. is the large crevasse formed around the head of a glacier where it detaches itself from the mountain.

Rimbaldian (rim'baeldisn), a. Also Rimbaudian (r^'baudian); |{Rimbaldien, Rimbaudien. [ad. F. Rimbaldien, f. the name of Arthur Rimbaud (1854-91), French poet 4 -ien -ian.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Rimbaud or his poetry. 1924 R. Macaulay Orphan Island xxii. 296 A hundred birds unballed themselves and sang.., ‘Very Rimbaudien,’ said Charles dizzily. 1952 Essays in Crit. II. 21 Her capacity for dissatisfaction.. might have led to Rimbaldian adventures or Baudelairean visions. 1957 L. Varese in Rimbaud's Illuminations p. xiv, The cardinal tenet of the Rimbaldien cult has been that Une Saison en Enfer was the nineteen-year-old boy’s farewell to literature, his mea culpa. 1965 R. G. Cohn Toward Poems of Mallarme 5 Le Sonneur indicates he [sr. Mallarme] could have trodden further along the earthy Rimbaldian path. 1976 Listener 25 Nov. 691/3 The roared Rimbaudian lyrics of Peter Hammill. 1978 Amer. Poetry Rev. Nov./Dec. 30/1 Alcohol is the means but it is really fate at work—something a little Faustian, a little Coleridgian or Rimbaldian.

rimbellisher (rim'belij3(r)). [f. rim sb.'^ + em)bellisher.] An ornamental chromiumplated rim placed round the wheel-hub of a motor vehicle; a wheel-trim. (No longer current.) 1949 Motor 10 Aug. 2 We announce the ‘Rimbellisher’ as an important addition to the already extensive range of ACE roadwheel disc equipment. This handsome accessory is a superimposed chromium rim which adds the finishing touch and makes wheel cleaning easier. 1955 Times 14 June 10/1 The wheels are fitted with rimbellishers as standard equipment. 1958 Times 12 Dec. 1/5 (Advt.), Jaguar 3 4 litre Saloon.. fitted with overdrive, radio, rimbellishers, wing mirrors.

t rimble-ramble, a. Obs. [Echoic reduplication of ramble sb.^: cf. skimbleskamble.^ Vaguely discursive, wordy, rambling. 1690 Pagan Prince vii. 20 Hence it was that the greatest part of the Task was only Rimble ramble Discourse. 1694 Motteux Rabelais iv. vii. 30, I hate a gibble gabble and a rimble ramble Talk. I am for a Man of Brevity.

Rimbochay, Rimboche, obs. varr. Rinpoche. rimbomb* v. nonce-wd. [ad. It. rimbomb-are.] intr. To re-echo, ring, resound. 1829 Landor Imag. Conv. Wks. 1853 II. 8/1 The fame of the finest pieces in the world reaches him on the steps;.. the pieces of Signor Marchese and Signor Conte, rimbombing through the universe.

Ilrimbombo (nm'bombsu). rare—^. [It.; cf. A booming roar; a resounding or reverberation.

RiMBOMB vJ]

rim, U.S. [? var. of rime t;.^] trans. To slash (mackerel) on the sides, so as to make them appear fatter. (Cf. rimmer**.) 1890 in Cent. Diet.

rim, v.^ [Perh. var. of ream v.^-, cf. rim v.^ and RIMMER®.]

1. a. intr. (See quot. 1923.) U.S. dial. b. trans. (See quot. 1972.) coarse slang (orig. U.S.). 1923 Dialect Notes V. 219 Rim, v., to be desirous of sexual intercourse, wanting to be bred. Said especially of sows. 1959 W. Burroughs Naked Lunch 90 ‘Darling, I want to rim you,’ she whispers... ‘All right. I’ll go wash my ass.’ ‘No, I’ll wash it.’ 1972 B. Rodgers Queens’ Vernacular 172 Rim, I. To lick or suck anus. 2. to lubricate the anus with saliva, usually as a prelude to fucking. ‘Tense? Try getting rimmed.’ 1975 M. Amis Dead Babies xv. 74 Skip’d rim a snake so long as someone held its head. 2. N. Amer. slang. To cheat, to swindle (a

person). Cf. ream

v.^

4.

194s V. J. Monteleone Criminal Slang 84 Rim,., to cheat; to swindle: to defraud. 1973 D. Hughes Along Side Road vii. 54 Ten bucks? For that old thing? I’d be rimming you, Charles.

rim, var. rhiem; dial. var. rime

1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 427/2 The upper rima [in birds].. gives utterance to the note. 1876 Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 368 The rima is always more or less widely open during ordinary quiet respiration. 1897 Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 181 Any abnormality above the rima sufficient to obstruct respiration.

rare-^.

1851 Woodward Mollusca i. (rimate), lined by a thin callus.

[See prec. and

123 Umbilicus narrow

Irimaye (rimqj). [Fr., f. L. rima fissure + F. -aye, collective suffix.] = bergschrund. 1920 H. Raeburn Mountaineering Art viii. 107 At the foot of the snow-slope, just where it eases into the glacier, runs a long chasm in the ice, the bergschrund, randkluft, or rimaye. 1949 A. Roch Climbs of my Youth xiv. 118 Taking to a couloir of easy broken rock, we soon reached the rimaye, where one last rappel had to be placed. 1957 E. A. Wrangham Sel. Climbs Range Mont Blanc iii. 67 Go up the Dome glacier,.. to the rimaye below the Col des Aiguilles. 1974 G. Sutton tr. Mazeaud*s Naked before Mountain i. 22 Slide he did, but into the rimaye, and we had to look for him i

V

rim-burst(en, a. and sb. Sc. (and north.). Also 6 rymbirst; rum-bursin, -burssan, 6, 9 rimbursin. [f. RIM sb.^ + pa. pple. of burst t).] a. adj. Ruptured; (cf. burst ppl. a. 2). b. sb. Rupture, hernia. riSoo Rovilis Cursing 58 in Laing Anc. Poet. Scotl. 212 Rim bursin, rippillis, or belly thra. 1505 Aces. Ld. High Treas. Scot. III. 156 The lech that helit frer Johne Litstair of rymbirst. 1558 in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. 404 Allegis that he is nocht able of his body, and is rumbursin. 1597 Lowe Chirurg. (1634) 246 Portraiture of a man Rim-burst. 1673 Wedderburn Voc. 19 (Jam.), Hernia, a rim-burst. 1808 Jamieson, Rimbursin, a rupture of the abdominal muscles; in consequence of which the belly sometimes bursts. 1829 in Brockett N.C. Gloss, (ed. 2) 248.

Hence f rim-burstenness.

Obs.

01575 Diurn. Occurr. (Bann. Cl.) 321 James erle of Mortoun regent lay deidlie seik of rumburssanes. 1673 Wedderburn Voc. 47 (Jam.), Ramex, rimburstenness.

v.*

I rima ('raima). Physiol. [L. rima a fissure, cleft, chink.] Short for rima glottidis, the passage in the glottis between the vocal chords and the arytenoid cartilages.

rimate (’raimeit), a. -ATE**.] Chink-like.

1873 .Geo* Eliot Let. 20 June (1956) V. 422 Shallow undiscriminating scorn, made to seem profound by a ‘rimbombo’ of rhetoric (like the singing into big jars to make demon-music in an opera).

rime (raim), sb.^ Forms: 3 rim, 3-5 (7) rym, 3-7, 9 ryme, 6 risme, 3- rime. [a. OF. rime fern., for earlier *ridme, *ritme (with final inorganic -e after the two consonants, as in abime, abisme, *abismum), ad. L. rithmus, rythmus, more correctly rhythmus, a. Gr. measured motion, time, proportion, etc.: see rhythm. In med.L. the terms rithmi and rithmici versus were used to denote accentual in contrast to quantitative verse (metra). As similarity of the terminal sounds was a common feature of accentual verse, rithmus naturally came to have the sense of ‘rime’. The OF. form rime was the source of Prov., Catal., Sp., Fs-, and It. rima. OProv. and OCatal. had, however, the independent form rim, masc. The change of gender in F. is due to analogy with feminines in -e, a cause which has operated in many other words. From OF. the word also spread into all the Teutonic languages, usually appearing as a monosyllable, perhaps partly through association with the native rim rime sb.’^ Hence MDu. rime fern., rijm masc. and fern. (Du. rijm neut.), MFris. rime, rijme (mod.Fris. rym), MLG. rim, rym, MHG. rim masc. (G. reim), ON. and Icel. rim neut. (Norw., Sw., Da. rim). In Icel. rima fern., ‘riming poem, ballad’, appears in the 14th cent. Down to c 1560 the original spelling rime (ryme) continued to prevail in English. About that date the tendency to alter orthography on classical models led to the new spellings rithme, rythme, rhythm{e, which continued to be current till

RIME about the close of the 17th cent, (see rhythm sb. I). Soon atter probably from a desire to distinguish between rime and rhythm’, the intermediate forms rhime, rhyme came into use, and the latter finally established itself as the standard form (see rhyme sb.). The original n’me, however, has never been quite discontinued, and in about 1870 its use was ^nsiderably revived, esp. by writers upon the history of the English language or literature. To some extent this revival was due to the belief that the word was of native origin, and represented OE. rim rime ^6.®]

1. a. Metre, measure (065.); agreement in the terminal sounds of line or words. Cf. rhyme sb. 3. ri200 Ormin Ded. 44 Icc hafe sett her.. mani3 word fie rime swa to fillenn. Ibid, toi Himm bidde icc p&tt het write • • Wit>j? all swillc rime alls her iss sett, a 1300 Cursor M. 14922 Es resun t>at wee vr rime rume, And set fra nu langer bastune. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. Prol. 44, I kan nat geeste—Rum, Ram. Ruf—by lettre, Ne, god woot, rym holde I but litel bettre. ^1392-Compl. Venus 80 To me hit ys a grete penaunce, Syth ryme in englissh hat such skarsete, To folowe worde by worde the curiosite. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (i 562) 85 There was not a dosen sentences, in his whole Sermon, but thei ended all in rime, for the moste part. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 71 Euen the very ryme it selfe, the Italian cannot put in the last silable, by the French named the Masculine ryme, but still in the next to the last, which the French call the Female; or the next before that. 1668 Dryden Dram. Poesy Ess. (Ker) 1. 35 Who first taught us.. to make our rime so properly a part of the verse, that it should never mislead the sense. 1672 Marvell Reh. Transp. 1. 87 They wanted nothing but rime to be right Tom Triplet. 1774 Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 157 The Anglosaxon poets .. generally used measures without rime. 1775 Tyrwhit Lang, ^sf Versificat. Chaucer 53 note, We see evident marks of a fondness for Rime in the Hymns of S. Ambrosius and S. Damasus. 1833 Mrs. S. Austin tr. Characteristics Goethe 11. 51 Wieland handled rime like a master. 1868 Thorpe Anal. Anglo-Sax. 152 A Paraphrase of Job, xxi. xxx. Alliterative with final rime.

b. Coupled with reason: see rhyme sb. 3 b. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 1243 As for ryme or reson, pe forewryter w as not to blame. 1530 Tindale Answ. More xvi. Wks. (1573) 285/1 For appose her now of Christ, as Scripture testifieth of hym, and thou shalt finde her cleane without rime or reason. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xi. 108 Seeyng there is nether ryme ne reason in saing y* one eiuill spirite driueth out an other eiuil spirite. 1600 Holland Livy xxvii. xxxvii. 656 These songs..would seeme but simple stuffe, and composed without rime or reason. 1607 B. Jonson Volpone Prol., Here is ri’me, not emptie of reason. 1621 Hakewill DavicTs Vow 33 It is both ryme and reason.

c. An instance of lines or words ending in the same sounds; a word that rimes with another word. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. ii. 37, I can finde out no rime to Ladie but babie, an innocent rime: for scorne, home, a hard rime; for schoole foole, a babling rime; verie ominous endings. 1603 Daniel Def. Ryme Wks. (Grosart) IV. 44 Indeed I haue wished there was not that multiplicitie of Rymes as is v'sed by many in Sonets. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. I. iii. 10 As a man should run over the Alphabet, to start a rime. 1878 Stevenson Inland Voy. 232 May Apollo send him rimes hitherto undreamed of. 1887 Furnivall in R. Brunne's Chron. (Rolls) II. 587 The couples of rymes are entered alphabetically by the first word of the couple. 1891 Lounsbury Stud, in Chaucer I. iv. 375 There are tests resting upon the recurrence of assonant rymes.

2. a. Riming or rimed verse. Cf. rhyme sb. 2. Most commonly in the phr. in rime. c 1220 Bestiary 695 In boke is 6e turtres lif writen o rime, wu la^elike 3e holdeS luue al hire lif time, a 1300 Cursor M. 87 Off suilk an suld 3e mater take,.. Of hir to mak bath rim and sang, c 1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 464 He made of r>me ten verses or twelue. r 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 3261, I ffynde In prose and ryme. Was non so strong In that tyme. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 3 And thanne y made this boke. But y wolde not sette it in ryme. 1529 More Dyaloge III. Wks. 223/1 A foolish raylyng boke against the clergy, and much part made in ryme. 1564 Bullein Dial. agst. Pest. (1888) 16 Chaucer satte in a chaire of gold.. writyng Prose and Risme. 1581 Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ii. (1586) 66 b, I am of this minde, that the making of rime shoulde not make a Poet use naughtie wordes. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. cvi, Beautie making beautifull old rime, In praise of Ladies dead, and louely Knights, a 1631 Donne Poems (1650) 11, I thought, if I could draw my paines Through Rimes vexation, I should them allay. 1716 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) V. 189 Written in rime in the Country Dialect. 1802 Ritson Metr. Rom. I. p. xviii, There is, even, a Latin song in rime extant in print, which was made upon a great victory obtain’d by king Clothair the second. 1876 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) V. 589 Before the end of the twelfth century England had seen an English sermon in regular rime.

t b. rime doggerel: see doggerel A. c. rime royal: see rhyme sb. 2c, and rhythm sb. I b. [1871 Skeat Spec. Eng. Lit. III. (1887) 41 ‘The Kingis Quair’ is written in seven-lined stanzas, a favourite measure of Chaucer and his successors, which received the name of the ‘rime roial’.] 1882 Ogilvie, Rime-royal. 1903 H. Bradley in Pol., Rel., & Love Poems 291 Each of the seven stanzas (in ‘rime royal’).

d. See RIDING RHYME, i| e. rime couee = tailed rime s.v. tailed a. 1 d. C1330 [see couwee a.]. 1775 T. Tyrwhitt Canterbury Tales of Chaucer IV. 72 Though Robert of Brunne in his Prologue professes not to attempt these elegancies of composition, yet he has intermixed several passages in Rime Couwee. 1893 [see tailed a. 1 d]. 1935 Essays ^ Stud. XX. 97 The rime couee or romance stanza of six lines (double eight and six). 1945 E. K. Chambers Eng. Lit. at Close of Middle Ages i. 25 The metre of the Chester plays., is a Romance metre of the type known as rime couee or tailrhyme.

II f. rime riche = rich rhyme s.v. rich a. 7 c.

RIME

945 [1903 H. J. Chaytor Compan. French Verse iv. 23 Rimes are also distinguished as rich and sufficient (riche, suffisante).] 1904 Brandin & Hartog Bk. French Prosody iv. 53 Victor Hugo uses the rime riche more than any of his predecessors. 1930 A. Huxley Vulgarity in Lit. 35 When Laforgue wrote of that ‘roi de Thule, Immacule' his rime riche was entirely above suspicion. 1961 A. Clarke Later Poems 92 With the exception of the sonnet and the little experiment in rime riche, these pieces came to me quite unexpectedly.

