Works of John Dryden. Volume 5 Poems: The Works of Virgil in English, 1697 [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520905252

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T H E

WORKS

OF

General

JOHN

DRYDEN

Editor

ALAN ROPER

Textual

Editor

V I N T O N A . DEARING

VOLUME

FIVE

EDITOR

William Frost TEXTUAL

EDITOR

Vinton A. Dearing

FRONTISPIECE OF The

Works

of Virgil in English

(MACDONALD

33A)

(1697)

VOLUME

V

The Works of John Dry den Poems T H E W O R K S OF V I R G I L IN ENGLISH 1697

University Berkeley

of California Los Angeles

1987

Press London

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley and Los Angeles,

California

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD.

London,

England

The copy texts of this edition have been drawn in the main from the Dryden Collection of the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library 22 21 2 0 19 l 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Copyright

1987 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0-520—02121-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 55-7/^9 Designed by Ward Ritchie

In Gratitude for Their Encouragement of the Editors and for Their Support of the Edition Volumes V and VI of the California Dryden Are Respectfully Dedicated to Charles E. Young, Chancellor, and to William D. Schaefer, Vice-Chancellor, UCLA

Preface The folio first edition of Dryden's Virgil, lavishly illustrated and sold by subscription as well as offered for regular sale, remains a fascinating piece of bookmaking, in part because some surviving manuscripts concerning contractual arrangements between Dryden and his publisher, Jacob Tonson, together with some of Dryden's letters, chiefly to Tonson, document the progress of Dryden's labor and the book's eventual production to a degree unusual for the period. The book was sold unbound, and constituted a sort of kit complete with assembly instructions, a set of Directions to the Binders how to place the Several Parts of this Book. These directions, bewildering in their seeming illogic, are placed, prophetically, at the bottom of a page otherwise devoted to errata, which were testily drawn up by Dryden himself. Unsurprisingly, not all copies are bound in accordance with the directions, perhaps because some first owner or his binder yearned for a better, or any, logic in the ordering of parts, or perhaps because the directions were not encountered until the end of the book's fourth part. The illustrations caused further problems. All but two illustrated the text of the translation and were taken from plates used for Ogilby's earlier translation of Virgil and retouched for Dryden's. Retouching included the addition of the name and arms of each of the principal subscribers and the keying of each illustration to the appropriate line of text. But the appropriate line could not always be fixed with assurance, in part because the original illustrations in Ogilby's Virgil do not always and obviously illustrate the scenes supposedly illustrated. The original illustrations are keyed to Virgil's Latin rather than Ogilby's English, and sometimes the key shows the beginning and ending o f , say, a fifty-verse episode, with the accompanying illustration displaying, in effect, a split scene and reminding us again of Lessing's distinction between the temporal medium of poetry and the spatial medium of painting. As if to simplify, but in fact to intensify the problem, someone decided that for Dryden's Virgil the Latin keys would be replaced by keys to a single line of Dryden's translation. Unsurprisingly, and much like the printer—he who generated the errata—the engraver, or perhaps Ton-

Vili

Preface

son's supervisor, made mistakes: the same illustration will be keyed to different parts of the text in different copies, in one copy correctly and evidently cancelling the key in another. In still other copies the binder erred, misplacing properly keyed illustrations. One cut, which we have tipped in as an illustrated half-title to Dryden's Aeneis, was so obviously anomalous, so difficult to place by owners of subscription copies and their binders, that it appears in widely different places or not at all. Making the 1697 folio obviously posed problems for author, printer, bookseller, engraver, binder, and first owner. Variations between copies show that the problems were not always solved. The folio, nonetheless, or partly because of these things, retains its fascination as a book. The present edition accordingly attempts to convey the folio's charm and eccentricity by placing all material as in the folio, except for its frontispiece, which we have relocated to serve as frontispiece to our Volume V. Strictly, of course, the folio as such never existed: there were only individual copies, each of them unique. But the idea of the folio is discernible, if undeniably puzzling, and it is this idea which the present edition attempts to follow. Doing so has involved modifying the format adopted for other volumes of the California Dryden. Thus, material contributed by others, like Chetwood's life of Virgil or Addison's preface to the Georgics, is interspersed with Dryden's contributions, as in the folio, instead of removed to appendixes, which we have reserved, among other things, for documents concerning Dryden's arrangements with Tonson. We have included the original list of errata, incorporating as they do Dryden's own comments, although we have renumbered page and line numbers to accord with our text, in which we have also made the changes called for by the errata. The illustrations posed as many problems for us as they did for the makers of the 169J folio. We have had to reline some parts of the translation to correct the folio, thus invalidating the line-keys on some illustrations. Then, too, other illustrations are miskeyed in the folio by several lines. We have tried to place all illustrations appropriately and show in our list of illustrations what we take to be the first lines of scenes illustrated. As far as possible, we follow the folio in making illustrations face the text

Preface

ix

they illustrate, but the engravings were tipped into the folio with blank versos, a method too costly, producing volumes too bulky, for us to follow. We have accordingly printed the illustrations on the recto or verso of a page of our text and as a result have sometimes had to make them precede or follow instead of face the text illustrated. Including all the illustrations in affordable books has also meant that these volumes have been printed from reproduction proof by offset lithography, although the text was first composed in Linotype Baskerville on hot-metal, linecasting equipment in order to preserve a uniformity of type-face with other volumes in the edition. Rather than make each volume a discrete unit with its own text and apparatus, as is customary in this edition, we decided the folio's quality was best preserved by treating our volumes as a single unit with continuous pagination, starting the text in Volume V, completing it in Volume VI, and assigning all of our apparatus to the concluding pages of Volume VI. Had we followed our customary format, we would necessarily have interrupted a properly continuous text with part of our apparatus and added the remaining apparatus after the text was completed. To balance the volumes, we would also have been forced to divide the text of Dry den's Aeneis between them, breaking it, probably, after Book II. The method we have adopted still necessitates dividing the text of the Aeneis between the volumes, but we are now able to divide it at the most natural break in the A e n e i d j after Book VI. As a further compensation for dividing the text in this way, we have been able to add one appropriate illustration to the 103 found in the folio and have used as frontispiece for our Volume VI a facsimile of Dryden's draft advertisement for second subscribers to his Virgil. By his contract with Tonson, Dry den could not advertise for second subscriptions until he had translated the Eclogues, Georgics, and first six books of the Aeneid. We already know from an informal canvas that not everyone will endorse our departure from the format customary in this edition, although many will. We hope, though, that those who prefer uniformity will understand our reasons for wishing to accommodate our edition to the folio and the folio to our edition.

Preface

X

During

the making

our decision

of these books we doubted

as often as we encountered

have been raised had we imposed material.

Nor could

indulgent

support

Carolina, Arbor, umes

of our publishers,

Michigan,

enabling

The principal

indebted

been assumed

sponsibility folio. folio's

volumes advice,

particularly To Grace

Stimson

to our publishers

Jeanette

History

making

to the

for their

the

Wilmon,

Roper

with

the

re169J

to challenge

of many others.

the

without

the

editors

are

The

following: the Managing

careful

Gilkison

and

of the

Editor,

preparation

and

of the

for coordinating

the following

UCLA

for their assistance

Mrs.

manuscript the work of

the

production

McMurray,

Judith

Sherman,

present

Dianne

Lear, Janette

Sharon Stephen

to Walter Ellis, Lester

Propas, Waterworth, Field,

and

materials

in preparing

Basham,

Ronald

Sharon

and especially

help

Candice

Hunt,

or

of English

and verifying

and for their

Robert

former

departments

in gathering

the text: Jane Abelson, Aieteer,

mafinal

volumes.

gaw, Karen Flagstad, Christine

commentary,

and took principal

to accord

for

have

the text. Alan

has seemed

and to the former

students

Richter-Bernburg,

than

dream.

not have been produced

Phillips,

used in the commentary, proofing

ventures more

for these volumes

others,

the volumes

and assistance

of these complicated To

vol-

and printers

editors and research assistants and for overseeing

graduate

Ann

All

put the notes to lines into their

could

Geneva

for the printer,

of

cooperative

luho prepared

whose

indebted

Mrs.

North

Inc.

staffs; these volumes

some and adding

in complexity

industry,

California

the work of the other editors, contributed

for planning

But

represent

Frost, who prepared

A. Dearing,

terial to the commentary, form, enlarging

of

of Charlotte,

the offset printing.

responsibilities

by William

coordinate

and

such things as aging scholars

editorial

and by Vinton helped

Dryden

us to actualize

the

the patient

and Braun-Brumfield

and bookmaking

most. We are deeply

not

format upon

without

Printers

who undertook

of the California

of

that would

the University

Heritage

who set the text,

by the editorial

our customary

we have persevered

Press, and our printers,

the rightness

problems

and

and DuLewis,

Melanie Jane Geral-

Preface

xi

dine Moyle, who devoted many hours to ensuring the accuracy of the commentary. To the staffs of the Bodleian, British, and Cambridge University libraries, the Royal Irish Academy, the Catholic Archives in Edinburgh, the Henry E. Huntington and Folger Shakespeare libraries, and, as always in this edition, the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, and especially to its Reference Librarian, John Bidwell, who has become one of our most valued consultants. To Professors Arnold ]. Band, Andrew R. Dyck, R. A. Foakes, Maximillian E. Novak, Florence H. Ridley, G. S. Rousseau, Paul R. Sellin, Paul D. Sheats, John M. Wallace, Seth Weiner, and James A. Winn, for answering the General Editor's questions about notes to lines, and especially to Professor A. R. Braunmuller, who patiently and meticulously answered so many of the General Editor's questions about the commentary in these as in other volumes. To Professors Alva W. Bennett, Howard W. Clarke, Donald Guss, and Robert F. Renehan for answering the Editor's questions about classical or Italian matters, and especially to Professor Margaret Boddy, who gave the Editor valuable assistance in locating pre-Drydenian translators of Virgil, supplied a photocopy of the Lauderdale manuscript in her possession and a microfilm of the Hutchinson Denham manuscript, and contributed a decade of unfailing help and counsel. To the following graduate and undergraduate assistants at UCSB for helping the Editor by preparing the materials on which are based the notes concerning Dryden's predecessors: Maura Brew, Elaine Marie Chase, Noelle Clearwater, Karen Cunningham, Isabel DeSena, Janet Dittberner, Michael Foote, Christina Frost, Phillip Glenn, James Houlihan, Howard Luxenberg, Mildred B. Linn, Jean MacDonald, David H. McCord, Newman, Scott McCoy, Karin M. Myers, Charlene Neel, James Laurence A. Nowlin, Stanley Oropesa, Carolyn Panofsky, Deborah Randtke, Elizabeth Perez Rose, Laura Saffer, John M. Starr, Richard Turner, Sylvia Tyndall, Susan Walker, and Dan Wesolowski. To the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation and the Na-

Preface

xii

tional Endowment for the Humanities for fellowships granted to the Editor, the American Philosophical Society for a grant-inaid to him, and the Clark Library Committee for appointing him to direct a post-doctoral seminar in summer 1980. Versions of the notes to several books of Dryden's Aeneis were read and criticized by the participants in that seminar, namely, Martine Watson Brownley, Gregory G. Colomb, James Alan Downie, Paul Francis Hammond, Kenneth Edward Robinson, and Stella Lee Walker. To Chancellors Charles E. Young, Vernon I. Cheadle, and Robert A. Huttenback and to the Research Committees of the University of California, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, for sabbatical leave and annual grants-in-aid. In the early stages of preparation, work on these volumes was supported by a grant from the Editing Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities and by a matching grant from The UCLA Foundation. In later stages, more complex and costly, work was supported by funds made available to the editors by those to whom these volumes are sincerely dedicated. V.A.D.

W.F.

A.R.

Contents of Volumes V and VI Volume V Dedication

of the Pastorals to Lord Clifford

The Life of Pub. Virgilius Maro. By Knightly Chetwood Preface to the Pastorals. By Knightly Chetwood

3 9 37

Commendatory Poems: To Mr. Dryden, on his Excellent Translation of Virgil. Anonymous To Mr. Dryden on his Translation of Virgil. By Henry Grahme To Mr. Dryden. By H. St. John To Mr. Dryden on his Virgil. By Ja. Wright To Mr. Dryden on his Translation. By George Granville

59 61 62 63

Errata Sheet with Directions to the Binders

65

The Names of the Subscribers to the Cuts of Virgil

67

The Names of the Second Subscribers

69

Virgil's The The The The The The The The The The

Pastorals: First Pastoral or, Tityrus and Meliboeus Second Pastoral or, Alexas Third Pastoral or, Palcemon Fourth Pastoral or, Pollio Fifth Pastoral or, Daphnis Sixth Pastoral or, Silenus Seventh Pastoral or, Melibceus Eighth Pastoral or, Pharmaceutria Ninth Pastoral or, Lycidas and Moeris Tenth Pastoral or, Gallus

Dedication

of the Georgics to the Earl of Chesterfield

57

73 79 85 95 99 107 113 119 127 133 137

An Essay on the Georgics. By Joseph Addison

145

Virgil's Georgics: The First Book of the Georgics The Second Book of the Georgics

155 181

xiv

Contents The Third Book of the Georgics

209

The Fourth Book of the Georgics

239

Dedication Virgil's

of the /Eneis to the Lord Marquess of Normanby

267

vEneis:

The First Book of the /Eneis

343

The Second Book of the /Eneis

379

The Third Book of the/Eneis

417

The Fourth Book of the /Eneis

451

The Fifth Book of the /.Eneis

487

The Sixth Book of the/Eneis

527

Volume VI Virgil's

jEneis:

The Seventh Book of the /Eneis

571

The Eighth Book of the ALneis

609

The Ninth Book of the /Eneis

641

The Tenth Book of the /Eneis

679

The Eleventh

Book of the/Eneis

721

The Twelfth Book of the /Eneis

765

Postscript to the Reader

807

Notes and Observations on Virgil's Works in English

811

Commentary

837

Textual

1129

Notes

Appendixes: A. Documents

Relating to the Production of Dryden's

Virgil

I The Contract between Dry den and Tonson II Dryden's Draft Advertisement for Second Subscribers III Dryden's Receipts for Second Subscriptions

u79 1183 1184

IV Tonson's Final Accounting with Dryden B. Lady Mary Chudleigh's Commendatory Poem on

1185

Dryden's Virgil C. Chart of Predecessor

1188 ngi

Translators

D. Robert Heath's Manuscript Index to the Commentary

Aeneis

1193 ng5

Illustrations

FRONTISPIECE,

for Volume

V

The Works of Virgil in English

T I T L E PAGE OF

The Works of Virgil in English

Frontispiece 2

Engravings for the Pastorals: Illustrating

Pastoral I

72

Illustrating

Pastoral II

78

Illustrating

Pastoral III

84

Illustrating

Pastoral IV

94

Illustrating

Pastoral V

98

Illustrating

Pastoral VI

106

Illustrating

Pastoral VII

112

Illustrating

Pastoral VIII

118

Illustrating

Pastoral IX

126

Illustrating

Pastoral X

132

Engravings for the

Georgics:

Illustrating

Georgics, I, 1

154

Illustrating

Georgics, I, 240

162

Illustrating

Georgics, I, 390

167

Illustrating

Georgics, I, 475

170

Illustrating

Georgics, I, 626

176

Illustrating

Georgics, II, 1

180

Illustrating

Georgics, II, 145

185

Illustrating

Georgics, II, 310

191

Illustrating

Georgics, II, 550

198

Illustrating

Georgics, II, j6o

205 208

Illustrating

Georgics, III, 1

Illustrating

Georgics, III, 340

219

Illustrating

Georgics, III, 465

223

Illustrating

Georgics, HI, 570

227

Illustrating

Georgics, III, 72/

232

Illustrating

Georgics, IV, 1

238

Illustrating

Georgics, IV, 85

242

Illustrating

Georgics, IV, 555

255

Illustrating

Georgics, IV, 633

259

Illustrating

Georgics, IV, 799

265

yEneis

Facing page 267

ILLUSTRATED

HALF-TITLE

TO

Engravings for the JEneis: Illustrating

¿Eneis I, 1

342

xvi

Illustrations Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating Illustrating

/Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis /Eneis

I, 295 I, 314 I, 435 I, 870 I, 996 II, 1 II, 290 II, II, 753 II, 915 II, 983 III, 1 III, 112 III, 321 III, 415 III, 625 III, 865 IV, 1 IV, 81 IV, 231 IV, 380 IV, 733 IV, 988 V, 1 V, 151 V, 42J V, 592 V, 646 V, 722 V, 1075 VI, 1 VI, 280 VI, 3/7 VI, 389 VI, 549 VI, 616 VI, 673 VI, 1073

352 354 358 370 374 378 388 396 402 408 410 416 420 428 432 438 446 450 454 458 464 474 482 486 492 500 506 508 512 522 526 536 538 540 546 548 552 562

T H E W O R K S OF V I R G I L

IN

ENGLISH

T

H

E

WORKS O F

VIRGIL Containing His S |J>

G

E

T

M.

O A

/ £

O V - /

R l . \

A l i

R

G

I

N

N

Tranilated

C

S vJ>?

S ,

D

F.

I

into Engliih

Mr,

I JL-v

DRV

S .

Vcrfe ;

By

DEN.

Adorn'd wkh a Himtired Scolpcurts, StftòitrfMt Pgtrmm

paffilss

V irg. ,-En. 2.

LONDON, Printed for fad Tmfm, a t the Jidgcs-tìced in tkeißnet, near the Imer-Tempk-Gatt, M D C X C V Ï I .

T I T L E P A G E OF THE FIRST EDITION

(MACDONALD 3 JA)

Dedication of the Pastorals

The

Works of Virgil in

3

English

T O THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Hugh Lord Clifford, B A R O N of Chudleigh. My Lord,

I

have found it not more difficult to Translate Virgil, than to find such Patrons as I desire for my Translation. For though England is not wanting in a Learned Nobility, yet such are my unhappy Circumstances, that they have confin'd me to a narrow choice. T o the greater part, I have not the Honour to be known; and to some of them I cannot shew at present, by any publick Act, that grateful Respect which I shall ever bear them in my heart. Yet I have no reason to complain of Fortune, since in the midst of that abundance I could not possibly have chosen better, than the Worthy Son of so Illustrious a Father. He was the Patron of my Manhood, when I Flourish'd in the opinion of the World; though with small advantage to my Fortune, 'till he awaken'd the remembrance of my Royal Master. He was that Pollio, or that Varus, who introduc'd me to Augustus: And tho' he soon dismiss'd himself from State-Affairs, yet in the short time of his Administration he shone so powerfully upon me, that like the heat of a i?ujJi'an-Summer, he ripen'd the Fruits of Poetry in a cold Clymate; and gave me wherewithal to subsist at least, in the long Winter which succeeded. What I now offer to your Lordship, is the wretched remainder of a sickly Age, worn out with Study, and oppress'd by Fortune: without other support than the Constancy and Patience of a Christian. You, my Lord, are yet in the flower of your Youth, and may live to enjoy the benefits of the Peace which is promis'd Europe: I can only hear of that Blessing: for Years, and, above all things, want of health, have shut me out from sharing in the happiness. T h e Poets, who condemn their Tantalus to Hell, had added to his Torments, if they had plac'd him in Elysium, which is the proper Emblem of my Condition. T h e Fruit and the Water may reach my Lips, but cannot enter: And if they cou'd, yet I want a Palate as well

4

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

as a Digestion. B u t it is some kind of pleasure to me, to please those w h o m I respect. A n d I am not altogether out of hope, that these Pastorals of Virgil may give your Lordship some delight, though made English by one, who scarce remembers that Passion which inspir'd my A u t h o r when he wrote them. T h e s e were his first Essay in Poetry, (if the Ceiris was not his:) A n d it was more excusable in him to describe Love when he was young, than for me to Translate him when I am Old. H e died at the A g e of fifty two, and I began this W o r k in my great Clymacterique. B u t having perhaps a better constitution than my Author, I have wrong'd him less, considering my Circumstances, than those w h o have attempted him before, either in our own, or any Modern Language. A n d though this Version is not void of Errours, yet it comforts me that the faults of others are not worth finding. M i n e are neither gross nor frequent, in those Eclogues, wherein my Master has rais'd himself above that humble Stile in which Pastoral delights, and which I must confess is proper to the Education and Converse of Shepherds: for he found the strength of his Genius betimes, and was even in his youth preluding to his Georgics, and his JEneis. H e cou'd not forbear to try his Wings, though his Pinions were not harden'd to maintain a long laborious flight. Yet sometimes they bore him to a pitch as lofty, as ever he was able to reach afterwards. But when he was admonish'd by his subject to descend, he came down gently circling in the air, and singing to the ground: Like a Lark, melodious in her mounting, and continuing her Song 'till she alights: still preparing for a higher flight at her next sally, and tuning her voice to better musick. T h e Fourth, the Sixth, and the Eighth Pastorals, are clear Evidences of this truth. In the three first he contains himself within his bounds; but Addressing to Pollio, his great Patron, and himself no vulgar Poet, he no longer cou'd restrain the freedom of his Spirit, but began to assert his Native Character, which is sublimity: Putting himself under the conduct of the same Cumaan Sibyl, w h o m afterwards he gave for 4 made English] made English F1-2. 9 great Clymacterique] great Clymacterique F1-2. 25 ground:] F1-2. 33 sublimity:] F1-2. 34 same Cumaan Sibyl] same Cumaean Sybil F1-2.

Dedication

of the

Pastorals

5

a Guide to his /Eneas. ' T i s true he was sensible of his own boldness; and we know it by the Paulo Majora, which begins his Fourth Eclogue. He remember'd, like young Manlius, that he was forbidden to Engage; but what avails an express Command to a youthful Courage, which presages Victory in the attempt? Encourag'd with Success, he proceeds farther in the Sixth, and invades the Province of Philosophy. A n d notwithstanding that Phoebus had forewarn'd him of Singing Wars, as he there confesses, yet he presum'd that the search of Nature was as free to him as to Lucretius, who at his A g e explain'd it according to the Principles of Epicurus. In his Eighth Eclogue, he has innovated nothing; the former part of it being the Complaint and Despair of a forsaken Lover: the latter, a Charm of an Enchantress, to renew a lost Affection. But the Complaint perhaps contains some T o p i c k s which are above the Condition of his Persons; and our A u t h o r seems to have made his Herdsmen somewhat too Learn'd for their Profession: T h e Charms are also of the same nature, but both were Copied from Theocritus, and had receiv'd the applause of former Ages in their Original. T h e r e is a kind of Rusticity in all those pompous Verses; somewhat of a Holiday Shepherd strutting in his Country Buskins. T h e like may be observ'd, both in the Pollio, and the Silenus; where the Similitudes are drawn from the Woods and Meadows. T h e y seem to me to represent our Poet betwixt a Farmer, and a Courtier, when he left Mantua for Rome, and drest himself in his best Habit to appear before his Patron: Somewhat too fine for the place from whence he came, and yet retaining part of its simplicity. In the Ninth Pastoral he Collects some Beautiful passages which were scatter'd in Theocritus, which he cou'd not insert into any of his former Eclogues, and yet was unwilling they shou'd be lost. In all the rest he is equal to his Sicilian Master, and observes like him a just decorum, both of the Subject, and the Persons: As particularly in the T h i r d Pastoral; where one of his Shepherds describes a Bowl, or Mazer, curiously Carv'd. In Medio duo signa: Conon, & quis fuit alter, Descripsit radio, totum qui Gentibus orbem. 32

Persons:]

F1-2.

6

The

Works of Virgil in

English

He remembers only the name of Conon, and forgets the other on set purpose: (whether he means Anaximander or Eudoxus I dispute not,) but he was certainly forgotten, to shew his Country Swain was no great Scholar. After all, I must confess that the Boorish Dialect of Theocritus has a secret charm in it, which the Roman Language cannot imitate, though Virgil has drawn it down as low as possibly he cou'd; as in the Cujum pecus, and some other words, for which he was so unjustly blam'd by the bad Criticks of his Age, who cou'd not see the Beauties of that merum Rus, which the Poet describ'd in those expressions. But Theocritus may justly be preferr'd as the Original, without injury to Virgil, who modestly contents himself with the second place, and glories only in being the first who transplanted Pastoral into his own Country; and brought it there to bear as happily as the Cherry-trees which Lucullus brought from Pontus. Our own Nation has produc'd a third Poet in this kind, not inferiour to the two former. For The Shepherd's Kalendar of Spencer, is not to be match'd in any Modern Language: Not even by Tasso's Amynta, which infinitely transcends Guarini's Pastor-Fido, as having more of Nature in it, and being almost wholly clear from the wretched affectation of Learning. I will say nothing of the Piscatory Eclogues, because no modern Latin can bear Criticism. 'Tis no wonder that rolling down through so many barbarous Ages, from the Spring of Virgil, it bears along with it the filth and ordures of the Goths and Vandals. Neither will I mention Monsieur Fontenelle, the living Glory of the French. 'Tis enough for him to have excell'd his Master Lucian, without attempting to compare our miserable Age with that of Virgil, or Theocritus. Let me only add, for his reputation, Si Pergama dextra Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa

fuissent.

But Spencer being Master of our Northern Dialect; and skill'd 18 For The Shepherd's Kalendar] For the Shepherd's Kalendar F1-2. 19 Language:] Fi-2. 20 Guarini's] Guarinis'i F1-2. 27 Fontenelle] Fontinelle F1-2. 32 possent] possint F1-2.

Dedication

of the

Pastorals

7

in Chaucer's English, has so exactly imitated the Doric of Theocritus, that his Love is a perfect Image of that Passion which God infus'd into both Sexes, before it was corrupted with the Knowledge of Arts, and the Ceremonies of what we call good Manners. My Lord, I know to whom I dedicate: And cou'd not have been induc'd by any motive to put this part of Virgil, or any other, into unlearned Hands. You have read him with pleasure, and I dare say, with admiration in the Latine, of which you are a Master. You have added to your Natural Endowments, which without flattery are Eminent, the superstructures of Study, and the knowledge of good Authors. Courage, Probity, and Humanity are inherent in you. These Vertues have ever been habitual to the Ancient House of Cumberland, from whence you are descended, and of which our Chronicles make so honourable mention in the long Wars betwixt the Rival Families of York and Lancaster. Your Forefathers have asserted the Party which they chose 'till death, and dy'd for its defence in the Fields of Battel. You have besides the fresh remembrance of your Noble Father; from whom you never can degenerate. Nec imbellem, feroces Progenerant Aquilee Columbam. It being almost morally impossible for you to be other than you are by kind; I need neither praise nor incite your Vertue. You are acquainted with the Roman History, and know without my information that Patronage and Clientship always descended from the Fathers to the Sons; and that the same Plebeian Houses, had recourse to the same Patrician Line, which had formerly protected them: and follow'd their Principles and Fortunes to the last: So that I am your Lordship's by descent, and part of your Inheritance. And the natural inclination, which I have to serve you, adds to your paternal right, for I was wholly yours from the first moment, when I had the happiness and honour of being known to you. Be pleas'd therefore to accept the Rudii Chaucer's English] Chaucer's English F1-2. 8 the Latine] the Latine F1-2. 21 Aquila Columbam] F2; A q u i l a m Columbac F i . 26 Plebeian Houses] Plebeian Houses F1-2. 29 last:] F1-2.

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ments of Virgil's Poetry: Coursely Translated I confess, but which yet retains some Beauties of the Author, which neither the barbarity of our Language, nor my unskilfulness cou'd so much sully, but that they appear sometimes in the dim mirrour which I hold before you. T h e Subject is not unsuitable to your Youth, which allows you yet to Love, and is proper to your present Scene of Life. Rural Recreations abroad, and Books at home, are the innocent Pleasures of a Man who is early Wise; and gives Fortune no more hold of him, than of necessity he 10 must. 'Tis good, on some occasions to think beforehand as little as we can; to enjoy as much of the present as will not endanger our futurity; and to provide our selves of the Vertuoso's Saddle, which will be sure to amble, when the World is upon the hardest trott. What I humbly offer to your Lordship, is of this nature. I wish it pleasant, and am sure 'tis innocent. May you ever continue your esteem for Virgil; and not lessen it, for the faults of his Translatour; who is with all manner of Respect, and sense of Gratitude, My Your Lordship's most

Lord, Humble,

and most Obedient

Servant,

JOHN DRYDEN. 12

the Vertuoso's] the Vertuoso's F 1 - 2 .

The Life

The Life of Pub. Virgilius

of

Virgil

9

Maro

[By Knightly Chetwood]

V

was born at Mantua, which City was built no less than T h r e e Hundred Years before Rome; and was the Capital of the New Hetruria, as himself, no less Antiquary, than Poet, assures us. His Birth is said to have happen'd in the first Consulship of Pompey the Great, and Lie. Crassus; but since the Relater of this presently after contradicts himself; and Virgil's manner of Addressing to Octavius, implies a greater difference of Age than that of Seven Years, as appears by his First Pastoral, and other places; it is reasonable to set the Date of it something backward: A n d the Writer of his Life having no certain Memorials to work upon, seems to have pitched upon the two most Illustrious Consuls he could find about that time, to signalize the Birth of so Eminent a Man. But it is beyond all Question, that he was Born on, or near the Fifteenth of October: W h i c h Day was kept Festival in honour of his Memory, by the Latin, as the Birth-Day of Homer was by the Greek Poets. A n d so near a resemblance there is, betwixt the Lives of these two famous Epic Writers, that Virgil seems to have follow'd the Fortune of the other, as well as the Subject and manner of his Writing. For Homer is said to have been of very mean Parents, such as got their Bread by Day-labour; so is Virgil. Homer is said to be Base Born; so is Virgil: T h e former to have been born in the open Air, in a Ditch, or by the Bank of a River; so is the latter. T h e r e was a Poplar Planted near the place of Virgil's Birth, which suddenly grew u p to an unusual heighth and bulk, and to which the Superstitious Neighbourhood attributed marvellous Vertue. Homer had his Poplar too, as Herodotus relates, which was visited with great Veneration. Homer is describ'd by one of the Ancients, to have been of a slovenly and neglected Meen and Habit, so was Virgil. Both were of a very delicate and sickly Constitution: Both addicted to Travel, and the study of IRGIL

14

October:]

F1-2.

22

Virgil:] — F1-2.

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Astrology: Both had their Compositions usurp'd by others: Both Envy'd and traduc'd during their Lives. W e know not so much as the true Names of either of them with any exactness: For the Criticks are not yet agreed how the word [Virgil] should be Written; and of Homer's Name there is no certainty at all. Whosoever shall consider this Parallel in so many particulars; (and more might be added) would be inclin'd to think, that either the same Stars R u l ' d strongly at the Nativities of them both, or what is a great deal more probable; that the Latin Grammarians wanting Materials for the former part of Virgil's Life, after the Legendary Fashion, supply'd it out of Herodotus; and like ill FacePainters, not being able to hit the true Features, endeavour'd to make amends by a great deal of impertinent Landscape and Drapery. W i t h o u t troubling the Reader with needless Quotations, now, or afterwards; the most probable O p i n i o n is, that Virgil was the Son of a Servant, or Assistant to a wandring Astrologer; who practis'd Physic. For Medicus, Magus, as Juvenal observes, usually went together; and this course of Life was follow'd by a great many Greeks and Syrians; of one of which Nations it seems not improbable, that Virgil's Father was. N o r could a Man of that Profession have chosen a fitter place to settle in, than that most Superstitious T r a c t of Italy; which by her ridiculous Rites and Ceremonies as much enslav'd the Romans, as the Romans did the Hetrurians by their Arms. T h i s Man therefore having got together some Money, which Stock he improv'd by his Skill in Planting and Husbandry, had the good Fortune, at last, to Marry his Masters Daughter, by whom he had Virgil; and this W o m a n seems, by her Mothers side, to have been of good Extraction; for she was nearly related to Quintilius Varus, w h o m Paterculus assures us to have been of an Illustrious, tho' not Patrician Family; and there is honourable mention made of it in the History of the second Carthaginian W a r . It is certain, that they gave him very good Education, to which they were inclin'd; not so much by the Dreams of his Mother, and those presages which Donatus relates, as by the early indications which he gave of a sweet Disposition, and Excellent W i t . H e passed the first 31

of an] F2; an F i .

32

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Seven Years of his Life at Mantua, not Seventeen, as Scaliger miscorrects his Author; for the initio eetatis can hardly be supposed to extend so far. From thence he removed to Cremona, a Noble Roman Colony, and afterwards to Milan: In all which places he prosecuted his Studies with great application; he read over, all the best Latin, and Greek Authors, for which he had convenience by the no remote distance of Marseils, that famous Greek Colony, which maintain'd its Politeness, and Purity of Language, in the midst of all those Barbarous Nations amongst which it was seated: And some Tincture of the latter seems to have descended from them down to the Modern French. He frequented the most Eminent Professors of the Epicurean Philosophy, which was then much in vogue, and will be always in declining and sickly States. But finding no satisfactory Account from his Master Syron, he pass'd over to the Academick School, to which he adher'd the rest of his Life, and deserv'd, from a great Emperour, the Title of the Plato of Poets. He compos'd at leisure hours a great number of Verses, on various Subjects; and desirous rather of a great, than early Fame, he permitted his Kinsman, and Fellow-student Varus, to derive the Honour of one of his Tragedies to himself. Glory neglected in proper time and place, returns often with large Increase, and so he found it: For Varus afterwards prov'd a great Instrument of his Rise: In short, it was here that he form'd the Plan, and collected the Materials of all those excellent Pieces which he afterwards finish'd, or was forc'd to leave less perfect by his Death. But whether it were the Unwholsomness of his Native Air, of which he somewhere complains, or his too great abstinence, and Night-watchings at his Study, to which he was always addicted, as Augustus observes; or possibly the hopes of improving himself by Travel, he resolv'd to Remove to the more Southern Tract of Italy; and it was hardly possible for him not to take Rome in his Way; as is evident to any one who shall cast an Eye on the Map of Italy: And therefore the late French Editor of his Works is mistaken, when he asserts that he never saw Rome, 'till he came to Petition for his Estate: He gain'd the Acquaintance of the Master of the Horse to Octavius, and Cur'd a great many Diseases of Horses, 4

Milan:]

F1-2.

34

Editor] Editor F1-2.

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by methods they had never heard of: It fell out, at the same time, that a very fine Colt, which promised great Strength and Speed, was presented to Octavius: Virgil assur'd them, that he came o£ a faulty Mare, and would prove a Jade; upon trial it was found as he had said; his Judgment prov'd right in several other instances, which was the more surprizing, because the Romans knew least of Natural Causes of any civiliz'd Nation in the World: And those Meteors, and Prodigies which cost them incredible Sums to expiate, might easily have been accounted for, by no very profound Naturalist. It is no wonder, therefore, that Virgil was in so great Reputation, as to be at last Introduced to Octavius himself. That Prince was then at variance with Marc. Antony, who vex'd him with a great many Libelling Letters, in which he reproaches him with the baseness of his Parentage, that he came of a Scrivener, a Ropemaker, and a Baker, as Suetonius tells us: Octavius finding that Virgil had passed so exact a judgment upon the Breed of Dogs, and Horses, thought that he possibly might be able to give him some Light concerning his own. He took him into his Closet, where they continu'd in private a considerable time. Virgil was a great Mathematician, which, in the Sense of those times, took in Astrology: And if there be any thing in that Art, which I can hardly believe; if that be true which the Ingenious De le Chambre asserts confidently, that from the Marks on the Body, the Configuration of the Planets at a Nativity may be gathered, and the Marks might be told by knowing the Nativity; never had one of those Artists a fairer Opportunity to shew his skill, than Virgil now had; for Octavius had Moles upon his Body, exactly resembling the Constellation call'd Ursa Major. But Virgil had other helps: The Predictions of Cicero, and Catulus, and that Vote of the Senate had gone abroad, that no Child Born at Rome, in the Year of his Nativity, should be bred up; because the Seers assur'd them that an Emperour was Born that Year. Besides this, Virgil had heard of the Assyrian, and Egyptian Prophecies, (which in truth, were no other but the Jewish,) that about that time a great King was to come into the World. Himself takes notice of 4 Jade;] F1-2. 23-24 confidently,]

F1-2.

6 because] F2; be-/because F i . 26 Nativity;] F1-2.

The Life of Virgil

*3

them, ALn. 6. where he uses a very significant Word, (now in all Liturgies) hujus in adventu, so in another place, adventu propiore Dei. At his foreseen approach already quake, Assyrian Kingdoms, and Mceotis Lake. Nile hears him knocking at his seven-fold Gates

—

Every one knows whence this was taken: It was rather a mistake, than impiety in Virgil, to apply these Prophesies which belonged to the Saviour of the World to the Person of Octavius, it being a usual piece of flattery for near a Hundred Years together, to attribute them to their Emperours, and other great Men. Upon the whole matter, it is very probable, that Virgil Predicted to him the Empire at this time. And it will appear yet the more, if we consider that he assures him of his being receiv'd into the Number of the Gods, in his First Pastoral, long before the thing came to pass; which Prediction seems grounded upon his former Mistake. T h i s was a secret, not to be divulg'd at that time, and therefore it is no wonder that the slight Story in Donatus was given abroad to palliate the matter. But certain it is, that Octavius dismissed him with great Marks of esteem, and earnestly recommended the Protection of Virgil's Affairs to Pollio, then Lieutenant of the Cis-Alpine Gaule, where Virgil's Patrimony lay. T h i s Pollio from a mean Original, became one of the most Considerable Persons of his time: A good General, Orator, States-man, Historian, Poet, and Favourer of Learned Men; above all, he was a Man of Honour in those critical times: He had join'd with Octavius, and Antony, in revenging the Barbarous Assassination of Julius Ccesar: When they two were at variance, he would neither follow Antony, whose courses he detested, nor join with Octavius against him, out of a grateful Sense of some former Obligations. Augustus, who thought it his interest to oblige Men of Principles, notwithstanding this, receiv'd him afterwards into Favour, and promoted him to the highest Honours. And thus much I thought fit to say of Pollio, 2-3 8-9

adventu propiore Dei] F2; adventante Dea F i . Prophesies which belonged to the Saviour of the World] F2; Prophesies F i .

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because he was one of Virgil's greatest Friends. Being therefore eas'd of Domestick cares, he pursues his Journey to Naples: The Charming situation of that Place, and view of the beautiful Villa's of the Roman Nobility, equalling the Magnificence of the greatest Kings; the Neighbourhood of the Baiee, whither the Sick resorted for recovery, and the States-man when he was Politickly Sick; whither the wanton went for Pleasure, and witty Men for good Company; the wholesomness of the Air, and improving Conversation, the best Air of all, contributed not only to the re-establishing his Health; but to the forming of his Style, and rendring him Master of that happy turn of Verse, in which he much surpasses all the Latins, and in a less advantageous Language, equals even Homer himself. He propos'd to use his Talent in Poetry, only for Scaffolding to Build a convenient Fortune, that he might Prosecute with less interruption, those Nobler Studies to which his elevated Genius led him, and which he describes in these admirable Lines. Me verb primum dulces ante omnia Musce Quarum sacra fero ingenti perculsus amore, Accipiant, cceliq; vias, & sidera monstrent, Defectus Solis varios, Luneeq; labores: Unde tremor terris, See. But the current of that Martial Age, by some strange Antiperistasis drove so violently towards Poetry, that he was at last carried down with the stream. For not only the Young Nobility, but Octavius, and Pollio, Cicero in his Old Age, Julius Ccesar, and the Stoical Brutus, a little before, would needs be tampering with the Muses; the two latter had taken great care to have their Poems curiously bound, and lodg'd in the most famous Libraries; but neither the Sacredness of those places, nor the greatness of their Names, cou'd preserve ill Poetry. Quitting therefore the Study of the Law, after having pleaded but one Cause with indifferent Success, he resolv'd to push his Fortune this way, which he seems to have discontinu'd for some time, and that may be the reason why the Culex, his first Pastoral, now extant, has little 24 last] F2; lest Fi.

The Life of

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»5

besides the novelty of the Subject, and the Moral of the Fable, which contains an exhortation to gratitude, to recommend it; had it been as correct as his other pieces, nothing more proper and pertinent cou'd have at that time bin addressed to the Young Octavius, for the Year in which he Presented it, probably at the Baice, seems to be the very same, in which that Prince consented (tho' with seeming reluctance) to the Death of Cicero, under whose Consulship he was Born, the preserver of his Life, and chief instrument of his advancement. There is no reason to question its being genuine, as the late French Editor does; its meanness, in comparison of Virgil's other Works, (which is that Writers only Objection) confutes himself: For Martial, who certainly saw the true Copy, speaks of it with contempt; and yet that Pastoral equals, at least, the address to the Dauphin which is prefix'd to the late Edition. Octavius, to unbend his mind from application to publick business, took frequent turns to Baits, and Sicily; where he compos'd his Poem call'd Sicelides, which Virgil seems to allude to, in the Pastoral beginning Sicelides Musce; this gave him opportunity of refreshing that Princes Memory of him, and about that time he wrote his /Etna. Soon after he seems to have made a Voyage to Athens, and at his return presented his Ceiris, a more elaborate Piece, to the Noble and Eloquent Messala. T h e forementioned Author groundlessly taxes this as supposititious: For besides other Critical marks, there are no less than Fifty, or Sixty Verses, alter'd indeed and polish'd, which he inserted in the Pastorals, according to his fashion: and from thence they were called Eclogues, or Select Bucolics: W e thought fit to use a Title more intelligible, the reason of the other being ceas'd; and we are supported by Virgil's own authority, who expresly calls them Carmina Pastorum. The French Editor is again mistaken, in asserting, that the Ceiris is borrow'd from the Ninth of Ovid's Metamorphosis; he might have more reasonably conjectur'd it, to be taken from Parthenius, the Greek Poet, from whom Ovid borrow'd a great part of his Work. But it is indeed taken from neither, but from that Learn'd, unfortunate Poet Apollonius Rhodius, to whom Virgil is more 2 recommend] F2; recomend Fi. 23 groundlessly] groundlesly F1-2.

10-11

meanness] F2; meaness Fi.

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indebted, than to any other Greek Writer, excepting Homer. T h e Reader will be satisfied of this, if he consult that Author in his own Language, for the Translation is a great deal more obscure than the Original. Whilst Virgil thus enjoy'd the sweets of a Learn'd Privacy, the T r o u b l e s of Italy cut off his little Subsistance; but by a strange turn of Human Affairs, which ought to keep good Men from ever despairing; the loss of his Estate prov'd the effectual way of making his Fortune. T h e occasion of it was this; Octavius, as himself relates, when he was but Nineteen Years of Age, by a Masterly stroke of Policy, had gain'd the Veteran Legions into his Service, (and by that step, out-witted all the Republican Senate:) T h e y grew now very clamorous for their Pay: T h e Treasury being Exhausted, he was forc'd to make Assignments upon Land, and none but in Italy it self would content them. H e pitch'd upon Cremona as the most distant from Rome; but that not suffising, he afterwards threw in part of the State of Mantua. Cremona was a Rich and noble Colony, setled a little before the Invasion of Hannibal. During that Tedious and Bloody War, they had done several important Services to the Common-Wealth. A n d when Eighteen other Colonies, pleading Poverty and Depopulation, refus'd to contribute Money, or to raise Recruits; they of Cremona voluntarily paid a double Quota of both: But past Services are a fruitless Plea; Civil Wars are one continued Act of Ingratitude: In vain did the Miserable Mothers, with their famishing Infants in their Arms, fill the Streets with their Numbers, and the A i r with Lamentations; the Craving Legions were to be satisfi'd at any rate. Virgil, involv'd in the common Calamity, had recourse to his old Patron Pollio, but he was, at this time, under a Cloud; however, compassionating so worthy a Man, not of a make to struggle thro' the World, he did what he could, and recommended him to Mcecenas, with whom he still kept a private Correspondence. T h e Name of this great Man being much better known than one part of his Character, the Reader, I presume, will not be displeas'd if I supply it in this place.

32

Meecenas] Mec&nas F1-2 (and similarly

below, except as noted).

The Lije of Virgil

*7

Tho' he was of as deep Reach, and easie dispatch of Business as any in his time, yet he designedly liv'd beneath his true Character. Men had oftentimes medled in Publick Affairs, that they might have more ability to furnish for their Pleasures: Meecenas, by the honestest Hypocrisie that ever was, pretended to a Life of Pleasure, that he might render more effectual Service to his Master. He seem'd wholly to amuse himself with the Diversions of the Town, but under that Mask he was the greatest Minister of his Age. He would be carried in a careless, effeminate posture thro' the Streets in his Chair, even to the degree of a Proverb, and yet there was not a Cabal of ill dispos'd Persons which he had not early notice of; and that too in a City as large as London and Paris, and perhaps two or three more of the most populous put together. No Man better understood that Art so necessary to the Great; the Art of declining Envy: Being but of a Gentleman's Family, not Patrician, he would not provoke the Nobility by accepting invidious Honours; but wisely satisfi'd himself that he had the Ear of Augustus, and the Secret of the Empire. He seems to have committed but one great Fault, which was the trusting a Secret of high Consequence to his Wife; but his Master, enough Uxorious himself, made his own Frailty more excusable, by generously forgiving that of his Favourite. He kept in all his Greatness exact measures with his Friends; and chusing them wisely, found, by Experience, that good Sense and Gratitude are almost inseparable. This appears in Virgil and Horace; the former, besides the Honour he did him to all Posterity, return'd his Liberalities at his Death: The other, whom Maecenas recommended with his last Breath, was too generous to stay behind, and enjoy the Favour of Augustus: He only desir'd a place in his Tomb, and to mingle his Ashes with those of his deceased Benefactor. But this was Seventeen Hundred Years ago. Virgil, thus powerfully supported, thought it mean to Petition for himself alone, but resolutely solicits the Cause of his whole Country, and seems, at first, to have met with some Encouragement: But the matter cooling, he was forc'd to sit down contented with the Grant of his own Estate. He goes therefore to Mantua, produces his Warrant to a Captain of Foot, whom he found in his House; Arrius who had eleven Points of the Law, and fierce of the Ser-

i8

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vices he had rendred to Octavius, was so far from yielding Possession, that words growing betwixt them, he wounded him dangerously, forc'd him to fly, and at last to swim the River Mincius to save his Life. Virgil, who us'd to say, that no V i r t u e was so necessary as Patience, was forc'd to drag a sick Body half the length of Italy, back again to Rome, and by the way, probably, compos'd his N i n t h Pastoral, which may seem to have been made up in haste out of the Fragments of some other pieces; and naturally enough represents the disorder of the Poets Mind, by its disjointed Fashion, tho' there be another Reason to be given elsewhere of its want of Connexion. He handsomly states his Case in that Poem, and with the pardonable Resentments of I n j u r ' d Innocence, not only claims Octavius's Promise, but hints to him the uncertainty of H u m a n Greatness and Glory: A l l was taken in good part by that Wise Prince: A t last effectual Orders were given: A b o u t this time, he Compos'd that admirable Poem, which is set first, out of respect to Casar; for he does not seem either to have had leisure, or to have been in the H u m o u r of making so solemn an Acknowledgment, 'till he was possess'd of the Benefit. A n d now he was in so great Reputation and Interest, that he resolved to give u p his Land to his Parents, and himself to the Court. His Pastorals were in such Esteem, that Pollio, now again in high Favour with Casar, desir'd him to reduce them into a V o l u m e . Some Modern Writer, that has a constant flux of Verse, would stand amaz'd how Virgil could employ three whole Years in revising five or six hundred Verses, most of which, probably, were made some time before; but there is more reason to wonder how he could do it so soon in such Perfection. A course Stone is presently fashion'd; but a Diamond, of not many Karats, is many Weeks in Sawing, and in Polishing many more. H e w h o put Virgil upon this, had a Politick good end in it. T h e continu'd Civil Wars had laid Italy almost waste; the G r o u n d was Uncultivated and Unstock'd; upon which ensu'd such a Famine, and Insurrection, that Casar hardly scap'd being Ston'd at Rome; his A m b i t i o n being look'd upon by all Parties as the principal occasion of it. H e set himself therefore with great 30

Sawing] Fg (sawing); Cutting F i .

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Industry to promote Country-Improvements; and Virgil was serviceable to his Design, as the good keeper of the Bees, Georg. 4. Tinnitusque cie, & matris quate cymbala circum, Ipsa consident T h a t Emperour afterwards thought it matter worthy a publick Inscription, Rediit cultus Agris: Which seems to be the motive that Induced Maecenas, to put him upon Writing his Georgics, or Books of Husbandry: A design as new in Latin Verse, as Pastorals, before Virgil were in Italy; which Work took up Seven of the most vigorous Years of his Life; for he was now at least Thirty four Years of Age; and here Virgil shines in his Meridian. A great part of this Work seems to have been roughdrawn before he left Mantua, for an Ancient Writer has observ'd that the Rules of Husbandry laid down in it, are better Calculated for the Soil of Mantua, than for the more Sunny Climate of Naples; near which place, and in Sicily, he finish'd it. But lest his Genius should be depressed by apprehensions of want, he had a good Estate settled upon him, and a House in the Pleasantest part of Rome; the Principal Furniture of which was a well-chosen Library, which stood open to all comers of Learning and Merit; and what recommended the situation of it most, was the Neighbourhood of his Macenas; and thus he cou'd either visit Rome, or return to his Privacy at Naples, thro' a Pleasant Rode adorn'd on each side with pieces of Antiquity, of which he was so great a Lover, and in the intervals of them, seem'd almost one continu'd Street of three days Journey. Ccesar having now Vanquish'd Sextus Pompeius, a Spring-tide of Prosperities breaking in upon him, before he was ready to receive them as he ought, fell sick of the Imperial Evil, the desire of being thought something more than Man. Ambition is an infinite Folly: When it has attain'd to the utmost pitch of Humane Greatness, it soon falls to making pretensions upon Heaven. T h e crafty Livia would needs be drawn in the Habit of a Priest6 7 8

Inscription, Rediit cultus Agris: Which] M&cenas] Maecenas F i ; Meccenus Fa. Latin] Latin F1-2.

