Encyclopedia of Imam Ali (A) - Part 1 Of 2 [1 ed.] 9788293619291

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A Comprehensive Examination of the L ife. j 7 7*7/* • ____ History, and Virtues of the Master of the Faithful cAl! ibn AbI Talib Based on Islam’s Authoritative Sources

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7_ Abridged Edition

Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri

Translated by Zaid AlSalami and Safiyullah Khan

Second only to Muhammad himself, Ali is unarguably the most important figure in Islam after the Prophet. He was the first man to embrace Islam, al­ though he was only ten when God entrusted Prophet Muhammad with his divine ministry. Ali was unwavering in his support for Muhammad and Islam. On many occasions, in times of crushing tribulations, when most of the senior companions abandoned Muhammad, Ali was there to put his life on the line in support of his cousin, his father-in-law, and his brother-in-faith. In Medina, Muhammad announced Ali to be his soul mate, his brother-in-faith, and gave him his daughter in marriage. As Muhammad was the key figure to introduce Islam, Ali was the key figure to support it and ensure its continuation. Encyclopedia of Imam Ali is without an exaggeration the most meticulous and comprehensive compendium written to date regarding the exalted and immortal character of Imam Ali. It collects all the reports from the corpus of Islamic tradition and history detailing Imam Ali’s life and virtues. The present volume is an abridged edition of this voluminous encyclopedia. An abridged edition was necessary so as to cater to a broader readership and to offer a convenient read to all those who may be interested in learning more about this unique and pivotal figure in the history of Islam. “I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate; whosoever seeks to enter the city must pass through its gate.” —Prophet Muhammad, Encyclopedia of Imam Ali, Abridged Edition

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All Abridged Edition

Volume I Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri

Abridged by Mahdi GhulamAli Translated by Zaid Alsalami Safiyullah Khan

Edited by Hamid Reza Salarkia

Copyright ©2018 by NORPUB All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review and other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

First Edition, 2018

ISBN:978-82-93619-29-1

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Contents Preface xxv Transliteration of Arabic Characters XXVlll Introduction XXX Part One: The Family of Imam 'All (a.s.) Chapter One: His Birth 2 A. Lineage 2 B. His Father 4 C. His Mother 8 D. His Birth 10 E. His Names 12 F. His Kunyas and Nicknames 12 14 G. His Titles 16 H. His Features Chapter Two: His Upgrowth 18 22 Chapter Three: His Marriage A) Marriage to Fatimah (a.s.), Daughter of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.)22 28 B)His Wives after Fatimah (a.s.), daughter ... 30 Chapter Four: His Children Part Two: Imam 'All (a.s.) with the Prophet (s.a.w.) 38 Chapter One: Supporting the Divine Mission 44 Chapter Two: Breaking the Idols 48 Chapter Three: The Magnificent Sacrifice during... 54 Chapter Four: The Peak of Chivalry in Two Battles 54 A) The Battle of Badr 58 B) The Battle of‘Uhud

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All Chapter Five: Forcing the Enemy to Surrender A) The Battle of BanI al-Nadlr B) The Battle of Ban! Quraizah Chapter Six: The Fatal Blow in the Battle of Khandaq Chapter Seven: Courage and Propriety in al-Hudaibiyah Chapter Eight: The Crucial Role in the Conquering of Khaibar Chapter Nine: His Activities in the Conquest of Mecca Chapter Ten: The Superb Resistance in the Battle of Hunayn Chapter Eleven: Being Appointed as the Prophet’s... Chapter Twelve: A Number of Important Delegations A) Breaking the Idols B) Declaring Repudiation from the Polytheists C) The Delegation to Yemen Chapter Thirteen: Supplications of the Prophet (s.a.w.) for... A) O Allah, appoint for me an agent from my... B) O Allah, let the truth revolve with 'All whichever... C) O Allah, befriend whoever befriend him and show... D) General Supplications of the Prophet (s.a.w.) Chapter Fourteen: The Ascension of the Prophet (s.a.w.)...

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Part Three: The Efforts of the Prophet (s.a.w.) to... Introduction the Future of the Message Security and Absence of Danger 1. A) The Absence of Leadership B) The Immaturity of the Society C) The Hypocrites and the Destructive Trends from Within D) The Jews and Other Forces and External Dangers Passivity towards the Future 2. The Great Efforts of the Prophet (s.a.w.) A) The Tradition of the Day of Warning B) The Traditions of Executorhip C) The Traditions of Inheritance D) The Traditions of vicegerency E) The Traditions of Rank F) The Traditions of Commandership G) The Traditions of Imamah H) The Traditions of Wilayah (Guardianship) I) The Traditions of Guidance

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Contents J) K) L) 1) 2) M) N) O)

