L'énigme d'Ebola en Guinée: Une étude socio-anthropologique des réticences 2343192995, 9782343192994

Citation preview

Cet ouvrage tente de cerner ces réactions de déni et de méfiance qui constituent l’énigme d’Ebola en Guinée : un socio-anthropologue relate les souffrances, la peur, les représentations des populations touchées, détaillant la manière dont les conditions de vie et de travail des différentes catégories socio-professionnelles ont été modifiées par l’épidémie. En adoptant une approche multidimensionnelle, avec un usage instrumental des concepts et des théories, il tente de comprendre comment la riposte ellemême a contribué à alimenter les réticences. Enfin, l’ouvrage présente les déterminants socioculturels, économiques, politiques et historiques qui sont à l’origine des réticences et des révoltes contre les opérateurs de la Riposte pendant l’épidémie d’Ebola en Guinée. Abdoulaye Wotem Somparé est docteur en sociologie et maître de conférences. Après l’obtention de son baccalauréat au lycée 2 Octobre de Conakry, il a poursuivi ses études supérieures en France à l’Université de Franche-Comté à Besançon. Ensuite, il a fréquenté le Master en Recherches comparatives sur le développement à l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales de Paris, où il a obtenu un doctorat de sociologie. Depuis son retour en Guinée en 2006, il se consacre à la formation et à la recherche, en tant qu’enseignant-chercheur de l’Université Générale Lansana Conté et Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences Sociales de l’Université Kofi Annan de Guinée. Depuis 2017, il est vice-Recteur chargé des études de l’Université Julius Nyerere de Kankan. Il travaille aussi comme consultant socio-anthropologue pour des ONG et des Institutions Internationales et poursuit des recherches sur les thèmes du travail, de la santé, du développement et des migrations. Études africaines Série Santé Illustration de couverture : © tagota - 123rf.com

ISBN : 978-2-343-19299-4

26,50 €

Abdoulaye Wotem Somparé

Les opérateurs impliqués dans la lutte contre l’épidémie ont été accusés de propager Ebola pour en tirer des profits économiques ou des ressources politiques. D’autres ont considéré Ebola comme le fruit d’un complot des puissances occidentales afin d’entretenir la dépendance des anciennes colonies de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, notamment la Guinée, le Libéria et la Sierra Leone.

Etudes africaines

Série Santé

Abdoulaye Wotem Somparé

L’énigme d’Ebola en Guinée L’énigme d’Ebola en Guinée

La fièvre d’Ebola est apparue en Guinée comme une maladie mystérieuse et terrifiante, qui a suscité beaucoup d’interrogations, de méfiance et de réticences souvent violentes. Dans un contexte d’incompréhension et de discorde sociale, elle a suscité une forte mobilisation du personnel médical, des socio-anthropologues et des spécialistes de la communication.

Une étude socio-anthropologique des réticences

   /¶pQLJPHG¶(EROD HQ*XLQpH                  



 &ROOHFWLRQ©eWXGHVDIULFDLQHVª dirigée par Denis Pryen et son équipe

)RUWH GH SOXV GH PLOOH WLWUHV SXEOLpV j FH MRXU OD FROOHFWLRQ ©eWXGHVDIULFDLQHVªIDLWSHDXQHXYH(OOHSUpVHQWHUDWRXMRXUVOHV HVVDLV JpQpUDX[ TXL RQW IDLW VRQ VXFFqV PDLV VH GpFOLQHUD GpVRUPDLV pJDOHPHQW SDU VpULHV WKpPDWLTXHV GURLW pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXHVRFLRORJLHHWF 'HUQLqUHVSDUXWLRQV $UVqQH )UDQFRHXU 1*$1*$ HW 5RODQG &KULVWLDQ 0%,1'$ 1=$28Peuples et civilisations kongo dans le sud du Gabon 6\OYDLQ 2%$0( Gabon : la réforme administrative sans la réforme de l’État, *LOEHUW7(0%21=$0%(Le défi du multiculturalisme en Afrique. La question des minorités autochtones %HUQDGHWWH&ODUD$OYLQH$͛ĂĐĐğƐ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂƵdž ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƐ Ğƚ ůĂ ĚŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ ĚĞƐƌƵŵĞƵƌƐ 3DUWRXWHQ*XLQpHTXHFHVRLWGDQVOHVYLOODJHVRXGDQV OHV YLOOHV HQ SOXV GHV OLHX[ WUDGLWLRQQHOV GH GpEDWV HW GH GLIIXVLRQ GHV UXPHXUV LO \ D GHV HQGURLWV R OHV MHXQHV VH UHWURXYHQW DXWRXU GX WKp GX FDIp SRXU GLVFXWHU GH OHXUV SUREOqPHV GX IRRWEDOO HW GH OD SROLWLTXH GDQV GHV JURXSHV DSSHOpV©ௗVWDIIVௗªRX©ௗJUDLQVௗª 'DQV OHV EDUV HW OHV FDIpV RQ UHWURXYH VRXYHQW GHV SHUVRQQHV TXDOLILpHV TXL VRQW DX FK{PDJH PDLV TXL VDYHQW LQIOXHQFHUO¶RSLQLRQGHVDXWUHVHQPHWWDQWHQDYDQWOHXUQLYHDX G¶pWXGHVHWOHXUH[SpULHQFH&HVRQWGHVLQWHOOHFWXHOVGHTXDUWLHU TXL MRXHQW XQ U{OH LPSRUWDQW DXVVL GDQV O¶RULHQWDWLRQ GH O¶RSLQLRQSROLWLTXH,OVVRQWVRXYHQWIUXVWUpVRXGpoXVGHQHSDV DYRLU EpQpILFLp GH SURPRWLRQ LOV VH UHSOLHQW GRQF VXU OHXU TXDUWLHU R LOV VH SUpVHQWHQW FRPPH GHV PpGLDWHXUV TXL LQWHUSUqWHQW OHV QRXYHOOHV SRXU OHV DXWUHV OHV LQIRUPHQW HW IDoRQQHQW OHXUV RSLQLRQV /HV SOXV IUDJLOHV HW GpV°XYUpV ULVTXHQW DLQVL GH VRPEUHU GDQV O¶DOFRROLVPH HQ XWLOLVDQW OH EDU FRPPH XQ OLHX G¶pWDODJH GHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV RX XQH IRUPH GH WKpUDSLH SRXU DPpOLRUHU O¶HVWLPH GH VRL HW pYLWHU OD GpSUHVVLRQ 'HSXLVOHVpOHFWLRQVGHTXLRQWGLYLVpOD*XLQpHLO\DGHV FDIpV R GRPLQHQW GHV WHQGDQFHV SROLWLTXHV DIILFKpHV TXL VH UHFRXSHQW DYHF OHV DSSDUWHQDQFHV HWKQLTXHV FRPPXQDXWDLUHV RQ \ WURXYH XQH ODQJXH GRPLQDQWH HW XQH IRUPH GH SHQVpH XQLTXH FKH] OHV FOLHQWV 'DQV FHUWDLQV FDIpV WRXWHV OHV DFWLRQV JRXYHUQHPHQWDOHV DSSDUDLVVHQW GH PDQLqUH QpJDWLYH DORUV TXH GDQV G¶DXWUHV RQ VRXWLHQW DYHXJOpPHQW WRXWHV OHV DFWLRQV GH OD 3UpVLGHQFH/¶LQIRUPDWLRQ\HVWGRQFGpIRUPpHHQIRQFWLRQGHV SRVLWLRQQHPHQWVSROLWLTXHVHWGHO¶DSSDUWHQDQFHHWKQLTXH (Q SOXV GH FHV OLHX[ WUDGLWLRQQHOV LO \ D GpVRUPDLV HQ *XLQpH GDQV OHV YLOOHV HW GDQV OHV YLOODJHV GHV VWDIIV HW GHV JUDLQVDXQLYHDXGHFKDTXHVHFWHXU&HUWDLQVQHUHJURXSHQWTXH GHVMHXQHVPDLVLO\DDXVVLGHVVWDIIVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWGHVOLHX[  

GHFRQYLYLDOLWpSRXUOHVDGXOWHV'DQVWRXWHVFHVRUJDQLVDWLRQV TXL QDLVVHQW GH O¶DVVRFLDWLRQ LQIRUPHOOH GH TXHOTXHV LQGLYLGXV PDLV TXL V¶LQVWLWXHQW SURJUHVVLYHPHQW OHV PHPEUHV FRWLVHQW SRXUSUpSDUHUOHWKpRXSRXUDVVLVWHUGHVDPLVHQGLIILFXOWp/HV JUDLQV VRQW GHV OLHX[ R O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HVW YpKLFXOpH HW FRPPHQWpH SDU OHV SOXV LQVWUXLWV TXL RQW VXLYL OHV DFWXDOLWpV GDQV OHV pPLVVLRQV RX OHV MRXUQDX[ 'DQV OHV TXDUWLHUV SpULSKpULTXHV GH OD FDSLWDOH R OHVJHQV Q¶RQW SDV WRXMRXUVOHV PR\HQVGHGHVFHQGUHDXFHQWUHYLOOHFHVRQWOHVIRQFWLRQQDLUHV RXOHVHQVHLJQDQWVTXLVHGpSODFHQWYHUVOHVTXDUWLHUVFHQWUDX[ TXLRQWO¶RFFDVLRQGHOLUHOHVMRXUQDX[GHSKRWRFRSLHUTXHOTXHV SDJHV V¶LOV Q¶RQW SDV OHV PR\HQV GH OHV DFKHWHU GH SDUWLFLSHU DX[ GpEDWV WUqV YLYDQWV TXL IRLVRQQHQW GDQV OHV EXUHDX[ GH O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQJXLQpHQQH&HVLQGLYLGXVDJLVVHQWGRQFFRPPH GHVPpGLDWHXUVTXLWUDGXLVHQWHWLQWHUSUqWHQWO¶LQIRUPDWLRQSRXU OHXUV DPLV HW FDGHWV PRLQV OHWWUpV &HX[ TXL UHYLHQQHQW GH O¶(XURSH RX TXL \ RQW YpFX SHQGDQW TXHOTXH WHPSV VRQW DXVVL FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH GHV JHQV D\DQW XQH YLVLRQ SOXV ODUJH TXL SHXYHQW H[SOLTXHU O¶DFWXDOLWp DX[ DXWUHV DORUV TX¶DX YLOODJH F¶HVW OH FLWDGLQ HQ YDFDQFHV RX HQ VpMRXU TXL MRXH FH U{OH /¶LQIRUPDWLRQ UHOD\pH GDQV OHV JUDLQV RX GDQV OHV VWDIIV HVW HQVXLWH GLIIXVpH GDQV OHV IDPLOOHV DXSUqV GHV pSRXVHV HW GHV HQIDQWV%HDXFRXSG¶LQGLYLGXVTXLQHVRQWSDVRXSHXLQVWUXLWV DFFqGHQW GRQF j XQH LQIRUPDWLRQ GH GHX[LqPH RX WURLVLqPH PDLQ DYHF WRXWHV OHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH GpIRUPDWLRQ TXH FHOD LPSOLTXH 0rPH VL GDQV WRXWHV OHV IDPLOOHV LO \ D GHV SRVWHV UDGLRRXGHVWpOpYLVLRQVRQFRQWLQXHGHIDLUHSOXVFRQILDQFHDX[ SHUVRQQHV LQVWUXLWHV GX TXDUWLHU SRXU GpFU\SWHU FH TXL VH SDVVH HQ*XLQpHRXGDQVOHPRQGH &HUWDLQV GH FHV VWDIIV VRQW WUqV SROLWLVpV j O¶RFFDVLRQ GH O¶pOHFWLRQ SUpVLGHQWLHOOH GH  LOV RQW IRQFWLRQQp FRPPH GHVJURXSHVGHSUHVVLRQHQDIILFKDQWOHXUDGKpVLRQDX53*OH SDUWL GX 3UpVLGHQW $OSKD &RQGp &¶HVW DLQVL TXH FHUWDLQV VWDIIV RQW SURILWp GH ILQDQFHPHQWV GH KDXWV FDGUHV RX PHPEUHV GX 3DUWL SUpVLGHQWLHO SRXU VH GRWHU GH SHWLWV KDQJDUV SHLQWV HQ MDXQHODFRXOHXUGXSDUWLSRXUVRXOLJQHUOHXUDIILOLDWLRQ  

/¶XQ GHV SUREOqPHV GH OD VWUDWpJLH GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHOD5LSRVWHDpWpG¶LJQRUHUO¶LQIOXHQFHTXHOHVVWDIIVRXJUDLQ H[HUFHQWVXUOHVJHQV$LQVLOHVLQGLYLGXVHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHV MHXQHVVRQWSOXVVHQVLEOHVjO¶RSLQLRQGHFHVOHDGHUVGHTXDUWLHU TX¶DX[FRQVLJQHVGHVQRWDEOHVHWGHVDXWRULWpVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHV,O IDOODLWGRQFSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHFRPPHQRXVO¶DYRQVSUpFRQLVp GDQV SOXVLHXUV UDSSRUWV O¶H[LVWHQFH GH FHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ SULYLOpJLDQW XQH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SOXV KRUL]RQWDOH TXL SXLVVH WUDQVIRUPHU FHV JUDLQV HQ SODWHVIRUPHV GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQ FDSDEOHVGHYpKLFXOHUOHVERQQHVLQIRUPDWLRQV

ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ >ĞƐ ƌƵŵĞƵƌƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐƉƌĠĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚĞƐ 5HPDUTXRQV DXVVL HQ FRQFOXVLRQ TXH OHV UXPHXUV TXL FLUFXOHQW SOXV UDSLGHPHQW HQ *XLQpH V¶DSSXLHQW VXU GHV PpILDQFHV HW GHV SUpMXJpV SUpH[LVWDQWV 3DU H[HPSOH DX GpEXW GHV DQQpHV ¶ XQ pOqYH GX O\FpH  RFWREUH DYDLW UpDOLVp XQ GHVVLQRGHVIHPPHVDIULFDLQHVpWDLHQWYLROpHVSDUGHVFKLHQV WHQXV SDU GHV KRPPHV EODQFV &H VLPSOH GHVVLQ TXL D FLUFXOp GDQVOHVFODVVHVDGRQQpQDLVVDQFHjXQHUXPHXUTXLDYLWHSULV O¶DOOXUH G¶XQ VRXOqYHPHQW SRSXODLUHDOODQW GH 0DGLQD OH SOXV JUDQG PDUFKp GH OD FDSLWDOH MXVTX¶DX FHQWUHYLOOH GHV EODQFV VHUDLHQW HQ WUDLQ GH PDOWUDLWHU QRV PqUHV HW QRV V°XUV HQ OHXU LQIOLJHDQW XQH YLROHQFH LQGLJQH ,O D IDOOX EHDXFRXS GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQV GH OD SDUW GHV DXWRULWpV SRXU GpVDPRUFHU XQH UpDFWLRQ SRSXODLUH j FHWWH UXPHXU TXL VH QRXUULW V€UHPHQW GH VHQWLPHQWV KRVWLOHV DX[ 2FFLGHQWDX[ GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH SRVWFRORQLDO /HV KRPPHV EODQFV GX GHVVLQ DSSDUDLVVHQW DORUV FRPPH FHX[ TXL PpSULVHQW HW H[SORLWHQW OHV $IULFDLQV FRPPH GDQV OH SDVVp FRORQLDO GH OD *XLQpH 'H OD PrPH PDQLqUH EHDXFRXS GH UXPHXUV FLUFXODQW SHQGDQW O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD QH SRXUUDLHQW SDV V¶H[SOLTXHU VDQV VH UpIpUHU j OD PpILDQFH SUpH[LVWDQWHGHVSRSXODWLRQVJXLQpHQQHVHQYHUVOHFRUSVPpGLFDO HWOHVDXWRULWpVSROLWLTXHVFRPPHRQOHYHUUDGDQVOHTXDWULqPH HWOHFLQTXLqPHFKDSLWUHGHFHOLYUH

 

,O HVW LPSRUWDQW G¶DMRXWHU TXH OHV UXPHXUV DFFRPSDJQHQWVRXYHQWOHVpSLGpPLHVSHXWrWUHjFDXVHGHOHXU FDUDFWqUH GUDPDWLTXH HW VRXGDLQ TXL ODLVVH OHV SRSXODWLRQV GpVHPSDUpHV HW GpVLUHXVHV GH WURXYHU XQH H[SOLFDWLRQ j FH TXL OHXUDUULYH&RPPHO¶H[SOLTXH)URLVVDUW OHVVLWXDWLRQVGH FULVH GH WRXWH VRUWH VXLWH j XQH XUJHQFH VDQLWDLUH RX j XQH FDWDVWURSKH QDWXUHOOH HQWUDvQHQW IDFLOHPHQW OD UXPHXU FDU HOOHV VXVFLWHQW XQH IRUWH GHPDQGH G¶LQIRUPDWLRQ TXL Q¶HVW TXH SDUWLHOOHPHQW VDWLVIDLWH SDU OHV PpGLDV $LQVL OHV UXPHXUV DSSDUDLVVHQWFRPPHGHV©ௗQRXYHOOHVLPSURYLVpHVUpVXOWDQWG¶XQ SURFHVVXV GH GLVFXVVLRQ FROOHFWLYHௗª6KLEXWDQL  FLWp SDU 'HFDLOOHW   (OOHV QDLVVHQW HW VH UpSDQGHQW GRQF JUkFH DX[ LQWHUDFWLRQV HQWUH OHV LQGLYLGXV TXL pODERUHQW GHV FRQMHFWXUHV EURGpHV VXU OHV IDLOOHV OHV LQFRKpUHQFHV OHV GLIILFXOWpV GH FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GH OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RIILFLHOOH )URLVVDUW FRQVWDWH TXH ©ௗFKDTXH FDWDVWURSKH JpQqUH XQ GRXEOH GLVFRXUV UDWLRQQHO HW LUUDWLRQQHO REMHFWLI HW VXEMHFWLI VFLHQWLILTXH HW IRONORULTXHௗª &LWp SDU 'HFDLOOHW    $LQVL OHV pSLGpPLHVG¶(ERODTXLVHVRQWVXFFpGpHQ$IULTXHFHQWUDOHRX ODSDQGpPLHGX6LGDRQWpWpDFFRPSDJQpHGHUXPHXUVGHWRXWHV VRUWHV /¶pWXGH GH %DUU\ +HZOHWW OH SUHPLHU DQWKURSRORJXH D\DQW pWp LQYLWp SDU O¶206 j WUDYDLOOHU FRPPH FRQVXOWDQW SHQGDQWXQHpSLGpPLHG¶(ERODHQ2XJDQGDIDLWpWDWGHUXPHXUV VLPLODLUHV j FHOOHV TXL VH VRQW UpSDQGXHV HQ *XLQpH (Q SDUWLFXOLHU LO pYRTXH OD PrPH WHQGDQFH GH OD SDUW GHV SRSXODWLRQV ORFDOHV j pODERUHU GHV FRQMHFWXUHV VXU O¶RULJLQH H[RJqQH GH OD PDODGLH $X FRXUV GH SOXVLHXUV IODPEpHV pSLGpPLTXHV GDQV OD UpJLRQ DX ILO GHV DQQpHV SOXVLHXUV ©ௗFRXSDEOHVௗªRQWpWpGpVLJQpVOHJRXYHUQHPHQWRXJDQGDLVTXL DXUDLW HQYR\p GDQV OD UpJLRQ GHV VROGDWV LQIHFWpV SHQGDQW GHV PLVVLRQVDX&RQJRGHVPLOLWDLUHVRXGHVVFLHQWLILTXHVIUDQoDLV '¶DLOOHXUVODPDQLqUHGRQWGHV2FFLGHQWDX[PDOYHLOODQWVRQWpWp FRQVLGpUpV DX FRXUV GH O¶pSLGpPLH GRQW QRXV SDUORQV FRPPH OHVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHO¶DUULYpHHWGHODGLIIXVLRQG¶(ERODDDPHQp OH 3U&KHLNK ,EUDKLPD 1LDQJ   j GpILQLU FHWWH PDODGLH FRPPHXQHpSLGpPLHSRVWFRORQLDOH