/

/ ~ F1-2.

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esse by the Shrine of the new G o d : A n d this became a Fashion not to be dispens'd with amongst the Ladies: T h e Devotion was wondrous great amongst the Romans, for it was their Interest, and, which sometimes avails more, it was the Mode. Virgil, tho' he despis'd the Heathen Superstitions, and is so bold as to call Saturn and Janus, by no better a Name than that of Old Men, and might deserve the T i t l e of Subverter of Superstitions, as well as Varro, thought fit to follow the Maxim of Plato his Master; that every one should serve the Gods after the Usage of his own Country, and therefore was not the last to present his Incense, which was of too Rich a Composition for such an Altar: A n d by his Address to Ceesar on this occasion, made an unhappy Precedent to Lucan and other Poets which came after him, Geor. 1. and 3. A n d this Poem being now in great forwardness, Ceesar, w h o in imitation of his Predecessor Julius, never intermitted his Studies in the Camp, and much less in other places, refreshing himself by a short stay in a pleasant Village of Campania, would needs be entertained with the rehearsal of some part of it. Virgil recited with a marvellous Grace, and sweet Accent of Voice, but his Lungs failing him, Mcecenas himself supplied his place for what remained. Such a piece of condescension wou'd now be very surprizing, but it was no more than customary amongst Friends, when Learning pass'd for Quality. Lelius, the second Man of Rome in his time, had done as much for that Poet, out of whose Dross Virgil would sometimes pick Gold; as himself said, when one found him reading Ennius: (the like he did by some Verses of Varro, and Pacuvius, Lucretius, and Cicero, which he inserted into his Works.) But Learned Men then liv'd easy and familiarly with the great: Augustus himself would sometimes sit down betwixt Virgil and Horace, and say jeastingly, that he sate betwixt Sighing and Tears, alluding to the Asthma of one, and Rheumatick Eyes of the other; he would frequently Correspond with them, and never leave a Letter of theirs unanswered: N o r were they under the constraint of formal Superscriptions in the beginning, nor of violent Superlatives at the close of their Letter: T h e invention of these is a Modern Re2i condescension] condecension F 1 - 2 . 36-1 Refinement:] Fi-z.

25

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Virgil

21

finement: In which this may be remarked, in passing, that (humble Servant) is respect, but (Friend) an affront, which notwithstanding implies the former, and a great deal more. N o r does true Greatness lose by such Familiarity; and those who have it not, as Mcecenas and Pollio had, are not to be accounted Proud, but rather very Discreet, in their Reserves. Some Play-house Beauties do wisely to be seen at a distance, and to have the Lamps twinckle betwixt them and the Spectators. B u t now Ccesar, who tho' he were none of the greatest Souldiers, was certainly the greatest Traveller, of a Prince, that had ever been, (for which Virgil so dexterously Complements him, /Eneid 6.) takes a Voyage to ¿Egypt, and having happily finish'd the W a r , reduces that mighty K i n g d o m into the Form of a Province; over which he appointed Gallus his Lieutenant. T h i s is the same Person to w h o m Virgil addresses his T e n t h Pastoral; changing, in compliance to his Request, his purpose of limiting them to the n u m b e r of the Muses. T h e Praises of this Gallus took up a considerable part of the Fourth Book of the Georgics, according to the general consent of Antiquity: B u t Ccesar w o u l d have it put out, and yet the Seam in the Poem is still to be discern'd; and the matter of Aristceus's recovering his Bees, might have been dispatched in less compass, without fetching the Causes so far, or interessing so many Gods and Goddesses in that Affair. Perhaps some Readers may be inclin'd to think this, tho' very much labour'd, not the most entertaining part of that W o r k ; so hard it is for the greatest Masters to Paint against their Inclination. But Ccesar was contented that he shou'd be mention'd in the last Pastoral, because it might be taken for a Satyrical sort of Commendation; and the Character he there stands under, might help to excuse his Cruelty, in putting an O l d Servant to death for no very great Crime. A n d now having ended, as he begins his Georgics, with solemn mention of Ccesar, an A r g u m e n t of his Devotion to him: H e begins his ALneis, according to the common account, being now turn'd of Forty. B u t that W o r k had been, in truth, the Subject of much earlier Meditation. Whilst he was working upon the ia 27 36

/Eneid] F2; Fi. 13 the War] F2; that W a r F i . contented that] F2; plcas'd Fi (uncorrected state), content Fi (corrected state). Whilst] F2; Whil'st F i .

22

The

Works of Virgil

in

English

first Book of it, this passage, so very remarkable in History, fell out, in which Virgil had a great share. Ccesar, about this time, either cloy'd with Glory, or terrifi'd by the Example of his Predecessor; or to gain the Credit of Moderation with the People, or possibly to feel the Pulse of his Friends, deliberated whether he should retain the Soveraign Power, or restore the Commonwealth. Agrippa, who was a very honest Man, but whose View was of no great extent, advis'd him to the latter; but Maecenas, who had throughly studied his Master's Temper, in an Eloquent Oration, gave contrary Advice. T h a t Emperour was too Politick to commit the over-sight of Cromwell, in a deliberation something resembling this. Cromwell had never been more desirous of the Power, than he was afterwards of the T i t l e of King: And there was nothing, in which the Heads of the Parties, who were all his Creatures, would not comply with him: But by too vehement Allegation of Arguments against it, he, who had out witted every body besides, at last outwitted himself, by too deep dissimulation: For his Council, thinking to make their Court by assenting to his judgment, voted unanimously for him against his Inclination; which surpriz'd and troubled him to such a degree, that as soon as he had got into his Coach, he fell into a Swoon. But Ccesar knew his People better, and his Council being thus divided, he ask'd Virgil's Advice: T h u s a Poet had the Honour of determining the greatest Point that ever was in Debate, betwixt the Son-in-Law, and Favourite of Ccesar. Virgil deliver'd his Opinion in Words to this effect. The change of a Popular into an A bsolute Government, has generally been of very ill Consequence: For betwixt the Hatred of the People, and Injustice of the Prince, it of necessity comes to pass that they live in distrust, and mutual Apprehensions. But if the Commons knew a just Person, whom they entirely confided in, it would be for the advantage of all Parties, that such a one should be their Soveraign: Wherefore if you shall continue to administer Justice impartially, as hitherto you have done, your Power will prove safe to your self, and beneficial to Mankind. T h i s excellent Sentence, which seems taken out of Plato, (with whose Writings the Grammarians were not much ac37

Grammarians] Grammarians

F1-2.

The Life

of

Virgil

23

quainted, and therefore cannot reasonably be suspected of Forgery in this matter,) contains the true state of Affairs at that time: For the Commonwealth Maxims were now no longer practicable; the Romans had only the haughtiness of the Old Commonwealth left, without one of its Virtues. And this Sentence we find, almost in the same words, in the first Book of the ALneis, which at this time he was writing; and one might wonder that none of his Commentators have taken notice of it. He compares a Tempest to a Popular Insurrection, as Cicero had compar'd a Sedition to a Storm, a little before. Ac veluti magno in populo, cum scepe coorta est Seditio, seevitque animis ignobile vulgus Jamque faces, ac saxa volant, furor arma ministrat. Turn pietate gravem, ¿r meritis si forte virum quem Conspexere silent, arrectisque auribus adstant. Ille regit dictis animos, ir pectora mulcet. Piety and Merit were the two great Virtues which Virgil every where attributes to Augustus, and in which that Prince, at least Politickly, if not so truly, fix'd his Character, as appears by the Marmor Ancyr. and several of his Medals. Franshemius, the Learn'd Supplementor of Livy, has inserted this Relation into his History; nor is there any Reason, why Ruceus should account it fabulous. T h e T i t l e of a Poet in those days did not abate, but heighten the Character of the gravest Senator. Virgil was one of the best and wisest Men of his time, and in so popular esteem, that one hundred Thousand Romans rose when he came into the Theatre, and paid him the same Respect they us'd to Ccesar himself, as Tacitus assures us. And if Augustus invited Horace to assist him in Writing his Letters, and every body knows that the rescripta Imperatorum were the Laws of the Empire; Virgil might well deserve a place in the Cabinet-Council. And now he prosecutes his /Eneis, which had Anciently the T i t l e of the Imperial Poem, or Roman History, and deservedly; 8 He compares] F2; he Compares F i . 12 savitque] Fi (corrected state); sievit que F i (uncorrected state), F2. 22 any] F2; any good F i . 32 he] F2; Virgil F i .

24

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

for though he were too A r t f u l a W r i t e r to set d o w n Events in exact Historical order, for w h i c h Lucan is justly blam'd; yet are all the most considerable Affairs and Persons of Rome compriz'd in this Poem. H e deduces the History of Italy from before Saturn to the R e i g n of K i n g Latinus; and reckons u p the Successors of /Eneas, w h o R e i g n ' d at Alba, for the space of three h u n d r e d Years, d o w n to the Birth of Romulus; describes the Persons and principal Exploits of all the Kings, to their Expulsion, and the settling of the C o m m o n w e a l t h . A f t e r this, he touches promiscuously the most remarkable Occurrences at h o m e and abroad, b u t insists more particularly upon the Exploits of Augustus; insomuch, that tho' this Assertion may appear, at first, a little surprizing; he has in his W o r k s deduc'd the History of a considerable part of the W o r l d f r o m its Original, thro' the Fabulous and Heroick Ages, thro' the Monarchy and Commonwealth of Rome, for the space of four T h o u s a n d Years, d o w n to w i t h i n less than Forty of our Saviour's time, of w h o m he has preserv'd a most Illustrious Prophecy. Besides this, he points at many remarkable Passages of History under feign'd Names: the destruction of Alba, and Veii, u n d e r that of Troy: T h e Star Venus, which, Varro says, guided /Eneas in his Voyage to Italy, in that Verse, Matre dea monstrante

viam

Romulus his Lance taking R o o t , and B u d d i n g , is describ'd in that Passage concerning Polydorus, lib. 3.

Telorum

Confixum ferrea texit seges, & jaculis increvit

acutis.

T h e Stratagem of the Trojans b o r i n g Holes in their Ships, and sinking them, lest the Latins should B u r n them, under that Fable of their b e i n g transform'd into Sea-Nymphs: A n d therefore the Ancients had no such Reason to c o n d e m n that Fable as 23 25 29

viam. ] /~. A F 1 - 2 . lib.] lib. F 1 - 2 . s i n k i n g them,] comma prints as period

in some copies of

Fi.

The Lije

of

Virgil

25

groundless and absurd. Cocles swimming the River Tyber, after the Bridge was broken down behind him, is exactly painted in the Four last Verses of the Ninth Book, under the Character of Turnus. Marius hiding himself in the Morass of Minturna, under the Person of Sinon: Limosoque Delitui

lacu per Noctem obscuras in ulva

Those Verses in the Second Book concerning Priam; •Jacet ingens littore truncus, &c. 10 seem originally made upon Pompey the Great. He seems to touch the Imperious, and Intriguing Humour of the Empress Livia, under the Character of Juno. T h e irresolute and weak Lepidus is well represented under the Person of King Latinus; Augustus with the Character of Pont. Max. under that of ¿Eneas; and the rash Courage (always Unfortunate in Virgil) of Marc. Anthony in Turnus; the railing Eloquence of Cicero in his Phillipics is well imitated in the Oration of Drances; the dull faithful Agrippa, under the person of Achates; accordingly this Character is flat: Achates kills but one Man, and himself receives one slight 20 Wound, but neither says nor does any thing very considerable in the whole Poem. Curio, who sold his Country for about T w o hundred Thousand Pound, is stigmatiz'd in that Verse, Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque Imposuit

potentem

Livy relates that presently after the death of the two Scipio's in Spain, when Martins took upon him the Command, a Blazing Meteor shone around his Head, to the astonishment of his Souldiers: Virgil transfers this to /Eneas. Lcetasque vomunt duo témpora flammas. 9 22 23

Jacet] A~ F1-2. stigmatiz'd] F2; touch'd F i . potentem] — . F I - 2 .

15 22 27

Marc.] F2; ~ A F i . Verse,] F1-2. astonishment] F2; astonishmeut F i .

26

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

It is strange that the Commentators have not taken notice of this. T h u s the ill O m e n which happen'd a little before the Battel of Thrasimen, when some of the Centurions Lances took Fire miraculously, is hinted in the like accident which befel Acestes, before the Burning of the Trojan Fleet in Sicily. T h e Reader will easily find many more such Instances. In other Writers there is often well cover'd Ignorance; in Virgil, conceal'd Learning. His silence of some Illustrious Persons is no less worth observation. He says nothing of Scavola, because he attempted to Asió sassinate a King, tho' a declar'd Enemy: Nor of the Younger Brutus; for he effected what the other endeavour'd: N o r of the Y o u n g e r Cato, because he was an implacable Enemy of Julius Casar; nor could the mention of him be pleasing to Augustus; and that Passage His Dantern jura

Catonem,

may relate to his Office, as he was a very severe Censor. N o r would he name Cicero, when the occasion of mentioning him came full in his way; when he speaks of Catiline; because he afterwards approv'd the Murder of Casar, tho' the Plotters were 20 too wary to trust the Orator with their Design. Some other Poets knew the A r t of Speaking well; but Virgil, beyond this, knew the admirable Secret of being eloquently silent. Whatsoever was most curious in Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, Varro, in the /Egyptian Antiquities, in the Form of Sacrifice, in the Solemnities of making Peace and W a r , is preserv'd in this Poem. Rome is still above ground, and flourishing in Virgil. A n d all this he performs with admirable brevity. T h e ALneis was once near twenty times bigger than he left it; so that he spent as much time in blotting out, as some Moderns have done in W r i t i n g whole 30 Volumes. B u t not one Book has his finishing Strokes: T h e sixth seems one of the most perfect, the which, after long entreaty, and sometimes threats of Augustus, he was at last prevail'd upon to recite: T h i s fell out about four Years before his own Death: T h a t of Marcellus, w h o m Casar design'd for his Successor, hapio 15

Enemy:] Fi-2. Mis] A ~ F 1 - 2 .

11 27

endeavour'd:] — F1-2. performs) F2; does FI.

The Life

of

Virgil

27

pen'd a little before this Recital: Virgil therefore with his usual dexterity, inserted his Funeral Panegyrick in those admirable Lines, beginning, 0 nate, ingentem luctum ne qucere tuorum, 8cc. His Mother, the Excellent Octavia, the best Wife of the worst Husband that ever was, to divert her Grief, would be of the Auditory. T h e Poet artificially deferr'd the naming Marcellus, 'till their Passions were rais'd to the highest; but the mention of it put both Her and A ugustus into such a Passion of weeping, that they commanded him to proceed no further; Virgil answer'd, that he had already ended that Passage. Some relate, that Octavia fainted away; but afterwards she presented the Poet with two Thousand one Hundred Pounds, odd Money; a round Sum for Twenty Seven Verses. But they were Virgil's. Another Writer says, that with a Royal Magnificence, she order'd him Massy Plate, unweigh'd, to a great value. A n d now he took up a Resolution of Travelling into Greece, there to set the last Hand to this Work; purposing to devote the rest of his Life to Philosophy, which had been always his principal Passion. He justly thought it a foolish Figure for a grave Man to be over-taken by Death, whilst he was weighing the Cadence of Words, and measuring Verses; unless Necessity should constrain it, from which he was well secur'd by the liberality of that Learned Age. But he was not aware, that whilst he allotted three Years for the Revising of his Poem, he drew Bills upon a failing Bank: For unhappily meeting Augustus at Athens, he thought himself oblig'd to wait upon him into Italy, but being desirous to see all he could of the Greek Antiquities, he fell into a languishing Distemper at Megara; this, neglected at first, prov'd Mortal. T h e agitation of the Vessel, for it was now Autumn, near the time of his Birth, brought him so low, that he could hardly reach Brindisi. In his Sickness he frequently, and with great importunity, call'd for his Scrutore, that he might Burn his ALneis, but Augustus interposing by his Royal Au14 Verses. But they were Virgil's.] F2; Verses. Fi. 30-31 Autumn] Autumn F1-2.

28

The

Works of Virgil in

English

thority, he made his last Will, of which something shall be said afterwards: And considering probably how much Homer had been disfigur'd by the Arbitrary Compilers of his Works, oblig'd Tucca and Varius to add nothing, nor so much as fill up the Breaks he left in his Poem. He order'd that his Bones should be carried to Naples, in which place he had pass'd the most agreeable part of his Life. A ugustus, not only as Executor, and Friend, but according to the Duty of the Pont. Max. when a Funeral happen'd in his Family, took care himself to see the Will punctually executed. He went out of the World with all that calmness of Mind with which the Ancient Writer of his Life says he came into it, making the Inscription of his Monument himself; for he began and ended his Poetical Compositions with an Epitaph. And this he made exactly according to the Law of his Master Plato on such occasions, without the least ostentation. I sung Flocks, Tillage, Heroes; Mantua gave Me Life, Brundusium Death, Naples a Grave.

A short Account

of his Person, Manners and

Fortune.

He was of a very swarthy Complexion, which might proceed from the Southern Extraction of his Father, tall and wideshoulder'd, so that he may be thought to have describ'd himself under the Character of Musaus, whom he calls the best of Poets, Medium nam plurima turba Hunc habet, atque humeris extantem suspicit altis. His Sickliness, Studies, and the Troubles he met with, turn'd his Hair gray before the usual time; he had an hesitation in his Speech, as many other great Men: It being rarely found that 2 afterwards:] F1-2. IS it, making] — MakingF1-2. 16 Mantua] Mantua F1-2. 17 Brundusium] Brundusium Fs; Brandusium F i . 17 Naples] Naples F1-2. 22 Poets,] FI-2. 24 extantem] ex tantem F1-2. 25 turn'd] F2; made FI.

The

Life

of

Virgil

29

a very fluent Elocution, and depth of judgment meet in the same Person. His Aspect and Behaviour rustick, and ungraceful: A n d this defect was not likely to be rectify'd in the place where he first liv'd, nor afterwards, because the weakness of his Stomach would not permit him to use his Exercises; he was frequently troubled with the Head-ach, and spitting of Blood; spare of Dyet, and hardly drank any Wine. Bashful to a fault; and when People crouded to see him, he would slip into the next Shop, or by-passage, to avoid them. As this Character could not recommend him to the fair Sex; he seems to have as little consideration for them as Euripides himself. T h e r e is hardly the Character of one good W o m a n to be found in his Poems: He uses the W o r d [Mulier] but once in the whole /Eneis, then too by way of Contempt, rendring literally a piece of a Verse out of Homer. In his Pastorals he is full of invectives against Love: In the Georgics he appropriates all the rage of it to the Females. He makes Dido, who never deserv'd that Character, Lustful and Revengeful to the utmost degree; so as to dye devoting her Lover to destruction; so changeable, that the Destinies themselves could not fix the time of her Death; but Iris, the Emblem of Inconstancy, must determine it. Her Sister is something worse. He is so far from passing such a Complement upon Helen, as the grave O l d Councellour in Homer does, after nine Years War, when upon the sight of her he breaks out into this Rapture in the presence of King Priam, None can the cause of these long Wars despise; The Cost bears no proportion to the Prize: Majestick Charms in every Feature shine; Her Air, her Port, her accent is Divine. However let the fatal Beauty go, &c. Virgil is so far from this complaisant Humour, that his Heroe falls into an unmanly and ill-tim'd deliberation, whether he should not kill her in a Church; which directly contradicts what Deiphobus says of her, ALneid 6. in that place where every body tells the truth. He transfers the dogged Silence of Ajax his Ghost, 20

Death; but] Fa;

But F i .

31

Heroe] Heroe F1 - 2 .

3°

The

Works of Virgil in

English

to that of Dido; tho' that be no very natural Character to an injur'd Lover, or a Woman. He brings in the Trojan Matrons setting their own Fleet on Fire; and running afterwards, like Witches on their Sabbat, into the Woods. He bestows indeed some Ornaments upon the Character of Camilla; but soon abates his Favour, by calling her aspera if horrenda Virgo: He places her in the Front of the line for an ill Omen of the Battel, as one of the Ancients has observ'd. W e may observe, on this occasion, it is an Art peculiar to Virgil, to intimate the Event by some preceding Accident. He hardly ever describes the rising of the Sun, but with some circumstance which fore-signifies the Fortune of the Day. For instance, when ALneas leaves Africa and Queen Dido, he thus describes the fatal Morning: Tithoni

croceum linquens Aurora

cubile.

[And for the Remark, we stand indebted to the curious Pencil of Pollio.] T h e Mourning Fields (/Eneid 6.) are crowded with Ladies of a lost Reputation: Hardly one Man gets admittance, and that is Ctzneus, for a very good Reason. Latinus his Queen is turbulent, and ungovernable, and at last hangs her self: And the fair Lavinia is disobedient to the Oracle, and to the King, and looks a little flickering after Turnus. I wonder at this the more, because Livy represents her as an excellent Person, and who behav'd her self with great Wisdom in her Regency during the minority of her Son: So that the Poet has done her Wrong, and it reflects on her Posterity. His Goddesses make as ill a Figure; Juno is always in a rage, and the Fury of Heaven: Venus grows so unreasonably confident, as to ask her Husband to forge Arms for her Bastard Son; which were enough to provoke one of a more Phlegmatick Temper than Vulcan was. Notwithstanding all this raillery of Virgil's, he was certainly of a very Amorous disposition, and has describ'd all that is most delicate in the Passion of Love; but he Conquer'd his natural Inclinations by the help of Philosophy; and refin'd it into Friendship, to which he was extreamly sensible. T h e Reader will admit of or reject 8-10 observ'd. W e . . . Accident.] F2; 14 linquens] linguens F1-2.

(we . . . FI. 16 /F.neid]

FI-2.

The Life of

Virgil

31

the following Conjecture, with the free leave of the Writer, who will be equally pleas'd either way. Virgil had too great an Opinion of the Influence of the Heavenly Bodies: And, as an Ancient Writer says, he was born under the Sign of Virgo, with which Nativity he much pleas'd himself, and would exemplifie her Vertues in his Life. Perhaps it was thence that he took his Name of Virgil and Parthenias, which does not necessarily signifie Baseborn. Donatus, and Servius, very good Grammarians, give a quite contrary sense of it. He seems to make allusion to this Original of his Name in that Passage, Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat, Parthenope And this may serve to illustrate his Complement to Ccesar, in which he invites him into his own Constellation, Where, in the void of Heaven, a place is free, Betwixt the Scorpion, and the Maid for thee: Thus placing him betwixt Justice and Power, and in a Neighbour Mansion to his own; for Virgil suppos'd Souls to ascend again to their proper, and congenial Stars. Being therefore of this Humour, it is no wonder that he refus'd the Embraces of the Beautiful Plotia, when his indiscreet Friend almost threw her into his Arms. But however he stood affected to the Ladies, there is a dreadful Accusation brought against him for the most unnatural of all Vices, which by the Malignity of Humane nature has found more Credit in latter times than it did near his own. This took not its rise so much from the Alexis, in which Pastoral there is not one immodest Word; as from a sort of ill-nature, that will not let any one be without the imputation of some Vice; and principally because he was so strict a follower of Socrates and 3-4 And, as an . . . he] F2; An . . . that he F i . 5 he much] F2; perhaps he F1. 12 Parthenope ] ~ . A F1-2. 16 thee:] F1-2. 19 proper, and congenial] F2 (congeneal); proper F i .

The

32 Plato.

Works of Virgil in

English

In order therefore to his Vindication, I shall take the mat-

ter a little higher. T h e Cretans

were Anciently much addicted to Navigation,

insomuch that it became a Greek by the Industrious Erasmus,)

Proverb, (tho' omitted, I think,

A Cretan

that does not know

the

Sea. T h e i r Neighbourhood gave them occasion of frequent Commerce with the Phoenicians, the Western

that accursed People, who infected

World with endless Superstitions, and gross immo-

ralities. From them it is probable, that the Cretans

learn'd this

infamous Passion, to which they were so much addicted, that Cicero

remarks, in his Book de Rep.

young

Gentleman

to be without

great Admirer of the Cretan

that it was a disgrace

Lovers.

Socrates,

for a

who was a

Constitutions, set his excellent W i t

to find out some good Cause, and Use of this Evil Inclination, and therefore gives an Account, wherefore Beauty is to be lov'd, in the following Passage; for I will not trouble the Reader, weary perhaps already, with a long Greek one Eternal, which, true

Immutable,

our Soveraign

Lover

considers

and Degrees, general,

from And

Beautiful

in their

and

divine,

transported

with

a fading

not fill'd mixture

and Fooleries, of Mr. Balsac:

ProporPer-

the sight but

of pass

would

up with

it

Flesh

of Colours,

but separate,

ice. T h u s far Socrates,

Crétien

Steps

of all

to what extasíe

a

to the

in

Conversation;

and

unmix'd,

in a strain, much

And thus that admir-

his Charmides,

lov'd his Alexander,

Name of Alexis: 4 a]Fg;AFi.

Fountain

to Eat or drink,

able Man lov'd his Phcedon, thus Virgil

or regular

with

of

as so many the particular

of Feature,

Beauty,

but

therefore

neither

Trifles

beyond the Socrate

from

And

to the general

the Original

or varnish'd

the rest of Mortal uniform,

and Proportion

as to wish

is

in contemplation

does consist:

if you are so much Life

Quotation. There

Beauty;

he may ascend

in Sound,

raise you to behold and Blood,

Beauty

all that is lovely

Persons,

your whole

Happiness

by which

tion, or charming fection.

Uniform

and Theeetetus;

and Cebes,

and

under the feign'd

He receiv'd them illiterate, but return'd them 5 ^4]AFi-2.

7 Phoenicians] Phoenicians F1-2 17 already,] ~ A F1-2. 23 all] F2; all Beauty and Fi. 26 their Conversation] F2; looking on them Fi. 32 Phcedon] Phcedon F1-2.

The Life of Virgil

33

to their Masters, the one a good Poet, and the other an excellent Grammarian: And to prevent all possible Misinterpretations, he warily inserted into the liveliest Episode in the whole /Eneis, these words, Nisus amore pio pueri and in the Sixth, Quique pii vates. He seems fond of the Words, castus, pius, Virgo, and the Compounds of it; and sometimes stretches the Use of that word further than one would think he reasonably should have done, as when he attributes it to Pasiphae her self. Another Vice he is T a x ' d with, is Avarice; because he dy'd Rich, and so indeed he did in comparison of modern Wealth; his Estate amounts to near Seventy Five Thousand Pounds of our Money: But Donatus does not take notice of this as a thing extraordinary; nor was it esteem'd so great a Matter, when the Cash of a great part of the World lay at Rome; Antony himself bestow'd at once T w o Thousand Acres of Land in one of the best Provinces of Italy, upon a ridiculous Scribler, who is nam'd by Cicero and Virgil. A late Cardinal us'd to purchase ill flattery at the Expence of 100000 Crowns a Year. But besides Virgil's other Benefactors, he was much in favour with Augustus, whose Bounty to him had no limits, but such as the Modesty of Virgil prescrib'd to it. Before he had made his own Fortune, he setled his Estate upon his Parents and Brothers; sent them Yearly large Sums, so that they liv'd in great Plenty and Respect; and at his Death, divided his Estate betwixt Duty and Gratitude, leaving one half to his Relations, and the other to Mcecenas, to Tucca and Varius, and a considerable Legacy to Augustus, who had introduc'd a politick Fashion of being in every bodies Will; which alone was a fair Revenue for a Prince. Virgil shews his detestation of this Vice, by placing in the front of the Damn'd those who did not relieve their Relations and Friends; for the Romans hardly ever extended their Liberality further; and therei Masters] Masters F 1 - 2 . 5-6 pueri /and] ~ . / A n d F 1 - 2 . 18 Scribler] F2; Poet F i .

3 Episode] Episode F 1 - 2 . 9 Pasiphaé] Pasiphaé F 1 - 2 . 27 Mecenas] Mecenas Fi-s.

The

34

Works of Virgil in

English

fore I do not remember to have met in all the Latin Poets, one Character so noble as that short one in Homer, t\05 8' r\V vavTas

yap

avdpOiTTOKTL,

KOX y a X a v e p e f i v r j v , ' i l s r a i r p S t T a y e v o v r o , /cat cos Xa^e ¡ x o l p a v l/cacr-ros- &C.

Thus Linus too began his Poem, as appears by a Fragment of it preserv'd by Diogenes Laertius; and the like may be instanc'd in Musteus himself. So that our Poet here with great Judgment, as always, follows the ancient Custom of beginning their more Solemn Songs with the Creation, and does it too most properly under the person of a Shepherd; and thus the first and best Employment of Poetry was to compose Hymns in Honour of the Great Creator of the Universe. Few words will suffice to answer his other Objections. He demands why those several Transformations are mention'd in that Poem? And is not Fable then the Life and Soul of Poetry? Can himself assign a more proper Subject of Pastoral, than the Saturnia Regna, the Age and Scene of this kind of Poetry? What Theme more fit for the Song of a God, or to imprint Religious I-2 coaeval with] coaeval w i t h F1-2. II—12 E p h e s i a n Characters] Ephesian Characters F1-2.

14-19 i n F1—2 as f o l l o w s : ¿ p a r r j 8' Si e w r r c T o t f > w v j j [ f a i r e r o ( p w m j F s ] , / K p d i v u v a S a v a r o v s r e S e o i i s , KCLI " y a i a v f p ^ p i j p , j *ils ra [ra F2] i r p u r a y i v o v r o , x a i 1 [F2 o m i t s ]

And Die again for him that would again deceive. / Nor does the Mighty Trojan less appear T h a n Mars himself amidst the storms of War. Now his fierce Eyes with double fury glow, And a new dread attends th' impending blow: ii 2i

English] English Fi-a. Elysium] Elisium Fi; Elizium F2.

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T h e Daunian Chiefs their eager rage abate, And tho' unwounded, seem to feel their Fate. Long the rude fury of an ignorant Age, With barbarous spight prophan'd his Sacred Page. The heavy Dutchmen with laborious toil, Wrested his Sense, and cramp'd his vigorous Style: No time, no pains the drudging Pedants spare; But still his Shoulders must the burthen bear: While thro' the Mazes of their Comments led, We learn not what he writes, but what they read. Yet thro' these Shades of undistinguish'd Night Appear'd some glimmering intervals of Light; 'Till mangled by a vile Translating Sect, Like Babes by Witches in Effigie rackt: 'Till Ogleby, mature in dulness rose, \ And Holbourn Dogrel, and low chiming Prose, > His Strength and Beauty did at once depose. ) But now the Magick Spell is at an end, Since even the Dead in you have found a Friend. You free the Bard from rude Oppressor's Power, And grace his Verse with Charms unknown before: He, doubly thus oblig'd, must doubting stand, Which chiefly should his Gratitude command; Whether should claim the Tribute of his Heart, T h e Patron's Bounty, or the Poet's Art. Alike with wonder and delight we view'd T h e Roman Genius in thy Verse renew'd: We saw thee raise soft Ovid's Amorous Fire, And fit the tuneful Horace to thy Lyre: We saw new gall imbitter Juvenal's Pen, And crabbed Persius made politely plain: Virgil alone was thought too great a task; What you could scarce perform, or we durst ask: A TaskI which Waller's Muse could ne're engage; A Task! too hard for Denham's stronger rage: 35 bear:]

Fi-g.

Commendatory

Poems

59

Sure of Success they some slight Sallies try'd, But the fenc'd Coast their bold attempts defy'd: With fear their o're-match'd Forces back they drew, Quitted the Province Fate reserv'd for you. In vain thus Philip did the Persians storm; A Work his Son was destin'd to perform. O had Roscommon* liv'd to hail the day, And Sing loud Pceans thro' the crowded way; When you in Roman Majesty appear, Which none know better, and none come so near: T h e happy Author would with wonder see, His Rules were only Prophecies of thee: And were he now to give Translators light, He'd bid them only read thy Work, and write. For this great Task our loud applause is due; W e own old Favours, but must press for new. T h ' expecting World demands one Labour more; And thy lov'd Homer does thy aid implore, T o right his injur'd Works, and set them free From the lewd Rhymes of groveling Ogleby. T h e n shall his Verse in graceful Pomp appear, Nor will his Birth renew the ancient jar; On those Greek Cities we shall look with scorn, And in our Britain think the Poet Born.

T o Mr. Dryden on his Translation of

W

VIRGIL.

E read, how Dreams and Visions heretofore, The Prophet, and the Poet cou'd inspire; And make 'em in unusual Rapture soar, With Rage Divine, and with Poetick Fire. • Essay of Translated Verse, pag. 26.

70

Pteans] Pceans Fi-a.

6o

The

Works of Virgil in

English

2.

O could I find it now! Wou'd Virgil's Shade But for a while vouchsafe to bear the Light; To grace my Numbers, and that Muse to aid, Who sings the Poet, that has done him right. 3It long has been this Sacred Author's Fate, To lye at ev'ry dull Translator's Will; Long, long his Muse has groan'd beneath the weight Of mangling Ogleby's presumptuous Quill. 4Dryden, at last, in his Defence arose; The Father now is righted by the Son: And while his Muse endeavours to disclose That Poet's Beauties, she declares her own. 5In your smooth, pompous Numbers drest, each Line, Each Thought, betrays such a Majestick Touch; He cou'd not, had he finish'd his Design, Have wisht it better, or have done so much. 6.

You like his Heroe, though yourself were free; And disentangl'd from the War of Wit; You, who secure might others danger see, And safe from all malicious Censure sit: 7Yet because Sacred Virgil's Noble Muse, O'relay'd by Fools, was ready to expire: To risque your Fame again, you boldly chuse, Or to redeem, or perish with your Sire. 8. Ev'n first and last, we owe him half to you, For that his iEneids miss'd their threatned Fate, Was—that his Friends by some Prediction knew, Hereafter who correcting should translate.

Commendatory

Poems

61

9But hold my Muse, thy needless Flight restrain, Unless like him thou cou'dst a Verse indite: To think his Fancy to describe, is vain, Since nothing can discover Light, but Light. 10.

'Tis want of Genius that does more deny; 'Tis Fear my Praise shou'd make your Glory less. And therefore, like the modest Painter, I Must draw the Vail, where I cannot express. Henry Grahme.

T o Mr.

DRYDEN.

N

o undisputed Monarch Govern'd yet With Universal Sway the Realms of Wit: Nature cou'd never such Expence afford, Each several Province own'd a several Lord. A Poet then had his Poetick Wife, One Muse embrac'd, and Married for his Life. By the stale thing his appetite was cloy'd, His Fancy lessned, and his Fire destroy'd. But Nature grown extravagantly kind, With all her Treasures did adorn your Mind. T h e different Powers were then united found, And you Wit's Universal Monarch Crown'd. Your Mighty Sway your great Desert secures, And ev'ry Muse and ev'ry Grace is yours. T o none confin'd, by turns you all enjoy, Sated with this, you to another flye: So Sw/farc-like in your Seraglio stand, While wishing Muses wait for your Command: Thus no decay, no want of vigour find, 16

flye:]

F1-2.

18

Command:]

Fi-2.

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English

20 Sublime your Fancy, boundless is your Mind. Not all the blasts of time can do you wrong, Young spight of Age, in spight of Weakness strong. Time like A Icides, strikes you to the ground, You like Antceus from each fall rebound. H. St. John.

T o Mr. Dryden on his

VIRGIL.

T

is said that Phidias gave such living Grace, To the caru'd Image of a beauteous Face, That the cold Marble might ev'n seem to be The Life, and the true Life, the Imag'ry.

You pass that Artist, Sir, and all his Powers, Making the best of Roman Poets ours; With such Effect, we know not which to call The Imitation, which th' Original.

10

What Virgil lent, you pay in equal Weight, The charming Beauty of the Coin no less; And such the Majesty of your Impress, You seem the very Author you translate. 'Tis certain, were he now alive with us, And did revolving Destiny constrain, To dress his Thoughts in English o're again, Himself cou'd write no otherwise than thus.

His old Encomium never did appear So true as now; Romans and Greeks submit, Something of late is in our Language writ, 20 More nobly great than the fam'd Iliads were. Ja. Wright.

Commendatory

Poems

T o Mr. Dryden on his Translations.

As Flow'rs transplanted from a Southern Sky, /\ But hardly bear, or in the raising dye, JMissing their Native Sun, at best retain But a faint Odour, and but live with Pain: So Roman Poetry by Moderns taught, ] Wanting the Warmth with which its Author wrote, Is a dead Image, and a worthless Draught. J While we transfuse, the nimble Spirit flies, Escapes unseen, evaporates, and dyes. Who then attempt to shew the Ancients Wit, Must copy with the Genius that they writ: Whence we conclude from thy translated Song, So just, so warm, so smooth, and yet so strong, T h o u Heav'nly Charmer! Soul of Harmony! That all their Geniuses reviv'd in thee. T h y Trumpet sounds, the dead are rais'd to Light, New-born they rise, and take to Heav'n their Flight; Deckt in thy Verse, as clad with Rayes, they shine A l l Glorify'd, Immortal and Divine. As Britain, in rich Soil abounding wide, Furnish'd for Use, for Luxury, and Pride, Yet spreads her wanton Sails on ev'ry Shore, For Foreign Wealth, insatiate still of more; T o her own Wooll, the Silks of Asia joins, And to her plenteous Harvests, Indian Mines: So Dryden, not contented with the Fame Of his own Works, tho' an immortal Name, T o Lands remote he sends his learned Muse, T h e Noblest Seeds of Foreign Wit to chuse. 11

writ:]

F1-2.

15

Geniuses] Geniusses F1-2.

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30 Feasting our Sense so many various Ways, Say, 1s t thy Bounty, or thy Thirst of Praise, T h a t by comparing others, all might see, W h o most excell'd, are yet excell'd by thee? George 31 33

Praise,] thee?]

F1-2. F1-2.

Granville.

Errata and Directions

to Binders

65

ERRATA. I n the D e d i c a t o r y P r e f a c e to the M a r q u e s s of

Normanby.

Pag. 280.11. 1 8 - 1 9 r e a d , of Republican Principles in his Heart, p. 284. where Atis is mention'd as having a claim by Succession before ¿Eneas, my Memory betray'd me; for had I consulted Virgil, he calls not the Son of Polites by the name of Atis, but of P r i a m u s . 'Tis true he mentions Atis immediately afterwards, on the account of the A t i a n Family, from which J u l i u s Caesar was descended by his Grandmother, as I have there mention'd. p. 3 1 1 . towards the bottom of this Page here is a gross Errour, which is easily corrected, by reading Ten Months instead of Three: the Sense will direct you to the place, p. 314. In the quotation of a verse of Virgil's; f o r contise r. confise. p. 3 1 7 f. J u t u r n a took his opportunity, r. this opportunity. T h e r e are o t h e r E r r a t a b o t h in false p o i n t i n g , a n d omissions of words, b o t h in the P r e f a c e a n d t h e P o e m , which the R e a d e r will correct w i t h o u t my t r o u b l e . I o m i t t h e m , because they o n l y l a m e my English, n o t destroy my m e a n i n g . Some of t h e most c o n s i d e r a b l e E r r a t a . P a s t o r a l 2. 1. 43. r. nor scorn the Pipe. Past. 4. 1. 36. f o r Cold r. Gold. Past. 6.1. 73. f. this r. thy. I n t h e same Past. 1. 1. f. Scicilian r. Sicilian. Past. 8.1. 19. r e a d t h e w h o l e l i n e thus; Scarce from the World the Shades of Night withdrew. G e o r g i c 2. 1. 96. a f t e r t h e w o r d Arbute place t h e C o m m a ; n o t a f t e r t h e n e x t w o r d Hazle, as it is p r i n t e d , w h i c h destroys t h e Sense. T h e w h o l e Verse is to b e t h u s read, The thin-leav'd Arbute, hazle Graffs receives. 1. 139. t h e n o t e of Interrogation is false at t h e e n d of the L i n e , it o u g h t to b e a Period. 1. 393. f. skins r. skims. G e o r . 2. 1. 202. a n d 203. the R h y m e s of b o t h are false p r i n t e d : instead of Wars a n d prepares, r. War a n d prepare i n t h e singular. 1. 296. f. tracts r. tracks. Geor. 4. 1. 354. And Worms that shun the Light, r. and Lizards shunning Light. ¿Eneid 1. 1. 79. f. Elus r. Eolus. 1. 97. r. Eolus again. 1. 640. f. Fate r. Fame. 1. 1054. f. Dimede r. Diomede. ¿En. 2. 1. 2. f. the lofty Couch r. his lofty Couch. ¿En. 3. 1. 40. f. Horrour r. Terrour. 1. 142. b l o t o u t the Period a t t h e e n d of the Verse, a n d place a Comma. ¿En. 4. 1. 823. f. pious pious r. pious Prince. ¿En. 5. 1. 188. f. ptwo r. Prow. ¿En. 6. 1. 488. f. but but r. but o n c e only. 1. 746. f. van r. vain. 1. 1 1 3 1 . f. three r. two. ¿En. 7. 1. 43. dele the Period at the e n d of t h e Verse. 1. 266. f. On, (the first w o r d of t h e Verse,) r. In. 1. 446. f. native Land, r. another Land. 1. 549. f. crowns her Lance, r. wreaths her Lance. 1. 668. f. fill. r. feed. 1. 732. f. reinfor'd r. reinforc'd. 1. 946. f. rosie Fields r. dewy Fields. 1. 1087. f. yied r. yield. ¿En. 8. 1. 669. f. lifeless Limbs, r. listless Limbs. ¿En. 10. 1. 497. b l o t o u t t h e Period at t h e e n d of t h e Verse, a n d place a Comma. 1. 735. f. shall, r. will. 1. 864. f. loving Lord r. Sov'raign Lord. 1. 924. f. Planks were r. Plank was. 1. 1286. f. Sholuder r. Shoulder. 1. 1 3 1 1 . f. to his Throat the Sword apply'd, r. to the Sword his Throat apply'd. ¿En. 11.1. 120. f. Heads and Hands r. their loaded Hands. 1. 528. f. Heros r. Heroes.

The

66

Directions

Works

to the Binders,

of Virgil

in

English

how to place

of this Book

in

the several

Parts

Binding.

1. T i t l e and Dedication to the Lord Clifford. 2. T h e L i f e of Virgil, and Preface to the Pastorals. 3. Poems on Mr. Dryden's Translation of Virgil. 4. T h e Names of the Subscribers to the Cuts of Virgil. 5. T h e Names of the second Subscribers. 6. T h e Pastorals. 7. T h e Dedication to the Earl of Chesterfield, with an Essay on the Georgics. 8. T h e Georgics. 9. T h e Dedication to the Marquess of Normanby. 10. T h e iEneis. Page and line numbers adjusted to our text. Also: Géorgie 2. 1. 96] ~ i . (Errata and Directions omitted from F2).

Fi

Subscribers

to the Cuts of

Virgil

67

T H E NAMES OF T H E SUBSCRIBERS T O T H E Cuts of Virgil, Each Subscription being Five Guineas.

PASTORALS.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

132

11 12 13 14 15

Geòrgie IÌÌ. Sir Tho. Trevor. Sir John Hawles. Joseph Jeakyl, Esq; Tho. Vernon, Esq; Will. Dobyns, Esq;

154 162 167 170 176

16 17 18 19 20

Geor. 2d. Sir Will. Bowyer. Gilbert Dolbin, Esq; Geo. London, Esq; John Loving, Esq; Will. Walsh, Esq;

180 185 191 198 205

21 22 23 24 25

Geor. 3d. Duke of Richmond. Sir J. Isham, Bar. Sir Tho. Mompesson. John Dormer, Esq; Frederick Tylney, Esq;

208 219 223 227 232

Geor. 4th. 26 Richard Norton, Esq; 27 Sir Will. Trumbull. 28 Sir Barth. Shower,

Page

Page

Lord Chancellor Lord Privy Seal. Earl of Dorset Lord Buckhurst. Earl of Abingdon. Lord Vise. Cholmondely. Ld. Herbert of Chirbury. _ Lord Clifford Marq. of Hartington. The Hon. Mr. Ch. Mountague

72 78 84 94 98 106 112 118 126

238 242 255

29 Symon Harcourt, Esq; 30 John Granvill, Esq;

259 265

.(Eneid ist. Prince George of Denmark. 342 Princess Ann of Denmark. _ 352 Dutchess of Ormond. 354 Countess of Exeter. 358 Countess Dowager of Winchelsea. 370 36 Marchioness of Normanby. - 374

31 32 33 34 35

37 38 39 40 41 42

./Eneid 2d. Duke of Somerset. Earl of Salisbury Earl of Inchiqueen. Earl of Orrery. Ld. Vise. Dunbar. Coun. Dow. of Northampton.

378 388 396 402 408 410

43 44 45 46 47 48

.•Eneid 3d. Earl of Darby. Bp. of Durham. Bp. of Ossery. Dr. John Mountague. Dr. Brown Dr. Guibbons.

416 420 428 432 438 446

49 50 51 52 53 54

¿Eneid 4th. Earl of Exeter. Lady Giffard. Lord Clifford. John Walkaden, Esq; Henry Tasburgh, Esq; Mrs. Dorothy Brownlow.

450 454 458 464 474 482

68

The Works of Virgil in English Page

55 56 57 58 59 60 61

.lEneid 5th. Duke of St. Albans. 486 Earl of Torrington. 492 Anth. Hamond, Esq; 500 Henry St. Johns, Esq; 506 Steph. Waller, Dr. of Laws. - 508 Duke of Glocester 512 Edmond Waller, Esq; 522

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

^Eneid 6th. Earl of Denbigh. 526 Sir Tho. Dyke, Bar. 536 Mrs. Ann Bayner. 538 John Lewknor, Esq; 540 Sir Fleetwood Shepherd. _ 546 John Poultney, Esq; 548 Christopher Knight, Esq; _ 552 Robert Harley, Esq; 562

70 71 72 73 74 75

LEneid 7th. Earl of Rumney. Anthony Henley, Esq; George Stepney, Esq; Coll. Tho. Farringdon. Lady Mary Sackvill. Charles Fox, Esq;

570 576 580 588 594 604

76 77 78 79

.iEneid 8th. Earl of Ailesbury. Th e Hon. Mr. Robert Bruce. Christopher Rich, Esq; Sir Godfry Kneller.

608 622 626 634

80 81 82 83 84 85

Page .lEneid 9th. Earl of Sunderland. 640 Thomas Foley, Esq; 644 Col. Geo. Cholmondley. 654 Sir John Percivall, Bar. 660 Col. Christoph. Codrington. 664 Mr. John Closterman. 674

86 87 88 89 90

.lEneid \oth. Ld. Vise. Fitzharding. 678 Sir Robert Howard. 692 Sir John Leuson Gore, Bar. 700 Sir Charles Orby 712 Tho. Hopkins, Esq; 718

JLneid 11th. 91 Duke of Shrewsbury. 92 Sir Walter Kirkham Blount, Bar. 93 John Noell, Esq; 94 Marquiss of Normanby. 95 Lord Berkley. 96 Arthur Manwareing, Esq; _

728 730 734 754 758

lEneid isth. 97 Earl of Chesterfield. 98 Brigadier Fitzpatrick. 99 Dr. Tho. Hobbs 100 Lord Guilford. 101 Duke of Ormond.

764 772 782 798 805

Page numbers adjusted to our text. Also: 54 Mrs. Dorothy Brownlow] F1-2. 68 Christopher Knight] John F1-2.

720

Ann ~

The Second

Subscribers

The Names of the second A. Lord Ashley. Sir James Ash, Bar. Sir Francis Andrew, Bar. Charles Adderley, Esq; Mrs. Ann Ash. Edw. Ash Esq; Mr. Francis Atterbury. Sam. Atkins, Esq; Tho. Austen Esq; Ro. Austen, Esq; B. Earl of Bullingbrook. Sir Ed. Bettenson, Bar. Sir Tho. Pope Blount, Bar. Sir John Bolles. Sir Will. Bowes. Will. Blathwayt, Esq; Secretary of War. Will. Barlow, Esq; Peregrine Bertye, Esq; Will. Bridgman, Esq; Orlando Bridgman, Esq; Will. Bridges, Esq; Char. Bloodworth, Esq; The Hon. Henry Boyl, Esq; Rich. Boyl, Esq; Chidley Brook, Esq; Will. Bromley, Esq; of Warwickshire. Mich. Bruneau, Esq; Tho. Bulkley, Esq; Theoph. Butler, Esq; Capt. John Berkeley. Mr. Jo. Bowes, Prebend of Durham. Mr. Jeremiah Ball. Mr. John Ball. Mr. Richard Banks. Mrs. Elizabeth Barry.