The Traditions of Infallibility The Traditions of Knowledge The Traditions of the Twelve Caliphs The Mosque of the Prophet (s.a.w.) The Hajj of Communication The Tradition of the Ark The Tradition of the Two Weighty Things The Tradition of Ghadlr The Chain of Transmission of the Tradition The signification of the Tradition The Word ‘Mawla’ in Arabic Literature The Tradition of Ghadlr signfying vicegerency Intellectual Contexts Textual Evidence within the Event Itself The Revelation of Two Verses The Content of the Sermon 'All’s Coronation on the Day of Ghadlr Acknowledgement of the Commandership Congratulating for Succession and Commandership Poems Denial ofWilayah and the Infliction of Punishment The Confession of the Companions The Imam’s Imploration The Words of the Ahlul Bayt about the Tradition The Efforts to Consolidate the Purport of Ghadlr P) The Last Efforts Writing the Will Mobilising the Army of Usamah Chapter One: The Traditions of Executorship A) For Every Prophet is an Executor B) The Executor of Adam (a.s.) C) The Executor of Noah (a.s.) D) The Executor of Moses (a.s.) E) The Executor of Jesus (a.s.) F) The Executor of the Seal of Prophets (s.a.w.) The Executor His Executorship coming from Allah The Best of Executors

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The Master of Executors Chapter Two: The Traditions of Inheritance A) The Inheritor Chapter Three: The Traditions of Vicegerency A) Will You Not Assign a Vicegerent? B) Appointing Imam ‘All as vicegerent by the... C) The vicegerent of the Prophet (s.a.w.) after Him D) The vicegerent of the Prophet (s.a.w.) during his... Chapter Four: The Traditions of Rank A) The Tradition of Rank B) The Prophet’s Assertion of the Tradition of Rank The Day of Warning On The Day of Fraternization When Blocking (off) the Doors [to the Mosque] The Conquest of Khaibar The Battle of Tabuk A Study about the Tradition of Rank Chapter Five: The Traditions of Commandership A) The Meaning of‘The Holders of Authority’ B) The Commander after the Prophet (s.a.w.) C) The Commander of the Pious D) The Origin of Imam ‘All’s Appellation as the... E) This Title is Exclusive to Imam ‘All Chapter Six: The Traditions of Imamah A) His Imamate is from Allah B) The Leader of the God-wary C) The Imam of Every Believer after the Prophet D) The Imam of the Nation Chapter Seven: The Traditions of Guardianship (Wilayah) A) The Guardianship of‘All is the Guardianship of... B) ‘All’s Guardianship C) His Wilayah is Obligatory D) The Blessings of His Wilayah Chapter Eight: The Traditions of Guidance A) ‘All is the Guide B) ‘All is Always on the Right Way Chapter Nine: The Traditions of Infallibility A) ‘All is with the Qur’an vm

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Contents B) ‘All is with the Truth C) ‘All is the Clarifier of What the Nation Differs on Chapter Ten: The Tradition of Ghadlr A) The Event of Ghadlr A Study on the Verse of Communication B) The Completion of Religion A Study on the Day of the Completion of Religion C) The Day of Ghadlr Khumm D) Coronation on the Day of Ghadlr E) Congratulation by the Leadership F) The Recollections of the Companions of the Prophet 1. Abu Sa‘ld al-Khudri 2. Jabir ibn ‘Abdullah 3. Zaid Ibn Arqam G) The Recollections of Imam ‘All (a.s.) H) The Argumentation of Imam‘All I) The Argumentation of Fatimah J) The Imploration of Imam ‘ All K) The Festival of Ghadlr in Islam Chapter Eleven: The Utmost Limit of the Prophet’s Effort... A) Requesting a Paper and an Inkwell B) Dispatching the Army of Usamah A Study on the Last Decisions of the Prophet (s.a.w.) Part Four: Imam 'All (a.s.) after the Prophet (s.a.w.) Chapter One: The Story of al-Saqlfa B) What Came to Pass at al-Saqlfa C) Those Who Refused to Pledge Allegiance to Abu Bakr D) The Words of Imam ‘All when Receiving the... E) Attacking the House of Fatimah F) Imam ‘All (a.s.) refraining from Pledging Allegiance G) Imam ‘All’s (a.s.) Objection to the Decree of al-Saqlfa H) Imam ‘All’s Call for Help I) The Awareness of Imam ‘All in Respect of the Dissension J) Imam ‘All’s Pledge of Allegiance after Fatimah’s Death K) The Motives for Imam ‘All’s Pledge of Allegiance Fear of Disunity Fear of Apostasy Lack of Support

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Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All Compulsion The Factors of the Success of al-Saqlfa The Hatred of Quraish Envy M) The Viewpoint of‘Umar Chapter Two: The Reign of‘Umar ibn al-Khattab A) The Status of‘Umar from the perpective of Abu Bakr B) The Position of Imam ‘All towards his Caliphate C) ‘Umar Consulting Imam ‘All in Difficult Problems D) ‘Seeking Help from Imam ‘All Chapter Three: The Origins of‘Umar Caliphate A) The Words of‘Umar regarding the Caliphate B) ‘Umar’s View on the Council C) The Clarity of Results of the Council D) The Position of Imam ‘All (a.s.) towards the Decree... E) Foam on the Camel’s Mouth An Analysis of the Events of the Council Chapter Four: The Origins of the Revolution Against ‘Uthman A) Luxury B) Dividing the Wealth among the Rich i) Giving Preference to Kin ii) Giving Preference to Associates C) Returning Those Banished by the Messenger of Allah D) Punishing Those Who Would Deny His Innovations ii) Distorting the History of the Exile of Abu Dharr E) The Origins of the Revolution Against ‘Uthman i) Striking ‘Ammar ibn Yasir ii) Striking and Banishing ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud Chapter Five: The Revolution Against ‘Uthman Against ‘Uthman Bringing Close the Newly-converted Meccan... 1. Squander (in Granting Money, etc.) 2. His Position towards the Principles of Religion 3. Corrupt Advisors 4. The Prudent Pious revolutionary Avengers A) i) ‘Ammar ibn Yasir ii) Zaid ibn Sawhan iii)Jibilla ibn ‘Amr al-Ansarl L)