3. A riming poem or piece of riming verse. Cf. RHYME sb. I. c 1250 Gen. ^ Ex. i Man og to luuen 6at rimes ren. c 1275 Luue Ron 193 in O.E. Misc. 99 J>is rym, mayde, ich pt sende open and wip-vte sel. ci-^^oArth. & Merl. 1341 (Kolbing), So ich 30U segge in mi rime, c 1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. Prol. 96, I speke in prose, and lat him rymes make. 1508 Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 332 Renounce thy rymis. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 245 These songes or rymes.. were called in Latin Fescennina carmina. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. i. i. 28 Thou, thou Lysander, thou hast giuen her rimes, And interchang’d loue-tokens with my childe. 1617 Moryson Itin. III. 99 In the Sea townes of England they sing this English rime; Shoulder of mutton and English Beere, Make the Flemmings tarry here. 1699 Garth Dispens. iv. 46 Up these shelves, much Gothick Lumber climbs. With Swiss Philosophy, and Danish Rimes. 1798 Coleridge in Lyr. Ballads 5 The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere, in seven parts. 1881 Mahaffy Old Greek Educ. ii. 23 There is hardly a word left of the nursery rimes. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Introd. 40 The famous old Irish rime about St. Patrick. t4. = RHYTHM sb. 4, 5. Obs. 1586 W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 57 Ryme is properly, the iust proportion of a clause or sentence, whether it be in prose or meeter, aptly comprised together. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 99 Plato informes us .. the whole life of a virtuose man must be composed.. of Symphonic or Concert and musical ryme. 5. attrib. and Comb.y as rime-endingy -indeXy

-makingy --wordy rime-makery -wrighty rimerotten adj.; rime-letter, the distinctive initial letter in a line of alliterative verse. 1591 Fraunce C'tess Pembr. Yvychurch l. ii. iii, Neither Castalian Muses.. Nor rymewright singers. 1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 40 Speake men what they can to him, hee’l answere With some rime rotten sentence or olde saying. 1611 Florio, Rimatore, a Rimer, a Rimemaker. 1865 Skeat in Brock Morte Arth. p. x, Of the strongly-accented syllables, three begin with a common letter, which has been called the rime-letter. 1877-The Bruce 628 A complete Rime-index would occupy a considerable space. 1887 Furnivall in R. Brunne's Chron. (Rolls) I. p. XX, After some of the ryme-endings. 1893 Cursor Mundi (E.E.T.S.) 136* note, There are three rymewords, gnede, brede, shrede. 1935 C. S. Lewis in Lysistrata May 22 Rude rime-making wrongs her beauty, Whose breasts and brow .. Bewitch the worlds.

rime (raim), sb.^ Forms: i hrim, 3-4 rim, 4-5, 7 ryme, 5-6 rym (6 ryim), 7 reeme, 8 reem, 7-9 rhime (9 rhyme), 4- rime. [OE, hrim masc., = Fris. rymy MDu. and Du. nj'm, MLG. riimy ON. and Icel. hrim (Norw., Sw., and Da. rim). Cf. OF. rimCy rimeCy which are no doubt of Teut. origin.] a. Hoar-frost (see note); frozen mist. Also dial, a chill mist or fog. Rare in ME., except in the comb, rime-frost. From i6th century chiefly Sc. and north., but revived in literary use at the end of the i8th cent. See also rind sb.^ In scientific use rime is now distinguished from hoar-frost (q.v.). ^725 Corpus Gloss. 1653 Pruina, hrim. a 1000 Phcenix 60 (Gr.), pssT ne hsejl ne hrim hreosaS to foldan. CI205 Lay. 28525 Folc vnimete ridinde & ganninde swa pe rim [c 1275 pe ren] failed adune. 1513 Douglas jEneis xiii. Prol. 31 Doun fallis the donk rym. 1549 Compl. Scot. (1872) 59 The hayr ryim is ane cald deu, the quhilk fallis in mysty vapours, and syne it fresis on the eird. 1587 Mascall Govt. Cattle, Sheepe (1596) 214 Ye ought for to keepe them close, till the day haue taken the gellie or netty rime, from the earth. 1611 Cotgr., Gresil,.. reeme, or the white frost that hangs on trees. 1659 A. Hay Diary (S.H.S.) 210 A frost ryme all day. 1701 Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. iii. §33 In a Hoar-Frost, that which we call a Rime, is a Multitude of Quadrangular Prismes, exactly figured, but piled without any Order, one over another. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. (1791) 47 Shake from their candied trunks the tinkling rime. 1820 Shelley Witch Atl. xliv, Moonlight splendour of intensest rime. With which frost paints the pines in winter time. 1864 C. Geikie Life in Woods vii. (1874) 133 -As to the windows, the rime on them never thought of melting. 1895 [see hoar-frost]. 1912 W. de la Mare Listeners 23 At midnight ’neath a maze of stars I ffame with glittering rime. 1921 A. E. M. Geddes Meteorol. vi. 182 Hoar frost must not be confused with rime, which is an accumulation of frozen moisture on trees, &c., and is formed only during fog. 1947 7rn/. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LI. 274/1 With a smaller rate of catch of water, at a lower temperature of the air, the water will freeze in the area of catch producing ice which has a porous structure, and a mat surface. This type is known as rime ice. 1978 Sci. Amer. Apr. 144/3 When the saturation is higher than 140 percent, the growth of crystals is so rapid that rime (an amorphous deposit of frozen droplets) grows on the crystals and destroys their optical faces. pi. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 141 The Sunne hath drawne vppe the Rimes and hoare frostes from the Feeldes. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 77 If there came any white rymes, or frosty morninges. 1766 Complete Farmer s.v. Threshing 7 K4/2 In that time the mists and rimes, especially in a hilly country, will be driven into the stack. Comb. 1875 Wonders Phys. World i. iv. 128 The firs shake their rime-loaded boughs. 1891 Kipling Barrack-Room Ballads (1892) 204 It’s North you may run to the rimeringed sun. 1898 Merriman Roden's Corner v, The dull houses were rime-covered. 1910 W. de la Mare Three Mulla-Mulgars iii. 46 The rime-laden branches of the trees,

b. transf. and fig.

1618 M. Baret Horsemanship Ded. 4 This..Art of Horsemanship.., which hath beene so long frost-bitten with the congealing ryme of antient traditions, a 1688 Narborough Voy. i. (1694) 29 The Ground and Rocks have a white Rhirne of Salt-petre hanging on them. 1839 Longf. Voices of Nt.y Prelude vi. Tales that have the rime of age.

t rime, sb.^ Obs. [OE. nm, = OS. -rtm (in unrim numberless host), OHG. rtm number, ON. rim computation.] Number; reckoning. C825 Vest. Psalter xxxviii. 5 CuC me doa..rim dse^a minra. Ibid, xxxix. 6 Semoni^faldade sind ofer rim. urrh tale & rime off fowwerrti3. frime, sb.* Obs. [ad. L. rima: see rima,] chap, chink, or cleft.

A

1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 64 The sewet of oxen .. is also good against.. the ulcers and rimes of the mouth. T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 198 Though birds have no Epiglottis, yet can they so contract the rime or chink of their Larinx [etc.]. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 378 They have a small depressure on one side like a rime. 1646 Sir

rime, obs. form of rim sb.^y sb.'^ rime (raim), v.* Forms: 4-7, 9 ryme (5 rymyn), 4, 6- rime. [ad. OF. rimery f. rime rime sb.*; cf. Prov., Sp., Pg. rimary It. rimare. The verb was also adopted in the other Teutonic languages, appearing as MDu. rimen (Du. rijmen, Fris. rime, rymje), MLG. rimen, rymen, MHG. rimen (G. reimen), Icel. rima, MSw. rima (Sw. rimma), MDa. rime, riime (Da. rime). In the 17th cent, the usual spelling became rhyme: cf. the note to rime r6.*]

1. intr. To make rimes or verses; to compose riming verse; to versify on, upon. Cf. rhyme v. i . C1290 Magdalena 5 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 148 Ich nelle eov noper rede ne rime of kyng ne of eorl. c 1374 Troylus i. 532, I shall japid ben a thousande tyme More than he of whos foly men ryme. c 1393-Scogan 35 Lo olde grisil leste to ryme & pleye! C1440 Promp. Parv. 434/1 Rymyn, rithmico. 1483 Cath. Angl. 308/2 To Ryme, rithmicare. 1508 Dunbar Flyting 23 3it mycht thay be sa bald, in thair bakbytting, To gar me ryme. 1588 Babington Prof. Exp. Lord's Pr. (1596) 236 Some be rimed on by dronken tossepots, and so was Dauid. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. IV. iii. 133 How vildely doth this Cynicke rime! 1611Cymb. v. iii. 55 Will you Rime vpon’t. And vent it for a Mock’rie? Chaucer

2. a. trans. To recount or celebrate in verse or rime; to turn into, or compose in, riming verse. c 1315 Shoreham IV. 73 her-fore pys tale rymep Hou men in senne bejj. 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace Prol. (Rolls) 63 For Mayster Wace pe Latyn alle rymes, pat Pers ouer-hippis many tymes. c 1393 Chaucer Scogan 41 Al schal passyn pat men prose or ryme. 1424 Paston Lett. I. 13 Manaces of deth and dismembryng maden and puttyn by certeyns Englische billes rymed in partye. 1448-9 Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 80 My mastyr Chauncerys.. With many prouerbys hys bokys .. rymyd naturally. 1542-3 Act 34-35 Hen. VIII, c. i If ani .. person.. play in enterludes, sing or rime, any matter contrarie to the saide doctrine. em to reste a l?rowe. 1338 Chron. (1810) 18 He tok his suerd in hand... Before pe kyng & his sons he rimthed pam pe way. ^1440 Promp. Parv. 434/2 Rymthyn, or make rymthe and space, eloco.

Ilrimu. [Native name.] A tall evergreen tree of New Zealand (Dacrydium cupressinum), also called ‘red pine*. Also rimvt^piney -tree. 1835 W. Yate Acc. New Z. ii. (ed. 2) 40 Rimu... This elegant tree comes to its greatest perfection in shaded woods. 1843 Dieffenbach Trav. New Z. I. xiv. 224 What .. can be more delicate than the graceful rimu-pine with pendent branches? 1872 Domett Ranolf vi. iii. 117 He lay couched in a rimu-tree one day. 1900 Longman's Mag. Jan. 232 Feathery rimus, scraggy topped white pines, fern trees.

rimy (’raimi), a. Forms: i hrimig, 6 rimie, 7 rymie, 6- rimy. [OE. hrimis, f. hrim rime 56.^ Cf. Fris. timichy Sw. rimmigy Icel. hrimugr.] Covered with, abounding in, rime or hoar-frost; accompanied by rime; frosty. 971 Blickl. Horn. 209 Wseron norC of Ssem stane awexene swi5e hrimije bearwas. a 1000 Gnomic Verses 6 in O.E. Chron. (1892) 1. 280 Winter byS cealdost, lencten hrimijost. 1587 Mascall Govt. Cattle Index, Rimy grasse ill for sheep. 1612PEACHAM Gentl. Exerc. i. x. (1634) 38 Trees that appear twice as bigge in a mistie or rymie morning then indeed they are. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 6 The Wood being altogether cover’d with a rimy Frost. 1787-9 WoRDSW. Evening Walk 356 Rimy without speck, extend the plains. 1824 Miss R. Mitford Village Ser. i. (1863) 12 The sky.. throwing out in bold relief the snowcovered roofs of our village, and the rimy trees that rise above them. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede Iv, Martin Poyser, looking as cheery as a bright fire on this rimy morning. 1886 J. Ashby Sterry Lazy Minstrel (1892) no The railings were rusty and rimy.

rin, sb.^ dial. ? Obs. [Cf. OE. sealtes rynia app. in the same sense.] Brine. 1787 W. Marshall Norfolk (1795) II. 386.

II rin (rin), 56.2 [Jap ] A Japanese monetary unit, equal to ^ sen; also, a coin of this value. Also collect, as pi. 1875 [see YEN*]. 1875 [see sen]. 1891 A. M. Bacon Japanese Girls ^ Women vi. 160 There is something picturesque about these sen and rin. 1931 Economist 2 May 947/1 [Japanese] savings banks followed suit.. reducing the rate [on deposits] by i rin per diem or 0 365 per cent per annum. 1962 R. A. G. Carson Coins 548 The bronze sen and 5 rin pieces of this reign had as obverse type the kiriflower crest which had appeared on the gold obans and kobans of the shogunate.

*877 Holderness Gloss., Rimple, (i) a ripple on water; (2) the sound produced by it.

rin, Sc. var. run sb. and v.

rimple ('nmp(s)l), v. rare. [f. rimple sb.y or back-formation from rimpled a. Cf. rimpling vbl. sb. and (M)Du. rimpelen.^ trans. To wrinkle, pucker; to ripple.

rinabout, Sc. var, runabout.

1755 Johnson, To Rimple, to pucker; to contract into corrugations. 1791 E. Darwin Bot. Card. I. 113 Glad Echo .. Curls her deep wells, and rimples all her lakes. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest (1820) III. 96 Xhe air [was] so still that it scarcely.. rimpled the broad expanse of the waters below.

rimpled ('rimp(3)ld), a.

dial, or U.S. Also 5 rympled, -yd, 6 rimpeled. [f. rimple 56.] Wrinkled, puckered; rippled. C1400 Rom. Rose 4495 Ther is set to kepe, foule hir bifalle! A rimpled vekke, fer ronne in age. 1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 13336, I am ryht foul for to beholde; My chekys Rympled and ryht Olde. c 1450 Merlin 90 A man that semed right olde and rympled. 1590 Barrough Meth. Physick i. XV. (1639) 22 A bath of sweet water is good for him, if the body be dry and rimpled. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. zhjz The navle..that which is rimpeled. 1759 Phil. Trans. LI. 39 The skin [was] .. rimpled in two or three places, but not broken. 1829 Burtt in J. Paterson Contemporaries of Bwrm -(1844) 175 We’ll., smile at the moon’s rimpled face in the wave. 1885 Cent. Mag. Mar. 681/2 A heavy rimpled mass of lemon-colored hair.

'rimpling, vbl. sb. [Cf. prec. and rimple v.-, also MDu. rimpelinge.] Wrinkling; rippling. a 1470 H. Parker Dives & Pauper (W. de W. 1496) 343/2 Rympiynge or reuelynge of the skynne. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 18/2 We must consider one the rimpelinge of the skinne, and one the fibres of the muscles. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 394 As gilds the moon the rimpling [later edd. rippling] of the brook.

Rimpoche, t

var. Rinpoche.

rim ram ruff(e:

see rum ram ruf. 1595 Peele Old Wives’ T. Ejb, It may be this rim ram ruffe is too rude an incounter.

rim-schoen,

var. remskoen.

rimstoc(k, -stoke:

see rimestock.

frimth, sb. Obs. rare. Forms: i rymp (?), 3 rumth, 5 rymthe. [? OE. rymp (Lye), f. rum room a. Cf. MDu. ruumte, ruymte (Du. ruimte), G. rdumte and the later roomth.] Room, space; leisure. Orrimth, in wide array. c 1205 Lay. 27492 )7a hsef pat fiht of par studen per heo ser fuhten, and bigunnen arumSe rsesen to-somne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 434 Rymthe, or space, or rowme, spacium.

II ri'natrix. Obs. rare. [An old misreading of Et natrix in Lucan ix. 720.] A water-snake. 1601 R. Chester Love's Martyr (1878) 113 Here Hues the Worme, the Gnat and Grashopper, Rinatrix, Lizard and the fruitfull Bee. Ibid. 115, 123.

rince, rinch, obs. or dial. ff. rinse sb. and v. Ilrinceau (reso). Art. Also 8 raingeau. [Fr., in the same sense.] (See quot. 1962.) 1778 R. & J. Adam Works in Archit. I. 5 We.. have added grace and beauty to the whole, by a mixture of grotesque (E) stucco, and painted ornaments, together with the flowing rain^eau (F) with its fanciful figures and winding foliage. 1917 A. D. F. Hamlin Hist. Ornament vii. 98 The rinceau.. which is a combination of the S-Iine, the spiral, the vinemotive and the acanthus leaf, was developed during the Alexandrian age into an ornament which has contributed a most important element into the splendor of Roman, medieval and modern art. 1941 Burlington Mag. July 2$/! There is an eagle at each comer with rinceaux, and above are half-compartments with garlands. 1962 R. G. Haggar Diet. Art Terms 290/2 Rinceau, an elaborate foliated spiral or scroll pattern.

rind (raind), sb.' Forms: a. 1,4- rind (4, 6 riend, 8-9 rhind), 5 rynd; (1-3) 4-7 rinde, 4-6 rynde. /S. 5-7 ryne (6 ryn), 6- rine, 7-8 rhine. [OE. rind str. fern, (and rinde wk. fern.), = MDu. rinde, rende, runde (Du. run, Flem. also rinde, renne tanbark), OS. rinda (MLG. rinde), (DHG. rinda, rinta (G. rinde), MDa. rind (crust of bread).] 1. a. The bark of a tree or plant; sometimes, inner as contrasted with outer bark. Also with a and in pi. (now rare), a. 888 K. i^LFRED Boeth. xxxiv. § 10 Jiaet treow biS utan.. bewaefed mid pxre rinde. c looo Sax. Leechd. H. 114 5if he bejet & yt rinde, sio pe cym6 of neorxna-wonge, ne dereS him nan alter, a 1225 Ancr. R. 148 Heo haueS bipiled mine figer—irend of al pe rinde. a 1250 Owl & Night. 602 [Thou eatest] wormes 3if pu mijte finde Among pe uolde of harde rinde. a 1300 Leg. Rood (1871) 24 Ouer pe welle stod a tre .. Ac it ne bar noper lef ne rynde. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) H. 303 lacob took grene yerdes.. and pyled of pe rynde in som place of pe 3erdes. 1430-40 Lydg. Bochas viii. xxv. (1558) 18 Trees may not thriue departed fro the rinde. C1440 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 13 Too fynger long let sloute away the tre, But saue vppon that other half the rynde. 1523 Skelton Garl. Laurel 21 A myghty tre.. His leuis loste, the sappe was frome the rynde. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 167 The roote is .. couered with a thinne .. barke or rinde. 1638 Brathwait Barnabees Jrnl. iv. (i8i8) 177 Osyers freshly showing With soft mossie rinde o’regrowing. 1664 Evelyn

RIND Sylva (1679) 13 Other expedients there are by twisting the part, or baring it of the Rind. 1725 Swift Wks. 1751 X. 74 Depriv’d of Root, and Branch, and Rind, Yet Flow’rs I bear of every Kind. 1789 G. White 5e/6orne i, Its smooth rind or bark, its glossy foliage. 1839 Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 87 It is a long green reed, and has a consistent pith, which, together with the rind itself, is extremely sweet. urrh patt jho ran upponn hiss c\ap. a 122$ Juliana 56 Irnene gadien, kene te keoruen al pat ha rineS to as neil cniues. a 1300 Cursor M. 19277 pe seke war born pam for to mete, pat petre scaudu on ^aim suld rine. Ibid. 21136 pat folk ilkan wald oJ>er stemm, Qua rin moght titest on his hemm. a 1400-50 Alexander 3817 Freschely pa\ drynke, Bot was na renke at to it ran at euire rase eftire.

b. To take effect, to work, on one. 01300 Cursor M. 28334 Quen idel thoght me come and vain, oft i lete I^am on me rene, To J^ai me drogh to dede o sine.

c. To touch on in discourse. 13.. Cursor M. 223 (Gott.), J>ise er pe materis.. t>at i thinck in J^is boke to schawe, Schortli renand \Cott. rimand] on pis dede.