69

SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr. Beckford. Mr. Tho. Betterton. Mrs. Catharine Blount. Mr. Bond. Mr. Bond. Mrs. Ann Bracegirdle. Mr. Samuel Brockenborough. Mrs. Elizabeth Brown. Mr. Moses Bruche. Mr. Lancelton Burton. C. Earl of Clarendon. Lord Hen. Cavendish. Lord Clifford. Lord Coningsby. Lord Cutts. Lady Chudleigh of the West. The Hon. Char. Cornwallis, Son to the Lord Cornwallis. Sir Walt. Clarges, Bar. Sir Ro. Cotton. Sir Will. Cooper. The Ho. Will. Cheyney. James Calthorp, Esq; Charles Chamberlayn, Esq; Edmond Clifford, Esq; Charles Cocks, Esq; Tho. Coel, Esq; Tho. Coke, Esq; Hugh Colville, Esq; Jo. Crawley, Esq; Courtney Crocker, Esq; Henry Curwyn, Esq; Capt. James Conoway. Mr. Will. Claret. Mr. John Clancy. Mr. Will. Congreve. Mr. Henry Cook. Mr. Will. Cooper. Mrs. Elizabeth Creed.

D. Dutchess of Devonshire. Paul Docmenique, Esq; Mountague Drake, Esq; Will. Draper, Esq; Mr. Mich. Dahl. Mr. Davenport. Mr. Will. Delawn. Mrs. Dorothy Draycot. Mr. Edward Dryden. E. Earl of Essex. Sir Edw. Ernie. Will. Elson, Esq; Tho. Elyot, Esq; Thomas Earl, Major General. F. Sir Edm. Fettiplace, Bar. Sir Will. Forester. Sir James Forbys. Lady Mary Fenwick. The Ho. Colon. Finch. The Ho. Doctour Finch. The Ho. Will. Fielding. Rich. Francklin, Postmaster, Esq; Charles Fergesen, Esq; Com. of the Navy. Doctor Fuller, D. of Lincoln. Henry Farmer, Esq; Tho. Finch, Esq; Tho. Frewin, Esq; Mr. George Finch. G. Sir Bevill Granville, Bar. Oliver St. George, Esq; Tho. Gifford, Esq; Rich. Goulston, Esq; Richard Graham, Esq; Fergus Grahme, Esq; Will. Grove, Esq;

7°

The Works of Virgil in English

Mr. Char. Longueville. M. Char. Mannours, Esq; Tho. Mansell, Esq; Bussy Mansel, Esq; Will. Martyn, Esq; Henry Maxwell, Esq; Charles Mein, Esq; Rich. Minshul, Esq; Ro. Molesworth, Esq; The Ho. Henry Mordaunt, Esq; George Moult, Esq; Christoph. Mountague. Esq; Walter Moyl, Esq; Mr. Charles Marbury. Mr. Christoph. Metcalf. Mrs. Monneux. N. Lord Norris. Henry Nevile, Esq; William Norris, Esq; Mr. William Nicoll. O. Ro. Orme, Esq; Dr. Oliver, M. D. Mr. Mich. Owen. P. JJohn James, Esq; The Right Hon. Charles William Jenkins, Esq; Earl of Peterborough. Sam. Jones, Esq; Sir Henry Peachy, Bar. Mr. Edw. Jefferyes. Sir John Phillips, Bar. K. Sir John Pykering Bar. Jos. Keally, Esq; Sir John Parsons, Coll. James Kendall Ro. Palmer, Esq; Dr. Knipe. Guy Palmes, Esq; Mr. Mich. Kinkead. Ben. Parry, Esq; L. Sam. Pepys, Esq; Sir Berkeley Lucy. Ba. James Petre, Esq; Will. Peysley, Esq; Lady Jane LevesonCraven Peyton, Esq; Gower. John Pitts, Esq; Tho. Langley, Esq; Will. Plowden of PlowPatrick Lamb, Esq; den, Esq; Will. Latton, Esq; James Long of Draycot, Mr. Theoph. Pykering, Prebend, of Durham. Esq; Coll. Will. Parsons. Will. Lownds, Esq; Captain Phillips. Dennis Lydal, Esq;

Dr. Garth, M. D. Mr. George Goulding. Mr. Grinlin Guibbons. H. Lord Archibald Hamilton. Lord Hide. Sir Richard Haddock. Sir Christop. Hales, Bar. Sir Tho. Hussey. Rob. Harley, Esq; Rob. Henley, Esq; Memb. of Pari. Will. Hewer, Esq; Roger Hewett, Esq; He. Heveningham, Esq; John Holdworthy, Esq; Matt. Holdworthy, Esq; Nath. Hornby, Esq; The Ho. Bern. Howard. Craven Howard Esq; Mansel Howe, Esq; Sam. Hunter, Esq; Mr. Edward Hastwell. Mr. Nich. Hawksmore. Mr. Whitfeild Hayter. Mr. Peter Henriques. Mr. Ro. Huckwell.

Captain Pitts. Mr. Daniel Peck. R. Dutchess of Richmond. Earl of Radnor. Lord Ranelagh. Tho. Rawlins, Esq; Will. Rider, Esq; Francis Roberts, Esq; Mr. Rose. S. Lord Spencer. Sir Tho. Skipwith, Bar. Sir John Seymour. Sir Char. Skrimpshire. J. Scroop of Dan by, Esq; Ralph. Sheldon, Com. Warw. Esq; Edw. Sheldon, Esq; John Smith, Esq; James Sothern, Esq; The Ho. James Stanley, Esq; Ro. Stopford, Esq; The Hon. Major Gen. Edw. Sackville. Col. J . Stanhope. Col. Strangways. Mr. James Seamer. Mr. William Seeks. Mr. Joseph Sherwood. Mr. Laurence Smith. Mr. Tho. Southern. Mr. Paris Slaughter. Mr. Lancelot Stepney. T. Sir John Trevillion, Bar. Sir Edm. Turner. Henry Temple, Esq; Ashburnam Toll, Esq; Sam. Travers, Esq; John Tucker, Esq; Maj. Gen. Charles Trelawney. Maj. Gen. Trelawney. Col. John Tidcomb. Col. Trelawney. Mr. George Townsend. Mr. Tho. Tyldesley.

The Second Subscribers Mr. Tyndall. V. John Verney, Esq; Henry Vernon, Esq; James Vernon, Esq; W. Ld. Marquiss of Winchester.

Earl of Weymouth. Lady Windham. Sir John Walter, Bar. Sir John Woodhouse, B. Sir Francis Windham. James Ward, Esq; William Wardour, Jun. Esq;

Sir James Ash, Bar.] twice in F1-2.

71

Will. Welby, Esq; Will. Weld, Esq; Th. Brome Whorwood, Esq; Salw. Winnington, Esq; Col. Cornelius Wood. Mrs. Mary Walter. Mr. Leonard Wessel.

Dr. Garth] — Gath F1-2.

The First

VIRGIL'S

Pastoral

73

PASTORALS

The First Pastoral or, Tityrus andMelibceus THE ARGUMENT.

The Occasion of the First Pastoral was this. When Augustus had setled himself in the Roman Empire, that he might reward his Veteran Troops for their past Service, he distributed among 'em all the Lands that lay about Cremona and Mantua: turning out the right Owners for having sided with his Enemies. Virgil was a Sufferer among the rest; who afterwards recover'd his Estate by Maecenas's Intercession, and as an Instance of his Gratitude compos'd the following Pastoral, where he sets out his own Good Fortune in the Person of Tityrus, and the Calamities of his Mantuan Neighbours in the Character of Melibceus. MELIBCEUS.

B

the Shade which Beechen Boughs diffuse, You Tity'rus entertain your Silvan Muse: Round the wide World in Banishment we rome, Forc'd from our pleasing Fields and Native Home: While stretch'd at Ease you sing your happy loves: And Amarillis fills the shady Groves. ENEATH

TITYRUS. These Blessings, Friend, a Deity bestow'd: For never can I deem him less than God. T h e tender Firstlings of my Woolly breed 10 Shall on his holy Altar often bleed. He gave my Kine to graze the Flowry Plain: And to my Pipe renew'd the Rural Strain. 7 M«ecenas'i] Meccenas'j F i a - b , F2. 10 Meliboeus] F i b , F2; Melibxus F i a .

74

The Works of Virgil in

English

MELIBCEUS. I envy not your Fortune, but admire, T h a t while the raging Sword and wastful Fire Destroy the wretched Neighbourhood around, No Hostile Arms approach your happy ground. Far diff'rent is my Fate: my feeble Goats With pains I drive from their forsaken Cotes. And this you see I scarcely drag along, 20 Who yeaning on the Rocks has left her Young; (The Hope and Promise of my failing Fold:) My Loss by dire Portents the Gods foretold: For had I not been blind I might have seen Yon riven Oak, the fairest of the Green, And the hoarse Raven, on the blasted Bough, By croaking from the left presag'd the coming Blow. But tell me, Tityrus, what Heav'nly Power Preserv'd your Fortunes in that fatal Hour? TITYRUS. Fool that I was, I thought Imperial Rome \ 30 Like Mantua, where on Market-days we come, > And thether drive our tender Lambs from home.) So Kids and Whelps their Syres and Dams express: And so the Great I measur'd by the Less. But Country Towns, compar'd with her, appear Like Shrubs, when lofty Cypresses are near. MELIBCEUS. What Great Occasion call'd you hence to Rome?

22 Loss] Fia, F2; loss Fib. 26 By croaking from the left] F2; With frequent Crokes Fia-b. 36 Great] Fia, F2; great Fib.

The First

Pastoral

75

TITYRUS. Freedom, which came at length, tho' slow to come: Nor did my Search of Liberty begin, T i l l my black Hairs were chang'd upon my Chin. Nor Amarillis wou'd vouchsafe a look, T i l l Galatea's meaner bonds I broke. T i l l then a helpless, hopeless, homely Swain, I sought not Freedom, nor aspir'd to Gain: T h o ' many a Victim from my Folds was bought, And many a Cheese to Country Markets brought, Yet all the little that I got, I spent, And still return'd as empty as I went. MELIBCEUS. W e stood amaz'd to see your Mistress mourn; Unknowing that she pin'd for your return: W e wonder'd why she kept her Fruit so long, For whom so late th' ungather'd Apples hung. But now the Wonder ceases, since I see She kept them only, Tityrus, for thee. For thee the bubling Springs appear'd to mourn, And whisp'ring Pines made vows for thy return. TITYRUS. What shou'd I do? while here I was enchain'd, N o glimpse of Godlike Liberty remain'd: Nor cou'd I hope in any place, but there, T o find a God so present to my Pray'r. T h e r e first the Youth of Heav'nly Birth I view'd; For whom our Monthly Victims are renew'd. He heard my Vows, and graciously decreed My Grounds to be restor'd, my former Flocks to feed. 41 50 57

Galatea's] F i a , F2; Galeatea's Fruit] F i a , F2; Fib. remain'd:] F i a - b , Fa.

Fib.

43 56

Freedom] F i a ; freedom F i b , F2. do?] ~ t F i a - b , F2.

76

The Works of Virgil in

English

MELIBOEUS. O Fortunate Old Man! whose Farm remains \ For you sufficient, and requites your pains, > T h o ' Rushes overspread the Neighb'ring Plains: / T h o ' here the Marshy Grounds approach your Fields, And there the Soyl a Stony Harvest yields. Your teeming Ewes shall no strange Meadows try, 70 Nor fear a Rott from tainted Company. Behold yon bord'ring Fence of Sallow Trees Is fraught with Flow'rs, the Flow'rs are fraught with Bees: T h e buisie Bees with a soft murm'ring Strain Invite to gentle sleep the lab'ring Swain. While from the Neighb'ring Rock, with rural Songs, T h e Pruner's Voice the pleasing Dream prolongs; Stock-Doves and Turtles tell their Am'rous pain, And from the lofty Elms of Love complain. TITYRUS. T h ' Inhabitants of Seas and Skies shall change, so And Fish on shoar and Stags in Air shall range, T h e banish'd Parthian dwell on Arar's brink, And the blue German shall the Tigris drink: E're I, forsaking Gratitude and T r u t h , Forget the Figure of that Godlike Youth. MELIBCEUS. But we must beg our Bread in Climes unknown, Beneath the scorching or the freezing Zone. And some to far Oaxis shall be sold; Or try the Lybian Heat, or Scythian Cold: T h e rest among the Britains be confin'd;

66 Plains:] F i a - b , F2. 75 rural] F i a , F2; Rural F i b . 89 Britains] F i a , F2; Britans F i b .

68 Stony] Fia, F2; stony F i b . 88 Cold:] — F i a - b , F2.

The First Pastoral

77

90 A R a c e o f M e n f r o m a l l t h e W o r l d d i s - j o i n ' d . O must the wretched Exiles ever mourn, N o r after length of rowling Years return? A r e w e c o n d e m n ' d by Fates unjust D e c r e e , N o m o r e o u r H o u s e s a n d o u r H o m e s t o see? O r shall w e m o u n t again the R u r a l T h r o n e , A n d rule the Country Kingdoms, once our own? D i d w e for these B a r b a r i a n s p l a n t a n d sow, O n these, o n these, o u r h a p p y Fields bestow? G o o d H e a v ' n w h a t dire Effects f r o m Civil Discord

flow!

100 N o w l e t m e g r a f f m y P e a r s , a n d p r u n e t h e V i n e ; T h e F r u i t is t h e i r s , t h e L a b o u r o n l y m i n e . F a r e w e l m y Pastures, m y Paternal Stock, M y fruitful Fields, a n d m y m o r e fruitful Flock! N o m o r e , m y Goats, shall I b e h o l d y o u c l i m b T h e s t e e p y Cliffs, o r c r o p t h e

flowry

Thyme!

N o m o r e , e x t e n d e d in the G r o t below, Shall see y o u b r o w z i n g o n the M o u n t a i n ' s b r o w T h e prickly Shrubs; a n d after on the bare, L e a n d o w n t h e d e e p Abyss, a n d h a n g in A i r . no N o m o r e m y S h e e p s h a l l s i p t h e M o r n i n g D e w ;

\

N o m o r e m y S o n g shall please the R u r a l C r u e :

>

A d i e u , m y t u n e f u l P i p e ! a n d all t h e W o r l d a d i e u !

)

TITYRUS. T h i s N i g h t , a t least, w i t h m e f o r g e t y o u r C a r e ; C h e s n u t s a n d C u r d s a n d C r e a m shall be y o u r fare: T h e C a r p e t - g r o u n d shall be with L e a v e s o'respread; A n d B o u g h s shall weave a C o v ' r i n g for y o u r

Head.

F o r see y o n s u n n y H i l l the S h a d e e x t e n d s ; A n d curling S m o k e f r o m Cottages ascends.

92 rowling] Fia, F2; rowl'ing F i b . 96 own?] F i a - b , F2. 105 flowry] F i a , F2; flow'ry F i b .

93 condemn'd] F i a , F2; condem'd F i b . 99 Heav'n] F i a , F2; Fib. 109 deep] Fia, F2; Deep F i b .

The Second

The Second or, Alexis

Pastoral

79

Pastoral

THE ARGUMENT.

The Commentators can by no means agree on the Person of Alexis, but are all of opinion that some Beautiful Youth is meant by him, to whom Virgil here makes Love; in Corydon'j Language and Simplicity. His way of Courtship is wholly Pastoral: He complains of the Boys Coyness, recommends himself for his Beauty and Skill in Piping; invites the Youth into the Country, where he promises him the Diversions of the Place; with a suitable Present of Nuts and Apples: But when he finds nothing will prevail, he resolves to quit his troublesome Amour, and betake himself again to his former Business.

Y

Corydon, th' unhappy Shepherd Swain, T h e fair Alexis lov'd, but lov'd in vain: And underneath the Beechen Shade, alone, T h u s to the Woods and Mountains made his moan. Is this, unkind Alexis, my reward, A n d must I die unpityed, and unheard? Now the green Lizard in the Grove is laid, T h e Sheep enjoy the coolness of the Shade; And Thestilis wild T h i m e and Garlick beats 10 For Harvest Hinds, o'respent with T o y l and Heats: While in the scorching Sun I trace in vain T h y flying footsteps o're the burning plain. T h e creaking Locusts with my Voice conspire, T h e y fry'd with Heat, and I with fierce Desire. How much more easie was it to sustain Proud A marillis, and her haughty Reign, T h e Scorns of Young Menalcas, once my care, T h o ' he was black, and thou art Heav'nly fair. Trust not too much to that enchanting Face; OUNG

6 unpityed] Fia, Fa; unpitied Fib. 12 plain] Fia, F2; Plain Fib.

9

Garlick] Fia, F2; Garlike Fib.

8o

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Beauty's a Charm, but soon the Charm will pass: W h i t e Lillies lie neglected on the Plain, W h i l e dusky Hyacinths for use remain. My Passion is thy Scorn; nor wilt thou know W h a t Wealth I have, what Gifts I can bestow: W h a t Stores my Dairies and my Folds contain; A thousand Lambs that wander on the Plain: N e w Milk that all the Winter never fails, A n d all the Summer overflows the Pails: Amphion sung not sweeter to his Herd, W h e n summon'd Stones the Theban Turrets rear'd. N o r am I so deform'd; for late I stood Upon the Margin of the briny Flood: T h e Winds were still, and if the Glass be true, W i t h Daphnis I may vie, tho' judg'd by you. 0 leave the noisie T o w n , O come and see O u r Country Cotts, and live content with me! T o wound the Flying Deer, and from their Cotes W i t h me to drive a-field, the browzing Goats: T o pipe and sing, and in our Country Strain T o Copy, or perhaps contend with Pan. Pan taught to joyn with W a x unequal Reeds, Pan loves the Shepherds, and their Flocks he feeds: N o r scorn the Pipe; Amyntas, to be taught, W i t h all his Kisses would my Skill have bought. Of seven smooth Joynts a mellow Pipe I have, W h i c h with his dying Breath Damcetas gave: A n d said, This, Corydon, I leave to thee; For only thou deserv'st it after me. His Eyes Amyntas durst not upward lift, For much he grudg'd the Praise, but more the Gift. Besides two Kids that in the Valley stray'd, 1 found by chance, and to my fold convey'd: T h e y drein two bagging Udders every day; A n d these shall be Companions of thy Play: 38 45 54

a-field] F i a , F2; a-Field F i b . Joynts] F i a , F2; joints F i b . Play:] — F i a - b , F i .

43 53

scorn] Fi errata, F2; scorns F i a - b . two] F i a , F2; to F i b .

The

Second

Pastoral

Both fleck'd with white, the true Arcadian Strain, Which Thestilis had often beg'd in vain: A n d she shall have them, if again she sues, Since you the Giver and the G i f t refuse. Come to my longing Arms, my lovely care, A n d take the Presents which the Nymphs prepare. White Lillies in full Canisters they bring, With all the Glories of the Purple Spring: T h e Daughters of the Flood have search'd the Mead For Violets pale, and cropt the Poppy's Head: T h e Short Narcissus and fair Daffodil, Pancies to please the Sight, and Cassia sweet to smell: And set soft Hyacinths with Iron blue, T o shade marsh Marigolds of shining Hue: Some bound in Order, others loosely strow'd, T o dress thy Bow'r, and trim thy new Abode. My self will search our planted Grounds at home, For downy Peaches and the glossie Plum: A n d thrash the Chesnuts in the Neighb'ring Grove, Such as my A marillis us'd to love. T h e Laurel and the Myrtle sweets agree; A n d both in Nosegays shall be bound for thee. Ah, Corydon, ah poor unhappy Swain, Alexis will thy homely Gifts disdain: Nor, shouldst thou offer all thy little Store, Will rich Iolas yield, but offer more. What have I done, to name that wealthy Swain? So powerful are his Presents, mine so mean! T h e Boar amidst my Crystal Streams I bring; And Southern Winds to blast my flowry Spring. A h cruel Creature, whom dost thou despise? T h e Gods to live in Woods have left the Skies. A n d Godlike Paris in th' Idean Grove, T o Priam's Wealth prefer'd Oenone's Love. In Cities which she built, let Pallas Reign; 62 Spring:] —, F i a - b , F2. 79 shouldst] F i a , F2; should'st F i b . 84 flowry] F i a , F2; flow'ry F i b .

68 81 85

Hue:] — F i a - b , F2. Swain?] F i a - b , F2. Ah] F i a , F2; Fib.

81

82

The

Works of Virgil in

English

90 Tow'rs are for Gods, but Forrests for the Swain. T h e greedy Lyoness the Wolf pursues, T h e Wolf the Kid, the wanton Kid the Browze: Alexis thou art chas'd by Corydon; A l l follow sev'ral Games, and each his own. See from afar the Fields no longer smoke, T h e sweating Steers unharnass'd from the Yoke, Bring, as in Triumph, back the crooked Plough; T h e Shadows lengthen as the Sun goes Low. Cool Breezes now the raging Heats remove; IOO Ah, cruel Heaven! that made no Cure for Lovel I wish for balmy Sleep, but wish in vain: Love has no bounds in Pleasure, or in Pain. What frenzy, Shepherd, has thy Soul possess'd? T h y Vinyard lies half prun'd, and half undress'd. Quench, Corydon, thy long unanswer'd fire: Mind what the common wants of Life require. O n willow Twigs employ thy weaving care: And find an easier Love, tho' not so fair. 103

possess'd?] — , F i a - b , Fa.

The Third Pastoral

85

The Third Pastoral or, Palamon Menalcas, Damaetas, Palaemon. THE ARGUMENT.

Damaetas and Menalcas, after some smart strokes of Country Railery, resolve to try who has the most Skill at a Song; and accordingly make their Neighbour Palasmon Judge of their Performances: Who, after a full hearing of both Parties, declares himself unfit for the Decision of so weighty a Controversie, and leaves the Victory undetermin'd. MENALCAS. " • " T o , Swain, what Shepherd owns those ragged Sheep? DAM/ETAS. /Egon's they are, he gave 'em me to keep. MENALCAS. Unhappy Sheep of an Unhappy Swain, \ W h i l e he Necera courts, but courts in vain, > A n d fears that I the Damsel shall obtain; ) Thou, Varlet, dost thy Master's gains devour: T h o u milk'st his Ewes, and often twice an hour; Of Grass and Fodder thou defraud'st the Dams: A n d of their Mothers Duggs the starving Lambs. DAMAlTAS. 10

Good words, young Catamite, at least to Men: W e know who did your Business, how, and when: 1

Swain] F2; Groom F i .

li

when:]

Fi-g.

86

The Works of Virgil in English

And in what Chappel too you plaid your prize; And what the Goats observ'd with leering Eyes: The Nymphs were kind, and laught, and there your safety lies. MENALCAS. Yes, when I crept the Hedges of the Leys; Cut Micon's tender Vines, and stole the Stays. DAM/ETAS. Or rather, when beneath yon ancient Oak, The Bow of Daphnis and the Shafts you broke: When the fair Boy receiv'd the Gift of right; And but for Mischief, you had dy'd for spight. MENALCAS. What Nonsense wou'd the Fool thy Master prate, When thou, his Knave, can'st talk at such a rate! Did I not see you, Rascal, did I not! When you lay snug to snap young Damon's Goat? His Mungril bark'd, I ran to his relief, And cry'd, There, there he goes; stop, stop the Thief. Discover'd and defeated of your Prey, You sculk'd behind the Fence, and sneak'd away. DAMMTAS. An honest Man may freely take his own; The Goat was mine, by singing fairly won. A solemn match was made; He lost the Prize,) Ask Damon, ask if he the Debt denies; [ I think he dares not, if he does, he lyes. )

The

Third

Pastoral

MENALCAS. T h o u sing with him, thou Booby? never Pipe Was so profan'd to touch that blubber'd Lip: Dunce at the best; in Streets but scarce allow'd T o tickle, on thy Straw, the stupid Crowd. DAMjETAS. T o bring it to the Trial, will you dare Our Pipes, our Skill, our Voices to compare? My Brinded Heifar to the Stake I lay; T w o Thriving Calves she suckles twice a day: And twice besides her Beestings never fail T o store the Dairy, with a brimming Pail. Now back your singing with an equal Stake. MENALCAS. That shou'd be seen, if I had one to make. You know too well I feed my Father's Flock: What can I wager from the common Stock? A Stepdame too I have, a cursed she, Who rules my Hen-peck'd Sire, and orders me. Both number twice a day the Milky Dams; And once she takes the tale of all the Lambs. But since you will be mad, and since you may Suspect my Courage, if I should not lay; T h e Pawn I proffer shall be full as good: T w o Bowls I have, well turn'd of Beechen Wood; Both by divine Alcimedon were made; T o neither of them yet the Lip is laid. T h e Lids are Ivy, Grapes in clusters lurk, Beneath the Carving of the curious Work. T w o Figures on the sides emboss'd appear; Conon, and what's his Name who made the Sphere, And shew'd the Seasons of the sliding Year, 34 Booby?]

Fi-2.

87

The Works of Virgil in

88

English

Instructed in his Trade the Lab'ring Swain, And when to reap, and when to sowe the Grain? DAM/ETAS. And I have two, to match your pair, at home; The Wood the same, from the same Hand they come: The kimbo Handles seem with Bears-foot carv'd; And never yet to Table have been serv'd: Where Orpheus on his Lyre laments his Love, 70 With Beasts encompass'd, and a dancing Grove: But these, nor all the Proffers you can make, Are worth the Heifar which I set to stake. MENALCAS. No more delays, vain Boaster, but begin: I prophecy before-hand I shall win. Palcemon shall be Judge how ill you rhime, I'll teach you how to brag another time. DAMALTAS. Rhymer come on, and do the worst you can: I fear not you, nor yet a better Man. With Silence, Neighbour, and Attention wait: so For 'tis a business of a high Debate. PALAlMON.

Sing then; the Shade affords a proper place; T h e Trees are cloath'd with Leaves, the Fields with Grass; T h e Blossoms blow; the Birds on bushes sing; And Nature has accomplish'd all the Spring. T h e Challenge to Damatas shall belong, Menalcas shall sustain his under Song: Each in his turn your tuneful numbers bring; By turns the tuneful Muses love to sing. 88

By] Fa; In Fi.

The Third

Pastoral

89

DAM AT AS. From the great Father of the Gods above 90 My Muse begins; for all is full of Jove; T o Jove the care of Heav'n and Earth belongs; My Flocks he blesses, and he loves my Songs. MENALCAS. Me Phoebus loves; for He my Muse inspires; And in her Songs, the warmth he gave, requires. For him, the God of Shepherds and their Sheep, My blushing Hyacinths, and my Bays I keep. DAMjETAS. My Phillis me with pelted Apples plyes; \ Then tripping to the Woods the Wanton hies: > And wishes to be seen, before she flies. ) MENALCAS. 100

But fair Amyntas comes unask'd to me; \ And offers Love; and sits upon my knee: > Not Delia to my Dogs is known so well as he. ) DAM/ETAS. T o the dear Mistress of my Love-sick Mind, Her Swain a pretty Present has design'd: I saw two Stock-doves billing, and e're long Will take the Nest, and Hers shall be the Young. MENALCAS. T e n ruddy Wildings in the Wood I found, And stood on tip-toes, reaching from the ground; 97 My Phillis me with pelted Apples] Fg (Phyllis Me); With pelted Fruit, me Galatea F i .

The

9°

Works of Virgil in

English

I sent Amyntas all my present Store; no And will, to Morrow, send as many more. DAM/ETAS. T h e lovely Maid lay panting in my arms; And all she said and did was full of Charms. Winds on your Wings to Heav'n her Accents bear; Such words as Heav'n alone is fit to hear. MENALCAS. Ah! what avails it me, my Love's delight, T o call you mine, when absent from my sight? I hold the Nets, while you pursue the Prey; And must not share the Dangers of the Day. DAM AT AS. I keep my Birth-day: send my Phillis home; 120 A t Sheering-time, Iolas, you may come. MENALCAS. With Phillis I am more in grace than you: \ Her Sorrow did my parting-steps pursue: > Adieu my Dear, she said, a long Adieu. ) DAM/ETAS. T h e Nightly Wolf is baneful to the Fold, Storms to the Wheat, to Budds the bitter Cold; But from my frowning Fair, more Ills I find, T h a n from the Wolves, and Storms, and Winter-wind. MENALCAS. T h e Kids with pleasure browze the bushy Plain, T h e Show'rs are grateful to the swelling Grain: n6 sight?]

Fi-2.

The Third

Pastoral

T o teeming Ewes the Sallow's tender tree; But more than all the World my Love to me. DAM ¿ETAS. Pollio my Rural Verse vouchsafes to read: A Heyfar, Muses, for your Patron breed. MENA LC AS. My Pollio writes himself, a Bull be bred, With spurning Heels, and with a butting Head. DAM/ETAS. Who Pollio loves, and who his Muse admires, Let Pollio's fortune crown his full desires. Let Myrrh instead of Thorn his Fences fill: And Show'rs of Hony from his Oaks distil. MENALCAS. Who hates not living Bavius, let him be (Dead Mcevius) damn'd to love thy Works and thee: The same ill taste of Sense wou'd serve to join Dog Foxes in the Yoak, and sheer the Swine. DAM/ETAS. Ye Boys, who pluck the Flow'rs, and spoil the Spring, Beware the secret Snake, that shoots a sting. MENALCAS. Graze not too near the Banks, my jolly Sheep, The Ground is false, the running Streams are deep: See, they have caught the Father of the Flock; Who drys his Fleece upon the neighb'ring Rock.

9i

92

The

Works of Virgil in

English

DAM/ETAS.

From Rivers drive the Kids, and sling your Hook; Anon I'll wash 'em in the shallow Brook.

MENALCAS.

T o fold, my Flock; when Milk is dry'd with heat, In vain the Milk-maid tugs an empty Teat.

DAMJETAS.

How lank my Bulls from plenteous pasture comel But Love that drains the Herd, destroys the Groom.

MENALCAS.

My Flocks are free from Love; yet look so thin, T h e i r bones are barely cover'd with their Skin. What magick has bewitch'd the woolly Dams, And what ill Eyes beheld the tender Lambs?

DAM&TAS.

Say, where the round of Heav'n, which all contains, T o three short Ells on Earth our sight restrains: T e l l that, and rise a Phoebus for thy pains.

MENALCAS.

Nay tell me first, in what new Region springs A Flow'r, that bears inscrib'd the names of Kings: And thou shalt gain a Present as Divine As Phcebus self; for Phillis shall be thine.

The Third

Pastoral

PAL/EMON. So nice a diff'rence in your Singing lyes, That both have won, or both deserv'd the Prize, Rest equal happy both; and all who prove 170 T h e bitter Sweets, and pleasing Pains of Love. Now dam the Ditches, and the Floods restrain: Their moisture has already drench'd the Plain.

93

The Fourth

Pastoral

95

The Fourth Pastoral or, Pollio THE ARGUMENT.

The Poet celebrates the Birth-day of Saloninus, the Son of Pollio, born in the Consulship of his Father, after the taking of Salonae, a City in Dalmatia. Many of the Verses are translated from one of the Sybils, who prophesie of our Saviour's Birth.

S

Muse begin a loftier strain! T h o u g h lowly Shrubs and Trees that shade the Plain, Delight not all; Sicilian Muse, prepare T o make the vocal Woods deserve a Consul's care. T h e last great Age, foretold by sacred Rhymes, Renews its finish'd Course, Saturnian times Rowl round again, and mighty years, begun From their first Orb, in radiant Circles run. T h e base degenerate Iron-off-spring ends; A golden Progeny from Heav'n descends; O chast Lucina speed the Mother's pains, And haste the glorious Birth; thy own Apollo reigns! T h e lovely Boy, with his auspicious Face, ) ICILIAN

Shall Pollio's Consulship and T r i u m p h grace; > Majestick Months set out with him to their appointed Race. / T h e Father banish'd Virtue shall restore, A n d Crimes shall threat the guilty world no more. T h e Son shall lead the life of Gods, and be By Gods and Heroes seen, and Gods and Heroes see. T h e jarring Nations he in peace shall bind, A n d with paternal Virtues rule Mankind. Unbidden Earth shall wreathing Ivy bring, \ And fragrant Herbs (the promises of Spring) > As her first Off'rings to her Infant King. ) 3

prepare] Fa; pepare F i ; (see collation for different text in

Oi-a).

96

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

T h e Goats with strutting Dugs shall homeward speed, And lowing Herds, secure from Lyons feed. His Cradle shall with rising Flow'rs be crown'd; T h e Serpents Brood shall die: the sacred ground Shall Weeds and pois'nous Plants refuse to bear, Each common Bush shall Syrian Roses wear. But when Heroick Verse his Youth shall raise, And form it to Hereditary Praise; Unlabour'd Harvests shall the Fields adorn, And cluster'd Grapes shall blush on every Thorn. T h e knotted Oaks shall show'rs of Honey weep, And through the Matted Grass the liquid Gold shall creep. Yet, of old Fraud some footsteps shall remain, T h e Merchant still shall plough the deep for gain: Great Cities shall with Walls be compass'd round; And sharpen'd Shares shall vex the fruitful ground. Another Tiphys shall new Seas explore, Another Argos land the Chiefs, upon th' Iberian Shore: Another Helen other Wars create, And great Achilles urge the Trojan Fate: But when to ripen'd Man-hood he shall grow, T h e greedy Sailer shall the Seas forego; No Keel shall cut the Waves for foreign Ware; For every Soil shall every Product bear. T h e labouring Hind his Oxen shall disjoyn, No Plow shall hurt the Glebe, no Pruning-hook the Vine: Nor Wooll shall in dissembled Colours shine. But the luxurious Father of the Fold, With native Purple, or unborrow'd Gold, Beneath his pompous Fleece shall proudly sweat: And under Tyrian Robes the Lamb shall bleat. T h e Fates, when they this happy Web have spun, Shall bless the sacred Clue, and bid it smoothly run. Mature in years, to ready Honours move, O of Coelestial Seed! O foster Son of Jove! 36 42 57

G o l d ] O 1 - 2 , F i errata, F2; C o l d F i . Shore:] F 1 - 2 ; different text in O1-2. Shall] O 1 - 2 , F2; shall F i .

41

Tiphys]

Typhis

Oi-2, F1-2.

The Fourth

Pastoral

97

eo See, lab'ring Nature calls thee to sustain T h e nodding Frame of Heav'n, and Earth, and Main; See to their Base restor'd, Earth, Seas, and Air, And joyful Ages from behind, in crowding Ranks appear. T o sing thy Praise, wou'd Heav'n my breath prolong, Infusing Spirits worthy such a Song; Not Thracian Orpheus should transcend my Layes, Nor Linus crown'd with never-fading Bayes: Though each his Heav'nly Parent shou'd inspire; T h e Muse instruct the Voice, and Phoebus tune the Lyre. 70 Shou'd Pan contend in Verse, and thou my Theme, Arcadian Judges shou'd their God condemn. Begin, auspicious Boy, to cast about Thy Infant Eyes, and with a smile, thy Mother single out; Thy Mother well deserves that short delight, T h e nauseous Qualms of ten long Months and Travel to requite. Then smile; the frowning Infant's Doom is read, No God shall crown the Board, nor Goddess bless the Bed.

Io tic H'fJtZfJtCP and ñarotíXSttvys jfJtycaU', •ut £yrc tifati bij'Xai" dm. South fide- of Jrcttt .arul{ . Kùuù>ntm a* ét

%Crti£, —— |

fxude

o/Jáin¡tJ?n,

wise

JhfduïKv r rte,and Céacc.r ett JfjCkutcnantiandCurtosCmmtY •>!'• Oxan V.M-.I.

The Fifth

Pastoral

99

The Fifth Pastoral or, Daphnis THE ARGUMENT.

Mopsus and Menalcas, two very expert Shepherds at a Song, begin one by consent to the Memory of Daphnis; who is suppos'd by the best Criticks to represent Julius Caesar. Mopsus laments his Death, Menalcas proclaims his Divinity: The whole Eclogue consisting of an Elegie and an Apotheosis. MENALCAS.

S

on the Downs our Flocks together feed, And since my Voice can match your tuneful Reed, Why sit we not beneath the grateful Shade, Which Hazles, intermix'd with Elms, have made? INCE

MOPSUS. Whether you please that Silvan Scene to take, Where whistling Winds uncertain Shadows make: Or will you to the cooler Cave succeed, Whose Mouth the curling Vines have overspread? MENALCAS. Your Merit and your Years command the Choice: 10 Amyntas only rivals you in Voice. MOPSUS. What will not that presuming Shepherd dare, Who thinks his Voice with Phoebus may compare? 4

Divinity:]

FI-2.

îoo

The Works of Virgil in English MENALCAS.

Begin you first; if either A Icon's Praise, Or dying Phillis have inspir'd your Lays: If her you mourn, or Codrus you commend, Begin, and Tityrus your Flock shall tend. MOPSUS. Or shall I rather the sad Verse repeat, Which on the Beeches bark I lately writ? I writ, and sung betwixt; now bring the Swain Whose Voice you boast, and let him try the Strain. MENALCAS. Such as the Shrub to the tall Olive shows, Or the pale Sallow to the blushing Rose; Such is his Voice, if I can judge aright, Compar'd to thine, in sweetness and in height. MOPSUS. No more, but sit and hear the promis'd Lay, The gloomy Grotto makes a doubtful day. The Nymphs about the breathless Body wait Of Daphnis, and lament his cruel Fate. The Trees and Floods were witness to their Tears: At length the rumour reach'd his Mother's Ears. The wretched Parent, with a pious haste, Came running, and his lifeless Limbs embrac'd. She sigh'd, she sob'd, and, furious with despair, \ She rent her Garments, and she tore her Hair: > Accusing all the Gods and every Star. ) The Swains forgot their Sheep, nor near the brink Of running Waters brought their Herds to drink. 18

writ?]

F1-2.

The Fifth

Pastoral

T h e thirsty Cattle, of themselves, abstain'd From Water, and their grassy Fare disdain'd. T h e death of Daphnis Woods and Hills deplore,) T h e y cast the sound to Lybia's desart Shore; > T h e Lybian Lyons hear, and hearing roar. ) Fierce Tygers Daphnis taught the Yoke to bear; And first with curling Ivy dress'd the Spear: Daphnis did Rites to Bacchus first ordain; A n d holy Revels for his reeling Train. As Vines the Trees, as Grapes the Vines adorn, As Bulls the Herds, and Fields the Yellow Corn; So bright a Splendor, so divine a Grace, T h e glorious Daphnis cast on his illustrious Race. When envious Fate the Godlike Daphnis took, Our guardian Gods the Fields and Plains forsook: Pales no longer swell'd the teeming Grain, Nor Phoebus fed his Oxen on the Plain: N o fruitful Crop the sickly Fields return; But Oats and Darnel choak the rising Corn. And where the Vales with Violets once were crown'd, Now knotty Burrs and Thorns disgrace the Ground. Come, Shepherds, come, and strow with Leaves the Plain; Such Funeral Rites your Daphnis did ordain. With Cypress Boughs the Crystal Fountains hide, And softly let the running Waters glide; A lasting Monument to Daphnis raise; With this Inscription to record his Praise, Daphnis, the Fields Delight, the Shepherd's Love, Renown'd on Earth, and deify'd above: Whose Flock excell'd the fairest on the Plains, But less than he himself surpass'd the Swains. MENALCAS. Oh Heavenly Poet! such thy Verse appears, So sweet, so charming to my ravish'd Ears, 66 above:]

F1-2.

101

102

The

Works of Virgil

in

English

As to the weary Swain, with cares opprest, Beneath the Silvan Shade, refreshing Rest: As to the feavorish Travellor, when first He finds a Crystal Stream to quench his thirst. In singing, as in piping, you excell; And scarce your Master could perform so well. O fortunate young Man, at least your Lays Are next to his, and claim the second Praise. Such as they are my rural Songs I join, so T o raise our Daphnis to the Pow'rs Divine; For Daphnis was so good, to love what-e're was mine.

MOPSUS. How is my Soul with such a Promise rais'd! For both the Boy was worthy to be prais'd, And Stimichon has often made me long, T o hear, like him, so soft so sweet a Song.

MENALCAS. Daphnis, the Guest of Heav'n, with wondring Eyes, Views in the Milky Way, the starry Skyes: And far beneath him, from the shining Sphere, Beholds the moving Clouds, and rolling Year, so For this, with chearful Cries the Woods resound; The Purple Spring arrays the various ground: The Nymphs and Shepherds dance; and Pan himself is Crown'd. The Wolf no longer prowls for nightly Spoils, Nor Birds the Sprindges fear, nor Stags the Toils: For Daphnis reigns above; and deals from thence His Mothers milder Beams, and peaceful Influence. The Mountain tops unshorn, the Rocks rejoice; The lowly Shrubs partake of Humane Voice. Assenting Nature, with a gracious nod, 100 Proclaims him, and salutes the new-admitted God.

The Fifth

Pastoral

103

Be still propitious, ever good to thine: Behold four hallow'd Altars we design; A n d two to thee, and two to Phoebus rise; On both are offer'd Annual Sacrifice. T h e holy Priests, at each returning year, \ T w o Bowls of Milk, and two of Oil shall bear; > A n d I my self the Guests with friendly Bowls will chear. / T w o Goblets will I crown with sparkling Wine, \ T h e gen'rous Vintage of the Chian Vine; > These will I pour to thee, and make the Nectar thine. ) In Winter shall the Genial Feast be made Before the fire; by Summer in the shade. Damcctas shall perform the Rites Divine; And Lictian ALgon in the Song shall join. Alphesiboeus, tripping, shall advance; And mimick Satyrs in his antick Dance. W h e n to the Nymphs our annual Rites we pay, A n d when our Fields with Victims we survey: While savage Boars delight in shady Woods, And finny Fish inhabit in the Floods; While Bees on Thime, and Locusts feed on Dew, T h y grateful Swains these Honours shall renew. Such Honours as we pay to Pow'rs Divine, T o Bacchus and to Ceres, shall be thine. Such annual Honours shall be giv'n, and thou Shalt hear, and shalt condemn thy Suppliants to their Vow. MOPSUS. What Present worth thy Verse can Mopsus find? Not the soft Whispers of the Southern Wind, T h a t play through trembling Trees, delight me more; Nor murm'ring Billows on the sounding Shore; Nor winding Streams that through the Valley glide; And the scarce cover'd Pebbles gently chide. 104 127

both are] F2; each is F i . find?] Fi-g.

115

Alphesiboeus] Alphesibeeus F i - g .

The

Works of Virgil in

English

MENALCAS. Receive you first this tuneful Pipe; the same That play'd my Condon's unhappy Flame. T h e same that sung Necera's conqu'ring Eyes; And, had the Judge been just, had won the Prize. MOPSUS. Accept from me this Sheephook in exchange, The Handle Brass; the Knobs in equal range. Antigenes, with Kisses, often try'd \ 140 T o beg this Present, in his Beauty's Pride; > When Youth and Love are hard to be deny'd. ) But what I cou'd refuse, to his Request, Is yours unask'd, for you deserve it best.

The Sixth Pastoral

The Sixth Pastoral or, Silenus THE ARGUMENT.

Two young Shepherds Chromis and Mnasylus, having been often promis'd a Song by Silenus, chance to catch him asleep in this Pastoral; where they bind him hand and foot, and then claim his Promise. Silenus finding they wou'd be put off no longer, begins his Song; in which he describes the Formation of the Universe, and the Original of Animals, according to the Epicurean Philosophy; and then runs through the most surprising Transformations which have happen'd in Nature since her Birth. This Pastoral was design'd as a Complement to Syro the Epicurean, who instructed Virgil and Varus in the Principles of that Philosophy. Silenus acts as Tutor, Chromis and Mnasylus as the two Pupils.

I

First transferr'd to Rome Sicilian Strains: Nor blush'd the Dorick Muse to dwell on Mantuan Plains. But when I try'd her tender Voice, too young; A n d fighting Kings, and bloody Battels sung, Apollo check'd my Pride; and bade me feed My fatning Flocks, nor dare beyond the Reed. Admonish'd thus, while every Pen prepares T o write thy Praises, Varus, and thy Wars, My Past'ral Muse her humble Tribute brings; 10 A n d yet not wholly uninspir'd she sings. For all who read, and reading, not disdain These rural Poems, and their lowly Strain, T h e name of Varus oft inscrib'd shall see, ) In every Grove, and every vocal Tree; > And all the Silvan reign shall sing of thee: / T h y name, to Phoebus and the Muses known, ) Shall in the front of every Page be shown; [ For he who sings thy Praise, secures his own. ) i

Sicilian] F i errata, F2; Scicilian F i .

io8

The

Works of Virgil in

English

Proceed, my Muse: T w o Satyrs, on the ground, Stretch'd at his Ease, their Syre Silenus found. Dos'd with his fumes, and heavy with his Load, \ T h e y found him snoring in his dark abode; > And seis'd with Youthful Arms the drunken God. / His rosie Wreath was dropt not long before, Born by the tide of Wine, and floating on the floor. His empty Can, with Ears half worn away, Was hung on high, to boast the triumph of the day. Invaded thus, for want of better bands, His Garland they unstring, and bind his hands: For by the fraudful God deluded long, T h e y now resolve to have their promis'd Song. /Egle came in, to make their Party good; T h e fairest Nai's of the neighbouring Flood, And, while he stares around, with stupid Eyes, His Brows with Berries, and his Temples dyes. He finds the Fraud, and, with a Smile, demands On what design the Boys had bound his hands. Loose me, he cry'd; 'twas Impudence to find A sleeping God, 'tis Sacriledge to bind. T o you the promis'd Poem I will pay; T h e Nymph shall be rewarded in her way. He rais'd his voice; and soon a num'rous throng Of tripping Satyrs crowded to the Song. And Sylvan Fauns, and Savage Beasts advanc'd, And nodding Forests to the Numbers danc'd. Not by Hcemonian Hills the Thracian Bard, \ Nor awful Phoebus was on Pindus heard, > With deeper silence, or with more regard. ) He sung the secret Seeds of Nature's Frame; How Seas, and Earth, and Air, and active Flame, Fell through the mighty Void; and in their fall Were blindly gather'd in this goodly Ball. T h e tender Soil then stiffning by degrees, Shut from the bounded Earth, the bounding Seas. T h e n Earth and Ocean various Forms disclose; so

Silenus]

F2; Sylenus

Fi.

33

Nais] Nais

Fi-i.

The Sixth Pastoral A n d a new Sun to the new World arose. And Mists condens'd to Clouds obscure the Skie; And Clouds dissolv'd, the thirsty Ground supply. T h e rising T r e e s the lofty Mountains grace: ) T h e lofty Mountains feed the Savage Race, > Yet few, and strangers, in th' unpeopl'd Place. / From thence the birth of Man the Song pursu'd, And how the World was lost, and how renew'd: T h e Reign of Saturn, and the Golden Age; Prometheus T h e f t , and Jove's avenging Rage: T h e Cries of Argonauts for Hylas drown'd; With whose repeated N a m e the Shoars resound: T h e n mourns the madness of the Cretan Q u e e n ; Happy for her if Herds had never been. What fury, wretched Woman, seiz'd thy Breast? T h e Maids of Argos (tho with rage possess'd, T h e i r imitated lowings fill'd the Grove) Yet shun'd the guilt of thy prepost'rous Love: Nor sought the Youthful Husband of the Herd, T h o u g h lab'ring Yokes on their own Necks they fear'd; And felt for budding Horns on their smooth forheads rear'd. Ah, wretched Q u e e n ! you range the pathless Wood; While on a flowry Bank he chaws the Cud: Or sleeps in Shades, or thro' the Forest roves; A n d roars with anguish for his absent Loves. Ye Nymphs, with toils, his Forest-walk surround; And trace his wandring Footsteps on the ground. But, ah! perhaps my Passion he disdains; And courts the milky Mothers of the Plains. W e search th' ungrateful Fugitive abroad; While they at home sustain his happy load. 60 Race,] F2; Fi. 61 added in F2. F1-2. 63 renew'd:] F1-2. 65 Rage:] F1-2. 67 resound:] F1-2. 70 Breast?] F1-2. 73 thy] Fi errata, F2; this F i . 73 Love:] 74 Herd,] F2; Fi. 75-76 in Fi as follows: T h o tender and untry'd the Yoke he fear'd. T h o soft and white as flakes of falling Snow; And scarce his budding Horns had arm'd his brow.

109

The Works of Virgil in English

n o

H e sung the Lover's fraud; the longing W i t h g o l d e n Fruit, like all the Sex,

Maid,

betray'd:

T h e Sisters m o u r n i n g for their Brother's

loss;

90 T h e i r B o d i e s h i d i n B a r k s , a n d f u r r ' d w i t h H o w each a rising Alder now A n d o ' r e t h e Po T h e n

distils h e r G u m m y

sung, h o w

Gallus

Tears:

by a Muses

hand,

W a s led and welcom'd to the sacred T h e Senate rising to salute their

Linus

And

Strand:

Guest;

thus their gratitude

express'd.

R e c e i v e this Present, b y the M u s e s T h e Pipe o n w h i c h th'

Moss:

appears;

Ascraan

made;

Pastor

play'd:

W i t h which of old he charm'd the Savage 100 A n d c a l l ' d t h e M o u n t a i n A s h e s t o t h e S i n g t h o u o n this, thy W h e r e once his F a n e O n

Phoebus; o f Parian

this his a n c i e n t Oracles

Train:

Plain.

and the

W o o d

Marble

stood.

rehearse;

A n d with new N u m b e r s grace the G o d of W h y shou'd I sing the double

Scylla's

Verse.