 

3HQGDQW FHWWH pSLGpPLH O¶XQH GHV UXPHXUV D\DQW HQWUDvQpXQHWUqVIRUWHPRELOLVDWLRQGHVSRSXODWLRQVGH&RQDNU\ QRWDPPHQW OHV IHPPHV PqUHV GH IDPLOOH V¶HVW GpURXOpH DX GpEXW GX PRLV GH IpYULHU  ¬ SDUWLU GH OD PDWLQpH HQWUH  KHXUHV HW  KHXUHV GHV PqUHV DFFRPSDJQpHV GH TXHOTXHV MHXQHVFRXUHQWYHUVOHVSULQFLSDOHVpFROHVGHODYLOOHSRXUDOOHU UHWLUHU OHXUV HQIDQWV )DFH DX UHIXV GHV UHVSRQVDEOHV GHV pWDEOLVVHPHQWVVFRODLUHVHOOHVILQLURQWSDUGpIRQFHUOHVSRUWHVHW HQWUHU SDU OD IRUFH SRXU DOOHU SUHQGUH OHXUV HQIDQWV SDUFH TX¶HOOHV DXUDLHQW HQWHQGX TXH OD &URL[5RXJH HVW HQ WUDLQ GH SDVVHU GDQV OHV pFROHV SRXU FRQWDPLQHU OHV pOqYHV 1RXV DYRQV YX SHUVRQQHOOHPHQW GDQV XQ TXDUWLHU ELGRQYLOOH GH &RQDNU\ DSSHOp 7RPER GHUULqUH OH FDPS 6DPRU\ 7RXUp GHV IHPPHV UHVVRUWLU HQ WHQDQW OD PDLQ GH OHXUV HQIDQWV HW HQ V¶H[FODPDQW ©ௗ&HVJHQVOjQHYRQWSDVWXHUPRQHQIDQWௗª/DPDMHXUHSDUWLH GHV pFROHV j O¶H[FHSWLRQ GH FHUWDLQV pWDEOLVVHPHQWV SULYpV RQW pWp LQIOXHQFpHV SDU FHV UXPHXUV HW RQW SUpIpUp IHUPHU FRPPH QRXV O¶D FRQILUPp OD GLUHFWULFH FRPPXQDOH GH O¶pGXFDWLRQ GH .DORXP 0DGDPH .DED ¬ O¶pFROH GX FHQWUH VLWXpH HQWUH OHV TXDUWLHUVSRSXODLUHVGH6DQGHUYDO\DHWGH.RXOpZRQGLVHORQXQ HQVHLJQDQW ©ௗ0DOJUp OHXU VHQVLELOLVDWLRQ OHV IHPPHV QH WHQDLHQWTX¶jSUHQGUHOHXUVHQIDQWV9RXVVDYH]0RQVLHXULFL QRWUHpFROHHVWVLWXpHHQWUHGHX[TXDUWLHUVSRSXODLUHV/HVPqUHV VRQW VRXYHQW GHV YHQGHXVHV DX PDUFKp HOOHV RQW V€UHPHQW pWp LQIOXHQFpHV SDU OHV UXPHXUV TXL VRQW SDVVpHV SDU OH PDUFKp G¶DERUGௗª2UFHTXLDpWpIUDSSDQWOHVpFROHVSULYpHVWHOOHVTXH 6DLQWH0DULH6DLQW-RVHSKHWG¶DXWUHVQ¶RQWSDVpWpWRXFKpHVSDU OD UXPHXUௗ OHV SDUHQWV G¶pOqYHV SOXV DLVpV HW SOXV LQVWUXLWV QH VRQW SDV SDUWLV FKHUFKHU OHXUV HQIDQWV &HOD PRQWUH TXH O¶LQIOXHQFHGHVUXPHXUVYDULHpJDOHPHQWVHORQOHVWDWXWVRFLDOHW OHQLYHDXG¶pWXGHGHVSDUHQWV3OXVLHXUVSHUVRQQHVV¶DFFRUGHQWj GLUHTXHFHWWHUXPHXUVHUDLWSDUWLHGXTXDUWLHUGH*EHVVLDVLWXp jXQHYLQJWDLQHGHNLORPqWUHVGXFHQWUHYLOOHGH.DORXPRXQH DPEXODQFH&URL[5RXJHpWDLWJDUpHGHYDQWXQHpFROHTXHOTXHV LQGLYLGXV DXUDLHQW LQWHUSUpWp FHOD FRPPH OD YRORQWp GH &URL[ 5RXJH GH SDUWLU GpVRUPDLV GDQV OHV pFROHV SRXU FRQWDPLQHU VFLHPPHQW OHV pOqYHV $LQVL OHV IHPPHV VH VRQW PRELOLVpHV  

DSUqVDYRLUpWpLQIRUPpHVGHFHWWHUXPHXUSDUOHVDSSHOVGHOHXUV DPLHVRXGHOHXUVSURFKHV /D VWLJPDWLVDWLRQ GH OD &URL[5RXJH FRPPH V\PEROH G¶(EROD HVW FHUWDLQHPHQW OD FDXVH LPPpGLDWH GH FHWWH UXPHXU '¶DLOOHXUV F¶HVW FHWWH GLDEROLVDWLRQ GH OD &URL[5RXJH HW OD VWLJPDWLVDWLRQ GH VHV DPEXODQFHV TXL RQW DPHQp SOXVLHXUV SHUVRQQHVjUHIXVHUG¶DGKpUHUDX[VWUDWpJLHVGHOD5LSRVWH(OOH UHQYRLH DXVVL DX[ FDWDVWURSKHV KXPDQLWDLUHV GHV SD\V YRLVLQV GRQW OHV VRXYHQLUV GHPHXUHQW JUDYpV GDQV OD PpPRLUH FROOHFWLYH 3DU H[HPSOH HQ SOXVLHXUV RFFDVLRQV RQ QRXV D GLW TXH ORUVTXH OHV YRLWXUHV GH OD &URL[5RXJH DUULYHQW GDQV XQ SD\VHOOHVQHOHTXLWWHQWSOXVSHQGDQWORQJWHPSVFRPPHRQO¶D YX SHQGDQW OHV JXHUUHV TXL RQW UDYDJp OD 6LHUUD /HRQH HW OH /LEpULDSHQGDQWOHVDQQpHV¶/D&URL[5RXJHGHYLHQWGRQFOH V\PEROH G¶XQ PDOKHXU GXUDEOH &HV UXPHXUV SURFqGHQW G¶XQH DQDORJLH FRPPH O¶H[SOLTXH %HUQDUG 3DLOODUG GDQV VRQ DQDO\VH GXPpFDQLVPHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVUXPHXUV©ௗLa rumeur utilise autant la déduction que l’induction. Elle spécule sur des faits invérifiés, en arguant sur leur vraisemblance et sur leur plausibilité. Elle se laisse entraîner par des analogies, par des associations, par des correspondancesࣟ». 3DLOODUG  'DQV OH FDGUH GH O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD HQ *XLQpH O¶DPEXODQFHFRPPHV\PEROHQpJDWLIpWDLWVRXYHQWPRELOLVpHHQ UDLVRQGXWDX[WUqVpOHYpGHPRUWDOLWpGHVPDODGHVG¶(EROD/HV SRSXODWLRQV DYDLHQW FRQFOX TXH WRXV FHX[ TXL PRQWDLHQW GDQV FHWWH DPEXODQFH Q¶DOODLHQW SOXV UHYHQLU FDU LOV DOODLHQW PRXULU DX&7('¶ROHUHIXVGHSOXVLHXUVFDVVXVSHFWVGHPRQWHUGDQV O¶DPEXODQFH7HOHVWOHFDVG¶XQHIHPPHGRQWQRXVDYRQVSDUOp SOXV ORLQ RULJLQDLUH G¶XQ YLOODJH GH OD SUpIHFWXUH GH 'XEUHND VLWXp DX ERUG GH OD URXWH TXL PqQH j 7DQpQp 6RQ HQIDQW TXL DYDLW OD ILqYUH GHYDLW rWUH HPEDUTXp GDQV O¶DPEXODQFH SRXU VH VRXPHWWUH j XQ SUpOqYHPHQW GH VDQJ FRPPH HOOH DYDLW pWp HQ FRQWDFW DYHF O¶HQIDQW HOOH GHYDLW DXVVL PRQWHU GDQV O¶DPEXODQFH$SUqVOHVH[KRUWDWLRQVGHVYRLVLQVTXLO¶LQFLWDLHQW jQHSDVOHIDLUHFDUHOOH QHUHYLHQGUDLWSOXVHOOHD DFFHSWpGH  

SDUWLU DX &7( PDLV GDQV XQH YRLWXUH SULYpH (OOH QH PRQWHUD GDQV O¶DPEXODQFH TX¶DSUqV GH ORQJXHV QpJRFLDWLRQV DX FRXUV GHVTXHOOHV QRXV O¶DYRQV FRQYDLQFXH TXH ULHQ GH PDO QH OXL DUULYHUDLW HQ YDORULVDQW VRQ U{OH GH IHPPH TXL GHYDLW VH PRQWUHU UHVSRQVDEOH HW JDUDQWH GH OD VDQWp GH VRQ HQIDQW +HXUHXVHPHQW QL OD IHPPH QL O¶HQIDQW QH V¶DYpUHURQW SRVLWLIV DXWHVWGHGpWHFWLRQG¶(EROD &RPPH RQ O¶D GpMj pYRTXp FLKDXW HQ SUpVHQWDQW OHV DUJXPHQWDLUHV GH OD UpWLFHQFH FHV UXPHXUV Q¶RQW SDV pWp DSSUpKHQGpHVGHPDQLqUHHIILFDFHSDUOD5LSRVWHTXLOHVDVRXV HVWLPpHVHQOHVUpGXLVDQWjGHVPHQVRQJHVRXjGHVUDJRWVVDQV IRQGHPHQWVXUJLVDXKDVDUGHWUpVXOWDQWGHO¶DQDOSKDEpWLVPHHW GH ODVXSHUVWLWLRQ3DUFRQVpTXHQWHOOHVQ¶RQW SDV pWp QRQ SOXV GpFRQVWUXLWHV DILQ G¶RSSRVHU j HOOHV GHV UpSRQVHV SOXV SHUFXWDQWHV HW FRQYDLQFDQWHV 2U FRPPH QRXV O¶H[SOLTXHQW FHUWDLQV VRFLRORJXHV QRWDPPHQW %HUQDUG 3DLOODUG GDQV VRQ pWXGH VXU OHV UXPHXUV OLpHV DX VLGD HQ )UDQFH OD UXPHXU QDvW ©ௗd’une soif de comprendre, elle est la volonté de résoudre une énigmeࣟª    $LQVL ©ௗelle bricole avec des faits partiels, avec des suppositions, avec des hypothèses, avec des mises en relations d’éléments dispersés et hétérogènes.ࣟ» 'H SOXV ©ௗcontrairement au raisonnement rationnel, qui exige un processus de vérification des faits, la rumeur n’a pas besoin de l’épreuve du réel, elle se contente de la confiance.ࣟ» 'DQV OH FDGUHGHO¶pSLGpPLHG¶(ERODOHVFROSRUWHXUVGHVUXPHXUVpWDLHQW VRXYHQW OHV SHUVRQQHV OHV SOXV LQVWUXLWHV RX OHXUV SDUHQWV DX[TXHOOHVRQIDLVDLWFRQILDQFHVDQVYpULILHUOHXUVSURSRVGDQV OHFRQWH[WHGHO¶DFFqVLQGLUHFWjO¶LQIRUPDWLRQGRQWQRXVDYRQV SDUOpFLKDXW 'HIDoRQJpQpUDOH3DLOODUGDQDO\VHOHVUXPHXUVFRPPH GHV FDWDO\VHXUV GHV DQJRLVVHV VRFLDOHV j WUDYHUV OHVTXHOOHV OHV SRSXODWLRQV H[SULPHQW OHXUV LQTXLpWXGHV HW IUXVWUDWLRQV )UDQoRLVH 5HXPDX[   UHMRLQW G¶DLOOHXUV FHWWH SRVLWLRQ HQ PRQWUDQW TXH OHV UXPHXUV H[SULPHQW GHV UpDOLWpV VRFLDOHV QRWDPPHQW GHV FRQIOLWV HW GHV WHQVLRQV TXL H[LVWHQW WRXMRXUV  

VHORQ HOOH j O¶pWDW ODWHQW /D UXPHXU FRUUHVSRQGUDLW GRQF j OD PDQLIHVWDWLRQRXFRPPHHOOHOHGLWHQHPSUXQWDQWFHFRQFHSWj OD ELRORJLH SDU DQDORJLH j O¶pFORVLRQ OLpH j XQH FULVH GH FHV pOpPHQWV SUpH[LVWDQWV TXL SHXYHQW DYRLU P€UL SHQGDQW XQH ORQJXHSpULRGH/¶pWXGHGH5HXPDX[H[SOLTXHDXVVLTXHVLXQH UXPHXU SHXW HPSUXQWHU GH PXOWLSOHV YDULDQWHV HOOH JDUGH QpDQPRLQVXQQR\DXQDUUDWLISHUVLVWDQWTXLSHXWUHQYR\HUjXQ P\WKHRXjXQHFUR\DQFH&¶HVWDLQVLTXHQRXVSHQVRQVSRXYRLU SUpVHQWHU GDQV OH FDGUH GHV UXPHXUV O¶XQH GHV VLWXDWLRQV OHV SOXV LQWpUHVVDQWHV VXU OHVTXHOOHV QRXV D\RQV WUDYDLOOp SHQGDQW O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD OH FDV GX YLOODJH GH 7DQD ,O V¶DJLW Oj GH O¶XQH GHV UXPHXUV OHV SOXV SXLVVDQWHV TXL RQW FRXUX SHQGDQW O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD FDU HOOH D LQIOXHQFp QRQ VHXOHPHQW OHV SRSXODWLRQVORFDOHVPDLVDXVVLOHVPpGHFLQVpSLGpPLRORJLVWHVHW OHVDXWRULWpVVRXVSUpIHFWRUDOHVGXGLVWULFWGH7DQD

/DUXPHXUGH7DQD $X GpEXW GX PRLV G¶RFWREUH  j XQH VHPDLQH GH PRQSUHPLHUFRQJpDSUqVSOXVGHGL[PRLVGHUHFKHUFKHVHWGH PpGLDWLRQV LQWHQVHV TXL P¶RQW DPHQp j SDUFRXULU SOXVLHXUV ORFDOLWpVGHVGLIIpUHQWHVUpJLRQVGHOD*XLQpHM¶DLpWpFRQYRTXp DX EXUHDX GX 5HSUpVHQWDQW GH O¶206 HQ *XLQpH 0RQ UHVSRQVDEOHGLUHFW0RQVLHXU3DU\VV.RXWDSUHPLHUUHVSRQVDEOH GHODFHOOXOHGHPRELOLVDWLRQVRFLDOHGHO¶206P¶DYDLWVLJQLILp O¶LPSRUWDQFH HW O¶XUJHQFH GH OD PLVVLRQ /D PLVVLRQ pWDLW GpOLFDWH XQH IHPPH PpGHFLQ DOOHPDQGH TXL WUDYDLOODLW SRXU &'& DYDLW DOHUWp OH %XUHDX LQWHUQDWLRQDO GH &'& DX[ (WDWV 8QLV HW OH %XUHDX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO GH O¶206 j *HQqYH j SURSRV G¶XQH VLWXDWLRQ WUqV FRPSOH[H GDQV OH YLOODJH GH 7DQD 6HV SURSRV ODLVVDLHQW HQWUHYRLU XQH QpJOLJHQFH YRLUH XQH IDXWH SURIHVVLRQQHOOH GHV MHXQHV PpGHFLQV VXSHUYLVHXUV GH O¶206 2Q DYDLW GRQF EHVRLQ G¶LQIRUPDWLRQV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV VXU FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ3RXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVMHPHVXLVUHWURXYpGLUHFWHPHQW GDQV OH EXUHDX GX 5HSUpVHQWDQW OH 3U 0RKDPHG %HOKRFLQH DYHF 'U %DLOR XQ KDXW FDGUH GH O¶206 FKDUJp GH FRRUGRQQHU WRXWHV OHV DFWLRQV GH OD 5LSRVWH 'DQV OD VDOOH G¶DWWHQWH DYDQW  

