Klassenkampf oder Sozialer Konflikt?: Zu den Gleichgewichts und Konflikttheorien der bürgerlichen politischen Soziologie [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112583043, 9783112583036

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Bernd P. Löwe

KLASSENKAMPF ODER SOZIALER KONFLIKT? Zu den Gleichgewichtsund Konflikttheorien der bürgerlichen politischen Soziologie

HERAUSGEGEBEN

VON MANFRED

AKADEMIE-VERL AG BERLIN

BUHR

1973

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13

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21

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7 CM.: W . H i r s e h - W e b e r. Politik als Interossenkonflikt. Stuttgart, 1969, A p p e n d i x 1—5; 0 . H. von der G a b 1 e n t z. Dor K a m p f um die rechte Ordnung. Köln/Opladen, 1964, 2. T e i l . 8G. E i s e r m a n n . V o r w o r t zu W . H i r s c h - W e b e r — Politik als Interossenkonflikt, S. V . 9 Ibid.

22 HMeeT n

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6ypHKya3Horo oömGCTBa, a TaKJKG pa3BHTHGM, npojiGJiamibiM 6 y p ® y a 3 HblMH COIJHajIbHblMH HaVKaMII CO BpeMeHII BBIXOffa B CBeT KHHrn B g i i t j i h « P r o c e s s of G o v e r n m e n t » . KpoMG Toro, b 9THX HayKax — cocTaBHoii qacTH 6yp?Kya3Horo KJiacco11 CM.: D. B e r g n e r. Ideologie und Strategie.— «Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie», Heft 7/1968, S. 766 ff.

24 B o r o caMoco3HaHHH — OTpawaiOTCH c y m e c T B e H H t i e H3MeHEHHH FLYXOBHO-TEOPETHHECKHX NOTPEßHOCTEÖ MOHOHOJIHCTHiecKOH 6 y p ® y a 3 H H , o6T>eKTHBHo oßycjioBJieHHbie: a ) COmiaJIBHO-nOJIHTiraeCKHMH npOTHBOpe^HHMH B c a MOM HMnepHajiH3Me n 6 ) c y m e c T B O B a H n e M con;HajiH3Ma — C H a ^ a j i a B j r a i j e o f l H o r o C o B e T C K o r o C o i o 3 a , a Bnocjiep;CTBHH H flpyrax c o i ; H a j m c T H i i e c K H X r o c y ^ a p c T B , KOTOpbie, y c n e n i n o p a 3 B H B a a c B K a u M n p o B a H CHCTeMa, n p e f l C T a B JIHIOT c o 6 o f i p e a j i t H o e B o n j i o m e m i e 3aK0H0MepH0ii IICTOp n i e c K O H a j i t T e p H a T H B H y M H p a i o m e M y KannTajiH3My. M b i eni;e BepneMCH K 9TOH cnea;H(|)HKe H f l e ä n o - n o j i H THHecmix noTpeßHocTeü MOHonojincTHHecKoro KanHTaJIII3Ma. IIpeeMCTBeHiiocTb B 6yp?Kya3HOM coijHajibHo-TeopeTHqecKOM MbiniJienHH npocjiejKHBaeTcn He TOJIBKO Ha KJiacCOBOH T o n t e 3 p e n H « e r o NPESCTABHTEJIEÄ, XOTH OHa H o6pa3yeT o c u o B y , K0T0pyro HeoßxoflHivio HOCTOHHHO y q n TblBaTb. OcTaromHeCH OTHOCHTejIbHO CTaÖHJIbHMMH OTnpaBHBie T e o p e r a i e c K H e nyHKTbi pa3BHBaiOTCH HMBHHO Ha 9TOH 0CH0Be, HTO npHBOflHT K CBoeo6pa3HbiM n e p e n j i e TeHHHM Hji;e0Ji0rHHecK0H h n03HaBaTejibH0H $yHKH;nH TaKHX HfleÜHO-TeOpeTHHeCKHX 0ßpa30BaHHH. ü o f l o ß H o e n e p e n j i e T e H n e HaßjiioflaeTCH B T e x K o n i j e n HjHHX, KOTOpbie 3aHHMai0TCH $yHKH;HOHaJIbHbIMH B33HMOCBH3HMH B OSMECTBE. H BHOBB n p n c y m a H ynoMHHyTbiM KOHE^enmiHM BpaiKReÖHOCTb MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH JIOCO$HH c e e MaTepnajiHCTHiecKHM noHHMaHHGM HCTOpHH na nepBWH B3rjiHfl no^TH He3aMeTHa. r j i a B n a f l HfleojiornHecKaa HanpaBJieHHocTb cTanoBHTCH OTieuiHBOH jiHmb B CBH3H c npyrHMH fleTajiHMH o ß m e ä K a p r a H b i 06meCTBa, C03flaHH0H C HOMOmbK» « T e o p n ü KOH$JIHKTa H paBHOBeCHH» 12 . A H a j i o r n H H M M 06pa30M $yHKn,HOHajibHbie OCHOBBI 06meCTBa o6tHCHHK)TCH B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH « T e o p n n COIJHa j i b n o r o REÖCTBHH» 1 3 . M b i paccMOTpnM TOJIBKO Te n o CblJIKH 3T0H TeOpHH, KOTOpbie HBJIHIOTCH THHIHIHblMH B 12 Ilo flanHOMy Bonpocy CM. TaKHte: D. B e r g n e r. B. P. Löwe, Philosophische Probleme des Kampfes gegen die Globalstrategie. — «Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie», Heft 9/1970, Abschnitt I I und I I I . 13 Eonee noflpoßHO Teopnn connajiMoro neäcTBHH, OCO6CHHO Hte peajiH30BaHnaa B neii MCTOAO.rtorHH, B /larrnoö paSoie paccMaTP H B A T B C N ne CyweT. üoapoßnee 0 6 BTOM CM. B: E. H a h n . Soziale Wirklichkeit und soziologische Erkenntnis, Berlin, 1965;