Fate,

T h e first b y L o v e t r a n s f o r m ' d , t h e last b y A

beauteous M a i d above, but Magick

Hate?

Arts,

W i t h barking Dogs deform'd her neather

parts.

W h a t Vengeance on the passing Fleet she

pour'd,

110 T h e

Master frighted, and the Mates

T h e n

ravish'd

Philomel

the Song

T h e

C r i m e reveal'd;

And

how in Fields the Lapwing

T h e

warbling Nightingale

While

Progne

devour'd.

exprest;

the Sisters cruel

Feast;

Tereus

in W o o d s

reigns;

complains:

m a k e s o n C h y m n e y tops h e r

A n d hovers o're the Palace once her W h a t e v e r Songs besides, the

moan;

own.

Delphian G o d Spartan F l o o d ,

H a d taught the Laurels, and the

Silenus

sung: the Vales his V o i c e

120 A n d c a r r y t o t h e S k i e s t h e s a c r e d

88 betray'd:] Fi-2. 92 Tears:] — F 1 - 2 . 106 Hate?] — F 1 - 2 .

rebound; Sound.

90 Moss:] F1-2. 94 Strand:] F1-2. 114 complains:] F1-2.

The Sixth Pastoral And now the setting Sun had warn'd the Swain T o call his counted Cattle from the Plain: Yet still th' unweary'd Syre pursues the tuneful Strain: T i l l unperceiv'd the Heav'ns with Stars were hung: And sudden Night surpriz'd the yet unfinish'd Song. 123

Strain:]

F1-2.

The Seventh

Pastoral

The Seventh Pastoral or, Melibceus THE ARGUMENT.

Melibceus here gives us the Relation of a sharp Poetical Contest between Thyrsis and Corydon; at which he himself and Daphnis were present; who both declar'd for Corydon.

B

a Holm, repair'd two jolly Swains; Their Sheep and Goats together graz'd the Plains: Both young Arcadians, both alike inspir'd T o sing, and answer as the Song requir'd. Daphnis, as Umpire, took the middle Seat; And Fortune thether led my weary Feet. For while I fenc'd my Myrtles from the Cold, T h e Father of my Flock had wander'd from the Fold. Of Daphnis I enquir'd; he, smiling, said, 10 Dismiss your Fear, and pointed where he fed. And, if no greater Cares disturb your Mind, Sit here with us, in covert of the Wind. Your lowing Heyfars, of their own accord, At wat'ring time will seek the neighb'ring Ford. Here wanton Mincius windes along the Meads, And shades his happy Banks with bending Reeds: And see from yon old Oak, that mates the Skies, How black the Clouds of swarming Bees arise. What shou'd I do? nor was Alcippe nigh, 20 Nor absent Phillis cou'd my care supply, ENEATH

T o house, and feed by hand my weaning Lambs, And drain the strutting Udders of their Dams. Great was the strife betwixt the Singing Swains: And I preferr'd my Pleasure to my Gains. Alternate Rhime the ready Champions chose: These Corydon rehears'd, and Thyrsis those. 2 Plains:] FI-2. 22 Dams.] — ? F I - 2 .

19

do?]

F1-2.

ii4

The Works of Virgil in

English

CORYDON. Yee Muses, ever fair, and ever young, Assist my Numbers, and inspire my Song. With all my Codrus O inspire my Breast, For Codrus after Phoebus sings the best. Or if my Wishes have presum'd too high, And stretch'd their bounds beyond Mortality, T h e praise of artful Numbers I resign: And hang my Pipe upon the Sacred Pine. THYRSIS. Arcadian Swains, your Youthful Poet crown With Ivy Wreaths; tho surly Codrus, frown. Or if he blast my Muse with envious Praise, T h e n fence my Brows with Amuletts of Bays: Lest his ill Arts or his malicious Tongue Shou'd poyson, or bewitch my growing Song. CORYDON. These Branches of a Stag, this tusky Boar (The first essay of Arms untry'd before) Young Mycon offers, Delia, to thy Shrine; But speed his hunting with thy Pow'r divine, T h y Statue then of Parian Stone shall stand; T h y Legs in Buskins with a Purple Band. THYRSIS. This Bowl of Milk, these Cakes, (our Country Fare,) For thee, Priapus, yearly we prepare: Because a little Garden is thy care. But if the falling Lambs increase my Fold, T h y Marble Statue shall be turn'd to Gold. 38 48

Amuletts of Bays:] Amuletts prepare:] F1-2.

~ ~ . F1-2.

The Seventh

Pastoral

CORYDON. Fair Galathea, with thy silver Feet, O, whiter than the Swan, and more than Hybla sweet; Tall as a Poplar, taper as the Bole, Come charm thy Shepherd, and restore my Soul. Come when my lated Sheep, at night return; And crown the silent Hours, and stop the rosy Morn. THYRSIS. May I become as abject in thy sight, As Sea-weed on the Shore, and black as Night: Rough as a Bur, deform'd like him who chaws Sardinian Herbage to contract his Jaws; Such and so monstrous let thy Swain appear, If one day's Absence looks not like a Year. Hence from the Field, for Shame: the Flock deserves No better Feeding, while the Shepherd starves. CORYDON. Ye mossy Springs, inviting easie Sleep, Ye Trees, whose leafy Shades those mossy Fountains keep, Defend my Flock, the Summer heats are near, And Blossoms on the swelling Vines appear. THYRSIS. With heapy Fires our chearful Hearth is crown'd; And Firs for Torches in the Woods abound: We fear not more the Winds, and wintry Cold, T h a n Streams the Banks, or Wolves the bleating Fold. CORYDON. Our Woods, with Juniper and Chesnuts crown'd, \ With falling Fruits and Berries paint the Ground; [ And lavish Nature laughs, and strows her Stores around. /

116

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But if Alexis from our Mountains fly, Ev'n running Rivers leave their Channels dry. THYRSIS. Parch'd are the Plains, and frying is the Field, so Nor with'ring Vines their juicy Vintage yield. But if returning Phillis bless the Plain, J T h e Grass revives; the Woods are green again; > And Jove descends in Show'rs of kindly Rain. / CORYDON. T h e Poplar is by great A Icides worn: T h e Brows of Phoebus his own Bays adorn. T h e branching Vine the jolly Bacchus loves; T h e Cyprian Queen delights in Mirtle Groves. With Hazle, Phillis crowns her flowing Hair, And while she loves that common Wreath to wear, 90 Nor Bays, nor Myrtle Bows, with Hazle shall compare. THYRSIS. T h e towring Ash is fairest in the Woods; In Gardens Pines, and Poplars by the Floods: But if my Lycidas will ease my Pains, And often visit our forsaken Plains; T o him the tow'ring Ash shall yield in Woods; In Gardens Pines, and Poplars by the Floods. MELIBCEUS. These Rhymes I did to Memory commend, When Vanquish'd Thyrsis did in vain contend; Since when, tis Corydon among the Swains, IOO Young Corydon without a Rival Reigns. 89 wear,] F1-2. 97-100 in Fi as follows: I've heard: and, Thyrsis, you contend in vain: \ For Corydon, young Corydon shall reign, > T h e Prince of Poets, on the Mantuan Plain. )

The Eighth

Pastoral

The Eighth Pastoral or, Pharmaceutria THE ARGUMENT.

This Pastoral contains the Songs of Damon and Alphesiboeus. The first of 'em bewails the loss of his Mistress, and repines at the Success of his Rival Mopsus. The other repeats the Charms of some Enchantress, who endeavour'd by her Spells and Magic to make Daphnis in Love with her.

T

HE mournful Muse of two despairing Swains, T h e Love rejected, and the Lovers' pains; T o which the salvage Lynxes listning stood, T h e Rivers stood on heaps, and stop'd the running Flood, T h e hungry Herd their needful Food refuse; Of two despairing Swains, I sing the mournful Muse. Great Pollio, thou for whom thy Rome prepares T h e ready T r i u m p h of thy finish'd Wars, Whither Timavus or th' Illirian Coast, Whatever Land or Sea thy presence boast; Is there an hour in Fate reserv'd for me, T o Sing thy Deeds in Numbers worthy thee? In numbers like to thine, cou'd I rehearse T h y lofty Tragick Scenes, thy labour'd Verse; T h e World another Sophocles in thee, Another Homer shou'd behold in me: Amidst thy Laurels let this Ivy twine, T h i n e was my earlyest Muse; my latest shall be thine. Scarce from the World the Shades of Night withdrew; Scarce were the Flocks refresh'd with Morning Dew, When Damon stretch'd beneath an Olive Shade, \ And wildly staring upwards, thus inveigh'd [ Against the conscious Gods, and curs'd the cruel Maid. )

3 Lynxes] Linxes F1-2. 19 the W o r l d the Shades of Night] Fa; o u r u p p e r W o r l d the Shades F i .

The

120

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English

Star of the Morning, why dost thou delay? Come, Lucifer, drive on the lagging Day. While I my Nisa's perjur'd Faith deplore; Witness ye Pow'rs, by whom she falsly swore! T h e Gods, alas, are Witnesses in vain; \ Yet shall my dying Breath to Heav'n complain. > Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Manalian Strain. ) T h e Pines of Mcenalus, the vocal Grove, Are ever full of Verse, and full of Love: T h e y hear the Hinds, they hear their God complain; \ W h o suffer'd not the Reeds to rise in vain: > Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Manalian Strain. / Mopsus triumphs; he weds the willing Fair: When such is Nisa's choice, what Lover can despair? Now Griffons join with Mares; another Age Shall see the Hound and Hind their Thirst asswage, Promiscuous at the Spring: Prepare the Lights, O Mopsus! and perform the bridal Rites. Scatter thy Nuts among the scrambling Boys: T h i n e is the Night; and thine the Nuptial Joys. For thee the Sun declines: O happy Swain! Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Manalian Strain. O, Nisa! Justly to thy Choice condemn'd, Whom hast thou taken, whom hast thou contemn'd? For him, thou hast refus'd my browzing Herd, Scorn'd my thick Eye-brows, and my shaggy Beard. Unhappy Damon sighs, and sings in vain: \ While Nisa thinks no God regards a Lover's pain. > Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Meenalian Strain. / I view'd thee first; how fatal was the View! And led thee where the ruddy Wildings grew, High on the planted hedge, and wet with Morning Dew. 37 53

despair?] not indented

F1-2. in Fi-2.

47

contemn'd?]

F1-2.

The Eighth

Pastoral

121

T h e n scarce the bending Branches I cou'd win; T h e callow Down began to cloath my Chin; I saw, I perish'd; yet indulg'd my Pain: Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Mcenalian Strain. I know thee, Love; in Desarts thou wert bred; And at the Dugs of Salvage Tygers fed: Alien of Birth, Usurper of the Plains: Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Mcenalian Strains. Relentless Love the cruel Mother led, T h e Blood of her unhappy Babes to shed: Love lent the Sword; the Mother struck the blow; Inhuman she; but more inhuman thou: Alien of Birth, Usurper of the Plains: Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Mcenalian Strains. Old doting Nature change thy Course anew: And let the trembling Lamb the Wolf pursue: Let Oaks now glitter with Hesperian Fruit, And purple Daffodils from Alder shoot. Fat Amber let the Tamarisk distil: And hooting Owls contend with Swans in Skill: Hoarse Tity'rus strive with Orpheus in the Woods: And challenge fam'd Arion on the Floods. Or, oh! let Nature cease; and Chaos reign: Begin with me, my Flute, the sweet Mcenalian Strain. Let Earth be Sea; and let the whelming Tide, T h e lifeless Limbs of luckless Damon hide: Farewel, ye secret Woods, and shady Groves, Haunts of my Youth, and conscious of my Loves! From yon high Cliff I plunge into the Main; Take the last Present of thy dying Swain: And cease, my silent Flute, the sweet Manalian Strain. 67

thou:]

F1-2.

75

Skill:]

F1-2.

122

The Works of Virgil in

English

Now take your Turns, ye Muses, to rehearse His Friend's Complaints; and mighty Magick Verse. Bring running Water; bind those Altars round go With Fillets; and with Vervain strow the Ground: Make fat with Frankincense the sacred Fires; T o re-inflame my Daphnis with Desires. 'Tis done, we want but Verse. Restore, my Charms, My lingring Daphnis to my longing Arms. Pale Phcebe, drawn by Verse from Heav'n descends: And Circe chang'd with Charms Ulysses Friends. Verse breaks the Ground, and penetrates the Brake; And in the winding Cavern splits the Snake. Verse fires the frozen Veins: Restore, my Charms, 100 My lingring Daphnis to my longing Arms. Around his waxen Image, first I wind Three woollen Fillets, of three Colours join'd: Thrice bind about his thrice devoted head, Which round the sacred Altar thrice is led. Unequal Numbers please the Gods: my Charms, Restore my Daphnis to my longing Arms. Knit with three knots, the Fillets, knit 'em streight; And say, These Knots to Love I consecrate. Haste, Amaryllis, haste; restore, my Charms, no My lovely Daphnis to my longing Arms. As Fire this Figure hardens, made of Clay; And this of Wax with Fire consumes away; Such let the Soul of cruel Daphnis be; Hard to the rest of Women; soft to me. Crumble the sacred Mole of Salt and Corn, Next in the Fire the Bays with Brimstone burn. And while it crackles in the Sulphur, say, This, I for Daphnis burn; thus Daphnis burn away. This Laurel is his Fate: Restore, my Charms, 120 My lovely Daphnis to my longing Arms. 88

Complaints] F2; Complaint F i .

The Eighth

123

Pastoral

As when the raging Heyfar, through the Grove, Stung with Desire, pursues her wand'ring Love; Faint at the last, she seeks the weedy Pools, T o quench her thirst, and on the Rushes rowls, Careless of Night, unmindful to return: Such fruitless Fires perfidious Daphnis burn, While I so scorn his Love; Restore, my Charms, My lingring Daphnis to my longing Arms. These Garments once were his; and left to me; 130 T h e Pledges of his promis'd Loyalty: Which underneath my Threshold I bestow; These Pawns, O sacred Earth! to me my Daphnis owe. As these were his, so mine is he; my Charms, Restore their lingring Lord to my deluded Arms. These poys'nous Plants, for Magick use design'd, (The noblest and the best of all the baneful Kind,) Old Moeris brought me from the Pontick Strand: And cull'd the Mischief of a bounteous Land. Smear'd with these pow'rful Juices, on the Plain, uo He howls a Wolf among the hungry Train: And oft the mighty Negromancer boasts, With these, to call from Tombs the stalking Ghosts: And from the roots to tear the standing Corn; Which, whirld aloft, to distant Fields is born. Such is the strength of Spells; restore, my Charms, My lingring Daphnis to my longing Arms. Bear out these Ashes; cast 'em in the Brook; Cast backwards o're your head, nor turn your look: Since neither Gods, nor Godlike Verse can move, 150 Break out ye smother'd Fires, and kindle smother'd Love. Exert your utmost pow'r, my lingring Charms, And force my Daphnis to my longing Arms. 184 ia6

rowls,] —: F 1 - 2 . burn,] F1-2.

125

return:]

F1-2.

124

The Works of Virgil in English

See, while my last endeavours I delay, T h e waking Ashes rise, and round our Altars play! R u n to the Threshold, Amaryllis, hark, O u r Hylax opens, and begins to bark. G o o d Heav'n! may Lovers what they wish believe; O r dream their wishes, and those dreams deceive? N o more, my Daphnis comes; no more, my Charms; wo H e comes, he runs, he leaps to my desiring Arms. 156

Hylax] Hylas F1-2.

158

deceive?]

F1-2.

The Ninth

Pastoral

127

The Ninth Pastoral or, Lycidas, and Moeris THE ARGUMENT.

When Virgil, by the Favour of Augustus, had recover'd his Patrimony near Mantua, and went in hope to take Possession, he was in danger to be slain by Arius the Centurion, to whom those Lands were assign'd by the Emperour, in reward of his Service against Brutus and Cassius. This Pastoral therefore is fill'd with complaints of his hard Usage; and the Persons introduc'd, are the Bayliff of Virgil, Moeris, and his Friend Lycidas. LYCIDAS.

H

o Moeris! whether on thy way so fast? This leads to Town. MCERIS.

O Lycidas, at last T h e T i m e is come I never thought to see, (Strange Revolution for my Farm and me) When the grim Captain in a surly T o n e Cries out, Pack up ye Rascals, and be gone. Kick'd out, we set the best Face on't we cou'd, \ And these two Kids, t' appease his angry Mood, > I bear, of which the Furies give him good. / LYCIDAS. to

Your Country Friends were told another Tale; T h a t from the sloaping Mountain to the Vale, Title Maris] MOERIS F1-2 (and similarly throughout, of the Argument and the heading above I. }i). 3 Centurion] Centurion O1-2, F i - s . 6 Pack] pack O1-2, F1-2.

except in the last line

128

The

A n d

dodder'd

Menalcas

Works

of Virgil

in

O a k , a n d all t h e B a n k s

sav'd his F o r t u n e with a

English

along,

Song.

MCERIS. Such was the News, indeed, but Songs a n d Prevail

as m u c h

in

these hard

Iron

A s w o u l d a p l u m p of t r e m b l i n g

Times,

Fowl, that

Against an Eagle sousing from the A n d had not

Phoebus

warn'd m e

shun debate,

Mceris

A n d

Menalcas

croak

Oak,

had

not surviv'd him,

rise

Skies.

by the

Of an old Raven, from a hollow 20 T o

Rhymes

been

to

slain,

complain.

LYCIDAS. N o w T h e

Heav'n defend! cou'd barb'rous Rage

B r u t a l S o n of

W h o

Mars,

t' i n s u l t t h e s a c r e d

then shou'd sing the Nymphs, or w h o

T h e Waters gliding in a smoother O r

Amaryllis

praise?

Lay,

Way;

" O

Tity'rus,

T o

M o r n i n g Pastures, E v e n i n g W a t e r s led:

tend m y H e r d , a n d see t h e m

'ware the

Lybian

rehearse

Verse:

that Heav'nly

T h a t s h o r t e n ' d as w e w e n t , o u r tedious

30 A n d

induce Muse?

Ridgils butting

fed;

\ )

Head."

/

MCERIS. O r

what

unfinish'd

" T h y Name, O

Varus

H e

to

Varus

(if t h e k i n d e r

Preserve o u r Plains, a n d shield Obnoxious

by

Cremona's

the

read; Pow'rs

Mantuan

neighb'ring

Tow'rs,

Crime,)

T h e W i n g s of Swans, a n d s t r o n g e r p i n i o n ' d S3 Muse?] .— 1 F 1 - 2 ; see collation for different text in 25 V e r s e : ] O1-2, F1-2. 26 praise? ] ~ A A O1-2; ~ , A F1-2. 27 W a y ; ] O 1 - 2 ; F1-2. 28-30 " O . . . Head."] A ~ . . • ~ . A O 1 - 2 , F 1 - 2 . 3 2 - 3 7 " T h y . . . Jove."} A ~ . . . — A O 1 - 2 , F 1 - 2 .

Rhyme, O1-2.

The Ninth

Pastoral

129

Shall raise aloft, and soaring bear above Th' immortal Gift of Gratitude to Jove." LYCIDAS. Sing on, sing on, for I can ne're be cloy'd, So may thy Swarms the baleful Eugh avoid: So may thy Cows their burden'd Bags distend, And Trees to Goats their willing Branches bend. Mean as I am, yet have the Muses made Me free, a Member of the tuneful trade: At least the Shepherds seem to like my Lays, But I discern their Flatt'ry from their Praise: I nor to Cinna's Ears, nor Varus dare aspire; But gabble like a Goose, amidst the Swan-like Quire. MCERIS. "Tis what I have been conning in my Mind: Nor are they Verses of a Vulgar Kind. "Come, Galatea, come, the Seas forsake; What Pleasures can the Tides with their hoarse Murmurs make? See, on the Shore inhabits purple Spring; Where Nightingales their Love-sick Ditty sing; See, Meads with purling Streams, with Flow'rs the Ground, \ The Grottoes cool with shady Poplars crown'd, > And creeping Vines on Arbours weav'd around. ) Come then, and leave the Waves tumultuous roar, Let the wild Surges vainly beat the Shore." LYCIDAS. Or that sweet Song I heard with such delight; The same you sung alone one starry Night; The Tune I still retain, but not the Words. 47 Swan-like] the hyphen failed to print in some copies of Fi. 50-58 "Come . . . Shore."] A ~ . . . — A O i - 2 , F 1 - 2 . 55 cool] Ol-2, F1-2.

igo

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

MCERIS. " W h y , Daphnis, dost thou search in old Records, T o know the Seasons when the Stars arise? See Casar's L a m p is lighted in the Skies: T h e Star, whose Rays the blushing Grapes adorn, A n d swell the kindly ripening Ears of Corn. Under this influence, graft the tender Shoot; T h y Childrens Children shall enjoy the Fruit." T h e rest I have forgot, for Cares and T i m e Change all things, and untune my Soul to Rhime: I cou'd have once sung down a Summer's Sun, But now the Chime of Poetry is done. My Voice grows hoarse; I feel the Notes decay, As if the Wolves had seen me first to Day. But these, and more than I to mind can bring, Menalcas has not yet forgott to sing. LYCIDAS. T h y faint Excuses but inflame me more; A n d now the Waves rowl silent to the Shore. Husht Winds the topmost Branches scarcely bend, As if thy tuneful Song they did attend: Already we have half our way o'recome; Far off I can discern Bianor's T o m b ; Here, where the Labourer's hands have form'd a Bow'r Of wreathing Trees, in Singing waste an Hour. Rest here thy weary Limbs, thy Kids lay down, We've Day before us yet, to reach the T o w n : O r if e're Night the gath'ring Clouds we fear, A Song will help the beating Storm to bear. A n d that thou may'st not be too late abroad, Sing, and I'll ease thy Shoulders of thy Load.

6a-€8

" W h y . . . Fruit."] A

O i - z , F1-2.

The Ninth

Pastoral

MCERIS. Cease to request me, let us mind our way; Another Song requires another Day. When good Menalcas comes, if he rejoyce, And find a Friend at Court, I'll find a Voice,

J a Á

'MiyÁ"

J/anf

C/jatÁ*.?

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Ca/n m ."a/'Sir...

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f rr of kir

Tifi'aj*

üMtaj "éxmef ' •Han ^Jti i y

fSm o n t a a a c - TìrasurV,

attJ. otte iff h t au ti Lia .

cru:,

l'ùatuv/tar v ,

aß'r/m .nutun,iff

at

Ha , I— M

i»

The

Tenth

Pastoral

The Tenth Pastoral or, Gallus THE ARGUMENT.

Gallus a great Patron of Virgil, and an excellent Poet, was very deeply in Love with one Citheris, whom he calls Lycoris; and who had forsaken him for the Company of a Souldier. The Poet therefore supposes his Friend Gallus retir'd in his heighth of Melancholy into the Solitudes of Arcadia, (the celebrated Scene of Pastorals;) where he represents him in a very languishing Condition, with all the Rural Deities about him, pitying his hard Usage, and condoling his Misfortune.

T

HY sacred Succour, Arethusa, bring, T o crown my Labour: 'tis the last I sing: Which proud Lycoris may with Pity view;) T h e Muse is mournful, tho' the Numbers few. > Refuse me not a Verse, to Grief and Gallus due. ) So may thy Silver Streams beneath the Tide, Unmix'd with briny Seas, securely glide. Sing then, my Gallus, and his hopeless Vows; Sing, while my Cattle crop the tender Browze. 10 T h e vocal Grove shall answer to the Sound, A n d Echo, from the Vales, the tuneful Voice rebound. What Lawns or Woods withheld you from his Aid, \ Ye Nymphs, when Gallus was to Love betray'd; > T o Love, unpity'd by the cruel Maid? ) Not steepy Pindus cou'd retard your Course, Nor cleft Parnassus, nor th' Aonian Source: Nothing that owns the Muses cou'd suspend Your Aid to Gallus, Gallus is their Friend. For him the lofty Laurel stands in Tears; 6-7 Condition,] the comma jailed to print in some copies of Fi. 2 sing:] Fi-s.

134

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English

And hung with humid Pearls the lowly Shrub appears. Manalian Pines the Godlike Swain bemoan; \ When spread beneath a Rock he sigh'd alone; > And cold Lyceeus wept from every dropping Stone. / The Sheep surround their Shepherd, as he lyes: Blush not, sweet Poet, nor the name despise: Along the Streams his Flock Adonis fed; And yet the Queen of Beauty blest his Bed. The Swains and tardy Neat-herds came, and last Menalcas, wet with beating Winter Mast. Wond'ring, they ask'd from whence arose thy Flame; Yet, more amaz'd, thy own Apollo came. Flush'd were his Cheeks, and glowing were his Eyes: Is she thy Care, is she thy Care? he cries. Thy false Lycoris flies thy Love and thee; ) And for thy Rival tempts the raging Sea, > The Forms of horrid War, and Heav'ns Inclemency. / Sylvanus came: his Brows a Country Crown Of Fennel, and of nodding Lillies, drown. Great Pan arriv'd; and we beheld him too, His Cheeks and Temples of Vermilion Hue. Why, Gallus, this immod'rate Grief, he cry'd: Think'st thou that Love with Tears is satisfi'd? T h e Meads are sooner drunk with Morning Dews; T h e Bees with flow'ry Shrubs, the Goats with Brouze. Unmov'd, and with dejected Eyes, he mourn'd: He paus'd, and then these broken Words return'd. 'Tis past; and Pity gives me no Relief: But you, Arcadian Swains, shall sing my Grief: And on your Hills, my last Complaints renew; So sad a Song is onely worthy you. How light wou'd lye the Turf upon my Breast, If you my Suff'rings in your Songs exprestl Ah! that your Birth and Bus'ness had been mine; T o penn the Sheep, and press the swelling Vine! Had Phyllis or Amyntas caus'd my Pain, 33

Care? he cries.]

F1-2.

52

exprestl]

Fi-a.

The

Tenth

Pastoral

iB5

Or any Nymph, or Shepherd on the Plain, T h o Phyllis brown, tho black Amyntas were, Are Violets not sweet, because not fair? Beneath the Sallows, and the shady Vine, My Loves had mix'd their pliant Limbs with mine; Phyllis with Myrtle Wreaths had crown'd my Hair, And soft Amyntas sung away my Care. Come, see what Pleasures in our Plains abound; T h e Woods, the Fountains, and the flow'ry ground. As you are beauteous, were you half so true, Here cou'd I live, and love, and dye with only you. Now I to fighting Fields am sent afar, And strive in Winter Camps with toils of War; While you, (alas, that I shou'd find it so!) \ T o shun my sight, your Native Soil forgo, ; And climb the frozen A Ips, and tread th' eternal Snow. / Ye Frosts and Snows her tender Body spare, Those are not Limbs for Ysicles to tear. For me, the Wilds and Desarts are my Choice; T h e Muses, once my Care; my once harmonious Voice. There will I sing, forsaken and alone, T h e Rocks and hollow Caves shall echo to my Moan. T h e Rind of ev'ry Plant her Name shall know; And as the Rind extends, the Love shall grow. T h e n on Arcadian Mountains will I chase (Mix'd with the Woodland Nymphs) the Salvage Race. Nor Cold shall hinder me, with Horns and Hounds, T o thrid the Thickets, or to leap the Mounds. And now methinks o're steepy Rocks I go; And rush through sounding Woods, and bend the Parthian Bow: As if with Sports my Sufferings I could ease, Or by my Pains the God of Love appease. My Frenzy changes, I delight no more On Mountain tops, to chace the tusky Boar; N o Game but hopeless Love my thoughts pursue: Once more ye Nymphs, and Songs, and sounding Woods adieu. Love alters not for us, his hard Decrees, Not tho beneath the Thracian Clime we freeze;

136

The Works of Virgil in

English

Or Italy's indulgent Heav'n forgo; And in mid-Winter tread Sithonian Snow: Or when the Barks of Elms are scorch'd, we keep On Meroe's burning Plains the Lybian Sheep. In Hell, and Earth, and Seas, and Heav'n above, Love conquers all; and we must yield to Love. My Muses, here your sacred Raptures end: The Verse was what I ow'd my suff'ring Friend. This while I sung, my Sorrows I deceiv'd, And bending Osiers into Baskets weav'd. T h e Song, because inspir'd by you, shall shine: And Gallus will approve, because 'tis mine: Gallus, for whom my holy Flames renew, Each hour, and ev'ry moment rise in view: As Alders, in the Spring, their Boles extend; And heave so fiercely, that the Bark they rend. Now let us rise, for hoarseness oft invades The Singer's Voice, who sings beneath the Shades. From Juniper, unwholsom Dews distill, That blast the sooty Corn; the with'ring Herbage kill; Away, my Goats, away: for you have browz'd your fill. 95 Sithonian] F2; Scythonian F i . 97 Meroe's] Meroes F1-2.

g5 Snow:] 105 mine:]

F1-2. F1-2.

Dedication

of the

Georgia

*37

T O THE RIGHT HONOURABLE PHILIP Earl of Chesterfield, &c. My Lord,

I

Cannot begin my Address to your Lordship, better than in the words of Virgil, Quod optanti, Divum promittere Nemo Auderet, volvenda Dies, en, attulit ultro.

Seven Years together I have conceal'd the longing which I had to appear before you: A time as tedious as ALneas pass'd in his wandring Voyage, before he reach'd the promis'd Italy. But I consider'd, that nothing which my meanness cou'd produce, was worthy of your Patronage. At last this happy Occasion offer'd, of Presenting to you the best Poem of the best Poet. If I balk'd this opportunity, I was in despair of finding such another; and if I took it, I was still uncertain whether you wou'd vouchsafe to accept it from my hands. 'Twas a bold venture which I made, in desiring your permission to lay my unworthy Labours at your feet. But my rashness has succeeded beyond my hopes: And you have been pleas'd not to suffer an Old Man to go discontented out of the World, for want of that protection, of which he had been so long Ambitious. I have known a Gentleman in disgrace, and not daring to appear before King Charles the Second, though he much desir'd it: At length he took the confidence to attend a fair Lady to the Court, and told His Majesty, that under her protection he had presum'd to wait on him. With the same humble confidence I present my self before your Lordship, and attending on Virgil hope a gracious reception. T h e Gentleman succeeded, because the powerful Lady was his Friend; but I have too much injur'd my great Author, to expect he should intercede for me. I wou'd have Translated him, but according to the litteral French and Italian Phrases, I fear I have traduc'd him. 'Tis the fault of many a well-meaning Man, to be officious in a wrong place, and do a prejudice, where he had endeavour'd

138

The Works of Virgil in

English

to do a service. Virgil wrote his Georgics in the full strength and vigour of his Age, when his Judgment was at the height, and before his Fancy was declining. He had, (according to our homely Saying) his full swing at this Poem, beginning it about the Age of Thirty Five; and scarce concluding it before he arriv'd at Forty. 'Tis observ'd both of him, and Horace, and I believe it will hold in all great Poets; that though they wrote before with a certain heat of Genius which inspir'd them, yet that heat was not perfectly digested. There is requir'd a continuance of warmth to ripen the best and Noblest Fruits. Thus Horace in his First and Second Book of Odes, was still rising, but came not to his Meridian 'till the Third: After which his Judgment was an overpoize to his Imagination: He grew too cautious to be bold enough, for he descended in his Fourth by slow degrees, and in his Satires and Epistles, was more a Philosopher and a Critick than a Poet. In the beginning of Summer the days are almost at a stand, with little variation of length or shortness, because at that time the Diurnal Motion of the Sun partakes more of a Right Line, than of a Spiral. T h e same is the method of Nature in the frame of Man. He seems at Forty to be fully in his Summer Tropick; somewhat before, and somewhat after, he finds in his Soul but small increases or decays. From Fifty to Threescore the Ballance generally holds even, in our colder Clymates: For he loses not much in Fancy; and Judgment, which is the effect of Observation, still increases: His succeeding years afford him little more than the stubble of his own Harvest: Yet if his Constitution be healthful, his Mind may still retain a decent vigour; and the Gleanings of that Ephraim, in Comparison with others, will surpass the Vintage of A biezer. I have call'd this somewhere by a bold Metaphor, a green Old Age; but Virgil has given me his Authority for the Figure. Jam Senior; sed CrudaDeo, viridisq;

Senectus.

Amongst those few who enjoy the advantage of a latter Spring, your Lordship is a rare Example: Who being now arriv'd at your 12

Third:]

F1-2.

13

Judgment] F2; Judgmemt F i .

Dedication

of the

Georgics

*39

great Clymacterique, yet give no proof of the least decay in your Excellent Judgment, and comprehension of all things, which are within the compass of Humane Understanding. Your Conversation is as easie as it is instructive, and I cou'd never observe the least vanity or the least assuming in any thing you said: but a natural unaffected Modesty, full of good sense, and well digested: A clearness of Notion, express'd in ready and unstudied words. N o Man has complain'd, or ever can, that you have discours'd too long on any Subject: for you leave us in an eagerness of Learning more; pleas'd with what we hear, but not satisfy'd, because you will not speak so much as we cou'd wish. I dare not excuse your Lordship from this fault; for though 'tis none in you, 'tis one to all who have the happiness of being known to you. I must confess the Criticks make it one of Virgil's Beauties, that having said what he thought convenient, he always left somewhat for the imagination of his Readers to supply: T h a t they might gratifie their fancies, by finding more, in what he had written, than at first they cou'd; and think they had added to his thought, when it was all there before-hand, and he only sav'd himself the expence of words. However it was, I never went from your Lordship, but with a longing to return, or without a hearty Curse to him who invented Ceremonies in the World, and put me on the necessity of withdrawing, when it was my interest as well as my desire, to have given you a much longer trouble. I cannot imagine (if your Lordship will give me leave to speak my thoughts) but you have had a more than ordinary vigour in your Youth. For too much of heat is requir'd at first, that there may not too little be left at last. A Prodigal Fire is only capable of large remains: A n d yours, my Lord, still burns the clearer in declining. T h e Blaze is not so fierce as at the first, but the Smoak is wholly vanish'd; and your Friends who stand about you, are not only sensible of a chearful warmth, but are kept at an awful distance by its force. In my small Observations of Mankind, I have ever found, that such as are not rather too full of Spirit when they are young, degenerate to dullness in their Age. Sobriety in our riper years is the effect of a well-concocted warmth; but where the Principles are only Phlegm, what can be expected

6 digested:]

F1-2.

140

The Works of Virgil in

English

from the waterish Matter, but an insipid Manhood, and a stupid old Infancy; Discretion in Leading-strings, and a confirm'd ignorance on Crutches? Virgil in his Third Georgic, when he describes a Colt, who promises a Courser for the Race, or for the Field of Battel, shews him the first to pass the Bridge, which trembles under him, and to stem the torrent of the flood. His beginnings must be in rashness; a Noble Fault: But Time and Experience will correct that Errour, and tame it into a deliberate and well-weigh'd Courage; which knows both to be cautious and to dare, as occasion offers. Your Lordship is a Man of Honour, not only so unstain'd, but so unquestion'd, that you are the living Standard of that Heroick Vertue; so truly such, that if I wou'd flatter you, I cou'd not. It takes not from you, that you were born with Principles of Generosity and Probity: But it adds to you, that you have cultivated Nature, and made those Principles, the Rule and Measure of all your Actions. The World knows this, without my telling: Yet Poets have a right of Recording it to all Posterity. Dignum Laude Virum, Musa vetat Mori. Epaminondas, Lucullus, and the two first Ccesars, were not esteem'd the worse Commanders, for having made Philosophy, and the Liberal Arts their Study. Cicero might have been their Equal, but that he wanted Courage. T o have both these Vertues, and to have improv'd them both, with a softness of Manners, and a sweetness of Conversation, few of our Nobility can fill that Character: One there is, and so conspicuous by his own light, that he needs not Digito monstrari, ir dicier Hie est.

T o be Nobly Born, and of an Ancient Family, is in the extreams of Fortune, either good or bad; for Virtue and Descent are no Inheritance. A long Series of Ancestours shews the Native with great advantage at the first; but if he any way degenerate from his Line, the least Spot is visible on Ermine. But to preserve this whiteness in its Original Purity, you, my Lord, have,

Dedication

of the

141

Georgics

like that Ermine, forsaken the common T r a c k of Business, which is not always clean: Y o u have chosen for your self a private Greatness, and will not be polluted with Ambition. It has been observ'd in former times, that none have been so greedy of Employments, and of managing the Publick, as they who have least deserv'd their Stations. But such only merit to be call'd Patriots, under whom we see their Country Flourish. I have laugh'd sometimes (for who wou'd always be a Heraclitus?) when I have reflected on those Men, who from time to time have shot themselves into the World. I have seen many Successions of them; some bolting out upon the Stage with vast applause, and others hiss'd off, and quitting it with disgrace. But while they were in action, I have constantly observ'd, that they seem'd desirous to retreat from Business: Greatness they said was nauseous, and a Crowd was troublesome; a quiet privacy was their Ambition. Some few of them I believe said this in earnest, and were making a provision against future want, that they might enjoy their Age with ease: T h e y saw the happiness of a private Life, and promis'd to themselves a Blessing, which every day it was in their power to possess. But they deferr'd it, and linger'd still at Court, because they thought they had not yet enough to make them happy: T h e y wou'd have more, and laid in to make their Solitude Luxurious: A wretched Philosophy, which Epicurus never taught them in his Garden. T h e y lov'd the prospect of this quiet in reversion, but were not willing to have it in possession; they wou'd first be Old, and made as sure of Health and Life, as if both of them were at their dispose. But put them to the necessity of a present choice, and they preferr'd continuance in Power: Like the Wretch who call'd Death to his assistance, but refus'd it when he came. T h e Great Scipio was not of their Opinion, who indeed sought Honours in his Youth, and indur'd the Fatigues with which he purchas'd them. He serv'd his Country when it was in need of his Courage and his Conduct, 'till he thought it was time to serve himself: But dismounted from the Saddle, when he found the Beast which bore him, began to grow restiff and ungovernable. But your Lordship has given us a

23

Luxurious:]

F1 -2.

24

Garden.]

F1-2.

142

The Works of Virgil in

English

better Example of Moderation. You saw betimes that Ingratitude is not confin'd to Commonwealths; and therefore though you were form'd alike, for the greatest of Civil Employments, and Military Commands, yet you push'd not your Fortune to rise in either; but contented your self with being capable, as much as any whosoever, of defending your Country with your Sword, or assisting it with your Counsel, when you were call'd. For the rest, the respect and love which was paid you, not only in the Province where you live, but generally by all who had the happiness to know you, was a wise Exchange for the Honours of the Court: A place of forgetfulness, at the best, for well deservers. 'Tis necessary for the polishing of Manners, to have breath'd that Air, but 'tis infectious even to the best Morals to live always in it. 'Tis a dangerous Commerce, where an honest Man is sure at the first of being Cheated; and he recovers not his Losses, but by learning to Cheat others. The undermining Smile becomes at length habitual; and the drift of his plausible Conversation, is only to flatter one, that he may betray another. Yet 'tis good to have been a looker on, without venturing to play; that a Man may know false Dice another time, though he never means to use them. I commend not him who never knew a Court, but him who forsakes it because he knows it. A young Man deserves no praise, who out of melancholy Zeal leaves the World before he has well try'd it, and runs headlong into Religion. He who carries a Maidenhead into a Cloyster, is sometimes apt to lose it there, and to repent of his Repentance. He only is like to endure Austerities, who has already found the inconvenience of Pleasures. For almost every Man will be making Experiments in one part or another of his Life: And the danger is the less when we are young: For having try'd it early, we shall not be apt to repeat it afterwards. Your Lordship therefore may properly be said to have chosen a Retreat; and not to have chosen it 'till you had maturely weigh'd the advantages of rising higher with the hazards of the fall. Res non parta labore, sed relicta, was thought by a Poet, to be one of the requisites to a happy Life. Why shou'd a reasonable Man put it into the power of Fortune to make him miserable, when his Ancestours have taken care to release him from her? Let him venture, says Horace, Qui Zonam perdidit. He who has nothing,

Dedication

of the

Georgics

HS

plays securely, for he may win, and cannot be poorer if he loses. But he who is born to a plentiful Estate, and is Ambitious of Offices at Court, sets a stake to Fortune, which she can seldom answer: If he gains nothing, he loses all, or part of what was once his own; and if he gets, he cannot be certain but he may refund. In short, however he succeeds, 'tis Covetousness that induc'd him first to play, and Covetousness is the undoubted sign of ill sense at bottom. T h e Odds are against him that he loses, and one loss may be of more consequence to him, than all his former winnings. 'Tis like the present War of the Christians against the Turk; every year they gain a Victory, and by that a T o w n ; but if they are once defeated, they lose a Province at a blow, and endanger the safety of the whole Empire. You, my Lord, enjoy your quiet in a Garden, where you have not only the leisure of thinking, but the pleasure to think of nothing which can discompose your Mind. A good Conscience is a Port which is Land-lock'd on every side, and where no Winds can possibly invade, no Tempests can arise. There a Man may stand upon the Shore, and not only see his own Image, but that of his Maker, clearly reflected from theundisturb'd and silent waters. Reason was intended for a Blessing, and such it is to Men of Honour and Integrity; who desire no more, than what they are able to give themselves; like the happy Old Corycian, whom my Author describes in his Fourth Geòrgie; whose Fruits and Salads on which he liv'd contented, were all of his own growth, and his own Plantation. Virgil seems to think that the Blessings of a Country Life are not compleat, without an improvement of Knowledge by Contemplation and Reading. O Fortunatos nimiùm, bona si sua norint Agricolas! 'Tis but half possession not to understand that happiness which we possess: A foundation of good Sense, and a cultivation of Learning, are requir'd to give a seasoning to Retirement, and make us taste the blessing. God has bestow'd on your Lordship the first of these, and you have bestow'd on your self the second. 23

Corycian] Coricyan F1-2.

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Eden was not made for Beasts, though they were suffer'd to live in it, but for their Master, who studied God in the Works of his Creation. Neither cou'd the Devil have been happy there with all his Knowledge, for he wanted Innocence to make him so. He brought Envy, Malice, and Ambition into Paradise, which sour'd to him the sweetness of the Place. Wherever inordinate Affections are, 'tis Hell. Such only can enjoy the Country, who are capable of thinking when they are there, and have left their Passions behind them in the Town. Then they are prepar'd for 10 Solitude; and in that Solitude is prepar'd for them Et secura quies,& nescia fallere vita. ' As I began this Dedication with a Verse of Virgil, so I conclude it with another. T h e continuance of your Health, to enjoy that Happiness which you so well deserve, and which you have provided for your self, is the sincere and earnest Wish of Your Lordship's

most Devoted,

and most Obedient

Servant,

JOHN DRYDEN.

Essay on the

An Essay on the

Georgics

145

Georgics [By Joseph Addison]

may be reckon'd the first who introduc'd three new kinds of Poetry among the Romans, which he Copied after three the Greatest Masters of Greece. Theocritus and Homer have still disputed for the advantage over him in Pastoral and Heroicks, but I think all are Unanimous in giving him the precedence to Hesiod in his Georgics. T h e truth of it is, the Sweetness and Rusticity of a Pastoral cannot be so well exprest in any other Tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixt and qualified with the Doric Dialect; nor can the Majesty of an Heroick Poem any where appear so well as in this Language, which has a Natural greatness in it, and can be often render'd more deep and sonorous by the Pronunciation of the Ionians. But in the middle Stile, where the Writers in both Tongues are on a Level: we see how far Virgil has excell'd all who have written in the same way with him. There has been abundance of Criticism spent on Virgil's Pastorals and ¿Eneids, but the Georgics are a Subject which none of the Criticks have sufficiently taken into their Consideration; most of 'em passing it over in silence, or casting it under the same head with Pastoral; a division by no means proper, unless we suppose the Stile of a Husbandman ought to be imitated in a Georgic as that of a Shepherd is in Pastoral. But tho' the Scene of both these Poems lies in the same place; the Speakers in them are of a quite different Character, since the Precepts of Husbandry are not to be deliver'd with the simplicity of a Plow-Man, but with the Address of a Poet. No Rules therefore that relate to Pastoral, can any way affect the Georgics, which fall under that Class of Poetry which consists in giving plain and direct Instructions to the Reader; whether they be Moral Duties, as those of Theognis and Pythagoras; or Philosophical SpeculaIRGIL

10

Heroick]

Heroick F1-2.

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tions, as those of Aratus and Lucretius; or Rules of Practice, as those of Hesiod and Virgil. A m o n g these different kinds of Subjects, that which the Georgics goes upon, is I think the meanest and the least improving, but the most pleasing and delightful. Precepts of Morality, besides the Natural Corruption of o u r Tempers, which makes us averse to them, are so abstracted from Ideas of Sense, that they seldom give an opportunity for those Beautiful Descriptions and Images which are the Spirit and L i f e of Poetry. Natural Philosophy has indeed sensible Objects to work upon, but then it often puzzles the Reader with the Intricacy of its Notions, and perplexes him with the multitude of its Disputes. B u t this kind of Poetry I am now speaking of, addresses it self wholly to the Imagination: It is altogether Conversant among the Fields and Woods, and has the most delightful part of Nature for its Province. It raises in our Minds a pleasing variety of Scenes and Landskips, whilst it teaches us: and makes the dryest of its Precepts look like a Description. A Georgic therefore is some part of the Science of Husbandry put into a pleasing Dress, and set off with all the Beauties and Embellishments of Poetry. N o w since this Science of Husbandry is of a very large extent, the Poet shews his Skill in singling out such Precepts to proceed on, as are useful, and at the same time most capable of Ornament. Virgil was so well acquainted with this Secret, that to set off his first Georgic, he has run into a set of Precepts, which are almost foreign to his Subject, in that Beautiful account he gives us of the Signs in Nature, which precede the Changes of the Weather. A n d if there be so much A r t in the choice of fit Precepts, there is much more requir'd in the T r e a t i n g of 'em; that they may fall in after each other by a Natural unforc'd Method, and shew themselves in the best and most advantagious Light. T h e y shou'd all be so finely wrought together into the same Piece, that n o course Seam may discover where they joyn; as in a Curious Brede of Needle-Work, one C o l o u r falls away by such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, that we see the variety, without being able to distinguish the total vanishing of the one from the first appearance of the other. N o r is it sufficient to range and 22

proceed] F2; preceed Fi.

Essay on the

Georgics

147

dispose this Body of Precepts into a clear and easie Method, unless they are deliver'd to us in the most pleasing and agreeable manner: For there are several ways of conveying the same T r u t h to the Mind of Man, and to chuse the pleasantest of these ways, is that which chiefly distinguishes Poetry from Prose, and makes Virgil's Rules of Husbandry pleasanter to read than Varrò's. Where the Prose-writer tells us plainly what ought to be done, the Poet often conceals the Precept in a description, and represents his Country-Man performing the Action in which he wou'd instruct his Reader. Where the one sets out as fully and distinctly as he can, all the parts of the Truth, which he wou'd communicate to us; the other singles out the most pleasing Circumstance of this T r u t h , and so conveys the whole in a more diverting manner to the Understanding. I shall give one Instance out of a multitude of this nature, that might be found in the Georgics, where the Reader may see the different ways Virgil has taken to express the same thing, and how much pleasanter every manner of Expression is, than the plain and direct mention of it wou'd have been. It is in the Second Geòrgie where he tells us what Trees will bear Grafting on each other. Et sape alterius ramos impune videmus, Vertere in alterius, mutatamq; insita mala Ferre pyrum, ir prunis lapidosa rubescere coma. Steriles Platani malos gessere valentes, Castanetx fagos, ornusq; incanuit albo Flore pyri: Glandemq; sues fregere sub ulmis. Nec longum tempus: è1 ingens Exijt ad Caelum ramis felicibus arbos; Miraturq; novas frondes, & non sua poma. Here we see the Poet consider'd all the Effects of this Union between Trees of different kinds, and took notice of that Effect which had the most surprize, and by consequence the most delight in it, to express the capacity that was in them of being thus united. This way of Writing is every where much in use among the Poets, and is particularly practis'd by Virgil, who loves to suggest a T r u t h indirectly, and without giving us a full and open view of it: T o let us see just so much as will naturally lead the

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Imagination into all the parts that lie conceal'd. T h i s is wonderfully diverting to the Understanding, thus to receive a Precept, that enters as it were through a By-way, and to apprehend an Idea that draws a whole train after it: For here the Mind, which is always delighted with its own Discoveries, only takes the hint from the Poet, and seems to work out the rest by the strength of her own faculties. But since the inculcating Precept upon Precept, will at length prove tiresom to the Reader, if he meets with no other Entertainment, the Poet must take care not to encumber his Poem with too much Business; but sometimes to relieve the Subject with a Moral Reflection, or let it rest a while for the sake of a pleasant and pertinent digression. N o r is it sufficient to run out into beautiful and diverting digressions (as it is generally thought) unless they are brought in aptly, and are something of a piece with the main design of the Geòrgie: for they ought to have a remote alliance at least to the Subject, that so the whole Poem may be more uniform and agreeable in all its parts. W e shou'd never quite lose sight of the Country, tho' we are sometimes entertain'd with a distant prospect of it. Of this nature are Virgil's Descriptions of the Original of Agriculture, of the Fruitfulness of Italy, of a Country Life, and the like, which are not brought in by force, but naturally rise out of the principal Argument and Design of the Poem. I know no one digression in the Georgics that may seem to contradict this Observation, besides that in the latter end of the First Book, where the Poet launches out into a discourse of the Battel of Pharsalia, and the Actions of Augustus: But it's worth while to consider how admirably he has turn'd the course of his narration into its proper Channel, and made his Husbandman concern'd even in what relates to the Battel, in those inimitable Lines, Scilicet ér tempus veniet, cum finibus illis Agricola incurvo terram molitus aratro, Exesa inveniet scabra rubigine pila: Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes, Grandiaq; effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. 33

incurvo] in curvo F1-2.