G¶HQWUHU M¶DL DSHUoX XQH IHPPH HXURSpHQQH j O¶DLU LQTXLHW HW SHUWXUEp TXL pWDLW GpMj VRUWLH GX EXUHDX GRQW RQ PH SDUOHUD TXHOTXHV PLQXWHV DSUqV HQ FHV WHUPHV ©ௗMonsieur Somparé, vous êtes sociologue, on a besoin de vous. Vous voyez cette femme, elle vient de quitter Tana, où il y a une forte réticence. Elle s’est retrouvée, elle-même, en situation de contact. Du coup, elle reproche à ses collaborateurs, jeunes superviseurs médecins guinéens, d’être responsables de cette situation, car ces derniers, par peur, l’ont laissée aller seule au village de Tana. Là-bas, elle n’a pas su faire de distinction entre les contacts et ceux qui ne le sont pas. Elle aurait travaillé avec un CVV qui est un contact et qui est susceptible de développer l’épidémie.ࣟ» (QVXLWHOH5HSUpVHQWDQW P¶DGLWTX¶LOQ¶DYDLWSDV VRXKDLWpTXHM¶pFRXWHODYHUVLRQGHODGDPHSRXUTXHMHSXLVVH HIIHFWXHU PRQ DQDO\VH HQ WRXWH REMHFWLYLWp -¶DYDLV SHXU GH PH UHWURXYHU GDQV XQ U{OH G¶LQVSHFWHXUௗ M¶DL GRQF UDSSHOp PD SRVWXUH GH VRFLRORJXH HW PD GLIILFXOWp GH VLWXHU OHV UHVSRQVDELOLWpV LQGLYLGXHOOHV (Q UDLVRQ GH O¶LPSRUWDQFH HW GH O¶XUJHQFH GH OD PLVVLRQ HW GH PHV FRQJpV LPPLQHQWV OH 5HSUpVHQWDQW P¶D RUGRQQp GH PH UHQGUH UDSLGHPHQW VXU OH WHUUDLQWRXWHQPHUDVVXUDQWTXHMHSRXUUDLVJDUGHUPDSRVWXUH GH VRFLRORJXH LO QH V¶DJLVVDLW SDV SRXU UHSUHQGUH VRQ H[SUHVVLRQGH©ௗIDLUHOHFRQWUHPDvWUHௗª$LQVL03DU\VV.RXWD D SULV WRXWHV OHV GLVSRVLWLRQV QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU SUpSDUHU PRQ DUULYpH j )RUHFDULDK DXSUqV GH 0 -RQDV XQ WFKDGLHQ UHVSRQVDEOH GH WRXV OHV FRPPXQLFDWHXUV HW VRFLRORJXHV GH )RUHFDULDK $X FRXUV GX SUHPLHU MRXU GH PLVVLRQ M¶DL SULV GHV FRQWDFWV HW UpDOLVp GHV HQWUHWLHQV H[SORUDWRLUHV DYHF OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV GHODPRELOLVDWLRQ VRFLDOH HWOHVMHXQHV PpGHFLQV TXL P¶RQW SHUPLV G¶DYRLU XQH SUHPLqUH LGpH GH OD VLWXDWLRQ HW G¶pPHWWUHTXHOTXHVK\SRWKqVHV/HYLOODJHGH7DQDGRQWOHQRP PrPH VLJQLILH ©ௗPDOKHXUௗª RX GX PRLQV ©ௗGpVDJUpPHQWௗª IDLW O¶REMHW G¶XQH FUR\DQFH WUqV UpSDQGXH VHORQ ODTXHOOH TXLFRQTXH V¶\ UHQG V¶H[SRVHUDLW j GH JUDQGV PDOKHXUV DYDQW WRXW OD SHUWH GHVRQHPSORL/DUXPHXUFRQFHUQHOHFKHIOLHXGXGLVWULFW7DQD  

&HQWUHHWQHWRXFKHSDVODORFDOLWpGH7DQDPDUFKpVLWXpHjXQH GLVWDQFHGHGHX[NLORPqWUHV /¶DSSDULWLRQG¶(ERODGDQVFHYLOODJHHVWOLpHjO¶DUULYpH G¶XQH MHXQH ILOOH PDODGH RULJLQDLUH GH FHWWH ORFDOLWp PDLV LQVWDOOpH j &RQDNU\ GDQV OH TXDUWLHU 'DU6DODDP HOOH HVW G¶DLOOHXUV DYHF VD V°XU DvQpH j O¶RULJLQH GH OD FKDvQH GH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ GH FH TXDUWLHU OD GHUQLqUH GDQV OD FRPPXQH GH 5DWRPD (Q VHSWHPEUH  OD MHXQH ILOOH D pWp H[DPLQpH j 'RQND FDU HOOH SUpVHQWDLW GHV V\PSW{PHV DSUqV OH GpFqV GH VD JUDQGH V°XU PRUWH G¶(EROD 'H PDQLqUH LQH[SOLFDEOH HW SUREDEOHPHQW j QRWUH DYLV OLpH j OD FRUUXSWLRQ GX SHUVRQQHO PpGLFDO  HOOH Q¶D SDV pWp KRVSLWDOLVpH HW HOOH V¶HVW HPEDUTXpH FODQGHVWLQHPHQWDYHFXQMHXQHPHPEUHGHVDIDPLOOHGDQVXQ WD[L SXLV VXU XQH SLURJXH SRXU UHMRLQGUH VRQ YLOODJH QDWDO /H FKHI GH IDPLOOH SRXU MXVWLILHU OH GpSODFHPHQW FODQGHVWLQ GH VD EHOOHV°XU PDODGH YHUV OH YLOODJH DWWULEXHUD OD IDXWH DX[ PpGHFLQV LQFRPSpWHQWV HW GH IDoRQ JpQpUDOH j OD 5LSRVWH $UULYpHGDQVOHYLOODJHODILOOHPRXUDQWHVHUDFRQILpHDX[VRLQV G¶XQJXpULVVHXUWUDGLWLRQQHOTXLPRXUUDjVRQWRXU 6XLWH j VRQ GpFqV WURLV PpGHFLQV XQ KRPPH HW XQH IHPPHJXLQpHQVHWXQHIHPPHDOOHPDQGH RQWpWpFKDUJpVSDUOD FRRUGLQDWLRQ GH OD 5LSRVWH GH VXLYUH OHV FRQWDFWV GH FHWWH QRXYHOOH FKDvQH GH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ 3DUPL FHV FRQWDFWV  VH WURXYHQW j 7DQD PDUFKp DORUV TXH  VH VLWXHQW j 7DQD FHQWUH 2U OHV GHX[ PpGHFLQV JXLQpHQV RQW HX XQH JUDQGH SHXU GH VH UHQGUHj7DQDYLOODJHjFDXVHGHVFUR\DQFHVOLpHVjFHYLOODJH $XFRXUVGHO¶HQWUHWLHQLOVVHVRQWMXVWLILpVHQGLVDQWTX¶LOVVRQW pWUDQJHUVGDQVFHWWHORFDOLWpHWTX¶LOVGRLYHQWVHFRQIRUPHUDX[ FRQVHLOVGHFHX[TXLFRQQDLVVHQWPLHX[FHVOLHX[,OVDIILUPHQW DXVVLrWUHjOHXUSUHPLHUHPSORLTX¶LOVRQWIRUWSHXUGHSHUGUHௗ LOVVHGLVHQWGRQFGDQVXQHVLWXDWLRQGLIIpUHQWHSDUUDSSRUWjOD GDPHDOOHPDQGHTXLDXUDLWVHORQHX[EHDXFRXSG¶RSSRUWXQLWpV GHWURXYHUUDSLGHPHQWXQDXWUHWUDYDLOELHQUpPXQpUp3RXUFHV UDLVRQV HW DXVVL GX IDLW TXH OH QRPEUH GH FRQWDFWV j VXLYUH j 7DQD FHQWUH Q¶pWDLW SDV LPSRUWDQW LOV RQW SUpIpUp GpOpJXHU OHXU  

WUDYDLO DX UHVSRQVDEOH GX SRVWH GH VDQWp GH 7DQD &HQWUH j O¶$JHQW &RPPXQDXWDLUH $&  HW DX &99 ORFDO ,OV VH VRQW QpDQPRLQV UHQGXV j 7DQD &HQWUH XQH IRLV PDLV WUqV WDUGLYHPHQW &H VRQW GRQF OH $& HW OHV &99 TXL RQW pWp OHV LQWHUORFXWHXUVGHODIHPPHPpGHFLQDOOHPDQGHTXLQ¶DYDLWSDV SHXUGHODFUR\DQFHFRQFHUQDQW7DQDPrPHVLHOOHFRQQDLVVDLW ELHQOHVUDLVRQVSRXUOHVTXHOOHVVHVFROOqJXHVSUpIpUDLHQWQHSDV VHUHQGUHDXYLOODJH/HVFUDLQWHVGHVGHX[MHXQHVPpGHFLQVRQW pWpFRQILUPpHVSDUOHIDLWTXHWRXWHVOHVDXWRULWpVORFDOHVpYLWHQW DXVVL G¶DOOHU j 7DQD 3OXVLHXUV LQIRUPDWHXUV RQW DIILUPp TXH OH VRXVSUpIHWQHV¶pWDLWMDPDLVSUpVHQWpDXYLOODJH0rPHOHVRXV SUpIHW DGMRLQW TXL \ DOODLW VRXYHQW FHV GHUQLHUV WHPSV D pWp GpFRQVHLOOp GH OH IDLUH V¶LO QH YRXODLW SDV TXH VRQ HPSORL VRLW PHQDFp -H O¶DL UHQFRQWUp SHUVRQQHOOHPHQW HQ WUDLQ GH UHPHWWUH OHVFDUWHVG¶pOHFWHXUDXFKHIGHGLVWULFWTX¶LODYDLWFRQYRTXpDX OLHXGHVHUHQGUHOXLPrPHj7DQDFRPPHLOHVWG¶XVDJH 1RXVSHQVRQVTXHOHVPpGHFLQVTXLRQWWUDYDLOOpGDQVOH YLOODJHMHXQHVHWFLWDGLQVRQWpWpYLFWLPHVGHOHXUSHUPpDELOLWp DX[FUR\DQFHVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHVHWILQDOHPHQWGHOHXUVXSHUVWLWLRQ TXL O¶D HPSRUWp VXU OHXU GpRQWRORJLH SURIHVVLRQQHOOH &H TXL QRXVVHPEOHSOXVJUDYHF¶HVWTX¶LOVVHVRQWLVROpVTX¶LOVRQWFUX SRXYRLU JpUHU OD VLWXDWLRQ j OHXU QLYHDX DX OLHX GH UHPRQWHU O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ DX[ VXSpULHXUV KLpUDUFKLTXHV RX j G¶DXWUHV RSpUDWHXUVSOXVkJpVHWPLHX[LPSUpJQpVGHVUpDOLWpVORFDOHV

ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘ƵdžƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĚĞůĂƌƵŵĞƵƌ͗ůĞŵLJƚŚĞĚĞdĂŶĂĞƚƐĂ ƌĠĂĐƚƵĂůŝƐĂƚŝŽŶĨĂĐĞĂƵdžĐŽŶũŽŶĐƚƵƌĞƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝƋƵĞƐ͘ 6XLWH j XQ HQWUHWLHQ DSSURIRQGL DYHF XQ YLHX[ VDJH GH 7DQD kJp GH SUqV GH SOXV GH  DQV HW DYHF VRQ SRUWHSDUROH QRXV DYRQV SX DOOHU DX[ VRXUFHV GH OD UXPHXU HQ FRPSUHQDQW FRPPHQWOHP\WKHGH7DQDDpWpFUppHWGHTXHOOHPDQLqUHLOD SXUHVVXUJLUjGHVPRPHQWVGLIIpUHQWVSRXUSURWpJHUOHYLOODJH G¶LQJpUHQFHVHWGHPHQDFHVH[WpULHXUHV

 

/¶KLVWRLUHGHODSUpIHFWXUHGH)RUHFDULDKHVWpWURLWHPHQW OLpHDXSDUFRXUVGHWURLVFRXVLQVSDWHUQHOVTXLRQWVXFRQTXpULU OH SRXYRLU HW V¶LQVWDOOHU HQ WDQW TXH GRPLQDWHXUV GDQV FHWWH UpJLRQ/HXUSURYHQDQFHHVWLQFHUWDLQHFHUWDLQVOHXUDWWULEXHQW GHV RULJLQHV PDURFDLQHV SOXV SUpFLVpPHQW GH OD YLOOH GH )H] G¶DXWUHV SHQVHQW TX¶LOV YLHQQHQW GH /D 0HFTXH PDLV G¶DSUqV OHXUVQRPVGHIDPLOOHQRXVSRXYRQVpPHWWUHO¶K\SRWKqVHTX¶LOV VRQW SOXW{W GHV UHVVRUWLVVDQWV GH OD +DXWH *XLQpH $X FRXUVGX GL[QHXYLqPH VLqFOH OHV WURLV IUqUHV V¶LQVWDOOHQW GDQV OD UpJLRQ IRQGHQWODYLOOHGH0RULDHWHQIDLVDQWUHSRVHUOHXUSRXYRLUVXU ODSRVVHVVLRQGHODWHUUHFRPPHLOHVWIUpTXHQWGDQVOHVVRFLpWpV VpGHQWDLUHV LOV SDUYLHQQHQW j pWDEOLU XQH GRPLQDWLRQ VXU OHV SRSXODWLRQV VRXVVRX GH OD UpJLRQ (Q SDUWLFXOLHU OH FRXVLQ )RIDQDSRVVqGHOHSRXYRLUUHOLJLHX[OHFRXVLQĂƚĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶĚĞůĂŵŽďŝůŝƚĠƐĞůŽŶůĞƐĞdžĞĞƚů͛ąŐĞ &RPPHODGLYLVLRQGXWUDYDLOVHORQOHVH[HHQWDQWTXH IRQGHPHQW GH OD GRPLQDWLRQ PDVFXOLQH D DWWULEXp DX[ IHPPHV GHV WkFKHV GRPHVWLTXHV UpSpWLWLYHV QRWDPPHQW OD FXLVLQH  

O¶HQWUHWLHQ GH OD PDLVRQ GHV PDULV HW GHV HQIDQWV HW O¶pOHYDJH GHV YRODLOOHV HOOHV VRQW SUpGLVSRVpHV j PLHX[ VXSSRUWHU OHV FRQWUDLQWHV GX PLFURFHUFODJH '¶DLOOHXUV OD VRFLDOLVDWLRQ GHV ILOOHVYLVHVXUWRXWjIDLUHG¶HOOHVGHWUqVERQQHVIXWXUHVpSRXVHV TXL QH TXLWWHQW SDV VRXYHQW OD PDLVRQ FRQWUDLUHPHQW DX[ KRPPHV TXL VRQW DXWRULVpV YRLUH LQFLWpV j VRUWLU VRXYHQW FRQIRUPpPHQW j OHXU VRFLDOLVDWLRQ (Q PLOLHX UXUDO SHXO PDLV DXVVLFKH]G¶DXWUHVHWKQLHVOHVSHWLWHVILOOHVVRQWHQFRXUDJpHVj SUDWLTXHUGHVMHX[TXLOHVUDWWDFKHQWjO¶HVSDFHGRPHVWLTXHWHOOH OD GvQHWWH DORUV TXH OHV JDUoRQV HQ MRXDQW DX FHUFHDX RX HQ WUDLQDQW GH SHWLWHV YRLWXUHV V¶KDELWXHQW j VLOORQQHU WUqV W{W OHV UXHOOHVGXYLOODJH%RWWD6RPSDUp  0rPHO¶RFFXSDWLRQHWODUpSDUWLWLRQGHO¶HVSDFHGHYLH DWWULEXHQWDX[IHPPHVO¶LQWpULHXUGHODPDLVRQHWODFRXUDUULqUH OH GHGDQV  DORUV TXH OD IDoDGH H[WpULHXUH HW OD WHUUDVVH OH GHKRUV  VRQW UpVHUYpHV DX[ KRPPHV $XWDQW LO HVW YDORULVDQW SRXU XQ KRPPH G¶rWUH GHKRUV DXWDQW LO HVW DSSUpFLp TX¶XQH IHPPH UHVWH j O¶LQWpULHXU GDQV OD FXLVLQH RX GDQV OD FRXU DUULqUH'¶DLOOHXUVHQYLOOHLOHVWVRXYHQWFRQVHLOOpDX[KRPPHV PrPH DX[ FK{PHXUV GH VRUWLU OH PDWLQ SRXU pYLWHU TXH OHXUV IHPPHVQHOHXUPDQTXHQWGHUHVSHFW ,O\DOLHXGHQRWHUFHSHQGDQWTXHGDQVOHVYLOODJHVGH OD *XLQpH PDULWLPH OH WHPSV GH WUDYDLO GHV IHPPHV HVW EHDXFRXSSOXVLPSRUWDQWTXHFHOXLGHVKRPPHVHWGHVFLWDGLQHV (OOHV VRQW pJDOHPHQW LPSOLTXpHV GDQV OHV WUDYDX[ FKDPSrWUHV R HOOHV RQW GHV WkFKHV PLQXWLHXVHV PpWLFXOHXVHV HW SpQLEOHV PDLV SHX SHUFHSWLEOHV HW GRQF PRLQV YDORULVpHV WHOOHV TXH OH GpVKHUEDJH GX UL] +XJXHWWH 'DJHQDLV   HQ SU{QDQW O¶DGRSWLRQ G¶XQH PpWKRGRORJLH IpPLQLVWH GDQV OD UHFKHUFKH HQ DQWKURSRORJLH FRQVLGqUH MXVWHPHQW TXH O¶XQH GHV PLVVLRQV G¶XQH UHFKHUFKH IpPLQLVWH HVW FHOOH GH PHWWUH HQ OXPLqUH OH WUDYDLO ©ௗFDFKpௗª GHV IHPPHV &HOD HQWUDvQH XQH DQDO\VH SOXV ILQH GH OD GLYLVLRQ GX WUDYDLO VHORQ OH VH[H FDSDEOH GH URPSUH DYHF O¶LQYLVLELOLWp GX WUDYDLO IpPLQLQ HQ FRQVLGpUDQW FHUWDLQHV WkFKHVTXLDJJUDYHQWODIDWLJXHGHVIHPPHVVDQVSRXUDXWDQWrWUH  