3. To fall or belong to, to pertain to, a person or thing; to tend to something. Chiefly Sc. a 1225 Ancr. R. 320 Euerich, efter pet he is, sigge pe totagges, —mon ase limpeS to him, wummon pet hire rineS. 1490 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) IV. 62,1 will that.. that good ryne to the profet of my iiij doghters. c 1500 Kennedie Passion of Christ 643 He callis him king, )>aifor )70u suld him slaa; For pat ryndis pi lordis maistie. 1550 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 85 To mak ony offence to ony Inglisman quhilk may rynde to the violatioun of the said peax. 1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tract, in Wodrow Misc. I. 115 To do that thing Quhilk ryndit to the weill of the rest. Ibid., To do in all sortis that ryndis to thair office.

Hence f 'rining vbl. sb. Obs. C950 Lindisf. Gosp., John Contents xliii, Mi6 rining vel mi58y [he] jehran Saem sidum. a 122$ Ancr. R. 408 Mid pe rinunge of |?ine luue.

trine, v.^ Obs. Forrhs; i rinan, 3-4 rine, ryne. Pa. t. i, 2 rinde; i ran, 4 roon, rone. [OE. rinan for ’*rignan (= ON. and Icel. rigna, Goth. rignjan), f. regn rain rfi.* Properly a weak vb.; the strong conj. is no doubt most immediately due to the analogy of scinan.) 1. impers. = rain v. i. ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. v. 45 He laet rinan ofer J^a rihtwisan and ofer pa unrihtwisan. ciooo ^Elfric Gen. vii. 12 And hit rinde pa ofer eorSan feowertig daga and feowertig nihta on an. C1290 St. Michael 606 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 317 For-to pe tyme com |?at it Ryne and droppinde falle to grounde. 13.. K. Alis. 6434 (Bodl. MS.), Whan it snowej? oij^er rinej>. C1374 Chaucer Troylus iii. v. 677 Ever mo so sterneliche it ron, And blew ther-with. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 239 Holy seyntes.. telle pat it roon neuere from Adam to Noes flood. Ibid. III. 285 Ich wusted wel pat it schulde ryne.

2. intr. Of rain: To fall. 971 Blickl. Horn. 91 Rinej? blodi; rejn aet aefen, ^1205 Lay. 19745 raein him gon rine [v.r. ryne].

3. To send down, or to fall, like rain. ^825 Vesp. Psalter x. 7 Dryhten.. rineC ofer 6a synfullan giren fyres. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Luke xvii. 29 On J^am daese .. hyt rinde fyr & swefl of heofone. C1205 Lay. 3895 From heouene her com a sulcu6 flod, pre d£3es hit rinde blod. 13.. S. Eng. Leg. (MS. Bodl. 779) in Archiv neu. Spr. LXXXII. 406 He.. let rine bred & flesch fram heuen. 1340 Ayenb. 49 Code.. dede rine uer berninde and bernston stinkinde ope pe cite of sodome and of gomorre.

ring (rii)), sb.^ Forms: i bring (hringc), 3- ring, 4-7 ringe; 3-6 ryng (4 rynk, 5 ryngg-), 4-6 rynge; 4-5 reng, 5 reyng. [Comm. Teut.: OE. bring, ~ OFris. bring, rbing, ring (Fris. ring), MDu. rine, ring- (Du. ring), OS. bring (MLG. rink, ring-, LG. ring), OHG. bring (MHG. rine, ring-, G. ring), ON. bringr (Icel. bringur, Norw., Sw., Da. ring). The pre-Teut. stem *krengbo- appears in Umbrian krenkatrum ‘cingulum’, and with ablaut-variation in OSl. kragu circle.] I. 1. a. A small circlet of (real or simulated) precious metal (usually gold), and frequently set with precious stones or imitations of these, intended for wearing upon the finger either as an ornament or as a token {esp. of betrothal, marriage, or investiture), and sometimes for use as a seal. Also, occasionally, an armlet or neck¬ ring (so in OE.). Beowulf 1196 Him waBs..wunden gold estum jeeawed, earmhreade twa, hrsgl & hringas, heals-beaga msest. e mekyl mayne Ryote halely J?e cuntre.

5. t a* To force (a person) to do some action by persistence or importunity; so, to prevent (one) from doing something. Obs. 1777 Mme. D’Arblay Early Diary (1889) II. 189 Dr. Wall.. advised me, or, rather, rioted me, to get out and go and see the Salute. 1781-Diary June, This rattle.. Mrs. Thrale most kindly kept up, by way of rioting me from thinking.

S. 1472 Presentments of Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 24 [He] is a ryotter on nyghtes. 1530 Palsgr. 263/1 Ryotter a prodigall felowe, bobancier, prodigue. 1597 Bacon Coulers Good & Evill Ess. (Arb.) 149 Our Sauiour charged with neerenes of Publicanes and rioters said [etc.]. 1611 Cotgr., Sacre, a.. squanderer, extreame rioter (especially in respect of his bellie). 1822 Shelley Faust ii. 272 Old gentle¬ women, .. You ought to be with the young rioters Right in the thickest of the revelry.

2. One who takes part in a riot or rising against constituted authority, a. C1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. (1885) 125 The kynge shall.. sende his commissioners,.. and also his juges, to represse and punysh riatours and risers. 1495 Act ii Hen. VII, c. 7 Preamble, Greate penalties sette upon the seid riottours and offenders. 1503-4 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 13 Statutes.. concerning the punysshement of riottours. 1529 Rastell Pastyme (1811) 280 The kynge had pardoned all those ryottours.. for the dethe of the lorde Ryuers. 1591 Lambarde Archeion (1635) 220 Rioters, attainted of great and hainous Riots, shall be imprisoned one whole yeare. 1615 W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 13 lustice must restraine rioters. 1683 Wood Life (O.H.S.) App. VI, The rioters, .attempted to break open the prison gate. 1759 Smollett Hist. Eng. (ed. 3) X. 178 An address.. desiring that the laws might be vigorously executed against the rioters. 1792 Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) 1. vii. 193 Nine of the Dunse rioters were condemned to banishment, but the ferment continues violent. 1802 James Milit. Diet. S.V., Soldiers are not to fire on rioters until the riot act has been read. 1853 Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. iii. 138 The Emperor did not scruple to send his own troops to aid the rioters. 1887 Hunt Bristol 203 His men were pelted with brickbats, and in return shot a ringleader of the rioters.

6. a. intr. To make a disturbance; to storm. 1787 Mme. D’Arblay Diary 26 Feb., Had he surprised the two Equerries in my room,.. how would he have rioted!

b. To engage in a riot or violent disturbance. 1755 Johnson, To Riot. .4. To raise a sedition or uproar. 01832, etc. [implied in rioting vbl. sb. 2]. 1981 W. Ebersohn Divide the Night v. 71 When they [5c. blacks] rioted they did it with greater anger here [ic. in Johannesburg] than anywhere else. 1981 Yorks. Post 9 July 4/5 As thoroughly decent a group of people as you would wish to meet, they did not riot in the streets.

7. Hunting. = to run riot s.v, riot sb. 3 a. Also const, after^ on. 1954 J. I. Lloyd Beagling 143 Riot, to hunt anything other than their legitimate quarry. 1971 Country Life 7 Oct. 897/1 Hounds will riot more readily after roe deer than any other species. 1976 Horse Gf Hound 3 Dec. 38/1 A great deal of time would be spent, however, correcting the pack rioting on Scotch sheep.

rioter ('rai9t3(r)). Forms: a. 4-7 riot(t)our, 4, 6-7 ryot-, 5-6 ryott-, 5 riatour, 6 ryatour, 5-7 ryator, 7 riotor. j3. 5-6 ryotter, 6 ryoter, 6- rioter, [a. AF. riotour (see riot v. and -our), with later change of suffix.] 1. One who leads a disorderly or licentious life, or who indulges in debauchery; a dissolute person; a reveller. Obs. exc. arch. a. C1386 Chaucer Pard. T. 333 These riottoures.. Were set hem in a tavern for to drynke. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 4 3if per be in bretherhede eny riotour, oJ>er contekour. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 118 Seeknesse, y meene, riotoures whippe. a 1513 Fabyan Chron. vii. (1811) 577 This man.. appiyed hym vnto all vyce and insolency, and drewe vnto hym all ryottours & wylde dysposed persones. 1526 Tindale 2 Tim. iii. 3 The men shalbe.. ryatours, fearce, despisers of them which are good. C1550 R. Bieston Bayte Fortune Bj, Riotours and rybaldes that haue no dread of shame. 16^ Hieron Wks. I. 234 It cutteth the ryotour and voluptuous liuer, that his course should.. bee so egerly reprooued. 1607 Shaks. Timon in. v. 68 He’s a sworne Riotor, he has a sinne That often drownes him.

1340 Ayenb. 170 He ouercomj? pane vi3t, pet is wel li3t to ouercome to pe bolde herte, and lang and riotouse [F. ryhoteuse] to pe sleauuolle.

2. Of persons: Given to wantonness, revelry, or dissolute life; prodigal, extravagant. Now rare. c 1386 Chaucer Melib. § 15 It were better dwelle in desert pan with a womman that Is riotous. C1420 Hoccleve Min. Poems 228 The conpaignie of wommen riotous Thow flee. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 54 There be other that haue free hert, true and iuste, and be not riotous. 1503 Hawes Examp. Virt. v. Ixxii, Ryotous company do thou not haunt. 1581 M arbeck Bk. of Notes 970 As thou maist see by the similitude of the riotous son. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) IV. ix. 390 Drunkards and riotus persons they [Persians] hate. 1634 Milton Comus 763 As if she would her children should be riotous With her abundance. 1648 Hexham ii, Een Smetser, a Riotous man, or a Glutton. 1847 Lytton Lucretia (1853) 123, I own..that they are riotous fellows, but some of them are clever.

t b. Fond of commotion or fighting. Obs. rare. ? 01400 Morte Arth. 365, I salle.. ryfe it in sondyre, Bot he be redily reschowede with riotous knyghtez. Ibid. 432, [I shall] Ryde alle thas rowme landes wyth ryotous knyghttes.

fc. transf.

Luxuriant; exuberant.

Obs.

1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. xiii. §3 Shall wee esteeme them as riotous Branches wherewith we sometimes behold most pleasant Vines ouergrowne? 1605 F. Mason Auth. Church (1607) 41 Those things which seemed most superfluous, she lopped awaie like riotous branches.

rioterie, obs. variant of riotry.

3. Of life, conduct, etc.: Wanton, dissolute, extravagant; marked by excessive revelry.

friotibly, Obs.^' In 6 ryatybly. [Irreg. f. RIOT sb.] Riotously.

1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 38 Nat be his owne folye ne ryotous lyuyng. 1542 Udall in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 5 Of a veray riottous and dissolute sorte of livynge in his youth. 1544 Suppl. Hen. VIII (E.E.T.S.) 53 Yf suche ryotuouse expenses had ben auoyded. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vii. 40 Ane declamatioun against diligat and superfluous cheir in ryatous bankatis. 1618 Bolton Florus i. xviii. (1636) 59 Fabricius.. condemned it for riotous in Rufinus,.. because he had silver plate in all to a ten pound weight. 1755 W. Duncan Cicero's Sel. Orat. ix. (1816) 223 Dancing is always the last act of riotous banquets. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 42 The detestable welcome bowls,.. with many other riotous customs, are daily disappearing in Germany. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 473 The dissolute and riotous conduct of a large proportion of its inhabitants or visitors. 1888 Fergus Hume Mme. Midas i. i, He spent all her wealth in riotous living.

1509 in Leadam Sel. Cases Crt. Requests (Selden Soc.) 12 Elyot.. ryatybly came with xl personys & brake vp the dorys off your sayd oratour.

'rioting, vbl. sb. [f. riot v.] 1. fDissoluteness of life, debauchery (obs.); revelry. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. I. 11 In the meane season he and his companions spent their time in robbing and rioting. 1611 Bible Rom. xiii. 13 Let vs walke honestly as in the day, not in rioting and drunkennesse. 1627 Sanderson Serm. (1632) 555 Gaming, and reuelling, and ryoting, and roaring. 1820 Keats Lamia i. 214 And sometimes into cities she would send Her dream, with feast and rioting to blend. 1861 Geo. Eliot Silas M. 25 A life in which the days would not seem too long, even without rioting. 1891 Kipling Light that Failed (1900) 230 There was no more rioting in the chambers. fig. 1801 WoRDSW. Cuckoo Night, xx, I heard the lusty Nightingale so sing. That her clear voice made a loud rioting.

2. The action or fact of taking part in or raising a riot, tumult, or disturbance of the peace, 01832 Mackintosh Hist. Revol. Wks. 1846 II. no The lawyers.. prosecuted the offenders, merely for rioting in violation of certain ancient statutes, some of which rendered that offence capital. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxii. IV. 728 There was.. no such discontent, no such rioting, as he had described. 1886 Weir Hist. Basis Mod. Europe (1889) 590 Industrial crises.. [are] the results of laws, which are not to be withstood by impatient rioting.

b. Of rioters: To attack (persons or property). 1886 Referee 21 Feb. 7/3 The West-End tradespeople who were ‘rioted’. 1900 Daily News 4 Sept. 7/5 S.K.T. Station has been rioted and completely destroyed.

6-7 riotus. See also royetous a. [a. OF. riotous, rioteus, f. riot(e riot si.] 11. Troublesome, difficult. Obs.-'

'rioting, ppl. a. [f. riot zj.] Acting in a riotous manner. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid v. 137 Through rioting pulses run Throbbing fear and desire. 1891 Daily News 6 Mar. 3/1 The police.. were pelted with iron rivets by a rioting mob.

So 'riotingly adv. 1824 Landor Imag. Conv., Southey ^ Porson, Whortle¬ berries .. extending the hard slenderness of their fibres, at random and riotingly, over their native wastes.

t 'riotise. Obs. Also 6-7 -ize, 7 -yze. [f. riot sb. + -ISE^.] Riotous life or conduct. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. iv. 20 His life he led in lawlesse riotise; By which he grew to grievous malady. 1598 F. Rous Thule D 3 b, Little did he thinke that fayrest mayd. Was prisoner in this cell of riotise. 1603 H. Crosse Vertues Commw. (1878) 135 He that giues his minde to sloth to riotize and ease. 1637 Heywood Pleas. Dial. xiv. Wks. 1874 VI. 231 These., grew to such a profuse riotise, intemperance and wantonnes.

'riotist. rare. [f. riot sb. + -IST.] One who advocates or practises rioting for the redress of grievances, etc.; a rioter. 1831 Lincoln Herald 13 May, That intolerable Italian has done more to break the peace of this country than all the radicals and riotists in the last quarter of a century. 1832 Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXJCII. 708 A government., acting in calm contempt, .of hot-headed riotists.

t'riotly,

adv.

Obs.

rare-^.

[f.

riot

a.]

