Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry. M-Z [Part 2]

Table of contents :
Cover Page......Page 1
About the Encyclopedia......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Editors......Page 5
Editorial Advisory Board......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 8
B......Page 9
C......Page 10
E......Page 11
F......Page 12
H......Page 13
I......Page 14
M......Page 16
N......Page 18
O......Page 19
P......Page 20
R......Page 21
S......Page 22
T......Page 23
X......Page 24
APPENDICES......Page 25
Atomic Spectroscopy......Page 27
Electronic Spectroscopy......Page 28
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy......Page 31
High Energy Spectroscopy......Page 32
Magnetic Resonance......Page 34
Mass Spectrometry......Page 39
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Analysis......Page 43
Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopies......Page 44
Part 1 (A - L)......Page 0
MACROMOLECULE–LIGAND INTERACTIONS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 48
MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM, THEORY......Page 56
MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTS IN HIGH-RESOLUTION NMR......Page 63
MAGNETIC RESONANCE, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 71
MASS SPECTROMETRY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 80
MATERIALS SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 87
MATRIX ISOLATION STUDIES BY IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIES......Page 96
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 101
MEDICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF IR......Page 110
MEMBRANES STUDIED BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 120
METASTABLE IONS......Page 130
MICROWAVE AND RADIOWAVE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 136
MICROWAVE SPECTROMETERS......Page 147
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROMETERS......Page 154
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 163
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 174
MRI APPLICATIONS, BIOLOGICAL......Page 183
MRI APPLICATIONS, CLINICAL......Page 193
MRI APPLICATIONS, CLINICAL FLOW STUDIES......Page 204
MRI INSTRUMENTATION......Page 211
MRI OF OIL/WATER IN ROCKS......Page 219
MRI THEORY......Page 227
MRI USING STRAY FIELDS......Page 235
MS-MS AND MSn......Page 243
MULTIPHOTON EXCITATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 250
MULTIPHOTON SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 263
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS......Page 272
MUON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 278
NEAR-IR SPECTROMETERS......Page 290
NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 300
NEUTRALIZATION-REIONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 308
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 318
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION, THEORY......Page 332
NITROGEN NMR......Page 343
NMR DATA PROCESSING......Page 353
NMR IN ANISOTROPIC SYSTEMS, THEORY......Page 360
NMR MICROSCOPY......Page 367
NMR OF SOLIDS......Page 376
NMR PRINCIPLES......Page 384
NMR PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 393
NMR RELAXATION RATES......Page 407
NMR SPECTROMETERS......Page 415
NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF ALKALI METAL NUCLEI IN SOLUTION......Page 423
NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES......Page 433
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 448
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, INSTRUMENTS......Page 463
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 470
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT......Page 482
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, APPLICATIONS......Page 492
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 502
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, THEORY......Page 511
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 520
NUCLEIC ACIDS STUDIED USING NMR......Page 527
OPTICAL FREQUENCY CONVERSION......Page 529
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, LINEAR POLARIZATION THEORY......Page 539
ORD AND POLARIMETRY INSTRUMENTS......Page 550
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 556
ORGANOMETALLICS STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 564
31P NMR......Page 572
PARAMETERS IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY OF......Page 582
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 590
PERFUSED ORGANS STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 600
PET, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 608
PET, THEORY......Page 619
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 628
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 637
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 647
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 652
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROMETERS......Page 659
PHOTOELECTRON–PHOTOION COINCIDENCE METHODS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY (PEPICO)......Page 668
PHOTOIONIZATION AND PHOTODISSOCIATION METHODS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 677
PLASMA DESORPTION IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 685
POLYMER APPLICATIONS OF IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 695
POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION, APPLICATIONS......Page 702
PRODUCT OPERATOR FORMALISM IN NMR......Page 712
PROTEINS STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 722
PROTON AFFINITIES......Page 730
PROTON MICROPROBE (METHOD AND BACKGROUND)......Page 738
PYROLYSIS MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 743
QUADRUPOLES, USE OF IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 757
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS......Page 767
RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD GRADIENTS IN NMR, THEORY......Page 773
RAMAN AND INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY......Page 781
