Masbatenyo – English Dictionary

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Masbatenyo Dictionary

Masbatenyo – English Dictionary Compiler: Elmer P. Wolfenden

© 2016 SIL International®

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SIL International®

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This web edition may be cited as: Wolfenden, Elmer P. 2016. Masbatenyo - English Dictionary. Webonary.org. SIL International. Retrieved , from . Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Introduction The Masbatenyo people group of the Philippines have a population over 700,000. The term Minasbate is the language spoken by this people group. In the Philippines they are located on the islands of Masbate, Ticao and Burias in the Masbate Province. This province is 200 nautical miles southeast of Manila and just west of the southern tip of Luzon Island. The classification of the language is Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral. There is lexical similarity with Capiznon (79%) and Hiligaynon (76%). Hiligaynon. It is also closely related to Tagalog, the basis of the national language Filipino, and Cebuano, but it is most closely related to the language of Sorsogon City in the province of Sorsogon on the southern tip of Luzon Island. Up until the 1920's, the Masbate region was a part of Sorsogon Province. Three dialects of Masbatenyo have been discovered: the northern dialect centered around the provincial capital, Masbate town, and within the whole northern half of Masbate Island; the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast; and the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingin in the southeastern part of Masbate. This dictionary is a record of speech as spoken in northern Masbate. This dialect is the lingua franca for the province and the home language for between 300,000 to 350,000 people. In the far southern and southwestern parts of Masbate Island, Cebuano is the home language. There are other dialects spoken in the small towns on the island of Ticao. On Burias most of the speakers are Cebuano who migrated from the Cebu region. The Masbatenyo people highly value their language, using it in the home, the market and at work. Another people group, Southern Sorsoganon, use Masbatenyo as a second language. There is a high degree of literacy in the community (65%). Masbatenyo is taught in primary and secondary schools. Written materials using the Latin script include Masbatenyo newspapers and the New Testament (1993). There are also radio programs being transmitted. This dictionary of the Masbatenyo language is a preliminary effort to compile vocabulary items together with a brief sketch of the phonology and grammar. The dictionary entries have been collected over a period of 20 years (1972-1992) while the compiler was working on linguistic and translation projects in Masbate as a volunteer researcher with the Summer Institute of Linguistics. The procedure followed in the preparation of the dictionary was to first collect texts and their translations from Masbatenyo speakers. As words were compiled, the glosses were checked with other speakers and, with their help, a wider range of English semantic equivalents was added. Information on synonyms, antonyms and more illustrative sentences were also included for each entry where possible. Finally, phonological and grammatical information about the words was added by the researcher. Further work is also needed to expand the database of words and to complete the analysis of the semantic classes of verbs. Even so, it is our desire to make available the work done so far in the hope that it will encourage others to expand this information. The educational researcher seeking insight into the language for the preparation of school materials can benefit from this work. It is hoped that the dictionary will also make a linguistic contribution to the study and maintenance of Philippine languages. There are three major income-producing occupations: fishing, coconut cultivation, and cattle raising. Many words relate to these occupations. In the 16th century Chinese and Indonesian traders visited the Philippines. The Spanish also came and refueled their ships and restocked their food supplies in Masbate. The Spanish set up churches and left many cultural items and practices, resulting the infusion of new words into the Masbatenyo language. In 1898 the United States began to promote education in English all across the Philippines. Tagalog, Cebuano, and English influence the vocabulary of Minasbate through radio, television and movies. A striking characteristic of Masbatenyo is the presence of competing grammatical and lexical subsystems in the language, probably brought on by the influx of settlers from surrounding major language groups who mixed in elements of their languages. As a result, many semantic concepts in Masbatenyo can be expressed by from two to five alternate words. These concepts appear to have the exact same reference but come from one or more of the five surrounding languages: Bikol, Waray-waray, Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. There are also some variant coexistent forms of the grammatical markers and pronouns. The laughing comment from the speakers of the language is that their language is a mixed-up language. That is why, they say, speakers from other languages have a hard time learning Masbatenyo. Masbatenyos themselves usually have a preferred choice of words in their own use of the language, but readily recognize the others and sometimes also use them. To the knowledge of the compiler, this dictionary is only the second published work on the Masbatenyo language. There are, however, several descriptions of separate subsystems of the language in microfiche form as well as a few publications of educational and religious material in Masbatenyo (see the Bibliography). Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Foreword Before the Spaniards first arrived, the Masbatenyos were fishing and farming the islands of Masbate province and blending into a people of distinct cultural character. Some families have come from a Cebuano background, some others from Bikol roots, still others from either Samar-Leyte or Hiligaynon families. From this varied cultural background the Masbatenyos have developed a unique language they can proudly call their own. For many years the Masbatenyo language has been only an oral language despite the size of the population of 600,000 people and the outstanding academic achievements of the speakers. There are educators, businessmen and women, doctors, nurses, lawyers, to name a few, which have come from among these people. With such a rich heritage they deserve to have their language set down in a formal way, and now it has happened. This Masbatenyo-English dictionary is a landmark in the development of the use of the language. It not only embodies the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of Masbatenyo, but it will also serve as a bridge toward a higher proficiency in the English language. I would expect then that it will become a valuable language tool for students and teachers alike. The Summer Institute of Linguistics is to be commended for taking the initiative to do the research leading to the compiling of this reference work. I am happy, therefore, to recommend this book to the Masbatenyos and other interested readers. May it impart a sincere and deep appreciation for the distinct character of the Masbatenyo people and their language. Before the Spaniards first arrived, the Masbatenyos were fishing and farming the islands of Masbate province and blending into a people of distinct cultural character. Some families have come from a Cebuano background, some others from Bikol roots, still others from either Samar-Leyte or Hiligaynon families. From this varied cultural background the Masbatenyos have developed a unique language they can proudly call their own. For many years the Minasbate language has been only an oral language despite the size of the population of 600,000 people and the outstanding academic achievements of the speakers. There are educators, businessmen and women, doctors, nurses, lawyers, to name a few, which have come from among these people. With such a rich heritage they deserve to have their language set down in a formal way, and now it has happened. This Masbatenyo-English dictionary is a landmark in the development of the use of the language. It not only embodies the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of Minasbate, but it will also serve as a bridge toward a higher proficiency in the English language. I would expect then that it will become a valuable language tool for students and teachers alike. The Summer Institute of Linguistics is to be commended for taking the initiative to do the research leading to the compiling of this reference work. I am happy, therefore, to recommend this book to the Masbatenyos and other interested readers. May it impart a sincere and deep appreciation for the distinct character of the Masbatenyo people and their language. Isagani A. Delavin Schools Division Superintendent Masbate, Masbate Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Credits & acknowledgements The editor would like to thank the language assistants for their many years of dedication to the project: Miriam V. Bartlet Felixberto V. Granado, Jr. Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary The Masbatenyo Alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ng o p r s t u w y The Masbatenyo-to-English part of the dictionary is arranged alphabetically according to the above order. The 22 symbols in the practical Masbatenyo alphabet used in this dictionary are as follows: A B D E G H I K L M N NG O P R S T U W Y, [-] and [`] (symbols for glottal stop) and [´] which symbolizes stress or accent. Nine consonants, C CH F J Ñ Q V X Z, do not occur in native words but are needed for the writing of proper noun loan words from Spanish and English which have not been fully assimilated into Masbatenyo, e.g. Javier, Quezon, Roxas.

Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Abbreviations adj.

adjective

adj. affix.

adjective affix

adj. prefix.

adjective prefix

adv.

adverb

art.

article

conj.

conjunction

deictic prn.

deictic pronoun

dem. adj.

demonstrative adjective

dem. prn.

demonstrative pronoun

deriv. affix

derivative affix

desc. affix

descriptive affix

emph. part.

emphatic particle

exclam.

exclamation

exclam. part.

exclamative particle

exist.

existential

gram. part.

grammatical particle

indef. adj.

indefinite adjective

indef. Gen. NP marker

indefinitive Generative noun phrase marker

interj.

interjection

interr. part.

interrogative particle

interr. prn.

interrogative pronoun

lex. part.

lexical particle

loc. prn.

locative pronoun

n.

noun

part.

particle

pers.prn.

personal pronoun

pl. n.

plural noun

prep.

preposition

prn.

pronoun

rel. prn.

relative pronoun

v.

verb

vb. affix

verb affix

vb. infix

verb infix

vb. prefix.

verb prefix

vb. suffix

verb suffix Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines®

© 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Dictionary Entries explained Some Minasbate words originated from other languages. Some entries contain the word "From" followed by the language of origin. Entries begin with a headword followed by the word in brackets with tone markings. Then the abbreviation for the part of speech is given. In the following example "n" means "noun". After the definition of the word in English, there may be an example sentence to show how the word is used. haganas [haganás] n. rushing sound. Refers to the sounds of water, rainstorm, wind. An iya boses baga'n haganas san makusog na pagbulos san tubig. His voice seemed-like a rushing-sound of-a strong flow of water. The following word is a grammatical particle that has several meanings. These are separated by numbers: sa gram part . locative prep. This is the marker for the Referent noun phrase. The translation of sa into English usually results in various prepositional meanings. 1) with Nag-upod siya sa amon. He accompanied with us. 2) at_the Adto siya sa plasa. He is there at-the plaza. 3) to_the Makadto siya sa uma. He will-go to-the farm. 4) on_the Ginbutang ko sa lamisa. I put it on-the table. 5) in_regard_to Abunda sa portina an latoy. String-beans are-rich in-regard-to protein. mápasa v . belong to. Attaching the affixes ma- and pa- to the sa phrase marker results in a sa phrase which is verbalized. The Topic of the clause is possessed by the pronoun head of the verbalized phrase. The affixes thus allow aspect inflection of the sa phrase as seen in the following examples: Mapasa akon ini. This-one belongs-to me. mapápasa v . will_belong_to. Mapapasa aton an iya irensyahon. His inheritance will-be ours. nápasa v . belonged_to. Sa mga iba napasa inda an mga ginatuga san Dios. To others the-things God was-promising them were-being-granted. nása prep . be in, be on, be at. Ginpaypay ninda na mag-apiki an inda mga kaurupod na nasa iba na baruto. They waved-at their companions who werein another boat to-come-near. Nasa peligro gayod sinda. They really were-in danger. The following example illustrates how Minasbate borrows words from another language, in this case Cebuano. The words are categoried in different parts of speech, in this case, verbs and nouns. sabot [sabót] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. makasabót v . able to understand, able to agree to. Nano kay dili kamo nakasabot? Why can't you-all understand? kasabútan n . understanding, agreement. Wara ako kaaram san imo kasabutan. I had-no knowledge of your agreement. (dial. var. kasabót) pasabót n . notice. cf: tanda 'sign' , karatula 'signboard' ; syn: paaram 'notice' , abiso 'notice' , pasabot 'notice' , kamangno 'notice' , notisya 'news' . ipasabót v . cause to understand. Amo ini an gusto ko ipasabot sadto. This is what I want you to-understand regardingthat. cf: aram . magsabót v . notify, inform. syn: paáram. magsábot v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. agree, arrange to do something. Magsabot kita kun anhon ta ini. Let us agree onwhat-to-do-about this. magsabútan v . MAGPA- act; MAG-..-AN exp; MA-..-AN pat. understand each other. Dili pa sinda nagasabutan gayod san inda pagaistorya. They did-not yet really understand each-other. magpasabót v . understand something. Ina nagapasabot na magpaaram ka na. That causes you to-understand that you will-bid-farewell then. masabútan v . be understood. Dapat masabutan na maayo an pamilya. It-must be-understood that the family is good. Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Introduction 1. General Information This dictionary of the Masbatenyo language is a preliminary effort to compile vocabulary items together with a brief sketch of the phonology and grammar. The dictionary entries have been collected off and on over a period of 20 years (1972-1992) while the compiler was working on linguistic and translation projects in Masbate as a volunteer researcher with the Summer Institute of Linguistics. The procedure followed in the preparation of the dictionary was to first collect texts and their translations from Masbatenyo speakers. As words were compiled the glosses were checked with other speakers and, with their help, a wider range of English semantic equivalents was added. Information on synonyms, antonyms and more illustrative sentences were also included for each entry where possible. Finally, phonological and grammatical information about the words was added by the researcher. There are about 5,000 major entries included in this dictionary and another 1,000 minor entries as well as an English - Masbatenyo index. This, of course, is only a representative sampling of the vocabulary of the language but time limitations make it impossible to prepare a more exhaustive compilation. Some important entries may have been omitted or missed due to human error. That is regrettable but perhaps this work can be a foundation for future researchers to build on. Further work is also needed to expand the database of words and to complete the analysis of the semantic classes of verbs. Even so, it is our desire to make available the work done so far in the hope that it will encourage others to expand this information. The dictionary was originally compiled to assist the researcher in learning the language because there was no published literature to refer to. Even today, apart from the New Testament in Masbatenyo, there is very little; most of it is in the form of classroom materials for elementary school students and a few how-to-do-it manuals prepared by the Dept. of Education, Culture and Sports. No technical description of the language has ever been published. Since the population is about 65% literate in Filipino and English, the major languages of the nation, the intended audience for this dictionary is that educated population. The dictionary is an initial record of the words of their own language. The educational researcher seeking insight into the language for the preparation of school materials can also benefit from this work. It is hoped that the dictionary will also make a linguistic contribution to the study and maintenance of Philippine languages. Masbatenyo (also sometimes referred to as Minasbate) is spoken in the Province of Masbate in central Philippines. The province (consisting of the three islands: Masbate, Ticao and 1 Burias) lies 200 nautical miles southeast of Manila and just

2

Introduction

west of the southern tip of Luzon Island. The population was approximately 600,000 people in 1990 according to the Bureau of Census. There are three major income-producing occupations: fishing, coconut cultivation and cattle raising.

2. History of the Province Before the 16th century it is known that Chinese traders occasionally visited the Philippines. There were also traders from the Indonesian islands to the south of the Philippines. The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established trade with Europe and Mexico. They were headquartered in Manila but were supplied by ships from Mexico. These ships frequented Masbate to refuel and restock their food supplies on their way to and from Mexico through the San Bernardino Strait between the islands of Luzon and Samar. A number of sturdy, thickwalled churches which they built still stand in Masbate. As they also did in the rest of the Philippines, they brought many cultural items and practices previously unknown to the people of Masbate. The resulting cultural exchange infused new words into the Masbatenyo language. The advent of the Americans in 1898 and onward also promoted language borrowing, especially as a result of their heavy involvement in setting up a public education system and establishing English as the national language for almost 50 years. New words are still coming into the language as a result of the Tagalog, Cebuano and English languages used on radio, in television and the movies.

3. Language Identification Masbatenyo is the name used by the speakers of the language for both the language and for themselves, although Minasbate is sometimes also used to distinguish the language from the people. Masbatenyo is a member of the central Philippines family of languages and is related to Hiligaynon. It is also closely related to Tagalog, the basis of the national language Filipino, and Cebuano, but it is most closely related to the language of Sorsogon City in the province of Sorsogon on the southern tip of Luzon Island. Until the 1920s Masbate was a part of Sorsogon Province and was governed from Sorsogon City. Though Sorsogon is the southernmost province on the Bicol Peninsula, the language is not closely related to the Bicol language. However, both the Sorsogon language and Masbatenyo have grammatical systems which are close to that of Hiligaynon, the trade language of Panay Island to the west of Masbate, rather than to the Bicol of southern Luzon or the Cebuano of Cebu Province to the south. A striking characteristic of Masbatenyo is the presence of competing grammatical and lexical subsystems in the language. This has probably been brought on by the influx of settlers from surrounding major language groups who mixed in elements of their languages with and along side of the Masbatenyo. The result is that many semantic concepts in Masbatenyo can be expressed by from two to five alternate and different words for

Introduction

3

a single concept. They appear to have the exact same reference but come from one or more of the five surrounding languages: Bikol, Waray-waray, Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. There are also some variant coexistent forms of the grammatical markers and pronouns. The laughing comment from the speakers of the language is that their language is a mixed-up language. That is why, they say, speakers from other languages have a hard time learning Masbatenyo. Masbatenyos themselves usually have a preferred choice of words in their own use of the language, but readily recognize the others and sometimes also use them.

4. Literature on the Language To the knowledge of the compiler, this dictionary is only the second published work on the Masbatenyo language. There are, however, several descriptions of separate subsystems of the language in microfiche form as well as a few publications of educational and religious material in Masbatenyo (see the Bibliography).

5. Dialects of Masbatenyo There are three major dialects of Masbatenyo: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingin in the southeastern part of Masbate and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate Island and centered around Masbate town which is the provincial capital. In the far southern and southwestern parts of Masbate Island, Cebuano is the home language. There are several lesser dialects spoken in the small towns on the island of Ticao. On Burias most of the speakers are Cebuano who migrated from the Cebu region. This dictionary is a record of speech as spoken in northern Masbate primarily in and around the capital town of Masbate. This dialect is the lingua franca for the province and the home language for between 300,000 to 350,000 people.

4

Phonological Sketch

Phonological Sketch 1. The Orthography The 22 symbols in the practical Masbatenyo alphabet used in this dictionary are as follows: A B D E G H I K L M N NG O P R S T U W Y, [-] and [`] (symbols for glottal stop) and [´] which symbolizes stress or accent. The symbol [^] represents the concurrence of stress and glottal stop on the same syllable. Though stress or accent is symbolized in this dictionary, it is not marked in Masbatenyo texts or in the practical orthography.

1.1. Vowels The vowels are displayed in Table 1. Note that the vowels are placed in the Table according to where they are pronounced in the mouth. Table 1: Vowels of Masbatenyo Front i e

High Mid Low

Central

Back u o

a [´] (Accent)

The two vowels [e] and [o] are distinctive only in loan words from Spanish or English. Otherwise they are variants of /i/ and /u/ respectively.

1.2. Consonants The consonants are displayed in Table 2 according to how and where they are pronounced in the mouth. Table 2: Consonants of Masbatenyo Stops: voiceles s voiced Fricative s Nasals Lateral Flapped Semivowel s

Bilabial

Alveolar

p b

m

w

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

t

k

(-,`)

d s

g

n l r

ng

h

y

In this dictionary, glottal stop, symbolized as (-) or (`) in Table 2, is not symbolized in word-initial position. That

Phonological Sketch

5

gives some words the appearance of being vowel-initial, e.g. unom ‘six’, abot ‘arrive’, itsa ‘throw’. The glottal appears when the words are affixed by a consonant-final prefix, e.g. abot ‘arrive’, nag-abot ‘arrived’. It is symbolized by [-] when it is a member of a consonant cluster in the middle of words, and by a grave accent [`] on a vowel with a following glottal stop. In the practical orthography used for texts, neither word-initial nor word-final glottal stop is symbolized. The digraph [ng] represents the velar nasal as in English words ‘ring’, ‘sing’, ‘bring’. The [r] is flapped like the ‘dd’ in the English word ‘ladder’.

2. Problems 2.1. Writing Loan Words Nine consonants, C CH F J Ñ Q V X Z, do not occur in native words but are needed for the writing of proper noun loan words from Spanish and English which have not been fully assimilated into Masbatenyo, e.g. Javier, Quezon, Roxas. Assimilated loan words are respelled using normal Masbatenyo letters. Thus the borrowed consonants listed in the left column of Table 3 are assigned the Masbatenyo equivalents listed on the right. Table 3: Masbatenyo equivalents of borrowed consonants Borrowed letters c when followed by o, u or a c when followed by i or e ch f j (in Spanish) ll ñ q v x z

Masbatenyo letters k s ts p h y or ly ny k b ks s

Only three vowels occur in native Masbatenyo words. They are the high front vowel i, the low central vowel a and the high back vowel u. However, there is variation between i and e on one hand and between o and u on the other in the pronunciation of individual speakers.

2.2. Writing the Vowels i and e The practical orthography or alphabet used in this dictionary uses only i for the high front vowel in native Masbatenyo words. However, both i and e are used as needed in borrowed words. If alternate pronunciations are common, the alternate form is listed with a cross reference to the main entry of the word.

6

Phonological Sketch

Example: priparar [priparár]. v. prepare. See main entry: preparar.

2.3. Writing the Vowels u and o To handle the variation between the sounds u and o, the practical orthography used here follows the spelling system of the national language, Filipino. Thus, u is written in nonfinal syllables and o in final syllables. The one exception to this rule is that the word for ‘if’ is spelled kun. Example: budbod ‘sprinkle’

2.4. Writing Vowel Clusters There is a possibility of confusing the pronunciation of vowel clusters in Masbatenyo. This arises because glottal stop is not written in the practical orthography when it occurs between two vowels. Thus, for example, ayo ‘request’ + -on, Objective voice affix, becomes ayuon, with an unwritten glottal stop pronounced between the two vowels /-uo-/. There are also vowel clusters which do not have a glottal stop between them. So, for example, tao ‘person’, sia ‘it, he, she’, babai ‘female’. These types of vowel clusters typically have a high vowel as one member of the cluster. Therefore to avoid confusion in the pronunciation of these clusters, the semivowel counterpart of the high vowel involved is written between the two vowels. Thus, for example: tao sia babai

is written is written is written

tawo siya babayi

2.5. Contrastive Accent There is a meaningful contrastive accent in Masbatenyo. Accent, or stress, is manifested as length on the vowel nucleus of open syllables, but in closed syllables, prominence usually consists of voice emphasis, or loudness. A pitch difference is not consistent. Accent is written as [´] before the vowel to be stressed in the following examples, but is not written in literature outside the dictionary. Compare the following pairs, for example: kita [k´ita`] ‘see’ kita [kit´a] ‘we inclusive’ ubos [´ubos] ‘depleted’ ubos [ub´os] ‘lower area’

2.6. New Consonant Clusters In native words, there are few syllable-initial consonant clusters and no word-medial consonant clusters of more than two consonants. Most of the syllable-initial consonant clusters have been introduced into Masbatenyo by loan words from Spanish and English.

Phonological Sketch

7

2.6.1. Syllable-initial Consonant Clusters The syllable-initial consonant clusters are combinations which have various consonants as the first member but for the second member are restricted to either l, r, w or y. Those having l as the second member are: pl, bl, kl, gl Those having r as the second member are: br, dr, gr, kr, tr Those clusters having w as the second member are: bw, gw, kw, pw, sw Those clusters having y as the second member are: by, py, dy, ty, my, sy. 2.6.2. Medial Three-member Consonant Clusters There are a few three-member consonant clusters which have been introduced by borrowed words. ntr myintras ‘while’ spl esplikar ‘explain’ nts plantsa ‘press clothes’ 2.6.3. Affricates in Borrowed Words Borrowed words containing affricates are usually reinterpreted using Masbatenyo phonemes. The voiceless alveopalatal affricate ch is reinterpreted as the consonant cluster ts. Example: icha (Sp.) ‘throw’ is written and pronounced itsa. The voiced alveo-palatal affricate j is reinterpreted as the consonant cluster dy. Example: jeep (Eng.) is pronounced and written dyip.

3. Morphophonemic Changes in Masbatenyo Under certain conditions the joining of words or parts of words in Masbatenyo speech precipitates changes in the sounds at the borders where they meet. The types of changes are consonant addition, assimilation, loss of sounds, metathesis, accent shift, and combinations of these. Changes occur both within words and across word boundaries.

3.1. Consonant Addition When vowel-final stems are suffixed with vowel-initial suffixes, an h is appended to the stem before the suffix is attached. Examples: asikaso ‘take care of someone’ + -a = asikasuha intindi ‘understand’ + -an = intindihan

3.2. Changes Due to Assimilation The process of assimilation primarily the nasal phonemes.

in

Masbatenyo

involves

8

Phonological Sketch

3.2.1. Assimilation of Morphemes Ending with ng Prefixes ending in ng assimilate to the point of articulation of the following stem-initial consonant. In the following examples the glottal stop is written as q to give it a visible symbol. -ng + b-  -mb-ng + d-  -nd-ng + l-  -nl-

-ng + g-  -ngg-ng + q-  -ngq-

Examples: nagpang + batuta  nagpambatuta ‘was clubbed’ pang + gasto  panggasto ‘expense’ nagapang + lambat  nagapanlambat ‘is netting for fish’ The examples show how the nasal -ng changes, but the consonants which cause assimilation are more numerous than just those in the examples: -ng assimilates to -m before any bilabial consonant (p, b, m, w), to -n before alveolar consonants (t, d, s, n, l), and remains -ng before velar and glottal consonants (k, g, ng, h). However there are some word roots which do not participate in these changes. Examples: pangbanlaw ‘for rinsing’ pangtagbo ‘for dripping’ nanglainlain ‘various, different’ nangdadakop ‘are catching’ Across word boundaries there is assimilation in speech of the final nasals in the noun case marking particles an, san, and sin, and in the sequencing particles man and naman. However, this assimilation is not written in the practical orthography. Examples: am pagsasakay is written an pagsasakay ‘the riding’ sam mataba is written san mataba ‘of the fat ones’ madulom namang ngani is written madulom naman ngani ‘...then it was really dark...’ 3.2.2. Assimilation with Consonant Loss In some words there is a combination of assimilation and consonant loss. This happens in the following way. The final nasal consonant of the affix assimilates to the initial consonant of the stem, then the stem consonant is deleted. Examples: pangnangnangmangnangmang-

+ + + + + +

batyagon  pamatyagon ‘feelings’ buhay  namuhay ‘lived’ kuha  nanguha ‘got’ kita  mangita ‘to earn’ tukdo  nanukdo ‘taught’ siguro  maniguro ‘be sure’

Phonological Sketch

9

When a word-final nasal assimilates to another nasal across word boundaries, the geminate cluster of nasals is reduced to only one. However, the original nasals are written. Examples: an manga maati  amanga maati ‘the dirty ones’ Hugason mo na la.  Hugasumon la. ‘Just wash (it).’

3.3. Changes Due to Loss When a vowel cluster results from the deletion of a glottal stop, the cluster is usually reduced. Examples: ...amo idto na maayo  amidto na maayo ‘...that is that good...’ Certain words lose the vowel of the last syllable when suffixed but retain the word-final consonant. Examples: nalimot + -an  nalimtan ‘forgot’ nahangad + -an  nahangdan ‘looked up’ In a few words the loss of the vowel in the final syllable of the stem is coupled with metathesis of the two consonants thus brought together. Examples: na- + sulod + -an  nasudlan ‘was entered’ kapawà + -an  kapaw-an ‘light’ ir- + inom + -on  irimnon ‘a drink’ punò + -on  pun-on ‘to fill’ Following vowel-final words the particles an, na, and sa undergo a double change. The vowel is lost and the consonant is attached to the preceding word. Examples: Amo na la ini.  Amon la ini. ‘It’s just this.’ Nakita na dayon.  Nakitan dayon. ‘It was immediately seen.’ Hugason mo na la.  Hugasumon la. ‘Just wash (it).’ ...nakakadi sa San Jacinto.  ...nakakadis San Jacinto. ‘...were-able-to-come-here to San Jacinto.’ Sin-o an malampaso?  Sin-on malampaso? ‘Who will scrub the floor?’ The particles san and sin are often contracted to the immediately preceding word if it ends in either a glottal or vowel. The glottal is first deleted and the first CV of the particles are also deleted, then the remaining -n is attached to the preceding word. Examples: ...minsan wara sin kwarta.  ...minsan waran kwarta. ‘...once without money.’ ...karaon kami san pangalasdosi.  ...karaon kamin pangalasdosi. ‘...we-excl ate lunch.’ ...damo sin tawo.  ...damon tawo. ‘...many people.’ Some vowel-final words which add an [h] when suffixed, lose the final vowel before the suffix is attached but retain the [h]. Examples:

10

Grammatical Sketch dara ‘carry’ + -on  darhon dara ‘carry’ + -a  darha nalaba ‘laundered’ + -an  nalabhan

3.4. Devoicing There is an optional devoicing of vowels when they follow voiceless consonants. The voice articulators are heard to move and the air stream is perceived to be affected, but the particular sounds devoiced are identified primarily by recognition of the lexical unit uttered. This devoicing is not written in the practical orthography since it is an optional feature, but in the following examples the devoiced vowels are written with capital letters. Examples: ...sin madakop sa akon.  ...sin madakOp sa akon. ‘...the one who will catch me.’ ...igwa sin higanti...  ...igwa sin hIganti... ‘...there was a giant...’ kaugalian...  kAugalian... ‘a habit...’

Grammatical Sketch 1. Identification of Parts of Speech Six parts of speech are identifiable in Masbatenyo. They are particles, pronouns, nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives. There are also affixes which cannot occur independently but attach to the stems to modify the meaning. A few affixes can occur independently when they modify phrases, but usually they occur attached to stems. Particles, pronouns and adverbs are independent words. Nouns, adjectives and verbs are affixable roots which are distinguished from each other by contrastive meaning in similar affix environments and by differing potential affixation.

1.1. Noun Identification Nouns are distinguished from adjectives and verbs by patterns of affixation. When affixed with the ka-...-an combination, for example, noun roots become plural nouns which signify a group of the noun items. Examples: bata ‘child’ kabataan ‘children’ lubi ‘coconut tree’ kalubihan ‘coconut grove’ kugon ‘field grass’ kakugunan ‘fields of grass’ dagat ‘sea’ kadagatan ‘seas’ Adjective roots become derived nouns with this affix combination but do not have the meaning of plurality. Examples: dulom ‘dark’ kaduluman ‘darkness’ tuninong ‘peaceful’ katuninungan ‘composure’ damo ‘many’ kadamuan ‘a crowd’ raot ‘evil’ karautan ‘wickedness’ A verb root affixed with the ka-...-an affixes also results in a derived noun. Examples:

Grammatical Sketch aram ‘to know facts’ isip ‘to think’ tuyo ‘to plan, propose’ tukdo ‘point, teach’

11 kaaraman ‘knowledge’ kaisipan ‘thought’ katuyuan ‘purpose’ katukduan ‘instruction’

1.2. Adjective Identification Adjective roots contrast with noun and verb roots by having the potential to be marked for comparative degrees. In the following examples, some roots occur with the prefix ma- to express a descriptive state of being. The comparative degrees are marked as follows: A. Positive degree: (unaffixed root or ma- + root): dako ‘big’ usad ‘one’ malipay ‘happy’ maayo ‘good’ B. Comparative degree is marked by use of mas ‘much, more’ + adjective: mas grabi ‘much worse’ mas maayo ‘much better’ C. Superlative degree is marked by the affix pinaka-: pinakataas ‘highest’ pinakamaayo ‘best’ Example sentences with the root ayo ‘good’: 1a.

Maayo an pakapraktis san tanan. The practice of everyone was good.

b.

Mas maayo na dili pagtahuban an napaso. It is much better not to-cover the burned-skin.

c.

An tubig an pinakamaayo na bulong sa kadamuan san mga sakit. Water-is the best medicine for most illnesses.

1.3. Verb Identification Verbs are roots which do not undergo the noun or adjective affixation and do have the positive potential for verbal inflection. Examples: uyon ‘agree’ nagauyon ‘agrees’ sira ‘destroy’ nagasira ‘destroys’ sakit ‘hurt’ nagasakit ‘feels hurt’ Nouns are described in section 2, adjectives in section 3, adverbs in section 4, and verbs in 5. Pronouns are described with the noun phrases for which they substitute.

2. Nouns Nouns usually occur as the head word of nominal phrases. Such phrases are introduced by case markers which show how the noun is grammatically related to the predicate. However, nouns can occur without introducing markers. In this way they indicate non-specific or indefinite referents.

12

Grammatical Sketch

2.1. Simple Nouns Simple nouns are unaffixed roots. Examples of simple nouns in the following sentences are the words trabaho ‘work’, uma ‘farm’, gatas ‘milk’ and karabaw ‘water buffalo’. 2.

Damo sinda sin trabaho sa uma. They-had-lots of work on-the farm.

3.

Nakakuha sinda sin gatas san inda karabaw. They were-able-to-get milk from their water-buffalo.

When simple nouns occur in a clause without a phrase introducer, they are non-personal non-specific nouns which represent an indefinite referent. Examples are the words gurang ‘adult’ and bata ‘child’ in the following sentence. 4.

Gurang man o bata kinahanglan gayod na maaram kun nano an hihimuon. Whether an adult or a child they really need to know what to do.

2.2. Simple Noun Phrase. The Simple Noun Phrase consists of an obligatory Head which can be almost any noun and a preceding optional Number which is a limited class of words represented by the word manga (mga). (In the following examples the phrase is in bold face in both the Masbatenyo and the English translation.) Examples: 5.

Mga sakop ini san akon trabaho. These-are components of my work. In the following example, kada ‘each’ is the Number.

6.

Kada isad sa inda nauli na pakakuha san bahin ninda. Each one of them went-home after-getting their share.

Vocatives are also Simple Noun Phrases, as seen in the following examples. 7.

Mapakain ka, Migo? Where are you going, Friend?

8.

Niyan, mga kaigmanghudan, igwa sin bag-o na layi. Now, brothers, there-is a new law.

2.3. The Marked Noun Phrases A Marked Noun Phrase has two obligatory elements: an Introducer and a phrase Head. The Head of the non-personal phrase can be any noun, or an adjective or a verb functioning as a noun. The Head of a personal noun phrase is a name. Noun Phrase Introducers appear in grammatical constructions with a double function: (1) they mark the phrases they introduce as substantives, and (2) they inform the hearer how the phrase they introduce is grammatically related to the rest of the clause, i.e., they function like case markers. The non-

Grammatical Sketch

13

Topic case markers and their substitutes translate into English with prepositional meaning. Introducers have distinguishing forms for number (singular and plural) and for person (personal and non-personal). Nonpersonal introducers have, in addition, distinct forms for specific and non-specific referents for Nominative and Genitive noun phrases. The phrase Head may be either a Simple Noun Phrase or a Dative Noun Phrase (for Nominative and Genitive phrases, see sections 2.3.1 and 2.3.2). There are both personal and nonpersonal pronouns which substitute for the whole of the Nominative and Genitive phrases, not just the Head. The situation is different for the Dative Noun Phrase. Note the construction for them in section 2.3.3. 2.3.1. The Nominative Noun Phrase Nominative Noun Phrases (NomNP) function as the Topic of both verbal and non-verbal clauses and both the Topic and Predicate of nominal Identificational clauses. The Introducers of the NomNP are given in the columns of Table 4. Table 4: Introducers of the nominative NP Personal Non-personal, specific Non-personal, nonspecific

Singular si an Ø

Plural sinda an mga Ø mga

The introducer of the personal Nominative Noun Phrase, usually not translatable into English, is si. The plural Introducer is sinda. The particle an is the Introducer of the common or non-personal specific NomNP and an mga is the plural form. The non-personal, non-specific singular is zero (Ø) and the plural is Ø mga. Examples: 9.

Sarawayon gayod ini si Anghelito. This Anghelito really was-mischievous.

10.

Pagsabi ko sani, nagtararawa sinda Itay. After I said this, Itay-and-his-companions laughed.

11.

“Anghelito” an ngaran san drama ninda. The name of their drama was “Anghelito”.

12.

Damo na an mga tawo na adto sa may plasa. Many-were the people already there at-the plaza.

13.

Didi ka la sa sirong san saging kay ako an sa ibabaw. You be here at the foot of the banana plant then I-willbe the-one up-above.

14.

Ibon an Maya. The Maya is a bird.

14 15.

Grammatical Sketch Mga ibon an magkaraon san palay. The birds are the-ones-who ate the rice.

2.3.1.1. Nominative Demonstrative Pronouns There are non-personal demonstrative pronouns which substitute for the NomNP or which function as demonstrative adjectives and modify a different Head Noun. These pronouns are given in Table 5. Table 5: Demonstrative pronouns of the nominative NP ini ina idto

‘this’ (close) ‘that’ (near) ‘that’ (distant)

Examples: 16.

Ini si Ricardo adto permi sa lungsod. This Ricardo is-there permanently in-the city.

17.

Nano kay himuon ta ina? Why will we-incl do that?

2.3.1.2. Nominative Personal Pronouns There are personal pronouns which substitute personal NomNP. The pronouns are given in Table 6.

for

the

Table 6: Personal pronouns of the nominative NP Singular ako me’

‘I,

ka, ikaw ‘you’ siya ‘it, she, he’

Plural kami ‘we (exclusive)’ kita ‘we (inclusive)’ kamo ‘you’ sinda ‘they’

Examples: 18.

Wara pa ako makaabot sana na Legaspi. I have-not yet been-able-to-reach that Legaspi.

19.

Namahaw na ba kamo? Have you-pl already breakfasted?

2.3.2. Genitive Noun Phrase The Genitive Noun Phrase (GenNP) has two elements, both obligatory: the Introducer and the Head. The Introducer indicates that the phrase is a nominal phrase and that it is in an attributive relationship to a head. In relation to noun head words the GenNP identifies the possessor of the head. In relation to verb head words the GenNP indicates out-of-focus actors/agents or direct objects. When attributive to Adjectival head words the GenNP functions to limit the scope of the adjective.

Grammatical Sketch

15

This phrase also has personal vs. non-personal and specific vs. non-specific constructions. The Introducers of the Genitive Noun Phrase are given in Table 7. Table 7: Introducers of the genitive NP Singular Personal Non-personal, specific Non-personal, nonspecific

Plural

ni san sin

ninda san mga sin mga

The personal singular Genitive Noun Phrase Introducer is ni; the plural is ninda. The non-personal singular Introducers are san, which marks the referent as specific, and sin, which marks the referent of the phrase as non-specific. The plurals of the non-personal Introducers are san mga and sin mga. Examples: 20.

Si Juan isad-isad na bata ni Tia Maria. Juan was an-only child of Tia Maria.

21.

Nag-uli kami sa balay ninda Edwin. We-excl returned to-the house of Edwin-and-his-family.

22.

May dyutay na sadiri na nabilin san iya ama. There-was a small property which was-left by his father.

23.

Amo ini an rason san usad san mga katarakin. This is reasoning of one of-the neighbours.

24.

Nakabaton si Tia Maria sin surat hali kan Juan. Tia Maria received a letter from Juan.

25.

Damo man gayod kami sin mga bisita. We-excl really had-a-lot of visitors.

26.

Lumain an buot san may sakit san matilawan an lugaw. The feelings of-the-one-who had sickness were-grieved when she-tasted the rice-gruel.

2.3.2.1. The GenNP Demonstrative Pronouns There are non-personal demonstrative pronouns which substitute for the GenNP. These pronouns are given in Table 8. Table 8: Demonstrative pronouns of the genitive NP Location ‘of/by this’(close) ‘of/by that’ (near) ‘of/by that’ (distant)

Non-specific sini

Specific sani

sina

sana

sidto

sadto

16

Grammatical Sketch

All of these pronouns can be pluralized by adding ‘na mga’ to them, thus, for example, sani na mga... These pronouns are always attributive to other Head words. Examples: 27.

Wara pa ako makaabot sana na Legaspi. I have not yet been able to reach that Legaspi.

28.

Magtuna sadto si Anghelito na an nagin pinakamabuot na anghel sa Paraiso. Beginning from-that-time Anghelito became the bestbehaved angel in Paradise.

29.

San sigi na an arani sadto’n mga tawo,... When the harvesting by-those people was in-full-swing,...

30.

“Niyan, Banoy, nano an aton himuon sani na mga maabot na adlaw?” “Now Banoy, what are we-incl going-to-do in-these coming days?”

2.3.2.2. The GenNP Personal Pronouns There are personal pronouns which substitute personal GenNP. The pronouns are given in Table 9.

for

the

Grammatical Sketch

17

Table 9: Personal pronouns of the genitive NP ko/nakon

Singular ‘by me, my’

ta

‘by me, my’

mo/nimo niya his’

‘by you, your’ ‘by her, him,

Plural namon ‘by us, our (exclusive)’ naton/ta ‘by us, our (inclusive)’ niyo ‘by you, your’ ninda ‘by them, their’

These pronouns usually mark a possessor or an agent or some other attributive relation to a head word, but do not show a distinction between specific and non-specific. Examples: 31.

Kun igwa sin itlog ginabaligya man gihapon ninda. If there-are eggs they are-selling them also.

32.

An tiya ko an akon maninay. My aunt-is my godmother.

33.

Damo kami na urupod kaya kasurusadya namon. We-excl had many companions so we-excl were-very-happy.

2.3.3. The Dative Noun Phrase The Dative Noun Phrase (DatNP) also has two obligatory elements, the Intro-ducer and the Head, and personal and nonpersonal forms, but lacks the distinction between specific and non-specific referents. This phrase shows the location where an action occurs or an item or direction to which or from which an action moves. It also indicates the indirect object of verbal clauses when that indirect object is not the focus of the verb. The Introducers of the DatNP are given in the columns of Table 10. Table 10: Introducers of the dative NP Personal Non-personal

Singular kan sa

Plural kanda sa mga

The Introducer of the personal singular DatNP is kan; the personal plural Introducer is kanda. The non-personal singular Introducer is sa; the plural form is sa mga. There is no distinction between specific and non-specific categories for the DatNP. Examples: 34.

Nakabaton si Tia Maria sin surat hali kan Juan. Tia Maria received a letter from Juan.

35.

An suba adto harani lang kanda Edwin. The river was-there just near to-the-place-of-Edwin-andhis-family.

18

Grammatical Sketch

36.

Makarigo lang kami sa suba. We-excl will just be-able to-bathe in-the river.

37.

Nagpasalamat kami sa mga ginikanan ni Edwin. We-excl extended-thanks to-the parents of Edwin.

Some speakers compound the personal and non-personal markers to form a complex marker, sa kan or sa kanda in some instances. This is a case of a personal DatNP functioning as the Head of a common DatNP. The complex markers seem to indicate that the referent is the beneficiary of the verb predicate action as the personal indirect object. Examples: 38.

Nagbatyag sinda sin pagkaluoy sa kan Amparing. They felt compassion for Amparing.

39.

Ginsabi ninda sa kan Presidente Marcos an mga importante na problema. They recited the important problems for President Marcos.

2.3.3.1. Dative NP demonstrative Pronouns There are non-personal demonstrative pronouns which substitute for the non-personal DatNP. The pronouns are given in Table 11. Table 11: Demonstrative pronouns of the dative NP didi dida didto

‘at/to/on/in/by this, here’ (close) ‘at/to/on/in/by that, there’ (near) ‘at/to/on/in/by that, there’ (distant)

The Demonstrative pronouns indicate the general locaion and are usually paired with a sa NP which specifies the exact location. Examples: 40.

Pakahuman sini, nagpadayon ako pag-eskwela didi sa Masbate. After finishing this, I continued studying here in Masbate.

41.

Didto sa Uson igwa sin duha na parapangisda. There in Uson there-were two fishermen.

2.3.3.2. Dative NP personal Pronouns There are personal pronouns which substitute for the Head word in the personal DatNP. They do not substitute for the whole phrase. These pronouns replace the Head of a common DatNP to indicate a personal indirect object. The personal pronouns for the DatNP are given in Table 12. Table 12: Personal pronouns of the dative NP Singular

Plural

Grammatical Sketch akon

imo iya her’

‘to/at/in/on/by me’

‘to/at/in/on/by you’ ‘to/at/in/on/by him,

19 amon ‘to/at/in/on/by (excl)’ aton ‘to/at/in/on/by (incl)’ iyo ‘to/at/in/on/by inda ‘to/at/in/on/by

us us you’ them’

Examples: 42.

Maraot sa akon an luto kay ako ginakalintura. The cooked-rice is-bad for me because I have-a-fever.

43.

Wara sin nakasumat sa iya kun hain si Pinang. ‘No-one could-report to her where Pinang-was.

44.

Kinahanglan gayod niya, maskin usad na lang sa amon, na magduaw sa iya. She really needs someone, even if only just one of usexcl, to visit her.

The pronouns of the DatNP may also stand alone in the immediate pre-verb position. In that position they mark an attributive relation to the verb as the agent of the action, or if attributive to a noun Head, as the Possessor. 45.

Basi sarala an akon masabi. The-thing-that will-be-said by me might be-wrong.

46.

An bisita na magkadto sa kada balay inda pagapakaunon. The visitor who goes to each house is-made-to-eat bythem.

2.3.4. Summaries of the Noun Phrase Markers A summary of the Noun Phrase Introducers is given in Table 13.

20

Grammatical Sketch Table 13: Summary of the NP introducers Nominative Singula r Plural si sinda

Persona l Nonpersona l, specifi c Nonpersona l, nonspecifi c

Genitive Singula r Plural ni ninda

an

an mga

san

san mga

Ø

Ø mga

sin

sin mga

Dative Singula r Plural kan kanda sa

sa mga

The sets of pronouns are summarized in the following two Tables. Table 14 displays the demonstrative pronouns and Table 15 displays the personal pronouns. Table 14: Summary of the demonstrative pronouns Nominative this (close) that (near) that (distant)

ini

Genitive NonSpecific specific sini sani

Dative didi

ina

sina

sana

dida

idto

sidto

sadto

didto

Table 15: Summary of the personal pronouns

First person

Nominative Singula Plural r ako kami excl kita incl ka, kamo ikaw siya sinda

Genitive Singula Plural r ko, ta, namon excl nakon naton, ta incl mo, niyo nimo niya ninda

Second person Third person excl = exclusive, incl = inclusive

Dative Singula Plural r akin amon excl aton incl imo iyo iya

inda

2.3.5. Pronoun shifts The positions that pronouns have in a clause vary depending on the surrounding context.

Grammatical Sketch

21

2.3.5.1. Shifting of Personal GenNP Pronouns. The personal pronouns of the GenNP usually immediately follow the word to which they are attributive. However, when the speaker desires to emphasize the pronoun referent he shifts it from the postposed position to the preposed position immediately before the word to which it is attributive and substitutes the personal DatNP pronouns for the GenNP pronouns as in the following examples. 47a.

Nag-arkila an tawo sin traysikul hali sa balay ninda pakadto sa merkado. The person hired a tricycle from their house to the market.

b.

Nag-arkila an tawo sin traysikul hali sa inda balay pakadto sa merkado.

Sentence 47b. has the same meaning as 47a. but with a phrase emphasis on the pronoun ‘their’. Sentences 48a. and b. have the same meaning, but ‘my’ is emphasized in b. 48a.

Pito an kamanghod ko na babayi kag wara sin lalaki. My sisters are-seven-in-number and there-are-not-any brothers.

b.

Pito an akon kamanghod na babayi kag wara sin lalaki.

2.3.5.2. Positioning of Monosyllabic Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns which are grammatically related to a verb normally follow that verb ahead of any full noun phrases which are also related to the verb. However, there is a group of lexical particles which occurs between a verb and its pronouns except when the pronoun is a monosyllable. Monosyllabic pronouns immediately follow the verb to which they relate. In the following examples an illustrative sentence is given with a disyllabic pronoun in 49a and c, then the sentences are repeated in 49b and d with a monosyllabic pronoun. 49a.

Nagaadal pa ako sa Manila. I-am still studying in Manila.

b.

Nagaadal ka pa sa Manila. You-are still studying in Manila.

c.

Ginbiyaan na man la gihapon namon an karabaw. We-excl just now again left the water-buffalo.

d.

Ginbiyaan ko na man la gihapon an karabaw. I just now again left the water-buffalo.

The following illustrations show the priority of pronouns in sentence positions following a verb. The normal order of occurrence with full noun phrases is Verb + Agent NP + Object NP. In the following sentences the nouns are underlined and the pronouns in bold.

22

Grammatical Sketch

50a.

Usung-usong gihapon ni Itay an bata. (Verb - Agent - Object/Topic) The child was again shoulder-carried by Itay.

b.

Usung-usong gihapon siya ni Itay. (Verb + Object/Topic + Agent) He was again shoulder-carried by Itay.

51a.

Inpalista gihapon ninda an bata sa Ovilla. (Verb + Agent + Object/Topic + Location) The child was again enrolled by them at Ovilla.

b.

Inpalista gihapon siya ninda sa Ovilla. (Verb + Object/Topic + Agent + Location) He was again enrolled by them at Ovilla.

2.3.5.3. Shifting of Personal Pronouns The position of a pronoun in a clause is shifted from a post-verb position to a pre-verb position under certain conditions. Pronouns normally immediately follow the verb as the second full word (excluding particles) of the main clause (excluding sentence margins). Note the position of the pronoun in the following examples. 52a.

Maaram sinda mag-arado san duta. They know how to plow the ground.

b.

Nagapadayon ako sa pagtrabaho sa Manila. I am-continuing working in Manila.

When another word is given clausal-emphasis by being put first in the clause, then the pronoun is moved from the postverb position to a pre-verb, post-emphasis position in order to maintain its position as the second full word of the clause. Examples 52a and b above are repeated below, as 53a and b except that another word instead of the verb occurs in the first clause position which in turn causes the pronoun to be moved from the post-verb position to the pre-verb position. 53a.

Dili sinda maaram mag-arado san duta. They do-not know how to plow the ground.

b.

Adi ako nagapadayon sa pagtrabaho sa Manila. I am-continuing working here in Manila.

2.3.5.4. Shifting of Second Singular Nominative Pronouns There is an alternation of the second singular personal pronouns ka and ikaw, which substitute for the NomNP. They are alternate forms of the same pronoun. In normal use ka occurs in the post-word position as a dependent clitic. Ikaw is the independent form of the pronoun which occurs in all other positions. Examples:

Grammatical Sketch 54a.

23

Amo ini an pamatyag kun makadto ka sa usad na lugar na wara mo pa makakadto. This-is the feeling if you are about-to-go to a place which you have-not yet gone-to.

b.

Amo ini an pamatyag kun ikaw makadto sa usad... (Same meaning but the pronoun ‘you’ has been given phrase emphasis by using ikaw before the verb.) c.

Kanina, ikaw la an nagkinaon sadto na damu-damo na saging. Earlier, only you were-the-one-who gobbled-up all those bananas.

d.

Dyutay ka na tawo. You are-a-small person.

e.

Ikaw dyutay na tawo. You are-a-small person.

2.4. Interrogative Pronouns The interrogative pronouns substitute for noun phrases as question words. Representative of the pronouns are: sin-o ‘who’, san-o ‘when’, pan-o ‘how’, nano ‘what’, pira ‘how many’, hain ‘where’. Examples: 55.

Sin-o ka na nagdidikta sa akon? Who-are you to-be-telling me what to do?

56.

San-o mo nawara? When did you lose it?

57.

Nano an kolor sadto? What color is it?

58.

Pira na pako an sa usad ka kilo? How-many nails in one kilo?

59.

Pan-uhon naton an paggamit? How-do we-incl use-it?

60.

Pan-o an pagkita sin naubusan sin tubig sa lawas? What-is the appearance of-one dehydrated in body? (Lit. How-does one appear who is-emptied of water in-the body?)

2.5. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are formed by combining the word kun ‘if’ with the interrogative pronouns. These are also set phrases as in the following examples. Examples: 61.

Kamo an magkita-kita kun sin-o an dapat naton upudan. You-pl are the-ones to-see whom we-incl ought toaccompany.

24

Grammatical Sketch

62.

Dili kita sigurado kun pan-o an pagtabang san nasamadan. We-incl are not sure how to-help an injured-person.

63.

Inhunga siya kun nano kay masyado siya sarawayon. He was-asked why he was-so-much a mischievous-one.

2.6. The Locative Pronouns. The Locative pronouns are deictic pronouns pointing to locations. There are three such pronouns: adi ‘here’, ada ‘there nearby’ and adto ‘there distant’. They also undergo derivation to form verb stems. The pronouns and derived verbal stems are shown in Table 16. Table 16: Locative pronouns Locative Pronouns adi ‘here’ ada ‘there nearby’ adto ‘there far’

Derived verb stems kadi ‘come here’ kada ‘go there nearby’ kadto ‘go there far’

These pronouns usually occur as predicate heads in nonverbal clauses. Examples: 64.

Adi an lapis mo. Here is your pencil.

65.

Ada siya permi sa balkon namon. He is always there on our porch.

66.

Adto permi sa lungsod si Ricardo. Ricardo is always there in town.

The verbal stems derived from the Locative pronouns indicate movement towards the locational referent they represent. Of these stems, kadi and kadto can occur without affixation as predicate heads. Examples: 67.

Kadi kamo sa akon. You-pl come-here to me.

68.

“Kadto, abrihi,” an sabi ni Roman. “Go, open it,” Roman said.

However, all of these stems are normally inflected with voice affixes. Examples: 69.

Siguro makadi man gihapon idto sa iyo. Probably that-one will still come-here to you-pl.

70.

Nagkada ako sa aton katakin na balay. I went-there-nearby to our neighboring house.

71.

Kumadto siya sa pampang. He went-there-distant to-the river-bank.

Grammatical Sketch

25

The derived verbal stems can undergo a further derivation with the affix pa- to become directional adverbs, thus: pakadi ‘to here’, pakada ‘to there-nearby’, pakadto ‘to theredistant’. Examples: 72.

Nagbalhin an pamilya namon pakadi sa Masbate. Our-excl family transferred to-here in Masbate.

73.

Ipaagay daw ini na tubi pakada sa kanal. Please cause this water to-flow there-nearby to-the canal.

74.

Nag-upod an duha pakadto sa higad san baybay. The two went-together going-there-distant to-the edge ofthe beach.

2.7. The Indefinite Pronoun Phrase The Indefinite Pronoun Phrase has two parts both of which are obligatory. The first is either bisan ‘even, including’, maski ‘even though’ or kun ‘if’. The second is any member of the set of interrogative pronouns, such as nano ‘what’, sin-o ‘who’, diin ‘where’, and sugad ‘like what’. The whole phrase functions as an indefinite pronoun. For example, bisan sin-o ‘anyone,’ maski diin ‘wherever’. In lexicographic literature these are called ‘set phrases’ which means that they are a kind of idiom formed by juxtaposing two words with a resultant single meaning. Examples: 75.

Dili magtugot bisan sin-o man na magkarigo. It is not permitted for anyone (whoever) to bathe.

76.

Malipay sinda bisan sugad la an inda kamutangan. They are happy whatever (like whatever) their situation.

77.

Maski diin magkadto kilala siya kaayo. She is-well-known wherever (even where) she goes.

78.

Bisan nano na klase na pagkaon an makuha san kada grupo inda ginbabahin sin pareho sa inda tanan. Whatever kind of food each group got they were-sharing equally among them all.

2.8. The Universal Substitute The Universal Substitute, amo, is a general pro-form. It can be used to replace any of the noun, verb or adjective phrases, or even whole clauses. As a result the translation into English varies widely. Example of a noun phrase as an antecedent: 79.

An aluhipan amo an magmasid kun adlaw. The centipede he-is the-one to-guard/watch during daytime.

26 80.

Grammatical Sketch An primero na inkadto namon amo an usad sa pinakadako na tyindahan sa Manila. The first place we-excl went-to it-was-to one of the biggest stores in Manila. Example of a verb phrase as antecedent:

81.

Ginasamukan niya an mga Propeta, amo man an mga Parakanta. The prophets were-being-disturbed by him, likewise also the Singers.

82.

Taudtaod, inataki naman, kag amo adto an iya ikinamatay. Later-on he was-heart-attacked again, and that is-what caused his death. Example of a time phrase as an antecedent:

83.

Sani na pag-eskwela ko sa Manila amo man nagtuna an mga estudyante sa mga demonstrasyon. During-this studying of-mine in Manila, that was also when the student demonstrations began.

In another instance clause. Example: 84.

the

antecedent

of

amo

is

a

verbal

Nasakit sa puso ni Tia Maria na magbulag sinda na duha pero iya gintiusan kay amo an bilin san iya asawa. Tia Maria’s heart pained when they two parted but she endured-it because that was-the instruction-left by her husband.

In the preceding example, amo ‘that’ refers back to the parting of the mother and son. Amo is sometimes used across sentence boundaries to refer back to an ante-cedent in a previous sentence. The following pair of sentences is an example of that. Two men are having a discussion. The amo in the second sentence refers back to the comment made by the man in the first sentence. Example: 85.

“Tama na na mag-eskwela siya,” an sabi san prinsipal. “He is-old-enough to-study,” said the principal.

86.

“Amo gani, Pare,” an sabi ni Itay. “That’s really-so, Pare,” said Father.

In some Example: 87.

instances

amo

refers

forward

to

a

referent.

An nahulog na na gurang amo ini ginsabi, “Anak ko, ako an imo iloy.” The old-one who fell it was this-that was-said-by-her, “My child, I am your mother.” Amo in the previous sentence refers forward to what the mother said.

Grammatical Sketch

27

3. Adjectives Adjectives are distinguished by their inflection for degrees of comparison (see section 1.2). Some roots are inherently abstract descriptives and others require a descriptive affix.

3.1. Numerals and Colors The roots for numerals and colors function as descriptives without affixation. 88.

Igwa ina sin duha na sangay. That one has two horns.

89.

Ginkita ko an tubi igwa na sin mga puti na bao. I saw that the water now had some white turtles.

3.2. The ma- Adjectives Roots affixed with ma- ‘state of being’ are the most common descriptives. 90.

Maghanda na kita kay taud-taod madulom na. Let us-incl prepare now because in-a-short-while it-willbe-dark already.

91.

Ini si Ramon, amo an mahigos sa tanan na lalaki sa baryo san Lucia. This Ramon was the most-industrious of all the men in-the barrio of Lucia.

3.3. The ha- Adjectives Certain abstract roots, mostly measurements, take the affix ha- to form a descriptive instead of ma-. 92.

Guyudan mo ina sa harayo. You lead that-one far-away.

93.

Hataas na palinas an nakita mo. Steep slopes are what you saw. The affix ha- is replaced by hi- in some speakers’ usage:

94.

Hitaas an kahulog. The fall was from-high-up.

95.

Dili na niya dadakop an alibangbang bag-o himubo la an lupad. She will not catch the butterfly even-though its flight was low.

3.4. The tal- Adjectives The affix tal- indicates meaning of the root.

a

state

which

is

a

simulated

28 96.

Grammatical Sketch An kapakulan na iya binanggaan turumba talbinagyo. The wild banana plants which he crashed-into toppled-over as-though-hit-by-a-typhoon.

3.5. The -on Adjectives The verbal suffix -on is used to derive adjectives from noun roots but in this construction does not undergo the verbal inflection for aspect. Examples: 97.

Mga malangason na bata sinda. They are inveterate-joker children.

98.

Ginasamukan niya an mga langitnon na parakanta. He is-disturbing the heavenly singers.

99.

Sarawayon gayod ini si Anghelito. This Anghelito-person is really mischievous.

3.6. Pluralized Adjectives The abstract descriptive roots can be pluralized by the infix -g- which is inserted following the first or second syllable of the word, as the speaker chooses. There does not seem to be any difference in meaning between the two positions of infixation. 100.

Tumangis sinda san kadigyutayan na kabataan... They were crying for the many-small children...

101.

Maghawan ka san dinghot sa natad kay hagtaas na. Clean out the grass from the yard because it-is-high already.

3.7. The Adjectival Phrase The Adjectival Phrase consists of an optional Negative dili ‘not’ followed by an optional Modifier which may be any adverb from Class I (see section 4.0) or the words mga ‘approximately’ or bali ‘very much’, and an obligatory Head which may be any Descriptive. Examples: 102.

Damo an nakita namon na tagaMasbate didto sa Baleno. We-excl saw many from-Masbate there in Baleno.

103.

Wara sin tawo na dili malipay sina na kaorason. There isn’t any person who is-not happy at that time.

104.

Medyo maluya pa an tuhod. The knees-are still a-bit weak.

105.

May iba pa na mas grabi an problema kaysa imo. There-is still another-one whose problem is-much worse than yours.

Grammatical Sketch

29

4. Adverbs Adverbs are defined here as words which modify verbs or adjectives. There are three classes of adverbs. Class I Adverbs are the words which modify adjectives to indicate comparative degrees of intensity. The words are mas ‘more’ and masyado ‘much more,’ ‘very much’. Examples: 106.

Mas damo an amon mga boluntirz. Our-excl volunteers are-many more.

107.

Palangga masyado ni Tia Rosa an anak niya na si Pinang. Aunt Rosa loves her child, Pinang, very-much.

Class II Adverbs are the negative words dili ‘not,’ ‘no,’ and wara ‘there is none,’ ‘not.’ Examples: 108.

Dili na siya magapasaway. He will not be-mischievous.

109.

Wara man ako masala. I also did-not make-any-mistakes.

Class III Adverbs indicate intensity of an action. This type occurs as a Genitive Noun Phrase attributive to a verb phrase to limit the action. The head word of the GenNP is a descriptive. Examples: 110.

Nagsiyak siya sin tudo, “Hali dida.” She shouted loudly, “Get-away from-there.”

111.

Gin-estemar kami sin maayo san mga ginikanan ni Edwin. We-excl were-treated well by-the parents of Edwin.

112.

Nagkaon kami san amon panigab-i sin temprano pa. We-excl ate our supper while-it-was-still early.

5. Verbs The primary function of a verb is to report the action of a verbal clause. A minimal verbal clause can be viewed semantically as a miniature plot involving participants in an action. The features of the plot are represented by a Predicate which expresses the action with a verb and a Topic noun or noun phrase which highlights one of the participants. Additional participants, also represented by nouns, may be included in an extended clause. The predicate verb determines the grammatical relation of the nouns in the clause to the predicate by specifying the correlation of grammatical and semantic functions for those nouns. To report the action of a plot, verbs are inflected for Voice and Aspect. There are six Voice affixes: four Action affixes and two Stative affixes. Each Voice affix highlights a participant in

30

Grammatical Sketch

the action as the Topic. The participants which may become the Topic of a clause are the following: 1. Ag - Agent — instigator of the action 2. Pat – Patient — the one affected by the action 3. Exp – Experiencer — the participant who experiences the action of the verb 4. Inst – Instrument — something used to accomplish the action 5. Acc - Accessory — the item associated in the action of an agent on an object 6. Goal – Goal — towards which an action moves 7. Sou - Source — from which an action comes 8. Ben - Beneficiary — the one who benefits from the action 9. Loc - Location — where the action happens 10.NIns- Non-instigative — the inanimate force causing the state indicated by the verb In a verbal clause one would usually expect an agent to be present. However, there are verbs which do not permit the actor or agent participant. There are also verbal clauses which have agents but do not have Topic noun phrases. Some of the Voice affixes also indicate the mode of the action, that is, how the speaker views the performance of the action.

5.1. Voice The feature of Voice is marked by affixes in a verb and indicates the grammatical and semantic relations between the Topic noun and the predicate verb. The four primary Voices of Masbatenyo verbs are shown in Table 17 with their individual orientation. Table 17: Primary voices of Masbatenyo verbs Verb Voice: Subjective Objective Accessory Referent

Orientation: Agentive action Transitive action Indirect action Location of action

5.1.1. The Primary Action Voice Affixes Subjective Voice, marked by the ag- class of affixes (ag-, -um-, ang-, aki-), indicates that the Topic NP represents the actor or experiencer of a verbal action in contrast to the following three Voices. Objective Voice, marked by the affixes –on and -a, indicates that the Topic NP represents the object or thing affected by a comprehensive or intense verb action. Accessory Voice, marked by the prefixes i- and iga-, indicates that the Topic NP represents the person or thing used or moved in the verb action. If the Topic represents a person, it is the beneficiary of the action. If it represents a non-

Grammatical Sketch

31

person, it may be either the instrument used to accomplish the action or simply something involved in the action which does not change its intrinsic nature. Referent Voice, marked by the suffixes -an and –i, indicates that the non-personal Topic NP represents the place towards which or from which the verb action occurs. If the Topic represents a person, the action is done for the benefit of that one as the beneficiary. The overlap in distribution of the semantic functions is resolved by the lexical features of the verb roots which match the semantic with specific grammatical functions. Thus the Voice affix in a verb shows which noun phrase is highlighted as the Topic of the verb action. There is a different Voice affix for each potential Topic. The participant which the verb selects as Topic is manifested by a noun phrase introduced by the marker an or one of its substitutes (see Table 4). In a verbal clause one would usually expect an agent to be present. However, there are verbs which do not permit the actor or agent participant. There are also verbal clauses which have agents but do not have Topic noun phrases (see section 8.2). Some of the Voice affixes also indicate the mode of the action, that is, how the speaker views the performance of the action. 5.1.2. The Stative Voice Affixes There are two Stative Voice affixes. The prefix akaindicates that the Topic NP represents the actor and that the actor has the ability to perform the action of the verb. The prefix a- indicates that the Topic NP represents the experiencer as in some resultant state of the action. These Voice affixes are illustrated in 5.2 in conjunction with their co-occurrence with the Aspect affixes on a verb.

5.2. Aspect The verb in Masbatenyo is not marked for tense, that is, its action is not correlated with time. Instead, the verb is marked for Aspect to show the condition of the action: whether it has begun or not, and whether it is viewed as a process, or as in a static state. For the purposes of this description, there are five Aspects but not all verbs can be inflected for all the Aspects. The five are: Neutral, Contemplated, Progressive, Completed and Obligatory. 5.2.1. The Neutral Aspect Verbs marked for the Neutral Aspect are non-finite forms which indicate nothing about the state of the action, but do indicate the Voice of the action, that is, it highlights which participant will be the Topic of the sentence. In descriptions of some other Philippine languages this form has been variously labeled the base, neutral, or infinitive form. The Neutral Aspect verb functions in several ways different from the rest of the aspects.

32

Grammatical Sketch

The Neutral Aspect verb is used with the negative wara to express a non-event. Examples: 113.

Wara man ako masala. I did not make-any-mistake.

114.

Dugay na kami wara makakadto. For-a-long-time we-excl have-not been-able-to-go-there.

115.

Wara na la ipilak sa kalayo an bao. So after all the turtle just was-not thrown into the fire.

The Neutral Examples:

Aspect

verb

is

used

as

a

verb

complement.

116.

Ginaisip ko na magsagka sa amon uma sa San Ramon. I am-thinking to-go-up to our-excl farm in San Ramon.

117.

Naila gayod ako magparatamod sa ubos. I really liked to-continually-look-down to-the scenebelow.

The Neutral Aspect verb is used following conjunctions like agod ‘in order for’ and para ‘in order’. Examples: 118.

Nag-agi kami agod amon siya ipalista. We-excl passed-by-here in-order-for us-excl to-register him.

119.

PagkaSabado, nagkadto naman kami sa eskwelahan para magkita san risling. When-Saturday-arrived, we-excl went to-the school inorder to-see the wrestling-match.

The Neutral Examples:

Aspect

verb

is

used

to

express

a

command.

120.

Ihatag mo ini kan papa mo, ha? Let this be-given by-you to your father, OK?

121.

Pakatapos niyo pagtilaw magsabi kamo kun puede makaon o kun dili. After your-excl tasting-it tell us-excl if it can-beeaten or not.

Some Masbatenyos also use the Neutral Aspect verbs for the Contemplated Aspect forms. Examples: 122.

Kaya himuon ko gihapon an ilustrasyon kag aton estudyaran. So I will-make an illustration and it-will-be-studied byus-incl.

Grammatical Sketch 123.

33

Kun nano man an imo ampuan na may pagtuod matuman gayod. Whatever you will-pray-for with faith it-will really befulfilled.

5.2.2. The Contemplated Aspect An action not yet begun is marked by the Contemplated Aspect and is marked in two different ways. The prefix m- is used in Subjective Voice verbs. 124.

Magahimo siya sin sala. He will-make a mistake.

125.

Mangayo siya san inda mga maraot na bintana. He will-fix their broken windows.

In non-Subjective Voice verbs this Aspect is zero-marked, that is, there is no overt affix to indicate this Aspect. 126.

Kuhaon ko na ini na karabaw. I will now Ø-take this water-buffalo. (zero-marked)

127.

Ipasukol ina na duta. That land Ø-will-be-surveyed. (zero-marked)

5.2.3. The Completed Aspect An action that is in the Completed Aspect is marked by one of three different ways. Subjective Voice affixes have the prefix n- to show this Aspect, thus: nag-, naka-, nang-, naki-. 128.

Tanan na mga tawo nag-urawa. All the people rejoiced.

129.

Nakaisip an bao na amiguhon niya an amo. The turtle planned to befriend the monkey.

130.

Nabutang gayod ako san sako sa hagdan. I really put the sack on-the stairs.

In the other Voices, there are two affixes for Completed Aspect which seem to be used interchangeably, depending on the speaker. The prefix gin- is one and the infix -in- is the other. 131.

Nano kay ginhimo mo ina? Why did you do that?

132.

Ginbutang ni Pinang an bugas sa kuron. Pinang put the rice in a clay pot.

The affix -in- is infixed following the first consonant of the stem, but may be prefixed instead. 133.

Tinuman san ama an hingyo ni Angelito. The father fulfilled Angelito’s request.

34 134.

Grammatical Sketch Indara an karabaw. The water-buffalo was-taken.

5.2.4. The Progressive Aspect The Progressive Aspect indicates that the action is viewed as in progress and is marked by the prefix a- following the Subjective Voice affixes mag- and nag-, mang- and nang-, and following gin- for the other Voices. Thus: maga-, naga-, manga, nanga-, and gina-. 135.

Ginasamukan niya an mga propeta nga nagapangadyi. He was-disturbing the prophets who were-praying.

136.

Ginapara ninda an trak na nagalabad. They were-stopping the truck which was-passing.

In some speakers’ speech this aspect is shown by reduplication of the first consonant and vowel of the stem and prefixed to the stem before other affixes are added. 137.

Namumutang ini na lugar sa tuktok san bukid. This place was-situated at-the peak of-the mountain.

138.

Nakakawat an duta. The land is-being-taken.

139.

Inaabot pa ako sin hadlok kun akon nadudumduman. I still am-overcome by fear when I remember-it.

140.

Ginbabahin ninda an pagkaon sin pareho sa inda tanan. They were-sharing the food equally among them all.

5.2.5. The Obligatory Aspect The Obligatory Aspect occurs with only two verb Voices, the Objective and the Referent, and only occurs as a substitute form for the Neutral Aspect form. That is, for example, kaunon ‘to be eaten’ becomes kauna ‘let something be eaten’. An agent is obligatorily absent but all other participants may occur. In the Objective Voice, the Obligatory suffix -a replaces the Voice affix -on. Examples: 141.

Himua ini sin 3 na beses sa 1 ka adlaw. Do this three times a day.

142.

Maayo pa na wara ko sinda paghimua. Better yet that I had never insisted-on-making them.

In the Referent Voice, the Obligatory suffix -i replaces the Voice affix -an. Examples: 143.

Tandai kag masdi, ina namamatay. Take-note and watch, it is-dying.

144.

Saruki man kami sin tulo ka lata. Draw three cans of-water-for us-excl.

Grammatical Sketch

35

5.3. Voice and Aspect Verb Paradigms Voice and Aspect inflections are obligatory on verb stems, although Aspect is sometimes unmarked. The Subjective Voice affixes ag-, -um-, ang- and aki- mark the agent as Topic of the clause but have contrastive modal meanings. 5.3.1. ag- Verbs The prefix ag- marks the action of the verb as a voluntary, reasoned and deliberate action or command for some speakers. 145.

Magabasa kita sani sin maayo. We-incl will-read this well.

146.

Nag-uli na ako kag san iba na tawo. I and the other person then returned-home.

For other speakers, ag- marks the action of the verb as casual or involuntary. This is usually used for acts of nature. Examples: 147.

May tubi na nagaagay hali sa ibabaw. There-is water which flows from above.

Table 18 shows the various forms of an ag- verb inflected for Aspect with the verb root tuna ‘begin’. Table 18: Aspect inflection of the ag- verbs Infinitive Contemplate d Progressive Completed

magtuna ‘to begin’ magatuna ‘will/would begin’ nagatuna ‘is/was beginning’ nagtuna ‘began’

The infinitive form of these verbs is used for the command form. Example: 148.

Yana magtios ka! Now you suffer!

The infinitive form is also following conjunctions. Examples: 149.

used

as

the

verbal

form

Wara kami sin hinimo kundi magsirong. There-was nothing we-excl could-do except to-seekshelter.

When two verbs occur as a verb phrase, the second is an infinitive. Example: 150.

Dili ka maaram magsakat. You don’t know-how to-climb.

36 151.

Grammatical Sketch Gin-imbitaran kami na mag-atender san fiesta sa Baleno. We-excl were-invited to-attend the fiesta at Baleno.

The infinitive form of these verbs is used as a neutral statement of an action in conjunction with negatives or in dependent clauses. For example, with wara ‘not’ it is used to indicate an action which is not happening. 152.

Wara na siya magginhawa. She-is not breathing any-longer.

153.

Wara magdugay nakaabot gihapon kami didto. Not long-after we-excl were-able-to-arrive there again.

In dependent clauses, the neutral infinitive form is used to express an action completed in past time. 154.

Busug-busog na kami san magbalik sa plasa. We-excl were-very-satisfied when we-excl returned to the plaza.

155.

San magprubar ako mag-ampo wara man ako masala. When I tried to-pray I in-turn did-not make-mistakes.

The infinitive is also used as part of a time phrase in a sentence margin. Example: 156.

Magtuna sadto si Jose an nagin pinakamabuot tanan. From that-time Jose became the best-behaved of all. (Lit: Beginning at-that-time Jose was-the-one-who became best-behaved of all.)

Some speakers use the a2- affix (thus na-) instead of ag-. Example: 157.

Nabutang gayod ako san sako sa hagdan san umabot si Itay. I really put the sack on the stairs when Father arrived.

158.

Nalaba pa la ako. I have just begun-to-launder.

5.3.1.1. Affixes mag1- + -inThere is an affix -in- infixed following the first consonant of the stem in combination with the verb prefix mag/nag-. The affix reports the action as intense. 159.

Kanina ikaw la an nagkinaon sadto na damu-damo na saging. A-little-while-ago you were-the-one-who just gobbled-up all those bananas.

160.

Nagasinabi ako sa akon magurang na malakaton ako. I was-seriously-telling my elder brother that I would leave.

Grammatical Sketch

37

5.3.1.2. Affixes mag1-...-an The verbal affix combination of mag1-...-an indicates reciprocal action between members of a plural subject. The prefix mag- controls focus. 161.

“Kun naarman ko na mag-uuritan man la kami, wara na la ako makig-amigo sa iya,” sabi ni Flor. “If I had known that we-excl would just anger-each-other, I would not have made friends with her,” Flor said.

162.

Mag-ayuhan na kamo kay magmanghod man la kamo. Be-good-to-each-other because you also are siblings.

5.3.1.3. Affixes mag1- + pakaThe affix combination magpaka- and nagpaka- has a reflexive meaning. Some prevailing condition or inanimate cause compels the actor to perform an action or causes action to be done to him. Examples: 163.

Ubos kami kahulog sa tubig, tapos, nagpakasakat man gihapon kami sa lantsa. All of us-excl fell into the water, then because-of-that we-excl had-to-climb again into the launch.

164.

Nagpakamatay si Kristo tungod san daku-dako na kamuot niya sa aton. Christ was-persuaded-to-die for us-incl by his very great love for us-incl.

5.3.2. -um- Verbs The Subjective Voice verbs inflected with -um- indicate neutral or casual action, or an involuntary sudden reaction of an animate actor. 165.

Kaya sinasabi ko lang na umungod-ungod siya pagkampanya. So I am just saying that he strive-hard when-campaigning.

166.

Lumakat na kamo. You-pl go now.

167.

Pakakita namon sina, kami na duha lumukso sa karabaw kag dumalagan. After we-excl saw that, we-excl two abruptly-jumped from the water-buffalo and dashed-away. Casual action with -um-:

168.

Sumulod sa isip niya na kadtuon niya si Juan sa Manila. It-entered her mind that she should go to Juan in Manila.

There is only one form of an -um- verb but it is used ambiguously for all the aspects as seen in Table 19 using verb root lakat ‘walk’. Table 19: Aspect inflection of the -um- verbs Infinitive:

lumakat

‘to walk’

38

Grammatical Sketch Contemplated : Progressive: Completed:

lumakat walk’ lumakat walking’ lumakat

‘will ‘is/was ‘walked’

Both -ag- and -um- are used to express the normal acts of nature, but speakers usually have a preference. Note nagauran ‘is-raining’ in the following example. 169.

Si Juan mauyatom magtrabaho sa uma maski nagauran. Juan was-diligent to-work on-the farm even-when it-israining.

In the following example involuntary act of nature. 170.

sumigpit

‘shrank’

is

a

normal

Kabadli ko sani na bado kay sumigpit san akon pakalabhi. I am-disgusted with this shirt because it unexpectedlyshrank after I washed-it.

5.3.3. ang- Verbs Action which is either habitual, repetitive or distributed over several objects is marked by the ang- affix in the verb. The Topic NP represents the actor. The inflection for aspect is shown in Table 20 using verb root laba ‘launder’. Table 20: Aspect inflection of the ang- verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive: Completed:

manglaba ‘to launder’ manglaba/manglalaba launder’ nanglalaba ‘is/was laundering’ nanglaba ‘laundered’

‘will

There is variation in the way ang- combines with roots and other affixes. The -ng changes to a nasal consonant of the same point of articulation as the first consonant of the stem to which it is joined. Frequently, in addition, that first consonant is dropped. Examples: mang- + kagis ‘shave’ = mangkagis ‘shave several objects’ mang- + tukdo ‘teach’ = manukdo ‘teach several people’ mang- + urit ‘angry’ = mangurit ‘get very angry’ mang- + kita ‘see’ = mangita ‘see many things’ mang- + bakal ‘buy’ = mamakal ‘buy many things’ The affix ang- also occurs as a nonfocusing affix which enables its meaning to be utilized in conjunction with the other Voice affixes. The form of ang- for this purpose is pang. For example, the combination of ag- plus pang- marks an action as Subjective Voice with Topic as actor (from ag-)

Grammatical Sketch

39

performing multiple action (from pang-). (Note: pang- undergoes the same changes as ang- when it is joined to stems.) 171.

Nagapamakal kami sin mga manok. We-excl are-habitually-buying chickens.

172.

Nagpamuhay ako sin manok kag baboy. I raised chickens and pigs.

5.3.4. aki- Verbs A different Subjective Voice affix, aki-, has two meanings but they are related. The aspect inflection of aki- verbs is given in Table 21 using verb root sakay ‘ride’. Table 21: Aspect inflection of aki- verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive: Completed:

makisakay makisakay together’ nakisakay together’ nakisakay

‘to do together’ ‘will/would do ‘is doing/was doing ‘did together’

The first meaning is that of an action performed jointly by two or more actors. 173.

Nakisabwag kami sa kabas-an ninda Mandib. We-excl together-seeded the rice-field of Mandib-and-hisfamily.

174.

Nakisakay kami sa kotsi ni Mayor. We-excl rode-together in-the Mayor’s car.

For some speakers akig- is used in place of aki-, and for other speakers the two are used interchangeably. 175.

Wara na ako makig-amigo sa iya. I never made-friends with her.

The second meaning is that of an action in which an actor as Topic has a second party actually perform the action. 176.

Nakitahi si Inay sa kanda Nito. Inay had Nito-and-his-companions sew.

177.

Nakigisi sa akon san sako si Beloy. Beloy had me tear the sack.

The difference in functions seems to depend on the verb root being used. 5.3.5. -on Verbs The Objective Voice affix -on has three forms: -on, -a, and Ø (zero). The affix -on indicates that the Topic is the direct object or receiver of the action. An -on verb is inflected as seen in Table 22 using verb root kaon ‘eat’.

40

Grammatical Sketch Table 22: Aspect inflection for -on verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive: Completed: Obligatory:

kaunon ‘to be eating’ kaunon ‘will be eaten’ ginakaon/inakaon ‘is/was being eaten’ ginkaon/kinaon/inkaon ‘was eaten’ kauna ‘let something be eaten’

The following are examples of the -on verbs: 178.

Kaunon san miya an isda na prinito. The fried fish will-be-eaten by-the cat.

179.

Dapat siya darahon dayon sa duktor. He must be-brought immediately to-the doctor.

The Completed and Progressive Aspect forms of Objective Voice verbs do not have an overt voice marker but do have an Aspect marker. 180.

Ginkaon man idto niya piro maniwang man gihapon. He ate those things but is-still thin.

An obligatory -on action is shown by replacing suffix -on with suffix -a on the verb, thus, kaunon ‘to eat’ becomes kauna ‘eat!’. Examples: 181.

Esteban, daraha ini pakadto kanda Gomer. Esteban, take this to Gomer-and-his-friends.

182.

Itay, hilata man an akon tiyan kay bali na sakit. Father, massage my stomach because it is painful.

183.

Lipaya man niyo si Ramon kay permi lang mamunduan. Cheer-up Ramon because he is just always sad.

5.3.6. i- Verbs The Accessory Voice prefix i- allows three different participants to be repre-sented (one at a time) by the Topic NP depending on the verb used and the particular context. The Aspect inflection of i- verbs is given in Table 23 using the root sumat ‘report’. Table 23: Aspect inflection of the i- verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive:

isumat something’ isumat reported’ ginasumat reported’

‘to report ‘will be ‘is/was being

Grammatical Sketch Completed: Potential:

41 ginsumat igasumat reported’

‘was reported’ ‘intend to be

One function of the i- verbs is to report the way an agent handles an object, represented by a Topic NP, by, for example, either carrying it, moving it, planting it or talking about it. In this Voice the agent does not physically alter the structure of the object in contrast to what an Objective Voice action can do. 184.

Inbutang ko idto sa sulod san aparador. I put that inside the cupboard.

185.

Isumat ta ikaw sa polis na kinuha mo an mga saging ninda Maria. I will-report you to-the police, that you took the bananas of Maria-and-her-family.

A second function of i- has an agent use an instrument, represented by the Topic NP, to perform the action. 186.

Iutod mo sa kahoy ini na sundang. Cut-down the tree with this bolo.

187.

Iduso mo an trak sa kotsi. Push the car with the truck.

Again this function only occurs with certain verbs in specific situations. The third function of the i- affix highlights the beneficiary as the Topic NP of the action when the referent of the Topic is a person. 188.

Pedro, ihuyot man anay ako sani na bado. Pedro, first hold this shirt for me.

189.

Ransi, ipuyo daw ako sana na radyo. Ransi, please quiet that radio for me.

Potential action is signaled in Accessory Voice by the prefix iga-. It translates into English as a future tense verb involving an accessory to the action as Topic. 190.

Igasumat ka daw ni Amboy san imo mga hinimo. You will probably be-tattled-on by Amboy about-the-things you have-done.

191.

Igasulod mo ba ini na botilya sa basurahan? Will this bottle be-inserted into-the trash-can by you?

5.3.7. -an Verbs The Referent Voice affix -an also has more than one function, depending upon the verb with which it is used. The aspect inflection of -an verbs is given in Table 24 using the root tuna ‘begin’.

42

Grammatical Sketch Table 24: Aspect inflection of the -an verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Completed: Progressive: Obligatory:

tunaan something’ tunaan be begun’ gintunaan begun’ ginatunaan begun’ tunai begin’

‘to begin ‘something will ‘something was ‘is/was being ‘let something

One function of -an highlights the direct object as the Topic NP of the clause. 192.

Inabangan kami sin dako na miya pagpauli namon. We-excl were-blocked by a big cat on our-excl way home.

193.

Niyan, aton na tunaan an pagtrabaho kay aga pa. Now, let us-incl begin the job because it-is-still early.

194.

Ginhawanan ko an akon intanom na kamatis. My tomato plants were-cleaned-of-weeds by me.

A second function of -an highlights the indirect object as the Topic of the clause. 195.

Kadi na kay sabihan ta ikaw san nakita ko sa probinsiya. Come here because I will-tell you what I saw in the province.

196.

Binutangan niya sin Eyemo an mata ni Baldo. Some Eyemo-brand-drops were-put-into Baldo’s eye by her.

A third function of -an is to highlight a person who is the beneficiary of the action as the Topic of the clause. 197.

Sarukan man niyo kami sin tulo ka lata. Draw-up three tins-of-water for us-excl and bring them to us-excl.

198.

Himuan ta na la siya sin kanaman kay kaluoy man. Let us-incl just make a toy for him because he is sad.

An obligatory Referent Voice action is marked by the suffix -i which replaces -an. The action is limited to imperative action so the actor of the action is not specified with these verb forms. 199.

Giyahi kami kay dili namon aram an amon pakakadtuan. Lead us-excl, because we-excl do not know the place towhich we-excl will-go.

200.

Saruki man kami sin tulo ka lata. Draw for us-excl three cans of water.

Grammatical Sketch 201.