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Contents iv)Jahjah al-Ghifari v) ‘Amr ibn al-Hamiq vi) cAbd al-Rahman ibn cUdais The Exploiters B) The Opportunist Supporters C) Part Five: The Politics of Imam 'All (a.s.) Introduction Politics in the Two Schools of Thought Politics in the Umayyad School Politics in the School of Imam ‘All The Reform Movement of Imam ‘All (a.s.) The Policies of Imam ‘All (a.s.) for Facing Corruption The Policies of Administrative and Economical Reform The Policies of Cultural Reform The Ruling over the Hearts The Principles of Administrative Policies 1. Honesty in Politics 2. The Centrality of Truth 3. The Supremacy of Law 4. Administrative Discipline 5. Appointment of Competent Governors 6. Providing the Governors with Their Financial Needs 7. Special Attention towards the Armed Forces 8. Monitoring the Function of the Governors 9. Prevention of Gifts 10. Strictness along with Leniency The Principles of Cultural Policies 1. The Development of Education and Teaching 2. Reforming the public Culture 3. Constructive Criticism instead of Flattering 4. Adherence to Truth rather than Personalities The Principles of Economical Policies 1. Promotion of Work Ethos 2. Agricultural Development 3. Industrial Development 4. Commercial Development 5. Direct Supervision of the Market 6. The Policy of Tax-Collection xi

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Encyclopedia of Imam cAli 7. Not Delaying the Distribution of Public Funds 8. Equal Distribution of the Public Funds 9. Securing the Basic Needs for Everyone 10. The Prohibition of Giving Gifts form the Public Funds 11. Prohibition of Giving Privileges to Children and... 12. Economization with the Public Funds The Principles of Social Policies 1. Social Justice 2. Respect for Mutual Rights 3. The Development of Legitimate and... 4. The Policy of Leniency 5. Protecting the Oppressed 6. Establishing the Complaint Box 7. Fostering the Unity of the Society and its Harmony The Principles of the Judicial Policies 1. Appointment of Qualified Judges 2. Securing the Financial Needs of the Judges 3. Job Security for the Judges 4. Observing the Manners of Judging 5. Strict Supervision over the Judges 6. Unifying the Judicial Procedures 7. The Equality of All before the Law 8. The Position of the Interests of the Government The Principles of Security Policies 1. Establishing an Active Security System 2. Removal of Tension 3. Caution and Seizing the Opportunities 4. Refraining from the Policy of Horror 5. The Principle of Applying the Law in Confronting... 6. Tolerance towards Political Opponents The Principles of Military Policies 1. Attention to Military Training 2. Formation of Special Forces 3. Strengthening the Troops’ Morale 4. Trickery in War 5. The Manners of War a. Refraining from Initiating War b. Avoiding the Invitation to Combat

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Contents c. Political Immunity of the Enemy’s Envoys 418 d. Furnishing the Evidence before Starting the War 418 e. Supplication at War 418 f.Starting the War at Noon 418 g.Kindness to the Survivors of the Enemy 418 The Principles of International Policies 419 1. The Principles that secures the perpetuation of Governments419 2. The Principles that Lead to the Fall of Governments 419 3. Efficient in International Relations and Policies 420 Summary 420 Defending Imam ‘All’s Statesmanship 420 Chapter One: The Allegiance of Light 426 A) The History of the Allegiance to Imam ‘All 426 B) The Freedom of People in Electing the Imam (a.s.) 428 C) Imam ‘All’s Reluctance to Rulership 428 An Analysis of the Reasons for Imam ‘All (a.s.) Reluctance to Accept Rulership 430 D) The Imam’s Motive for the Acceptance of the Rulership 438 E) The First to Pledge Allegiance 438 F) The Allegiance of the Masses 440 G) Those who Failed to Pledge Allegiance to the Imam (a.s.) 440 446 Chapter Two: The Reforms of Imam ‘All (a.s.) A) The Voice of Justice and its Echo 446 452 B) Dismissal of ‘Uthman’s Governors 452 C) Revoking the Money of the Public Treasury 452 D) The Difficulty of Certain Reforms 454 Chapter Three: Administrative Policies 454 A) Honesty in Politics 454 B) Commitment to Truthfulness 454 C) Commitment to Law 456 D) Rejection of Compromise 458 E) Organising the Affairs 458 F) Election of Righteous Governors 458 G) Refraining from Employing the Treacherous and... H) Generosity in Providing Governors with Daily Sustenance 458 460 I) Choosing Secret Agents to Monitor Governors 460 J) Rewarding the Good-doer and Punishing the Evil-doer 460 K) Strictness towards Governors