25 KOHCTpyupoBüHHH 6yp>Kya3Hoií KapTiiHti o6in,ecTBa n n a npaBJieHbi npaMo IIJIÍI KOCBSHHO npoTHB flnajieKTHKO-MaTepnaJIHCTHHeCKHX OCHOB MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOrO nOHHMaHHH o6m;ecTBa. CorjiacHo «Teoprni coipiajibHoro fleñcTBHH», H3y^eHiie o S m e c T B a HeoSxofliiMo HaiHHaTb c SMnnpiiHecKH y c T a n o B jieHHbix oSmecTBeHHbix HBJieHHH. H a a j i y r a i y i o n p e f l n o cbijiKy fljia 9Toro flaeT aHajiH3 fleiícTBHH jnofleñ. HeM Baama fljia 6yp>Kya3Horo coipiajibHo-TeopeTHiecKoro MbmiJieHHH TaKaH KOHCTaTaijnH? r i p e a r e B c e r o aHaJIH3. ^ejioBe^ecKHX fleñcTBHH cBH3HBaeTCH c nccjieflOBaHneM npHHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, B u,eiiTpe 0Ka3biBaioTca B OCHOBHOM ^Be KaieropHH — «HHTepec» H « f l e ñ CTBue». KaifOBO w e coflepjKaHHe TaK Ha3biBaeMoro COIJHajibHoro flBH>KeHHfi, s o c i a l p r o c e s s ? «...9TO — caMo c o ipiajibHoe FLENCTBIIE. K a i e c T B a , NYBCTBA H n ^ e a pacTBOpHioTCH B fleíicTBHH H npeflCTaiOT n e p e f l HaMii o^HajKeHHo, B Bu/je XHJioro np0H3B0flH0r0 OT flencTBHíi» ( i m p o t e n t i n f e r e n c e s f r o m a c t i v i t y ) 14 . TaKHM 06pa30M, flefiCTBiie cTanoBiiTCH Kait 6bi n c x o f l HOH K a T e r o p n e n , c n o M o m b i o KOTopoii MOJKIIO Sy^eT p;aBaTb MeTOflHqecKoe o n u c a H n e Bcex a p y r n x coijHajibHbix HBJieHHH. 9TO nofliepiíHBacTCH oflHHM saMe'iaHHeM OTHOCHTejibHo « M a T e p n a n a » HJIH o6i»eiiTa corpiajibHoii HayKH, KOTOpblíí EeHTJIH yCMaTpHBaeT IIMeHHO B fleiiCTBHH: « a c t i v i t y , a c t i o n , s o m e t h i n g d o i n g » 1 5 . OflHaKO BeHTJin He B COCTOHHHH oS-bHCHHTt ^ e p e s o6in;yio K a T e r o p m o fleñCTBHH HBHO BHpaJKCHHbie COIJHaJIbHbie HBJieHHH, OTMeieHHbie aiiTar0HH3M0M. 3TO TeM 6ojiee neB03M05KH0, ecjin OH n p e ^ n o j i a r a e T , *ITO CTpyKTypa flencTBHH onpeflejmeTCH «flBHHteHHeM r p y n n B HX B3aHMOflencTBHii». Mbi ein,e pePHeMCH K HpeflCTaBJieHHHM, OCHOB ailHblM Ha T e o p n a r p y n n . IlosTOMy BeHTJin n e p e n e m a e T M b i n m e n n e , i y B CTBa, nncbMo, p e q b , HopMbi, oi^eHKH B Tan Ha3biBaeMoe noTeHn;HajibHoe fleiicTBHe — B b i p a w e H n e , ynoTpeSjiaeMoe HM TaKJKe B CMbICJie «TeHfleHH^HH K fleñCTBHIO» I 6 . 3 J I H onncaHHH coninajibHoro n p o i j e c c a , no BeHTJin, raaBHoe 3Ha^eHHe HMeeT TaK Ha3biBaeMoe MamnJiecTHpyH. B. H O B B K O B. CoBpeMeHHBiií aMepHKaHCKHH KanHTajiH3M H «Teopna connajiLHoro fleftcTBHH» TajinoTTa IlapcoHca, B: «BOnpocBi $HJIOCO$HH», 1963, N° 3. 14

15 16

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H flH3yOT BeHTJIH HJIH KOTOpbie OH H0£p06H0 paCCMaTpHBaeT, OXBaTMBaiOT, B HacTHOcTH, TaKHte noJiHTHiecKyio SKOHOMHIO ero BpeMenn. (On octiJiaeTCH Ha CBoero yiHTeJiH n. T. 3JIH — P. T. Ely, — HaxoflHBrnerocH n o A BjiHHHHeM iieMeiiKOB 6 y p 5 K y a 3 H o f i n o J i H T H i e c K o i i SKOHOMHH.) E m e 6 o j i e e npoinwMH 6I>IJIH e r o CBHSH C 6ypwya3Hoii COI^HajILHOH (J)HJIOCO(J)HeH H COUHOJIOrHCH. HfleflHLie 3aHMCTB0B3HHH HJIH CTHMyjiM, noSyflHBmne BeHTJIH 3aHHTtca pa3pa6oTKofi CO6CTBeHHOH KOHi;Cnn,HH B HHOM HaQpaBJIGHHH, OH H O i e p H H y j I HpeHMVmecTBeHHo y: G. Simmel, E. Durkheim, G. Ratzenhofer, G. Jellinek, R. von Ihering, H. Spencer.

32

paHu,y3CK0H pecTaBpaijHH, K0T0pue TpaKTOBajra nojinTHiecKyio 6 o p t 6 y KaK KJiaccoByio 6opb6y. BeHTJIH 06x0flHT CBOHM BHHMaHHeM flaWe PHKapflO, KOTOptlH Ke 6biJi abophhhhom?» H e CTOHJIO jiH h ¿IjapeHflop^y, yiHTbiBaa MaTepaajibHbie npoH3BOflCTBeHHbie OTHOineHHH b KanHTajiHCTHieCKOM oômecTBe, a TaKJKe ocHOBHoe npoTHBopeine Meat^y TpyflOM h KanHTajiOM, nocTaBHTb t o t Hte B o n p o c b ycjiob h h x coBpeMeHHoro coijHajibHoro aHTaroini3Ma? OflHaKo o h n n m e T HHoe: «Cjiecapb h TOKapb, m h h h c t p h i h -