Essay on the

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149

And afterwards speaking of A ugustus's Actions, he still remembers that Agriculture ought to be some way hinted at throughout the whole Poem. Non ullus Aratro Dignus honos: squalent abductis arva colonis: Et curves rigidum falces conflantur in Ensem. W e now come to the Stile which is proper to a Geòrgie; and indeed this is the part on which the Poet must lay out all his strength, that his words may be warm and glowing, and that every thing he describes may immediately present it self, and rise up to the Reader's view. He ought in particular to be careful of not letting his Subject debase his Stile, and betray him into a meanness of Expression, but every where to keep up his Verse in all the Pomp of Numbers, and Dignity of words. I think nothing which is a Phrase or Saying in common talk, shou'd be admitted into a serious Poem: because it takes off from the Solemnity of the expression, and gives it too great a turn of Familiarity: much less ought the low Phrases and Terms of Art, that are adapted to Husbandry, have any place in such a Work as the Geòrgie, which is not to appear in the natural simplicity and nakedness of its Subject, but in the pleasantest Dress that Poetry can bestow on it. Thus Virgil, to deviate from the common form of words, wou'd not make use of Tempore but Sidere in his first Verse, and every where else abounds with Metaphors, Grecisms, and Circumlocutions, to give his Verse the greater Pomp, and preserve it from sinking into a Plebeian Stile. And herein consists Virgil's Master-piece, who has not only excell'd all other Poets, but even himself in the Language of his Georgics; where we receive more strong and lively Ideas of things from his words, than we cou'd have done from the Objects themselves: and find our Imaginations more affected by his Descriptions, than they wou'd have been by the very sight of what he describes. I shall now, after this short Scheme of Rules, consider the different success that Hesiod and Virgil have met with in this kind of Poetry, which may give us some further Notion of the Excel24-25

Metaphors . . . Circumlocutions] Metaphors ... Circumlocutions F1-2.

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lence of the Georgics. T o begin with Hesiod; If we may guess at his Character from his Writings, he had much more of the Husbandman than the Poet in his Temper: He was wonderfully Grave, Discreet, and Frugal, he liv'd altogether in the Country, and was probably for his great Prudence the Oracle of the whole Neighbourhood. These Principles of good Husbandry ran through his Works, and directed him to the choice of Tillage, and Merchandise, for the Subject of that which is the most Celebrated of them. He is every where bent on Instruction, avoids all manner of Digressions, and does not stir out of the Field once in the whole Geòrgie. His Method in describing Month after Month with its proper Seasons and Employments, is too grave and simple; it takes off from the surprize and variety of the Poem, and makes the whole look but like a modern Almanack in Verse. The Reader is carried through a course of Weather, and may beforehand guess whether he is to meet with Snow or Rain, Clouds or Sunshine in the next Description. His Descriptions indeed have abundance of Nature in them, but then it is Nature in her simplicity and undress. Thus when he speaks of January; the Wild-Beasts, says he, run shivering through the Woods with their Heads stooping to the ground, and their Tails clapt between their Legs; the Goats and Oxen are almost flead with Cold; but it is not so bad with the Sheep, because they have a thick Coat of Wooll about 'em. The Old Men too are bitterly pincht with the Weather, but the young Girls feel nothing of it, who sit at home with their Mothers by a warm Fire-side. Thus does the Old Gentleman give himself up to a loose kind of Tattle, rather than endeavour after a just Poetical Description. Nor has he shewn more of Art or Judgment in the Precepts he has given us, which are sown so very thick, that they clog the Poem too much, and are often so minute and full of Circumstances, that they weaken and un-nerve his Verse. But after all, we are beholding to him for the first rough sketch of a Geòrgie: where we may still discover something venerable in the Antickness of the Work; but if we wou'd see the Design enlarg'd, the Figures reform'd, the Colouring laid on, and the whole Piece finish'd, we must expect it from a greater Master's hand.

Essay on the

Georgics

Virgil has drawn out the Rules for Tillage and Planting into T w o Books, which Hesiod has dispatcht in half a one; but has so rais'd the natural rudeness and simplicity of his Subject with such a significancy of Expression, such a Pomp of Verse, such variety of Transitions, and such a solemn Air in his Reflections, that if we look on both Poets together, we see in one the plainness of a down-right Country-Man, and in the other, something of a Rustick Majesty, like that of a Roman Dictator at the PlowT a i l . He delivers the meanest of his Precepts with a kind of Grandeur, he breaks the Clods and tosses the Dung about with an air of gracefulness. His Prognostications of the Weather are taken out of Aratus, where we may see how judiciously he has pickt out those that are most proper for his Husbandman's Observation; how he has enforc'd the Expression, and heighten'd the Images which he found in the Original. T h e Second Book has more wit in it, and a greater boldness in its Metaphors than any of the rest. T h e Poet with a great Beauty applies Oblivion, Ignorance, Wonder, Desire and the like to his Trees. T h e last Geòrgie has indeed as many Metaphors, but not so daring as this; for Humane Thoughts and Passions may be more naturally ascrib'd to a Bee, than to an Inanimate Plant. He who reads over the Pleasures of a Country Life, as they are describ'd by Virgil in the latter end of this Book, can scarce be of Virgil's Mind, in preferring even the Life of a Philosopher to it. W e may I think read the Poet's Clime in his Description, for he seems to have been in a sweat at the Writing of it. O Qui me gelidis sub Montibus Heemi Sistat, ir ingenti ramorum protegat umbra! A n d is every where mentioning among his chief Pleasures, the coolness of his Shades and Rivers, Vales and Grottos, which a more Northern Poet wou'd have omitted for the description of a Sunny Hill, and Fire-side. T h e T h i r d Geòrgie seems to be the most labour'd of 'em all; there is a wonderful Vigour and Spirit in the description of the Horse and Chariot-Race. T h e force of Love is represented in s>7

Qui] Quis Fi—2.

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Noble Instances, and very Sublime Expressions. T h e Scythian Winter-piece appears so very cold and bleak to the Eye, that a Man can scarce look on it without shivering. T h e Murrain at the end has all the expressiveness that words can give. It was here that the Poet strain'd hard to outdo Lucretius in the description of his Plague; and if the Reader wou'd see what success he had, he may find it at large in Scaliger. But Virgil seems no where so well pleas'd, as when he is got among his Bees in the Fourth Geòrgie: And Ennobles the Actions of so trivial a Creature, with Metaphors drawn from the most important Concerns of Mankind. His Verses are not in a greater noise and hurry in the Battels of /Eneas and Turnus, than in the Engagement of two Swarms. And as in his /Eneis he compares the Labours of his Trojans to those of Bees and Pismires, here he compares the Labours of the Bees to those of the Cyclops. In short, the last Geòrgie was a good Prelude to the /Eneis; and very well shew'd what the Poet could do in the description of what was really great, by his describing the Mockgrandeur of an Insect with so good a grace. There is more pleasantness in the little Platform of a Garden, which he gives us about the middle of this Book, than in all the spacious Walks and Water-works of Rapin's. T h e Speech of Proteus at the end can never be enough admir'd, and was indeed very fit to conclude so Divine a Work. After this particular account of the Beauties in the Georgics, I shou'd in the next place endeavour to point out its imperfections, if it has any. But tho' I think there are some few parts in it that are not so Beautiful as the rest, I shall not presume to name them, as rather suspecting my own Judgment, than I can believe a fault to be in that Poem, which lay so long under Virgil's Correction, and had his last hand put to it. T h e first Geòrgie was probably Burlesqu'd in the Author's Lifetime; for we still find in the Scholiasts a Verse that ridicules part of a Line Translated from Hesiod. Nudus Ara, sere Nudus 35

not a separate

line in

F1-2.

Essay on the

Georgics

*53

And we may easily guess at the Judgment of this extraordinary Critick, whoever he was, from his Censuring this particular Precept. We may be sure Virgil wou'd not have Translated it from Hesiod, had he not discover'd some Beauty in it; and indeed the Beauty of it is what I have before observ'd to be frequently met with in Virgil, the delivering the Precept so indirectly, and singling out the particular circumstance of Sowing and Plowing naked, to suggest to us that these Employments are proper only in the hot Season of the Year, io I shall not here compare the Stile of the Georgics with that of Lucretius, which the Reader may see already done in the Preface to the Second Volume of Miscellany Poems; but shall conclude this Poem to be the most Compleat, Elaborate, and finisht Piece of all Antiquity. The ALneis indeed is of a Nobler kind, but the Geòrgie is more perfect in its kind. The /Eneis has a greater variety of Beauties in it, but those of the Geòrgie are more exquisite. In short, the Geòrgie has all the perfection that can be expected in a Poem written by the greatest Poet in the Flower of his Age, when his Invention was ready, his Imagination warm, 20 his Judgment settled, and all his Faculties in their full Vigour and Maturity. 15

/Enets] F2; jEneid. F i .

The First Book of the Georgics

VIRGIL'S

155

GEORGICS

The First Book of the Georgics THE ARGUMENT.

The Poet, in the beginning of this Book, propounds the general Design of each Georgic: And after a solemn Invocation of all the Gods who are any way related to his Subject, he addresses himself in particular to Augustus, whom he complements with Divinity; and after strikes into his Business. He shews the different kinds of Tillage proper to different Soils, traces out the Original of Agriculture, gives a Catalogue of the Husbandman's Tools, specifies the Employments peculiar to each Season, describes the changes of the Weather, with the Signs in Heaven and Earth that fore-bode them, instances many of the Prodigies that happen'd near the time of Julius Caesar's Death, and shuts up all with a Supplication to the Gods for the Safety of Augustus, and the Preservation of Rome.

W

HAT makes a plenteous Harvest, when to turn T h e fruitful Soil, and when to sowe the Corn; T h e Care of Sheep, of Oxen, and of Kine; A n d how to raise on Elms the teeming Vine: T h e Birth and Genius of the frugal Bee, I sing, Mcecenas, and I sing to thee.

Ye Deities! who Fields and Plains protect, Who rule the Seasons, and the Year direct; Bacchus and fost'ring Ceres, Pow'rs Divine, 10 Who gave us Corn for Mast, for Water Wine: Ye Fawns, propitious to the Rural Swains, Ye Nymphs that haunt the Mountains and the Plains, 10 them, instances] Instances FI-S. 6 Mtecenas] Mecanas F1-2.

11 10

Death, and] Wine:] FA;

And FI-2. FI.

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Join in my Work, and to my Numbers bring Your needful Succour, for your Gifts I sing: And thou, whose Trident struck the teeming Earth, And made a Passage for the Coursers Birth: And thou, for whom the Ccean Shore sustains T h y Milky Herds, that graze the Flow'ry Plains. And thou, the Shepherds tutelary God, Leave, for a while, O Pan! thy lov'd Abode: And, if Arcadian Fleeces be thy Care, From Fields and Mountains to my Song repair. Inventor, Pallas, of the fat'ning Oyl; T h o u Founder of the Plough and Plough-man's T o y l ; And thou, whose Hands the Shrowd-like Cypress rear; Come all ye Gods and Goddesses, that wear T h e rural Honours, and increase the Year: You, who supply the Ground with Seeds of Grain; And you, who swell those Seeds with kindly Rain: And chiefly thou, whose undetermin'd State Is yet the Business of the Gods Debate: Whether in after Times to be declar'd T h e Patron of the World, and Rome's, peculiar Guard, Or o're the Fruits and Seasons to preside, A n d the round Circuit of the Year to guide: Pow'rful of Blessings, which thou strew'st around, And with thy Goddess Mother's Myrtle crown'd. Or wilt thou, Ccesar, chuse the watry Reign, T o smooth the Surges, and correct the Main? T h e n Mariners, in Storms, to thee shall pray, \ Ev'n utmost Thule shall thy Pow'r obey; > And Neptune shall resign the Fasces of the Sea. / T h e wat'ry Virgins for thy Bed shall strive, And Tethys all her Waves in Dowry give. Or wilt thou bless our Summers with thy Rays, And seated near the Ballance, poise the Days: Where in the Void of Heav'n a Space is free, 14 23 35

sing:] F1-2. Oyl;] Fi—2. guide:] — F1-2.

16 27

Birth:] — F1-2. Year:] F1-2.

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157

Betwixt the Scorpion and the Maid for thee? T h e Scorpion ready to receive thy Laws, Yields half his Region, and contracts his Claws. Whatever part of Heav'n thou shalt obtain, For let not Hell presume of such a Reign; Nor let so dire a Thirst of Empire move T h y Mind, to leave thy Kindred Gods above: Tho' Greece admires Elysium's blest Retreat, Tho' Proserpine affects her silent Seat, And importun'd by Ceres to remove, Prefers the Fields below to those above. But thou, propitious Ccesar, guide my Course, And to my bold Endeavours add thy Force. Pity the Poet's and the Ploughman's Cares, ] Int'rest thy Greatness in our mean Affairs, > And use thy self betimes to hear and grant our Pray'rs. ) While yet the Spring is young, while Earth unbinds Her frozen Bosom to the Western Winds; While Mountain Snows dissolve against the Sun, And Streams, yet new, from Precipices run: Ev'n in this early Dawning of the Year, Produce the Plough, and yoke the sturdy Steer, And goad him till he groans beneath his Toil, 'Till the bright Share is bury'd in the Soil. That Crop rewards the greedy Peasant's Pains, Which twice the Sun, and twice the Cold sustains, And bursts the crowded Barns, with more than promis'd Gains But e're we stir the yet unbroken Ground, T h e various Course of Seasons must be found; T h e Weather, and the setting of the Winds, T h e Culture suiting to the sev'ral Kinds Of Seeds and Plants; and what will thrive and rise, And what the Genius of the Soil denies. This Ground with Bacchus, that with Ceres suits: 48 48 54 67

Scorpion . . . Maid] Scorpion . . . Maid F 1 - 2 . 49 Scorpion] Scorpion F 1 - 2 . thee?] — F 1 - 2 . 63 hear and grant] F2; hear F i . above:] F1-2. run:] Fi-2.

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i58

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T h a t other loads the Trees with happy Fruits: A fourth with Grass, unbidden, decks the Ground: T h u s Tmolus is with yellow Saffron crown'd: India, black Ebon and white Ivory bears: A n d soft Idume weeps her od'rous Tears. T h u s Pontus sends her Beaver Stones from far; A n d naked Spanyards temper Steel for War. Epirus for th' Elean Chariot breeds, (In hopes of Palms,) a Race of running Steeds. T h i s is the Orig'nal Contract; these the Laws Impos'd by Nature, and by Nature's Cause, On sundry Places, when Deucalion hurl'd His Mother's Entrails on the desart World: Whence Men, a hard laborious Kind, were born. T h e n borrow part of Winter for thy Corn; A n d early with thy T e a m the Gleeb in Furrows turn: T h a t while the T u r f lies open, and unbound, Succeeding Suns may bake the Mellow Ground. But if the Soil be barren, only scar T h e Surface, and but lightly print the Share, W h e n cold Arcturus rises with the Sun: Lest wicked Weeds the Corn shou'd over-run In watry Soils; or lest the barren Sand Shou'd suck the Moisture from the thirsty Land. Both these unhappy Soils the Swain forbears, A n d keeps a Sabbath of alternate Years: T h a t the spent Earth may gather heart again; A n d , better'd by Cessation, bear the Grain. A t least where Vetches, Pulse, and Tares have stood, A n d Stalks of Lupines grew (a stubborn Wood:) T h ' ensuing Season, in return, may bear T h e bearded product of the Golden Year. For Flax and Oats will burn the tender Field, A n d sleepy Poppies harmful Harvests yield. But sweet Vicissitudes of Rest and T o y l Make easy Labour, and renew the Soil. 82 97

Fruits:] turn:]

F1-2. F1-2.

94

His] his Fi—2.

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159

Yet sprinkle sordid Ashes all around, A n d load with fat'ning D u n g thy fallow G r o u n d . 120 T h u s c h a n g e o f S e e d s f o r m e a g r e S o i l s is b e s t ; A n d E a r t h m a n u r ' d , n o t idle, t h o u g h at rest. L o n g P r a c t i c e has a sure I m p r o v e m e n t

found,

W i t h kindled Fires to b u r n the barren G r o u n d ; W h e n the light Stubble, to the Flames resign'd, Is driv'n along, and crackles in the W i n d : W h e t h e r f r o m hence the hollow W o m b of Earth Is w a r m ' d with secret Strength for better B i r t h , O r w h e n t h e l a t e n t V i c e is c u r ' d b y F i r e , R e d u n d a n t H u m o u r s thro' the Pores expire; 130 O r t h a t t h e W a r m t h d i s t e n d s t h e C h i n k s , a n d m a k e s N e w Breathings, w h e n c e n e w N o u r i s h m e n t she takes; O r that the H e a t the gaping G r o u n d constrains, N e w Knits the Surface, and new Strings the Veins; Lest soaking Show'rs shou'd pierce h e r secret Seat, \ O r f r e e z i n g Boreas

chill her genial Heat;

>

O r scorching Suns too violently beat.

/

N o r is t h e P r o f i t s m a l l , t h e P e a s a n t m a k e s ; W h o smooths with Harrows, or who pounds with Rakes T h e c r u m b l i n g C l o d s : N o r Ceres

from on high

140 R e g a r d s h i s L a b o u r s w i t h a g r u d g i n g E y e ; N o r his, w h o plows across t h e f u r r o w ' d G r o u n d s , A n d o n the B a c k of E a r t h inflicts n e w W o u n d s : F o r he with frequent Exercise C o m m a n d s T h ' unwilling Soil, a n d tames the s t u b b o r n Lands. Y e Swains, invoke the Pow'rs who rule the Sky, F o r a moist S u m m e r , and a W i n t e r dry: F o r W i n t e r drout rewards the Peasant's Pain, A n d broods indulgent on the bury'd Grain. H e n c e Mysia 150 O f Gargarus

boasts h e r Harvests, a n d the tops admire their happy Crops.

W h e n first t h e S o i l r e c e i v e s t h e f r u i t f u l S e e d , M a k e n o delay, b u t c o v e r it w i t h speed: So fenc'd from Cold; the plyant Furrows break, 125 132

Wind:] F1-2. constrains,] the comma prints as a period in some copies of Ft.

i6o

The Works of Virgil in English

Before the surly Clod resists the Rake. And call the Floods from high, to rush amain With pregnant Streams, to swell the teeming Grain. T h e n when the fiery Suns too fiercely play, And shrivell'd Herbs on with'ring Stems decay, T h e wary Ploughman, on the Mountain's Brow, leo Undams his watry Stores, huge Torrents flow; And, ratling down the Rocks, large moisture yield, Temp'ring the thirsty Fever of the Field: And lest the Stem, too feeble for the freight, Shou'd scarce sustain the head's unweildy weight, Sends in his feeding Flocks betimes t' invade T h e rising bulk of the luxuriant Blade; E're yet th' aspiring Off-spring of the Grain O'retops the ridges of the furrow'd Plain: And drains the standing Waters, when they yield 170 T o o large a Bev'rage to the drunken Field: But most in Autumn, and the show'ry Spring, When dubious Months uncertain weather bring; When Fountains open, when impetuous Rain Swells hasty Brooks, and pours upon the Plain; When Earth with Slime and Mud is cover'd o're, Or hollow places spue their wat'ry Store. Nor yet the Ploughman, nor the lab'ring Steer, Sustain alone the hazards of the Year: But glutton Geese, and the Strymonian Crane, i8o With foreign Troops, invade the tender Grain: And tow'ring Weeds malignant Shadows yield; And spreading Succ'ry choaks the rising Field. T h e Sire of Gods and Men, with hard Decrees, Forbids our Plenty to be bought with Ease: And wills that Mortal Men, inur'd to toil, Shou'd exercise, with pains, the grudging Soil: Himself invented first the shining Share, And whetted Humane Industry by Care: Himself did Handy-Crafts and Arts ordain; 162 182

Field:] F1-2. Succ'ry] Succ'ry F 1 - 2 .

170 186

Field:] F1-2. Soil:] — Ft—2.

The

First Book

of the

190 N o r s u f f e r ' d S l o a t h t o r u s t h i s a c t i v e

Georgics

Reign.

E ' r e this, n o P e a s a n t v e x ' d t h e p e a c e f u l

Ground;

W h i c h only T u r f s and Greens for Altars No

Fences parted

Fields, n o r

Distinguish'd Acres of litigious

Jove

added V e n o m

Bounds

Grounds:

B u t all was c o m m o n , a n d the fruitful W a s free to give her unexacted

found:

Marks nor

Earth

Birth.

to the Viper's

Brood,

Andswell'd, with raging Storms, the peaceful C o m m i s s i o n ' d h u n g r y W o l v e s t' i n f e s t t h e 200 A n d s h o o k f r o m O a k e n

Leaves the liquid

Gold:

R e m o v ' d from H u m a n e reach the chearful A n d from the Rivers bade the W i n e

Flood:

Fold,

Fire,

retire:

T h a t studious N e e d might useful Arts

explore;

F r o m f u r r o w ' d Fields to reap the foodful

Store:

A n d f o r c e t h e V e i n s o f c l a s h i n g F l i n t s t'

expire

T h e

lurking Seeds of their Ccelestial

Fire.

T h e n

first o n S e a s t h e h o l l o w ' d A l d e r

T h e n

Sailers quarter'd Heav'n, and found a

F o r ev'ry fix'd a n d ev'ry w a n d r i n g 210 T h e

Pleiads, Hyads,

swam; Name

Star:

and the Northern

Car.

T h e n T o i l s for Beasts, a n d L i m e for Birds were

found,

A n d deep-mouth Dogs did Forrest Walks

surround:

A n d casting Nets were spread in shallow

Brooks,

Drags in the D e e p , a n d Baits were h u n g on T h e n Saws were tooth'd, and sounding Axes (For Wedges

first

did yielding W o o d

A n d various Arts in order did

Ceres

invade.)

need?)

taught, the G r o u n d with G r a i n to sow,

220 A n d a r m ' d w i t h I r o n S h a r e s t h e c r o o k e d When

now

made;

succeed,

( W h a t cannot endless L a b o u r urg'd by First

Hooks.

Dodonian

Oaks no more

Plough;

supply'd

T h e i r Mast, and T r e e s their Forrest-fruit

deny'd.

S o o n was his L a b o u r d o u b l ' d to the Swain, A n d blasting M i l d e w s b l a c k n e d all his

Grain.

T o u g h Thistles choak'd the Fields, and kill'd the A n d an unthrifty Crop of Weeds 200

Gold:]

Fi-2.

was

born.

Corn,

The First Book of the

230

240

250

260

Georgics

T h e n Burrs and Brambles, an unbidden Crew Of graceless Guests, th' unhappy Field subdue: And Oats unblest, and Darnel domineers, And shoots its head above the shining Ears: So that unless the Land with daily Care Is exercis'd, and with an Iron War, Of Rakes and Harrows, the proud Foes expell'd, And Birds with clamours frighted from the Field; Unless the Boughs are lopp'd that shade the Plain, And Heav'n invok'd with Vows for fruitful Rain, On other Crops you may with envy look, And shake for Food the long abandon'd Oak. Nor must we pass untold what Arms they wield, Who labour Tillage and the furrow'd Field: Without whose aid the Ground her Corn denys, And nothing can be sown, and nothing rise. T h e crooked Plough, the Share, the tow'ring height Of Waggons, and the Cart's unweildy weight; T h e Sled, the Tumbril, Hurdles and the Flail, T h e Fan of Bacchus, with the flying Sail: These all must be prepar'd, if Plowmen hope T h e promis'd Blessing of a Bounteous Crop. Young Elms with early force in Copses bow, Fit for the Figure of the crooked Plough. Of eight Foot long a fastned Beam prepare, \ On either side the Head produce an Ear, > And sink a Socket for the shining Share: ) Of Beech the Plough-tail, and the bending Yoke; Or softer Linden harden'd in the Smoke. I cou'd be long in Precepts, but I fear So mean a Subject might offend your Ear. Delve of convenient Depth your thrashing Floor; With temper'd Clay, then fill and face it o're: And let the weighty Rowler run the round, T o smooth the Surface of th' unequal Ground; Lest crack'd with Summer Heats the flooring flies, 230 246

Ears:] F1-2. Sail:] — F 1 - 2 .

243 253

tow'ring] F2; towr'ing F i . Share:] F1-2.

163

164

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

Or sinks, and thro' the Crannies Weeds arise. For sundry Foes the Rural Realm surround: T h e Field-Mouse builds her Garner under ground, For gather'd Grain the blind laborious Mole, In winding Mazes works her hidden Hole. In hollow Caverns Vermine make abode, T h e hissing Serpent, and the swelling Toad: 270 T h e Corn-devouring Weezel here abides, And the wise Ant her wintry Store provides. Mark well the flowring Almonds in the Wood; If od'rous Blooms the bearing Branches load, T h e Glebe will answer to the Sylvan Reign, Great Heats will follow, and large Crops of Grain. But if a Wood of Leaves o're-shade the Tree, Such and so barren will thy Harvest be: In vain the Hind shall vex the thrashing Floor, For empty Chaff and Straw will be thy Store. 280 Some steep their Seed, and some in Cauldrons boil With vigorous Nitre, and with Lees of Oyl, O're gentle Fires; th' exuberant Juice to drain, And swell the flatt'ring Husks with fruitful Grain. Yet is not the Success for Years assur'd, T h o chosen is the Seed, and fully cur'd; Unless the Peasant, with his Annual Pain, Renews his Choice, and culls the largest Grain. Thus all below, whether by Nature's Curse, Or Fates Decree, degen'rate still to worse. 290 So the Boats brawny Crew the Current stem, And, slow advancing, struggle with the Stream: But if they slack their hands, or cease to strive, Then down the Flood with headlong haste they drive. Nor must the Ploughman less observe the Skies, When the Kidds, Dragon, and Arc turns rise, Than Saylors homeward bent, who cut their Way Thro' Helle's stormy Streights, and Oyster-breeding Sea. But when Astrea's Ballance, hung on high, 270 295

Corn-devouring] the hyphen failed to print in some copies of Ft. Kidds, Dragon] Kidds, Dragon F 1 - 2 .

The First Book of the

Georgics

Betwixt the Nights and Days divides the Sky, 300 T h e n Yoke your Oxen, sow your Winter Grain; ' T i l l cold December comes with driving Rain. Lineseed and fruitful Poppy bury warm, In a dry Season, and prevent the Storm. Sow Beans and Clover in a rotten Soyl, And Millet rising from your Annual Toyl; When with his Golden Horns, in full Cariere, T h e Bull beats down the Barriers of the Year; And Argo and the Dog forsake the Northern Sphere. But if your Care to Wheat alone extend, \ sio Let Maja with her Sisters first descend, ; And the bright Gnosian Diadem downward bend: ) Before you trust in Earth your future Hope; Or else expect a listless lazy Crop. Some Swains have sown before, but most have found A husky Harvest, from the grudging Ground. Vile Vetches wou'd you sow, or Lentils lean, T h e Growth of Egypt, or the Kidney-bean? Begin when the slow Waggoner descends, Nor cease your sowing till Mid-winter ends: 320 For this, thro' twelve bright Signs Apollo guides T h e Year, and Earth in sev'ral Climes divides. Five Girdles bind the Skies, the torrid Zone Glows with the passing and repassing Sun. Far on the right and left, th' extreams of Heav'n, T o Frosts and Snows, and bitter Blasts are giv'n. Betwixt the midst and these, the Gods assign'd Two habitable Seats for Humane Kind: And cross their limits cut a sloping way, Which the twelve Signs in beauteous order sway. 330 T w o Poles turn round the Globe; one seen to rise O're Scythian Hills, and one in Lybian Skies: T h e first sublime in Heav'n, the last is whirl'd Below the Regions of the nether World. Around our Pole the spiry Dragon glides, 301 331

December] December Skies:] F1-2.

F1-2.

308

Argo] Argos F1-2.

165

166

The Works of Virgil in English

And like a winding Stream the Bears divides; T h e less and greater, who by Fates Decree Abhor to dive beneath the Southern Sea: There, as they say, perpetual Night is found In silence brooding on th' unhappy ground: 340 Or when Aurora leaves our Northern Sphere, She lights the downward Heav'n, and rises there. And when on us she breaths the living Light, Red Vesper kindles there the Tapers of the Night. From hence uncertain Seasons we may know; And when to reap the Grain, and when to sow: Or when to fell the Furzes, when 'tis meet T o spread the flying Canvass for the Fleet. Observe what Stars arise or disappear; And the four Quarters of the rolling Year. 350 But when cold Weather and continu'd Rain, T h e lab'ring Husband in his House restrain: Let him forecast his Work with timely care, Which else is huddl'd, when the Skies are fair: T h e n let him mark the Sheep, or whet the shining Share: Or hollow Trees for Boats, or number o're His Sacks, or measure his increasing Store: Or sharpen Stakes, or head the Forks, or twine T h e Sallow Twigs to tye the stragling Vine: Or wicker Baskets weave, or aire the Corn, 36o Or grinded Grain betwixt two Marbles turn. No Laws, Divine or Human, can restrain From necessary Works, the lab'ring Swain. Ev'n Holy-days and Feasts permission yield, T o float the Meadows, or to fence the Field, T o Fire the Brambles, snare the Birds, and steep In wholsom Water-falls the woolly Sheep. And oft the drudging Ass is driv'n, with Toyl, T o neighb'ring Towns with Apples and with Oyl: Returning late, and loaden home with Gain 354 356 364

Share:] — F i - 2 . Store:] Fi (corrected state), F2; —; F i (uncorrected state), T o float the Meadows, or] F2; T h e Meads to water, and F i .

168

The

Works of Virgil in

English

370 Of barter'd Pitch, and Hand-mills for the Grain. T h e lucky Days, in each revolving Moon, For Labour chuse: T h e Fifth be sure to shun; That gave the Furies and pale Pluto Birth, And arm'd, against the Skies, the Sons of Earth. With Mountains pil'd on Mountains, thrice they strove T o scale the steepy Battlements of Jove: And thrice his Lightning and red Thunder play'd, And their demolish'd Works in Ruin laid. T h e Sev'nth is, next the Tenth, the best to joyn 38o Young Oxen to the Yoke, and plant the Vine. Then Weavers stretch your Stays upon the Weft: T h e Ninth is good for Travel, bad for Theft. Some Works in dead of Night are better done; Or when the Morning Dew prevents the Sun. Parch'd Meads and Stubble mow, by Phoebe's Light; Which both require the Coolness of the Night: For Moisture then abounds, and Pearly Rains Descend in Silence to refresh the Plains. T h e Wife and Husband equally conspire, 390 T o work by Night, and rake the Winter Fire: He sharpens Torches in the glim'ring Room, She shoots the flying Shuttle through the Loom: Or boils in Kettles Must of Wine, and skims With Leaves, the Dregs that overflow the Brims. And till the watchful Cock awakes the Day, She sings to drive the tedious hours away. But in warm Weather, when the Skies are clear, By Daylight reap the Product of the Year: And in the Sun your golden Grain display, 400 And thrash it out, and winnow it by Day. Plough naked, Swain, and naked sow the Land, For lazy Winter numbs the lab'ring Hand. 379 is, next the Tenth,] Fi (corrected state), F2; ~ A —, — Fi (uncorrected state). 382 bad] Fi (corrected state), F2; ill F i (uncorrected state). 393 Wine, and skims] F i (corrected state) [skims is from the errata list; the text has Skins], F2; Wine and Skins, Fi (uncorrected state). 394 Leaves, the Dregs] F i (corrected state), F2; ~ A ~ —, F i (uncorrected state).

The First Book of the

Georgics

In Genial Winter, Swains enjoy their Store, Forget their Hardships, and recruit for more. T h e Farmer to full Bowls invites his Friends, And what he got with Pains, with Pleasure spends. So Saylors, when escap'd from stormy Seas, First crown their Vessels, then indulge their Ease. Yet that's the proper T i m e to thrash the Wood 410 For Mast of Oak, your Fathers homely Food: T o gather Laurel-berries, and the Spoil Of bloody Myrtles, and to press your Oyl: For stalking Cranes to set the guileful Snare, T ' inclose the Stags in Toyls, and hunt the Hare: With Balearick Slings, or Gnossian Bow, T o persecute from far the flying Doe: Then, when the Fleecy Skies new cloath the Wood, And cakes of rustling Ice come rolling down the Flood. Now sing we stormy Stars, when Autumn weighs ) 420 T h e Year, and adds to Nights, and shortens Days; ; And Suns declining shine with feeble Rays: / What Cares must then attend the toiling Swain; \ Or when the low'ring Spring, with lavish Rain, > Beats down the slender Stem and bearded Grain: / While yet the Head is green, or lightly swell'd With Milky-moisture, over-looks the Field. Ev'n when the Farmer, now secure of Fear, Sends in the Swains to spoil the finish'd Year: Ev'n while the Reaper fills his greedy hands, 430 And binds the golden Sheafs in brittle bands: Oft have I seen a sudden Storm arise, From all the warring Winds that sweep the Skies: T h e heavy Harvest from the Root is torn, And whirl'd aloft the lighter Stubble born; With such a force the flying rack is driv'n; And such a Winter wears the face of Heav'n: And oft whole sheets descend of slucy Rain, 410 412 416

Fathers] F2; Father's Fi. Oyl:] F1-2. Doe:] F1-2.

410 414

Food:] Hare:]

F1-2. F1-2.

169

The First Book of the

Georgics

Suck'd by the spongy Clouds from off the Main: T h e lofty Skies at once come pouring down, 440 T h e promis'd Crop and golden Labours drown. T h e Dykes are fill'd, and with a roaring sound T h e rising Rivers float the nether ground; And Rocks the bellowing Voice of boiling Seas rebound. T h e Father of the Gods his Glory shrowds, Involv'd in Tempests, and a Night of Clouds. And from the middle Darkness flashing out, By fits he deals his fiery Bolts about. Earth feels the Motions of her angry God, J Her Entrails tremble, and her Mountains nod; > 450 And flying Beasts in Forests seek abode: ) Deep horrour seizes ev'ry Humane Breast, T h e i r Pride is humbled, and their Fear confess'd: While he from high his rowling Thunder throws, And fires the Mountains with repeated blows: T h e Rocks are from their old Foundations rent; T h e Winds redouble, and the Rains augment: T h e Waves on heaps are dash'd against the Shoar, And now the Woods, and now the Billows roar. In fear of this, observe the starry Signs, 460 Where Saturn houses, and where Hermes joins. But first to Heav'n thy due Devotions pay, And Annual Gifts on Ceres Altars lay. When Winter's rage abates, when chearful Hours Awake the Spring, and Spring awakes the Flow'rs, On the green T u r f thy careless Limbs display, And celebrate the mighty Mother's day. For then the Hills with pleasing Shades are crown'd, And Sleeps are sweeter on the silken Ground: With milder Beams the Sun securely shines; 470 Fat are the Lambs, and luscious are the Wines. Let ev'ry Swain adore her Pow'r Divine, And Milk and Honey mix with sparkling Wine: Let all the Quire of Clowns attend the Show, In long Procession, shouting as they go; Invoking her to bless their yearly Stores,

171

172

The Works of Virgil in English

Inviting Plenty to their crowded Floors. Thus in the Spring, and thus in Summer's Heat, Before the Sickles touch the ripening Wheat, On Ceres call; and let the lab'ring Hind «so With Oaken Wreaths his hollow Temples bind: On Ceres let him call, and Ceres praise, With uncouth Dances, and with Country Lays. And that by certain signs we may presage Of Heats and Rains, and Wind's impetuous rage, T h e Sov'reign of the Heav'ns has set on high T h e Moon, to mark the Changes of the Skye: When Southern blasts shou'd cease, and when the Swain Shou'd near their Folds his feeding Flocks restrain. For e're the rising Winds begin to roar, 490 T h e working Seas advance to wash the Shoar: Soft whispers run along the leavy Woods, And Mountains whistle to the murm'ring Floods: Ev'n then the doubtful Billows scarce abstain From the toss'd Vessel on the troubled Main: When crying Cormorants forsake the Sea, And stretching to the Covert wing their way: When sportful Coots run skimming o're the Strand; When watchful Herons leave their watry Stand, And mounting upward, with erected flight, 500 Gain on the Skyes, and soar above the sight. And oft before tempest'ous Winds arise, T h e seeming Stars fall headlong from the Skies; And, shooting through the darkness, guild the Night With sweeping Glories, and long trails of Light: And Chaff with eddy Winds is whirl'd around, And dancing Leaves are lifted from the Ground; And floating Feathers on the Waters play. But when the winged Thunder takes his way From the cold North, and East and West ingage, 510 And at their Frontiers meet with equal rage, T h e Clouds are crush'd, a glut of gather'd Rain j T h e hollow Ditches fills, and floats the Plain, > And Sailors furl their dropping Sheets amain. /

173

The First Book of the Georgics Wet weather seldom hurts the most unwise, So plain the Signs, such Prophets are the Skies: T h e wary Crane foresees it first, and sails Above the Storm, and leaves the lowly Vales: T h e Cow looks up, and from afar can find T h e change of Heav'n, and snuffs it in the Wind. 520 T h e Swallow skims the River's watry Face, T h e Frogs renew the Croaks of their loquacious Race. T h e careful Ant her secret Cell forsakes, And drags her Eggs along the narrow Tracks. At either Horn the Rainbow drinks the Flood, \ Huge Flocks of rising Rooks forsake their Food, > And, crying, seek the Shelter of the Wood. / Besides, the sev'ral sorts of watry Fowls, T h a t swim the Seas, or haunt the standing Pools: T h e Swans that sail along the Silver Flood, 530 And dive with stretching Necks to search their Food, T h e n lave their Backs with sprinkling Dews in vain, And stem the Stream to meet the promis'd Rain. T h e Crow with clam'rous Cries the Show'r demands, And single stalks along the Desart Sands. T h e nightly Virgin, while her Wheel she plies, Foresees the Storm impending in the Skies, When sparkling Lamps their sputt'ring Light advance, And in the Sockets Oyly Bubbles dance. T h e n after Show'rs, 'tis easie to descry 540 Returning Suns, and a serener Sky: T h e Stars shine smarter, and the Moon adorns, As with unborrow'd Beams, her sharpen'd Horns. T h e filmy Gossamer now flitts no more, Nor Halcyons bask on the short Sunny Shoar: T h e i r Litter is not toss'd by Sows unclean, But a blue droughty Mist descends upon the Plain. And Owls, that mark the setting Sun, declare A Star-light Evening, and a Morning fair. 523 532 544

E

ggs] Egs Ei—2. stem the] F2; ~ tke F i . Halcyons] Halcyons F 1 - 2 .

530 543

Food,] F2; Fi. Gossamer] Gossamer

F1-2.

i74

The Works of Virgil in English

Tow'ring aloft, avenging Nisus flies, 550 While dar'd below the guilty Scylla lies. Where-ever frighted Scylla flies away, Swift Nisus follows, and pursues his Prey. Where injur'd Nisus takes his Airy Course, Thence trembling Scylla flies and shuns his Force. This punishment pursues th' unhappy Maid, And thus the purple Hair is dearly paid. T h e n , thrice the Ravens rend the liquid Air, And croaking Notes proclaim the settled fair. T h e n , round their Airy Palaces they fly, 560 T o greet the Sun; and seis'd with secret Joy, When Storms are over-blown, with Food repair T o their forsaken Nests, and callow Care: Not that I think their Breasts with Heav'nly Souls Inspir'd, as Man, who Destiny controls; But with the changeful Temper of the Skies, As Rains condense, and Sun-shine rarifies; So turn the Species in their alter'd Minds, Compos'd by Calms, and discompos'd by Winds. From hence proceeds the Birds harmonious Voice: 570 From hence the Cows exult, and frisking Lambs rejoice. Observe the daily Circle of the Sun, And the short Year of each revolving Moon: By them thou shalt foresee the following day; Nor shall a starry Night thy Hopes betray. When first the Moon appears, if then she shrouds Her silver Crescent, tip'd with sable Clouds; Conclude she bodes a Tempest on the Main, And brews for Fields impetuous Floods of Rain. Or if her Face with fiery Flushing glow, 580 Expect the ratling Winds aloft to blow. But four Nights old, (for that's the surest Sign,) With sharpen'd Horns if glorious then she shine: Next Day, nor only that, but all the Moon, 557 562 564 581

Then,] Fi (corrected state), F2; ~ A Fi (uncorrected state). Care:] F1-2. controls;] F1-2. (for . . . Sign,)] Fi (corrected state), Fa; A ~ . . . ~ , A Fi (uncorrected

state).

The First Book of the Georgics T i l l her revolving Race be wholly run; Are void of Tempests, both by Land and Sea, And Saylors in the Port their promis'd Vow shall pay. Above the rest, the Sun, who never lies; Foretels the change of Weather in the Skies: For if he rise, unwilling to his Race, 590 Clouds on his Brows, and Spots upon his Face; Or if thro' Mists he shoots his sullen Beams, Frugal of Light, in loose and stragling Streams: Suspect a drisling Day, with Southern Rain, Fatal to Fruits, and Flocks, and promis'd Grain. Or if Aurora, with half open'd Eyes, And a pale sickly Cheek, salute the Skies; How shall the Vine, with tender Leaves, defend Her teeming Clusters, when the Storms descend, When ridgy Roofs and Tiles can scarce avail, soo T o barr the Ruin of the ratling Hail? But more than all, the setting Sun survey, When down the Steep of Heav'n he drives the Day. For oft we find him finishing his Race, With various Colours erring on his Face; If fiery red his glowing Globe descends, High Winds and furious Tempests he portends. But if his Cheeks are swoln with livid blue, He bodes wet Weather by his watry Hue. If dusky Spots are vary'd on his Brow, 610 And, streak'd with red, a troubl'd Colour show; T h a t sullen Mixture shall at once declare Winds, Rain, and Storms, and Elemental War: What desp'rate Madman then wou'd venture o're T h e Frith, or haul his Cables from the Shoar? But if with Purple Rays he brings the Light, And a pure Heav'n resigns to quiet Night: No rising Winds, or falling Storms, are nigh: \ But Northern Breezes through the Forrest fly: > And drive the rack, and purge the ruffl'd Sky. ) 598 614

descend,] Frith] Frith

F1-2. F1-2.

600

Hail?]

Fi—2.

175

The First Book of the Georgics 620 T h ' unerring Sun by certain Signs declares, What the late Ev'n, or early Morn prepares: And when the South projects a stormy Day, And when the clearing North will puff the Clouds away. T h e Sun reveals the Secrets of the Sky; And who dares give the Source of Light the Lye? T h e change of Empires often he declares, Fierce Tumults, hidden Treasons, open Wars. He first the Fate of Casar did foretel, And pity'd Rome, when Rome in Casar fell: «30 In Iron Clouds conceal'd the Publick Light: And Impious Mortals fear'd Eternal Night. Nor was the Fact foretold by him alone: Nature her self stood forth, and seconded the Sun. Earth, Air, and Seas, with Prodigies were sign'd, And Birds obscene, and howling Dogs divin'd. What Rocks did /Etna's bellowing Mouth expire From her torn Entrails! and what Floods of Fire! What Clanks were heard, in German Skies afar, Of Arms and Armies, rushing to the War! 6« Dire Earthquakes rent the solid A Ips below, And from their Summets shook th' Eternal Snow. Pale Specters in the close of Night were seen; And Voices heard of more than Mortal Men. In silent Groves, dumb Sheep and Oxen spoke; And Streams ran backward, and their Beds forsook: T h e yawning Earth disclos'd th' Abyss of Hell: \ T h e weeping Statues did the Wars foretel; > And Holy Sweat from Brazen Idols fell. / T h e n rising in his Might, the King of Floods, 650 Rusht thro' the Forrests, tore the lofty Woods; And rolling onward, with a sweepy Sway, Bore Houses, Herds, and lab'ring Hinds away. Blood sprang from Wells, Wolfs howl'd in Towns by Night, And boding Victims did the Priests affright. Such Peals of Thunder never pour'd from high; 629

fell:]

F1-2.

177

178

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Nor forky Light'nings flash'd from such a sullen Sky. Red Meteors ran a cross th' Etherial Space; Stars disappear'd, and Comets took their place. For this, th' Emathian Plains once more were strow'd J 660 With Roman Bodies, and just Heav'n thought good > T o fatten twice those Fields with Roman Blood. J Then, after length of Time, the lab'ring Swains, Who turn the Turfs of those unhappy Plains, Shall rusty Piles from the plough'd Furrows take, And over empty Helmets pass the Rake: Amaz'd at Antick Titles on the Stones, And mighty Relicks of Gygantick Bones. Ye home-born Deities, of Mortal Birth! Thou Father Romulus, and Mother Earth, 670 Goddess unmov'd! whose Guardian Arms extend O're Thuscan Tiber's Course, and Roman Tow'rs defend; With youthful Casar your joint Pow'rs ingage, Nor hinder him to save the sinking Age. O! let the Blood, already spilt, atone For the past Crimes of curst Laomedon! Heav'n wants thee there, and long the Gods, we know, Have grudg'd thee, C cesar, to the World below: Where Fraud and Rapine, Right and Wrong confound; \ Where impious Arms from ev'ry part resound, > ) 680 And monstrous Crimes in ev'ry Shape are crown'd. The peaceful Peasant to the Wars is prest; T h e Fields lye fallow in inglorious Rest. T h e Plain no Pasture to the Flock affords, T h e crooked Scythes are streightned into Swords: And there Euphrates her soft Off-spring Arms, And here the Rhine rebellows with Alarms: 656 forky Light'nings flash'd from such a sullen] F2; Light'ning flash'd from so serene a F 1 . 657 a-cross] F2; along F i . 665 Rake:] F1-2. 671 defend;] F i (corrected state), F2; Fi (uncorrected state). 677 below:] F1-2. 686 rebellows] Fi (corrected state), F2; rebellious F i (uncorrected state).

The First Book of the Georgics The neighb'ring Cities range on sev'ral sides, \ Perfidious Mars long plighted Leagues divides, > And o're the wasted World in Triumph rides. ) 690 So four fierce Coursers starting to the Race, Scow'r thro' the Plain, and lengthen ev'ry Pace: Nor Reins, nor Curbs, nor threat'ning Cries they fear, But force along the trembling Charioteer. 692

Reins] Fa; Reigns Fi.

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THE ARGUMENT.

The Subject of the following Book is Planting: In handling of which Argument, the Poet shews all the different Methods of raising Trees: Describes their Variety; and gives Rules for the management of each in particular. He then points out the Soils in which the several Plants thrive best: And thence takes occasion to run out into the Praises of Italy: After which he gives some Directions for discovering the Nature of every Soil; prescribes Rules for the Dressing of Vines, Olives, &c. And concludes the Georgic with a Panegyric on a Country Life.

T

HUS far of Tillage, and of Heav'nly Signs; Now sing my Muse the growth of gen'rous Vines: T h e shady Groves, the Woodland Progeny, And the slow Product of Minerva's Tree. Great Father Bacchus! to my Song repair; For clustring Grapes are thy peculiar Care: For thee large Bunches load the bending Vine, And the last Blessings of the Year are thine. T o thee his Joys the jolly Autumn owes, 10 When the fermenting Juice the Vat o'reflows. Come strip with me, my God, come drench all o're T h y Limbs in Must of Wine, and drink at ev'ry Pore. Some Trees their birth to bounteous Nature owe: For some without the pains of Planting grow. With Osiers thus the Banks of Brooks abound, Sprung from the watry Genius of the Ground: From the same Principles grey Willows come; 1 Planting-.] F1-2. 6 Italy:] F1-2. 7 load] Fi (corrected state), F2; lade F i (uncorrected state). 13 not indented in some copies of Fi. 13 owe:] Fi (corrected state), F2; .—, Fi (uncorrected state).

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Herculean Poplar, and the tender Broom. But some from Seeds inclos'd in Earth arise: For thus the mastful Chesnut mates the Skies. Hence rise the branching Beech and vocal Oke, Where Jove of old Oraculously spoke. Some from the Root a rising Wood disclose; Thus Elms, and thus the salvage Cherry grows. Thus the green Bays, that binds the Poet's Brows, Shoots and is shelter'd by the Mother's Boughs. These ways of Planting, Nature did ordain, For Trees and Shrubs, and all the Sylvan Reign. Others there are, by late Experience found: Some cut the Shoots, and plant in furrow'd ground: Some cover rooted Stalks in deeper Mold: Some cloven Stakes, and (wond'rous to behold,) T h e i r sharpen'd ends in Earth their footing place, And the dry Poles produce a living Race. Some bowe their Vines, which bury'd in the Plain, Their tops in distant Arches rise again. Others no Root require, the Lab'rer cuts Young Slips, and in the Soil securely puts. Ev'n Stumps of Olives, bar'd of Leaves, and dead, Revive, and oft redeem their wither'd head. 'Tis usual now, an Inmate Graff to see, With Insolence invade a Foreign Tree: Thus Pears and Quinces from the Crabtree come; And thus the ruddy Cornel bears the Plum. Then let the Learned Gard'ner mark with care T h e Kinds of Stocks, and what those Kinds will bear: Explore the Nature of each sev'ral Tree; And known, improve with artful Industry: And let no spot of idle Earth be found, But cultivate the Genius of the Ground. For open Ismarus will Bacchus please; Taburnus loves the shade of Olive Trees. T h e Virtues of the sev'ral Soils I sing, Maecenas, now thy needful Succour bring! 54

Mtrcenas]

Meccenas

Fi—2.