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i) Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays ii) Ziyad ibn Ablh L) Dismissing Treacherous Governors M) Punishing the Treacherous among the Governors Chapter Four: Cultural Policies A) Development of Education B) Prohibition of Abolishing Righteous Customs C) Fighting against Evil Customs D) Criticism Instead of Praise Chapter Five: Economical Policies A) Encouragement to Work B) Country Development C) Agricultural Development D) Industrial Development E) Commercial Development F) Direct Supervision of the Market G) Prevention of Hoarding H) The Policy of Taking Taxes I) Equal Distribution of Public Funds An Explanation on the Method of Distribution of Public... J) Securing the Essential Needs of the Society K) Supporting the Lower Class L) Special Concern for the Orphans M) Refraining from preferring one’s Children and... i) Hasan and Husain (a.s.) ii) Um Kulthum Chapter Six: Social Policies A) Establishing Justice B) Commitment to Rights C) Development of Constructive Freedom D) Attention to the Pleasure of the Public E) Kindness to the Subjects F) Direct Contact with People G) Refraining from Anger H) Assisting the Oppressed I) Establishing the House of Complaints J) Concern for the Unity of the Nation A) Electing the Best for Arbitration

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Contents B) Securing the Financial Needs of the Judges C) Emphasis on the Manners of the Judges D) Dismissing Whoever Fails to Observe Proprieties E) Supervising the Judgment of the Judges F) Warning against Unjust and Reckless Judgement G) Imam ‘All’s Judgement H) Execution of Punishment on the Near and the Far I) Submission to Judgement Chapter Eight: Security Policies A) Importance of Security B) Intelligence C) Setting Right the Enemies D) Peace alongside Awareness F) Seizing the Opportunity when Attacking the Enemy G) Warning against Torture H) Gentleness as long as There is No Conspiracy I) Banishing the Conspirers Chapter Nine: Military Policies A) Attention to Military Training i) Teaching the Army ii) Organising the Army iii) Seizing the Opportunity iv) Tactical Withdrawal B) Establishing Special Forces C) Special Concern for the Armed Forces D) Attention to the Army’s Spirit i) Encouragement ii) Slogan iii) Warning against Fleeing E) Trickery F) The Morals of War i) Prohibition of Initiating a War ii) Political Immunity of Envoys iii) Furnishing the Argument before Fighting iv) Supplication before War v) Starting the War after Midday vi) Good Conduct with Prisoners

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All Chapter Ten: International Policies A) Causes of Perpetuity of Governments i) Establishing Justice ii) Good Management iii) Good Conduct iv) Vigilance in Monitoring the Affairs B) Causes of decline of Governments i) Oppression iii) Monopolization v) Negligence of Principles C) Guidelines in Social and Political Relations i) Treating People like Oneself ii) Refraining from Animosity iii) Fulfilling Promises iv) Cultural Independence Part Six: The Wars of Imam 'All (a.s.)

Introduction A General Look at the Wars of Imam 'All (a.s.) A) Warning against Fighting Imam 'All (a.s.) B) Allusion to Dissensions after His Death C) The Order to Fight the Misled D) The Motives of the Rebels in Fighting Imam 'All (a.s.) i) Arrogance ii) Grudge iii) Envy iv) Greed v) Ignorance E) The Goals of Imam ‘All in fighting the Rebels i) Reviving the Religion ii) Defending the Sunnah iii) Fighting Against Innovations Imam ‘All Was in the Right in all His Wars Chapter One: The First War: The Battle of the Camel 1.1. An Overview on the War -

(a) Its Date (b) Its Locus (c) The Number of People Participated (d) The Great Companions of Imam 'All xvi

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Contents (e) The Prominent Personalities of the Folk of the Camel 544 (f) The Number of Men Killed 544 1.2. The Identity of the Heads of the Breakers (of Allegiance) 546 (a) ‘A’ishah 546 (b) Talha ibn ‘Ubaydullah 550 (c) Al-Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam 552 (d) ‘Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr 554 (e) Marwan ibn al-Hakam 556 1.3. The Breakers’ Readiness to Fight Imam ‘All 560 (a) The Plots of Mu‘awiah 560 (b) The Start of the Conflict 560 (c) Talha and al-Zubayr Leaving for Mecca 560 (d) Talha and al-Zubayr Inviting ‘A’ishah to Revolt 562 (e) The Breakers’ Plan for the Battle 562 (f) The Letters of‘A’ishah to Cities 564 564 (g) ‘A’isha’s Readiness to Leave for Battle 564 (h) ‘A’ishah’s Istirja‘ 566 1.4. Imam ‘All’s Readiness to Confront the Breakers (a) The Imam (a.s.) Consulting with his Companions... 566 568 (b) The Sermon of Imam ‘All following the Breakers’... (c) The Letter of Imam ‘All to the People of Kufah 570 570 (d) The Confusion of the Affair 572 1.5. Imam ‘All Asking for Assistance 572 (a) The Letter of Imam ‘All to the People of Kufah 572 (b) The Imam Sending His Son to Kufah 574 (c) The Position of Abu Musa al-Ash‘arI on the... (d) Sending Malik al-Ashtar to Confront Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari574 576 (e) The Arrival of the Kufan Forces to Imam ‘All 578 A Study about Imam ‘All’s Delegates to Kufah 580 Muhammad ibn Abl Bakr 2) 580 Imam Hasan and ‘Ammar ibn Yasir 3) 581 Malik al-Ashtar 4) 582 1.6. Occupation of Basra 582 (a) The Debate Between the Representative of the... 584 (b) Besieging the State House 586 (c) The Breakers Taking over Basra 586 (d) ‘A’ishah Ordering the Killing of ‘Uthman ibn Hunayf 588 (e) Killing the Opposition

