Encyclopedia of Imam Ali (A) - Part 2 Of 2 [1 ed.] 9788293619307

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Imam A A Comprehensive Examination of the Life, History, and Virtues of the Master of the Faithful ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib Based on Islam’s Authoritative Sourc^^

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Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri

U: Translated by Zaid AlSalami and Safiyullah Khan

Second only to Muhammad himself, Ali is unarguably the most important figure in Islam after the Prophet. He was the first man to embrace Islam, al­ though he was only ten when God entrusted Prophet Muhammad with his divine ministry. Ali was unwavering in his support for Muhammad and Islam. On many occasions, in times of crushing tribulations, when most of the senior companions abandoned Muhammad, Ali was there to put his life on the line in support of his cousin, his father-in-law, and his broth­ er-in-faith. In Medina, Muhammad announced Ali to be his soul mate, his brother-in-faith, and gave him his daughter in marriage. As Muhammad was the key figure to introduce Islam, Ali was the key figure to support it and ensure its continuation. Encyclopedia of Imam Ali is without an exaggeration the most meticulous and comprehensive compendium written to date regarding the exalted and immortal character of Imam Ali. It collects all the reports from the corpus of Islamic tradition and history detailing Imam Ali’s life and virtues. The present volume is an abridged edition of this voluminous encyclopedia. An abridged edition was necessary so as to cater to a broader readership and to offer a convenient read to all those who may be interested in learning more about this unique and pivotal figure in the history of Islam. “I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate; whosoever seeks to enter the city must pass through its gate.” —Prophet Muhammad, Encyclopedia of Imam Ali, Abridged Edition

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All Abridged Edition Volume II Ayatullah Muhammadi Rayshahri

Abridged by Mahdi GhulamAli Translated by Zaid Alsalami Safiyullah Khan

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Edited by Hamid Reza Salarkia

Copyright ©2018 by NORPUB All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review and other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

First Edition, 2018

ISBN: 978-82-93619-30-7

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Contents Part Seven: The Days of Tribulation Chapter One: The Insubordination of the Army The Determination to Fight Mu‘awiyah The Imam Reproaching His Companions Chapter Two: Imam ‘All Warning His Companions... Warning against the Victory of the People of Syria Warning against the Hell of This World Warning against Humiliation Chapter Three: The Imam’s Complaint about... Affliction with Disobedient Troops Affliction with The Worst Men Men but not Warriors Countless but Useless Troops What is Wrong with You? What Is Your Cure? If I Had the Equivalent of the People of Badr I Wish I Had for Every Ten of You One Man Like... I Have Been Informed that You Say “All Lies’ I shall not improve your condition by marring myself Chapter Four: The Fleeing of Some of the Companions... Al-Najashl Al-Qa‘qa‘ ibn Shawr Yazld ibn Hujayyah The Letter of Imam ‘All (a.s.) to Sahl about Those...

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2 2 2 6 6 8 10 12 12 12 14 14 16 18 18 18 20 22 22 22 24 24

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Chapter Five: The Neutrality of Some of the Companions... Jarir ibn ‘Abdullah al-Bajall Abu cAbd al-Rahman al-Sulaml Chapter Six: The Martyrdom of Malik al-Ashtar Delegating Malik to Egypt Imam ‘All’s Letter to the People of Egypt before... Mu‘awiya’s Device to Assassinate Malik al-Ashtar Imam ‘All’s Sadness The Defeat of the People of Iraq Chapter Seven: The Occupation of Egypt Delegating ‘Amr ibn al-‘As’ to Fight Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Seeking Help The Reply of Imam ‘All Imam ‘All’s Encouragement to Defend Egypt The Martyrdom of Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr The Delight of Mu‘awiyah Imam ‘All’s Sermon after Killing of Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Chapter Eight: The Attacks of the Henchmen of Mu‘awiyah The ‘Alawld Policy and the Umayyad Policy The Raid of al-Nu‘man ibn Bashir The Raid of Sufyan ibn ‘Awf The Raid of al-Dahhak ibn Qais The Raid of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Qabath The Raid of Busr ibn Abl Artah Chapter Nine: Hope for Martyrdom Death, the Most Loved Thing I And the People, Bored with One Another Chapter Ten: The Last Sermon of the Imam A Study about the Roots of Weakness The Problem of the Topic 1. The Role of the Elite in the Political and Social Changes 2. The Role of the People of Kufah in the Ruling... The Loneliness of the Imam in His Own Words 1. Conflicting Wills