43

Darahi man si Luz sin dolsi. Take some candy to luz.

5.3.8. aka- Verbs The Stative Voice prefix aka- indicates that the actor is Topic and is capable of performing the action. Aspect is indicated by m-, Contemplated, or n-, Completed. The Aspect inflection of aka- verbs is given in Table 25. Table 25: Aspect inflection of the aka- verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive: Completed:

makalaba makalaba launder’ nakalaba launder’ nakalaba launder’

‘can launder’ ‘will be able to ‘is/was able to ‘was able to

Examples: 202.

Nakalaba na ako. I was-able-to-finish-the-laundering.

203.

Sin-o an makabati sa inda? Who will-be-able-to-hear them?

5.3.9. a1- Verbs There are two a- prefixes but they are inflected exactly alike, with m- and n-. Verbs marked by the a1- prefix are also Stative Voice verbs and indicate that the Topic is in the state or condition of the meaning specified by the verb. The Aspect inflection of the a1verbs is given in Table 26. Table 26: Aspect inflection of the a-1 verbs Infinitive: Contemplated: Progressive: Completed:

mahuman ‘can be finished’ mahuman ‘will be finished’ nahuman ‘is being finished’ nahuman ‘is finished’

Examples from the roots alo ‘shame’ and hadlok ‘afraid’: 204.

Dili ako dapat maalo o mahadlok na mag-ayo sa iya san akon mga kinahanglan. I should not be-ashamed or be-afraid to-ask him for the things I need.

From the verb roots lula ‘dizzy’ and dubok ‘rot’: 205.

Malulula na ako. I will-become-dizzy.

44 206.

Grammatical Sketch Madudubok an iya isda. His fish will-become-rotten.

When these verbs occur as the predicate head of a transitive clause they mark the verbal action as abilitative, i.e., that the non-focussed actor has the ability to perform the action on the patient which is Topic. 207.

Mabati ta man an tinong san mga nagatarangdulan na dahon san kahoy. The sound of the rustling leaves of the tree will-beable-to-be-heard by-us-incl.

208.

Mahuman ko la an reports namon sa opisina. Our-excl reports can just be-finished by me at-the office.

209.

Makuha untani niya an usad na dyutay na kahon. Hopefully a small box will-be-able-to-be-gotten by him.

When a1- co-occurs with -an it indicates the state or condition of an experiencer or patient who is the Topic, as for example, mauritan ‘be scolded’ in the following example. 210.

Ayaw pagsumat sa aton maestro, Petoy, kay mauritan ako. Don’t tell our-incl teacher, Petoy, because I will-bescolded.

The a2- verbs have the same inflection pattern as the a1verbs but are Subjective Voice verbs like the ag- verbs. Examples: 211.

Dili siya maaram maglupad na pareho san iba na mga anghel. He does not know-how to fly like the other angels.

212.

Mahanap kita sin pagkaon. We-incl will-look-for food.

213.

Masagka gayod ako sa uma. I really will-go-up to the farm.

5.4. Verb Phrases A verb phrase consists of a phrasal Head together with adverbial modifiers. As a predicate verb phrase this can be expanded to include the noun phrases in attributive relation to the Head. The Simple Verb Phrase. The Simple Verb Phrase consists of an obligatory verb Head, an optional Modifier manifested by an adverbial or modal particle and an optional Negative manifested by a small class of negatives, either dili ‘not, no,’ or wara ‘there is none, not’. The two negative words have different distributions: dili negates the inflected verb forms, wara is the negative

Grammatical Sketch

45

existential word which can stand alone as a predicate head word but is also used to negate verbal action. The lists of the Negative words and Modal words are given below. Negative: Modal: dili ‘not’ dapat ‘must’ wara ‘there is none’ kinahanglan ‘must, it is necessary’ Examples: 214.

Hahali ako sa trabaho. I will-be-removed from (my) job.

215.

Wara makabaton sin notisiya si Tia Maria. Tia Maria did-not-receive any notice/information.

216.

Dili ka masabi na “wara”. Don’t say “there-isn’t-any”.

217.

Kinahanglan naton tiuson hasta mawara an kulog. It-is-necessary for-us-incl to-suffer until the pain is gone.

In the following example, all three parts of this type of verb phrase are manifested. 218.

Dili kamo dapat maghambog. You must not boast.

When a verb root without any affixation is used as the Head of a verb phrase, it represents a completed aspect inflection. In this case the Aspect is signaled by another verb in the clause or by a time word. The Voice of the verb root is determined from the remaining context, but it is usually either Objective Voice or the neutral Subjective Voice. These forms usually occur in the interior of a paragraph or conversation. 219.

Naarman niya na sinda uhaw sa kamuot. He knew that they thirsted for lovingkindness.

In the previous example the actor sinda ‘they’ is marked as the subject, so we deduce that the bare verb root has a covert Subjective Voice focus. 220.

Ina nagapasabot na magpaaram ka na kay dara na namon an karabaw. That means that you should-bid-them-goodbye because the water-buffalo has-been-gotten by-us-excl already.

The verb dara ‘has-been-gotten’ in the previous example has a non-Topic actor, ‘by-us’, and a Topic object, ‘the waterbuffalo’, which marks it for a covert Objective Voice inflection.

46

Grammatical Sketch

6. Lexical Affixes Lexical affixes modify the meanings of words in the major word classes: adjective, noun, verb.

6.1. Root Reduplication (R) Words in all the major word classes undergo root reduplication. When noun roots are reduplicated, the result is an attenuated meaning. 221.

An badu-bado san akon munyika maganda. The miniature-dress of my doll is-beautiful.

222.

Balay-balay an hilig ko na kanam. My favorite toy was a-miniature-house. Adjective roots affixed with ka- plus R have intensified meaning. Note the absence of a Topic phrase. 223.

Katiku-tiko sani na inpahimo ko sa imo na pudlos. How-very-crooked is this whip which I had-you-make for me.

224.

Kahawan-hawan sani na uma. How-very-clean is this field.

Adjective roots intensified meaning.

affixed

with

ma-

plus

R

also

have

225.

Maayu-ayo an pakadilihir ni Rolly san iya pagsurumaton. Rolly’s delivery of his speech was-very-good.

226.

Maluya-luya gayod an tawo kun wara sin kaon. The person will-get-very-weak if he has no food.

With the non-Subjective intensified meaning.

Voice

verb

affixes

R

indicates

227.

Huyut-huyuti la ini na papil, Rose. Just hold-tightly-to this paper, Rose.

228.

Pakayamit-yamiti ko sa imo, huhubaon mo naman liwat. After I have-completely-dressed you, you will-takeeverything-off again.

229.

Idara-dara man anay ako sani na akon lapis, Mandio. Carefully-carry this pencil of mine for me for a moment, Mandio.

230.

Dyut-dyuta niyo an iyo pangabuhay kay masakit sana an paghanap. Be-frugal in your style-of-living because it-is hard toearn it.

With the mag- Subjective Voice affixes, R seems to indicate an attenuated action.

Grammatical Sketch

47

231.

Nagaayu-ayo la san radyo si Lito. Lito just fixed the radio a little.

232.

Magasaruk-sarok na la ako. I will just carry-a-little-water.

233.

Kairo man ni Lily kay binayaan san iya katrato; ano pa nagaluha-luha la pirme an iya mata. How sad Lily is since her boyfriend left her; what’s more her eyes are always a-bit-tearful.

234.

Nagatiku-tiko an tuhod ta kun kita nagalakat. Our knees bend-slightly when we-incl walk.

235.

Para nagasumat-sumat ako sa iya iloy mahinungod sa iya amiga, naurit dayon. When I was-casually-telling her mother about her girlfriend she immediately got angry.

The unaffixed reduplicated verb root also has an attenuated meaning with some verbs and an intensified meaning with others. 236.

Ayaw sana pagtuod kay himu-himo la ina na mga istorya. Don’t believe that because those stories were just madeup.

237.

Aram-aram gayod san tanan na siya mabalik sa aton. That he will-return to us-incl is-really known-for-sure by everyone.

6.2. The Affix tikaThe affix tika- marks an action as about to, or near to, or almost happening. It does not select either the Topic nor Aspect. 238.

San mauli na kami bagaan dili pa ako tikaupod pabalik. When it was time for us-excl to return home it-was-asthough I did not yet want-to-accompany them back.

239.

Tikamatayon siya. He is-near-death.

240.

Tikasabi untani ako na mautang ako sin kwarta ugaling kay naaalo ako. I almost-said that I would-like to-borrow some money but I am ashamed.

6.3. The Affix C-uruThe affix C-uru- has multiple functions. The C of C-uru- is a reduplication of the first consonant of the root. One function is that it intensifies the meaning of the root.

48

Grammatical Sketch

241.

Maturutugnaw gali an sulod san refrihiretor. The inside of-the refrigerator, surprisingly, is-verycold.

242.

Nagturutaghoy siya kag tumindog. He whistled-hard and suddenly-stood-up.

A second meaning is the opposite of the previous. With a few roots the affix C-uru- indicates an attenuated action. 243.

Huruhiluta man anay an akon mga bitiis kay bali na kulog. Massage my calves-of-the-leg a-little first because they are-very sore.

244.

Igwa sinda sin kurukalipay sa balay niyan sa hapon. This afternoon they will-have a little-celebration at-the house.

Affixed to time words C-uru- gives a distributive meaning of ‘every’. 245.

Nagatrabaho siya para may makaon sa uruadlaw. He is-working in-order-to have something-to-eat everyday.

6.4. The Affix -rVThe affix -rV- is an infix in which -V- represents the first vowel of the stem. The affix is inserted immediately following the first syllable of the stem, except on l-initial and y-initial stems; it is prefixed to them. Affixed to verbs, -rV- indicates an action is performed by multiple actors or a multiple action by a single actor. It does not select Topic. 246.

Nanghuruyot kamo sa pisi. You-pl held-tightly to-the rope.

247.

Inrilipay ninda Juan, Felipi, kag Pablo an tawo na nasunugan sin balay. Juan, Felipi, and Pablo cheered-up the man whose house burned down.

248.

Ruluha an mata ni Manuel san suklaton ni Crispin. Manuel’s eye watered/teared when Crispin jabbed it.

249.

May isarabi ako sa imo. I have-some-things to-tell you about.

250.

Rayamitan gali hasta si Pasyong, dili gali kay si Felipi lang. It is not just Felipe surprisingly who will-be-givenmany-clothes, but surprisingly Pasyong is-included.

When verbs affixed with -rV- are nominalized, the meaning is simply plural action.

Grammatical Sketch 251.

49

Nakita mo an iralaba sa sako? Did you see the things-to-be-laundered in-the sack?

When verbs are affixed with a double -rV- affix, the meaning is that absolutely every one in the party was involved in the action. 252.

Nagatararawa sinda. They all-laughed. (from tawa ‘laugh’)

Nominals may also occur with -rV- infix. The meaning is ‘plural noun’. 253.

Wara lugod kami sin baligya na manok kundi an iba namon na katarakin basi igwa. We-excl really don’t have any chickens to sell, but ourexcl other neighbors might have. (katarakin from katakin ‘neighbor’)

6.5. The Affix tagThe affix tag- and its variant tig- are derivational affixes which have slightly different effects on different parts of speech although in general they form nouns. But these nouns can also fill adjectival functions. Affixed to verb stems, tag-/tig- form a nominal indicating the time of doing the activity of the verb. For example, tigtapason san tubo ‘sugar cane harvesting time’, tigbayadan ‘time to pay rent’ and tig-anihan ‘harvesting time’. Examples: 254.

Abisuhi an mga nagaplite sa balay na tigbayadan yana. Advise the renters in-the house that the-rent-is-due today. Lit: Advise the renters in-the house that today is rent-payment-time.

255.

Dili si Juan tigsabi san iya mga nababatian. Juan is not one who gossips/tells what he hears.

Affixed to adjective stems, the tag-/tig- affix serves to limit the range of the adjective’s application. For example, tagdyis (from tag- + dyis ‘ten’) ‘ten each’, tigdyutay-dyutay (from tig- + dyutay-dyutay ‘very small’) ‘a little bit at a time’, tagdyutay (from tag- + dyutay ‘small’) ‘each small one’ and tigduha-duha (from tig- + duha-duha ‘only two’) ‘each one has two’. Examples: 256.

Nagbilang kami sin tigduha-duha. We-excl counted by twos.

257.

An iloy naghatag sin pagkaon sa tagdyutay na mga bata. The mother gave some food to each-small child.

Affixed to nouns tag-/tigspecifies one who is characterized by the meaning of the noun stem. For example, tigduktor (from tig- + duktor ‘doctor’) ‘one who works like a doctor’, tagbalay (from tag- + balay ‘house’) ‘one who is of

50

Grammatical Sketch

the house, house occupant’ and tag-iya (from tag- + iya ‘his, hers’) ‘owner’. Examples: 258.

An tagbalay ginhatangan siya sin aginaldo. The house-occupant gave him a gift.

259.

Malipay gayod an tag-iya sa oras na san tig-anihan. The owner is really happy when the time for harvest comes.

Affixed to number quantifiers tag-/tig- indicate each item consists of the number specified. For example, tig-irisad (from tig- + isad ‘one’) ‘each one has one’ and tigduha-duha (from tig- + duha-duha ‘only two’) ‘each one is two’. Examples: 260.

Nagbilang kami sin tigduha-duha. We-excl counted by twos.

261.

Dili ngani an iba na tigduruha la an sungay, ako pa ini na damo. I am indeed not as others whose horns are limited to twoeach, I still have these many.

6.6. The taga- Adjectives The affix taga- and its variant tiga- on a location noun refers to the people who are from that place. Examples: 262.

Wara ako sin kaupod na tagaMasbate. I don’t have any companion who is from-Masbate.

263.

An mga barong-barong sani na mga tagabaryo hagrayo sa kada usad. The farm-houses of-these people-from-the-barrio are far from each other. The occurrence of taga-/tiga- on a verb stem indicates one whose occupation is the activity represented by the verb. Examples: 264.

An tagaluto... The one-who-cooks...

265.

Huna ko mas damo na tigapatunga, mas madali an pagsabat. I thought that the more mediators the quicker the answer.

6.7. The Affix mag2There are two homophonous forms of mag-. The mag1- affix is used to indicate Contemplated Subjective Voice in verbs (see section 5.2.1). The mag2- affix does not mark Voice at all but is used to form nouns to indicate a plural referent. Examples: magbababoy ‘dealer in pigs’ (from baboy ‘pig’) mag-ama ‘father and son’ (from ama ‘father’)

6.8. Derivation Word roots in Masbatenyo have inherent features of potential for derivation and inflection. That is to say that a

Grammatical Sketch

51

given root has as a part of its meaning a pattern of acceptable affixation. Not all the affixes can be used on every base. Specific inflection is discussed in connection with the various grammatical classes in the following sections. A discussion of derivation is given here. The process of derivation in Masbatenyo is accomplished by the use of affixes although derivation is not the sole function of those affixes. For example, certain verbal inflectional affixes can be used to derive verbs from nouns. Conversely, other affixes appear to derive nouns from verbs. For example, the root langas ‘joke’ is inherently a noun. Example: 266.

Dili ko gusto an irog sana na langas. I do not like that kind of joke.

The same noun root becomes a derived verb by attaching a primary verbal affix. Example with langas + -an ‘Referent Voice’: 267.

Pilion mo an tawo na imo langasan. Select the person with whom you will-joke.

In a similar way the noun root langas becomes a derived adjective by attaching the affix ma-. Example: 268.

Si Pedro an malangas na tawo. Pedro is the joking person.

To take another example, the root kaon ‘eat’ is inherently a verb. Example: 269.

Kaon na! Eat now!

270.

Magkaon ka sin utan. Eat some vegetables.

So, when the suffix –an2 ‘Referent Voice’ is attached to the verb root kaon the meaning is ‘eat with’, as in the following example. 271.

Kaúnan mo man kami didi. Please eat-with us-excl here.

When the suffix –an3 is attached to the verb, the resultant word is a noun with the meaning ‘dining-table or eating place’, the place where the action occurs. Example: 272.

Nagaingkod siya sa may kaunán namon. He is-sitting at our-excl dining-table.

In the previous examples, the feature which distinguishes noun from verb is the placement of word stress since the suffixes are homophonous. However, word stress, though used to distinguish between homophonous forms here, is not predictable, so cannot be identified as the feature which derives anything.

52

Grammatical Sketch

6.8.1. The Affix pagThe affix pag- derives gerundive-like nouns from verbs. Example: 273.

May pagkaon ako didi para sa duha. I have food for two here. (Lit: I have stuff-for-eating here for two.)

274.

Nagpadayon ako san akon pag-adal didto sa Manila. I continued my studying there in Manila.

275.

San pagbalik ko didi, ako nag-enrol sa Masbate Colleges. On my returning here, I enrolled in-the Masbate Colleges.

6.8.2. The Affix paraA verb root derived by para- ‘repeated action’ becomes a noun which refers to one who regularly does the action of the root. Example: 276.

Ginasamukan niya an mga langitnon na parakanta. He was-disturbing the heavenly singers. (parakanta from kanta ‘sing’) tukdo ‘point, teach’  paratukdo ‘teacher’ pangagaw ‘grabbing’  parapangagaw ‘grabber’ pangisda ‘fishing’  parapangisda ‘fisherman’

A noun root derived by para- becomes a derived noun which refers to one whose occupation is to regularly use the objects represented by the noun or to do the action in some way. Example: 277.

Nakaisip siya na parabadil idto na tawo. He thought that that person was a hunter. (parabadil from badil ‘gun’)

278.

Usad pa gayod na akon nahahadlukan amo an paraineksiyon. One other-thing which I was-fearing was the injectioner/one-who-regularly-gives-injections.

A verb stem derived by para- can be inflected by a Voice affix to refer to repeated or habitual action. Example: 279.

Nano an ginaparasuruayan niyo? What is the-thing-that is-constantly-being-argued-about by you-pl?

280.

Nagparahanap sa iya si Renaldo. Renaldo searched-repeatedly for her.

6.8.3. The Affix pagaA verb root derived by paga- results in a noun indicating continuous action. Example:

Grammatical Sketch

53

281.

Nagsige ako san akon pagaeskwela sa Masbate High School. I continued my studying at Masbate High School. (pagaeskwela from eskwela ‘school’) Verb stems derived by paga- can also be further derived by Voice affixes to form a verb. Examples: 282.

Kaya nagkadto kami sa lugar na diin pagahimuon an risul. So we-excl went to-the place where the wrestling will-bedone. (pagahimuon from himo ‘do’)

6.8.4. The Affix pangA verb root derived by pang- ‘multiple action’ results in a noun specifying many actions or a habitual activity. Example: 283.

Nagpasumat-sumat sinda san mga pangyayari. They recounted-often the various-events. (pangyayari from yari ‘happen’)

284.

Nagakinahanglan siya sin kwarta na panggasto. He needs some expense money.

285.

Haros tanan na pangyayari sa buhay ko malipay. Almost all-the events in my life are-joyful.

When the pang- affix occurs on a noun root, it indicates the thing used habitually or performed many times on many objects. Example: 286.

Nagakinahanglan siya sin kwarta na panggastos sa pageskwela. He needs some spending money for schooling.

A stem derived by the pang- affix may be further inflected by a Voice affix. Then it indicates that the action of the verb is performed on many objects or with repeated action. Example: 287.

Dili la kuno kay karabaw niyan an ginapangawat kundi pati kuno duta. It-is-reported that it is not just water-buffalo now that are regularly-being-stolen but-also even land it-isreported.

6.8.5.The Affix ka1On a verb root the prefix ka1- forms a derived nominal which indicates a result of the action. kasabi ‘what-is-said’ from sabi ‘to say’ kautod ‘piece’ from utod ‘to cut’ kaalo ‘shame’ from alo ‘be ashamed’ On an adjective root the ka1- affix derives an abstract noun from the adjective. 288.

Hain an kalinaw? Where-is the peacefulness?

54

Grammatical Sketch

289.

Amo ini an ginasiyak ninda tungod san mga kasakit. This is what they were-shouting because of-the pains/sufferings.

On a verb root the affix combination ka1-...-an forms a derived nominal. kaharian ‘kingdom’ from hari ‘to rule’ kapagalan ‘suffering’ from pagal ‘strive’ kasal-an ‘sin’ from sala ‘transgress’ The affix ka1- also occurs on verb stems in combination with the other Voice affixes but almost always this results in derived nominals rather than verbal forms. 290.

An kamatayon san tawo dili maaraman. When the death of-a man cannot be-known. (kamatayon from the verb matay ‘die’)

291.

An ikinamatay sadto niya, sakit. The cause-of that one’s death was-illness. (ikinamatay from the verb matay ‘die’)

6.8.6. The Affix ka2On an adjective intensified adjective.

root

the

affix

ka2-

indicates

292.

Katugnaw san panahon kun aga baga’n dili ako mabangon. It-is-so-cold in-the morning time that-I-feel-like I don’t want to-get up.

293.

Kaayo san imo kasabi! How-good is what you said!

an

On noun roots the ka2- affix forms derived adjectives. 294.

Kahangin gali didi sa iyo! How-windy-it-is here in your-place!

Similarly, ka2- combined with maka- or C-uru- on adjective stems makes an intensified adjective. 295.

Kamakauurit san mga sabat mo kan Itay. How-angry your answers made Father.

296.

Kasurusigpit sani na agihan. How-very-narrow this path is.

6.8.7. The Affix ka3The prefix ka3- indicates a co-participant in the meaning of the stem to which it is attached. For example: A. Attached to a noun root. 297.

Damo naman an amon nakita na mga kaklase. We-excl also in-turn saw many of our classmates. B. Attached to a verb root.

Grammatical Sketch 298.

55

Wara ako sin kaupod na taga-Masbate. I have-no companion who is-from-Masbate. (Lit. I have-no co-accompanyer who is-from-Masbate.)

6.8.8. The Affix Combination of mag- Plus maThe combination of mag(a)1-/nag(a)1- and ma- on an adjectival root is a means for deriving an intransitive verb from the ma- adjective. 299.

Nagamaluya ako pagkadto sa bukid kay kahuruharayo. I get-weak going to-the mountain because it-is-so far.

6.8.9. The Affix paAffix pa- is a derivational affix. When affixed to a transitive verb it requires the addition of another noun phrase to the clause. If the verb already has a full set of complements, the new one becomes the actor who is caused to perform. The original actor becomes the causer or indirect actor. Affix pa- combines with Voice affixes but it does not mark Voice itself. Note: 300a is a normal verbal clause inflected with -an. B is a pa-...-an inflected verbal clause. 300a. Sabihan ta si Clara san nakita ko sa probinsiya. I will-tell Clara what I saw in-the province. b.

Pasabihan ta sa kan Jose si Clara san nakita ko sa probinsiya. I will-have Jose tell Clara what I saw in the province.

c.

Ginpahimo ko kan Tatay an usad na turutrak. I had Father make a toy truck.

If the verbal clause has less than a full complement of noun phrases, the extra phrase provided by the pa- affix functions as either the direct or indirect object. This is the normal result when pa- is added to an intransitive verb. 301.

Pinaluya ako sin kakarga sani na usad ka sako na bug-as. Carrying this one sack of rice tired me out.

The affix pa- also occurs alone on a root. On a verb root the affix derives a causative stem. Examples: 302.

Nagdiretso kami pauli sa balay ninda Edwin. We-excl returned directly to Edwin’s house. (Lit. We-excl were-caused-to-return directly to Edwin’s house.)

7. Particles Most particles are uninflected roots of two kinds: lexical and grammatical. Lexical particles signal a variety of semantic content. Grammatical particles are words which signal grammatical functions.

56

Grammatical Sketch

7.1. Lexical Particles On the basis of their semantic content the Lexical Particles may be loosely grouped into the following classes: Temporal, Modal, Limiting, Verbal and Inter-jections. These groups are illustrated below but no effort is made to exhaustively list all the members of the groups. The Temporal Particles relate an incident to time or some state of completion. For example: 1. anay ‘first, before’ 303.

Nagsirong anay kami didto sadto na sirungan. We-excl first took-shelter there at-that shelter-place. 2. pa ‘still, yet’

304.

Tungod kay baga’n ginapiraw pa ako, tumurog lugod gihapon ako. Because I was still as-though sleepy, I really slept again. 3. na ‘already, then, now’

305.

Ada na si Sir ginatawag ako kun handa na ba. Sir was already there calling me as-to-whether I was now ready.

Modal Particles express the speaker’s opinion about the truth value of a statement. For example: 4. basi ‘might be, maybe, perhaps’ 306.

Basi makita mo dayon an imo ginahanap. Perhaps what you are-looking-for you can-find quickly. 5. daw ‘probably’

307.

Nagsabi an iba na makaharadlok daw pagsakay. The other-one said that riding (that) will probably be scary. 6. kuntani ‘hopefully, would that’

308.

Gusto man kuntani niya mag-asinso. He also hopefully wants to-succeed. 7. kuno ‘it is reported, it was said’

309.

Pag-abot ni Dr. K. nagsabi siya nga andyayna la kuno. When Dr. K. arrived he said that it-is-just angina, itwas-reported. 8. lugod ‘probably, really, instead’

Grammatical Sketch 310.

57

Kaya sadto rilatob lugod kuno si Manay Diola. So-then Manay Diola really was-whipped at-that-time, itwas-said. 9. gali ‘surprisingly’

311.

Ako gali an nakakuha san primero lugar san amon pageskwela. I to-my-surprise was-the-one-who had taken first place among our-excl pupils.

The Limiting Particles limit the incident in some way. For example: 10.

lang ‘only, just (so)’. It also has the variant forms lamang and la.

312.

Dili lang kay trumpo kundi burak man... Not only like a top but also like a flower...

313.

An iba na anak an tumangis na lamang. The other child was-the-one-who just cried. 11.

314.

San mga idad dyis anyos kuno ako, nag-upod kami san akon iloy pakadto sa Kapsay. When I was-about ten years-old, we-excl including my mother went to Kapsay. 12.

315.

pati ‘even, also, including’

Si Itay nagproblema, dili lang si Itay kundi pati si Inay. Itay had-a-problem, not just Itay but-also even Inay. 14.

317.

mismo ‘self, same’. This particle is reflexive.

Sina mismo na gab-i nagbaralyuhan kami san aginaldo. On-that same night we-excl exchanged gifts. 13.

316.

manga (written mga) ‘approximately’ with reference to time, size or number. It is also homophonous with the pluralizer manga (mga). The two are distinguished by context.

sugad ‘like that’

Malipay sinda bisan sugad la an inda kamutangan. They are-happy even-though their situation was only likethat.

Verbal Particles are so called because they act as uninflected verbs when occurring unaffixed. However, some may

58

Grammatical Sketch

also be inflected as full verbs with different meaning. For example: 1. ambot ‘not know’ 318.

Ambot kun hain si Fidel. I-don’t-know where Fidel is. 2. nagpaambot ‘denied’

319.

Nagpaambot siya sa husgado san hungaon san huwes. He denied-it in court when questioned by-the judge. 3. igwa ‘there is’

320.

Igwa sin duha na sungay na lumutaw sa lawas ni Juan. There-were two horns which suddenly-appeared on Juan’s body. 4. nagkaigwa ‘had’

321.

Nagkaigwa gayod kami sin maayo na biyahi. We-excl really had a good trip. 5. may ‘there is’

322.

Sa ubos sani na kweba may tubi na nagaagay hali sa ibabaw. At-the botton of-this cave there-is water which flows from above. 6. wara ‘there is not’

323.

Wara na sin nano pa man nga nangyari. There-was-not anything else which happened. 7. nawara ‘was-lost’

324.

Nawara an singsing na ginhatag san banog. The ring which was-given by-the hawk was-lost.

Negative Particles are dili ‘no, not’, wara ‘there is not’, and ayaw ‘do not’. The phrase hasta na dili is an idiom meaning ‘unless’. Wara is illustrated above. The others are illustrated below. 1. dili ‘no, not’ 325.

Dili ka mahadlok sa akon. Do not be-afraid of me. 2. hasta na dili ‘unless’

Grammatical Sketch 326.

59

Dili gayod kami gintugutan na maglusad hasta na dili kami nagkaon. We-excl were not permitted to descend unless we-excl hadeaten. 3. ayaw ‘do not’

This Imperative Command Particle is used to negate verbs. The particle requires an obligatory change in mag- verbs from a mag- prefix to a pag- prefix. 327.

Ayaw didi paghadi-hadi kay istranghiro ka lang didi. Don’t be-bullying-others here because you are only a stranger here.

Interjection Particles statements. For example:

add

degrees

of

emphasis

to

1. abaa ‘oh yeah’ 328.

“Abaa,” an sabi san may sakit. “Dumamo unta an imo mata.” “Oh yeah,” said the sick-one. “May your eyes be plenty.” 2. abadaw ‘wow!’

329.

Abadaw! Nakita ta ikaw kaupod an imo tsik. Wow! I saw you with your chick (girl-friend).

7.2. Grammatical Particles Grammatical particles are grouped here according to their functions. The particles which mark attribution and prepositions are described in section 7.2.1 as intra-phrase connectors. The particles which connect clauses within sentences internally are conjunctions and are described in 7.2.2. The discourse particles which indicate grammatical relations between sentences are discussed in 7.2.3. 7.2.1. Intra-phrase Connectors Intra-phrase connectors are connectors within phrases used to mark the grammatical relation of attribution. There are two particles which mark attribution: na indicates attribution between head words and ka indicates attribution between numbers and head words. In normal use, however, na is used by many speakers indiscriminately in both contexts. The use of ka, on the other hand, is strictly limited to mark the attribution between numbers and head words. These connectors are usually untranslatable. Examples: 330.

Nagbisita siya insigida sa tubi na nagaagay. He immediately visited the flowing stream/water.

331.

Wara ako didi sa sulod sin isad ka semana. I will not be here for one week.

60 332.

Grammatical Sketch Ini na drama istorya sin isad na tinedyer. This drama is a story of a teenager.

When the connecter na connects a dependent clause to a head word, the na can usually be translated into English with a relative pronoun, but it is sometimes untranslatable. 333.

An bisita na magkadto sa kada balay inda pagapakaunon. The visitor who goes to each house will-be-fed-well by them.

334.

Myintras na adi pa ako sa Masbate ako magatrabaho. While I am still here in Masbate I will-work.

There are alternate forms of the connecter na which are nga and -ng. 335.

Ginasamukan niya an mga Propeta nga nagapangadyi. He was-disturbing the Prophets who were-praying.

336.

Nagbakal kami sin sinabaw na luto-ng Intsik. We-excl bought some rice-soup which was-cooked Chinesestyle.

However, some speakers mix the connecters in normal speech. In the following example from a text, note the occurrence of both na and nga with the same meaning. 337.

Ini na drama istorya sin isad na tinedyer nga anghil na an ngaran Anghelito. This drama is a story of a teenager angel whose name is Anghelito.

Most prepositional functions in Masbatenyo are marked by the non-topic noun phrase introducers (the san class and the sa class) and their substitutes (see section 2.3.2ff). Examples: 338.

Kada usad sa inda nagsibot sa pagpreparar san inda regalo. Each one of them hurried in preparing of their gift.

339.

Sa ubos sani na kweba may tubi na nagaagay hali sa ibabaw. At-the bottom of-this cave there-was water that flows from above.

340.

Nakita san tanan an mga sulod. The contents were-seen by everyone.

A prepositional function may also be expressed by a an introducer phrase which consists of one of the non-Topic noun phrase introducers and a qualifier to give a more specific preposition. For example: 1. hali sa ‘from the, from’

Grammatical Sketch 341.

61

May tubi na nagaagay hali sa ibabaw. There-is water which flows from above. 2. pakadto sa ‘to’

342.

Pakan nagsakay kami sa taksi pakadto sa amon pagadayunan. Then we-excl rode in-a taxi to our-excl temporaryhousing. 3. sa sulod ‘within’

343.

Sa sulod sana na upat ka adlaw damo gayod an akon nakita. Within those four days I really saw a lot of things. 4. kaupod sa or kaupod san ‘with’

344.

Kaupod siya san damo-damo na lalaki puros may huyot na barahe. He was with many men all holding cards.

7.2.2. Conjunctions The term Conjunctions here refers to those grammatical particles which connect clauses within a sentence or sentences to sentences. For example: 1. ugaling ‘however’ 345.

Damo gayod an mahihimo ta ugaling wara’n makadulag sa tanan na mga sakit. There really is-much that we-incl will-be-able-to-do however no-one can escape all illnesses. 2. kag ‘and’

346.

Pito an kamanghod ko na babayi kag wara sin lalaki. My sisters are-seven-in-number and there-are-not-any brothers. 3. pero ‘but’

347.

Ginagukdan niya an tawo pero wara madakop. He chased the fellow but couldn’t catch him. (Lit: The fellow was-chased by-him but was not able-to-becaught.) 4. kundi ‘but rather, but instead, but only’

348.

Wara siya’n nahimuan sa paraiso kundi an magparasamok kag magparapasaway. He had-nothing to-do in paradise but-only to-continuallydisrupt and to-continually-disturb others. 5. basta ‘so long as, even if, whenever’

62 349.

Grammatical Sketch Basta nakakuha siya sin dyutay na isda inapilak na niya babalik sa dagat. Whenever he gets small fish he throws them back into the sea. 6. maski/maskin ‘even, even though, even if’

350.

Maski hagrayo an mga balay pero pirme sinda nagkakaurusad. Even-though the houses are-far-apart but they were always getting-together. 7. bisan ‘even, even though, even if’

351.

Malipay sinda bisan sugad la an inda kamutangan. They are-happy even-though their situation was only likethat. 8. pwera ‘except, besides, in addition to’

352.

Ilahid mo an panlahid na asupre sa lawas pwera lang sa bayhon. Wipe the sulphur ointment on-the body only except on-the face.

353.

May ginalukadan siya kag pwera sana halapad pa an iya uma. He has-a coconut-plantation and besides that in-addition his farm is-extensive. 9. kay ‘because’

354.

Pirme sinda nagkakaurusad kay igwa sinda sin lugar na gintitiripunan. They were always getting-together because they had a gathering place. 10.

355.

Kun nagtuga ka dayon tadi wara ka masakiti. If you had-told-the-truth immediately then you would-not be-hurt. 11.

356.

kun ‘if’

tadi ‘then’

Kun nagtuga ka dayon tadi wara ka masakiti. If you had-told-the-truth immediately then you would-not be-hurt. 12.

kaya ‘therefore, so’

Grammatical Sketch 357.

Sigi an padako san tunog, kaya an mga tawo nangruluwas sa inda mga balay. The increasing-loudness of-the sound continued, so the people went-out of their houses. 13.

358.

agod ‘so that, so’

Maturog na kita agod atab pa magbangon! Let us-incl go-to-sleep so-that we-excl may-awake early! 15.

360.

o ‘or’

Baga’n nagaduha-duha siya kun madalagan ba o dili. He was as-though uncertain whether to-run or not. 14.

359.

63

kaysa ‘than’

Mas nalilipay na ako didi sa simbahan kaysa magkadto sin mga party. I am-enjoying being-here in-the church much-more than going to parties.

7.2.3. Discourse Particles. Sentences of a narrative can be loosely grouped together in paragraphs by the thread of a lexical theme. No overt markers are required for that kind of grouping. However there are a few particles in Masbatenyo which connect sentences overtly. These are discourse particles distinct from conjunctions. The particle ba indicates the sentence of which it is a part is a question and grammatically relates it to the sentence which gives an answer. For example: Question: 361.

Ramon, mga mataba ba an aton karabaw? Ramon, are-our-incl water-buffalo fairly healthy/fat? Response: 362.

Oo, mataba pa. Yes, they-are-still healthy/fat.

The particle man indicates that the clause of which it is a part is additional information to the immediately preceding clause. Note the relationship between the conjoined clauses in examples 363a and b. 363a. May nagkadto sa amon kagab-i na tawo na dili namon kilala, There-was a person who came to our-excl-place last-night whom we-excl did-not-know, b.

pero maayo man an pakiestorya kan Tatay. but his-discussion with Father was good.

The particle sentence.

man

is

best

left

untranslated

in

this

64

Grammatical Sketch

The particle naman indicates that the sentence of which it is a part is a logical sequence following from the previous sentence. Examples: 364a. Kasadto wara ako sin kaupod na taga-Masbate. At-that-time I had-no companion who was-from Masbate. b.

Pero sa pagkadugay damo naman ako sin nakaamigo. But after-a-while I then had-many friends.

8. Clause Structure There are two structural types of clauses in Masbatenyo. The most frequent type is a bi-polar construction consisting of a Predicate and a Topic (with optional modifying phrases for each). Predicate + Topic The less-frequent clause type consists of only a Predicate (with optional modifying phrases). Predicate There are both verbal and non-verbal clauses of each structural type. Clauses are distinguished by the predicate types.

8.1. Non-verbal Clauses Non-verbal clauses are Equational and Existential different predicate types. limited types of Topics.

of four types: Descriptive, are distinguished by having Identificational clauses have

8.1.1. Descriptive Clauses Descriptive clauses have a Predicate + Topic construction and are identified by the presence of an adjective as the head word of the predicate. Examples: 365.

Sarawayon gayod ini si Anghelito. This Anghelito was really mischievous.

366.

Maribok-ribok siya maski diin magkadto. He was-very-noisy wherever he went.

Some Descriptive clauses have only a Predicate with an outof-focus subject and no Topic NP. 367.

Kahadlok ko mangadyi! How-fearful am-I to-pray!

368.

Kaila ko la sa uma! How I just like-being on-the farm!

8.1.2. Equational Clauses Equational clauses have a Topic + Predicate construction and are identified by the presence of a nominal phrase as the predicate Head. The clause consists of two nominal phrases

Grammatical Sketch

65

juxtaposed to each other; one is the Predicate and the other the Topic. Predicate is in bold face type in the examples. Examples: 369.

An tubig an pinakamaayo na bulong. Water-is the best medicine.

370.

An First Aid amo an simple na pag-agap. First Aid-is the simple rescuing-of-someone.

8.1.3. Existential Clauses Existential clauses without a Topic express a condition of existence with an obligatory Predicate. Either of the words may or igwa ‘there is’ or wara ‘there is none’ function as the Head word of the Predicate. 371.

May makadaog pa sani? Is-there-anything that can-surpass this?

372.

May dyutay na hayop na igwa sin duha na sungay. There-is a small insect which-has two horns.

When there is a Predicate + Topic construction, the clause indicates possession of an indefinite object by the Topic referent. 373.

Wara ako sin kaupod na taga-Masbate. I do-not-have a companion who is-from-Masbate.

374.

May karabaw si Jose. Jose has a water-buffalo.

8.1.4. Identificational Clauses In Identificational clauses the Predicate is a Simple Noun Phrase or a Nominative Noun Phrase introduced by the an phrase introducer or one of the NomNP substitutes. The Topic is a personal NomNP or one referring to a person. Predicate is in bold face type. Examples: 375.

Bata pa siya. He-is still a child.

376.

Ako si Virgilio Batsoy. I-am Virgilio Batsoy.

8.2. Verbal Clauses A verbal clause can be viewed as a miniature plot with a surface structure of words related grammatically and an underlying semantic structure of participants involved in the plot. The participants are represented by the noun phrases of the clause and the action is represented by the Predicate verb. The participant roles are assigned grammatical functions by the verb. That is, an inflectional affix on the verb together with inherent features of the root signal which noun participant is the Topic of the clause and what roles the other noun phrases fill.

66

Grammatical Sketch

Most verbal clauses have a Topic noun phrase introduced by the Nominative Introducer an or a pronoun of the same class which substitutes for the whole phrase. Examples of Predicate + Topic verbal clause are the following. The Predicate is in bold face type. 377.

Naarman niya an inda pagtios. Their suffering is-known by-him.

378.

Inbutang niya an iya dara sa natad. He put-down in-the yard the-things he was-carrying.

Examples of verbal clauses which have no Topic: 379.

Nagauran na. It-is-raining already.

380.

Ginsabi ni Anghelito na dili man gayod siya sarawayon. It-was-said by Anghelito that he was really not mischievous.

381.

Kamingaw ko na nga dugay na kami wara makakadto! How-saddened I-am now that we-excl have-not been-able-togo-there for a-long-time now!

8.3. Predicate Verb Classes There are fifteen root classes which manifest the Predicate verb. These are distinguished on the basis of their cooccurrence, or lack of it, with one or more of the primary Voice affixes: MAG- (M-AG-/N-AG-, UM-, M-AKA-/N-AKA-, M-ANG-/NANG-, M-AKI-/N-AKI-, M-A-/N-A-), -ON, -AN, I-. In many of the dictionary entries the variations in the correlation of the grammatical and semantic functions in the predicate complements are also noted. The Voice affixes given in the entries are the ones which have been found to be used with the particular root, but it is possible that a given listing is incomplete because the analysis of verbs is still in progress. In Declarative Clause Class I there is only one obligatory element, the Predicate. The head of the Predicate phrase is manifested by any member of Verb Stem Class I (VC1). No subject occurs in this clause type but peripheral complements of location and time may also occur. The verb in this class is usually inflected for Subjective Voice, but a few roots occur without any inflection at all. Verb Stem Class I consists of only a few members, most of which represent acts of nature. Representative members of Verb Stem Class I are the following: uran ‘rain’ bagyo ‘storm’ hangin ‘wind’ kidlat ‘lightning’ kilat ‘lightning’ linti ‘lightning’ tun-og ‘dew falls’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below.

Grammatical Sketch

67

382.

Taud-taod dumulom an mundo, humangin kag kumidlat. Umuran sin tudu-tudo. Shortly the world was-darkened, the wind-blew and itlightninged. It-rained heavily.

383.

Niyan, myintras nagabiyahe sinda, nagbagyo. Now, while they were-journeying, it-stormed.

In Declarative Clause Class II there is only one obligatory predicate complement, the subject, which is correlated with the semantic role of experiencer, and is signaled to be Topic by the Subjective Voice of the verb. There are optional but peripheral complements to the predicate of location and time. Predicates of this clause type are manifested by members of Verb Stem Class II (VC2). Many of the members of this stem class are descriptive adjectival-like roots inflected with either mag- or ma-. Representative members of Verb Stem Class II are given in the list below. damo ‘multiply’ lumsi ‘become pale’ burak ‘bloom’ tugas ‘become hard’ butod ‘inflate, bulge’ sigpit ‘become narrow’ kulog ‘ache’ taba ‘become fat’ ngangol ‘become dull’ ulat ‘become scarred’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below. 384.

Dili nagdugay nagdamo idto na tanom. In no-time-at-all that plant multiplied.

385.

Myintras nagadako an bata an tiyan san iloy nagabutod man paluwas. As the child grows-bigger the abdomen of-the mother bulges outward.

386.

Hadlok ako na kadaka magtaba kag magtugas an mga lawas pareho san amon mga anak. I’m afraid their bodies might get fat and muscular/hard like our-excl children.

In the Declarative Clause Class III there are three nuclear phrases: the predicate, subject and referent. The predicate is manifested by members of Verb Stem Class III (VC3) and are topicalized by either the Subjective or Referent Voices. Subject is correlated with the semantic functions of actor and experiencer. It occurs as a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. The Referent is correlated with the semantic function of location. It occurs as a dative noun phrase when it is not Topic of the clause. Referent is optional when it is not Topic. When the predicate complements are Topic of the clause, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. Representative members of Verb Stem Class III are the following. alupuop ‘fog over’ agay ‘flow’

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Grammatical Sketch lupad ‘fly’ lupa ‘rot’ hubag ‘swell’

kubal ‘blister’ tun-og ‘dew falls’ harok ‘kiss’

Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below. 387.

Basi maghubag kag maganana pa an samad. The wound might swell and drain-pus in-addition.

388.

Usad na klasi san mga lamok an nagaistar sa tubig na dili nagaagay. One kind of mosquito is that-one which dwells in water which is not flowing.

389.

Nagalupa na ina na prutas. That fruit is-rotting already.

In Declarative Clause Class IV there is a predicate and three predicate com-plements: subject, object and referent but only subject and object can be topicalized. The predicate is manifested by members of Verb Stem Class IV (VC4) and may be inflected for either of two Voices: Subjective or Objective. Subject is correlated with agent. The subject occurs as a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. Object is correlated with goal and occurs as a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic with one exception. When the object represents a person, then it occurs as a dative noun phrase. When the subject or object is the Topic of the clause, then it is marked by a nominative noun phrase. An optional Referent complement occurs as a dative noun phrase and marks either location or purpose. It is never topicalized in this clause type. Representative members of Verb Stem Class IV are given in the list below. badli ‘dislike’ ag-ag ‘sift’ baha ‘flood’ hurab ‘graze’ ayat ‘challenge’ awat ‘interfere’ amular ‘molest’ bulong ‘heal’ abir ‘attempt’ dasig ‘encourage’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below. 390.

Ginbabadli na an bata didto sa inda duta. The boy was-dissatisfied being-there on their land.

391.

Ginaag-ag niya an arina. The flour is-being-sifted by-her.

392.

Ginbaha na an amon balay sana na bagyo. Our-excl house was-flooded already by-that typhoon.

In Declarative Clause Class V there is a predicate and three predicate complements: subject, object and referent. The predicate of this clause type is manifested by members of Verb

Grammatical Sketch

69

Stem Class V (VC5) and can be inflected by either of three Voices: the Subjective, the Objective or the Referent. When the complements are Topic of the clause, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. When they are not Topic, they are marked by a genitive or dative noun phrase. Subject is correlated with agent of the clause action. Object is correlated with goal of the action. Referent marks the location of the action and is marked by a dative noun phrase when it is not Topic of the clause. Representative members of Verb Stem Class V are given in the list below. bunal ‘whip’ kab-ot ‘reach’ kagat ‘bite’ kagis ‘shave’ higot ‘tie’ husay ‘arrange, settle’ kadto ‘go far off’ kagod ‘grate’ ati ‘dirty’ abog ‘dust’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below. 393.

Ako an magabunal sa imo. I am the-one-who will-whip you.

394.

Higutan naton sin maayo an alimango sa baskit. We-incl will-tie the crab well in-the basket.

395.

Husayon niyo an iyo kaso sa husgado. Settle your-pl case in court. (Lit. Let your-pl case besettled by-you-pl in court.)

In Declarative Clause Class VI there is a predicate verb and three predicate complements: the subject, the object and the accessory. The subject is correlated with the agent of the verb action, the object is correlated with the patient, and the accessory is correlated with the instrument or thing used in the performance of the action. The predicate is manifested by Verb Stem Class VI (VC6) and the verb can be inflected by either the Subjective, Objective or Accessory Voice. When the complements are Topic of the clause, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. When not Topic of the clause, the predicate complements are marked by genitive noun phrases with the exception that if the accessory represents a person it is marked by a dative noun phrase. Representative members of Verb Stem Class VI are given in the list below. arado ‘plow’ pitad ‘step’ ahas ‘remove’ balhin ‘transfer’ ataman ‘take care of’ suay ‘argue’ sugal ‘gamble’ piso ‘hatch’ sabat ‘answer’ dayaw ‘praise’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below.

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Grammatical Sketch

396.

An ama nagaarado sa kabas-an. The father is-plowing in the rice-field.

397.

Puede nimo iarado ini na karabaw. You can plow-with this water-buffalo.

398.

Nano an isabat ta sani? What shall we-incl answer this-fellow?

399.

Dili mo ako suayon san akon gusto. Do-not be-arguing-with me about-what I want.

Declarative Clause Class VII has a predicate manifested by Verb Stem Class VII (VC7) and three predicate complements: the subject, referent and accessory. Verb Stem Class VII can be inflected by any of the Subjective, Referent or Accessory voices. The subject is correlated with agent and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when not the Topic of the clause. The referent is correlated with the location or indirect object of the verb action and marked by a dative noun phrase when not the Topic. The accessory is correlated with the beneficiary or patient of the action and is marked by a genitive noun phrase. When the predicate complements are Topic of the clause, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. Representative members of Verb Stem Class VII are given below. hatag ‘give’ bantay ‘guard’ bayad ‘pay’ hawan ‘weed’ itsa ‘throw’ butang ‘put’ pili ‘choose’ simba ‘worship’ banlaw ‘rinse’ laba ‘launder’ Sentences which illustrate this verb stem class are given below. 400.

Lutuon kag dunuton ini bag-o ihatag sa bata. Cook and mash this before giving-it to-the child.

401.

Ihawan daw ako niyo sani na parti didi san uma. You-pl must cut-the-grass here in-this part of-the field for me.

402.

O, hain an imo pilion sana na duha, edyukated o ilitirate? Now, which of those two will you choose, educated or illiterate?

Declarative Clause Class VIII consists of a predicate manifested by Verb Stem Class VIII (VC8) and four predicate complements: subject, object, referent and accessory. All of these can occur as the Topic of a clause. When they occur as Topic, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. The verbs of these clauses have the potential to be inflected by any of the four Voices: Subjective, Objective, Referent or Accessory. Subject represents the agent and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not the Topic of a clause. Object

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71

represents the patient or victim of the action and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. Referent represents location, source, indirect object or beneficiary and is marked by a dative noun phrase when it is not Topic. The accessory represents the instrument or item used in the action or the beneficiary of the action and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. All four predicate complements seldom occur at the same time, although this is permissible. Object is optional in accessory Voice clauses of this type. The referent and accessory are optional in all clauses of this type when they are not Topic. Representative members of Verb Stem Class VIII are given below. dara ‘carry/bring’ kuha ‘get/take’ pahid ‘wipe’ sira ‘destroy’ bakal ‘buy’ gabot ‘pull’ agaw ‘snatch’ pukpok ‘pound’ pili ‘choose’ baton ‘receive’ Sentences which illustrate the use of the verbs of Verb Stem Class VIII are given below. 403.

Darahon mo an kanding sa kadinghutan. Take the goat to-the meadow. (Lit. Let the goat be-taken by-you to-the meadow.)

404.

Magpili kamo sin pinakamaisog sa iyo. Choose the bravest among you-pl.

405.

Bakalan mo ako sin duha na sibubog. Buy two mackerel for me.

406.

Ini na trapo an imo ipahid sana na basa. This cloth is what you will-use-to-wipe that wetness.

Declarative Clause Class IX consists of a predicate manifested by Verb Stem Class IX (VC9) and two predicate complements: the subject and the accessory. These predicates are inflected only by Subjective and Accessory Voices respectively. When the subject and accessory complements are Topic of the clause, they are marked as nominative noun phrases. When they are not Topic, they are marked as genitive noun phrases. Subject represents the agent of the action and Accessory represents either the patient or the beneficiary. Representative members of Verb Stem Class IX are given below. balod ‘make wavey’ basura ‘trash’ lublob ‘immerse’ hurom ‘soak’ tanom sa isip ‘remember’ tuklang ‘push’ ulay ‘pole carry’ tabag ‘carry by teeth’ singhot ‘inhale’ pugsa ‘crush’

72

Grammatical Sketch

Sentences which illustrate the use of the verbs of Verb Stem Class IX are given below. 407.

Ilublob ini sa malabinhod na tubig. Let this be-immersed in warm water.

408.

Iulay anay ako sani na tubi pakadto sa balay. First pole-carry this water to the house for me.

409.

Nag-ulay siya sin duha ka lata na tubi. He pole-carried two water cans.

410.

Gintabag san ido an karne. The dog carried the meat away-with-its-teeth.

Declarative Clause Class X consists of a predicate and two predicate complements. The predicate is manifested by any member of Verb Stem Class X (VC10) inflected for either Objective or Referent Voice and two predicate complements: an object correlated with the semantic role of patient and a referent correlated with the semantic role of goal. When these complements are Topic of the clause, they are manifested as a nominative noun phrase. When they are not Topic, they occur as genitive noun phrases. Representative members of Verb Stem Class X are the following: tibayon ‘strengthen’ imbudo ‘funnel’ agbon ‘dust’ ngalas ‘surprise’ kimay ‘be maimed’ hamabaw ‘make shallow’ hataas ‘heighten’ hilo2 ‘poison’ hilwas ‘pronounce’ katorse ‘become fourteen’ Sentences which illustrate the use of the verbs of Verb Stem Class X are given below. 411.

Kimayon ko an imo kamot sani na martilyo. Your hand will-be-maimed by-me with-this hammer.

412.

Tibayon mo an imo sadiri. Strengthen yourself.

413.

Agbunan mo sin dyutay. Dust-it a-bit with-ash.

414.

Imbuduhan ko ini na sim. This galvanized-tin-roofing will-be-made-into-a-funnel by-me.

Declarative Clause Class XI consists of a predicate and three predicate complements: the object, the referent and the accessory. The predicate is manifested by any member of the Verb Stem Class XI (VC11) inflected by Objective, Referent or Accessory Voice. The object complement is correlated with the patient semantic role and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not the Topic of the clause. The referent is correlated with the semantic role of beneficiary and is marked

Grammatical Sketch

73

by a dative noun phrase when not Topic. The accessory complement is correlated with the accessory semantic role and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when not Topic. When any of these are Topic, they are marked with a nominative noun phrase All the members of Verb Stem Class XI are given below. Because of the few members of this class there is reason to suspect that perhaps the analysis is incomplete and that they might yet fit in other classes. taason ‘increase’ balikutot ‘roll’ asunto ‘file a brief’ gitik ‘tickle’ tibay ‘strengthen’ Sentences which illustrate the use of the verbs of Verb Stem Class XI are given below. 415.

Itaas an iya mga tiil, dili an ulo. Raise his feet, not the head.

416.

Taason mo an imo pasinsya. Increase your patience.

417.

Balikututan san pisi si Juan. Roll-up the rope for Juan.

418.

Ginaasuntuhan niya ina na tawo. He is-filing-a-court-case-against that person.

Declarative Clause Class XII consists of a predicate and two predicate complements: an object complement and an accessory. The predicate is manifested by Verb Stem Class XII (VC12) and inflected by either the Referent or Accessory Voice. The referent complement is correlated with the patient or goal semantic roles and is marked by a dative noun phrase when not the Topic. The accessory is correlated with the instrument semantic role and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when not Topic. When any of these are Topic, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. The only members of this class are given below. This also is a class which further analysis may show unnecessary. himasmas ‘revive’ tarong ‘mix in eggplant’ tiaw ‘curse’ taga1 ‘give’ lugar ‘make opportunity’ datog ‘weigh down’ Sentences which illustrate the use of the verbs of Verb Stem Class XII are given below. 419.

Himasmasan mo siya. Revive her.

420.

Ihimasmas mo ini sa iya. Use this to revive her.

421.

Tagaan mo sinda sin isda. Give them a fish.

74 422.

Grammatical Sketch Tarungan mo an linaga na karne. Mix-eggplant into the meat stew.

Declarative Clause Class XIII consists of a predicate and two predicate complements: the object and accessory. The predicate is manifested by Verb Stem Class XIII (VC13) and may be inflected by either the Objective or Accessory Voice. The object complement is correlated with the patient semantic role and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. The accessory complement is correlated with the accessory semantic role and is marked by a genitive noun phrase when it is not Topic. When any of these are Topic, they are marked by a nominative noun phrase. The only members of Verb Stem Class XIII are given below. abat ‘scare’ abo ‘put ash on’ taludtod ‘hit the spine’ siko ‘elbow someone’ bulsa ‘pocket something’ barang ‘curse’ luko ‘deceive’ Sentences which illustrate the verbs of Verb Stem Class XIII are given below. 423.

Abaton ta an mga paraagi. Let us-incl scare the passers-by.

424.

Dili mo ibulsa an kwarta san gobyirno. Do not pocket the government’s money.

425.

Dili mo lukuhon an imo mga ginikanan. Do not deceive your parents.

426.

Sikuhon mo si Cleofe sa bayhon. Elbow Cleofe in the face.

Verb Stem Class XIV (VC14) is a class of residue stems for which the data are incomplete and no specific class can be assigned on the basis of the information available in the texts. The verbs of this class are marked for whatever verb affixation is known from the texts. These are usually stems for which only a single verb form has been found, but for which it is suspected other forms exist. Representative verbs of this class are given below. abaga ‘shoulder’ aso ‘smoke’ baklaw ‘be made a bracelet’ bunglay ‘use a bolo’ duso2 ‘be gas pained’ suklat ‘be touched’ The following sentences illustrate verbs of Verb Stem Class XIV. 427.

Gin-abaga ko an tanan niya na gastos. All her expenses were-shouldered by-me.

Organization of the Dictionary

75

428.

Butangan ko an akon bado sin alkampor agod dili kuratsahon. I will-put mothballs in my clothing so-that they will not be-eaten-by-cockroaches.

429.

Ruluha an mata ni Manuel san suklaton ni Crispin. Manuel’s eye watered when Crispin accidentally-touchedit.

Organization of the Dictionary The fields of the main dictionary entries are organized in the following sequential order within each entry although many entries do not have all of the fields: 1. The lexical entry, i.e., a citation form, appears in the first position in the entry in bold face type. Example: saba 2. A homonym number is a subscript on the lexical entry. Example: saba1 3. Pronunciation is given in the second position in brackets: [ ]. The main concern here is to show where accent or stress falls in the word. Example: [sábà] 4. If the lexical entry is a borrowed word, it will be indicated in the third position by the word From: and an abbreviation for the language from which the word is borrowed. Example: saba2 From: Ceb 5. In fourth position is an abbreviation in italics for the part of speech of the entry. In addition, verb class is also marked in brackets in this position. Example: magsábà v [c2]. 6. If the entry has more than one sense meaning, the number for the first sense, 1), occurs in fifth position just before the gloss of the word. Succeeding sense numbers will occur immediately before each different sense. Example: sabat...1) answer. 2) sass. 7. The gloss appears in sixth position. Example: roadblock. 8. An expanded definition or comments may occur in seventh position immediately following the gloss. Example: sabat...1) answer, reply. Also means to do vocal activity together such as singing, praying, reciting perhaps in response to a leader. 9. If the scientific identification of the entry is known, it will appear in eighth position in

76

Organization of the Dictionary italics. Example: sab-a...banana. Musa sapienum var. compressa. 10. If an example sentence is included it will be given in italic type in ninth position. Example: Igwa kami sin tinanok na sab-a. 11. The example sentence will be followed by the translation into English. Example: We-excl have a boiled sab-a banana. 12. If the translation of the example is free, a literal translation may follow. Example: Pour-soup-on your rice. Lit: Soup your rice. 13. Encyclopedic information is given next if it is required to elaborate on the definition of the entry. Example: A chupa is equivalent to one salmon can full, about a 12 oz. can. 14. If there are any restrictions on the use of the entry word, they will be given next. Example: sin...Marks the indefinite genitive common noun phrase to indicate attribution of the phrase to another noun or verb. 15. Any synonyms are given next following the abbreviation Syn: if they are synonymous to the whole entry. Otherwise they are given at the part of the entry where the meanings are synonymous. Example: Syn: lubngan ‘burial place’ 16. Any antonyms are given after synonyms. Example: Ant: lusad ‘descend’ 17. Minor entries will usually be brief and always have a cross reference to the main entry to which they are related. They may also be cross referenced to other words. It will be marked as Cf:. Example: CF: bukya, ‘large jellyfish’. 18. A variant of the main entry is given last in the entry or with the appropriate subentry. Example: Variant: sadi-sadi. 19. The practical orthography or alphabet used in this dictionary uses only i for the high front vowel in native Masbatenyo words. However, both i and e are used as needed in borrowed words. 20. Subentries are either inflected forms, idiomatic expressions or derived forms of the main entry and, in general, follow the same organization as main entries. 21. Affixes are listed as main entries in the same alphabetical order whether they are prefixes, infixes or suffixes. Subentries of

Organization of the Dictionary affix entries are example words in which they occur.

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Masbatenyo - English a

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a a-1 adj prefix. state or condition of Topic. This affix indicates that the Topic of the clause is in the condition specified by the root of the word. The affix occurs with both adjective and verb roots. See Grammar Sketch, sec. 5.3.9 (m)a(níwang) adj. thin. From the root niwang "thin" Maniwang man siya gihapon. He is still thin. (m)a(tahóm) adj. beautiful. From the root tahom "beautiful" Nakita ni Angelito an mga matahom na regalo. The beautiful gifts were-able-to-be-seen by Angelito. (m)a(dudubók) v. will become rotten. From the root dubok "become rotten" Madudubok an iya isda. His fish will-become-rotten. a-2 vb prefix. ability of actor to perform the action of the verb root. This forms a passive construction in which an actor acts on an object which is the topic of the sentence. If the actor is not stated, then the object is in the state indicated by the verb root. The affix only occurs with the aspect affixes mor n-, thus ma- and na-. For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, Sec. 5.39 (m)a(lantáw) v. able to be seen. From the root lantaw "to see from a distance" Malantaw mo gayod an intiro syudad. The entire city will really be-able-to-be-seen by-you. (m)a(batî) v. something can be heard. From the root bati "to hear" Mabati mo an mga hinuni san mga sapat. The chirpings of-the birds will-be-able-to-be-heard by-you. cf: aka- 'ability of actor to do something'. a-3 vb prefix. action in progress. The prefix a3- marks a verb for continuing aspect to indicate action in progress in both active and passive verbs [In active verbs a- is added to the mag- and nag- prefixes, thus maga- and naga-. The affix maga- indicates action not begun but viewed as anticipated, continuing, action. This is usually translated into English as a future tense verb but when used in past time situations it is contrafactual, that is, it indicates action that would have been done but wasn't. The affix naga- indicates action begun and still in progress. It is usually translated into English as a present tense verb. However, when used in a past time context it is translated as action which was in progress in that past time. The CV- reduplication affix is an alternate means of indicating action in progress. See the Grammatical Sketch, Sec. 5.24.] (nag-)a(ágay) v. is flowing. From the verb root agay "to flow" Igwa sin tubi na nagaagay hali sa ibabaw. There-is water which flows/is-flowing from above. (gin)a(gukdán) v. was being chased. From the verb root gukod "to chase". In passive verbs the affix a- is added to the gin- prefix, thus gina-, which has meaning similar to naga- but for passive verbs. Ginagukdan niya an tawo pero wara madakop. The man was-being-chased byhim but he was not able-to-be-caught. Variant: CV reduplication 'action in progress'. abaa [abàá] interj . oh yeah? An exclamation of disbelief or disgust Abaa? Kun didto ako, damo man siguro ako sin kuha. Oh-yeah? If I had-been-there, probably I would also have-caught-a-lot. abadaw [abadáw] interj . wow! An exclamation of surprise Abadaw! Nakita ta ikaw kaupod an imo tsik. Wow! You, together-with your chick (girl friend), were-able-to-be-seen by me. syn: adaw 'wow'. abaga [abága] n . shoulder. Refers to that part of the anatomy of an animate being between the head and the upper arm. It also has figurative meanings An abaga ko masakit. My shoulder is painful. abagáhan adj . broad shouldered. Refers to the physical build of a person Si Juan abagahan. Juan is broad-shouldered. abágahon v [c14] . -ON pat. be shouldered figuratively Gin-abaga ko an tanan niya na gastos. All her expenses were-shouldered by-me. cf: pas-an . abaka [abaká] n . Manila hemp. Refers to both the tree and the fiber gotten from it. [A relative of the banana tree, abaka is grown for the tough fibers of the trunk which are used to make rope. Its flowers and leaves are used as medicine]Musa textilis abakahán abaka plantation Igwa'n kami abakahan. We-excl have-an abaka plantation. abakada [abakáda] n . alphabet. The word is derived from the first four letters of the Filipino alphabet: a, ba, ka, da (a, b, c, d) Naarman mo ba an abakada? Has the alphabet been-learned by-you? abakos [ábakos] From: Ch n . abacus calculator. Refers to the Chinese calculator used throughout Southeast Asia abang [abáng] n . roadblock, barrier Amo ina an abang sa mga rebelde. That is the roadblock against-the rebels. cf: bara3 'hindrance'. mag-abáng v [c7] . 1) MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. await something, watch for and stop something Mag-abang ka sin traysikil. You watch-for-and stop a tricycle. cf: bantay . 2) wait Si Celso nag-abang sa tunga san dalan. Celso waited in-the middle of-the path. ìabáng v . block by means of something Iabang mo ina na bato sa kamino agod mag-udong an trak. Let that stone be-used by-you to-block the road so-that the truck will-stop. abangán v . be blocked Arabangan ba naton sinda Pedro para dili makadiritso sa inda kakadtuan? Shall Pedro-and-friends be-blocked by-us-incl so-that they-cannot-go-directly to their destination? abaniko [abaníko] From: Sp n . hand fan. This refers to the familiar folding fan made from wood or plastic sticks tied together at one end and partially covered with paper so that the free ends of the sticks can open out held together by the paper. When spread open it is used to produce a breeze intended to cool the person fanning An iya abaniko matahom. Her fan is beautiful. [Fans are also used to fan the embers of a fire into flame. Today fans are found in many varieties but are usually electric powered propellers which produce the breeze]syn: paypay 'hand fan', kabkab 'hand fan'. mag-abaníko v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN loc; I- inst/ben. Fan with something Nagaabaniko siya san notbok. She is-fanning with-a notebook. abante [abánte] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON goal; -AN loc; I- ben: proceed Abante, namamati ako. Proceed, I am-listening. syn: sigi 'continue'. mag-abánte v . Advance, go forward abantihón v . be opposed, go against, move against Abantihon mo ba an daragko na balod? Will you oppose the big waves? abat [ábat] From: Ceb n . witch. Refers to someone, usually an imaginary person, said to frighten others usually in a dark secluded place Igwa dida sin abat. There-is a witch there. abátan n . witch's haunt, scary place, spooky place. Refers to any place where hearsay says there are witches or elves which are thought to harm people, or at least, play tricks on them Abatan ina na lugar. That place is a witch's-haunt. abáton v [c13] . -ON pat; I- inst. Scare someone. Refers to scaring someone by jumping out at them from a dark place as it is supposed witches do Abaton ta an mga paraagi. Let us scare the passers-by. syn: hadlukon 'frighten, scare'. abaton v . scare abay [ábay] From: Ceb n . 1) companion syn: barkada ‘companion’, kaupod ‘companion’, kapwa ‘fellowman’. 2) wedding attendant. Includes also the best man and the maid of honor Si Pedro ginkuha na abay sa kasal. Pedro was-taken as a wedding-attendant in-the wedding. mag-ábay v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. accompany, go together with, escort Nagaabay sinda sa paglakat. They are-strolling together. syn: upod 'accompany'. abayaw [abayáw] v [c2] . MAG- exp mag-abayáw v . left behind. Refers to a situation in which someone, frequently a child, wants to accompany another but is refused An bata nagatangis kay nagaabayaw sa iya iloy. The child iscrying because he is-being-left-behind by his mother. syn: ibilin 'leave something behind', mabayaan 'leave behind'. mainabayáwon adj . be left behind Mainabayawon an bata sa iya iloy. The child was-left-behind by his mother. abi1 [ábi] n . yam Ibahon mo an daragko na abi sa tirigdyutay. Separate the big yams from-the small-ones. cf: ubi 'yam'. Dioscorea alata abihán yam garden abi2 [abí] v [c2] . MAG- ag mag-abí v . relinquish, hand over, surrender something abi-abi [abi-abí] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-abi-abí v . welcome, receive someone warmly pag-abi-abí n . welcoming Mas lalo kami na malipay ni Ramon tungod san pag-abi-abi niyo sa amon. Ramon and I are even happier because of your welcoming of us. abilidad [abilidád] From: Sp n . ability, skill, aptitude, competence, power Naghatag siya sin ispisyal na abilidad sa mga tawo. He gave special abilities to-the people. abir1 [abír] From: Sp interj . look here, let's see, all right, now then. This is an interjection to emphasize the point of a response in a discussion. The translation into English varies depending on the context of the discussion Nagsabi an isad na bata, "Maaram ako magsakay sin karabaw." Sabi man san isad, "Abir, kitaon ko kun maaram ka man gayod." A child said, "I know how to ride a waterbuffalo." Another child replied, "All-right, I'll-see if you really know-how." abir2 [abír] conj . whether, even though, even if Malipay sinda kun maabtan na preparado abir tunga'n gab-i o maaga. They will-be-happy if they-are-prepared when anyone-arrives whether at midnight or early-morning. Abir dili pa niyo siya nakita, nagasunod gihapon na kamo sa iya. Even-though you-pl have not yet seen him, you-pl are still following him. cf: baga2 'as though'. abir3 [abír] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat mag-abír v . attempt, try, endeavor abirón v . attempted, be... , tried, be... , endeavored, be... . Refers to trying a course of action even though one is unsure of the outcome Abiron mo si Pedro kun makahuram ka sin kwarta. Try Pedro to-see-if you can borrow some money from him. syn: hinguha 'try'. abiriya [abiríya] v [c2] . MAG- exp mag-abiríya v . Malfunction, break down, fail. Refers to an inanimate experiencer which breaks down. Usually refers to situations in which a running engine stops due to trouble or break down Nag-abiriya an makina sa lantsa kaya nag-udong anay kami dida sa lawod. The engine in-the launch malfunctioned so we-excl stopped for-a-while there in-the sea. abiron v . attempt, try

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a abiso [abíso] From: Sp n . notice, announcement, advice, schedule Wara'n abiso manungod san bapor na nagabiyahi paManila. There-is-no advice/schedule concerning the ship that is-traveling to-Manila. cf: tanda 'sign', karatula 'signboard'; syn: paaram 'notice', pasabi 'notice', pasabot 'notice', kamangno 'notice', notisya 'news'. abisúhan v [c12] . MAGPA- ag; -AN goal; I- ben. advise Abisuhi an mga nagaplite sa balay na tigbayadan yana. Let the boarders be-advised that the rent is due today. syn: maymay 1 'advice'. abo [abó] n . ash. Refers to the by-product of anything burned An abo san upa san humay maputi kisa abo san kahoy. The ash of-the rice-hull is whiter than ash of wood. syn: agbon 'ash'. abúhan n . ash pit, ash box, fireplace An abuhan ninda damo sin abo. Their ash-pit has-a-lot of ashes (in it). màabó v [c13] . MA- pat; -ON pat; I- ben. Be burned to ash, incinerate Naabo an balay ni Pedro. Pedro's house was-burned-to-ash. abuhón adj . grayish abog1 [abóg] From: Ceb n . dust Damo sin abog an lamisa. The table has-a-lot of dust (on it). syn: alpog 'dust'. abugón v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal. dust, get something dusty abog2 [abóg] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc mag-abóg v . herd, drive (animals) Nagaabog siya san karnero kada hapon. He is-herding the sheep every afternoon. abúgon v . chase something away cf: tabog , wayway , yawyaw . abugá v . chase away obligatory Abuga an mga kanding. Chase-away-obligatory the goats. ìábog v . use something to chase away abot [abót] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON goal; -AN loc; I- acc. mag-abót v . 1) arrive, reach Nag-abot sinda didi kahapon. They arrived here yesterday. 2) comprehend abúton v . arrive on time Abuton ta an oras. Let us arrive on time. abutón v . be caught up to, be overtaken and accompanied, be reached Abuton ta an katapusan na biyahi. Let's catch the last trip. abután v . be overtaken Dali-dali kamo kay basi abutan kita sana na uran. You-all hurry-up because we-incl might be-overtaken by-that rain. màabtán v . MA-..-AN goal. be reached Tersiro grado lang sa elementarya an naabtan san akon ama. Only grade three in elementary-school is what my father reached. ìabót v . cause to reach, extend to Iabot mo sa amon an imo gahom sa pagpaayo. Have your power for healing reach to-us-excl. abut-abutón n . eccentric person, temperamental person abri [abrí] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc mag-abrí v . 1) open. Refers to opening a door, window etc. Nagaabri siya san bintana pag-agi ko. He was-opening the window when I passed. cf: muklat , ukab1 , buklad ; syn: buka2 ‘open’, bukrat1 ‘open’. 2) harvest, uncover Magaabri siya san iya kamute buwas. He willstart-to-harvest/uncover his yams tomorrow. cf: ani ‘harvest’. abrihán v . something be opened Ginaabrihan niya an inda aparador. Their clothes-closet wasbeing-opened by-him. abriláta n . can opener abyírto adj . opened abrído adj . opened Abril [Abríl] From: Sp n . April. Refers to the 4th month of the year in the Gregorian calendar Nagnuebe siya san Abril. He became-nine-years-old last April. abrilata [abriláta] From: Sp n . can opener. From the Spanish words abri "open" and lata "tin can" Gamita an abrilata sa pag-abri san salmon. Have the can-opener used for opening the salmon-can. abrilatáhon v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. a can-opener be used on something, use a can-opener on something Kadaka abrilatahon ta ikaw. Perhaps I will-use-the-can-opener on you. cf: abri . abtik [abtík] adj . MAmàabtík active, energetic, spry, agile, nimble, brisk Magigin mga tawo kamo na maabtik. You-all will-become people who are active. abugada [abugáda] From: Sp n . female lawyer, female lawyer cf: abugado 'male lawyer'. abugado [abugádo] From: Sp n . male lawyer, male attorney Si Eranio bantog na abugado. Eranio is a famous male-lawyer. cf: abugada 'female lawyer'. abuhan [abúhan] n . ash pit cf: abo 'ash'. abukado [abukádo] From: Sp n . avocado fruit, avocado tree, alligator pear fruit Hugasan an dahon san abukado. Let a leaf of-the avocado-tree be-washed. Persea sp. abukay [abúkay] n . white parrot Variant: atukay 'white parrot'. abukáyon adj . noisy, bombastic. This is a way of describing people who are very talkative as being like a parrot Variant: atukay 'white parrot'. abunar [abunár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. pay, refund mag-abunár v . pay, refund Nag-abunar an iya ama sa inda utang. His father paid-someone-for their debt. abunarán v . be reimbursed, be refunded Gin-abunaran niya an plite mo sa barko. Your fare onthe ship was-refunded by-him. syn: tapar 'reimburse'. abunda [abúnda] From: Sp adj . abundant, plentiful, have lots/much Wara sinda sin kwarta pero abunda sa pagkaon. They have no money but have-lots of food. syn: damo 'many', bugana 'abundant'. mag-abúnda v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. Abound, be abundant Nagaabunda na an aton pagkaon. Our-incl food is-becoming-abundant. abuno1 [abúno] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc mag-abúno v . pay additional. This refers to situations in which one is requested to add more money to his share of the expenses Mag-abuno ka sin binte pesos. You pay-an-additional P20.00. ìabúno v . increase a monetary contribution Pwede mo ba iabuno an imo kwarta sa aton ginpamakal? Can you increase your monetary-contribution for our-incl purchased-things? abuno2 [abúno] From: Sp n . fertilizer. This is a general term for fertilizer of any kind aburida [aburída] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-aburída v . irritate, aggravate, annoy, bother, irk Dili ka mag-aburida kun wara ka sin kwarta. Do not be-irritated if you don't have any money. aburído adj . irritable, upset, irate Aburido si Delfin kay lumayas an iya bata. Delfin is irritable because his child ran-away-from-home. syn: mainit an ulo 'angry', maurit 'anger'. abusado [abusádo] From: Sp adj . abusive, corrupt. This refers only to the character of people Abusado ina na tawo. That person is abusive. cf: abuso . abuso [abúso] From: Sp v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc. mag-abúso v . abuse someone Nagaabuso an iloy sa iya anak. The mother is-abusing her child. abusúhon v . be disobeyed Ginaabuso mo an katukduan na gintukdo sa imo. The instructions which were-taught you are-being-disobeyed by-you. màinabusu-abusuhón adj . abusive, slanderous abut-abuton [abut-abúton] n . eccentric person cf: abot . abuyon [abúyon] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal mag-abúyon v . someone agrees Nag-abuyon ako sa imo ginsabi. I agreed to-what you said. abuyúnan v . agree with Gin-abuyunan ta ikaw kay didto an imo ama. I agreed-with you because your father was there. abyador [abyadór] From: Sp n . airplane pilot mag-abyadór v [c2] . MAG- act. become a pilot Makusog an iya kursunada na mag-abyador. His desire to-become-a-pilot is strong. abyirto [abyírto] From: Sp adj . opened cf: abri .

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a ada [ádà] loc prn . there nearby. Refers primarily to anything near the hearer Ada siya sa sulod. There-near she is inside. adal [ádal] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben mag-ádal v . study, learn. It is assumed that lessons are the unmentioned object of study Mag-adal ka sin maayo. Study well. 1) practice, adhere to, commit to Mayaman si Pedro pero nagaadal siya san pag-ikonomiya. Pedro is rich but he is-practicing frugality. adálan v . be taught n . lesson, study guide, something to study Adalan ko siya maglangoy. He will-be-taught to-swim by-me. Nawara an akon adalan. My study-guide was-lost. adálon v . be studied Adalon ta sin maayo ini na barasahon. This literature will-be-studied well by-us-incl. ìádal v . teach for someone Iadal man ako sani na bata pagsakay sa bisiklita. Teach this child for me how-to-ride a bicycle. syn: tukdo 'teach'. adaw [adáw] interj . wow Adaw! Katahom na kanaman. Wow! What a beautiful toy. syn: abadaw 'wow!'. aday [adáy] exclam . ouch syn: agay2 'ouch', agoy 'ouch'; Variant: adoy 'ouch'. adi [ádi] loc prn . here nearby. Refers to anything near speaker Adi may surat para sa imo. Here-near-me is a letter for you. adlaw [ádlaw] n . 1) sun Mainit an adlaw. The sun is hot. 2) day Wara magluwas an adlaw sani na adlaw. The sun did not appear on-this day. ant: gab-i ‘night’; syn: araw . kàadlawán n . birthday Kaadlawan buwas ni Granny. Tomorrow is Granny's birthday. syn: kumplianyos 'birthday'. mag-ádlaw v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. earn per day Magaadlaw ako sin 30 pesos sa Manila. I will-earn 30 pesos per-day in Manila. adlaw-ádlaw adv . daily, every day Nagakarigo siya adlaw-adlaw. He takes a bath daily. Variant: uruadlaw 'daily'. adobo [adóbo] From: Sp n . meat recipe. Refers to a meat dish of pork or chicken cooked with vinegar. adorno [adórno] From: Sp v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal mag-adórno v . decorate something, adorn An mga batanon na babayi nag-adorno sa lugar na baraylihan. The young ladies decorated the dance place. adoy [adóy] exclam . ouch Nasakitan an tawo kaya, "Adoy!" nagsiyak siya. The man was hurt; so, "Ouch!" he shouted. syn: agay2 'ouch', agoy 'ouch'; Variant: aday 'ouch'. adto [ádto] loc prn . there distant. Refers to anything there at a distance far from both speaker and hearer Si Julie adto sa Manila. Julie is there in Manila. cf: sadto 'at that (distant)'. adultiryo [adultíryo] From: Sp n . adultery, immoral affair. Refers only to clandestine sexual affairs Ginakusar siya sin adultiryo. He was-accused of adultery. cf: sambay 'concubine'; syn: panambay 'adultery'. ipàadultíryo v . IPA-, pat. Accuse of adultery Ipaadultiryo mo si Juana. You accuse Juana ofadultery. adwana [adwána] From: Sp n . customs tax collector. Refers to the customs tax collector at the harbor port of entry. Masbate has an airport but there is no tax collector there An adwana wara magtugot na magbiyahe an mga lantsa. The customs-tax-collector will not pirmet the launches to travel. Nagbayad ako sa adwana kaya may lisensya na an akon lantsa. I paid the customs-collector so now my launch has a license. mag-adwána v [c2] . MAG-, exp. Become a customs tax collector aeroplano [aeropláno] From: Sp n . airplane, plane, aircraft Wara na an aeroplano The airplane is nolonger-here. Variant: ediplano. ag-1 vb prefix. subjective voice. This prefix marks a verb for subjective voice action, with actor or agent as Topic of the clause. It is also used by many speakers on verbs expressing natural phenomenon, e.g. rain rains, wind blows, dawn bursts, without an overt Topic. It co-occurs with the aspect prefixes m-, and n-, thus mag- and nag-. See Grammatical Sketch, sec. 5.31 for inflectional forms. (m)ag(alaad) v. will-flame Magalaad sa kapawa an kahon. The box will-flame in brilliant-light. (m)ag(ginhawa) v. breathe Wara na siya magginhawa. She no-longer breathes. (m)ag(-ayo) v. intentionally-ask Dili ako dapat maalo na mag-ayo sa iya san akon mga kinahanglan. I must not be-ashamed to-intentionally-ask him for my needed-things. (m)ag(apadayon) v. will-continue Didto na ako magapadayon san pag-adal. There I will-continue studying. ag-ag [ág-ag] v [c4] . MAG-, ag; -ON, pat mag-ág-ag v . sift, filter, strain ag-agón v . be sifted, be strained, be filtered Ginaag-ag niya an arina. She is-sifting the flour. ag-ágon adj . siftable. Refers to anything which can be sifted aga [ága] n . morning An amon simba kada Domingo na aga. Our-excl worship is every Sunday morning. kàagáhon n . early morning, before dawn Igalarga kita buwas na mga alas dos an kaagahon. We intend-to-leave tomorrow about two o'clock in-the early-morning. màaga-agá adv . very early mag-ága adj . overnight, all night Kada bulan an mga batanon magsasarayaw hasta na mag-aga. Every month the young-people will-dance all night. màagá adj . dawn. Can refer to period just before sunrise Nakapangkaturog kami maaga na. Weall went-to-sleep at-dawn. mâaga adj . almost morning, before dawn Maaga na! It is almost-morning already. agad1 [agád] From: Ceb v [c3] . MAG-, act; -AN, loc. mag-agád v . serve in return for a bride, do bride service. Refers to the practice of a man working for his bride-to-be's parents in payment for his bride Nagaagad si Pedro sa iya uganganon. Pedro is-doing-bride-service for his parents-in-law-to-be. syn: mangbalayi 'serve bride's parents'. agad2 [ágad] v [c8] . MAG- act; -AN loc; I- acc. Obey. -ON pat. Wait, consider mag-ágad v . obey, keep, abide by Mag-agad ka sa layi. You obey the law. agádon v . -ON, goal. be obeyed, be kept Agadon mo an disisyon ni Mr. Veluz. Obey the decision of Mr. Veluz. agad3 [agád] From: Tag conj . although Dyutay-dyutay siya agad subra na na lima ka tuig. He is verysmall although he is already more-than five years-old. agap [agáp] From: Tag v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-agáp v . rescue someone, save, extricate cf: bulig1 'bunch'. agapán v . rescue someone, save, do immediately Agapan mo an nalulumos na bata. Rescue the drowning child. pag-agáp n . rescuing, life saving An "First Aid" amo an simple na pag-agap. First Aid is simple rescuing/life-saving. agaron [agáron] n . master, lord. Usually used in reference to animate beings. Siya an agaron sina na ido He is the master of-that dog. syn: amo1 'master'. agaw [ágaw] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben mag-ágaw v . snatch and flee, grab, seize, steal and run, usurp, forcibly take Nagaragaw sinda san bola na kupos. They snatched the deflated ball. cf: anab ; syn: bugnot 'snatch something', rabnit 'seize', rabot 'grab', rabnot 'wrest'. agáwon v . be grabbed, be stolen Dili mo agawon an amon duta. Do not grab our land. ìágaw v . steal for someone Iagaw man ako sin usad lang ka bilog na santol. Steal just one santolfruit for me. paràagáw n . snatcher, thief Paraagaw ka sin duta. You are a land grabber/snatcher. agay1 [ágay] From: Ceb n . flow Mahinay an agay san tubi. The flow of-the water is slow. cf: anod 'current'. mag-ágay v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN goal. flow Nagaagay an tubi sa manlainlain na dapit. The water is-flowing to various places. cf: bulos1 'flow', awas , bulwag ; syn: buhos 'flow abundantly'. agáyan v . flow to ipàágay v . cause to flow Ipaagay daw ini na tubi pakada sa kanal. Please cause this water to-flow there to-the canal. agayán n . canal, drainage ditch, flowing place Masigpit an agayan san tubi. The drainage-ditch of-the water is narrow. agay2 [agáy] exclam . ouch syn: adoy 'ouch', aday 'ouch'; Variant: agoy 'ouch'. agay-ay [agáy-ay] From: Ceb n . boring termite, termite droppings. Refers to boring termites and to the small piles of tiny black ball debris which they leave on or beside the wood in which they are boring Damo sin agay-ay ina na kahoy. That lumber has-plenty of boring-termites-in-it. agay-áyon adj . termite ridden Agay-ayon ina na kahoy. That wood is termite-ridden. syn: bukbok 'weevil'.