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O thou! the better part of my Renown, Inspire thy Poet, and thy Poem crown: E m b a r q u e with me, while I new Tracts explore, W i t h flying sails and breezes from the shore: Not that my song, in such a scanty space, So large a Subject fully can embrace: Not tho I were supply'd with Iron Lungs, A hundred Mouths, fill'd with as many Tongues: But steer my Vessel with a steady hand, And coast along the Shore in sight of Land. N o r will I tire thy Patience with a train Of Preface, or what ancient Poets feign. T h e Trees, which of themselves advance in Air, Are barren kinds, but strongly built and fair: Because the vigour of the Native Earth Maintains the Plant, and makes a Manly Birth. Yet these, receiving Graffs of other Kind, O r thence transplanted, change their salvage Mind: T h e i r Wildness lose, and quitting Nature's part, Obey the Rules and Discipline of Art. T h e same do Trees, that, sprung from barren Roots In open fields, transplanted bear their Fruits. For where they grow the Native Energy T u r n s all into the Substance of the Tree, Starves and destroys the Fruit, is only made For brawny bulk, and for a barren shade. T h e Plant that shoots from Seed, a sullen T r e e At leisure grows, for late Posterity; T h e gen'rous flavour lost, the Fruits decay, And salvage Grapes are made the Birds ignoble prey. Much labour is requir'd in Trees, to tame T h e i r wild disorder, and in ranks reclaim. Well must the ground be dig'd, and better dress'd, New Soil to make, and meliorate the rest. Old Stakes of Olive Trees in Plants revive; ) By the same Methods Paphian Myrtles live: > But nobler Vines by Propagation thrive. ) From Roots hard Hazles, and from Cyens rise

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Tall Ash, and taller Oak that mates the Skies: Palm, Poplar, Firr, descending from the Steep Of Hills, to try the dangers of the Deep. The thin-leav'd Arbute, Hazle graffs receives, And Planes huge Apples bear, that bore but Leaves. Thus Mastful Beech the bristly Chesnut bears, And the wild Ash is white with blooming Pears. 100 And greedy Swine from grafted Elms are fed, With falling Acorns, that on Oaks are bred. But various are the ways to change the state Of Plants, to Bud, to Graff, t' Inoculate. For where the tender Rinds of Trees disclose Their shooting Gems, a swelling Knot there grows; Just in that space a narrow Slit we make, Then other Buds from bearing Trees we take: Inserted thus, the wounded Rind we close, In whose moist Womb th' admitted Infant grows, no But when the smoother Bole from Knots is free, We make a deep Incision in the Tree, And in the solid Wood the Slip inclose; The bat'ning Bastard shoots again and grows: And in short space the laden Boughs arise, With happy Fruit advancing to the Skies. The Mother Plant admires the Leaves unknown, Of Alien Trees, and Apples not her own. Of vegetable Woods are various Kinds, And the same Species are of sev'ral Minds. 120 Lotes, Willows, Elms, have diff'rent Forms allow'd, So fun'ral Cypress rising like a Shrowd. Fat Olive Trees of sundry Sorts appear: Of sundry Shapes their unctuous Berries bear. Radij long Olives, Orchits round produce, And bitter Pausia, pounded for the Juice. Alcinous Orchard various Apples bears: Unlike are Bergamotes and pounder Pears. g6 Arbute, Hazle] Fi errata, F2 (Arbute F2); Arbute Hazle, F i . 1 1 1 Tree,] —; F 1 - 2 . 1 1 2 inclose;] F1-2. 124-125 Radij . . . Orchits . . . Pausia] Radij . . . Orchit's . . . Pausia F 1 - 2 .

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Nor our Italian Vines produce the Shape, Or Tast, or Flavour of the Lesbian Grape. 130 T h e Thasian Vines in richer Soils abound, T h e Mareotique grow in barren Ground. T h e Psythian Grape we dry: Lagaean Juice, Will stamm'ring Tongues, and stagg'ring Feet produce. Rathe ripe are some, and some of later kind, Of Golden some, and some of Purple Rind. How shall I praise the R&tkean Grape divine, Which yet contends not with Falernian Wine? T h ' Aminean many a Consulship survives, And longer than the Lydian Vintage lives, wo Or high Phanaus King of Chian growth: But for large quantities, and lasting both, T h e less Argitis bears the Prize away. T h e Rhodian, sacred to the Solemn Day, In second Services is pour'd to Jove; And best accepted by the Gods above. Nor must Bumastus his old Honours lose, In length and largeness like the Dugs of Cows. I pass the rest, whose ev'ry Race and Name, And Kinds, are less material to my Theme: 150 Which who wou'd learn, as soon may tell the Sands, Driv'n by the Western Wind on Lybian Lands: Or number, when the blust'ring Eurus roars, T h e Billows beating on Ionian Shoars. Nor ev'ry Plant on ev'ry Soil will grow; T h e Sallow loves the watry Ground, and low: T h e Marshes, Alders; Nature seems t' ordain T h e rocky Cliff for the wild Ashe's reign: T h e baleful Yeugh to Northern Blasts assigns; T o Shores the Myrtles, and to Mounts the Vines. 160 Regard th' extremest cultivated Coast, From hot Arabia to the Scythian Frost: 132 137 142 149 155

Psythian . .. Lagaean] Psythian .. . Lagcean F1-2. Wine?] F1-2. 139 lives,] F2; FI; Argitis] Argitis FI-2. 146 Bumastus] Bumastus Theme:] F1-2. 151 Lands:] F1-2. low:] F1-2.

FI errata. F1-2.

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All sort of Trees their sev'ral Countries know; ] Black Ebon only will in India grow: / And od'rous Frankincense on the Sabcean Bough.) Balm slowly trickles through the bleeding Veins Of happy Shrubs, in Idumeean Plains. T h e green Egyptian Thorn, for Med'cine good; With Ethiops hoary Trees and woolly Wood, Let others tell: and how the Seres spin 170 T h e i r fleecy Forests in a slender Twine: With mighty Trunks of Trees on Indian shoars, Whose height above the feather'd Arrow soars, Shot from the toughest Bow; and by the Brawn Of expert Archers, with vast Vigour drawn. Sharp tasted Citrons Median Climes produce: Bitter the Rind, but gen'rous is the Juice: A cordial Fruit, a present Antidote Against the direful Stepdam's deadly Draught: Who mixing wicked Weeds with Words impure, 180 T h e Fate of envy'd Orphans wou'd procure. Large is the Plant, and like a Laurel grows, And did it not a diff'rent Scent disclose, A Laurel were: the fragrant Flow'rs contemn T h e stormy Winds, tenacious of their Stem. With this the Medes, to lab'ring Age, bequeath New Lungs, and cure the sourness of the Breath. But neither Median Woods, (a plenteous Land,) Fair Ganges, Hermus rolling Golden Sand, Nor Bactria, nor the richer Indian Fields, 190 Nor all the Gummy Stores Arabia yields; Nor any foreign Earth of greater Name, \ > Can with sweet Italy contend in Fame. No Bulls, whose Nostrils breath a living Flame, ) Have turn'd our Turf, no Teeth of Serpents here Were sown, an armed Host, and Iron Crop to bear. But fruitful Vines, and the fat Olives fraight, And Harvests heavy with their fruitful weight, Adorn our Fields; and on the chearful Green, 170

Twine:]

F1-2.

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T h e grazing Flocks and lowing Herds are seen. 200 T h e Warrior Horse, here bred, is taught to train, There flows Clitumnus thro' the flow'ry Plain; Whose Waves, for Triumphs after prosp'rous War, T h e Victim Ox, and snowy Sheep prepare. Perpetual Spring our happy Climate sees, \ Twice breed the Cattle, and twice bear the Trees; > And Summer Suns recede by slow degrees. ) Our Land is from the Rage of Tygers freed, Nor nourishes the Lyon's angry Seed; Nor pois'nous Aconite is here produc'd, 210 Or grows unknown, or is, when known, refus'd. Nor in so vast a length our Serpents glide, Or rais'd on such a spiry Volume ride. Next add our Cities of Illustrious Name, Their costly Labour and stupend'ous Frame: Our Forts on steepy Hills, that far below See wanton Streams, in winding Valleys flow: Our twofold Seas, that washing either side, A rich Recruit of Foreign Stores provide: Our spacious Lakes; thee, Larius, first; and next 220 Benacus, with tempest'ous Billows vext. Or shall I praise thy Ports, or mention make Of the vast Mound, that binds the Lucrine Lake: Or the disdainful Sea, that, shut from thence, Roars round the Structure, and invades the Fence: There, where secure the Julian Waters glide, Or where Avernus Jaws admit the Tyrrhene Tide? Our Quarries deep in Earth, were fam'd of old, For Veins of Silver, and for Ore of Gold. T h ' Inhabitants themselves, their Country grace; 230 Hence rose the Marsian and Sabellian Race: Strong limb'd and stout, and to the Wars inclin'd, And hard Ligurians, a laborious Kind, And Volscians arm'd with Iron-headed Darts. 202-203. War 216 flow:] — 222 Lake:] 226 Tide?]

. . . prepare] Fi errata, F2; Wars . . F1-2. 218 F1-2. 224 F1-2. 232

. prepares F i . provide:] F1-2. Fence:] F1-2. Kind,] F1-2.

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Besides an Off-spring of undaunted Hearts, T h e Decij, Marij, great Camillus came From hence, and greater Scipio's double Name: And mighty Ccesar, whose victorious Arms, T o farthest Asia, carry fierce Alarms: Avert unwarlike Indians from his Rome; 240 Triumph abroad, secure our Peace at home. Hail, sweet Saturnian Soil! of fruitful Grain Great Parent, greater of Illustrious Men. For thee my tuneful Accents will I raise, And treat of Arts disclos'd in Ancient Days: Once more unlock for thee the sacred Spring, And old Ascraan Verse in Roman Cities sing. T h e Nature of their sev'ral Soils now see, T h e i r Strength, their Colour, their Fertility: And first for Heath, and barren hilly Ground, 250 Where meagre Clay and flinty Stones abound; Where the poor Soil all Succour seems to want, Yet this suffices the Palladian Plant. Undoubted Signs of such a Soil are found,

\

For here wild Olive-shoots o'respread the ground, [ And heaps of Berries strew the Fields around. ) But where the Soil, with fat'ning Moisture fill'd, Is cloath'd with Grass, and fruitful to be till'd: Such as in chearful Vales we view from high; Which dripping Rocks with rowling Streams supply, 260 And feed with Ooze; where rising Hillocks run In length, and open to the Southern Sun; Where Fern succeeds, ungrateful to the Plough, T h a t gentle ground to gen'rous Grapes allow. Strong Stocks of Vines it will in time produce, And overflow the Vats with friendly Juice: Such as our Priests in golden Goblets pour T o Gods, the Givers of the chearful hour: T h e n when the bloated Thuscan blows his Horn, And reeking Entrails are in Chargers born. 270 If Herds or fleecy Flocks be more thy Care, 265

Juice:]

Fi—2.

267

hour:]

F1-2.

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Or Goats that graze the Field, and burn it bare: T h e n seek Tarentum's Lawns, and farthest Coast, Or such a Field as hapless Mantua lost: Where Silver Swans sail down the wat'ry Rode, And graze the floating Herbage of the Flood. T h e r e Crystal Streams perpetual tenour keep, Nor Food nor Springs are wanting to thy Sheep. For what the Day devours, the nightly Dew Shall to the Morn in Perly Drops renew. 280 Fat crumbling Earth is fitter for the Plough, Putrid and loose above, and black below: For Ploughing is an imitative Toil, Resembling Nature in an easie Soil. No Land for Seed like this, no Fields afford So large an Income to the Village Lord: No toiling Teams from Harvest-labour come So late at Night, so heavy laden home. T h e like of Forest Land is understood,

\

From whence the surly Ploughman grubs the Wood, > 290 Which had for length of Ages idle stood. ) T h e n Birds forsake the Ruines of their Seat, And flying from their Nests their Callow Young forget. T h e course lean Gravel, on the Mountain sides, Scarce dewy Bev'rage for the Bees provides: Nor Chalk nor crumbling Stones, the food of Snakes, T h a t work in hollow Earth their winding Tracks. T h e Soil exhaling Clouds of subtile Dews, Imbibing moisture which with ease she spews; Which rusts not Iron, and whose Mold is clean, 300 Well cloath'd with chearful Grass, and ever green; Is good for Olives and aspiring Vines, Embracing Husband Elms in am'rous twines; Is fit for feeding Cattle, fit to sowe, And equal to the Pasture and the Plough. Such is the Soil of fat Campanian Fields, 289 300 302

surly] F2; spleenful F i . green;] F1-2. twines;] F1-2.

296 301

Tracks] Fi errata, F2; Tracts F j . Vines,] F1-2.

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Such large increase the Land that joins Vesuvius yields. And such a Country cou'd A cerra boast, T i l l Clanius overflow'd th' unhappy Coast. I teach thee next the diff'ring Soils to know; 310 T h e light for Vines, the heavyer for the Plough. Chuse first a place for such a purpose fit, There dig the solid Earth, and sink a Pit: Next fill the hole with its own Earth agen, And trample with thy Feet, and tread it in: Then if it rise not to the former height Of superfice, conclude that Soil is light; A proper Ground for Pasturage and Vines. But if the sullen Earth, so press'd, repines Within its native Mansion to retire, 320 And stays without, a heap of heavy Mire; 'Tis good for Arable, a Glebe that asks Tough Teams of Oxen, and laborious Tasks. Salt Earth and bitter are not fit to sow, Nor will be tam'd or mended with the Plough. Sweet Grapes degen'rate there, and Fruits declin'd From their first flav'rous Taste, renounce their Kind. This Truth by sure Experiment is try'd; For first an Osier Colendar provide Of Twigs thick wrought, (such toiling Peasants twine, 330 When thro' streight Passages they strein their Wine;) In this close Vessel place that Earth accurs'd, But fill'd brimful with wholsom Water first; Then run it through, the Drops will rope around, And by the bitter Taste disclose the Ground. T h e fatter Earth by handling we may find, With Ease distinguish'd from the meagre Kind: Poor Soil will crumble into Dust, the Rich Will to the Fingers cleave like clammy Pitch: Moist Earth produces Corn and Grass, but both 340 T o o rank and too luxuriant in their Growth. Let not my Land so large a Promise boast, 306 338

the Land that joins Vesuvius yields.] F2; Vesuvian Nola yields: F i . Will] F2; will F i .

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Lest the lank Ears in length of Stem be lost. T h e heavier Earth is by her Weight betray'd, T h e lighter in the poising Hand is weigh'd: 'Tis easy to distinguish by the Sight T h e Colour of the Soil, and black from white. But the cold Ground is difficult to know,

\

Yet this the Plants that prosper there, will show; > Black Ivy, Pitch Trees, and the baleful Yeugh. ) 350 These Rules consider'd well, with early Care, T h e Vineyard destin'd for thy Vines prepare: But, long before the Planting, dig the Ground, With Furrows deep that cast a rising Mound: T h e Clods, expos'd to Winter Winds, will bake: For putrid Earth will best in Vineyards take, And hoary Frosts, after the painful Toyl Of delving Hinds, will rot the Mellow Soil. Some Peasants, not t' omit the nicest Care, Of the same Soil their Nursery prepare, 360 With that of their Plantation; lest the Tree Translated, should not with the Soil agree. Beside, to plant it as it was, they mark T h e Heav'ns four Quarters on the tender Bark; And to the North or South restore the Side, Which at their Birth did Heat or Cold abide. So strong is Custom; such Effects can Use In tender Souls of pliant Plants produce. Chuse next a Province, for thy Vineyards Reign, On Hills above, or in the lowly Plain: 370 If fertile Fields or Valleys be thy Choice, Plant thick, for bounteous Bacchus will rejoice In close Plantations there: But if the Vine On rising Ground be plac'd, or Hills supine, Extend thy loose Battalions largely wide, Opening thy Ranks and Files on either Side: But marshall'd all in order as they Stand, And let no Souldier straggle from his Band. As Legions in the Field their Front display, T o try the Fortune of some doubtful Day,

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380 And move to meet their Foes with sober Pace, Strict to their Figure, tho' in wider Space; Before the Battel joins, while from afar T h e Field yet glitters with the Pomp of War, And equal Mars, like an impartial Lord, Leaves all to Fortune, and the dint of Sword; So let thy Vines in Intervals be set, But not their Rural Discipline forget: Indulge their Width, and add a roomy Space, T h a t their extreamest Lines may scarce embrace: 390 Nor this alone t' indulge a vain Delight, And make a pleasing Prospect for the Sight: But, for the Ground it self this only Way,

\

Can equal Vigour to the Plants convey; > Which crowded, want the room, their Branches to display.) How deep they must be planted, woud'st thou know? In shallow Furrows Vines securely grow. Not so the rest of Plants; for Joves own Tree, T h a t holds the Woods in awful Sov'raignty, Requires a depth of Lodging in the Ground; 400 And, next the lower Skies, a Bed profound: High as his topmost Boughs to Heav'n ascend, So low his Roots to Hell's Dominion tend. Therefore, nor Winds, nor Winters Rage o'rethrows His bulky Body, but unmov'd he grows. For length of Ages lasts his happy Reign, And Lives of Mortal Man contend in vain. Full in the midst of his own Strength he stands, Stretching his brawny Arms, and leafy Hands; His Shade protects the Plains, his Head the Hills commands. 410 T h e hurtful Hazle in thy Vineyard shun; Nor plant it to receive the setting Sun: Nor break the topmost Branches from the Tree; Nor prune, with blunted Knife, the Progeny. Root up wild Olives from thy labour'd Lands: For sparkling Fire, from Hinds unwary Hands, Is often scatter'd o're their unctuous rinds, 409

commands.] F2; — A F i .

The Second Book of the Georgics And after spread abroad by raging Winds. For first the smouldring Flame the Trunk receives, Ascending thence, it crackles in the Leaves: 420 At length victorious to the T o p aspires, Involving all the Wood in smoky Fires, But most, when driv'n by Winds, the flaming Storm, Of the long Files destroys the beauteous Form. In Ashes then th' unhappy Vineyard lies, Nor will the blasted Plants from Ruin rise: Nor will the wither'd Stock be green again, But the wild Olive shoots, and shades th' ungrateful Plain. Be not seduc'd with Wisdom's empty Shows, T o stir the peaceful Ground when Boreas blows. 430 When Winter Frosts constrain the Field with Cold, T h e fainty Root can take no steady hold. But when the Golden Spring reveals the Year, And the white Bird returns, whom Serpents fear: T h a t Season deem the best to plant thy Vines. Next that, is when Autumnal Warmth declines: E're Heat is quite decay'd, or Cold begun, Or Capricorn admits the Winter Sun. T h e Spring adorns the Woods, renews the Leaves; T h e Womb of Earth the genial Seed receives. 440 For then Almighty Jove descends, and pours Into his buxom Bride his fruitful Show'rs. And mixing his large Limbs with hers, he feeds Her Births with kindly Juice, and fosters teeming Seeds. Then joyous Birds frequent the lonely Grove, And Beasts, by Nature stung, renew their Love. T h e n Fields the Blades of bury'd Corn disclose, \ And while the balmy Western Spirit blows, [ Earth to the Breath her Bosom dares expose. / With kindly Moisture then the Plants abound, 450 T h e Grass securely springs above the Ground; T h e tender Twig shoots upward to the Skies, And on the Faith of the new Sun relies. T h e swerving Vines on the tall Elms prevail, 421

in] F2; with Fi.

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Unhurt by Southern Show'rs or Northern Hail. T h e y spread their Gems the genial Warmth to share: And boldly trust their Buds in open Air. In this soft Season (Let me dare to sing,) \ T h e World was hatch'd by Heav'ns Imperial King: > In prime of all the Year, and Holydays of Spring. / wo T h e n did the new Creation first appear; Nor other was the T e n o u r of the Year: When laughing Heav'n did the great Birth attend, And Eastern Winds their Wintry Breath suspend: T h e n Sheep first saw the Sun in open Fields; And salvage Beasts were sent to Stock the Wilds: And Golden Stars flew up to Light the Skies, And Man's relentless Race, from Stony Quarries rise. Nor cou'd the tender, new Creation, bear T h ' excessive Heats or Coldness of the Year: 470 But chill'd by Winter, or by Summer fir'd, T h e middle Temper of the Spring requir'd: When Warmth and Moisture did at once abound, And Heav'ns Indulgence brooded on the Ground. For what remains, in depth of Earth secure T h y cover'd Plants, and dung with hot Manure; And Shells and Gravel in the Ground inclose; For thro' their hollow Chinks the Water flows: Which, thus imbib'd, returns in misty Dews, And steeming up, the rising Plant renews. 480 Some Husbandmen, of late, have found the Way, \ A hilly Heap of Stones above to lay, > And press the Plants with Sherds of Potters Clay. ) 457 Let me dare to sing,] F2; so sweet Poets sing F i . 460-464 in Fi as follows: Earth knew no Season then, but Spring alone: On the moist Ground the Sun serenely shone: T h e n Winter Winds their blustring Rage forbear, And in a silent Pomp proceeds the mighty Year. Sheep soon were sent to people flow'ry Fields, 465 sent to Stock the Wilds:] F2; banish'd into Wilds. F i . 466-467 in Fi as follows: T h e n Heav'n was lighted u p with Stars; and Man, A hard relentless Race, from Stones began. 471 requir'd:] F1-2. 472 in Fi as follows: When Infant Nature was with Quiet crown'd,

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This Fence against immod'rate Rain they found: O r when the Dog-star cleaves the thirsty Ground. Be mindful when thou hast intomb'd the Shoot, With Store of Earth around to feed the Root; With Iron Teeth of Rakes and Prongs, to move T h e crusted Earth, and loosen it above. T h e n exercise thy sturdy Steers to plough 490 Betwixt thy Vines, and teach thy feeble Row T o mount on Reeds, and Wands, and, upward led, On Ashen Poles to raise their forky Head. On these new Crutches let them learn to walk, Till swerving upwards, with a stronger Stalk, They brave the Winds, and, clinging to their Guide, On tops of Elms at length triumphant ride. But in their tender Nonage, while they spread T h e i r Springing Leafs, and lift their Infant Head, And upward while they shoot in open Air, 500 Indulge their Child-hood, and the Nurseling spare. Nor exercise thy Rage on new-born Life, But let thy Hand supply the Pruning-knife; And crop luxuriant Straglers, nor be loath T o strip the Branches of their leafy Growth: But when the rooted Vines, with steady Hold, Can clasp their Elms, then Husbandman be bold T o lop the disobedient Boughs, that stray'd Beyond their Ranks: let crooked Steel invade T h e lawless Troops, which Discipline disclaim, 510 And their superfluous Growth with Rigour tame. Next, fenc'd with Hedges and deep Ditches round, Exclude th' incroaching Cattle from thy Ground, While yet the tender Gems but just appear, Unable to sustain th' uncertain Year; Whose Leaves are not alone foul Winter's Prey, But oft by Summer Suns are scorch'd away; And worse than both, become th' unworthy Browze \ Of Buffalo's, salt Goats, and hungry Cows. > For not December's Frost that burns the Boughs, 489 519

sturdy] F2; strugling F i . December's] December's F 1 - 2 .

518

)

Buffalo's] F2; Buffal'os F i .

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520 Nor Dog-days parching Heat that splits the Rocks, \ Are half so harmful as the greedy Flocks: > T h e i r venom'd Bite, and Scars indented on the Stocks. / For this the Malefactor Goat was laid On Bacchus Altar, and his forfeit paid. At A thens thus old Comedy began, When round the Streets the reeling Actors ran; In Country Villages, and crossing ways, Contending for the Prizes of their Plays: And glad, with Bacchus, on the grassie soil, 530 Leapt o're the Skins of Goats besmear'd with Oyl. Thus Roman Youth deriv'd from ruin'd Troy, In rude Saturnian Rhymes express their Joy: With Taunts, and Laughter loud, their Audience please, Deform'd with Vizards, cut from Barks of Trees: In jolly Hymns they praise the God of Wine, \ Whose Earthen Images adorn the Pine; > And there are hung on high, in honour of the Vine: / A madness so devout the Vineyard fills. In hollow Valleys and on rising Hills; 540 On what e're side he turns his honest face, And dances in the Wind, those Fields are in his grace. T o Bacchus therefore let us tune our Lays, And in our Mother Tongue resound his Praise. T h i n Cakes in Chargers, and a Guilty Goat, Dragg'd by the Horns, be to his Altars brought; Whose offer'd Entrails shall his Crime reproach, And drip their Fatness from the Hazle Broach. T o dress thy Vines new labour is requir'd, Nor must the painful Husbandman be tir'd: 550 For thrice, at least, in Compass of the Year, T h y Vineyard must employ the sturdy Steer, T o turn the Glebe; besides thy daily pain T o break the Clods, and make the Surface plain: T ' unload the Branches or the Leaves to thin, T h a t suck the Vital Moisture of the Vine. Thus in a Circle runs the Peasant's Pain, 524

Bacchus]

Bacchus's

F1-2.

538

Vineyard] F2; Vineyards F i .

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And the Year rowls within it self again. Ev'n in the lowest Months, when Storms have shed From Vines the hairy Honours of their Head; 560 Not then the drudging Hind his Labour ends; But to the coming Year his Care extends: Ev'n then the naked Vine he persecutes; His Pruning Knife at once Reforms and Cuts. Be first to dig the Ground, be first to burn T h e Branches lopt, and first the Props return Into thy House, that bore the burden'd Vines; But last to reap the Vintage of thy Wines. Twice in the Year luxuriant Leaves o'reshade T h ' incumber'd Vine; rough Brambles twice invade: 570 Hard Labour both! commend the large excess Of spacious Vineyards; cultivate the less. Besides, in Woods the Shrubs of prickly Thorn, Sallows and Reeds, on Banks of Rivers born, Remain to cut; for Vineyards useful found, \ T o stay thy Vines, and fence thy fruitful Ground. > Nor when thy tender Trees at length are bound; ) When peaceful Vines from Pruning Hooks are free, When Husbands have survey'd the last degree, And utmost Files of Plants, and order'd ev'ry Tree; , 580 Ev'n when they sing at ease in full Content, Insulting o're the Toils they underwent; Yet still they find a future Task remain; T o turn the Soil, and break the Clods again: And after all, their Joys are unsincere, While falling Rains on ripening Grapes they fear. Quite opposite to these are Olives found, No dressing they require, and dread no wound; Nor Rakes nor Harrows need, but fix'd below, Rejoyce in open Air, and unconcerndly grow. 590 T h e Soil it self due Nourishment supplies: Plough but the Furrows, and the Fruits arise: Content with small Endeavours, 'till they spring, ) Soft Peace they figure, and sweet Plenty bring: ) Then Olives plant, and Hymns to Pallas sing. ) 592 spring,]

Fi-2.

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Thus Apple Trees, whose Trunks are strong to bear T h e i r spreading Boughs, exert themselves in Air: Want no supply, but stand secure alone, ) Not trusting foreign Forces, but their own: > 'Till with the ruddy freight the bending Branches groan. ) 600 Thus Trees of Nature, and each common Bush, Uncultivated thrive, and with red Berries blush. Vile Shrubs are shorn for Browze: the tow'ring hight Of unctuous Trees, are Torches for the Night. And shall we doubt, (indulging easie Sloath,) T o sow, to set, and to reform their growth? T o leave the lofty Plants; the lowly kind, Are for the Shepherd, or the Sheep design'd. Ev'n humble Broom and Osiers have their use, And Shade for Sleep, and Food for Flocks produce; 6io Hedges for Corn, and Honey for the Bees: Besides the pleasing Prospect of the Trees. How goodly looks Cytorus, ever green With Boxen Groves, with what delight are seen Narycian Woods of Pitch, whose gloomy shade, Seems for retreat of heav'nly Muses made! But much more pleasing are those Fields to see, T h a t need not Ploughs, nor Human Industry. Ev'n cold Caucasean Rocks with Trees are spread, And wear green Forests on their hilly Head. 620 T h o ' bending from the blast of Eastern Storms, T h o ' shent their Leaves, and shatter'd are their Arms; Yet Heav'n their various Plants for use designs: For Houses Cedars, and for Shipping Pines: Cypress provides for Spokes, and Wheels of Wains: And all for Keels of Ships, that scour the watry Plains. Willows in Twigs are fruitful, Elms in Leaves, T h e War, from stubborn Myrtle Shafts receives: From Cornels Jav'lins, and the tougher Yeugh Receives the bending Figure of a Bow. 630 Nor Box, nor Limes, without their use are made, Smooth-grain'd, and proper for the Turner's Trade: Which curious Hands may kerve, and Steel with Ease invade. 615

heav'nly] Fa; thoughtful F i .

623

Pines:]

F1-2.

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Light Alder stems the Po's impetuous Tide, And Bees in hollow Oaks their Hony hide. Now ballance, with these Gifts, the fumy Joys Of Wine, attended with eternal Noise. Wine urg'd to lawless Lust the Centaurs Train, Thro' Wine they quarrell'd, and thro' Wine were slain. Oh happy, if he knew his happy State! 640 The Swain, who, free from Business and Debate, Receives his easy Food from Nature's Hand, And just Returns of cultivated Land! No Palace, with a lofty Gate, he wants, T o pour out Tydes of early Visitants: With eager Eyes devouring, as they pass, The breathing Figures of Corinthian Brass. No Statues threaten, from high Pedestals; No Persian Arras hides his homely Walls, With Antick Vests; which thro' their shady fold, 650 Betray the Streaks of ill dissembl'd Gold. He boasts no Wool, whose native white is dy'd With Purple Poyson of Assyrian Pride. No costly Drugs of Araby defile, With foreign Scents, the Sweetness of his Oyl. But easie Quiet, a secure Retreat, A harmless Life that knows not how to cheat, With homebred Plenty the rich Owner bless, And rural Pleasures crown his Happiness. Unvex'd with Quarrels, undisturb'd with Noise, 660 The Country King his peaceful Realm enjoys: Cool Grots, and living Lakes, the Flow'ry Pride Of Meads, and Streams that thro' the Valley glide; And shady Groves that easie Sleep invite, And after toilsome Days, a soft repose at Night. Wild Beasts of Nature in his Woods abound; And Youth, of Labour patient, plow the Ground, Inur'd to Hardship, and to homely Fare. 640 644 644 656 664

Debate,] Fi-s. T o pour out] Fi (corrected state)', T ' admit the F i (uncorrected state), F2. Visitants:] F1-2. cheat,] the comma prints as a period in some copies of Fi. soft] F2; sweet F i .

The Second Book of the Georgics Nor venerable Age is wanting there, In great Examples to the Youthful T r a i n : 670 Nor are the Gods ador'd with Rites prophane. From hence Astrea took her Flight, and here T h e Prints of her departing Steps appear. Ye sacred Muses, with whose Beauty fir'd, My Soul is ravish'd, and my Brain inspir'd: Whose Priest I am, whose holy Fillets wear; Wou'd you your Poet's first Petition hear, Give me the Ways of wandring Stars to know: T h e Depths of Heav'n above, and Earth below. Teach me the various Labours of the Moon, 680 And whence proceed th' Eclipses of the Sun: Why flowing Tides prevail upon the Main, And in what dark Recess they shrink again: What shakes the solid Earth, what Cause delays T h e Summer Nights, and shortens Winter Days. But if my heavy Blood restrain the Flight \ Of my free Soul, aspiring to the Height > Of Nature, and unclouded Fields of Light: / My next Desire is, void of Care and Strife, T o lead a soft, secure, inglorious Life. 690 A Country Cottage near a Crystal Flood, A winding Vally, and a lofty Wood. Some God conduct me to the sacred Shades, Where Bacchanals are sung by Spartan Maids: Or lift me high to Hemus hilly Crown; Or in the Plains of Tempe lay me down: Or lead me to some solitary Place, And cover my Retreat from Human Race. Happy the Man, who, studying Nature's Laws, T h r o ' known Effects can trace the secret Cause: 700 His Mind possessing, in a quiet state, Fearless of Fortune, and resign'd to Fate. And happy too is he, who decks the Bow'rs Of Sylvans, and adores the Rural Pow'rs: 672 680 693

The] F2; the F i . Sun:] — F 1 - 2 . Maids:] F1-2.

676 682 699

Poet's] F2; Virgil's Fi again:] F1-2. Cause:] F1-2.

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Whose Mind, unmov'd, the Bribes of Courts can see; T h e i r glitt'ring Baits, and Purple Slavery: Nor hopes the People's Praise, nor fears their Frown, \ Nor, when contending Kindred tear the Crown, > Will set up one, or pull another down. ) Without Concern he hears, but hears from far, 710 Of Tumults and Descents, and distant War: Nor with a Superstitious Fear is aw'd, For what befals at home, or what abroad. Nor envies he the Rich their heapy Store, Nor his own Peace disturbs, with Pity for the Poor. He feeds on Fruits, which, of their own accord, T h e willing Ground, and laden Trees afford. From his lov'd Home no Lucre him can draw; \ T h e Senates mad Decrees he never saw; > Nor heard, at bawling Bars, corrupted Law. / 720 Some to the Seas, and some to Camps resort, And some with Impudence invade the Court. In foreign Countries others seek Renown, With Wars and Taxes others waste their own: And Houses burn, and houshold Gods deface, T o drink in Bowls which glitt'ring Gems enchase: T o loll on Couches, rich with Cytron Steds, And lay their guilty Limbs in Tyrian Beds. This Wretch in Earth intombs his Golden Ore, Hov'ring and brooding on his bury'd Store. 730 Some Patriot Fools to pop'lar Praise aspire, By Publick Speeches, which worse Fools admire: While from both Benches, with redoubl'd Sounds, T h ' Applause of Lords and Commoners abounds. Some through Ambition, or thro' Thirst of Gold, 705 714 723 726 730 731 731 734 Fa. 734

Slavery:] F1-2. his own Peace disturbs, with Pity for] F2; with a helpless Hand condoles F i . own:] F1-2. Cytron] Cytron F 1 - 2 . pop'lar] Fi (corrected state)-, popular Fi (uncorrected state), F2. By] Fi (corrected state); Or Fi (uncorrected state), F2. admire:] F1-2. through Ambition] Fi (corrected state)-, thro' Ambition Fi (uncorrected state), Gold,]

F1-2.

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Have slain their Brothers, or their Country sold: And leaving their sweet Homes, in Exile run T o Lands that lye beneath another Sun. T h e Peasant, innocent of all these Ills, ) With crooked Ploughs the fertile Fallows tills; > 740 And the round Year with daily Labour fills. ) From hence the Country Markets are supply'd: Enough remains for houshold Charge beside; His Wife, and tender Children to sustain, And gratefully to feed his dumb deserving Train. Nor cease his Labours, till the Yellow Field A full return of bearded Harvest yield: A Crop so plenteous, as the Land to load, O'recome the crowded Barns, and lodge on Ricks abroad. T h u s ev'ry sev'ral Season is employ'd: 750 Some spent in Toyl, and some in Ease enjoy'd. T h e yeaning Ewes prevent the springing Year; T h e laded Boughs their Fruits in Autumn bear. 'Tis then the Vine her liquid Harvest yields, Bak'd in the Sun-shine of ascending Fields. T h e Winter comes, and then the falling Mast, For greedy Swine, provides a full repast. T h e n Olives, ground in Mills, their fatness boast, And Winter Fruits are mellow'd by the Frost. His Cares are eas'd with Intervals of bliss, 760 His little Children climbing for a Kiss, Welcome their Father's late return at Night; His faithful Bed is crown'd with chast delight. His Kine with swelling Udders ready stand, And, lowing for the Pail, invite the Milker's hand. His wanton Kids, with budding Horns prepar'd, Fight harmless Battels in his homely Yard: Himself in Rustick Pomp, on Holy-days, \ T o Rural Pow'rs a just Oblation pays; > And on the Green his careless Limbs displays. ) 770 T h e Hearth is in the midst; the Herdsmen round T h e chearful Fire, provoke his health in Goblets crown'd.

The Second Book of the Georgics He calls on Bacchus, and propounds the Prize; \ T h e Groom his Fellow Groom at Buts defies; > And bends his Bow, and levels with his Eyes: ) Or stript for Wrestling, smears his Limbs with Oyl, And watches with a trip his Foe to foil. Such was the life the frugal Sabines led; So Remus and his Brother God were bred: From whom th' austere Etrurian Virtue rose, 780 And this rude life our homely Fathers chose. Old Rome from such a Race deriv'd her birth, (The Seat of Empire, and the conquer'd Earth:) Which now on sev'n high Hills triumphant reigns, And in that compass all the World contains. E're Saturn's Rebel Son usurp'd the Skies, When Beasts were only slain for Sacrifice: While peaceful Crete enjoy'd her ancient Lord, E're sounding Hammers forg'd th' inhumane Sword: E're hollow Drums were beat, before the Breath 790 Of brazen Trumpets rung the Peals of Death; T h e good old God his Hunger did asswage With Roots and Herbs, and gave the Golden Age. But over labour'd with so long a Course, Tis time to set at ease the smoaking Horse. 774

Eyes:]

F1-2.

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209

The Third Book of the Georgics THE ARGUMENT.

This Book begins with an Invocation of some Rural Deities, and a Compliment to Augustus: After which Virgil directs himself to Maecenas, and enters on his Subject. He lays down Rules for the Breeding and Management of Horses, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, and Dogs: And interweaves several pleasant Descriptions of a Chariot-Race, of the Battel of the Bulls, of the Force of Love, and of the Scythian Winter. In the latter part of the Book he relates the Diseases incident to Cattel; and ends with the Description of a fatal Murrain that formerly rag'd among the Alps.

T

HY Fields, propitious Pales, I reherse; And sing thy Pastures in no vulgar Verse, Amphrysian Shepherd; the Lycaan Woods; Arcadia's flow'ry Plains, and pleasing Floods. All other Themes, that careless Minds invite, Are worn with use; unworthy me to write. Busiris Altars, and the dire Decrees Of hard Eurystheus, ev'ry Reader sees: Hylas the Boy, Latona's erring Isle, 10 And Pelops Iv'ry Shoulder, and his T o i l For fair Hippodamé, with all the rest Of Grecian Tales, by Poets are exprest: New ways I must attempt, my groveling Name T o raise aloft, and wing my flight to Fame. I, first of Romans shall in Triumph come From conquer'd Greece, and bring her Trophies home: With Foreign Spoils adorn my native place; And with Idume's Palms, my Mantua grace. Of Parian Stone a Temple will I raise, 3 Maecenas] Mecaenas F1-2; no Argument in O. 7 Busiris] Busiri's O, F1-2. 8 Eurystheus] Euristheus O, F1-2. 10 Pelops] Pelop's O, F1-2. 11 Hippodamé] Hippodamé O, F1-2.

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Where the slow Mincius through the Vally strays: Where cooling Streams invite the Flocks to drink: And Reeds defend the winding Waters Brink. Full in the midst shall mighty Ccesar stand: Hold the chief Honours; and the Dome command. Then I, conspicuous in my Tyrian Gown, (Submitting to his Godhead my Renown) A hundred Coursers from the Goal will drive; The rival Chariots in the Race shall strive. All Greece shall flock from far, my Games to see; \ The Whorlbat, and the rapid Race, shall be > Reserv'd for Ctzsar, and ordain'd by me. ) My self, with Olive crown'd, the Gifts will bear: \ Ev'n now methinks the publick shouts I hear: > The passing Pageants, and the Pomps appear. ) I, to the Temple will conduct the Crew: The Sacrifice and Sacrificers view; From thence return, attended with my Train, Where the proud Theatres disclose the Scene: Which interwoven Britains seem to raise, And shew the Triumph which their Shame displays. High o're the Gate, in Elephant and Gold, The Crowd shall Casar's Indian War behold; The Nile shall flow beneath; and on the side, His shatter'd Ships on Brazen Pillars ride. Next him Niphates with inverted Urn, \ And dropping Sedge, shall his Armenia mourn; > And Asian Cities in our Triumph born. ) With backward Bows the Parthians shall be there; And, spurring from the Fight confess their Fear. A double Wreath shall crown our Casar's Brows; T w o differing Trophies, from two different Foes. Europe with Africk in his Fame shall join; But neither Shoar his Conquest shall confine. The Parian Marble, there, shall seem to move, In breathing Statues, not unworthy Jove: 40 Triumph . . . Shame] Triumph 55 Jove:] — O, Fi—2.

. . . Shame O, F 1 - 2 .

The Third Book of the Georgics Resembling Heroes, whose Etherial Root, Is Jove himself, and Ccesar is the Fruit. Tros and his Race the Sculptor shall employ; And he the God, who built the Walls of Troy. Envy her self at last, grown pale and dumb; (By Ccesar combated and overcome) Shall give her Hands; and fear the curling Snakes Of lashing Furies, and the burning Lakes: T h e Pains of famisht Tantalus shall feel; \ And Sisyphus that labours up the Hill > T h e rowling Rock in vain; and curst Ixion's Wheel. / Mean time we must pursue the Sylvan Lands; \ (Th' abode of Nymphs,) untouch'd by former Hands: > For such, Mcecenas, are thy hard Commands. ) Without thee nothing lofty can I sing; Come then, and with thy self thy Genius bring: With which inspir'd, I brook no dull delay. ) Cytheron loudly calls me to my way; ; T h y Hounds, Taygetus, open and pursue their Prey. ) High Epidaurus urges on my speed, Fam'd for his Hills, and for his Horses breed: From Hills and Dales the chearful Cries rebound: For Eccho hunts along; and propagates the sound. A time will come, when my maturer Muse, In Ccesar's Wars, a Nobler Theme shall chuse: A n d through more Ages bear my Soveraign's Praise; T h a n have from Tithon past to Ccesar's Days. T h e Generous Youth, who studious of the Prize, T h e Race of running Coursers multiplies; Or to the Plough the sturdy Bullock breeds, May know that from the Dam the worth of each proceeds: T h e Mother Cow must wear a low'ring look, Sour headed, strongly neck'd, to bear the Yoke. Her double Dew-lap from her Chin descends: And at her Thighs the pondrous burthen ends. Long are her sides and large, her Limbs are great; 67 80

Sylvan] Sylvan O, F 1 - 2 . chuse:] O, F 1 - 2 .

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R o u g h are her Ears, and broad her horny Feet. H e r C o l o u r shining Black, but fleck'd with white; She tosses from the Yoke; provokes the Fight: She rises in her Gate, is free from Fears; A n d in her Face a Bull's Resemblance bears: H e r ample Forehead with a Star is crown'd; A n d with her length of T a i l she sweeps the Ground. T h e Bull's Insult at Four she may sustain; 100 But, after T e n , from Nuptial Rites refrain. Six Seasons use; but then release the C o w , Unfit for Love, and for the lab'ring Plough. N o w while their Y o u t h is fill'd with kindly Submit thy Females to the lusty Sire: Watch the quick motions of the frisking T a i l , T h e n serve their fury with the rushing Male, Indulging Pleasure lest the Breed shou'd fail.

Fire, \ > )

In Youth alone, unhappy Mortals live; But, ah! the mighty Bliss is fugitive; no Discolour'd Sickness, anxious Labours come, A n d Age, and Death's inexorable Doom. Yearly thy Herds in vigour will impair; Recruit and mend 'em with thy Yearly care: Still propagate, for still they fall away, ' T i s Prudence to prevent th' entire decay. L i k e Diligence requires the Courser's Race; In early Choice; and for a longer space. T h e Colt, that for a Stallion is design'd, \ By sure Presages shows his generous Kind, > 120 Of able Body, sound of L i m b and W i n d . ) Upright he walks, on Pasterns firm and straight; His Motions easy; prancing in his Gate: T h e first to lead the W a y , to tempt the Flood; T o pass the Bridge unknown, nor fear the trembling W o o d : Dauntless at empty Noises; lofty neck'd; Sharp headed, Barrel belly'd, broadly back'd: 122 124 126

Gate:] Wood:] back'd:]

O, F1-2. O, F1-2. O, F1-2.

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Brawny his Chest, and deep, his Colour gray; \ For Beauty dappled, or the brightest Bay: > Faint white and Dun will scarce the Rearing pay. / 130 T h e fiery Courser, when he hears from far, T h e sprightly Trumpet, and the shouts of War, Pricks up his Ears; and trembling with Delight, Shifts place, and paws; and hopes the promis'd Fight. On his right Shoulder his thick Mane reclin'd, Ruffles at speed; and dances in the Wind. His horny Hoofs are jetty black, and round; \ His Chine is double; starting, with a bound > He turns the T u r f , and shakes the solid Ground. ) Fire from his Eyes, Clouds from his Nostrils flow: 140 He bears his Rider headlong on the Foe. Such was the Steed in Grcecian Poets fam'd, Proud Cyllarus, by Spartan Castor tam'd: Such Coursers bore to Fight the God of Thrace; And such, Achilles, was thy warlike Race. In such a Shape, old Saturn did restrain His Heav'nly Limbs, and flow'd with such a Mane: When, half surpriz'd, and fearing to be seen, T h e Leacher gallop'd from his Jealous Queen: Ran up the ridges of the Rocks amain; 150 And with shrill Neighings fill'd the Neighb'ring Plain. But worn with Years, when dire Diseases come, T h e n hide his not Ignoble Age, at Home: In Peace t' enjoy his former Palms and Pains; And gratefully be kind to his Remains. For when his Blood no Youthful Spirits move, He languishes and labours in his Love. And when the sprightly Seed shou'd swiftly come, Dribling he drudges, and defrauds the Womb. In vain he burns, like fainty Stubble Fires; 131 Trumpet] Fi (corrected state)-. Trumpets O, F i (uncorrected state), F2. 142 Castor] Fi (corrected state); Pollux O, Fi (uncorrected state), Fg. 145 old] Fi (corrected state); grim O, Fi (uncorrected state), F2. 146 Mane:] O, F1-2. 150 Neighb'ring] Neighbouring O, F2; Neigbouring Fi (uncorrected state); Neigbo'ring Fi (corrected state). 159 fainty] Fi (corrected state); hasty O, F i (uncorrected state), F2.

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wo And in himself his former self requires. His Age and Courage weigh: Nor those alone, But note his Father's Virtues with his own; Observe if he disdains to yield the Prize; Of Loss impatient, proud of Victories. Hast thou beheld, when from the Goal they start, T h e Youthful Charioteers with heaving Heart, Rush to the Race; and panting, scarcely bear T h ' extreams of feaverish hope, and chilling Fear; Stoop to the Reins, and lash with all their force; 170 T h e flying Chariot kindles in the Course: And now aloft; and now alow they fly, Now seem to sink in Earth, and now to touch the Sky; No stop, no stay, but Clouds of Sand arise; Spurn'd, and cast backward on the Follower's Eyes. T h e hindmost blows the foam upon the first: Such is the love of Praise, an Honourable Thirst. Bold Ericthonius was the first, who join'd Four Horses for the rapid Race design'd; And o're the dusty Wheels presiding sate; iso T h e Lapithae to Chariots, added State Of Bits and Bridles; taught the Steed to bound; T o run the Ring, and trace the mazy round: T o stop, to fly, the Rules of War to know: T ' obey the Rider; and to dare the Foe. T o chuse a Youthful Steed, with Courage fir'd; T o breed him, break him, back him, are requir'd Experienc'd Masters; and in sundry Ways: Their Labours equal, and alike their Praise. But once again the batter'd Horse beware, 190 T h e weak old Stallion will deceive thy care. 162 166 171 172 and 172 180 180 182

with] Fi (corrected state)', and O, Fi (uncorrected state), F2. heaving] F2; beating O, F i . a l o f t . . . alow] Fi (corrected state); a-low . . . aloft O, Fi (uncorrected state), F2. Now seem to sink in Earth, and now] Fi (corrected state); As born through Air, state), F2. seem O, F i (uncorrected Sky;] Fi (corrected state); O, F i (uncorrected state), F2. Lapithcc] Lapythce O, F 1 - 2 . added] Fi (corrected state); add the O, F i (uncorrected state), F2. round:] O, F 1 - 2 .

The Third

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Though Famous in his Youth for force and speed, Or was of Argos or Epirian breed, Or did from Neptune's Race, or from himself proceed. These things premis'd, when now the Nuptial time Approaches for the stately Steed to climb; With Food inable him, to make his Court; Distend his Chine, and pamper him for sport. Feed him with Herbs, whatever thou can'st find, Of generous warmth; and of salacious kind. 2«o Then Water him, and (drinking what he can) Encourage him to thirst again, with Bran. Instructed thus, produce him to the Faire; And joyn in Wedlock to the longing Mare. For if the Sire be faint, or out of case, He will be copied in his famish'd Race: And sink beneath the pleasing Task assign'd; (For all's too little for the craving Kind.) As for the Females, with industrious care Take down their Mettle, keep 'em lean and bare; 210 When conscious of their past delight, and keen T o take the leap, and prove the sport agen; With scanty measure then supply their food; And, when athirst, restrain 'em from the flood: Their Bodies harrass, sink 'em when they run; And fry their melting Marrow in the Sun. Starve 'em, when Barns beneath their burthen groan, And winnow'd Chaff, by western winds is blown: For Fear the rankness of the swelling Womb Shou'd scant the passage, and confine the room: 220 Lest the Fat Furrows shou'd the sense destroy Of Genial Lust; and dull the Seat of Joy. But let 'em suck the Seed with greedy force; And close involve the Vigour of the Horse. T h e Male has done; thy care must now proceed 217 blown:] O, F 1 - 2 . 219 room:] O, F 1 - 2 . 223 close involve] F2; there enclose O, F i . 224-225 so in O, Fi (corrected state), Fz; Fi (uncorrected state) has: No more of Coursers yet: We now proceed T o teeming Kine; and their laborious breed.