2. The Betrayal of the Elite and Obedience of the People...

26 26 26 28 28 30 30 32 34 36 36

38 38 40 42 46 46

50 50 54 56 56 60 62 68 68 68 70 78 79 79 80 81 81 82

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Contents Advancing the Argument against the Elite and the Public 84 Warning the Elite (al-khawas) 84 Warning the Populace 85 3. Justice in Distribution 86 88 4. Avoiding of Force in the Execution of Laws The Realisation of the Predictions of the Imam 90 a) The Misconception of Fighting the People of the Qibla 94 95 b) Fighting without Booty c) Losing Close Companions and Sincere Helpers 96 The Leading Competence of the Imam Despite His Loneliness 97

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Part Eight: The Martyrdom of Imam 'All (a.s.) Chapter One: The Prophet Informing of His Martyrdom Chapter Two: The Imam Informing of His Martyrdom Chapter Three: The Plot to Assassinate the Imam (a.s.) The Conspirators to Assassinate Imam cAll 1. The Role of the Kharijites 2. The Role of Mu'awiyah 3. The Role of Qutam Chapter Four: The Assassination of the Imam (a.s.) The Eve of the Nineteenth The Dawn of the Nineteenth A Study about the Imam Exposing Himself to Slaying The Origins of the Knowledge of the Imam Answers to the Imam exposing Himself to Slaying 1. Absence of Detailed Knowledge 2. Absence of Knowledge during the Occurrence... 3. The Imam (a.s.) is Required to Choose Martyrdom The Reply of Shaykh al-Mufld The Reply of ‘Allamah Tabataba’l Chapter Five: From Assassination to Martyrdom The Imam’s Command to Do Good to His Assassin The Will of the Imam (a.s.) Visiting the Imam (a.s.) Words of the Imam before His Death Date of His Martyrdom

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102 106 108 114 118 118 122 126 126 126 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 134 138 138 138 140 142 144

Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All Chapter Six: After Martyrdom 146 146 The Funeral Imam Hasan’s Sermon after His Father’s Martyrdom 148 Ibn Muljam’s Retribution 148 The Gravesite of the Imam 148 148 Concealing the Grave of the Imam (a.s.) Emergence of the Grave of the Imam (a.s.) 150 150 Reward for Visiting Him Part Nine: Views Concering the Personality of Imam 'All 154 Chapter One: ‘All from the perspective of the Qur’an 156 He is the Soul of the Prophet 158 A Witness from Him 158 He Who Has Knowledge of the Book 158 The Believer 160 The Outstripper 160 The Righteous among the Believers 160 The Best of Creation 160 The Disputant against the Disbelievers 162 The Guide 162 The Giver of Charity While Bowing 162 He Who Sacrifices Himself for God’s Good Pleasure 164 He Who Gives His Wealth by Night and Day, Secretly... 164 The Caller between the Inhabitants of Heaven and Hell 164 Loyalty to Him is the Perfection of Religion 166 The Position of the Imam from the Prophetic tradition 166 1. The Multiplicity of the Traditions in Connection... 166 2. 'All is the Hidden Mystery 3. The Prophet’s Words Are a Window to Knowledge of‘All 168 170 ‘All (a.s.) in Respect of His Family 170 ‘All (a.s.) and His Knowledge 171 ‘All (a.s.) in Respect of Doctrine 171 ‘All (a.s.) in Respect of Characters 171 ‘All (a.s.) in the Sphere of Practice 172 ‘All (a.s.) in Respect of Political Position 174 ‘All (a.s.) in Respect of Spiritual Station vm