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a agbay [ágbay] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc mag-ágbay v . greet someone warmly agbayán v . be greeted warmly. Refers to greeting someone by placing an arm around his shoulder in an embrace Agbayan mo si Rosita. Greet Rosita warmly. agbon [ágbon] From: Ceb n . ash An kuron puno sin agbon. The clay-pot is full of ashes. syn: abo 'ash'. agbúnan v [c10] . -ON pat; -AN goal. dust with ash. Refers to dusting something with ash to either make it dirty or to perhaps disguise it Agbunan mo sin dyutay. You dust-it a-bit with-ash. agda [ágda] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben mag-ágda v . invite someone Si Leo nag-agda sa akon pagkanam sin baskitbol. Leo invited me toplay basketball. syn: imbitar 'be invited'. agdahón v . be invited Agdahon mo siya sa imo kaadlawan. Invite him to your birthday-party. ìágda v . invite for someone Iagda daw ako sana na bata pakadi. Please invite that child to-comehere for me. pag-ágda n . invitation Dili hudok sa buot an imo pag-agda. Your invitation is not sincere. syn: imbitasyon 'invitation'. agi [ági] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON goal; -AN loc; I- pat/ben. mag-ági v . 1) pass by, go by way of Nag-agi kami sa Mabini Street. We-excl went-by-way-of Mabini Street. 2) go through Nag-agi siya sa bintana. He went-through the window. makàagí v . able to find Nakaagi na siya sin balay na istaran. She has already found a house to live-in. agíhon v . 1) fetch something, involve, go and get Ginaagi na la niya sa pasadi-sadi na pagpasaway. He is-involved in various mischievous things. 2) stop by. Refers to stopping by a place on the way to somewhere else Agihon ta anay si Lucy antis kita madiritso sa simbahan. Let us first stop-by Lucy's-place before we go-straight to-the church. agíhan v . 1) pass by on Ginlatag ninda an alikboy sa kamino na ginaagihan niya. They laid the jacket on-the street on-which he was-passing-by. 2) experienced, something happened to someone Igwa ako sin dili ko gayod malilimutan na gin-agihan na hasta yana. I experiencedsomething which I have really not forgotten up-to now. ìági v . pass something on Iagi man niyo ini na hambag sa kanda Panoy. You please pass this handbag on-to Panoy-and-friends. màagíhan v . experience, encounter Damo na an kalisdanan na akon naagihan. I have already experienced many hardships. agihón adj . passable, can be passed umarági n . passer-by agihán n . 1) pathway, trail, path, roadway, source Madinghot an inda agihan. Their pathway is grassy. pàági n . way, method, manner, procedure Damo sin paagi para masolbar an aton problima. There-are-many ways to-solve our problem. pinàági conj . by means of, through Makaabot ako sana na lugar pinaagi san akon amigo. I canarrive at-that place by-means-of my friend. kàagi-ági n . experiences Nagaistorya siya san buhay-buhay kag kaagi-agi niya. He was-relating his life and experiences. syn: eksperyensya . agid-agid [agid-ágid] v [c2] . MAKA- act makàagid-ágid v . emulate Si Juan nakaagid-agid gayod sa ugali/kustombri san iya ama. Juan really emulates the character of his father. alagid-ágid adj . similar, alike, akin, comparable, slightly the same syn: irog 'similar', pareho 'same'. agihan n . path agik-ik [agík-ik] n . squeak, squeal. As of a rat or mouse mag-agík-ik v [c2] . 1) MAG- act. squeak, creak, squeal. Refers to the sound made by a bat, rat or mouse, or to moving parts of machinery or furniture May pwertahan na nagaagik-ik. There-is-a door which is-squeaking. An kabog nagaagik-ik man. The bat also squeaks. syn: agutiot ‘creak’. 2) giggle Nagaagik-ik siya sin katawa. She is-giggling with laughter. agik-ikan [agik-íkan] n . ringworm Ina na tawo may agik-ikan. That person has ringworm. agila [ágila] From: Sp n . eagle aginaldo2 [agináldo] From: Sp n . Christmas gift, New Year's gift Nangayo siya sin aginaldo sa maninoy niya. He asked his godfather for a Christmas-gift. Aginaldo1 [agináldo] From: Sp n . Aginaldo. A man's name agiw [ágiw] From: Ceb n . soot, carbon from smoke Damo sin agiw an inda ispiho. Their mirror is full-of soot. agíwon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. carbonize, burn to ash Agiwon mo an tabako, tapos ibutang sa samad. Burn the tobacco-leaf to-ash then put-it on-the wound. agiw-iw [agíw-iw] v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-agíw-iw v . darken, blacken, shadow. Refers to darkening around the eyes caused by lack of sleep or injury Nag-agiw-iw an iya mata kay wara siya sin turog sa sulod sin tulo ka adlaw. Her eyes were-darkened because she had-not slept for three days. agod [agód] conj . so that, in order Maghigos ka agod magyaman. You be-industrious in-order to-becomerich. agoy [agóy] interj . ouch syn: aday 'ouch', adoy 'ouch'; Variant: agay2 'ouch'. agrabiado [agrabìádo] From: Sp adj . aggrieved, offended, bothered, distressed, annoyed Agrabiado siya sa pagkaanab san iya duta. He is aggrieved by-the infringing on his land. agrangay [agrángay] From: Bkl v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-agrángay v . 1) groan, mourn Nagaagrangay pa an may sakit. The sick-person is still groaning. cf: luto2 , mundo1 . 2) plead Magaagrangay ako sin bulig san mga tawo. I willplead-for some help from-the people. agtang [ágtang] n . forehead Masahion an agtang sa may unahan san talinga. Massage the forehead inthe-place in-front of-the ear. agugukoy [agugúkoy] n . small crab. This is a general term to refer to small inedible crabs like hermit crabs cf: kasag 'blue crab', umang 'crab', kagang 'crab', alimango 'large crab'. aguha [agúha] From: Sp n . heavy duty sewing needle. Refers to a heavy duty sewing needle used for sewing leather or sacks cf: dagom 'needle'. agup-op [agup-óp] From: Ceb n . mold, mildew magkàagup-óp v [c2] . MAGKA- exp. mold. This refers to the fungus mold which grows on food, clothing and plants An tinapay nagkaagup-op. The bread is-molding. Agusto [Agústo] From: Sp n . August. Refers to the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar agutiot [agútìot] v [c2] . MAG exp. mag-agútìot v . creak, screech. Refers to the sound produced by two hard surfaces rubbing against each other Nagaagutiot an iyo pwertahan. Your door creaks. syn: agik-ik . agwanta [agwánta] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc mag-agwánta v . endure, bear, tolerate agwantahón v . be endured, be tolerated Agwantahon mo lang an bug-at san imo dara. You just endure the weight of your problem. agwardiente n . denatured alcohol

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a agwardiyinte [agwardiyínte] From: Sp n . denatured alcohol agyat [agyát] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN io; I- acc mag-agyát v . provoke, incite, induce, aggravate, vex Nag-agyat siya sin away. He provoked a fight. agyatón v . be provoked, be induced Agyaton ta si Roman sin inom. Let's provoke Roman to drink. agyatán v . be provoked, be induced, be incited Amo ini na lugar an gin-agyatan sa akon sin suntukan. It-was-at this place that I was-provoked to a fight. agyátan n . provocateur, instigator, agitator Agyatan man gayod ina siya. That guy really is a provocateur. aha [ahá] From: Eng interj . aha, so that's it. An expression of excitement aha! interj . oh! ahas1 [áhas] From: Tag n . 1) snake cf: sawa1 , ibingan ‘python’, babuyon ‘black snake’, kobra ‘cobra snake’. 2) crafty person, swindler, deceiver Si Eusebio gintawag sin ahas kay tikas. Eusebio was-called a snake because he is a swindler. ahas2 [áhas] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc mag-áhas v . remove aháson v . be removed Gin-ahas ni Pedro an bunuan niya. Pedro removed his fish-trap from the water. mangáhas v . remove fish. Refers to removing a catch of fish from a fish-trap Nangahas na si Manuel sa bunuan niya. Manuel is-removing-the-catch from his fish-trap. ahas3 [áhas] v [c2] . MANG- act mangáhas v . dare Nano kay nangahas ka pagpangawat? Why did you dare to-steal? pangaháson adj . brave, daring, courageous ahat [ahát] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc mag-ahát v . compel, coerce, force oneself An bata nagaahat sa paglakat. The child is-forcing himself to-walk. ahatón v . be forced Ginaahat mo an saging na dili pa ina hinog. You are-forcing the banana which is not yet ripe to-ripen. aka- [áka-] vb affix. ability of actor to do. This affix co-occurs with either m-, "action not begun" or n-, "action begun". (m)aka(bulig) v. able to help Magatrabaho na ako para makabulig sa akon ginikanan. I will-work now in-order to-be-able-to-help my parents. (m)aka(diskanso) v. able to rest Basi makadiskanso man ako. Perhaps I also will-be-able-to-rest. (n)aka(kaon) v. able to eat Nakakaon siya sin pasayan kag isda. He was-able-to-eat some shrimp and fish. akasia [akásya] n . acacia tree, raintree ako1 [ákò] v [c5] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal mag-ákò v . 1) confess. This verb requires what is confessed to be expressed by a subordinate clause introduced by na. Nag-ako siya sa husgado na siya an nagpatay. He confessed in court that he-was the murderer. 2) admit An akon lolo habo mag-ako na lagas na siya. My grandfather does-not-want to-admit that he is already old. syn: ampo3 ‘admit’. 3) accept responsibility màáko v . be admitted, be accepted Naaako na san katawuhan an kulog. The pain is-beingaccepted by-the people. mag-aku-áko v . pretend to accept responsibility Nag-aku-ako ka pero dili mo man lang kaya. You pretended-to-accept-responsibility but you just are-unable-to-do it. ako2 [akó] pers prn . 1) I. This is the first person singular subjective pronoun. See section 2.41.2 in the Grammatical Sketch for additional information Dili ako makadto. I will not go. 2) me Kun dili ako makauli, apason ako niyo. If I am-not able-to-come-home, you come-get me. Alugan mo ako sa bumba. You fetch-water-for me from-the pump. akon [ákon] pers prn . 1) my. This is the first person singular referential pronoun which functions as a possessor pronoun when it immediately precedes the noun it modifies. When it immediately precedes a verb represents the agent. See the Grammatical Sketch, section 2.43.2 for additional information Si Juan an akon ama. Juan is my father. 2) mine Sa akon ini. This is mine. 3) me Ihatag ina sa akon. Give that to me. aksidente adj . accident aksidinte [aksidínte] From: Sp n . accident An aksidinte nangyari kahapon na hapon. The accident happened yesterday afternoon. syn: disgrasya 'accident'. màaksidínte v [c2] . 1) v [c2] MA- exp. have an accident syn: bangga ‘crash’. 2) adj accident prone nàaksidínte n . accident victim An mga naaksidinte dinara sa probinsyal ospital. The accidentvictims were-brought to-the provincial hospital. aksidinti v [c2] . accident akusado [akusádo] n . accused, defendant cf: akusar . akusar [akusár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-akusár v . accuse, sue syn: dimanda 'accuse'. akusarón v . be accused, be sued Akusaron ko ikaw sin istapa. I will-accuse you of embezzlement. akusádo n . accused, defendant Adi na an mga akusado. The accused are here now. akusasyón n . accusation An akusasyon ko kan Pedro pagpapatay. My accusation against Peter is murder. akusasyon v [c9] . accusation alabastro [alabástro] From: Sp adj . alabaster May babaye igwa'n botilya na alabastro na may olor. There-was a woman who-had an alabaster bottle of perfume. alagid-agid adj . similar alahas [aláhas] n . jewels An alahas nakaimbitar san atinsyon san mga isnatsir. Jewels can-invite the attention of snatchers (thieves). alak [álak] n . wine Main-inom siya sin alak. He is fond of wine. syn: bino 'wine'. alákon v [c14] . -ON pat. be made into wine. Refers to making wine from something such as grapes or other fruit Alakon ko ini na ubas. These grapes-are what will-be-made-into-wine byme. paràalák n . wine maker, distiller of wine Mangayo kita sin alak sa paraalak. We will-ask-for some wine from-the wine-maker. alalay [alálay] n . assistant Si Leo an akon alalay didi sa simbahan. Leo is my assistant here in the church. alaláyan v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal. assist Ginaalalayan mo an may sakit sa paglakat. You assist the sick-one in walking. alambre [alámbre] From: Sp n . wire. This is a general term for wire and refers to wire for telephone, electricity, barbed wire, etc. Pedro, iunat mo anay an alambre. Pedro, first stretch the wire. ipàalámbre v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. be encircled with wire. Refers to encircling something with wire to make a fence Juan, ipaalambre an imo uma. Juan, fence-in your farm.

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a alampay [alámpay] n . shawl, neckerchief, cloak ìalámpay v [c7] . use as a shawl; MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. use as a shawl Ialampay mo an imo twalya agod dili ka mainitan. Use your towel as a shawl so-that you won't get sun-stroke. alang-alang1 [alang-álang] From: Ceb adj . ill-timed Alang-alang an iyo pag-abot kay wara na an ediplano. Your arrival is ill-timed because the plane has gone. alang-alang2 [alang-álang] part . on behalf of, for the sake of Makada ako alang-alang sa aton pagamigo. I will-go for-the-sake of our-incl friendship. alang-alang3 [alang-aláng] v [c14] . MAG- act mag-alang-aláng v . doubt, hesitate, uncertain, not enough pag-alang-alang v . hesitating. See the Grammatical Sketch, section 7.1, for more information on the use of the pag- forms with ayaw Ayaw pag-alang-alang pagkadi sa akon. Don't behesitating to come to me. syn: duha-duha 'doubt', ruhaduha 'doubt', duda 'doubt'. alap-ap [aláp-ap] n . acne, skin fungus An asawa niya may alap-ap sa liog. His spouse has acne on-the neck. syn: ap-ap 'skin fungus'. tinea flava alap-ápon full of fungus alas [alás] From: Sp part . o'clock. This is the hour time phrase introducer Alas nwebi na. It is nine o'clock already. alaswirte [alaswírte] From: Sp adj . chancy, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable Ini na akon trabaho alaswirte lang. This job of-mine is just uncertain. mag-alaswírte v [c14] . MAG- act. attempt, venture, try, take a chance alat [alát] n . basket. Refers to a large, tall, wide-mouthed basket An akon alat himo san uway. My alatbasket is made of rattan. cf: bukag 'large basket', baskit 'basket', kanastro 'basket', creel basket 'fisherman's basket'. alatan [alátan] n . edible fish species alawihaw [alawíhaw] n . sour fruit. Refers to a species of sour fruit which tastes like santol An bunga san alawihaw dulaw kun hinog kag matam-is. The fruit of-the alawihaw is yellow when ripe and sweet. albor [álbor] From: Sp v [c14] . -AN pat alburán v . request as a gift, desire for free Ginaalboran mo an akon kalo. You are-desiring my hat for-free. Ayaw pag-albori an akon kalo. Do-not request my hat as-a-gift. syn: kursunada , ila3 2 'desire'. albularyo [albuláryo] From: Sp n . herb doctor, healer, shaman. Refers to a healer who medicates with medicinal herbs, roots and leaves. May also refer to a shaman (one who calls on the spirits to treat sickness) Kun minsan nagapakita siya sa albularyo. Once-in-awhile she consults the herb-doctor. syn: herbularyo 'herb doctor'; Variant: arbularyo 'herb doctor'. ipàalbuláryo v [c14] . be treated by a herb doctor Ipaalbularyo ta si Jose. Let us-incl have Jose treated-by-a-herb-doctor. alburuti v . Variant: alburuto 'be troubled'. alburuto [alburúto] From: Sp; Sp n . trouble, disturb mag-alburúto v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. trouble, disturb Nag-alburuto siya sa kalye kahapon. He made-trouble in-the street yesterday. cf: away 'fight', ribok 'noise'; syn: gubot 'trouble', samok . alburutuhán v . be troubled, be disturbed Ginaalburutuhan niya an iya iloy kaya ginhatagan siya sin kwarta. His mother was-being-disturbed by-him so he was given money. Variant: alburuti. alburtadór n . troublemaker, quarrelsome person Alejandro [Alehándro] n . Alexander. The name of a person algudon [algudón] From: Sp n . processed cotton Pagbakal sin algudon. Buy some processed-cotton. syn: gapas 'raw cotton'. algudunán v [c14] . -AN pat. apply cotton, put on cotton Gin-algudunan ko an samad agod dili mahugdunan san mga lanaw. I put-cotton-on the wound so-that it-would-not be-alighted-on bythe flies. alibangbang [alibángbang] n . butterfly. This is a generic term for butterfly An alibangbang na naglupad pula. The butterfly which flew-off was red. cf: kakanog 'moth'; syn: kulibangbang 'butterfly'; Variant: kalibangbang 'butterfly'. alig-ig [alíg-ig] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc mag-alíg-igan v . winnow. Refers to gently shaking grains in a tray to separate larger from smaller pieces alig-igán v . winnow for someone. Refers to winnowing something for someone to get rid of the chaff Juan, alig-igan mo sinda Marta san binayo ninda na humay. n . winnowing tray Daraha didi an alig-igan. Juan, winnow Marta and-her-companion's pounded rice for them. Bring the winnowing-tray here. syn: nigo 'winnowing tray'. adj . alig-ígan n . winnowable; winnowing instrument alig-igón n . grain for winnowing. Refers to grain of any sort to be winnowed Hain an alig-igon? Where is the stuff-to-be-winnowed? paràalig-íg n . winnower Humanap ka sin paraalig-ig kag pakadia. Look for a winnower and send-him-here. alig-igán n . winnowing tray aligas1 [aligás] n . head lice cf: kiyumal 'lice', hinguto ; syn: kuto 'lice', kiyumad 'immature head lice'. aligas2 [aligás] n . small particles of rice skin. Refers to bits of rice skin left on the rice after pounding it An inda pakabayo san humay dili maayo kaya damo'n aligas na nabilin. Their pounding of-the rice-in-husk is not well-done so there-is-a lot-of rice-skin left-on-the rice. syn: binlod 'rice particles'. aligi [aligí] n . crab fat. Refers to globs of yellow fat inside the body accumulating on either side of the backbone Kun may aligi an alimango mataba siya. If the crab has crab-fat, it is fat. aligihán adj . has plenty of fatty globs Kun aligihan an alimango mataba. If the crab is has plentyof-fatty-globs, it is fatty. alimango [alimángo] n . large crab Daku-dako an alimango na nakuha ko. The crab I caught was very-big. cf: karigmata 'wild crab', agugukoy 'small crab', kasag 'blue crab', umang 'crab', kagang 'crab'. màalimángo adj . crabful place. Refers to a place with plenty of crabs mangalimángo v [c7] . MANG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. fish for crabs Lito, hamos mangalimango kita. Lito, come-on let's-incl fish-for-crabs. alimpapuro [alimpapuró] n . cowlick. Refers to a swirl of hair on the back top of the head. A few people have two or even three such swirls. Most have only one May tawo na duha an alimpapuro kag ginatuudan na pilyo. There-are persons who have two swirls on the back of their head and it is believed that they are mischievous. Variant: alimpupuro 'cowlick'. alimpatakan [alimpatakán] n . 1) mind Gamiton mo an imo alimpatakan. Use your mind! syn: isip 1 ‘mind’. 2) skull, cranium syn: bungo ‘skull’.

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a alimpungat [alimpúngat] From: Ceb v [c14] . NA-...-AN cf: mata 'eye'; syn: bangon 'awaken'. nàalimpungátan v . be startled awake Naalimpungatan siya kay makabati san telepono. He wasstartled-awake because he heard the telephone. pag-alimpungat n . startled awakening. Refers to being startled awake from deep sleep Pagalimpungat ko nagalaad na an balay. On my startled-awakening the house was already inflames. alimpupuro [alimpupuró] n . cowlick cf: alimpapuro 'cowlick'; Variant: alimpapuro 'cowlick'. alimpuyong [alimpúyong] adj . dizzy, giddy, light headed, tipsy alimpuyungón v [c14] . be dizzied; -ON pat Dili ako nakasakay sa motor kay ginaalimpuyong ako. I cannot ride a motorcycle because it-dizzies me. aling [alíng] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc mag-alíng v . safeguard, take care of, cuddle, comfort Nagaaling san bata an surugon. The servant is-taking-care of-the child. cf: liaw ; syn: ataman 'adopted one'. alingán v . be cared for Ginaalingan ninda an bata. The child is-being-cared-for by-them. aralíngon adj . be cared for, be baby sat Dako na ini na bata pero aralingon lang gihapon. This child is already grown but still just requires-to-be-baby-sat. alingahot [alingáhot] adj . MAmàalingáhot warm, humid, hot Maalingahot sa akon kwarto. It is warm in my room. syn: alingasa 'warm weather'. alingasa [alingása] adj . warm weather ant: hagkot 'coldness'; ant: tugnaw 'cold'; Variant: aringasa 'warm'. mag-alingása v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN goal. be warm, get warm May panahon na nagaalingasa didi sa amon. There-is-a time when it-gets-warm here in our-place. alingasáhan v . get warm Ina na babayi ginaalingasahan kay sigi an pamaypay. That woman isgetting-warm so her-fanning continues. màalingasahón adj . prone to be warm, innate tendency to be warm Maalingasahon ini na bata kaya ginabalhas pirme. This child is-prone-to-being-warm so he always sweats. syn: alingahot 'warm'. alingawngaw1 [alingáwngaw] n . fumes, vapor, steam, heat wave syn: alisngaw 'fumes'. alingawngaw2 [alingawngáw] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-alingawngáw v . echo An tunog san busina nag-alingawngaw. The sound of-the horn echoed. alingog-ngog adj . persistent sound alingugngog [alingúgngog] n . reverberation. Refers to a reverberating sound as, for example, from loud music or a horn mag-alingúgngog v [c2] . MAG-, MA- act. reverberate, vibrate, resonate, resound May tawo na nagasurmaton na nagaalingugngog gayod. There-are people who-when speaking really reverberate. màalingúgngog v . reverberate, vibrate May trak didi sa Masbate na an busina makusog kaya maalingugngog sa tainga. There-are trucks here in Masbate whose horn is clamorous so itreverberates on-the ear. alipuros [alipúros] n . whirlwind, swirl mag-alipúros v [c4] . MAG-act; -ON pat. swirl An dagat baga an nagaalipuros tungod san makusog na sulog. The sea is as-though a-swirling-thing due to the strong current. alipurusón adj . 1) prone to swirling 2) full of mischief An ulo sini na bata alipuruson. This child is full-of-mischief. aliputan [alipútan] n . anus Lahidan sin panlahid na Vaseline sa aliputan na may almoranas. Anoint some Vaseline ointment on-the anus which has a hemorrhoid. aliskay [alískay] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat Variant: uliskay 'ransack'. mag-alískay v . scramble, shuffle, turn topsy-turvy, turn Nagaaliskay siya san humay na binulad. He is-shuffling the unhusked-rice which is-laid-out-in-the-sun-to-dry. cf: batingkay , utingkay , halungkay . aliskayón v . be scrambled, be shuffled Kahapon gin-aliskay ko an akon mga papeles. Yesterday I scrambled my papers. Aliskayon mo an binulad na humay agod mauga insigida. Shuffle the hulled-rice which is-drying-in-the-sun so-that it-will-dry quickly. pangalískay n . mixing rake, shuffling rake alisngaw [alísngaw] n . fumes, odor An alisngaw san kasilyasan mabaho. The fumes from the latrine smell-foul. syn: alingawngaw1 'fumes'. mag-alísngaw v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. dissipate, evaporate Nagaalisngaw an baho san ginlubong niya na patay na hayop. The odor of-the dead animal he buried is-dissipating. pàalisngawón v . make dissipate Variant: in-alisngaw. pàalisngáwan n . dissipating area alisto [alísto] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-alisto v . be alert, be watchful Alisto basi maunahan ka pa san iba. Be-alert lest another getahead of you yet. alituktok [alitúktok] n . peak, hilltop, summit Didto kami sa alituktok san bukid nanguha sin bayabas. There at the top of-the mountain we got some guavas. syn: tuktok1 'peak', tagudtod 'peak'. alkalde [alkálde] From: Sp n . mayor An iya pagpahunod sa pagbuot ni Alkalde dahilan lang sa akon. His yielding to-the Mayor's decision was-only for my sake. syn: mayor 'mayor'. alkaldi v [c2] . mayor alkampor [alkámpor] From: Sp n . mothball. Refers to naphthalene moth balls Kun an imo aparador may alkampor, mga bado mo mahumot. If your closet has mothballs, your clothes have-a-fragrant-smell. alkampóran v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. be mothballed Alkamporan mo an imo mga bado. Mothball your clothes. alkanse [alkánse] From: Sp adj . lacking, not enough, insufficient, deficient nàalkánse v [c10] . NA- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal. lacked Nagnegoso kami kahapon sin baboy pero naalkanse kami sin 5 pesos sa pamasahe. We-excl made-a-business-deal yesterday for a pig but we-excl lacked 5 pesos for transportation. syn: kulang 'lacking'. alkansiya [alkansíya] From: Sp n . safe, safety box, money box, strongbox alkansiyahán n . 1) piggybank Kun pagkinawat ina na alkansiyahan alkansi gihapon. If that piggybank is-stolen it is lost indeed. 2) testicle Kun may gurang tawo na may dako na bayag may alkansiyahan siya. If there-is-an old man who has-a large testicle he is-said-to-have-apiggybank. mag-alkansíya v [c2] . MAG- act. save money in a piggy bank Magaalkansiya ako agod may ibarakal ako sin bag-o na kamera. I will-piggybank-money so-that I will-have-something-tobuy a new camera with. alkitran [álkitran] From: Sp n . tar. Tar is used for paving roads and a mixture of tar and creosote is used to paint on wood to preserve it Ginpintahan ni Brando sin alkitran an iya tabla antis ginsalog. Brando painted tar onto his boards before he laid-them-for-a-floor. [Boards used in housing are painted with tar on only the unfinished underside in order to discourage termites from eating them.] mag-álkitran v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal. tar, coat with tar Nagaalkitran siya san iya tabla. He is-tarring his boards. alkitranán v . be tarred Ginaalkitranan san mga kaminero an kamino. The road was-tarred by-the road-workers. alkohol [álkohol] From: Sp; Eng n . alcohol syn: agwardiente 'denatured alcohol'. almahadon [almahadón] From: Sp n . small cushion, small pillow Ginabutangan ko sin almahadon an akon ingkudan na silya. I am-placing-on my chair seat a small cushion. Variant: almuhadon 'pillow'. almires [almirés] From: Sp n . mortar and pestle. Refers to a small mortar and pestle used for crushing spices for cooking Si Danday nagbakal sin almires para sa pagpulbos san iya kakao. Danday bought a morter-and-pestle in-order to pulverize her cacao-beans. cf: lusong 'mortar', bayo 'pestle'. mag-almirés v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. use a mortar and pestle Nagaalmires siya. She is-usinga-mortar-and-pestle.

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a almoranas [almoránas] From: Sp n . hemorrhoid An almoranas masakit kag kun minsan nagadugo. Hemorrhoids are painful and sometimes bleed. almuhadon [almuhadón] From: Sp n . pillow Damo siya sin mga almuhadon. She has-many pillows. cf: almahadon 'small cushion'; syn: ulunan 'pillow'; Variant: almahadon 'small cushion'. ìalmuhadón v [c14] . I- acc. pillow, use a pillow Ialmuhadon mo an bata agod makaturog sin maayo. Use-a-pillow-for the child so-that it-will-sleep well. almunida [almunída] From: Sp n . bargain sale alo [álo] n . shame, embarrassment, shyness Inuritan ka na nagatawa ka lang gihapon. Hain an imo alo? You have already been-reprimanded yet you are still laughing. Where is your shame? kàálo n . timidity, embarrassment Nawara naman la an akon kaalo. My timidity on-the-other-hand is just gone. makàarálo v [c4] . MAKA- exp; MA- pat; -ON pat. able to shame, can shame Makaaralo an imo hinimo. What you did can-shame you. nàalúhan v . NA-..-AN pat. embarrassed, averse, reluctant Naaluhan siya kahapon. He wasembarrassed yesterday. nàálo v . be embarrassed, be shamed Naalo siya magtakin sa tawo dahil sa iya hangot. She wasembarrassed to-sit-beside the person because of his odor. Variant: nààálo. alúhon v . be shamed, be disgraced Kun aluhon ta ikaw, tangkas ka sa trabaho. If I disgrace you, you will-be-fired. aluhón adj . bashful, timid, prone to be shy Aluhon ini na bata ko. This child of mine is prone-tobe-bashful. alog [alóg] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc mag-alóg v . fetch water syn: sarok 'fetch water', sadlok 'fetch water'. alugán v . fetch water for Alugan mo ako sa bumba. You fetch-water-for me from-the pump. paràálog n . water carrier Tawagon mo an paraalog. Call the water-carrier. alom [alóm] n . mole. Refers to moles on the skin of humans Damo an alom sa iya lawas. There-are-many moles on his body. alumán v [c14] . -AN goal. have a mole attached. Refers to the practice of some women to have an artificial mole attached to their face to make it attractive Gin-aluman siya sa punta san iya irong. She had-a-mole-attached to-the tip of her nose. màalóm adj . have many moles Maalom siya. She has-many-moles. alop [alóp] n . stain. Refers especially to stain caused by color running from other clothes Halion mo an alop sa bado ko. You remove the stain from my dress. màalupán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN pat; I- inst. Be stained Himatan mo na dili maalupan an akon puti na bado. Be-careful that my white dress will not be-stained. syn: mantsa 'stain'. alpilir [alpilír] From: Sp n . straight pin Butangan mo sin alpilir an patirn san imo bado. Put straight-pins in-the pattern of your dress. alpilirán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. pin something, tack with a pin Kun an imo pulo wara sin butunes alpiliran mo. If your polo-shirt has-no buttons pin it. syn: aspile 'pin'. alpog [alpóg] n . dust Damo sin alpog an lamisa. The table has-a-lot of dust. màálpog adj . dusty Maalpog an salog. The floor is dusty. alpugán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. put dust on something Sir, inalpugan ni Rosa an imo lamisa. Sir, Rosa put-dust-on your table. syn: abog1 'dust'. alpumbra [alpúmbra] From: Sp n . rug, carpet, carpeting Maayo an paglakat-lakat sa balay na adi alpumbra. It is nice walking-about in-a house which has carpeting. mag-alpúmbra v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. carpet something, lay carpet Sinda an nagaalpumbra sa akon balay. They are-the-ones carpeting in-my house. alsa [álsa] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-álsa v . lift up something, raise up. Refers to lifting a load but may also be used to refer to raising bread, cakes, etc. Nag-alsa siya sin kabug-at-bug-at na karga. He lifted a very-heavy load. alsáhon v . be lifted Aalsahon ko an mga yamit sa tubi. I will-lift the clothes from-the water. mag-alsa san iya sadiri na bangko v . boast Nag-alsa siya san iya sadiri na bangko. He boasted. syn: buhat . alugbati [alugbáti] n . vine leaf. Refers to a herbaceous vine equivalent to "Malabar night shade" used as a substitute for spinach An alugbati mahangot na utanon. The alugbati vine is a fragrant vegetable. Basilla rubra aluhipan [aluhípan] From: Bkl n . centipede Hubag an bayhon ni Maria kay kinagat san aluhipan. Maria's face is swollen because it-was-bitten by-a centipede. Variant: ulahipan 'centipede'. aluhon [aluhón] adj . bashful, shy cf: alo 'shame'. alumatingan [alumatingán] v [c14] . MA- exp màalumatingán v . have a perception, have a sense May naalumatingan ako na ginatawag an ngaran ko. I had-a-perception that somebody was-calling my name. alupuop [alupûop] n . fog Natahuban an bukid san alupuop. The mountain is-covered by fog. màalupûop adj . be fogged in, be covered with fog, be hidden by fog Maalupuop an bukid. The mountain is fogged-in. màalupùúpan v [c14] . MA-..-AN exp. be fogged over Naalupuupan an bukid kanina. The mountain was-fogged-over earlier-today. ama [amá] n . father An Dios mapinalanggaon na ama. God is a loving father. syn: papa2 'father', pa1 'yet', papang 'Father!', papay 'Father!', pay 'Father!', itay 'Father!', padre 'father'. mag-amá father and son amakan [amákan] From: Ceb n . woven bamboo mat. Refers to a mat made of bamboo stripped thinly then woven together. It is used for walling or for a drying mat for newly harvested rice An amakan matahom na materyales para idingding. The woven-bamboo-mat is excellent material to-wall-with. amamaypay [amamáypay] n . fresh water shellfish Nanulod an mga amamaypay sa inda buho pakakita sa aton. The fresh-water-shellfish go-into their hole when-seeing us-incl. amarguso [amargúso] n . bitter melon. An elongated fruit with wart-like, dark green, skin which is eaten as a vegetable. The plant resembles squash plants Damo'n amarguso sa tyanggihan didi sa Masbate. There-are-a lot of bitter-melons in-the small-occasional-market here in Masbate. syn: ampalaya 'bitter melon'. Momordica charantia amargusuhán v [c14] . -AN goal. add bitter melon Amargusuhan ko ini na akon sura. I will-addbitter-melon-to this entree of-mine. amatista [amatísta] From: Sp n . amethyst Amatista usad na mahalon na bato. Amethyst is a valuable stone. ambag [ámbag] n . alms, contribution, subsidy syn: limos 'alms'. mag-ámbag v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. donate, contribute nagàarambagán v . contribute for plural Nagaarambagan sinda para sa operasyon ni Mrs. Benito. They are-contributing-for the operation of Mrs. Benito. iámbag v . be contributed Iambag na lang an imo kwarta para sana na isda na pagabarahinon. Contribute your money for that fish which will-be-shared. ambisyon [ambisyón] From: Sp n . ambition syn: layog1 2 'ambition'. ambit [ámbit] v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal mag-ámbit v . borrow, buy a portion, partake cf: utang 'debt'; syn: huram 'borrow'. ambot [ambót] From: Ceb part . don't know Ambot kun hain si Fidel. I-don't-know where Fidel is. magpàámbot v [c14] . deny Nagpaambot siya sa husgado san hungaon san huwes. He denied-it in court when questioned by-the judge.

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a amiga [amíga] From: Sp n . female friend Amiga ko si Melani. Melani is my female-friend. cf: amigo 'male friend'. amigo [amígo] From: Sp n . male friend Amigo ko si Juan. Juan is my male-friend. kàamígo n . fellow friend Si Juan an kaamigo ko. Juan is my fellow-friend. pakig-amígo n . friendship Dili ko malimutan an amon pag-amigo. I cannot forget our-excl friendship. cf: upod ; Variant: pag-amigo. makìamiguhón adj . friendly Makiamiguhon an akon ama. My father is friendly. amígo sa súrat n . pen pal. Literally means, "friend by-a letter" May amigo ako sa surat na tagaIsrael. I have a pen-pal who is a citizen-of-Israel. amigúhon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be befriended Amiguhon mo an imo mga katarakin. Befriend your neighbors. amihan [amihán] n . northeastern wind. Refers to the dry season wind Makita naton an mga kakugunan na baga an mga duyan kun ginahangin san amihan. We see the cogon fields as-though hammocks when being-blown by-the northeast-wind. ant: habagat1 2 'southwest monsoon'. aminudo [aminúdo] From: Sp adj . retail Dili sinako an amon asukar, aminudo lang. Our sugar is not forsale-by-the-sack, only retail. An aminudo na bagay mahal kisa bagay na dili aminudo. A retail thing is more expensive than things not for-retail. ìaminúdo v [c14] . I- acc. sell retail An akon isda ginaaminudo ko lang kay agod magin damo an binta. I am only retailing my fish so-that my profit will be large. amo1 [ámo] From: Sp n . master, lord Siya an akon amo. He is my master. syn: agaron 'master'. amo2 [ámo] prn . it. This is an anaphoric pronoun which refers back to a previous noun or noun phrase Amo ina. That's it. An aluhipan amo an magmasid kun adlaw. The centipede it will-be-the-one towatch when it is day. amo3 [amô] From: Ceb n . monkey Isad na adlaw naglakat an amo. One day a monkey went-for-a-walk. amon [ámon] pers prn . 1) our. The first person plural, exclusive, referential, pronoun which includes speaker and friends but not the hearer. See the Grammatical Sketch, section 2.43.2, for more information Dyutay an amon balay. Our-excl house is small. 2) us Ihatag ina sa amon. Give that to us-excl. amot [ámot] v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc mag-ámot v . contribute, subsidize, ask a portion Nag-amot kami para sa pagtindog san balay na eskwelahan. We-excl contributed for the erection of-the school building. ìámot v . contribute something Pira man an imo iamot? How-much will your contribution be? aramután n . contribution, donation, gift, bequest Igwa kita sin aramutan kaya ayaw pagginasto sa wara'n pulos na bagay. We-incl have-a contribution-to-make so do not spend-money on worthless things. ampalaya [ampaláya] n . bitter melon. The bitter melon can be made into medicine for stomach ache and for other things, but it is not given to a pregnant woman because it is believed that if she drinks that-juice she will-have-a-miscarriage. An ampalaya pwede makaon hilaw, pwede man naluto. The bitter-melon can-be-eaten either raw or cooked. syn: amarguso 'bitter melon'. ampat [ampát] From: Bkl v [c6] . MAG- ; -ON ; I- acc mag-ampát v . stop bleeding, staunch bleeding, suppress bleeding, quell bleeding. Refers to the act of stopping bleeding, usually, by means of a pressure compress An mga arbularyo maaram mag-ampat san tinigbas na tawo. The herb-doctors know-how to-stop-the-bleeding of-a person who has-been-cut. ampatón v . suppress bleeding Ampaton niya an pagparadugo san imo braso. He will-suppress the intense-bleeding of your upper-arm. ampo1 [ámpò] From: Ceb n . prayer Wara sabata san Dios an iya ampo. God did-not answer his prayer. syn: pangadyi 'prayer', orasyon 'prayer', pangadyi 'prayer'. ampùán n . prayer place ìámpò v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pray for something Iampo mo an akon kaligtasan. Pray for my safety. Variant: pag-ampo 'praying'. ampo2 [ámpò] v [c2] . MAG- act; PA-..-ON mag-ámpò v . surrender syn: suko 'surrender', surlender 'surrender'. pàampùón v . cause to surrender something. Refers to persuading someone to surrender to authorities Paampuon ko an mga tulisan sa mga pulis. I will-have the robbers surrender to-the police. ampo3 [ámpò] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-ámpo v . admit wrong doing, ask forgiveness Nag-ampo siya sa akon sa atubangan san huwis. He asked-forgiveness from me in front of-the judge. syn: ako1 2 'admit'. ampuan [ampùán] n . prayer place cf: ampo1 'prayer'. amular [amulár] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat mag-amulár v . sexually molest, sexually abuse makàamulár v . can disturb An imo ginahimo nakaamular sa imo katakin. What you are-doing isable-to-disturb your neighbor. amularón v . be disturbed, be pestered Ginaamular ka niya kaya pagbantay. He is-disturbing you so be-on-guard. amung-among [amúng-amóng] adj . troublesome cf: alburuto 'trouble'. mag-amung-amóng v [c9] . MAG- ag; I- acc. incite, provoke, influence to do evil Nag-amungamong ka lang sa amon tungod san imo ginbutang sa poder apiki sa amon balay. You just provoked us because of your putting-up a wall close to our house. paràamung-amóng n . provocateur, instigator, troublemaker Paraamung-among ina na tawo. That person is a provocateur. amursiko [amursíko] n . kind of flowering grass. A flowering grass whose flowers consist of spikelets which can pierce or transfix cloth An amursiko pareho sa maayo na amigo kay nagaupod pirme sa imo. The sticker-grass is like a-good friend because it is always accompanying you. Andropogon aciculatus magkàamursíko v [c14] . MAGKA- exp. become full of flowering grass stickers an1 art . the. This introduces the subject noun phrase when it is a common noun phrase An karabaw na nawara nakuha gihapon. The water-buffalo which was-lost was-recovered again. anab [anáb] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-anáb v . infringe, encroach, violate syn: kabat . pagkàanáb n . infringement Agrabiado siya sa pagkaanab san iya duta. He was-disadvantaged bythe infringement of his land. pag-anabón v . be snatched, be grabbed, be stolen Dili mo pag-anabon an duta san iba. Don't snatch the land of another. syn: agaw . anad1 [anád] From: Ceb adj . accustomed Anad ako mag-ihirsisyo kun aga. I am-accustomed to-exercise in-the morning. mag-anád v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. be accustomed, be used to, be in the habit of doing. Refers to having a habit of doing something on a regular basis syn: andan 'accustom'. anad2 [ánad] v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat mag-ánad v . become tame, become submissive, become obedient Nagaanad na an imo ido. Your dog is-becoming-tame. pàanádon v . be tamed An tawo malisod paanadon, pero an hayop masayon mag-anad. A person is difficult to-be-tamed, but an animal is easy to-tame. Ginapaanad niya an iya ido. He istaming his dog. anak [anák] n . offspring, child, descendant, progeny Tulo an anak ninda. They-have three children. mag-anák v [c7] . give birth Nag-anak an akon iloy sin bata na babayi, na wara sin iba kundi ako. My mother gave-birth to-a baby girl who was none other then me. anakán v . MAG- ag; -AN ben; I- pat; PA-..-ON pat, PA-..-AN ben. bear children Anakan mo ako sin lalaki. You bear a son for me. anákan adj . prolific child bearer. One who has the reputation of easily conceiving Anakan siya. She is a prolific-child-bearer. panganákan n . maternity leave in-anakán n . unwed mother in-anák n . godchild manganák v . MANG- ag. sponsor Nanganak kami sin bunyag kahapon. We sponsored a baptism yesterday. tikàanákon adj . about to give birth anakán adj . pregnant but unmarried anay1 [ánay] part . 1) do first, wait a minute. Refers to interrupting an action in order to do something else before continuing with the first Magkaon ka anay antis magkarigo. You eat first before bathing. 2) yet Dili mo anay siya pagbayadan. Do not pay her yet.

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a anay2 [ánay] n . termite An anay nagaistar sa idalom san pungtod. Termites live inside ant-hills. anáyon v [c14] . -ON pat; PA-..-AN goal. be eaten by termites Ginaanay an iyo atop. Your roof isbeing-eaten-by termites. anay3 [anáy] n . sow. Refers to an adult female pig which has borne piglets An akon anay may katorsi na baktin. My sow has fourteen piglets. cf: urig1 'female pig'. anáyon n . breedable sow, sow to be bred Anayon ko ini na urig kay kinsi an dudo. I will-use this female-pig for-a-sow because she has fifteen nipples. mag-anáy v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. breed a sow Magaanay ako sin tulo pag-abot san tig-anihan. I will-have three sows-for-breeding come harvest-season. andador [andadór] From: Sp n . baby walker An amon andador ginhatag ko sa amon anak na may dyutay na bata. I gave our-excl baby-walker to our-excl offspring who has-a small child. mag-andadór v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. use a baby walker Nagaandador siya sa bata. She uses-a-baby-walker for-the child. ìandadór v . use a baby walker cf: andar 'sound'. andam [ándam] adj . prepared, ready Andam na sinda para sa gyera. They are prepared for the war. mag-ándam v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. prepare Nagaandam ako san para sa puturo san akon anak. I am-preparing something for my child's future. syn: preparar 'prepare', handa 'prepare'. andamyo [andámyo] From: Sp n . gangplank An andamyo san barko ginagamit san mga pasahero na latayan sa pag-agi. The gangplank of-a ship is-being-used by-the passengers as-a-bridge for passing-over. mag-andámyo v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. put down a gangplank Nagaandamyo siya agod dili mabasa an mga pasahero na masakay. He put-down-a-gangplank so-that the passengers would not get-wet in-boarding. andan [ándan] v [c14] . MA- pat màándan v . accustom An naandan ko pan-o na pangadyi sa iba puro memoryado. The way I wasaccustomed to-pray in other-places was-entirely memorized. cf: anad1 'accustomed'. andar [andár] From: Sp n . sound. Refers specifically to the sound of an engine Nababati na an andar san eroplano. The engine-sound of-the airplane can-be-heard now. mag-andár v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. function, perform, run. Refers to the functioning of machinery An makina dili nagaandar sin maayo. The engine is not functioning well. andadór n . baby walker Andres [Ándres] From: Sp n . Andrew. The name of a person andyayna [andyáyna] From: Eng n . angina. Refers to angina pain of the heart Nagsabi siya nga andyayna la kuno. He said that it is only angina, it-was-said. angas adj . Variant: dangas 'have a receding hairline'. angay [ángay] adj . appropriate, suitable, apt, befitting An itom na bado dili angay sa imo. The black dress is not appropriate for you. adv . ought Angay kita magmuruutan. We ought to-love-each-other. angayán adj . beautified, prettied Angayan siya sana na bado. She is beautified by-that dress. syn: tahom . angáyan v [c11] . -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be pleased, feel good about something Ginaangayan ako pagkita sa imo. I am-pleased to see you. angáya v . be entertained Wara kami angaya ni Maria pagkadto namon sa inda balay. Maria did not entertain us when we went to their house. makìángay v . accept someone as worthy nakìangay-angayón adj . accepting. Refers to someone whose character is to accept people for what they are angayan adj . suitable, fitting anghang [angháng] adj . spicy hot, pungent, tangy, zesty An sili maanghang. The pepper is spicy-hot. syn: hangahang2 'spicy hot', harang 'spicy hot', karang 'spicy hot'. anghel [ánghel] From: Sp n . angel Nakita niya an mga anghel. He saw the angels. Variant: anghil. kàanghilán angel group Nakita niya an kaanghilan sa langit. He saw a group-of-angels in heaven. anghilíto little male angel Anghilito si Kupido. Cupid is a little-male-angel. anghilíta little female angel anghil n . Variant: anghel 'angel'. anghit1 [ánghit] From: Ceb n . 1) body odor, under arm odor Kun may anghit an tawo kinahanglan bulungon. If a person has-body-odor he needs to-put-on some deodorant. mag-ánghit v [c4] . MAG- exp; -ON pat. exudes body odor Nagaanghit an tawo kun ginabalhas. A person exudes-body-odor when he sweats. anghit2 [anghít] adj . bat odor. Refers to the odor and taste of bats caused, it is said, by the urine dripping down its body màanghít adj . smell batish Maanghit an kabog. The bat smells-like-a-bat. mag-anghít v . smell like a bat anghitán v [c5] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal. engulfed in bat odor Ginaanghitan ako sa iya sa pagtakin. I am-assailed-by-bat-odor from him when he is near. anghol [anghól] adj . smell overheated. This refers primarily to people mag-anghól v [c14] . MAG- exp. smell overheated An tawo na nagabinulad sa adlaw nagaanghol. The person who is-exposed to-the sun smells-overheated. angkas [ángkas] From: Ceb n . back rider, pillion rider. Means to ride as a passenger on a back seat of a motorcycle or other vehicle An angkas niya dyutay na lang mahulog. His back-rider almost fell-off. mag-ángkas v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. back ride, pillion ride, ride piggyback. Refers to riding on the back of a motorcycle San primero na Domingo san Pebrero nag-angkas lang ako paPandan. On-the first Sunday of February I just rode to-Pandan on-the-back-of-amotorcycle. cf: sakay . angkon [ángkon] From: Ceb; Hlg v [c8] . MAG-, MAKA- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc makàángkon v . claim, own, acknowledge Nakaangkon ako sin pira ka iktarya na duta. I claimed a few hectares of land. anglo [ánglo] adj . MAmàánglo bovine taste/odor Maanglo an karne san baka, hasta an gatas. The meat of-a cow has-abovine-taste/odor, so-also the milk. angtad [ángtad] n . space, distance An angtad hali didi hasta sa bayabas napulo ka dupa. The distance from here to the guava-tree is ten stretched-arms-lengths. Variant: antad 'space'. ìángtad v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. distance, maintain distance, keep distant Iangtad mo an karabaw sa kanding. Distance the water-buffalo from the goat. ani [áni] n . harvest, product, crop Maayo an inda ani yana na tuig. They have a good harvest this year. aníhan n . harvest site Adto si Marta sa anihan. Marta is at-the harvest-site. tig-aníhan n . harvest time Magaanay ako sin tulo pag-abot san tig-anihan. I will-have three sowsfor-breeding when harvest-time arrives. Variant: tag-anihan. anihón n . crop for harvest Pugto na an anihon na humay. The unhusked-rice crop-for-harvest is already over-ripe. mag-áni v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. harvest Dili sinda nagahasok o nag-ani man. They are not sowing-seed nor have-they-harvested also. aníhon v . be harvested Anihon mo an dawa. Harvest the millet. syn: abri 1 'open'. anihag [anihág] v [c8] . MAG- act; MA- pat; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc màanihág v . see dimly, see unclearly. Means there is difficulty in seeing because of, for example, a thin vapor of fog, smoke, or dust Dili ko maanihag an bukid kay madakmol an alupuop. I cannot see the mountain because the fog is thick. anihágon v . trace a drawing aninag [anínag] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal makàanínag v . can see dimly. Refers to seeing light dimly as through a transparent medium, as the rays of the sun seen through clouds Si Danday nakaaninag pa pero dili klarado an iya pagkita. Danday can-see-dimly still but her vision is not clear. syn: aninaw. mag-anínag v . dimly lights An bulan nagaaninag sa iya. The moon dimly-lights his-way.

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a aninaw [anínaw] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-áninaw id. see dimly, see obscurely. Means to see dimly as though through a piece of opaque glass. As, for example, a blind person can sometimes distinguish light from darkness even though he cannot see clearly anino [aníno] n . shadow Nakikita san mga hamtik an anino san salampati. The ants see the shadow of-the dove. anis [anís] n . anise herb, fennel. Usually used for flavoring food An kalamay na ginbutangan sin anis kaya matahom. The brown-sugar-brick which has-anise-in-it is very-good. anisán v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. add anise Ginaanisan niya an iya linuto na dulsi. She isadding-anis-to her sweet cooked-food. anit [ánit] n . leather, dried animal skin An anit san sawa ginahimo na bag, paha, kip.. The dried-skin of a snake is-being-made into a bag, a belt, etc.. mag-ánit v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. skin an animal Nag-anit siya kahapon san kanding. He skinned the goat yesterday. anito [aníto] n . evil spirit. Refers to beings who, some believe, live in trees, rocks, etc. Damo ina siya sin mga anitos na ginasunod. That person has-many evil-spirit-beings that obey-him. anitúhan spirit dwellings. Refers to places where evil spirits are believed to live Siya an anituhan na tawo. He is the person in-whom dwell-evil-spirits. ankla [ánkla] From: Sp n . anchor Ginhulog na an ankla san barko. The anchor of-the ship has-dropped already. ano [anó] interr prn . what? Ano, patay na si Juan? What, Juan is dead already? syn: nano 'what?'. ánhon interr prn . what is the purpose?, what do with? Anhon mo ina na lubi? What-do you intend-to-do-with that coconut? Anhon mo ina, Migo, na kalayo? What is your purpose-with that fire, Friend? pàánhon interr adv . how can? adv . unfortunately, out of luck Paanhon niya an pagkabig san iya asawa pakadto sa balay? Howcan she accomplish the bringing of her spouse to-the house? Paanhon ta la na kumupos an aton guma. We-incl are-out-of-luck since our-incl tire has-flattened. sing-áno interr prn . to what? Sing-ano kahidalom an akon bubuhuon? To-what depth shall I digthe-hole? anod [ánod] From: Ceb n . current, flow, drift Sigi an anod sa iya. The current-pull on him continued. cf: sulog 'current'. anúdon v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. borne on current, carried away Anudon ka san sulog kun dili ka maghali dida. You will-be-carried-away by-the current if you do-not get-out ofthere. Gin-anod siya san balod palawod. He was-carried-away by-the undercurrent/waves outto-sea. cf: awas , agay1 'flow'. pàánod v . be carried by the current Nagpaanod na lang kami. We-excl were just carried-by-thecurrent. anok [ánok] adj . heated Anok na ba an luto? Is the rice heated now? magpa-ánok v [c14] . MAGPA- ag; -ON pat; IPA- acc; PA-..-AN goal. heat something Nagapaanok pa si Boy san iya ginsapna na luto. Boy is still heating his cooked rice. anúkon v . be cooked syn: sapna , luto1 'cook rice'. anta [ánta] From: Bkl adj . scorched. Refers only to scorched food màánta adj . scorched Maanta an iyo linuto kay napabay-an. What you cooked is scorched because it-was-left-unattended. mag-ánta v [c5] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN loc. scorch, burn Nagaanta an linuto kay subrahan kalayo. The cooked-stuff is-being-scorched because it-was-on the fire too-long. antabay [antabáy] From: Bkl v [c2] . MAG- act mag-antabáy v . help, aid, lend a hand Pakatapos sana an iloy nag-antabay sa iya anak. After that the mother helped her child. syn: bulig2 'help'. antad [ántad] n . space cf: angtad 'space'; Variant: angtad 'space'. antibayotiks [antibayótiks] n . antibiotics. Refers to anti-bacterial medicine Dili maggamit sin antibayotiks kun wara man sin iba na dagdag na sakit. Don't use antibiotics if there isn't another additional illness. adj . antibiotic Dapat bulungon sin antibayotik na panlahid. You must treat-it with antibiotic ointment. antimano [antimáno] From: Sp adv . early Antimano pa siya kun naabot. It was still early when he arrived. cf: aga 'morning'; syn: atab 'early'. mag-antimáno v [c2] . MAG- act. start early anting-anting [ánting-ánting] From: Ceb n . charm, amulet Igwa ako sin anting-anting kontra sa mga aswang. I have a charm-for-protection against witches. cf: birtod 'charm', bugna 'mascot', hapin 'amulet', sangod 'amulet'. antipara [antipára] From: Sp n . eye glasses An antipara niya degrado. His eye-glasses are for-correction. mag-antipára v [c7] . wear eye glasses pàantiparáhon v . have someone wear eye glasses Paantiparahon ko si Jona kay may dipicto an mata. I will-have Jona wear-eye-glasses because her eyes are-defective. antiparáhan v . MAG- act; PA-...-ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. correct with eye glasses Antiparahan ko ini na akon mata. I will-correct-with-eye-glasses this eye of mine. antis [ántis] From: Sp conj . before Hali dida antis igwa sin grabe na mangyari sa imo. Get-away fromthere before something terrible happens to you. Nadugay kami didto antis kami naglakat. We-excl were-there a-long-time before we-excl journeyed-on. kàantisán adj . ancient, long-ago San kaantisan pa siguro na panahon ina na baol mo. Perhaps that garment-trunk of-yours is from ancient times. anuman [anumán] indef prn . whatever, anything Anuman an ihatag mo sa akon pasalamatan ko. Whatever you give me I will-thank-you-for-it. cf: ano 'what?'. anunas [anúnas] From: Sp n . anunas tree. Refers to both tree and fruit which are similar to the atis, the sugar apple Anona reticulata anunsiyar [anunsiyár] From: Sp n . announcement Maliwanag an anunsiyar ni Mayor. Mayor's announcement is clear. cf: tanda 'sign', karatula 'signboard'; syn: paaram 'notice', abiso 'notice', pasabi 'notice', pasabot 'notice', kamangno 'notice', notisya 'news'. anyo [ányo] From: Sp n . year Tresi anyos pa lang siya. She is still only thirteen years-old. syn: tuig 'year'. (pl. anyos) anyos pl. of anyo year ap-ap [áp-ap] From: Ceb n . skin fungus syn: alap-ap 'acne'. adj . skin fungus Daraha didi an ap-ap na bulong. Bring the skin-fungus medicine here. apa1 [ápa] n . lumpia wrapper, cup/cone for ice cream. Refers to a thin wrapper made of rice flour used to wrap vegetables and ground meat for deep frying. Also used as a cone for ice cream Damo sa merkado sin baligya na apa. There-are-many in-the market who sell lumpia wrapper. apahán v [c14] . -AN goal. wrap food in a lumpia wrapper Ginaapahan niya an karne na iya lutuhon. He is-wrapping the meat to-be-cooked in-lumpia wrappers. apa2 [apâ] adj . mute, deaf, dumb An apa na bata nahulog sa kanal. The deaf-mute child fell into-the canal. n . deaf mute person An apa dili nakasurmaton. A deaf-mute cannot speak. kàapàán n . deaf-mute group Ada na an kaapaan. There come the deaf-mutes. mag-inapâ v [c7] . MAG- exp; -AN goal; I- acc. pretend to be deaf Nagainapa si Juan. Juan ispretending-to-be-deaf.

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a apahan [apáhan] n . fish species ; species, fish... An apahan maayo na isda pero madugo. The apahan fish is a fish good-to-eat but bloody. apan [apán] n . grasshopper apanán v [c14] . -AN goal. be grasshopper swarmed cf: duron 'locust'; syn: lukton 'grasshopper'. aparador [aparadór] From: Sp n . closet, wardrobe, cupboard An aparador niyo dako. Your closet is big. ìaparadór v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. use something to make a closet. Means to use some material to make a closet/wardrobe/cupboard Iaparador mo ini na lawanit. Use this pressed-board to-make-a-closet. aparadóron v . make a cupboard out of something, make a closet out of something, make a wardrobe out of something Aparadoron ko ini na tabla. I will-make-a-cupboard out of this board. apari1 [apári] n . root vegetable. The apari root is purple like the ubi root May kinabaligya na apari didi sa Masbate pero dili damo. There-are-some sellers of apari root here in Masbate but not many. syn: duma 'root vegetable', ubi 'yam'. apartado [apartádo] From: Sp n . far place, distant place Gusto siya mag-istar sa apartado sa lungsod. He wants to-live in-a distant-place from town. cf: harayo 'far'. apas [ápas] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-ápas v . overtake màapásan v . MA-..-AN goal. be caught up to, be overtaken Naapasan namon an sarakyan sa Mobo. We overtook the vehicle at Mobo. apáson v . fetch, come get, catch up to Kun dili ako makauli, apason ako niyo. If I am not able-tocome-home, you-pl fetch me. mag-apasón v . MAG-..-ON ag. go get apaw [ápaw] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-ápaw v . overflow Pag-abot niya nagaapaw an tubig. When he arrived the water wasoverflowing. cf: awas . apdo [ápdo] From: Ceb n . bile An apdo san sawa bulong sa sakit sa tiyan. The bile of-a snake is a medicine for stomach disorder. apdúhan adj . has a large bile sack. Means that an animal has an unusually large bile sack Apduhan ini na manok. This chicken has-a-large-bile-sack. apduhán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. flavor with bile Apduhan mo an karni san kanding. Flavor the goat's meat with-bile. api [apí] adj . rejected Adi na an api na bata. The rejected child is here now. ant: labi 'even more so'. mag-apí v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. maltreat, reject pag-apihá v . maltreat (obligatory) Ayaw pag-apiha ina na bata. Do not maltreat that child. kàapihán n . misfortune Wara niya makaya an iya kaapihan. He was-not able-to-bear his misfortune. apidabit [apidábit] From: Eng n . affidavit Silyuhan mo an apidabit. Put-a-seal-on the affidavit. apiki [apíki] adj . near Apiki lang didi an kapitolyo. The capitol is just near here. ant: harayo 'place far apart'; syn: harani 'near', lapit 'near'. mag-apíki v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. draw near Nag-apiki siya sa may sakit. He drew-near to-the sick person. syn: daop 'draw near'. apikto [apíkto] n . affect Grabi an apikto san iya atay. His liver is greatly affected. apilyido [apilyído] From: Sp n . surname, family name Naalo siya kay halaba an iya apilyido. He wasembarrassed because his surname was-long. syn: ngaran 'name'. apin [ápin] v [c7] . MAG- ; -AN ; I- acc mag-ápin v . favor, prefer Dili ako apin sa kalukuhan san akon anak. I am not in-favor-of my child's foolishness. apitong [apítong] n . molave wood, mahogany wood. Refers to a hardwood tree whose timber is used for house building. It is also a source for resin cf: hamurawon 'molave tree'. Dipterocarpus spp aplians [aplíans] n . appliance, kitchen equipment Nano na aplians an imo ginminsulan? What appliance did you buy-on-installment? aplikar [aplikár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc mag-aplikár v . apply, request in writing Gusto ko mag-aplikar sa iyo kompanya. I want to-apply to your company. aplikasyon [aplikasyón] From: Sp n . application. The applying of something to something else Sala an iya aplikasyon san abuno. His application of-the fertilizer was wrong. cf: aplikar . aplod [áplod] adj . MAmàáplod tasteless. Refers to the dry tastelessness of unripe bananas Màaplod pa an saging kay hilaw pa. The banana is still tasteless because it is still unripe. syn: sakrot 'unripe banana taste'. apo1 [ápo] n . grandparent mag-ápo grandparent couple Buhay pa ba an mag-apo mo? Are your grandparents still living? kàapu-apúhon ancestors, group of grandparents An amon mga kaapu-apuhon mayayaman. Our ancestors were wealthy. cf: lola 'grandmother', lolo 'grandfather'; syn: kalulululuhan 'ancestors', apuyon 'ancestor'; Variant: kaapu-apuhan 'ancestors'. apo2 [apó] n . grandchild Kanino ka apo? Whose grandchild are you? kàapu-apuhán great grandchildren group Dili ko na makita an akon kaapu-apuhan. I can nolonger see my great-grandchildren. apog [ápog] n . lime. This is derived from burnt seashells or clamshells and is used for chewing with betel nut Ginsunog ko ini na mga bagal para igwa naman ako sin apog. I burned these shells so-that inturn I will-have some lime. apugón n . seashells to be made into lime Darha didi an apugon. Bring here the seashells-to-bemade-into-lime. apugán n . lime pit. Refers to a place where lime is made Nagaapog si Pedro sa apugan. Pedro ismaking-lime at-the lime-pit. mag-apog v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make lime Nagaapog si Juan san umabot kami. Juan was-making-lime when we arrived. apostol [apóstol] From: Sp n . apostle, follower Kun dili ka makapasensya sa imo kapwa, dili ka tunay na apostol san Dios. If you cannot forgive your fellowman, you are not a true follower of God. (pl. apostolis) apostolis pl. of apostol apostle Aprika [áprika] n . Africa Damo sin makaharadlok na hayop sa mga kadlagan san Aprika. There-aremany ferocious animals in-the forests of Africa.

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a aprisasyon [aprisasyón] From: Sp n . appreciation Wara ako nagakinahanglan sin sertipiko sin aprisasyon. I do-not need a certificate of appreciation. cf: aprisyar . aprisyar [aprisyár] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc mag-aprisyár v . appreciate something Wara man lamang siya mag-aprisyar san akon maayo na nahimuan. He did not even appreciate my good performance. apugan [apugán] n . lime pit An apugan sa amon apiki sa higad san baybay. The lime-pit in our place is near the edge of-the shore. cf: apog 'lime'. apugon [apugón] n . seashells to be made into lime Darha didi an apugon. Bring here the stuff-to-bemade-into-lime. cf: apog 'lime'. apura [apurá] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-apurá v . hurry apurahón v . be hurried Nano kay dili mo apurahon an kabataan pauli? Why don't you hurry the children home? apurádo adj . hurried, in a hurry, went quickly Apurado sinda pagkadto sa dagat. They were-in-ahurry to-go to-the sea. Pirme apurado ina na tawo. That man is always in-a-hurry. syn: dali 'quickly'. apuyon [apuyón] n . ancestor An amon mga apuyon mga Muslim. Our ancestors were Muslims. syn: apo1 'grandparent'. apyan [apyán] From: Bkl n . opium Bawal an apyan niyan pero kasadto damo sin nagagamit. Opium is prohibited today but formerly there-were-many using-it. mag-apyán v [c2] . MAG- act. use opium Nagaapyan siya kun gab-i. He is-using-opium when it is nighttime. ara [árà] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-árà v . know, aware, understand Mag-ara ka na may Dios. You know that there-is-a God. syn: aram , sabot . arabton [arábton] adj . eccentric, temperamental, touchy Delikado an tawo na arabton kay kadaka masuntok ka. The temperamental-person is dangerous because you might be-hit by-him. arado [arádo] From: Sp n . plow Kinawat an inda arado. Their plow was-stolen. paràarádo n . plowman Hain an iyo mga paraarado? Where are your plowers? Variant: aradór. pag-arádo n . plowing An pag-arado dili masayon na trabaho. Plowing is not an-easy job. mag-arádo v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. plow Maaram siya mag-arado. He knows-how toplow-ground. ìarádo v . plow with something Puede nimo iarado ini na karabaw. You can plow-with this waterbuffalo. aradór n . Variant: arado 'plowman'. arakaar [arakâar] n . cracking sound, kind of crab ; crab species aram [arám] From: Bkl v [c4] . MAKA- act; -ON goal; MA-...-AN pat. know makàarám v . know how, able to know Wara siya makaaram pagsurumaton sin Kastila. He does not know-how to-speak Spanish. syn: ara 'know'. màárman v . know something Habo ako na maarman ini san akon mga ginikanan. I do not want this to-be-known by my parents. aramón v . verify, find out Aramon mo an iskidyol san barko paManila. Verify the schedule of-the ship for-Manila. pàarámon v . notify, inform, ask pirmession Paaramon mo sinda na patay na si Jerry. Inform them that Jerry is dead. magpàáram v . 1) warn, inform Si Juan an nagpaaram sa amon na malusot an mga rebelde. Juan was the-one-who warned us-excl that the rebels will-be-passing-through. 2) bid farewell Nano, nagpaaram ka kan Maria? What-about-it, did you bid-farewell to Maria pàarám n . notice, announcement Humali an iya anak na wara'n paaram. Her offspring left without notice. cf: tanda 'sign'; syn: abiso 'notice', pasabi 'notice', pasabot 'notice', kamangno 'notice', notisya 'news'. kàaramán n . knowledge, intelligence, intellect Igwa ako'n dyutay na kaaraman sa pagluto. I have a little knowledge of cooking. arangbit [arángbit] v [c4] . UM-, MAG- ag; -ON pat umarángbit v . request a share, borrow a portion aranghita [aranghíta] From: Sp n . nectarine Naubos pa lang an amon aranghita. Our-excl nectarines have just been-consumed. Variant: naranghita 'nectarine'. aras [áras] n . wedding coins. Refers to coins given to a bride by the bridegroom as tokens in a wedding ceremony Kinahanglan ninda an aras sa panahon san inda kasal. They need a wedding-coin at-the time of their wedding. mag-áras v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. give wedding coins Nagaaras an padi sa kasal. The priest gives-the-wedding-coins at-the wedding. arastre [arástre] From: Sp n . 1) stevedoring fee. Refers to the fees charged for loading and unloading cargo from ships at the pier. 2) stevedoring company. Also refers to the stevedoring company which collects the fees for its services Nagabayad ka sa arastre kun may karga sa pantalan. You pay to-the stevedoring-company if you have cargo at-the pier. arat [árat] n . saltiness Dili naton aram kun diin hali an arat san dagat. We do-not know where saltiness of-the sea-water comes from. màárat adj . salty Maarat ini na sabaw. This soup is salty. cf: asin 'salt'. aratiles [arátiles] n . cherry-like fruit, cherry-like tree. This word refers to both the fruit tree and the tree which is similar to cherry An bunga san aratiles ginakaon san kabataan. The fruit of-the aratiles tree is-being-eaten by-the children. araw [áraw] From: Tag n . 1) sun 2) day syn: adlaw 2 ‘day’. araway v [c6] . fight, war arbularyo [arbuláryo] From: Sp n . herb doctor, healer An asawa ni Tata Insyo maayo na arbularyo. The wife of Tata Insyo is a good herb-doctor. syn: herbularyo 'herb doctor'; Variant: albularyo 'herb doctor'. ardabis1 [ardabís] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal mag-ardabís v . slap, strike syn: sampadong , sampalita 'slap', taplong 'slap'. ardabis2 [ardabís] n . sarcasm, sarcastic remark ardabis3 [árdabis] n . sword. Refers to a battle weapon for fighting. It is most like a sword Ginhimo niya an iya ardabis hali sa anahaw. He made his battle-knife from an anahaw palm spar. mag-árdabis v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. use a sword Nag-ardabis siya sa pag-away. He used-asword in-the fighting.

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a ariglado [arigládo] From: Sp adj . ready, prepared Ariglado na an tanan na dararhon sa biyahi. Everything to-be-carried on-the trip is ready. ariglo [aríglo] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc mag-aríglo v . decide, arbitrate Nagkadi an Kapitan san baryo kay nagaariglo. The barrio captain came-here because he was-arbitrating-a-case. arigluhón v . be arbitrated, settle a case, settle a problem, transact business Gin-ariglo na ninda an kaso. They have-settled the case. arin [arín] interr prn . which? Arin sani na mga baktin an gusto mo? Which of-these piglets do you want? arina [arína] From: Sp n . flour May baligya kamo na arina? Do-you have flour for-sale? mag-arína v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. make flour Nagaarina siya sin bugas. His is making-flour from some rice. arinda n . Variant: aryindo 'mortgage'. aringasa [aringása] adj . warm Variant: alingasa 'warm weather'. màaringása adj . humid Maaringasa an panahon. The weather-condition is humid. aringasahán v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN goal. feel warm Dili ka na aringasahan? Are you not feeling-warm? arinola [arinóla] From: Sp n . bed pan Maghimo sin arinola para sa masakit. Make a bed-pan by making a hole in-the middle of-a seat. aristado [aristádo] From: Sp n . arrested person cf: aristar . aristar [aristár] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc mag-aristár v . arrest aristarón v . be arrested Aristaron san hipi an kriminal. The criminal will-be-arrested by-the chief. aristádo n . arrested person Dinara an aristado sa munisipyo. The arrested-person was-brought tothe municipal-hall. aritos [arítos] From: Sp n . earrings magpàarítos v [c14] . MAGPA- exp. pierce the ear. Refers to having ears pierced for earrings Magapaaritos ka. You will-have-your-ears-pierced-for-earrings. ariwis [aríwis] n . thorns, branches of bushes Habo ako maglakat na wara sin tsinilas agod dili ako matunok san ariwis. I do-not-want to-walk without thong-slippers so-that I will not be-pierced by thorns. syn: tunok 'thorn'. arkila [árkila] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-árkila v . hire, charter Mag-arkila kita sin dyip. Let us-incl hire a jeep. arkilahón v . be hired Arkilahon ta sin tulo ka adlaw an inda motor. Let us hire their motorcycle for three days. arkiládo adj . hired Hain an aton arkilado na dyip? Where is our hired jeep? armalayt [ármalayt] From: Eng n . armalite rifle. Refers to a military attack rifle Ihatag sa akon an armalayt! Give me the armalite-rifle! armas [ármas] From: Sp n . weapon An iya armas mahabol na guna kontra sa mga granada. His weapon is a dull bolo against the grenades. armi [ármi] From: Eng n . army Opisyal siya sa armi. He is an officer in-the army. armidol [ármidol] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc cf: gawgaw 'corn starch'. mag-ármidol v . starch Nagaarmidol siya san iya pantalon. She is-starching his pants. ìármidol v . starch with something. Note that armidol is the verb meaning to starch, but gawgaw is the word for corn starch used in starching Iarmidol mo ina na gawgaw. You use that starch tostarch-with. Aroroy [Aróroy] n . Aroroy. A town in Masbate Province, Philippines aros [arós] From: Sp n . rice and entree dish. Refers to cooked glutinous rice mixed with an entree and sauce (e.g., arrazala valenciana) Mas manamit an aros kay sa biko. Glutinous-rice-and-entree are tastier than sticky-rice-and-sugar. arusán v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. prepare rice with an entree. Refers to cooking glutinous rice with an entree and sauce Arusan mo kami buwas. Kindly cook-glutinous-ricewith-viand-and-sauce for us-excl tomorrow. arot [arót] n . haircut Matahom an imo arot. Your haircut is handsome. arúton adj . long haired mag-arót v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben. barber, cut hair, cut grass Nagaarot si Papa kan Neneng. Papa is-barbering Neneng's hair. ìarót v . cut hair for someone Iarot anay ako san akon buhok. First cut my hair for me. arya [árya] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- pat mag-árya v . lower something, let drop down. Refers to lowering things like sails or fish nets syn: hamubo 'lower', huros , hushos . ìárya v . lower something Iarya an layag kay maarya kita san pukot. Lower-the-sail because weincl will lower the fish-nets. aryindo [aryíndo] From: Sp n . mortgage syn: urinola 'mortgage'; Variant: arinda. ìaryíndo v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. lease Iaryindo mo sa akon an imo kalubihan. Lease your coconut-plantation to me. syn: prinda . aryindádo adj . leased Aryindado an iya duta sin diyes anyos. His land is leased for ten years. asa1 [ása] From: Tag v [c2] . MAG- act mag-ása v . hope, expect, anticipate syn: laom 1 'hope'. asa2 [ása] From: Ceb v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal mag-ása v . continue, persevere, persist, outlast asáhi v . rely on mag-asáhi v . MAG-..-AN goal. rely on, depend upon, add to injury asawa [asáwa] n . spouse Napatay an iya asawa kahapon. His spouse died yesterday. mag-asáwa v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. marry n . married couple Nag-asawa na si Pedro. Pedro has-married already. An mag-asawa naglarga paManila. The married-couple left for-Manila. asawáhon v . be married asawahón n . fiancée, fiancé ; one to be married Amo ina na babayi an arasawhon ni Manuel. That girl is the-one-who will-be-married by Manuel. asawahán adj . married Asawahan ina si Joselito. That Joselito is a married-man. Variant: inasaw-an 'married'. asay [ásay] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat mag-ásay v . eat only one kind of food Nagaasay lang siya san luto kay wara'n sura. He is only eating rice because there-isn't-any entree. asáyon v . one kind of food be eaten Asayon mo na lang an pasayan na ginpauga. You just eat only dried shrimp.

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a asdang [ásdang] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc mag-ásdang v . face an attack, watch for an attack Nagaasdang siya kay habo siya makalitan. He was-watching-for-an-attack because he did-not-want to-be-taken-by-surprise. asdángon v . face to fight Asdangon mo an imo kaaway. You face-to-fight your opponent. ìasdáng v . have someone face an opponent Iasdang mo an imo bayhon kay agod dili katawagon na talawan. You turn your face to an opponent so-that you will-not be-called a coward. cf: ataki 'attack', dus-og . asikaso [asikáso] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben mag-asikáso v . take care of, attend to Si Julia nagaasikaso san iya mga bisita. Julia is taking-care of her visitors. asikasúhon v . be safeguarded, be taken care of Asikasuhon mo an kabataan kay malakat ako. Take-care-of the children because I am going-away. ìasikáso v . take care of for someone Iasikaso anay ako niyo sani na luto. You-all take-care of-this rice for me. asin [asín] n . salt Butangan mo sin asin an lina-ga na karne. You put some salt on the stewed meat. asinán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben. put salt on something Asinan mo an isda agod dili malub-ok. Put-salt-on the fish so-that it-will not spoil. asínan adj . 1) adj saltable syn: arat ‘salty’. 2) n salt mining area ìasín v . salt for someone Iaasin daw ako niyo sani na lugaw. You-all please salt this soft-rice for me. asinso [asínso] From: Sp n . success, development, progress, prosperity Nagasigi an iya asinso. His success is-continuing. asinsádo adj . succeeded Asinsado kita niyan na adlaw. Today we-incl have-succeeded. mag-asínso v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. succeed, prosper, improve Wara magasinso an iya plano. His plan did not succeed. aslom [aslóm] n . sour spice Ginbutang ko an aslom sa pinaksiw. The sour-spice was-put into-the fish-stew by-me. ìaslóm v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be soured Iaslom ko ina. I will-sour that. màaslóm adj . 1) sour An hilaw na mangga maaslom. An unripe mango is sour. 2) frowning, grimacing, scowling, sour looking Nano kay maaslom an imo bayhon? Why are you frowning? syn: kurusmod ‘frown’, murusdot ‘frown’. asluman [aslúman] n . green banana species Manamit an hinog na asluman. The ripe asluman-banana is delicious. cf: latundan 'yellow banana'; syn: katundan 'green banana species'. aso1 [áso] From: Tag n . dog syn: ido 'dog', ayam 'dog'. aso2 [asó] n . smoke Nakaginhawa siya san aso san sigarilyo san iba. He breathed the smoke of someoneelse's cigarette. syn: usok2 'smoke'. asuhón v [c14] . -ON pat. be smoked asot [ásot] From: Ceb n . flattery Dili mo na ako mapatuod san imo asot. You can no-longer make me believe your flattery. paràasót n . flatterer Adi na an paraasot. Here-comes the flatterer. mag-asót v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. flatter, treat with contempt, ridicule Ayaw ako pagasuta. Do not flatter me. aspile [áspile] From: Sp n . pin cf: alpilir 'straight pin'. aspito [aspíto] From: Sp n . aspect, feature, characteristic, facet Pirpikto an Dios sa tanan na aspito. God is perfect in all aspects. asugi [asúgi] n . mercury, quick silver asukar [asúkar] From: Sp n . sugar Igwa pa kita sin tulo ka kilo na asukar na puti. We still have three kilos of white sugar. asukáran v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. add sugar to Asukaran mo an imo kapi. Add-sugarto your coffee. asukarera [asukaréra] From: Sp n . sugar bowl asul [asúl] From: Sp adj . blue makàasúl v [c2] . MAKA- exp. dressed in blue An daraga na nakaasul akon manghod. The unmarried-young-girl dressed-in-blue is my sister. asunto [asúnto] From: Sp n . court case, legal case May asunto siya sa babaye kay nanglugos siya. He had-a court-case involving-a woman because he had-raped-her. asuntuhón v [c11] . -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. file a court case Asuntuhon niya an inda kaso sa lindero. He will-file their boundary-line case in-court. asuntuhán v . file a case against someone Ginaasuntuhan niya ina na tawo. He is-filing-a-courtcase-against that person. syn: kaso 'court case'. asupre [asúpre] From: Sp n . sulfur, sulfa Dili mag-inom o maglahid sin mga bulong na may asupre kag penicilin. Do not drink or apply medicines that contain sulfa or penicillin. asutea [asutéa] From: Sp n . flower box May asutea an akon balay sa Lagundi. My house in Lagundi hasa flower-box. asuteahán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. install a flower box on something Asuteahan mo an imo balay agod matahom pagkitaan. You put-a-flower-box-on your house so-that it-will-bebeautiful to-look-at. aswang [áswang] n . witch, vampire An amon usad na katakin aswang. One of our neighbors is a witch. ata1 [atâ] exclam . there, you see! An expression to call attention to an event or situation which the hearer did not believe would happen. Sometimes used to frighten or convey disapproval or to express anger Ata! Natuk-an ka san hambog mo. There, you see! You got what you deserve. Ata! Nakaabot man gihapon bisan kun hapon na. There,-you-see! You arrived at-last even-though it-was-already late. ata2 [átà] n . squid ink, octopus ink An iya bado may ata. There-is squid-ink on her blouse. màatâan v [c2] . MA-..-AN pat. be stained with squid ink Naataan an iya bado. Her dress wasstained-by-squid-ink. mag-átà v . MAG- act. squirt squid ink Nag-ata an pusit. The squid squirted squid-ink. atab [átab] From: Ceb adv . early Mamata kita buwas sin atab. Let us wake up early tomorrow. atábon v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. do early Atabon mo pagkuha an karabaw. Get the water-buffalo early. syn: antimano 'early', maaga 'dawn'. ataki [atáki] From: Sp n . attack Namatay siya sa ataki sa puso. He died of-a heart attack. cf: atáki de corazón 'heart attack. Literally means, "attack of-the heart"'. mag-atáki v [c6] . attack Nagaataki sinda sa kontra sa inda. They are-attacking those opposing them. syn: asdang , dus-og . atakihón v . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be attacked Ayaw pagparapagal sin masyado kay atakihon ka naman san imo sakit. Don't be always-laboring hard because you will-be-attacked again by your illness. atáki de corazón n . heart attack. Literally means, "attack of-the heart" ataman [atáman] n . adopted one, guardian, one taken care of, protégé, pet Ginparapatay gali niyo an akon mga ataman. The-ones I was-taking-care-of surprisingly were-regularly-killed by-you-pl. atamánon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- ben. care for, supervise, take care of, safeguard Atamanon ko ini na siyo. I will-take-care-of this chick. inatáman adj . domesticated May inataman ako na puno san olibo. I have-a domesticated olive tree.