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T o teeming Females; and the promis'd breed. First let 'em r u n at large; and never know T h e taming Yoak, or draw the crooked Plough. Let 'em not leap the Ditch, or swim the Flood; O r l u m b e r o're the Meads; or cross the W o o d : 230 But range the Forrest, by the silver side Of some cool Stream, where N a t u r e shall provide Green Grass and fat'ning Clover for their fare; ] A n d Mossy Caverns for their N o o n t i d e lare: W i t h Rocks above, to shield the sharp Nocturnal air. , A b o u t th' Alburnian Groves, with Holly green, Of winged Insects mighty swarms are seen: T h i s flying Plague (to mark its quality;) Oestros the Grecians call: Asilus, we: A fierce loud buzzing Breez; their stings draw blood; 240 A n d drive the Cattel gadding through the Wood. Seiz'd with unusual pains, they loudly cry, Tanagrus hastens thence; a n d leaves his Channel dry. T h i s Curse the jealous Juno did invent; A n d first imploy'd for Io's P u n i s h m e n t . T o shun this 111, the c u n n i n g Leach ordains I n Summer's Sultry Heats (for then it reigns) T o feed the Females, e're the Sun arise, O r late at Night, when Stars adorn the Skies. W h e n she has calv'd, then set the D a m aside; 250 A n d for the tender Progeny provide. Distinguish all betimes, with b r a n d i n g Fire; T o note the T r i b e , the Lineage, a n d the Sire: W h o m to reserve for H u s b a n d of the H e r d ; O r who shall be to Sacrifice preferr'd; O r whom thou shalt to t u r n thy Glebe allow; T o smooth the Furrows, and sustain the Plough: 229 Wood:] —. O, F 1 - 2 . 232 fare;] O; F1-2. 233 Noontide] O, Fi (corrected state), F2; Evening F i (uncorrected state). 235 not indented in O, F1-2, but preceded by a blank line in O. 238 Asilus] Asylus O, F 1 - 2 . 249 not indented in O, Fi-2, but preceded by a blank line in O. 252 and the] O, F2; and T h e F i . 252 Sire:] O, F 1 - 2 . 256 smooth the] F2; harrow O, F i .

The Third Book of the Georgics T h e rest, for whom no Lot is yet decreed, May run in Pastures, and at pleasure feed. T h e Calf, by Nature and by Genius made 260 T o turn the Glebe, breed to the Rural Trade. Set him betimes to School; and let him be Instructed there in Rules of Husbandry: While yet his youth is flexible and green; Nor bad Examples of the World has seen. Early begin the stubborn Child to break; For his soft Neck, a supple Collar make Of bending Osiers; and (with time and care Enur'd that easie Servitude to bear) T h y flattering Method on the Youth pursue: 270 Join'd with his School-Fellows, by two and two, Perswade 'em first to lead an empty Wheel, T h a t scarce the dust can raise; or they can feel: In length of T i m e produce the lab'ring Yoke And shining Shares, that make the Furrow smoak. E're the licentious Youth be thus restrain'd, Or Moral Precepts on their Minds have gain'd; T h e i r wanton appetites not only feed With delicates of Leaves, and marshy Weed, But with thy Sickle reap the rankest land: 280 And minister the blade, with bounteous hand. Nor be with harmful parsimony won T o follow what our homely Sires have done; Who fill'd the Pail with Beestings of the Cow: But all her Udder to the Calf allow. If to the Warlike Steed thy Studies bend, Or for the Prize in Chariots to contend; Near Pisa's Flood the rapid Wheels to guide, Or in Olympian Groves aloft to ride, T h e generous Labours of the Courser, first 290 Must be with sight of Arms and sounds of Trumpets nurst: Inur'd the groaning Axle-tree to bear; And let him clashing Whips in Stables hear. Sooth him with Praise, and make him understand T h e loud Applauses of his Master's Hand:

217

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This from his Weaning, let him well be taught; And then betimes in a soft Snaffle wrought: Before his tender Joints with Nerves are knit; Untry'd in Arms, and trembling at the Bit. But when to four full Springs his years advance, 300 Teach him to run the round, with Pride to prance; And (rightly manag'd) equal time to beat; T o turn, to bound in measure; and Curvet. Let him, to this, with easie pains be brought: And seem to labour, when he labours not. Thus, form'd for speed, he challenges the Wind; And leaves the Scythian Arrow far behind: He scours along the Field, with loosen'd Reins; And treads so light, he scarcely prints the Plains: Like Boreas in his Race, when rushing forth, 3io He sweeps the Skies, and clears the cloudy North: T h e waving Harvest bends beneath his blast; T h e Forest shakes, the Groves their Honours cast; He flies aloft, and with impetuous roar Pursues the foaming Surges to the Shoar. Thus o're th' Elean Plains, thy well-breath'd Horse Impels the flying Carr, and wins the Course: Or, bred to Belgian Waggons, leads the Way; Untir'd at night, and chearful all the Day. When once he's broken, feed him full and high: 320 Indulge his Growth, and his gaunt sides supply. Before his Training, keep him poor and low; For his stout Stomach with his Food will grow; T h e pamper'd Colt will Discipline disdain, Impatient of the Lash, and restiff to the Rein. Wou'dst thou their Courage and their Strength improve, T o o soon they must not feel the stings of Love. Whether the Bull or Courser be thy Care, Let him not leap the Cow, nor mount the Mare. T h e youthful Bull must wander in the Wood; 298 308 316 316

Untry'd in] F2; Guiltless of O, F i . Plains:] O, F 1 - 2 . Impels the flying Carr] F2; Sustains the goring Spurs O, F i . Course:] O, F 1 - 2 .

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330 Behind the Mountain, or beyond the Flood: Or, in the Stall at home his Fodder find; Far from the Charms of that alluring Kind. With two fair Eyes his Mistress burns his Breast; He looks, and languishes, and leaves his Rest; Forsakes his Food, and pining for the Lass, Is joyless of the Grove, and spurns the growing grass. T h e soft Seducer, with enticing Looks, T h e bellowing Rivals to the Fight provokes. A beauteous Heifer in the Woods is bred; 340 T h e stooping Warriours, aiming Head to Head, Engage their clashing Horns; with dreadful Sound T h e Forest rattles, and the Rocks rebound. They fence, they push, and pushing loudly roar; T h e i r Dewlaps and their Sides are bath'd in Gore. Nor when the War is over, is it Peace; Nor will the vanquish'd Bull his Claim release: But feeding in his Breast his ancient Fires, And cursing Fate, from his proud Foe retires. Driv'n from his Native Land, to foreign Grounds, 350 He with a gen'rous Rage resents his Wounds; His ignominious Flight, the Victor's boast, And more than both, the Loves, which unreveng'd he lost. Often he turns his Eyes, and, with a Groan, Surveys the pleasing Kingdoms, once his own. And therefore to repair his Strength he tries: \ Hardning his Limbs with painful Exercise, > And rough upon the flinty Rock he lies. ) On prickly Leaves, and on sharp Herbs he feeds, T h e n to the Prelude of a War proceeds. 360 His Horns, yet sore, he tries against a T r e e : And meditates his absent Enemy. He snuffs the Wind, his heels the Sand excite; \ But, when he stands collected in his might, > He roars, and promises a more successful Fight. ) T h e n , to redeem his Honour at a blow, He moves his Camp, to meet his careless Foe. Not with more Madness, rolling from afar,

The Third Book of the Georgics T h e spumy Waves proclaim the watry War: And mounting upwards, with a mighty Roar, 370 March onwards, and insult the rocky shoar. T h e y mate the middle Region with their height; And fall no less, than with a Mountain's weight; T h e Waters boil, and belching from below Black Sands, as from a forceful Engine throw. Thus every Creature, and of every Kind, T h e secret Joys of sweet Coition find: Not only Man's Imperial Race; but they T h a t wing the liquid Air; or swim the Sea, Or haunt the Desart, rush into the flame: 380 For Love is Lord of all; and is in all the same. 'Tis with this rage, the Mother Lion stung, Scours o're the Plain; regardless of her young: Demanding Rites of Love, she sternly stalks; And hunts her Lover in his lonely Walks. 'Tis then the shapeless Bear his Den forsakes; In Woods and Fields a wild destruction makes. Boars whet their Tusks; to battel Tygers move; Enrag'd with Hunger, more enrag'd with Love. T h e n wo to him, that in the desart Land 390 Of Lybia travels, o're the burning Sand. T h e Stallion snuffs the well-known Scent afar; And snorts and trembles for the distant Mare: Nor Bits nor Bridles can his Rage restrain; And rugged Rocks are interpos'd in vain: He makes his way o're Mountains, and contemns Unruly Torrents, and unfoorded Streams. T h e bristled Boar, who feels the pleasing Wound, New grinds his arming Tusks, and digs the Ground. T h e sleepy Leacher shuts his little Eyes; 400 About his churning Chaps the frothy bubbles rise: He rubs his sides against a Tree; prepares And hardens both his Shoulders for the Wars. What did the Youth, when Love's unerring Dart 368 403

War:]

O, F1-2.

not indented

in O,

Fi-2.

383

403

Love,]

O, F1-2.

Youth] Youth O, F 1 - 2 .

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Transfixt his Liver; and inflam'd his heart? Alone, by night, his watry way he took; About him, and above, the Billows broke: T h e Sluces of the Skie were open spread; And rowling Thunder rattl'd o're his Head. T h e raging Tempest call'd him back in vain; 410 And every boding Omen of the Main. Nor cou'd his Kindred; nor the kindly Force Of weeping Parents, change his fatal Course: No, not the dying Maid, who must deplore His floating Carcass on the Sestian shore. I pass the Wars that spotted Lynx's make With their fierce Rivals, for the Females sake: T h e howling Wolves, the Mastiffs amorous rage; When ev'n the fearful Stag dares for his Hind engage. But far above the rest, the furious Mare, 420 Barr'd from the Male, is frantick with despair. For when her pouting Vent declares her pain, She tears the Harness, and she rends the Reyn; For this; (when Venus gave them rage and pow'r) \ T h e i r Masters mangl'd Members they devour; > ) Of Love defrauded in their longing Hour. For Love they force thro' Thickets of the Wood, They climb the steepy Hills, and stem the Flood. When at the Spring's approach their Marrow burns, (For with the Spring their genial Warmth returns) 430 T h e Mares to Cliffs of rugged Rocks repair, And with wide Nostrils snuff the Western Air: When (wondrous to relate) the Parent Wind, Without the Stallion, propagates the Kind. Then fir'd with amorous rage, they take their Flight Through Plains, and mount the Hills unequal height; Nor to the North, nor to the Rising Sun, Nor Southward to the Rainy Regions run, But boring to the West, and hov'ring there, With gaping Mouths, they draw prolifick air: 440 With which impregnate, from their Groins they shed A slimy Juice, by false Conception bred. 412

Course:]

O, F 1 - 2 .

415

Lynx's] Linx's O, F 1 - 2 .

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T h e Shepherd knows it well; and calls by Name Hippomanes, to note the Mother's Flame. This, gather'd in the Planetary Hour, With noxious Weeds, and spell'd with Words of pow'r, Dire Stepdames in the Magick Bowl infuse; And mix, for deadly Draughts, the poys'nous Juice. But time is lost, which never will renew, \ While we too far the pleasing Path pursue; > 450 Surveying Nature, with too nice a view. ) Let this suffice for Herds: our following Care Shall woolly Flocks, and shaggy Goats declare. Nor can I doubt what Oyl I must bestow, T o raise my Subject from a Ground so low: And the mean Matter which my T h e m e affords, T ' embellish with Magnificence of Words. But the commanding Muse my Chariot guides; Which o're the dubious Cliff securely rides: And pleas'd I am, no beaten Road to take: 460 But first the way to new Discov'ries make. Now, sacred Pales, in a lofty strain, I sing the Rural Honours of thy Reign. First with assiduous care, from Winter keep Well fodder'd in the Stalls, thy tender Sheep. T h e n spread with Straw, the bedding of thy Fold; With Fern beneath, to fend the bitter Cold: T h a t free from Gouts thou may'st preserve thy Care: And clear from Scabs, produc'd by freezing Air. Next let thy Goats officiously be nurs'd; 470 And led to living Streams; to quench their Thirst. Feed 'em with Winter-brouze, and for their lare A Cot that opens to the South prepare: Where basking in the Sun-shine they may lye, And the short Remnants of his Heat enjoy. This during Winter's drisly Reign be done: 'Till the new Ram receives th' exalted Sun: For hairy Goats of equal profit are With woolly Sheep, and ask an equal Care. 466 Cold:]

O, F1-2.

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225

'Tis true, the Fleece, when drunk with Tyrian Juice, 48o Is dearly sold; but not for needful use: For the sallacious Goat encreases more; And twice as largely yields her milky Store. T h e still distended Udders never fail; But when they seem exhausted swell the Pail. Mean time the Pastor shears their hoary Beards; And eases of their Hair, the loaden Herds. T h e i r Camelots, warm in Tents, the Souldier hold; And shield the shiv'ring Mariner from Cold. On Shrubs they brouze, and on the bleaky T o p 490 Of rugged Hills, the thorny Bramble crop. Attended with their bleating Kids they come At Night unask'd, and mindful of their home; And scarce their swelling Bags the threshold overcome. So much the more thy diligence bestow In depth of Winter, to defend the Snow: By how much less the tender helpless Kind, For their own ills, can fit Provision find. T h e n minister the browze, with bounteous hand; And open let thy Stacks all Winter stand, soo But when the Western Winds with vital pow'r Call forth the tender Grass, and budding Flower; Then, at the last, produce in open Air Both Flocks; and send 'em to their Summer fare. Before the Sun, while Hesperus appears; First let 'em sip from Herbs the pearly tears Of Morning Dews: And after break their Fast On Green-sword Ground; (a cool and grateful taste:) But when the day's fourth hour has drawn the Dews, And the Sun's sultry heat their thirst renews; 510 When creaking Grashoppers on Shrubs complain, T h e n lead 'em to their wat'ring Troughs again. In Summer's heat, some bending Valley find, Clos'd from the Sun, but open to the Wind: Or seek some ancient Oak, whose Arms extend 488 499

shiv'ring] F2; wretched O, F i . 491 bleating Kids] F t ; Family O, F i . Stacks] O, Fi (corrected state), ¥2; Staks Fi (uncorrected state).

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In ample breadth, thy Cattle to defend: Or solitary Grove, or gloomy Glade: T o shield 'em with its venerable Shade. Once more to wat'ring lead; and feed again When the low Sun is sinking to the Main: 520 When rising Cynthia sheds her silver Dews; And the cool Evening-breeze the Meads renews: When Linnets fill the Woods with tuneful sound, And hollow shoars the Halcyons Voice rebound. Why shou'd my Muse enlarge on Lybian Swains; T h e i r scatter'd Cottages, and ample Plains? Where oft the Flocks, without a Leader stray; \ Or through continu'd Desarts take their way; > And, feeding, add the length of Night to day. ) Whole Months they wander, grazing as they go; 530 Nor Folds, nor hospitable Harbour know: Such an extent of Plains, so vast a space Of Wilds unknown, and of untasted Grass Allures their Eyes: T h e Shepherd last appears, And with him all his Patrimony bears: His House and household Gods! his trade of War, His Bow and Quiver; and his trusty Cur. Thus, under heavy Arms, the Youth of Rome T h e i r long laborious Marches overcome; Chearly their tedious Travels undergo: 540 And pitch their sudden Camp before the Foe. Not so the Scythian Shepherd tends his Fold; Nor he who bears in Thrace the bitter cold: Nor he, who treads the bleak Meotian Strand; Or where proud Ister rouls his yellow Sand. Early they stall their Flocks and Herds; for there No Grass the Fields, no Leaves the Forests wear. T h e frozen Earth lies buried there, below J A hilly heap, sev'n Cubits deep in Snow: > And all the West Allies of stormy Boreas blow. ) 519 523 530 549

Main:] O, F 1 - 2 . Halcyons] Halcyons O, F 1 - 2 . know:] O, F 1 - 2 . West Allies] West Allies F 1 - 2 ; Western Sons O.

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550

T h e Sun from far, peeps with a sickly face; T o o weak the Clouds, and mighty Fogs to chace; When up the Skies, he shoots his rosie Head; Or in the ruddy Ocean seeks his Bed. Swift Rivers, are with sudden Ice constrain'd; And studded Wheels are on its back sustain'd: An Hostry now for Waggons; which before Tall Ships of burthen, on its Bosom bore. T h e brazen Cauldrons, with the Frost are flaw'd; T h e Garment, stiff with Ice, at Hearths is thaw'd; 560 With Axes first they cleave the Wine, and thence By weight, the solid portions they dispence. From Locks uncomb'd, and from the frozen Beard, Long Isicles depend, and crackling Sounds are heard. Mean time perpetual Sleet, and driving Snow, Obscure the Skies, and hang on Herds below. T h e starving Cattle perish in their Stalls, Huge Oxen stand enclos'd in wint'ry Walls Of Snow congeal'd; whole Herds are bury'd there Of mighty Stags, and scarce their Horns appear. 570 T h e dext'rous Huntsman wounds not these afar, With Shafts, or Darts, or makes a distant War With Dogs; or pitches Toyls to stop their Flight: But close engages in unequal Fight: And while they strive in vain to make their way Through hills of Snow, and pitifully bray; Assaults with dint of Sword, or pointed Spears, And homeward, on his Back, the joyful burthen bears. T h e Men to subterranean Caves retire; Secure from Cold; and crowd the chearful Fire: 58o With Trunks of Elms and Oaks, the Hearth they load, Nor tempt th' inclemency of Heav'n abroad. T h e i r jovial Nights, in frollicks and in play They pass, to drive the tedious Hours away: And their cold Stomachs with crown'd Goblets cheer, Of windy Cider, and of barmy Beer. 555 573

sustain'd:] O, F i - 2 . Fight:] — O, F1-2.

559 583

thaw'd;] F2; O, Fi away:] O, F 1 - 2 .

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Such are the cold Riphcean Race; and such T h e savage Scythian, and unwarlike Dutch: Where Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear; T h e spoils of Foxes, and the furry Bear. 590 Is Wool thy care? Let not thy Cattle go Where Bushes are, where Burs and Thistles grow; Nor in too rank a Pasture let 'em feed: T h e n of the purest white select thy Breed. Ev'n though a snowy Ram thou shalt behold, Prefer him not in haste, for Husband to thy Fold: But search his Mouth; and if a swarthy Tongue Is underneath his humid Pallat hung; Reject him, lest he darken all the Flock; And substitute another from thy Stock. 600 Twas thus with Fleeces milky white (if we May trust report,) Pan God of A ready Did bribe thee Cynthia; nor didst thou disdain When call'd in woody shades, to cure a Lover's pain. If Milk be thy design; with plenteous hand Bring Clover-grass; and from the marshy Land Salt Herbage for the fodd'ring Rack provide; T o fill their Bags, and swell the milky Tide: These raise their Thirst, and to the Taste restore T h e savour of the Salt, on which they fed before. 6io Some, when the Kids their Dams too deeply drain, With gags and muzzles their soft Mouths restrain. T h e i r morning Milk, the Peasants press at Night: T h e i r Evening Meal, before the rising Light T o Market bear: or sparingly they steep With seas'ning Salt, and stor'd, for Winter keep. Nor last, forget thy faithful Dogs: but feed With fat'ning Whey the Mastiffs gen'rous breed; And Spartan Race: who for the Folds relief Will prosecute with Cries the Nightly Thief: 620 Repulse the prouling Wolf, and hold at Bay 586 587 588 612

Riphaari) Ryphaan O; Ryphean F 1 - 2 . Dutch:] O, Fi—2. Barbarians] Barbarians O, F1-2. 595 Peasants] Peasants O, F1-2. 620

Fold:] Bay]

O, F1-2. O, F 1 - 2 .

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T h e Mountain Robbers, rushing to the Prey. W i t h cries of Hounds, thou may'st pursue the fear Of flying Hares, and chace the fallow Deer; Rouze from their desart Dens, the brisl'd Rage Of Boars, and beamy Stags in Toyls engage. With smoak of burning Cedar scent thy Walls: A n d fume with stinking Galbanum thy Stalls: W i t h that rank Odour from thy dwelling Place T o drive the Viper's brood, and all the venom'd Race. 630 For often under Stalls unmov'd, they lye, Obscure in shades, and shunning Heav'ns broad Eye. A n d Snakes, familiar, to the Hearth succeed, Disclose their Eggs, and near the Chimny breed: Whether, to roofy Houses they repair, O r Sun themselves abroad in open Air, In all abodes of pestilential Kind, T o Sheep and Oxen, and the painful Hind. T a k e , Shepherd take, a plant of stubborn Oak; A n d labour him with many a sturdy stroak: 640 O r with hard Stones, demolish from a-far His haughty Crest, the seat of all the War. Invade his hissing Throat, and winding spires; ' T i l l stretch'd in length, th' unfolded Foe retires. He drags his T a i l ; and for his Head provides: A n d in some secret cranny slowly glides; But leaves expos'd to blows, his Back and batter'd sides. In fair Calabria's Woods, a Snake is bred, W i t h curling Crest, and with advancing Head: Waving he rolls, and makes a winding Track; 650 His Belly spotted, burnisht is his Back: W h i l e Springs are broken, while the Southern A i r A n d dropping Heav'ns, the moisten'd Earth repair, H e lives on standing Lakes, and trembling Bogs, A n d fills his Maw with Fish, or with loquacious Frogs. But when, in muddy Pools, the water sinks; A n d the chapt Earth is furrow'd o're with Chinks; 627 651

Galbanum] Galbanum O, F1-2. Southern] Southern O, F1-2.

633

breed:]

O, F1-2.

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He leaves the Fens, and leaps upon the Ground; And hissing, rowls his glaring Eyes around. With Thirst inflam'd, impatient of the heats, 660 He rages in the Fields, and wide Destruction threats. Oh let not Sleep, my closing Eyes invade, In open Plains, or in the secret Shade, When he, renew'd in all the speckl'd Pride Of pompous Youth, has cast his slough aside: And in his Summer Liv'ry rowls along: \ Erect, and brandishing his forky Tongue, > Leaving his Nest, and his imperfect Young; ) And thoughtless of his Eggs, forgets to rear T h e hopes of Poyson, for the foll'wing Year. 670 T h e Causes and the Signs shall next be told, Of ev'ry Sickness that infects the Fold. A scabby Tetter on their pelts will stick, When the raw Rain has pierc'd them to the quick: Or searching Frosts, have eaten through the Skin, Or burning Isicles are lodg'd within: Or when the Fleece is shorn, if sweat remains Unwash'd, and soaks into their empty Veins: When their defenceless Limbs, the Brambles tear; Short of their Wool, and naked from the Sheer. 680 Good Shepherds after sheering, drench their Sheep, And their Flocks Father (forc'd from high to leap) Swims down the Stream, and plunges in the deep. They oint their naked Limbs with mother'd Oyl; Or from the Founts where living Sulphurs boyl, They mix a Med'cine to foment their Limbs; With Scum that on the molten Silver swims. Fat Pitch, and black Bitumen, add to these, \ Besides, the waxen labour of the Bees: > And Hellebore, and Squills deep rooted in the Seas. ) 690 Receits abound; but searching all thy Store, T h e best is still at hand, to launch the Sore: 668 689 689

Eggs] O, F2; Egs F i . Hellebore . . . Squills] Hellebore Seas.] O; F1-2.

673 them] F2; 'em O, F i . ... Squills O, F 1 - 2 .

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And cut the Head; for till the Core be found, T h e secret Vice is fed, and gathers Ground: While making fruitless Moan, the Shepherd stands, ) And, when the launching Knife requires his hands, > Vain help, with idle Pray'rs from Heav'n demands. / Deep in their Bones when Feavers fix their seat, And rack their Limbs; and lick the vital heat; T h e ready Cure to cool the raging Pain, 700 Is underneath the Foot to breath a Vein. T h i s remedy the Scythian Shepherds found: T h ' Inhabitants of Thracia s hilly Ground, And Gelons use it; when for Drink and Food T h e y mix their cruddl'd Milk with Horses Blood. But where thou seest a single Sheep remain In shades aloof, or couch'd upon the Plain; Or listlesly to crop the tender Grass; Or late to lag behind, with truant pace; Revenge the Crime; and take the Traytor's head, 710 E're in the faultless Flock the dire Contagion spread. On Winter Seas we fewer Storms behold, T h a n foul Diseases that infect the Fold. Nor do those ills, on single Bodies prey; \ But oft'ner bring the Nation to decay; > And sweep the present Stock, and future Hope away.) A dire Example of this T r u t h appears: When, after such a length of rowling Years, W e see the naked Alps, and thin Remains Of scatter'd Cotts, and yet unpeopl'd Plains: 720 Once fill'd with grazing Flocks, the Shepherds happy Reigns. Here from the vicious Air, and sickly Skies, A Plague did on the dumb Creation rise: During th' Autumnal Heats th' Infection grew, T a m e Cattle, and the Beasts of Nature slew: Poys'ning the Standing Lakes; and Pools Impure: Nor was the foodful Grass in Fields secure. Strange Death! For when the thirsty fire had drunk T h e i r vital Blood, and the dry Nerves were shrunk; 724 slew:]

O, F1-2.

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When the contracted Limbs were cramp'd, ev'n then 730 A wat'rish Humour swell'd and ooz'd agen: Converting into Bane the kindly Juice, Ordain'd by Nature for a better use. T h e Victim Ox, that was for Altars prest, Trim'd with white Ribbons, and with Garlands drest, Sunk of himself, without the Gods Command: Preventing the slow Sacrificer's Hand. Or, by the holy Butcher, if he fell, T h ' inspected Entrails, cou'd no Fates foretel. Nor, laid on Altars, did pure Flames arise; 740 But Clouds of smouldring Smoke, forbad the Sacrifice. Scarcely the Knife was redden'd with his Gore, Or the black Poyson stain'd the sandy Floor. T h e thriven Calves in Meads their Food forsake, And render their sweet Souls before the plenteous Rack. T h e fawning Dog runs mad; the wheasing Swine With Coughs is choak'd; and labours from the Chine: T h e Victor Horse, forgetful of his Food, T h e Palm renounces, and abhors the Flood. He paws the Ground, and on his hanging Ears \ 750 A doubtful Sweat in clammy drops appears: > Parch'd is his Hide, and rugged are his Hairs. ) Such are the Symptoms of the young Disease; But in time's process, when his pains encrease, He rouls his mournful Eyes, he deeply groans With patient sobbing, and with manly Moans. He heaves for Breath: which, from his Lungs supply'd, And fetch'd from far, distends his lab'ring side. T o his rough Palat, his dry Tongue succeeds; And roapy Gore, he from his Nostrils bleeds. 760 A Drench of Wine has with success been us'd; And through a Horn, the gen'rous Juice infus'd: Which timely taken op'd his closing Jaws; But, if too late, the Patient's death did cause. For the too vig'rous Dose, too fiercely wrought; And added Fury to the Strength it brought. 765

Strength] O, F2; Srength F i .

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Recruited into Rage, he grinds his Teeth In his own Flesh, and feeds approaching Death. Ye Gods, to better Fate, good Men dispose; And turn that Impious Errour on our Foes! 770 T h e Steer, who to the Yoke was bred to bow, (Studious of Tillage; and the crooked Plough) Falls down and dies; and dying spews a Flood Of foamy Madness, mix'd with clotted Blood. T h e Clown, who cursing Providence repines, His Mournful Fellow from the Team disjoyns: With many a groan, forsakes his fruitless care; And in th' unfinish'd Furrow, leaves the Share. T h e pineing Steer, no Shades of lofty Woods, Nor flow'ry Meads can ease; nor Crystal floods 780 Roul'd from the Rock: His flabby Flanks decrease; His Eyes are settled in a stupid peace. His bulk too weighty for his Thighs is grown; And his unweildy Neck, hangs drooping down. Now what avails his well-deserving T o i l T o turn the Glebe; or smooth the rugged Soil? And yet he never supt in solemn State, Nor undigested Feasts did urge his Fate; Nor day, to Night, luxuriously did joyn; Nor surfeited on rich Campanian Wine. 790 Simple his Bev'rage; homely was his Food; T h e wholsom Herbage, and the running Flood: No dreadful Dreams awak'd him with affright; His Pains by Day, secur'd his Rest by Night. 'Twas then that Buffalo's, ill pair'd, were seen T o draw the Carr of Jove's Imperial Queen For want of Oxen: and the lab'ring Swain \ Scratch'd with a Rake, a Furrow for his Grain: > And cover'd, with his hand, the shallow Seed again. ) He Yokes himself, and up the Hilly height, 800 With his own Shoulders, draws the Waggon's weight. T h e nightly Wolf, that round th' Enclosure proul'd 785 794

Soil?] O, F 1 - 2 . Buffalo's] Buffolo'% O; Buffalo's

F1-2.

235

236

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Works of Virgil in

English

T o leap the Fence; now plots not on the Fold, Tam'd with a sharper Pain. T h e fearful Doe And flying Stag, amidst the Grey-Hounds go: And round the Dwellings roam of Man, their fiercer Foe. T h e scaly Nations of the Sea profound, Like Shipwreck'd Carcasses are driv'n aground: And mighty Phocae, never seen before In shallow Streams, are stranded on the shore. 810 T h e Viper dead, within her Hole is found: Defenceless was the shelter of the ground. T h e water-Snake, whom Fish and Paddocks fed, With staring Scales lies poyson'd in his Bed: T o Birds their Native Heav'ns contagious prove, From Clouds they fall, and leave their Souls above. Besides, to change their Pasture 'tis in vain: Or trust to Physick; Physick is their Bane. T h e Learned Leaches in despair depart: And shake their Heads, desponding of their Art. 820 Tisiphone, let loose from under ground, Majestically pale, now treads the round: Before her drives Diseases, and affright; J And every moment rises to the sight: > Aspiring to the Skies; encroaching on the light. ) T h e Rivers and their Banks, and Hills around, With lowings, and with dying Bleats resound. At length, she strikes an Universal Blow; T o Death at once whole Herds of Cattle go: Sheep, Oxen, Horses fall; and, heap'd on high, 830 T h e diff'ring Species in Confusion lie: 'Till warn'd by frequent ills, the way they found, T o lodge their loathsom Carrion underground. For, useless to the Currier were their Hides: Nor cou'd their tainted Flesh with Ocean Tides Be freed from Filth; nor cou'd Vulcanian Flame T h e Stench abolish; or the Savour tame. Nor safely cou'd they shear their fleecy Store; 802 830

Fold,] — O, F 1 - 2 . lie:] O, Fi—2.

808

Phocae] Phocœ F 1 - 2 ; Sea-Calves O.

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237

(Made drunk with poys'nous Juice, and stiff with Gore:) O r touch the W e b : But if the Vest they wear, 840 Red Blisters rising on their Paps appear, And flaming Carbuncles; and noisom Sweat, And clammy Dews, that loathsom Lice beget: ' T i l l the slow creeping Evil eats his way, Consumes the parching Limbs; and makes the Life his prey.

The

Fourth

Book

The Fourth Book of the THE

of the

Georgics

239

Georgics ARGUMENT.

V i r g i l has taken care to raise the Subject of each Geòrgie: In the First he has only dead Matter on which to work. In the second he just steps on the World of Life, and describes that degree of it which is to be found in Vegetables. In the third he advances to Animals: And in the last, singles out the Bee, which may be reckon'd the most sagacious of 'em, for his Subject. In this Geòrgie he shews us what Station is most proper for the Bees, and when they begin to gather Honey: how to call 'em home when they swarm; and how to part 'em when they are engag' d in Battel. From hence he takes occasion to discover their different Kinds; and, after an Excursion, relates their prudent of Affairs, and the several Diseases and politick Administration that often rage in their Hives, with the proper Symptoms and Remedies of each Disease. In the last place he lays down a method of repairing their Kind, supposing their whole Breed lost; and gives at large the History of its Invention.

T

HE Gifts of Heav'n my foll'wing Song pursues, Aerial Honey, and Ambrosial Dews. Meecenas, read this other part, that sings \ Embattel'd Squadrons and advent'rous Kings: > A mighty Pomp, tho' made of little T h i n g s . ) T h e i r Arms, their Arts, their Manners I disclose, A n d how they W a r , and whence the People rose: Slight is the Subject, but the Praise not small, If Heav'n assist, and Phoebus hear my Call.

10

First, for thy Bees a quiet Station find, A n d lodge 'em under Covert of the W i n d : For Winds, when homeward they return, will drive T h e loaded Carriers from their E v ' n i n g Hive. 5

Animals:]

F1-2.

4

Squadrons] F2; Sqadrons F i .

240

The Works of Virgil in English

Far from the Cows and Goats insulting Crew, That trample down the Flow'rs, and brush the Dew: The painted Lizard, and the Birds of Prey, Foes of the frugal Kind, be far away. The Titmouse, and the Peckers hungry Brood, And Progne, with her Bosom stain'd in Blood: These rob the trading Citizens, and bear J The trembling Captives thro' the liquid Air; j And for their callow young a cruel Feast prepare. ) But near a living Stream their Mansion place, Edg'd round with Moss, and tufts of matted Grass: And plant (the Winds impetuous rage to stop,) Wild Olive Trees, or Palms, before the buisy Shop: That when the youthful Prince, with proud allarm, Calls out the vent'rous Colony to swarm; When first their way thro' yielding Air they wing, New to the Pleasures of their native Spring; The Banks of Brooks may make a cool retreat For the raw Souldiers from the scalding Heat: And neighb'ring Trees, with friendly Shade invite The Troops unus'd to long laborious Flight. Then o're the running Stream, or standing Lake, A Passage for thy weary People make; With Osier Floats the standing Water strow; Of massy Stones make Bridges, if it flow: That basking in the Sun thy Bees may lye, And resting there, their flaggy Pinions dry: When late returning home, the laden Host, By raging Winds is wreck'd upon the Coast. Wild Thyme and Sav'ry set around their Cell, Sweet to the Taste, and fragrant to the Smell: Set rows of Rosemary with flow'ring Stem, And let the purple Vi'lets drink the Stream. Whether thou build the Palace of thy Bees With twisted Osiers, or with Barks of Trees; Make but a narrow Mouth: for as the Cold 27

proud] F2; loud Fi.

The Fourth

Book

of the Georgics

Congeals into a Lump the liquid Gold; So 'tis again dissolv'd by Summer's heat, And the sweet Labours both Extreams defeat. And therefore, not in vain, th' industrious Kind With dawby W a x and Flow'rs the Chinks have lin'd: And, with their Stores of gather'd Glue, contrive T o stop the Vents, and Crannies of their Hive. Not Birdlime, or Idean Pitch produce A more tenacious Mass of clammy Juice. N o r Bees are lodg'd in Hives alone, but found In Chambers of their own, beneath the Ground: T h e i r vaulted Roofs are hung in Pumices, And in the rotten Trunks of hollow Trees. But plaister thou the chinky Hives with Clay, A n d leafy Branches o're their Lodgings lay. Nor place them where too deep a Water flows, O r where the Yeugh their pois'nous Neighbour grows: Nor rost red Crabs t' offend the niceness of their Nose: Nor near the steaming Stench of muddy Ground; \ Nor hollow Rocks that render back the Sound, > And doubled Images of Voice rebound. ) For what remains, when Golden Suns appear, And under Earth have driv'n the Winter Year: T h e winged Nation wanders thro' the Skies, And o're the Plains, and shady Forrest flies: T h e n stooping on the Meads and leafy Bow'rs; T h e y skim the Floods, and sip the purple Flow'rs. Exalted hence, and drunk with secret Joy, T h e i r young Succession all their Cares employ: T h e y breed, they brood, instruct and educate, A n d make Provision for the future State: T h e y work their waxen Lodgings in their Hives, And labour Honey to sustain their Lives. But when thou seest a swarming Cloud arise, T h a t sweeps aloft, and darkens all the Skies: 54 81

lin'd:] F1-2. 67 Nose:] their waxen] some copies of Fi have ther waxen.

F1-2.

241

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90

100

no

120

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T h e Motions of their hasty Flight attend; And know to Floods, or Woods, their airy march they bend. T h e n Melfoil beat, and Honey-suckles pound, ) With these alluring Savours strew the Ground; ; And mix with tinkling Brass, the Cymbals droning Sound. / Streight to their ancient Cells, recall'd from Air, T h e reconcil'd Deserters will repair. But if intestine Broils allarm the Hive, (For two Pretenders oft for Empire strive) T h e Vulgar in divided Factions jar; And murm'ring Sounds proclaim the Civil War. Inflam'd with Ire, and trembling with Disdain, Scarce can their Limbs, their mighty Souls contain. With Shouts, the Cowards Courage they excite, And martial Clangors call 'em out to fight: With hoarse Allarms the hollow Camp rebounds, T h a t imitates the Trumpets angry Sounds: T h e n to their common Standard they repair; T h e nimble Horsemen scour the Fields of Air. In form of Battel drawn, they issue forth, And ev'ry Knight is proud to prove his Worth. Prest for their Country's Honour, and their King's, \ On their sharp Beaks they whet their pointed Stings; > And exercise their Arms, and tremble with their Wings. ) Full in the midst, the haughty Monarchs ride, ) T h e trusty Guards come up, and close the Side; > With Shouts the daring Foe to Battel is defy'd. ) Thus in the Season of unclouded Spring, T o War they follow their undaunted King: Crowd thro' their Gates, and in the Fields of Light, T h e shocking Squadrons meet in mortal Fight: Headlong they fall from high, and wounded wound, And heaps of slaughter'd Souldiers bite the Ground. Hard Hailstones lye not thicker on the Plain; Nor shaken Oaks such Show'rs of Acorns rain. With gorgeous Wings the Marks of Sov'raign sway, T h e two contending Princes make their way; Intrepid thro' the midst of danger go;

243

244

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T h e i r friends encourage, and amaze the Foe. With mighty Souls in narrow Bodies prest, They challenge, and encounter Breast to Breast; So fix'd on Fame, unknowing how to fly, And obstinately bent to win or dye; T h a t long the doubtful Combat they maintain, T i l l one prevails (for one can only Reign.) 130 Yet all those dreadful deeds, this deadly fray, \ A cast of scatter'd Dust will soon alay, > And undecided leave the Fortune of the day. ) When both the Chiefs are sund'red from the Fight, T h e n to the lawful King restore his Right. And let the wastful Prodigal be slain, T h a t he, who best deserves, alone may reign. With ease distinguish'd is the Regal Race, One Monarch wears an honest open Face; Shap'd to his Size, and Godlike to behold, 140 His Royal Body shines with specks of Gold, And ruddy Skales; for Empire he design'd, Is better born, and of a Nobler Kind. T h a t other looks like Nature in disgrace, Gaunt are his sides, and sullen is his face: And like their grizly Prince appears his gloomy Race: Grim, ghastly, rugged, like a thirsty train T h a t long have travel'd through a desart plain, And spet from their dry Chaps the gather'd dust again. T h e better Brood, unlike the Bastard Crew, 150 Are mark'd with Royal streaks of shining hue; Glitt'ring and ardent, though in Body less: From these at pointed Seasons hope to press Huge heavy Honey-Combs, of Golden Juice, Not only sweet, but pure, and fit for use: T ' allay the Strength and Hardness of the Wine, And with old Bacchus, new Metheglin join. But when the Swarms are eager of their play, And loath their empty Hives, and idly stray, Restrain the wanton Fugitives, and take 139

Shap'd to his Size] Fa; Large are his Limbs F i .

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160 A timely Care to bring the Truants back. T h e Task is easy: but to clip the Wings Of their high-flying Arbitrary Kings: At their Command, the People swarm away; Confine the Tyrant, and the Slaves will stay. Sweet Gardens, full of Saffron Flow'rs, invite T h e wandring Gluttons, and retard their Flight: Besides, the God obscene, who frights away, With his Lath Sword, the Thiefs and Birds of Prey. With his own hand, the Guardian of the Bees, 170 For Slips of Pines, may search the Mountain Trees: And with wild Thyme and Sav'ry, plant the Plain, 'Till his hard horny Fingers ake with Pain: And deck with fruitful Trees the Fields around, And with refreshing Waters drench the Ground. Now, did I not so near my Labours end, \ Strike Sail, and hast'ning to the Harbour tend; > My Song to Flow'ry Gardens might extend: / T o teach the vegetable Arts, to sing T h e Pastern Roses, and their double Spring: wo How Succ'ry drinks the running Streams, and how Green Beds of Parsley near the River grow; How Cucumers along the Surface creep, With crooked Bodies, and with Bellies deep: T h e late Narcissus, and the winding Trail Of Bears-foot, Myrtles green, and Ivy pale. For where with stately Tow'rs Tarentum stands, And deep Galesus soaks the yellow Sands, I chanc'd an Old Corycian Swain to know, \ Lord of few Acres, and those barren too; > 190 Unfit for Sheep or Vines, and more unfit to sow: ) Yet lab'ring well his little Spot of Ground, Some scatt'ring Potherbs here and there he found: Which cultivated with his daily Care, And bruis'd with Vervain, were his frugal Fare. Sometimes white Lyllies did their Leaves afford, 166 183

Flight:] deep:]

Fi-a. FI-2.

177

extend:]

F1-2.

245

The

246

Works of Virgil in

English

W i t h w h o l s o m Poppy-flow'rs, to m e n d his h o m e l y

Board:

F o r late r e t u r n i n g h o m e h e s u p ' d at ease,

\

A n d w i s e l y d e e m ' d t h e W e a l t h o f M o n a r c h s less: > T h e little of his own, because his own, did please. 200 T o q u i t h i s C a r e , h e g a t h e r ' d

first

In Spring the Roses, Apples in the

Fall:

A n d w h e n cold W i n t e r split the R o c k s in A n d Ice the running Rivers did

)

of all

twain,

restrain,

H e s t r i p ' d t h e B e a r s - f o o t o f its leafy

growth;

A n d , calling W e s t e r n W i n d s , accus'd the Spring of sloath. H e t h e r e f o r e first a m o n g t h e S w a i n s w a s f o u n d ,

\

T o r e a p the P r o d u c t of his l a b o u r ' d G r o u n d ,

S

A n d squeese the C o m b s with Golden L i q u o r Crown'd.

)

His Limes were 210 W i t h

first

in Flow'rs, his lofty

friendly Shade, secur'd his tender

F o r ev'ry B l o o m his T r e e s in S p r i n g

Pines, Vines.

afford,

A n A u t u m n A p p l e was by tale restor'd. H e k n e w to rank his E l m s in even rows;

\

F o r Fruit the grafted Peartree to dispose:

>

A n d t a m e to P l u m s , the sourness of the Sloes. With T o

spreading Planes he m a d e a cool

shade good Fellows from the Summer's

B u t streighten'd in m y space, I must This Task; 220

for others afterwards to

Jove

for secret

forsake

Bees,

Services:

W h e n by the tinkling S o u n d of T i m b r e l s T h e

K i n g of H e a v ' n in

Cretan

O f all the R a c e of A n i m a l s , T h e

Bees have c o m m o n

heat.

take.

Describe we next the N a t u r e of the Bestow'd by

)

retreat,

led,

Caves they

fed.

alone

Cities of their

own:

A n d c o m m o n Sons, beneath o n e L a w they A n d with one c o m m o n Stock their Traffick E a c h has a certain h o m e , a sev'ral

live, drive.

Stall:

A l l is t h e S t a t e s , t h e S t a t e p r o v i d e s f o r a l l . 230 M i n d f u l o f c o m i n g C o l d , t h e y s h a r e t h e

Pain:

A n d h o a r d , f o r W i n t e r ' s use, t h e S u m m e r ' s S o m e o're the Publick Magazines

197-199

No brace in Fi.

gain.

preside,

221

Bestow'd] F2; bestow'd F i .

The Fourth

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Georgics

And some are sent new Forrage to provide: These drudge in Fields abroad, and those at home \ Lay deep Foundations for the labour'd Comb, ; With dew, Narcissus Leaves, and clammy Gum. / T o pitch the waxen Flooring some contrive: Some nurse the future Nation of the Hive: Sweet Honey some condense, some purge the Grout; 240 T h e rest, in Cells apart, the liquid Nectar shut. All, with united Force, combine to drive T h e lazy Drones from the laborious Hive. With Envy stung, they view each others Deeds: With Diligence the fragrant Work proceeds: As when the Cyclops, at th' Almighty Nod, New Thunder hasten for their angry God: Subdu'd in Fire the Stubborn Mettal lyes, One brawny Smith the puffing Bellows plyes; And draws, and blows reciprocating Air: 250 Others to quench the hissing Mass prepare: With lifted Arms they order ev'ry Blow, \ And chime their sounding Hammers in a Row; > With labour'd Anvils /Etna groans below. ) Strongly they strike, huge Flakes of Flames expire, With Tongs they turn the Steel, and vex it in the Fire. If little things with great we may compare, Such are the Bees, and such their busie Care: Studious of Honey, each in his Degree, T h e youthful Swain, the grave experienc'd Bee: 260 T h a t in the Field; this in Affairs of State, Employ'd at home, abides within the Gate: T o fortify the Combs, to build the Wall, T o prop the Ruins lest the Fabrick fall: But late at Night, with weary Pinions come T h e lab'ring Youth, and heavy laden home. Plains, Meads, and Orchards all the day he plies, T h e gleans of yellow Thime distend his Thighs: 240 253 265

Nectar] Nectar F i - 2 . labour'd] F2; strokes of FI lab'ring] F2; labr'ring F I .

244 257

proceeds:] Fi-2. busie] F2; native FI.

247

248

The Works of Virgil in English

He spoils the Saffron Flow'rs, he sips the blues Of Vi'lets, wilding Blooms, and Willow Dews. 270 T h e i r Toyl is common, common is their Sleep; T h e y shake their Wings when Morn begins to peep; Rush through the City Gates without delay, Nor ends their Work, but with declining Day: T h e n having spent the last remains of Light, T h e y give their Bodies due repose at Night: When hollow Murmurs of their Ev'ning Bells, Dismiss the sleepy Swains, and toll 'em to their Cells. When once in Beds their weary Limbs they steep, No buzzing Sounds disturb their Golden Sleep. 280 'Tis sacred Silence all. Nor dare they stray, When Rain is promis'd, or a stormy Day: But near the City Walls their Watring take, Nor Forrage far, but short Excursions make. And as when empty Barks on Billows float, With sandy Ballast Sailors trim the Boat; So Bees bear Gravel Stones, whose poising Weight Steers thro' the whistling Winds their steddy Flight. But what's more strange, their modest Appetites, Averse from Venus, fly the nuptial Rites. 290 No lust enervates their Heroic Mind, Nor wasts their Strength on wanton Woman-Kind. But in their Mouths reside their Genial Pow'rs, T h e y gather Children from the Leaves and Flow'rs. Thus make they Kings to fill the Regal Seat; \ And thus their little Citizens create: > And waxen Cities build, and Palaces of State. ) And oft on Rocks their tender Wings they tear, And sink beneath the Burthens which they bear. Such Rage of Honey in their Bosom beats: 300 And such a Zeal they have for flow'ry Sweets. T h u s tho' the race of Life they quickly run; Which in the space of sev'n short Years is done, 275 302

their] F2; thir F i . sev'n] F2; seven F i .

279

their] F2; thir F i .

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T h ' immortal Line in sure Succession reigns, J T h e Fortune of the Family remains: > And Grandsires Grandsons the long List contains. ) Besides, not Egypt, India, Media more With servile Awe, their Idol King adore: While he survives, in Concord and Content T h e Commons live, by no Divisions rent; si« But the great Monarch's Death dissolves the Government. All goes to Ruin, they themselves contrive T o rob the Honey, and subvert the Hive. T h e King presides, his Subjects T o i l surveys; T h e servile Rout their careful Casar praise: Him they extol, they worship him alone, They crowd his Levees, and support his Throne: They raise him on their shoulders with a Shout: And when their Sov'raigns Quarrel calls 'em out, His Foes to mortal Combat they defy, 320 And think it honour at his feet to die. Induc'd by such Examples, some have taught T h a t Bees have Portions of Etherial Thought: Endu'd with Particles of Heavenly Fires: For God the whole created Mass inspires; T h r o ' Heav'n, and Earth, and Oceans depth he throws His Influence round, and kindles as he goes. Hence Flocks, and Herds, and Men, and Beasts, and Fowls With Breath are quicken'd; and attract their Souls: Hence take the Forms his Prescience did ordain, 330 And into him at length resolve again. No room is left for Death, they mount the Sky, And to their own congenial Planets fly. Now when thou hast decreed to seize their Stores, And by Prerogative to break their Doors: With sprinkl'd Water first the City choak, And then pursue the Citizens with Smoak. T w o Honey Harvests fall in ev'ry Year: First, when the pleasing Pleiades appear, 328

Souls:]

F1-2.