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CJioBJieHHbix coi^HajibHbiM nojioHieHHeM. flpyrofi acneKT TpeôyeT He CMeiHHBaTb Bce HepaBeHCTBa 3Toro BH^a... c nepapxHiecKHMH HepaBeHCTBaMH, oöocHOBbiBaromHMH niKajiy b h c u i h x h h h 3 i h h x n o s H i j n H » 50 . ,3,jih Hac, o ^ n a K o , BbICniaH HJIH HH3fflaH n03HH,HH OTHIOflb He npeflCTaBJIHeTCH «OÖOCHOBaHHOH» OflHHM JIHHIb HajIHIHeM «pa3JIH*IHH» MeîKfly cjiecapeM h m h h h c t p o m . H o nocjie^yeM 3a paccyjKfleHHeM /J,apeHflopHCHHB e r o 9K0H0MHHecKHMH oTHomeHHHMH. H c x o f l H H3 MapKcoBa aHajiH3a K a n H T a j r a c T n i e c K H x yCJIOBHH npOH3BOflCTBa H B0Cnp0H3B0flCTBa, JleHHH BHOcjieflCTBHH pa3pa6oTaji KpnTepira cou,HajibHoii CTpyKTypbi K j i a c c o B o r o o ô m e c T B a , 3aHHMaioru;He i^eHTpaJitHoe MecTO B MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOM y i e H H H O KJiaCCaX H KJiaCCOBOH 6opb6e. JleHHH n n u i e T : « K j i a c c a M H Ha3biBaioTCH ô o j i b i n n e r p y n n b i jnofleií, p a s j i E q a i o m n e c H n o HX MecTy B HCTOpniecKH onpeflejieHHOH CHCTeMe o ö m e c T B e n H o r o npoH3BOflCTBa, no HX oTHomeHHK) ( ß o j i b m e i i l a c T b i o 3 a K p e n j i e H HOMy H 0$0pMJieHH0My B 3 a K o n a x ) K cpe^cTBaM npoH3BOFLCTBA, n o HX pojiH B oömecTBeHHOH opraHH3an,HH T p y ^ A , a cjieAOBaTejibHo, n o c n o c o ô a M n o j i y i e H H H H pa3MepaM TOH AOJiH o6m,ecTBeHHoro öoraTCTBa, KOTopoH OHH p a c n o naraioT. K j i a c c b i , 3TO TaKne r p y n n b i Jiro^eä, H3 KOTopbix oflHa MOHteT c e 6 e npncBaHBaTb T p y ^ flpyroii, ôjiaroflapa pa3JiHiHH) HX MecTa B onpeflejieHHOM yKJia^e o6in;ecTBeHHoro X03HHCTB3» 62 . TaKHM oôpasoM, MapKcoBa BKonoMH^ecKaa T e o p n a H MapKCHCTCKo-jieHHHCKoe y^EHHE o KJiaccax H KJiaccoBoñ 6 o p b 6 e He TOJibKO pacKpbiBaioT MaTepnajibHbie npHHHHbi cymecTBOBaHHH KJiaccoB H onucbiBaioT con,Hajii.Hyio C T p y K T y p y o6m;ecTBa KaK KJiaccoByio, HO H OFLHOBPEMEHHO YCTAHABFLHBAIOT e e HCTopniecKH npexoflani,HH x a p a K T e p . OHH FLOKA3BIBAIOT: « 1 ) I T O cymecreoeanue KJiaccoe CBH3aH0 JiHHib c onpedejieuHbiMu ucropunecnuMu 0a3aMu pa38UTUH npou36odcrea, 2 ) I T O KJiaccoBaa 6opb6a HeoöXOFFLHMO BE^ET K duKrarype npojierapuara, 3 ) ^TO 3TA flHKTaTypa caMa cocTaBJiaeT j m m b n e p e x o f l K ynuHToo/eeHUJO ecuKux KJiaccoe N K oôiqecTey 6e3 KACLCCOB» 63. Ü 3 9T0H B3aHMOCBH3H H H3 HCTOpHHeCKOH 06yCJI0BJieHHOCTH 6 y p î K y a 3 H o r o HOHHTHH paBeHCTBa 9 H r e j i b c flejiaeT BbIBOA o TOM, I T O TpeÔOBaHHH paBeHCTBa CO CTOpOHbl 6 y p 3Kya3HH COnpOBOJKffajIHCb npOJieTapCKHMH TpeÔOBaHHHMH paBeHCTBa, h t o « c T o r o MOMeHTa, KaK BbiflBHraeTca 6 y p H 73 . HJIH HHHMH cjiOBaMn: KaK 06iu,ecTB0, HecMOTpfl Ha TO 71

S. 72.

72

T. P a r s o n s . Evolutionäre Universalien der Gessellschaft, OTHOCHTejIbHO HCCJieflOBaHHH COOTHOUieHHH BKOnOMHHOCKOrO

M o r y m e c T B a Mononomö H ero CJIHKHHH C HX n o j i n T H i e c K i i M rocnoflCTBOM B B i i f l e r o c y ^ a p c T B a CM. p a ö o T H , n a m i c a i i H b i e c 6 y p w y -

B3HHX no3Hi(HH, B lacTHocra: 0. K e f a u v e r . In wenigen Händen, Frankfurt/Main, 1967; CM. TAKJKE flaioinHH H H $ 0 P M A I ; H 0 H H B I Ä 0630p cöopHHK cTaTen: C. B o h r e t , D. G r o s s e r (Hrsg.). Interdependenzen von Politik und Wirtschaft. Westberlin, 1967. Hanßojiee OCHOBATEJIBHBIE HCCJieflOBanHH BTHX B 3 a n M 0 C B H 3 e ä flami n a npnMepe pa3BHTHH B C I H A . CM., B HacTHOcra: V . P e r 1 o. Militarism and Industry, New York, 1963; L. L. M a t t h i a s . Die Kehrseite der USA. Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1964. 73 A. F. B e n t l e y . The Process of Government, p. 21? f.

44 «ITO

He c y m e c T B y e i o6m;ecfBa 6e3 K O H $ j i H K T a »

Boo6m;e

cymecTBOBaTb

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fleficTBHH

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npe^CTaBjieHHH

TeM,

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75.

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nOJIHTHHesjieMeHTaM

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B

TeOpeTHHeCKHM

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npHHqnnoB

CHOBbiBaJOin;HX H coxpaHHiomHX

74,

CTpofi?

B

«nopa^Ka»,

H H X

060-

oömecTBO, coe,a;HHHK)TCH fleöcTBHH H r p y n n a x B ocoßeHHocTii S T O K a -

c O C H O B H H M H H F L E S M H o con,HajibHOM B

EFLHHYRO

KAPTHHY

OßMECTBA.

74 R. D a h r e n d o r f . E l e m e n t e einer T h e o r i e des sozialen K o n f l i k t s , — R. Dahrendorf. Gesellschaft und Freiheit, S. 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 . 75 M h He 3aiparHBaeM B3anMOCBH3b Mewfly Tau Ha3biBaeMMM

8 K O H O M H i e C K H M JIHßepajIH3M0M H COOTBCTCTByiOIHHM e M y ÜOJIHTHl e c K H M c T p o e M B BHfle n p e c n o B y T o r o C B o S o ß H o r o fleMOHparaiecKoro nnaBOBoro rocyHapcTBa. [CM.: H . M e i s s n e r ( H r s g . ) . B ü r g e r l i c h e Ökonomie im modernen K a p i t a l i s m u s . B e r l i n , 1967.] y BeHTjiH MOJKHO B C T p e T H T b MHORO p a 3 H 0 0 6 p a 3 H b I X BbICKa3bIBaHHH, OTHOCHIIJ;HXCH K flaHHOMy B o n p o c y . C n e f l y e T H M e T b B B H f l y , HTO OHH T p e ß y i O T T m a T e j i b n o r o a n a j i H 3 a . H x H e o ö x o ß H M o p a c c M a T p u B a T b Ha $one 6 y p > i ; y a 3 H O - J i H 6 e p a j i b n o r o MbiuiJieHHH KOHua n p o r a n o r o — n a i a j i a HbiHeniHero BeKa, n o p o ä Kau KOHcepBaTHBHyK) ( c n a » ; e M , y B e n T j r u ) p e a K i j H i o HA n p o u e c c w H M n e p n a j i n c T H i e c K o f t n,eHTpajiH3au;HH B BKOHOMHKe H n o J i H T H K e . I I o f l r o T O B J i e H H M H HaMH M a T e p a a n He HO3BOJineT n p e f l n p n H H T b T a K o i i m i i p o K H i i a H a j i H 3 . H B c e j K e , n o c K O J i b i t y 3ia npoßjieinaTHKa 3anHMa.ia BawHoe MecTo B 6ypwya3HMX NPEFLCTABJIEHHHX 06 oSmccTBe, B TOM < m c j i e H B ITOHNENNHAX HMNEPHAJIHCTHHECKHX H Ä e o j i o r o B , MM YKAH n o J i e M H K y