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a atay [atáy] From: Ceb n . liver Katursi pisos an kilo san atay san baka. Beef liver is fourteen pesos a kilo. atay-atay [atay-átay] n . instep of foot, sole of shoe, shoe sole Natunok san pako sa atay-atay gayod. The nail really pierced the instep-of-the-foot. cf: tamakan 'sole'. atemoya [atemóya] n . atemoya fruit. Refers to a fruit similar to anonas and the guayabana or sour sop fruit Anona sp ati [atî] n . filth, dirt, junk, litter, trash Halion mo an ati san imo sapatos. Remove the filth from your shoes. syn: higko 'dirt'. màatî adj . dirty Maati an aton salog. Our floor is dirty. atìán v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal. dirty something Dili mo atian an akon lamisa. Do not dirty my table. atîan n . things to be dirtied atìón adj . abhors dirt. Refers to a person who does not want to see dirt around their place. atindir [atindír] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act mag-atindir v . attend atindído adj . attentive, pays attention, listens carefully, all ears, alert, focused, attends well to responsibilities Maayo ini na bata na lalaki kay atindido sa klasi. This boy is good because he is attentive in-the class. atinsyon [atínsyon] From: Sp n . attention An alahas nakaimbitar san atinsyon san mga isnatsir. Jewels can-invite the attention of snatchersomethinghieves. atipuyong v . dizzy atis [átis] n . sugar apple, sugar apple tree. Refers to a small fruit less than the size of a man's fist which is divided into minute sections and looks something like a small light green grenade. The fruit is full of seeds but the milky white flesh is very sweet Para sa bulong, bayuhon an tunga sa tasa na pisog san atis. For medicine, pound 1/2 cup of sugar-apple seeds. cf: anunas 'anunas tree'. Anona squamosa ato [áto] v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc mag-áto v . fight Karaot san ugali sana na bata kay nagaato sa iya ama. How-awful is the character of-that child because he is-fighting his father. atúhan v . fight someone, challenge, defy Gin-atuhan siya san iya manghod. His younger-brother fought with him. ìáto v . oppose, compete, contend Iato ko sin pariha ini na akon kabayo. I will-have this horse ofmine compete in-a race. màató adj . fearless, fierce, brave, fights back Dili ina na bata mahuruhadlok kay maato. That child cannot be-frightened-away because he is fearless. atom [átom] adj . MA-, -AN màátom adj . diligent, careful Maatom ini na bata sa iya pag-adal. This child is diligent in her studies. kàátom n . 1) diligence An iya kaatom an naghatag sa iya sin maayo na buhay. His diligence is the-thing-that gave him a good life. 2) persistent Kaatom sini na tawo sa pagsunlog sa bata. How-very-persistent is this fellow in teasing the child. aton [áton] pers prn . 1) our. Refers to the first person inclusive plural referential pronoun indicating possession Nagaabunda na an aton pagkaon. Our-incl food is becoming-abundant. 2) us. This word is used here as the object of a preposition Para ini sa aton. This is for us-incl. 3) us. The pronoun aton also functions as the agent of a passive verb Himuon ko an ilustrasyon kag aton estudyaran. I'll-make an illustration and we'll-study-it. atop [atóp] From: Ceb n . roof An amon atop nagaturo. Our roof is-leaking. mag-atóp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. roof something Nagaatop si Pedro san inda kusina. Pedro is-roofing their kitchen. ìatóp v . use something to roof with Iatop ko anay ini na imo sim. I will first use this corrugatedmetal-sheet of-yours to-roof-with. atras [atrás] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-atrás v . back up, reverse, move something backwards Pagkita, kay nagaatras an trak basi ka maatrasan. Look-out, because the truck is-backing-up you might be backed-into. atrasón v . be backed up, be moved backwards Atrason mo an dyip. Back-up the jeep. ìatrás v . back up something Iatras ini na kotse kay nakabara sa agihan. Back-up this car because it is-blocking the way. atrasádo adj . last, final atrasádo adj . last atraso [atráso] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-atráso v . delay Sigihon ta an aton trabaho. Dili kita mag-atraso. Let us-incl continue ourincl work. Let us-incl not delay. ìatráso v . be delayed In-atraso la niyo an akon trabaho. You-all have-delayed my work. atsara [atsára] n . pickles. Made of shredded unripe papaya, vinegar, salt and pepper. Other firm vegetables can be cut into slivers and pickled in a similar manner Manamit an atsara na dabong. Pickled bamboo-shoots are delicious. atsaráhon v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be pickled, be made into pickles Atsarahon ko ini na kapayas. I will-make this papaya into pickles. atubang [atúbang] From: Ceb n . front part Adto siya sa atubang san balay. He is there at-the front of-the house. atubángan n . presence Nagpirma siya san dokuminto sa atubangan san mga testigos. He signed the document in-the presence of-the witnesses. kàatúbang n . 1) opposite member, facing partner, opponent 2) companion Si Juan usad san mga kaatubang niya. Juan is one of his companions. atubangán n . sex organs, genitals, private parts An imo atubangan nakikita. Your private-parts can-be-seen. mag-atúbang v [c6] . 1) MAG-, MANG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. face toward Habo siya magatubang sa akon. He does not want to-face me. 2) have heart to heart talk, have a serious talk mangatúbang v . take charge Siya an nangatubang pagpangayo sin pagkaon para sa grupo. He was in-charge-of soliciting food for the group. ìatúbang v . present, introduce Iatubang sa akon an imo subrino. Present your nephew to me. Variant: atubángan. atubangan n . presence atubángan v . Variant: atubang 'present'. atukay [atúkay] n . white parrot Ini na mangga an hurunan san amon atukay. This mango-tree is the perching-place of our-excl white-parrot. Variant: abukay 'noisy'; Variant: abukay 'white parrot'. autoridad [autoridád] From: Sp n . authority, police syn: pulis 'police'. aw exclam . oh! Aw, dili gad kami nagapangita sin karabaw. Oh, we are not really looking for waterbuffalo. awa1 [áwà] n . envy An awa nakakasira sa buhay san tawo. Envy can destroy a person's life. kàáwà n . greed, envy An kaawa amo an nakaparaot san imo pagkatawo. Greed is what ruins your character. pagkàáwà n . envying awâan adj . envious, full of envy Awaan ina na babayi. That woman is envious. màáwà v [c2] . MA- exp. envy Nano kay naawa ka sa iya? Why do you envy him? awa2 [áwa] From: Ceb v [c2] . MA- exp màáwa v . amaze, surprise, astonish Naawa ako san kalit niya na pagpakita. I was-amazed at his sudden appearance. cf: ngarat , ngalas , ngawa , lasan 'surprise', usa2 , ugmad 'marvel'. awas [áwas] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG-, MA- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc màáwas v . overflow, flow slowly Kun puno na an banga an tubig maawas. When the water jar is full, the water will-overflow. cf: agay1 'flow', buhos , bulos1 'flow', anod 'current', apaw . awásan v . be overflowed awasán n . overflow place, spillway

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a awat [áwat] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-áwat v . intervene, stop. As a referee might do in a sports event Nagaawat siya. He wasintervening. awatá v . intervene between Awata niyo an nagasuntukan agod dili magpatayan. You intervenebetween the fighters so-that no-one will-be-killed. syn: saway . away [áway] From: Ceb n . fight, argument, quarrel, war Sigi pa an away sa 'Middle East'. The war in-the Middle East is going-on still. syn: dutak 'fight (slang)', gubot 'fight', ato 'fight'. kàáway n . enemy, foe, adversary, opponent Si Joselita dili ko kaaway. Joselita is not my enemy. paràawáy n . quarreler Si Ramona paraaway kaya wara sin amiga. Ramona is a quarreler so she has-no friends. mag-aráway v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. quarrel plural, fight plural An imo mga iskwila nagaaraway. Your students are-quarreling. ìáway v . involve someone in an argument In-away si Roberto san iya asawa. Roberto's wife wasinvolving him in an argument. awto [áwto] n . car, jeep syn: dyip 'jeep', kotse 'car'. ay interj . oh! Ay! Nano kay adi ka? Oh! Why are you here? syn: aha! 'oh!'. ayag [ayág] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-ayág v . sift Nagaayag siya sin arina. She is-sifting flour. syn: ag-ag 'sift'. ayagán n . sieve Hanapon mo an ayagan kay maayag ako sin arina. Look-for the sieve because I am going-to-sift flour. ayam [áyam] From: Bkl n . dog Bahugan mo an ayam. Feed the dog. syn: ido 'dog', aso1 'dog'. mangáyam v [c2] . MANG- ag. hunt Mangayam kita sin usa. Let us hunt deer. pangayám n . hunting An pangayam an dibirsyon ni Pedro. Hunting is Pedro's diversion. parapangayám n . hunter Antis naghali an mga parapangayam ginhatagan sinda sin tig-irisad ka sako. Before leaving the hunters were each given a sack. ayat [áyat] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat mag-áyat v . challenge, defy Nagaayat ina na tawo sin suntukan. That person is-challenging anyone-to-fight. ayatón v . be challenged Gin-ayat sinda Jun kahapon, pero wara lang sinda magbargo. Jun andfriends were-challenged-to-fight yesterday, but they just ignored them. syn: ato 'fight'. ayaw [ayáw] adv . do not, don't. For more information, see the Grammatical Sketch, section 7.1. Ayaw kahadlok kay adi ako. Do-not be-afraid, because I am here. ayo1 [áyo] adj . MAmàáyo adj . excellent, good, superb Maayo an iya trabaho. His work is excellent. sin màáyo adv . thoroughly, well Baldiyuhi sin maayo an banyo. Flush the bathroom thoroughly. [This nominal phrase functions as an adverb which modifies the verb in its sentence and specifies that the action of the verb is to be done well] minàáyo n . nice way, diplomatically, tactfully Dili sa minaayo an iya pagbaribad. Her refusal was not-done in-a nice way. kàayuhán n . goodness Nano an kaayuhan na nahimo mo para sa mga tawo? What goodness have you done for the people? kàáyo adj . how very good, how excellent adv . very, severe, great, very well. In certain contexts this word is simply an intensifier and has a variety of translations into English depending on the context Kaayo san iyo palabas. How-verygood your show is. An pagdugu-dugo naman sa mga urhi na bulan san pagbudos delikado kaayo. The bleeding in-turn in-the last months of-the pregnancy is very dangerous. v . cure, able to cure, make well Maski diin magkadto si Mila kilala siya kaayo. Wherever Mila goes she is very-well known. Wara siya kaayo san akon sakit. He was not able-to-cure my illness. mag-áyo v [c5] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal. be healed, become healed v [c6] . MAG-, UM-, MANG- ag; -ON pat; I- ben. fix Mag-ayo ka na. Be-healed now. Mag-ayo ka san mga sira na kudal. You fix the broken fences. magpàáyo v . have someone fix something Mapaubos ako para magpaayo san akon rilo. I amgoing-downtown in-order to-have-a-repairman-fix my watch. pàayúhon v . have someone heal someone Ginpaayo san tawo sa duktor an bata. The man had the doctor heal the child. ayúhon v . 1) be cured, be made well Ayuhon ko an imo sakit kun magtuod ka na ako dios. I willcure your illness if you will-believe that I-am god. 2) fix, repair Ayuhon ko anay an akon katri. I will-fix my bed first. ayuhón adj . curable, repairable ayuhán v . reconcile Si Pedro kag si Juan ayuhan na. Peter and John are-reconciled now. mag-ayuhán v . reciprocate goodness Mag-ayuhan na kamo kay magmanghod man la kamo. Youpl be-good-to-each-other because you are also brothers. parahingáyo n . repairman, technician Si Pedro parahingayo sin radyo. Peter is a radio technician. ayo2 [áyò] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mag-áyò v . request, ask for discount ayûon v . be requested, be asked, be begged Ayuon mo kan Laarni an kaldiro. Ask Laarni for the kettle. ìáyò v . request, ask for something Iayo man ako sin iba kanda Nard. Please ask Nard-and-family for another-one for me. paràayô n . beggar Ayaw pag-uriti an paraayo. Do-not reprimand the beggar. cf: limos 'alms'. ayon1 [áyon] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act mag-áyon v . prefer, enjoy An kadamuan ayon gayod sa pag-uma. The majority really prefer farming. ayon2 [áyon] From: Tag adv . according Magaayo ako sa iya ayon sa iya kabubut-on. I will-ask of him according to his will. cf: sunod 'next'. ayop [ayóp] v [c2] . MAG- act mag-ayóp v . reside, stay, live with another, seek shelter Habo siya mag-ayop sa mamingaw na lugar. She does-not-want to-reside in-a lonely place. ayuhón v . Variant: kaayo 'cure'. ayuno [ayúno] From: Sp n . fasting, refrain from eating An iya ayuno pakitang-tawo lang. His fasting is just a sham/for-show. mag-ayúno v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. fast, go hungry Nagaayuno si Pedro. Pedro is-fasting.

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g gana1 [ganá] n . crack in glass, crack mark May gana na an iyo bandihado. Your platter has a crack-mark already. Variant: gara 'crack in glass'. gana2 [gána] From: Sp n . 1) appetite Kun may gana pakaunon siya. If he has an appetite feed him. 2) interest, concern, regard An bata mawaraan sin gana sa mga ada sa patalibod niya. The child willlose interest in activities around him. ganádo adj . full of appetite ganáhan adj . have appetite gana3 [gána] From: Sp v [c4] . MAKA-, MANG- act; -ON pat makagána v . can win, able to win Dili siya nakagana. He was not able-to-win. manggána v . win Manggagana gayod siya. He really will-win. ganahán adj . victorious, winning, triumphant, champion kaganáhan n . victory, triumph, success ganadór n . winner, victor, conqueror ant: dinaog 'loser'. ganansiya n . gain, profit ganansya [ganánsya] From: Sp n . gain, advantage, profit An amon ganansya singkwinta porsyinto san amon kapital. Our gain is fifty percent of our capital. syn: binta1 1 'profit', baktin2 'profit', urig2 'profit'. maganánsya v [c8] . MA- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. gain, profit. Refers to profiting from business dealings Naganansya siya sin damo. He is-gaining a lot. cf: kita1 . ganda [gandá] From: Tag n . beauty Dili ko gusto an iya ganda. I don't care for her beauty. magandá adj . MA-. beautiful, pretty, lovely Kun an imo trabaho dili maganda, ayaw pag-ipakita sa akon. If your work is not beautiful, don't show it to me. gandahán v [c14] . -AN goal. beautify, make beautiful Ginandahan niya an paghimo san banig. She made the mat beautiful. ant: raot . gandol [gandól] From: Sp adj . listless, languid, loafing, goldbricking ant: listo 'alert'. gangis [gángis] n . cicada, seventeen-year locust. The male makes a loud shrill sound by vibrating a special sound organ on its abdomen Mabati mo an nagaraginit na hinuni san gangis. You can-hear the chirping sound of-the cicada. gani [gáni] exclam . indeed, really Ginakula ko na gani an mga punda. I really have-bleached the pillow cases. syn: gayod 'really', gali 'suprisingly', ngay-an 'really'. ganot [gánot] n . fiber, strand, filament. Refers to fiber from tubers ganso [gánso] From: Sp n . goose gantang [gántang] n . half a peck, ganta. Refers to a dry measure of about half a peck Kulang sin duha ka gantang an bugas. The rice is lacking two gantas. gaod [gàód] From: Bkl n . oar, pole Wara na sin gasolina kaya gamiton naton an gaod. There-is-no-more gasoline so we'll-incl use the oar. maggàód v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. row, oar a boat, paddle a boat. Means to propel a boat through the water by the use of a paddle or oar Si Mr Collins naggaod lang san iya yati san siya naglibot sa mundo. Mr Collins just rowed his yacht when he went-around the world. syn: rimo 'oar'. gaong [gàóng] adj . empty cf: ubos2 'depleted'. gapas [gápas] n . raw cotton, cotton. This is a general term for cotton but there is another term for processed cotton Linison sin gapas an talinga uruadlaw. Clean the ear daily with cotton. cf: algudon 'processed cotton'. gapas-gapas1 [gápas-gapás] n . cotton bush. Refers to a cotton plant gapas-gapas2 [gapas-gapás] n . porgy fish. Refers to a species of salt water fish Monotaxis grandoculis gapos [gápos] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc gapúson v . be bound up, be tied up, be restricted of movement Ginapos namon si Pedro. We bound Pedro (hands and feet). gapusán n . tying place pagkagápos n . tying An akon pagkagapos san baboy tama na? Is my tying of-the pig alright? syn: gakot 'tying material', higot2 'tie'. gapot [gápot] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maggápot v . tie ends together. Refers to the tying of the ends of a bamboo or rattan of a basket so it will not unravel An nito gingamit ko sa paggapot san akon basket. I used the cabo-negro-vine for tying-the-ends of my basket-weave. makapanggápot v . cling Nakapanggapot man sinda tanan sa katig san lantsa. They were all ableto-cling to-the outriggers of-the launch. syn: buknit 'hold firmly', hawid , huyot 'holding', kapot . gapusan1 [gapusán] n . tying place cf: gapos . gapusan2 [gapusán] n . wrist cf: gapos . gara [gará] n . crack in glass. The word gara is a shortened form of garana, which is derived from gana, "crack in glass". syn: gana1 'crack in glass'; Variant: gana1 'crack in glass'. garab [gárab] From: Hlg n . harvesting sickle. Refers to a small sickle for harvesting rice by hand My huyot siya na matarom na garab. He was-holding a sharp harvesting-sickle. maggárab v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. use a harvesting sickle syn: gugtol 'harvesting sickle'. garahi [garáhi] From: Sp n . garage, carport garam [gáram] adj . typically used, habitually used, deep rooted practice, accustomed to do

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g garamay [garámay] n . crab legs Kadaragko san garamay san alimango! How-huge are the legs of-the crab! garana [garánà] n . imminent break, crack. Sign of an impending breakage garantiya [garantíya] From: Sp n . guarantee, collateral An banko nagakinakanglan sin garantiya hali sa mga tawo mautang. The bank needs collateral from people who will-borrow. maggarantíya v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. guarantee Siya an naggarantiya san akon utang. He is the-one-who guaranteed my debt. garantisádo adj . 1) guaranteed Garantisado ini na prudukto. This product is guaranteed. 2) assured, sure Garantisado ako na madadaog ka niya sa tennis. I am-sure that you will-bedefeated by him in tennis. garapata [garapáta] From: Sp n . wood tick garapon [garapón] From: Ceb n . glass jar. The biggest may contain half a gallon of water Diin mo ginbutang an garapon? Where did you put the glass-jar? garaw [garáw] n . field brush. This includes bushes, twigs and stems which have lost their leaves Halia an mga garaw sa agihan. Remove the brush from the path. garbo [gárbo] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggárbo v . decorate something garbusa [garbúsa] From: Sp adj . stylish, dapper, well groomed garong1 [garóng] n . fox-like animal. Refers to a fox-like animal native to the Philippines An garong nagakaon sin manok. The fox-like-animal is-eating a chicken. garong2 [gárong] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggárong v . tie by the nose. In Masbate, this refers to tying a tether to a water buffalo through its nose gasa1 [gása] From: Ceb n . mantle. Refers to a mantle for a pressure lamp Liwanan ta an gasa san aton kolman. Let us-incl replace the mantle of our-incl pressure-lamp. gasáhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. put on a mantle Gasahan mo an kolman. You put a mantle on-the pressure-lamp. gasa2 [gása] From: Ceb n . gift Nano an imo gasa kan Mama sa iya kaadlawan? What is your gift for Mama on her birthday? paragása n . gift giver, philanthropist, benefactor, donor Igwa ako sin paragasa na dili kilala. I have an unknown gift-giver. magasahán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; MA-..-AN goal; I- acc. gift someone, give a gift Nagasahan ko siya sin rilo. I gifted him with a watch. gasgas [gásgas] n . abrasion, scratch An mga mahigko nakasulod sa panit paagi sa mga gasgas. Dirtiness can-enter the skin through scratches. maggásgas v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal. scratch something gasolina [gasolína] From: Eng n . gasoline, petrol Pira ka galon na gasolina an gusto mo bakalon? Howmany gallons of gasoline do you want to-buy? gasolinahán n . gas station Makadto sinda sa gasolinahan. They will-go to-the gas-station. gasolináhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. refuel, refuel with gasoline Gasolinahan mo an Nissan. Refuel the Nissan with gasoline. gasto n . Variant: gastos 'expense'. gastos [gástos] From: Sp n . expense, cost, expenditure, outlay, disbursement Damo kami sin gastos sani na bulan. We have-many expenses this month. Wara ko pagsayanga an inda gastos. I was not squandering their outlay. Variant: gasto. maggástos v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. spend money gastuhán v . pay, disburse, shell out gastúhan n . bill, debt, invoice, financial statement Damo ako sin gastuhan. I have many bills. Variant: gastúsan. paggástos adv . spending Ayuha paggastos an imo kwarta. Spend your money wisely. gastadór n . spendthrift, squanderer, wastrel. Means to spend money carelessly ant: imot 'selfish'. gastúsan n . Variant: gastos 'bill'. gata [gatâ] n . coconut juice. Refers to the coconut juice which comes from pressing grated coconut meat. The juice is a mixture of water and oil. It can be boiled to get the oil which has many commercial uses as well as being a flavorful cooking oil Nano? Nagainom ka sin gata uruadlaw? What? You are-drinking coconut-juice daily? ginat-án n . coconut candy maggatâ v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. extract coconut juice. This extraction is done by pressing grated coconut meat Nagagata siya san kinagod na lubi. He is-extracting-coconutjuice of grated coconut-meat. gatàán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. Gataan ta ini na balad. Let us cook this dried-fish withcoconut-juice. gatas [gátas] From: Tag n . milk. Refers to milk of animate beings so does not include so-called milk of fruits or vegetables An prisko na gatas masustansya. Fresh milk is nutritious. paragatás n . milker, gold digger. Refers to anyone who milks water buffalo for their milk, but also to people who take advantage of others' goodness by attempting to persuade them to give them money Maghimat ka sana na mga babayi. Mga paragatas ina. Be careful of-those women. They are gold-diggers. maggátas v [c2] . MAG- act. drink milk v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. milk something. Means to get milk directly from the mammary gland of an animal Nagagatas kami uruadlaw. We-excl are-drinking-milk daily. Nagagatas kami sin baka. We-excl are-milking a cow. gatasón v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. be bottle fed Gatason lang namon ini na bata. Weexcl will just bottle-feed this child. gatásan v . 1) add milk Gatasan mo an akon kapi. You add-milk-to my coffee. 2) be taken advantage of, milk someone of money Si Juan ginatasan lang ni Rosa. Juan is-being-takenadvantage-of by Rosa. gato1 [gáto] From: Ceb n . vise. Refers to an iron jawed piece of equipment to hold an object firmly so a repairman can work on it gato2 [gáto] From: Sp n . trigger Nabati ko an pitik san gato san iya badil. I heard the click of-the trigger of-his gun. syn: kablitan 'trigger'. gatod [gátod] From: Ceb n . provocation, aggravation, irritation, irritant. Most frequently used with reference to someone provoking an argument. Possibly related to the Cebuano word which means surface roughness cf: gatong 'firewood'. gatong [gátong] n . firewood, fuel Makuha kita sin gatong. Let us get some firewood. Variant: panggatong. gatúngan v [c7] . 1) fuel something, add fuel to fire Ginagatungan niya an kalayo. He is-addingfuel-to the fire. 2) MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. incite, foment argument, instigate, stir up, provoke Ginatungan niya an diskusyon. He is-fomenting the argument. cf: gatod ‘provocation’. gatos [gatós] adj . hundred Butukan mo ako sin isad ka gatos na lipak san kawayan. You bundle one hundred bamboo-strips for me. syn: syin 'hundred'. gatus-gátos adj . hundreds Gusto ko magkaigwa ka sin ginatos-gatos na tiil. I want you to have hundreds of feet. gatus-gatúson v [c14] . -ON pat. be done by hundreds, be multiplied by hundreds Ginatos-gatos an iya ganansya sa pagbaligya sin baboy. His gain was-multiplied-by-hundreds from the sale of pigs. gauwo [gaúwo] n . embryonic coconut. A fallen, premature, nut which does not yet have any meat formed inside it Nadismayo an bata na nahulugan san gauwo. The child felled by-the embryonic-coconut was-knocked-unconscious.

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g gawas [gáwas] adj . outside syn: luwas 'outside'. maggáwas v [c2] . MAG- act. go out, exit kagawásan n . freedom Gintagaan sin kagawasan an usad sa aton. One of us was-given freedom. gaway1 [gáway] n . gabi, root vegetable gaway2 [gáway] From: Ceb n . 1) tentacle, feeler. Refers to the strings of squids and tentacles of octopus and jelly fish An mga gaway san bukya dilikado sa aton panit. The tentacles of jelly-fish are dangerous to our skin. 2) subordinate, follower, goon. The octopus and its tentacles are used as a metaphor for the leader of a criminal gang and his men (goons) Nagatayo an kugita pero nagahiwag an iya mga gaway. The leader is-hiding but his goons are-active. gaway-gaway [gaway-gáway] From: Ceb n . gaway-gaway tree, tanning tree. The sap from the inner bark of this tree is rubbed on fish nets to tan and preserve them Matagaan mo kaya ako sin pisog san gaway-gaway? Can you really give me a seed of-the gaway-gaway-tree? Sesbania grandiflora gawgaw [gáwgaw] n . corn starch, starch for clothes. Note that gawgaw is the corn starch used in the process of armidol, the starching of clothes, however the traditional source of starch was from the plants arrowroot and cassava Ginagamit namon an gawgaw sa yamit. We-excl are-using cornstarch on-the clothes. gawi1 [gáwì] v [c2] . MA- act magáwì v . pass by, happen to pass by, drop by Maayo kay nagawi ka didi. Kun wara, dili mo ako makilala. Good that you happened-to-pass-by here. If not, you would have not known me. syn: agi 1 'pass by'. gawi2 [gáwì] n . destination, direction, goal Pakain an imo gawi? What is your destination? gawi3 [gáwì] From: Ceb n . 1) deed, acts, behavior, attitude, conduct Wara na idto sa iya na maraot na gawi. Those bad deeds are-no-longer with him. 2) practice, custom, procedure Maayo na gawi an pagpakaladkad san tubig para sa mga kabataan. The boiling of water for the children is a good practice. pagagáwì doing, deeds, acts An pagtuod nakikita sa kabag-uhan sa pagagawi san tawo. Faith canbe-seen in-the goodness of-a person's deeds. gawi-gáwi behavior, actions, conduct Maayo an iya mga surumaton pero an iya gawi-gawi maraot. His language is good but his behavior is bad. gayod [gayód] exclam . really, truly Sarawayon gayod ini si Angelito. This Angelito really is mischievous. cf: gali 'suprisingly'; syn: ngay-an 'really', gani 'indeed'; Variant: gad 'really'. Getsemani [Getsémani] From: Sp n . Gethsemane garden, garden of Gethsemane. A garden near Jerusalem in Palestine which Jesus Christ frequented giad [gìád] n . slice maggìád v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN source; I- acc. slice something cf: lahod , tadtad , tigbas ; syn: gurot 1 'slice'. gibang [gibáng] adj . ragged edged, nicked. Refers to the blade edge of a knife or scissors or such gigil [gígil] v [c2] . MAG- act maggígil v . grit the teeth syn: gulu-gulo . gigis1 [gigís] n . little finger An imo abilidad ni sa gigis lang ni Juan. Your ability can not even equal Juan's little-finger. cf: tudlo1 'finger'. gigis2 [gígis] n . pinky lamp, small kerosene lamp. Refers to a small lamp usually used for a night light in the home giha [gíhà] n . sub-section, rib cage. Refers to sections of fruits, tree rings, ribs An giha nagalubong kun nagaginhawa pasulod. The rib-cage contracts when breathing in. gihapon [gihápon] adv . 1) again, also Makadi gihapon kami. We-excl will-come again. 2) at last Salamat sa Dios, nakatapos man gihapon kami. Thank God, at-last we-excl have-finished. 3) still Masakit gihapon siya. He still is sick. gihay [gíhay] n . midrib. Refers to the central vein of a leaf An mga gihay ginahimo na silhig. Midribs areused-in-making brooms. giling [gíling] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. mill, grind magpagíling v . have something ground, have something milled Nagpagiling kami sin humay. We had our unhusked-rice milled. gilingán n . grinder Igwa sinda sin gilingan san karni. They have a meat grinder. paragilíng n . miller Makadto kita sa paragiling san kapi. We will-go to-the coffee miller. giliw [gíliw] From: Tag n . darling, dearest, beloved Kaprisko ko batyaga sa pagturog mo, akon giliw. Feel my coolness in your sleep, my darling. gimata [gimatá] From: Bkl n . new moon cf: bulan . gin- vb prefix. action completed. Inflects verbs for completed action. For more information see Grammar Sketch, sec. 5.2.2 gin(sabi) 'said' Ginsabi ni Angelito na dili man gayod siya sarawayon. Angelito said that he is not really mischievous. syn: -in- 'action completed', in- 'action completed', ni- 'action completed'. gina- [gína-] vb prefix. progressive action. Marks action in passive verbs as begun and in progress. For more information see the Grammar Sketch, sec. 5.2.3 gina(samúk)an, 'was disturbing.' Ginasamukan niya an mga Propeta nga nagapangadyi. He was-disturbing the Prophets who werepraying. syn: ina- 'continuing verbal action'. ginat-an [ginat-án] n . coconut candy. Refers to candy made from the meat of a young coconut and coconut milk and sugar cf: gata 'coconut juice'. gindayunan [gindayunán] n . temporary residence cf: dayon 'immediately'.

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g ginhalian [ginhalián] n . origin, ancestors cf: hali 'from'. ginhalinan [ginhalinán] n . source, origin, cause cf: halin 'from', hali 'from'. ginhawa [ginháwà] v [c9] . MAG- act; I- acc magginháwà v . breathe, respire, take breaths Doctor, an pasyinti wara na nagaginhawa. Doctor, the patient no-longer is-breathing. ginhawàán n . respiratory system May sakit siya sa ginhawaan. He has a respiratory-illness. gininháwà n . breathing Malisod an iya gininhawa. His breathing is difficult. syn: hangos 1 'breathe'. ginikanan [ginikánan] n . parent Mahalon mo kag igalang an imo mga ginikanan! You love and respect your parents! ginoo [ginòó] From: Tag n . lord, master Nagatuod ako na an Ginoo nagahatag san tanan. I believe that the Lord provides everything. magpakaginòó v . MAG- act. pretend to be lord Dili ka magpakaginoo kay tawo ka lang. Do not pretend-to-be-Lord because you-are just a man. ginunting [ginúnting] n . work bolo An iya armas mahabol na ginunting. His weapon is a dull work-bolo. cf: talibong1 , guna 'short bladed machete', bunglay 'square ended bolo'; syn: sundang 'bolo'. giok [gîok] v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc maggîok v . thresh Gusto ko maggiok kisa mag-ani. I prefer to-thresh than to-harvest. gìukán n . threshing place. Refers to any place where rice will be threshed Hamos kita sa giukan. Let us go to-the threshing-place. paragîok n . thresher. Refers to a person whose work is threshing rice Adi si Jose, an aton paragiok. Here is Jose, our thresher. gipad [gípad] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggípad v . shuck corn. Refers to removing the husk from a cob of corn Kun nagagipad kami sin mais nagabulig man an kabataan agod madali na tapos. When we-excl are-shucking corn the young people are-helping so-that we-excl-finish quickly. gipaw [gipáw] n . school of fish Nakit-an mo ba an gipaw? Did you see the school-of-fish? girilya [girílya] From: Sp n . guerilla, irregular. Refers to a soldier who fights on his own or with roving bands giris v . slice girisi n . tattered, torn girísi pl. of gisi be torn girok [girók] From: Bkl v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggirók v . tickle magirók adj . ticklish syn: gitik 'tickle'. gis-ak [gís-ak] n . crack, split Dako an gis-ak san kawayan. The split of-the bamboo is large. maggís-ak v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. split, crack An inda harigi na tinamaan san kilat naggis-ak. Their post which was-hit by-the lightning split. gis-akón v . be split, be cracked gisa [gisá] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggisá v . sauté gisi [gísì] adj . torn Igwa siya sin duha na gisi na bado. She has two torn dresses. gisîon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be torn, be ripped Gision ini na papel. Tear this paper. syn: paksi 'tear off'. (pl. girísi) maggisi-gisî v . shred syn: kisi-kisi 'shred'. gisi-gisi v . shred gitara [gitára] From: Sp n . guitar Ibaligya ko an akon gitara. I will-sell my guitar. paragitára n . guitarist Si Bonifacio an amon paragitara. Bonifacio is our guitarist. Variant: gitarista. maggitara v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. play a guitar Dili ako maaram maggitara. I do not know-how to-play-a-guitar. syn: sista 'guitar'. gitarista n . Variant: gitara 'guitarist'. gitik [gítik] n . tickle Dili ko nabatyagan an iya gitik. I did not feel his tickle. magitíkan v [c11] . -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc; MA-..-AN pat. be tickled Nagitikan ko siya sa liog. I tickled him on-the neck. syn: kitik 'tickle', girok 'tickle'. paragítik n . tickler, fond of tickling Habo ako mag-ingkod kan Pedro kay paragitik siya. I do-notwant to-sit with Pedro because he is a tickler. parapanggítik n . persistent tickler Adi na an parapanggitik. Here comes the persistent-tickler. giting-giting [giting-gitíng] n . scalloped edge giya [gíya] From: Sp n . 1) leader An giya san inda grupo si Jose. The leader of their group is Jose. 2) guide Isad siya na giya san mga torista. He is a tourist guide. giyáhan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. guide, lead, go first Giyahan mo kami sin maayo na buhay. Lead us-excl to-a better life. glorya [glórya] From: Sp n . glory, heaven Kun mapatay an matadong na tawo, makadto siya sa glorya. When a righteous person dies, he will go to heaven. gloryóso adj . magnificent, splendid Si Napoleon Bonaparte gloryoso na giya san gyera. Napoleon Bonaparte was a magnificent war leader. gobirnador [gobirnadór] From: Sp n . governor. Refers to the political office of provincial governor in the Philippines An aton gobirnador podiroso na tawo. Our governor is a powerful man.

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g gobyirno [gobyírno] From: Sp n . government Nano kay diskontinto ka san aton gobyirno? Why-are you discontented with our government? maggobyírno v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. govern Sin-o an gusto mo na maggobyirno sa aton nasyon? Whom do you want to-govern our-incl nation? gowa [gowâ] From: Ceb n . outside Variant: guwa 'outside'. grabe adj . serious, excessive grabi [grábi] From: Sp adj . 1) serious, excessive Grabi an iya sakit. His illness is serious. 2) great Grabi an apikto san iya atay. The affect on his liver is great. maggrábi v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN pat. worsening Nagagrabi an iya ugali. His attitude isworsening. grabíhan v . exceed, lavish, overwhelm Gingrabihan siya san gastos sa kasal. The expenses of-the wedding overwhelmed him. grado [grádo] From: Sp n . grade of school Nag-iskwela ako san akon primero grado sa baryo san Dapdap. I went-to-school for my first grade in-the barrio of Dapdap. gradwasyon [gradwasyón] From: Sp n . graduation. Refers to a graduation from school gradweyt [grádweyt] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG-, MAKA- act makagrádweyt v . graduate. Refers to graduating from school Nakagradweyt ako san 1970. I wasable-to-graduate by 1970. syn: bilada 'graduation'. granada [granáda] From: Sp n . grenade An iya armas mahabol na guna kontra sa mga granada. His weapon is a dull bolo against grenades. grapa [grápa] From: Sp n . vial, small bottle Pira ka grapa na Kombayotics an imo ginbakal? How many vials of Combiotics did you buy? grasya [grásya] From: Sp n . gift, blessing, grace. Refers to getting something special from God Hatagan kamo san Dios sin grasya kag buhay. God will-give you a blessing and life. grasyahán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. be blessed exceedingly, be showered with blessings Gagrasyahan kita san Dios. We-incl will-be-showered-with-blessings by God. Grecia [Grécia] From: Sp n . Greece. A country on the Mediterranean Sea Griego [Griégo] From: Sp n . Greek. Refers to both the people and the language gripo [grípo] From: Sp n . faucet Wara kami nagainom san tubi hali sa gripo. We-excl do not drink the water from the faucet. gripúhan v [c14] . -AN goal. place a faucet, install a faucet grupo [grúpo] From: Sp n . group, group of people An amon grupo nanggana sa kanam. Our-excl group won in-the game. masiggrúpo n . each group An masiggrupo magdara sin kaldero. Each-group will-bring a kettle. grupúhan v [c8] . go in a group maggrúpo v . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. group something, form things into groups Maggrupo kamo sin duha! Form two groups! cf: tipon 'savings'. guba v . destroy gubot [gúbot] v [c2] . MAG- act maggubot v . fight, riot, brawl, war kagúbot n . trouble May kalipay siya kag kalinaw bisan sa tunga san kagubot. She has joy and peace even in-the midst of trouble. gudak [gudák] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal maggudák v . cultivate something cf: bungkal . gugtol [gúgtol] n . harvesting sickle. Refers to a small, curved, knife with a handle perpendicular to the blade. The handle is gripped with the fist and the blade extends out between the fingers to cut the stalks of grain being held by the other hand Dili gamit an gugtol sa modirno na pag-ani. A harvesting-sickle is not used in modern harvesting. gugtulón v [c7] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. use a harvesting sickle Gugtulon ta lang an humay. We-incl will just use-a-harvesting-sickle-on the unhusked-rice. syn: garab 'harvesting sickle'; Variant: kugtol. gukod [gukód] v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; IPA- acc gukudón v . be chased, be pursued Gukudon mo an baboy! Chase the pig! pagukód n . race, chase, pursuit Habo ako mag-intra sa pagukod kay budos ako. I do-not-want toenter the foot-race because I am-pregnant. magpagukód v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. race, pursue, chase Nagapagukod an duha na motor. The two motorcycles raced-each-other. ipagukód v . take something to someone Ipagukod anay kan Boy ini na basket kan Josefa. Have Boy first take this basket to Josefa. pagurúkod n . intense chase. Refers to an intense repeated or continuous chasing An pagurukod nag-abot sin dyis oras. The intense-chase lasted for ten hours. maggurukód n . pursurers Pagkakita san mga naggurukod sa iya, nagdiritso siya pagsulod sa akon kwarto. Upon seeing his pursuers, he came straight into my room. gulay [gúlay] From: Tag n . vegetable Damo sin prutas kag mga presko na gulay didto. There-are-many fruits and fresh vegetables there. guláyan v [c14] . -AN goal. mix in vegetables gulayán n . vegetable garden cf: utan . gulgol [gulgól] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc maggulgól v . cut with a knife. Refers especially to cutting the neck of animals using a sawing motion syn: gutgot 'cut', tigbas . guling-guling [gulíng-gulíng] From: Bkl n . snail species gulpi1 [gúlpi] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc maggúlpi v . punish severely, severely punish Sino an naggulpi sa imo? Who punished you severely? gulpi2 [gúlpi] From: Ceb adj . sudden, strong, heavy (rain) Gulpi idto na uran. That was a heavy rain. maggúlpi v [c7] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. do suddenly Naggulpi lang pag-uran. It just rained suddenly. gulpíhon v . suddenly do, be sudden Gulpihon mo si Pedro pagsuntok. Box Pedro suddenly. cf: insigida 'immediately', tulos 'immediately'. gulu-gulo [gulu-guló] v [c2] . MAG- act maggulu-guló v . grit the teeth. Means to grit the teeth to control emotion syn: gigil 'grit the teeth'.

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g guma [gúma] adj . rubber Igwa ka sin guma na sapatos? Do you have some rubber shoes? n . 1) rubber thong Higutan ta ini sin guma. We will-tie this with-a-rubber-thong. 2) rubber tire, wheel. Refers to the tire of a car, motorcycle, wagon, etc. An aton guma kupos. Our tire is flat. gumáhan v [c14] . -AN goal. be rubberized gumamela [gumaméla] n . hibiscus. Refers to a flowering bush which grows up to 18 feet tall. There are varities of red, white, orange, lavender and yellow Maghimo sin pagmiskla san dahon kag burak san gumamela. Make a mixture of-the leaf and flower of-the hibiscus. Hibiscus rosasinensis L gumok [gumók] adj . tangled. For example, as thread gets tangled up pagpagumúka v [c2] . MAGPA-..-ON act. entangle something Ayaw pagpagumuka an bola-bola kay malisod iuli. Don't let the thread get-entangled because it is difficult to-untangle/restore-it. gun From: Eng n . goon. Refers to members of criminal gangs (pl. gunz) guna [gúna] From: Ceb n . short bladed machete, field knife. Refers to the short, square-ended, bolo or machete used for cutting or digging weeds from a yard or garden An akon guna mahabol. My bolo is dull. cf: sundang 'bolo', talibong1 ; syn: ginunting 'work bolo', bunglay 'square ended bolo'. gunahón n . weeds to be cut Damo sin gunahon an aton palibot. Our-incl surroundings haveplenty of weeds-to-be-cut. gunáhan n . weedy place, place to be weeded v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. weed with a bolo, cut down weeds Didto ako sa gunahan. I was-there at-the place-to-be-weeded. Gunahan mo an amon natad. Weed our-excl yard. gunit [gúnit] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal maggúnit v . grasp, hold firmly syn: buknit 'hold firmly'. gunting [gúnting] n . 1) scissors, shears Hanapa an gunting. Look-for the scissors. 2) haircut Matahom an imo gunting. Your haircut is beautiful. guntíngon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. cut with scissors Guntingon ko ini na karton. I will-cut this cardboard-box with-scissors. ginúnting n . long bladed machete gunz pl. of gun goon guol [gùól] adj . tired, tiresome syn: kapoy 'tired', hapo1 'tired', pagal1 'tired'. n . tiredness gura [gúra] n . visored cap, hat guramay [gurámay] n . toe. Refers to the toe of an animate being Kun magpipirit ka sin paglakat martilyohon ko an imo mga guramay. If you insist on walking, I will hammer your toes. gurang [gúrang] adj . old, aged An gurang na babayi nakalog. The old woman fell-down. n . elder-people, aged one, adult, mature being Atamanon naton an mga gurang. We should-takecare of-the elder-people. maggúrang v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. age. Refers to aging of animate beings Nagagurang ka na, Jose. You are-aging now, Jose. magúrang adj . oldest sibling kamagurángan n . group of older siblings Malipay gayod sinda Inay pati an akon kamagurangan. Mother-and-all including my older-siblings were-really happy. guron [gúron] v [c2] . MAG- act maggúron v . shell corn. Refers to removing the kernels of grain from the corncob gurot [gurót] From: Ceb n . 1) slice, loaf Pira an gurot san imo pan? How-much is a loaf of your bread? 2) crease, fold Klarado an mga gurot sa imo liog. The creases on your neck are apparent. gurúton n . thing to be sliced paragurót n . slicer. Refers to a person whose regular work is slicing something Si Juan an himuon naton na paragurot san mga sibuyas. Juan is the-one we will-make slicer of-the onions. gurutá v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc. slice something Guruta na an sibuyas. Slice the onions now. cf: lahod , tadtad , tigbas ; syn: giad 'slice'. gusok [gusók] n . rib An aton mga gusok takod sa aton taludtod. Our ribs are attached to our spinalcolumn. gusto [gústo] From: Sp n . choice, preference Dili ina an akon gusto. That is not my choice. ant: habo 'refuse'. v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. want, like Gusto siya magbiyahi. He wants to-travel. ant: habo . magustuhán v . MAGPA- act; MA-..-AN pat. be wanted, be desired, be pleased Kuha lang san magustuhan mo. Just take what you want. gústo sabíhon n . meaning Diri ina an gusto ko sabihon. That is not what I meant. gutgot [gutgót] n . cut. Refers to the piece cut from something else, usually with reference to butchering maggutgót v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN - sou; I- acc. cut off. Refers to cutting with a sawing or slicing motion in butchering cf: tigbas ; syn: gulgol . guto-guto n . spine gutob [gútob] n . boundary Amo ina an gutob san amon duta. That is the boundary of our land. Variant: kutob 2 'as far as'. adv . from now on, beginning now Gutob yana, habo na ako magkita san imo pamayhon. From now on, I do not want to see your face any more. gutok [gutók] adj . crowded, chockfull Damu-damo sin tawo an nagkadto kaya gutok na gayod san mga miron. Many people went there so the place really was crowded with onlookers. ant: haluag 'loose'. gutuk-gutók adj . very tight Ini na bado gutuk-gutok sa akon. This dress is very-tight for me. maggutók v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. become crowded, be tightened, be chockfull Nagagutok na san tawo an balay. The house is-becoming-crowded with people. pagkagutók n . tightness Subra an pagkagutok sani na pantalon. These pants are extremely tight. ant: haluwag 'loose'; Variant: kagutok. gutom [gútom] adj . hungry Gutom na an bata. The child is hungry already. ant: busog 'satiated'. n . hunger, famine Ang ikinamatay niya gutom. The cause-of his death was hunger. magútom v [c4] . MA- exp; -ON pat. hunger Nagugutom na ako. I am-hungering already. gutu-guto [gutu-gúto] n . spine, spinal column, backbone syn: taludtod 'spine'. guwa [guwâ] From: Bkl n . outside, outdoors Adto siya sa guwa. He is there on-the outside. ant: sulod 1 'inside'; syn: labas 'outside', luwas 'outside'; Variant: gowa 'outside'. magguwâ v [c8] . 1) MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. go outside, bring out Nagguwa siya kagab-i. He went-outside last night. 2) win guwàón v . -ON goal. go entertain, go out to Guwaon mo an mga bisita. Go-entertain the visitors. pinaguwâ v . be released, be sent Pinaguwa na si Jose sa prisohan. Jose was-released already from the prison. Variant: paguwaon. maginuwâ v . go in and out Maginuwa an mga eskwela sa inda klase. The students are-going-inand-out of their class. guwâan n . exit v . exit through Dili ko aram an guwaan didi sani na balay. I do-not know the exit here in-this house. Amo ina na portahan an ginguwaan ko halin sa sulod. That doorway is the-one-throughwhich I exited from inside. iguwâ v . bring out Iguwa na, Raquel, an kinuha mo na kamatis sa merkado! Raquel, bring-out the tomatoes which you got at-the market! guyabano [guyábano] n . soursop tree/fruit syn: gwayabano 'soursop tree/fruit', manaba 'soursop'. Anona muricata guyod [gúyod] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maggúyod v . pull, drag, tow. Refers to pulling something along by a tether An hilig ko na kanam pagguyod san turutrak. My favorite play was pulling a toy-truck with-a-string. syn: batak 'pull', butong1 .

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g gwanaba [gwanabá] n . soursop tree/fruit syn: gwayabano 'soursop tree/fruit', guyabano 'soursop tree/fruit'; Variant: manaba 'soursop'. gwano [gwáno] From: Sp n . bat dung Nagakuha kita sin gwano sa kwiba. We are-getting bat-dung fromthe cave. gwantes [gwántes] From: Sp n . glove gwapa [gwápa] From: Sp adj . pretty, beautiful, attractive, good looking. This word refers to females only gwapíta n . pretty female child maggwápa v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. beautify a woman, make a woman beautiful cf: gwapo 'handsome'. gwapo [gwápo] From: Sp adj . handsome, macho, good looking. Refers to males only Nano sa huna mo gwapo ka? Why do you think you are handsome? Gwapo idto na tawo. That man is good-looking. maggwápo v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. become handsome pagwapúhon v . IPA- acc; PA-..-ON pat. make a male handsome Pagwapuhon ko an akon bata na lalaki. I will-make my son handsome. cf: gwapa 'pretty'. gwardiya [gwárdiya] From: Sp n . guard, sentry, sentinel Nakasulod an makawat kay nakaturog an gwardiya. The burglar was-able-to-enter because the guard was-asleep. maggwárdiya v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. guard, safeguard, watch over, protect Naggwardiya siya sa amon. He guarded us. syn: bantay 1 'guard'. gwayabano [gwayábano] n . soursop tree/fruit. A small tree which produces an oval dark green fruit about eight to ten inches long with a bumpy skin. The flesh inside is chalky white with black seeds scattered through it. It has a citrus-like taste and is very sweet syn: guyabano 'soursop tree/fruit', manaba 'soursop'. Anona muricata gyera [gyéra] From: Sp n . war Damo an nagtugma na an ikatulo na gyera amo an katapusan san kalibutan. Many have-predicted that the third war will-be-the-end of-the world. gyeráhon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be fought, be battled, be made war on Gyerahon ta an mga tagadagat. Let us-incl make-war-on the people-of-the-sea. syn: araway 'fight, war'. gyerador [gyeradór] From: Sp n . warrior, fighter, combatant An dako-dako na gyerador ginpugutan san bata. The huge warrior was-beheaded by-the child.

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l labi-labi [labí-labí] v [c8] . MAGPA- act; PA-..-ON pat; PA-..-AN goal; IPA- acc magpalabi-labí v . 1) be arrogant, favor oneself, be proud Dili ka magpalabi-labi sa mga pobre. Do not be arrogant to-the poor. 2) displease, dislike Dili ka magpalabi-labi sa imo kaupod. Do not displease your companion. palabi-labihón adj . proud, arrogant n . proud one Palabi-labihon si Elma. Elma is proud. Wara dida an mga palabi-labihon. The proud-ones are-not there. labinhod [labinhód] adj . MAmalabinhód lukewarm, warm Malabinhod na tubi an ikarigo sa bata. Use lukewarm water tobathe the child. labnaw [lábnaw] From: Tag v [c14] . MA- pat malábnaw v . dilute, make watery, steam. Also refers to using steam to dilute mucous in the nasal passages to clear them Malabnaw niya an sip-on. She will-dilute the mucous. labod [labód] n . welt maglabód v [c2] . MAG- act. endure a welt. Refers to the appearance of weals or welts on the body as a result of being punished labog [lábog] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglábog v . discard, throw away syn: pilak2 'discard'. labon [labón] v [c2] . MAG- act maglabón v . blame Labon ako an nagahimo, habo ka. When I was-doing-it you did-not-like-it, now-look-what-happened! syn: milaom 'even though'. labot [lábot] n . concern Kun dili ta ikaw anak nano man an labot ko magdisiplina sa imo? If I had not born you what then would be my concern to-discilpline you? maglabót v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN pat; I- ben. meddle, interfere, take for oneself Wara ako maglabot sa inda buhay. I did not meddle in their lives. labtánon adj . dishonest, dissimulating, dissembling Habo ako san labtanon na bata. I do-notwant a dishonest child. laboy [labóy] n . mud Ayaw pagkanam sa laboy Do not play in-the mud. syn: lapok 'mud'. labra [labrá] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal maglabrá v . scrape off paglabrá n . scraping off, planning off. Refers to smoothing boards by planning them Panipison mo, Oscar, an paglabra sani na kahoy. Oscar, just plane a little off this wood. labtanon [labtánon] adj . dishonest cf: labot 'concern'. labtik [labtík] v [c2] . MAG- act maglabtík v . flick off, brush off. Means to flick by a sharp swing or to flick with the thumb and forefinger, or thumb and index finger. For example, to flick a chalk line, or to flick dust from a piece of clothing palábtik v . hint, infer, intimate, imply, suggest, insinuate, allude to labu-labo [labu-lábo] n . gang fighting, street fighting, rumble, donnybrook maglabu-lábo v [c2] . MAG- act. street fight. Refers especially to teenage gang fights labuy-laboy [labuy-láboy] v [c2] . MAG- act maglabuy-láboy v . wander syn: lagalag 'stowaway', lakwatsa 'wander'. labyaw [lábyaw] adj . arrogant malábyaw adj . snobbish, arrogant, proud, aloof, cruel. For example, one is said to be malabyaw when he avoids meeting or speaking to another because of anger or offense, or because he thinks he has a higher status Si Lourdes malabyaw na babayi. Lourdes is an-arrogant woman. syn: palabi-labihon 'proud'. labyáwan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. treat cruelly, treat arrogantly Dili mo labyawan an mga ilo. Do not be-cruel-to the orphans. syn: maisog 'cruel', salbahi 'wicked'. labyog [lábyog] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglábyog v . swing something around. Refers to swinging things around, such as a rope ladlad1 [ladlád] From: Ceb v [c9] . MAKA- exp; MAG- ag; I- acc makaladlád v . spread May mga dahon san saging na nakaladlad sa ibabaw san lamesa. Therewere some banana leaves which were-spread on top of-the table. iladlád v . be spread open, spread apart, lay out, open out Iladlad an kurtina para makita ko kon matahom. Let the curtain be-opened so I can see if it is beautiful. syn: buklad . ladlad2 [ládlad] v [c2] . MAG- act magládlad v . dry, dehydrate, hang up to dry. Refers to drying some specific clothes ladlad3 [ládlad] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat magládlad v . throw a net ladladón v . be unfurled, be shaken out lag-ok [lág-ok] n . gulp Makusog an iya lag-ok san pag-inom san tubi. He gulped loudly when drinking the water. maglág-ok v [c2] . MAG- act. gulp, drink noisily, guzzle, swig lagadi [lagádì] From: Sp n . carpenter's saw. Refers especially to a two-man lumbering saw, but also any kind of saw Sabiha siya na iuli an akon lagadi. Tell him to-return my saw. paralagadî n . sawyer, wood cutter Baynti an adlaw san amon paralagadi. Our wood-cutter getstwenty-pesos a day. maglagádì v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. saw lumber Nagalagadi sinda sin kahoy. They are-sawing lumber. lagalag [lagalág] n . waif, stowaway maglagálag v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. wander away, meander, roam Habo siya na maglagalag an anak kun gab-i. She does-not-want that the child wander-away at night. syn: laboy 'mud'. lagapak [lagápak] n . rustling of leaves, loud thud, clap, slapping noise Mababati ta man an mga lagapak san dahon san pakol. We will-hear also the rustling of-the leaves of-the pakol-tree. maglagápak v [c2] . MAG- act. make noise of rustling leaves lagas [lagás] adj . 1) old age, emaciated, wasted An akon lolo habo mag-ako na lagas na siya. My grandfather does-not admit that he is old-aged already. syn: gurang ‘old’. 2) withered, dried out Silhigon mo an mga lagas na dahon. You sweep-up the withered leaves. magkalagás v [c2] . MAGKA-, MANGA- exp. wither and fall Niyan kay nagkaralagas na an kadahunan san kalasutsi, matuna na ina pagburak. Now that the plumeria leaves havewithered-and-fallen it will-begin to-bloom now. lagasak [lagasák] n . medium-sized shrimp cf: hipon 'small shrimp', urang 'crayfish', pasayon 'large shrimp', lukon 'prawn'. lagatak [lagaták] n . ra-ta-tat sound; sound of rapid hitting or pounding. As a stone on a wall, footsteps on a floor, heavy rain on a roof

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l lagatik [lagátik] n . clock tick lagaw [lagáw] From: Ceb n . kind of fish lagbas [lágbas] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal; PA-..-ON pat maglágbas v . pierce, perforate, penetrate An bala naglagbas sa inda dingding. The bullet pierced through their wall. syn: lapos 1 'pierce', lagom1 . lagkit [lágkit] From: Tag adj . MAmalágkit sticky, tacky, gluey. Refers to stickiness in general, but also to a particular kind of rice which is very glutinous and therefore very sticky Malagkit an bugas. The rice is sticky. syn: pilit . lago [lagô] From: Ceb adj . worn out, rotten, filthy lagod [lágod] n . sediment, dregs, residue malágod adj . full of sediment An tuba na ginainom niya malagod. The coconut-wine which he isdrinking is full-of-sediment. lagom1 [lágom] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglágom v . pierce the skin, puncture the skin. As from the bite of an insect or dog syn: lagbas 'pierce', lapos 1 'pierce'. lagom2 [lagóm] From: Ceb adj . black and blue, discolored, bruised Lagom an bilog niya na lawas kay ginparabalbagan siya san iya ama. His entire body is black-and-blue because he was-badly-beaten by his father. syn: lanog 'bruised'. lagos [lagós] From: Ceb n . tooth gum, gum of tooth Hurubag an iya lagos. His gums are-swollen. lagpas [lágpas] v [c2] . MAKA- act makalágpas v . able to pass Nakalagpas na siya sa kamatayon pakadto sa buhay. He is-able-topass-by death to-go-on to life. syn: layos , lampas 'pass by'. lagtok [lagtók] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc ilagtók v . soak Ilagtok mo an pilit na bugas. Soak the glutinous rice. nilagtók adj . soaked, waterlogged, saturated, drenched, sopping wet Labahan mo an nilagtok na yamit. You wash the soaked clothes. lagwirta [lagwírta] From: Sp n . vegetable garden Gunahan mo an aton lagwirta. You weed our vegetable-garden. lahi [láhì] From: Ceb n . lineage, generation, race, clan, breed, origin, species Hali siya sa lahi ni Adan. He came-from Adam's lineage. kaláhì descendant, offspring, progeny, heir Mga kalahi kamo ni Antonio. You-all-are descendents of Antonio. lahid [láhid] From: Tag v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc; MAGPAmagláhid v . smear, wipe on, anoint. As for example, butter on bread or ointment on a wound Naglahid siya sin vicks. She smeared some vicks on herself. lahídan v . grease Lahidan mo an karaha sin lana. Grease the fry-pan with oil. lahod [láhod] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magláhod v . cut thickly, slice thickly syn: giad 'slice', gipad , giris 'slice', gurot 1 'slice', tadtad , tigbas . lain1 [lâin] From: Ceb adj . bad, poor, grievous malâin adj . unsatisfactory, poor Nagkita sinda sin malain na palabas. They saw a poorlyperformed show. maglâin v [c2] . MAG- exp. worsen, deteriorate, degeneratel, get worse Nagalain na an iya ugali. His attitude is-worsening already. lain2 [làín] From: Ceb adj . differ kalàinán n . difference Ano an kalainan san bintahi kag kaayuhan? What is the difference between profit and goodness? manlàín-làín adj . different kinds, various, diverse, assorted Nakabagat na ako sin manlain-lain na tawo. I have already met different-kinds-of people. maglàín v [c2] . 1) v [c2] MAG- act; PA-..-ON pat. live apart, break away, secede, split Naglain na sinda sa iya ugangan. They already have-separated-from his parents-in-law. syn: bulag ‘separate’. 2) v [c8] MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. sort, separate, arrange, classify, organize Magalain ako san pakas. I will-sort the dried-fish. lain-lain adj . various lak-ang [lak-áng] n . step, stride Maghagan-hagan ka san imo mga lak-ang. Be-very-slow in your steps. maglak-áng v [c5] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. step over, step across Dili ka maglak-ang sa pagkaon. Do not step-over food. lakat [lakát] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG-, MA- act; -ON pat; I- acc; -AN loc maglakát v . 1) walk, go away, leave Dili ka maglakat kay gab-i na. Don't leave because it is already night-time. syn: lakaw ‘walk’. 2) run away from home Naglakat si Juana kay ginbunal san iya iloy. Juana ran-away because she was-whipped by her mother. ipalakát v . send away Pinalakat ko si Enrico. I sent Enrico away. maglakat-lakát v . stroll Dida lang ako naglakat-lakat. I was just there strolling. paglakát n . walking, running away, sending away, strolling Dili ko aram an iya paglakat. I do-not know her departure-time. lakátan adj . truant Lakatan ini si Renerio. This Renerio is a-truant. syn: lakwatséro 'truant'. pagpalákat n . administration, management. Refers primarily to government administration lakatan [lakatán] n . lakatan banana Tagaan ko ikaw sin tinanok na lakatan. I will-give you a boiled lakatan-banana. cf: saging 'banana', kandaba 'cooking banana'. Musa sapientum var. lacatan lakaw [lákaw] From: Bkl v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc paglákaw n . walking Maghinay ka paglakaw. You walk slowly. syn: lakat 1 'walk'. lakip [lakíp] From: Ceb adj . included, integrated, incorporated, inserted Dili lakip an ministirio sa pagbulong. The ministery of healing is not included. kalakíp n . included thing magkalakíp v [c2] . MAG- act. join, unite cf: biyo ; syn: intra , sapi 'join', sika 'join', sumpay 'addition', takip 'adjoining part', upod . laklak [láklak] v [c2] . MAG- act magláklak v . lap up, lick up, slurp up. As an animal laps water laknit [laknít] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat cf: paksi ; syn: laksi1 . maglaknít v . rip off, pull off, tear off. Refers to ripping off with some force, as a label from a bottle or a scab from a wound

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l lakob [lakób] n . bamboo tube. It is used for collecting the juice of the coconut palm buds for making tuba, the coconut wine laksi1 [laksî] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc laksìón v . be ripped off, be torn off, be detached. As a branch torn from the stem by using only a hand Dili mo laksion an orkids hali sa kayumito. Don't let the orchids be-torn from the starapple-tree. syn: laknit 'rip off', paksi 'tear off', paknit . laksi2 [láksi] From: Ceb adj . MAmaláksi adj . fast, quick Maayo ini na bata na lalaki kay malaksi maghiwag. This boy is good because he moves quickly. magláksi v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. become quick, become fast, become active Nagalaksi na an malaymay na bata. The convalescent child is-becoming-active now. laksíha v . be brisk, do quickly Laksiha an imo pag-ukay. Make your stirring brisk. pagkaláksi n . KA-, PAGKA-. alertness, quickness, agility, alacrity Kombinsido ako san imo pagkalaksi. I am-convinced of your alertness. cf: listo 'alert'. laktaw [láktaw] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc magláktaw v . 1) skip, leave out, give space, miss Kun nagabilang ka, dili maglaktaw sin numiro. When you are-counting, do not skip-over a number. 2) transgress, exceed Dili ka maglaktaw sa kagustuhan san Dios. Do not transgress God's will. cf: lapas . laktod [laktód] From: Ceb adj . direct, honest, straightforward, candid, plain spoken, straight to the point lakwatsa v . wander lakwatséro adj . truant lalaki [laláki] n . male, man. Refers to animate beings Nagaiskwila an akon magurang na lalaki sa Masbate South Elementary School. My older brother is-studying at-the Masbate South Elementary School. ant: babayi 'female'. kalalakihán group of men Upat ka libo na kalalakihan an nagkaraon pwera pa san kababayihan. Four thousand men ate besides the women. lalang [laláng] n . creation Matahum-tahom an lalang san Dios. God's creation is very-beautiful. paglaláng n . creating, producing, fashioning maglaláng v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. create, make, produce, fashion, form An Dios naglalang san tanan. God created everything. lalangán v . create for Ginlalangan kita san Dios sin tinanom kag mga hayupan. God created plants and animals for us-incl. lalo [lálò] adv . 1) especially, more than Ginaadalan namon an tanan lalo na an paglalang san kalibutan. We are-studying everything especially the creation of-the world. 2) particularly Nalisudan kami sa iksamin lalo na sa Englis. We had-a-hard-time in-the test particularly with English. lalong [lálong] From: Ceb n . seedlings. Refers to seedlings of any plant Damo siya sin lalong na sili. He has-many pepper seedlings. lamang [lámang] adv . only, just Matahom idto'n akon singsing lamang kay nawara. That ring of-mine was-beautiful only that it was-lost. syn: la 'only', lang 'only'. lamano [lamáno] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG-, MAKI- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. makilamáno v . shake hands with someone, greet with a hand shake. Usually done when meeting someone to greet them Dili siya nakilamano sa mga dayo. She does not shake-hands with strangers. paglamáno n . handshake, shaking of hands with someone Dili sinsiro an iya paglamano sa akon. His shaking-hands with me was-not sincere. lamay [lámay] From: Tag n . vigil maglámay v [c2] . MAG- act. keep vigil, hold a vigil lambanog [lambanóg] From: Ceb n . sugar cane wine, buri palm wine Ginalon an pagbaligya san lambanog didto sa amon. Sugar-cane-wine is-sold-by-gallons there-distant in our-place. paralambanóg sugar cane wine maker Mayaman na an paralambanog didto sa amon. The winemaker there (distant) in our-place is now rich. lambat [lámbat] n . net. Refers to a woven net of any sort Ginaayo ninda an lambat. They are-fixing the fish-net. paralámbat n . net fisherman Magbakal ka sin isda sa paralambat. You buy fish of-the netfisherman. manglámbat v [c2] . MAGPANG-, MANG- act. net, fish with a... Nanlambat sinda sa lawod san magsubasko. They were-fishing-with-a-net in-the deep-sea when it-stormed. syn: sanap 'net'. laming [láming] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magláming v . prepare for butchering. Refers to starving an animal in preparation for butchering. Includes placing mud fish in clean water for a short time before cleaning lamisa [lamísa] From: Sp n . table Ayaw pag-ingkod sa lamisa. Do not sit on-the table. lamisahón n . table material Adi an kahoy na lamisahon ni Pedro. Here is Pedro's lumber for making-a-table. lamisáhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. set a table for Lamisahan mo an aton bisita. You set-the-table-for our visitor. cf: puestuhan 'set table'. lamon [lámon] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act maglámon v . eat voraciously, eat sloppily syn: hakhak1 'guffaw', haklab 'eat voraciously'. lamunéro n . glutton, epicure, gourmand, gastronome, food lover cf: hangol 'selfish'. lampara n . lamp lampas [lámpas] From: Hlg adj . excessive, extreme, too much, unwarranted, disproportionate Lampas na ina sa sukol. That measurement already is excessive. maglámpas v [c7] . MAG-, MAKA- ag; -AN pat; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. pass by, transgress Nano kay nagalampas ka sa mga patakaran san iskwilahan? Why do you transgress the regulations of-the school? lampásan v . 1) be passed, be overtaken Lampasan ta ina na dyip. Let that jeep be-passed by-usincl. 2) be transgressing, be sinning, be disobeying, be breaking the rules ; be contravening makalámpas v . able to pass by Wara pa kita makalampas sa Irosin We have-not yet been-able-topass-by Irosin. cf: lipas ; syn: labay1 'pass by', lagpas , layos , agi 1 'pass by'. lampaso [lampáso] From: Ceb n . coconut husk floor brush Hanapon mo an lampaso kag darahon didi. Look-for the coconut-husk-brush and bring-it here. paralampáso n . janitor, caretaker, floor polisher Maati an salog san amon opisina kay wara didto an paralampaso. The floor of our office is dirty because there-is-no janitor there. maglampáso v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. clean with a coconut husk brush, skate the floor, polish the floor. Means to clean and polish a floor, usually wooden, with a coconut husk Maglampaso ka sa salog kay maati na. Clean the floor with-a-coconut-husk because it is dirty now. lampin [lámpin] n . diaper Maski ngani ibarakal sin lampin wara pa siya makatima. She was-not yet ableto-prepare even indeed to-buy a diaper. lampos [lámpos] From: Hlg v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc maglámpos v . strike, thrash, flail, beat lampoy [lámpoy] n . shade Mainit didi. Hamos kita sa lampoy san kahoy. It is hot here. Let's go to-the shade of-the tree. malámpoy adj . shady Malampoy ina na kahoy. That tree is shady. Variant: limpoy.

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l lampunaya [lampunáya] n . medicinal herbs. This is a general term for medicinal herbs lamunero [lamunéro] From: Sp n . glutton cf: lamon . lana [lána] n . vegetable oil, lard, ointment, crude oil Haprusi sin lana an imo butkon. Rub your arms with oil. paralaná n . oil maker Wara didi si Myrna na paralana. Myrna, the oil-maker, is not here. maglána v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc. make oil Maglana ka sin lubi. You make-oil of-the coconut. lanáhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. flatter Inlanahan ni Jose si Lourdes. Jose flattered Lourdes. landi [lándi] From: Tag v [c4] . MAG act; -ON pat maglándi v . try to seduce, flirt Dili ka nakaaram si Mila na imo anak naglandi sa bata pa na sultero sa lungsod? Don't you know that your child Mila flirted with a young gentleman in town? lang adv . only, just Ikaw lang ba an adi? Are you the only one here? Nalarga pa lang sinda. They have just left. syn: lamang 'only'; Variant: la 'only'. langas1 [lángas] From: Ceb n . joke Dili ko gusto an irog sana na langas. I do not like that kind of joke. langasán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. joke, have fun with, tease, kid Pilion mo an tawo na imo langasan. You select the person whom you will-joke-with. malángas adj . joking, fond of joking Si Pedro an malangas sa amon grupo. Pedro is the-one-who is fond-of-joking in our group. syn: tiaw3 'joke'. langas2 [langás] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc maglangás v . make noise, be noisy Dili kamo maglangas kay maturog ako. Do not be-noisy because I am-going-to-sleep. malangás adj . noisy, loud, raucous, strident, boisterous Nano kay malangas ka? Why are you noisy? langaw [lángaw] n . fly Hampasa an langaw. Swat the fly. langáwon v [c10] . -ON pat; -AN goal. be swarmed with flies Tahuban mo an isda agod dili langawon. Cover the fish so-that it will not be-swarmed-with-flies. malángaw adj . swarming with flies Malangaw an inda balay. Their house is swarming-with-flies. langit [lángit] n . sky, heaven, firmament, atmosphere Nakahangad ako sa langit. I was-able-to-look-up tothe sky. Sigurado ka na kaya na adto ka sa langit kun mapatay ka? Are you really sure you will be in heaven when you have-died? kalangítan n . skies An kalangitan puno san eroplano. The sky is full of airplanes. langitnón adj . heavenly Dili ka makakita sin langitnon na lugar didi sa duta. You cannot find a heavenly place here on earth. langka [lángkà] n . jackfruit An inda langka matam-is kag maduga. Their jackfruit is sweet and juicy. langkawas [langkawás] n . horse raddish langoy [langóy] v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc maglangóy v . swim, bathe Mag-adal ka maglangoy. You learn-how to-swim. langúyan n . swimming pool Igwa sinda sin matahom na languyan. They have a beautiful swimming-pool. paralángoy n . swimmer Si Dino an pinakamatulin na paralangoy. Dino is the fastest swimmer. langsa [langsá] From: Ceb adj . fishy smell lanit1 [lánit] n . excruciating pain lanit2 [lanít] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- inst maglanít v . peel off, skin, unpeel lanog [lanóg] From: Hlg adj . bruised, battered Lanog na an mga prutas sa lungsod. The fruits in-the city are-bruised. syn: lagom1 . lanot [lánot] From: Ceb n . abaca fiber. The abaca plant is related to the banana plant but has no fruit. It is grown for the fiber that is extracted from the trunk of the plant lansang [lánsang] n . iron, steel Si Papay nagatiko san lansang. Papay is-bending the iron. adj . iron Igwa sinda sin lansang na kudal. They have an iron fence. syn: bakal2 'iron'. lanseta [lanséta] From: Sp n . surgical knife, lance syn: kutsilyo 'table knife', guna 'short bladed machete', sundang 'bolo'. lansones [lansónes] n . lansones fruit/tree. Refers to an oval tan colored fruit with thin skin and sweet white flesh inside wrapped around a large seed Dosi pisos an kilo san lansones. Lansones-are twelve pesos a kilo. Lansium domesticum lanta [lánta] n . half cooked pili nut lantaka [lantáka] n . bamboo cannon, homemade rifle lantaw [lantáw] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglantáw v . see from a distance, observe, look, view, watch Nagalantaw siya sa nagaaragi na barko. She is-watching the passing ship from-a-distance. lantawón v . plan, arrange, prepare, design Ginalantaw ko an akon puturo. I am-planning for my future. lantsa [lántsa] From: Eng n . launch. Refers to a motor boat with an inboard engine, wide hull, and no outriggers Matulin an lantsa na amon nasakyan. The launch which we rode-on was-fast. laom [lâom] n . hope, expectation, anticipation paglâom n . hoping, expecting, anticipating Dili ka mawaraan sin paglaom. Do not give-up hoping. maglâom v [c8] . 1) v [c8] MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. hope, expect, anticipate Dili ka maglaom na mabalik pa si Edwin. Do not hope that Edwin will yet return. 2) v [c7] MAGact; -AN ben; I- acc. depend, involve Naglaom ka naman kan Floramar. You depended in-turn on Floramar. paralâom n . dependent. Refers to one who depends on another for his livelihood Si Jose paralaom lang gihapon sa iya mga ginikanan. Jose is still just a dependent of his parents. malàúman adj . dependable, reliable, trustworthy, faithful, loyal, responsible, steadfast Dili pa malauman ini na bata. This child is not yet dependable.

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l laon [làón] From: Ceb adj . old aged, old stock Si Diana laon na daraga. Diana is an old maid. maglàón v . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat. grow old, get old Nagalaon siya na wara pa sin asawa. He is-growing-old without a spouse yet. lapad [lápad] From: Ceb n . width An lapad san amon lamisa usad ka mitro may tunga. The width of our table is one meter and a half. Variant: lapád. halapád adj . wide Halapad an iya agtang. His forehead is wide. Variant: hilapad 'wide'. kahalápad n . wideness Tama an kahalapad sani na kwarto. The wideness of-this room is alright. maghalapád v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. become wide, widen Nagahalapad an iya natad. His yard is-widening. magpahalápad v [c8] . MAGPA- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. widen, broaden, expand Nagapahalapad siya san aton agihan. We are-having him widen our pathway. lapád n . Variant: lapad 'width'. lapanit [lapánit] v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal maglapánit v . excoriate, scrape, scorch Nagatrabaho siya sa sirong san nagalapanit na init san adlaw. He is-working under the scorching heat of the sun. lapas [lápas] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglápas v . 1) trespass, transgress, go beyond a boundary Dili ka maglapas sa aton lindiro. Do not go-beyond our boundary. 2) violate, break (fig), infringe, disobey, breach Dili ka maglapas sa layi. Do not break the law. paralápas n . 1) violator, transgressor Sinda mismo an paralapas san inda sinabi. They themselves are-the violators of-what they said. 2) land grabber, swindler Si Arnel paralapas sin duta. Arnel is a grabber of land. lapaw [lápaw] v . MA-..-AN exp malapáwan be inundated, be flooded, be swamped, be engulfed. Refers to water which rises in a flood over a house or such or overflows a container An mga kabalayan nalapawan. The houses were-inundated. lapay1 [lapáy] n . spleen May dako na lapay an bata. The child has an enlarged spleen. lapay2 [lapáy] n . heron. Refers to a brownish heron of the tidal flats lapinig [lapínig] From: Ceb n . wasp lapis [lápis] From: Sp n . pencil Igwa ako didi sin lapis. I have a pencil here. cf: bolpin 'ballpen'. lapit [lápit] adj . HAhalápit adj . near, close, in close proximity Halapit lang didi an inda balay. Their house is just near here. Halapit siya sa akon. She is near to me. syn: harani 'near', apiki 'near'; Variant: halapít. maghalápit v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN- goal; I- acc. be nearing, be approaching, draw near, draw close Nagahalapit na sinda sa baryo. They were-nearing the village. Dili ka maghalapit sa akon. Do not draw-near to me. syn: harani 'draw near'; Variant: maghalapít. kahalápit n . nearness, closeness, proximity Usad lang ka kilomitro an kahalapit san amon balay sa lungsod. The nearness of our house to-the town was-only a kilometer. pagkahalapít n . closeness, nearness An pagkahalapit ninda wara magdugay. Their closeness did not last-long. lapok [lápok] From: Ceb n . mud, mire, muck Ayaw pagtamak sa lapok. Don't step in-the mud. malápok adj . muddy, mucky Malapok an dalan. The path is muddy. maglápok v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. muddy, make muddy. As for example, to muddy a field in preparation for planting rice Nagalapok si Juan san iya kabas-anan. Juan ismaking his ricefield muddy. syn: laboy 'mud'. lapos [lapós] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglapós v . 1) pierce, penetrate, puncture An bala naglapos sa lawas ni Francisco. The bullet pierced the body of Francisco. 2) go through An baboy naglapos sa kudal. The pig wentthrough the fence. syn: lagbas ‘pierce’, lagom1 , lusot . laptok [láptok] n . blister syn: lasu-laso 'blister'. lapulapo [lapulápo] n . grouper fish family Serranidae lapuyot [lapúyot] From: Ceb adj . MAmalapúyot adj . sticky Nano kay malapuyot an sabaw? Why is the broth sticky? kalapúyot n . stickiness Kitaon ko daw an kalapuyot san imo armidol. I ought to-see the stickiness of your starch. maglapúyot v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat; PA-..-AN goal. become sticky Nagalapuyot na an akon kalamay-hatik. My cocohoney is already becoming-sticky. lara [lára] n . poison Maluya an lara sani na lawa. The poison of-this spider is weak. malára adj . 1) poisonous Dili malara ini na sawa. This snake is not poisonous. 2) venomous adv . sarcastically, bitingly, ironically, derisively Malara an iya surmaton. His speech is venomous. Malara siya magsurmaton. He speaks sarcastically. 1) adj poisonous Dili malara ini na sawa. This snake is not poisonous. 2) adj venomous larga [lárga] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act maglárga v . leave, go away Nagalarga na sinda. They are-leaving now. magpalárga v . MAGPA- act; PA-..-ON pat. send away Nagpalarga kami sa iya didto sa pantalan. We sent him away there at-the wharf. largáhan n . departure San-o an imo largahan paAmerika? When is your departure for-Amerika? cf: hali 'from'. larom [laróm] adj . HIhilaróm adj . deep adv . deeply Hilarom ini na bubon. This well is deep. Nagaisip siya sin hilarom. He is-thinking deeply. kahilaróm n . depth, deepness Ano an kahilarom sani na suba? What is the depth of-this river? maghilaróm v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. deepen, become deep Nagahilarom an kali sana na bukid. That mountain gully is-becoming-deep. Variant: hidarom 'steep'; Variant: darom 'deep'; Variant: dalom ; Variant: hidalom 'deep'. las-ay [las-áy] adj . MAmalas-áy bland, insipid, tasteless, mild Malas-ay an inda sorbitis. Their ice-cream is bland. lasa [lása] From: Tag n . taste Matam-is kag maarat an lasa sana The taste of-that is sweet and salty. syn: tilaw 'taste', timtim , rasa1 'taste', rami1 'taste'; Variant: rasa1 'taste'. lasan adj . surprise lasang [lásang] adj . oven dried. Describes rice/palay dried in an oven during wet season lasaw [lasáw] From: Ceb adj . MAmalasáw diluted, powdery, not sticky, light in consistency Malasaw an imo armidol. Your starch is powdery. lasik [lásik] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- exp maglásik v . rebound, bounce back, glance off. As of a rock thrown at something hard and bounces off

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l laso [láso] n . ribbon lastiko [lástiko] From: Sp n . rubber band, slingshot, strip of rubber Butuka an imo buhok sin lastiko. Bundle your hair with a rubberband. lasu-laso [lasu-lasô] n . blister Dako kag halapad an mga lasu-laso san napaso. The blisters of-a burn arelarge and wide. syn: laptok 'blister'. lat-ang [lat-áng] From: Ceb v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal maglat-áng v . miss, skip, overlook, fail to notice lat-ok [lát-ok] n . pustule, boil, pimple, furnucle, abscess Makikita sani na impeksyon an damu-damo na lat-ok. This infection shows very-many pustules. syn: tubig-tubig 'little blister'. lata1 [latâ] From: Hlg adj . overcooked, tender. As meat gets tender from long boiling lata2 [láta] From: Sp n . tin can Puruta ina na mga lata. Pick up those tin-cans. lináta adj . serving as a can Darahon mo didi an ulayan san linata na tubi. Bring the carrying-pole for the water cans. latad [látad] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: latag 'spread out'. ilátad v . sun bleach. Means to bleach clothes by spreading them out on bushes in the sun Ilatad mo an habol na puti. Sun-bleach the white blanket. syn: kula ; Variant: latag . latag [látag] From: Ceb; Hlg v [c4] . MAG ag; -ON pat Variant: latad 'sun bleach something'. maglátag v . spread, spread out Variant: latad . latak1 [látak] n . bleach maglátak v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. bleach, blanch, remove the color laták2 v [c2] . MAG- act maglaták v . strike the head with the hands, knock the head latay [látay] From: Hlg v [c6] . MAG-, MA- act; -ON pat; I- acc maglátay v . cross over on a bridge, go across ; bridge something, crawl over Habo siya maglatay sa kawayan. He does-not-want to-cross-over on-the bamboo pole. malátay v . will cross Malatay ako sa iya mga barahibo pakadto sa iya mata. I will-go-across his feathers to his eyes. latayán n . bridge Nabali an latayan na kawayan. The bamboo bridge was-broken. lati [láti] n . meadow latigo [latigó] n . whip, lash Himuson mo an akon latigo para sa mga kabayo. You keep my whip for the horses. latigúhon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be whipped, be flogged, be lashed, be thrashed Kun dili kamo magpuyo, latiguhon ko kamo. If you will not behave/be-quiet, I will-whip you. latik [latík] From: Ceb n . syrup. Refers to a syrup made from sugar and water or coconut milk. It is used to sweeten coffee and for pastries lato [látò] From: Ceb n . seaweed, gelatin. Eating this is said to be a remedy for goiter syn: lumot 'seaweed'. latob [latób] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat latubón v . whip, lash, flog Kaya sadto nilatob lugod kuno si Manay Diola. So-then Manay Diola really was-whipped at-that-time, it-was-said. cf: suntok . latoy [latóy] n . green beans, string beans Abunda sa portina an latoy. String-beans are-abundant in protein. latundan [latúndan] n . yellow banana. Refers to a six inch yellow banana which is one of the most important banana varieties in the Philippines syn: asluman 'green banana species', katundan 'green banana species'. law-ay [láw-ay] From: Ceb adj . MAmaláw-ay adj . lewd, obscene, lascivious, offensive to decency, indecent, immoral. Refers to thoughts, words, actions or pictures Dili ka magsurumaton sin mga malaw-ay. Do not speak with obscene words. magláw-ay v [c2] . MAG-exp. become obscene Nagaparalaw-ay an mga bado san mga babayi niyan. The dresses of the women today are becoming-obscene. lawa [láwà] n . spider Damu-damo na klasi an lawa. There-are-many kinds of spiders. lawa-láwa cobweb, spider web Silhigon mo an mga lawa-lawa. You sweep-out the cobwebs. lawanit [lawánit] n . particle board. Particle board is made from wood chips mixed with glue and rolled out in the form of a sheet like plywood. It is typically 4'x8' in size Iaparador mo ini na lawanit. You use this particle-board to-make-a-closet. lawas [láwas] From: Ceb n . body Atamanon mo an imo lawas. Take-care-of your body. kalawásan n . entire body, physical health. Also refers to plural bodies and the health condition of them Masakit an akon kalawasan. My entire-body is aching. lawasnón adj . bodily. Means pertaining to the body si Kristo may poder sa pag-ayo san aton sakit na lawasnon. Christ has power for healing our bodily sickness. laway [láway] n . saliva Nagaturo an iya laway kun nakakita sin ribusado. His saliva drips when he sees fried-shrimp. magláway v [c2] . MAG- act. retch, vomit, lose one's cookies syn: luda 'spit', luwa , suka1 'vomit', digwa 'retch', dul-ay 'vomit'. lawi [lawí] From: Ceb n . fish hook Variant: dawi 'fish hook'. manlawí v [c4] . MAGPAN-, MAN- act; -ON pat. fish with hook and line Nanlawi si Itay kagab-i. Father fished-with-a-hook-and-line last-night. pamalawí n . fishing rod, fishing pole Pira an gastos san imo pamalawi? How-much is the cost of your fishing-rod? magpamalawí v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. fish with a fishing rod Nagapamalawi sinda sa pantalan. They are-fishing-with-a-fishing-rod on-the wharf. parapamalawí n . rod fisherman, pole fisherman Bantayan mo an parapamalawi kay mabakal kita sin isda. You watch for the rod-fisherman because we will-buy some fish. syn: balakwit 'fishhook'.

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l lawig1 [láwig] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: kahalawíg. magláwig v . soak, immerse, saturate, marinate iláwig v . be soaked lawig2 [lawíg] n . length An lawig san buhay san ido dyis padose anyos. The life-span of-a dog is ten totwelve years. Variant: kahalawíg. halawíg adj . long Halawig an buhay sana na gurang na lalaki. The life of-that old man is long. maghalawíg v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. lengthen, extend, stretch out, elongate Sa huna ko lang nagahalawig an buhay sana na hukluban. In my opinion only, the life of-that witch islengthening. halawigón v . 1) be lengthened Halawigon mo an imo istorya. Let your story be-lengthened. 2) be deepened. Refers to breathing Halawigon mo an imo hinangos. Deepen your breathing. lawig3 [lawíg] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN loc; I- acc iláwig v . graze, browse, crop, nibble, forage Ilawig mo an karabaw sa kakugunan. You graze the water-buffalo in-the cogon-grass-field. lawigón n . tether. Refers to a rope for tying to a carabao or goat in order to lead them or restrain them or to control where they graze Magbakal ka sin walo ka dupa na lawigon. You buy eight arms-lengths of tether. paralawíg n . grazier, shepherd, herder. Refers to one who shepherds domestic animals Dili ba ikaw an paralawig san aton kakarabawan? Are you not the grazier of our carabao-herd? lawod [lawód] From: Ceb n . seaward nasalawód adj . at sea, out on the deep sea Nasalawod na an paraw. The sailboat already was-atsea. ilawód n . downstream area, seaward place, towards town place v [c9] . MAG- act; I- acc. go seaward. Refers to the direction away from the speaker, but especially refers to direction out to sea from land, or downstream on a river An mga hayop dapat higutan sa ilawod san suba. The animals must be-tied at-the downstream-area of-the river. Ilawod an sakayan. Cause the boat to-go-seaward. laya1 [layâ] n . mature coconut laya2 [layá] n . hand thrown fish net syn: ladlad3 . maglayá v [c2] . MAG- act. fish with a hand thrown fish net paglayá n . throwing a fish net, net throwing Damo siya sin nakuha na isda sa paglaya. He caught many fish by net-throwing. layag [láyag] From: Ceb n . sail Nagisi an layag san inda paraw. The sail of their sailboat was-torn. magláyag v [c8] . 1) sail Naglayag lang sinda hali sa Burias. They just sailed from Burias. 2) MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. sail away, go away, avoid something unpleasant Naglayag siya kay bigo sa pagkamuot ni Rita. He sailed-away because he was-frustated in hislove-for Rita. syn: layas ‘stowaway’. layas [láyas] From: Tag adj . stowaway Adi na an layas na bata. Here-comes the stowaway child. magláyas v [c7] . MAG- act; PA-..-ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. begone, get away, go away, run away Maglayas ka sa akon atubangan. Get out of my sight. layaw [láyaw] adj . undisciplined, unruly, uncontrollable, spoiled An tanan na kaanakan ni Elma mga layaw. All of Elma's children are unruly. magláyaw v [c2] . MAG act; PA-..-ON pat. become unruly Nagalayaw an anak san amon katakin. The child of our neighbor is-becoming-unruly. magpaláyaw v . allow to be unruly, allow to be undisciplined Dili maayo an magpalayaw sin bata. To allow a child to become-unruly is not good. laygay [láygay] From: Hlg n . advice syn: maymay 1 'advice'. magláygay v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. advise An mga doktor magalaygay sa pagplano san pamilya. The doctors will-advise on planning the family. pagláygay n . counsel, advice, counseling, advising An katuyuan sani na libro an paglaygay manungod san paglikay sa pagbudos. The purpose of this book is the advising concerning avoiding conception. layi [layí] From: Sp n . law Nano kay dili kita magsunod sa layi? Why do we not obey/follow the law? cf: reglamento 'regulation'. laylay [láylay] adj . dangling from the edge, hanging at the edge layláyon n . dangling part Gin-ilbana niya an laylayon san akon bado. She basted the danglinghemline of my dress. laymay [láymay] adj . MAmaláymay adj . convalescing, recovering, recuperating Nagalaksi na an malaymay na bata. The convalescing child is-becoming-active now. kaláymay n . convalescence, recuperation magláymay v [c2] . MAG- act. recuperate, convalesce, recover layog1 [láyog] n . 1) flight 2) ambition, aspiration Hataas an iya layog. He is very ambitious. magláyog v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. fly, soar Nagalayog na an akon borador. My kite is-soaring already. syn: lupad 'fly'. layog2 [láyog] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magláyog v . buffet, shake severely syn: palid . layos [láyos] v [c2] . MAKA- act makaláyos v . able to pass Nakalayos na siya sa kamatayon pakadto sa buhay. He is-able-to-pass death to-go to life. syn: lagpas , lampas 'pass by'. letkomer [létkomer] From: Eng n . late arrival. Refers to persons who are late for meetings Kamo na mga letkomerz, wara kamo makaabot san amon una na liksyon. All you late comers, you were not ableto-arrive for-the first-part of our lesson. Levi [Lévi] n . Levi. A personal name liaw [lîaw] v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- ben. maglîaw v . comfort, relax, lounge Nagaliaw ako. I am-lounging. ilîaw v . comfort someone for someone Iliaw anay ako sani na bata kay sigi an tangis. Comfort this child for-me for-awhile because he is continually crying. lìáwon v . be comforted Didi lang anay kamo kay liawon ko pa si Bing-bing. You-pl just wait-here for-awhile because I will still comfort Bing-bing. lìáwan n . recreation hall Dili ako nagakadto sa liawan. I do-not go to-a recreation-hall. paralîaw n . comforter Siya an paraliaw san mga mamundo. He is the comforter of-those-who arelonely. syn: libang . libadora [libadóra] From: Sp n . leaven, yeast, batter containing yeast. Refers to the ingredient used to raise dough, as for example, for hotcakes or rice cakes Batihon mo an libadora antes hornohon. You beat the batter before baking. libak [libák] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglibák v . criticize, backbite, slander syn: tatsar 'criticize', yubit 'criticize'. maglibákan v . MAG-..-AN act. slander each other Basi maabtan ko kamo na nagririlibakan. Perhaps I will-arrive-at your-place as-you are-slandering-each-other. panglibák n . criticism, slander, disparagement, denigration, censure Nakaaram sinda panglibak. They know-how to-criticize. paralibák n . slanderer, backbiter, criticizer An mga babayi dapat dili paralibak. The women must not be-slanderers. libang [libáng] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglibáng v . amuse, relax, loaf libangán n . recreation place, amusement center, resting place Ini na lugar nahimo na libangan san gurang. This place was-made a resting-place by-the old woman. libángon v . be amused, be diverted, be comforted, be sympathetic Libanga anay an bata agod magpuyo. Let the child be amused for-awhile so-that he-will-be-quiet. syn: liaw , lingaw . libat [líbat] adj . cross eyed Nano kay dili ka naluluoy sana na libat na bata? Why do you not pity that cross-eyed child? n . cross eyed one Dili ka magtiwala sa libat. Do not trust the cross-eyed-one. maglíbat v [c2] . become cross eyed Nano kay nagalibat ka na? Why-are you now becomingcross-eyed? magpalíbat v [c6] . MAGPA- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. make cross eyed Magpalibat ka. Make yourself cross-eyed. libentador [libentadór] From: Sp n . firecracker Variant: ribentador. lólo na libentadór giant firecracker libo [líbo] adj . thousand Ginpahuram ko siya sin isad ka libo ka puso san mais. I lent him one thousand ears of corn. libo-líbo adj . many thousands Libo-libo na an nagugutom didi sa aton lungsod. Many-thousands are-starving already here in our town. nilíbo v [c14] . in the thousands, by the thousands Nilibo an inda ganansya sa negosyo. Their gain in business is in-the-thousands. Variant: linibo; Variant: rinibo.