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Encyclopedia of Imam ‘All 1.7. From Dhl Qar To Basra (a) Taking the Allegiance (b) The Arrival of‘Uthman ibn Hunayf (c) The Arrival of Imam ‘All at Basra 1.8. The Attempts of Imam ‘All to Prevent Fighting (a) The Courageous Effort to Save the Enemy (b) The Outcome of al-Zubayr (c) The Debates between Imam ‘All and Talha 1.9. Fighting (a) The Supplication of Imam ‘All Before the Battle (b) The Imam Motivating his Companions to Fight (c) The Tranquillity of Imam ‘All at War (d) The Intensification of the Battle (e) Imam ‘All’s Fighting (f) Marwan Killing Talha (g) The Continuation of the War under the Leadership... (h) The Hamstringing of the Camel and the Dispersing... (i) The Duration of the War 1.10. After the Victory (a) Honour (b) The Announcement of Granting a General Amnesty (c) Discussions between Imam ‘All and ‘A’ishah (d) Escorting ‘A’ishah back to Medina (e) The Spoils of War (f) Imam ‘All Entering the Muslim Treasury of Basra (g) Imam ‘All Rebuking the People of Basra (h) Electing Ibn ‘Abbas as Governor over Basra (i) Imam ‘All Entering Kufah Chapter Two: The Secand War: The Battle of Siffln 2.1. Information on the War a) Its Date Its Locus The Number of People Participated The Great Companions of Imam ‘All (a.s.) The Prominent Companions of Mu‘awiyah The number Killed 2.2. The Identity of the Leaders of the Transgressors The Invocation of the Prophet against Him

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Contents ‘Amr ibn al-‘As His Regret at Upon His Death 2.3. Imam ‘Alls Policy Dismissing Mu‘awiyah Defending the Policy of Dismissing Mu‘awiyah 1 .Reinstatement of Muawiyah Would Not Induce Him... 2. Disruption to the Central Government 3.Its Contradiction with the Principles of Imam ‘All’s... b) Rejection of the Policy of Compromise 1121 c) Imam ‘All Invites Mu'awiyah to Pledge Allegiance d) The Policy of Mu‘awiyah in Answering the Imam (a.s.) e) Appointment of a Governor over Syria f) Dispatching Jarir ibn ‘Abdullah to Mu‘awiyah Mu‘awiyah Temporizes to Get Ready for War The Imam’s Companions Suggest Preparation for... 2.4. Propaganda War The Device of Mu'awiyah in the Propaganda War The Wise Replies of Imam ‘All The Goals of Mu‘awiyah in Propaganda War and the Wisdom, Accusing Imam ‘All of Killing ‘Uthman Provoking Imam ‘All to Speak against the Caliphs Distortion of Allegiance to Imam ‘All Discreding the Sanctity of the Imam The Wise Replies of Imam ‘All 2.5. Mu‘awiyah’s Preparation for the War The Advice of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As Seeking Assistance from ‘Amr ibn al-‘As The Promise of the Conditional Support Exploiting the Shirt of‘Uthman Conciliation with the Byzantine Seeking Help from Mecca and Medina Declaration of the War 2.6. Imam ‘All’s Advance towards Siffln Imam ‘All’s consultation on the journey to Siffln The Sermon of Imam ‘All Imam ‘All’s Cry at Karbala’ Al-Ashtar Leading the Army of Imam ‘All Confrontation of the Vanguards of the Tow Armies xix