Riotously. 1786 Pennsylv. Mag. Hist. & Biog. (1894) XVIII. 58 Large parties collect and riotly go to taverns where they sup and return at all hours of the night.

t'riotness. rare-K [f. riot a.] = riot sb. i. ri6oo Ungracious Son iii. in Evans O.B. (1784) III. 276 Through excessive riotness.. he was three times more in debt, Than all his wealth was worth.'

riotous ('raratas), a.

Forms; 4-6 ryotous (6 -uouse), 5 ryottouse, ryoteux, ryoutis; 6 Sc. ryatous(e, -us, riattous; 4- riotous (4-5, 7 -ouse), I

K

b. Noisy, tumultuous, unrestrained. 1508 Dunbar Tua mariit Wemen 193 He ralis, and makis repet with ryatus wordis. Ibid. 481 Sum raiffis furght rudly with riatus speche. 1781 Cowper Conversat. 261 They dare not wait the riotous abuse,.. When wine has giv’n indecent language birth, 1873 ‘Ouida’ Pascarel I. 137 Down in the courtyard the children played with their spoils in riotous glee.

4. Characterized or marked by rioting or disturbance of the peace; taking part in or inciting to a riot or tumult; turbulent. 1439 Rolls of Park. V. 17/2 To have yis open and ryoteux wrong and oppressioun remedied. 1464 Cov. Leet-bk. 331 To tyme that he haue.. receyued sich punicion for his Riottous demeanyng as shal-be accordyng with oure lawes. 1491 Act y Hen. VII, c. 15 Certeyn persones of evyll, riotous and sedicious disposicions. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. VII, 34 b, Assone as the comminge of the Mayre was intymate., to the ryotous persones, they fledde. 15^ Grafton Chron. II. 141 The Commons of the Citie were farre out of rule by the insensyng of ryotous persons. 1621 Sir R. Boyle in Lismore Papers Ser. i. (1886) II. 38 The.. Sirieant at armes cam with warrant for her and the Rest of her Riotouse servants. 1649 Milton Eikon. 22 Such a riotous act; to wit when hee came to dragg the five Members out of the House. 1714 Act I Geo. I, St. 2, c. 5 {title). An Act for preventing Tumults and riotous Assemblies. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 672/1 The Act for apprehending those guilty of the riotous Murder of Capt. Porteous. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors X. 158 A resolution to violate the law by refusing the payment of taxes was illegal and riotous. 1887 Hunt Bristol 200 Riotous proceedings ensued in London.. and other places. transf. 1778 W, Marshall Minutes Agric. 6 Feb. 1775, Rung the riotous ox. 1814 Scott Diary 25 Aug. in Lockhart, Advancing up this huddling and riotous brook.

fb. in riototts voise^ riotously. Obs. 1433 Rolls of Park. IV. 458/1 Wheras the Commons .. in grete noumbre, in riotouse wise, pulled, brak, and hakked doun a pale of the said Abbey. 1443-50 in Baildon Sel. Cases Chanc. (Selden Soc.) 134 There came John Wayte.. and.. other persones.., and in full ryoutis wyse.. entred the house of youre seid besecher.

riotously ('raiatssli), adv. Also s riot(t)es-, 6 ryo(u)tous-, ryatous-, riottous-, riat(to)us-, rietously. [f. prec. -i- -ly^.] 1. a. In a wanton or unrestrained manner. 0145® tCnt, de la Tour (1868) 21, Y see ye wylle speke riotesly and oute of the waye. 1840 Hawthorne Biog. Sk. (1879) 190 A huzxa from the fleet comes riotously to the shore. 1873 ‘Ouida’ Pascarel I. 143 The Italian crowds, though often riotously mirthful, are never rough or rude. 1881 Cable Mme. Delphine viii. In its old walks.. crab-grass had spread riotously.

b. With revelry or debauchery; in a prodigal or spendthrift manner; extravagantly. 1540 Hyrde tr. Fives’ Instr. Chr. Worn. i. viii. 20 Weshuld ynderstand howe great shame it is to waste it away riottously, and to leade the lyfe delycately and deliciously. 1561 tr. Calvin's Four Serm. iii. I vij b. Other do liue most rietously in meate and drinke and al kinde of pleasures. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia iii. 59 The silly President, that had riotously consumed the store. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power

RIOTOUSNESS Pari. App. 30 Great taxes and summes of money.. spent vainly and riotously.

tc. Most amply or profusely. Obs.-^ 1601 R, Johnson Kingd. & Commie. (1603) 176 Cambaia and Bengala.. both riotously abounding in sugar, cotten, wool, cattell, elephants and horses.

2. In a turbulent or unruly manner. 1484 Cov. Leet-bk. (E.E.X.S.), The Bakers of the seid Citie in grett nombre riottesly disposed assembled theym. 1511 Nottingham Rec. III. 338 For riotously brekyng oflf owre comon pastur hegges. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 15 Suche as riotously would make suche assemble against our soueraigne Lord. 1714 Act i Geo. /, c. 5 §i If any Persons to the Number of twelve or more being unlawfully, riotously, and tumultuously assembled together [etc.]. 1751 Affect. Narr. H.M.S. Wager 131 He had Orders to.. re¬ instate the Officers whom they had riotously depos’d. 1886 Act 49-50 Viet. c. 38 Preamble, Property is damaged by persons riotously and tumultuously assembled together.

RIP

969

rip, 56.® dial. Also 7 ripp. [Of obscure origin. In some western counties the form is ripe.^ A strickle for a scythe. Also rip-stick. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 332/2 The Ripp is that as Mower whetteth his Sythe withal, of some called Strickles. 1866-89 in Lincolnshire glossaries. 1892 P. Emerson Son of Fens 248,1 jist want to do a little more to point, and my old rip will do.

the the H. my

rip, sb."^ Also 8 ripp. [f. rip v.^ Cf. Flem. rip in sense i.] 1. A rent made by ripping; a laceration, tear. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 13 JP3 It is said, indeed, that he once gave him a Ripp in his flesh-colour Doublet. 1869 Sir E. Reed Shipbuild. xviii. 384 The sheared edges to be free from rip, the surface free from flaws and blisters. 1885 Field 3 Oct. 499/2 The curlew being quite dead, with a great rip down its back.

2. ellipt. A rip-saw. In comb, half-rip. riotousness (’raiatasnis). Also 6 riotousnes (6-7 -nesse); 6 ryot(o)usnes (7 -ness), Sc. ryattousnes. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The state or condition of being riotous. 1542 Udall in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 5 He was in his youth a famous example of all riotousnes. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. V. Ixxii. § 18 To plant parsimonie as Nature, where Riotousnesse hath beene studie. 1606 j. Davies (Heref.) Bien Venu xxxvii, Who Bountie loues, yet hateth Riotousnesse. 1639 N. N. tr. Du Bosq's Compl. Woman u. 35 Their riotousnesse breeds in families so much pov'erty and jealousies. 1707 J. Stevens tr. Quet>edo's Com. Wks. (1709) 502 Riotousness and Luxury. 1837 Hallam Hist. Lit. I. viii. §49 The riotousness of his animal spirits. 1882 Miss Braddon Mt. Royal III. vi. 117 The dinner was cheerful to riotousness.

riotry ('raiatri). Also 4 ryotrye, rioterie. [f. riot V. + -RY. Formed afresh in i8th cent.] Rioting, riotous conduct, riotousness; also, riotous persons (quot. 1780). f 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 2406 My fader in elde dotes To halde swylk a squierye, & gret costage in ryotrye. 1338 - Chron. (1810) 220 per rioterie ^am schent. Suilk ribaudie pei led [etc.]. Ibid. 338 3it gos kyng Robyn forth in his rioterie, Ne com not jit his fyn to ende of his folie. 1780 H. Walpole Let. to Ret'. Mr. Cole 15 June, I hope your electioneering riotry has not, nor will mix in these tumults. 1826 Southey Vind. Eccl. Angl. 391 The danger was wholly from the furious riotry and drunkeness of the crew. 1834 Sir H. Taylor Artevelde i. i. iii, They at will Enter’d our houses, lived upon our means In riotry.

rioty (‘raiati), a. nonce-wd. [f. riot sh. + -yL] Riotous; noisy, rackety. 1819 Keats Let. 20 Sept. (1958) II. 206 Bless the child, how rioty she is!

rip, sb.^ dial. Also 4 rippe, 4, 6-7 ripp. [a. ON. and Icel. hrip (Norw. rip). The currency of the word in south-eastern counties is remarkable.] 1. A wicker basket or pannier, esp. one used for carrying fish. C1300 Havelok 893 He.. Astirte til him with his rippe, And bigan pe fish to kippe. 1377-8 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 35 In iiij®’’ paribus de payngniers novis pro piscator. viij^o sportis novis et xij ripps. 1600 in W. F. Shaw Mem. Eastry (1870) 226 One cheese presse,.. two payer of Ripps, five payells. 1613 Dennis Secrets Angling i. xxvii, Yet must you haue a little Rip beside, Of Willow twigs. 1619 in Archeeol. Cant. XXV. 6 Going barelegged to catch fish with ripps at his back. 1808 Jamieson, Rip, a basket made of willows, or of willows and straw, for holding eggs, spoons, &c. Ang. 1887 Parish & Shaw Kentish Gloss., Rip, a pannier or basket, used in pairs and slung on each side of a horse for carrying loads, such as fish, salt, sand, &c. Comb. 1380 in Archsol. Cant. (1880) XIII. 206 [The shares of herrings .. after deducting the] riphere, barelhere, axhere [etc.]. 1668 Canterbury Marriage Licences (MS.), Daniel Longly de Westwell, rippmaker. 1880 E. B. Walker in Archsol. Cant. XIII. 206 The cess upon the Ripiers (or as they would now be termed ‘’long-shore-men’), who to this day call a basket which they carry slung over their backs a ‘Rip’ basket.

b. (See quot.) 1847 Halliw., Rip, an oval flat piece of wicker-work on which the lines are coiled. Hartlepool.

2. A hen or pheasant coop. Also hen~rip. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 479/1 The hen..is frequently confined to a coop, called in Surrey a rip, for some weeks. C1858ELIZ. Watts Pou/fry Yard 130 The hen should be put under a rip or coop, solid all round except two bars in front. 1884 West Sussex Gaz. 25 Sept., Four hen rips, two fatting coops.

rip, sb."^ Sc. Also 8 ripp. [Perh. f. rip v.'^ The vowel is against connexion with reap sb.^] A handful of unthreshed grain or of hay; also spec. the last handful of grain remaining to be cut in a harvest-field. a 1670 Spalding Troub. Chas. /(1850) II. 239 Ilk ane had in his cap or bonnet a rip of oats, whilk was his sign. 1783 Burns Dying Words Poor Mailie 34 An’ tent them duely.. Wi’ taets o’ hay an’ ripps o’ corn. 1786- To Auld Mare i, Hae, there’s a ripp to thy auld baggie. 1809 W. Muir in Modern Sc. Poets (1881) II. 50 Wi’ sweet rips o’ hay I will treat a’my wethers. 18.. in Whistle-Binkie Str. 11.(1853)80 Aye lay in your corn first,.. do like the Kilbarchan calves, drink wi’ a rip i’ your mouth. 1882 Jas. WALKERyauni Auld Reekie 12 She taks her heuk and clears an open space Around the rip.

1846-75 [see RiP-SAw].

3. dial, or colloq. A rapid rush; a quick run; esp. {U.S.) in Music: see later quots. transf., a burst (of laughter).

Also

1855 Knickerbocker XLV. 129 List to the rip and the roar of the song. 1866- in Eng. Dial. Diet. 1867 ‘T. Lackland’ Homespun il. 271 Sometimes he could not help giving a rip of laughter that drew the eyes of the whole school round to him in an instant. 1933 Metronome Mar. 34 The rip is produced by short and quick glissando up to the tone, attacked sforzando and cut off quickly. 1961 A. Berkman Singers' Gloss. Show Business 75 Rip, an effect in which the entire band plays a fast glissando up to a heavily accented note to emphasize or punctuate a violent action or thought.

4. U.S. Police slang, (see quots.) 1939 Fortune July 101/3 An inspector’s lieutenant.. found the patrolman lounging with his gloves off, smoking a cigarette. Probable penalty: one day’s ‘rip’ (fine of a day’s pay). 1958 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 Mar. 88/3 Rip—A fine imposed for infraction of police regulations: e.g., ‘I got a five-day rip’ (fined five days’ pay).

5. attrib. rip cord, (a) Aeronaut. = ripping cord\ (b) Aeronaut., a cord which holds a parachute pack closed and which, when pulled, opens the pack and allows the parachute to unfold and inflate; {c)fig.-, rip line, panel, valve Aeronaut. = ripping line, panel, valve s.v. RIPPING vbl. sb. 2h. 1909 V. Locgheed Vehicles of Air io8 Practically a valve is the ‘rip cord’, by means of which a seam running along the side of a balloon can be laid open. 1911 Sci. Amer. 25 Mar. 300/1 In case of accident the aviator, by pulling a rip cord, can open the parachute. 1925 [seepilot chute s.v. pilot 8]. 1946 W. F. Burbidge From Balloon to Bomber In 1908, an American parachutist, invented a ‘free parachute’... The parachute was packed into a container worn on the airman’s chest and released by a whale-bone spring operated by a rip¬ cord. 1969 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 7 Feb. 36/1 ‘Then you’d better put on a parachute if you’re afraid,’ Beachel said. ‘How does the chute work?’ Till asked. ‘Where is the ripcord?’ 1974 [see ripping line s.v. ripping vbl. sb. 2 b]. 1975 ‘D. Jordan’ Black Account i. xix. 100 He was big.. and wide but ripcord lean. 1981 W. Winward Ball Bearing Run ix. 111 It would be necessary to fall clear of the bomber stream before pulling the rip-cord. 1963 A. Smith Throw out Two Hands viii. 95 Above it [^c. the basket of a balloon]. .were the valve line (for gentle release of gas) and the rip line (for a total release of gas). 1933 Sun (Baltimore) 22 Nov. 2/7 Rather than take a chance on crossing the bay with his diminishing gas, he pulled the rip panel and down they came. 1963 A. Smith Throw out Two Hands v. 63 You lose the rope. Then you pull it again, and this time you can feel it jerking open the rip panel. 1978 A. Welch Bk. of Airsports V. 81/1 For this purpose a rip panel is built into the balloon near the top and is kept closed with either a parachute rip or Velcro, igoy Jrnl. Soc. Arts 19 Apr. 602/2 By means of the rip valve they were able to come down pleasantly and easily.

rip, sb.^ [? Related to rip v.^] 1. a. A disturbed state of the sea, resembling breakers; an overfall. (See also tide-rip.) 1775 Romans Florida App. 88 You will see a rip appear like breakers; but in the rip is 18 or 20 fathom, and the moment a ship gets into this rip, she jumps out of soundings. 1857 R. Tomes Amer. in Japan xvi. 370 We passed thro’ a very heavy over-fall or rip; so much so that the executive officer and others at first supposed that there were breakers. 1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 71 We. .passed through a nasty tidal rip, caused by the outflow of the large basin meeting the ocean wind, waves, and currents.

b. ellipt. = rip current. K^^Tjrnl. Geol. XLIX. 338 The term ‘rip’ might also be used as an abbreviation, which removes the unfortunate tidal connotation of the popular term ‘rip tide’. 1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 950/2 The width of the central ‘trunk’ of the rip can be quite narrow, perhaps only a few tens of feet, but the effect of the current can sometimes be detected up to a mile or more from the shore. 1968 W. Warwick Surfriding in N.Z. 20/2 Remember to dive beneath broken waves and do not swim against rips, they will only take you a short distance out to sea before fading out. 1977 J/eraW (Melbourne) 17 Jan. 6/9 He was helping to rescue four people caught in a rip when the accident happened.

2. A stretch of broken water in a river. (Cf. RIFFLE sb. 4 and ripple sb.'^ i.) Chiefly U.S. 01828 in B. James (1896) ii. 195 We passed several very dangerous places, which they there [on the Kennebec R.] termed ‘rips’, which was [iic] a confused number of rocks and large stones in the direct way we were obliged to pass, and which generally had a fall of some few feet. 1839 E. Holmes Explor. Aroostook River 7 The existing obstacles which present themselves to the present navigation of this river, are, the ‘rips’, which are occasioned principally by loose boulders of rock. 1857 Thoreau Maine W. ii. (1867) 112 After passing through some long rips, and by a large island. 1861-Lett. (1865) 203 Though the current was

swift, I did not see a ‘rip’ on it and only three or four rocks. 1888 J. Inglis Tent Life in Tigerland 262 They had been in a terrible fright lest we should be caught and overturned in the ugly ‘rip’ or rapid. 1941 B. A. Williams Strange Woman III. i. 128 After that we’d skin ’em [^c. scurry ducks] out and tie a string to ’em and let ’em hang in rips of the quickest water we could find. 1977 New Yorker 9 May 106/3 A couple of tributaries came into the river,.. and they deepened the pools and improved the rips.