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l libod [líbod] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat libúdon v . be gone around, be encircled Libudon mo an lungsod. Go-around the town. syn: libot 'around'. maglíbod v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. peddle, huckster, market. Means to carry things around to the villages to sell Maglibod ka sin bulinaw. You peddle some anchovies. paralíbod n . traveling salesman Bantayan mo an paralibod sin banig kay mabakal kita sin isad. You watch for the mat traveling-salesman because we will-buy one. patalibod adv . around Maski gab-i sigi la an lakat patalibod san lungsod wara man sin tuyo. Even at night he just walked around the city without any purpose. libon [libón] n . buri sack. Refers to a sack made from the fiber of the buri palm Suludi na la ini na libon san imo humay. Just put your unhusked-rice into this buri-sack. libot [líbot] From: Ceb adj . round syn: libod . maglíbot v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. tour, go around, travel around Magalibot kami sa kalibutan. We will-tour the world. paglíbot adv . going around Gin-updan man niya ako paglibot san inda iskwelahan. He also escorted me going-around their school. paralíbot n . traveling salesman, traveling representative Adi an paralibot sin bulong. Here is the medicine salesman. palíbot adv . around Naglakat siya palibot sa balay. He walked around the house. palibútan v [c15] . MAGPA- ag; PA-..-ON pat; PA-..-AN goal; IPA- acc. be encircled, be surrounded, be enclosed Palibutan mo an aton balay sin alambri. Surround our-incl house with barbed wire. syn: sirkuluhon 'encircle'. kalibútan n . world, earth, universe Isad lang an Dios sa kalibutan. There-is only one God of-the earth. libre [líbre] From: Sp adj . free Libre ako sa trabaho sa balay. I am-free of-the household chores. librehón v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- ben. be saved, be rescued. Means to save something from danger Librehon mo kami sa gutom. Save us from hunger. syn: ligtas . ilíbre v . treat, pay for, pick up the tab. Refers to treating friends to merienda or a snack Ilibre mo kami sin snack. Treat us to a snack. makalíbre v . MAKA- exp. release, free, liberate Nakalibre na siya sa prisohan. He was-released already from the prison. palibrehón v . MAGPA- ag; PA-..-ON pat. be excused, be freed, be liberated Palibrehon mo ako sa guruna. Excuse me from weeding. libreta [libréta] From: Sp n . small book, prayer book libréta de bánko bank book, account record book. Refers to the small record book issued by banks to depositors to enable them to keep track of their deposits and withdrawals libro [líbro] From: Sp n . book, tome, volume Darha ini na libro. Bring this book. lidir [lídir] From: Eng n . leader liga [lígà] v [c2] . MAG- exp maglígà v . feel dizzy, feel disoriented, feel unbalanced syn: lula , atipuyong 'dizzy'. ligad [lígad] n . passed time, elapsed time Damo na bulan an ligad. Many months are what passed. syn: liwas 'passing of time'. maglígad v [c2] . MAG-, MAKA- act. pass by, elapse, glean Nagligad na an tulo ka semana pero wara pa siya mag-abot. Three weeks have-passed already but he has-not arrived yet. makalígad v . able to pass Nakaligad na mga katorse na ka tuig. About 14 years have already passed. ligádan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. overlook, fail to notice, ignore Dili niya liligadan an iyo pagpagal. He will not fail-to-notice your struggle. pakalígad adv . after passed Pakaligad san pira ka adlaw nagbalik si Juan. After a few days passed Juan returned. ligay-ligay [ligay-lígay] n . swollen saliva glands. Refers to glands swollen from mumps Masakit an ligayligay sa liog. The saliva-glands in-the neck are-painful. makaligay-lígay v [c2] . MAKA- exp. enlarge saliva glands Nakakalintura kag nakaligay-ligay ini. This can-cause-fever and cause-saliva-glands-to-enlarge. ligid [lígid] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; MA- pat; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglígid v . roll, unroll, rotate, revolve, turn over Nagligid-ligid siya paubos san hagdan. He keptrolling down the stairs. malígid v . be rolled Oo, pero may bes naligid sa lab-ugan. Yes, but there-were times when he was-rolled in-a wallow/mud-hole. paligid-ligídon v . roll over and over Paligid-ligidon dayon siya sa duta. Immediately roll him over-and-over on-the ground. cf: lukot , balikutot ; syn: likid . ligis1 [ligís] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magligís v . crush finely, mash Magligis ka sin asin. You crush the salt finely. ligis2 [ligís] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG-, MAKA- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc makaligís v . run over, roll over. Refers to running over something with an instrument as for example with a vehicle Nakaligis siya sin ido. He ran-over a dog. ligtas [lígtas] From: Tag v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc maglígtas v . save, free, rescue An hamtik nagligtas san salampati. The ant saved the dove. kaligtásan n . salvation, deliverance, rescue Ginhatagan mo kami sin kaligtasan. You have-givento us salvation. paralígtas n . savior, rescuer, deliverer, redeemer, knight in shining armor Gin-ako ko siya bilang paraligtas mismo sadto na tuig. I accepted him as savior that same year. syn: libre 'free'. ligto [ligtô] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc ligtûan v . be broken off, be damaged, be busted Ginligto ni Juan an lapis ko. My pencil wasbroken-off by Juan. syn: bari . liha [líhà] From: Sp n . sandpaper Magbakal ka sin liha. You buy some sandpaper. paralíhà n . sander, one in charge of sanding Si Jose an paraliha san bangko. Jose is in-charge-ofsandpapering the bench. lihâon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be sandpapered, be smoothed with sandpaper Lihaon mo an bangko. You sandpaper the bench. papél de líha n . sandpaper. Translated literally it means, 'paper for sanding' lihi [lihî] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat maglihî v . conceive. Refers to the fertilizing of the egg in the womb and the first three months of pregnancy syn: pangidam 'conceive'. lihìón v . be conceived An duha na bata na ginlihi ni Rosa usad lang an ama. The two children who were-conceived by Rosa had just one father. lihog [líhog] adv . politely palíhog please, be kind enough, make me happy Palihog man paghatag sani kan Miriam. Please give this to Miriam. likay [likáy] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat maglikáy v . beware, avoid, shun, evade, be cautious, be wary Maglikay kamo sa tintasyon. Beware of temptation. malikáy adj . careful, wary, cautious, vigilant, watchful Malikay siya sa iya pagsurumaton. She is careful in her speech. syn: ikmat . paglikáy n . avoidance, evading, evasion, dodging Sayang an iya paglikay sa mga tawo. His avoidance of-the people was-in-vain. likid [líkid] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglíkid v . roll up cf: ligid . likido [líkido] From: Eng n . liquid, fluid Tagaan mo lang siya sin likido imbes na pagkaon. You just give him liquid instead-of solid-food. liklik [liklík] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act magliklík v . sneak about, go roundabout liko [likô] From: Ceb v [c9] . MAG- act; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat maglikô v . turn and go Nagliko siya pawala kag nawara. He turned left and was-gone. liku-likô adj . winding, curving, twisting, zigzag. Refers to roads or paths Liku-liko ini na kamino. This is a winding highway. pagliku-likô adv . winding. As a highway winds up a mountain side Pag-abot naton sa kilomitro tres, magatuna na kita pagliku-liko hasta sa Kasa Berdi. Upon reaching kilometer three, we will-start winding until reaching the Green House. likûan n . curve, bend, turn. Refers to a curve or bend in a road Igwa sin likuan dida sa unahan. There-is a curve there ahead. likod [likód] n . back, rear Nagasakit an akon likod. My back is-aching. likudán n . rear area, backyard Adto siya sa likudan san balay. He is there at-the backyard of-the house. magpalikód v [c7] . MAGPA- exp; MAGPA-..-AN goal; IPA- acc. put in back, put at the rear Habo siya magpalikod. He does-not-like to-be-put-at-the-back. liksyon [liksyón] From: Sp n . lesson, lecture, tutorial Mag-adal ka san imo liksyon. You study your lesson. magliksyón v [c7] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. teach a lesson, lecture Si Mrs. Reyes wara sa amon magliksyon kahapon. Mrs. Reyes did not teach us a-lesson yesterday.

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l liku-liko [liku-likô] adj . winding, twisting, zigzaging cf: liko . likuan [likûan] n . curve, bend, turn. Refers to a bend in a path or road cf: liko . lila [líla] From: Sp adj . purple, light violet Paborito niya an kolor na lila. Her favorite is the purple color. maglíla v [c2] . MAG- exp. become purple Naglila an iya bado na asul. Her blue dress has become-purple. magpalíla v [c6] . MAGPA- ag; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. dye purple Si Marian nagapalila san iya palda na puti. Marian is-dying her white skirt purple. syn: magpatina 'dye purple'. lim-aw [lím-aw] n . puddle, water hole lima [limá] adj . five Lima na ka tawo an nagloko sa imo. There are already five persons who deceived you. maglimá v [c5] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal. become five Magalima na kami sa balay tuna buwas. We will-become-five in-the house beginning tomorrow. ikalimá adj . fifth Quiapo an ikalima na estasyon. The fifth station is Quiapo. limáhan adj . suitable for five limas [limás] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat maglimás v . bail water, remove water limasón v . be bailed out Linimas ni Jose an tubi sa baruto. The water in-the fishing-canoe wasbailed-out by Jose. limbaong [limbàóng] n . potholes. Refers to holes in the street paving limbas [límbas] v [c4] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat malímbas v . pan wash. Refers to sloshing gravel in a pan to reveal any gold or other mineral nuggets mixed in it Malimbas kami sin oro. We will-pan for gold. limitado [limitádo] From: Sp adj . limited Limitado ba an poder san gobyirno? Is the power of-the government limited? limon [limón] From: Sp n . lemon Pugai sin limon an imo irok agod mawara an baho. Squeeze lemon on your armpit in-order to-take-away the foul-odor. limos [limós] From: Sp n . alms Naghatag ako sin limos sa mga ilo. I gave some alms to-the orphans. Variant: límos. makililímos n . beggar Parasugal ina na makililimos. That beggar is a gambler. maglimós v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. give alms, make a contribution Maglimos kita sa napatyan. Let us give-alms to-the bereaved-family. magpalimós v . MAGPA- act; PA-..-AN goal. beg, solicit, ask for, request, supplicate An magasawa na buta nagapalimos sin pagkaon. The blind couple is-begging for food. parapalimós n . beggar, vagabond, tramp, hobo, drifter Makaluluoy an hitsura san parapalimos. The appearance of-the beggar is pityful. límos n . Variant: limos 'alms'. limot [límot] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAKA- ag; MAKA-..-AN goal; -ON pat; -AN goal; KA-..-AN pat; Iacc kalimtí v . forget, overlook Pedro, ayaw ini kalimti. Pedro, do-not forget this. pagkalímot n . forgetfulness, absent mindedness, amnesia Grabe gayod an akon pagkalimot, kaya wara ako makakadi. My forgetfulness was-very great, so I failed to-come. syn: pagkalipat 'forgetfulness'. malimtánon adj . forgetful, absent-minded, day dreaming, scatterbrained Malimtanon ini na bata. This child is forgetful. limpoy adj . Variant: lampoy 'shady'. limpya v [c8] . Variant: limpyo 'clean something'. limpyo [límpyo] From: Sp adj . clean, spotless, dirt free Limpyo an inda kosina. Their kitchen is clean. Variant: malimpyo. paralímpyo n . cleaner, janitor Kamo niyan an paralimpyo. You-plural are the cleaners today. paglímpyo n . cleaning Dili maayo an imo paglimpyo. Your cleaning is not good. limpyuhán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. clean something Limpyuhi sin maayo an balay. Clean the house very-well. cf: linis ; Variant: limpya. limugmog [limugmóg] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc maglimugmóg v . gargle something Maglimugmog ka sin Bactidol agod magkupos an imo tonsil. You gargle-with some Bactidol so-that your tonsils will-shrink/deflate. pagalimugmóg n . gargling Uruadlaw an iya pagalimugmog sin suka. His gargling-with vinegar is daily. panglimugmóg n . mouthwash Listerine an iya panglimugmog. His mouthwash is Listerine. liná-gà adj . Variant: la-ga 'stewed'. linabhan [linabhán] n . laundered clothes cf: laba1 . linaw1 [línaw] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat maglínaw v . become calm, become tranquil, become serene Nagalinaw na an dagat. The sea isbecoming-calm now. kalínaw n . peace, calmness, tranquility, serenity Wara siya sin kalinaw sa buhay. He has no peace in life. malínaw adj . 1) calm. Refers to the weather Malinaw an panahon. The weather is calm. linaw2 [línaw] From: Tag adj . clear. Refers to clear liquid like water malínaw clear Malinaw ini na tubi. This water is clear. malínaw an máta can see clearly Gurang-gurang na an akon lolo pero malinaw pa an mata. My grandfather is already very-old but he can still see-clearly. lindero [lindéro] From: Sp n . border, boundary, edge, rim, perimeter. Refers to the borders of land Ina an lindero san aton duta. That is the boundary of our-incl land. lingat [lingát] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act maglingát v . muse, look around, day dream. Means not paying attention, distracted Nano kay nagalingat ka? Why-are you day-dreaming? lingatán adj . MA-, -AN. ill behaved, unruly, aimless Lingatan gad man ina na bata. That child really is not-well-behaved. cf: kiat 'aimless'. lingat-lingat [lingat-lingát] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc maglingat-lingát v . look all around, look in all directions Maglingat-lingat ka kay basi may nagatago na makawat. You look-around for there might be a thief hiding. cf: lingi-lingi 'turn'. lingatan [lingátan] adj . ill behaved, unruly, aimless cf: lingat .

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l lingaw [lingáw] v [c4] . MAKA-, MAGKA- act; -ON pat lingawón v . be amused, be distracted, be relaxed, avert the eyes syn: libang 'amuse'. linggwahi [linggwáhi] From: Sp n . language, speech Nakakaintyindi ako sin unom na linggwahi. I canunderstand six languages. syn: surmaton 'word'. linghod [línghod] From: Ceb adj . 1) unripe, immature, not fully developed. Refers to fruits and vegetables Ayaw pagpudua ina na bayabas kay linghod pa man. Do not pick that guava for that is still unripe. 2) puerile, young, childish. Refers to humans Linghod pa an akon anak. My child is still immature. syn: putot1 ‘short’. lingi [lingî] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON goal; I- ben maglingî v . turn head to see Naglinge siya kag nag-istorya. He turned-the-head-to-see and spoke. lingìón v . 1) turn and look at something Ginlinge niya an babayi. He turned-and-looked-at the woman. 2) look back Lingion mo an imo ginhalian. Look-back-at where you came-from. 3) remember, be thankful Lingion mo an imo mga maestra. Be-thankful to your female-teachers. ilingî v . turn and look to benefit someone. Refers to an action done for the benefit of someone Ilinge anay ako sana na tawo kay sigi an kakatawa. Turn-and-look-at that person for-me because the laughter continues. paglingî n . turning to look Nagin asin siya san paglinge sa nasunog na syudad. He became salt upon turning-to-look at-the burning city. maglíngi-lingì v . wag head from side to side, shake head from side to side lingi-lingi v . turn lingu_lingo v . wag_head lingu-lingo [lingu-lingô] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc ant: tangu-tango 'shake head up and down'. maglingu-lingô v . wag the head syn: kiri-kiri 'wag head'. kalingu-lingô n . head wagging Dili namon mahunga kay sigi an kalingu-lingo. We could not question him because he continues the wagging-of-his-head. paglingu-lingô n . wagging of the head An iya paglingu-lingo nagakahulugan na siya habo. His wagging-of-his-head means that he does not-want-it. linibo v [c14] . Variant: libo 'in the thousands'. linis [línis] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- ben linísan v . clean something Linisan mo an lamisa. You clean the table. paglínis n . cleaning, smoothness Hanga ako sa iyo paglinis. I admired your cleaning. paralínis n . cleaner, janitor. Refers to a person who cleans Mahigos ini na paralinis. This cleaner is industrious. malínis adj . smooth, clean Malinis an iya bayhon. Her face is smooth. malínis an púso adj . good hearted Malinis an puso ni Juan. Juan is good-hearted. ilínis v . clean for someone. Refers to cleaning to benefit someone else Ilinis man ako sani na akon pantalon kay gamiton ko. Please clean these pants for-me because I will-use-them. linísan v . be cleaned Ginalinisan na ni Miriam an kaldero. The pot is-being-cleaned by Miriam. syn: limpyo 'clean'. linog [línog] n . earthquake, quake, tremor May linog san isad ka gab-i. There-was-an earthquake the other night. maglínog v [c4] . MAG- exp; -ON pat. quake, tremble, shake, shudder Nagalinog niyan sa Mindanao. There-is-earthquaking now in Mindanao. linta [líntà] n . leech May mga linta sana na kabas-anan. There-are leeches in-that rice-paddy. linti [línti] n . lightning Taudtaod gumulpi an linti sunod an dalugdog. Later-on there-was suddenly lightning followed-by thunder. syn: kilat 'lightning', kidlat 'lightning', idlap 'lightning'. linya [línya] From: Eng n . line. May refer to a line on paper, a power line or a queue of people Nautod an amon linya sa telepono. Our telephone line was-cut. maglínya v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. form a line, draw a line Dili kamo dida maglinya. Do not form your line there. liog [lióg] From: Ceb n . neck Nano kay binalbag mo siya sa liog? Why did you beat him on-the neck? lìugón v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be forced, be obliged. Usually implies the use of physical force Liugon mo si Juan na pakasalan si Celia. You force Juan to-marry Celia. lip-ot [líp-ot] adj . HAhalíp-ot adj . short, skimpy Halip-ot kaayo an imo palda. Your skirt is very short. ant: laba1 'length'. paghalíp-ot adv . briefly, in a short time Gin-isplikar niya paghalip-ot an istorya. He explained the story briefly. maghalíp-ot v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. shorten, become short, shrink Nagahalip-ot na an imo bado. Your dress is-shrinking already. halip-útan v . be shortened, be abridged Halip-utan mo an imo palda. Let your skirt be-shortened. kahalíp-ot n . shortness Usad lang ka sintimitro an kahalip-ot san iya buhok. His hair is only one centimeter long. syn: hamubo . lipak [lipák] n . striplings Butukan mo ako sin isad ka gatos na lipak san kawayan. You bundle one hundred striplings of bamboo for-me. lipas [lípas] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act; PA-..-ON pat. maglípas v . pass time, subside. The basic meaning of this word is concerned with the passing of time. The latter meaning applies to appetite, desire or emotion Tulo na ka bulan an naglipas tuna san maglayas siya. Three months have-passed already since he ran-away. palipáson v . time be passed Palipason ta anay an duha ka simana antis kita malarga. Two weeks will-be-passed by-us-incl first before we can-leave. pakalípas adv . after time passed Pakalipas sin pira ka adlaw nagbalik si Juan. After a few days passed Juan came-back. paglípas n . passing. Refers to the passing of time Wara ko namangnuhi an paglipas san panahon. I did-not notice the passing of time. palipásan n . past time lipat1 [lipát] v [c2] . MA- act malipát v . forget, overlook, not remember Nalipat ako san imo tugon. I forgot your instruction. pagkalipát n . forgetfulness, absent mindedness, daydreaming, amnesia An pagkalipat dili nabubulong. Forgetfulness cannot be-cured. syn: pagkalimot 'forgetfulness'. malipatón adj . forgetful, absent-minded Malipaton si Jorna. Jorna is forgetful. lipat2 [lipát] v [c6] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat; I- acc/ben lipatón v . be deceived, be tricked, be distracted Lipaton mo an gurang na babayi. You distract the old woman. malipát v . 1) be mistaken, be wrong, be incorrect, be inexact, be inaccurate Dili ka malipat pagsabat sa Gobirnador. Do not be-mistaken in-answering the Governor. 2) be unconscious, be out like a light, be senseless Nalipat na ako san pag-abot niyo. I was already unconcious when you arrived. lipay [lípay] adj . MA-, MA-..-ON malípay adj . happy, joyful, merry Malipay ako niyan. I am-happy today. kalípay n . happiness makalípay v [c4] . MAKA-, MAGKA- act; -ON pat. please, delight, gladden, satisfy Maghimo kita sin mga bagay na makalipay sa aton kapwa. We will-do things that can-please our fellowmen. magkalípay v . MAG-, MAGKA- act. rejoice, celebrate, revel, exult, be glad Magkalipay kita sa buhay na ginhatag sa aton. Let us-incl rejoice in-the life which was-given to us-incl. kalipay-lípay adj . very happy magpalípay v . MAGPA- act; PA-..-ON pat. make happy, give joy, please, cheer up Siya an nagpalipay sa akon. It-was-she who delighted me. syn: sadya 'happy'. lipod1 [lipód] n . deception, evasion of truth maglipód v [c2] . MAG- act. deceive, evade the truth. Usually done to protect oneself lipod2 [lipód] v [c7] . MAG- exp; MA-..-AN pat; -AN goal; I- acc malipúdan v . be hidden, be shielded Nalipudan san bukid an adlaw. The sun is-hidden by-the mountain. syn: salipod 'shield', tago 'hide'. lipong1 [lípong] adj . wonderful v [c8] . MA- exp malípong v . MAG-, MA- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be puzzled, be mystified, be bewildered, be confused Nalilipong ako kun nano an akon isabat sa iya. I was-puzzled what to-answer him. maglípong v . be confused, be bewildered, be befuddled, be perplexed, feel dizzy, be foolish, be tipsy Nagalipong an iya ulo. His head is-befuddled. lipúngon v . be tormenting, be harassing, be pestering Dili mo ako paglipungon. Do not betormenting me. malipúngan v . MA-, MA-..-AN exp. puzzle, wonder May mga nalilipungan na mga tawo kun parapanday siya. There-are people who are-wondering whether he is a carpenter. lipong2 [lípong] From: Ceb adj . dizzy pagkalípong n . dizziness Wara na an iya pagkalipong. His dizziness is gone already. adj . malípong an úlo1 say. irritable Malipong an ulo ni Nilo. Nilo is irritable. lipot [lipót] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act maglipót v . go behind Maglipot ka sa luyo san balay kay adto an imo tsinelas. You go-behind the other-side of-the house because your slippers are there. syn: talibod 'turn around'.

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l liproso [lipróso] From: Sp n . leprosy Masyado makatapon an liproso. Leprosy is very communicable. liprosóhon n . leper adj . leperous Minsan igwa'n liprosohon na nag-apiki sa iya. Once there-was a leper who approached him. Liprosohon ina na tawo. That man is leperous. lisa [lisá] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc lisahón v . be dislocated Lisahon ko an imo mga butkon. I will-dislocate your arms. nalisá adj . dislocated Wara ako sin nalisa na tul-ang. I have-no dislocated bones. Ginsiminto an iya nalisa na tuhod. His dislocated knee was-encased-in-a-cast. lisang [lísang] adj . MAmalísang distraught, upset, disturbed, distressed, emotionally unstable. Means unable to think clearly because of strain Nalisang siya kay habo magtuman san ginapahimo sa iya. He is distraught because he doesn't-want to-obey what is-being-given to him to-do. lisinsya [lisínsya] From: Sp n . license, pirmet, authorization, certification. Refers to the authorization to drive, carry a gun, and so on, given by a government liskay [lískay] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal maglískay v . ransack, search frantically syn: utingkay ; Variant: uliskay 'ransack'. liso1 [líso] n . seed, bead Damo sin liso an atis. The atis-fruit has-many seeds. syn: pisog 'seed'. liso2 [lísò] v [c2] . MAG- act maglísò v . turn around, twist the body, turn the body. Refers to doing this while standing or sitting stationary lisod [lisód] adj . MA- pat malisód adj . difficult, laborious, hard Malisod an iksamin. The examination is difficult. syn: dipisl 'difficult', makuri 'difficult'. kalisód n . persecution Nabatyagan niya an grabi na kalisod. He felt tremendous persecution. kalisdánan n . hardship, difficulty Damo na an kalisdanan na akon naagihan. I have already encountered many hardships. lisudón v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc. make difficult Lisudon ko an iyo iksamin. I will-make your exam difficult. maglisód v . struggle, strain, make a great effort Nagalisod siya pagginhawa. He is-struggling tobreathe. lista [lísta] From: Sp n . list magpalísta v [c2] . MAGPA- act. enroll, enlist, register, sign up Ginapirit gayod ako ninda na magpalista na. They really pressured me to-enroll now. tigpalistáhan n . enrollment time, registration time Nag-abot an tigpalistahan san eskwela. The enrollment-time of-the school arrived. listo [lísto] adj . alert, clever, cunning, intelligent, prompt, responsive ant: gandol 'listless'; syn: intilihinti 'intelligent', mautok 'intelligent'. kalistuhán n . intelligence, cleverness, aptitude, acumen An kalistuhan san mga listo akon papawaraan sin pulos. The intelligence of-the clever-people I will-cause-to-be-without value. syn: kadunungan 'intelligence'. lit-ag [lít-ag] n . snare, trap manlít-ag v [c2] . MAG- ag; MANG- ag. snare something, trap something An hilig gayod niya an manlit-ag kag mangayam. What he really liked-was the trapping and hunting. litgit [lítgit] n . swallow shrike bird. The swallow shrike is a medium sized bird with a gray back, white breast and short bill which roosts in large numbers on power lines near fields being harvested in order to swoop out to catch insects which fly up from the fields litik [litík] adj . 1) cracked 2) mentally deranged maglitík v [c2] . MAG- exp. crack, split litik-litík adj . insane, foolish syn: buang 'insane'. litra [lítra] From: Sp n . alphabet letter, symbol. Refers to a letter of the alphabet Kitaa kun nano ini na litra. See what letter this is. pagkalítra n . lettering, symbolizing Sala an iya pagkalitra. His lettering is wrong. paralítra n . letterer, sign maker. Refers to one who works in a sign shop Nagahanap kami sin paralitra. We are-looking for a letterer. maglítra v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. letter Siya an naglitra san pangaran san amon iskwilahan. He is the-one-who lettered the name of our school. litro [lítro] n . liter, one thousand milliliters. Refers to a unit of measurement in the metric system. A liter is equivalent to one cubic decimeter or .908 quarts dry measure or 1.057 quarts liquid measure. Kuhaon anay an usad ka litro san tubig. First get one liter of water. litson [litsón] From: Sp n . roasted meat, barbecued meat. Refers to a whole pig or chicken roasted on a spit Igwa sinda sin duha na litson. They have two roasted-meats. paralitsón n . barbecuer Darahon mo an baboy didto sa paralitson. Take the pig there-(distant) tothe barbecuer. syn: litsonéro 'barbecuer'. maglitsón v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; IPA- acc. barbecue, roast Nagalitson sinda sin manok. They are-barbecuing a chicken. litsunón v . be barbecued San-o nimo litsunon an imo baboy? When will your pig be-barbecued by-you? litsunán n . barbecue place, barbecue pit Damo an tawo sa litsunan ni Tata Eko. There-are-a-lot-of people at the barbecue-pit of Tata Eko. litsonero [litsonéro] From: Sp n . barbecuer cf: litson 'roasted meat'; syn: paralitson 'barbecuer'. litsonéro n . barbecuer liwan1 [liwán] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- ben liwanán v . change clothes, clothe, dress up Liwanan mo an imo manghod. Change-the-clothes on your sibling. liwánan n . change of clothes Wara siya sin liwanan. He has-no change-of-clothes. maliwán adj . fond of changing clothes Maliwan gayod ini na bata. This child is really fond-ofchanging-clothes. magliwán v . change a piece of clothing Adto si Ruben sa sulod nagaliwan pa san iya bado. Ruben is there inside still changing his shirt. iliwán v . change, replace Iliwan anay ako san amon bintana kay sira na. First change our-excl window for me because it is damaged already. liwan2 [liwán] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc liwanán v . pay to someone Liwanan mo ini na kwarta buwas. Pay-them this money tomorrow. syn: balyo 'exchange'. liwanag [liwánag] From: Tag n . light Nakikita mo an liwanag hali sa langit? Can you see the light from heaven? paliwánag n . explanation, enlightenment, clarification, elucidation Maayo an iya paliwanag. His explanation is good. syn: pagpahayag 'explanation'. paliwanágon v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. brighten something Paliwanagon ta ini na kwarto. Let us brighten this room. ipaliwánag v . MAGPA- ag; PA-..-AN goal; IPA- acc. explain something Ipaliwanag mo sa amon an imo gusto sabihon. You explain to us what you mean (what you want to-say). maliwánag adj . 1) lighted Maliwanag an inda balay. Their house is lighted. 2) clear Maliwanag an iya paliwanag. His explanation is clear. 3) smiling, lit up, cheery, happy Maliwanag an iya bayhon. Her face is smiling. liwanan [liwánan] n . change of clothes cf: liwan1 . liwas [líwas] v [c2] . MAG- exp; PA-..-ON pat maglíwas v . 1) v pass time Nagliwas na an piyista. The fiesta is-finished (passed in time). syn: ligad ‘passed time’. 2) adj previous time Adi siya san nagliwas na semana. He was-here the previous (passed) week. paglíwas n . passing of time Wara ko na mamangnuhi an pagliwas san mga bulan. I no-longer notice the passing of-the months. syn: lipas , ligad 'passed time'. liwat [liwát] adv . again, already Adi ka na liwat. You are-here again. liwatón v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; IPA- acc. be repeated Liwaton mo an imo pagsurumaton. Repeat your sentence. magliwát v . do over again Nagaliwat ni Allan san iya ginsurat kay nasala. Allan did his writtennote over-again because it-was-wrong. syn: otro . pagliwát n . repetition, repeating An pagliwat sin trabaho nagakinahanglan sin dubli na oras. The repetition of-a job requires double time. liyon [liyón] From: Sp n . lion liyon-liyón imitation lion Igwa man didto sin liyon-liyon. There-was also there an imitation-lion.

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l lola [lóla] From: Sp n . grandmother Wara ko makita an akon lola. I have-not seen my grandmother. syn: apo1 'grandparent'. maglóla v [c2] . MAG- act. call someone grandmother n . grandmother and grandchild Maglola ka sa akon. You call me grandmother. Ada na an maglola. The grandmother-and-her-grandchild are already there. cf: lolo 'grandfather'. lolo [lólo] From: Sp n . grandfather An akon lolo amo an naging tresuraro. My grandfather is the-one-who became treasurer. kalulululúhan ancestor, great-great-grandfather Wara ko masusugi an amon kalulululuhan. I cannot trace-back-to our-excl great-great-grandfather. cf: lola 'grandmother'; syn: apuyon 'ancestor', apo1 'grandparent'. longanisa [longanísa] From: Sp n . sausage. Refers to a sausage typical of the Philippines made from pork scraps loti [lóti] From: Sp n . house lot. Refers to a place to build a house or other structure lu-ang n . Variant: luang 'space'. luang [lùáng] adj . loose An iya bado luang sa liog. Her dress is loose at-the neck. syn: hubad , luga 'loose', haluag 'loose'; Variant: luga . n . space, interval, gap, opening An luang san iya bado bagay sa porma san iya bayhon. The neckopening of her dress is appropriate for-the shape of her face. Variant: lu-ang. lub-ok [lub-ók] v [c2] . MA- exp malub-ók v . become rotted, become spoiled, become decayed Asinan mo an isda agod dili malubok. Salt the fish so-that it will not become-spoiled. cf: mapan-os 'rotten food', yudo 'rotten fish', sira1 'damaged'; syn: bulok1 'rotten', dubok 'rotten', dunot1 1 'rotten'. lubad [lubád] From: Ceb adj . faded maglubád v [c3] . 1) MAG- exp; -AN pat. fade, run. Refers to the change of color of dyed material over time or due to heat Naglubad an iya bado. Her dress faded. 2) change attitude, change character, change personality An iya ugali wara maglubad. Her character did not change. lubadán v . be stained, be discolored Ayaw pag-isakot ina na bado ko kay basi kun lubadan ina. Don't mix that dress of-mine with-others because it-might-be-stained. malubadán v . be stained, be tarnished Nalubadan sin pula an akon puti na kamison. My white slip was-stained with red. syn: mantsa 'stain'. lubag [lúbag] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- ben maglúbag v . wring out Nagalubag na si Karol san nilabhan. Karol is-wringing-out the laundry. ilúbag v . wring out for someone Ilubag anay ako sani na habol kay ipalaypay ko. First wring-out this blanket for me because I will-hang-it-up-to-dry. lubágan v . be wrung out, be twisted Dili mo lubagan an akon bado. Isampay lang diritso. Don't wring-out my dress. Just hang it straight-up. paralúbag n . wringer. Refers to a person who wrings out clothes Si Jorna an paralubag san amon linabhan na habol. Jorna is the wringer of our laundered blanket. paglúbag n . wringing, twisting Makusog an iya paglubag san akon butkon. His twisting of my arm was-strong. lubay [lúbay] adj . flexible, limp, graceful. Pertains to actions such as dancing maglúbay v [c2] . MAG- exp. bend down, bend over (as plants bend) maglubay-lúbay v . sway, wave. Refers to trees or plants swaying in a wind lubi [lubí] n . coconut fruit, coconut tree Magbakal ka sin duha ka lubi. You buy two coconuts. Cocos nucifera kalubihán n . coconut grove Dako an inda kalubihan. Their coconut-grove is large. malubí adj . lots of coconut trees Malubi ini na isla. This island has-lots-of-coconuts. lublob [lublób] v [c9] . MAG- ag; I- acc maglublób v . immerse, submerge, seclude ilublób v . be immersed Ilublob ini sa malabinhod na tubig. Let this be-immersed in warm water. lubngan n . burial place lubnganan [lubngánan] n . grave, tomb Variant: lubong 'grave; cemetery'. lubog1 [lubóg] From: Ceb adj . MAmalubóg adj . murky, hazy, unclear, opaque Malubog an tubi. The water is murky. maglubóg v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. become murky Kun nagauran, an tubi sa sapa nagalubog. When it-is-raining, the water in-the brook becomes-murky. lubog2 [lubóg] From: Tag v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc maglubóg v . sink, submerge Nagalubog na an barko. The ship is-sinking already. cf: lumos ; syn: lunod , buntog1 , tunod 'sink', unlod 1 'sink'. malubóg adj . sunken Wara makuha an nalubog na barko. The sunken ship was-not recovered. lubong [lubóng] From: Ceb n . tomb Nagsuga siya sin kandila sa lubong san iya iloy. He lighted a candle at-the tomb of his mother. maglubóng v [c9] . MAG- ag; I- pat. bury, inter, entomb v . contract, draw in, pull in Si Cleto an nagalubong san patay na baboy. Si Cleto is the-one burying the dead pig. An giha nagalubong kun nagaginhawa pasulod an bata. The rib-cage contracts when the child breathes in. ilubóng v . bury Ilubong mo an patay na ido na babayi. You bury the dead female dog. lubungán n . grave, burial place, cemetery Nagkadto sinda sa lubungan. They went to-the cemetery. Variant: lubnganan 'grave'. (pl. rulubngán) luda [ludâ] n . spit, sputum, mucus, saliva Pahidon mo ina na luda sa salog. Wipe-up that spit on-the floor. syn: laway 'saliva', luwa ; Variant: lúdà. magludâ v [c8] . MAG- UM- act; -ON goal; -AN loc; I- pat, spit, expectorate Nagaluda siya sin dugo. He is-spitting-out blood. iludâ v . be spit out Iluda mo ina na ada sa baba mo kay karaot kitaon. Spit-out that which is there in your mouth because it-looks awful. ludàán v . spit on Nano kay niludaan mo ini na akon tsinilas? Why did you spit-on these flip-flops of-mine? lúdà n . Variant: luda 'spit'. ludog [ludóg] n . lump, bruise maludugán v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; MA-..-AN exp. be bruised Naludugan siya. He wasbruised. ludugán v . bruise someone Ludugan mo siya. Bruise him. syn: bukol2 'lump'. luga [lugâ] adj . HA- Variant: luang 'loose'. halugâ adj . loose syn: haluag 'loose'. halugàán v [c14] . -AN goal. loosen Halugaan an iya bado o yamit. Loosen his shirt or clothing. lugar [lugár] From: Sp n . 1) place, location, site, spot Amo ini an lugar san kalipay. This is the place of happiness. 2) opportunity, occasion, chance Amo na ini an lugar na mapatay ta siya. This is now the opportunity for us to-kill him. magpanglugar-lugár v [c7] . MAGPANG- act; -AN pat; I- acc. wander from place to place Nagpanglugar-lugar siya sa Masbate. He wandered-from-place-to-place in Masbate. lugarán v . give opportunity Lugaran ko ikaw pag-ila sa akon manghod na daraga. I will-give you an opportunity to-court my unmarried younger-sister. lugas [lúgas] From: Ceb n . grain Puruton mo an mga lugas san mais. Pick-up the grains of corn. lugaw [lúgaw] From: Ch n . gruel, porridge. Refers to rice or corn cooked soft Ayaw siya pagtagai sin matugas na pagkaon. Lugaw an maayo sa iya. Do not give him solid food. Gruel is good for him. syn: lunok 'rice gruel'. lugawón n . gruel ingredients, something to cook for porridge Maghanap ka sin lugawon. You look for something-to-cook-for-porridge. paralúgaw n . gruel cook Wara didi an amon paralugaw. Our porridge-cook is not here. maglúgaw v [c5] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc. cook gruel, cook porridge Nagalugaw si Lorito. Lorito is-cooking-porridge-gruel. lugdang [lúgdang] n . sediment, residue, dregs Ibu-bo ini hasta an lugdang sa surudlan. Pour this including the sediment into a container.

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l lugi [lúgì] From: Tag v [c2] . MA- exp malúgì v . lose, fail, go bankrupt adj . losing Nalulugi an inda tyindahan. Their store is-going-bankrupt. Gin-udong ninda an inda nalulugi na negosyo. They stopped their losing business. lugit [lúgit] n . copra cf: lukad 'coconut meat'. maglúgit v [c2] . MAG- act. make copra. This involves gathering coconuts, extracting the coconut meat from the husk, then drying the meat lugo v . shake lugod1 [lugód] From: Bkl lex part . 1) probably, maybe, perhaps Dili na lang lugod ako maintra. I probably will not join any-more. 2) hopefully Matuman lugod ini susog sa iyo pagtuod. Hopefully this will-be-fulfilled according to your faith. 3) really Tumurog lugod gihapon ako. I really slept again. 4) instead Dili maayo na kuhaon an pagkaon sa kabataan kag ibahog lugod sa kaiduan. It is not good to-take the food from-the children and feed-it instead to-the dogs. lugod2 [lúgod] From: Ceb n . scrub brush. Refers to something like a sponge, stone or hand towel with which to rub off dirt or the like Bato an iya ginagamit na lugod. He is-using a stone as a-scrubbrush. lugúdon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/loc; I- acc. rub off, scrub off Lugudon mo an imo buring sa bitiis. Rub-off the dirt on your leg. cf: haplos ; syn: bag-id , bagnos . lugom [lúgom] v [c14] . I- acc ilúgom v . soak Amo ini an twalya na ginlugom sa malabinhod na tubig. This is the towel which has-been-soaked in warm water. lugos [lúgos] v [c2] . MAG- ag; maglúgos v . force , compel, rape panlúgos n . rape, grabbing, usurping, forcing Panlugos an dimanda kuntra kan Juan. The case against Juan is rape. paralúgos n . rapist, usurper An bitay sa mga paralugos hihimuon buwas. The hanging of-the rapists will-be-done tomorrow. luha1 [lúhà] n . tears Pinahid niya an akon luha. He wiped-off my tears. Variant: luhâ. luhàán adj . teary Pirme lang luhaan an iya mga mata. Her eyes are-always teary. maglúhà v [c7] . MAG-, UM-, MANG-, exp; -ON, pat; I-, acc. shed tears, move or dissipate by tears Nano kay nagaluha ka? Why-are you shedding-tears? cf: magtangis 'cry'. luhâon v . dissipate something by tears Ginluha ko na lang an akon kaurit sa iya. My anger towards her was just dissipated-by-tears. ilúha v . remove by tears Iluha mo ina na puling sa imo mata. You remove that speck in your eye with-tears. luha2 [luhá] adj . dizzy syn: lula , liga . luhâ n . Variant: luha1 'tears'. luho [luhô] n . hole, aperture. May be in the ground or elsewhere Igwa dida sin luho. There-is a hole there. syn: lusat 'hole', buho 'hole', lusbot1 'hole'. magluhô v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I-ben. make a hole, dig a hole n . digging a hole Dili ka dida magluho. Do not dig-a-hole there. Dili masayon na trabaho an magluho. The digging-of-holes is not easy work. iluhô v . make a hole for someone Iluho anay ako sani na tabla kay butangan ko la sin tubo. Please make-a-hole in-the board for me because I will just put a pipe in-it. luhùán v . make a hole Nano kay ginluhuan mo an amon dingding? Why was-a-hole-made by-you in our wall? luhod [luhód] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal magluhód v . kneel Nagluhod siya sa atubang san iya ginikanan. He knelt in front of his parents. luhúdan v . be kneeled on Ginaluhudan san karaslon ina na ulunan. That pillow is-being-kneeledon by-the couple-to-be-married. paluhudón v . make to kneel Paluhudon an tawo na may kulog. Have the person having pain tokneel. luhúdan n . kneeling cushion Magluhod ka sa luhudan. You kneel on-the kneeling-cushion. luka [lúka] From: Sp adj . foolish woman Ay, naawa ka la, luka na babayi. Ay, you are just jealous, foolish woman. syn: luko 'male fool'. lukad [lúkad] From: Tag n . coconut meat. Refers to the coconut meat after it has been extracted from the shell syn: lugit 'copra'. maglúkad v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. extract coconut meat. This is done by using a special knife to pry the coconut meat from the shell Nagalukad sinda kada bulan. They are-extracting-coconut-meat every month. lukadón n . coconuts to be shelled An amon lukadon subra lima na libo. Our coconuts-to-beshelled are-more-than five thousand. paralúkad n . coconut sheller. Refers to a person who prys out the coconut meat from the shell Maghanap ka sin paralukad. You look-for a coconut-sheller. lukat1 [lukát] From: Ceb n . ransom syn: tubos 'ransom'. maglukát v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN sou; I- ben. pay for a license, pay for a ticket, pay a ransom Maglukat ka sin lisensiya basi makamaniho ka na. Pay-for a license then maybe you can-drive. lukatón v . redeem, buy back a mortgage Lukaton mo an imo prindado na duta. You redeem your mortgaged land. lukatán v . redeem from Sin-o an ginlukatan mo sani na akon relo? From-whom did you redeem this watch of mine? lukat2 [lúkat] v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc maglúkat v . dig, excavate, tunnel, hollow out lukay [lukáy] From: Ceb n . young unopened coconut frond lukban [lúkban] n . grapefruit pumelo. Refers to a citrus fruit much like grapefruit. The word refers to both fruit and the tree itself Matam-is ini na lukban. This pumelo is sweet. Citrus grandis lukit [lúkit] From: Ceb n . one eyed Sinuntok siya san lukit. He was-boxed by-the one-eyed-one. syn: pikit 'one eyed'. adj . one eyed Si Nilo lukit. Nilo is one-eyed. lukíton v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. gouge Dili mo lukiton an mata san manok. Do not gouge-out the eye of-the chicken. luklok [lúklok] v [c3] . MAG act; -AN goal maglúklok v . hide, conceal Nagluklok siya sa higad. He hid in-the corner. luko [lúko] From: Sp n . male fool Diin magtago an luko? Where did the fool hide? kalukuhán n . foolishness, evil, delusion Nano an hinimo mo na kalukuhan? What foolishness have you done? panlulúko n . deceit, trickery, falseness, deceitfulness Dili ako kompormi san imo panluluko. I do not agree with your decitfulness. parapanlúko n . trickery adj . deceitful Dili ako mauyon sa imo parapanluko. I am-not in-agreement with your trickery. Ginahanap ninda an parapanluko na tawo. They were-searching-for the deceitful person. manlulúko adj . deceitful, insane, nonsensical, crazy, foolish Habo ako san manluluko na tawo. I dislike a deceitful person. maglúko v [c2] . MAG- act. become foolish Nagaluko na ina na tawo. That man is now becoming-foolish. lukúhon v [c13] . -ON pat; I- acc. trick, deceive, cheat Dili mo lukuhon an imo mga ginikanan. Do not deceive your parents. ilúko v . something be used to cheat with Niyan sa gab-i iluko ta ini na kwarta na dili ginbaton. Tonight this money will-be-used-to-cheat by-us saying that it was not received. cf: luka 'foolish woman'. lukon [lukón] n . prawn, lobster Mamira niyan an kilo san lukon? How-much is a kilo of prawns now? cf: hipon 'small shrimp', urang 'crayfish', pasayon 'large shrimp', lagasak 'medium-sized shrimp'. malukón adj . MA- . lots of prawns, prawnful Malukon ina na suba. That river has-lots-of-prawns. lukop1 [lukóp] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. maglukóp v . spread, diffuse, disseminate Nagalukop an maayo na barita. The good news isspreading. lukupón v . be disseminated Lukupon niyo an Masbate wara sin may elevator. Let-it-bedisseminated by-you-pl that Masbate has-no-place with an elevator. lukop2 [lúkop] adj . full, satiated. Refers to a person's feeling after eating syn: busog 'satiated'. lukot [lúkot] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc maglúkot v . roll up Nagalukot an balod. The waves are-rolling-up. Maglukot sin baga'n sigarilyo san duha na dyutay na uga na dahon san talumpunay. Roll-up as-though a cigarette two small, dry, leaves of-the thorn-apple tree.

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l lukso [lúkso] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- ben. maglúkso v . jump, vault, leap, hurdle Maglukso ka sa kudal. Jump-over the fence. cf: lumpat . luksúhon v . jump up, spring up Luksuhon mo kun dili ka nakaabot; basi maabot mo. Jump-up if you were not able-to-reach; maybe you can reach-it. ilúkso v . jump up for someone Ilukso man ako sani na bayabas kay dili ako nakaabot. Jump-up this guava-tree for me because I was not able-to-reach-it. luksúhan v . jump up to some place Pagkita san ginaluksuhan mo kay may buong na botilya dida. Look-at the-place-where you are-jumping because there-is a broken bottle there. paralúkso n . jumper Masakit an amon paralukso. Our jumper is sick. paglúkso n . jumping Taason mo an imo paglukso. Make your jumping high. lukton v [c14] . grasshopper lula [lúlà] v [c4] . MA- exp; -ON pat malúlà v . become seasick, become nauseous, become homesick, get seasick Sana na kaharayuan wara gayod ako malula. At-that distance I really did-not get-homesick. lulâon v . become seasick Lulaon ka kun ada ka sa mabalod na dagat. You will-become-seasick if you are there on-the stormy sea. lulod [lulód] n . shank, shin, calf of leg lulot [lúlot] From: Ceb adj . MAmalúlot adj . intimate, close Malulot kami na mag-amiga. We are-close female-friends. maglúlot v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. become close, become intimate Nagalulot an inda pagamigo. Their friendship is-becoming-close. paglúlot n . friendship, intimacy Dili niya malimutan an inda paglulot. She could not forget their friendship. luma [lumâ] adj . old, ancient Istorya ina san luma na panahon. That is a story of ancient time. syn: daan1 1 'old'. maglumâ v [c4] . MAG- exp; -ON pat. age, grow old, deteriorate Nagluma na an akon bado. My clothes have already become-old. lumay1 [lumáy] n . love potion, Spanish fly, prescription by herb doctor. Refers to something to induce love in a disinterested partner, as for example, when a couple is separated maglumáy v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. hypnotize, entice, attract strongly, tempt, lure lumay2 [lúmay] adj . MAmalumay slow, soft spoken Malumay an surmaton san gurang. The speech of the old-man wasslow. syn: hinay 1 'slow'. lumboy [lúmboy] n . black cherry. It is called black cherry, but it is actually a small, oval, dark red fruit 1.5-2 cm long which grows on a tree similar to the black cherry. This term refers to both the fruit and the tree Syzygium cumini lumon [lúmon] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act maglúmon v . live together. Refers to persons who board together, live in same house lumos [lumós] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc; MA- pat maglumós v . drown Naglumos si Jose. Jose drowned. cf: buntog1 , lubog1 , tunod , unlod ; syn: lunod . nalumós adj . drowned Gindiskarni ninda an nalumos na baka. They slaughtered the drowned cow. lumot [lúmot] n . seaweed, moss syn: lato 'seaweed'. lumoy [lúmoy] adj . MAmalúmoy soft and delicate, tender, succulent lumpat [lúmpat] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglúmpat v . jump, bound, leap, hop syn: lukso 'jump'. lumpiga [lumpíga] v . MAG- act maglumpíga v [c2] . sit on the ground syn: lup-og 'sit on the ground'. lumsi [lumsî] adj . MAmalumsî adj . pale, ashen, pallid, pasty, sallow, colorless Napunitan si Rosa kaya malumsi siya. Rosa aborted that's-why she is pale. syn: putla 'ashen'. kalumsî n . paleness, sallowness Wara na an iya kalumsi. His paleness is gone already. maglumsî v [c2] . MAG- exp. become pale, become blanched, become white Nano kay nagalumsi an imo bata? Why is your child becoming-pale? Lunes [Lúnes] n . Monday. Refers to the second day of the week in the Gregorian calendar lunga [lungá] n . sesame seed Hinaluan ko an dunat sin lunga. I covered/mixed the doughnut with sesameseeds. lunggong [lúnggong] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc lunggúngon v . be shaken out Lunggunga ina sin maayo. Let that be-shaken-out well. syn: lugo 'shake'. lungon [lungón] n . casket, coffin, bier, sarcophagus syn: taol 'coffin'. lungsod [lungsód] n . town, city Didto ko sinda igbagat sa lungsod. I met them there in-the town. Variant: lunsód. kahilungsód townmate, townspeople Palanggaon mo an imo kahilungsod. Love your townmates. luno [lunó] n . molted skin, sloughed off skin lunod [lúnod] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- exp; MAGKA- act; MA- pat; -ON pat malúnod v . drown, sink, go under water Nalunod an tulo na daraga. The three young-maidens were-drowned. magkarulúnod v . drown plural and reflexive Nagkarulunod sinda. They drowned-themselves. syn: lumos 'drown', buntog1 , lubog2 'sink', tunod 'sink', unlod 1 'sink'. lunok [lúnok] n . rice gruel. Refers to gruel for baby's cereal or for mixing with milk syn: lugaw 'gruel'. lunos [lúnos] v [c14] . -AN, MA-..-AN lunúsan v . be starved Dili ako makaon bisan ako lunusan. I will not eat even-if I will-starve. malunúsan v . be starved Nalunusan an tamadan. The lazy-one was-starved. cf: gutom 'hungry'.

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l lunsód n . Variant: lungsod 'town'. luob [lùób] v [c5] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal maglùób v . permeate, pervade, spread throughout, infuse luok [lùók] v [c2] . MAG- act maglùók v . hide oneself cf: tago 'secluded'. luong [lùóng] n . nape of the neck, back of the neck Hikapa an akon luong. Touch my nape. luoy [lûoy] From: Ceb v [c2] . MA- act malûoy v . pity, show mercy Nano kay wara ka maluoy san imo mga bata? Why did you not pity your children? magpakimalûoy v . MAKIMA-, MAGPAKIMA- act. plead, ask for mercy Nagapakimaluoy ako sa imo na bayadan mo ako san imo utang. I am-pleading with you to-pay me your debt. kalûoy n . mercy, pity, compassion, kindness Sa kaluoy san Dios si Itay nag-ayo. By-the mercy of God Itay got-well. maluluy-ón adj . merciful Igwa ako sin mayaman kag maluluy-on na amiga. I have a rich and merciful female-friend. Variant: maluuyon 'merciful'. makalulûoy adj . pitiful, pathetic Makaluluoy an hitsura san parapalimos. The appearance of-the beggar is pitiful. lup-og [lúp-og] v [c2] . MAG- act maglúp-og v . sit on the ground syn: lumpiga 'sit on the ground'. lupa [lupâ] adj . rotten, decayed, putrid, decomposed. Refers to things like fruits and dead animals Ayaw pagkaon sin lupa na prutas. Do not eat rotten fruits. cf: yudo 'rotten fish', sira1 'damaged'; syn: dubok 'rotten', dunot1 1 'rotten', bulok1 'rotten', lub-ok . maglupâ v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN goal. rot, decay, decompose, putrefy Nagalupa na ina na prutas. That fruit is-rotting already. palupàón v . allow to rot, allow to decay Habo siya magbaligya o maghatag san iya prutas. Iya lang palupaon. He does-not-want to-sell nor give-away his fruits. He will just allow them torot. lupad [lupád] From: Ceb v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN goal. maglupád v . fly Nagalupad na an burador ni Leo. The kite of Leo is-flying already. makalupád v . can fly Nakalupad na an sapat. The bird has-flown. lupadán v . be flown onto, be showered Nasunog an balay ni Roger kay nilupadan sin kalayo. The house of Roger was-burned-up because it-was-showered by fiery-sparks. paglupád n . flight Wara ko maabot an paglupad san eroplano kagaina na aga. I did not arrive-for the flight of-the airplane earlier-this morning. mataás an lupád adj . very ambitious Mataas an lupad ni Genoviva. Genoviva is very-ambitious. lupak1 [lupák] n . pounded cassava dessert. Refers to a mixture of banana, yam, coconut and sugar maglupák v [c2] . MAG- act. pound root crops, squash root crops, mash root crops. Refers to pounding root crops in a mortar for food lupak2 [lúpak] n . blister Madakmul na an iya lupak sa kamot. His blister on-the hand is large. syn: kubal 'blister'. lupog [lupóg] adj . weak, feeble, frail syn: luya 1 'weak'. lusa [lusâ] From: Ceb n . louse, louse egg, nit, bedbug Tudusa ini na lusa. Crush this louse-egg with-yourthumb-nail. lusàón adj . be infested with louse eggs Lusaon si Bibang. Bibang is-infested-with-louse-eggs. lusad [lúsad] v [c9] . MAG- act; I- acc. maglúsad v . descend San pag-abot namon sa Bagabag naglusad kami sa bus. When we arrived in Bagabag we descended from the bus. ant: saka2 'climb'; ant: sakat 'climb steps'. maglúgsad v . descend stairs, go down stairs/steps Naglugsad sinda hali sa bukid. They descended from the mountain. ilusád v . make something descend Ilusad anay ako san sudlay kay nahulog sa sirong. The comb is-making me descend from the house first because the comb fell under it. palusádon v . PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. cause to descend, have go down Palusadon mo an ido. Have the dog go-downstairs. paglúsad n . descending, disembarking Nagtagal sin singko oras an paglusad san mga pasahero. The disembarking of-the passengers lasted for five hours. Variant: paglúgsad. lusat [lusát] n . hole Nahulog an kutsara sa lusat san inda balay. The teaspoon fell-through the hole of their house. syn: luho 'hole', buho 'hole', lusbot1 'hole'. lusbot1 [lúsbot] n . hole An lusbot san basket dyutay pa lang. The hole of-the basket is only small yet. syn: luho 'hole', buho 'hole', lusat 'hole'. maglúsbot v [c2] . MAG- act. accidentally step into a hole lusbot2 [lúsbot] From: Ceb adj . 1) worn out Lusbot na an akon basket. My basket is-worn-out already. 2) defiled Lusbot na si Teresita san pakasalan ni Lito. Teresita was already defiled when married by Lito. malúsbot v [c4] . MA- exp; -ON pat. deteriorate, wear out, become worse, become weaker Malulusbot na an inda surudlan san kamuti. Their sweet-potato container will-wear-out now. lúsbot an búlsa adj . have no money, broke. Translated literally it means, 'The pocket is worn-out' Lusbot an akon bulsa niyan. I am-broke today. lusong [lusóng] From: Ceb n . mortar. It is used for pounding rice, other grains and root crops Linison mo an lusong. You clean the mortar. cf: almires 'mortar and pestle', bayo 'pestle'. lusot [lusót] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: lúsot. maglusót v . 1) penetrate, pierce, infiltrate, go through, pass through. As for example, a person escaping through a window Naglusot an pato sa kudal. The duck went-through the fence. syn: lapos . 2) leak, trickle, seep, dribble out. As for example, rice dribbling out of a sack as it is carried makalusót v . MAKA-, -UM- act; PA-..-ON pat. pass a test. This implies the figurative meaning of passing through the test Nakalusot siya sa bar. He was-able-to-pass the bar-exam. lumusót v . effect, accomplish. Presumably that the plan is effective implies that it passed the test of successful performance Lumusot an iya plano. His plan accomplished-its-purpose. malúsot adj . clever, skillful, adept lúsot v [c8] . Variant: lusot . luspad [luspád] v [c2] . MAG- exp; MA- pat magluspád v . become pale maluspád v . pale, pallid, wan, colorless Naluspad an panit. The skin had-paled. syn: lumsi 'pale'. lutahan [lutahán] n . bone joint. Refers to the joints of a human or other animate body Nagtios kita sin sipon kag kulog sa unod kag mga lutahan. We suffered a cold and pain in-the muscles and joints. lutaw [lutáw] From: Ceb v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN loc; IPA- acc. maglutáw v . 1) float, drift Naglutaw sa tubig an patay na manok. The dead chicken floated on-the water. 2) appear, come out, emerge Naglutaw na an kamatuudan. The truth has appeared. syn: luwas ‘outside’. lutawán v . float toward, drift toward Nilutawan na sinda Mariano sin gipaw pero wara kakita. A school-of-fish drifted-towards Mariano-&-his-friends but they did-not see-it. luto1 [lútò] n . cooked rice Tagaan mo ako sin luto. You give me some cooked-rice. maglútò v . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- ben. cook rice, cook food Magluto ka sin panigabihan. You cook-rice for supper. lutùón v . be cooked Lutuon mo ini na manok sa gata. This chicken will-be-cooked in coconutmilk by-you. lutùán v . cook in Dako na kaldero an ginalutuan ninda Amancio. A large pot is what Amancioand-his-family cook-in. paralútò n . professional cook, professional chef. Refers to a person whose regular work is to cook Bata pa an amon paraluto. Our cook is still young. luto2 [lúto] v . MAG- act maglúto v . mourn. Mourning is shown especially by wearing black clothes paglúto n . mourning Ginsaburakan ninda sin alpog an inda mga ulo sa pagluto. They threw dust on their heads in mourning. cf: mundo1 ; syn: agrangay . luwa [lúwà] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc maglúwà v . spit, spew out, expectorate ilúwà v . spit something out Iluwa mo an pagkaon sa baldi. You spit the food into-the bucket. syn: luda 'spit', laway 'saliva'.

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Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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l luwas [luwás] adj . outside Adto siya sa luwas. He is there outside. ant: sulod 1 'inside'; syn: guwa 'outside', labas 'outside'. magluwás v [c7] . 1) MAG- exp; -AN loc; I- acc/ben. exit, step out, get out Habo siya magluwas sa kwarto. He does-not-want to-get-out of-the room. syn: gawas ‘outside’. 2) appear, come out Wara magluwas an adlaw sani na adlaw. The sun did not appear today. luwasán v . exit through Amo ini na buho an ginaluwasan sa miya. This is the hole through-which the cat exits. syn: lutaw 2 'appear'. luy-a [lúy-a] From: Ceb n . ginger root Ginahimo na salabat an luy-a. The ginger is-made into-ginger-tea. luya [lúya] adj . MAmalúya adj . 1) adj weak, feeble, frail, slow Maluya an lawas ni Tia Maria. The body of Tia Maria is weak. syn: lupog ‘weak’, lupog ‘weak’. 2) adv slowly, unsteadily, haltingly Maluya siya maghiwag. He moves slowly. kalúya n . weakness An iya kaluya pagbasa an dahilan san iya pagbagsak sa iksamin. His weakness in-reading is the cause of his failing the test. maglúya v [c7] . MAG-, UM-, MANG- exp; -AN pat; I- acc. weaken, be feeble, be slow Nagaluya na si Itay. Father is-weakening already. manlúya v . feel weak Kun may nanluluya nakidamay man ako sa iya. If there-is-anyone-who feels-weak I also empathize with him. panglúya n . dizziness, wooziness, faintness, lightheadedness, unsteadiness, weakness Nakabatyag siya sin pangluya kag tikasukahon. He felt weakness and nauseous. luyáhan v . be weakened Linuyahan gayod ako sin kahanap sa iyo. I really was-weakened in searching for you-pl. ilúya v . relax Iluya mo lang an imo kusog kay pas-anon ta ikaw. You just relax your strength because I will-carry you on-my-shoulder. ipalúya v . slow something Ginpaluya nakon an pagpaawas san gripo. I slowed the flow from the spigot. luyat [lúyat] n . immature. Refers to either fruit or leaves of plants luyloy [lúyloy] adj . drooping, hanging down, bent downward. As for example, tree limbs or a person's head from drowsiness luyo [lúyo] From: Ceb n . 1) other side, at the back, opposite side Adto siya sa luyo san aparador. He is there on-the other-side of-the cupboard. 2) as a result Gintesting kami san Ginoo kun magatalikod kami sa iya sa luyo san amon pagasakit. We-excl were-tested by-the Lord to-see-if we would-turnaway from him as-a-result of our-excl difficulties. paluyu-lúyo adj . side by side, both sides Guntingan an paluyu-luyo san ginpilo. Scissor-on bothsides of-the folded-piece. luyos [lúyos] From: Ceb adj . wilt luyós adj . wilted Luyos na an dahon sini na tanom. The leaves of-this plant are-wilted already. Luyos na si Petra. Petra is already drooped-from-age. maglúyos v [c4] . MAG- exp; MA-..-ON pat. wilt, wither, droop Nagaluyos na an tanom kay wara madilig. The plant is-wilting already because it was-not watered. maluyusón v . wilted Maluyuson an dahon sani na tanom. The leaves of-this plant will-havewilted. lyabi [lyábi] From: Sp n . key Kinuha niya an lyabi san pwertahan. He took the key of-the door.

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m madre de kakaw [mádre de kakáw] From: Sp n . Mother of Cacao tree. Dunuton kag tadtadon an mga pira na dahon san Madre de Cacao. Chop-up and crush a few leaves of-the Mother of Cacao-tree. [Refers to a deciduous tree planted as shade for the cacao trees. It has many pink or lavendar blossoms. Also known as the kakawati tree.]syn: kakawati 'Madre de Kakaw tree'. Gliciricidia sepium madudahon [madudahón] adj . faultfinder cf: duda . maduga [madúgà] adj . juicy cf: duga 'juice'. madunong [madúnong] adj . intelligent cf: dunong 'knowledge'. madutlan [madutlán] v . harm cf: dulot1 'consequence'. madyong [mádyong] n . Mahjong game. A Chinese game played with domino-like tablets which have Chinese characters inscribed on the sides. It is a common gambling game among lowland Filipinos maestra [maéstra] From: Sp n . female teacher Istricta an akon maestra. My female-teacher is strict. cf: maestro 'male teacher', paratukdo 'teacher'. magmaéstra v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. teach, serve as a female teacher Nagamaestra siya sa amon baryo. She is-serving-as-female-teacher in our barrio. maestrahán v . be taught Nano na grado an ginamaestrahan ni Ofelia? What grade is-beingtaught by Ofelia? maestrahón adj . female teacher to be Maestrahon na an anak ni Meding. Meding's child is a female-teacher-to-be. maestro [maéstro] From: Sp n . male teacher Sin-o an imo maestro? Who is your male-teacher? cf: maestra 'female teacher', paratukdo 'teacher'. mag . mag-1 vb prefix. subjective action. This affix marks a verb for subjective action, with actor or agent as Topic of the clause, and the not begun, or contemplated, aspect. It is also used by many speakers on verbs expressing natural phenomena, e.g. rain rains, wind blows, dawn bursts. Past form: nag-. Nominal form: pag-. For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 5.31. mag-(sagkâ) v. ascend Ginaisip ko na magsagka sa amon uma. I am-thinking to-ascend to our farm. nag-(istár) v. lived May isad na gurang na may kagamhanan nag-istar sa bukid na kweba. Therewas an old-person with power who lived in a mountain cave. mag-2 Noun. nominal derivational affix. This mag- derives nominals from verb stems mag-(babáboy) pig dealer. The word comes from baboy 'pig' An magbababoy... The pig-dealer... mag-(amá) father and son. This word comes from ama 'father' An mag-ama... The father-and-son... mag-áninaw (id. of aninaw) magdabok v [c4] . Variant: dabok 'ignite'. Magdalena [Magdaléna] From: Sp n . Magdalena. A woman's name maggurukod [maggurukód] n . pursurer cf: gukod . maghalapít v [c8] . Variant: lapit 'be nearing'. maghapon [maghápon] adj . all day cf: hapon2 'fishing line'. maghinakot v . loiter maginalangon [maginalángon] adj . courteous, respectful cf: galang 'respect'. magkalain-lain [magkalâin-lâin] adj . different, varied Magkalain-lain an tawo didi sa Masbate. The people here in Masbate are-varied. cf: lain1 'bad'. magkukuron [magkukúron] n . pot maker, potter cf: kuron 'clay pot'. maglabas v . appear, go out maglola [maglóla] n . grandmother and grandchild cf: lola 'grandmother'. magluwas v . appear, go out magmanghod [magmanghód] n . related siblings cf: manghod 'younger sibling'; syn: bugto2 'sibling'.

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m magnamas v [c6] . exceed magpahali [magpahálì] v . eject cf: hali 'from'. magpahayag v . explain, preach magpakaginoo [magpakaginòó] v . pretend to be lord/master cf: ginoo 'lord'. magpamaybáyon v . Variant: baybay 'stroll the beach'. magpangulapo v [c2] . Variant: kulapo 'gather brown seaweed'. magpatina v [c6] . dye purple magtangis v [c7] . cry magurang [magúrang] adj . oldest sibling Nagaiskwila an akon magurang na lalaki. My oldest brother isstudying-in-school cf: gurang 'old'. mahablanca [mahablánca] From: Sp n . rice flour dessert. Refers to a dessert made of rice flour, sugar and water mahadlok [mahadlók] adj . afraid cf: hadlok . mahagkot [mahagkót] adj . cold weather cf: hagkot 'coldness'. mahal [mahál] adj . 1) precious, valuable, expensive Para sa akon mahal ini. For me this is precious. 2) beloved, dear Adi an akon mahal na iloy. Here is my beloved mother. syn: palangga ‘loved’. magmahál v [c2] . MAG- exp. become expensive Nagamahal na niyan an mga bakalon. The commodities today are-becoming-expensive. mahálon v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. love and respect Mahalon mo an imo mga ginikanan. Let your parents be-loved-and-respected by-you. pagmahál n . 1) expensiveness An pagmahal san mga baraklon dili na maubos. The expensiveness of merchandise will not decline now. 2) loving, love An pagmahal ko sa imo wara sin katapusan. My love for you has-no end. mahandalon [mahandálon] adj . worrisome cf: handal 'worry'. mahandong [mahandóng] adj . shady cf: handong 'shade'. mahangin [mahángin] adj . windy cf: hangin 'wind'. mahangot [mahángot] adj . foul smelling, malodorous, stinky, smelly, fetid, putrid ant: mahumot 'fragrant'; cf: hangot 'body odor'. mahatungod [mahatungód] prep . concerning, about syn: mahinungod 'concerning'. mahigko [mahigkô] adj . filthy, dirty, squalid, foul cf: higko 'dirt'. mahigos [mahigós] adj . industrious, diligent, persistent, hard working cf: higos 'diligence'. mahimayaon [mahimayàón] adj . blissful, blessed cf: himaya 'spiritual joy'. mahimo adj . make, do mahinatag [mahinátag] adj . charitable cf: hatag ; Variant: hatag 'charitable'. mahinatagon [mahinatágon] adj . generous, gives freely Dapat magin mahinatagon kita. We must be generous. cf: hatag . mahinay [mahínay] adv . slow cf: hinay .

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m mahinunga [mahinúngà] adj . questioning cf: hunga 'question'. mahinungod [mahinungód] prep . concerning, about Ini na surat mahinungod san imo anak na adi sa akon. This letter is-concerning your child who is with me. Salamat sin daku-dako mahinungod sini na libro. Thanks greatly concerning this book. syn: manungod 'about', tungod1 'about', mapadapit 'concerning'. mahukawan [mahukáwan] adj . startled awake cf: hukaw ; syn: pukaw . mahumot [mahumót] adj . fragrant ant: mahangot 'foul smelling'; cf: humot1 'fragrance'. maila adj . wild mainabayawon [mainabayáwon] adj . left behind cf: abayaw 'left behind'. mainistimaron [mainistimáron] adj . hospitable cf: istimar . mainit an ulo adj . angry mainiton an ulo [mainitón an úlo] adj . irritable cf: init 'heat', ulo 'head'. mainusisa [mainusísà] adj . curious cf: usisa . mainuyatmon [mainuyátmon] adj . diligent, persistent. Used primarily in the Ticao dialect cf: uyatom ; Variant: mainuyatumon. mainuyatumon adj . Variant: mainuyatmon 'diligent'. mais [maís] From: Sp n . corn Igwa didi sin nanag na mais. There-is roasted corn here. maísan corn field Halapad an inda maisan. Their corn-field is extensive. syn: kalyo 'corn'. maisan [maisán] n . corn field cf: mais 'corn'. maisda [maisdâ] adj . plenty of fish cf: isda 'fish'. maisip [maisíp] adj . self centered cf: isip . maisog v [c7] . cruel màitóm n . Variant: itom 'black'. maitom an puso (say. of puso3) maiyawaton [maiyawáton] adj . frugal, resourceful mainayawáton frugal cf: iyawat . maka- [máka-] vb affix. stative action not begun. The affix maka- shows that the action is not begun stative action and that the actor of the action, as the Topic of the clause, has ability to perform the action Wara kamo makaabot san amon una na liksyon. You-all were not able-to-arrive for our first lesson. [For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 5.38.]syn: naka- 'stative action begun'. makabaradli [makabaradlî] adj . abhorrent, repulsive cf: badli . makabuburong [makabubúrong] adj . wonderful cf: burong . makagagahom [makagagáhom] adj . powerful cf: gahom 'power'. makagang [makágang] adj . crabful place cf: kagang 'crab'.

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m makagod [makágod] adj . greedy, glutton cf: kagod2 'greed'. makaharadlok [makaharadlók] adj . fearful, frightful, frightening cf: hadlok . makahoy [makáhoy] adj . wooded cf: kahoy 'wood'. makamamatay [makamamatáy] adj . difficult. Refers to work so difficult that it is said to be able to put you to death cf: patay 'dead one'. makangangalas [makangangalás] adj . wonderful cf: ngalas . makangingirhat [makangingírhat] adj . astounding, dreadful cf: ngirhat 'amazing'. makapahali [makapahálì] v . develop from cf: hali 'from'. makapamalinhawak [makapamalinhawák] v . stand akimbo, stand with hands on hips cf: hawak 'waist'. makarimadima [makarimadimá] adj . repugnant makaririgma [makarirígma] adj . repulsive syn: makabaradli 'abhorrent'. makaroni [makaróni] From: Eng n . pasta makaroni salad pasta salad makasal-anon [makasal-ánon] adj . sinful cf: kasal-an 'sins'. makatol [makatól] adj . itchy cf: katol1 'skin infection'. makauusa [makàùúsa] adj . wonderful Makauusa ini na bagay. This thing is wonderful. [Used primarily in the Ticao dialect.]cf: usa2 ; syn: ngarat 'amaze'. maki [máki-] vb prefix . action not begun will be done together. A verb prefixed with maki- is usually translated into English by a future tense verb since the action is viewed as something to be done Makibiyo kami sa iyo grupo. We will-join-together with your group. [The counterpart of the makiprefix is the naki- prefix indicating the same kind of action as a maki- verb but having the begun aspect. For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 5.34.]cf: naki 'action begun being done together'. makililimos [makililímos] n . beggar cf: limos 'alms'. makina [mákina] From: Sp n . motor, machine, engine May naarman siya sa makina. He has knowledge of-the engine. makinilya [makinílya] From: Sp n . typewriter Nakita ko siya na may bitbit na makinilya. I saw him carrying a typewriter. paramakinílya n . typist Igwa kami sin tulo na paramakinilya. We have three typists. magmakinílya v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- ben. type Nagamakinilya pa si Ramon san iya surat. Ramon is still typing his letter. makinilyáhan v . type on something Hain sani na duha na makinilya an maayo makinilyahan? Which of-these two typewriters is the best to-type-on? makinilyahón v . be typed Makinilyahon ko an imo surat. Your letter will-be-typed by-me. makintab [makíntab] adj . shiny cf: kintab 'brilliance'. makipagkapwa [makipagkápwà] v . establish rapport, be friendly cf: kapwa 'fellowman'. makmak [makmák] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magmakmák v . pound, hit hard, strike, whack, beat, pummel, hit. As to strike a nail with a hammer syn: pukpok 'pound', pulpog2 'pound'. makuha v . deflower makuri adj . difficult makusog [makusóg] adj . strong, loud cf: kusog 'strength'. makusugon adj . Variant: kusog 1 'strong'.

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m makwarta [makwárta] adj . rich, wealthy cf: kwarta 'money'. malampoy [malámpoy] adj . shady cf: lampoy 'shade'. malangas1 [malángas] adj . humorous, comical cf: langas1 'joke'. malangas2 [malángas] adj . noisy cf: langas2 . malangaw [malángaw] adj . fly swarmed cf: langaw 'fly'. malaom part . Variant: milaom 'even though'. malapala [malapála] n . trellis An kagingking ginagamit sa paghimo sin malapala. The dried-bamboobranches are-being-used for making a trellis. magmalapála v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. make a trellis Nagamalapala siya san iya upo. He is-trellising his white-squash. imalapála v . trellis something Imalapala mo an imo upo kay nagkapaang na sa duta. Hang your white-squash on-a-trellis because it has-sprawled on the ground. malarya [malárya] n . malaria An sakit na malaria nakapatios gayod sa mga tawo. Malarial sickness has really caused-suffering to people. syn: takig 'malaria'. malasakit [malasákit] v [c2] . MAG- act magmalasákit v . care about, concerned about Wara ka man lang sa akon magmalasakit pagduaw sa hospital. You did not even care enough about me to-visit me in-the hospital. malauman [malàúman] adj . dependable cf: laom 'hope'; syn: masasarigan 'dependable'. malaymay [maláymay] adj . feeble, weak. Refers to a person still weak from illness cf: laymay , lumsi . maldisyon [maldisyón] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magmaldisyón v . curse. Means to invoke a curse on someone or to pray that unfortunate circumstances would befall him Dili ka magmaldisyon sin kapwa kay maraot. Do not curse your fellowmen because it is bad. paramaldisyón n . curser Magkadto ka sa paramaldisyon kag ipamaldisyon siya. You go to-a curser and have-him-cursed. pagpangmaldisyón n . cursing Wara sin resulta an iya pagpangmaldisyon. His cursing had-no result. maldito [maldíto] From: Sp adj . naughty, perverse maleta n . Variant: malita 'suitcase'. mali [malî] From: Tag adj . wrong Mali ka. You are-wrong. kamalìán n . error, mistake Ayuha an imo kamalian. Check your error. magkamalî v [c2] . MAGKA- exp. err, mistake Nagkamali ako pagbasa san imo pangaran. I wasmistaken reading your name. malimpyo adj . Variant: limpyo 'clean'. malimtanon [malimtánon] adj . forgetful cf: limot . malinaw [malínaw] adj . calm, clear cf: linaw1 . malinaw an mata [malínaw an máta] adj . can see clearly cf: linaw1 . malinis [malínis] adj . smooth, clean ant: sapsap1 'rough'; cf: linis . malinis an puso [malínis an púso] adj . good hearted, kind cf: linis . malipaton [malipatón] adj . forgetful, misjudged cf: lipat1 . malipay [malípay] adj . happy cf: lipay . malipong an ulo [malípong an úlo] adj . irritable cf: lipong2 'dizzy'. malípong an úlo1 (say. of lipong2)

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m malípong an úlo2 (say. of ulo) malipungan [malipúngan] adj . puzzled cf: lipong1 'wonderful'. malisod [malisód] adj . difficult cf: lisod . malisya1 [malísya] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG-, MAKA- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc makamalísya v . notice, observe Wara ako makamalisya na si Pedro makawat. I did not notice that Pedro was-a-thief. magpamalísya v . MAGPA- act; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. signal, notify Nagpamalisya siya na mauna na siya pag-uli. He signaled that he would-go-home ahead-of-me. pamalísya n . omen, sign, portent, warning, premonition syn: mangno 'notice'. malisya2 [malisyá] From: Sp n . malice An kabataan wara pa sin malisya. Children have no malice yet. magmalisyá v [c2] . MAG- act. resent Nagamalisya ako san inda rilasyon. I resent their relationship. malisyúsa adj . spiteful. Refers to an attitude of a woman Malisyusa ini na babayi. This woman is spiteful. malita [malíta] From: Sp n . suitcase Wara ako sin malita. I have no suitcase. Variant: maleta. makamalíta v [c2] . MAG-, MAKA- act. use a suitcase, carry a suitcase Nakamalita siya paManila. He carried-a-suitcase to-Manila. maliwan [maliwán] adj . fond of changing clothes cf: liwan1 . malmal [málmal] n . mormor fish syn: mormor 'mormor fish'. malubi [malubí] adj . lots of coconut trees cf: lubi 'coconut'. malukon [malukón] adj . lots of prawns cf: lukon 'prawn'. maluluy-on adj . Variant: maluuyon 'merciful'. malumlom [malúmlom] adj . gloomy, cloudy, misty syn: madampog 'cloudy'. malunggay [malúnggay] n . horse radish tree Haruson mo an kamalunggay. Prepare the horse-radishleaves for cooking. Variant: kamalunggay 'horse radish tree'. Moringa oleifera malusot [malúsot] adj . clever cf: lusot . maluuyon [malùuyón] adj . merciful cf: luoy ; Variant: maluluy-on; Variant: luoy 'merciful'. maluya [malúya] adj . weak, slow, feeble cf: hinay ; syn: lupog 'weak'. mama1 [máma] From: Eng term of address . 'Mama!', 'Mother!', 'Mommy!' Mama, adi an akon maestra. Mother, here is my lady-teacher. magmáma v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. call someone mother, address someone as mother Magmama ka sa akon. You call me mother. Variant: mamay. mama2 [mamâ] n . betel nut chew. Refers to a chew consisting of betel nut, buyo leaves, lime and tobacco magmamâ v [c2] . MAG- act. chew betel nut Habo ako magmama. I do-not-like to-chew-betelnut. paramamâ n . betel nut chewer Igwa ako sin kaklasi na paramama. I have a classmate who is a betel-nut-chewer. mamàón n . something to chew with betel nut. It is usually buyo leaf and lime Wara na ako sin mamaon. I do-not-have any stuff-to-chew-with-the-betel-nut. mamàán n . betel nut chew pouch, container for chewing supplies. Usually containing betel nut, buyo leaves, lime and dried tobacco leaves Hanapa an akon mamaan. Look for my betel-nutchew-pouch. mamat [mámat] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magmámat v . 1) cross breed. It may be an animal or plant. May also refer to humans with the meaning of "to breed" 2) acquire a hybrid plant pagmámat n . cross breeding mamay v [c4] . Variant: mama1 'call someone mother'. mambabayi [mambabáyi] v . have intercourse with women, have mistresses cf: babayi 'have promiscuous sexual relations with women'. mami [mámi] From: Ch n . Chinese noodle. Refers to a long, wide, noodle used with meat in soup maminaymay [mamináymay] adj . fond of advising cf: maymay . mamon [mamón] From: Ch n . sponge cake. Made from a Chinese recipe into either a cup cake or pound cake. mamsa [mamsâ] n . cavalla fish. Refers to a large, banded, highly-valued food fish. It has white meat but is somewhat oily Caranx

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m man adv . 1) also Kun buang ako, amo ka man. If I am foolish, you are also. 2) please Tagai man sin pagkaon. Please give me some food. mana [mána] From: Sp n . inheritance manaba [manabá] n . soursop tree/fruit, soursop tree, soursop fruit. Refers to a small cultivated tree which bears large, dark green, oval shaped, spiny, edible fruits with white flesh which is very juicy, soft and fibrous Barato an manaba sa Cawayan. Guyabano is cheap in Cawayan. syn: gwayabano 'soursop tree/fruit', guyabano 'soursop tree/fruit'; Variant: gwanaba 'soursop tree/fruit'. Anona muricata manamit [manámit] adj . delicious Manamit an bunga sani na tanom. The fruit of-this plant is delicious. cf: namit ; syn: mananam 'delicious'. mananam [mananám] adj . delicious, scrumptious syn: namit 'delicious'. manananggot [mananánggot] n . gatherer of coconut palm bud juice. Refers to one who climbs coconut trees to collect coconut palm bud juice for making coconut wine called tuba cf: sanggot 'palm bud knife'; syn: mananggiti 'gatherer of coconut palm bud juice'. mananánggot n . Variant: sanggot 'gatherer of coconut palm bud juice'. mananggiti [mananggíti] n . gatherer of coconut palm bud juice. Refers to one who collects the juice of the flower of the coconut palm in order to make coconut wine called tuba Si Juan mananggiti. Juan is a tuba-gatherer. magmananggíti v [c2] . collect coconut palm bud juice, gather coconut palm bud juice for a living Habo ako magmananggiti. I do-not-want to-gather-coconut-palm-bud-juice-for-a-living. syn: manananggot 'gatherer of coconut palm bud juice'. mananghilaw [mananghílaw] n . predator. Refers to an animal preying on people or other animals manatad [manátad] n . wild pigeon manay [mánay] term of address . elder sister Bumangon dayon si Manay Diola. Elder-sister Diola arose quickly. cf: manoy 'elder brother'. manda [mánda] From: Sp n . command Sundon ta an iya manda. We should obey his command. mandasyón n . order, command Kadamo san imo mandasyon; dili ko na masunod tanan. You have plenty of orders; I can no-longer follow them all. paramánda n . commander Siya an amon paramanda. He is our commander. magmánda v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN pat; I- ben. command Nagamanda siya pero dili nagahiwag. He is-commanding but he isn't moving. mandahan v . be commanded Ginmandahan ko na ina na bote pero wara man ako'n pagtuoda. That boat was-commanded by-me pero I did-not-have any obeyers. syn: sugo 'command'. Mandaon [mandâon] n . Mandaon. A town in Masbate Province mandarin [mándarin] From: Ch n . tangerine fruit Maaslom an prutas na mandarin. The tangerine fruit is tart. mandasyon [mandasyón] From: Sp n . order, command cf: manda 'command'. mandaug-daog [mand`áug-dâog] adj . unjust, oppressive n . opressor Hain na an mga nangdaug-daog? Where-are the oppressors? mang [mang-] vb prefix . distributive action not yet begun. Refers to performing the same action on a variety of objects or in a variety of ways. The mang- affix is replaced by nang- for action begun [The -ng of this affix assimilates to the nasal point of articulation of the initial consonant of the stem to which it is affixed and then replaces it. For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. sec. 5.33.] Assimilation of-ng: ng = m before words beginning with p and b, ng = n before words beginning with t, d and s, ng = ng before words beginning with k, g and glottal. mangadyî v . pray for things Dili pa ako maaram mangadyi. I did not yet know-how to-pray-forthings. mangíta v . search for things. That includes searching for various possibilities Mangita kita na duha sin pangabuhay. We two will-search-for a livilhood. mang- vb affix. distributive action not yet begun manga1 [mangá] part . pluralizer. This word is usually abbreviated to mga Compare sentences a and b following: a. Hain an bata? Where is the child? b. Hain an mga bata? Where-are the children? manga2 [mangá] adv . approximately, about. This word is usually written mga. With this meaning it is used only with time designation or numbers Mga unom ina ka dupa. That is approximately six streched-arms-lengths. mangawat v . Variant: kawat ; Variant: kawat 'steal habitually'. mangayam [mangáyam] v . hunt cf: ayam 'dog'; Variant: mangayám. mangayám v . Variant: mangayam 'hunt'. mangbalayi [mangbaláyi] v . serve bride's parents cf: balay 'house'; syn: agad1 . mangga [manggá] n . mango. Refers to both the mango tree and its fruit Magbakal ka sin lima na mangga. You buy five mangoes. Mangifera indica kamanggahán mango grove, mango orchard Adto sinda sa kamanggahan. They-are there at-the mango-grove. Variant: manggahan.