SULVHV HQ FRQVLGpUDWLRQ WHOOHV TXH OH IDLW GH SRUWHU GHV HQIDQWV HQ WUDYDLOODQW 4XDQW DX[ KRPPHV LOV RQW GHV WkFKHV SRQFWXHOOHVSOXVYLVLEOHVYRLUHVSHFWDFXODLUHVHWSOXVYDORULVpHV VRFLDOHPHQWTXLH[LJHQWSOXVGHIRUFHSK\VLTXHQRWDPPHQWOH GpIULFKDJH OH ODERXU OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV PDLVRQV HW GHV FO{WXUHVHWF&HVWkFKHVTXLQHVRQWSDVTXRWLGLHQQHVSUHQQHQW PRLQV GH WHPSV SDU UDSSRUW DX WUDYDLO GHV IHPPHV 'DQV OHV YLOODJHV GH OD VRXVSUpIHFWXUH GH 7DQHQH QRXV DYRQV REVHUYp TXHODPRELOLWpGHVFRQWDFWVpWDLWVXUWRXWGXHDX[FRQWUDLQWHVGX WUDYDLO DJULFROH VXUWRXW SHQGDQW OD VDLVRQ SOXYLHXVH (Q SDUWLFXOLHU j .DZRQVR j O¶LQVWDU GH OD PDMHXUH SDUWLH YLOODJHV GH %RXUDPD\D OHV KDELWDQWV SUDWLTXHQW O¶DJULFXOWXUH LQWHQVLYH GDQV GHV SODLQHV VLWXpHV WUqV ORLQ GX YLOODJH ,O HVW G¶DLOOHXUV IUDSSDQWGHFRQVWDWHUTXHPrPHjODSULqUHGXYHQGUHGLLOQ¶\ DYDLW TX¶XQH GL]DLQH GH SHUVRQQHV SXLVTXH WRXV OHV DXWUHV pWDLHQWDX[FKDPSV /H WHPSV VRFLDO GHV KRPPHV HVW EHDXFRXS SOXV LPSRUWDQW FDU LOV RQW OH ORLVLU GH VH UHWURXYHU HW GH GLVFXWHU GHYDQW OHV PRVTXpHV DSUqV OD SULqUH RX GDQV OHV DVVHPEOpHV DXWRXU GX WKp TXL FRQVWLWXH XQ HVSDFH GH VRFLDELOLWp WUqV LPSRUWDQW GDQV OD SOXSDUW GHV YLOODJHV ,O V¶DJLW DXVVL G¶XQ OLHX G¶LQIRUPDWLRQGHGpVLQIRUPDWLRQGHIDEULFDWLRQHWGHGLIIXVLRQ GHV UXPHXUV 'DQV FH FDV OHV KRPPHV HQ VLWXDWLRQ GH TXDUDQWDLQHRQWXQHWHQWDWLRQSOXVIRUWHGHVHGpSODFHUSRXUVH UHQGUHjODPRVTXpHRXjGHVFpUpPRQLHV 4XDQW DX[ IHPPHV HOOHV V¶RFFXSHQW GHV DFWLYLWpV GH FXLVLQHHWGHPpQDJHDSUqVOHWUDYDLOFKDPSrWUHDILQGHSUpSDUHU OHGvQHUSOXVLPSRUWDQWHWUpJXOLHUTXHOHUHSDVGHODMRXUQpH,O \DOLHXGHVRXOLJQHUFHSHQGDQWTXHOHVFRXUVHVTXRWLGLHQQHVGH ODFXLVLQHRXGXPDUFKpKHEGRPDGDLUHRFFXSHQWpJDOHPHQWOHV IHPPHVVXUWRXWFHOOHVTXLVRQWLPSOLTXpHVGDQVOHVDFWLYLWpVGH FRPPHUFH /HV IHPPHV VHUDLHQW GRQF WHQWpHV GH VH UHQGUH DX PDUFKpRXjGHVUpXQLRQVGHVVHUp,GHVDVVRFLDWLRQVIpPLQLQHV TXLFRQVWLWXHQWXQHVSDFHSULYLOpJLpGHFRQYLYLDOLWp

 

ϰ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘>ĞƐĨĞŵŵĞƐĞŶĨƵŝƚĞĞƚůĞĨĂƌĚĞĂƵĚƵŵĂƌŝĂŐĞ͘ 'HPDQLqUHJpQpUDOHOHVIHPPHVRQWpWpWUqVH[SRVpHVj O¶pSLGpPLHFDUHOOHVV¶RFFXSHQWGHODQRXUULWXUHGHO¶K\JLqQHHW GHODVDQWpGHVPDODGHV¬SUpVHQWQRXVQ¶DYRQVSDVHQFRUHGH VWDWLVWLTXHVSUpFLVHVLQGLTXDQWOHQRPEUHGHIHPPHVHQVLWXDWLRQ GH IXLWH PDLV QRXV DYRQV UHPDUTXp FHSHQGDQW TX¶HOOHV pWDLHQW SOXV QRPEUHXVHV j TXLWWHU OHXU IR\HU FRQMXJDO SRXU VH UpIXJLHU GDQV OHXU IDPLOOH G¶RULJLQH (OOHV DYDLHQW WHQGDQFH j VH UHQGUH FKH] OHXUV SqUHV RX JUDQGV IUqUHV SRXU UHFKHUFKHU XQ UpFRQIRUW VDQVIXLUIRUFpPHQW&¶HVWDLQVLTXHQRXVDYRQVWHQWpGHGRQQHU XQ VHQV DQWKURSRORJLTXH j FHWWH FRQGXLWH IpPLQLQH HQ VLWXDWLRQ GH FULVH VDQLWDLUH HW GH GpWUHVVH GHV IDPLOOHV HW GHV LQGLYLGXV FRQFHUQpV SDU O¶pSLGpPLH DILQ GH O¶DSSUpKHQGHU HW GH PLHX[ FRPSUHQGUH &RPPH QRXV VRPPHV GDQV GHV VRFLpWpV VpGHQWDLUHV SDWULDUFDOHVRODUpVLGHQFHHVWYLULORFDOHRXYLULSDWULORFDOHHWOD ILOLDWLRQ HVW SDWULOLQpDLUH FH VRQW OHV IHPPHV TXL TXLWWHQW OHXUV IDPLOOHV DSUqV OH PDULDJH SRXU UHMRLQGUH OHXUV PDULV GDQV OD PDLVRQ HW GDQV OHV IDPLOOHV GH FHV GHUQLHUV '¶R O¶H[SUHVVLRQ V\PEROLTXH GX PDULDJH HQ VRXVVRX XQH IHPPH PDULpH GLW TX¶HOOH VH WURXYH GpVRUPDLV ©ௗNKqPq WDௗª FKH] OH PDUL  DYHF XQH H[SUHVVLRQ UpYpODWULFH GH O¶LPSRUWDQFH GH OD GLPHQVLRQ YLULORFDOHGHODUpVLGHQFHGDQVO¶LQVWLWXWLRQGXPDULDJH ©ௗ.KqPq WDௗª VLJQLILH OLWWpUDOHPHQW ©ௗOH YLOODJH GH O¶KRPPH RX OH SD\V GHV KRPPHVௗª /¶H[SUHVVLRQ ©ௗNKpPq WDௗª pYRTXH LPSOLFLWHPHQW WRXWHV OHV FRQWUDLQWHV OHV GLIILFXOWpV DX[TXHOOHVVRQWFRQIURQWpHVOHVpSRXVHVHWTX¶HOOHVVRQWWHQXHV GHVXUPRQWHUDXSRLQWGHIDLUHDSSDUDvWUHOHPDULDJHFRPPHXQ OLHXGHVRXIIUDQFHHWG¶pSUHXYHV/HVIHPPHVFRQVWLWXHQWOHILO GXOLHQVRFLDOTXLUHOLHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVORFDOLWpVYLOODJHRLVHVHWFH OLHQ GH SDUHQWp SRXUUDLW rWUH j OD IRLV OH ILO FRQGXFWHXU GH OD SURSDJDWLRQGH O¶pSLGpPLH HW GH OD IXLWH GHV FRQWDFWV IpPLQLQV 'DQVFHFDVOHVIHPPHVPDULpHVQRWDPPHQWGDQVGHVVLWXDWLRQV GH TXDUDQWDLQH VRQW WUqV PRWLYpHV j UHMRLQGUH OHXUV IDPLOOHV  

G¶RULJLQHGDQVOHXUVYLOODJHVQDWDOVUHVSHFWLIVDILQGHEpQpILFLHU GXUpFRQIRUWGXVRXWLHQSV\FKRORJLTXHHWGHO¶DIIHFWLRQTX¶HOOHV WURXYHUDLHQW GLIILFLOHPHQW GDQV OHXUV EHOOHV IDPLOOHV /HXU WHQWDWLRQ GH SDUWLU GpSHQG DXVVL GHV UHODWLRQV TX¶HOOHV HQWUHWLHQQHQW DYHF OHXU EHOOHIDPLOOH HW GH O¶LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ TXH OHXUHQWRXUDJHIDLWGHOHXUPDODGLHHQO¶DWWULEXDQWSDUH[HPSOHj XQH FRpSRXVH PDOIDLVDQWH ¬ O¶RFFDVLRQ GH FHWWH pSLGpPLH FHUWDLQHV IHPPHV VH VRQW UHWURXYpHV GDQV XQH VLWXDWLRQ GH YLROHQFH EDVpH VXU OH JHQUH FDU HOOHV RQW VXEL FHUWDLQHV FRQWUDLQWHV RX VRXIIUDQFHV HQ UDLVRQ GH OHXU DSSDUWHQDQFH VH[XHOOH 7HO HVW OH FDV G¶XQH IHPPH HQ VLWXDWLRQ GH FRQWDFW GDQV XQ YLOODJH WUqV WRXFKp SDU (EROD TXL Q¶DXUDLW SDV G€ VH GpSODFHU /RUVTXH VRQ HQIDQW kJp GH TXDWUH RX FLQT DQV HVW WRPEpPDODGHHOOHDWUDQVJUHVVpOHVLQWHUGLFWLRQVHWHOOHDTXLWWp )RUHFDULDK SRXU UHYHQLU GDQV OH YLOODJH VLWXp SUqV GH OD URXWH HQWUH'XEUHNDHW7DQHQH/HIDLWGHTXLWWHUXQH]RQHFRQWDPLQpH DYHF XQ HQIDQW PDODGH IDLVDLW G¶HX[ GHV FDV VXVSHFWV TX¶LO IDOODLWHPPHQHUjO¶K{SLWDO2UVHVYRLVLQVO¶RQWGpFRXUDJpHGH PRQWHU GDQV O¶DPEXODQFH GH &URL[5RXJH HQ OXL GLVDQW TXH ORUVTXHTXHOTX¶XQPRQWDLWGDQVXQWHOYpKLFXOHLOULVTXDLWGHQH SOXV UHYHQLU (OOH QH YRXODLW SDV QRQ SOXV VH VpSDUHU GH VRQ HQIDQW SRXU TX¶LO VRLW HQYR\p DX &7( VDQV HOOH HW HOOH D HQILQ REWHQXGHV¶\UHQGUHDYHFOXL(QPrPHWHPSVVRQPDULUHIXVDLW TX¶HOOH UHYLHQQH GDQV VRQ IR\HU SDUFH TX¶HOOH V¶pWDLW GpSODFpH VDQV VRQ DFFRUG 6HXOHV OHV IHPPHV VH UHWURXYDLHQW GDQV GH WHOOHV VLWXDWLRQV GH WLUDLOOHPHQW HQWUH OD IDPLOOH G¶RULJLQH HW OH IR\HU FRQMXJDO ,O \ D OLHX GH QRWHU DXVVL TXH GH WHOV WLUDLOOHPHQWV PLV HQ pYLGHQFH SDU OD VLWXDWLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH DSSDUDLVVHQW DXVVL GDQV G¶DXWUHV VLWXDWLRQV 1DKDUD )HOGPDQ   HQ GpFULYDQW OHV UDSSRUWV VRFLDX[ GH VH[H DX 0DOL H[SULPH ELHQ OD GLIILFXOWp GHV IHPPHV TXL UHQFRQWUHQW GHV SUREOqPHV GDQV OHXU PDULDJH j UHWURXYHU XQ DEUL PrPH SURYLVRLUH DX VHLQ GH OHXU SURSUH IDPLOOH (Q LQVWDQFH GH VpSDUDWLRQ HOOHV VH UHWURXYHQW GDQV XQH VLWXDWLRQ GH GRXEOH pWUDQJHWp SDU UDSSRUW DX PDUL HW j OD EHOOHIDPLOOH PDLV DXVVL SDU UDSSRUW j OHXUV SURSUHV SDUHQWV SRXU OHVTXHOV OD VpSDUDWLRQ UHSUpVHQWHXQGpVKRQQHXUODUXSWXUHG¶XQSDFWHVFHOOpDYHFOHV  

EHDX[SDUHQWV 'X FRXS HOOHV YLYHQW XQH VLWXDWLRQ GH VROLWXGH VRFLDOH HW GH IUDJLOLWp TXL OHV UHWLHQW VRXYHQW GDQV OHXU IR\HU FRQMXJDO /HV PHPEUHV GHV IDPLOOHV YLFWLPHV GH IDXVVHV LQIRUPDWLRQVHWGHUXPHXUVVRQWpJDOHPHQWWUqVWHQWpHVGHYHQLU FKHUFKHUOHXUVILOOHVV°XUVRXFRXVLQHVHQOHXUH[SULPDQWDLQVL OHXU VROLGDULWp &¶HVW SRXUTXRL G¶DLOOHXUV GDQV OD VRXV SUpIHFWXUHGH7DQHQH'XEUHND SDUPLOHVFRQWDFWVHQIXLWHLO\ DYDLW EHDXFRXS GH IHPPHV PDULpHV RULJLQDLUHV GHV YLOODJHV HQYLURQQDQWV 7HO HVW OH FDV GH OD GHUQLqUH FKDvQH GH FRQWDPLQDWLRQGHO¶pSLGpPLHGDQVODVRXVSUpIHFWXUHGH7DQHQH QRWDPPHQW GDQV OHV YLOODJHV GH 'HPED\D .DZRQVR HW GH 'L[LQQ%RXUDPD\D&HWWHIHPPHPDULpHj'L[LQQ%RXUDPD\D HWRULJLQDLUHGH'HPED\DVRXIIUDLWG¶XQHPDODGLHFKURQLTXHTXL O¶DDPHQpHjWHQWHUG¶DERUGODPpGHFLQHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHDYDQWGH GpFLGHUG¶DOOHUVRLJQHUHQILQj&RQDNU\jO¶K{SLWDO,JQDFH'HHQ (OOH\DVpMRXUQpVDQVVDYRLUTXHGDQVODPrPHVDOOHLO\DYDLW XQHSDWLHQWHTXLDGpYHORSSpSOXVWDUGOHVV\PSW{PHVG¶(EROD (Q WRXWH YUDLVHPEODQFH VHORQ OHV HQTXrWHV GHV PpGHFLQV VXSHUYLVHXUVHOOHDpWpFRQWDPLQpHOjEDVVDQVOHVDYRLU(QVH VHQWDQW PDODGH HOOH HVW UHYHQXH GH &RQDNU\ YHUV VRQ YLOODJH QDWDO HQ SDVVDQW UDSLGHPHQW FKH] VRQ PDUL j 'L[LQQ %RXUDPD\D SXLV HQ VH UpIXJLDQW DXSUqV GH VD PqUH ¬ 'HPED\D HOOH Q¶D SDV pWp ORJpH GDQV OD JUDQGH PDLVRQ IDPLOLDOH PDLV GDQV XQ KDPHDX R HOOH D FRQWDPLQp WRXW OH YRLVLQDJH /D FKDvQH GH SURSDJDWLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH GH )RQIRQPHUp FRQVLGpUp FRPPH XQ TXDUWLHU SpULSKpULTXH GH &RQDNU\PDLVUHOHYDQWGHODSUpIHFWXUHGH'XEUHNDDDXVVLpWp HQJHQGUpH SDU OHV GpSODFHPHQWV G¶XQH IHPPH /RUVTX¶XQH IHPPHPDULpHj.LQGLDRHOOHHVWWRPEpHPDODGHDGHPDQGp j VRQ IUqUH G¶RUJDQLVHU VRQ pYDFXDWLRQ HQ YRLWXUH FH GHUQLHU V¶HVWH[pFXWp,ODDFFXHLOOLVDJUDQGHV°XUPDODGHHQFDFKHWWH HQODIDLVDQWDUULYHUDXF°XUGHODQXLWHWLOO¶DKpEHUJpHPDOJUp VHV V\PSW{PHV F¶HVW DLQVL TXH OD PDODGH D FRQWDPLQp VD IHPPHTXLV¶RFFXSDLWG¶HOOHHWG¶DXWUHVPHPEUHVGHVDIDPLOOH

 