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2.7. The Confrontation of the Two Armies Rewarding the Offence with Kindness The Beginning of the Fighting A Truce in Hope of Peace In Hope of Guidance 2.8. The Fighting The Supplication of Imam ‘All before the Battle The Command to Fight Imam ‘All Urges His Companions to Fight The First Day of the Battle The Second Day of the Battle The Third Day of the Battle The Fourth Day of the Battle The Fifth Day of the Battle The Sixth Day of the Battle The Seventh Day of the Battle 2.9. The Intensification of the Battle Group Fighting The Martyrdom of Uways ibn ‘Amir al-Qaran! The Martyrdom of Hashim ibn ‘Utba The Martyrdom of ‘Ammar ibn Yasir Confusion in the Army of Mu‘awiyah The Martyrdom of Khuzayma ibn Thabit The Fighting of al-Asthar Imam ‘All’s Fighting The Tranquillity of Imam ‘All at the Battleground The Scandal of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As Imam ‘All’s Attack. The Trickery of Mu‘awiyah Imam ‘All’s Reply 2.10. The Most Intense Days The Battle of Thursday The Night of al-Harlr 2.11. The Cessation of the Battle The Deception of the Night Raising the Qur’an Imam ‘All’s Critical Position Al-Ashtar’s Return from the Battle

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Contents The Delight of Mu'awiyah The Letter of Mu'awiyah to Imam 'All The Answer of Imam 'All in Aggreement with Arbitration Imam ‘All’s Reproach to His Companions 2.12. Appointing the Arbitrators Imam ‘All’s Opposition The Document of the Arbitration Al-Ashtar’s dissatisfaction of the Contents of the Document Difference in Opinion among the Imam’s Companions 2.13. Leaving Siffln The Outbreak of Objections Entering Kufah And Commencement of Another Sedition 2.14. The Tent of the Arbitration The Assessment of the Two Arbitrators 'Abbas’ Advice to Abu Musa Mu'awiya’s Advice to 'Amr ibn al-‘As Imam 'All’s Advice to 'Amr ibn al-'As The Negotiations of the Two Arbitrators The Verdict of the Two Arbitrators Imam 'All’s Words after the Arbitration A Study about the Arbitration The Reason for Accepting the Arbitration Why Abu Musa? The Subject of the Arbitration Why the Imam’s Army Were Deceived? The Wisdom behind not Seizing the Opportunity after... 1. Acknowledgment of Mistake in Leadership 2. Breacking the Treaty 3. The Threat of the Ignorant Ascetics Chapter Three: The Third War: The Battle of Nahrawan A Study about the Mariqln (the Deviants) and the Origins... Religion and Moderation Religious Extremism in Hadith Terminology The Starting Point of the Deviation The Trend of the Reciters and its Formation The Role of the Reciters in the Army of Imam 'All The Reciters Imposing the Arbitration on the Imam The Reciters’ Separation from Imam 'All

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Transformation from Reciters to the Renegades Imam ‘All Prides Himself on Uprooting the Sedition... The Origins of ‘al-Ta‘ammuq’ Ignorance The Intellect is the Criterion for Actions The Depth of the Ignorance of the Kharijites Love of this World The Effects of ‘al-Ta‘ammuq’ The Danger of Conceitedness Imam Khomeini (r.a.) said in his advice to his son: The Continuation of Ignorance Charge of Disbelief Fanaticism and Obstinacy The Role of the Infiltrators 3.1. A General Outlook The Names of the Instigators of the War 1. The Mariqln (the Renegades) 2. Al-Haruriyya Al-Shurah The Kharijites Al-Bughah The Prophet’s Prophecy The Mariqun from the Perspective of Imam c All (a.s.) The Imam’s Pride in Fighting them The Prohibition of Fighting them after Him The Identity of Their Leaders Hurqus ibn al-Zubair ‘Abdullah ibn Wahab 3.2. Description of the War Its Date Its Locus The Number of Participants 3.3. he Journey of the Mariqln (the Renegades) towards... The Beginning of the Separation Delegating ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbas to them Imam ‘All Heading towards Harura’ Imam ‘All’s Patience and Gentleness with Them Their Pledging of Allegiance to ‘Abdullah ibn Wahab

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Contents The Killing of Ibn Khabbab and his Pregnant Wife 3.4. Imam ‘All’s Determination to Fight Mu‘awiyah The Sermon of Imam ‘All befor His Advance to Syria Imam ‘All Seeking Assistance from the Kharijites to... The Army of Imam ‘All Halting at al-Nukhailah The Army’s Insistence on fighting the Kharijites before... 3.5. The Advance of the Army of Imam ‘All to al-Nahrawan Motivations Causing Change in the Imam’s Position in... Imam ‘All Camping Next to al-Nahrawan Imam ‘All Informing of What Would Occur inO the War 3.6. Advancing the Argument at the Battlefield The Arguments of Imam ‘All against Them The Sermon of Imam ‘All between the Battle Lines Raising the Flag of Protection 3.7. The Fighting Supplication before Fighting The Command to Fight Imam ‘All’s Fighting Imam ‘All Fighting ‘Abdullah ibn Wahab The Swiftness of their Destruction The Delight of People at the Fulfilment of a Prophecy The Words of Imam ‘All When Passing by the Dead of... The Imam's Prediction about the Continuation of Their... The Policy of Imam ‘All (a.s.) concering the Wounded and... The Sermon of Imam ‘All After the War against the Kharijites 3.8. The Rebellion of the Rest of the Khawarij 3.9. The Rebellion of al-Khirrlt ibn Rashid Endnotes