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m manggahan n . Variant: mangga 'mango grove'. manghilot v . Variant: hilot 1 'be massaged'. manghod [manghód] n . younger sibling. Refers to the younger sibling of an animate being Ikaduha ko siya na manghod. He is my second younger-sibling. magmanghód related siblings Magmanghod kami. We-are brothers-and-sisters. kamanghód relative Kamanghod namon an mga Olavides. The Olavides-are our relatives. igmanghód relative, kin, blood relation Igmanghod pa namon an mga Moralez. The Moralezes are also our-excl relatives. kàigmanghúdan kin group, sibling group, brothers and sisters collectively, ladies and gentlemen. Refers to both related siblings and unrelated people. Also used as a term of address for neighbors and town-mates by public speakers Mga kaigmanghudan, nagapangamuyo ako sa iyo na botohan si Itay. Brothers-and-sisters, I am-pleading with you to-vote-for Father. pagmaranghód siblinghood, brother and sister group. Refers to all the brothers and sisters of one family Igwa kami sin malulot na pagmaranghod. We have a loyal siblinghood. ant: estranghero 'stranger'; syn: kautod 'sibling'. mangko [mángkò] n . bowl Punua an mangko san sabaw. Fill the bowl with soup. mangno [mángno] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG-, MAKA- act; -ON pat makamangno v . able to notice, sense, notice, take note of, know Wara ako makamangno kagab-i na may nangawat. I was not able-to-notice that there-was-a theft last-night. syn: malisya1 'notice'. ipahimángno v . inculcate, cause to notice An kahadlok sa mga istranghiro dapat ipahimangno sa mga bata. The fear of strangers should be-inculcated in children. kamángno n . notice cf: tanda 'sign'; syn: paaram 'notice', abiso 'notice', pasabi 'notice', pasabot 'notice', notisya 'news'. kamangnúhan n . knowledge, observation Wara ako sin kamangnuhan san imo ginasabi. I do-nothave any knowledge of-what you are-saying. mani [maní] n . peanut Syinto baynti niyan an sako san mani. A sack of peanuts is one hundred twenty pesos now. maníhan peanut field Halapad an imo manihan. Your peanut-field is extensive. manibila [manibíla] From: Sp n . steering wheel, handle bars Ako an pakaputa san manibila. I will-bethe-one to-handle the steering-wheel. manidyer n . manager manidyir [manidyír] From: Eng n . manager Kunsimido an manidyir san pagribildi san iya mga tawuhan. The manager is worried about his people's rebellion. cf: supirbisor 'supervisor'; syn: nagapamahala 'manager', paradumara 'supervisor, manager', inkargado 'manager', katiwala 'manager', mayordomo 'manager'. manigab-i [manigáb-i] v . MANG- act. eat supper Nanigab-i kami kanda Marilou. We ate our supper with Marilou-and-her-family. Variant: manihapon 'eat supper'; Variant: gab-i 'eat supper'. panigáb-i n . supper Atab pa an iyo panigab-i. Your supper still is early. panigab-ihán n . supper food Wara kami sin panigab-ihan. We have-nothing for supper. cf: gab-i 'night'. manihapon [manihápon] v . eat supper cf: hapon2 'fishing line'; Variant: manigab-i 'eat supper'. maniho [maního] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- ben. magmaního v . 1) drive a vehicle, steer a vehicle Siya an nagamaniho san trak san bumbiro. He is the-one-who is-driving the fire-truck. 2) maneuver, manipulate, manage, take advantage of others Maski sa kakusugan san bagyo nagmaniho sinda na madara an barko sa libre na lugar. Despite the strength of the typhoon, they maneuvered to bring the ship to a safe/free place. manihûon v . MAG- act; -ON pat. try hard, try your best. Also means to try by whatever means, including cheating if necessary Manihuon mo na makapasar sa test. Try your best to-pass the exam. manihùán v . be driven Kanay tricycle an imo ginamanihuan? Whose tricycle is-being-driven byyou? paramaního n . driver, chauffeur Mahimat an amon paramaniho. Our chauffeur is careful. pagmaního n . driving Makusog an imo pagmaniho. Your driving is fast. Manila [Manílà] n . Manila city. Refers to Manila, formerly the capitol city of the Philippines Nakamalita siya paManila. He carried-a-suitcase to-Manila. maninay [manínay] From: Sp n . godmother Si Miling Lozaro? O, maninay ko siya. Miling Lozaro? Oh, she is my godmother. cf: maninoy 'godfather'. manináyon n . godmother-to-be mamanínay v . address someone as godmother Mamaninay ka sa akon. You call me godmother. magmanínay v [c2] . MAG- act. sponsor. May be for either a wedding or baptismal ceremony Nagmaninay ako sin kasal kahapon. I sponsored a wedding yesterday. maninoy [manínoy] From: Sp n . godfather cf: maninay 'godmother'. manito [maníto] n . secret friend An akon manito kataas, maitom kag gwapo. My secret-friend is tall, dark and handsome. magmaníto v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. give gifts to secret friends Magamaranito an akon mga iskwila buwas. My students will-be-giving-gifts-to-their-secret-friends tomorrow. manlain-lain adj . different kinds manluluko [manlulúko] adj . deceitful cf: luko 'male fool'. manok [manók] n . chicken. Refers to both hens and roosters but not chicks Nagpatay sinda sin manok. They dressed/butchered a chicken. cf: sunoy 'rooster', higot1 'fighting cock', ilahas 'wild rooster'. manúkan poultry house Isad ka gatos an paraitlog sa akon manukan. One hundred are the layers in my poultry-house. kamanukán chicken flock manol [manól] n . stupid one, numskull, retarded Adi na an manol. Here comes the stupid-one. ant: may ulo 'smart, intelligent'; ant: tali 'smart'. adj . numskull, dull headed, stubborn An imo mga sakop mga manol. Your subordinates are numskulls. magmanól v [c2] . MAG- exp. deteriorate mentally Sa akon pagmasid nagamanol ini na bata. Based-on my observation this child is-deteriorating-mentally. manoy [mánoy] term of address . elder brother Manoy, nano kay nagakanta ka kan Maria kun nagaila ka? Older-brother, why do you sing to Maria when you are-courting her? cf: manay 'elder sister'. mansanas [mansánas] From: Sp n . apple Parapukdi siya sin mansanas sa America. He is a picker of apples in America. mansibado [mansibádo] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act magmansibádo v . cohabit, live together as husband and wife though not married manso [mánso] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magmánso v . tame, train mantel [mántel] From: Sp n . table cloth

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m mantener v [c8] . Variant: mantinir . mantika [mantíkà] n . lard, shortening, animal oil Paayua man sin isad ka botilya na mantika san baboy. Ask for a bottle of pig-oil. paramantíka n . oil maker Adi naman an paramantika san atay san pating. The shark's liver oilmaker is here in-turn. magmantíka v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make oil from something, apply oil to something. This refers to oil made from animal fat or fish liver Nagamantika siya san atay san pating. He is-making-oil of shark's liver. mantikilya [mantikílya] From: Sp n . butter, margarine Dili siya maaram kun nano an mantikilya. He does not know what butter is. mantikilyahón n . butter ingredients Kitaon ko an imo mantikilyahon. Let me see your ingredientsfor-making-butter. magmantikílya v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. butter something Nagamantikilya siya san pan. He is-buttering the bread. makimantikílya adj . fond of butter Makimantikilya si Noe. Noe is-fond-of-butter. mantinir [mantinír] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: mantener. imantinír v . maintain something. Refers to keeping something in a specified state/condition Imantinir mo an kalinisan sini na kwarto. Maintain the cleanliness of-this room. magmantinír v . do carelessly, do casually, do lazily, do half-heartedly Si Pedro nagamantinir san iya trabaho. Pedro is-doing his work carelessly. pagmantinír n . maintenance Dili masayon an pagmantinir sa kalinisan. The maintenance of cleanliness is not easy. mantsa [mántsa] From: Sp n . 1) stain, spot Halion mo an mantsa san akon bado. Remove the stain from my dress. 2) blemish Wara sin mantsa an iya pagkatawo. His character/personality has no blemish. mantsahón adj . be stained Mantsahon ini na ponda. This pillowcase is stained. magkamántsa v [c3] . MAGKA- exp; -AN loc. stain, spot. Means stained with something indelible Nagkamantsa an akon bado san tagok san saging. My dress is-stained with banana sap. manungod [manungód] prep . about, concerning Ini na hunga manungod san pagkapatay ni Jesu-Cristo. This question is about the death of Jesus Christ. syn: mahinungod 'concerning', tungod1 'about', mapadapit 'concerning'. maong [màóng] n . denim. Refers to denim-like fabric for pants Damo'n tawo na nagagamit sin pantalon na maong. There-are-many people now who are-using denim pants. mapadapit [mapadapít] prep . concerning, about Ini na pangyayari amo an mapadapit san akon buhay sa sulod san seminaryo. This event is concerned-with my life in-the seminary. syn: mahinungod 'concerning', manungod 'about', tungod1 'because of'. mapakadto [mapakádto] v . cause to go there cf: kadto . mapakain [mapakaín] v [c2] . MA- act. where go? This is a verbal form of hain, "where" Wara didi an aton maestro, saka mapakain kita? Our teacher is not here, so where-shall we go? cf: kadto , hain . mapan-os adj . rotten food mapanghak adj . has urinary odor mapating [mapatíng] adj . shark infested cf: pating 'shark'. mapawa [mapáwà] adj . 1) bright 2) clear cf: pawa . mapilay [mapílay] adj . lame cf: pilay 'disability'. mapilit [mapilít] adj . viscous, sticky cf: pilit . mapilit na duta [mapilít na dútà] n . clay cf: pilit . mara [mará] adj . MA- pat mamará adj . dry Mamara an duta. The soil is dry. magmará v [c2] . MAG- exp. dry Nagamara na an akon bado. My dress is already becoming-dry. pamarahón v [c11] . PA-..-ON pat; PA-..-AN goal; IPA- acc. dry something off Pamarahon mo san twalya an bayhon kag liog. You use a towel to-dry-off the face and neck. pangpamará n . used for drying Magpreparar ka sin malinis na twalya pangpamara. You prepare a clean towel for drying-off-with. marabong [marábong] adj . lush, abundant, plentiful, luxuriant cf: rabong . maragit n . scorching heat maragsik [maragsík] adj . crispy cf: ragsik . maraparap [maraparáp] adj . blurred vision Maraparap na an iya pangita. Her vision is blurred already. Maria [María] n . Maria. A woman's name maribok [maribók] adj . noisy, confused, rowdy Kaila ko la sa uma kay dili maribok. I just love-it on-the farm because it is not noisy. cf: ribok 'noise'. maripati [maripatí] n . maripati fish. This is a big fish, as large as the mamsa fish. It is a first class edible fish An akon sura prito na maripati. My viand is fried maripati-fish.

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m marka [márka] From: Sp n . mark, inscription Basaha daw an marka sani na pantyon? Please read the inscription on-this tomb? pagmárka n . marking Tiwi an imo pagmarka. Your marking is crooked. markáhi v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN loc; I- acc. mark something Markahi an imo mga kagamitan. Mark your belongings. marko v [c7] . mark, seal Marso [Márso] From: Sp n . March. Refers to the 3rd month of the year on the Gregorian calendar Nabuhay ako san Marso 15, 1956. I was-born on March 15, 1956. Martes [Mártes] From: Sp n . Tuesday. The second day of the week Ginalanding an eroplano sa Masbate sa Martes. The plane lands in Masbate on Tuesday. martilyo [martílyo] From: Sp n . hammer. Refers to a carpenter's hammer Importanti na instruminto san panday an martilyo. The hammer is an important tool of-the carpenter. martilyúhon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. hammer Martilyuhon ko ini na pako. I willhammer this nail. mas From: Sp adv . 1) much. Expresses excessiveness Mas maayo pa kun bumalik ka sa Dios. It is much better still if you return to God. 2) more Mas maganda ka kisa akon. You-are more beautiful than I. masa [mása] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- ben. magmása v . mix, knead Nagamasa sinda san siminto kag baybay. They are-mixing the cement and sand. masáhon v . be mixed Buwas ta na ina masahon na iba kay mauli na kita. Tomorrow that otherstuff will-be-mixed by-us-incl because we-incl will-go-home now. masáhan v . something be mixed Nano kay kaati san iyo ginamasahan? Why is what is-beingmixed by-you-pl so-dirty? pangmása n . mixer, kneader. This refers to the equipment for the mixing Hanapon mo an pangmasa san arina. Look for the flour mixer. paramasá n . mixer. This refers to the person who does the mixing Nag-uli na an paramasa san siminto. The one-mixing the cement has-gone-home. masahe [masáhe] From: Sp n . massage, rub down Trenta pisos an bayad sa pag-arot dara an masahe. Thirty pesos is the price for haircutting including the masssage. pagmasáhe n . massaging Gusto ko an mahinay na pagmasahe. I want a gentle massaging. imasáhe v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. massage someone Ginmasahe ko na an iya likod. I have-massaged his back already. masahi v . massage masakbot [masákbot] adj . scorched syn: anta 'scorched'. masákit adj . difficult ant: sayon 'easy'. masarigan [masarígan] adj . dependable, able to be trusted cf: sarig . masasarigan adj . dependable Masbate [Masbáte] n . Masbate province. Refers to both Masbate town and Masbate province Masbatenyo [Masbatényo] n . 1) Masbatenyo people 2) Masbatenyo language An mga Masbatenyo nagasurumaton sin Masbatenyo. The people-of-Masbate speak the Masbatenyo-language. masid [masíd] v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- ben magmasíd v . watch, observe, guard Nano kay nagamasid ka sa amon? masdán [from masídan] v . watch someone, observe someone Masdan mo sin maayo ina na bata, basi kun lumakat. Watch that child well to-see-if he might walk-away. Nano kay ginamasdan mo kami? Why are you watching us? pagmasíd n . watching, observation Wara sin kamutangan an iya pagmasid kay wara niya makita an makawat. His watching was-futile because he did not see the thief. paramasíd n . watchman, guard Ginsuhulan ko siya na paramasid san amon balay. I hired him as watchman of our house. masigluyo adj . both sides masinuhay [masinúhay] adj . rebellious cf: suhay . masiot adj . narrow, constricted ant: halapad 'wide'. masitas [masítas] From: Ceb n . ornamental plant. Refers to all kinds of, usually potted, plants. Some are flowering and some are floral leaf plants Dili nagaburak ina na masitas. That ornamental-plant does not bear flowers. pagmasítas n . floriculture Makakakuha kita sin kwarta sa pagmasitas. We can-earn money from floriculture. magmasítas v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. plant ornamental plants Magamasitas ka agod gumanda an imo balay. You plant-ornamental-plants so-that your house will-become-beautiful. masitira [masitíra] From: Sp n . flower pot An masitira ko mas daku-dako san sa imo. My flower-pot is much-bigger than yours. maskada [maskáda] n . chewing tobacco magmaskáda v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. chew tobacco Niyan wara na ako sin nakita na tawo na nagamaskada. Now-a-days I have-not seen any person chewing-tobacco. maski [máski] adv . though, even though, in spite of the fact, even Makadto ako maski nagauran. I will-go there even-though it-is-raining. máski náno whatever Mahatag ako maski-nano an gusto mo. I will-give whatever you like. máski diín wherever Maupod siya maski-diin kita magkadto. She will-accompany us wherever we go. máski sán-o whenever Makadi ako maski-san-o ko gusto. I will-come whenever I like. máski pa although, even so Nahadlok lang gihapon ako maski adi ka pa. I am-afraid still although you are-here still. maso [máso] From: Sp n . sledgehammer, maul, mallet Maghuram ka sin maso kan Juan. You borrow a sledgehammer from Juan. Variant: másò. paramáso n . sledgehammerer Nagakinahangalan kita sin paramaso. We-incl are-needing a sledgehammerer. masûon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- ben. sledgehammer Ginmaso ni Pedro an ulo ni Juan. Pedro sledgehammered the head of Juan. imásò v . sledgehammer for someone Imaso anay ako sani na kahoy. First sledgehammer this tree for me. másò n . Variant: maso 'sledgehammer'.

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m masolbarán (id. of solbar) masurusadya adj . Variant: sadya 'very happy'. masyado [masyádo] From: Sp adv . much, very Masyado ka man kaistrikto. You-are also very strict. mata [matá] n . eye. Refers only to the eye of an animate being Mapula an iya mga mata. Her eyes arered. pagmatá v . wake up, awaken, rouse, get up Pagmata na kamo kay aga na. You-pl wake-up because it is morning already. pamatahón v [c2] . MAG- ag; PA-..-ON pat. be awakened, be roused Pamatahon mo si Jojo. Have Jojo be awakend. syn: bangon 'awaken', alimpungat . pagmatá n . awaking mapáwà an máta adj . the eye is healthy. Translated literally it means, 'the eye is bright' madulóm an máta adj . the eyesight is dim. Translated literally it means, 'the eye is dark' mataas an lupad [matàás an lupád] adj . very ambitious. Translated literally it means, 'the flying is high' cf: lupad . mataba v [c2] . fat, luxurious matadiro [matadíro] From: Sp n . 1) slaughter house, abattoir 2) butcher Mateo [Matéo] From: Sp n . Matthew. A man's name matiano [matiáno] adv . how? Meaning "what is the condition of?" Matiano am imo masakit na bata? How is your sick child? matibay adj . durable, expert matinaason [matinaáson] adj . exalted, proud cf: taas . matiniuson [matiniúson] adj . patient. Refers to being patient in suffering Kinahanglan magin matiniuson kamo. You-all need to-be patient. cf: tios . matinumanon [matinumánon] adj . trustworthy, loyal, faithful, fulfilling well cf: tuman . matiryal [matiryál] From: Sp n . material. Refers to the material and physical things of this world in contrast to mental or spiritual ideas Nakibahin sinda san mga matiryal na bagay. They shared material things. (pl. matiryáles) matiryáles pl. of matiryal material matris [mátris] From: Sp n . uterus, womb Nagbulag na an inunlan sa matris. The placenta has-separated already from-the uterus. syn: taguankan 'uterus'. matsar [matsár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magmatsár v . butcher, slaughter Nagmatsar sinda sin kanding san kaadlawan niya. They butchered a goat for her birthday. pagmatsár n . butchering An iya pagmatsar san akon baboy an amon gin-awayan. His butchering of my pig was-the cause of our quarrel. paramatsár n . butcher Pinatay siya san paramatsar. He was-killed by-the butcher. matubis [matubís] adj . cleanly, tidy maunmitro [maunmítro] adj . about one meter An prutas maunmitro na la sa duta. The fruit was only about-one-meter from the ground. cf: un 'one', mitro 'meter'. maurit [maúrit] v . anger cf: urit 'anger'. mautok adj . intelligent maw-ot [máw-ot] v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc magmáw-ot v . desire, longing, wish Dili ka magmaw-ot na magyaman. Do not desire to-be-rich. An bilang usad nagamaw-ot na mag-uli na si Mila. Everyone was-wishing Mila would-gohome. pagmáw-ot n . desiring, longing An iya pagmaw-ot na makakadto sa Amerika adi na. Her longing to-go to America has-come. syn: ila3 2 'desire'. mawot v . praise may v . there is, there exists May aswang dida. There-is a-witch there. syn: igwa 'there exists'. may ulo n . smart, intelligent ant: manol 'stupid one'.

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m maya [máya] n . rice bird. Refers to the chestnut mannikin, a small brown sparrow-like bird which eats the ripening rice on the stalk Lonchura malacca mayabas [mayábas] n . guava fruit, guava tree An mayabas puno sin bitamina C. The guava is full of vitamin C. magpamayábas v [c7] . pick guavas syn: miyabas 'guava', bayabas 'guava fruit'. mayaman [mayáman] From: Tag adj . rich, wealthy, affluent cf: yaman 'wealth'. maymay [máymay] From: Ceb n . 1) advice, counsel, recommendation, suggestion 2) talkative person Sunudon ko an imo maymay. I will-follow your advice. syn: abiso ‘notice’, laygay ‘advice’. pagmáymay n . advising Hanga ako sa imo pagmaymay san kabataan. I admire your advising ofthe children. mamináymay adj . fond of advising, talkative, loquacious, garrulous Maminaymay sa kabataan si Patria. Patria is fond-of-advising the children. maymayán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN ben; I- acc. advise, counsel, recommend, suggest Maymayan mo an imo bata na dili maghinakot. Advise your child not to loiter-around. maymáyan n . counseling office Ada siya sa maymayan. She is there in-the counseling-office. Mayo [Máyo] From: Sp n . May. Refers to the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar Niyan na Mayo hihinguhaon ko gayod na makaupod sa inda. Now in May I really will-try to-accompany them. mayor [mayór] From: Sp n . mayor, chief person, office head, town head Wara didi an amon mayor. Our chief is not here. pagmayór n . dominating, dominance, superiority Udungon mo an imo pagmayor sa amon. Stop your dominating of us. pagmayorán v [c2] . MAG- act. act superior, dominate Habo kami na pagmayoran mo. We do not want you to-be-dominating us. syn: alkaldi 'mayor'. mayordomo [mayordómo] From: Sp n . manager, butler, steward syn: katiwala 'manager', manidyir 'manager'. medisina n . Variant: midisina 1 'medicine'. Mediteranean [Mediteránean] From: Sp n . Mediterranian sea memorya v . remember, memorize mensahi n . cf: pagmensahi 'preaching'. midisina [midisína] From: Eng n . Variant: uyúkan . 1) medicine, medical drugs Dili sinda nanginginahanglan sin mga midisina. They are not needing any medicine. Variant: medisina . 2) medical course. Refers to medicine as a course of study Nagaadal siya sin midisina. He is-studying medicine. syn: bulong ‘medicine’. midyanotsi [midyanótsi] From: Sp n . 1) midnight Midyanotsi idto san primero kami nagbagot. It-was a midnight when we first met. 2) New Year's Eve Tagaan ko ikaw sin rigalo sa midyanotsi. I willgive you a gift on New-Years-eve. midyanotsíhan n . midnight dinner food. Refers to the dinner which typically climaxes the New Year's Eve celebration Wara kami sin midyanotsihan. We do-not-have food-for-the-midnightdinner. magmidyanótsi v [c8] . MAG-, MA- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. eat midnight dinner. Refers to eating a midnight dinner on New Year's Eve Nagamidyanotsi si Lilia sa amon. Lilia is-eating her midnight-dinner with us. mamidyanótsi v . midnight dinner, eat... Dili kami mamidyanotsi. We will-not eat-New-Year'sEve-dinner. midyas [mídyas] From: Sp n . socks Ruluho an iya midyas. His socks are-perforated-with-holes. magmídyas v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN pat; I- acc. put on socks, wear socks Magmidyas ka na. Puton your socks now. midyásan v . be clothed with socks Midyasan ko lang an akon tiil pagkaturog ko niyan sa gab-i. My feet will just be-clothed-with-socks by me when I go-to-sleep tonight. imídyas v . use something for socks Imidyas ko anay ini na kan Manoy midyas. I will-use first these socks to put-socks on Manoy. midyo [mídyo] From: Sp adv . slightly, partly, somewhat, barely, hardly Midyo mapait an lasa sini na pan. The taste of-this bread is slightly bitter. midyu-midyo [midyu-mídyo] adj . insane, crazy, deranged, demented, mad, nuts, off his/her rocker Midyu-midyo ini na tawo. This man is insane. syn: buang 'insane'. pagkamidyu-mídyo n . insanity, madness, lunacy, psychosis, mental illness Dati sa pagkabuhay an iya pagkamidyu-midyo. His insanity has been since birth. magmidyu-mídyo v [c2] . MAG- exp. become insane Nagamidyu-midyo si Iregono. Iregono isbecoming-insane. cf: midyo 'slightly'. mihi-mihi [mihî-mihî] v [c2] . MAG- act magmihî-mihî v . bray. Refers to the sound made by donkeys and horses syn: pulpog1 'bray'. mihuras [mihúras] From: Sp n . project, improvement May mihoras ba kamo sana na duta na iyo ginaangkon? Do you have any improvement of-that land you are-claiming? mil From: Sp adj . thousand Namatay an akon iloy sa mil nuebe syintos kwarintay singko. My mother died in 1945 (thousand nine hundred forty five). milagro [milágro] From: Sp n . miracle An pagkaayo san iya sakit isad na milagro. The healing of his illness is a miracle. milagróso adj . miraculous Milagroso ini na pangyari. This incident is miraculous. magmilágro v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. perform a miracle, exhibit a miracle Nagamilagro an istatwa ni Jose Rizal. The statue of Jose Rizal is-exhibiting-miracles. Milagros [Milágros] n . Milagros. Name of a town in Masbate Province milagroso [milagróso] adj . miraculous cf: milagro 'miracle'. milaom [miláom] part . even though, in spite of the fact Milaom na adi ka na, naghali ka pa. In-spite-ofthe-fact that you were already here, you still left. cf: agad1 , baga1 'ember'; syn: bisan 'even though', maski 'though'; Variant: malaom. mili kay [míli kay] conj . just because Siya mili kay maayo siya magkanam sin baskitbol baga na siya sikaiyot. He just-because he is good in-playing basketball he acts as-if he is important. cf: kay 'because'; syn: bantog kay 'just because'. milo [milô] From: Ceb n . wild cat Kinaon san milo an amon manok. Our chicken was-eaten by-the wildcat. Variant: miro.

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m milon [milón] From: Sp n . cantaloupe Matahom an milon kun tig-init. Cantaloupe is good on hot days. milya [mílya] From: Eng n . mile An isad na milya subra sa usad na kilometro. One mile exceeds a kilometer. mimi [mimî] adj . cry easily An pawikan kun nadadakop dutduton lang an iya bayhon nagatangis kay mimi. If a sea-turtle is-caught just touch his face and he cries because it cries-easily. mimorya [mimórya] From: Sp n . memory mamimórya v [c2] . MA- pat. memorize May namimorya ka ba na birsikulo sa Bibliya? Do you have a memorized verse from the Bible? syn: saulo , saisip 'memorize', tuom 'memorize'. mina [mína] From: Eng n . mine. Refers only to a place to dig for minerals minaayo [minaayó] n . kind way cf: ayo1 . Minasbate [Minasbáte] n . Masbatenyo language Nakaintyindi ka sin Minasbate? Do you understand the Masbatenyo-language? magminasbáte v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. speak Masbatenyo Nagaminasbate si Miraflor. Miraflor is-speaking-Masbatenyo. syn: Masbatenyo 2 'Masbatenyo language'. mingaw [míngaw] From: Ceb adj . MA- pat mamíngaw adj . lonely, forlorn, isolated v [c4] . MAG-, MA- exp, -ON pat. be homesick Mamingaw ini na lugar. This place is isolated. Namimingaw ako san akon mga ginikanan. I am-homesick for my parents. magmíngaw v . become lonely, become forlorn Nano kay nagmingaw ka na dida sana na balay? Why did you become-forlorn there in-that house? mingáwon v . be homesick Dili ka pagamingawon didto sa kanda Tata Manggoy. You will not behomesick there-distant at Tata Manggoy-and-family's-home. mamingawón adj . tends to be homesick, tends to be lonely, prone to be homesick, prone to be lonely Mamingawon ini na bata. This child tends-to-be-homesick. pagkamíngaw n . loneliness, forlornness Pagkamingaw an dahilan san iya pag-uli. Lonelinesswas the cause of his going-home. minister [miníster] part . need, require Minister ka pa sumatan na maaram ka naman? Do you still need to-be-told when you already know? minos [mínos] From: Sp adj . reduced, less than, lower than Minos an prisyo sini na pantalon. The price of-these pants are-reduced. pinakamínos adj . lowest, least Amo ini an pinakaminos na prisyo para sa imo. This is the lowest price for you. magmínos v [c8] . 1) MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. decrease, lower Nano kay nagaminos an imo grado? Why is your grade decreasing? 2) underestimate, misjudge, miscalculate Dili ka magminos sin tawo. Do not underestimate a person. minsahe [minsáhe] From: Sp n . message, sermon Ginhatag ni Edwin an iya minsahe pinaagi kan Pastor Dadula. Edwin gave his message through Pastor Dadula. pagminsáhe n . preaching Hudok sa buot an iya pagminsahe. His preaching was-sincere. cf: balangibog . magminsáhe v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. sermonize, preach Si Pastor Martinez an nagminsahe san Domingo. Pastor Martinez was-the-one-who preached last Sunday. minsahiro [minsahíro] From: Sp n . messenger Nano an dara na minsahe san mensahiro? What-was the message brought by-the messenger? magminsahíro v [c2] . MAG- act; PA-..-ON pat. serve as a messenger Nagminsahiro ka sa amon opisina. You served-as-a-messenger in our office. cf: minsahe 'message'. minsan [mínsan] From: Tag adv . once Minsan lang ako niya tinagaan sin kwarta. He gave me money only once. minsuwal [minsuwál] From: Sp n . installment payment, buying on credit Damo an mabayad mo sa minsuwal. You will-pay a lot by buying-on-credit. syn: hulug-hulog 'installment payment'. pagminsuwál n . buying by installments Wara madayon an iya pagminsuwal sin riprihidora. Her buying a refrigerator by-installments was-not carried-out. magminsuwál v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. buy on installment plan Magaminsuwal ako sin tahian na makina. I will-buy a sewing machine on-an-installment-plan. iminsuwál v . use for installment buying Iminsuwal ko anay ini na imo kwarta. I will first use this money of yours to-buy-on-an-installment-plan. minsulán v . be bought on installments Nano na aplians an imo ginminsulan? What appliance did you buy-on-an-installment-plan? minudinsya [minudínsya] From: Sp n . chitterlings, maw, entrails syn: tinas 'chitterlings'. minutos [minútos] From: Sp n . minute Duha na lang ka minutos an nabilin. There-are just two minutes left. mira [míra] From: Sp n . myrrh. Masbatenyos consider myrrh a drug although it is known only from Bibical stories An usad san tulo na hadi nagrigalo kan Jesus sin mira. One of-the three kings gavea-gift of myrrh to Jesus. miras [míras] n . breadfruit An miras pwede ihawon. Breadfruit can be-broiled. syn: kulo 'breadfruit', rimas 'breadfruit tree'. mirinda [mirínda] n . mirinda fruit. Refers to a citrus fruit which is considered a good fruit for making a soft drink mirkado [mirkádo] From: Sp n . market Makadto ako sa mirkado. I am-going to-the market. pagmirkádo n . marketing Dinalian an iya pagmirkado. His marketing was-hurriedly-done. paramirkádo n . marketer, market shopper Wara didi an amon paramirkado. Our marketer is not here. magmirkádo v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. go marketing, market Nagamirkado ako kagaina na aga. I was-marketing earlier-this morning. imirkádo v . use to market with Imo na lang imirkado ina na kwarta na ada sa imo. Let that money there with you just be-used by-you now to-go-marketing. miro n . Variant: milo 'wild cat'. miron [mirón] n . spectator Damu-damo an miron. There-are-many spectators. syn: tambong 'spectator'. pagmirón n . watching An katawuhan na nagtiripon pagmiron nag-uruli. The people who gathered watching returned-home. magmirón v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. watch, witness a performance Nagmiron kami sa barayli. We watched the dance. imirón v . have someone watch Imiron anay ini na bata dida sa nagakaranam. First have this child watch there those-who are-playing. syn: tambong 'spectator'. miryinda [miryínda] From: Sp n . snack. Refers to a light lunch taken between lunch and supper Maghanda ka sin miryinda. You prepare a snack. misa [mísa] n . mass. Refers to the religious ceremony of mass in the Catholic church Namamatyagan ko ini na pagkahalapit ko sa Ginoo sa misa kun nakakumunyon ako. I was-feeling this closeness ofmine to-the Lord in-the mass when I received-communion. miserable [miseráble] From: Sp adj . miserable pinakamiseráble most miserable Kahuna ko na ako an pinakamiserable na tawo sa mundo. I thought that I was-the most-miserable person in-the world.

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m misias [misías] From: Sp n . messiah Si Jesu-Kristo kuno amo an Misias. Jesus Christ it-is-reported is the Messiah. misita [misíta] From: Sp n . coffee table. Refers to a part of the living room set of furniture miskla [mískla] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc miskláhan v . mix together Misklaha an itlog kag san arina. Mix-together the egg and the flour. cf: sagol1 'mixture', ukay1 ; syn: bati2 , halo2 , ukag , masa 'mix', sakot . pagmískla n . mixing Ayuha an imo pagmiskla. Do your mixing well. pangmískla n . mechanical mixer. Refers to a machine Igwa sinda sin pangmiskla san arina. They have a flour mixer. paramískla n . mixer. Refers to a person whose job it is to mix ingredients Wara sin paramiskla san baybay kag siminto. There-is-no mixer of-the sand and cement. mismo [mísmo] From: Sp prn . self. This is a reflexive personal pronoun Sinda mismo an naghimo sini. They themselves are-the-ones-who made this. mistiryo [mistíryo] From: Sp n . mystery Dili ko aram kun diin maghali ina na mistiryo. I do not know where that mystery came-from. mistiryósa adj . mysterious. Used with nouns representing feminine persons Mistiryosa ina na babayi. That woman is mysterious. mistiryóso adj . mysterious. Used with masculine nouns magmistíryo v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. something mysterious happens May nagmistiryo sinda. There-was-something mysterious-happened-to them. mistiryosa n . Variant: mistiryoso 'mysterious'. mistiryoso [mistiryóso] n . mysterious. Used with nouns representing masculine persons cf: mistiryo 'mystery'; Variant: mistiryosa. mitro [mítro] From: Sp n . meter. Refers to a measurement of 39.37 inches Maduha ka mitro an kahadalom. The depth is about two meters. An lapad san amon lamisa usad ka mitro may tunga. The width of our table is one meter and a half. Variant: . màunmítro adj . about one meter mitsa [mítsa] From: Sp n . 1) wick. Refers to the wick of a lamp or fuse for dynamite or firecrackers Liwani sin mitsa an ilawan. Change the wick on-the lamp. 2) instigator, cause Siya an mitsa sa araway. He is the instigator of-the quarrel. magmítsa v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. insert a wick, change a wick. Refers to inserting a new wick into a lamp or to change a wick Nagamitsa siya san ilawan. He is-inserting-a-wick into-the lamp. imítsa v . be used for a wick Malinis na kamisita an imo imitsa dida sa mga ilawan. What will-beused-for-a-wick by-you there in the lamps is a clean undershirt. mitsahán v . be fitted with a wick Mitsahan ko anay an mga ilawan kay mapawa pa. The lamps will first be-wicked by-me so-that they-will continue to-shine. miya [míyà] n . cat Pakauna an miya. Have the cat eat. magpamiya-míya v [c2] . MAG- act. act cat-like Nagapamiya-miya si Nino sa sini. Nino actedlike-a-cat in-the movie. syn: iding 'cat'. miyabas [miyábas] From: Ceb n . guava fruit, guava tree Magbakal ka sin napulo na miyabas sa tyindahan. You buy ten guavas from the store. parapamiyábas n . guava picker Magbakal ka sin miyabas sa parapamiyabas. You buy some guavas from-the guava-pickers. magpamiyábas v [c5] . MA-, MAGPA- act; PA-..-ON pat; PA-..-AN goal. pick guava, gather guava Nagapamiyabas sinda. They are-gathering-guavas. syn: mayabas 'guava fruit', bayabas 'guava fruit'. Miyirkolis [Miyírkolis] From: Sp n . Wednesday. Refers to the 4th day of the week in the Gregorian calendar mo prn . 1) you (singular). The 2nd person singular genitive pronoun which substitutes for the ni class personal noun phrase functioning as an out-of-focus agent Gusto mo ina? Do you like that? 2) your (singular). In the following example mo functions as a possessor Hain an manghod mo? Where is your younger-sibling? moda [móda] From: Sp n . fashion in clothes, clothes style, clothes fashion Nagasunod siya sa moda. She keeps-abreast of-the fashion-in-clothes. syn: tabas 'style', uso 'style'. modesta [modésta] From: Sp n . seamstress, dressmaker modilo [modílo] From: Eng n . model Ikaw an modilo san imo mga anak. You-are the model of your children. pagmodílo n . modelling An iya pagmodilo an nagpaharayo sa iya san iya mga anak. Her modeling is what distanced her from her children. magmodílo v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. model, pose Nagamodilo siya sa Rustans. She is-modelling at Rustans. modirno [modírno] From: Sp adj . modern, current Dili gamit an gugtol sa modirno na pag-ani. A grainharvesting-knife is not used in modern harvesting. Moises [Móises] n . Moises. A man's name Molbug [mólbug] n . Molbug. A town in Masbate Province molido [molído] From: Sp n . a sweet confection. Made from mashed sweet potato and sugar molino [molíno] From: Sp v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal. mill, grind cf: giling . magmolíno v . mill grain Nagamolino kami sin humay, mais kag kapi. We are-milling rice, corn and coffee. molinohón v . be milled Molinohon ta anay ini na kanda Mr. Azillo. This will-be-milled first byus-incl for Mr. Azillo. ipamolíno v . MAGPA- ag; IPA- acc. cause to mill Ipamolino ko ini na mais. I will-have this corn milled. molinohán n . milling machine, mill Nasira an inda molinohan. Their mill is-damaged. paramolíno n . miller, operator of a mill Si Juan an amon paramolino. Juan is our miller. parapamolíno n . miller's customer Damo sin parapamolino sa Ruiz Corn & Rice Mill. There-areplenty of milling-customers at-the Ruiz corn & rice mill. pagmolíno n . milling An pagmolino matuna sa alas sais an aga. The milling begins at six o'clock in-the morning. molistiya [molístiya] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magmolístiya v . pester, disturb, bother, molest molistiyahón v . be disturbed, be pestered, be bothered, be molested. Means to pester someone by persistently wanting to borrow or ask favors Molistiyahon ko ikaw sin madali. I will-disturb you for a moment pagmolístiya n . pesterding, bothering, disturbing Dili ako urit san imo pagmolistiya. I am-not angered by your pestering. molistiyadóra n . female nuisance, female pest, female irritant. Refers to a person who pesters by continually asking for or borrowing things Si Lucrecia molistiyadora sa iya katarakin. Lucrecia is a nuisance to her neigbors. molistiyador n . male nuisance mominto [momínto] From: Sp n . moment, instant Nano an ginahimo mo niyan na mominto? What are you doing at-this moment? monay [mónay] n . egg bread. Refers to a particular kind of bread made with extra eggs and butter. It is considered a confection syn: pan 'bread', tinapay 'bread'. mondo n . world

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m Monreal [monreál] n . Monreal. A town in Masbate Province monte [monté] n . card game magmonté v [c2] . MAG- act. play the monte card game montiro [montíro] From: Sp n . forest guard. These are equivalent to the forest service in other nations Gindakop san montiro an mga parakaingin. The forest-guard arrested the kaingin-makers. mormor [mórmor] n . mormor fish. This fish has two protruding upper front teeth, somewhat like a rat. Also refers to a fishy smell syn: malmal 'mormor fish'. moron [morón] From: Eng adj . mentally disabled Basi sa layi ni Mendel, magkakaigwa ka sin moron na anak. Based on-the law of Mendel, you will-have a mentally-disabled child. muda [múda] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc mudáhon v . be cursed, be maligned, be slandered Ginmuda niya ako sa atubang san kadamuan. I was-maligned by-her in front of-the crowd. pangmúda n . cursing, mocking, slander Wara ko pagintyindiha an iya pangmuda sa akon. I paid no attention-to her cursing of me. magpangmúda v . curse, mock, slander Mahilig siya magpangmuda san kabataan. He is-fond-of mocking the children. paramudá n . curser, slanderer, scorner, scoffer, mocker. Characterized as one who regularly curses others Ina na babayi paramuda. That woman is a slanderer. pagmúda n . cursing, maligning, slandering, mocking An iya pagmuda sa akon amo an nauritan san akon asawa. Her maligning me was-what caused my husband to-be-angry. mugo [mugó] v [c2] . MAG- act magmugó v . complain cf: ngurob 'growl'; syn: mutmot , reklamo 'complain'. mukdi . muklat [muklát] v [c8] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magmuklát v . open the eyes Nagmuklat san iya mata an patay. The dead opened his eyes. mamuklát v . open something figuratively Ginatalinguha niya na mamuklat sa maayo na pamumuhay an anak niya. She is striving to open a good way of living for her child. pagmuklát n . opening of eyes Adto ako san pagmuklat san mata san patay. I was-there when the eyes of-the dead-one opened. cf: buka2 , bukrat1 , abri , ukab1 . mula [múla] From: Sp n . cavalry horse mulong [mulóng] n . birthmark May itom siya na mulong sa agtang. He has-a black birthmark on-the forehead. multo [múlto] n . ghost, ghoul, phantom, apparition Nano an hitsura san multo? What-was the appearance of-the ghost? Variant: murto 'ghost'. magmúlto v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. haunt, return as a ghost. Said of a dead one's tortured soul Nagamulto si Pangkoy kada gab-i. Pankoy's-soul comes-back-to-haunt every night. mumho [múmhò] n . crumb, morsel, scrap, tidbit, fragment An usad na mumho kaupod san usad ka plato na luto. The crumb is from a plate of cooked-rice. pagmúmhò n . dropping of crumbs Dili tuyo an iya pagmumho. His dropping-of-crumbs is unintentional/not-purposeful. magmúmhò v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. drop crumbs Dili kamo magmumho sa lamisa. Do not drop-crumbs on-the table. mumhùón adj . crummy, full of crumbs. Means something has lots of crumbs Mumhuon an aton lamisa. Our table is crummy. munay n . bread mundag [mundág] From: Bkl v [c2] . MAG- act magmundág v . give birth pagkamundág n . birthing, being born An pagkabuhay na aram ko amo an pagkamundag ko sa mundo sa unod. The birth/becoming-alive which I am-aware-of it is my being-born into-the world in-the flesh. mundo1 [múndò] From: Sp adj . MAmamúndò adj . sad, sorry, grieving, gloomy, miserable Mamundo an mga ilo. The orphans are-sad. kamúndò n . sorrow, sadness, grief, gloom, misery Wara na an iya kamundo. His sorrow is gone now. magmúndò v [c2] . 1) MAG- act. mourn, be sad, grieve Nagamundo sinda kay patay an inda ama. They are-mourning because their father is dead. 2) peeve, irk, anger slightly, offend slightly Nagamundo siya sa akon kay wara ko pautanga sin kwarta. She is-peeved with me because I did not lend her money. syn: luto2 ‘mourn’, agrangay . mundo2 [múndo] n . world, earth Adi kita sa masalimuot na mundo. We are-here in-a confused world. kamunduhán adj . worldly, earthly Ayaw kamo pagmawot sin kamunduhan na kayamanan. Do not desire worldly wealth. mungan [mungán] n . short fellow, dwarf, imaginary being Damo sin mungan sa Manila. There-are-many dwarfs in Manila. syn: putot1 1 'short', dwindi 'troll'. munggo [múnggo] n . a mung bean. Refers to the highly nutritious munggo beans. Bean sprouts grown from munggo beans are highly regarded vegetables in Masbate Makikita mo an mga tinanom na mais kag munggo. You will-see the corn and mung-bean plants. Phaseolus aureus mungnan [múngnan] v [c2] . MAGKA-, MA- exp mamungnán v . confuse, muse, startle, amaze, fascinate Hoy! Nano kay namumungnan ka? Hey! Why are you musing? Namungnan ako san iya sinabi. I was-confused by-what he said. cf: ngarat , namingnan 'dumbfounded'. magkamurúngnan v . become speechless, tongue tied, astonished, confused pagkamúngnan n . confusion, bewilderment, puzzlement, uncertainty Grabi an iya pagkamungan. His confusion is serious. munisipyo [munisípyo] From: Sp n . municipal building, town hall An munisipyo propidad san publiko. The municipal-building is property of-the public. muntora [muntóra] From: Sp n . saddle, bicycle seat munyika [munyíkà] n . doll An badu-bado san akon munyika maganda. The minature dress of my doll is beautiful. magmunyíkà v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. play with dolls munyikâon v . make into a doll muok [mùók] adj . over sleep, sleep late paramùók n . late sleeper, sleepy head Si Tsitsi na akon apo paramuok. Tsitsi, my granddaughter, is a late-sleeper. syn: turog 'sleep'. muot [mùót] v [c3] . MA- exp; KA-..-AN pat kamùután v . love, like, adore, cherish, be fond of Kamuutan mo an imo mga ginikanan. Love your parents. pagkamùót n . love, affection, devotion, fondness Daku-dako an pagkamuot san Dios sa aton. Very-great is the love of God for us. maminùúton adj . loving, affectionate, caring, devoted Usad siya na maminuuton na bata. He is a loving child. syn: palangga 'loved'.

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m mura [múra] From: Sp adj . cheap, reduced price. Refers to the special sales in which prices have been reduced in order to sell the merchandise more quickly Mura an pakabakal ko san akon makanilya. The price I paid for my typewriter was-a-reduced-price. cf: baratilyo 'bargain sale'; syn: barato 'cheap'. múros o múra more or less Sa sulod sin 17 anyos muros o mura an tawag sa akon. Within 17 years more or less was the call to me. muraway [muráway] v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat magmuráway v . rejoice, praise Magmuraway kita sa ngaran san Dios. Let us rejoice in-the name of-the Lord. syn: kalipay 'happiness', mawot 'praise'. murto [múrto] From: Hlg n . ghost, apparition, phantom, ghoul cf: multo 'ghost'; Variant: multo 'ghost'. murusdot [murusdót] v [c2] . MAG- act. frown, pout, sulk, glower, mope, scowl Urit-urit an babayi kaya siya murusdot. The woman was-very-angry so she was-frowning. syn: kusmod 'frowning'. mus-ing [mús-ing] n . dirt on face Pahidon mo an imo mus-ing. Wipe-off the dirt on your face. mus-íngon adj . has a dirty face Mus-ingon ini na bata. This child has-a-dirty-face. magmús-ing v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. become dirty faced Nagamus-ing na an bayhon ni Jojo. Jojo's face is-becoming-dirty. musa [músa] From: Sp n . muse, beauty queen magmúsa v [c2] . MAG- act. become a muse muskitiro [muskitíro] From: Sp n . mosquito net Himusa an muskitiro. Store the moquito-net. muskitiruhón n . mosquito net material, mosquito netting Muskitiruhon ko ini. This is my mosquito-net-material. magmuskitíro v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. hang a mosquito net Magmuskitiro kamo kay damo sin lamok. You hang-a-mosquito-net because there are plenty of mosquitoes. mustasa [mustása] From: Sp n . mustard greens, mustard plant, mustard leaves Nakakaon na ako sin mustasa. I have-eaten mustard-greens already. syn: labanos 'radish'. Brassica integrifolia muta [mútà] From: Sp n . mucus of the eye, mote, dirt particle in the eye mutmot [mútmot] v [c2] . MAG- act magmútmot v . hold a grudge, begrudge pagmútmot n . grudge, gruding, resentment, rancor, ill will, bitterness syn: hinanakit1 'grudge', padumut-dumot 'grudge'. mutsatsa [mutsátsa] From: Sp n . servant girl Nano an pangaran san imo mutsatsa? What is the name of your servant-girl? mutsatsahón v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. be treated as a servant girl Dili mo ako mutsatsahon. Do not treat me like-a-servant-girl. magpamutsátsa v . MAGPA- act; IPA- acc; MAPA- pat. work as a servant girl Nagapamutsatsa si Luisa kan Donya Mercedes. Luisa is-working-as-a-servant-girl of Donya Mercedes. cf: mutsatso 'servant boy'. mutsatso [mutsátso] From: Sp n . servant boy magpamutsátso v [c2] . MAG- act. work as a servant boy cf: mutsatsa 'servant girl'. myimbro [myímbro] From: Sp n . member, associate, affiliate. Refers to being a member of a group Myimbro siya san BSP. He is a member of-the BSP (Boy Scouts of the Philippines). pagpamyímbro n . membership, association Igwa sin bayadan sa pagpamyimbro. There-is a membership fee. magmyímbro v [c3] . MAG-, MAGPA- act; -AN goal. become a member Nagmyimbro si Jose sa isad na gangster. Jose became-a-member of a gangster-gang. myimbruhán v . be inducted as a member Nano an pangaran san gang na imo ginmyimbruhan? What is the name of-the gang which you were-inducted-as-a-member-of? magpamyímbro v . become a member Habo siya magpamyimbro sa aton. He does-not-want tobecome-a-member with us-incl. myintras [myíntras] From: Sp conj . meanwhile, while Myintras nagasurat ka, makaon anay ako. While you are-writing, I will-eat first.

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ng ngula2 [ngúla] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magngúla v . dump, get rid of, unload, discard, chuck syn: tapok1 . nguro-nguro n . whisper ngurob [ngúrob] n . growl, snarl Wara ako makabati san ngurob san ido. I was not able-to-hear the growl of-the dog. pagngúrob n . growling, snarling An pagngurob sin ido nagapakita sin kaurit. The growling of-a dog signifies anger. ngurúrob adj . complaining, murmuring magngúrob v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. growl, snarl Nagngurob an liyon san pagkakita sa amon. The lion growled upon seeing us-excl. pagngurub-ngúrob n . grumbling, murmuring, griping Nabatian ko an imo pagngurub-ngurob sa kwarto. I heard your grumbling in-the room. magngurub-ngúrob v . grumble, murmur, complain, grouse, gripe Dili ka dida magngurb-ngurob. Sabiha ako san gusto mo. Do not grumble there. Tell me what you want. syn: reklamo 'complain', mutmot , mugo 'complain'. nguru-nguro [nguru-nguró] v [c2] . MAG- act magnguru-nguró v . mumble, mutter, burble, speak unclearly, whisper. Refers to humming a tune or whispering so others cannot understand it Naganguru-nguro sinda sa pagsurmaton. Mas maayo an klarohon. They are-mumbling in speaking. It is much better to-be-clear. syn: ngusngos , hutik 'whisper', hingaw-hingaw 'whisper', huring-huring 'whisper'. ngusngos [ngúsngos] v [c2] . MAG- act magngúsngos v . whimper, whine, snivel, sob, cry syn: ngingi 'whimper', tangis 'cry', hibi , ngyungoy 'sob softly'. ngusngus n . whisper nguyit [nguyít] adj . tongue tied, unable to pronounce clearly syn: dilot 'not pronounce clearly', apa1 'lumpia wrapper', utal 'dumb'. nguyngoy [ngúyngoy] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magngúyngoy v . sob, wail, lament Nano kay naganguyngoy ka na dili mo man igmanghod ina na patay? Why are you wailing when that dead man is not your relative? syn: ngusngos . pagngúyngoy n . sobbing, wailing, lamenting Wara ko mabati an iya pagnguyngoy. I did not hear her sobbing. cf: tangis . ngyungoy v . sob softly

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o ordinansa [ordinánsa] From: Sp n . ordinance, regulation, decree, law. Refers to laws passed by local governments ordinaryo [ordináryo] From: Sp adj . ordinary Gusto niya maghimo sin ordinaryo lang na kuron. He wants to-make just an ordinary clay-pot. organisar [organisár] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat mag-organisár v . organize, systematize, arrange, put in order organisasyon [organisasyón] From: Sp n . organization, association organismo [organísmo] From: Sp n . organism orihinal [orihinál] From: Sp adj . original, first, initial, earliest orinola [orinóla] n . mortgage syn: aryindo 'mortgage'. oro [óro] From: Sp n . gold Malimbas kami sin oro. We will-pan for gold. ospital [óspital] From: Sp n . hospital Darhon daw sa imirginsi ospital. Take him he-said to-the emergency hospital. otoridad [otóridad] , [otoridád] From: Sp n . 1) authority, right, power May otoridad siya na magbaligya didi. He has authority to-sell here. 2) police Gindakop siya san otoridad. He was-captured by-the police. otro [ótro] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben otrohón v . repeat something, do again, restate, recapitulate, reiterate Otrohan ko an akon sinabi. I will-repeat what I said. pag-ótro n . repetition, recurrence, reiteration, repeating An iya pag-otro san krimen an nagdara sa iya sa prisohan. His repetition of-the crime is what brought him to jail. cf: liwat 'again'. otsaba [otsába] n . chupa, pint measure otsinta [otsínta] From: Sp adj . eighty Pahuram man sin otsinta pisos. Please lend me eighty pesos. otsintahón adj . about eighty Otsintahon na an iya idad. His age is about-eighty already. maotsínta v [c2] . MAG-, MA- exp. be eighty Maotsinta siya sa Disyimbre. She will-be-eighty in December. otso [ótso] From: Sp adj . eight Otso anyos na siya. He is already eight years old. otsohón adj . about eight Otsohon an prisyo sini na kahoy. The price of-this lumber is about-eight pesos. mag-ótso v [c4] . MAG- exp; -ON pat. become eight Magaotso na si Erna sa Agusto. Erna willbe-eight in August. ovaryo [ováryo] From: Sp n . ovary

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p padag v [c3] . Variant: pudag . padak [padák] n . brick of sugar. Refers to a hardened brick of brown sugar made from sugar cane juice Tagdos pisos an padak san kalamay. Bricks of brown-sugar are two pesos each. [A padak is made by boiling down sugar cane juice to a very thick syrup. Then the syrup is poured into forms and cooled. The finished product is a brick of brown sugar.] padanlugi [padanlúgi] v . bribe cf: danlog . padi [pádì] From: Sp n . priest. Usually understood to be a Catholic or Episcopalian priest, but can be used as a general term for the office Si Rene an padi sa amon simbahan. Rene is the priest in our-excl church. pagpádì n . priesthood. Refers to the occupation of serving as priests An pagpadi malisod. The priesthood is difficult. magpádì v [c2] . MAG- exp. become a priest Nagapadi si Edwin. Edwin is becoming-a-priest. padir [padír] n . stone wall, concrete wall Nagasakbot sinda sa padir. They are-climbing-up the concretewall. pagpadír n . walling, wall making Tulo ka tuig an inda pagpadir palibot sa iskwelahan. Their making-of-a-wall around the school took-three years. magpadír v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. construct a stone wall, construct a concrete wall Nagapadir sinda sa iskwelahan. They are-constructing-a-stone-wall at-the school. padis [pádis] n . pair An karabaw igwa sin duha ka padis na tiil. The water-buffalo has two pairs of feet. pagpádis n . pairing Sala an imo pagpadis sa amon. Your pairing of us-excl was wrong. parapádis n . matchmaker, matcher Si Ruben an parapadis sa mga daraga kag soltiro san amon lugar. Ruben is the match-maker for-the unmarried-ladies and single-men of our-excl place. Si Juan parapadis san mga sapatos na naghali sa Australia. Juan is a matcher of-the shoes which came-from Australia. magpádis v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pair off, form pairs Nagpadis an duha na pareho maayo magsayaw. The two who-are equally good dancers paired-off. padísan v . be paired off, be partnered Padisan mo si Lito pagsayaw. Let Lito be-partnered by-you in dancing. ipádis v . be paired Ikaw, Alselmo an ipadis ko kan Aurora sa pagsayaw. Alselmo, you are the-onewho will-be-paired by-me with Aurora in-the dancing. padpad [padpád] v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. magpadpád v . be blown off Nagapadpad an mga papel sa lamesa kay hinangin. The papers arebeing-blown-off of-the table because it is windy. ipadpád v . 1) brush off, shake off Ipadpad an alpog sa iyo sapatos. Brush-off the dust from your shoes. cf: tuklang . 2) blow away An akon papel ginpadpad san hangin. My paper wasblown-away by-the wind. padpadán v . be brushed off n . doormat Ginapadpadan ni Clara an bankgo kag lamesa sin alpog. The bench and table arebeing-brushed-off by Clara of dust. Adto an padpadan. The doormat is over-there. pagpadpád n . shaking off Wara sin pwirsa an iya pagpadpad san padpadan. His shaking-off ofthe doormat is not forceful. padpadan [padpadán] n . doormat cf: padpad . padre [pádre] From: Sp n . father Pabantayan an kada padre de pamilya san iya pamilya sugad sani. Have every father of the family guard his family like this. syn: ama 'father'. padukot [padukót] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal ; I- acc magpadukót v . kindle something, cause something to burn cf: dukot1 'scorched rice'. padumdom [padumdóm] n . reminder cf: dumdom . padumut-dumot [padumut-dumót] n . grudge cf: dumot . padusa [padúsa] n . 1) punishment syn: kastigo ‘punishment’. 2) dowry cf: dusa . pag- nominal prefix. gerundive action. The affix pag- replaces the mag- affix to derive gerundive nominals for the mag- verbs. For more information, see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 1.4 pag-(sanglod) Noun. setting Mag-abot na ngani an pagsanglod san adlaw. The setting of-the sun indeed arrives. pag-(preparar) Noun. preparing Kada usad sa inda nagsibot sa pagpreparar san inda regalo. Every one of them hurried in preparing their gift. pag-abi-abi [pag-abi-abí] n . welcoming cf: abi-abi . pag-agda [pag-ágda] n . invitation cf: agda . pag-amigo n . Variant: amigo 'friendship'. pag-ampo n . praying Variant: ampo1 'pray for something'. pag-ibakwít n . evacuation, mass departure, flight cf: ibakwit . pag-ikonomíya n . frugality, thriftiness, penny-pinching cf: ikonomiya 'be frugal'. pag-inilàán n . Variant: ila1 'courting'. pag-ungod-ungod n . striving hard, diligence pagal1 [pagál] adj . tired, fatigued, exhausted, weary Pagal siya sa iya paglakaton. He is tired-from his walking. syn: kapoy 'tired', guol 'tired', hapo1 'tired'. pagpagál n . tiring, wearying, exhausting Pakahuman sa pagpagal sa akon papabuhian niyo? After its-tiring me out you want-me-to-free it? kapagálan n . exhaustion, suffering, struggles Subra an iya kapagalan. His exhaustion is great/excessive. mapagál v [c4] . MA- exp; -ON pat. tire, be weary Kamo tanan na napapagal kadi sa akon. You all who are-tiring come to me. pagpagalón v . be tired Ginoo, ayaw na pagpagala pa an imo sadiri. Sir, do not tire yourself anymore. pagal2 [pagál] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. magpagál v . toil, labor, work Magpagal ka agod mabuhay sin abunda. You toil so-that you canlive in abundance. pagpagál n . toil, work, labor Wara sin pulos an imo pagpagal. Your toil is useless. pinagálan n . fruit of labor, result of labor, result of effort An aton ginakaon dili nimo pinagalan. What we-incl are-eating is not the fruit-of your labor. pagalimugmog [pagalimugmóg] n . gargling cf: limugmog .

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p pagano [pagáno] From: Sp n . pagan, non-christian Mga pagano an mga Atta. The Atta are-pagans. pagbag-o n . renewing pagbaribad [pagbaríbad] n . refusal, alibi cf: baribad . pagbatyag [pagbátyag] n . health, feeling Maayo na an iya pagbatyag. His health is alright now. cf: batyag 'feeling'; Variant: pamatyag 'feeling of health'. pagbinagla [pagbinágla] n . lewdness, lasciviousness, filthiness, vileness, profanity, obscenity, uncouthness cf: pagbinastos 'lewdness', bagla 'lewd'; syn: pagbinagra 'lewdness'. pagbinagra [pagbinágra] n . lewdness, lasciviousness, filthiness, vileness, profanity, obscenity, uncouthness cf: bagla 'lewd'; syn: pagbinagla 'lewdness', pagbinastos 'lewdness'; Variant: bagla 'lewdness'. pagbinastos [pagbinástos] n . lewdness, lasciviousness, filthiness, vileness, profanity, obscenity, uncouthness cf: bastos 'lewd'; syn: pagbinagla 'lewdness'. pagbitay n . Variant: bitay 'hanging'. pagbudos [pagbudós] n . conception cf: budos 'pregnant'. pagbuot v [c8] . Variant: buot1 'decide'. pagburit [pagburít] n . cesarean section cf: burit . pagdamay [pagdámay] n . empathy, empathizing, sympathy, sympathizing cf: damay . pagdisturbo [pagdistúrbo] n . disturbance cf: disturbo . pagdukot [pagdúkot] n . pickpocketing, kidnapping cf: dukot1 'scorched rice'. pagdungaw v . visit pagdurog [pagdúrog] n . sleeping together, having sexual relations cf: durog . pagdusa [pagdúsa] n . suffering cf: dusa ; syn: kastigo 'punishment'. paggalang [paggálang] n . politeness, respectfulness cf: galang 'respect'. paghabo [paghabô] n . refusal cf: habo . paghali [paghálì] n . departure cf: hali 'from'; syn: pagharayo 'departure'. paghalip-ot [paghalíp-ot] adv . briefly, in a short time cf: lip-ot ; syn: kadali 'moment'. paghanap [paghanáp] n . searching cf: hanap . paghandom [paghandóm] n . desire, desiring cf: handom . pagharayo [pagharayô] n . departure, going far away cf: harayo 'far'; syn: paghali 'departure'. paghawid [pagháwid] n . hold, grasp cf: hawid .

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p paghíkap n . Variant: hikap 'touch'. paghimat [paghímat] n . carefulness cf: himat . paghingos [paghíngos] n . inhaling cf: hingos . paghinulsol [paghinulsól] n . repentance cf: hinulsol . paghiwag [paghiwág] n . movement cf: hiwag . paghugas n . Variant: hugas 'washing'. paghugpa [paghugpâ] n . alighting, landing cf: hugpa . paghumot [paghúmot] n . threatening cf: humot1 'fragrance'. pagi [pági] n . stingray fish. A species of fish with a long snake-like tail which has a spike near the end to deliver poison into its victim An pagi na isda ginakaon pero kun nakabinsol an pagi kurawang an tawo. The stingray fish is-food-to-be-eaten but if the stingray pierces-a-person he will scream. pagka [págka-] prefix . after. For more information see the Grammatical Sketch, section 6.92 Pagkapuno san dram libri na ako. After-filling the drum I am finished-work. syn: paka1. pagkabanhaw [pagkabánhaw] n . resurrection, revivification cf: banhaw . pagkabuhay [pagkabúhay] n . birth cf: buhay 'life'. pagkadi [pagkadí] n . coming cf: kadi . pagkagot [pagkágot] n . gnashing of teeth cf: kagot . pagkagutok [pagkagutók] n . tightness cf: gutok 'crowded'. pagkahadianon [pagkahadiánon] n . royalty cf: hadi 'king'; Variant: hadianon. pagkahilo [pagkahílo] n . dizziness cf: hilo3 . pagkakag-ang n . squatting pagkakag-at [pagkakag-át] n . squatting cf: kag-at1 ; syn: pagkakag-ang 'squatting'. pagkakapoy [pagkakapóy] n . tiredness cf: kapoy 'tired'; Variant: kapoy 'tiredness'. pagkalaksi [pagkaláksi] n . alertness cf: laksi1 . pagkalat [pagkálat] n . circulation, spread cf: kalat . pagkalimot [pagkalímot] n . forgetfulness, amnesia cf: limot ; syn: pagkalipat 'forgetfulness'. pagkalipat [pagkalípat] n . forgetfulness cf: lipat1 ; syn: pagkalimot 'forgetfulness'. pagkalitra [pagkalítra] n . lettering cf: litra 'alphabet letter'.

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p pagkamaistinimaron [pagkamaistinimáron] n . hospitality, cordiality, warm reception, warm welcome cf: istimar . pagkamapalanggaon [pagkamapalanggáon] n . loving kindness, compassion cf: palangga 'loved'. pagkamatinumanon [pagkamatinumánon] n . faithfulness, dependableness cf: tuman . pagkamidyu-midyo [pagkamidyu-mídyo] n . insanity, lunacy cf: midyu-midyo 'insane'. pagkamingaw [pagkamíngaw] n . loneliness cf: mingaw . pagkamungnan [pagkamúngnan] n . confusion cf: mungnan . pagkamuot [pagkamuót] n . love cf: muot . pagkanab [pagkánab] n . encroaching cf: kanab . pagkangangol [pagkangángol] n . dullness. Refers to a condition of knives cf: ngangol . pagkangarat [pagkangárat] n . surprise cf: ngarat . pagkangawa [pagkangáwa] n . surprise cf: ngawa . pagkaon [pagkâon] n . food, something edible cf: kaon . pagkapang [pagkápang] n . crawling cf: kapang . pagkapartira n . Variant: partira 'midwifery'. pagkapaslo [pagkapaslô] n . selfishness cf: paslo 'selfish'. pagkapilay [pagkapílay] n . lameness cf: pilay 'disability'. pagkapon [pagkapón] n . castration cf: kapon 'castrated animal'. pagkarigo [pagkarígò] n . bath, bathing cf: karigo . pagkarígò n . Variant: rigo 'bathing'. pagkarot [pagkárot] n . scratching cf: karot . pagkasálbar n . Variant: salbar 'salvation'. pagkatapos [pagkatápos] conj . after finishing, after, then Pagkatapos namon magkarigo, nagpamahaw kami. After we-excl finished bathing, we-excl ate-breakfast. cf: tapos 'finished'. pagkatawo [pagkatáwo] From: Ceb n . 1) birth Adto ako san pagkatawo ni Juliana. I was-there upon the birth of Juliana. 2) humanness, personal being Mahalon mo an imo pagkatawo. Value your humanness. cf: tawo ‘person’. pagkitaan [pagkitâan] n . income cf: kita2 ; Variant: kita2 'income'. pagkopya [pagkópya] n . copying cf: kopya 'copy'.

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p pagkorti [pagkórti] n . trimming, clipping cf: korti2 . pagkula [pagkulá] n . bleaching cf: kula . pagkulikag [pagkulíkag] n . thrusting, inserting cf: kulikag . pagkumbinsir [pagkumbinsír] n . convincing, persuading cf: kumbinsir . pagkumparar [pagkumparár] n . comparison cf: kumparar . pagkumpormi [pagkumpormí] n . agreement cf: kumpormi . pagkunit [pagkúnit] n . pinching cf: kunit . pagkunyari [pagkunyári] n . pretense cf: kunyari 'false'. pagkurahaw [pagkuráhaw] n . shout, shouting cf: kurahaw . pagkurong [pagkuróng] n . hairdressing cf: kurong 'curly'. pagkusmod [pagkúsmod] n . pouting, frowning cf: kusmod 'frowning'. pagkuso [pagkúsò] n . rubbing clothes cf: kuso1 . paglabas [paglabás] adv . appear cf: labas 'outside'. paglabay [paglabáy] n . passing by cf: labay1 . paglakat [paglakát] n . walking cf: lakat . paglakaw [paglákaw] n . walking cf: lakaw 'walk'. paglalang [paglaláng] n . creating cf: lalang 'creation'. paglamano [paglamáno] n . handshake cf: lamano . paglaom [pagláom] n . hoping cf: laom 'hope'. paglaya [paglayá] n . hand-thrown netting of fish cf: laya2 'hand thrown fish net'. paglaygay [pagláygay] n . counsel, advice cf: laygay 'advice'. paglikay [paglikáy] n . avoidance, evasion cf: likay . paglimpyo [paglímpyo] n . cleaning cf: limpyo 'clean'. paglingi [paglingî] n . turning to look paglingu-lingo [paglingu-lingô] n . shaking of head cf: lingu-lingo .

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p paglinis [paglínis] n . cleaning cf: linis . paglipas [paglípas] n . passing of time cf: lipas ; syn: pagliwas 'passing of time'. pagliwas [paglíwas] n . passing of time cf: liwas ; syn: paglipas 'passing of time'. pagliwat [pagliwát] n . repetition cf: liwat 'again'. paglubag [paglúbag] n . wringing cf: lubag . paglúgsad n . Variant: lusad 'descending'. paglukso [paglúkso] n . jumping cf: lukso . paglupad [paglupád] n . flight cf: lupad . paglusad [paglúsad] n . descent cf: lusad . pagmamat [pagmámat] n . crossbreeding cf: mamat . pagmaniho [pagmaního] n . driving cf: maniho . pagmantinir [pagmantinír] n . maintenance cf: mantinir . pagmaranghod [pagmaranghód] n . siblinghood, brothers and sisters Igwa kami sin malulot na pagmaranghod. We have a loyal siblinghood. cf: manghod 'younger sibling'. pagmarka [pagmárka] n . marking cf: marka 'mark'. pagmasahi [pagmasáhi] n . massaging cf: masahi 'massage'. pagmasid [pagmasíd] n . watching cf: masid ; syn: pagmiron 'watching'. pagmasitas [pagmasítas] n . floriculture cf: masitas 'ornamental plant'. pagmata adj . awaking pagmatsar [pagmatsár] n . butchering cf: matsar . pagmaymay [pagmáymay] n . advising cf: maymay . pagmayor [pagmayór] n . dominating, dominance, superiority cf: mayor 'mayor'. pagmensahi [pagmensáhi] n . preaching cf: mensahi. pagminsuwal [pagminsuwál] n . buying on installment cf: minsuwal 'installment payment'. pagmiron [pagmirón] n . watching cf: miron 'spectator'; syn: pagmasid 'watching'. pagmiskla [pagmískla] n . mixing cf: miskla .

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p pagmodilo [pagmodílo] n . modelling cf: modilo 'model'. pagmolino [pagmolíno] n . milling cf: molino . pagmolistiya [pagmolístiya] n . pestering cf: molistiya . pagmuda [pagmúda] n . cursing, maligning cf: muda . pagmukaw-mukaw [pagmukaw-múkaw] n . awakening. Means to prepare oneself for the day's activity which includes rubbing eyes, stretching, dressing and combing cf: pukaw . pagmuklat [pagmuklát] n . opening cf: muklat . pagmumho [pagmúmho] n . dropping of crumbs cf: mumho 'crumb'. pagnamas [pagnamás] n . increase cf: namas . pagnganga [pagngangá] n . mouth opening cf: nganga . pagnguyngoy [pagngúyngoy] n . sobbing cf: nguyngoy . pagnigar [pagnigár] n . denial cf: nigar . pagniwang [pagníwang] n . thinning cf: niwang 'thin'. pago [págo] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act magpágo v . pay off a bet cf: pusta 'bet'. pagot [págot] v [c2] . MAG- act magpágot v . gnash teeth syn: kagot , ragot 'sound of grating of teeth'. pagpadanlog [pagpadánlog] n . bribery cf: danlog . pagpadi [pagpádi] n . priesthood cf: padi 'priest'. pagpadir [pagpadír] n . walling cf: padir 'stone wall'. pagpadis [pagpádis] n . pairing cf: padis 'pair'. pagpadpad [pagpádpad] n . shaking off cf: padpad . pagpag [págpag] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat pagpágon v . be ruffled, be rumpled, be tousled, be brushed hard Ginpagpag niya an iya buhok agod mahali an tubig. He ruffled his hair in-order to-remove the water cf: padpad , tukyab . pagpagal1 [pagpagál] n . tiring cf: pagal1 'tired'. pagpagal2 [pagpagál] n . toil cf: pagal2 . pagpahayag [pagpaháyag] n . explanation cf: hayag 'illumination'. pagpahimubo [pagpahimúbo] n . humility cf: himubo1 . pagpáhog n . Variant: pahog 'threat'.

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p pagpahunod [pagpahúnod] n . yielding cf: hunod . pagpaigu-igo [pagpaigu-ígò] n . sufficiency cf: igo1 'enough'. pagpakipot [pagpakípot] n . healing cf: kipot2 . pagpakpak [pagpakpák] n . clapping cf: pakpak1 . pagpal-at [pagpal-át] n . absence cf: pal-at . pagpalabi [pagpalabí] n . favoritism cf: labi 'even more so'. pagpaliwánag n . Variant: paliwanag 'explanation'. pagpalsipikar [pagpalsipikár] n . forgery cf: palsipikar . pagpamati [pagpamáti] n . hearing ability cf: bati1 . pagpampam [pagpámpam] n . prostitution cf: pampam 'prostitute'. pagpamukdi [pagpamúkdi] n . picking, plucking cf: mukdi. pagpamuno [pagpamúnò] n . leadership cf: puno3 'head'. pagpamyimbro [pagpamyímbro] n . membership cf: myimbro 'member'. pagpanambay [pagpanámbay] n . adultery, promiscuous sexual behavior cf: panambay 'adultery'. pagpanday [pagpánday] n . carpentry, blacksmithing cf: panday 'wood and metal worker'. pagpangadyi [pagpangadyî] n . praying cf: pangadyi 'prayer'. pagpangamuyo [pagpangamúyo] n . earnest prayer cf: pangamuyo . pagpangawat [pagpangáwat] n . stealing cf: kawat ; Variant: kawat 'theft'. pagpangimon n . Variant: pangimon 1 'jealousy'. pagpangisda [pagpangisdâ] n . fishing cf: isda 'fish'. pagpangkodak [pagpangkódak] n . photography cf: kodak 'camera'. pagpangmaldisyon [pagpangmaldisyón] n . cursing cf: maldisyon . pagpanhulga [pagpanhulgâ] n . threat cf: hulga . pagparasaway [pagparasáway] n . constant correction An pagparasaway nakapasakit sa dughan. Theone-who disciplines suffers emotional pain. cf: saway ; syn: pinasaway 'repeated correction'. pagpatay [pagpatáy] n . murder cf: patay 'dead one'.

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p pagpinit [pagpinít] n . section, segment, fragment cf: pinit 'very small amount'. pagpisi [pagpísì] n . rope making cf: pisi 'rope'. pagpitad [pagpitád] n . stepping cf: pitad 'step'. pagpiyar [pagpiyár] n . trust cf: piyar . pagporbar [pagporbár] n . test cf: porbar . pagpresintar [pagpresíntar] n . proposing, applying, reporting cf: presintar. pagprubitsar [pagprubitsár] n . taking advantage, defrauding cf: prubitsar . pagpugol [pagpúgol] n . controlling cf: pugol 'control'. pagpukdi [pagpukdî] n . plucking, picking cf: pukdi ; syn: pudo . pagpulod [pagpulód] n . cutting cf: pulod . pagpústa n . Variant: pusta 'betting'. pagritráto n . Variant: ritrato 'photography'. pagrubâ n . Variant: ruba 'destruction'. pagsirak adj . shining pagsud-ong n . Variant: sud-ong 'stare'. pagtabil n . gossip pagtámbag n . Variant: tambag 'advice'. pagtángkop n . Variant: tangkop 'patch'. pagtiwálà n . Variant: tiwala 'trust'. pagtubos [pagtubós] n . ransom cf: tubos . pagukod [pagúkod] From: Ceb n . foot race, pursuit, chase cf: gukod ; syn: pariha 'race'. paguwaon v . Variant: guwa 'be released'. pagyaman [pagyáman] n . enriching cf: yaman 'wealth'. paha1 [páhà] From: Bkl adj . thirsty Paha na an akon anak. My child is thirsty already. kapáhà n . thirst Wara maulii an iya kapaha. His thirst did not return. pahâon v [c14] . -ON pat. become thirsty Magdara kamo sin tubi kay basi pahaon kamo sa dalan. You take water with-you because you might become-thirsty on-the way. syn: uhaw 'thirst'; Variant: pahaon. paha2 [páha] n . belt. For trousers, dress, etc. Adi an imo paha. Here is your belt. magpáha v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- inst. wear a belt Magpaha ka kay haluwag an imo pantalon. You wear-a-belt because your pants are-loose. paháhon v . spank with a belt Ginpaha ko si Jojo. I spanked Jojo with-a-belt. Variant: pahaon. pahâan v . put a belt on someone Ginapahaan niya an iya bata. He is-putting-a-belt-on his child. ipáha v . use something for a belt Ipaha mo sa bata an pisi. Use the rope for a belt on-the child.

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p pahalaba [pahalabâ] n . lengthwise cf: halaba 'long'. pahaon v . Variant: paha2 'spank with a belt'; Variant: paha1 'become thirsty'. pahayag v . explain pahayagon [pahayágon] v . make clearly visible cf: hayag 'illumination'. pahid [páhid] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- inst syn: punas . magpáhid v . wipe off Nagapahid si Amor san iya ati sa bayhon. Amor wiped-off the dirt from her face. pahídon v . be wiped off Pahidon mo an ati sa lamisa. Let the dirt on-the table be-wiped-off byyou. pahídan v . be wiped from Pahidan mo san balhas si Carlito. Let the sweat be-wiped-off-from Carlito. ipáhid v . something be used to wipe Ini na trapo an imo ipahid sana na basa. This cloth is what you will-use-to-wipe that wetness. parapáhid n . wiper An parapahid san tubi sa salamin sa auto nabari. The wiper of-the water onthe glass of-the car was-broken. pahimutang [pahimútang] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magpahimutang v . place properly cf: butang2 . pahina [páhina] From: Sp n . page (of book) Abriha an imo libro sa pahina kwarinta. Open your book to page forty. Variant: pahína. pahína n . Variant: pahina 'page (of book)'. pahinungod [pahinungód] conj . about, concerning, for cf: manungod 'about'. pahiro [pahíro] v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal magpahíro v . send postal package, send a money order, send a letter pahog [páhog] From: Ceb n . threat Wara ako nahadlok san iya pahog. I did-not fear his threat. Variant: pagpáhog. magpáhog v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. threaten, menace, bully, terrorize, intimidate Dili ka magpahog sin tawo. Do not threaten anybody. pahug-pahugón v . be threatened Dili siya gusto na pagpahug-pahugon. He did-not like to-bethreatened. syn: hulga 'threat'. pahumot [pahumót] From: Ceb n . perfume, cologne, fragrance, toilet water, scent pahuway [pahúway] n . resting cf: huway . pahuwayan [pahuwayán] n . rest place cf: huway . pahuyhoy [pahúyhoy] n . rice field dike, rice paddy wall Nagkatiriko an pahuyhoy san agihan san nagasuag na karabaw. The rice-field dike was-bent-in when crossed-over by-the rampaging waterbuffalo. cf: kabas-an 'rice paddy'. paig [pâig] adj . 1) yellowed, burnt. Refers to a yellow discoloring of the rice as a result of being burned Paig ini na luto. This boiled-rice is burnt. cf: tubod1 . 2) aged. Refers to clothing which has aged from wear and so has yellowed Paig ini na bado. These clothes are aged. magpâig v [c2] . MAG-, MA- exp. become yellowed v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. roast grain. Refers to rice/corn-grits, etc., to use as coffee Nagapaig an mga T-shirt ni Jojo. Jojo's T-shirts are-becoming-yellowed. Nagapaig ako sin bugas para kapihan. I am-roasting rice in-order-to use-it-as-coffee. syn: sanlag . paigbaw [paigbáw] adv . upper side cf: igbaw . paila [paílà] adj . ostentatious, flamboyant, pretentious, affected, showy, grandiose cf: ila1 , buruton 'boastful'. painiton an ulo [painíton an úlo] v . irritate someone cf: init 'heat', ulo 'head'; syn: pungot , urit 'anger'. paintyindi v . explain pait [pàít] From: Ceb adj . MAmapàít adj . bitter Mapait an iyo tubi. Your water is bitter. kapàít n . bitterness, difficulty Wara ako makatios san kapait san amon kamutangan sa Palawan. I was-not able-to-endure the bitterness of our situation in Palawan. magpàít v [c8] . 1) MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. become bitter Nagapait an akon panlasa. My taste is-becoming-bitter. 2) worsen Nagapait an amon relasyon bilang magasawa. Our relationship as husband-and-wife is-worsening. pajama [pajáma] From: Eng n . sleep suit. A loose-fitting, light-weight suit, consisting of a blouse (or shirt) and pants for sleeping or lounging in paka1 . paka2 [pakâ] n . frog May paka an tubi. There-is a frog in-the water. paka3 [páka] v [c2] . MAG- act magpáka v . arm wrestle Magapaka kita. Let's arm-wrestle.