ϰ͘ϰ͘ϯ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĚĞůŽŝƐŝƌ ĚĞƐ ĞŶĨĂŶƚƐ ĨĂĐĞ ĂƵdžĐŽŶƚƌĂŝŶƚĞƐĚĞůĂƋƵĂƌĂŶƚĂŝŶĞ /HV HQIDQWV VRQW WUqV LPSOLTXpV GDQV OHV DFWLYLWpV SURGXFWLYHV PDLV LOV V¶DEVHQWHQW DXVVL GH OHXUV PpQDJHV SRXU MRXHU1RXVDYRQVVLJQDOpTXHORUVTX¶RQQHOHVWURXYHSDVGDQV OHXUV IR\HUV LOV SRXUUDLHQW rWUH HQ WUDLQ GH MRXHU DX PDULJRW GDQV O¶HVSODQDGH GHYDQW O¶pFROH VXU OHV WHUUDLQV GH IRRWEDOO ,O IDXW DXVVL VDYRLU TXH OHV HQIDQWV FLUFXOHQW EHDXFRXS GDQV OHV YLOODJHVRGHVUHODWLRQVGHFRQILDJHIRQWHQVRUWHTX¶XQHQIDQW SXLVVHKDELWHUGHPDQLqUHVWDEOHFKH]G¶DXWUHVSHUVRQQHVTXHVHV SDUHQWV /DOOHPDQG   /D QXLW OHV HQIDQWV VH OLYUHQW j GHV MHX[GDQVOHVUXHOOHVGXYLOODJHHWLOVSHXYHQWVHUHJURXSHUSRXU GRUPLU GDQV OD IDPLOOH G¶XQ DPL /HV MHXQHV JDUoRQV SDUWDJHQW OHV FKDPEUHV VRXYHQW DYHF OHXUV DPLV SDU DIILQLWp HW LQGpSHQGDPPHQW GH OHXU DSSDUWHQDQFH IDPLOLDOH &HV DVSHFWV GRLYHQW rWUH LQWpJUpV ORUVTXH OHV HQIDQWV QH VRQW SDV UHWURXYpV GDQV OHXUV IR\HUV 8Q DXWUH pOpPHQW j SUHQGUH HQ FRPSWH HVW O¶pFROHFRUDQLTXHTXHOHVHQIDQWVIUpTXHQWHQWWURLVIRLVSDUMRXU DXSHWLWPDWLQYHUVTXDWRU]HKHXUHVHWYHUVGL[KXLWKHXUHV,O\ DOLHXGHQRWHUDXVVLTXHOHFRQILDJHDVHUYLGDQVFHUWDLQVFDV GH ILO FRQGXFWHXU G¶(EROD WRXW HQ UHQGDQW GLIILFLOH OH VXLYL GHV FRQWDFWV /H FRQILDJH TXL SHXW DYRLU OLHX DX VHLQ GX PrPH YLOODJH RX GH OD PrPH ]RQH UXUDOH VH QRXUULW DXVVL GH O¶LQWHUGpSHQGDQFH HQWUH YLOOH HW FDPSDJQH GDQV OD PHVXUH R GHV YLOODJHRLV HQYRLHQW OHXUV HQIDQWV FKH] GHV SDUHQWV FLWDGLQV DILQTX¶LOVVRLHQWpGXTXpVHQYLOOH/HVILOOHVTXLVRQWjO¶RULJLQH GH OD GHUQLqUH FKDvQH GH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ GH OD SUpIHFWXUH GH )RUHFDULDK SOXV SUpFLVpPHQW GX YLOODJH GH 7DQD V¶LQVFULYHQW GDQVFHFDV'HX[ILOOHVHQFRQILDJHRULJLQDLUHVG¶XQYLOODJHGH SrFKHXUV GH OD SUpIHFWXUH GH )RUHFDULDK 'LWLQ pWDLHQW HQ FRQILDJH GDQV OD IDPLOOH %DQJRXUD FRPPXQH GH 5DWRPD TXDUWLHU 'DU ² 6DODDP R OHXU JUDQGH V°XU pWDLW PDULpH /¶DvQpHGHVGHX[HVWG¶DERUGWRPEpHPDODGHHWHVWPRUWHDX& 7(VDQVSRXYRLUUHYRLUVHVSDUHQWVDXYLOODJHTXLQ¶RQWSDVSX DVVLVWHUDX[FpUpPRQLHVGHIXQpUDLOOHV&¶HVWDLQVLTXHODSHWLWH V°XUHVWWRPEpHPDODGHௗHOOHDpWpHQYR\pHG¶DERUGjO¶K{SLWDO  

'RQND DYDQW GH SDVVHU SDU GHX[ FOLQLTXHV PDLV OD ILqYUH G¶(EROD Q¶D SDV pWp GLDJQRVWLTXpH &HWWH IRLVFL VD PqUH D GHPDQGpVRQpYDFXDWLRQDXYLOODJHHQGLVDQW©ௗJ’ai déjà perdu ma première fille, dont je n’ai pas vu le corpsࣟ; il ne faudrait pas que je perde maintenant ma deuxième fille sans la voirࣟ». &¶HVW DLQVL TXH OD ILOOH PDODGH D pWp HPEDUTXpH GDQV XQ WD[L SXLV GDQV XQH SLURJXH DYHF ODTXHOOH HOOH D pWp WUDQVSRUWpH j 'LWLQௗDSUqV DYRLUUHYXVDPqUHO¶DVVLVWDQWG¶XQJXpULVVHXUHVW YHQX OD FKHUFKHU SRXU O¶DPHQHU GDQV VRQ YLOODJH DSSHOp 7DQD FHQWUH &¶HVW DLQVL TXH O¶DVVLVWDQW OH JXpULVVHXU HW SOXVLHXUV PHPEUHVGHVDIDPLOOHRQWpWpFRQWDPLQpVSDUODILqYUHG¶(EROD TXHODILOOHDYDLWGpVRUPDLVGpYHORSSp

ϰ͘ϰ͘ϰ͘>ĂŵŽďŝůŝƚĠĚĞƐĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƐĞŶŵŝůŝĞƵƵƌďĂŝŶ /D PLVH HQ SODFH GHV PHVXUHV GH VDQWp SXEOLTXH j &RQDNU\VXUWRXWGDQVOHVTXDUWLHUVOHVSOXVSDXYUHVHWHQFODYpV V¶HVW KHXUWpH j GHV GLIILFXOWpV VSpFLILTXHV HQ PLOLHX XUEDLQ HQ SDUWLFXOLHU HQ FH TXL FRQFHUQH O¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ HW OH VXLYL GHV FRQWDFWV (Q PLOLHX UXUDO LO D pWp UHODWLYHPHQW IDFLOH GH FLUFRQVFULUHO¶pSLGpPLHHQUHSpUDQWOHVFRQWDFWVFDUOHVTXDUWLHUV GHVYLOODJHVSOXVSHWLWVVRQWKDELWpVHQJpQpUDOSDUOHVPHPEUHV G¶XQH PrPH OLJQpH 'H IDoRQ JpQpUDOH OHV SRSXODWLRQV GX PLOLHX UXUDO JXLQpHQ VRQW SOXV KRPRJqQHV SDUFH TX¶HOOHV H[HUFHQW OHV PrPHV DFWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV QRWDPPHQW O¶DJULFXOWXUH HW O¶pOHYDJH &¶HVW SRXUTXRL OHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH UHJURXSHPHQWGHVSRSXODWLRQVSRXUWUDQVPHWWUHGHVPHVVDJHVHW GHVFRQVLJQHVGHOD5LSRVWHRQWpWpSOXVQRPEUHXVHVHQPLOLHX UXUDO 3DU FRQWUH HQ PLOLHX XUEDLQ OD FRPSOH[LWp GH FHUWDLQHV VWUXFWXUHVIDPLOLDOHVFRPSOLTXHOHUHSpUDJHGHVFRQWDFWVFDUHOOH REpLW DX[ H[LJHQFHV GHV VRFLpWpV PRGHUQHV DIULFDLQHV R OHV LQGLYLGXV FKHUFKHQW j YLYUH HQ YLOOH DYHF SHX GH PR\HQV ILQDQFLHUV VDQV SRXU DXWDQW FRXSHU OHV SRQWV DYHF OD IDPLOOH pODUJLH HW OH YLOODJH &HUWDLQV FKHIV GH IDPLOOH VH UpRUJDQLVHQW SDUH[HPSOHHQODLVVDQWDXYLOODJHO¶XQHGHOHXUVIHPPHVjWRXU GH U{OH '¶DXWUHV FKHIV GH IDPLOOHV SRO\JDPHV SHXYHQW DYRLU GHX[ RX WURLV pSRXVHV ORJpHV GDQV GHV UpVLGHQFHV GLIIpUHQWHV  

SDUPL OHVTXHOOHV OHV HQIDQWV HW OHV DGROHVFHQWV FLUFXOHQW LQFHVVDPPHQW /H %ULV 0DULH 2VPRQW 6LQRX    $XVVL DUULYHWLO SDUIRLV V¶LO Q¶\ D SDV VXIILVDPPHQW GH SODFHV j OD PDLVRQ TXH OHV HQIDQWV OHV SOXV kJpV QH YLHQQHQW TXH SRXU PDQJHU GDQV OD JUDQGH IDPLOOH PDLV TX¶LOV GRUPHQW FKH] OHV DPLV RX GDQV XQH FKDPEUHWWH ORXpH j FHW HIIHW 1RWRQV DXVVL TXHjSDUWOHFHQWUHYLOOHFRQVWLWXpSDUODSUHVTX¶vOHGH.DORXP OHVUXHVGH&RQDNU\Q¶RQWSDVG¶DGUHVVHFHTXLFRPSOLTXHWRXWH RSpUDWLRQ GH UHFHQVHPHQW 'H SOXV OD PDMHXUH SDUWLH GHV IDPLOOHV GH OD FDSLWDOH YLYHQW JUkFH DX[ SHWLWHV DFWLYLWpV GX VHFWHXU LQIRUPHO R OHV KRPPHV VRQW GHV RXYULHUV DUWLVDQV HW OHXUV IHPPHV H[HUFHQW GH SHWLWHV DFWLYLWpV GH FRPPHUFH &¶HVW SRXUTXRLLOpWDLWWUqVGLIILFLOHG¶DVVXUHUOHVXLYLGHVFRQWDFWVTXL QHSRXYDQWFRPSWHUVXUDXFXQVDODLUHpWDLHQWVRXYHQWFRQWUDLQWV GHVHGpSODFHUDILQGHJDJQHUOHXUSDLQTXHO¶RQDSSHOOHGDQVOH FRQWH[WHJXLQpHQ©ௗODGpSHQVHௗªRX©ௗOHSUL[GHODVDXFHௗªSRXU OH UHSDV TXRWLGLHQ 7HO HVW OH FDV GH 0RQVLHXU %DQJRXUD FKDXIIHXU GX TXDUWLHU 'DUVDODP GH *EHVVLD j &RQDNU\ &H GHUQLHU pWDLW DEVHQW GH OD PDLVRQ GqV OH GHX[LqPH MRXU GH VD TXDUDQWDLQHௗ F¶HVWj OD JDUH URXWLqUH GH 0DGLQD TX¶LO D pWp UHWURXYp HQ WUDLQ G¶HPEDUTXHU VHV SDVVDJHUV SRXU DOOHU j O¶LQWpULHXU GX SD\V %DQJRXUD D MXVWLILp VRQ DEVHQFH SDU OH IDLW TX¶LOQ¶DYDLWSDVFRPSULVTXHODTXDUDQWDLQHGHYDLWOHSULYHUGH VRQ DFWLYLWp SURIHVVLRQQHOOH VRXUFH GH UHFHWWHV TXRWLGLHQQHV LQGLVSHQVDEOHVSRXUQRXUULUVDIDPLOOH8QDXWUHMRXULODFUppOD SDQLTXHDXVHLQGHODFRRUGLQDWLRQGHOD5LSRVWHGHODFRPPXQH GH 5DWRPD ORUVTX¶XQ VXSHUYLVHXU D DQQRQFp VRQ DEVHQFH GH PDQLqUH WUqV DODUPLVWH HQ GLVDQW TX¶LO DYDLW IXL &H PpGHFLQ pWDLWG¶DXWDQWSOXVLQTXLHWTX¶LOpWDLWFRQYDLQFXG¶DYRLUREVHUYp FKH]0RQVLHXU%DQJRXUDGHVV\PSW{PHVGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGH OD PDODGLH G¶(EROD HQ OXL /H MHXQH FKDXIIHXU UHYLHQGUD GHX[ KHXUHV SOXV WDUG HQ MXVWLILDQW WUDQTXLOOHPHQW TX¶LO pWDLW SDUWL GpSRVHU OH UHSDV GH VD IHPPH DX &7( GH 'RQND DYDQW GH GpFKDUJHUGHYDQWQRXVWURLVVDFVGHNJGHUL]IRXUQLVSDUOH 3$0HWOHVGpSRVHUVHXOGDQVVRQDSSDUWHPHQW$XGHOjGHV GLIILFXOWpV GH VXLYL GHV FRQWDFWV GDQV OH FRQWH[WH XUEDLQ GH &RQDNU\ FHW H[HPSOH PRQWUH DXVVL OHV FRQGXLWHV DODUPLVWHV  

WHLQWpHV GH SUpMXJpV GH FHUWDLQV DFWHXUV GH OD 5LSRVWH TXL FRQWUDVWDLHQW DYHF OH FRXUDJH HW OD GLJQLWp GHV SHUVRQQHV HQ TXDUDQWDLQH REOLJpV GH FRPSRVHU DYHF OHV FRQWUDLQWHV GH OD 5LSRVWHHWFHOOHVGHODYLHTXRWLGLHQQH 'H SOXV HQ PLOLHX XUEDLQ GHV SHUVRQQHV GDQV XQH VLWXDWLRQ G¶H[FOXVLRQ VRFLDOH Q¶pWDLHQW SDV SURWpJpHV 1RXV DYRQVDVVLVWpjGHVFDVRXQKRPPHGRQWRQQHFRQQDLVVDLWSDV O¶DGUHVVH TXL IUpTXHQWDLW OHV EDUV GH *EHVVLD HQ IDFH GH O¶DpURSRUWDpWpUHWURXYpOHPDWLQFRXFKpGDQVXQFDQLYHDXR LODSDVVpODQXLWDSUqVDYRLUSHUGXFRQQDLVVDQFH6¶LOVXVFLWDLWOD FXULRVLWpHWOHVDWWURXSHPHQWVDXWRXUGHOXLSHUVRQQHQHYRXODLW OHWRXFKHUGHSHXUG¶rWUHFRQWDPLQpSDUOXL/HIDLWGHQ¶DYRLU QLSDSLHUQLWpOpSKRQHDUHQGXVDSULVHHQFKDUJHSDUOD&URL[ 5RXJH WUqV GLIILFLOH 4XDQW DX[ MHXQHV GX TXDUWLHU LOV QH YRXODLHQW SDV TX¶LO UHVWH OjEDV R LO SRXUUDLW FRQVWLWXHU XQH VRXUFHGHFRQWDPLQDWLRQ'¶DXWUHVKDELWDQWVpWDLHQWFKRTXpVGH YRLU SDVVHU OHV PLOLWDLUHV HW GHV RSpUDWHXUV GH OD &URL[5RXJH VDQVV¶RFFXSHUGHOXL3RXUREOLJHUOHVDXWRULWpVjV¶RFFXSHUGH OXL LO D IDOOX TXH OHV KDELWDQWV EDUULFDGHQW OHV URXWHV HQ HPSrFKDQWODFLUFXODWLRQ/¶KRPPHHQILQKRVSLWDOLVpHVWPRUW OHMRXUVXLYDQWDX&7(jFDXVHG¶XQHDXWUHPDODGLHTX¶LODXUDLW SXVXUPRQWHUV¶LODYDLWpWpSULVHQFKDUJHSOXVW{W8QDXWUHFDV VLPLODLUH FRQFHUQH OH FDV G¶XQH IHPPH UHWURXYpH PDODGH DX ERUG G¶XQH URXWH HQWUH 'XEUHND HW .LQGLD DSUqV XQH DYHQWXUH DPRXUHXVHDYHFXQKRPPHTXLDXUDLWPDOWRXUQp&HWWHIHPPH HVW WRPEpH PDODGH HQ WHQWDQW GH UHQWUHU FKH] HOOH j SLHG VDQV PR\HQV HW HOOH HVW UHVWpH ORQJWHPSV VDQV DVVLVWDQFH OHV GLIIpUHQWHVFRRUGLQDWLRQVSUpIHFWRUDOHVVHUHSRUWDLHQWVDQVFHVVH ODUHVSRQVDELOLWp'HWHOVFDVpFKDSSDLHQWjODGpILQLWLRQGHFDV GHOD&URL[5RXJHFDULOpWDLWGLIILFLOHG¶LGHQWLILHUODSHUVRQQH HW GH OD SUHQGUH HQ FKDUJH 'DQV G¶DXWUHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV OHV SDVVDQWV VH VHUDLHQW HPSUHVVpV GH VHFRXULU XQ PDODGH PDLV OD SHXU G¶(EROD PrPH FKH] GHV SRSXODWLRQV TXL QLDLHQW VRQ H[LVWHQFHHPSrFKDLWOHVJHQVGHV¶RFFXSHUG¶XQpWUDQJHUVHORQ OHV UqJOHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV GH O¶KRVSLWDOLWp 'H WHOV H[HPSOHV

 

SDUPL WDQW G¶DXWUHV PRQWUHQW HQFRUH XQH IRLV O¶HIIHW UDYDJHXU G¶(ERODVXUOHVVROLGDULWpV

/¶LPSDFWGHO¶pSLGpPLHHWGHVPHVXUHVGHOD 5LSRVWHVHORQOHVFDWpJRULHVVRFLRSURIHVVLRQQHOOHV 1RXV DYRQV PRQWUp FLKDXW O¶LPSDFW GHV PHVXUHV GH OD 5LSRVWH FRQWUH (EROD HQ *XLQpH VXU OHV SRSXODWLRQV UXUDOHV HW XUEDLQHV HQ HVVD\DQW GH GpPRQWUHU TXH OHV UpDFWLRQV j FHV FRQWUDLQWHV RQW YDULp VHORQ OH VH[H HW O¶kJH GHV SHUVRQQHV FRQFHUQpHV ,O HVW QpFHVVDLUH PDLQWHQDQW GH PRQWUHU FRPPHQW FHWLPSDFWYDULHVHORQO¶DSSDUWHQDQFHDX[GLIIpUHQWHVFDWpJRULHV VRFLRSURIHVVLRQQHOOHV /¶LQWpUrW G¶XQH WHOOH GpPDUFKH TXL FRQVLVWHjVRXOLJQHUFHWWHYDULDWLRQGHVLPSDFWVV¶H[SOLTXHSDUOH IDLW TX¶HOOH QRXV SHUPHW GH YRLU FRPPHQW OHV SRSXODWLRQV RQW UpDJL DX[ VWUDWpJLHV GH OD 5LSRVWH DXVVL HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OHXUV LQWpUrWV FDWpJRULHOV 0rPH VL OHV SURWDJRQLVWHV GHV UpWLFHQFHV H[SOLTXDLHQW OHXU FRQGXLWH SDU OD WUDQVJUHVVLRQ GHV YDOHXUV FXOWXUHOOHVHWUHOLJLHXVHVOHXUDWWLWXGHpWDLWVRXYHQWGLFWpHSDUOD GpIHQVH GHV LQWpUrWV pFRQRPLTXHV OLpV j OHXU DFWLYLWp SURIHVVLRQQHOOH