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Preface Praise be to Allah who has guided us to this, and we would not have been guided if Allah had not guided us, and blessings of Allah be upon the Seal of prophets and messengers and his immaculate and pure progeny, especially his brother, agent, executor and vicegerent. Encyclopaedia of Imam cAll Ibn Abl Talib introduces a new perspective on the life of the Commander of the Faithful (a.s.) and the history of the most perfect of people, the most distinguished of believers and the greatest personality in the history of Islam after the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.). This Encyclopaedia is based on the Qur'an, the Sunnah and history. It is designed in a modern style, with new analysis, and arranged in an innovative and practical way, presenting most of the teachings of the great personality whom the Prophet (s.a.w.) named as the ‘gateway to his knowledge and wisdom’ as a model for scholars and researchers in the sciences and teachings of Imam ‘All (a.s.) and for everyone who is thirsty for truth and reality. Here are a number of the distinguished features of this encyclopaedia: A) inclusiveness and selectivity; B) exstensive referencing from ShTa and Sunni sources; C) dependence on reliable and authentic sources; D) presenting almost seven thousand pieces of information from history and traditions with analysis when needed. xxv

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Encyclopedia of Imam c All E) paying attention to the requirements and needs of today’s society and the practical aspects of the tradition; F) innovativeness in writing and presenting the subjects in an explanative way, so that the reader will have a general overview on the topics in the book through a quick look at it; G) giving notes and necessary explanations regarding personalities, places and maps which have been prepared by the experts. Considering that general readers may not really benefit from a book that has these features, we have decided to compile a summary of the Encyclopaedia, so it can be accessible to all people interested in knowing about the teachings and the life of Imam cAll (a.s.). This would also enable the preparation for translating this book into other languages in order to achieve this ultimate goal at its most. Furthermore, , selecting particular subjects from a book that has already been written is an intricate work. Allah, the Beneficent, has granted success to the respected scholar Mahdl GhulamcAll to undertake this task, and I show my sincere gratitude to him and congratulate him for this great achievement. I must mention that the compilation of the Encyclopaedia Imam of‘All Ibn Abl Talib was accomplished with the collaboration of the respected researchers Sayyid Muhammad Kazim al-Tabataba’l and Sayyid Mahmud Tabataba’l Nejad, and they were also a part of the project of compiling this abridged version. I give my thanks to them and to all who have assisted in the summarising of this Encyclopaedia. Finally, I must thank Sheikh Zaid Alsalami and Sheikh Safiyullah Khan who undertook the difficult task of translating this text into English, and Hujjatul-Islam Muhammad Sharif Mahdavi and Salam Judy for their efforts in editing and reviewing the text along with supervising the project. I ask Allah, the Almighty, to reward them with His generosity, as He is worthy of, for His is the Benign, the Glorious. O Allah, we swear to You by the mightiness of the Night of Decree XXVI

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Preface to accept from us this humble work. Appoint us to be among those who prepare for the universal government that the son of ‘All and Fatimah (a.s.) will establish, and among the lines of the companions of Imam al-Mahdl (a.s.). Make us die with the love of the Ahlul Bayt (a.s.) and resurrect us among their sincere and true followers. Amen, O Lord of the worlds. Muhammad Muhammad! Rayshahri

xxvii

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Encyclopedia of Imam c All “Allah chose Ishmael from the children of Abraham, chose Ban! Kinanah from the children of Ishmael, chose Quraish from BanI Kinanah, and chose Ban! Hashim from Quraysh, and chose me from BanI Hashim.”1 Therefore, BanI Hashim were a group that were chosen from the choicest of families, and the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) and c All (a.s.) are the choicest of this group. In describing the lineage of the Prophet (s.a.w.) Imam cAll (a.s.) said: “His family is the best of families and his tree the best of trees. It grew in a sanctuary and blossomed in nobility. It has long branches and untouchable fruits.”2 This commendation is in reality an acclamation of his own lineage, as the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) said: “All and I are from a single tree.”3 He (s.a.w.) also said: “His flesh is my flesh and his blood my blood.”4 In view of this, the house of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) and the house of‘All (a.s.) are the house of prophethood, even as their family roots are those of light and nobility. They are the two chosen ones from the lineage of Abraham and BanI Hashim, with lofty traits and qualities, including purity, eloquence, kindness, bravery, intelligence, modesty, chastity, forbearance, patience, ect.5 So is the case with the high position they hold among all the Arab tribes. 1. The Prophet (s.a.w.) said: “‘All and I have been created from a single light... Allah, the Sublime and the Exalted, continued to transfer us from pure loins to pure wombs, until He took us to cAbd alMuttalib.”6 B. His Father ‘Abd Manaf ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib known as Abu Talib is one of the ten sons of ‘Abd al-Muttalib.7 ‘Abd al-Muttalib was one of the distinguished personalities of Quraish who enjoyed a high prestigious status amongst them. After him came his son Abu Talib who inherited 4