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, APPLICATIONS......Page 791
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, SPECTROMETERS......Page 802
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, THEORY......Page 812
RAMAN SPECTROMETERS......Page 822
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING AND RAMAN EFFECT, THEORY......Page 829
RELAXOMETERS......Page 836
RIGID SOLIDS STUDIED USING MRI......Page 845
ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 853
29Si NMR......Page 865
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES......Page 877
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 885
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 894
SCATTERING AND PARTICLE SIZING, APPLICATIONS......Page 901
SCATTERING THEORY......Page 908
SECTOR MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 919
SIFT APPLICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 926
SMALL MOLECULE APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 940
SOLID-STATE NMR USING QUADRUPOLAR NUCLEI......Page 950
SOLID STATE NMR, METHODS......Page 962
SOLID-STATE NMR, ROTATIONAL RESONANCE......Page 970
SOLVENT SUPPRESSION METHODS IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 979
SONICALLY INDUCED NMR METHODS......Page 986
SPECT, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 993
SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY, APPLICATIONS......Page 995
SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1008
SPECTROSCOPY OF IONS......Page 1016
SPIN TRAPPING AND SPIN LABELLING STUDIED USING EPR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1023
STARS, SPECTROSCOPY OF......Page 1033
STATISTICAL THEORY OF MASS SPECTRA......Page 1038
STEREOCHEMISTRY STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1045
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, INORGANIC MOLECULES......Page 1058
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, ORGANIC MOLECULES......Page 1068
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PEPTIDES......Page 1080
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PHARMACEUTICALS......Page 1095
STRUCTURE REFINEMENT (SOLID STATE DIFFRACTION)......Page 1105
SURFACE INDUCED DISSOCIATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1113
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, APPLICATIONS......Page 1128
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1136
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, THEORY......Page 1145
SURFACE STUDIES BY IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1154
SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING (SERS), APPLICATIONS......Page 1163
SYMMETRY IN SPECTROSCOPY, EFFECTS OF......Page 1169
TENSOR REPRESENTATIONS......Page 1174
THERMOSPRAY IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1185
TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 1192
TRITIUM NMR, APPLICATIONS......Page 1198
TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR, METHODS......Page 1202
UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETERS......Page 1214
VIBRATIONAL CD SPECTROMETERS......Page 1221
VIBRATIONAL CD, APPLICATIONS......Page 1233
VIBRATIONAL CD, THEORY......Page 1245
VIBRATIONAL, ROTATIONAL AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1252
XENON NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1263
X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERS......Page 1275
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1282
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS......Page 1290
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETERS......Page 1294
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1305
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1314
ZEEMAN AND STARK METHODS IN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1326
ZEEMAN AND STARK METHODS IN SPECTROSCOPY, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1329
ZERO KINETIC ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1334
ZERO KINETIC ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1344
Appendix 1. Periodic Table of Elements......Page 1352
Appendix 2. Tables of SI and Related Units......Page 1353
Appendix 3. Wavelength Scale......Page 1355
Appendix 5. Magnetic Susceptibilities at 25°C......Page 1356
Appendix 6. Electronic Configuration of Elements......Page 1357
Appendix 7. Properties of some Important Solvents......Page 1359
Appendix 8. Important Acronyms in Organic Chemistry......Page 1361
Appendix 9. Equilibrium Constants at 25°C/concentration Units for Solutions......Page 1363
Appendix 10. Acronyms and Abbreviations in Quantum Chemistry and Related Fields......Page 1364
Appendix 11. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions......Page 1365
Appendix 12. Typical UV Absorptions of Unconjugated Chromophores......Page 1369
Appendix 14. Typical UV Absorption Maxima of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds......Page 1370
Appendix 15. Common Isotopes for Mössbauer Spectroscopy......Page 1371
Appendix 16. NMR Frequency Table......Page 1372
Appendix 18. Chemical Shift Ranges and Standards for Selected Nuclei......Page 1376
Appendix 19. Abbreviations and Acronyms used in Magnetic Resonance......Page 1377
Appendix 20. Symbols Used in Magnetic Resonance......Page 1380
Appendix 21. EPR/ENDOR Frequency Table......Page 1381
Appendix 22. Some Useful Conversion Factors in EPR......Page 1384
Appendix 23. Mass Spectrometry: Atomic Weights......Page 1385
Appendix 24. Conversion Table of Transmittance and Absorbanceunits......Page 1388
Appendix 25. Conversion Table of Energy and Wavelength Units......Page 1389
Appendix 26. Optical Components used in FT-IR-Spectroscopy......Page 1391
Appendix 27. Infrared and Raman Tables......Page 1392
Appendix 28. Selected Force Constants and Bond Orders (According To Siebert) of Organic and Inorganic Compounds......Page 1396
Appendix 29. Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 1398
Appendix 30. List Of Suppliers......Page 1399