npoTHB

BHJiMiaromnii 6yp)Kya3Horo

JiH6epajiH3Ma, «no3Ane6yp>Kya3Horo» Heojm6epajm3Ma H KOHCepBaTH3Ma, COflepWHTCH B MapKCHCTCKO-JIOHIIITCKHX HCCJieAOBaHHHX, OTHocnmiix 3TH HAeojiornqecKne HBJienna K (fiynKUHHM HMnepnajinCTHHeCKOH HfleOJIOrHH H paCCMaTpHBaiOmHX HX Kaii pa3HOBHflHOCTII MacKHpoBHH H nceBflopaqHOHajibHOH anojioreTHKH KanHTajincTHieckhx OTHOineHHH BjiacTH h rocnoflCTBa. Cm. B. A . I H a ß a f l . IIojihTHiecKaH (Jiijioco$hh coßpeMeHHoro HMnepHaaH3Ma. M., 1966, rji. I V . 175 h Aanee; K). A . 3 a m 0 m k h h h flp. CoBpeMeHHan 6yp» y a 3 H a n njieojiorHH b CIIIA. M., 1967; (G. H a n e y . Die Demok r a t i e — W a h r h e i t , Illusionen und V e r f ä l s c h u n g e n , Berlin, 1971); H. K o l b e K.-H. R ö d e r , Staat und Klassenkampf. Zur Machtf r a g e in Wastdeutschland, Berlin, 1969, Kapitel I I . y BeHTjiH cm. ho HaHHoä npoöjieMe b ochobhom rji. X : T h e Classification of Governments, X I I I : T h e Separation of Governmental A g e n c i e s , a TaKHte rn. X I V , X V h X V I . b k o t o p h x OTflejibHO pa3ÖHpaeTCH «^aBneHHe HHTepecoB b o6;iac™ HcnojiHHTejibHoft (c. 330 n naJiee), 3aKOHOflaTejibHOH (c. 360 H flaaee) H cyfleÖHoä (c. 382) BJiaCTH»,

45 caeTCH nocTyjiHpoB&HNJI p a B H O B e c n s , Ha K0T0p0M-P;E 3H>KFLETCH CTA6HJIBH0CTB

OSMECTBA.

IIpij

BTOM

«CTASAJITHOCTB»

H «paBHOBecne» ceMaHTHiecKH pacciiaTpHBaioTCfl KaK SKBHBaJieHTbl. CBH3L C n o j i H T H q e c K o f i BKOHOMneii HJIH o n o p a Ha Hee H a c T o a t K o rnnpoKa, HTO cepy, r,ne o c y m e c T B J i H e T c a « p a BeHCTBo» B c e x « r p y n n » HJIH « n p e f l C T a B H T e j i e n HHTepecoB» («napTHepoB

B

oSMeHe»),

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ptlHKOM KaK (JiaKTOpOM CTa6HJIbHOCTH B ERO NOJIHT3KOHOMHiecKOH HHTepnpeTai^HH. IIoaTOMy OH p a c c M a i p i i B a e T c n HE T0JibK0 KaK « B H r a T e j i b S K O H O M H I E C K O H JKH3HH, HO BMeCTe c T E M , K A K «CBOSOFLHBIII P B I H O K » , B O N N O M A E T B c e 6 e npnHH,Hn o6uj;ecTBeHHoro c T p o n . E r o «npaBHJia n r p t i » r a p a H T H p y i o T C H c n o M o m b i o r o c y f l a p c T B a , T a n n o Ha pbiHKe Bee paBHbi Ha 0CH0Be n p a H i j H n a K y n j m - n p o f l a i K H . OFLHOBPEMEHHO

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B 3T0M

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«cnjioneHHHTepecoB»,

e f l H H C T B e H H y K ) B03MO}KHOCTb

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TO o6"beflHHHTb B e i H o c o n e p H H ^ a i o m H e , K 0 H K y p n p y i 0 i u , H e M e w CO6OH r p y n n b i . I l p n STOM EeHTJin c a M n o f l i e p K H B a e T , HTO p e i b H^eT He o r p y n n a x , B3aHM00TH0meiiHH KOTOpblX rapMOHH3HpyiOTCH, H He 06 aHTar0HH3Me HHTep e c o B , KOTopbifi H C i e 3 H e T , a 06 s j i e M e H T a x « n o i e H i j H a j i b H o r o fleiiCTBHH», KOTOpbie flOJIJKHBI HHBeJIHpOBaTbCH 7 6 . I l 0 3 T 0 M y BBLBOFL BeHTJIH TaKOB: He MOJKeT B 0 3 H H K H y T b p e a j i b H a a COIJHAJIBHAH C O B O K Y N N O C T B , H6O B CHJiy npHHi^HHHajibHoro ypaBHHBaHHH r p y n n H B CHJiy n x OflHOpOflHOH n o CyTH npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTH HHTepecoB He HHKAKAN

MOHteT 6biTb H H i e r o B c e o 6 m , e r o , HTO 3Ta c o B O K y n H o c T b 6bIJia 6bl B COCTOHHHH HpeflCTaBJIHTb. IlpOTHBOpeHHBbie HHTepecbi r p y n n o 6 p a 3 y K ) T «CHCTeMy r p y n n » , c o c T o a m y i o H3 a H T a r o H n c T H i e c K H X , o f l H o r o n o p n ^ K a r p y n n , CBH3aHHHX TOJIbKO HX Co6CTBeHIIbIM HHTepeCOM, OflHaKO B3aHMHO

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MbicjiHT c e 6 e Kait n p o c T O H «KOMnjieKC c o c T a B J i H i o m n x e r o rpynn» (BbipaBHHBaHiie H H T e p e c o B ) 7 7 . HTaii, «cocTaBHoe» ( t h e c o m p o s i t e ) — BOT TO, HTO AOJIWHO 0 6 P A 3 0 B A T B npoTHBQBec KOH(J)jiHKTHbiM B3aHMOOTHOineHHHM r p y n n H 76

"

CM.: A. CM. TAM

F. B e n 11 e y. T h e P r o c e s s of G o v e r n m e n t , p. 370. w e , c. 222.

46 BeHTJiH 6ojiee KOHKpeTHO xapaKTepH3yeT KaK «c6ajiaHCHpoBaHHocTb HHTepecoB» ( a d j u s t m e n t of i n t e r e s t s ) . OH pa3tHCHHeT: «PaBHOBecne AaBjiennH r p y n n ecTb p e ajibnoe cocTOHHne o6m;ecTBa; flaBJiemie (pressure) •ITO

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pa3JIH(JyHflajminb

pa3HHiteii B MexaHH3Me jjeiicTBHH c r p y n n n p o B a H H W x HHTepecoB; ITO OHH (cncTeMbi npaBJieHHH.— E. Il. JI.) o6a3aHbi CBOiiM cymeCTBOBaHneM noTpe6HocTHM r p y n n h no/jBepraioTCH H3MeneimHM B COOTB6TCTBHH c noTpeSHocTHMH r p y n n » — H^H K a6cojiK>THOMy «paBHOBecnio» 78 . T e M caMbiM Ha3BaH0 CBH3yiomee 3BeHO « c o i j H a j i b H o i i cncTeMbi». B cooTBeTCTBiin c Hfleeiì oÓMeHa 6 y p j K y a 3 H o i i nOJIHTHieCKOii