3. Special Comb.: rip current, an inter¬ mittent, strong, narrow current on or near the surface of the sea, flowing directly out from the shore and acting to remove water which has been brought to the shore by waves and wind; rip tide, (a) = rip current', {b) — sense i; (c) fig. 1936 F. P. Shepard in Science 21 Aug. 181/2 The name ‘rip tide’ is certainly not appropriate, since the current described has nothing to do with the tide... The name ‘rip current’ is suggested, since it is close to the other name and describes the way in which the current rips through the oncoming breakers. 1941 Jrnl. Geol. XLIX. 339 The chief seaward return of water moved in by the waves seems to be in the form of rip currents. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. v. 358 The usual pattern.. is the development of longshore currents which return to the free water at particular points.. as rip currents. 1973 Daily Tel. 15 Aug. 6/3 He believed a rip current may have been responsible for carrying the 20 bathers out to sea. 1862 Hopkins Hawaii 15 The bay was full of rip-tides, and the water boiled as in a kettle. 1931 Dai7y Frogrm (Charlottesville, Va.) 26 Aug. 1/2 Surf bathing as a means of avoiding the heat was made unattractive to many because of the possibility of the recurrence of dangerous ‘rip tides’. 1936 [see rip current], a 1963 S. Plath Ariel (1965) 45 Your stooges.. Hiding the rip tide to the nearest point of departure. 1970 I. Petite Meander to Alaska i. v. 47 Riptides, eddies,.. complicate a cruiser’s traffic patterns. 1973 Sunday Bull. (Philadelphia) 14 Oct. (Parade Suppl.) 14/4 Probably the toughest rescue I had was a Mexican family unfamiliar with the riptides. They wandered out about 400 yards into the surf, then started yelling. 1976 New Yorker 22 Mar. 106/2 Their echoings of Futurism and Expressionism—for example, the riptides of black diagonals in Dove’s ‘Field of Grain Seen from Train’. 1977 Time 28 Mar. 45/3 In Colombia, surging coffee revenues have been accompanied by a riptide of 26% inflation. 1978 J. A. Knauss Introd. Physical. Oceanogr. x. 219 Rip tides can be dangerous to the unwary swimmer.

rip, sb.^ [Perh. a later form of rep^. If this is an abbreviation of reprobate, the appearance of sense i earlier than sense 2 is prob. accidental.] 1. An inferior, worthless, or worn-out horse. 1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 23 July an. 1775, I have given him the rips, instead of the best team, and he is all submission. 1798 in Spirit Publ. Jrnls. (1799) II. 296 A raw-boned Scotch rip, whose pedigree we cannot answer for, occupies another capital stall. 1813 Sporting Mag. XLI. loi Meeting Mr. Lee in his gig, driving this rip of a horse (as he termed it). 1825 Vise. Stratford in Lane-Poole Life (1888) I. 382 If the carriage be smart the horses are rips. i860 Whyte Melville Mkt. Harb. ix. (1861) 69 Your sort are rather of the weedy order,.. those thorough-bred rips never have courage to face large fences. 1883 Trans. Amer. Philol. Soc. 52 Rip, ‘a lean horse,’ not uncommon in South, though a low word.

2. a. A worthless, dissolute fellow; a rake. In colloq. or dial, use sometimes in milder sense as a term of reproof. 1797 D. Simpson Plea Relig. (1808) 148 This rip of a son shall be trained to the church. 1824 Blackw. Mag. XV. 220 Every variety of the rip is familiar to his fancy, and to his pencil. 1843 Le Fevre Life Trav. Phys. I. i. vii. 155 Rips of parsons, incarcerated six days in the week. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxii, I doubt whether he wouldn’t think me too much of a rip to be intimate with. 1892 W. E. Norris His Grace II. i. The late Lord Charles Gascoigne had been an old rip,.. he might have done something disgraceful. 1918 Galsworthy Five Tales 77 My grandfather lived to be a hundred; my father ninety-six—both of them rips. 1935 S. Desmond Afr. Log li. 264 A humble repentant sinner—once perhaps ‘a bit of a rip’—but very appealing. 1951 Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 656/2 Would you believe it, the old rip had a flutter in Norland Deeps himself?

b. Applied to a woman. Somewhat rare. 1791 Burns Let. to P. Hill 17 Jan., The chariot wheels of the coroneted rip, hurp^ing on to the guilty assignation. 1825 Jennings Obs. Dial. W. Eng. 64 Rip, a vulgar, old, unchaste woman. 1893 G. B. Shaw Let. 4 Sept. (1965) I. 404 The mother a most deplorable old rip. 1900 G. Swift Somerley 88, ‘I don’t believe I thought there was such a thing as a lady rake.’.. ‘Yes, bit of a rip, wasn’t she?’ 1910 P. W. Joyce English as we speak it in Ireland xiii. 313 Rip, a coarse ill-conditioned woman with a bad tongue.

3. A person or thing of little or no value. 1815 Zeluca III. 145 Ah you don’t recollect Mrs. Cibber — Mrs. Siddons was a rip to her—about what Kean is to Garrick, ma’am ! 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., Rip, any person or thing completely worn out and worthless. 1867 Brierley Marlocks, etc. 98 An owd rip of a hommer [ = hammer] like this.

rip, obs. or dial, form of reap sb.^ and v.^ rip, obs. form of ripe sb.', a., and v.' trip, V.' Obs. rare. [A var. of ripe v.‘‘, with shortening of vowel which prob. originated in the past tense *rtpte for OE. rypte.'\ trans. To rob. CI200 Ormin 10204 Jjatt topp.. J>att holepp o pe ia3hefollc, & rippepp hemm & raefepp. Ibid. 10238 patt tejy ne sholldenn nohht te folic purrh grediBnesse rippenn.

rip (rip), v.^ Also 6-7 rippe, 6 ryp(pe. [Of somewhat obscure origin and history; it is not quite certain that all the senses really belong to the same word. Corresponding forms in the

RIP cognate languages are Fris. rippe to rip, tear, Flem. rippen to rip, strip off roughly; it is not clear whether these are distinct from MDu. and LG. rippen, var. of reppen to move, pull (up), etc., which appear to be the source of NFris. and older Da. rippe, MSw., Norw., and Faer. rippa, in the same senses. MLG. reppen (up) is also used of reviving or raking up a matter, and this sense is represented by Da. rippe (op), oprippe (recorded from 1570), Icel. rippa upp (in 17th c. copies of an old text), MSw. reppa (up)-, whether LG. or Da. had any influence on English in this point is not apparent.] 1. 1. a. trans. To cut, pull, or tear (anything) away from something else in a vigorous manner. Const, with advs. off, out, -[forth, or preps, from, out of. c 1477 Caxton Jason 115 b, Wherfore for to know what it was, he distached and ripte it of. 1555 J. Proctor Hist. Wyat’s Rebellion 31b, For haste to rippe their bootes from theyr legges. 1605 Shaks. Macb. v. viii. 16 Macduffe was from his Mothers womb Vntimely ript. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God x. xi. 377 From earths gutts will I rip forth to vew, The feasts. 1650 Earl Monm. tr. Senault’s Man bee. Guilty 285 If gold were already ript out of the bowels of the earth. 1677 Moxon Mech. Exer. No. 3. 51 You may tack down two small thin boards on either side the Using File, to keep it steddy, and rip them off again when you have done. 1727 Gay Begg. Op. i. iv, Rip out the coronets and marks of these dozen of cambric handkerchiefs. 1748 Anson's Voy. III. ii. 316 The Carpenters.. ripped of the old sheathing that was left, ai’j’j’j Fawkes Rape of Helen (R.), Jove’s teeming head the monstrous birth contains, And the barb’d iron ripp’d thee from his brains. i86i Once a Week lo \\ig. 180/1 The joy of ripping out the middle stump of a good batter surpasses even that of wiping a man’s eye at an overhead cock-pheasant. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Hallib. Troub. iii, vii, He ripped the lining out, and left the cloak in the state it is. 1884 Manch. Exam. 28 Nov. 5/1 He also declared that he incited no one to rip off Gladstone badges at the meeting. 1977 P. Hill Fanatics 33 They’ve ripped out the phone.

b. slang. To steal. 1904 ‘No. \ $00' Life in Sing Sing 252/1 Ripy to steal with impunity. 1970 Time 22 June 52/3 For extra, unanticipated personal needs, he ‘rips ofF—or steals... Some of those who take jobs in department stores or markets steal what they can... Some who work in restaurants or drugstores let their friends in to eat or rip what they need. 1976 Telegraph (Brisbane) 20 Apr. 1/3 They believe some have ripped millions of dollars from Medibank since it began. 1977 Guardian 23 June 3/4 (Advt.), While the fluff saps the mark, the dip rips the wad.

c. Baseball, manner.

RIP

970

To score (a hit) in a vigorous

1970 Washington Post 30 Sept. D2/5 Renko ripped his runscoring hit in the second. 1974 Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 19 Apr. 5B/4 Designated-hitter Duke Sims., ripped a run-scoring double over first base.

d. Of a competitor overwhelmingly. U. S.

or

team:

to

viz... ripping both buildings in y« old Court.,; ripping all the new building. 1828 Hutton's Course Math. II, 96 What will the new ripping a house cost.. at 155. per square? 1850 in Shaw Mem. Eastry (1870) 206 Ordered the north and south side of the chancel roofs to be ripped and relaid. 1876-87 in Surrey and Kent glossaries.

d. To take out or cut away by quarrying, etc.; to divest or clear of surface-soil. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 69 Ripping 240 hogsheads [of limestone]. 1852 Wiggins Embanking 88 That operation requiring great care in ‘ripping’ one side of the bank at a time. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-Mining 204 Ripy to cut or blast down the roof or top. 1904 Daily News 22 Oct. 12 As the men were engaged in ‘ripping top’ they came across what is believed to be the fossilised remains of a large fish.

e. To open or release, or to deflate, by the use of a rip cord. Also absol. 1902 J. Alexander Conquest of Air iii. 54 There was an arrangement for ripping the cover when ready to descend. Ibid. 55 They immediately ripped the balloon and commenced their descent. 1907 G. Bacon Record of Aeronaut xiv. 263 Mr. Spencer was in favour of ripping open the valve. 1920 G. C. Bailey Compl. Airman xxxi. 242 The ripping panel is a specially sewn section of the fabric, a cord lead to which enables the balloonist to rip it at will. 1963 A. Smith Throw out Two Hands xxi. 219, I..remember fumbling for the rip-panel cord.,. Had I ripped?

3. a. To slash up with a sharp instrument; to tear or open up with violence. Also fig. 1575 Turberv. Trag. Tales (1837) 131 [He] drewe out a shoulder knife, And ript me up the brest Of him that murdred lay. 1595 Shaks. John v. ii. 152 You bloudy Nero’s, ripping vp the wombe Of your deere MotherEngland. a 1626 Middleton Mayor of Queenb. iii. iii, I will rip up the linings. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. i, 46 Julian.. caused the bellies of Women and Virgins to be ript up. 1688 Molloy Dejure Marit. ii. i. §6. 204 If a Ship be ript up in parts, and taken asunder in parts. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 214 He.. ripp’d up his Wastcoat to feel if he was not wounded. 1836 Marryat Midsh. Easy vii, You send for your dog, who is ripped up by the bull. 1897 Rhoscomyl White Rose Arno 301 lolyn.. had ripped up one [man] in the cave mouth as he rose. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 14 Aug, 12/1 What rips you up is the craziness... I felt like, well, since I loved them both, they should love each other. 'They don’t. reft. 1870 ‘W. M, Cooper’ Hist, of the Rod xxiv. 233 The doomed gentleman, bidding his friends farewell, quietly rips himself up.

b. To open up (wounds or sores) again in a harsh manner. In fig. use, passing into 4 b. 1565 T. Stapleton Fortr. Faith 150 Let vs.. rippe vp the deadly woundes of our greuous iniquites. 1641 Ld. Brooke On Episcopacy 96, I profess I take no pleasure in ripping up their foule loathsome sores. 1679 J. Goodman Penit. Pard. III. vi. (1713) 393 He will not rake in men’s wounds, nor rip up old sores. 1830 Galt Lawrie T. iv. ix, It’s little my part to rip up old sores.

c. To form by tearing up something.

defeat

1885 Manch. Exam, zi July 5/3 The tornado wrought terrible damage, ripping up pathways through the forests.

1974 State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 3 Mar. i-d/6 South Carolina.. ripped the Cougars, 104-86, behind a sparkling 37-point performance by Alex English. 1976 Springfield (Mass.) Daily News 22 Apr. 40/4 Three runaways featured action in the Bi-County League. St. Mary’s romped over Westfield Voke, 16-3; Gateway ripped Belchertown, 12-1; Smith School blitzed Holyoke Trade, 12-0. 1978 Detroit Free Press 2 Apr. 5E/11 {heading) Borg rips Smith, gains WCT finals.

d. Cricket. Of a ball: to hit (a stump or stumps) on delivery at speed, so as to knock it (or them) back or out of the ground. Also with bowler as subj.

2. a. To cut or tear apart in a rough or slashing fashion. Also with compl. as asunder^ open^ through. 1530 Palsgr. 691/2, I ryppe a seame that is sowed, je decous... It is better to ryppe ones clothes and sowe them agayne than to be ydell. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 6 They rippe in sunder the noddle of his head. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 38 With the one hande robbe so many cofers, and with the other to rippe so many corses. 1602 Marston Ant. fef Mel. III. Wks. 1856 I. 39 The fringe of your sattin peticoteis ript. 1627 Sir J. BEAVMOf-iT Bosworth F. 19 And hath the ground again been ript by thee? 1718 Pope Iliad XIII. 642 The forceful spear.. ripp’d his belly with a ghastly wound. 17^ Cowper My Mother's Picture 103 Sails ript, seams op’ning wide, and compass lost. C1850 Arabian Nts. (Routledge) 83 As soon as you shall feel yourself upon the ground, rip open the skin with the knife. 1865 J. T. F. Turner Slate Quarries 10 The other contractors.. have to blast and rip the rock. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 15 July 5/3 The sides of the carriages were ripped and torn. 1973 ‘J. Patrick’ Glasgow Gang Observed iii. 30 He had.. fifty-nine stitches on the side of his face; he had been ‘ripped’ only a few weeks ago. fig. 1763 Churchill Author Poems 1767 II. ii Lives there a Man, who calmly can stand by. And see his conscience ripp’d with steady eye. 1930 [best a. 7 b]. 1976 Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. h-6/i Meanwhile, the Davis Cup nations are ripped by political squabbling.

b. To Split or cleave (timber); to saw in the direction of the grain. (See also quot. 1688.) 1532 Acc. St.John's Hasp., Canterb. (MS,), For fellyng & ryppyng of ij thou[sand] & di. of tymber. 1688 Holme Armoury iii. 105/2 Terms used by the Fletchers, or ArrowMakers... Ripping it, is to give it the first round. 1846 Holtzapffel Turning II. 708 These two [saws] are used .. for ripping or cutting fir-timber,. with the grain. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 2033/2 When a Japanese wants to rip a plank, he places it across anything which will elevate the end a few inches.

c. To take the tiles off (a building or roof) and put on fresh laths; to repair or re-lay a roof in this manner. 1640 Acc. St.John's Hosp.y Canterb. (MS.), For Ripping of Broth. Vauses house. 1657-8 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 97 In the extraordinary repaires of the Colledg.

1832 P. Egan Bk. Sports 348/2 She [jc. the ball].. Ripp’d up the off and centre'. 1887 F. Gale Game of Cricket xiv. 244 Nothing would be better for cricket itself than for a young unknown cricketer.. to rip up the wickets of some of the county cracks.