ϰ͘ϱ͘ϭ͘>ĞƐŵĠĚĞĐŝŶƐĞƚůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĚĞƐĂŶƚĠ /HV PHPEUHV GX SHUVRQQHO GH VDQWp QRWDPPHQW OHV PpGHFLQV OHV LQILUPLHUV OHV DJHQWV GH VDQWp RQW pWp OHV SUHPLHUV j rWUH FRQIURQWpV j O¶pSLGpPLH G¶XQH PDODGLH P\VWpULHXVH GRQW RQ QH VDYDLW SDV TX¶LO V¶DJLVVDLW G¶(EROD ,OV RQW SD\p pJDOHPHQW OH WULEXW OH SOXV pOHYp HQ YLHV KXPDLQHV /HXU U{OH WUDGLWLRQQHO GH PpGHFLQ TXL FRQVLVWH j DLGHU OHV PHPEUHVGHODIDPLOOHpODUJLHRXGHODFRPPXQDXWpYLOODJHRLVH SRXU VH VRLJQHU JUDWXLWHPHQW GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH GH SDXYUHWp HW G¶DEVHQFH GH SURWHFWLRQ VRFLDOH OHV D UHQGXV SOXV H[SRVpV j FHWWH PDODGLH 5DSSHORQVQRXV TX¶HQ *XLQpH IRUHVWLqUH O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD V¶HVW SURSDJpH HQ YLOOH j SDUWLU GH GHX[ PpGHFLQV'U-RQDVHW'U)DVVDTXLRQWDFFHSWpG¶DFFXHLOOLUHW GH VRLJQHU FKH] HX[ GHV SDUHQWV HW GHV PHPEUHV GH OHXUV  

YLOODJHV G¶RULJLQH D\DQW pWp FRQWDPLQpV &HUWDLQHV PDXYDLVHV KDELWXGHVGHVPpGHFLQVSDUH[HPSOHOHIDLWGHQHSDVPHWWUHOHV JDQWVORUVGHODFRQVXOWDWLRQOHVRQWpJDOHPHQWH[SRVpVjFHWWH PDODGLHP\VWpULHXVH ,O \ D OLHX GH VRXOLJQHU DXVVL TXH OHV PpGHFLQV RQW pWp OHV SOXV H[SRVpV DX[ FULWLTXHV HW DX[ UXPHXUV OHV GpVLJQDQW FRPPHGHVDVVDVVLQVTXLWXHUDLHQWOHVSDWLHQWVHWSURSDJHUDLHQW (EROD VXU RUGUH GX JRXYHUQHPHQW RX GHV ,QVWLWXWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHV 6XLWH j FHV UXPHXUV TXH O¶RQ DQDO\VHUD SOXV ORLQEHDXFRXSG¶K{SLWDX[VHVRQWYLGpVHQSULYDQWOHVPpGHFLQV j OD IRLV GH OHXU FUpGLELOLWp HW GH OHXUV UHVVRXUFHV ILQDQFLqUHV VXUWRXW GDQV OH FDV GHV MHXQHV GRFWHXUV VWDJLDLUHV &HX[FL HQ DWWHQWH G¶rWUH HPEDXFKpV SDU OD IRQFWLRQ SXEOLTXH VXUYLYHQW JUkFH DX[ UHFHWWHV REWHQXHV j WUDYHUV GHV FRQVXOWDWLRQV LQIRUPHOOHVHWG¶DXWUHVIDYHXUVHQYHUVOHVPDODGHV/HIpYULHU  j QRWUH DUULYpH j .LVVLGRXJRX QRXV DYRQV UpDOLVp XQ HQWUHWLHQ DYHF OH PpGHFLQFKHI GH OD PpGHFLQH JpQpUDOH GH O¶K{SLWDO SUpIHFWRUDO GH .LVVLGRXJRX HW SUHPLHU UHVSRQVDEOH GX &(7(&20 &HQWUH GH WUDLWHPHQW &RPPXQDXWDLUH  $X FRXUV GH FHW HQWUHWLHQ HIIHFWXp DYHF QRWUH FROOqJXH DQWKURSRORJXH 'DYLG1\HUHNpOHPpGHFLQQRXVDH[SOLTXpTXHGHSXLVOHGpEXW GH O¶pSLGpPLH VD PDLVRQ HW O¶K{SLWDO TXL VRQW GDQV OD PrPH FRXU pWDLHQW GHYHQXV SRXU UHSUHQGUH VHV SURSUHV WHUPHV ©ௗun lieu hanté où personne ne voulait plus se rendre par peur de se faire contaminerௗª $SUqV SOXVLHXUV FDV GH GpFqV G¶(EROD DX VHLQ GX SHUVRQQHO GH O¶K{SLWDO TXL DYDLHQW WRXFKp DXVVL VHV FROOqJXHVHWVRQDGMRLQWLOVpWDLHQWWUqVLVROpVHWVWLJPDWLVpVGDQV OD FRXU GH O¶K{SLWDO TXL V¶pWDLW YLGp WUqV UDSLGHPHQW GH VHV SDWLHQWV 6HORQ FH PpGHFLQ MXVTX¶j LO \ D XQ PRLV ORUVTXH OHV JHQV WRPEDLHQW PDODGHV LOV pYLWDLHQW GH YHQLU j O¶K{SLWDO FDU FHUWDLQVSDWLHQWVHWOHVPHPEUHVGHOHXUVIDPLOOHVPDOLQIRUPpV SHQVDLHQW TXH F¶pWDLHQW OHV PpGHFLQV TXL pWDLHQW HQ WUDLQ GH FRQWDPLQHUOHVJHQV &¶HVWDLQVLTXHOHVK{SLWDX[DYDLHQWSHUGXOHXUVUHFHWWHV DYHF OHVTXHOOHV pWDLHQW SD\pV GHV PHPEUHV GX SHUVRQQHO GH  

VDQWp HQ VLWXDWLRQ GH SUpFDULWp DSSHOpV FRQWUDFWXHOV 3DU FRQVpTXHQW FHV GHUQLHUV VH VRQW QDWXUHOOHPHQW UHWURXYpV DX FK{PDJH /HV WUDYDLOOHXUV GHV K{SLWDX[ TXL VRQW IRQFWLRQQDLUHV RQW FHUWHV JDUGp OHXUV VDODLUHV PDLV OHXUV UHYHQXV DYDLHQW QHWWHPHQW GLPLQXp GDQV OD PHVXUH R OHV PrPHV UHFHWWHV pWDLHQWXWLOLVpHVSDUHX[FRPPHXQVXSSOpPHQWGHOHXUVPDLJUHV VDODLUHV&HVRQWOHVFRQWUDFWXHOVGHVVWDJLDLUHVHWWRXVFHX[TXL YLHQQHQWVHGpEURXLOOHUjO¶K{SLWDODILQG¶DYRLUXQSHXG¶DUJHQW TXRWLGLHQQHPHQW GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH GH FK{PDJH GH FRUUXSWLRQ HWGHFOLHQWpOLVPHSOXVQRPEUHX[TXHOHVWLWXODLUHVTXLRQWSOXV VXEL OHV LPSDFWV QpJDWLIV GX PDQTXH GH IUpTXHQWDWLRQ GHV K{SLWDX[ &RPPH OHV FOLQLTXHV SULYpHV VRQW GH ORLQ SOXV QRPEUHXVHV GDQV OHV YLOOHV VXUWRXW j &RQDNU\ TXH OHV FHQWUHV GH VDQWp SXEOLFV HOOHV FRQVWLWXDLHQW GHV QLGV R VH FDFKHUDLHQW GHV PDODGHV D\DQW GHV V\PSW{PHV G¶(EROD &¶HVW SRXUTXRL FHUWDLQHV G¶HQWUH HOOHV RQW pWp IHUPpHV G¶DXWUHV RQW pWp FRQWUDLQWHV GH UHVSHFWHU XQ PLQLPXP GH QRUPHV PpGLFDOHV HW G¶K\JLqQH ,O D pWp G¶DLOOHXUV GpFRQVHLOOp DX[ SDWLHQWV GH IUpTXHQWHU FHV SHWLWHV FOLQLTXHV R LOV V¶H[SRVHUDLHQW SOXV IDFLOHPHQWjO¶pSLGpPLHHQUDLVRQGXPDQTXHG¶K\JLqQHHWG¶XQ SHUVRQQHO SOXV TXDOLILp 7RXWHV FHV PHVXUHV RQW DOLPHQWp OHV IUXVWUDWLRQV GHV SURSULpWDLUHV GH FHV FOLQLTXHV HW GHV PpGHFLQV TXLVRQWHQJpQpUDOMHXQHVHWSHXH[SpULPHQWpV,OVYLYDLHQWPDO OH IDLW G¶rWUH GpVRUPDLV VRXPLV j O¶LQVSHFWLRQ GHV PpGHFLQV pSLGpPLRORJLVWHV GH O¶206 FH TX¶LOV UHVVHQWDLHQW FRPPH XQH PHQDFH SRXU OHXUV HPSORLV HW OHXUV UHYHQXV (Q HIIHW j SOXVLHXUV UHSULVHV OH PLQLVWqUH GH OD 6DQWp HW OHV DXWRULWpV FRPPXQDOHVDYDLHQWPHQDFpGHIHUPHWXUHOHVVWUXFWXUHVSULYpHV TXL QH UHVSHFWHUDLHQW SDV OHV QRUPHV PpGLFDOHV HW OHV PHVXUHV G¶K\JLqQHjWUDYHUVXQPLQLPXPG¶pTXLSHPHQWVDGpTXDWV

ϰ͘ϱ͘Ϯ͘>ĞƐŐƵĠƌŝƐƐĞƵƌƐƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶŶĞůƐ /HV JXpULVVHXUV WUDGLWLRQQHOV VRQW WUqV QRPEUHX[ HQ *XLQpH HW LOV RQW WHQGDQFH j SURSRVHU SOXVLHXUV UHPqGHV DX[  

SDWLHQWV GRQW LOV Q¶RQW SDV QpFHVVDLUHPHQW O¶H[SHUWLVH RX OD FRPSpWHQFH,OVRSqUHQWFRPPHGHVJpQpUDOLVWHVTXLRQWDSSULV OHXUPpWLHUVXUOHWDVHQREVHUYDQWOHXUVPDvWUHVTXLOHVXWLOLVHQW FRPPH PDLQG¶°XYUH WRXW HQ UHFHYDQW GH FHV GHUQLHUV GHV UHFHWWHV D\DQW XQ DVSHFW VDFUp /D PpGHFLQH WUDGLWLRQQHOOH UHSRVH VXU XQH ERQQH FRQQDLVVDQFH GHV SODQWHV PpGLFLQDOHV PDLVOHXUGHJUpGHFRPSpWHQFHHWGHQLYHDXGHVSpFLDOLVDWLRQQH VRQW SDV PHVXUpV HW FHUWLILpV SDU XQ GLSO{PH /HV DFWLYLWpV SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV GHV JXpULVVHXUV VRQW DOLPHQWpHV HW OpJLWLPpHV SDU OD FUR\DQFH VHORQ ODTXHOOH LO \ D GHV PDODGLHV TXL QH VDXUDLHQW rWUH VRLJQpHV j O¶K{SLWDO SRXU OHVTXHOOHV LO IDXW REOLJDWRLUHPHQW FRQVXOWHU OHV VSpFLDOLVWHV GH OD PpGHFLQH WUDGLWLRQQHOOH &¶HVW DLQVL TXH OHV WUDGLSUDWLFLHQV VH VRQW SRVLWLRQQpV FRPPH XQ UHFRXUV XQH DOWHUQDWLYH SRXU SDOOLHU FHUWDLQHV OLPLWHV GH OD PpGHFLQH PRGHUQH RX GX V\VWqPH GH VDQWp 3OXVLHXUV SDWLHQWV SOXV LPSUpJQpV GH FUR\DQFHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV HW SHX VFRODULVpV RQW G¶DLOOHXUV UHFRXUV j OD PpGHFLQHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHDYDQWG¶DOOHUjO¶K{SLWDORLOVDUULYHQW OH SOXV VRXYHQW WURS WDUGLYHPHQW 2U GqV O¶DSSDULWLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLHOHPLQLVWqUHGHOD6DQWpHWODFRRUGLQDWLRQQDWLRQDOH DYDLHQW FODLUHPHQW DQQRQFp TXH QL OD PpGHFLQH PRGHUQH QL OHV WUDGLSUDWLFLHQV Q¶DYDLHQW GH UHPqGHV SRXU FHWWH QRXYHOOH PDODGLH HQ *XLQpH 2Q YHQDLW GRQF FRXSHU GH O¶KHUEH VRXV OHV SLHGV GHV JXpULVVHXUV G¶R OH PpFRQWHQWHPHQW GH FHUWDLQV G¶HQWUH HX[ 3DU FRQWUH G¶DXWUHV RQW LQWHUSUpWp FHWWH DQQRQFH FRPPH XQ QRXYHDX GpIL HQ FKHUFKDQW j WRXW SUL[ j JXpULU GHV PDODGHV G¶(EROD DYHF WRXW OH ULVTXH TXH FHOD FRPSRUWDLW SRXU UpXVVLUOjRODPpGHFLQHPRGHUQHDYDLWpFKRXp 'H SOXV OHV JXpULVVHXUV RQW EHVRLQ GH VRLJQHU OHV SDWLHQWV DILQ GH JDJQHU OHXU YLH 2U SRXU FLUFRQVFULUH UDSLGHPHQWO¶pSLGpPLHDILQGHO¶pUDGLTXHUWRXWFDVGHILqYUHRX GH YRPLVVHPHQW pWDLW GpVRUPDLV FRQVLGpUp FRPPH VXVSHFW 3DU FRQVpTXHQWLOQHVDXUDLWrWUHVRLJQpSDUOHVJXpULVVHXUV'XFRXS FHV PHVXUHV FRQWULEXDLHQW j OHXU IDLUH SHUGUH OHXU FOLHQWqOH &¶HVW SRXUTXRL FHUWDLQV JXpULVVHXUV VRXV FRQWUDLQWHV pFRQRPLTXHV RQW WUDQVJUHVVp OHV UqJOHV HQ IDYRULVDQW DLQVL OD  

SURSDJDWLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH ORUVTX¶LOV RQW JDUGp GHV PDODGHV SUpVHQWDQWOHVV\PSW{PHVG¶(EROD7HOHVWOHFDVGXJXpULVVHXU GXYLOODJH7DQDFHQWUHTXLHVWjO¶RULJLQHGHO¶DSSDULWLRQG¶XQH QRXYHOOH FKDvQH GH FRQWDJLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH GDQV OD SUpIHFWXUH GH )RUpFDULDK HQ ILQ VHSWHPEUH  GRQW QRXV DYRQV GpMj SDUOp

ϰ͘ϱ͘ϯ͘ >͛ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ZŝƉŽƐƚĞ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ĐŚĂƐƐĞƵƌƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ǀĞŶĚĞƵƐĞƐĚĞǀŝĂŶĚĞĚĞďƌŽƵƐƐĞ͘ /¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ GH OD FRQVRPPDWLRQ GH OD YLDQGH GH EURXVVH HW GH VD FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ D SULYp OHV FKDVVHXUV HW OHV IHPPHV YHQGHXVHV GH OHXUV UHYHQXV ILQDQFLHUV ,O \ DYDLW HQ *XLQpH DYDQW O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD XQH pFRQRPLH GH YLDQGH GH EURXVVH TXL IDLW YLYUH OHV FKDVVHXUV HQ PLOLHX UXUDO 'DQV XQ FRQWH[WH R O¶pOHYDJH Q¶HVW SDV GpYHORSSp OHV YLDQGHV GH EURXVVHVFRQVWLWXHQWXQFRPSOpPHQWGHSURWpLQHV(OOHDSSDUDvW pJDOHPHQW FRPPH XQH YLDQGH H[RWLTXH D\DQW GHV YHUWXV WKpUDSHXWLTXHV GRQW VRQW IULDQGV SOXVLHXUV FLWDGLQV TXL OD FRQVRPPHQW GDQV OHV EDUV UHVWDXUDQWV DSSHOpV PDTXLV HQ EXYDQW GH O¶DOFRRO ,O \ D GRQF HQ *XLQpH WRXWH XQH ILOLqUH G¶DFWHXUV pFRQRPLTXHV QRWDPPHQW OHV FKDVVHXUV OHV FRPPHUoDQWHV YHQGHXVHV HW OHV UHVWDXUDWHXUV GHV EDUV R OD YLDQGH GH EURXVVH HVW FRQVRPPpH 0DOJUp O¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ FHUWDLQV YHQGHXUV HW UHVWDXUDWHXUV RQW FRQWLQXp j pFRXOHU OHXUV VWRFNV SRXU FRQWLQXHU j JDJQHU RX j PLQLPLVHU OHV SHUWHV /D SHUVLVWDQFHGHFHVYHQWHVFODQGHVWLQHVV¶H[SOLTXHSDUOHIDLWTXH GDQVOHJRXYHUQHPHQWQ¶DMDPDLVUpFODPpOHVVWRFNVGHYLDQGHV GHEURXVVHSRXUOHVEU€OHURXOHVMHWHUFRPPHRQOHIDLWGDQVOH FDGUH GHV GURJXHV VDLVLHV SDU OD SROLFH 2U VRQ LQWHUGLFWLRQ MXVTX¶j QRV MRXUV Q¶D SDV pWp DFFRPSDJQpH GH PHVXUHV DOWHUQDWLYHV YLVDQW DFFRPSDJQHU FHX[ TXL VRQW LPSOLTXpV GDQV FHWWHILOLqUHpFRQRPLTXHHQOHVRULHQWDQWYHUVG¶DXWUHVDFWLYLWpV VRXUFHV GH UHYHQXV ILQDQFLHUV '¶DLOOHXUV GqV OD GpFODUDWLRQ GH OD ILQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH OHV JHQV RQW UHFRPPHQFp OD YHQWH HW OD FRQVRPPDWLRQGHVYLDQGHVGHEURXVVHQRWDPPHQWDXERUGGHV URXWHVQDWLRQDOHVGHO¶LQWpULHXUGXSD\V,O\DOLHXGHVRXOLJQHU  