Contents His Position in the Hereafter ‘All Being Oppressed Chapter Two: ‘All (a.s.) from the perspective of the Prophet (s.a.w.) Creation Family His Status in Relation to the Prophet (s.a.w.) His Political and Social Status Spiritual Perfections His Positions in the Hereafter A Study about Imam ‘All’s Praise of Himself Complying with God’s Command of Clearly Stating... Making Clear Historical Realities Defending the Truth Is Defending the Oppressed Defending the Rights of People Defending Himself against the Aggressive Propaganda Attacks Chapter Three: ‘All from the Perspective of‘All His Position with the Messenger of God (s.a.w.) The Utmost of Submission to the Prophet (s.a.w.) Precedence over Peers Splendid Virtues Miscellaneous Merits Chapter Four: ‘All from the Perspective of Ahlul Bayt Chapter Five: ‘All from the perspective of the Wives of the Prophet Chapter Six: ‘All from the Perspective of the... Chapter Seven: ‘All (a.s.) from the Perspective of his... Chapter Eight: ‘All from the Perspective of His Enemies Mu‘awiyah ibn Abl Sufyan ‘Amr ibn al-‘As Marwan ibn al-Hakam Al-Walld ibn ‘Abd al-Malik ‘Abd al-‘AzIz ibn Marwan Chapter Nine: ‘All from the Perspective of Poets K‘ab ibn Zuhayr Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadl Al-Sayyid al-Himyarl

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174 175 176 176 176 178 178 184 186 188 189 189 190 190 191

194 194 196 196 198 200 204 214

216 224 236 236 238 238 238 240 242 242 242 244

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Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All Al-‘Abdi al-Kufl Al-ShafTi Al-Sahib ibn ‘Abbad Ibn Abl al-Hadld ‘Ala’ al-Dln al-Hilll Al-Shaykh Ahmad al-Sab‘l al-Ahsa’l Shaykh Kazim al-Uzrl Part Ten: The Characteristics of Imam 'All (a.s.) An Investigation into Imam ‘All’s Characteristics Chapter One: The Doctrinal Characteristics He Who Has not Disbelieved Even A Single Moment The First to Embrace Islam The Beginning of His Embracement of Islam Chapter Two: The Ethical Characteristics Noble Character Patience Strong Willpower and Steadfastness Perfect Sincerity Complete Honesty Perfect Self-sacrifice The Adornment of Asceticism Genorosity Humility despite Power Combination of Opposites Chapter Three: The Practical Characteristics A) The Imam of those Praying 1. The First to Pray 2. His Attention to the Prime time 3. The Manner of His Prayer Leader of the Worshippers Leader of the Supplicators 1. His Supplication for Others 3. His Supplications in Specific Conditions 3.1. When Sleeping x

246 246 248 250 252 254 256 260 262 262 262 266 276 276 276 278 278 278 278 280 282 282 282 286 286 286 286 286 288 292 292 294 294

Contents 3.2. When Wearing New Clothes 3.3. When Eating and Drinking 3.4. At the Time of Ablution 3.5. When Entering the Mosque 3.6. When People Praised Him in His Presence 4. The Leader of the Fighters 5. Leader of the Oppressed 5.1. His Food 5.2. His Clothing 5.3. His House 5.4. His Buying 5.5. His Beneficence 5.6. Combination of Worship and Work 6. The Leader of the Charitable 6.1. AVerse Only the Imam Acted upon 6.2. His Alms Chapter Four: The Political and Social Characteristics 1. Brotherhood with the Prophet 2. His Rights Are Similar to the Prophet’s in Respect... 3. Ill-treament after the Prophet Chapter Five: The Military Characteristics 1. The Bravest at Heart 2. An Unparalleled Warrior 3. With the Prophet in All His Wars 4. The Bearer of the Prophet’s Standard Part Eleven: The Sciences of Imam 'All Introduction Chapter One: Learning in the School of the Prophet The Prophet’s Attention to His Education He Taught Him a Thousand Branches (of Knowledge) Dictation of the Prophet and Recording of Ali Chapter Two: His Status in Knowledge The Gateway of Prophetic Knowledge The Treasurer of Prophetic Knowledge xi