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HOM HBJifieTCH «peryjinpoBaHHe», «oÒMeH» HHTepecoB, « S a j i a n c HHTepecoB» ( t h e b a l a n c e of i n t e r e s t s ) . OqeBiiflHa a n a j i o r n n Meatfly KOHijenijHeH nojiHTSKOHOMHH, HCXOflHmeii H3 9KOHOMHHCCKHX CTpyKTyp H (JyHKI^HH pbiHKa, MecTa o6Mena TOBapa H ReHer, H B3rjiaflaMH E e H TJIH, nbiTaiomerocH yBH3aTb B c e o 6 t e M j i i o m y r o KOHKypeHIJHIO r p y n n c n p n m j H n o M 0flHHaK0B0r0 CTpon, nopHflKa Bcex r p y n n KaK «paBHonpaBHbix napTHepoB oÒMeHa». IIpeflCTaBJieHHe BeHTJin o n o p n ^ K e HMeeT £Ba a c neKTa. Bo-nepeux, rpynna ReTepMHHnpoBaHa — M O W H O TaKHte CKa3aTb: KaK C T p y K T y p H a a eflHHHija (JyHKijHOHajibHO opueHTHpoBaHa Ha HHTepecti — TeM, HTO B CMHc j i e 3aKpenjieHHon 3a Hen nocTOHHHoS c $ e p e fleficTBHji B con;HajibHOH cncTeMe r p y n n e OTBOJJHTCH Heii3MeHHoe, n p n c y m e e em npeflCTaBHTejibCTBo HHTepecoB H, cneflOBaTejibHo, cooTBeTCTByromHH, n p a c y m n i i en o6pa3 fleiicT78

CM.: A. F. B e n 11 e y. The Process of Government, p. 259,

320.

EeHTjiH noHHMaeT sto «paBHOBeciie» oTnwflb He aScTpaKTHo, ITO HBCTByeT H3 caeflyiomero 3aMeiaHHH: «ECJIH MJ.T cBejjeM npoijecc ynpaBJienna K B3aHMOAencTBnro rpynnoBtix HHTepecoB, TO IipOHBHTCH... HOflJlHHHaH CylUHOCTb 3T0r0 npOIjeCCa, KOTOPMH npeflCTaBJIHeT CO0OH KOMHpOMHCC — H He B a6cTpaKTHOH ayXOBHOH (jopMe, rfle My,n;pcTByiOT $njioco$bi, a Ha npaKTHKe, KOTopyio 3HaeT JIK)6OH napjiaMeHTapnfi, npeycneBaromaii B nojiHTHKe. 9TO — aeiiCTBne. 3TO — c6a.iaHCHp0BaHH0CTt, BbipaBHuoaHHe HHTepecoB» (TaM we, c. 371).

47 npe^cTaBJieHHe O nopaflKe 3aKJiio^aeTCH r p y n n t i 3aBHCHT flpyr OT flpyra H B CBOHX KOH$JIHKTaX nOCTOHHHO yiHTHBaiOT 3Ty B3aHM03aBHCHM0CTb. TaKHM 0Ôpa30M, B KOHe^HOM c i e i e HMeiiHo npeflCTaBjieHHH o nopaflKe BLipaHtaiOT Te coi^najibHtie HBJieHHH, KOToptie HKO6BI noflflepHtHBaioT coiyiajibHyio CHCTeMy B paBBHH. Bo-eropbix, B TOM, I T O

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OcHOBHoe noJiOîKeHHe riapcoHca OTHocHTejibiio cncTeMH rjiacHT, W O y Hee ecTb CBOÌÌ NOPAFLOK c TeHfleHn,neH K caMocoxpaHeHHio, K0T0pan B KOHGHHOM eie Te onpenejiHeTCH COI^aajitHbiM paBHOBccHeM. PaBHOBecne IlapeoHC pacinH(J)poBHBaeT Taie «...ecjia CHCTeMa coxpaimeTCH CTOJib nojiro, ÏTO noHBjineTCH CMLICJI H3yQATB ee, TO B HeflfloJiHCHaCYMECTBOBATB TeHflemjHH K coxpaHennio CBoero nopHRita, 3a HCKjiioieHHeM Tex cjiynaeB, Kor^a B03nnKai0T KaKae-JiHÔo qpe3BbiHaiÌHue oScTOHTejibCTBa...» [T. P a r s o n s , E. A. S h i l s (Hrsg.). Toward a General Theory of Action. New York, Evanston, 1962, p. 107.] JJJIH CTa6njibH0CiH Kanoft-nnSo CHCTeMbl — CeMaHTHHeCKH 3KBHBajieHTHO 3T0 3HaiHT: flJlH coxpaneHHH cymecTByromero CTpon, coxpaneHHH CTaTHHecKoìi CTpyKiypu, AJIH nojwep)KanHH paBHOBecHH, flJiH oTnpaBJieHHH nencTBHH B COOTBeTCTBHH c HopMaMH — IlapeoHC ycTaHaBjiHBaeT CJiej;yiomiiB ycnoBHH: 1. IIpucnocoôjieHue (adaptation) K BHenrenM ycJiOBHHM. (9TO 03HaiaeT yj;oB.iieTBopeniie onpenejieHHHx MHHHMajibHwx norpeÔHOCTea fleiicTByiomHX hhhhbh^ob, c TeM hto6h nocjie^nne CMorjiH npuHHTb conHajibHoe yiacTHe B action system — npnieM 3TH MHHHMajIbHbie HOTpeftHOCTH OTHOCHTCH B OCHOBHOM K ÔHOJIOmlecKOMy opraHH3My.) 2. flocTuncenue i}eAU (goal attainment). (lion 3THM noHHMaeTCH HencTBHe KaK ijejieHaiipaBjieHHaH flenTejibHOCTr., COBepmaiOmaHCH B YCJIOBHHX MHOJKeCTBeHHOCTH HHSHBHAyajIbHblX HOCHTejien «eHCTBHH u BKJIIOHAIOMAH B ce6n HcnoJiHeHHe ponevi.) 3. Hnreipaiiua (system integration). (PemaiomuM HBJineTCH nenciBHe B cooTBeTCTBHn c ojKH^aeMbiMH pojiHMH H c nanpaBjieHHOcTbio na BHyTpeHHee, 3aMKHyToe paBHOBecne cncTeMbi. 3Ta 3aMKHyTOCTb AeËCTBHH H ero HanpaBJiDHHOCTb BO BHYTPB onpeflejiHKiT B TO 3te BpeMH orpannioHHOCTb CHCTÇMH. H HaoSopoT, ^e3HHTerpnpyio79

48 TaK Ha3HBaeMHX BHyTpeHHHx CBH3ea 3TO 03HaHaeT, ITO CTpyKTypHbie

p e a j i L H o c r a Meffifly HCHHTB, cKOJib HCKajKeHHofi nojiyqaeTCH KapTHna paBHOBeCHH B TaKOM B H f l e » , — HHUIÖT MeCCejIKeH, aHaJIH3HpyH c HO3HD;HH MapKcoBa YNEHHH o npnßaBO'IHOH CTOHMOCTH OHIH6KH H npeflejibi MOflejiH pbiHKa B 6ypHKENNFI nx IlapconcoM CM.: T. P a r s o n s , N. J. S m e 1 s e r. Economy

and Society. Glencoe, 1956. y Hac HeT 3j;ecb BO3MOWHOCTH ocTaHoGojiee noflpoÖHo.