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All “Do you not know that we consider Mohammad, A prophet like Moses, written in the earliest of books.” In another tradition he (a.s.) said: “How could Abu Talib be a nonbeliever when he says: “They know that our son is not a liar to us, Nor does he pay attention to falsehoods. With his white face, rain is sent down, A refuge for orphans and a protector of widows. ”17 C. His Mother Her name was Fatimah bint Asad; she was a wise, pious and respectful woman, with a strong faith and a vibrant heart. She undertook the responsibility of raising the Prophet (s.a.w.) in his childhood,18 and he would show love to her much, saying: “She was a mother to me after my mother who gave birth to me. ”19 He would always commend her love and affection for him, saying: “Nobody after Abu Talib was more dutiful to me than she was. ”20 She was the first woman to pledge allegiance to the Prophet (s.a.w.).21 She migrated to Medina with 'All and Fatimah (a.s.), walking on foot. When this great woman died, the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) shrouded her in his own robe.22 He took part in her funeral, prayed over her and placed her in her grave, after he lay down inside it himself.23 ‘All (a.s.) was the fourth son of these two shining faces in Islamic history, Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad, adorning their life, after Talib, 'Aqll, and Ja'far.24 4. Imam al-Sadiq (a.s.) said: “Fatimah bint Asad, the mother of the Commander of the Faithful (a.s.), was the first woman to migrate to the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) from Mecca to Medina, walking on foot. She was the most dutiful of people to the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.). She heard the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) say: “People will be resurrected naked on Judgment Day, as they were born.” She said: “Oh, what shame!” The Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) said to her: “I ask Allah to resurrect you fully clothed.” She also heard him 8

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Encyclopedia of Imam 'All mentioning what one will endure in the pressure of the grave. She exclaimed “Oh, my weakness!” The Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) said to her: “I ask Allah to spare you from that.” One day, she said to the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.): “I want to free this servant of mine.” He said to her: “If you do, Allah will free for every limb of hers a part of you from Hellfire.” When she got ill, she passed her will to the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) and ordered that her servant be freed. As her tongue was paralysed, she pointed to the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.), and he accepted her will. While the Prophet (s.a.w.) was sitting down one day, the Commander of the Faithful (a.s.) came to him weeping. The Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) asked him: “Why are you weeping?” He said: “My mother Fatimah has died.” The Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) said: “By Allah, she is my mother too.” He got up in a hurry, went in, saw her and began to weep. He then ordered the women to give her the ritual bath and said to them: “When you finish, do not do anything until you inform me.” When they were through, they informed him, and he gave them one of his inner garments and asked them to shroud her with it. He then said to the Muslims: “If you find me doing something I have not done before, then ask me why I did it.” When the women finished washing and shrouding her, he (s.a.w.) went in and carried her coffin on his shoulders and continued holding her coffin until he got to her grave. He then put her down, went inside the grave and lay there in it. Then he rose, picked her up, placed her in her grave, and kept whispering to her for a long time....”25 D. His Birth Imam 4All (a.s.) was born on Friday26, the thirteenth of Rajab,27 thirty years after the Year of the Elephant,28 inside the Holy Ka'bah.29 The scholar, al-cAllamah al-Amlni, regarding the birth of Imam ‘All (a.s.) and his excellent quality of which there is no equal, says: “This is a manifest reality, in which both Schools of Thought 10

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Encyclopedia of Imam c All Through different traditions it can be seen that the dearest of agnomens to Imam ‘All (a.s.) was Abu Turab. He was pleased to be called by it for many reasons. One of them was that he found in it a sort of humbleness and humility to Allah, the Exalted. Another reason is that it reminded him of the amiable treatment by the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) towards him in the battle of Dhat al-‘Ashlrah, where he (a.s.) was lying on the ground along with ‘Ammar ibn Yasir with dust stuck to his skin. This was the reason why he was so specially attached to this kunya. 7. Imam 'All (a.s.) said: “During the life of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.), Hasan would call me Abu al-Husain, and Husain would call me Abu al-Hasan, and they would call the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) their father. When the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.) passed away, they called me their father.”39 8. Sahlh al-Bukharl, narrating from Abu Hazim, who said: “A man came to Sahl bin Sa‘d and said: “Here is someone calling ‘All some names on the pulpit -referring to the governor of Medina-.” He said: “What is he saying?” He answered: “He is calling him ‘Abu Turab’.” Sald laughed and said: “By Allah, he was named Abu Turab by the Prophet (s.a.w.), and by Allah, no other name was dearer to him than that.” I found the conversation of Sahl to be attractive, so I asked: “O Abu ‘Abbas, how is that so?” He said: “‘All went into the house of Fatimah, and then he came out and went to lie down in the mosque. The Prophet (s.a.w.) asked Fatimah: “Where is your cousin?” She said: “In the mosque.” He (s.a.w.) went ahead and found his robe fallen off his back, so he brushed the dust off his back and said twice: “Sit up, O Abu Turab. ”40 G. His Titles The personality of Imam ‘All (a.s.) is an ocean whose depth cannot be fathomed. He is an extraordinary person of great dimensions and he is unique in history, with no equal. He (a.s.) had many titles, each of which refers to one of the high dimensions of the knowledge, practice, education, social, spiritual and political aspects of his personality. 14

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