294 294 294 294 296 296 296 298 298 300 300 300 300 302 302 302 304 304 304 306 308 308 310 310 312 316 320 320 322 322 324 324 324

Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All The Most Knowledgeable He Has not Forgotten That Which He Heard No Bearers of His Knowledge Chapter Three: The Different Kinds of His Sciences Knowledge of the Book1912 Knowledge of the Qur’an Knowledge of Religion Knowledge of the Revealed Law Knowledge of Tribulations and Deaths Knowledge of What Was and What Is

324 326 326 328 328 328 328 330 330 330

Part Twelve: The Judgements of Imam 'All (a.s.) Chapter One: A General View Chapter Two: Examples of His Judgements during... Those Killed by the Trapped Lion A Man’s Bull Kills Another Man’s Donkey A Man Drinks Wine Unaware of Its Prohibition A Woman Gives Birth to a Baby Six Months after Her... Two Men Collude to Swindle a Woman out of Money A Man Whose Eye Was Injured Two Men Contesting Each other’s Right

334 336 336 336 338 340 340 342 342

Part Thirteen: The Signs of Imam 'All (a.s.) Chapter One: The Answering of His Prayers Chapter Two: Bringing Back the Sun to Him He for Whom the Sun Was Brought back Bringing the Sun back Twice for the Imam Chapter Three: His Informing of the Unseen Martyrdom of Husain (a.s) in Karbala The Outcome of the Battle of the Camel Dissension and Conflicts The Reign of Mu'awiyah The Reign of the Marwanites The Sway of al-Hajjaj The Reign of the Abbasids and Its End The Martyrdom of al-Rida (a.s.) in Khurasan The Supremacy of Truth over Falsehood at the End of Time

348 352 352 352 356 356 358 358 360 362 362 362 362 364

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Contents Chapter Four: Miscellaneous Seeing the Light of Revelation Assistance of Angels

366 366 366

Part Fourteen: Loving of Imam 'All (a.s.) Introduction Chapter One: Emphasis on Love for Him Chapter Two: The Blessings of Love for Him Chapter Three: The Characteristics of His Lovers and Friends Legitimate Birth God-wariness Chapter Four: Love of God, His Messenger and His... Chapter Five: Warning against Extremism in Showing Love...

372

376 380 384 384 384 386 390

Part Fifteen: Hatred for Imam 'All (a.s.) 394 Chapter One: The Reasons for Hatred for Him 394 Malice 394 Envy396 Chapter Two: Warning against Hatred for Him 400 Chapter Three: The Disadvantages of Hatred for Him 402 Chapter Four: The Characteristics of His Haters 402 Illegitimate Birth 402 Hypocrisy402 Wretchedness Chapter Five: The Schemes of His Enemies to Extinguish His Light 404 406 Fabricating Traditions in Dispraise of Him 408 Spreading the Act of Abusing Him 410 The Persecution, Banishment and Killing of Those... 418 The Political Motives behind the Enemies’ Stratagem 420 Chapter Six: The Disappointments of His Enemies 420 Denial of Revilement 422 The Refusal of the People to Revile Him 424 A City Refuses to Revile Him 424 . Refusal to Disassociation 430 A Discussion concering the Frustration of His Enemies 440 The Lift of Revilement

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Part Sixteen: The Companions and Governors of Imam ‘All(a.s.) Chapter One: An Analysis of the Categories of... 446 Chapter Two: A Number of the Companions and... 450 1. Abu Ayyub al-Ansarl 450 452 2. Abu Dharr al-Ghifarl 456 3. Abu Rafi', the Retainer of the Messenger of Allah 458 4. Abu Musa al-Ash£ar! 462 5. Abu al-Haytham 464 6. Al-Ash'ath ibn Qais 468 7. Asbagh ibn Nubatah 470 8. Uways al-Qaran! 470 9. Jabir ibn 'Abdullah al-Ansarl 474 10. Hujr ibn 'Adi 478 11. Hudhaifah ibn al-Yaman 480 12. Khuzayma ibn Thabit Dhu al-Shahadatain 482 13. Rushayd al-Hajarl 482 14. Ziyad ibn Ablh 486 15. Salman al-FarisI 490 16. Sulaym ibn Qais al-Hilall 492 17. Sa'sa'ah ibn Sawhan 494 18. ‘Abdullah ibn 'Abbas 500 Some words about Ibn 'Abbas being accused of betrayal 502 19. 'Ubaidullah ibn Abl Rafi' 504 20. 'Uthman ibn Hunayf 506 21. 'Adi ibn Hatam 508 22. 'All ibn Abl Rafi' 508 23. 'Ammar ibn Yasir 512 24. Kumail ibn Ziyad 512 25. Malik al-Ashtar 522 26. Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr 524 27. Al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr 526 28. Maitham al-Tammar 530 Endnotes