BHTBCS Ha HHX

83 K. M e s s e l k e n . Politikbegriffe der modernen Soziologie. Eine Kritik der Systemtheorie und Konflikttheorie — begründet aus ihren Implikationen f ü r die gesellschaftliche Praxis, Köln und Opladen. 1968, S. 62. TaKoä BHJ\ KPHTHKH THNUNEH «JIH ijejioro

p H f l a HeMapKCHCTCKHX aBTOpOB. Y K a j K e M JIHUIB H a HeKOTOpiJX

HHX: J, R o b i n s o n .

Kleine Schriften zur

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H c o n , i i a J i b H y i o n o 3 y OHH H H CTAHOBIINACB —

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T.

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Societies.

Englewood

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1966,

p. 9,

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63 HOBecnH HHTepecoB. 8 t o n o i i H M a i m e , KaK H e n p e j i o j K H H Ö HMnepaTHB, npH3BaHO ÖHTb o ß m e ä cTpyKTypHo-cTaTHieCKOH H $yHKI],HOHajIbHO-MexaHHHeCKOH OCHOBOH «CBOÖOflHOH n r p w » r p y n n , h b h BKOHOMH^ecKaH 3aHHTepec0BaHH0CTb, ß e c c n o p H O , HBJiaeTCH h p h h h h o h h x n o j i H T H i e c K H x A e f i c t b h h . AHTaroHHCTHiecKHH x a p a K T e p KanecTBa « c b o ö o a h o h n r p B i » , «npaBHJia» KOTopoä flHKTyioTCH b n o j i t 3 y e e 9KOHOMHHeCKH MOryil^GCTBGHHMX yqaCTHHKOB, HCKaJKaeTCH (*ieMy c n o c o ö c T B y e T H f l e a j i n c T H i e c K a H T e o p n a . u e ö c T B H f l h r p y n n m ) , a e r o KjiaccoBaH ßeTepMiranpoBaHHOCTb y i a a BaeTCH. y ü a p c o H c a HfleojiorniecKHH xapaKTep coipiajibHo-Teop e T H i e c K H x nojio3KGHHH b e m e ö o j i b m e ä M e p e h e m e HCHee, n e M y B e H T J i H , cjiy5KHT n p n f l a H H i o 3aK0HH0CTH ßeäcTBHHM 9 j i h t b i , BcorjiaBJiHiomeH coqHajibHyio CTpyKTypy, o n p a B f l a HHH) e e M e p o n p H H T H Ö n o o ß m e c T B e H H O M y p e r y j i H p o B a H n i o c TeM, i t o 6 b i ^oÖHTbCH h x c o 3 H a T e j i b H o r o B c e o 6 n i ; e r o n p n 3HaHHH. B c e , i t o Hji;eT H a n o j i b 3 y K a i i H T a j m c T H H e c K O M y o ß m e CTBy — «CHCTeMe», KaK roBopirr ü a p c o H C , — i t o CTHMyj i n p y e T ero c y m e c T B O B a H n e h n o p H ^ o K , h t o cooTBeTCTByeT e r o OCHOBHbIM C T p y K T y p H M M yCJIOBHHM, o ß t e ^ H H H e T C H I l a p COHCOM B IIOHHTHH « ( ^ y H K I J H O H a j I b H O e » s . B c e , H T O H e COOTBeTCTByeT 3 T 0 M y i u r a H a n p a B j i e H O n p o T H B 3 T o r o , o h x a p a K T e p n 3 y e T n o H H T H e M « f l H c i f i y H K i p i o H a j i b H o e » 6 . 3 T H HOHHTHH 5 B caMoä 6yp»ya3HOM coi;nojioriiH HeT efliiHCTBa b TOjiKOBaHHH nOHHTHH b CypHiyasnoft Koimenu,hh «CTpyKTypw», npiiHHToä b CTpyiCTypno-rJynKmionajiLHOH TeopHH ii ee MeTofle (cm. CTaTbio «CTpyitTypHo iJiynKnnonajUjuaH Teop a a » P. MafiHTija b C0i(H0Ji0rHiecK0M cjioBape B. BepHCflopfJa, IÜTyTrapT, 1969: W . Bernsdorf ( H r s g . ) , W ö r t e r b u c h der Soziologie, zweite, neubearbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe. Stuttgart, 1969, S. 1132 f f . ) . C n o 3 n m i i i ncTopireecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma npHHn;HnHajibHHe KOHn,enTyajibHbie nojioweHHH n o 3 t h m BonpocaM h n o onpoBepweHHio 6ypHHbie» KpoMe

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65 HeonpeAejieHnaa noMexa «BHyTpenHeö CTa6iiJibH0CTH» KamiTajiHCTHiecKoro CTpoH, Tenepb K0HKpeTH3HpyeTCH B cymeCTBOBaiIHH COipiajIH3Ma H BbI3BaHH0M HM II3MeiieHHIl cooTHomeiiHH CHJi B MHpe — B H3MeHeHHH, KOToporo He MoœeT n e 3aMeiaTb H üapcoHC. BHanane 3a B T H M Te3ncoM CKPUBAJIOCB JIHHIB onpaBflamie T O H H O J I H T H K H , KOTopaa, Kan flOKa3aji B. H. JleHHH B cBoeö Teopnn HMnepnajiH3Ma, ociiOBaHa n a o6T>eKTHBHoä 3aKOHOMepHOCTH HepaBHOMepHoro H CKaHK006pa3H0r0 pa3BHTHH HMnepHajIHCTHieCKHX CTpaH. CTHMyjioM H M N E P N A J I H C T H H E C K O H H O J I H T H K H ÖBiJia H OCTaeTCH MOIIOnOJIHCTHHeCKH-KanHTajIHCTH^eCKaH KOHKypenTnaH 6opb6a. JIorHKa 3aK0Ha npn6biJiH HeoTfleraMa OT n p a p o f l w HMnepnajincTH^ecKOH H O J I H T H K H . FLO Tex n o p noKa c y m e CTByeT KanHTajiHCTiiiecKaH M O H O H O J I H H , a BMecTe c Heä H CTpeMJieiiHe K MaKCHMajiBHoii npnÖHJin, a TaKJKe aKcnaHciiBiiocTb KanHTajia, 30 Tex nop coxpaHHeTca arpeccnBiian npnpofla HMnepHajiH3Ma, BoopyjKeime H MHjmTapH3au,iiH ocTaioTCH npnôbiJibHbiM 6n3iiecoM, a MHp HaxoflHTCH B noCTOHHIIOH onacnocTH 8 - I l a p c o n c ,n;aeT C B O I O « p e a j i n c r a i e CKyio» HHTepnpeTau,Hio nepeMen, BH3BaHHbix H3MeiieHneM cooTnoineiiiiH CIIJI B Mape: HMnepnajiH3M BBiHyac^eH ÖBIJI npHHHTb HCTOpHHeCKHH B B I 3 0 B C01I;HajIH3Ma, nOCKOJIBKy-fle con,HajiH3M B oômecTBeHHOM n j i a n e « C T 3 B H T nofl Bonpoc 3aK0iiH0CTL aMepHKancKoro nyTH». H H M M H cjiOBaMn: H B J I H acb BtipaweiiHeM 3aKonoMepHoro oßmecTBeiiHoro n p o r p e c c a , cou;HajiH3M BonjionjaeT peajibHyio ajibTepHaraBy YMHPAIOMEMY