4. fig. a. To open up, lay bare, disclose, make known; also, to search into, examine. Now rare. 1549 Latimer 3rd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 78 Fyrst of all as touchynge my fyrst sermon, I wyll runne it ouer cursorie, ryppyng a lytle the matter. 1565 Jewel Repl. Harding 240 As these menne thinke.. to huddle vp their maters in the darke, it wil not be amisse to rippe them abroade. 1581 Mulcaster Poririom xxxvii. (1887) 163 If ye rip the cause why they seeke to set foorth them selues. 1598 Marston Sco. Villanie Pref. Bij, Know, I doe scorn to stoupe To rip your Hues. 1602-Ant. ^ Mel. iv. Wks. 1856 I, 48 There shalt thou rippe The inwards of thy fortunes, in mine eares. 1878 Browning Poets Croisic I, In vain we rip The past, no further faintest trace remains Of Rene.

b. To open up, rake up, bring up again into notice or discussion (esp. something unpleasant or which is to a person’s discredit). Very common from c 1575: see also reap o.’ 157® Wilson tr. Demosthenes 12 If a man weare disposed to rippe up all that euer he did and to charge him with every point thereof. 1584 Fenner Def. Ministers (1587) 47 Wee are loth to rippe vpp manie things whiche.. can not well be discussed. 1605 J. Carpenter Solomon’s Solace xvii. 71, I shall rippe vp vnto you the seauenth cause of the Kings sorowe. 1650 S. Clarke Eccl. Hist. i. (1654) 35 Hereupon he ript up Origen’s faults. 1678 Temple Let. to Elector Wks. 1720 II. 506 Ripping up their whole Conduct in the Course of this Affair. 176. Wesley Husb. Gf Wives vii. §2 Wks. 1811 IX, 86 The husband may.. tell her how her faults were ripped up. 1777 Sheridan Trip Scarb. iv. i. Don’t stand ripping up old stories, to make one ashamed before one’s love. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. xiv. (1869) 288 We do not want to rip up old grievances. 1880 Miss Braddon Just as I am xxvii, Why do you come here to rip up the secrets of the past? 1884 Law Times Rep. LI I. 88/1 Their interest was bound by that decision, and they cannot rip up what was then done.

c. dial. (See quot.) 1787 Grose Prov. Gloss, s.v., Ripping one up, telling him all his faults.

5. Austral, slang. To annoy intensely; usu. in phr. wouldnH it rip yoUy used as an expression of exasperation. l

V

1941 Argus (Melbourne) Week-End Mag. 15 Nov. 1/3 Another universal favourite is still the famous ‘Wouldn’t it -!’ Never given the final words (the completed sentence has several variations on ‘Wouldn’t it rock you!’ or ‘Wouldn’t it rip you!’) the explanation depends upon inflexion as to whether it conveys disgust, amazement, or pleasure. 1944 L. Glassop We were Rats xiii. 74 ‘I can’t do it,’ he said again. ‘There are no partitions between the places... It’s disgusting..’. Everyone gaped at him. ‘What’s wrong with this galah?’ asked somebody and another said, ‘Well wouldn’t it rip you? What do you expect him to throw?’ Ibid, xxviii. 162, I had the idea that if you joined the A.I.F. you had to fight in the front line. I know now how many men it takes to keep one in those trenches. Do you know our divisions have even got a mobile laundry, decontamination unit and mobile bath unit? Wouldn’t it rip you?

6, to rip off.

slang (orig. U.S.). Cf. also rip-

OFF sb, a. To steal; to embezzle. 1967 Trans-Action Apr. 7 The hustler ‘bums’ people for money, but he also ‘rips olT goods for money; he thieves, and petty thieving is always a familiar hustle. 1971 It 4-18 Nov. 3/5 An analysis of 800 documents ripped off from the Pennsylvania FBI office. 1972 National Observer (U.S.) 27 May 12/2 Bank robbery? It’s only Establishment money that’s being ripped off. 1974 Black Panther 16 Mar. 6/2 Spiro got caught ripping off tax money. 1977 New Yorker 9 May 34/2 First he owned an Atala, but it got ripped off, so he bought a Peugeot, 1981 A. Cross Death in Faculty viii. 90 Soldiers are always ripping things off, from their own outfit, from the enemy, everything.

b. To exploit financially; to cheat or defraud; to rob; to deceive. 1971 Frendz 21 May 16/4 The young people are well aware that they are being ripped off by these parasites, and, quite naturally, think that the visiting musicians are on the side of the promoters. 1973 Black World Jan. 33/1 Individuals within the group felt that there were too many instances of their singly being ‘ripped ofF and exploited as Black artists. 1973 N. Y. Law Jrnl. 2 Aug. 13/5 He, Harris, and Sydnor had ‘ripped’ off patrons and the owner of the bar. 1974 S. Ellin Stronghold 55 Experimental group therapy sessions which we all attended.. partly because ripping off the amiable idiot who conducted them was better than another game of checkers. 1976 Kingston (Ontario) Whig-Standard 19 Jan. 19/3 Mrs. Baird and Mrs. LaMarche were in complete agreement as to who were the worst offenders at ripping the consumer off: Television and auto repairs. 1976 Observer 22 Feb. 6/3 Many women think all garages consider they can ‘rip ofF women drivers. 1977 Spare Rib July 35/2 A police guard formed in front of Mothercare in Oxford St—afraid we’d attack it for the way it rips off motherhood. 1978 Detroit Free Post 5 Mar. a 23/1 Sid Luft’s 14-year-old lawsuit charging that his late wife Judy Garland was ripped off,.by Hollywood executive David Begelman. 1981 Times 23 Apr. 4/8 Martin was not ripping me off.

c. To have sexual intercourse with; esp.y to rape, 1971 Black Scholar Sept. 32/1 If she had been any other broad he would have ripped her off.. that night. 1973 Black World Sept. 53,1 done shot dope, been to jail, swilled wine, ripped on sisters, passed bad checks. 1974 Guidelines to Volunteer Services (N.Y. State Dept. Correctional Services) 42 Ri^ff, rape, pull a job.

d. To burgle, to steal from (a store, etc.). 1972 ‘E. McBain’ Sadie when she Died iii. 30 Q, Why did you go into the apartment? A. To rip it off, Q. To burglarize it? A. Yes. 1973 Block World Jan. 54/2 They were ripping off a furniture store in a few hours. 1977 Rolling Stone 24 Mar., Not when young blacks have ripped off bookstores across the country to get illegally what the lack of a job prevents them from getting legally.

e. To copy; to plagiarize. Radio Times 12-18 July 9/4 Just about everyone (including the Immaculate Jean-Luc Godard) ripped off Dick Lester’s cool style. 1977 f/ndercurrentr June-July 11/4 I’ve never yet refused a request to reproduce anything of mine but I’ve lost count of the times I’ve been ripped off. 1978 Sci. Amer. June 26/1 Two books, one an instruction manual for a geometrical instrument.., the other a witty polemic against a Padovan student who had sought to rip off that very instruction book!

II. 7. intr. a. To move with slashing force. 179S Bloomfield Farmer’s Boy, Summer where the sweeping Scythe now rips along.

141

Hark!

b. To split, tear, part asunder. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxv, The great mainsail gaped ^en, and the sail ripped from head to foot, i860 Tomlinson Arts Manuf. 2nd Ser. Needles 4 When the surface rips or tears, the attendant can feel it. 1890 Melbourne Argus 29 May 9/8 Rock very hard, but rips remarkably well. 8. a. dial. To use strong language; to swear. 1772 Nugent Hist. Fr. Gerund II. 497 Here the poor old man ., begins ripping and swearing in the most dreadful manner. 1776 J. Adams Whs. (1856) IX. 441 Your secretary will rip about this measure, and well he may. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., To rip, to swear profanely and in anger. 1854 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss., Rip, to bluster and swear impetuously.

b. To break out angrily. 1856 Mrs. Stowe Dred I. xx. 279, I suppose they [the clergy] wouldn’t any of them give me a chance for heaven, because I rip out with an oath every now and then. 1886 Stevenson Prince Otto ii. vii, ‘You may leave the table,’ he added, his temper rippingout.

c. trans. with out. To utter with violence. 1828-32 Webster s.v., To rip out, as an oath. 1848 Jones Sketches Trav. 78 (Farmer), He ripped out an oath that made the hair stand on my head. 1889 ‘Q.’ Splendid Spur xvii. He ripped out a horrid blasphemous curse.

9. a. To rush along with violence or great speed. Hence, to go ahead (in conduct); to pursue a reckless course. Chiefly in phrases let her rip-, to let (someone or something) rip-, to allow (that person or thing) to go, to continue

RIP unchecked, etc.; to let rip: to let fly, to let oneself go. orig. U.S. Daily Morning Herald (St. Louis) 19 Jan. (Th.), We’ve got ’em on the hip, Letter Rip! Letter Rip! 1859 Bartlett Diet. Amer. (ed. 2) 367 A common slang expression is ‘Let her rip!’ i.e. let her drive, let her go. 1863 Harper s Mag. Oct. 7i6fi We cannot raise a tip To pay our board and laundry bill, And have to ‘let ’em rip’. 1869 H. Phillips Jrnl. 14 Dec. (typescript) 203 All hands tailing sheep let them rip at night. 1869 Mrs. Stowe Old Town Folks 1, If she don t do nothin’ more ’n take a walk ’longside on him .., why, I say, let ’er rip. 1877 Temple Bar May 109 Let him rip’ is a common verdict; ‘we can turn him out when his time is up’. 1881 A. Bathgate Waitaruna ix. 139 Most of the [diggers], when they found I would not buy, would throw their picks down and say if I would not buy them I could take them or let them rip as I pleased. 1888 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms II. xiii. 211 He rips over to Daly’s mob, borrows a horse, saddle, and bridle, and leads him straight down to our camp. 1894 XXIV. 93 You have simply to sit still and ‘let her rip’, as Mick puts it. 1894 F. A. Barkly Among Boers ^ Basutos (ed. 2) xiv. 186, I galloped round the Kopje with my police and half-a-dozen volunteers.. and we ‘letrip’ to use the Africander expression. 1897 Mary Kingsley W. Africa 660 For the next sixteen years .. he ‘rips’; he rips carefully,.. if he is a pagan; but if he is in that partially converted state.. then he rips unrestrained. 1909 C. Owen Philip Loveluck xii. 175, I can rub along somehow.. by letting the pressing rip. 1915 WoDEHOusE Psmith Journalist xxv. 203 And now.. let her rip. What can I do for you? 1916 ‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 255 A shell cracked overhead, and the shrapnel ripped down along the trench behind them. 1926 Galsworthy Silver Spoon III. iv. 246 Alec would know where he was when it was over, and so would she!.. Let it rip! 1930 A. Bennett Imperial Palace ix. 45 He let them rip.. because he enjoyed the grand spectacle of their passion. 1947 H. Read Grass Roots of Art iii. 71 We cannot.. oppose the machine. We must let it rip, and with confidence. 1965 Listener 22 July 140/1 Should one try to make the action clear and comprehensible.. or let rip with the poetry? 1966 Ibid. 17 Nov. 718/3 What would you do about all these many wage increases... Would you let them all rip? 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face viii. 95 Almost as soon as I had let rip, however, I realized the injustice of my complaint. 1977 McKnight & Tobler Bob Marley x. 134 The other view, which was expressed by the minority, was ‘let her rip!’. 1977 Sounds 9 July 8/1 A frantic ‘live’ sounding version of The Stones’ ‘The Last Time’ which rips along grandly, seven minutes and forty-four seconds of unadulterated pure fire. 1978 Dumfries Courier 20 Oct. 28/1 The present difficult decisions.. will be thrust into insignificance if infiation lets rip again.

b. to rip and tear: to rage, to rave; to go raging about. 1873 ‘ M.ark Twain’ & W^arner Gilded Age xxvii. 249 A man wants rest, a man wants peace—a man don’t want to rip and tear around all the time. 1884 ‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxi. 207 It was perfectly lovely the way he would rip and tear. 1886 Baumann Londinismen 157/1 Ripping and tearing about. 1917 Dialect Notes IV. 342 Rip and tear, to rave.

c. In quasi-adverbial use.

out of rny sight. 1609 Armin Maids of More C 3 b, O well sung Nightingale, a boord a boord there, ha rip there.

II ripa' ('riipa). rare. [Sw. ripa, pi. ripor. see rype r6.] Ptarmigan. 1854 L. Lloyd Scandin. Adv. II. 310 When I was out for the purpose of shooting Ripor. 1864 Wheelwright Spring Lapl. 70 The loud, hoarse cackle of the ripa was heard in every wood.

llripa^ ('raipa). Anat. [a. L. ripa bank.] A line of reflection in the ependyma of the brain. 1882 Wilder & Gage Anat. Techn. 488 The surfaces separated by the ripa are always unlike. 1889 A. H. Buck Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 120.

ripal ('raipal), a. rare. [f. L. rtpa bank + -al*,] = RIPARIAN a.^ I. 1867 W. Peard Year of Liberty 288 Companies, with shares in the ratio of ripal rights. 1868-Water-farm. ii. 16 With powers to., allot shares in the ratio of the ripal rights of each landed proprietor.

fripare. Obs. rare~^. [ad. It. riparo.'\ Shelter, defence. 1562 J. Shute tr. Cambini's Turk. Wars 25 Yet stode they upon their newe fortificationes and ripares that they had made within the towne.

riparial (rai'peansl), a. [f. L. ripdri-us (f. ripa bank) + -ALh]

1.

= RIPARIAN a.^ I. J. Orton Andes ^ Amazons ii. xxxvii. (1876) 490 The Riparial Forests, on lowlands bordering the rivers. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 51 Fully-formed rivers that seasonally Rood their riparial districts. 1870

2. Zool. Living upon, or frequenting, the banks of streams, ponds, etc. (Cent. Diet.) riparian (rai'psarisn), a.^ and sb.^ [f. as prec.] 1. adj. Of, pertaining to, or situated on, the banks of a river; riverine. 1849 J. P. Kennedy Life W. Wirt (i860) I. xix. 293 Contentious riparian possessors and claimants of alluvial deposits. 1864 Sat. Rev. XVIII. 442/1 Inland lakes belonging.. to one or other of the riparian States. 1880 Muirhead Gaius ii. §72 An island rising in the middle of a river is the common property of the riparian proprietors. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 565/2 In order to give riparian rights, the river must flow in a defined channel,

b. sb. A riparian proprietor. 1884 Pall Mall G. 20 Aug. 4/1 With the intent of combating riparians upon divers matters of claim. 1894 C. H. Cook Thames Rights 137 Such riparian is the true owner of the fishery.

2. Anat.

Of or pertaining to a ripa in the ependyma of the brain. 1889 A. H. Buck Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 120 The fimbria, one of the riparian or marginal parts.

1884 [see sockdolager 3].

10. To strike swiftly and strongly. 1898 Daily News 24 Nov. 7/3 Sharkey ripped left and right for the body with some effect.

III. 11. Comb, as rip-and-read, used attrib. to designate material supplied by teletype which is read on radio or television; also of an organization supplying such material; rip-andtear U.S., used attrib. to designate crude and violent methods in crime; also transf.; cf. sense 9 b above; rip-off, used attrib. to designate an opening device that has to be torn off; rip-stop, used attrib. and absol. of nylon clothing or equipment woven so that a tear will not spread; rip track N. Amer., a section of railway line used as a site for repairs to carriages. 1973 New Journalist (Austral.) July-Aug. 6 The ‘rip-andread’ news service of Sydney’s labour [radio] station, 2KY. 1974 Hawkey & Bingham Wild Card ii. 26 The newscaster was reading.. rip-and-read copy—a story that had just come up on an agency teletype machine that the news editor rated too big to hold while it was rewritten. 1937 E- H. Sutherland Professional Thief 241 Rip-and-tear, adj., without caution; same as ‘raw-jaw’, or ‘murder grift’. 1955 D. W. Maurer in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 93 They do not constitute the upper echelons of the profession. They are also known as clout and lam mobs, hijackers, or rip and tear mobs. 1965 G. Jackson Let. 12 Mar. in Soledad Brother (1971) 66 Understand though that you do not live in the real rip-and-tear world. 1973 Nation Rev. (Melbourne) 31 Aug. 1436/6 The knife edged ripoff tag on the top of some cans. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. B. 249, 2-man [tent], in ripstop nylon. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 14 Feb. 9/3 (Advt.), Prime Duck Down socks... Covered with blue ripstop nylon. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 158/3 Other covering materials include sailcloth .. and nylon rip-stop, i960 Glossaria Interpretum: Chemins de Fer 1882 Voie de reparations,.. Repair track, rip track Am. 1973 Amer. Speech igdg XLIV. 246 Various parts of the yard have names..such as riptrack (a long section of track— possibly several tracks if the yard is large—which is used for car repair).

RIPE

971

Ri'parian, a.^ and sb."^ = Ripuarian. 1898 Sergeant The Franks 17 Clovis.. had to.. oust the king of the Riparian Franks. Ibid. 38 These.. lessons.. taught the Riparians not to respect but to despise.

riparious (rai'pesnss), a. rare. [ad. L. ripdrius.'] (See quots.) Glossogr., Riparious, that uses or abides in the water banks. 1858 Mayne Expos. Lex., Riparius,.. applied to plants that grow,.. or to animals that live,.. on the borders of rivers; riparious. 1866 Treas. Bot. 985/2 Riparious, growing by water. 1656 Blount

t'ripary, sb. Obs. rare-^. [ad. med.L. rtpdria, fern, of L. riparius: see prec.] A stream. C1450 Godstow Reg. 559 Dyches, watirs, pondis, stewes, Ryvers (or riparies), duffehowses.

t'ripary, a.