FHSHQGDQWTXHEHDXFRXSGHFRQVRPPDWHXUVRQWFHVVpG¶DFKHWHU RX GH FRQVRPPHU FHV YLDQGHV HQ IDYRULVDQW DLQVL OD UHSURGXFWLRQ GH FHUWDLQHV HVSqFHV G¶DQLPDOHV WHOV TXH OHV VLQJHVGRQWODVXUYLHpWDLWPHQDFpH

ϰ͘ϱ͘ϰ͘>ĂĨĞƌŵĞƚƵƌĞĚĞƐĠĐŽůĞƐ͕ĚĞƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠƐĞƚů͛ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ƌĞǀĞŶƵƐ ĚĞƐ ĞŶƐĞŝŐŶĂŶƚƐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ǀĞŶĚĞƵƐĞƐ ĚĞ ů͛ĠĐŽůĞ͘ /D IHUPHWXUH GHV pFROHV D pJDOHPHQW HX XQ LPSDFW VRFLRpFRQRPLTXH VXU OHV HQVHLJQDQWV VXUWRXW FHX[ GHV pFROHV SULYpHV TXL QH VRQW SDV GHV IRQFWLRQQDLUHV HQ OHV SULYDQW VLPSOHPHQWGHOHXUVRXUFHGHUHYHQXVPHQVXHOV2UHQ*XLQpH VXUWRXW j &RQDNU\ OHV pFROHV HW OHV XQLYHUVLWpV SULYpHV R OHV HQVHLJQDQWV RQW XQ VWDWXW SUpFDLUH VRQW SUHVTXH GHX[ IRLV SOXV QRPEUHXVHVTXHOHVpWDEOLVVHPHQWVG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSXEOLFV&H VRQW GHV MHXQHV GLSO{PpV FK{PHXUV TXL VH WRXUQHQW YHUV O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWRXLOVDFFHSWHQWOHVEDVVDODLUHVHQDWWHQGDQWGH WURXYHU PLHX[ $X SULPDLUH HW DX VHFRQGDLUH OHV HQVHLJQDQWV JDJQHQW HQWUH  )* HW  )* SDU KHXUH HW GDQV OHV XQLYHUVLWpV OHV VDODLUHV YDULHQW VHORQ OHV pWDEOLVVHPHQWV GH )*j)*&¶HVWHQUDLVRQGHFHVWDX[KRQRUDLUHV WUqVIDLEOHVTXHOHVHQVHLJQDQWVDFFXPXOHQWGHVKHXUHVGHFRXUV HQ VH VXUFKDUJHDQW DLQVL WRXW HQ DIIHFWDQW GX PrPH FRXS OD TXDOLWp GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW &H VRQW OHV PrPHV HQVHLJQDQWV HQ PDMRULWpWUqVMHXQHVTXLYLHQQHQWG¶REWHQLUXQHOLFHQFHRXXQH PDvWULVH TXL FLUFXOHQW HQ JpQpUDO G¶XQH pFROH RX G¶XQH XQLYHUVLWp j XQH DXWUH j OD UHFKHUFKH GHV KHXUHV GH FRXUV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV GRQW LOV RQW pWp SULYpV SHQGDQW OD GXUpH GH OD IHUPHWXUH GH TXDWUH PRLV G¶RFWREUH  HQ IpYULHU  %RWWD6RPSDUpHW6RPSDUp 2UFHVMHXQHVGLSO{PpVVRQW HQJpQpUDOGHVOHDGHUVG¶RSLQLRQDXVHLQGHOHXUVFRPPXQDXWpV GRQWODPDMRULWpHVWDQDOSKDEqWHRXLOVDQLPHQWGHVGpEDWVGDQV OHV FDIpV OHV EDUV PDTXLV RX GHV JUDLQV /HV GLVFRXUV WUqV FULWLTXHV YLVDQW OD 5LSRVWH OHV UXPHXUV HW OD GpVLQIRUPDWLRQ HQWUHWHQXHVHWGLIIXVpHVGDQVFHVOLHX[GHUHQFRQWUHVQHVRQWSDV

 

LQGpSHQGDQWV GH OD VRFLRSURIHVVLRQQHOOH

IUXVWUDWLRQ

GH

FHWWH

FDWpJRULH

/D IHUPHWXUH GHV pFROHV HW O¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ GH YHQGUH OD QRXUULWXUH GDQV OHV pWDEOLVVHPHQWV VFRODLUHV DX GpEXW GH O¶pSLGpPLHRQWpJDOHPHQWSULYpOHVYHQGHXVHVGHOHXUVVRXUFHV GHUHYHQXV(QHIIHWGDQVXQFRQWH[WHRLOQ¶\DSDVGHFDQWLQH VFRODLUHODPDMHXUHSDUWLHGHVpFROLHUVSUpIqUHQWSUHQGUHOHSHWLW GpMHXQHUjO¶pFROHHQSOXVGXJR€WHUSHQGDQWODUpFUpDWLRQ2Q SHXW FRPSWHU DX QLYHDX GH FKDTXH pFROH GH &RQDNU\ XQH YLQJWDLQHGHYHQGHXVHVGHQRXUULWXUHOHUL]KDULFRWVVSDJKHWWL HWF  &HV IHPPHV GRQW OHV PDULV VRQW HQ JpQpUDO GHV RXYULHUV SUpFDLUHV RX GHV FK{PHXUV GX VHFWHXU LQIRUPHO pWDLHQW WUqV PpFRQWHQWHV GH FHV PHVXUHV TX¶HOOHV WURXYDLHQW LQMXVWHV '¶DXWUHV DXUDLHQW PrPH WHQWp GH VDERWHU OD 5LSRVWH HQ UpSDQGDQW OD UXPHXU VHORQ ODTXHOOH OD &URL[5RXJH SDVVH GDQV OHVpFROHVSRXUFRQWDPLQHUOHVHQIDQWV

ϰ͘ϱ͘ϱ͘>ĞƐůĂǀĞƵƌƐĚĞĐŽƌƉƐĞƚůĂZŝƉŽƐƚĞ͘ /¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ GH ODYHU OHV FRUSV DX VHLQ GHV FRPPXQDXWpV HW GDQV OHV PRVTXpHV UHSUpVHQWDLW XQ PDQTXH j JDJQHU SRXU OHV SHUVRQQHV kJpHV HW OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV UHOLJLHX[ GHVPRVTXpHVTXLpWDLHQWFKDUJpVG¶DFFRPSOLUFHWWHWkFKHDYDQW O¶pSLGpPLH,OVRQWDLQVLSHUGXOHXUSUHVWLJHDXSURILWGHVMHXQHV UHFUXWpV SDU OD &URL[5RXJH j OHXU SODFH 'DQV XQ FRQWH[WH R SOXVGHODPRLWLpGHVGpFqVRQWOLHXDXVHLQGHVFRPPXQDXWpV HQ GHKRUV GHV FHQWUHV GH VDQWp HW GHV K{SLWDX[ OHV FRUSV GHV GpIXQWV VRQW G¶DERUG ODYpV GDQV OHV IDPLOOHV RX GDQV OD PRVTXpH R O¶RQ GRLW pJDOHPHQW SULHU VXU HX[ &H VRQW GHV SHUVRQQHV kJpHV MXJpHV VDJHV HW GLVFUqWHV TXL ODYHQW OHV FRUSV GDQVOHFDGUHG¶XQHGLYLVLRQGXWUDYDLOVHORQOHVH[HHWO¶kJH2Q QH ODYH SDV XQ FRUSV GH VH[H RSSRVp HW OHV SOXV MHXQHV QH GRLYHQW SDV QRQ SOXV VH PrOHU GHV DFWLYLWpV GH WRLOHWWH IXQqEUH GHVGpIXQWVEHDXFRXSSOXVkJpV$SUqVDYRLUODYpOHVFRUSVOHV PHPEUHV GH OD IDPLOOH HQGHXLOOpH QRWDPPHQW OHV SOXV SURFKHV GX GpIXQW H[SULPHQW OHXU UHFRQQDLVVDQFH HW VRXODJHPHQW DX[  

ODYHXUVJUkFHDX[TXHOVOHXUSDUHQWYDUHSDUWLUSURSUHGDQVO¶DX GHOj HQ OHXU GRQQDQW GH O¶DUJHQW GRQW OD VRPPH YDULH HQWUH  )* HW  )* VHORQ OHV PR\HQV GHV IDPLOOHV FRQFHUQpHV HW GX UDQJ VRFLDO GH OD SHUVRQQH GpFpGpH ,O \ D pJDOHPHQWFHUWDLQVODYHXUVGHFRUSVVXUWRXWOHVYLHLOOHVIHPPHV TXL SHXYHQW GHPDQGHU V\PEROLTXHPHQW HQ FRQWUHSDUWLH DX[ IDPLOOHV HQGHXLOOpHV FHUWDLQV DFFHVVRLUHV QRWDPPHQW GHV WLVVXV GXVDYRQHWF ,O \ D OLHX GH QRWHU TXH OHV ODYHXUV GH FRUSV RQW pJDOHPHQW SHUGX OHXU SUHVWLJH VXLWH j FHWWH PHVXUH G¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ FDU DYDQW O¶pSLGpPLH LOV VH VHQWDLHQW LPSRUWDQWV HQDFFRPSOLVVDQWXQHWkFKHWUqVGpOLFDWHTXLH[LJHEHDXFRXSGH FRXUDJH HW G¶DOWUXLVPH 2U SHQGDQW (EROD FHWWH IRQFWLRQ pWDLW GpVRUPDLV DFFRPSOLH SDU GHV MHXQHV SHX H[SpULPHQWpV HW TXL pWDLHQW FRPSOqWHPHQW SURIDQHV HQ OD PDWLqUH DYDQW OH GpEXW GH O¶pSLGpPLH (Q UHFUXWDQW SOXVLHXUV MHXQHV MXJpV SOXV DSWHV j IDLUH XQ WUDYDLO TXL H[LJH EHDXFRXS GH IRUFH SK\VLTXH HW G¶HQGXUDQFH OD &URL[5RXJH D FRQWULEXp j GLIIXVHU OH VDYRLU IDLUHHWOHVDYRLUrWUHGXPpWLHUGHODYHXUVGHFRUSVTXLpWDLHQW MXVTX¶DORUV GpWHQXV SDU TXHOTXHV SHUVRQQHV kJpHV GHV GLIIpUHQWHVFRPPXQDXWpV'XFRXSLOVRQWSHUGXjODIRLVOHXUV UHYHQXV OHXU SUHVWLJH HW O¶DXWRQRPLH GH OHXU PpWLHU '¶R OD WUqV JUDQGH IUXVWUDWLRQ GHV ODYHXUV GH FRUSV WUqV SHUFHSWLEOHV GDQV OHV SURSRV GH O¶XQ G¶HQWUH HX[ XQ YLHLOODUG GH *EHVVLD 3RUW FRPPXQH XUEDLQH GH 0DWRWR j &RQDNU\ ©ௗMoi, je suis plus âgé que tous ces gens que vous voyez devant vous ici, j’ai plus de 80 ans. Je suis le plus ancien laveur de corps de Gbessia. C’est pourquoi, même si je suis fatigué maintenant, quand il y a décès dans ce secteur, on m’informe toujours en me demandant d’aider ceux qui vont laver. Or quand il y a eu cette affaire d’Ebola, on nous a mis sur la touche en nous demandant de laisser les gamins de laver le corps. Ceux qui viennent dans les voitures blanches et rouges avec des tenues rouges. Ce n’est pas tout le monde qui peut laver un corps, à plus forte raison quand ils sont si jeunes. Ils n’ont ni le savoir, ni le secret pour voir le corps et surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’une personne âgée,  

une personnalité, un grand-père de famille.ࣟ» /RUVTXH O¶RQ D UHODQFpO¶HQWUHWLHQHQSRVDQWGHVTXHVWLRQVVXUODFRPSHQVDWLRQ ILQDQFLqUH SHUGXH LO D SRXUVXLYL HQ QRXV SUpFLVDQW DYHF EHDXFRXS GH VLQFpULWp ©ࣟMême si on est pauvre et on gagnait un peu d’argent en faisant ce travail, on ne faisait pas pour ça seulement. Nous le faisions parce que nous sommes tous des êtres humains et c’est Dieu qui va nous récompenser, avec toutes les bénédictions qu’on reçoit de la part de nos frères musulmansࣟ».  /HV JDUGLHQV GHV FLPHWLqUHV HW FHX[ TXL FUHXVHQW OHV WRPEHV IRQW SDUWLH pJDOHPHQW GH O¶pFRQRPLH IXQpUDLUH FDU LOV UHoRLYHQW GH O¶DUJHQW GH OD SDUW GH FHX[ TXL RQW DVVLVWp j O¶HQWHUUHPHQW /RUVTX¶LOV IRQW OD FROOHFWH GH SHWLWHV VRPPHV G¶DUJHQWTXLYDULHQWGHj)*TXHOHVJHQVGRQQHQW LQGLYLGXHOOHPHQW LOV SHXYHQW JDJQHU SDUIRLV MXVTX¶j OD VRPPH GH  YRLUH  )* j O¶RFFDVLRQ GH FKDTXH HQWHUUHPHQW /HV LPDPV HW FHUWDLQV FKHIV UHOLJLHX[ GHV PRVTXpHV DYDLHQWpJDOHPHQWSHUGXXQHSDUWLHGHOHXUSRXYRLUTXLFRQVLVWH GDQV FHUWDLQHV ORFDOLWpV VXUWRXW HQ PLOLHX XUEDLQ VRXVVRX j DFFHSWHU RX j UHIXVHU GH SULHU VXU OH FRUSV GX GpIXQW VHORQ VD IUpTXHQWDWLRQ GH OD PRVTXpH ,O V¶DJLW GH VRXPHWWUH OH FRUSV j XQH VRUWH GH YHUGLFW SRSXODLUH DX VHLQ GH OD FRPPXQDXWp PXVXOPDQH GX TXDUWLHU TXH OHV JHQV UHGRXWHQW SDU SHXU GH GpVKRQRUHU OHXU IDPLOOH HW WHUQLU OHXU PpPRLUH 3OXVLHXUV FKHIV UHOLJLHX[XWLOLVHQWFHWWHSURFpGXUHDILQGHPHWWUHSUHVVLRQVXUOHV MHXQHVHQOHVH[KRUWDQWjIUpTXHQWHUUpJXOLqUHPHQWODPRVTXpH &HWWH DWWLWXGH WURXYH VD VRXUFH GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH R OD SUrFKHV GHV FKHIV UHOLJLHX[ WHLQWpV GH PHQDFHV YLVHQW j H[KRUWHU OHV PXVXOPDQV j DGKpUHU HQWLqUHPHQW j O¶,VODP HQ OH SUDWLTXDQW SOHLQHPHQW IDXWH GH TXRL LOV QH VDXUDLHQW pYLWHU OHV VDQFWLRQV GLYLQHVGHO¶HQIHU3DUFRQWUHGHSXLVO¶DSSDULWLRQGHO¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD ORUVTX¶LO \ DYDLW XQ GpFqV RQ pWDLW SOXV SUpRFFXSp GH VpFXULVHUOHFRUSVHWGHO¶HQWHUUHUUDSLGHPHQW

 

/HVPHVXUHVGHO¶HQWHUUHPHQWVpFXULVpYLVDQWjpYLWHUOD SURSDJDWLRQ GH O¶pSLGpPLH DYDLHQW IDLW GLVSDUDvWUH XQH pFRQRPLH IXQqEUH HQ DIIHFWDQW OHV LQWpUrWV GH VHV DFWHXUV QRWDPPHQWGHVSHUVRQQHVVDQVHPSORLTXLYLYHQWDXMRXUOHMRXU JUkFH DX[ GLIIpUHQWHV VRPPHV G¶DUJHQW TX¶LOV JDJQHQW j O¶RFFDVLRQGHFHVFpUpPRQLHV&HWWHGLPHQVLRQpFRQRPLTXHGHV DFWLYLWpV IXQpUDLUHV RFFXOWpH SDU OHV UHYHQGLFDWLRQV G¶RUGUH FXOWXUHO HW UHOLJLHX[ Q¶D SDV pWp VRXYHQW pYRTXpH SRXU GHV UDLVRQV UHOLJLHXVHV HW SRXU OD SXGHXU DXWRXU GH O¶DUJHQW HQ *XLQpHVXUWRXWjO¶RFFDVLRQG¶XQGpFqV (Q PrPH WHPSV OH UHFUXWHPHQW GHV MHXQHV GDQV OH FDGUHGHO¶HQWHUUHPHQWGLJQHHWVpFXULVpDIDYRULVpO¶DSSDULWLRQ GDQV O¶pFRQRPLH IXQqEUH GH QRXYHDX[ DFWHXUV VRXYHQW GHV FK{PHXUV D\DQW XQ QLYHDX GH VFRODULVDWLRQ OHXU SHUPHWWDQW GH GLVWLQJXHU HW GRVHU OHV GLIIpUHQWV GpVLQIHFWDQWV XWLOLVpV /HV QRXYHDX[ ODYHXUV GH FRUSV RQW MXVWLILp OHXU UHFUXWHPHQW HQ RSSRVDQW OHXU IRUFH SK\VLTXH OHXU QLYHDX G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ HW OHXU FDSDFLWp j VXSSRUWHU OD FKDOHXU SURYRTXpH SDU OHV WHQXHV GH SURWHFWLRQ j OD IUDJLOLWp SK\VLTXH HW j O¶DQDOSKDEpWLVPH GHV SHUVRQQHV kJpHV '¶R OH FRQIOLW GHV JpQpUDWLRQV GDQV OH FDGUH GH OD OXWWH FRQWUH (EROD HQ *XLQpH TXL H[SOLTXH pJDOHPHQW SRXUTXRL SOXVLHXUV UHVSRQVDEOHV GHV PRVTXpHV RQW FRQWLQXp j PDQLSXOHUOHVFRUSVPDOJUpOHVLQWHUGLFWLRQVHWOHVPHQDFHVGH VDQFWLRQ /HV FRPPXQDXWpV DYDLHQW G¶DLOOHXUV GHPDQGp XQ WUDQVIHUWGHVFRPSpWHQFHVGHOD&URL[5RXJHSRXUVHFKDUJHUGH O¶HQWHUUHPHQWVpFXULVp/D5LSRVWHDYDLWDFFXHLOOLFHWWHGHPDQGH DYHF UpVHUYH HQ H[LJHDQW G¶DERUG OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV ODYHXUV GH FRUSV 0DOJUp FHWWH IRUPDWLRQ TXL D pWp RUJDQLVpH XQ SHX SDUWRXW OD &URL[5RXJH D WRXMRXUV JDUGp OH PRQRSROH GH OD VpFXULVDWLRQGHODJHVWLRQGXFRUSVHWGHO¶HQWHUUHPHQW