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66 n a p a c T y n p t e n p o T H B o p e r a s , n o T o p b i e HX p a s A e j i H i o T , c T p e MHTCH o ß t e f l H H H T b CBOH yCHJIHH, HTOÖbl COXpaHHTb H y K p e iiHTb C T p o ä 3 K c n j i y a T a i ^ n H H y r n e T e H H H , B e p H y T b y T p a q e H Hbie HMH n o 3 H i j i i n . AMepHKaHCKHÖ H M n e p n a j i H 3 M nbrraeTCH y f l e p » a T b n o s CBOHM BJIHHHHCM flpyrne K a n H T a j r a c T H i e c K H e r o c y f l a p c T B a H BMecTe c HHMH npoBo,n;HTb o6m;yio n o j i H T H K y B OCHOBHblX C $ e p a x KJiaCCOBOH ß o p b ß b l » 9 . I l a p c o H C c^HTaeT o6i>eKTHBHbie H3MenenHH y c n o B H Ö c y m e c T B O B a H H H MOHonojracTirqecKOH 6 y p » y a 3 H H fl0CTaT0*iHUM 0CH0BaHHeM fljiH T o r o , i T o ß b i OTHecTH M e m a i o m n ö « c o i j H a j i b H b m $ a K T o p H3BHe», KaK H B H y T p e H H n e M e r n a i o m a e $ a K T o p b i , K p a 3 p H ß y «flnc(J)yHKii,HOHajibHbix». 06OHM «rpo3HT» H a K a 3 a n a e c n o M o m b i o «CAHKIJHH c n c T e M W » , TO e c T b H M n e p n a j i n c T H H e c K O H IIOJIHTHKH HacnjiHH. H a n p o T H B , Ke o CHIITE3E HMeiomHx Ba?KHoe 3HaHeHHe P;JIH e r o KOHH,onu,HH B3rjiHfl;oB IlapeTo, /],iopKreËMa H B e ö e p a , B pe3yjibTaTe n e r o

20 T. P a r s o n s , E. A. S h i l s (ed.). Toward a General Theorie of Action, p. 53. 21 3TO cooTHomeHHe Mewfly Mnp0B033peniieM H coipiajitHOnojiHTHHecKHM o6pa3u,OM noBe^enH« paccMaTpHBaeTca Ha npnMepe HfleojiorHH repiiancKoro HMnepiiajra3Ma B ofliroii CTaTte R. Beprnepa. nojipoönee CM. B: D. B e r g n e r. Zur Beziehung zwischen Weltanschauung und politisch-sozialem Leitbild in der Ideologie des deutschen Imperialismus. — «Deutsche Zeitschrift f ü r Philosophie», Heft 2/1966. IIonpoÖHee o npo6jieMe MaHHnyjrapoBaHHH CM. B: D. B e r g n e r, G. H e y d e n u. a. Manipulation, Berlin, 1968 (no 3aTpoHyToft 3flect npoSjieiue CM. B ocoSennocTH rji. I.: «MannnyjiHi;HH — ee IÌOSMO/KÌIOCIB H HCOÖXOAHMOCTB B ycjioBHax HMnepHajni3Ma»).

72 B03HHKjia, n o e r o coßcTBeHHofi xapaKTepHCTHKe, «BOJiiOHTapncTcKaH T e o p n a fleöcTBHH», t o b p a ß o i e « K o ö m e f i T e o p m i fleöcTBHfl» ( « T o w a r d a G e n e r a l T h e o r y of A c t i o n » ) , b h m e f l u i e f i b 1951 ro,o;y, npoßjieMa i j e H n o c T e i i , HopM h mothbob c t o h t y j n e b meHTpe paccyiKfleHHH I l a p c o H c a 2 2 . 3 H a i e i i H e npoßjieMbi xj,eHHOCTeä b T e o p e T H i e c K O H k o h n;enijHH n, cjieflOBaTejitHO, h x i j e i i T p a j i b H o e M e c i o b «chCTeMe fleöcTBHH» Hanßojiee h c h o H3ji03KeH0 IlapcoHCOM b cjieflyiomeM ero 3aMeiaHHH: «ConiHajibHtie CHCTeMbl, JIHHHOCTHHe CHCTCMbl H KyjIbTypHbie CHCTeMbl HBJIHIOTCH KpHTHieCKHM 00l.eKT0M TeOpHH fleHCTBHH. B nepBbix flByX c n y i a H x CHCTeMbl caMH m h c j i h t c h KaK h o c h t c j i h fleicTBHa, a hx AeHCTBHH b CBOIO o i e p e f l b mmcjihtch KaK HanpaBJienHbie Ha i j e j i n h Ha yflOBjieTBopeHne HMeromnxcH n0Tpe6H0-

2 2 CM.: T. P a r S O n S. The Structure of Social Action, Glencoe, 1949 (2-e H 3 Ä - ) . C M . B S T O Ü C B H 3 H , B H S C T H O C T H , CJieflyiomae paooxbi: J. E. B e r g m a n n . Die Theorie des sozialen Systems von Talcott Parsons, S. 133 ff., 141 ff.; P. K e l l e r m a n n . Kritik einer Soziologie der Ordnung Freiburg, 1967, Kap. I; Ordnung und Fortschritt, Kap. I I : Entwicklung und Anordnung; R. D a h r e n d o r f . Struktur und Funktion. — R. D a h r e n d o r f . Gesellschaft und Freiheit, S. 59. HainnaH c S T O H pa6oTbi, üapcoHC B H O B B H B H O B L N O ß H H M A E T npoöJieMy nennocTcii B cTaitax, acce, nepepaGoT A H H H X U 3 A A N I I H X C B O H X npewHHx Tpy^on, TaK HTO ona — H STO ecTt TOT 8Tan pa3BHTHH ero BsrjmflOB, KOToptiü anajiH3HpyeTCH B ^ A H H O M pa3flejie, — CTana fleacTBiiTejitHo H,H;POM CTpyKTypHO-$yHKijHOHajibHoii Teopan H ee MeTOfla H Hainna CBoe oTpaHteHiie B nocTäHOBKe AAFLAI con,iioJionm H B ee N O H H M A H H H K A K nayKH. IIonpoßnee 0 6 B T O M CM.: B. P. Löwe. Zum Verhältnis von bürgerlicher politischer Soziologie und politischer Ideologie des Imperialismus (dargestellt an den konflikt- und gleichgewichtstheoretischen Vorstellungen von A. F. Bentley, T. Parsons und R. Dahrendorf) (Dissertation), Halle (Saale), 1971. TaK, corjiacno üapcoHcy, coi^ioJiorHH «HMeeT fle-io c TeM acneKTOM TeOpHH COipiajIbHHX CHCTeM, KOTOpuii CBH3aH C (JjeHOMOHaMH HHCTHTyn,HOHajIH3aU,HH, C H3MeHeHHHMH OÖpa3U;OB HOBefleHHH, C yCJIOBHHMH HX npHHHTHH HJIH OTKJTOHeHHH H C lipOHeCCaMH MOTHBai^nn — b tcth Mepe, b KaiHCHHI0TCH TOJII.KO

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46.