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Part Seven: The Days of Tribulation

Part Seven:

The Days of Tribulation Chapter One: The Insubordination of the Army Chapter Two: Imam ‘All Warning His Companions against Insubordination Chapter Three: The Imam’s Complaint about the Insubordination of His Companions Chapter Four: The Fleeing ofSome of the Companions oflmam ‘All (a.s.) to Mu' awiyah Chapter Five: The Neutrality of Some of the Companions of the Imam (a.s.). Chapter Six: The Martyrdom of Malik al-Ashtar : i 5

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Chapter Seven: The Occupation of Egypt Chapter Eight: The Attacks of the Henchmen of Mu' awiyah Chapter Nine: Hope for Martyrdom Chapter Ten: The Last Sermon of the Imam

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Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All

Chapter One The Insubordination of the Army The Determination to Fight Mu'awiyah 487. Tarikh al-Tabari, reporting from Abl al-Darda, who said: “When ‘All finished with the people of al-Nahrawan, he praised God and lauded Him and said: ‘Indeed God had been kind to you, honoured your victory, so march forth to your enemy right now.’ They said: ‘O Commander of the Faithful, our arrows are depleted, swords blunt, the head of our spears weakened. Return [us] to our cities, so that we may have better preparedness, for it maybe that the Commander of the Faithful will increase our preparedness by replacing those that were killed amongst us.’ It was al-Ash£ath ibn Qays who uttered these words. He [cAll] continued until he arrived at the entrance of Nukhayla1387. He commanded the people to stick to their camps, prepare themselves for the struggle and, limit their visits to their wives and children until they march towards their enemy. They remained a few days, but they began to sneak away from their camps. Most of them entered the city except a few of the prominent personalities , and the camps were left empty. When he [‘All] saw this, he entered Kufah, having determined not to march.”1388 The Imam Reproaching His Companions 488. Al-Gharat, reporting from Qays ibn al-Sakan, who said: “I heard 2

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Encyclopedia of Imam cAll Warning against Humiliation 491. Al-Gharat, reporting from Jundub ibn ‘Abdillah al-Wa’ill, who said: “‘All (a.s.) would say: Indeed after me you wil encounter three things: total humiliation, a destructive sword and a preference over you that the oppressor will adopt as a trend. You would remember me in these conditions. You will wish that you had seen me, supported me and spilled your blood in front of my blood. God will not send far but those who oppress. Whenever Jundub saw something that he detests, he would say: God will not send far except those who oppress. ”1396

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Chapter Three The Imam’s Complaint about the Insubordination of His Companions Affliction with Disobedient Troops 492. Imam 'All (a.s.) said, in a sermon when he was informed of the invasion of al-Nu‘man ibn Bashir: in ‘Ayn al-Tamr: “I am afflicted by those who do not obey when I command and do not respond when I call. May you have no father!1397 What are you waiting for to assist your Lord? Does the religion not join you together or a sense of shame rouse you! I stand among you shouting, I am calling on you for help, but you do not listen to my word, nor do you obey my command till circumstances show out their bad consequences. No blood can be avenged through you nor can any hope be achieved through you. I called on you to assist your brethren, but you made noises like the sick camel, and you sunk like the thin and injured camel. Then some wavering weak troops came to me: “as if they are being led to death and they are only watching”'19* ”u" Affliction with The Worst Men 493. Imam 'All (a.s.) said: “O people of Kufah! Is it that whenever a battalion of the army of Syria advances, every person closes his door, hides in his house like a lizard and a humiliated hyena in his lair. Woe unto you! I have endured [a lot] from you. One day I plead you and one day I call on you; but alas you are not brothers at the time of plea nor are you liberal at the time of the call.”1400 12