Obs. rare~^. = riparious. Hist. Anim. Min. A vb. Not melodious, as the Woodpecker,.. swallow, wild and riparie. 1661 Lovell

tripe, Obs. Forms: i rip, ryp (hripp), i, 4 riip (4-5 rip), 3-4 ripe, 5 ryp(e, ryppe. [OE. rip neut., related to ripan reap t).‘] Harvest. r900 tr. Baeda's Hist. i. xxix. (1890) 88 pxttt her wsere micel rip onweard & fea worhton. 0930 O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 896, past pa Deniscan him ne mehton t>aes ripes forwieman. a 1000 Phoenix 246 lEt wintres cyme, on rypes timan. a 1225 Juliana 75 3e schulen .. reopen ripe of pat sed l^at 3e her seowen. 1382 Wyclif 2 Sam. xxi. 9 In the dais of the fyrst rijp, begynnynge the repynge of barli. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 185 t>ou hast no leve to sette J?yn hook in oper men ripe [u.r. ryp(e, etc.].

ripe (raip), sb.^ Now rare. [ad. L. ripa bank.] The bank of a river; the seashore.

Obs. rare. (Perh. ad. Du. rep, imper. of reppen to make haste, but the contexts are not decisive; it may be a mere exclamation, or a fig. use of RIP v.^)

c 1470 Harding Chron. vi. iii, For rypes and roches whyte To shipmen were greate gladnesse and delyte. Ibid. ccxl. note, Blak been thi bankes and thi ripes also. 1538 Leland Itin. (1768) I. 34 The Ripe of Trent againe it is low and medow ground. 1577 Harrison Eng. iii. xvii. On the left ripe (for so he [Leland] calleth the bancke of euery brooke thorow out all his Englishe treatizes) of a pretie ryuer. 1838 Holloway Prov. Diet., Ripe, a bank; the sea-shore; as ‘Lydd Ripe’. 1880 Stringer in Archaeol. Cant. XIII. 255 The rights of the inhabitants of Lydd to the ripe and common. 1894 Speight Nidderdale 212 On that account.. its ripe or bank was more likely to be selected for a place of settlement.

1592 Nashe Four Lett. Confut. Wks. (Grosart) II. 239 Wilt thou neuer leaue afflicting a dead Carcasse .. ? a wispe, a wispe, rippe, rippe, you kitchin-stuffe wrangler! 1600 Dekker Shoemaker’s Holiday Dram. Wks. 1873 I. 29 Auaunt Kitchin-stuffe, rippe you browne bread tannikin;

ripe (raip), a. (sb.^ and adv.) Also 3-7 rype, 4 rip, rijp(e. [OE. ripe, = Fris. ryp, \rijp, MDu. ripe, rijp, riep (Du. rijp), OS. ripi (MLG. ripe, rype.

LG. rip), OHG. rifi, rife (G. reif)\ the stem ripmay be related to that of reap w.] 1. a. Of grain, fruits, etc.: Ready for reaping or gathering; arrived at the stage in which they are most fit for eating, or for reproducing the plants which bear them. r888 K. i^)LFRED Boeth. xxxix. §13 Westmbsera h$rfest bryng6 ripa bleda. C900 tr. Baeda's Hist. i. xii. (1890) 44 Hi .. slogan eall & ewealdon.. & swa swa ripe yr8 fortreddon. a 122$ Juliana 74 Ant reope we of hat ripe sed hat we seowen. ri290 St. Brendan 696 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 239 J?e Applene weren ripe inou3. a 1330 Roland Sf U. 312 And amorwe grapes hai bere, Red & ripe. 1340 Ayenb. 28 pet com.. is uol of frut and al ripe. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 137 The leves weren faire and large, Of fruit it bare so ripe a charge. 1483 Cath. Angl. 309/2 A Rype fige, precoqua, precox. 1530 Palsgr. 322/2 Rype as fruyte is, meur. 1569 Grindal in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 259 My Grapes this Yeare are not yett rype. 1579 E. K. Gloss. Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Nov., We fall like rotted ripe fruite fro the tree. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage v. xii. (1614) 507 When the fruit is ripe, the first and outermost part openeth. 1676 M. Lister in Ray Corr. (1848) 124, I gathered the ears a little before they were ripe. 1781 Cowper Heroism 54 Through the ripe harvest lies their destin’d road. 1832 Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 186 It [the aril] more properly comes under consideration along with the ripe seed. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 456 If the nuts, .be ripe again. 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 7 Scarce enough to.. redden ripe the mountain-ash. absol. a 1300 Cursor M. 6044 J>at beist han gneu vp .. bath ripe and grene. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xix. 107 He het elde, an hih for to clymbe, And shaken hit sharply, pe ripen sholden falle. transf. 1439 Ep. Acad. Oxon. (1898) I. 184 Noryshed with the rype frute of Konnyng. 1613 Jackson Creedi. i36Vntill they be ripe of death in the Autumne. c 1620 Sir W. Mure Sonn. VI. 13 Those fayre brests’ rype clusters quho myt presse. 1771 Junius Lett. Ixvii. (1788) 342 When you are ripe, you shall be plucked. 1818 Keats Endym. ii. 397 Coverlids gold-tinted like the peach. Or ripe October’s faded marigolds. i86i Reade Cloister Sf H. xxxviii, Thy beard is ripe, thy fellow’s is green; he shall be the younger.

fb. Of herbs or grass. Obs. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. III. 439 Herbis pat groweden in a orchard, and weren ny3 rype. 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. IX. xiv. 356 Junius is paynted asmowynge haye, for that tyme haye is ripe in medes. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Prata arida, when the grasse is ripe, and redy to mow.

c. In proverbs, usually with ng. application. 1546 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 22 But soone rype soone rotten. 01569 Kingesmyll Comf. Afflict. (1585) Cii, All the glorie of man..is as the flower of the fielde, soone ripe, soone rotten. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-cr. ii. i. 6 The old Proverb prov’d true, for, he was soon ripe, and soon rotten. 1736 [Chetwood] Voy. Vaughan (1760) I. 52 My Uncle.. told me, Ripe Fruit was soon rotten.

d. Resembling ripe fruit; red and full. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. iii. ii. 139 O how ripe in show. Thy lips, those kissing cherries, tempting grow! 1600 A. Y.L. III. V. 121 There was a pretty rednesse in his lip A little riper, and more lustie red Then that mixt in his cheeke. 1855 Tennyson Maud i. ii, An underlip, you may call it a little too ripe, too full. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman in. iii, With .. her ripe mouth twitching merrily.

2. a. Of birds or animals: Fully fledged or developed; esp. come to a fit condition for being killed and used as food. Also, ripe peeler (peeler^ zb). 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 3673 Hii ne mowe nojt wel fle Vor feblesse of hor brode, ac wanne hot briddes type beh, per hii findel? more mete in londes aboute hii flel>. 1398 [see fledge a. i]. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 169 To fatte Pigions .. it is good to bring them to the Kitchin, before they bee full ripe. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts 582 A little Kyd .. being ripe, the maister killed it, and layed it before the Panther to be eaten. 1837 Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds II. 403, I caught the birds with much difficulty in a trap-cage when their young were nearly ripe. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 94 A ripe sheep.. is easily known.. by the fulness exhibited in all the external parts. 1889 Pall Mall G. 14 May 3/1 The ducklings.. must be killed as soon as they are ready, and not kept a day longer than the hour when they are ripe. 1952 Sun (Baltimore) (B ed.) 23 June 12/5 Language peculiar only to soft-crabbing... Ripe peeler —Has the same characteristics as the ‘green peeler’ but is more advanced in the shedding process. ■fiS' 1575 EApius & Virginia C8 Under the Hedge with a payre of new Cardes both rip and fledge.

b. Of persons: Fully developed in body or mind; mature, fmarriageable (Cf. 6 a.) C1386 Chaucer Doctor's T. 68 Such hinges maken children for to be To soone rype and bold. 1390 Gower Conf. I. 246 Sche scholde ben hir fader hair, And was of yeres ripe ynowh. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 783 They were coupled or she were well rype. 1563 Mirr. Mag. II. 148 These two noble ympes I caused to be slayne. Of yeares not ful rype as yet to rule and raygne. ci6oo B. Jonson To Penshvrst 54 Wks. (1616) 820 Some, .send By their ripe daughters, whom they would commend This way to husbands. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 598 He. .being ripe in years, And conscious of the outrage he commits. 1807 WoRDSW. White Doe iii. 128 Ripe men, or blooming in life’s ^ring,.. Stood by their Sire, on Clifford-moor. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. viii. lx, Since I was a ripe man, I have been what I am now. 1949 G. Davenport Family Fortunes i. iv. 54, I swear, Martha, if I’d of met you when you was still ripe, I’d have left Hattie’s mother, kids and all, to follow you clear to California, I would.

c. Ready for birth, rare. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Feetus maturos edere, to brynge foorth yonge when they be rype. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, ii. ii. 10 Some vnborne sorrow, ripe in fortunes wombe. Is comming towards me. 1741 Monro Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 275 The superior Extremity of this.. Phalanx is a Cartilage in a ripe Child.

d. Of fish, etc.: Ready to lay eggs or spawn. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon ii. iii. i. 78 The insect is collected.. towards the end of the month of June, when the

RIPE females are ripe. 1868 Peard Water-farm. viii. 85 Out of twenty, or thirty fish, not more than two or three will in all probability be found ripe. 1883 in G. B. Goode Fish Indust. U.S.A. 76 The fish remained in the basin until they were ripe.

3. a. Of liquor: Advanced to the state of being ready for use; fully matured, mellow. Also absol. P. pi. C. XXI. 415 Til the vendage valle in l?e vale of losaphat, And [I] drynke ryght rype most, a 1648 Digby Closet Opened (1677) 25 When it is cold put in it six spoonfuls of barm, and when it is ripe, it will hiss in the pail. 1742 Lond. ^ Country Brew. i. (ed. 4) 80 Nor will they be so soon ripe and fit to tap as the high dried Malt-Drink will. 1820 Blackw. Mag. VI. 551 Used to impart to new brandy and rum a ripe taste. 1834 Tennyson in Memoir (1897) I. 134 He.. Gives stouter ale and riper port Than any in the country-side. 1853 Ure Diet. Arts (ed. 4) I. 158 The casks .. in which the ripe beer is kept and exported. 1930 WoDEHOUSE Very Good^ Jeeves! iv. 102 Having got me in sporting mood with a bottle of the ripest. 1393 Langl.

b. Of suppurations, etc.: Ready to lance or break; fit for curative treatment. c’1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xii, Menge Jjise herbes.. and leyth hem vponn |?e bocches; and J?at shall make hem rype. And whan pei beth rype, slyt hem with a sharpe knyfe. C1550 H. Lloyd Treas. Health aiij, Horsnesse, and continuall fluxion of snevil in old men, do in no means waxe rype. 1580 Blundevil Horsemanship iv. xxxv. 17 Thrust it in .. so as the point of the iron may come out at the ripest place. 1810 E. Weeton Let. 25 Feb. (1969) I. 240, 1 have had another boil on my face... I neither lanced, nor poulticed it, but when ripe, let the matter out with a needle. 1909 Dialect Notes III. 363 Ripe, said of a boil when it is ready to be lanced.

c. Of natural products, etc,: Arrived at a mature or perfect state. *635-56 Cowley Davideis iv. Poems (1905) 388 Clouds with ripe Thunder charg’d some thither drew. 1700 S. L. tr. Fry he's Voy. E. Ind. 316 There are People to look every year, and see whether the Pearls are ripe. 1726 Pope Odyss. xvii. 30 With riper beams when Phoebus warms the day. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 268 It is much to be lamented that the ripe timber only had not been selected. 1865 Richardson & Watts Chem. Tech. II. iv. 294 The successive operations to which the ripe earth is submitted, are undertaken for the purpose of separating the nitrates from it.

d. (See quot. 1949.) 1949 A. R. Daniel Bakers' Diet., Ripe dough, technical term for a dough ready for scaling having received a period of fermentation sufficiently protracted to enable the gluten to reach its most extensible condition. 1962 Listener 22 Mar. 511/1 There is a stage in breadmaking when the dough is said to be ‘ripe’.

4. a. Of persons; Of mature judgement or knowledge; fully informed; thoroughly quali¬ fied by study and thought. CI200 Vices & Virtues 135 Nis p^x. non god tocne of ripe manne. a 1250 Owl ^ Night. 211 He is nv ripe & fastrede, Ne luste hym nv to non vnrede. CI380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 438 Crist sente hise apostlis, when J?ei weren rype, to diverse londis, to sowe wateris of wisdom. 1395 Purvey Remonstr. 107 Jugis and mynistris of the king owen to be ripe men. a 1568 Ascham Scholem. ii. (Arb.) 109 This exercise may bring moch profite to ripe heads. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xviii. (Arb.) 205 No lesse plaine to a ripe reader, then if it were named expresly. 1613 Shaks, Hen. VIIL IV. ii. 51 He was a Scholler, and a ripe, and good one. 1657 Trapp Comm. Job xxxii. 6 Some young men are ripe betime, and more ready-headed than their ancients. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset i, Mr. Crawley in his early days had been a ripe scholar. 1883 S. C. Hall Retrospect I. 367 A ripe scholar and in many ways an eloquent teacher. b. Const, in (or upon) a matter, business, etc. c 1475 Partenay 7 A man ful ripe in other clerigie. 1525 St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 397 Almost impossible it shuld be to make the Poopes Holynes so ripe in the Kinges particuler causes as were nedefull. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Ord. Priests, Ye may waxe riper and stronger in your ministerie. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 218 As sound in judgement as ripe in experience. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. i. 60 Money-changing .. is managed by Women, who are very dextrous and ripe in this Employment. 1723 Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. II, I cannot say I am so ripe upon that subject as to answer the difficulty Mr. Masterton moves. 1847 Longf. Ev. I. iii. ii Ripe in wisdom was he.

c. Similarly of the mind, judgement, etc. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 339/2 A longe vysage or chyere and enclyned, whiche is a signe of maturyte or rype sadnes. 1567 Gude Godlie Ball. (S.T.S.) 106 With mynde rype and degest. a 1591 H. Smith Wks. (1867) E 47^ Every man thinks his own wit ripest. 1591 Shaks. Two Gentl. ii. iv. 70 His head vn-mellowed, but his ludgement ripe. 1604 T. Wright Passions i. x. 39 Youth., are inconstant.. partely helped with the lacke of a ripe resolution, and firme iudgement. 1647 Sprigge Anglia Rediv. ii. ii. (1854) 76 A gentle-man .. of a most dexterous and ripe invention for all such things. 1693 Juvenal Ded. (1697) p. xx. His Natural Endowments, of a large Invention, a ripe Judgment, and a strong Memory. 1788 Reid Aristotle's Logic vi. §1. 136 The most important parts of this science require a ripe understanding. 1871 Disraeli Lothair Pref. p. xviii, His intimates only were acquainted with his. .ripe scholarship. 1894 H. Drummond Ascent Man 164 Mind, in Man, does not start into being fully ripe.

5. Properly considered or matured by reflection or study.

RIPE

972

deliberated;

c 1270 Prov. Hendyng 84 Sot.. wo! speke wordes grene, Er then hue buen rype. c 1386 Chaucer Clerk's T. 438 So wise and rype wordes hadde she. -Melib. If 2389 Thou shalt also eschue the conseillyng of yong folk, for hir conseil is nat rype. i439 Rolls of Park. V. 7/2 A gode and a ripe deliberation and avys, the which can noght be hade in a fewe dayes. 1540 Act Hen. VIII, c. 26 The true diffinition.. therof requierith ripe and mature deliberation and advise. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xiv. 97 b, Yeres and long experience.. brought more wisdome and rype doctrine. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 42 Such Images as

after a ripe debate were found to admit an explication consenting with Nature.

6. Of age: a. Characterized by full development of the physical or mental powers. (Cf. 2 b.) c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints v. {John) 399 Bot fra he to rype elde wane he lefit J>e bischope. 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. xii. (1880) II. 135 He than beinge of ripe yeres,. .his frendes. .exhorted hym busely to take a wyfe. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 172 Some man of rype yeares and counsell, c 1590 Marlowe Faust. Chorus 13 Of riper years, to Wertenberg he went. ri6i4 Sir W. Mure Dido & AEneas To Rdr. 8 Till ryper 3eirs her infancy subdue. 1671 Milton P.R. iii. 31 Thy years are ripe, and over-ripe. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 713 At so ripe an age As twice sev’n years. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. II. xvii. 224 A riper period of her life, i860 Tyndall Glac. I. i. 8 Simplicity of treatment,.. out of place if intended for a reader of riper years,

b. Advanced; high in years. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl (Ninian) 609 pe tyme.. pat he of pis lyf suld pas, of parfit dat & rype elde. 1665 Sir T, Herbert Trav. (1677) 243 He died at a ripe age and was buried at Persepolis. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets v. 137 Anacreon died at the ripe age of eighty-five at Teos.