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p paka-1 [páka-] prefix. after. For more information, see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 6.8. Pakatapos mo pag-alog, kumadi ka. After you are-finished fetching-water, come-here. syn: pagka 'after'. pakaburubuskad [pakaburubuskád] adj . untie cf: buskad2 . pakain [pakaín] interr prn . where going? This is a variant of mapakain, 'go-where?' cf: hain . pakakatag [pakakátag] n . spreading out cf: katag . pakan [pakán] conj . then Nakita ko an Araneta Colesium, pakan nagsakay naman kami sa bus, pakan naglusad naman. I saw the Araneta Colesium, then we rode in-turn on-a bus, then got-off in-turn. pakang [pákang] n . laundry paddle. Refers to a flat paddle used to beat dirt from wet clothes. Some speakers prefer to use palo as the word for laundry paddle syn: palo1 'paddle', pala2 'paddle'; Variant: pakáng. magpákang v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc. launder clothes with a paddle. This word is also used by some speakers as the word for general paddle use cf: laba1 . pakangón v . be paddled Nagtangis an bata kay ginpakang siya sa bubot. The child cried because he was-paddled on the rump. pakáng n . Variant: pakang 'laundry paddle'. pakaon [pakâon] n . feast cf: kaon . pakas [pákas] From: Ceb n . dried fish Nagbakal ako sin isad ka kilo na pakas. I bought a kilo of driedfish. magpákas v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc. dry fish Nagapakas sinda sin baraka. They are-drying lapu-lapu-fish. pagpákas n . dehydration pakatapos conj . then, afterwards pakbit [pakbít] n . recipe of vegetables mixed with pork and shrimps. This receipe also contains bitter melon as flavoring Gamiton ko ini sa pagpinakbit sa akon sura. I will-use this in making-pinakbit for my main dish. pakete [pakéte] From: Sp n . package, pack, parcel, packet Mangayo ka sin duha na pakete na Oresol. You request two Oresol packets. pakiana [pakiána] v [c2] . MAG- act magpakiána v . question, inquire syn: hunga 'question', hapot . pakig-usad [pakig-úsad] n . union, unity An imo pakig-usad sa imo asawa wara sin katapusan. Your union with your wife has-no end. cf: usad 'one'. makig-úsad v . unite with Makig-usad ka sa amon. You unite-with us. pakimaluoy [pakimalúoy] n . entreaty, imploring, begging, pleading, appeal Sige lang niya an pakimaluoy sa Dios. She just continued the pleading to God. cf: luoy . pakipagkapwa [pakipagkápwà] n . human relations cf: kapwa 'fellowman'. pakitang-tawo [pakitang-táwo] adj . feigned, sham, false front, just for show cf: kita2 . paklang [páklang] From: Ceb n . frond. Refers to the large leaves of coconut, banana and similar trees Magkuha ka sin paklang san lubi. You get a frond from-the coconut-tree. paklángan v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN pat. get fronds, take fronds, strip fronds from tree, denude a tree of fronds Ginpaklangan an saging. The banana-tree had-been-stripped-of-its-fronds. syn: pal-ay 'dry coconut frond', palwa 'frond'. paklo [pakló] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc pakluhán v . trim nails, cut nails. Refers to trimming fingernails and toenails Kadi kay pakluhan ko an imo kuko. Come here because I will-trim your nails. pamakló n . fingernail cutter Pahurama ako san imo pamaklo. Lend me your nail-cutter. syn: hinguko 'trim fingernails'. pakloy [pákloy] n . pauper, tramp, vagabond cf: pobre 'poor person', kapos-palad 'poor'. makapákloy v [c2] . MAKA- act. free load, ride free. Refers to getting for free what others have to pay for Dili na siya makapakloy sa lantsa kay may bantay pa sa iya. He is not now able-to-ridefree on-the launch because there-is still a guard on it. paknit [páknit] v [c2] . MAG- exp magpáknit v . tear, rip, shred syn: gisi 'torn', laknit 'rip off', laksi1 . pako1 [pákò] n . iron nail, spike Magbakal ka sin isad ka kilo na pako. You buy one kilo of iron-nails. magpákò v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. nail something Nagapako si Clito san inda kisame. Clito is-nailing up their ceiling. ipákò v . something be nailed Ipako mo ini na karatula dida sa aton pwertahan. Let this sign benailed by-you there at our-incl doorway. pakûan v . nail into/onto something Pinakuan ni Ramon an guma sa dyip ni Pepe. The tire on Pepe's jeep was-nailed-into by Ramon. mapakûan v . be nailed, be punctured by a nail Napakuan an guma sa dyip. The tire on-the jeep was-punctured-by-a-nail. pako2 [pakô] From: Ceb n . 1) wing Dili ka makalupad kay wara ka sin pako. You cannot fly because you have-no wings. syn: pakpak2 ‘wing’. 2) sleeves. Refers to the balloon-like sleeves of the formal Philippine dress for women Lukuta an pako san imo bado. Roll up the sleeves of your dress. pakùán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. attach a sleeve Pakuan mo an bado ko. You attachsleeves-on my dress. pakot1 [pákot] n . wild boar mapákot adj . ferocious pakot2 [pákot] n . addict Ina na tawo pakot na sa pagsigurilyo. That person is already an addict to smoking.

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p pakpak1 [pakpák] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc ipakpák v . 1) clap, applaud, give a round of applause, put your hands together, give a standing ovation Ipakpak an imo mga kamot. Clap your hands. 2) be beaten, be hit, be thrashed, be pounded, be battered, be pummeled, be buffeted Ginapakpak ko an bistida. The dress is-beingbeaten by-me (in washing it). pagpakpák n . clapping, applause, ovation Wara ako kabati san iyo pagpakpak. I did-not hear your applause. syn: dayupak 'clap'. pakpak2 [pákpak] n . wing May duha na pakpak an agila. The eagle has two wings. syn: pako2 1 'wing'. pakras [pákras] v [c3] . MAG- ag; NA-...-AN pat magpákras v . scratch napakrásan v . was scratched Si Mang Kulas napakrasan kay nahulog siya sa traysikol. Mang Kulas was-scratched because he fell-off a tricycle. pakro [pákrò] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magpákrò v . cook with coconut oil. Refers to cooking with the oil squeezed from the meat of a coconut paksi [paksî] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN sou; I- ben Variant: páksì. magpaksî v . tear off, rip off Magpaksi ka sin dyutay na tinabas kag ibutok mo dida sa imo samad. Tear-off a small piece and wrap-it there-on your wound. cf: laksi1 ; syn: gisi 'torn', laknit . paksìón v . be torn off Paksion ko an imo papil. Your paper will-be-torn-off by-me. paksìán v . be torn from Pinaksian ni Ruben an inda bag-o na kalindaryo. A-piece-was-torn-from their new calendar by Ruben. paraksî adj . torn, ragged Paraksi an iya bado. Her dress is torn/ragged. páksì v [c8] . Variant: paksi . paksiw [paksíw] n . fish/meat stew. Refers to a dish of fish or meat cooked with vinegar and spices magpaksíw v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. prepare fish/meat stew pinaksíw n . cooked fish/meat stew Ginbutang ko an aslom sa pinaksiw. The tart-spice was-put into-the cooked-fish/meat-stew by-me. paktori [páktori] n . factory Nakasulod sinda sin trabaho sa paktori san bado. They were-able-to-enter into-a job in-a shirt factory. pakul-aw [pakúl-aw] n . broiled dried fish. Refers to leftover fish sauteed with coconut milk, leaves of malunggay and other spices then broiled pakyaw1 [pakyáw] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpakyáw v . buy wholesale Si Mr. Toledo an nagpakyaw san akon baligya na latoy. Si Mr. Toledo is the-one-who bought-wholesale my green-beans for-sale. pakyawón v . be bought wholesale Pakyawon mo an amon isda. Our-excl fish will-be-boughtwholesale by-you. ipakyáw v . something be bought wholesale Ipapakyaw ko na lang ini na akon baligya kan Mr. Toledo. I will just buy-wholesale this that I will-sell to Mr. Toledo. pakyaw2 [pákyaw] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpákyaw v . hire, rent, lease, charter pakyáwan adj . contract Gusto ko an pakyawan na trabaho. I like contract work. pal-at [pal-át] v [c3] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; PA-..-ON pat magpal-át v . 1) miss, skip, avoid, fail to attend Nagpal-at siya sin usad na kaon. He missed one meal. 2) be absent, miss, not be present Habo siya magpal-at sa klasi. He does-not-like to-beabsent from class. pal-at-pal-át v . alternate ipal-at-pal-át v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/loc; I- acc. place things alternately Ipal-atpal-at mo pagtanom an ubi kag san balinghoy. Place the yam and the cassava alternately inplanting. pagpal-át n . absence Wara maarami ni Mrs. Reyes an akon pagpal-at sa klasi. My absence-from the class was-not-known by Mrs. Reyes. pal-ay [pál-ay] n . dry coconut frond syn: paklang 'frond', palwa 'frond'. pal-it [pal-ít] n . jellyfish species An pal-it digdyutay, maitom kag wara'n gaway. The pal-it-species-ofjellyfish are-small, black and have-no tentacles. cf: bukya 'jellyfish', salabay . pal-ok [pál-ok] n . callus, corn, hard skin. Refers especially to a corn of hardened skin on the foot, frequently on the toes, due to friction or pressure on them pala1 [pála] From: Sp n . shovel, spade, scoop Paghuram sin pala kan Gil. Borrow a shovel from Gil. parapalá n . shoveler Wara kami kakuha sin parapala san baybay. We have-not gotten a sand shoveler. magpála v [c8] . shovel, scoop, dig; MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- ben. shovel something Nagapala siya san baybay. He is-shoveling the sand. ipála v . shovel for someone Ipala man ako sana na ati dida sa sirong. Shovel that trash for me from-there in-the underside-of-the-house. palahán v . shovel to some place Palahan mo sin baybay an aton sirong kay may lapok. Shovel some sand onto-the ground-under-our-incl-house because it is muddy. pala2 [pála] n . 1) paddle cf: pakang ‘laundry paddle’, bugsay ‘paddle’; syn: palo1 ‘paddle’. magpála v [c2] . MAG- act. paddle, row, scull palaadon [palàádon] v . ignite, kindle cf: laad 'flame'. palabas [palabás] n . show, play, performance. Refers to something performed for an audience cf: labas 'outside'; syn: salida1 'performance'. palabason [palabasón] v . show something cf: labas 'outside'. palabi [palabí] From: Ceb adj . favorite (person), favored, preferred Si Floramar an iya palabi na anak. His favorite child is Floramar. cf: labi 'even more so'. palabi-labihon [palabi-labihón] adj . proud cf: labi-labi . palabtik [palábtik] v [c2] . MAG- act magpalábtik v . hint, infer, allude to cf: labtik . palad [pálad] n . 1) palm of the hand Madakmol an iya palad. His palm is thick. 2) fate, fortune, destiny, luck Amo ina an iya palad. That is his fate. Naaram ka na san akon palad tuna sa didto pa ako sa sulod san tiyan san akon iloy. You already knew my fate beginning-when I was-still there in-the inside of-the womb of my mother. kapós-pálad adj . unlucky, poor Dili mo pagdaug-daugon an mga kapos-palad. Do not belittle the poor people. syn: swerte 'lucky'. Palanas [pálanas] n . Palanas. A town in Masbate Province

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p palandong [palándong] v [c2] . MAG- act magpalándong v . reflect, stay in the shade, be a free loader. The latter refers to things like parasites which live off of the host body they invade syn: handong 'shade'. palangga [palanggâ] From: Ceb adj . loved, beloved, dearest, cherished, adored Adi na an akon palangga na anak. My beloved child is here now. mapinalanggâon adj . MA-...-ON. loving, affectionate, devoted An Dios mapinalanggaon na ama. God is a loving father. pagkamapalanggâon n . loving kindness, compassion, benevolence, generosity Damo an maaaraman san pagkamapalanggaon san Dios pinaagi sa pagserbi sa mga nagakinahanglan. There-will-be-many who will-learn of-the loving-kindness of God by-means-of serving those having-need. magpalanggâ v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- ben. love, adore, cherish, adulate, have affection for Dili siya maaram magpalangga sin anak. He does not know-how to-love a child. palanggana [palanggána] From: Sp n . basin, wash basin, sink, lavatory Tagai ako sin isad ka palanggana na tubi. Give me a water basin. Variant: planggana 'basin'. palasyo [palásyo] From: Sp n . palace Nagkadto si Blanca sa palasyo ni Agoy. Blanca went to-the palace of Agoy. palay n . unhusked rice palayhay v . hang up to dry palaypay [paláypay] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc ipaláypay v . hang up to dry Ipalaypay ini na mga bado sa palaypayan. Hang-up these clothes onthe clothesline to-dry. cf: sablay ; syn: sampay 'hang up to dry', halayhay 'hang up to dry'. palaypáyan n . clothesline Nautod an palaypayan. The clothesline was-cut. syn: sablay . palda [pálda] From: Sp n . skirt, sarong, kilt, miniskirt. Usually of women's clothing Pidalan mo an imo palda kay wara sin butones. Tack up your skirt with-a-safety-pin because there-are-no buttons. syn: sayal 'skirt', saya 'skirt', patadyong 'skirt'. Palestina [Palestína] From: Sp n . Palestine Usad ini na tanom na nagatubo sa Palestina. This is a plant which grows in Palestine. pali [palî] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc palìón v . turn, change Palia sa pahina singko. Turn to page five. palias [paliás] n . hillside, cliff, precipice Ayaw kamo pagkadto didto banda kay hidarom an palias dida sa bukid. Do not go over-there because the cliff is steep on-that hill. syn: palinas 'hillside'. palibot [palíbot] adv . around cf: libot 'round'. palibrehon [palibrehón] v . excuse cf: libre 'free'. palid [pálid] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat; I- acc mapálid v . buffet by wind, blown Napalid an pinalaypay. The clothes-hung-on-the-clothesline were-buffeted-by-the-wind. syn: layog2 'buffet'. palikero [palikéro] From: Sp adj . engaging, philandering, flirting palikpik [palíkpik] n . fin, flipper syn: parikpik 'fin'. palinas [palínas] n . hillside syn: palias 'hillside'. palipasan [palipásan] n . past time cf: lipas . palito [palíto] n . 1) match stick Igwa didi sin kaha pero wara sin palito. There-is a box here but there-isno match-stick. 2) toothpick Hain an iyo palito? Where is your toothpick? magpalíto v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. clean with a toothpick Nagapalito siya san iya ngipon. He is-cleaning his teeth with-a-toothpick. paliwanag [paliwánag] From: Tag n . explanation Wara ako makaintyindi san iya paliwanag. I did not understand his explanation. Variant: pagpaliwánag. ipaliwánag v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. explain Ipaliwanag an gusto mo sabihon. Explain what you mean. cf: liwanag 'light'; syn: pahayag 'explain', paintyindi 'explain', isplikar . paliwanagon [paliwanágon] v . brighten cf: liwanag 'light'. palo1 [palô] n . paddle. The palo paddle requires that it be made from first class wood, the strongest kind, frequently molave wood pagpalô n . paddling. Refers to paddling with the hand An pagpalo sa dughan makapaluwas san plema san tawo. The paddling on-the chest can-make the phlegm come-out of-the person. magpalô v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. paddle something cf: pakang 'laundry paddle'; syn: pala2 'paddle'. palo2 [pálo] n . mast. Refers to a mast of a boat palong [palóng] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpalóng v . notch animal's ear, cut wattle of roosters Sin-o an nagpalong san akon pangbulang? Who was-the-one-who cut-off-the-wattle of my fighting-cock? palos [palós] n . eel. A large swamp eel considered a fish thief and difficult to catch

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p palpag [pálpag] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpálpag v . shake, dishevel syn: tukyab , padpad . palsipikado [palsipikádo] From: Sp adj . deceitful, fraudulent, dishonest Palsipikado ina na tawo. That person is deceitful. palsipikar [palsipikár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpalsipikár v . forge something, falsify, fake Nagpalsipikar siya san pirma san iya ama. He forged the signature of his father. pagpalsipikár n . forgery, counterfeiting, faking Gin-akusar siya sin pagpalsipikar. He wasaccused of forgery. parapalsipikár n . forger, counterfeiter, faker, falsifier Siya an parapalsipikar san pirma ni Patria. He is the forger of Patria's signature. palso [pálso] From: Sp adj . fail, false Palso an iya plano. His plan failed. magpálso v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. fail Nagpalso siya san iya tuga. He failed his promise. palta [pálta] v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; PA-..-ON pat; I- acc magpálta v . absent Dili ka magpalta buwas. Do not absent-yourself tomorrow. pagpálta n . absence Ginpasinsya ko an iya pagpalta kay patay an iya lola. I excused her absence because her grandmother died. parapálta n . absentee Wara ako sin parapalta sa akon klasi. I have-no absentee in my class. pálta rasón adj . rude, flippant, impudent, impertinent Palta rason ka na tawo. You-are a rude person. palungpong [palúngpong] From: Ceb n . bushes, shrubs Halagba na an palungpong sa uma. The bushes in-the field are tall already. palungpúngan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. clear away bushes, cut off bushes Palungpungan niyo an uma. Clear-the-bushes-from the field. palupino [palupíno] n . ipil-ipil tree Tumiko an kahoy na palupino san hanginon. The ipil-ipil tree bends when the wind-blows. paluyu-luyo [paluyu-lúyo] adj . side by side cf: luyo . palwa [palwá] n . frond. Refers to frond of a coconut tree or the banana leaf cf: pal-ay 'dry coconut frond'; syn: paklang 'frond'. pamada [pamáda] From: Eng n . pomade. Refers to pomade hair conditioner, a commercial brand product pamahaw [pamáhaw] From: Ceb n . breakfast Udto na an aton pamahaw. Our breakfast is late/is at noon already. ipamáhaw n . breakfast food Wara kita sin ipamahaw buwas. We have-no breakfast-food fortomorrow. Variant: pamahawón; Variant: pamahawán. magpamáhaw v [c2] . MAG-, MA- act. eat breakfast, breakfast Nagapamahaw sinda. They arebreakfasting. pamahawán n . Variant: pamahaw 'breakfast food'. pamahawón n . Variant: pamahaw 'breakfast food'. pamaklo [pamakló] n . fingernail cutter cf: paklo . pamalakwit [pamalákwit] n . fishing rod, fishhook cf: balakwit 'fishhook'; syn: pamalawi 'fishing rod'. pamalákwit n . fishhook, fishing rod pamalawi [pamalawí] From: Ceb n . fishing rod Nawara an iya pamalawi. His fishing-rod was-lost. cf: lawi 'fish hook'; syn: pamalakwit 'fishing rod'. pamalisya [pamalísya] From: Sp n . omen, premonition pamati [památì] v . listen Pamati kamo sin maayo. You-all listen well. magpamátì v [c2] . MAG- ag. listen to Siya la an babayi na nagapamati san akon kanta. She is the only girl who listens to my singing. cf: bati1 . pamatyag [památyag] n . feeling of health cf: batyag 'feeling'; Variant: pagbatyag 'health'; Variant: batyag 'health'. pambara [pambára] n . something used for a crowbar syn: bara1 'crowbar'. pambihira [pambihírà] adj . rare, extraordinary, unusual, exceptional, great, outstanding Pambihira an pagnigar niyo san diosnon na kasuguan. Your rejection of-the divine law is unusual. Pambihira siya na tawo. He is an extraordinary person. cf: bihira 'seldom'. pamilya [pamílya] From: Sp n . family Wara pa siya sin pamilya. He has-no family yet. magpamílya v [c2] . MAG- act. have a family, raise a family Malisod an magpamilya niyan na panahon. It is hard to-have-a-family these days. pamintaha [pamintáha] v [c2] . MAG- act magpamintáha v . take advantage cf: bintaha . pamiyinta [pamiyínta] From: Sp n . black pepper syn: sili 'pepper'; Variant: pimyinto 'black pepper'.

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p pampam [pámpam] n . prostitute, whore, harlot Ayaw pagpakiupod san pampam. Do-not keep-company with-a prostitute. pagpámpam n . prostitution, whoredom, pandering An pagpampam dili disinti na trabaho. Prostitution is not a descent job. magpámpam v [c2] . MAG- act; PA-..-ON pat. engage in prostitution. According to a language helper, the word pampam came into existence during World War II when soldiers would ask where they could find a woman to pampam - have sex with Maglabandira na lang ako kisa magpampam. I would-rather just become-a-laundry-woman than engage-in-prostitution. pampilit [pampilít] n . something to use as glue cf: pilit . pan From: Ceb n . bread Butangi sin kiso an imo pan. Put cheese on your bread. parapán n . baker Si Vicente lang an parapan sa amon lugar. Vicente is the only baker in our-excl place. Variant: panadéro. magpán v [c2] . MAG- act. bake bread Nagapan sinda uruadlaw. They are-baking-bread everyday. panadéria n . bakery syn: tinapay 'bread', munay 'bread'. pan-o [pán-o] interr prn . how?, by what means Pan-o nagkaibidinsya kontra sa imo ina na tawo? How did that man happen-to-get-evidence against you? pan-úhon v [c14] . 1) -ON pat. how do? Ginpan-o mo paghubad an balighot? How did you untie the knot? 2) by what means Ginapan-o niya an pagahimo sin mga milagro? By-what-means is he performing miracles? pan-os [pan-ós] adj . MAmapan-ós putrid, spoiled, rotten, fetid, rank, decayed. Describes both condition, taste and smell cf: sira1 'damaged'; syn: bulok1 'rotten', dubok 'rotten', lub-ok . pana [pánà] n . arrow, bow and arrow Tinama siya san pana. He was-hit by-the arrow. panâon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be shot by a bow and arrow Panaon ko si Juan. I'll shoot Juan with-a-bow-and-arrow. panabihi v . Variant: sabi 'be told obligatorily'. panaderia [panadéria] From: Sp n . bakery cf: pan 'bread'. panadero [panadéro] From: Sp n . baker cf: pan 'bread'. panadéro n . Variant: pan 'baker'. panahon [panahón] n . time, season, weather Panahon niyan san paghinulsol. Today is the time to-repent. syn: tyimpo 'time'. kapanahúnan opportunity An kapanahunan kun naagi, minsan lang. When opportunity comes, it is just once. panambay [panámbay] From: Ceb n . adultery, fornication Ginapakasala niya siya'n panambay. He iscausing her to-commit-the-sin of adultery. magpanámbay v [c2] . MAG- act. womanize, fornicate, prostitute, commit adultery. Means to persistently indulge in adultery Wara siya nagapanambay. He is-not womanizing. pagpanámbay n . adultery, fornication, fornicating, womanizing, prostituting, promiscuous sexual behavior Dapat gayod kamo maglikay san pagpanambay. You must really avoid adultery. parapanámbay n . womanizer, adulterer. One who regularly engages in adultery Si Pedro parapanambay. Pedro is a womanizer. cf: sambay 'concubine'. panamkon [panámkon] v [c2] . MAG- exp magpanámkon v . conceive an offspring. Refers to the female of all animate beings syn: pangidam , lihi . panapton [panápton] n . clothes, personal belongings panas [panás] n . pencil eraser, art gum Pahurama man san imo panas. Will you lend me your pencileraser. panáson v [c8] . 1) MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be erased Dili mo panason an akon ginsurat dida. Let what I have-written there not be-erased 2) forget, banish Panason mo sa isip na kita nag-away. Erase from your mind that we have-quarreled. panawagan n . invitation panday [pánday] n . wood and metal worker, carpenter, blacksmith, metal smith Wara kami sin nakuha na panday. We have-not gotten a carpenter. pagpánday n . carpentry, blacksmithing Pagpanday an iya hanapbuhay. His occupation is carpentry. pandayán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc/ben; I- acc. construct, build, make Pandayan ako ni Pepe sin balay-balay. Pepe will-construct a playhouse for me. pandáyan n . blacksmith shop, carpentry shop Darha ini didto sa pandayan. Take this there to-the blacksmith-shop. pandisinti [pandisínti] adv . decently, nicely Kinahanglan na may magbado didi sa aton sin pandisinti. Itis-necessary that there-be-one of us here who-will-dress nicely. cf: disinti 'decent'. pandong [pándong] n . head scarf An pandong san babayi matahom na bandana. The head-scarf of-the woman is a beautiful bandana. syn: pudong 'headband'. pandugan [pandúgan] n . leg irons, stocks. Refers to the use of leg irons for punishment by law enforcement officers pang- nominal affix. gerundive distributive action. The affix pang- substitutes for the mang- affix to derive gerundive nominals for the mang- verbs. For more information, see the Grammatical Sketch, sec. 5.33. panggásto adj. spending Nagakinahanglan siya sin kwarta na panggasto sa pageskuela. He needs some spending money for schooling. pang-it [páng-it] n . wrenching bite Hadlok ako san pang-it san ido. I am-afraid of-the dog's wrenchingbite. pang-itón v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be bitten Ginpang-it san ido an bukag. The basket was-bitten by-the dog. pang-os [páng-os] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpáng-os v . chew sugar cane Nagapang-os sinda sa luyo san balay. They are chewing-sugarcane on-the other-side of-the house. pang-usón v . be chewed Pang-uson mo tanan an tubo agod mabusog ka. Let all of the sugar-cane be-chewed by-you so-that you will-be-strong. pang-úson n . sugar cane chew Wara na kita sin pang-uson. We have-no-more sugar-cane-to-chew. panga [pangá] From: Bkl n . jaw, jawbone Matugas an liog kag nagakurba an likod, bisan igwa o wara magtugas an panga. The neck is stiff and the back is curving, whether or not the jaw is-rigid. pangabayo [pangabáyo] n . horseback riding cf: kabayo 'horse'.

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p pangabuhay [pangabúhay] n . 1) livelihood 2) life-sustaining cf: buhay ‘life’. pangabuhayan [pangabuháyan] n . source of income cf: buhay 'life'. pangadyi [pangadyî] n . prayer Nagatuna na an pangadyi sa isad na balay. The prayer at-the other house is-starting already. magpangadyî v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pray, implore, entreat, request Nagapangadyi an mga propeta. The prophets are-praying. pagpangadyî n . praying Wara matapos an inda pagpangadyi. Their praying was-not finished. syn: pag-ampo 'praying'. pangadyíon v . be prayed Pangadyion ta an 'Ama Namon'. Let the 'Our Father' be-prayed by-usincl. syn: pangamuyo , ampo1 'prayer'. pangahason [pangaháson] adj . brave, daring, courageous cf: ahas2 . pangako n . promise pangalasdose [pangalasdóse] n . lunch Wara pa kami makakaon san pangalasdose. We-excl have-not yet eaten our lunch. cf: dosi 'twelve'. ipangalasdóse n . luncheon food Wara kami sin ipangalasdose. We-excl have no food-for-lunch. Variant: pangalasdosihan. magpangalasdóse v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. eat lunch Nagapangalasdose sinda san pag-abot namon. They were-eating-lunch when we arrived. pangalasdosihan n . Variant: pangalasdose 'luncheon food'. pangamuyo [pangamúyò] From: Bkl v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpangamúyò v . pray earnestly Nagapangamuyo kami sa Dios na magkirita kita gihapon. We are-praying-earnestly to God that we see-each-other again. pagpangamúyò n . earnest prayer Ginbati san Dios an iya pagpangamuyo. God listened to his earnest-prayer. syn: pangadyi 'pray', ampo1 'prayer'. panganakan [panganákan] n . maternity leave cf: anak 'offspring'. panganod [pangánod] n . clouds Mauran kay maitom an panganod. It will-rain because the clouds aredark. syn: dámpog 'clouds'. mapanganúdon adj . cloudy, overcast, hazy Mapanganudon niyan. It is cloudy now. syn: madampúgon 'cloudy'. panganuron [panganúron] n . sky, earth's atmosphere Maliwanag niyan an panganuron. The sky is clear today. pangapoy [pangápoy] n . tiredness cf: kapoy 'tired'. pangawat [pangáwat] n . theft cf: kawat ; syn: panikas 'theft'. pangayam [pangayám] n . hunting cf: ayam 'dog'. panggatong n . Variant: gatong 'firewood'. panghak [panghák] adj . MAmapanghák adj . smell of urine Ina na lugar didto mapanghak. That place there smells-of-urine. magpanghák v [c3] . MAG- exp; -AN loc. make to reek of urine panghakán v . be overwhelmed by the smell of urine Ginapanghakan ako sa amon agihan kay apiki sa kasilyasan. I was-overwhelmed on our pathway by-the-smell-of-urine because it is near the latrine. syn: par-at 'urine odor'. panghali [panghálì] n . remover. Refers to things like stain removers cf: hali 'from'; syn: panghalin 'remover'. panghalin [panghálin] n . remover, eradicator cf: halin 'from'; syn: panghali 'remover'. pangidam [pangídam] v [c2] . MAG- act magpangídam v . conceive. Refers to the process whereby an egg in a female's womb has been fertilized and begins to form a fetus Nagapangidam na si Maria. Maria is-conceiving already. syn: panamkon , lihi 'conceive'. pangimon [pangímon] n . 1) jealousy Subra an iya pangimon sa iya asawa. He is extremely jealous of his wife. Variant: pagpangimon . 2) envy, jealousy cf: imon . panginano [pangináno] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; MA-..-AN goal; I- acc panginanûon v . 1) be noticed, be looked for, be searched for, be looked after Panginanuon mo an akon anak sa iskwilahan. Look-after my child in school. syn: mangno ‘notice’. 2) find out, discover Panginanuon mo kun may iskwila buwas. Find-out if there-is a class tomorrow. Panginanuon mo kun pira an kilo san kopra. Find-out how-much a kilo of copra is. mapanginanúhan v . notice something, discover something, note something Napanginanuhan san mga tagabaryo na an burak dili mahumot. The villagers noticed that the flower was-not fragrant. pagpangináno n . concern Wara siya sin pagpanginano sa iya mga iskwila. She has no concern for her students. pangisdaan [pangisdàán] n . fishing place An Palawan maayo na pangisdaan. Palawan is a good fishingplace. pangisdâan adj . fishing n . fishing boat Nalunod an inda pangisdaan na sakayan. Their fishing boat sank. cf: isda 'fish'. pangisog [pangísog] adj . harsh. Be harsh in speech and action (esp. from anger) cf: isog1 'move over'. #topnavi ul li { font-size: 13px; } #topnavi { margin-top: -20px; float: right; max-width: 600px; } pangkog [pángkog] v [c6] . MA-, MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc mapángkog v . be stumbled, be tripped up, be lurched, be slipped Napangkog siya sa dako na bato. He tripped on-a large rock. ipángkog v . bump Dili mo ipangkog an iya ulo sa dingding. Do not bump his head on-the wall. syn: tákdol 'bump'. kapangkúgan n . stumbling block, stumbling stone, hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, impediment An iya asawa an kapangkugan san mga tawo. His wife is the stumbling-block of-the people.

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p pangkomirsyo [pangkomírsyo] adj . commercial cf: komirsyo 'commerce'. pangkudal [pangkúdal] n . fence material cf: kudal 'fence'. panglimugmog [panglimugmóg] n . mouthwash cf: limugmog . pangmasa [pangmása] n . mixer, kneader. This refers to the equipment for doing the mixing cf: masa . pangmiskla [pangmískla] n . mixer. Refers to a machine used for mixing ingredients pangmuda [pangmúda] n . cursing, mocking, slander cf: muda . pangodak n . Variant: kodak 'photography'. pangpamara [pangpamará] n . drying cf: mara . pangpang [pángpang] From: Ceb n . cliff, stream bank Naglukso siya sa pangpang. He jumped-from the cliff. pangpangón v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. go along the stream bank Kun gusto niyo sin halapit na agihan, pangpangon niyo ina na suba. If you want a short/close path, go-along-the-bank-of that river. pangtimpla [pangtímpla] n . seasoning, flavoring cf: timpla . pangumusta [pangumustá] n . greetings cf: kumusta 'how is?'. pangyayari n . incidents, instances panigab-i [panigáb-i] n . supper, evening meal Maluto ako sin panigab-i. I will-cook something-for supper. cf: gab-i 'night'; syn: panihapon 'supper'. panigmit [panigmít] From: Bkl n . incisor teeth, canine tooth, eyetooth, fang, tusk panihapon [panihápon] n . supper cf: hapon2 'fishing line'; syn: panigab-i 'supper'. panikas [paníkas] n . theft, embezzlement, graft syn: pangawat 'theft'. paniki [paníki] From: Bkl n . fruit bat, flying fox panimalay [panimaláy] From: Ceb n . household Wara ako sin kaupod sa akon panimalay. I do-not-have a companion in my household. cf: balay 'house'. paningkamot [paningkámot] n . effort cf: pag-ungod-ungod 'striving hard, diligence'. magpaningkámot v [c2] . MAG- act. endeavor, try hard, attempt panit [pánit] n . skin, peelings, tree bark Maitom an iya panit. His skin is black. pagpánit n . paring, removing the skin Wara matapos an iya pagpanit san ubi. His paring of-the yam was not finished. magpánit v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pare Nagapanit siya sin patatas. She isparing potatoes. panlabas [panlabás] adj . outward appearance cf: labas 'outside'. panlugos [panlúgos] n . rape cf: lugos . panluko [panlúko] n . deceit Wara siya magyaman san iya panluko. He did-not become-rich from his deceit. cf: luko 'male fool'. panluluko [panlulúko] n . trickery cf: luko 'male fool'. pano [páno] n . turntable

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p panot [panót] adj . bald, hairless, baldheaded, thin on top syn: kalbo 1 'bald'. pansagang n . shield pantalan [pantalán] n . pier, wharf, dock, berth, jetty, quay Sugata ako niyo sa pantalan. Meet me at the pier. pantalon [pantalón] From: Sp n . pants, trousers, slacks, blue jeans, denims, khakis, chinos Plantsahon ko an akon pantalon. I will-iron my pants. cf: saruwal 'trousers'. pantalúnon n . cloth for pants Maong an akon pantalunon. My pants-material is denim. magpantalón v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc/ben. wear pants Magpantalon ka. You wearpants. pantalya [pantálya] From: Sp n . lampshade, light reflector of lamp Nawara an pantalya san ilawan. The lampshade of-the lamp was-lost. pantalyahán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. install a light reflector Pantalyahi an kolman. Install a light-reflector-on the pressure-lamp. pantaw [pántaw] n . kitchen porch cf: balkon 'porch'. pantay [pántay] adj . level Pantay na ba? Is it level now? magpántay v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc. level, equalize Nagapantay sinda san duta. They are-leveling the soil mapantayán v . equalize, compare Dili siya mapantayan. She could not be-compared. pantog [pántog] n . bladder. Refers to the bladder in animate beings where urine is stored May impeksyon an pantog. There-is-an infection in-the-bladder. pantyon [pantyón] n . tomb, sepulcher, crypt, vault, grave, mausoleum, burying place Naggit-ak an pantyon ni Lolani. Lolani's tomb cracked. panubigon [panubígon] n . water bag. Refers to the water bag in which an unborn child lives in a mother's womb Angay siya dugay nag-anak bisan nagputok na an panubigon. She took a long-time todeliver-the-child even-though the water-bag had-burst already. cf: tubig 'water'. panudsod [panúdsod] n . shrimp net. Also used to net small fish syn: kakag 'shrimp net'. panurundon [panurúndon] n . regulation Ginhalian niya an mga layi kag panurundon. He removed the laws and regulations. cf: layi 'law', sunod 'next'. panuyo-tuyo [panuyo-túyò] n . purposes cf: tuyo1 'mistreated'. panyo [pányò] From: Sp n . handkerchief, hankie, tissue, bandana Darha didi ina na panyo. Bring that handkerchief here. panyûon n . handkerchief cloth Matahom ini na imo panyuon. This handkerchief-cloth of-yours is good. panyùón v [c14] . -ON pat. make a handkerchief Panyuon mo ini na tela kay manipis. Make-ahandkerchief-of this cloth because it is thin. paon [pàón] From: Ceb n . bait, lure, enticement. Something used to attract the victim in fishing or trapping May paon ka para sa aton pagpangisda? Do you have-some bait for our fishing? magpàón v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. use something for bait Habo ako magpaon sin umang sa pagpangisda. I do-not-like to-use hermit-crabs as-bait for fishing. ipàón v . sacrifice Ginpaon niya an iya sadiri para sa aton. He sacrificed himself for us. papa1 [pápa] n . pope Variant: pápa. papa2 [papá] n . father. This is also a term of address Ihatag mo ini kan Papa mo. You give this to your Father. syn: papang 'Father!', papay 'Father!', pay 'Father!', pa1 'yet', itay 'Father!', ama 'father'; Variant: pápa. pápa n . Variant: papa1 'pope'; Variant: papa2 'father'. papang [pápang] term of address . Father! syn: papa2 'father', papay 'Father!', pay 'Father!', ama 'father', itay 'Father!', pa1 'yet'. papas [pápas] v [c2] . MAG- exp syn: úbas 'fade'. magpápas v . fade, lighten, lose color, become paler, going out of season. Refers to fruits and vegetables as well as materials papawaon v [c3] . shine brightly papay [pápay] term of address . Father! syn: pay 'Father!', papang 'Father!', papa2 'father', pa1 'yet', itay 'Father!', ama 'father'. papel [papél] From: Sp; Sp n . paper Nag-ayo ako sin duha na papel kan Riza. I asked-for two pieces of paper from Riza. pumapél v [c2] . MAG- act; -UM- act. join voluntarily Pumapel si Linda sa amon pag-istorya agod mapansin ni Jose. Linda joined-in our conversation in-order to-be-noticed by Jose. papél de líha n . sandpaper. Translated literally it means, 'paper for sanding' cf: liha 'sandpaper'. papelis [papélis] From: Sp n . credentials, documents, official papers papelita [papelíta] From: Sp n . pirmet, pass

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p paplin [páplin] From: Eng n . muslin cloth par-at [pár-at] n . urine odor, salty odor cf: arat 'saltiness'. mapár-at adj . smell of urine, smell of body odor Mapar-at siya. He smells-like-urine. syn: mapanghak 'has urinary odor'. magpár-at v . MAG- exp. smell like urine Baldiyuhi sin maayo an banyo kay nagapar-at na. Wash the bathroom very-well because it smells-like-urine now. para1 [párà] v [c8] . MAG- ag; MA-, -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc mapárà v . erase, remove, obliterate Dili ko siya mapapara sa akon isipan. I could not erase her from my mind. magpárà v . MAG- act. disappear, vanish syn: hali 'from'. para2 [pára-] prefix . repetitive action. Refers to one who regularly does what the root word gloss signifies. It occurs on both nouns and verbs paralúto n . cook Wara didi an aton paraluto. Our cook is not here. magparapasáway v . continually disturb someone Wara siya'n nahimuan sa paraiso kundi an magparapasaway. He had nothing to do in paradise but to-continually-disturb-others. para3 [pára] From: Sp conj . 1) for Para ini sa imo. This is for you. 2) so that, in order that Inumon mo ini na bulong para mag-ayo ka. Take this medicine so-that you will-get-well. para4 [pára] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc magpára v . stop a vehicle Magpara ka sin bus kay masakay ako. You stop a bus because I willboard it. syn: udong2 'stop'. paraalak [paraalák] n . wine maker cf: alak 'wine'. paraalig-ig [paraalig-íg] n . winnower cf: alig-ig . paraarado [paraarádo] n . plowman cf: arado 'plow'. paraasot [paraasót] n . flatterer cf: asot 'flattery'. paraayo [paraayô] n . beggar cf: ayo2 ; syn: paralimos 'beggar'. parabalyo [parabályo] n . barterer, exchanger cf: balyo . parabola [parábola] From: Sp n . parable, allegory, fable, story syn: istorya 'story'. parabunyag [parabúnyag] n . baptizer cf: bunyag 'baptism'. parabuto [parabúto] n . voter cf: buto1 'vote'. parada [paráda] From: Eng n . parade, procession, pageant, march paradugos [paradúgos] n . honey gatherer cf: dugos 'honey'. paradukot [paradúkot] n . pickpocketer cf: dukot1 'scorched rice'. paradulag [paradúlag] n . truant. Refers to one who is constantly absenting himself from his job or schooling cf: dulag 'escapee'. paradumara n . supervisor, manager paragiling [paragilíng] n . miller cf: giling . paragiok [paragíok] n . thresher. Refers to a person whose work is threshing grain cf: giok . paragitara [paragitára] n . guitarist cf: gitara 'guitar'. paragitik [paragítik] n . tickler cf: gitik 'tickle'. parahalad [parahalád] n . offerer cf: halad 'offering'.

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p parahanap [parahanáp] n . searcher, rescuer cf: hanap . parahapon [parahápon] n . hook and line fisherman cf: hapon1 'fish line'. paraharana [paraharaná] n . seranaders cf: harana 'serenade'. paraharas [paraháras] n . cogon grass cutter cf: haras . paraharuphop [paraharuphóp] n . absorbent material cf: haruphop 'absorb pl'. parahasok [parahások] n . planter cf: hasok 'plantation'. parahatag [parahatág] n . distributor cf: hatag . parahatsa [parahátsa] n . axer cf: hatsa 'axe'. parahaw-as [paraháw-as] n . remover cf: haw-as . parahawan [paraháwan] n . weeder cf: hawan 'weeded area'. parahawid [parahawíd] n . holder cf: hawid . parahigko [parahigkô] n . polluter cf: higko 'dirt'. parahigot [parahigót] n . rooster fancier cf: higot1 'fighting cock'. parahilo [parahiló] adj . poisoner cf: hilo1 'sewing thread'. parahilot [parahilót] n . masseur, masseuse, midwife cf: hilot . parahingaw-hingaw [parahingáw-hingáw] n . whisperer cf: hingaw-hingaw 'whisper'. parahingayo [parahingáyo] n . 1) repairman Si Emilio parahingayo sin payong. Emilio is an umbrella repairman. 2) technician Si Jose parahingayo sin radyo. Jose is a radio technician. cf: ayo1 . parahinguto [parahingúto] n . lice catcher cf: kuto 'lice'. parahorno [parahórno] n . baker cf: hurno 'oven'; syn: parapan 'baker'. parahubasan [parahubasán] n . seashell gatherer cf: hubas 'low tide'. parahubog [parahúbog] adj . habitual drunkard cf: hubog 'drunk'. parahugas [parahúgas] n . washer. Refers to someone, or something, which washes things (but not clothes) cf: hugas . parahuklab [parahukláb] n . pryer cf: huklab . parahukot [parahúkot] n . restringer. Refers to one who restrings fishing nets cf: hukot . parahula [parahulá] n . prophet cf: hula 'prediction'; syn: tugma .

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p parahunga [parahúngà] n . questioner cf: hunga 'question'. parahusgar n . judge paraibakwit [paraibakwít] n . evacuee cf: ibakwit . paraimbalsamar [paraimbalsamár] n . embalmer cf: imbalsamar . paràimbalsamar n . embalmer paraimbargo [paraimbárgo] n . sheriff cf: imbargo . paraimbistigar [paraimbistigár] n . investigator cf: imbistigar . paraimbitar [paraimbítar] n . inviter cf: imbitar . paraimpliyo [paraímpliyo] n . employer cf: impliyo 'employment'. paraingkod [paraíngkod] n . seat occupant, sitter cf: ingkod . parairog [paraírog] n . imitator cf: irog 'similar'. paraispisyal [paraispisyál] n . charterer. Refers to one who arranges special trips cf: ispisyal 'special'. paraisplikar [paraisplikár] n . interpreter cf: isplikar . paraistorya [paraistórya] n . story teller cf: istorya 'story'. paraitlog [paraitlóg] n . layer, hen. Refers to a chicken which regularly lays eggs parakabas-an [parakabas-án] n . rice paddy worker cf: kabas-an 'rice paddy'. parakabkab [parakábkab] n . fanner cf: kabkab 'hand fan'. parakadi [parakadí] n . regular comer, hanger on cf: kadi . parakadina [parakadína] n . chain maker cf: kadina 'chain'. parakagang [parakágang] n . crab vendor cf: kagang 'crab'. parakaingin [parakaingín] n . kaingin maker cf: kaingin 'land cleared for farming'. parakalamay [parakalámay] n . sugar brick maker cf: kalamay 'brown sugar'. parakali [parakáli] n . ditch maker, ditch digger cf: kali 'gully'. parakanam [parakánam] n . player cf: kanam 'game'. parakanta [parakánta] n . singer cf: kanta 'song'.

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p parakarga [parakárga] n . loader cf: karga 'cargo'. parakatag [parakátag] n . spreader cf: katag . parakaw-it [parakáw-it] n . hooker. Refers to one whose job is to hook something to retrieve it cf: kaw-it 'hook'. parakiso [parakíso] n . cheese maker cf: kiso 'cheese'. paraknit [paraknít] n . tattered clothes, worn out material An iya bado paraknit na. Her dress was-tattered now. cf: paraksi 'torn'; syn: girisi 'tattered, torn'. parakobrikama [parakobrikáma] n . bed sheet maker cf: kobrikama 'bed sheet'. parakodak [parakódak] n . photographer cf: kodak 'camera'. parakolikta [parakolíkta] From: Sp n . debt collector Adi na an parakolikta san bayadan san koryinti. Here already is the electric-power bill collector. cf: kolikta ; syn: parakubra 'collector'. parakontrata [parakontráta] n . contractor cf: kontrata 'contract'. parakopya [parakópya] n . copier cf: kopya 'copy'. paraksi [paraksî] adj . torn cf: paksi . parakubra [parakúbra] n . collector cf: kubra ; syn: parakolikta 'debt collector'. parakulipat [parakulípat] n . ear twister cf: kulipat . parakunyari [parakunyári] n . pretender cf: kunyari 'false'. parakurong [parakuróng] n . hairdresser cf: kurong 'curly'. paralab-as [paralab-ás] n . fresh fish vendor cf: lab-as 'fresh'. paralaba [paralabá] n . launderer cf: laba2 ; syn: labandera 'laundry woman'. paralagadi [paralagadî] n . sawyer, wood sawyer cf: lagadi 'carpenter's saw'. paralambanog [paralambanóg] n . sugar cane wine maker cf: lambanog 'sugar cane wine'. paralambat [paralámbat] n . net fisherman cf: lambat 'net'. paralampaso [paralampáso] n . janitor cf: lampaso 'coconut husk floor brush'. paralana [paralaná] n . oil maker cf: lana 'vegetable oil'. paralangoy [paralangóy] n . swimmer cf: langoy . paralaom [paraláom] n . dependent cf: laom 'hope'. paralawig [paraláwig] n . grazier, shepherd, herder. Refers to one who shepherds domestic animals in the field cf: lawig3 .

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p paraliaw [paralíaw] n . comforter. Refers to someone who comforts another cf: liaw . paralibak [paralibák] n . slanderer cf: libak . paralibod [paralíbod] n . traveling salesman cf: libod . paralibot [paralíbot] n . traveling salesman cf: libot 'round'. paraligtas [paralígtas] n . savior cf: ligtas . paralimos n . beggar paralimpyo [paralímpyo] n . cleaner cf: limpyo 'clean'. paralinis [paralínis] n . cleaner, janitor cf: linis . paralitiko [paralítiko] From: Sp n . paralytic Si Mabini paralitiko pero intilihinti. Mabini was a paralytic but intelligent. paralitra [paralítra] n . letterer cf: litra 'alphabet letter'. paralitson [paralitsón] n . barbecuer cf: litson 'roasted meat'. paralubag [paralúbag] n . wringer cf: lubag . paralugos [paralúgos] n . rapist cf: lugos . paralukso [paralúkso] n . jumper cf: lukso . paraluto [paralutô] n . cook cf: luto1 'cooked rice'. paramakinilya [paramakinílya] n . typist cf: makinilya 'typewriter'. paramaldisyon [paramaldisyón] n . curser cf: maldisyon . paramanda [paramánda] n . commander cf: manda 'command'. paramaniho [paramaního] n . driver, chauffeur cf: maniho . paramantika [paramantíka] n . oil maker cf: mantika 'lard'. paramasa [paramasá] n . mixer. This refers to the person who does the mixing cf: masa . paramasid [paramasíd] n . watchman cf: masid . paramaso [paramáso] n . sledgehammerer cf: maso 'sledgehammer'. paramatsar [paramatsár] n . butcher cf: matsar . paramiskla [paramískla] n . mixer. Refers to a person whose job it is to mix ingredients cf: miskla .

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p paramolino [paramolíno] n . miller cf: molino . paramuda [paramudá] n . curser, fond of cursing cf: muda . paranipa [paranipâ] n . nipa leaf sewer cf: nipa 'palm leaf'. paranobila [paranobíla] n . novelist cf: nobila 'novel'; Variant: nobilista 'novelist'. paranotisya [paranotísya] n . newscaster. Refers to a radio or television newscaster cf: notisya 'news'. paranumero [paranúmero] n . numberer cf: numero 'number'. paraobra [paraóbra] n . employee, hired worker cf: obra 'work'. paraopirar [paraopirár] n . surgeon cf: opirar . parapadis [parapádis] n . matchmaker cf: padis 'pair'. parapahid [parapáhid] n . wiper cf: pahid . parapahulug-hulog [parapahulug-hulóg] n . installment seller cf: hulog1 . parapala [parapalá] n . shoveler cf: pala1 'shovel'. parapalimos [parapalimós] n . beggar cf: limos 'alms'; syn: paraayo 'beggar'. parapalsipikar [parapalsipikár] n . forger cf: palsipikar . parapamalawi [parapamalawí] n . rod fisherman cf: lawi 'fish hook'. parapamati [parapamáti] n . listener cf: bati1 . parapamiyabas [parapamiyábas] n . guava picker cf: miyabas 'guava'. parapamolino [parapamolíno] n . miller's customer cf: molino . parapamukdi [parapamúkdi] n . picker cf: mukdi; syn: parapukdi 'picker'. parapan [parapán] n . baker cf: pan 'bread'; syn: parahorno 'baker'. parapanambay [parapanámbay] n . womanizer, adulterer cf: panambay 'adultery'. parapanday [parapánday] n . carpenter, blacksmith Tawaga an parapanday. Call the carpenter. cf: panday 'wood and metal worker'. parapangawat [parapangawát] n . professional thief Nadakop san polis an mga parapangawat. The professional-thieves were-caught by-the police. cf: kawat ; Variant: kawat 'steal habitually'. parapangayam [parapangáyam] n . hunter cf: ayam 'dog'. parapanghulga [parapanghulgâ] n . threatener cf: hulga .

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p parapangisda [parapangisdâ] n . fisherman cf: isda 'fish'. parapangugita [parapangugíta] n . octopus catcher cf: kugita . parapanihi n . sihi seashell gatherer parapanluko [parapanlúko] n . trickery cf: luko 'male fool'. parapasyar [parapasyár] n . suitor cf: pasyar . parapatay [parapátay] n . murderer cf: patay 'dead one'. parapating [parapáting] n . shark catchers cf: pating 'shark'. parapiknik [parapíknik] n . picnicker cf: piknik 'picnic'. parapukdi [parapukdî] n . picker cf: pukdi ; syn: parapamukdi 'picker'. parasabwag [parasábwag] n . seed sower Pareho magakalipay an parasabwag kag paraani. The sower and the harvester will-rejoice alike. cf: sabwag ; syn: parahasok 'planter'. parasaray [parasaráy] n . keeper Siya an parasaray san akon alahas. She is the keeper of my jewels. cf: saray . parasawáy n . troublemaker parasurat [parasurát] n . writer, author Si Ian Fleming isad na bantog na parasurat. Ian Fleming is a famous writer. cf: surat2 . paratahi n . tailor paratatsar [paratatsár] n . fault finder Paratatsar ina na babayi. That woman is a fault-finder. cf: tatsar ; syn: tatsador 'fault finder'. paratawag n . caller parati [paráti] adv . always Parati siya wara sa opisina. He is always out of-the office. syn: pirmi 'always'. paratubos [paratubós] n . savior, redeemer cf: tubos . paratubós n . Variant: tubos 'redeemer'. paratukdo n . teacher parauma [paraúma] n . farmer Ginabalyo man san parauma an iya humay sin isda. The farmer isexchanging his unhusked-rice for fish. cf: uma 'farm'. paraw [paráw] From: Ceb n . sailboat. Refers to a sailboat with outriggers Nabari an katig san paraw. The outrigger of-the sailboat is-broken. pareho [parého] From: Sp adj . same, equivalent, identical, alike Pareho an inda mga sabat. Their answers-are the same. puruparého adj . all are same kaparého n . 1) likeness, similarity, resemblance Perpikto an kapareho san inda pamayhon. The likeness of their faces is perfect. 2) peer, same kind, age mate Nano kay habo ka mag-upod sa imo kapareho? Why do you not-want to-keep-company with your peers? parehûon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make the same, pattern after something Parehuón mo sini an imo pagsurat. Make your writing the same-as this. cf: alagid-agid 'similar'; syn: irog 'similar'. pariha [paríha] n . race, contest. Refers to a foot race Makita kita san pariha san mga kabataan. Let us see the children's race. magparíha v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. race, compete, run Nagaparariha na an mga kabataan sa landingan san eroplano. The children are-racing already at-the airport. cf: pagukod 'foot race'. parikpik [paríkpik] n . fin, flipper syn: palikpik 'fin'.

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p parilyahan [parilyáhan] From: Sp n . iron gridle paringpatingon [paringpatingón] adj . temperamental, unpredictable, unreliable, moody, volatile Dili kita magsarig kan Jose kay paringpatingon ina. We should not depend on Jose because he is temperamental. syn: sumpungon 'temperamental'; Variant: parinpatíngon. parinpatíngon adj . Variant: paringpatingon 'temperamental'. Pariseo [Pariséo] From: Sp n . Pharisee. Refers to a member of a Jewish religious sect in the first century A.D. parlor [párlor] From: Eng n . beauty parlor, hair salon Damo siya sin suki sa iya parlor. She has-many regular-customers in her beauty-parlor. parol [paról] From: Sp n . lantern. Refers to a kerosene or gasoline lamp Magabitay ako sin parol sa bintana. I will-hang a lantern at-the window. parola [paróla] From: Sp n . lighthouse Wara masug-i an parola kaya nabahura an barko. The lighthouse was-not lighted so the ship crashed-into-the-reefs. parong [párong] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc parúngon v . extinguish, quench, douse, smother, put out, turn off Parungon mo an ilawan. Extinguish the lamp. parti1 [párti] From: Sp prep . about An amon istorya parti sa maabot na burutuhan. Our conversation was-about the coming election. parti2 [párti] From: Sp n . part, share, section, element, portion Amo ini an pinakatahom na parti san istorya. This is the most-beautiful part of-the story. kapárti n . part, share, portion, ration Daraha didi an akon kaparti san aton negosyo. Bring here my share of our business. partihón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be divided, be apportioned Ginparti na ninda an inda duta. Their land has already been-divided by-them. syn: pihak . partihán v . share something with someone Partihan ko ikaw san akon pagkaon. I will-share my food with you. parti3 [párti] From: Eng n . party May parti sa inda balay kagab-i. There-was-a party at their house lastnight. partidos [partídos] From: Sp n . blood relative, cousin syn: paryintis 'relatives'. partihon v . divide partira [partíra] From: Sp n . midwife Magtawag ka sin partira kay maanak na si Lina. You call-for a midwife because Lina is about-to-give-birth. pagpartíra n . midwifery Nagaadal siya sin pagpartira. She is-studying midwifery. Variant: pagkapartira. partiráhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. assist someone give birth Maanak na si Maria; partirahi anay. Maria will-give-birth now; assist her a-bit in-it. parukya [parúkya] From: Sp n . parish church syn: simbahan 'church building'. paryintis [paryíntis] From: Sp n . relatives Wara ako didi sin mga paryintis. I have-no relatives here. magparyíntis v [c2] . MAG- act. become relatives, become family Magparyintis kami. We relateas-relatives. syn: partidos 'blood relative'. pas From: Sp n . peace Sin-o an aton huwis de pas? Who is our justice of-the peace? pas-an [pás-an] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. pas-ánan v . carry something on the shoulder for someone Pas-anan niya ako sin panggatong. He will-carry firewood on-his-shoulder-for me. pas-ánon v . be shoulder carried Iluya mo lang an imo kusog kay pas-anon ta ikaw. You just conserve your strength because you will-be-carried by-me on the shoulder. pasa1 [pása] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc ipása v . pass, throw. Refers to passing something on to another person Nano kay wara mo sa akon ipasa an bola? Why did you not pass the ball to me? pasa2 [pása] n . girdle, corset Igwa siya sin pasa kay bag-o ginburit an iya apindiks. She has a girdle because her appendix was-recently removed. syn: habay 'girdle', balhon 'girdle'. pasáhan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. be girdled, put a girdle on, wear a girdle Pasahan mo an bata. Put-a-girdle-on the child. pasabi [pasábi] n . notice cf: sabi . pasabong [pasabóng] n . vision message. Refers to a message received through a vision, not a dream Ginsunod ko an pasabong san Dios sa akon kaya ako nag-ayo. I followed God's message to me through-a-vision so I was-healed. pasabungán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. know through a vision Diyos ko, pasabungi ako kun tama o mali an akon ginahimo. My God, let me know-through-a-vision whether what I am-doing is right or wrong. pasabot [pasábot] n . notice syn: paaram 'notice', abiso 'notice', pasabi 'notice', kamangno 'notice', notisya 'news'. magpasábot v [c2] . MAG- act. signify, notify, inform Kun mabati mo an taghoy, ina nagapasabot na magpaaram ka na. When you hear the whistle, that signifies that you then bid-themfarewell. cf: sabot . pasadi-sadi [pasadi-sádì] adj . caused to be various cf: sadi-sadi 'various'; syn: manlain-lain 'different kinds', iba-iba 'various'. pasado [pasádo] From: Sp v [c1] . 1) past in time Pasado na alas dosi. It is already past twelve o'clock. 2) passed Pasado siya sa iksamin. He passed in-the test.

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p pasagdan [paságdan] v [c11] . MAG - ag; I- acc syn: tugot 'pirmet'. magpaságdan v . allow, pirmet pasahero [pasahéro] From: Sp n . passenger May nakabunggo na napapatay an iba na pasahero. Therewas a crash in-which some passengers were-killed. cf: dipasahero 'for passengers'; Variant: pasahiro. pasahi [pasáhi] From: Sp n . fare, payment, ticket, fee Ihatag na an imo pasahi. Give him your fare now. syn: pliti 'rent'. magpasáhi v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. pay fare Dili ka na lang magpasahi kay ginbayadan ko na. Do not pay-a-fare now because I have-paid it already. pasahiro n . Variant: pasahero 'passenger'. pasambingay [pasambíngay] n . hint, parable magpasambíngay v [c2] . MAG- act. hint at pasarigon v [c8] . strengthen trust pasas [pásas] From: Sp n . raisins Masyado kamahal san pasas. Raisins are-very expensive. magpásas v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. mix in raisins Nagpasas siya san chicken-macaroni salad. She is-putting-raisins in-the chicken-macaroni salad. pasayan [pasáyan] n . shrimp Dosi pisos an kilo san pasayan. A kilo of shrimps is twelve pesos. cf: hipon 'small shrimp', lagasak 'medium-sized shrimp', urang 'crayfish', lukon 'prawn'. pasayon n . large shrimp pasikat adj . boastful pasikut-sikot [pasikut-síkot] v [c1] . dilly-dally, waste time, fool around, give someone the run around pasilyo [pasílyo] From: Sp n . lobby, aisle pasinsya [pasínsya] From: Sp n . patience Wara sin pasinsya ina na babayi. That woman has-no patience. pasinsyósa adj . patient Ambot kun sin-o sa iyo an pasinsyosa. I do-not-know who among you is the-one-who is patient. magpasínsya v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be patient Dapat gayod kita magpasinsya sa kabataan. We should really be-patient with children. pasinsyahán v . excuse Pasinsyahan mo an pagpalta san akon anak sa klasi. Excuse the absence of my child from the class. pasinsyáhan adj . abnormal Pasinsyahan ina na bata. That child is abnormal. pasipara [pasipára] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal magpasipára v . be careless, be indifferent, be depressed. Refers to a situation in which a person has lost concern for himself and his responsibilities in life Nagapasipara ina na tawo. That person is-being-careless/indifferent/depressed. pasiparáhan v . be neglecting, be ignoring, be disregarding Ina na tawo ginapasiparahan niya an iya pamilya. That person is-neglecting his family. cf: pabayaan 'abandon'. pasirong [pasírong] v . shelter cf: sirong 'area underneath'. pasirungan [pasirúngan] n . shelter Matahom ini na pasirungan. This is a good shelter. cf: sirong 'area underneath'. paskin [páskin] v [c2] . MAG- act magpáskin v . write anonymously, threaten pasko n . Christmas paskwa1 [páskwa] From: Sp n . Christmas. The day Christians celebrate in remembrance of the birth of Jesus Christ Malipay an tanan kun paskwa. Everybody is happy during Christmas. syn: pasko 'Christmas', nabidad 'Christmas'. magpáskwa v [c2] . MAG- act. spend Christmas, celebrate Christmas Nagpaskwa sinda sa prisohan. They spent-Christmas in prison. paskwa2 [páskwa] From: Sp n . Passover, Easter. Refers especially to the Christian religious holiday of Easter which remembers the resurrection of Jesus Christ from death San paskwa nakilala kun sin-o an nakadi. It-was-during-the Passover that the-one-who came-here was-known. paskwahán Passover meal An tanan na disipulo ni Kristo adto sa paskwahan. All the disciples of Christ were-there at-the Passover-meal. paslo [paslô] adj . selfish Paslo ini na tawo. This man is selfish. cf: hangol 'selfish', halop 'selfish'. pagkapaslô n . selfishness An iya pagkapaslo nagpaharayo sa mga tawo sa iya. His selfishness made the people withdraw from him. magpaslô v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. be selfish, be stingy, be self-centered, be selfseeking Nano kay nagapaslo ka niyan? Why-are you being-selfish now? syn: imot 'selfish'. paso [pasô] n . burn, burned skin Dili na makabulig an tubig sa pagpatugnaw sa paso. The water will not help in cooling the burn. pakapásò burning Subra na sin 30 minutos an pakapaso. It-has-been-more-than 30 minutes since the burning. pasol [pasól] From: Ceb n . fishing line Kinawat an iya pasol. His fishing-line was-stolen. magpamasól v [c5] . MAG-, MAGPAM- act; -ON pat; -AN loc. hook fish, fish with hook and line Nagapamasol sinda sa lawod. They are-fishing-with-hook-and-line at sea. syn: hapon1 'fish line'. paspas [paspás] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN pat paspasán v . be quick, hurry up Paspasan mo an paghakot kay mauli na kita. Hurry-up the hauling because we will-go-home-now. Paspasan ta an aton lakat. Let's make our walking quick. paspasan [paspásan] n . roof overhang. This is made to protect the windows from rain Ginpahusay ninda an inda paspasan. They fixed their roof-overhang.

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p pastidyo [pastídyo] From: Sp adj . precise, particular, exact, accurate, specific pastidyóso adj . meticulous Pastidyoso ini na bata. This child is meticulous. magpastídyo v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. demand excessive care Nagapastidyo an bata sa iya ama. The child is demanding-excessive-care from his father. pasto [pásto] From: Sp n . pasture land cf: rantso 'ranch'. pastor [pastór] From: Sp n . 1) pastor. Refers to church leaders Wara didi an pastor san amon simbahan. The pastor of our church is not here. 2) shepherd, herder, caretaker of animals Isad siya na pastor san mga baka. He is a caretaker of-the cattle. magpastór v . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- pat. graze animals Wara didi si Juan. Nagapastor siya san kabakahan. Juan is not here. He is-grazing the herd-of-cattle. pasu-paso [pasu-páso] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc pasu-pasúhan v . strut, swagger, parade. Means to show off in walking Pasu-pasuhan mo ini na koridor pabalik-balik. Strut-back-and-forth-in this corridor. pasulabi [pasulabí] From: Ceb adj . preferred, favorite, chosen syn: palabi 'favorite'. pasyada [pasyáda] n . stroll cf: pasyar . pasyal n . Variant: pasyar 'suitor'. pasyar [pasyár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc magpasyár v . 1) stroll, wander, leisurely walk, amble, saunter, promenade, ramble Nagpasyar kami sa baybay kagahapon. We strolled on-the beach yesterday. 2) visit Nagpasyar siya sa amon daraga. He visited our marriagable-daughter. pasyáda n . stroll parapasyár n . suitor, admirer Damo sin parapasyar kan Luisa. There-are-many suitors for Luisa. Variant: pasyal. pasyinti [pasyínti] From: Sp n . patient. Refers to a patient of a doctor Namatay an pasyinti sa kuwarto numiro trisi. The patient in room number thirteen died. patadyong [patádyong] n . skirt. Refers to a straight piece of cloth wrapped around the torso over other clothes. It is used something like an apron syn: palda 'skirt', saya 'skirt', sayal 'skirt'. patag [pátag] adj . flat, level, even, smooth kapatágan n . plains, valley Nakaabot na siya sa kapatagan pero wara gihapon. He had-reached to-the plains/valleys already but still found-nothing. patal [patál] adj . stubborn, obstinate, inflexible, willful, mulish, obdurate Mga patal an akon mga iskwila niyan. My students these-days are stubborn. kapatálan n . stubbornness, obstinacy, willfulness An kapatalan san akon patal na bata wara nagaiban. The stubborness of my stubborn child is not decreasing. magpatál v [c2] . MAG-, MA- act. become stubborn, become obstinate, become obdurate Sa akon pagmasid si Edgar nagapatal. In my observation Edgar is-becoming-stubborn. patalágsad adj . infrequent ant: su-so 'frequent'. patani [patáni] n . lima bean pataraw-an [pataraw-án] n . comic. Refers to a humorous person like a clown cf: tawa . patas [pátas] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc patáson v . tie in a competition, be completely equal, deadlock, draw, stalemate Patason ta na lang an aton kanam. We will just tie our-incl game. patatas [patátas] From: Sp n . potato Dunuton mo an patatas. Mash the potato. patawa [patawá] adj . laughable, humorous cf: tawa ; Variant: patáwa. patáwa adj . Variant: patawa 'laughable'. patay [patáy] n . dead one, deceased, lifeless one Ginlubong na ninda an patay. They have-buried the dead-one already. pagpatáy n . murder, a murdering Gin-akusar siya san pagpatay. He was-accused of-the murdering. parapátay n . murderer, killer. Refers to one who does this on a regular basis Wara pa madakop an parapatay. The killer has not been-caught yet. parátay adj . deadly, virulent, pestilent Paratay an mga manok san agihan san sakit. Mosquitos are deadly when a-source of sickness. tikapátay adj . dying An tikapatay na pasyinti mabaskog na. The dying patient is-getting-stronger now. patay-pátay adj . very weak, almost dead Patay-patay ini na lalaki; dili maaram mag-isip. This man is very-weak/almost-dead; he does not know how to-think. magpatáy v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- ben. kill Nagpatay sinda sin tulo na tulisan sa Mindanao. They killed three bandits in Mindanao. ipatáy v . kill for someone Ipatay man ako san namok sa akon likod. Please kill the mosquito on my back for me. patayá v . turn off, shut off, squelch Pataya na niyo ina na radyo kay kaingog. Have that radio turned-off by-you-pl because it is so-noisy. mamatáy v [c2] . MANG-, UM-, MA- exp. die, expire, pass away, kick the bucket, perish, give up the ghost Wara man sin sakit an akon karabao pero namatay. My water-buffalo was not sick but it-died. Habo pa siya mamatay. She does not want to-die yet. kamatáyon n . death Dili kita mahadlok sa kamatayon. We should not fear death. makamamátay adj . difficult, very hard Makakamamatay ini na trabaho. This work is verydifficult. pati1 [páti] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc patíhan v . believe in Ginpatihan siya san mga tawo. He was-believed-in by-the people. syn: tuod2 'believe'. pati2 [patí] conj . including, even including Kinuha ninda an akon kwarta pati rilo. They took my money even-including my watch. patid [pátid] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpátid v . trip, cause to stumble patigayon [patigáyon] From: Ceb v [c2] . MAG- act magpatigáyon v . be possible. manage to do by one's self, bring about, use leisure profitably pating [patíng] n . shark Nakadakop sinda sin daku-dako na pating. They were-able-to-catch a very-big shark. parapáting n . shark catcher Wara sin kuha an mga parapating. No-one has-caught the sharkcatchers. mapatíng adj . shark infested Mapating ini na lugar. This is a shark-infested place. magpamatíng v [c2] . MAG-, MAGPAM-, MA- act. catch sharks Nagapamating sinda kada gabi. They are-catching-sharks every night.

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p patirn [pátirn] From: Eng n . pattern Butangan mo sin alpilir an patirn san imo bado. Put straight-pins-in your dress pattern. patis [patís] n . edible fish oil. Made from decomposing anchovies and shrimp soaking in a salt solution. It is used to season food pato [páto] From: Sp n . duck Inpatay ba niyo an akon pato? Was my duck killed by-you-pl? patong1 [patóng] n . variety of bamboo patong2 [pátong] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc ipátong v . place on top, superimpose Ipatong an imo kamot sa akon ulo. Superimpose your hand on my head. syn: dat-og , tungtong , tungbaw 'place on top'. patu-pato [patu-pátò] v [c2] . MAG- act magpatu-pátò v . impromptu composing in rhyme. Usually refers to lullabies composed by mothers singing to babies, or drunks performing for companions Matibay siya magpatu-pato sin kanta para sa pagpaturog san iya anak. She is excellent-at impromptu-composing of-a song for lulling her child asleep. patuga [patugâ] n . promised cf: tuga1 'graduation black dress'. patula [patúla] n . summer squash, Zucchini squash. Some are as big as the arm of a child An patula ginautan. The summer-squash is-being-cooked-for-viand. pauyon [paúyon] n . parallel, agreement cf: uyon . pawa [páwà] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpáwà v . shine brightly Nagapawa na an bulan. The moon is-shining-brightly. mapáwà adj . 1) bright Mapawa an bulan. The moon is bright. ant: dulom 1 ‘gloomy’; ant: dalumdom ‘cloudy’. 2) clear, sharp. Sharp here refers to sight which is in sharp or exact focus Mapawa na an iya pagkita. His vision is now clear. 3) healthy Mapáwà an máta. The_eye_is_healthy. kapáwà n . brightness, brilliance Tama lang an kapawa san ilaw. The brightness of-the light is just right. pawod [páwod] From: Ceb n . nipa palm thatch. Refers to thatch made of nipa palm leaves woven together and then sewn An pawod matahom idingding. The woven-nipa-palm-thatch is excellent for walling-something. Variant: pawód. pawúdon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. sew nipa palm thatch Pawudon ko ini na nipa kag ibaligya sin ginatos. I will-sew/make-thatch-of these nipa-palm-fronds and sell-them by-hundreds. syn: nipa 'palm leaf'. pawód n . Variant: pawod 'nipa palm thatch'. pay term of address . Father! syn: papay 'Father!', papang 'Father!', itay 'Father!', papa2 'father', pa1 'yet', ama 'father'. paya [payâ] n . coconut shell Paya an inda sampi. Their ladle is a coconut-shell. cf: hungot 'coconut shell bowl', lubi 'coconut', bunot1 'coconut husk', butong1 , gata 'coconut juice', gauwo 'embryonic coconut', kopra 'copra', laya1 'mature coconut'. payag [payág] From: Ceb n . nipa hut, shanty. Refers to a small, usually temporary, hut out among the rice fields. It is made from nipa palm fronds and used as a rest house Adto si Pedro sa payag. Pedro is there in-the hut. payag-páyag n . very small hut. Refers to one usually made of nipa palm fronds Nagairistar sinda sa payag-payag. They are-staying in very-small-huts. payagán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN ben; I- acc. make a hut Payagi man ako, Juan. Juan, please make-a-hut-for me. payong [páyong] n . umbrella, sun shade, bumbershoot Bag-o an iya payong. Her umbrella is new. magpáyong v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN ben; I- acc. use an umbrella Magpayong ka kay mainit an adlaw. Use-an-umbrella because the sun is hot. paypay [páypay] n . hand fan paypáyon v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. wave Nakita ko siya na ginapaypay si Itay. I saw him waving-to Father. syn: abaniko 'hand fan', kabkab 'hand fan'. Pebrero [Pebréro] From: Sp n . February. Refers to the 2nd month of the year in the Gregorian calendar Pedro [Pédro] From: Sp n . Peter. A man's name peligro [pelígro] From: Sp n . danger, hazard, risky Igwa man sin peligro sa iloy na gurang na. There-is a danger for the mother who is already old. peligróso adj . dangerous Ini kuno na lugar peligroso This place it-is-said is dangerous. syn: delikado 'dangerous'. peligroso [peligróso] adj . dangerous, unsafe cf: peligro 'danger'; syn: delikado 'dangerous'. penetensya [peneténsya] From: Sp n . penance, hardship. Refers to doing something sacrificial in order to atone for sin in some religions syn: tios 'suffer'. pensyon [pénsyon] From: Sp n . pension. Refers to a payment made from a government or business to retired persons pensyonádo pensioner, person receiving a pension perfecto [perfécto] From: Sp adj . perfect Variant: pirpikto 'perfect'. permanente [permanénte] From: Sp adj . permanent, enduring, lasting, stable character, steady character

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p pero [péro] From: Sp conj . but Gwapo siya pero manol an ulo. He is handsome but dull headed. persona [persóna] From: Sp n . human being, person syn: tawo 'person'. perwisyo [perwísyo] From: Sp n . damage, destruction perwisyuhón v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. be abused Ginperwisyo niya an iya katakin kay malipong an ulo. His neighbor was-abused by-him because he was upset. peste [péste] From: Sp n . pest, epidemic petsa [pétsa] From: Sp n . date. Refers to the days of the calendar Hungaon mo si Pedro san petsa niyan. Ask Peter for today's date. petsahán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. set a date Petsahan mo kun san-o ako makadi. You set-a-date when I can-come. petsay [pétsay] n . Chinese cabbage An pagkaon sin mga petsay makabulig na dili tubulon an tawo. The food of Chinese-cabbages can-help a person to not be-constipated. piang [piáng] From: Ceb n . strain, dislocated bone, bone fracture adj . crippled, permanently injured Si Jurife piang. Jurife is crippled. piangán v [c8] . MA- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. cripple, injure severly Ginpiangan ni Juan an ido. Juan crippled the dog. syn: pilay 'disability'. parahilót sin piáng n . chiropractor Si Juliana parahilot sin piang. Juliana is a chiropractor. pidal1 [pidál] From: Ceb n . safety pin Hain an pidal. Where is the safety-pin? Ayuha an pidal. Basi matusok an bata. Fix the safety-pin. The child might-be stuck by-it. pidalán v [c7] . tack with a safety pin MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. Pidalan mo an imo palda kay wara sin botones. Tack-up your skirt with-a-safety-pin because there-are-no buttons. syn: imperdibli 'saftey pin'. pidal2 [pídal] n . pedal of bike, pedal of a machine. Refers to a pedal used to operate a piece of machinery in some way magpídal v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal/ben. use a pedal pidaso [pidáso] From: Sp n . piece. As one piece or sheet of paper, one piece of lumber, etc. Tadtadon mo an usad ka pidaso na luy-a. Slice a piece of ginger-root. Variant: piraso 'piece'. pidáso n . Variant: piraso 'piece'. pidlit [pidlít] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc pidlitón v . be squeezed, be pinched Dili mo pidliton an akon pisngi. Don't pinch my cheek. syn: pislit 'squeeze'. pigura [pigúra] From: Sp n . figure, profile pihak [pihák] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: píhak. pihakón v . divide something, split Pihakon mo an cake. Divide the cake. syn: partihon 'divide', buak 'divide'. kapihák n . portion, part of a whole, one half, other half Hain an kapihak sani na lubi? Where is the other half of-this coconut? kapihák san púsò n . spouse, life partner Si Minerva an kapihak san akon puso. Minerva is my spouse. píhak v [c8] . Variant: pihak . pihing [pihíng] adj . distorted, vague, fuzzy, indistinct. Refers to something which is not sharply defined piho [pího] From: Sp adj . sure, firm, fixed pikat [pikát] adj . turned up eyelid Pikat an iya mata. Her eyelid is turned-up. pikatón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. turn up eyelid, blink, wink Pikaton mo an imo mata. Turn up the eyelid of your eye. pikit [pikít] adj . one eyed, squint eyed. Refers to one who has only one eye or to one who squints one eye to imitate a one-eyed person Si Juana pikit. Juana is one-eyed. piklat [piklát] n . freckle, scar Damo siya sin piklat sa bayhon. He has-lots of freckles on-the face. syn: pila1 , ulat 'scar'. piknik [píknik] From: Eng n . picnic Wara madayon an inda piknik. Their picnic-plan was-not carriedout. parapíknik n . picnicker Nahadlok ssan buwaya an mga parapiknik. The picnickers werefrightened by-the crocodile. magpíknik v [c2] . MAG- act. go picnicking, have an outdoor meal Nagpiknik kami kahapon. We picnicked yesterday. pagpíknik n . picnicing piko [píko] From: Sp n . pick tool, digging tool Magkuha ka sin piko. You get a pick-tool. pikúhon v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be dug with a pick Pikuhon ko an amon lagwirta kay matugas. Our-excl garden will-be-dug-with-a-pick by-me because the-ground-ishard. magpíko v . use a pick, dig with a pick pikon [pikón] adj . easily irritated, thin skinned, easily annoyed Si Juan pikon. Juan is easily-irritated. pikunón v [c14] . -ON ; MA- pat. be offended, be insulted, be rude to, be rubbed the wrong way Pikunon ta si Homer. Let's offend Homer. syn: urit 'anger'. pikot [píkot] n . forced marriage, shotgun wedding pikoy [pikóy] n . green parrot Nagbakal siya sin pikoy. He bought a green-parrot. adj . talkative, loquacious, chatty, voluble, garrulous, glib. Refers to a person who is very talkative, or copies someone else's speech, or tends to say what someone else tells him to say rather than speak from his own mind Si Francisco pikoy. Francisco is a parrot. syn: abukay 'white parrot'.