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Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All What is Wrong with You? What Is Your Cure? 496. Imam 'All (a.s.) said, when he commanded the people of Kufah to march forth in battle and they tarried and procrastinated, he admonished and rebuked them. When their inability became clear to him and he feared their collective betrayal, he gathered the nobles of Kufah and called on his Shi1 a, those that he trusted their advice and obedience. “All praise belongs to God, I bear witness that there is no god except Him and that Muhammad is His servant and messenger. Now then O’ People, for indeed, you have called me to this allegiance and I did not refuse you; thereafter you paid allegiance to me to rule and I did not ask you for it. So the pouncers pounced upon it, and God spared (the community) of their trouble, brought their faces to the ground, made their good fortune miserable, and ordained for them the adverse turn of fortune. A group remained who bring about (un-Islamic) things in Islam, take action according to passion, judge unduly and are not fit for what claim. They are such that if it is said to them: Advance a step forward, they would advance. If it is said to them: Retreat, they would retreat. They do not know truth like their awareness of falsehood, nor do they negate falsehood like they negate truth. I however, am weary of admonishing and addressing you. Explain to me what you are going to do. If you are departing with me to my enemy; that is what I request and love; if however, you are not, then clarify your affair for me so that I may consider it. By God, if all of you do not march forth with me to your enemy and fight them until God Who is the best of all judges, decides between us and them, I would beseech God against you and then I would advance to your enemy even if there were with me only ten [of you]. Are the louts and the Bedouins from among the people of Syria more perseverant in supporting deviation and more united on falsehood than you on your guidance and truth? What is wrong with you? What is your cure? Indeed people like you will not be resurrected if they are killed until the Day of Judgment. ”1403 16

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All Faithful, Imam 'All (a.s.) was informed of that, he took the money and went to Mu'awiyah,4n. His black heart had polluted his life. His situation had deteriorated to the extent that he betrayed Muslim ibn Aqll; the emissary of Imam al-Husain (a.s.) to Kufah; and he strived to distant his companions from him, conspiring with Ibn al-Ash'ath and his likes.14,2 Yazid ibn Hujayyah He was of the companions of the Imam (a.s.)1413 and witnessed with him his wars1414. The Imam made him one of the witnesses for the arbitration.14,5 The Imam had appointed him over al-Ray and Dastaba1416, but he chose the path of betrayal. Ibn al-Athlr relates that he had embezzled thirty thousand dirhams from the Public Treasury. The Imam demanded the [return of the] shortfall that had occurred in the public Treasury, but he denied it. Thus the Imam lashed him and imprisoned him. He fled from prison and joined Mucawiyah. He bore testimony against Hujr ibn 'Uday when Mucawiyah wanted to kill him. 1417 The Letter of Imam 'All (a.s.) to Sahl about Those Who Joined Mu'awiyah 501. Imam 'All (a.s.) said, in a letter written to Sahl ibn Hunayf alAnsarl, his Governor in Medina concering some Medinites who had joined Mu'awiyah: “It has reached me that men from your camp are secretly joining Mu'awiyah. Do not regret the decrease in their number or the departure of their support.1418 Their fleeing from guidance and truth and their movement to blindness and ignorance is a sufficient sin for them and a healing for you from them. Indeed these are worldly-minded people, drawn towards it and are running fast after it. They have known justice and seen it, heard it and comprehended it. They have known the people with us are exemplars of truth but they have fled for selfishness. May they be far and distant! Indeed -1 swear by God - that they did not flee away from injustice, nor did they join justice. Indeed we desire from this issue that God will alleviate our difficulties and make easy and soften for us the difficult terrain, if He wills. Peace [be on you]. ”1419 24

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