ϰ͘ϱ͘ϲ͘ >ĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞƵƌƐ ƌŽƵƚŝĞƌƐ͕ ůĞƐ ƚĂdžŝƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ŵŽƚŽƐͲ ƚĂdžŝƐ͘ /¶LQWHUGLFWLRQG¶HPEDUTXHUGHVSDVVDJHUVPDODGHVDYHF GHV V\PSW{PHV G¶(EROD QRWDPPHQW OHV YRPLVVHPHQWV HW OD  

ILqYUH HW O¶LQVWDOODWLRQ GHV FKHFNSRLQWV VXU OHV URXWHV GH 'XEUHND %RIID &R\DK HW .LQGLD R O¶pSLGpPLH D SHUVLVWp ORQJWHPSV RQW HX XQ LPSDFW QpJDWLI VXU OD FDWpJRULH VRFLRSURIHVVLRQQHOOH GHV FKDXIIHXUV HW GHV FRQGXFWHXUV GH PRWRVWD[LV (Q *XLQpH OHV WUDQVSRUWHXUV FRQVWLWXHQW O¶XQH GHV FRXFKHV OHV SOXV H[SRVpHV j XQH WHOOH pSLGpPLH GDQV XQ FRQWH[WHG¶DEVHQFHGHWUDQVSRUWVHQFRPPXQHWSXEOLFVROHV SDVVDJHUV V¶HQWDVVHQW OHV XQV VXU OHV DXWUHV GDQV OHV WD[LV 3DU H[HPSOHOHVLqJHDUULqUHG¶XQHYRLWXUHGHWD[LDFFXHLOOHTXDWUH SHUVRQQHV HW OH VLqJH DQWpULHXU GHX[ SDVVDJHUV XQ WD[L FRQoX SRXU FLQT SHUVRQQHV HQ WUDQVSRUWH GRQF VHSW VDQV FRPSWHU OHV EpEpV RX OHVSHWLWV HQIDQWV 'H SOXV OHV URXWHV VRQWHQ JpQpUDO HQWUqVPDXYDLVpWDW0rPHVLO¶XQHGHVPHVXUHVGHOD5LSRVWH SRXUpYLWHUODSURSDJDWLRQSUpFRQLVHGHQHSDVVHWRXFKHUHQVH VHUUDQW OHV PDLQV ORUV GHV VDOXWDWLRQV LO HVW LPSRVVLEOH GH V¶HPEDUTXHUGDQVXQWD[LRXGDQVXQEXVVDQVVHIURWWHUDYHFOHV DXWUHV SDVVDJHUV WRXW HQ WUDQVSLUDQW EHDXFRXS HQ UDLVRQ GH OD FKDOHXU HW GH OD SUR[LPLWp 'DQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV OHV YpKLFXOHV GHVWUDQVSRUWHXUVHWOHXUVJDUHVURXWLqUHVVLWXpHVHQJpQpUDOGDQV OHV PDUFKpV R LO \ D XQH IRUWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ KXPDLQH HW XQ SUREOqPH G¶LQVDOXEULWp FRQVWLWXHQW GHV OLHX[ SRWHQWLHOV GH SURSDJDWLRQ UDSLGH GHV PDODGLHV &HUWDLQV FKDXIIHXUV GH WD[L MXJHDLHQWOHVPHVXUHVGHOD5LSRVWHWUqVFRQWUDLJQDQWHVFDUHOOHV FRQWULEXDLHQW HQ PrPH WHPSV j UpGXLUH OHV UHFHWWHV MRXUQDOLqUHV /HV FKDXIIHXUV WRXFKHQW HQ JpQpUDO XQ VDODLUH PHQVXHO TXL YD GH  j  )* GRQF GH  j  ¼ PDLVLOVVRQWWHQXVGHUpDOLVHUGHVUHFHWWHVMRXUQDOLqUHVDXSURILW GHOHXUSDWURQSRXUSRXYRLUMXVWLILHURXDXJPHQWHUOHXUVPDLJUHV VDODLUHV '¶R OD FRXUVH SRXU DYRLU SOXV GH SDVVDJHUV HQ XQ WHPSV UHFRUG j &RQDNU\ HQ REWHQDQW DLQVL UDSLGHPHQW OH UHQGHPHQW HVFRPSWp DYDQW GH IDLUH GHV YR\DJHV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV GRQW OHV UHFHWWHV VRQW KDELWXHOOHPHQW HPSRFKpHV FRPPH FRPSOpPHQW GX VDODLUH /HV FKDXIIHXUV FRQYRLWHQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW OHV FOLHQWV TXL VRXKDLWHQW FRPPDQGHU XQ ©ௗGpSODFHPHQWௗª F¶HVWjGLUH XWLOLVHU OH WD[L GH PDQLqUHSULYpHFRPPHFHODVHIDLWHQ(XURSHHQGHPDQGDQWDX FKDXIIHXU GH OHV FRQGXLUH j OD GHVWLQDWLRQ TX¶LOV SUpFRQLVHQW  

3XLVTXHOHVUHFHWWHVGXGpSODFHPHQWVRQWQHWWHPHQWVXSpULHXUHV j FHOOHV GX WUDQVSRUW FROOHFWLI VXUWRXW VL OD GHVWLQDWLRQ HVW pORLJQpH HOOHV SHUPHWWHQW DX FKDXIIHXU GH MRXLU G¶XQH PDUJH EpQpILFLDLUH LPSRUWDQWH ,O HVW GRQF IDFLOH GH FRPSUHQGUH SRXUTXRL OHV FKDXIIHXUV pWDLHQW WUqV WHQWpV G¶DFFHSWHU GH WUDQVSRUWHU FODQGHVWLQHPHQW GHV PDODGHV VXVSHFWV RX GHV FDGDYUHV GLVVLPXOpV GDQV OHV FRIIUHV HQ GLUHFWLRQ GHV YLOODJHV R LOV DOODLHQW rWUH VRLJQpV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW RX HQWHUUpV HQ WUDQVJUHVVDQW DLQVL OHV PHVXUHV GH OD 5LSRVWH ¬ O LQWpULHXU GX SD\V GDQV OHV SUpIHFWXUHV R LO Q¶\ D SDV FRQWUDLUHPHQW j &RQDNU\ VXIILVDPPHQW GH SDVVDJHUV SRXU SHUPHWWUH DX[ FKDXIIHXUV G¶REWHQLU OHXUV UHFHWWHV MRXUQDOLqUHV LOV UpVLVWDLHQW GLIILFLOHPHQW j OD WHQWDWLRQ G¶DFFHSWHU OH GpSODFHPHQW G¶XQ PDODGH /¶LQVXIILVDQFHGHVSDVVDJHUVHQPLOLHXUXUDOTXLREOLJH OHV FKDXIIHXUV j DWWHQGUH GHX[ RX WURLV KHXUHV DYDQW GH SDUWLU UHSUpVHQWHSRXUHX[XQPDQTXHjJDJQHUGpVRUPDLVDJJUDYpSDU ODFRQFXUUHQFHGHVPRWRVWD[LV'HSXLVODILQGHVDQQpHV OD GLIIXVLRQ GHV PRWRVWD[LV FRPPH GHV ELHQV QRXYHDX[ SRXU SDUDSKUDVHU*HRUJHV%DODQGLHUDDPpOLRUpOHVFRQGLWLRQVGHYLH GHV SD\VDQV JXLQpHQV TXL QH SDUFRXUHQW SOXV GH ORQJXHV GLVWDQFHV j SLHG ,OV RQW HQ PrPH WHPSV IDYRULVp XQH IRUWH PRELOLWp GHV SRSXODWLRQV &¶HVW SRXUTXRL GDQV OH FRQWH[WH GH O¶pSLGpPLHG¶(ERODOHVPRWRVWD[LVTXLVHGpSODFHQWGpVRUPDLV G¶XQ YLOODJH j XQ DXWUH WRXW HQ UHOLDQW OHV YLOOHV HW OHV FDPSDJQHV FRQVWLWXDLHQW XQ VpULHX[ YHFWHXU GH SURSDJDWLRQ GH FHWWHPDODGLH(QV¶LPSRVDQWFRPPHXQHDOWHUQDWLYHSRXUpYLWHU OHV HPERXWHLOODJHV HQ YLOOH HW SRXU VH UHQGUH GDQV OHV ORFDOLWpV OHVSOXVHQFODYpHVGRQWOHVURXWHVVRQWHQWUqVPDXYDLVpWDWHW HQ DFFHSWDQW GH FLUFXOHU j GHV KHXUHV WDUGLYHV FRQWUDLUHPHQW DX[YRLWXUHVLOVRQWpWpIDFLOHPHQWXWLOLVpVFODQGHVWLQHPHQWSDU FHUWDLQV PDODGHV G¶(EROD &¶HVW HQ UDLVRQ GHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV pQXPpUpHVFL²KDXWHWGHOHXUWHQWDWLRQGHJDJQHUUDSLGHPHQW DVVH] G¶DUJHQW TXH OHV FRQGXFWHXUV GH PRWRVWD[LV HQ JpQpUDO WUqV MHXQHV SDUPL OHVTXHOV LO \ D EHDXFRXS GH GLSO{PpV FK{PHXUV RQW pWp SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW WRXFKpV SDU O¶pSLGpPLH  

G¶(EROD 'H SOXV OH WD[L PRWR H[SRVH LQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQW j OD FRQWDJLRQ SOXV TXH OHV YRLWXUHV GDQV OD PHVXUH R LO HVW LPSRVVLEOH GH WUDQVSRUWHU XQ SDVVDJHU VXU XQH PRWR VDQV VH WRXFKHU OH FRQGXFWHXU HVW GRQF HQ FRQWDFW GLUHFW DYHF VRQ SDVVDJHU '¶DLOOHXUV OHV PRWRVWD[LV RQW pWp LQWHUGLWHV GDQV FHUWDLQHV ORFDOLWpV QRWDPPHQW OD VRXVSUpIHFWXUH GH 7DQHQH FRPPXQH UXUDOH GH 'XEUHND R GHV PRWRVWD[LV RQW WUDQVSRUWp GHV PDODGHV G¶(EROD TXL RQW pWp UHWLUpV SDU OD IRUFH DYHF XQH UDUHYLROHQFHG¶XQHDPEXODQFHTXLDpWpHQVXLWHEU€OpH

 



&LQTXLqPHFKDSLWUH3ROLWLTXHVHW SUDWLTXHVGHVDQWp7RPEHUPDODGHVH VRLJQHUHWPRXULUHQ*XLQpH /H G\VIRQFWLRQQHPHQW GX V\VWqPH GH VDQWp JXLQpHQ HW OHV VWUDWpJLHV G¶DGDSWDWLRQ GHV GLIIpUHQWHV FRXFKHV VRFLDOHV TXL HQ UpVXOWHQW RQW FRQVWLWXp XQ WHUUHDX WUqV IDYRUDEOH j OD SURSDJDWLRQUDSLGHGHO¶pSLGpPLH/HVPrPHVUpDOLWpVRQWDXVVL UHSUpVHQWp XQ REVWDFOH j O¶pUDGLFDWLRQ GH FHWWH PDODGLH /D UpWLFHQFH GHV SRSXODWLRQV JXLQpHQQHV j VH VRLJQHU SHQGDQW O¶pSLGpPLHG¶(ERODDVRXYHQWpWpLQWHUSUpWpHFRPPHXQHIRUPH GH UpVLVWDQFH FH TXH QRXV QH FRQWHVWRQV SDV 1RXV FUR\RQV FHSHQGDQW TXH EHDXFRXS GHV FRQGXLWHV REVHUYpHV SHQGDQW O¶pSLGpPLH FRPPH OD UpWLFHQFH j VH UHQGUH j O¶K{SLWDO SRXU VH VRLJQHU RX OD PpILDQFH HQYHUV OHV PpGHFLQV FRUUHVSRQGHQW HQ UpDOLWpjGHVKDELWXGHVELHQDQWpULHXUHVDXGpEXWGHO¶pSLGpPLH (OOHV V¶HQUDFLQHQW G¶XQH SDUW GDQV OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV GH OD PDODGLHHWG¶DXWUHSDUWGDQVOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVGHVSDWLHQWVDYHF OHSHUVRQQHOGHVDQWp /H IRQFWLRQQHPHQW HW OHV G\VIRQFWLRQQHPHQWV GX V\VWqPH GH VDQWp OHV VWUDWpJLHV GX SHUVRQQHO VRLJQDQW HW GHV XVDJHUV TXL HQ UpVXOWHQW FRQWULEXHQW j OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ G¶XQ FKDPS VDQLWDLUH HQ HPSUXQWDQW FH FRQFHSW j 3LHUUH %RXUGLHX   /HV QRPEUHXVHV LQFRKpUHQFHV HW GpIDLOODQFHV GX V\VWqPH GH VDQWp OH GpFDODJH HQWUH O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ SUpYXH DX QLYHDXLQVWLWXWLRQQHOHWOHVSUDWLTXHVGXWHUUDLQHQJHQGUHQWFKH] OHVLQGLYLGXVGHVFRQGXLWHVVSpFLILTXHVDXVHFWHXUGHODVDQWpR OHV DFWLRQV GH FKDFXQ SRXU SUpVHUYHU HW DPpOLRUHU VD SRVLWLRQ WRXW HQ GpIHQGDQW VHV LQWpUrWV VH UpSHUFXWHQW VXU OHV FRQGXLWHV GHV DXWUHV 2Q QH SHXW GRQF SDV FRPSUHQGUH OHV FKRL[ WKpUDSHXWLTXHVG¶XQSDWLHQWVDQVSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHVDSRVLWLRQ GDQV XQH VWUXFWXUH FRQVWLWXpH pJDOHPHQW SDU OHV PHPEUHV GX  

SHUVRQQHO VRLJQDQW SDU OHV HQWUHSUHQHXUV SURSULpWDLUHV GHV FOLQLTXHVSULYpHVSDUOHVUHSUpVHQWDQWVGXPLQLVWqUHGHOD6DQWp HW G¶DXWUHV LQVWLWXWLRQV TXL LQWHUYLHQQHQW GDQV OH GRPDLQH VDQLWDLUH ¬ O¶LQWpULHXU GH FH FKDPS O¶pWXGH GHV LQWHUDFWLRQV HQWUH OHV VRLJQDQWV HW OHV VRLJQpV TXL V¶LQVSLUH GHV WUDYDX[ GH O¶pTXLSH GLULJpH SDU ĂŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞĚĞŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐƐŽůŝĚĂƌŝƚĠƐƵƌďĂŝŶĞƐ 'H IDoRQ JpQpUDOH GDQV OHV TXDUWLHUV HQFODYpV GH &RQDNU\OHVSRSXODWLRQVRQWpWpFRQWUDLQWHVGHV¶RUJDQLVHUSRXU UpSRQGUH DX[ SUREOqPHV DX[TXHOV HOOHV VRQW FRQIURQWpHV HQ FRQVWUXLVDQW GHV URXWHV HW HQ FKHUFKDQW j UpVRXGUH OHV GpIDLOODQFHV GDQV OD IRXUQLWXUH G¶HDX SRWDEOH HW G¶pOHFWULFLWp &HOD D IDYRULVp OD QDLVVDQFH GH VROLGDULWpV HW G¶LGHQWLWpV XUEDLQHV TXL V¶H[SULPHQW SDU OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ G¶DVVRFLDWLRQV IpPLQLQHVG¶HQWUDLGHOHVVpUp HWGHJURXSHPHQWVGHMHXQHVTXL V¶RUJDQLVHQW FRPPH GpIHQVHXUV GX TXDUWLHU GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH G¶LQVpFXULWp&HVRUJDQLVDWLRQVVRQWDQLPpHVSDUGHVVHQWLPHQWV G¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RX PrPH G¶DSSURSULDWLRQ GH VD UXH RX GH VRQ TXDUWLHU SHUoX FRPPH XQH SURSULpWp GH VHV KDELWDQWV TXL GRLYHQW OH GpIHQGUH FRQWUH GHV GDQJHUV HQ SURYHQDQFH GH O¶H[WpULHXU FRPPH SDU H[HPSOH O¶pSLGpPLH G¶(EROD /¶XQ GHV LQGLFDWHXUV GH O¶pPHUJHQFH GH FHV DSSDUWHQDQFHV TXL VH UHFRXSHQW SDUIRLV PDLV SDV WRXMRXUV DYHF OHV LGHQWLWpV HWKQLTXHV HVW OD IUpTXHQFH GH SURWHVWDWLRQV HW SDUIRLV GHV UpYROWHV YLROHQWHV DXWRXU GX PDQTXH G¶HDX HW G¶pOHFWULFLWp RX G¶DXWUHV SUREOqPHV ORFDX[ &HV UHYHQGLFDWLRQV HPSUXQWHQW  

VRXYHQWODIRUPHGHPRXYHPHQWV1,0%