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p pikpik [píkpik] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal magpíkpik v . tap, pat, rap, hit lightly with the hand pikpikon [pikpikón] n . gizzard. Refers to the cooked entrails of poultry or the second stomach of a bird Variant: pikpíkon. pikpíkon n . Variant: pikpikon 'gizzard'. piksi1 [píksì] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpíksì v . pinch, nip, squeeze, tweak Ginpiksi san iloy an iya bata sa paa. The child waspinched by the mother on the thigh. syn: kudot 'pinch'. piksi2 [píksi] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpíksi v . tear something, rip something Nagpiksi ka sin papel na aton ig-irilop. You have-tornup the paper which we-incl were-going-to-burn. syn: paknit 'tear'. pila1 [pílà] v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpílà v . heal, scar, scab Nagpila na an iya samad. His wound has-healed already. pilàón adj . be scarred Pilaon an iya bitiis. Her leg is-scarred. pila2 [pilâ] n . freckle. Refers to the tiny light brown spots on the face and arms of some white-skinned people syn: piklat 'freckle'. pila3 [píla] From: Tag n . queue, line or file of people Halaba an pila sa kabataan. The queue of children is long. magpíla v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. form a line Nagpila an parapalimos. The beggars formed-a-line. pilak1 [pílak] n . money, cash, currency, coin of the realm Wara na ako sin pilak. I have-no more money. magkapílak v [c2] . MAG- exp. be monied, have much money Wara pa ako magkapilak. I am-not monied yet. pilak2 [pilák] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc magpilák v . discard, throw away, dispose of, get rid of, case away, dispense with Habo siya magpilak san basura. He does-not-want to-throw-away the trash. ipilák v . discard, throw away Tapos wara na la ipilak sa kalayo an bao. So after all the turtle was not thrown into the fire. syn: labog 'discard', tapok1 . pilapil [pilápil] From: Ceb n . dike, dam, embankment. Refers to dikes in a rice field or fish pond built to hold in the water pilariti [pilaríti] From: Sp n . stud, wall brace of a house. Refers to the upright posts supporting the walling of a house Pilato [Piláto] From: Sp n . Pilate. A ruler in Judea in 30 A.D. pilay [pílay] n . disability May pilay an iya manghod. His younger-sibling has-a disability. mapílay adj . lame, crippled Pilay an iya manghod. His younger-sibling is crippled. Variant: piláy. pagkapílay n . lameness An polyo magaresulta sin pagkapilay. Polio will-result in lameness. syn: piang 'strain'. piláy adj . Variant: pilay 'lame'. pili1 [pílì] v [c8] . MAG-, MAKA- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpílì v . choose, select, pick out, decide on Magpili kamo sin pinakamaisog sa iyo para mag-ato sa akon. You-pl choose the bravest among you to-fight me. makapílì v . can choose, can select, can pick out, can decide on Makapili ka pa sin maayo na bistida. You still can-choose a better dress. pilìón v . be selected, be chosen, be picked out, be decided on, be elected Ginpili niya an mga batanon na nagkasirimok patalibod sa iya. The young-people who flocked around her werechosen by-her. mapilî adj . MA-, -AN. choosy Mapili siya sa pagkaon. He is choosy in food. pagpili n . choice, selection, option, preference pili2 [píli] n . pili nut Canarium ovatum piligroso adj . dangerous piling-piling [piling-pilíng] v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpiling-pilíng v . shake head from side to side, wag the head. Means to turn the head left to right back and forth as a negative response Wara siya sin sinabi pero nagpiling-piling lang san iya ulo. He did not say anything but just shook his head from-side-to-side. piling-pilingón n . shaking of head, shake head in disagreement Sigi an iya piniling-piling. His shaking-of-his-head-in-disagreement continued. pilipig [pilipíg] n . roasted immature rice grains, popped rice Nagakaon siya sin pilipig. He is-eating roasted-immature-rice-grains. magpilipíg v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. roast and pound immature rice. Nagapilipig sinda. They are-pounding-roasted-young-rice. Pilipinas [Pilipínas] From: Sp n . Philippines Nagatubo an durian sa Pilipinas. The durian tree grows inthe Philippines. Pilipino [Pilipíno] From: Sp n . Filipino person ; Pilipino language; Filipino person, Pilipino language An ngaran san tanom sa Pilipino ginlista kasunod san ngaran sa Ingles. The name of-the plant in Filipino is-listed following the name in English. pilit [pilít] adj . 1) glutinous, viscous, gelatinous Igwa kami sin pilit na bugas. We have glutinous rice. 2) gooey, gluey, gummy pampilít n . adhesive, glue, paste, something to use as glue, something to use as paste. Refers to any adhesive that can be used to stick things together Nagbakal siya sin pampilit. He bought some glue. mapilít adj . viscous, sticky, tacky Mapilit ini na sabaw. This soup is viscous. mapilít na dútà n . clay. Translated literally it means, 'sticky soil' An baldusa wara sin siminto kag baybay. Puro lang ina mapilit na duta na ginhurno. The clay-brick has no cement or sand. It is purely clay which has been baked. ipilít v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. paste, stick Ipilit ini na litrato sa dingding. Paste this picture on-the wall. pilo [pilô] From: Ceb n . seam, hem, line of stitching Halapad an pilo san iya bado. The hem of her dress is wide. ipilô v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc/ben. fold, flex, bend Ipilo ako sini. Please fold this for me. pilos [pilós] From: Sp n . velvet

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p pilosopo [pilósopo] From: Sp adj . argumentative, quarrelsome, confrontational, belligerent, aggressive, contrary Pilosopo gayod an iya asawa. Her spouse is really argumentative. piloto [pilóto] From: Sp n . pilot Nakita gayod san piloto an hiniwag ni Ito. The pilot really saw Ito's moving. pilya [pílya] From: Sp adj . crafty, rougish, rascally, mischievous. Refers to females. People with this personality trait sometimes offend others with their aggressive behavior pilyo [pílyo] From: Sp adj . rougish, rascally, crafty, mischievous. Refers to males. People with this personality trait sometimes offend others with their extrovert behavior. Children like this may be called mischievous Pilyo ini na bata. This child is mischievous. An pilyo dili mapiyaran sa babayi kag sa kwarta. The crafty-person cannot be-trusted with either women or money. magpinílyo v [c2] . MAG- act. acting mischievously, get into mischief Nagapinilyo an imo anak. Your child is-getting-into-mischief. pimyinto [pimyínto] From: Sp n . black pepper Dili ako nagagamit sin pimyinto sa pagluto. I do not use black-pepper in cooking. Variant: pamiyinta 'black pepper'. pimyintuhán v [c7] . MAG- act; AN- goal; I- acc. season with black pepper Pimyintuhan mo an nila-ga na karning baka. Season the beef stew with black-pepper. pinaagi [pinaági] conj . by means of, through Naligtas siya pinaagi sadto na dahon. He was-saved bymeans-of that leaf. cf: agi . pinagalan [pinagálan] n . fruit of labor cf: pagal2 . pinaka [pináka-] affix . superlative. Marks an adjective as a superlative Siya an pinakataas sa amon. He is the tallest among us. pinal [pinál] From: Eng adj . final syn: urhi 'last'. pinaobra n . Variant: obra 'employee'. pinasaway [pinasawáy] n . repeated correction. As used for a disobedient child cf: saway ; syn: pagparasaway 'constant correction'. pinggan [pinggán] n . dinner plate, platter, serving dish Kulang an aton mga pinggan. We are-short of dinner-plates. syn: plato 'dinner plate'. pinggánan n . plate rack, sideboard. Refers to any place where dinner plates are kept Kuhaa an mga pinggan sa pingganan. Get the plates from-the plate-rack. magpinggán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- ben. use plates Dili ka na lang magpinggan. Do not use-plates any more. pingkaw [píngkaw] n . deformed extremity. Refers to an extremity deformed from birth which is bent permanently out of shape pinit [pinít] From: Ceb adj . very small amount Ginhatagan niya ako sin pinit na luto. He gave me a verysmall-amount of rice. syn: dyutay 'small'. magpinít v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. take a small amount Nagpinit siya sin pan. He took-a-small-amount of bread. pinitón v . divide into small amounts Pinit-piniton mo ina na dyutay na pan sa lima na bata. Divide that little piece of bread into-small-porttions among the five children pagpinít n . section, part, fragment, segment, bit Pareho an iya pagpinit-pinit. His sections wereequal. pino [píno] adj . tiny, teeny-weeny, fine, itty-bitty Damo sin pino na hurnigas. There-are-lots of tiny black-ants. magpíno v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make tiny, make fine, make very small Nagapino siya sin asin. He is-making some salt fine. pinsar [pinsár] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat magpinsár v . think, ponder, contemplate, consider, imagine syn: isip 'think'. pinta [pínta] From: Sp n . paint Nagbakal siya sin isad ka galon na pinta. He bought one gallon of paint. syn: pintura 'paint'. magpínta v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. paint Magpinta ka kun gusto mo. You paint if you like. pintádo adj . painted, tinted, dyed An amon dingding pintado sin puti. Our wall is-painted white. pintok [pintók] n . dot, spot, speck Makikita an pino na mga puti na pintuk-pintok. The many tiny white dots can-be-seen. pintura [pintúra] From: Sp n . paint magpintúra v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. paint something, color something syn: pinta 'paint'. pinya [pínya] From: Sp n . pineapple Daragko kag matam-is an hawayan na pinya. Hawiian pineapple are-big and sweet. pipino [pipíno] From: Sp n . cucumber pira [pirá] interr prn . how much?, how many? Pira an imo kwarta. How-much money do-you-have?. tagpirá interr prn . how much is each? pipirá-pirá interr prn . how much is each?, how few?, how scarce? mamirá Interr part . what is the price? Mamira niyan an kilo san lukon? What is-the-price of-a kilo of prawns now? pirak [pírak] n . money, cash, mula, currency Wara ako sin pirak. I have-no money. syn: kwarta 'money', pilak1 'money'. piraso [piráso] From: Sp n . piece, part, bit Variant: pidaso 'piece'; Variant: pidáso. pirata [piráta] From: Sp n . pirate

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p piraw [píraw] adj . sleepy, drowsy Piraw na si Charlie. Charlie is sleepy already. piráwon v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. become sleepy, become drowsy Pirawon na ina na bata niyan. That child will-be-sleepy now. piripit [pirípit] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpirípit v . twist, wind up, curl, entwine, interweave pirit [pírit] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpírit v . force something, coerce, insist, compel, persuade Pirme magpirit sa budos na makaon sin maayo. Always compel the pregnant-one to-eat well. piríton v . be persuaded, be influenced, be convinced Piriton mo siya pag-upod sa imo. Persuade her to-go-with you. pirlas [pírlas] From: Sp n . pearl Igwa siya sin pirlas sa agtang. She has a pearl on-the forehead. pirma [pírma] From: Sp n . signature, name, autograph Dili ko mairog an iya pirma. I could not imitate her signature. magpírma v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- ben; PA-..-ON pat. sign a signature, sign Habo siya magpirma san papiles. He does-not-want to-sign the papers. pirmaninti [pirmanínti] From: Sp adj . permanent Dili ako pirmaninti didi. I am-not permanent here. Variant: pirmanínti. magpirmanínti v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. be permanent Gusto ko magpirmaninti didi sa Masbate. I would like to-be-permanent here in Masbate. Variant: pirmanínti. pirmanínti v [c7] . Variant: pirmaninti 'be permanent'; Variant: pirmaninti 'permanent'. pirme [pírme] From: Sp adv . always, constantly, habitually Pirme siya urhi sa klasi. He is always late tothe class. magpírme v [c8] . 1) MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. constant Nagpirme siya pagkarigo. He constantly bathes. 2) persevere, be firm, persist, be rigid, be unyielding Magpirme ka sa imo disisyon. Persevere in your decision. pirmeso [permíso] From: Sp n . pirmession pirmi adv . always ant: talagsad 'infrequent'. pirno [pírno] From: Sp n . crowbar An tanan na kadets ginpadara sin pala, piko o pirno. All the cadets brought a shovel, pick or crowbar. cf: tagad 'digging bar'; syn: bara1 'crowbar', barita2 'small bar of something'. pirok [pirók] n . eyelash Halagba an iya pirok. Her eyelash is long. ipirók v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. blink, wink, open and close the eye quickly Ipirok mo an imo mga pirok. Blink your eyelashes. syn: pisok 'blink'. pirot [pírot] v [c2] . MAG- act magpírot v . squint at, look through narrowed eyes pirpik adj . Variant: pirpikto 'perfect'. pirpikon v [c6] . Variant: pirpikto 'be perfected'. pirpikto [pirpíkto] From: Sp adj . perfect Pirpikto an Dios sa tanan na aspito. God is perfect in all aspects. Variant: pirpik; Variant: perfecto 'perfect'. pirpiktuhón v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be perfected, be completed, be finalized Pirpiktuhon ko ini. This will-be-perfected by-me. Variant: pirpikon. pirsigir [pirsigír] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc pirsigíron v . be obliged, be required, be forced, be compelled, be demanded Ginpirsigir an pagbayad san inda utang. The payment of their debts was-required. piryodiko [piryódiko] From: Sp n . newspaper syn: dyario 'newspaper', barita1 'news'. pisar [pisár] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpisár v . weigh, calculate the weight pisarán n . scale, weighing scale pisara [pisára] From: Sp n . chalkboard, blackboard Kopyahon mo an akon ginsurat sa pisara. You copy what I have-written on-the chalkboard. pisaw [pisáw] n . carving knife. Refers to a kitchen knife used for carving meat pisi [písì] n . rope, string, cord, twine Kun wara sin pisi, di magpisi ka. If there-is-no rope, then make-arope. magpísì v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc/ben. make rope Nagapisi sinda. They aremaking-rope. pagpísì n . rope making, twine making Pagpisi an iya hanapbuhay. His occupation is rope-making. pisit [písit] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magpísit v . geld, neuter, spay. Refers to castrated animals syn: kapon 'castrated animal'. pisiyo [písiyo] n . sunbird. Refers to the purple-breasted male sunbird Matahom na sapat an pisiyo. The sunbird is a beautiful bird. syn: sagwati 'sunbird', pusi 'sunbird', kusi 'sunbird'. piskal [piskál] n . prosecuting attorney

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p pislit [pislít] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat syn: pidlit . pislitón v . squeeze, pinch, massage Pisliton an irong hasta maudong an pagsunggo. Squeeze the nose until the nose-bleed stops. pakapislít adv . after pinching An panit sa tiyan nagatiskog pakapislit. The skin of the stomach stands-up after being-pinched. pisngi [pisngí] n . cheek Malinis an iya mga pisngi. Her cheeks are-smooth. piso1 [pisô] From: Ceb n . chick, baby chicken Hain an mga piso san akon ugang. Where-are the chicks of my hen? magpisô v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. hatch an egg Nagpiso na an amon ugang. Our hen has-hatched-eggs already. syn: siwo 'chick', siyo 'chick'. piso2 [píso] From: Sp n . peso. Refers to Philippine money Igwa ako didi sin piso. I have a peso here. písos pesos. This word is used with plural numbers pisog [pisóg] n . seed. Refers to the seed of any plant Manamit an tinanok na pisog san langka. Boiled jackfruit seeds are-delicious. pisok v [c8] . blink pison [pisón] n . tamper, steam roller. Latter refers to a machine for packing roads before cementing or asphalting pisot [pisót] From: Ceb n . penis cf: buto2 'genitals'; syn: utin 'penis'. písta n . Variant: pyista 'fiesta'. pitad [pitád] n . step, footstep, stride, pace Dako an imo pitad kay hitaas ka. Your stride is big because you are tall. pagpitád n . stepping Malaksi an iya pagpitad. His stepping was-quick. magpitád v [c6] . 1) MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. walk, step out, stride off Dili pa nagapitad an akon anak. My child is not walking yet. 2) step Nagapitad ako sa natad. I am-stepping in-the yard. syn: tikang . pitaka [pitáka] From: Sp n . wallet, coin purse Kanino ini'n pitaka. Whose wallet is this. pitik1 [pitík] v [c2] . MAG- act magpitík v . leap, bound, hurdle pitik2 [pitík] From: Ceb n . click, clack, snap, tick Nabati ko an pitik san gato san iya badil. I heard the click of-the trigger of-his gun. pitikón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pull the trigger, trigger, click something, flick something Ginpitik niya an badil sin tulo na bisis pero wara magputok. He pulled-thetrigger of-the gun three times but it-did-not fire. pitis [pitís] adj . tight, form fitting. Refers to clothing syn: hugot1 1 'tight fit'. pitisyon [pitisyón] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act magpitisyón v . petition, appeal, request, implore, plead Kun dili kamo gusto na maliwanan si Mrs. De la Cruz, tadi magpitisyon kita na didi lang siya. If you do not want Mrs. De le Cruz be replaced, then we will-petition that she just stay here. pitlago [pitlagô] n . grackle. Refers to the blackbird which rides on the back of the water buffalo pitlok [pítlok] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpítlok v . strangle, choke, throttle, garrote pitlúkon v . be strangled Pinitlok san tawo an iya manok kay pyirdi sa bulang. The rooster wasstrangled by-the man because it-lost in-the cockfight. syn: tuok 'strangle', tiok 'strangle'. pito1 [píto] n . whistle, siren, horn Wara ko mabati an pito san polis. I didn't hear the whistle of-the police. magpíto v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. whistle, blow a siren May nagapito sa kampo san militar. Someone is-whistling at-the military camp. syn: silbato 'whistle'. pito2 [pitó] adj . seven Pito na an inda anak. Their children number-seven already. ikapitó adj . seventh An ikapito san pito na kanding bumbay. The seventh of-the seven goats is hornless. magpitó v [c6] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; I- acc. become seven Nagpito na sinda sa pamilya tuna kahapon. The became-seven in-the family since yesterday. pitsil [pítsil] n . pitcher, jug, decanter, carafe. Container for pouring liquids Punua an pitsil sin tubi. Fill the pitcher with water. pitugo [pitúgo] n . psuedo date palm tree. This is similar to the date palm and has nuts as big as chicken eggs but they are inedible Matahum-tahom na masitas an pitugo. The psuedo-date-palm is a verybeautiful ornamental-plant. Cycas rumpbii piyangak [piyángak] adj . flat nosed piyansa [piyánsa] From: Sp n . bail bond, surety Kwarinta mil an iya piyansa. His bail is forty thousand. magpiyánsa v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN ben; I- acc. post bail, post security, post bond, post surety, financially guarantee Sin-o an nagpiyansa sa iya? Who is the-one-who posted-bail for him? piyar [piyár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- pat ipiyár v . entrust, trust, delegate, hand over Ipiyar lang ina sa iya. Just entrust that to him. pagpiyár n . trust, confidence Wara ako sa imo sin pagpiyar. I do-not-have any confidence in you. syn: sarig 'trust'. piyong [piyóng] v . has closed the eyes Piyong na naman an gurang. The old-one has-closed-his-eyes too. magpíyong v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat ; -AN goal; I- acc. close the eyes, shut the eyes Magpiyong ka. You close your eyes. ipíyong v . eyes be closed Ipiyong mo sin maayo an imo mata. Close your eyes tightly/well. pagpíyong n . closing of eyes An iya pagpiyong hasta na lang. The closing of his eyes is forever.

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p Placer [plasér] n . Placer. A town in Masbate Province plaka [pláka] From: Eng n . music record planggana [planggána] From: Sp n . basin, sink, lavatory Hugasan mo an planggana. You wash the basin. cf: palanggana 'basin'; Variant: palanggana 'basin'. plano [pláno] From: Sp n . plan, proposal, plot, strategy Nano an imo plano sa buhay? What is your plan in life? magpláno v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. plan, propose, set up, prepare, arrange Magplano ka san imo buwas. You plan for your tomorrow. planta [plánta] From: Eng n . manufacturing plant, factory plantsa [plántsa] From: Sp n . flat iron, pressing iron. Refers to an device for pressing clothes Maghuram ka sin plantsa kan Elma. You borrow a flat-iron from Elma. plinántsa n . ironed clothes Himuson mo an imo plinantsa. You put your ironed-clothes in-theirproper-place. plantsáhan n . ironing board. Refers to the special table for use in ironing clothes Gamita an plantsahan. Use the ironing-board. plantsáhon n . clothes to be ironed, clothes to be pressed Hain an imo plantsahon? Where-are your clothes-to-be-ironed? plantsahón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. iron clothes, press clothes Plantsahon mo an akon bado. You iron my shirt. planudo [planúdo] From: Sp adj . plain, flat syn: patag 'flat'. plasa [plása] From: Sp n . town plaza, square, court, mall, piazza Nagapurupasyar sinda sa plasa. They are-strolling on-the plaza. plastik [plástik] From: Eng n . plastic Putuson ini sa plastik. Wrap-all this in plastic. plata [pláta] From: Sp n . coin, silver Igwa ako didi sin singko pisos na plata. I have here a five peso coin. platira [platíra] From: Sp n . cupboard platito [platíto] From: Sp n . saucer, small plate. Refers to a small plate for placing under cups Ibutang an tasa sa platito. Put the cup on-the saucer. plato [pláto] From: Sp n . dinner plate Kulang kita sin tulo na plato. We-incl lack three dinner-plates. syn: pinggan 'dinner plate'. plauta [pláuta] From: Sp n . flute. Refers to the musical instrument plays From: Eng n . pliers. Refers to the tool used by electricians and other workmen plema n . phlegm pligis [plígis] From: Sp n . 1) dress pleat, pants pleat. Refers to a fold in cloth Haglapad an pligis san iya bado. The pleats of her dress are wide. 2) wrinkles, folds Damo na siya sin pligis sa agtang. He already has-many wrinkles on-the forehead. magplígis v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make pleats Nagapligis siya san akon palda. She is-making the pleats of my skirt. pligo [plígo] From: Sp n . sheet of paper syn: papel 'paper'. plima [plíma] From: Sp n . phlegm, mucous An pagpalo sa dughan makapaluwas san plima. The pounding on-the chest can-expell the phlegm. cf: kughad ; syn: sip-on 'head cold', badlo 'phlegm'. plinantsa [plinántsa] n . ironed clothes cf: plantsa 'flat iron'. pliti [plíti] From: Sp n . rent, fare, payment, lease, charge Pira an pliti mo sini na balay? How-much is your rent for this house? plitíhan v . be rented, be hired, be leased Plitihan niya an akon balay. My house will-be-rented byhim. magplíti v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal; PA-..-ON pat. pay fare, pay rent Nagpliti na ako. I havepaid my fare already. plumero [pluméro] From: Sp n . plumage. Refers to a decoration of feathers, whether on a bird or a woman's hat plurera [pluréra] From: Sp n . flower vase pobre adj . poor person ant: igwa 'rich'. popular [populár] From: Sp adj . popular, well-liked, admired An Presidinti popular sa bilog na mondo. The President is popular throughout the world. magpopulár v [c2] . MAG- exp. become popular, become well-liked, become admired Nagapopular an iya pagkanta. His singing is-becoming-popular. syn: sikat 'ostentatious'.

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p porbar [porbár] From: Sp v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc magporbár v . try, attempt, endeavor, make an effort Nagporbar siya pagdalagan sin tuda. He tried to-run very fast. syn: hinguha 'try', probar 'try', sulay1 'try'. porbarán v . test, examine, try, investigate, assess Porbaran ko kun maaram man gayod kamo. I will-test to-see-if you really know. pagporbár n . test, examination, investigation, assessment Ini pagporbar lang sa iya. This is just a test for him. porgas n . flea porma [pórma] From: Eng n . shape, form, figure, silhouette Ano an porma sana na bagay? What is the shape of-that thing? pormáhan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. form something, shape something, fashion, create, mold Pormahan mo ako sin bagay na baynti an kanto. You form a twentycornered thing for-me. pormal [pórmal] adj . formal, proper, ceremonial Magsul-ot ka sin pormal na bado. You change into formal dress. magpórmal v [c2] . MAG- act. behave well, be well-behaved Magpormal ka paghiwag didto. You act well-behaved there-distant. porsyinto [porsyínto] From: Sp n . percent, percentage Paano naton maudong an pagtaas san porsyinto san imoralidad? How shall we stop the rising percentage of immorality? posible [posíble] From: Sp adj . possible, likely, promising, achievable, doable, feasible ant: imposible 'cannot do'. posisyon [posisyón] From: Sp n . position Sa sini na posisyon humangad si Julio sa langit. In this position, Julio looked-up to-the sky. magposisyón v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. pose, model, sit for Nagposisyon siya na baga'n mudilo. She posed as-though a model. syn: kamutangan 'situation'. poste [póste] From: Sp n . post, pole An inda balay pinalibutan sin daragko na mga poste. Their house isencircled with large posts. magpóste v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN loc; I- acc. erect a post Nagaposte siya palibot sa iskwilahan. He is-erecting-posts around the school. praktis [práktis] From: Eng n . practice, drill Kumusta an imo praktis sa baskitbol? How is your practice in basketball? praktisón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be practiced, be drilled, be trained Praktison ko ikaw pagmakinilya. I will-train you in typing. pranela [pranéla] From: Sp n . flannel prangka [prángka] From: Eng adj . frank, candid, straightforward premyo n . Variant: primyo 'prize'. prenda v [c7] . Variant: prinda . preparado [preparádo] From: Sp adj . prepared, ready Dili paggamiton hasta na preparado na pag-utod san pusod. Do not use-it until you are ready to-cut the umbilical-cord. cf: preparar ; syn: handa 'prepare'. preparar [preparár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal I- acc Variant: priparar . magpreparár v . prepare, make ready Magpreparar ka sin pagkaon para sa tulo. You prepare food for three. preparádo adj . prepared Preparado na an tanan. Everything is prepared. syn: handa 'prepare'. preparasyon [preparasyón] From: Sp n . preparation Tama ba an iyo preparasyon? Is your preparation adequate? syn: handa 'preparation'; Variant: priparasyón. presensya [presénsya] From: Sp n . presence syn: atubangan 'presence'. presente [presénte] From: Sp adj . present, located, exists Si Kristo presente sa tanan na lugar. Christ is present in all places. Variant: prisinti. presibar adj . Variant: prisirbar 'preserved'. presidente [presidénte] From: Sp n . president Sin-o an aton presidente sa Pilipinas? Who is our president of-the Philippines? magpresidénte v [c2] . MAG-, MAKA- act. become president Gusto siya na magpresidente sa Pilipinas. He wants to-become-president of-the Philippines. presintar v [c7] . Variant: prisintar . présko adj . Variant: prisko . presyo n . Variant: prisyo 'price'. pribado [pribádo] From: Sp adj . private, restricted, not public, exclusive Nagkauyon sinda na mahimo sin pribado na karsada. They agreed to-make a private road. pribilihiyo [pribilíhiyo] From: Sp n . privilege, benefit, advantage, concession Ano na pribilihiyo an ihahatag mo sa akon? What is the privilege which you will-give me?

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p prima [príma] From: Sp n . female cousin Igwa ako sin maganda na prima. I have a beautiful cousin. cf: primo 'male cousin'. primera adj . Variant: primero 'first'. primero [priméro] From: Sp adj . first, earliest Siya an primero na nag-abot. He-was the first who arrived. Variant: primera. magpriméro v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. become first, become number one, become foremost Dili siya an nagprimero sa dalagan. He is not the-one-who became-first in running. primo [prímo] From: Sp n . male cousin Adi si primo Juan. Here is cousin Juan. magprímo v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat. become cousins Magprima pa kami. In-addition, we-excl became-cousins. cf: prima 'female cousin'. primyo [prímyo] From: Sp n . prize, gift, award, reward Wara siya makakuha sin primyo. He was not able-to-get a prize. Variant: premyo. primyuhán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. reward Primyuhi siya kun manggana. Reward him if he wins. prinda [prínda] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: prenda. iprínda v . mortgage something, finance something, borrow money on credit Dili mo iprinda an imo duta. Do not mortgage your land. prindáhan n . pawn shop Wara didi si Marilou. Adto siya sa prindahan. Marilou is not here. She is at-the pawnshop. prindádo n . mortgaged property Nano an imo prindado? What have you mortgaged? prino [príno] From: Sp n . car brake. Also refers to the ring put into the nose of the water buffalo to control it prinsipal [prinsipál] From: Sp n . principal teacher Si Patria Bussami an amon principal-teacher. Our principal-teacher is Patria Bussami. adj . principal, primary, main, major Siya an prinsipal na isponsor. He is the principal sponsor. magprinsipál v [c2] . MAG-, MAKA- act. become principal teacher Nagprinsipal siya sa San Pascual sin tulo ka tuig. He became-principal-teacher at San Pascual for three years. prinsipi [prínsipi] From: Sp n . prince Siya an gwardya san prinsipi. He is the guard of-the prince. cf: prinsisa 'princess'. prinsisa [prinsísa] From: Sp n . princess Nabihag ko an kapuso san prinsisa. I have-captured the heart ofthe princess. cf: prinsipi 'prince'. printira [printíra] From: Sp n . front, area in the front Linison mo an printira san aton balay. Clean the area-in-front of our house. n . front part, head, beginning Dida ka sa printira. You be-here in-the front. syn: atubangan 'presence'. magprintíra v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. be at the front Habo ako magprintira sa klasi. I do-not-want to-be-at-the-front of-the class. priparar [priparár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc Variant: preparar . magpriparár v . prepare cf: preparar . priparasyón n . Variant: preparasyon 'preparation'. prisintar [prisíntar] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- ben; PA-..-ON pat Variant: presintar. magprisíntar v . 1) propose, suggest, offer, propose marriage Nagprisintar si Pedro kan Maria. Pedro proposed-marriage to Maria. 2) apply Nagprisintar siya sin trabaho. He applied for a job. 3) report Iprisintar sa amon an resulta san imo imbistigasyon. Report to us the result of your investigation. pagprisíntar n . proposing, applying, reporting, suggesting, marriage_proposal Wara sa oras an iya pagprisintar kan Maria. His marriage-proposal to Maria was-untimely. [The marriage proposal is not simply a man proposing to a woman. A man and his family go to the woman and her family to propose marriage. There is a discussion about the suitability of the marriage and it often includes discussing the matter of dowry price the man's family will pay to the girl's family.] prisinte [prisínte] From: Sp n . present, gift, grant prisinti adj . Variant: presente 'present'. prisirba [prisírba] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat v . preserve, safeguard, conserve prisirbar [prisirbár] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magprisirbár v . preserve something, keep something from decay ginprisirbár adj . preserved Sadto igwa ako sin ginprisirbar na banagan. At-one-time I had a preserved lobster. Variant: presibar. prisko [prísko] From: Sp adj . MA- Variant: présko. maprísko adj . cool, breezy, unpolluted Maprisko an hangin. The air is cool. kaprísko n . coolness Gusto ko an kaprisko sini na lugar. I like the coolness of-this place. magprísko v [c4] . MAG- exp; -ON pat. become cool, become breezy Nagaprisko na an kahapunon. The afternoon is-becoming-cool already. priso [príso] From: Sp n . prisoner, captive, inmate, hostage Nawara an isad na priso. One prisoner waslost. prisohán n . prison, penitentiary, jail, pokey, penal complex, reformatory Bisitahon ta si Pepe sa prisohan. Let us visit Pepe in prison. cf: kulong . prisóhon v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be imprisoned, be put in prison, be locked up, be jailed, be incarcerated Prisohon ta an makawat. Let us imprison the thief. prisohan n . prison prisyo [prísyo] From: Sp n . price, cost, fee, charge Mataas niyan an prisyo san kopra. The price of copra today is high. syn: kantidad 'amount'; Variant: presyo. prisyohán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN ben; I- acc. price, set a price, value, assess Prisyohan mo ako san imo baboy. Price your pig for me. prito [príto] From: Sp adj . fried. Refers to food cooked in oil or fat in a skillet Paborito niya an prito na manok. His favorite is fried chicken. pritúhan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben; I- acc. fry, deep fry, stir fry, brown Prituhan mo ako sin itlog. Fry an egg for-me. probar [probár] From: Sp v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN pat magprobár v . try, attempt, endeavor syn: porbar , sulay1 'try', hinguha 'try', abiron 'attempt, try'. probarán v . be tested, be proved, be examined Ginaprobaran gayod siya san iya maestro. He was-being-examined by his male-teacher. probinsya [probínsya] From: Sp n . province. Refers to a geo-political entity or state within a country Dili progrisibo an aton probinsya. Our province is not progressive.

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p probitsar [probitsár] From: Sp v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal magprobitsár v . take advantage of someone cf: prubitsar ; syn: iyawat 2 'take advantage'. probitsár v [c7] . Variant: prubitsar . problima [problíma] From: Sp n . problem, difficulty, trouble, crisis, dilemma Nano an imo problima niyan? What is your problem now? magproblíma v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. make a problem, precipitate a problem Dili ka magproblima sa kwarta. Do not make-a-problem about money. programa [prográma] From: Sp n . program, presentation of a drama Adto an mga bata nagakita san programa. The children are-watching the program there. progrisibo [progrisíbo] From: Sp adj . progressive Progrisibo ini na distrito. This district is progressive. promisa [promísa] From: Sp n . promise, guarantee, pledge, assurance Wara matupad an iya promisa. His promise was-not fulfilled. syn: pangako 'promise'. promisahán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. promise, assure, pledge, give your word Promisahan mo siya na mabalik ka dayon. Promise him that you will-come-back immediately. propita [propíta] From: Sp n . prophet Nabuhay na an tunay na propita. The true prophet is-born already. propyidad [propyidád] From: Sp n . property, possessions, land, goods, belongings, assets Gurang na sinda pero wara pa sin propyidad. They are-old already but they do-not-have property yet. cf: sadiri 'property', rugaring 'belongings'. magkapropyidád v [c2] . MAGKA- act. acquire property, acquire possessions. Refers primarily to acquiring one's own land Gurang na sinda san nagkapropyidad. They were-old already when they acquired-property. prosesyon [prosésyon] n . procession, parade Magasunod ka ba niyan sa prosesyon? Will you follow the procession now? prubitsar [prubitsár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc Variant: probitsár. prubitsarán v . be taken advantage of, be defrauded, be deceived, be swindled, be cheated, be fleeced, be duped, be conned Ayaw prubitsari an inosinti. Do not take-advantage-of the innocent. pagprubitsár n . defrauding, swindling, cheating, fleecing, duping, taking advantage Aram san tanan an iya pagprubitsar sa mga pobre. His taking-advantage of-the poor is-known by everybody. prudukto [prudúkto] From: Sp n . product, crop, harvest, yield, produce prustitot [prústitot] From: Eng n . prostitute Ada sina na bukid an kabarit. Ada man an mga prustitot. The cabaret is there in-that mountain. The prostitutes are also there. prutas [prútas] From: Sp n . fruit Nano an imo paborito na prutas? What is your favorite fruit? prutasán orchard Nagalinis siya san inda prutasan. He is-cleaning their orchard. syn: bunga1 'fruit'. prutína n . Variant: purtina 'protein'. pruwa [prúwa] From: Sp n . boat prow, prow of a boat Ayaw didi sa ulin. Didto ka sa pruwa. Do not stay here in-the stern. Go-there to-the prow. pruwiba [pruwíba] From: Sp n . proof, evidence, verification, confirmation Amo ini an pruwiba na ililibre kita. This is the proof that we will-be-set-free. publasyon [publasyón] From: Sp n . town proper, municipality publiko [públiko] From: Sp n . public, citizenry Ayaw pag-isturbuha an publiko. Do-not disturb the public. pubre [púbre] From: Sp adj . poor. Refers to people Adi na an pubre ko na ginikanan. Here are my poor parents now. cf: pakloy 'pauper'; syn: kabos 'poor', kapos-palad 'poor'. n . poor Buligan ta an pubre. Let's help the poor. magpúbre v [c7] . MAG- exp; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. become poor, become deprived, become underprivileged Nagapubre na si Lilia. Lilia is-becoming poor now. pudag [púdag] v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN loc Variant: padag. magpúdag v . stamp the feet An anak dili nagpudag san ginasugo san ginikanan. The child did-not stamp-her-feet when admonished/commanded by-the parents. syn: kurampag 'stamp the feet'. puday [pudáy] n . vagina Variant: putay 'vagina'. pudáy n . Variant: putay 'vagina'. pudir1 [pudír] From: Sp n . political power Wara kita sin mahimo kay an aton kuntra ada sa pudir. Thereis-nothing we can-do because our opponents are in power. pudirúso adj . politically powerful Si Ferdinand pudiruso na tawo. Ferdinand is a politicallypowerful man. pudir2 [pudír] adj . worn out, burned out, spent. As a light bulb or motor is worn out syn: pundido 'worn out'. pudlos [pudlós] From: Ceb n . whip Katiku-tiko sani na pudlos. How very-crooked is this whip. magpudlós v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. whip, hit with a whip, flog, lash

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p pudo [púdò] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpúdò v . pick, pluck, harvest Magpudo ka sin bayabas. You pick guavas. syn: pukdi . pudong [pudóng] n . headband, cloth cap, head scarf May mga pudong an mga nagatrabaho sa pantalan. The ones working at-the pier have headbands. magpudóng v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. wear a headband, wear a cap Magpudong ka agod dili magkahurulog an imo buhok. Wear a headband so-that your hair will not fall. cf: kalo 'hat'; syn: pandong 'head scarf'. pudyot [púdyot] n . pinch. Refers to taking a pinch of something like salt or seasoning Magdagdag ka sin duha ka pudyot na asin. You add two pinches of salt. magpúdyot v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. take a pinch, take a small amount Niyan, magpudyot sin asin sa tulo na tudlo. Now, take-a-pinch of salt with-the three fingers. puestuhan v [c7] . set table puga [pugâ] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpugâ v . squeeze Nagapuga ako san medyas. I am-squeezing the socks. pugáon v . squeeze out, wring out Pugaon mo an duga san limon. Squeeze-out the juice of-the lemon. pugol [púgol] n . control, domination, power, rule Wara naman ini'n pugol sa akon. This no-longer hasany control of me. magpúgol v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. control, prevent, supress, restrain May nagapugol sa inda. There-is-someone controlling them. pugúlan v . control, hinder, prevent Nano kay dili mo siya pugulan? Why don't you control him? makapúgol v . able to control Ini dili gayod makapugol sa iya. This is really not able-to-control him. papugúlon v . control something Ginapapugol ninda an inda sadiri. They are-controlling themselves. pagpúgol n . controlling An pagsurmaton ada sa pagpugol san nagasurmaton sani. The speech is there in-the control of-the-one speaking it. cf: hawid ; syn: kontrol 'control'. pugon [pugón] n . charcoal stove, fireplace Sira na an inda pugon. Their charcoal-stove is damaged. pugunán v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN ben; I- acc. make a charcoal stove Pugunan mo ako. You makecharcoal-stove for me. pugot [púgot] adj . headless May nagalakat na pugot na tawo. There-is-a headless man walking-around. pugútan v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN sou; I- acc. be beheaded, cut off one's head Ginpugutan an tulisan. The bandit was-beheaded. syn: putol 'cut off'. pugsa [pugsâ] v [c9] . MAG- ag; I- acc; MA- pat mapugsâ v . crush, squash, mash, compress Napugsa an bungo san bata. The skull of-the child was-crushed. pugto [púgtò] adj . over ripe Pugto na an anihon na humay. The rice to-be-harvested is over-ripe already. syn: tanang 'over ripe'; Variant: rugto. pugtot [pugtót] n . buttocks syn: bubot 'rear'. puhagon [puhágon] n . beehive cf: putyukan 'honeybee'. puhunan [puhunán] n . investment funds, venture capital Laway lang an iya puhunan. His investmentfunds are just saliva. syn: kapital 'funds'. magpuhunán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. capitalize, invest funds. Refers also to figurative uses in other contexts Nagapuhunan siya sa iya abilidad sa pagsurmaton. He iscapitalizing on his ability in speaking. ipuhúnan v . use as capital An akon kwarta ipuhunan ko ini sa negosyo kaya dili ako makapahuram. I will-use my money for-capital in-the business so I cannot lend-it. pukan [púkan] v [c5] . MAG- ag; MA-, -ON pat ; -AN goal mapúkan v . fall over. Refers especially to trees, plants, etc., which fall over from the force of heavy wind, rain, or the like magpúkan v . push over cf: tumba . pukaw [púkaw] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc pukáwon v . be awakened, be aroused. May be by either voice or touch Pukawon mo si Juan pagalas dosi san gab-i. Awake Juan at twelve midnight. pagmukaw-múkaw n . awakening namukaw-mukáwan adj . nightmarish cf: pagmata 'awaking', mahukawan 'startled awake'. pukdi [pukdî] v [c8] . MAG-, MANG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc pukdìón v . pluck, pick off, harvest Dili mo pukdion an saringsing san mangga. Do-not pick-off the buds of-the mango-tree. pukdìán v . pluck for someone Pukdian mo ako sin mga rosas. Pluck roses for me. parapukdî n . picker, harvester, reaper Parapukdi siya sin mansanas sa America. He is a picker of apples in America. pagpukdî n . plucking, picking Ginadili an pagpukdi sin burak. The plucking of flowers is prohibited. mamúkdì v . pick many things, pluck many things. For example, fruit or flowers Namukdi siya sin mga burak. She picked some flowers. pagpamúkdì n . multiple picking, multiple plucking An iya pagpamukdi san mangga na dili iya an nagdara sa iya sa prisohan. His picking of mangos which do-not-belong-to him is the-thingthat put him in jail. parapamúkdì n . habitual picker. Refers to someone who has a job picking fruit or some such thing Parapamukdi siya sin kamatis didto sa Amerika. He is a habitual-tomato picker there in America. syn: pudo 'pick'. puknit [púknit] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc pukníton v . be removed, be detached, be taken away Pukniton mo an mga lusa sa akon buhok. Have the lice-eggs removed from my hair. syn: tangkason 'remove'. mapúknit adj . come loose, come unfastened pukot [púkot] From: Ceb n . fishing net Nadara san sulog an inda pukot. Their fishing-net was-carriedaway by-the current. magpamúkot v [c8] . MAGPA- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. fish with a net Nagapamukot si Jose kag si Pedro. Jose & Pedro are-fishing-with-a-net. pukpok [púkpok] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpúkpok v . pound, batter, beat, pummel, buffet, hit, bray pukpukón v . be pounded, be hammered Dili mo pukpukon an akon ulo. Don't pound on my head. syn: pulpog2 'pound', makmak . pula [pulá] adj . 1) red Pula an iya mga ngawit. Her lips are-red. 2) brothel, bordello, bordel. Refers to a house where women engage in prostitution Pula ina na balay. That house is a brothel. magpulá v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. redden, make red Nagapula an iya mga mata. His eyes are-reddening. pulahay [pulaháy] From: Ceb n . baby, youngest child Lalaki an akon pulahay. My baby is a boy. cf: dyutay pa 'still little'. pulaw [púlaw] n . rope snare. It is similar to a small lasso and is spread on the ground to snare chickens Nagahimo siya sin pulaw. He is-making a rope-snare. pulawón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. snare something, ensnare, capture, catch Pulawon mo an manok. Snare the chicken. pulbo [púlbo] From: Sp n . face powder Magbakal ka sin pulbo. You buy some face-powder. pulbuhán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. be powdered, be dusted with powder Pulbuhan mo an imo liog. Powder your neck. pulgada [pulgáda] From: Sp n . inch Gusto ko an tris pulgadas na pako. I want the three inch nails. puling [pulíng] n . dust particle Kun may puling sa mata an tubig an gamiton. If there-is a dust-particle inthe eye water is what is-used-(to-remove-it).

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p pulis [pulís] From: Eng n . police Nagalibot an mga pulis sa kada balay para kuhaon an badil. The police are-going-around to every house in-order to-get the guns. pulmonya [pulmónya] From: Sp n . pneumonia Kun may pulmonya an bata kinahanglan na magpabulig sa doktor. If the child has pneumonia it-is-necessary to-get-the-help of-a doctor. pulo1 [púlo] From: Eng n . polo shirt Nawara an iya pulo. His polo-shirt is-lost. Variant: puro1 'island'. puluhón n . polo shirt cloth Matahom an imo puluhon. Your polo-shirt-cloth is beautiful. mapúlo v [c7] . wear a polo shirt MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. Mapulo ka lang. Just wear-a-poloshirt. cf: kamisulin 'long sleeved shirt'. pulo2 [puló] n . island, isle, islet, atoll syn: isla 'island'; Variant: puro1 'island'. pulo3 [púlo] n . tool handle pulo4 [púlò] From: Ceb adj . MA-, NAnapúlò adj . ten Napulo an inda bata. Their child is ten-years-old. naurunapúlò v [c2] . MA- exp. do by tens An bilang naurunapulo kaya madali. The count wasdone-by-tens so it-was-quick. pulod [pulód] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpulód v . cut down, fell, chop down Nagapulod sinda sin lubi. They are-cutting-down a coconut-tree. cf: utod1 . pagpulód n . cutting down An pagpulod sin kahoy na wara'n paaram ginadili. Cutting-down trees without pirmession is prohibited. pulong [púlong] From: Ceb n . word Tuudan naton an pulong san Dios. Let us-incl believe the word of God. syn: surmaton 'word'. pulos [pulós] n . worth, value, usefulness Dyutay lang ini na bagay pero may pulos. This is only a small thing but it-has value. kapuslánan n . benefit Nano an kapuslanan sana na bagay? What is the benefit of-that thing? magpulós v [c7] . MAG- exp; MA-..-AN ben; I- acc. benefit, profit Sin-o an nagpulos san mga bunga san mangga. Who benefitted from-the fruits of-the mangoes. napuslán v . benefitted Napuslan mo na an imo in-adalan. You have-benefitted already from-what you have-studied. pulpog1 [púlpog] v [c2] . MAG- act magpúlpog v . bray. As, for example, a donkey or horse syn: mihi-mihi 'bray'. pulpog2 [púlpog] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpúlpog v . pound, batter, beat, pummel, buffet, hit, bray syn: pukpok 'pound', makmak . pulpol [pulpól] adj . lacking intelligence, dull, unskilled, stupid Ini na bata pulpol. This child is stupid. ant: dunong 'intelligent'; syn: manol 'stupid one'. pulsiras [púlsiras] n . bracelet Variant: pulsíras. pulsíras n . Variant: pulsiras 'bracelet'. pulso [púlso] From: Sp n . pulse, throbbing, pulsation, palpitation pumuluyo [pumulúyo] n . citizen, resident Kamo na mga pumuluyo an bagay magkita-kita kun sin-o an dapat naton upudan. You citizens are the-ones most-qualified to decide who is the-one we-all should side-with/accompany. syn: kumuluyo 'citizen'. puna [púnà] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN loc; I- acc punâan v . replant. This usually refers to replacing the young rice plants which have died Punaan mo an nagkamaratay na tanom. Replant the plants that died. syn: sangli 'change'. punas [púnas] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc; MA-..-AN goal punásan v . be wiped off, be rubbed, be swabbed Punasan mo an bayhon kag liog. Wipe-off the face and neck. syn: pahid . mapunásan v . be bathed, be swabbed Pwede siya mapunasan sin malabinhod na tubig. He canbe-bathed with warm water. punaw [púnaw] v [c14] . NA-..-AN exp napunáwan v . collapsed Napunawan siya kay wara mahatagi sin dugo. He collapsed because he was-not given a transfusion. punda [púnda] n . pillowcase Labahon mo an akon punda. Wash my pillowcase. pundáhon n . pillowcase cloth Masilag-silag an imo pundahon. Your pillowcase-cloth is verytransparent. magpúnda v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. enclose something in a pillowcase, cover with a pillowcase. Refers to the bag into which a pillow is inserted to keep it clean Nagapunda ako san mga ulunan. I am-enclosing the pillows in pillowcases. pundar [pundár] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpundár v . initiate something, found, establish, make a foundation. Si Bonifacio an nagpundar san Katipunan. Bonifacio was the-one-who founded the Revolutionary-Committee. pundasyon [pundasyón] From: Sp n . foundation Maluya an pundasyon sani na balay. The foundation ofthis house is weak. pundido adj . worn out pundo1 [púndo] From: Sp n . anchor Wara sinda sin pundo. They do-not-have an anchor. punduhón v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. anchor something, secure, fasten Ginpundo ninda an bangka sa Lagundi. They anchored the boat at Lagundi. pundo2 [púndo] From: Eng n . fund, capital. Refers to money

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p pundok [pundók] n . group pung-ol [púng-ol] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc syn: kapan 'prune', pungon 'prune'. magpúng-ol v . prune, clip, snip, cut back, trim Nagapung-ol ako san mga rosas. I am-pruning the roses. pagpúng-ol n . pruning, clipping, trimming An imo pagpung-ol san mangga wara sa oras. Your pruning of-the mango-tree is untimely. punga1 [pungâ] v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magpungâ v . dump, discard, throw out, get rid of, throw away cf: tapak ; syn: huwad , tambak 'piled'. punga2 [púnga] adj . MA-..-AN pat. nasal twang. Refers to how a person with a cold sounds when he speaks mapunga-pungáhan v [c2] . pretend to speak with a nasal twang punggod [púnggod] n . pimple, zit, blackhead, blemish punggúdon v [c14] . -ON pat. be pimpled, be blemished Kadamuan sa ginapunggod idto'n mga dose pabaynti anyos an edad. Most-of those-who are-pimpled are-those-from the ages of 12 to 20 years. pungkol [púngkol] From: Ceb adj . amputated, cut off An tanggugurangan ni Lihoy pungkol. The thumb of Lehoy is cut-off. pungkulán v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. amputate, cut off. Refers to hands, legs, fingers, toes Kun magsigi ka pagpangawat, pungkulan ko ikaw sin mga kamot. If you continue stealing, I will-cut the hands off of you. pungon [púngon] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magpúngon v . prune, cut back, trim, clip syn: kapan 'prune', pung-ol 'prune'. pungot [púngot] adj . MAmapúngot angered, irritated cf: urit 'anger'. pungtod [pungtód] n . ant hill punit [púnit] From: Ceb v [c4] . MAG- act; -ON pat; MA- pat magpúnit v . abort a baby, have a miscarriage Katulo na siya nagpunit. She aborted three times now. pagpúnit n . abortion Dili tugot an pagpunit didi sa Pilipinas. Abortion is not pirmeted in-the Philippines. punko [púnko] v [c2] . MAG- act magpúnko v . squat puno1 [punô] From: Ceb v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpunô v . fill, fill up, load, stuff, cram, jam Nagapuno siya san dram sin tubi. He is-filling the 55-gal-drum with water. puno2 [púnò] n . tree trunk Matibay ina na puno san mangga. That trunk of-the mango-tree is sturdy. puno3 [púnò] n . head, chief, leader nagapamúnò n . ruler, boss Siya an nagapamuno san amon opisina. He is the ruler of our office. magpamúnò v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat. lead, guide, direct Nagpamuno siya san pagkolikta sin ambag. He led in collecting contributions. pagpamúnò n . leadership Dili maayo an iya pagpamuno sa amon. His leadership of us-excl is not good. namumúnò n . chief, leader Magpaaram ka sa namumuno didi sa aton. You ask-permission from the leader of-us here. puno4 [púno] From: Sp n . phonograph, turntable. Refers to a piece of equipment used to play phonograph records punong [púnong] n . fish pond, pond for fishing, pond for raising fish Nagbalakwit sinda sin bangos sa punong kahapon. They hooked milkfish with-a-fishing-rod at-the fish-pond yesterday. punpon [púnpon] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN sou; I- acc magpúnpon v . remove clothes from clothes line punsiya [púnsiya] From: Sp n . banquet, feast, formal meal, party May punsiya sa balay kagab-i. Therewas a banquet in-the house last night. syn: kumbira 'banquet'. magpúnsiya v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. banquet, feast, gorge Nagpunsiya kami kanda Lorna. We banqueted at-the home-of-Lorna's-family. cf: kaon . punta [púnta] From: Sp n . tip, point, end Matarom an punta sana na pirno. The tip of that crowbar is sharp. punto [púnto] From: Sp n . point, crux, thrust, central theme, heart An punto san inda problema kun pan-o sinda makaanak sin lalaki. The point of their problem was-how they could-bear a son. puntod [púntod] n . ant hill, mole hill An sabi san iba an puntod istaran san mga dwindi. Some say that anthills are-dwellings of-the dwarfs. puntok [púntok] n . punctuation period syn: tuldok 'period'. punyos [púnyos] From: Sp n . cuff, hem puo [pûo] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magpûo v . cut down to roots, to sell off everything, annihilate, cut off a lineage, destroy all descendants Nagapuo siya san kahoy. He is-cutting the tree down-to-its-roots. puot [pùót] From: Bkl adj . MAmapùót adj . difficult breathing v [c2] . MAG- ag; MA- pat. smothered, stifled, choked off Mapuot an pagaginhawa kun may hapo. Breathing is difficult when one-has asthma. Ini an baguong na nabaho kun napupuot. This is the rotting-fish which smells-awful when it-is-smothered-to-ferment. magpùót v . suffocate, smother Magapuot an iya dughan kun maaso. Her chest/lungs willsuffocate if it is smokey.

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p pur-iso [pur-íso] From: Sp conj . therefore, so, then, consequently, hence, for that reason, as a result purak [purák] v [c2] . MAG- exp magpurák v . fall, scatter. Refers to fruit falling from a tree Nagpurak an nagkahurulog na bunga san santol. The fallen fruit of-the santol-tree has-scattered-everywhere. syn: bulag , bungkag , ragrag . purga [púrga] From: Sp n . deworming medicine purgas [purgas] From: Sp n . flea, tick, mite An ido puno sin purgas kaya ayaw pag-apiki. The dog is full of fleas so don't go-near-it. purgáson adj . full of fleas, infected with fleas Purgason ina na ido. That dog is full-of-fleas. puro1 [purô] n . island syn: isla 'island'; Variant: pulo1 'polo shirt'; Variant: pulo2 'island'. puro2 [púro] From: Sp; Sp adj . pure, genuine, real, authentic, unadulterated Puro ini na oro. This gold is unadulterated. purog [púrog] v [c2] . MAG- act magpúrog v . foretell, divine, augur. As sinking of a jewel in a liquid to determine if good will result from a plan of action syn: hula 'predict', tugma . purok [púrok] n . cockfight crowd, cockfight Gindakop san polis an purok kahapon. The cockfight-crowd was-caught by-the policeman yesterday. Variant: purók. magpurúkan v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. conduct a cockfight, train fighting roosters Nagapurukan an higot. The tied-roosters are-cock-fighting. cf: bulang1 'cockfight'. purók n . Variant: purok 'cockfight crowd'. puros1 [púros] adj . all Puros kamo mga buwang. You-are all foolish. syn: tanan 'all'. puros2 [púros] n . birth pain Wara ako magtios pagpanganak kay wara ako sin puros. I did-not suffer ingiving-birth because I did-not-have any birth-pains. magpúros v [c2] . MAG- exp. experience birth pain Nagapuros na an tiyan ni Elena. The womb of Elena is-experiencing-birth-pain now. purot [púrot] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN loc; I- acc purúton v . pick up, gather up Puruton mo an mga papil sa salog. Pick-up the pieces of paper onthe floor. magpamúrot v . search for and gather up Nagapamurot sinda sin tagunhasan. They are-searchingfor-and-gathering seashells. makapúrot v . find, locate, come across, hit upon Nakapurot ako sin singsing. I found a ring. purtina [purtína] From: Sp n . protein Abunda sa purtina an latoy. String-beans are abundant in protein. Variant: prutína. purtiro [purtíro] From: Sp n . doorman, gatekeeper, porter purutukan [purutúkan] n . fusillade cf: putok . pus-aw [pus-áw] adj . light colored, pale pus-on [pus-ón] n . abdomen Dili grabe an sakit sa pus-on. The pain in-the abdomen is not severe. syn: tiyan 'stomach'. pusa1 [pusâ] From: Ceb adj . broken Ipilak mo an pusa na baso. Throw away the broken glass. pusàón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. be broken, be smashed, be fractured, be shattered Nano kay ginpusa mo an ispiho? Why did you break the mirror? syn: rangka , buong . pusa2 [pusá] v [c2] . MAG- exp magpusá v . hatch, burst open syn: himsa . pusak1 [púsak] From: Ceb v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc ipúsak v . 1) smash, strike, throw against, hit hard. Refers to using a heavy object to hit something hard Dili mo ipusak an baso sa akon prisinsya. Do not smash the glass in my presence. 2) overwhelm, abound Ginapusak an bura sa dagat. The foaming of-the sea was-overwhelming. syn: pusdak . pusak2 [púsak] n . shackles, manacles, handcuffs pusas [púsas] n . handcuffs, shackles, manacles Nawara an lyabi san pusas. The key of-the handcuffs waslost. pusásan v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. handcuff, manacle Pusasi ina na parapatay. Handcuff that murderer. pusdak [púsdak] v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc magpúsdak v . smash, crash, shatter, demolish. By hurling down syn: pusak1 1 'smash'. pusi [púsi] n . sunbird An pusi baga'n pikoy kaya lang digdyutay kaayo. The pusi-sunbird is similar-to a parrot except-that they-are-very small. cf: púsiw 'sparrow'; syn: kusi 'sunbird', pisiyo 'sunbird', sagwati 'sunbird'. pusit [pusít] n . squid Tigpira an kilo san pusit? How-much is a kilo of-the squid?

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p pusiw [púsiw] n . sparrow cf: pusi 'sunbird'. púsiw n . sparrow puslit [púslit] adj . smuggled Puslit hali sa Hapon an TV na barato. Wara mag-agi sin adwana. The cheap TV is smuggled from Japan. It did-not pass-through the customs-office. makapuslit v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. able to sneak away, slip away, steal away, creep away Nakapuslit an mga kriminal. The criminals were-able-to-sneak-away. puso1 [púso] n . water pump Magkuha ka sin tubi sa puso. Get water from the water pump. syn: bumba2 'pump'. puso2 [pusô] n . ear of corn. Refers to the whole ear as picked from the stalk and still in the husk Punpuna an mga baya na puso san mais. Glean the left-over ears of corn. cf: but-ol 'corncob'. puso3 [púsò] n . 1) heart May sakit siya sa puso. He has sickness in-the heart. 2) banana plant heart. Refers to the interior of the banana plant which is eaten as vegetable kapúsò n . heart An pagdalagan maayo na ehersisyo sa aton kapuso. Jogging is good exercise for our hearts. tagipusûon n . inner being Nagaampo ako na an iyo tagipusuon maliwanagan. I am-praying that your inner-being will-be-enlightened. pusùánon adj . brave, daring, courageous, fearless, plucky Pusuanon ka. You are-brave. n. maitom an puso say. n 1) bad person; spouse. Translated literally it means, 'half of-the heart' Maitom an imo puso. You-are a bad-person. 2) compassion Marasa pa na wara gayod sin puso ina na tawo. That that person really has no compassion is still surprising. pusod [pusód] n . umbilical cord, navel Nano an maayo sa pag-utod san pusod? What is the best for cutting of-the umbilical-cord? puspas [púspas] n . chicken and rice porridge. This is commonly called lugaw puspos [púspos] v [c2] . MAG- act magpúspos v . flail, thrash around, beat against cf: lampas 'excessive'. puspuro [púspuro] From: Sp n . match stick, match. Refers to a match stick used to start a fire Magbakal ka sin puspuro. You buy matches. pusta [pústa] From: Sp n . bet, wager Wara makalista an akon pusta. My bet was-not included-in-the-list. syn: pago . pustáhan n . betting, wagering, gambling, gaming Sigi na an inda pustahan. Their betting iscontinuing now. Variant: pagpústa. magpústa v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. bet, wager, gamble, put money on, lay a wager Nagpusta siya sa pula na manok. He bet on-the red rooster. pustas [pústas] n . fish fillet pustura [pustúra] From: Sp adj . appearance, posture, well dressed pumustúra v [c2] . UM- act. assume a defiant posture, assume a bold posture, assume a rebellious posture, assume an insolent posture Pumustura siya. He assumed-a-defiant-posture. put-ong [put-óng] v [c2] . MAG- act magput-óng v . tie in a bunch, bunch, cluster, group. Refers to tying ends of something like bamboo strips or rattan together in a bunch at either end to make an enclosure to keep objects inside cf: putyong . puta [púta] From: Sp n . whore, bitch, prostitute, harlot, promiscuous woman, woman of the street, lady of the night putahi [putáhi] n . recipe, food mixture, food formula, set of instructions for preparing food Nagakaon ka sani na klasi na putahi? Are you eating this kind of food-mixture? putak [puták] n . squawk. Refers to the squawking of a chicken putay [putáy] n . vagina, birth canal Dapat pirmi malinis an panti agod dili mainpeksyon an putay. The panti must be-always clean so-that the vagina will not get-infected. Variant: pudáy; Variant: puday 'vagina'. puti [putî] adj . white, colorless Daraha didi an akon puti na bado. Bring my white dress here. pumutí-putî v [c2] . MAG-, UM- exp ; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc. become very white, blanch, bleach Pumuti-puti an iya bayhon. Her face became-very-white. putla [pútlà] adj . ashen, pallid, pale, wan, drained of color mamútlà v [c2] . MANG- exp. turn ashen, become pale, drain of color Namutla an daraga san makita an katrato. The maiden turned-ashen when she saw her-sweetheart. maputlán adj . MA- exp. very ashen, pale syn: lumsi 'pale'. puto1 [púto] n . rice cake puto2 [putó] n . youngest child, baby of the family putok [putók] v [c7] . MAG- exp; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat; IPA- acc magputók v . explode, blast, blow up, burst, detonate Nagputok an dinamita. The dynamite exploded. pagputók n . explosion, blast, detonation Wara ako makabati san pagputok san dinamita. I couldnot hear the explosion of-the dynamite. purutúkan n . fusillade, multiple explosions putol [putól] From: Tag v . MAG- ag; -AN sou; I- inst magpútol cut off, excise, cut down, cut back putos [putós] v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc magputós v . wrap Magputos ka sin pan para kan Juan. You wrap some bread for Juan. putusón v . be bundled, be wrapped Putuson mo an imo mga bado, dali! Let all your clothes bebundled, quick! Variant: putsón. putúsan n . wrapper, covering, packaging, wrap Puruta an mga putusan san kindi. Pick up the candy wrappers. Variant: putsan.

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p putot1 [putót] adj . MA- An inda pamilya mga putot. The members-of their family are-all-short. cf: hamubo . maputót 1) short, diminutive, petite, undersized. Applicable to animate beings only putot2 [pútot] adj . very young, immature, premature, unripe, green. Refers especially to fruits such as guava and mango Mapait an putot na mangga. An immature mango is tart. syn: linghod . putsan n . Variant: putos 'wrapper'. putsón v . Variant: putos 'be bundled'. putyong [putyóng] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magputyóng v . tie gathered ends together. For example, to gather corners of a blanket and tie them together. Also means to curl long hair in a bun at back of head putyúngon v . be tied together cf: put-ong . putyukan [putyúkan] n . honeybee May sugod an putyukan. The honeybee has a-sting. puwaki [puwáki] adj . odd numbered, lacking, wanting, deficient, short quantity, scant. Refers to one without a partner when dividing something puyo1 [púyò] From: Ceb v [c6] . MAG-, UM-, MANG- act; -ON pat; I- ben. ant: saba1 'noise'. magpúyò v . be quiet, be silent, be still, settle down Nano kay habo ka magpuyo? Why do you notwant to-be-quiet? puyùón v . be quieted, be silenced Puyua daw ina na iyo mga baka sin kariribok. You should quiet those cattle of-yours from being-noisy. ipúyò v . quiet something for someone Ipuyo daw ako, Alex, sana na radyo kay kaingog na san pamati ko. Ales, please quiet that radio for me because it-is-so-noisy to my ears. mamúyò v . quiet several things Tadi namuyo, kun wara na idto sawaya sigi lang gihapon an ribok. So you quieted-them, but-if they were not rebuked the noise would just have continuedon. kapúyò n . quietness, quiet, silence, tranquility Gusto ko an kapuyo sani na lugar. I like the quietness of-this place. syn: silensyo 'quiet', ukoy3 'quiet'. puyo2 [puyô] v [c2] . MAG- act magpuyô v . stay, reside, lodge, dwell. Refers to staying in a place cf: pumuluyo 'citizen'. puyot [púyot] n . cradle, small hammock. Refers to a hammock made with a blanket Maayo an turog san bata sa puyot. The child sleeps well in-the cradle. syn: duyan 'cradle'. puypoy [púypoy] n . numbness pwede [pwéde] From: Sp v . able, can do. This is an uninflectable auxiliary verb Pwede ka na mag-uli. You can go-home now. pwera [pwéra] From: Sp conj . 1) except, apart from, with the exception of Kada usad sa inda nagsibot sa pagpreparar san inda regalo pwera lang kan Angelito. Everyone of them hurried to-prepare their gift except only Angelito. 2) besides, in addition, as well Adi an singkwinta pwera san hinatag ko sa imo na dos syintos pisos. Here is the fifty in-addition-to the two hundred pesos that I gave you. pwersa [pwérsa] From: Sp n . force, strong power magpwérsa v [c8] . MAG -ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. compel, force, require, induce, coerce pwerta [pwérta] From: Sp n . door Ayaw pag-abang sa pwerta. Do not block at-the door. pwertahán doorway, entryway, entrance Hali dida sa pwertahan. Get-away-from there by-the doorway. pwerte [pwérte] From: Sp adj . 1) very secure, tight, safe and sound Pwerte an pagkasira san inda balay. The closing of their house was very-secure. 2) very strenuous, tiring, arduous, exhausting, laborious, taxing, backbreaking, demanding Pwerte an inda trabaho kahapon. Their work yesterday was very-strenuous. 3) very much, extreme, acute, excessive Pwerte na an turo san akon balhas. The dripping of my sweat was extreme. 4) very strong, vigorous, energetic, forceful Pwerte kuno an tangis ko. My crying was-strong it-was-said. syn: grabe ‘serious, excessive’. pwirsa n . strength pwisto [pwísto] From: Sp n . position, place, reserved space Pwisto ina dida san mga bisita. That there isreserved-space for-the guests. magpwísto v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal. serve food Nagapwisto ako san bisita. I amserving-food to-the visitor. ipwísto v . be ready, be prepared Ipwisto mo an mga kargaminto buwas na aga. Have the cargoes ready tomorrow morning. pyirde [pyírde] From: Sp n . loser mapyírde v [c6] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. be lost, be defeated, be completely destroyed Napyirde siya sin dos mil sa bulang. adj . lost He lost two thousand in the cockfight. pyista [pyísta] From: Sp n . fiesta, carnival, celebration, festival An pyista san Masbate kada Hunyo trisi. The fiesta in Masbate is every June thirteen. Variant: písta. pyistáhan n . festival place Nagkadto kami sa pyistahan. We went to-the festival-place. kapyistáhan n . fiesta day Niyan an kapyistahan san amon lunsod. Today is the fiesta-day in our town. mamyísta v . attend a fiesta Kamo na lang mismo an mamyista. Just you-pl yourselves will-be-theones to-attend-the-fiesta. magpyísta v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat. attend fiesta, hold a fiesta Nagpyista kami sa Baleno. We celebrated the fiesta in Baleno. magpamyísta v . attend fiesta Ginapangita siya san mga nagapamyista. The-ones-who wereattending-the-fiesta were-looking-for him.

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r rambong [rámbong] adj . MAmarámbong adj . lush, verdant, luxuriant, leafy, flourishing, Marambong ini na kahoy kaya malimpoy. This tree is lush-with-leaves so it is shady. magrámbong v [c2] . MAG- exp. grow lush, grow abundantly, grow luxuriant, grow leafy Nano kay nagrambong ini sin irog sani? Why-did this grow-so-lush like this? cf: mataba 'fat, luxurious'; syn: rabong 'lush'. rami1 [rámi] n . taste Ano sani an rami? What is the taste of this? syn: rasa1 'taste', lasa 'taste', tilaw 'taste', timtim . rami2 [ramí] n . flax. Refers to a broad leaf plant from which fiber is gotten to be used in making cloth Boehmeria nives rangka [rángka] From: Bkl v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc magrángka v . break something, force something apart, disassemble, take apart, destroy, rip up Dili mo rangkahon an bintana. Do not break the window. syn: buong , pusa1 'broken', sira1 'damaged'. rangrang [rángrang] adj . swollen flesh. Refers to swelling caused by infected wounds or from skin disease rantso [rántso] From: Sp n . ranch, pasture land syn: pasto 'pasture land'. raot [ràót] adj . MA- ant: ganda 'beautify'. maràót adj . bad, evil, illicit, not good, ugly, destroyed An maraot nimo na isip amo an nakaraot san imo pagkatawo. It is your evil mind that has-destroyed your whole being. karàútan n . wickedness, evil, corruption, iniquity Dili niya nakikita an karautan san iya sadiri na pagkatawo. He does not see the wickedness of his own character. magràót v [c6] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; I- acc. destroy Adto si Juan nagaraot san inda kudal. Juan is there destroying their fence. rapakdapak [rapakdapák] n . a repeating noisy sound. Refers to sounds such as the flapping of a rooster's wing or steps on a cement or floor magrapakdapák v [c2] . MAG- act. make a repeating noisy sound rasa1 [rása] n . taste syn: rami1 'taste', tilaw 'taste', timtim ; Variant: lasa 'taste'. rasa2 [rása] adj . MAmarása surprising Marasa pa na wara gayod sin puso ina na tawo. That that person really has no compassion is still surprising. syn: lasan 'surprise', awa2 'amaze', ngarat 'surprise', ngalas 'surprise'. rasa3 [rása] From: Sp n . race of people. Refers to ethnic groups of people Hali sinda sa kada usad na rasa. They-have-come from every race of people. rasak [rasák] v [c2] . MAG- act magrasák v . rummage, ransack, poke around, delve rason [rasón] From: Sp n . reason, motive, grounds, rationale, explanation Nano an rason mo san pagpatay kan Lope? What is your reason for killing Jose? pagrasón n . reasoning, logic, way of thinking, reckoning An iya pagrason pinilosopo. His reasoning is disconnected/philosophical. magrasón v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. reason, deduce, rationalize Nagrason siya sin balabag. He reasoned ramblingly. rasonábli adj . reasonable, sensible, rational, logical, levelheaded An iya pagpalta sa klasi rasonabli. His absence from-the class is reasonable. pálta rasón adj . rude, flippant, impudent, impertinent raspa [ráspa] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc magráspa v . shred, grate, scrape, mince, tear up Nagaraspa sinda sin balinghoy. They are shredding cassava. magparáspa v . MAGPA-, -UM act. rant and rave Nagparaspa siya sa doktor kahapon. She ranted-and-raved at-the doctor yesterday. rumaspáda v . rant and rave Inlantaw gayod siya san iya kababaryo na rumaspada siya. His townmates really saw him from-afar as he ranted-and-raved. niráspa adj . shredded Igwa kami sin niraspa na kamute. We have shredded sweet-potatoes. rasras [rásras] n . scratch, scratchy skin syn: gasgas 'abrasion', kambras 'scratch', kamras 'scratch', kayas 'scratch', karot 'scratch', kidkid . rasyon [rásyon] From: Eng n . ration, share, apportionment, quota, allotment, allocation Kitaon ko daw an imo rasyon? May I see your ration? magrásyon v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal, I- acc. ration, share, apportion, allot, allocate Siya an nagarasyon sa amon sin sura. She is the-one rationing viand to us. rato [ráto] From: Sp adj . rude, impolite, discourteous, unmannerly. Refers primarily to a person's conduct rawis [ráwis] n . extention. Especially with reference to a barangay or village area rawog [ráwog] From: Bkl n . bunch, cluster, group, lot Nagkaon ako sin isad ka rawog na mangga kagaina. I ate a bunch of mangoes awhile-ago. rayos [ráyos] From: Sp n . wheel spoke, strut, spar. Refers to the spokes of bicycles, motorcycles and the like rayuma [rayúma] From: Sp n . arthritis Kun may kulog san rayuma maggamit sin mainit na tapal. If there-is pain from arthritis use a hot pad/covering. rebolto n . image regalo n . gift reglamento n . regulation regulasyón n . Variant: rigulasyon 'regulation'.

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r rekisa v . search for reklamo v . complain rekomendar v [c4] . Variant: rikomindar . remalaso adj . accident remaláso n . Variant: rimalaso 'accident'. renka n . creel basket retrato n . Variant: ritrato 'picture'. ribentador n . Variant: libentador 'firecracker'. ribilde [ribílde] From: Sp n . rebel May nadakop na duha na ribildi. There-were two rebels who werecaught. adj . rebellious Si Loreto ribildi na bata. Loreto is a rebellious child. magribílde v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc PA-..-ON pat. rebel, revolt, resist, mutiny, rise up against Habo ako magribilde. I do-not-want to-rebel. cf: suhay , suay 'argument'; syn: sutil 'rebellious'. ribildi adj . rebel ribintador [ribintadór] From: Sp n . firecracker lólo rebintadór huge firecracker, giant firecracher ribok [ribók] n . noise, racket, clamor, din, clatter, brawl, riot Habo ako magbati sin ribok. I do-not-want to-hear any noise. syn: saba1 'noise'. maribók adj . MA-, MA-..-ON. noisy, loud, rowdy Maribok ini na mga kabataan. These children are noisy. maribok-ríbok adj . raucous ; strident ; boisterous Nano kay maribok-ribok kamo? Why-are you raucous? magribók v [c6] . MAG- act; -ON pat; I- acc. become noisy, become boisterous Dili kamo magribok. Do not become-noisy. syn: langas2 'make noise'. ribolto [ribólto] From: Sp n . image, figure, representation, likeness. Usually refers to a carved image in a church syn: imahin 'image'. ribong [ríbong] adj . wonderful, breathtaking, astonishing, amazing, puzzling, fantastic, brilliant, superb syn: lipong1 'wonderful', makabuburong 'wonderful'. ribusado [ribusádo] From: Sp n . fried shrimp Nagaturo an iya laway kun nakakita sin ribusado. His saliva drips when he sees fried-shrimp. rigalo [rigálo] From: Sp n . gift Igwa ako sin rigalo sa imo. I have a gift for you. pararigálo n . gift giver. Refers to one who regularly gives gifts Dili ko aram an pararigalo sa akon. I do not know my gift-giver. magrigálo v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc/ben; PA-..-ON pat. give a gift Nagrigalo siya sa akon kahapon. He gave me a gift yesterday. rigla1 [rígla] v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN ben magrígla v . regulate, order in sequence, line up. As plants in a row rigla2 [rígla] From: Sp n . menstration, menstrual period. Refers to the blood and tissue which is discharged by a female primate after her pregnant condition is finished. This occurs approximately monthly during the years when she is able to conceive Igwa siya sin rigla. She has some menstration. magrígla v [c2] . MAG- exp. menstrate, having her period Nagarigla na si Lucia. Lucia ismenstrating already. riglaminto [riglamínto] From: Sp n . regulation syn: rigulasyon 'regulation', layi 'law'. rigo [rígò] v [c8] . MAG- ag, -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. This verb is a bound stem which always occurs with an affix Variant: rígos. magrígò v . bathe someone. Nagarigo ako kan Jojo. I am-bathing Jojo. magkarígò v . bathe one's self, shower one's self Magkarigo ka. Bathe yourself. karigûon v . be bathed, be washed. Refers to washing persons or animals Kariguon siya adlawadlaw. Let him be-bathed daily. pangarígò n . bathing, swimming. Refers to playing in water for fun and not for washing off dirt and grime Masadya an amon pangarigo sa dagat. Our bathing in-the sea was-delightful. Variant: pagkarígò. rigodon de onor n . national dance. Translated literally it means, 'formal dance of honor', but it refers to the national dance of the Philippines rígos v [c8] . Variant: rigo . rigulasyon [rigulasyón] From: Sp n . regulation, rule, directive, guideline, instruction Magsunod kita sa rigulasyon san iskwilahan. We should follow school regulations. syn: riglaminto 'regulation'; Variant: regulasyón. rikado [rikádo] From: Sp n . spices, pepper rikisa [rikísa] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magrikísa v . search for, look for syn: hanap 'search', kita1 .

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r rikisitos [rikisítos] From: Sp n . requisites riklamo [riklámo] From: Sp n . complaint, report Nano an imo riklamo kuntra kan Rolando. What is your complaint against Rolando. magriklámo v [c8] . MAG- act; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. complain, report Magriklamo ka na masakit an imo likod. You complain that your back is painful. riklamadór n . complainer Riklamador ini na tawo. This person is a complainer. cf: ngurob 'growl'; syn: mutmot , mugo 'complain'. rikomindar [rikomindár] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat Variant: rekomendar. magrikomindár v . recommend, advocate, suggest, propose rikonosir [rikonósir] From: Sp v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magrikonósir v . examine, diagnose, inspect, scrutinize rikord [ríkord] From: Eng n . record, evidence, documentation, account Idto'n tawo na may mga rikord na maraot pinangpriso. Those persons who have bad records were-imprisoned. rikorida [rikorída] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act magrikorída v . go around, travel around, travel through, circumvent Nagrikorida an supirbisor sa mga iskwilahan sa baryo. The supervisor went-around to-the schools in-the village. syn: talibod . rikwirdo [rikwírdo] From: Sp n . souvenir rilasyon [rilasyón] From: Sp n . relationship Igwa sinda sin maraot na rilasyon. They have an illicit relationship. rilihiyon [rilihiyón] From: Sp n . religion Nano an imo rilihiyon? What is your riligion? rilihiyosa [rilihiyósa] From: Sp n . religious woman syn: rilihiyóso 'religious_man'. rilihiyoso [rilihiyóso] From: Sp adj . religious man, devoted person Rilihiyoso siya na tawo. He is a religious person. syn: rilihiyosa 'religious woman'. rilihiyóso n . religious_man rilo [riló] From: Sp n . clock, watch, time piece Wara ako sin rilo. I have no watch. rilohíro n . watch repairman Didto ako sa rilohiro. I was-there at-the watch-repairman's. magriló v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc. wear a watch Habo siya magrilo. She does-not-want to-wear-a-watch. rimadima [rimadíma] adj . loathsome, fearful view/sight cf: makabaradli 'abhorrent'; syn: makaririgma 'repulsive'. rimalaso [rimaláso] From: Sp n . accident, unfortunate incident, disaster Dili ta gayod maiwasan an mga rimalaso. We cannot really avoid accidents. Variant: remaláso. magrimaláso v [c2] . MAG- act. accidentally happen syn: dimalas 'unlucky'. rimas [rímas] n . breadfruit tree/fruit Nagtanom siya sin rimas. He planted a breadfruit-tree. syn: miras 'breadfruit', kulo 'breadfruit'. rimate [rimáte] From: Sp adj . certain second move. That is, certain to be the second move and it will finish the game. Perhaps it means check-mate rimatse [rimátse] From: Sp n . rivet rimidio [rimídio] From: Sp n . remedy magrimídio v [c2] . MAG- act. resort to, turn to rimo [rímo] From: Ceb n . oar, paddle Magdara ka sin duha na rimo. You bring two oars. rimuhón n . oar wood. Refers to a piece of wood to be made into an oar Rimuhon ko ini na tabla. This board is my oar-wood. irímo v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc/ben. oar, paddle, row, scull Irimo ako san sakayan. Row the boat for me. syn: bugsay 'paddle'. rinda [rínda] From: Sp n . reins. Refers to the ropes or leather straps used to control horses Kapti an rinda san imo kabayo. Hold the reins of your horse. rindahán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN pat; I- acc. attach reins to an animal Rindahan ko anay an akon kabayo. I will-put-reins on my horse first. ringkon [ríngkon] n . uncivilized place, primitive place rinibo v [c14] . Variant: libo 'in the thousands'. rinka [rínka] n . creel basket. Refers to a creel basket for a fisherman's catch or to a fish vendor's basket cf: alat 'basket', bukag 'large basket', kanastro 'basket', baskit 'basket'. ripa [rípa] From: Sp v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben magrípa v . raffle, conduct lottery ripáhon v . be raffled Didi ginripa ninda an pagpili sani na duha. At-this the choice between-these two was-raffled by-them. ripáhan v . be raffled for Ginripahan ninda an pansuon. The coat was-raffled-for by-them. pagrípa n . raffling Napili siya paagi sa pagripa na magbaton san regalo. He was-chosen bymeans of-the raffling to-receive the gift.

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r ripike [ripíke] From: Sp n . tolling bells, ringing bells Nagapakadto na sa simbahan an mga tawo pag nabatian an ripike. The people go to-the church when they-hear the tolling-bells. syn: bagting 'ringing of bells'. ripolyo [ripólyo] From: Sp n . cabbage Magbakal ka sin ripolyo. You buy a cabbage. ripolyohán v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc. mix cabbage into Ripolyohan mo an nilaga na karni. Mix cabbage-into the stewed meat. karipolyohán n . cabbage garden, place of many cabbages Nagalinis siya san iya karipolyohan. He is-cleaning his cabbage-garden. ripot [rípot] adj . completely finished. Means nothing was left unfinished in a construction job syn: tapos 'finished'. riprisintar [riprisintár] From: Sp; Sp v [c7] . MAG- ag; -AN goal; I- acc; PA--ON pat magriprisintár v . represent Nagariprisintar siya san probinsya san Sorsogon. He is-representing the province of Sorsogon. riprisintasyón n . representation ; request; representation, request Naghimo na kami sin riprisintasyon sa opisina san gobirnador. We have already made a representation to-the office of-the governor. riring [ríring] From: Eng v [c2] . MAG- act magkaríring v . ring Nagakariring an telepono. The telephone is-ringing. risang [rísang] v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc syn: lisang . magrísang v . confuse Nano kay nagarisang ka? Why-are you confused? pagkarísang n . confusion Tiribli an iya pagkarisang. His confusion is terrible. risibado [risibádo] From: Sp adj . receipted cf: risibi . risibi [risibí] From: Sp v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc risibihón v . receive, accept Risibiha ini na surat. Receive this letter. pagrisibí n . welcoming, acceptance, receiving Dili sinsiro an iya pagrisibi san mga bisita. His welcoming of-the visitor was-not sincere. risibádo adj . receipted Binawi na san warden an mga risibado na mga priso. Receipted prisoners have-been-recalled by-the warden. risibo [risíbo] From: Sp n . receipt Adi an bilang risibo san nabaton ko sa iyo. Here is the as-though receipt for-what I received of you. risiko [risíko] From: Sp n . weight reduction, weight loss, decrease in measurement. A weight loss in copra and rice due to evaporation of moisture when they are dried Dako an risiko san kopra. The weight-reduction of-the copra is immense. magrisíko v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc/ben. decrease weight Nagrisiko an bugas. The rice decreased-in-weight. risipi [rísipi] From: Eng n . recipe syn: putahi 'recipe'. risita [risíta] From: Sp n . prescription magrisíta v [c5] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben. prescribe. Refers to prescribing medicine rispitar [rispitár] From: Sp v [c7] . MAG- act; -AN goal; I- acc; PA-..-ON pat syn: rispíto 'respect', galang 'respect'. magrispitár v . respect Magrispitar ka sa mga gurang. Respect the elderly-people. pagrispitár n . respectfulness An pagrispitar maayo na kaugalian san mga Pilipino. Respectfulness is a good characteristic of-the Filipinos. rispito [rispíto] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- act magrispíto v . respect syn: galang 'respect', rispitar 'respect'. rispíto v [c7] . respect risponde [rispónde] From: Sp n . sponsor, one in charge of helping, sponsoring magrispónde v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. respond to need, react to syn: sabat1 1 'answer'. ristawran [ristawrán] From: Eng n . restaurant risulta [risúlta] From: Sp n . result, outcome, consequence, effect Nano an risulta san imbistigasyon? What is the result of-the investigation? magrisúlta v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. result, lead to, develop into An iya sinabi nagrisulta sin araway. What she said resulted in-a quarrel. ritaso [ritáso] From: Sp n . remnant, scrap, residue. Refers to the leftover remnants of cloth syn: pidaso 'piece'. riti [rítì] adj . 1) stunted, undersized, underdeveloped Riti ini na bata. This child is stunted. 2) needy, deprived, disadvantaged, poor, in need. May refer to those times when food is scarce due to weather damage to the crops cf: iwat ‘rare’, kulang ‘lacking’, kalisod ‘difficulty’, kakurian ‘hardship’. magrítì v [c2] . MAG- exp. become stunted Nagriti ini na bata kay wara sin pagkaon. This child became-stunted because he has-no food. ritobado [ritobádo] From: Sp adj . stubborn, obstinate, obdurate, balky, refusing to follow advice syn: sutil 'rebellious'. ritrato [ritráto] From: Sp n . picture Gintagaan niya ako sin ritrato. He gave me a picture. Variant: retrato. pararitráto n . photographer Magtawag ka sin pararitrato. You call-for a photographer. pangritráto n . photography Pangritrato an iya hanapbuhay. His occupation is photography. Variant: pagritráto. ritratuhón v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal/ben; I- acc. photograph Ritratuhon ko ikaw. I will-photograph you. rituki [ritúki] From: Sp n . retouching, fixing, adjusting Dyutay na rituki an kinahanglan san imo trabaho. Your work needs a little retouching. cf: pagbag-o 'renewing'. magritúki v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. retouch, redevelop, edit, fix, correct, adjust Nagarituki siya san imo ritrato. He is-retouching your picture. ritukihón n . something to be retouched, something to be redone, something to be adjusted Seguro may mga retukihon pa kita dida. Perhaps we still have some-things to-be-adjusted there. Roma [Róma] From: Sp n . Rome Románo Roman. Refers to citizens of Rome Románo Katóliko Roman Catholic religion An naandan ko pan-o na pangadyi sa Katoliko Romano puro memoryado. The way I used to pray in-the Roman Catholic-religion was-entirely by-memory. rosas [rósas] From: Sp n . roses Nagaburak na an akon rosas. My roses are-blooming already.

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Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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r ruba [rubâ] adj . destroyed Ruba na an tanan na mga balay sa amon baryo. All the houses in our-excl village are destroyed already. marubâ adj . MA- destroyed, broke down, wrecked, demolished Sani, po, na pagbagyo naruba an aton PTA building. Sirs, in-this past-typhoon our-incl PTA building was-destroyed. magrubâ v [c8] . MAG- ag; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc. destroy, ruin, devastate cf: sirâ 'damage'; syn: rumpag , ragas 'destroy', rangka , gaba1 'destroyed'. pagkarubâ n . destruction, devastation, demolition, ruin, damage Grabi an pagkaruba san pantalan. The destruction of-the wharf is great. Variant: pagrubâ. rubàón v . be destroyed Rubaon mo ina na balay-balay. Destroy that dollhouse. ruba-rubâon v [c4] . MAG- at; -ON pat. be completely destroyed Baga'n inruruba-ruba an iya dughan san tunog san makina san helicopter. It-was-as-though his chest was-being-completelydestroyed by-the sound of the helicopter's engine. rubas [rúbas] n . heartwood of tree, wood. This is the hardest part of tree rubya [rúbya] From: Sp n . tear, rip syn: rabnit 'seize', rabnot 'wrest'. Rufo [Rúfo] From: Sp n . Rufus. The name of a person rugaring [rugáring] n . belongings, possessions, property, goods, belongings, assets syn: sadiri 'property'. rugda [rúgda] v [c4] . MAG-, MA- ag; -ON pat; PA-..-ON pat marúgda v . MA- act. cease, stop Lima na ka tawo an nagloko sa imo kag wara ka lang gihapon marugda? There-are already five persons who fooled you and still you will-not cease? parugdahón v . cause something to stop Parugdahon ko si Jose pag-inom. I will-have-someonestop Jose from drinking. cf: udong1 'kind of noodles'. rugmok [rúgmok] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat Variant: dugmok 'shatter'. magrugmok v . demolish, pulverize, wreck, destroy completely, break into small pieces syn: ruba 'destroy', guba 'destroy'. rugto adj . Variant: pugto 'over ripe'. ruhaduha [ruhadúha] v [c2] . MAG- act magruhadúha v . doubt, be unsure, be insecure cf: duha 'two'; syn: duha-duha 'doubt'. rulubngán pl. of lubong grave; cemetery rulyo [rúlyo] n . roll rumbay [rúmbay] n . alignment cf: linya 'line'. marúmbay adj . MA-. aligned magrúmbay v [c2] . MAG- act. line up rumirom [rumiróm] adj . MAmarumiróm adj . 1) gloomy, foreboding Marumirom an panahon. The weather is gloomy. 2) overcast, cloudy syn: madampog ‘cloudy’. magrumiróm v [c2] . MAG- exp. become gloomy Nagarumirom an bayhon ni Lucila. Lucila's face is-becoming-gloomy. rumpag [rúmpag] v [c8] . MAG- exp; -ON pat; -AN goal; I- acc; MA- pat Variant: umpag 'throw down'. marúmpag v . collapse, topple over Narumpag an inda balay. Their house collapsed. syn: ruba 'destroy', ruros1 . pagkarúmpag n . collapsing, toppling An pagkarumpag san "Ruby Tower" dahilan sa makusog na linog. The collapsing of-the "Ruby Tower-Apartments" was-due to-a strong earthquake. runda [rúnda] From: Sp n . posse, deputized group. Refers to those deputized to help authorities maintain peace and order ruros1 [rúros] From: Sp v [c2] . MAG- exp cf: huros ; syn: rusdos 'collapse', rumpag 'collapse'. magrúros v . collapse, cave in, crumple. As happens when one faints ruros2 [rúros] v [c2] . MAG- act magrúros v . pay out line, unreel a line. Refers to paying out line for activities such as fishing or flying a kite parúros n . patience May paruros ka. You have-patience. rusdos [rúsdos] v [c2] . MA- exp marúsdos v . collapse Narusdos na an salog san balay. The flooring of-the house has already collapsed. syn: rumpag 'collapse', ruros1 'collapse'. ruska [rúska] n . small nut, small screw magrúska v [c3] . MAG- act; -AN goal. thread a nut, thread a pipe or piece of metal. Refers to threading a piece of metal for a nut, or screw ruta [rúta] n . route, circuit. Refers to a route assigned to a business person who goes around to houses in a town to sell goods or collect on debts ruwang [ruwáng] n . hall, living room syn: sala2 'living room'. ruyag [rúyag] v [c4] . MAG- ag; -ON pat magrúyag v . desire, want, like, enjoy makakarúyag v . able to desire, able to please karúyag n . desire Kadaka nagapangayo kamo para lang sa iyo karuyag san iyo pag-ibog. Perhaps you are-requesting-it just for the desire of your lust. syn: kaila 'yearning'. ruyda [rúyda] From: Sp n . tire, hoop syn: guma 'rubber'. rV infix . pluralizer. This affix is a syllable consisting of -r- plus a copy of the first vowel of the stem. The syllable is then infixed following the first vowel of the stem. mag- -rV- sakay v . plural ride Nagsarakay naman kami sa dyutay na baruto. We-all next rode in-a small boat. mag- -rV- tipon v . plural gather Naobserbaran ko na kun nano kalipay kag kasadya an mga batan-on kun nagatiripon. I observed how happy and joyful the teenagers were when they were-gathered-together. -rV- kaupod n . plural companion Naglakat ako sa amon natad kaurupod ko an akon mga magurang. I walked in our-excl yard with-my older-siblings as my companions.

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Masbatenyo Dictionary © 2016 Linguistic Society of the Philippines® © 2013 - 2020 SIL International®

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Masbatenyo Dictionary Masbatenyo - English a

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y yuko [yúko] v [c2] . MAG- act magyúko v . bow the head syn: duko . yumok [yúmok] adj . MAmayúmok soft, tender, smooth Nagakinahanglan siya sin mayumok na pagkaon. She needs some soft food. ant: tugas 1 'hard'; ant: tig-a 'hard'. yungka [yúngkà] adj . feel sleepy, drowsy, tired yupyop [yúpyop] v [c2] . MAG- ag magyúpyop v . suck, smoke cigarettes syn: supsop 'suck', suyop . yuyo [yúyo] From: Eng n . yoyo. Refers to a toy wheel that bobs up and down on a string

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