7. a. Fully prepared, ready, or able, to do or undergo something. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. v. 396 Sholde no ryngynge do me ryse ar I were ^pe to dyne, c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 61 Now I am riip to dye. 1462 Paston Lett. II. 89 What incedentes ye knowe, I preie yow by wrytinge certefie me in all hast, that I may be the more ripe to answer to this. 1542 Records Gr. Artes 33 b, You shal be rype and perfect to subtract any other summe lightly. 1595 Daniel Civil Wars IV. 79 Where states are ripe to fall, and vertue spent. 1675 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 494 That I might at the same time be ripe to give you an account of your businesse. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 450 The cause is then ripe to be set down for hearing. 1788 Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 548 It does not appear to me that the nation is ripe to accept of these. 1807 WoRDSW. White Doe ii. 29 But now the inlyworking North Was ripe to send its thousands forth. 1875 Helps Ess., Educ. Man Business 66 He will let opportunities grow before his eyes, until they are ripe to be seized.

b. Ready or fit/or some end or purpose. 1592 Nobody & Someb. I. 2 b, I know by your complexion, you wer ripe for the hangman. 1642 Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. IV. i. 242 These Reversions will be ripe for his heir, by that time his heir shall be ripe for them, a 1682 Sir T. Browne Tracts (1683) 169 Ripe and ready for destruction. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome v. 77 His Designs were not ripe enough for Execution. 1768 Goldsm. Goodn. Man v. It goes no farther; things are not yet ripe for a discovery. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xviii. (1787) II. 111 The conspiracy was ripe for execution. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 299 Salt-marsh,.. when ripe and ready for embankment. 1885 Manch. Exam. 12 May 5/1 The plans of the Government.. are not yet ripe for criticism.

c. Quite prepared/or action of some kind, esp. mischief, revolt, etc. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, i. ii. 121 My thrice-puissant Liege Is .. Ripe for Exploits and mightie Enterprises. 1644 Heylin Brief Relat. Laud 3 Those libels.. inflamed the people, till they had made them ripe for mischeife. 1659 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 6 You are not ripe for judgment. One affirms, the other denies. 1748 Anson's Voy. ii. xiv. 282 The Indians, on almost every frontier, were ripe for a revolt. 1835 Lytton Rienzi ii. vii. Are thy friends ripe for the saddle? 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 191 England, though heated by grievances, was by no means ripe for revolution. 1879 Farrar St. Paul I. vi. xxi. 385 The mob were only too ripe for a tumult.

d. Const, with gerund preceding. Now only arch, in reeling ripe, after quot. 1610. *573 Twyne TEneid xii. Mmiv, Dying-ripe with nayles her purple robes in ragges she hales, a 1586 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 61 But Lulus (euen weeping ripe) went among the rest. C1600 Chalkhill Thealma ^ Cl. (1683) 112 With that he leaps unto her cursing ripe. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 279 He is drunke now;..And Trinculo is reeling ripe, a 1625 Beaum. & Fl. Woman's Prize ii. i, He’s like little children That lose their baubles, crying ripe. 1833 H. Coleridge Poems I. 73 Reeling ripe, Big Independence.. works his burly way. 1883 Church Times XXI. 906/3 The Irish teetotaler who was found reeling ripe.

8. a. Ready for action, execution, or use; arrived at the fitting stage or time for some purpose. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. iv. iii. 215 Our Legions are brim full, our cause is ripe. 1713 Addison Cato ii. i, Should they submit ere our designs are ripe, We both must perish in the common wreck. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 440, I desir’d the French Gentleman not to say any thing to them, till the Business was thorough ripe. 1789 WoLCOT (Peter Pindar) Subjects for Painters 36 With a lie Ripe at their fingers’ ends. 1838 Macaulay Sir W. Temple Ess. (1897) 439 At length, in June, 1671, the designs of the Cabal were ripe, i860 Motley Netherl. v. I. 145 The insubordination, which was so ripe in the city. 1879 Farrar St. Paul I. ii. viii. 153 Their plot was soon ripe.

b. Of time: Sufficiently advanced. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, \. iii. 294, I by Letters shall direct your course When time is ripe. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Concl. xxxv, The man.. was a noble type Appearing ere the times were ripe. 1864 Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. iv. (1875) 44 The great scheme for whose accomplishment the time was now ripe.

9. In various slang senses, a. Drunk (cf. sense 7d). b. Fine, excellent; thoroughgoing (also used ironically); hence, beyond reasonable bounds, excessive, c. Angry. 1823 ‘J. Bee’ Slang 149 Ripe—drunk. First cousin to mellow. 1923 Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves ix. 89, I liked the place, and was having quite a ripe time there. 1925 Flynn's 14 Mar. 281/1 Ripe, drunk. 1932 A. J. Worrall Eng. Idioms 33 He was shooting at cats with darts. I told him it was a bit ripe and asked him to stop. 1948 Partridge Diet. Forces' Slang 156 Ripe, complete, thoroughgoing. Usually l

K

allied with ‘bastard’. 1959 1. & P. Opie Lore Lang. Schoolch. iii. 53 They come down like a ton of bricks on people who tell a stale joke. ‘Do you know where Smudger takes his girl?’ gags the would-be comic, ‘He takes her behind a bush because it’s ytry privet.' Whereupon the ‘ripe one’ is complimented: ‘Oh lor, last time I heard that the tears rolled down my bib.’ 1^64 Australasian Post 21 May 13 Even a ripe shiner isn’t just a black eye to the man in the white coat. It is a peri-optic ecchymosis. 1966 R. Jeffries Death in Coverts iii. 93 We all joked about it and Bill got really ripe. No sense of humour. 1967 R. Campbell in to Coast ig65-66 20 Jack’ll be ripe pickings by the time that old buzzard comes around from the police station to close the pub. 1969 ‘J. Fraser’ Cock-pit of Roses xvi. 127 ‘What the bloody hell are you playing at?’ ‘That’s ripe considering you just near broke my arm!’ flO. a. As sb. Ripeness. (Cf. for- 10.) Obs. c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Thorpe) cxviii. 147 Ic Se on ripe fore-corn [Vulg. Praeveni in maturitate]. a 1425 Cursor M. 18834 (Trin.), His heer [was] like to pe note broun whenne hit for ripe [Cott. ripnes] failed doun.

tb. As adv. Ripely. Obs. a 1632 Taylor God's Judgem. 1. 11. iii. (1642) 172 But the King.. handled them so ripe and handsomely, that.. he dealt with them as pleased him. 11. Comb. a. Parasynthetic, as ripe-aged,

-bearded, -coloured, -eared, -faced, -mealed, -tongued, -uoitted. 1548 Patten Exped. Scot! Pref. fv, A righte ripetungued deponent. 1567 Drant Horace, Ep. Pref. vj, I take them to be ripe-toungued tryfles. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia in. (1605) 377 Alas how ripe witted these young folkes be now adayes. 1698 F. B. Free but Modest Censure 10 Bestowing upon him the Epithets of Learned, Ingenious, Thoughtful, Ripewitted, &c. 1818 Keats Endym. in. 8 Fire-branded foxes to sear up.. Our gold and ripe-ear’d hopes. 1826 Hood Love ii, Grave ripe-fac’d wisdom made an April fool? 1827 C. Webbe Harvest-Home ii, Armfuls of ripe-coloured corn. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 59 Slapping a palm on a ripemeated hindquarter. 1934 Webster, Ripe-aged. 1944 E. Sitwell Green Song 11 We heard in the dawn the first ripe-bearded fire Of wheat. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid v. 95 Ripe-aged Acestes.

b. Miscellaneous, as ripe-bending, -groruon, -like. 1592 Shaks. Ven. Ad. clxxxiii, Mulberries, & ripe-red cherries. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 30 The light-foot tripper.., who would run ouer the ripe-bending eares of come. 1640 Rutherford Lett. n. xxxvii. (1664) 517 The field of heaven’s glory is white and ripe-like. 1687 Norris Coll. Misc. 120 That world.. thou’lt see, Ripe-grown, in full maturity. 1873 M. Collins Miranda III. 63 An old-fangled ripe-red house.

ripe (raip), v.^ Forms: i ripian, 4 rypen, 5 rypyn; 4- ripe (s rip), 4-6 rype (6 Sc. ryip), 7 reape. [OE. ripian, = Fris. rypje, MDu. ripen (Du. rijpen), OS. ripon (MLG. and LG. ripen), OHG. rifan, riffen (G. reifen), f. ripe ripe a. Now somewhat rare, the usual word being ripen.] 1. intr. To grow or become ripe. ciooo i^LFRic Horn. II. 104 Do paex sunne seine pset Sine aeceras ripion. CI055 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia VIII. 312 On lengtentima springaS o68e greniaS wastmas, & on sumera hij weaxaS, & on haerfest hig ripiaC. 01175 Cott. Horn. 241 J)is corn.. wex and bleowu in iudea, hit ripede in ierusalem. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 314 A3eines p\ greynes .. bi^nneth for to ripe, Ordeigne p^ an hous.. to herberwe in pi comes. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. i. (Tollemache MS.), In some tren and herbes frute ripep sone, as mulberies and cheries. c 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 152 Fruyte on tre both gret and smale Gan for to rip and wex fulle pale. C1480 Henryson Mor. Fab. viii. {Preach. Swallow) XXX, The lint rypit, the carle pullit the lyne. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. liii. 75 Whan..that the come beganne to rype, he departed fro Gaunt. 1556 J. Heywood Spider fef Fly i. 2 What time euery growing thinge That ripeth by roote, hath liuely taken hart. 1613 Day Dyall iv. (1614) 69 The fruits of the Vine do ripe in Season. 1657 R Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 15 They can never ripe together, but one is green, another ripe, another rotten. 1721 Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 192 The Fruits they bear are much larger, and ripe earlier, than what we find growing upon the old Stocks. 1818 Scott Rob Roy vi, There’s aye.. something to ripe that I would like to see ripen. 1892 M. Field Sight & Song 60 The peach that ripes. fig. e vertu of )>e leli rype)j bocches & sores, c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Douce 335) 38 b, Medle thes herbes to geder and ley hem vpon the bocches and that shal type hem. c 1450 M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 215 To rype J>e quinesye, tak smale snayles.. & stampe hem, & playster hem aboue pe sore. 1544 Pukeh Pestilence (1553) Pij, A plaister to ripe a botche comming of the pestilence. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 211 It., ripeth and breaketh harde impostumes. 16x4 Latham Falconry (1633) 145 It doth ripe and digest tough slime or glut that commeth of cold. 1398 Trevisa

to investigate,

a 1300 Cursor M. 26702 Cums his freind ripand his state, ..he sceus him all pat he wate. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 592 Rypande of vche a ring [= rink] pe reynyez & hert. 1513 Douglas ASneis ii. iii. 29 Lefull is.. Thair hid slycht als to rype furth to the ground. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 153 b, Examine, discus, serche, and rype weil thi conscience. £21598 Rollock Wks. (1844) II. 271 It goes down to the inward aflFections to ripe and search them. 1637 Rutherford Lett. i. cliv. (1664) 307 Each man had need twice a day & oftner, to be ryped & searched with candles. 1822 Ainslie Land of Burns 108 Our baimly recollections ryped and rummaged up. fb. With Up. (Cf. RIP 4b.) Obs. 1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xlii. 107, I sail rype vp the mater haill. 1690 W. Walker Idiomat. Anglo~Lat. 535 He ripes up (rehearses) what wrong his enemies had done him. 1695 WOOD Life 9 Oct., There I began to ripe up all the matter, how unworthily he had dealt with me.

5- To cleanse, clear out. 17.. Robin Hood ^ Beggar in Child Ballads III. 163/2 In the thick wood the beggar fled, Eer they riped their eyne. 1721 Ramsay Ode to the Ph— iii, Then fling on coals, and ripe the ribs. 1841 in Cath. News (1899) 3 June 15/4 She went afterwards to ‘ripe’ the fire. 1887 Service Life Dr. Duguid xii. 73 Robin ryped the dottle oot o’ his pipe. 1895

W. C. Fraser Tammy’s pipe.

Whaups xv. 209, I sometimes ripe oot

6. To break, dig, or plough up (ground). 1828 Craven Gloss., Rype, to break up rough and uncultivated ground, C1882 in J. Lucas Stud. Nidderdale xxvii. 223 T’oade boose.. hez been pull’d doon, its foondation rip’d up. 1897 G. O. Elder Borgue 29 (E.D.D,), Ripin’ up a’ the bits of green hoams, and forcing wheat to grow.

ripe, obs. form of reap sb.^ and ripeck, variant of rypeck. riped, ppl. a. rare. [f. ripe t;.*] Ripened. (Cf. fore-riped s.v. fore- pref.^ 2 b.) 1568 T. Howell Arb. Amitie (iSjg) 43 When ryped yeres in wisedomes schoole, in maridge faine would match. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1586) 67 b. The graines that grow within the redde riped Berrie.

'ripeful, a. rare-'. [-FUL.] Ripe.

they ripened.. into certainty. 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 211/1 The risk had not ripened into a debt.

2. Med, To come to a head; to maturate. 1704 F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1718) 51 A Cancerous Humour is some years ripening. 1709 Floyer Cold Bathing I. iv. 138 Cold Water hinders any Pain from ripening. 1722 De Foe Plague (Rtldg.) 209 The violent Motion.. caused them [swellings] to ripen and break.

3. Of natural products, etc.: To reach the proper condition or stage for being utilized. Also fig. 1756-82 J. Warton Ess. Pope I. ii. 78 In some minds the ore is a long time in ripening. 1807 J. Barlow Columb. iv. 380 No useless mine these northern hills enclose. No ruby ripens and no diamond glows. 1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts Ser. ii. 335/2 It is then poured out in the form of flat cakes .. and is left in that condition for many days to ‘ripen’. a 1890 Sci. Amer. LIV. 40 (Cent.), After ripening, the cream is churned. b. Of land: To become sufficiently valuable to let or sell for building on.

1836 Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 167 Is the old gentleman still alive? if so, he must now be ripeful of years as he is full of honours.

1899 Westm. Gaz. 11 Feb. 1/2 We see landlords.. holding land on the fringe of towns until it ‘ripens’, as the phrase goes, to the value which secures them an immense profit on their outlay.

ripel, obs. form of ripple v.'

4. trans. To make ripe; to bring to maturity or to the proper condition for being used.

ripely (’raipli), adv.

Also 4 rijp-, 5-6 rip-; 4-7 type-, 5-6 ryp-, 6 ryeply (4-7 -lie, 6 -lye), [f. ripe a. + -LY^. Cf. MDu. ripe-, rijplike (Du. rijpelijk), G. reiflich.']

11. Quickly, immediately. Obs. rare. In both passages a rendering of L. maturius. 1382 Wyclif 2 Macc. vii. 37 Ynclepynge God, more rijply for to be maad helpful to oure folc.-^£r^5 xxv. 4 Goynge forth more rypeli, or hasteli.

2. With ripe or mature consideration, reflection, or judgement. Now rare or Obs. 1456 Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 302 He suld be wele and ryply avisit or that he write..ony materis. 148. Botoner in Wars Eng. in France (Rolls) II. 528 Men of gret discresione, experte in the werre, may the more rypliere delyver and advise.. the thynges [etc.]. 1523 Cromwell in Merriman Life ^ Lett. (1902) I. 30 Vttred to his most prudent counsayll, and at sundrey tymes.. rypely dygested. 1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Poesie iii. xxii. (Arb.) 265 More curiously than needed, the matter being ripely considered. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 203 Let us ripely consider what Artificers deserve most to be imitated. 1700 Law Council Trade Introd. (1751) p. xiv. As those who shall ripely consider this matter, will easily find [etc.]. 1715 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 24 Till a General Assembly.. ripely and gravely consider the matter of them.

3. In a ripe, mature, or fully developed manner. 1513 Douglas JEneis iii. vi. 197 Sche sail riply declair to the in hy The maneris of all pepill in Italy; The battellis for to cum [etc.]. i6ii Shaks. Cymb. iii. v. 22 It fits vs there¬ fore ripely Our Chariots and our Horsemen be in readinesse. 1635-56 Cowley Davideis ii. 580 Him from whose danger heaven securely brings, And for his sake two ripely wicked Kings. i66i Evelyn Diary 13 May, Pity it is that what they attaine here so ripely, they either not retain or do not improve.. when they come to be men. 1800 Moore Anacreon xvii. 29 Then for his lips, that ripely gem. 1880 Blackmore Mary Anerley III. iii. 42 Brown dusk was ripely settling down among the mossy apple-trees. 1892 Cornh. Mag. June 570 Huge pears hung ripely. 1939 Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) 474 His locks of a lucan tinge, quickrich, ripely rippling. 1973 Daily Tel. 13 Aug. 12/3 Stravinsky’s ‘Firebird’... Ozawa encourages