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58.

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89 T o , ITO npn ftpyroM, ajibTepnaTHBHOM nojio>KeHHii JIIOFFLH MOryT 6MTL CO3HATEJIBHO ßEFICTBYIOMIIMH cyßijeKTSMH HOJIHTHKH, flOKa3an peajibno cymecTByioiuiHfi con,NajiH3M. E r o npHTHraTejibHaH CHJia HBJifieTCH OAHHM H3 (JaKTopoB, KOToptie Bce ßojibme cyJKaioT nojie HfleojiornqecKiix MaHSBpoB 6ypjKya3ira, Han;ejieHHbix Ha HHTerpaH;HIO paßo^ero KJiacca. PeaKn;HOHHHH KJiaccoBbiä HIICTHHKT üapcoHca pearnpyeT na 9TO npHBBiiHtm 0Öpa30M. 0 MeTo/jax H apceHajie 6yp5Kya3Horo

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KHx-jinßoFLEFICTBHHjnofleü... HHKOHM 0ßpa30M He cjieflyeT ocjiaßjiHTb BHHMaHHH K 3THM acneKTaM npo6jieMbi (COH;HajibHoro KOHTpojiH. — E. II. JI.)... OflHaKo nofl yraoM 3peHIIH OCHOBHOH flHHaMHKH COIJHajIbHOH CHCTeMbI OHH He ecTb cyn^ec.TBeHHoe 9TOH npoöjieMbi. CymecTBeHHoe KpoeTca B 6ajiaHce CHJI, HMeromHX 3HaieHne npn (J>opMHpOBaHHH OTKJIOHHIOmHXCH MOTHBOB H B COHpOTHBJieHHH TaKHM MOTHBaM — TO eCTb B KOHTpOJie Haft OTKJIOHHIOmHMCH KOMHOHeHTOM CHCTeMbI paCnOJIOHteHHH ÜOTpeÖHOCTeö» 59 . HeT HeoöxoflHMocTH cnen;HajibHo noflqepKHBaTb, ITO 3flecb Ha.nnu;o napanjiejiH co B3rjiH,a;aMH BeHTJin Ha 6yp?Kya3Hyio BJiacTb H roenofleTBo. B npeflCTaBJieHnn o paBHOBecHH TaiOKe BHflHa «noTpe6nocTb» MononojiHÖ. B TaKOH KomjenijHH oimjecTBa, npn ee npaKTiraecKOH peajiH3an;HH B HOJiHTHKe, HeT MecTa TeM coi^najibHbiM cnjiaM, K0T0pbie CTaBHT nofl Bonpoc cymecTByromHH «nopH/i;oK» H BO^yT nojiHTH^ecKyio ßopbßy 3a ero jiHKnnflaii,Hio — 9T0 HBCTByeT H3 JIOTHKH CaMOH KOHHjeniJHH. BeccnopeH H $aKT, HTO C noMonjbio KaTeropnn «jpic$yHKu;H0HajibH0CTH» H oTHocjmi,erocH K nen H^eojiornl e c K o r o KOHTeKCTa co3flaeTca nceBflOHay^Hoe oßocHOBaHiie, onpaBflbiBaiomee (B u;e:iflx nojiHTHqecKoä nfleojiorHii MOHonojiHCTH^ecKoö 6ypjKya3HH) cBeAenne B ejpiHoe i j e jioe npeji;cTaBJienHH o «BHyTpeHHeM» H «BHemneM» Bpare 60 .

59 T. üapcoHC, IJHT. no: J. E. B e r g m a n n . Die Theorie des sozialen Systems von Talcott Parsons, S. 50. 60 CM.: H. A d a m . Philosophisch-theoretische Probleme des ideologischen Freund-Feind-Bildes. — «Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie», Heft 6/1971, S. 731 ff.

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97 n n e n a M H P O B O M ptiHKe, p a c T y m a H Moin;b cou;Hara3Ma H BceMHpHbie y c n e x n T p e x O C H O B H B I X pcB0Jii0ii,H0HHbix n o TOKOB BBIHyjKflaiOT HMnepHaJIH3M, H B OCOOeilHOCTII e r o r j i a B n y i o flepataBy — C I I I A , n e p e x o f l H T b K o ß o p o n e . ^ J K . O . KeHHaH n e Mor He 3aMeTHTt 3Toro. M6o, KaK o n n e B O J I B H O n p H 3 i i a j i , «3KcneptiMeiiT OKTJiöpbCKofi p e B 0 J H 0 H , I I N C03flaji 5KH3iiecnoco6Hyio itfiBiiJiHaauHio, ^ a i o m y r o n p o CTOp AJIH MHOrHX, B03M0JKR0 flaJKe flJM Bcex, nOJIO?KHTejibHbix HejioBenecKHx HMnyjibcoB» 3 . IIosTOMy a j i h K e n HaHa H MHornx e r o eflHHOMbiuijieHHHKOB ö y ^ y m e e C I I I A , paBiio KaK H B 0 0 6 I N , e m a n c b i HMnepnajiHSMa n a T O , H T O 6 M BbiJKHTb, n o n p o c T y r o B o p n , «noKpbiTbi MpaKOM». O c o 6 e n HO ecjiH HMeTb B BHfly TpaflHii;HOiiHbie c p e ^ c T B a H keTOflbi 6yp?Kya3HOH KjiaccoBofi 6opb6bi upoTHB n p o r p e c c a ^ e j i o BENECTBA. ^ e w a r o n i H e c K i r ä Te3HC o « n e p e M n p u n B KJiacCOBOH 6 o p b 6 e » 4 O T H O C I I T C H K OÖjiaCTH eKTHBIIbie yCJIOBHH CyiH,eCTBOBaHHH MOIIOnOJIHCTHieCKOH 3 CM.: G. F. K e n n a n. — «Foreign Affairs», 1967, JSIs 10 (October), p. 19. 4 CM.: I. D e u t s c h e r . The Unfinished Revolution: Russia 1917—1967. Cambridge (University Press), 1967, p. 74. 6 R. S t r a u s s - H u p e, W. K i n t n e r, S. P a s s o n y. A Forward Strategy for America. New York, 1961, p. 47.

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