249

250

The

Works of Virgil in

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And springing upward spurn the briny Seas: 340 Again, when their affrighted Quire surveys T h e watry Scorpion mend his Pace behind, \ With a black Train of Storms, and winter Wind; > They plunge into the Deep, and safe Protection find. ) Prone to Revenge, the Bees, a wrathful Race, When once provok'd assault th' Agressor's Face: And through the purple Veins a passage find; There fix their Stings, and leave their Souls behind. But if a pinching Winter thou foresee, And woud'st preserve thy famish'd Family; 350 With fragrant Thyme the City fumigate, And break the waxen Walls to save the State. For lurking Lizards often lodge, by Stealth, Within the Suburbs, and purloyn their Wealth. And Lizards shunning Light, a dark Retreat Have found in Combs, and undermin'd the Seat. Or lazy Drones, without their Share of Pain; In Winter Quarters free, devour the Gain: Or Wasps infest the Camp with loud Alarms, And mix in Battel with unequal Arms: 360 Or secret Moaths are there in Silence fed; Or Spiders in the Vault, their snary Webs have spred. T h e more oppress'd by Foes, or Famine pin'd; T h e more increase thy Care to save the sinking Kind. With Greens and Flow'rs recruit their empty Hives, And seek fresh Forrage to sustain their Lives. But since they share with Man one common Fate, In Health and Sickness, and in Turns of State; Observe the Symptoms when they fall away, And languish with insensible Decay. 370 They change their Hue, with hagger'd Eyes they stare, Lean are their Looks, and shagged is their Hair: 341 350 354 366

Scorpion] Scorpion F1-2. fragrant] F2; fragant F i . Lizards shunning] F i errata, Man] Fz; us F i .

F2; Worms that shun the F i .

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251

And Crowds of dead, that never must return T o their lov'd Hives, in decent Pomp are born: T h e i r Friends attend the Herse, the next Relations Mourn. T h e sick, for Air before the Portal gasp, T h e i r feeble Legs within each other clasp: Or idle in their empty Hives remain, Benum'd with Cold, and listless of their Gain. Soft Whispers then, and broken Sounds are heard, 380 As when the Woods by gentle Winds are stir'd: Such stifled noise as the close Furnace hides, Or dying Murmurs of departing Tides. This when thou seest, Galbanean Odours use, And Honey in the sickly Hive infuse. T h r o ' reeden Pipes convey the Golden Flood, T ' invite the People to their wonted Food. Mix it with thicken'd Juice of sodden Wines, And Raisins from the Grapes of Psythian Vines: T o these add pounded Galls, and Roses dry, 390 And with Cecropian Thyme, strong scented Centaury. A Flow'r there is that grows in Meadow Ground, Amellus call'd, and easy to be found; For from one Root the rising Stem bestows A Wood of Leaves, and vi'let-purple Boughs: T h e Flow'r it self is glorious to behold, And shines on Altars like refulgent Gold: Sharp to the Taste, by Shepherds near the Stream Of Mella found, and thence they gave the Name. Boyl this restoring Root in gen'rous Wine, 400 And set beside the Door, the sickly Stock to dine. But if the lab'ring Kind be wholly lost, And not to be retriev'd with Care or Cost; 'Tis time to touch the Precepts of an Art, T h ' Arcadian Master did of old impart: And how he stock'd his empty Hives again; Renew'd with putrid Gore of Oxen slain. 376 383

clasp:] F1-2. Galbanean] Galbanean

F1-2.

380 388

stir'd:] F1-2. Psythian] Psythian

F1-2.

252

The Works of Virgil in English

An ancient Legend I prepare to sing, And upward follow Fame's immortal Spring. For where with sev'n-fold Horns mysterious Nile 410 Surrounds the Skirts of Egypt's fruitful Isle, And where in Pomp the Sun-burnt People ride On painted Barges, o're the teeming Tide, Which pouring down from Ethiopian Lands, Makes green the Soyl with Slime, and black prolific Sands; T h a t length of Region, and large Tract of Ground, In this one Art a sure relief have found. First, in a place, by Nature closs, they build A narrow Flooring, gutter'd, wall'd, and til'd. In this, four Windows are contriv'd, that strike 420 T o the four Winds oppos'd, their Beams oblique. A Steer of two Years old they take, whose Head Now first with burnish'd Horns begins to spread: They stop his Nostrils, while he strives in vain T o breath free Air, and struggles with his Pain. Knock'd down, he dyes: his Bowels bruis'd within, Betray no Wound on his unbroken Skin. Extended thus, in this obscene Abode, They leave the Beast; but first sweet Flow'rs are strow'd Beneath his Body, broken Boughs and Thyme, 430 And pleasing Cassia just renew'd in prime. T h i s must be done, e're Spring makes equal Day, When Western Winds on curling Waters play: E're painted Meads produce their Flow'ry Crops, Or Swallows twitter on the Chimney Tops. T h e tainted Blood, in this close Prison pent, Begins to boyl and through the Bones ferment. T h e n , wondrous to behold, new Creatures rise, A moving Mass at first, and short of Thighs; 'Till shooting out with Legs, and imp'd with Wings, 440 T h e Grubs proceed to Bees with pointed Stings: And more and more affecting Air, they try T h e i r tender Pinions, and begin to fly: At length, like Summer Storms from spreading Clouds, 432

Western] Western F 1 - 2 .

The Fourth

Book of the

Georgics

T h a t burst at once, and pour impetuous Floods; Or Flights of Arrows from the Parthian Bows, When from afar they gaul embattel'd Foes; With such a Tempest thro' the Skies they Steer; And such a form the winged Squadrons bear. What God, O Muse! this useful Science taught? 450 Or by what Man's Experience was it brought? Sad A ristceus from fair Tempe fled, J His Bees with Famine, or Diseases dead: > On Peneus Banks he stood, and near his holy Head: / And while his falling Tears the Stream supply'd, Thus mourning, to his Mother Goddess cry'd. Mother Cyrene, Mother, whose abode Is in the depth of this immortal Flood: What boots it, that from Phoebus Loyns I spring, T h e third by him and thee, from Heav'ns high King? 460 O! Where is all thy boasted Pity gone, And Promise of the Skies to thy deluded Son? Why didst thou me, unhappy me, create? Odious to Gods, and born to bitter Fate: Whom, scarce my Sheep, and scarce my painful Plough, T h e needful Aids of Human Life allow; So wretched is thy Son, so hard a Mother thou. Proceed, inhuman Parent in thy Scorn; \ Root up my Trees, with Blites destroy my Corn; > My Vineyards Ruin, and my Sheepfolds burn. ) 470 Let loose thy Rage, let all thy Spite be shown, Since thus thy Hate persues the Praises of thy Son. But from her Mossy Bow'r below the Ground, ) His careful Mother heard the Plaintive sound; > Encompass'd with her Sea-green Sisters round. ) One common Work they ply'd: their Distaffs full With carded Locks of blue Milesian Wool: Spio with Drymo brown, and Xanthe fair, 453 458 463 471 476

Peneus . . . Head:] Peneus's . . . F1-2. Phcsbus] Phcebus's F 1 - 2 . Fate:] F1-2. thy Hate persues] Fa; thou hat'st F i . Wool:] — Fi—2.

253

254

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A n d sweet Phyllodoce with long dishevel'd Hair: Cydippe with Lycorias, one a Maid, 48o A n d one that once had call'd Lucina's A i d : Clio and Beroe, from one Father both, Both girt with Gold, and clad in particolour'd Cloth: Opis the meek, and Deiopeia proud; Niscea softly, with Ligaa loud; Thalia joyous, Ephyre the sad, \ A n d Arethusa once Diana's Maid, > B u t now, her Q u i v e r left, to Love betray'd. ) T o these, Clymene the sweet T h e f t declares, Of Mars; and Vulcans unavailing Cares: 490 A n d all the Rapes of Gods, and ev'ry Love, From antient Chaos down to youthful Jove. T h u s while she sings, the Sisters turn the Wheel, Empty the wooly Rock, and fill the Reel. A mournful Sound, agen the Mother hears; A g e n the m o u r n f u l Sound invades the Sisters Ears: Starting at once from their green Seats, they rise; Fear in their Heart, Amazement in their Eyes. B u t Arethusa leaping from her Bed, \ First lifts above the Waves her beauteous Head; > 5oo A n d , crying from afar, thus to Cyrene said. ) O Sister! not with causeless Fear possest, N o Stranger Voice disturbs thy tender Breast. ' T i s Aristceas, 'tis thy darling Son, W h o to his careless Mother makes his Moan. Near his Paternal Stream he sadly stands, W i t h down-cast Eyes, wet Cheeks, and folded Hands: Upbraiding Heav'n from whence his Lineage came, A n d cruel calls the Gods, and cruel thee, by Name. Cyrene mov'd with Love, and seiz'd with Fear, 5io Cries out, Conduct my Son, conduct him here: ' T i s lawful for the Youth, deriv'd from Gods, 479 482 489 503

Lycorias] Licorias FI-2. Cloth:] Fx—2. Mars;] F2; Fi. Aristceus] Aristeus F1-2.

480 488 495 510

Aid:] F1-2. Clymene] Climene F1-2. Sisters] Sister's F1-2. out, Conduct] — , conduct F1-2.

The Works of Virgil in

256

English

T o view the Secrets of our deep Abodes. At once she wav'd her Hand on either side, At once the Ranks of swelling Streams divide. Two rising Heaps of liquid Crystal stand, And leave a Space betwixt, of empty Sand. Thus safe receiv'd, the downward track he treads, Which to his Mother's watry Palace leads. With wond'ring Eyes he views the secret Store 520 Of Lakes, that pent in hollow Caverns, roar. He hears the crackling Sound of Coral Woods, And sees the secret Source of subterranean Floods: And where, distinguish'd in their sev'ral Cells, T h e Fount of Phasis, and of Lycus dwells; Where swift Enipeus in his Bed appears, And Tiber his Majestick Forehead rears: Whence Anio flows, and Hypanis, profound, Breaks through th' opposing Rocks with raging Sound: Where Po first issues from his dark abodes, 530 And, awful in his Cradle, rules the Floods. Two Golden Horns on his large Front he wears, And his grim Face a Bull's Resemblance bears. With rapid Course he seeks the sacred Main, And fattens, as he runs, the fruitful Plain. Now to the Court arriv'd, th' admiring Son Beholds the vaulted Roofs of Pory Stone; Now to his Mother Goddess tells his Grief, Which she with Pity hears, and promises Relief. T h ' officious Nymphs, attending in a Ring, 540 With Waters drawn from their perpetual Spring, From earthly dregs his Body purify, And rub his Temples, with fine Towels, dry: Then load the Tables with a lib'ral Feast, And honour with full Bowls their friendly Guest. T h e sacred Altars are involv'd in Smoak, And the bright Quire their kindred Gods invoke. 522 528

Floods:] Sound:]

Fi—2. F1-2.

526 536

rears:] F1-2. Pory] Pory F 1 - 2 .

The Fourth

Book of the

Georgics

T w o Bowls the Mother fills with Lydian Wine; \ T h e n thus, Let these be pour'd, with Rites divine, > T o the great Authors of our wat'ry Line. / 550 T o Father Ocean, this; and this, she said, Be to the Nymphs his sacred Sisters paid, Who rule the wat'ry Plains, and hold the woodland Shade. She sprinkl'd thrice, with Wine, the Vestal Fire, Thrice to the vaulted Roof the Flames aspire. Rais'd with so blest an Omen, she begun, With Words like these, to chear her drooping Son. In the Carpathian Bottom makes abode T h e Shepherd of the Seas, a Prophet and a God; High o're the Main in wat'ry Pomp he rides, 560 His azure Carr and finny Coursers guides: Proteus his Name: to his Pallenian Port, I see from far the weary God resort. Him, not alone, we River Gods adore, But aged Nereus hearkens to his Lore. With sure foresight, and with unerring Doom, He sees what is, and was, and is to come. This Neptune gave him, when he gave to keep His scaly Flocks, that graze the wat'ry deep. Implore his Aid, for Proteus onely knows 570 T h e secret Cause, and Cure of all thy Woes. But first the wily Wizard must be caught, J For unconstrain'd he nothing tells for naught; > Nor is with Pray'rs, or Bribes, or Flatt'ry bought. ) Surprise him first, and with hard Fetters bind; T h e n all his Frauds will vanish into Wind. I will my self conduct thee on thy Way, When next the Southing Sun inflames the Day: When the dry Herbage thirsts for Dews in vain, And Sheep, in Shades, avoid the parching Plain. 580 T h e n will I lead thee to his secret Seat; \ When weary with his Toyl, and scorch'd with Heat, > T h e wayward Sire frequents his cool Retreat. ) His Eyes with heavy Slumber overcast;

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With Force invade his Limbs, and bind him fast: Thus surely bound, yet be not over bold, T h e slipp'ry God will try to loose his hold: And various Forms assume, to cheat thy sight; And with vain Images of Beasts affright: With foamy Tusks will seem a bristly Boar, 590 Or imitate the Lion's angry Roar; Break out in crackling Flames to shun thy SnaTe, O r hiss a Dragon, or a Tyger stare: Or with a Wile, thy Caution to betray, In fleeting Streams attempt to slide away. But thou, the more he varies Forms, beware T o strain his Fetters with a stricter Care: ' T i l l tiring all his Arts, he turns agen T o his true Shape, in which he first was seen. T h i s said, with Nectar she her Son anoints; 600 Infusing Vigour through his mortal Joynts: Down from his Head the liquid Odours ran; He breath'd of Heav'n, and look'd above a Man. Within a Mountain's hollow Womb, there lies A large Recess, conceal'd from Human Eyes; Where heaps of Billows, driv'n by Wind and Tide, \ In Form of War, their wat'ry Ranks divide; > And there, like Centries set, without the Mouth abide: / A Station safe for Ships, when Tempests roar, A silent Harbour, and a cover'd Shoar. 610 Secure within resides the various God, And draws a Rock upon his dark Abode. Hether with silent Steps, secure from Sight, T h e Goddess guides her Son, and turns him from the Light: Her self, involv'd in Clouds, precipitates her Flight. 'Twas Noon; the sultry Dog-star from the Sky Scorch'd Indian Swains, the rivell'd Grass was dry; 588 590 591 592 592 599

affright:] F1-2. 589 imitate] F2; imitates F i . 591 Snare] Snares F 1 - 2 . Or hiss a Dragon] F2; A Dragon hisses F i . stare] stares F 1 - 2 . 594 Nectar] Nectar F 1 - 2 .

will seem] F2; he seems F i . Break] F2; Breaks F i . attempt] F2; attempts Fi.

26O

The

Works of Virgil in

English

T h e Sun with flaming Arrows pierc'd the Flood, And, darting to the bottom, bak'd the Mud: When weary Proteus, from the briny Waves, 62o Retir'd for Shelter to his wonted Caves: His finny Flocks about their Shepherd play, And rowling round him, spirt the bitter Sea. Unweildily they wallow first in Ooze, T h e n in the shady Covert seek Repose. Himself their Herdsman, on the middle Mount, Takes of his muster'd Flocks a just Account. So, seated on a Rock, a Shepherd's Groom Surveys his Ev'ning Flocks returning Home: When lowing Calves, and bleating Lambs, from far, 630 Provoke the prouling Wolf to nightly War. T h ' Occasion offers, and the Youth complies: For scarce the weary God had clos'd his Eyes; When rushing on, with shouts, he binds in Chains T h e drowzy Prophet, and his Limbs constrains. He, not unmindful of his usual Art, First in dissembled Fire attempts to part: Then roaring Beasts, and running Streams he tryes, And wearies all his Miracles of Lies: But having shifted ev'ry Form to scape, 64o Convinc'd of Conquest, he resum'd his shape: And thus, at length, in human Accent spoke. Audacious Youth, what madness cou'd provoke A Mortal Man t' invade a sleeping God? What Buis'ness brought thee to my dark abode? T o this, th' audacious Youth; Thou know'st full well My Name, and Buis'ness, God, nor need I tell: No Man can Proteus cheat; but Proteus leave T h y fraudful Arts, and do not thou deceive. Foll'wing the Gods Command, I come t' implore 650 T h y Help, my perish'd People to restore. T h e Seer, who could not yet his Wrath asswage, Rowl'd his green Eyes, that sparkl'd with his Rage; And gnash'd his Teeth, and cry'd, No vulgar God Pursues thy Crimes, nor with a Common Rod.

The Fourth Book of the

Georgics

Thy great Misdeeds have met a due Reward, And Orpheus dying Pray'rs at length are heard. For Crimes, not his, the Lover lost his Life, And at thy Hands requires his murther'd Wife: Nor (if the Fates assist not) canst thou scape 660 T h e just Revenge of that intended Rape. T o shun thy lawless Lust, the dying Bride, Unwary, took along the River's side: Nor, at her Heels perceiv'd the deadly Snake, That kept the Bank, in Covert of the Brake. But all her fellow Nymphs the Mountains tear With loud Laments, and break the yielding Air: T h e Realms of Mars remurmur'd all around, And Echoes to th' Athenian Shoars rebound. T h ' unhappy Husband, Husband now no more,

261

)

670 Did on his tuneful Harp his Loss deplore, ? And sought, his mournful Mind with Musick to restore. ) On thee, dear Wife, in Desarts all alone, \ He call'd, sigh'd, sung, his Griefs with Day begun, > / Nor were they finish'd with the setting Sun. Ev'n to the dark Dominions of the Night, He took his way, thro' Forrests void of Light: And dar'd amidst the trembling Ghosts to sing, And stood before th' inexorable King. T h ' Infernal Troops like passing Shadows glide, 680 And, list'ning, crowd the sweet Musician's side. Not flocks of Birds when driv'n by Storms, or Night, Stretch to the Forest with so thick a flight. Men, Matrons, Children, and th' unmarry'd Maid, \ * T h e mighty Heroes more Majestic shade; ? And Youths on Fun'ral Piles before their Parents laid: / All these Cocytus bounds with squalid Reeds, With Muddy Ditches, and with deadly Weeds: And baleful Styx encompasses around, With Nine slow circling Streams, th' unhappy ground. • This whole Line [Dryden's note.] 656

Orpheus]

is taken

Orpheus's

F1-2.

from

the Marquess 685

of Normanby'i

laid:]

F1-2.

Translation.

The

262

Works of Virgil in

English

690 Ev'n from the depths of Hell the Damn'd advance, T h ' Infernal Mansions nodding seem to dance; T h e gaping three-mouth'd Dog forgets to snarl, T h e Furies harken, and their Snakes uncurl: Ixion seems no more his Pains to feel, But leans attentive on his standing Wheel. All Dangers past, at length the lovely Bride, In safety goes, with her Melodious Guide; Longing the common Light again to share, And draw the vital breath of upper Air: 700 He first, and close behind him follow'd she, For such was Proserpine's severe Decree: When strong Desires th' impatient Youth invade; By little Caution and much love betray'd: A fault which easy Pardon might receive, Were Lovers Judges, or cou'd Hell forgive. For near the Confines of Etherial Light, And longing for the glimm'ring of a sight, T h ' unwary Lover cast his Eyes behind, Forgetful of the Law, nor Master of his Mind. 710 Straight all his Hopes exhal'd in empty Smoke; And his long Toils were forfeit for a Look. Three flashes of blue Light'ning gave the sign Of Cov'nants broke, three peals of Thunder joyn. Then thus the Bride; What fury seiz'd on thee, Unhappy Man! to lose thy self and Me? Dragg'd back again by cruel Destinies, An Iron Slumber shuts my swimming Eyes. And now farewel, involv'd in Shades of Night, For ever I am ravish'd from thy sight. 720 In vain I reach my feeble hands, to joyn In sweet Embraces; ah! no longer thine! She said, and from his Eyes the fleeting Fair \ Retir'd like subtile Smoke dissolv'd in Air; > And left her hopeless Lover in despair. ) In vain, with folding Arms, the Youth assay'd T o stop her flight, and strain the flying Shade: 701

Decree:]

F1-2.

The Fourth

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Georgics

263

He prays, he raves, all Means in vain he tries, \ With rage inflam'd, astonish'd with surprise; > But she return'd no more, to bless his longing Eyes. / 730 Nor wou'd th' Infernal Ferry-Man once more Be brib'd, to waft him to the farther shore. What shou'd He do, who twice had lost his Love? What Notes invent, what new Petitions move? Her Soul already was consign'd to Fate, And shiv'ring in the leaky Sculler sate. For sev'n continu'd Months, if Fame say true, T h e wretched Swain his Sorrows did renew; By Strymoris freezing Streams he sate alone, T h e Rocks were mov'd to pity with his moan: 740 Trees bent their heads to hear him sing his Wrongs, Fierce Tygers couch'd around, and loll'd their fawning Tongues. So, close in Poplar Shades, her Children gone, T h e Mother Nightingale laments alone: Whose Nest some prying Churl had found, and thence, By Stealth, convey'd th' unfeather'd Innocence. But she supplies the Night with mournful Strains, And melancholy Musick fills the Plains. Sad Orpheus thus his tedious Hours employs, Averse from Venus, and from nuptial Joys. 750 Alone he tempts the frozen Floods, alone T h ' unhappy Climes, where Spring was never known: He mourn'd his wretched Wife, in vain restor'd, And Pluto's unavailing Boon deplor'd. T h e Thracian Matrons, who the Youth accus'd, Of Love disdain'd, and Marriage Rites refus'd: With Furies, and Nocturnal Orgies fir'd, At length, against his sacred Life conspir'd. Whom ev'n the salvage Beasts had spar'd, they kill'd, And strew'd his mangl'd Limbs about the Field. 760 Then, when his Head, from his fair Shoulders torn, 736 747

sev'n] F2; seven F i . so in F2; in Fi as follows: With one continu'd Tenor still complains; Which fills the Forrest, and the neighb'ring Plains. 756 Orgies] Orgies F 1 - 2 .

264

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Wash'd by the Waters, was on Hebrus born; Ev'n then his trembling Tongue invok'd his Bride; \ With his last Voice, Eurydice, he cry'd, ) Eurydice, the Rocks and River-banks reply'd. / This answer Proteus gave, nor more he said, But in the Billows plung'd his hoary Head; And where he leap'd, the Waves in Circles widely spread. T h e Nymph return'd, her drooping Son to chear, And bade him banish his superfluous fear: 770 For now, said she, the Cause is known, from whence T h y Woe succeeded, and for what Offence: T h e Nymphs, Companions of th' unhappy Maid, This punishment upon thy Crimes have laid; And sent a Plague among thy thriving Bees. With Vows and suppliant Pray'rs their Pow'rs appease: T h e soft Napaean Race will soon repent T h e i r Anger, and remit the Punishment. T h e secret in an easy Method lies; Select four Brawny Bulls for Sacrifice, 78o Which on Lycceus graze, without a Guide; Add four fair Heifars yet in Yoke untry'd: For these, four Altars in their Temple rear, And then adore the Woodland Pow'rs with Pray'r. From the slain Victims pour the streaming Blood, And leave their Bodies in the shady Wood: Nine Mornings thence, Lethean Poppy bring, T ' appease the Manes of the Poets King: And to propitiate his offended Bride, A fatted Calf, and a black Ewe provide: 790 This finish'd, to the former Woods repair. ) His Mother's Precepts he performs with care; [ T h e Temple visits, and adores with Pray'r: / Four Altars raises, from his Herd he culls, For Slaughter, four the fairest of his Bulls; Four Heifars from his Female Store he took, All fair, and all unknowing of the Yoke. Nine Mornings thence, with Sacrifice and Pray'rs, 776

Napaean] Naptzan F 1 - 2 .

792

Pray'r:]

F1-2.

( %

the . ciù>/tTr*?0/l

tsé'ohnKuni.

A n d make thee Father of a happy Line. T o this the G o d

)

' T i s yours, O Q u e e n ! to will

T h e W o r k , w h i c h D u t y b i n d s m e to fulfil. T h e s e airy K i n g d o m s , a n d this wide C o m m a n d , A r e all the Presents of your b o u n t e o u s H a n d : Y o u r s is m y S o v ' r a i g n ' s G r a c e , a n d , as y o u r G u e s t , I sit w i t h G o d s at t h e i r Coelestial F e a s t : R a i s e T e m p e s t s at y o u r Pleasure, o r s u b d u e ; Dispose of Empire, which I hold from you. 120 H e s a i d , a n d h u r l d a g a i n s t t h e M o u n t a i n s i d e , H i s q u i v ' r i n g Spear; a n d all, t h e G o d apply'd. 93 97

117

94

arbitrary] F2; arbritrary Fi.

/Eohis] E'lus F i ; Eolus F i errata,

Feast:]

F1-2.

F2.

110

121

allay:]

Deiopea]

Spear;]

F1-2.

Deiopeia

F1-2.

F1-2.

The First Book of the

/Eneis

T h e raging Winds rush through the hollow Wound, And dance aloft in Air, and skim along the Ground: T h e n setling on the Sea, the Surges sweep; Raise liquid Mountains, and disclose the deep. South, East, and West, with mix'd Confusion roar, And rowl the foaming Billows to the Shoar. T h e Cables crack, the Sailors fearful Cries \ Ascend; and sable Night involves the Skies; > wo And Heav'n it self is ravish'd from their Eyes. ) Loud Peals of Thunder from the Poles ensue, T h e n flashing Fires the transient Light renew: T h e Face of things a frightful Image bears, And present Death in various Forms appears. Struck with unusual Fright, the Trojan Chief, With lifted Hands and Eyes, invokes Relief. And thrice, and four times happy those, he cry'd, T h a t under Ilian Walls before their Parents dy'd. Tydides, bravest of the Grecian Train, \ 140 Why cou'd not I by that strong Arm be slain, > And lye by noble Hector on the Plain, ) Or great Sarpedon, in those bloody Fields, Where Simois rouls the Bodies, and the Shields Of Heroes, whose dismember'd Hands yet bear T h e Dart aloft, and clench the pointed Spear? Thus while the Pious Prince his Fate bewails, Fierce Boreas drove against his flying Sails, And rent the Sheets: T h e raging Billows rise, And mount the tossing Vessel to the Skies: 150 Nor can the shiv'ring Oars sustain the Blow; T h e Galley gives her side, and turns her Prow: While those astern descending down the Steep, T h r o ' gaping Waves behold the boiling deep. Three Ships were hurry'd by the Southern Blast, And on the secret Shelves with Fury cast. Those hidden Rocks, th' Ausonian Sailors knew, They call'd them Altars, when they rose in view, And show'd their spacious Backs above the Flood. Three more, fierce Eurus in his angry Mood,

347

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i6o Dash'd on the Shallows of the moving Sand, And in mid Ocean left them moor'd a-land. Orontes Barque that bore the Lycian Crew, (A horrid Sight) ev'n in the Hero's view, From Stem to Stern, by Waves was overborn: T h e trembling Pilot, from his Rudder torn, Was headlong hurl'd; thrice round, the Ship was tost, Then bulg'd at once, and in the deep was lost. And here and there above the Waves were seen Arms, Pictures, precious Goods, and floating Men. 170 T h e stoutest Vessel to the Storm gave way, And suck'd through loosen'd Planks the rushing Sea. Ilioneus was her Chief: Alethes old, Achates faithful, Abas young and bold Endur'd not less: their Ships, with gaping Seams, Admit the Deluge of the briny Streams. Mean time Imperial Neptune heard the Sound Of raging Billows breaking on the Ground: Displeas'd, and fearing for his Wat'ry Reign, He reard his awful Head above the Main: i8o Serene in Majesty, then rowl'd his Eyes Around the Space of Earth, and Seas, and Skies. He saw the Trojan Fleet dispers'd, distress'd By stormy Winds and wintry Heav'n oppress'd. Full well the God his Sister's envy knew, And what her Aims, and what her Arts pursue: He summon'd Eurus and the western Blast, And first an angry glance on both he cast: Then thus rebuk'd; Audacious Winds! from whence This bold Attempt, this Rebel Insolence? 190 Is it for you to ravage Seas and Land, Unauthoriz'd by my supream Command? T o raise such Mountains on the troubl'd Main? Whom I But first ' tis fit, the Billows to restrain, And then you shall be taught obedience to my Reign. Hence, to your Lord my Royal Mandate bear, T h e Realms of Ocean and the Fields of Air Are mine, not his; by fatal Lot to me

The

First Book

of the

/Eneis

549

T h e liquid Empire fell, and Trident of the Sea. His Pow'r to hollow Caverns is confin'd, 200 There let him reign, the Jailor of the Wind: With hoarse Commands his breathing Subjects call, And boast and bluster in his empty Hall. He spoke: And while he spoke, he smooth'd the Sea, Dispell'd the Darkness, and restor'd the Day: Cymothoe, Triton, and the Sea-green Train Of beauteous Nymphs, the Daughters of the Main, Clear from the Rocks the Vessels with their hands; \ The God himself with ready Trident stands, [ And opes the Deep, and spreads the moving sands; ) 210 Then heaves them off the sholes: where e're he guides His finny Coursers, and in Triumph rides, The Waves unruffle and the Sea subsides. As when in Tumults rise th' ignoble Crowd, Mad are their Motions, and their Tongues are loud; And Stones and Brands in ratling Vollies fly, And all the Rustick Arms that Fury can supply: If then some grave and Pious Man appear, They hush their Noise, and lend a list'ning Ear; He sooths with sober Words their angry Mood, 220 And quenches their innate Desire of Blood: So when the Father of the Flood appears, And o're the Seas his Sov'raign Trident rears, Their Fury falls: He skims the liquid Plains, \ High on his Chariot, and with loosen'd Reins, ? Majestick moves along, and awful Peace maintains. / T h e weary Trojans ply their shatter'd Oars, T o nearest Land, and make the Lybian Shoars. Within a long Recess there lies a Bay, An Island shades it from the rowling Sea, 230 And forms a Port secure for Ships to ride, \ Broke by the jutting Land on either side: > In double Streams the briny Waters glide. / Betwixt two rows of Rocks, a Sylvan Scene Appears above, and Groves for ever green: 813

CROWD] CROW'D F I - 2 .

220

BLOOD:] F2;

FI.

350

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A Grott is form'd beneath, with Mossy Seats, T o rest the Nereids, and exclude the Heats. Down thro' the Cranies of the living Walls T h e Crystal Streams descend in murm'ring Falls. No Haulsers need to bind the Vessels here, 240 Nor bearded Anchors, for no Storms they fear. Sev'n Ships within this happy Harbour meet, T h e thin Remainders of the scatter'd Fleet. T h e Trojans, worn with Toils, and spent with Woes, Leap on the welcome Land, and seek their wish'd Repose. First, good Achates, with repeated stroaks Of clashing Flints, their hidden Fire provokes; Short Flame succeeds, a Bed of wither'd Leaves T h e dying Sparkles in their Fall receives: Caught into Life, in fiery Fumes they rise, 250 And, fed with stronger Food, invade the Skies. T h e Trojans, dropping wet, or stand around T h e chearful blaze, or lye along the Ground: Some dry their Corn infected with the Brine, T h e n grind with Marbles, and prepare to dine. /Eneas climbs the Mountain's airy Brow, And takes a Prospect of the Seas below: If Capys thence, or Antheus he cou'd spy; Or see the Streamers of Caicus fly. No Vessels were in view: But, on the Plain, 260 Three beamy Stags command a Lordly Train Of branching Heads; the more ignoble Throng Attend their stately Steps, and slowly graze along. He stood; and while secure they fed below, He took the Quiver, and the trusty Bow Achates us'd to bear; the Leaders first He laid along, and then the Vulgar pierc'd: Nor ceas'd his Arrows, 'till the shady Plain Sev'n mighty Bodies, with their Blood distain. For the sev'n Ships he made an equal Share, 270 And to the Port return'd, Triumphant from the War. T h e Jarrs of gen'rous Wine, (Acestes Gift, 236

Nereids] Nereids

F1-2.

249 fiery] F2; smoaking F i .

The First Book of the ALneis

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When his Trinacrian Shoars the Navy left) He set abroach, and for the Feast prepar'd; In equal Portions, with the Ven'son shar'd. Thus while he dealt it round, the pious Chief, With chearful Words, allay'd the common Grief. Endure, and conquer; Jove will soon dispose T o future Good, our past and present Woes. With me, the Rocks of Scylla you have try'd; 280 T h ' inhuman Cyclops, and his Den defy'd. What greater Ills hereafter can you bear? Resume your Courage, and dismiss your Care. An Hour will come, with Pleasure to relate Your Sorrows past, as Benefits of Fate. Through various Hazards, and Events we move T o Latium, and the Realms foredoom'd by Jove: Call'd to the Seat, (the Promise of the Skies,) Where Trojan Kingdoms once again may rise. Endure the Hardships of your present State, 290 Live, and reserve your selves for better Fate. These Words he spoke; but spoke not from his Heart; His outward Smiles conceal'd his inward Smart. T h e jolly Crew, unmindful of the past, T h e Quarry share, their plenteous Dinner haste: Some strip the Skin, some portion out the Spoil; ) T h e Limbs yet trembling, in the Cauldrons boyl: > Some on the Fire the reeking Entrails broil. ) Stretch'd on the grassy Turf, at ease they dine; Restore their Strength with Meat, and chear their Souls with Wine. 300 T h e i r Hunger thus appeas'd, their Care attends, T h e doubtful Fortune of their absent Friends: Alternate Hopes and Fears, their Minds possess, Whether to deem 'em dead, or in Distress. Above the rest, /Eneas mourns the Fate Of brave Orontes, and th' uncertain State Of Gyas, Lycus, and of A mycus: T h e Day, but not their Sorrows, ended thus. When, from aloft, Almighty Jove surveys 286 Jove:]

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Earth, Air, and Shoars, and navigable Seas, 310 At length on Lybian Realms he fix'd his Eyes: Whom, pond'ring thus on Human Miseries, When Venus saw, she with a lowly Look, Not free from Tears, her Heav'nly Sire bespoke. O King of Gods and Men, whose awful Hand, \ Disperses Thunder on the Seas and Land; ) Disposing all with absolute Command: / How cou'd my Pious Son thy Pow'r incense, Or what, alas! is vanish'd Troy's Offence? Our hope of Italy not only lost, 320 On various Seas, by various Tempests tost, But shut from ev'ry Shoar, and barr'd from ev'ry Coast. You promis'd once, a Progeny Divine, Of Romans, rising from the Trojan Line, In after-times shou'd hold the World in awe, And to the Land and Ocean give the Law. How is your Doom revers'd, which eas'd my Care; When Troy was ruin'd in that cruel War? T h e n Fates to Fates I cou'd oppose; but now, When Fortune still pursues her former Blow, 330 What can I hope? what worse can still succeed? What end of Labours has your Will decreed? Antenor, from the midst of Grecian Hosts, Could pass secure, and pierce th' Illyrian Coasts: Where rowling down the Steep, Timavus raves, And through nine Channels disembogues his Waves. At length he founded Padua's happy Seat, And gave his Trojans a secure Retreat: There fix'd their Arms, and there renew'd their Name, And there in Quiet rules, and crown'd with Fame. 340 But we, descended from your sacred Line, Entitled to your Heav'n, and Rites Divine, Are banish'd Earth, and, for the Wrath of one, Remov'd from Latium, and the promis'd Throne. Are these our Scepters? These our due Rewards? And is it thus that Jove his plighted Faith regards? T o whom, the Father of th' immortal Race,

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Smiling with that serene indulgent Face, With which he drives the Clouds, and clears the Skies: First gave a holy Kiss, then thus replies. Daughter, dismiss thy Fears: T o thy desire T h e Fates of thine are fix'd, and stand entire. T h o u shalt behold thy wish'd Lavinian Walls, And, ripe for Heav'n, when Fate /Eneas calls, Then shalt thou bear him up, sublime, to me; No Councils have revers'd my firm Decree. And lest new Fears disturb thy happy State, Know, I have search'd the Mystick Rolls of Fate: T h y Son (nor is th' appointed Season far) In Italy shall wage successful War: Shall tame fierce Nations in the bloody Field, And Sov'raign Laws impose, and Cities build. 'Till, after ev'ry Foe subdu'd, the Sun Thrice through the Signs his Annual Race shall run: This is his time prefix'd. Ascanius then, Now called lulus, shall begin his Reign. He thirty rowling Years the Crown shall wear: T h e n from Lavinium shall the Seat transfer: And, with hard Labour, Alba-longa build; T h e Throne with his Succession shall be fill'd, Three hundred Circuits more: then shall be seen, Ilia the fair, a Priestess and a Queen: Who full of Mars, in time, with kindly Throws, Shall at a Birth two goodly Boys disclose. T h e Royal Babes a tawny Wolf shall drain, T h e n Romulus his Grandsire's Throne shall gain, Of Martial Tow'rs the Founder shall become, T h e People Romans call, the City Rome. T o them, no Bounds of Empire I assign; Nor term of Years to their immortal Line. Ev'n haughty Juno, who, with endless Broils, Earth, Seas, and Heav'n, and Jove himself turmoils; 365 368 371

lulus] Julus F l - 2 . Alba-longa] the hyphen failed to print in some copies of Fi. Queen:] F1-2.

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At length atton'd, her friendly Pow'r shall joyn, T o cherish and advance the Trojan Line. T h e subject World shall Rome's Dominion own, And, prostrate, shall adore the Nation of the Gown. An Age is ripening in revolving Fate, When Troy shall overturn the Grecian State: And sweet Revenge her conqu'ring Sons shall call, T o crush the People that conspir'd her Fall. 39o Then Ccesar from the Julian Stock shall rise, Whose Empire Ocean, and whose Fame the Skies Alone shall bound: Whom, fraught with Eastern Spoils, Our Heav'n, the just Reward of Human Toyls, Securely shall repay with Rites Divine; And Incense shall ascend before his sacred Shrine. Then dire Debate, and impious War shall cease, And the stern Age be softned into Peace: T h e n banish'd Faith shall once again return, And Vestal Fires in hallow'd Temples burn; 400 And Remus with Quirinus shall sustain T h e righteous Laws, and Fraud and Force restrain. Janus himself before his Fane shall wait, And keep the dreadful issues of his Gate, With Bolts and Iron Bars: within remains Imprison'd Fury, bound in brazen Chains: High on a Trophie rais'd, of useless Arms, He sits, and threats the World with vain Alarms. He said, and sent Cyllenius with Command T o free the Ports, and ope the Punique Land 410 T o Trojan Guests; lest ignorant of Fate, T h e Queen might force them from her Town and State. Down from the Steep of Heav'n Cyllenius flies, And cleaves with all his Wings the yielding Skies. Soon on the Lybian Shoar descends the God; Performs his Message, and displays his Rod: T h e surly Murmurs of the People cease, And, as the Fates requir'd, they give the Peace. 39a 394

bound: . . . Eastern] repay] Fi>; reward Fi.

. . . Eastern

Fi-a. 400

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T h e Queen her self suspends the rigid Laws, T h e Trojans pities, and protects their Cause. 420 Mean time, in Shades of Night /Eneas lies; Care seiz'd his Soul, and Sleep forsook his Eyes. But when the Sun restor'd the chearful Day, He rose, the Coast and Country to survey, Anxious and eager to discover more: It look'd a wild uncultivated Shoar: But whether Human Kind, or Beasts alone Possess'd the new-found Region, was unknown. Beneath a Ledge of Rocks his Fleet he hides; \ T a l l Trees surround the Mountains shady sides: > 430 T h e bending Brow above, a safe Retreat provides. ) Arm'd with two pointed Darts, he leaves his Friends, And true Achates on his steps attends. Loe, in the deep Recesses of the Wood, Before his Eyes his Goddess Mother stood: A Huntress in her Habit and her Meen; Her dress a Maid, her Air confess'd a Queen. Bare were her Knees, and knots her Garments bind; Loose was her Hair, and wanton'd in the Wind; Her Hand sustain'd a Bow, her Quiver hung behind. 440 She seem'd a Virgin of the Spartan Blood: With such Array Harpolice bestrode Her Thracian Courser, and outstrip'd the rapid Flood. Ho! Strangers! have you lately seen, she said, \ One of my Sisters, like my self array'd; > Who crost the Lawn, or in the Forest stray'd? / A Painted Quiver at her Back she bore; ) Vary'd with Spots, a Lynx's Hide she wore: ; And at full Cry pursu'd the tusky Boar? ) Thus Venus: Thus her Son reply'd agen; 450 None of your Sisters have we heard or seen, O virgin! or what other Name you bear Above that stile; O more than mortal fair! Your Voice and Meen Coelestial birth betray! 428 447

Ledge of Rocks] F2 (ledge); hollow Rock F i . Lynx's] Linx's F1-2. 452 Above] F2; A bove F i .

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If, as you seem, the Sister of the Day; Or one at least of Chast Dianas Train, Let not an humble Suppliant sue in vain: But tell a Stranger, long in Tempests tost, What Earth we tread, and who commands the Coast? T h e n on your Name shall wretched Mortals call; 4«o And offer'd Victims at your Altars fall. I dare not, she reply'd, assume the Name Of Goddess, or Ccelestial Honours claim: For Tyrian Virgins Bows and Quivers bear, And Purple Buskins o're their Ankles wear. Know, gentle Youth, in Lybian Lands you are: A People rude in Peace, and rough in War. T h e rising City, which from far you see, Is Carthage; and a Tyrian Colony. Phoenician Dido rules the growing State, j 470 Who fled from Tyre, to shun her Brother's hate: > Great were her wrongs, her Story full of Fate; / Which I will sum in short. Sicheus known For wealth, and Brother to the Punic Throne, Possess'd fair Dido's Bed: And either heart At once was wounded with an equal Dart. Her Father gave her, yet a spotless Maid; Pigmalion then the Tyrian Scepter sway'd: One who contemn'd Divine and Humane Laws: T h e n Strife ensu'd, and cursed Gold the Cause. 480 T h e Monarch, blinded with desire of Wealth; With Steel invades his Brother's life by stealth; Before the sacred Altar made him bleed, And long from her conceal'd the cruel deed. Some Tale, some new Pretence, he daily coin'd, T o sooth his Sister, and delude her Mind. At length, in dead of Night, the Ghost appears \ Of her unhappy Lord: the Spectre stares, > And with erected Eyes his bloody Bosom bares. / T h e cruel Altars, and his Fate he tells, 490 And the dire Secret of his House reveals: 469

Phoenician]

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Then warns the Widdow, with her household Gods, T o seek a Refuge in remote abodes. Last, to support her, in so long a way, He shows her where his hidden Treasure lay. Admonish'd thus, and seiz'd with mortal fright, T h e Queen provides Companions of her flight: They meet; and all combine to leave the State, Who hate the Tyrant, or who fear his hate. They seize a Fleet, which ready rigg'd they find: 500 Nor is Pigmalion's Treasure left behind. T h e Vessels, heavy laden, put to Sea With prosprous winds; a Woman leads the way. I know not, if by stress of Weather driv'n, Or was their fatal Course dispos'd by Heav'n; At last they landed, where from far your Eyes May view the Turrets of new Carthage rise: There bought a space of Ground, which Byrsa call'd From the Bulls hide, they first inclos'd, and wall'd. But whence are you, what Country claims your Birth? 510 What seek you, Strangers, on our Lybian Earth? T o whom, with sorrow streaming from his Eyes, And deeply sighing, thus her Son replyes: Cou'd you with Patience hear, or I relate, O Nymph! the tedious Annals of our Fate! Thro' such a train of Woes if I shou'd run, T h e day wou'd sooner than the Tale be done! From ancient Troy, by Force expell'd, we came, If you by chance have heard the Trojan Name: On various Seas by various Tempests tost, 5zo At length we landed on your Lybian Coast. T h e Good AEneas am I call'd, a Name, While Fortune favour'd, not unknown to Fame: My houshold Gods, Companions of my Woes, With pious Care I rescu'd from our Foes. T o fruitful Italy my Course was bent, And from the King of Heav'n is my Descent. With twice ten Sail I crost the Phrygian Sea; Fate, and my Mother Goddess, led my Way.

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The First Book of the dLneis Scarce sev'n, the thin Remainders of my Fleet, 530 From Storms preserv'd, within your Harbour meet: My self distress'd, an Exile, and unknown, j Debarr'd from Europe, and from Asia thrown, > In Lybian Desarts wander thus alone. ) His tender Parent could no longer bear; But, interposing, sought to sooth his Care. Who e're you are, not unbelov'd by Heav'n, Since on our friendly Shoar your Ships are driv'n: Have Courage: T o the Gods permit the rest, And to the Queen expose your just Request. s4o Now take this earnest of Success, for more: Your scatter'd Fleet is join'd upon the Shoar; T h e Winds are chang'd, your Friends from danger free, Or I renounce my Skill in Augury. Twelve Swans behold, in beauteous order move, And stoop with closing Pinions from above: Whom late the Bird of Jove had driv'n along, And through the Clouds pursu'd the scatt'ring Throng: Now all united in a goodly Team, They skim the Ground, and seek the quiet Stream. 550 As they, with Joy returning, clap their Wings, And ride the Circuit of the Skies in Rings: Not otherwise your Ships, and ev'ry Friend, Already hold the Port, or with swift Sails descend. No more Advice is needful, but pursue T h e Path before you, and the Town in view. Thus having said, she turn'd, and made appear Her Neck refulgent, and dishevel'd Hair; Which flowing from her Shoulders, reach'd the Ground, And widely spread Ambrosial Scents around: 560 In length of Train descends her sweeping Gown, And by her graceful Walk, the Queen of Love is known. T h e Prince pursu'd the parting Deity, With Words like these: Ah! whither do you fly? Unkind and cruel, to deceive your Son In borrow'd Shapes, and his Embrace to shun: 563

whither] F i (corrected state), F2; whether Fi (uncorrected

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Never to bless my Sight, but thus unknown; And still to speak in Accents not your own. Against the Goddess these Complaints he made; But took the Path, and her Commands obey'd. T h e y march obscure, for Venus kindly shrowds, W i t h Mists, their Persons, and involves in Clouds: T h a t , thus unseen, their Passage none might stay, Or force to tell the Causes of their Way. T h i s part perform'd, the Goddess flies sublime, T o visit Paphos; and her native Clime: Where Garlands ever green, and ever fair, W i t h Vows are offer'd, and with solemn Pray'r: A hundred Altars in her T e m p l e Smoke, A thousand bleeding Hearts her Pow'r invoke. T h e y climb the next Ascent, and, looking down, Now at a nearer Distance view the T o w n : T h e Prince, with Wonder, sees the stately Tow'rs, Which late were Huts, and Shepherds homely Bow'rs; T h e Gates and Streets; and hears, from ev'ry part, T h e Noise, and buisy Concourse of the Mart. T h e toiling Tyrians on each other call, T o ply their Labour: Some extend the Wall, Some build the Citadel; the brawny Throng, O r dig, or push unweildy Stones along. Some for their Dwellings chuse a Spot of Ground, Which, first design'd, with Ditches they surround. Some Laws ordain, and some attend the Choice Of holy Senates, and elect by Voice. Here some design a Mole, while others there Lay deep Foundations for a T h e a t r e : From Marble Quarries mighty Columns hew, For Ornaments of Scenes, and future view. Such is their Toyl, and such their buisy Pains, As exercise the Bees in flow'ry Plains; When Winter past, and Summer scarce begun, Invites them forth to labour in the Sun: Some lead their Youth abroad, while some condense 583

Shepherds . . . Bow'rs;] Shepherd's . . .

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The First Book of the JEneis T h e i r liquid Store, and some in Cells dispence. Some at the Gate stand ready to receive T h e Golden Burthen, and their Friends relieve. All, with united Force, combine to drive T h e lazy Drones from the laborious Hive; With Envy stung, they view each others Deeds; T h e fragrant Work with Diligence proceeds. «10 Thrice happy you, whose Walls already rise; JEneas said; and view'd, with lifted Eyes, T h e i r lofty Tow'rs; then ent'ring at the Gate, Conceal'd in Clouds, (prodigious to relate) He mix'd, unmark'd, among the buisy Throng, Born by the Tide, and pass'd unseen along. Full in the Centre of the T o w n there stood, Thick set with Trees, a venerable Wood: T h e Tyrians landing near this holy Ground, And digging here, a prosp'rous Omen found: 620 From under Earth a Courser's Head they drew, T h e i r Growth and future Fortune to foreshew: This fated Sign their Foundress Juno gave, Of a Soil fruitful, and a People brave. Sidonian Dido here with solemn State Did Juno's Temple build, and consecrate: Enrich'd with Gifts, and with a Golden Shrine; But more the Goddess made the Place Divine. On Brazen Steps the Marble Threshold rose, And brazen Plates the Cedar Beams inclose: 630 T h e Rafters are with brazen Cov'rings crown'd, T h e lofty Doors on brazen Hinges sound. What first ¿Eneas in this place beheld, Reviv'd his Courage, and his Fear expel'd. For while, expecting there the Queen, he rais'd His wond'ring Eyes, and round the Temple gaz'd; Admir'd the Fortune of the rising T o w n , T h e striving Artists, and their Arts renown: He saw in order painted on the Wall, Whatever did unhappy Troy befall: 622

fated] F2; fatal F i .

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640 The Wars that Fame around the World had blown, All to the Life, and ev'ry Leader known. There Agamemnon, Priam here he spies, And fierce Achilles who both Kings defies. He stop'd, and weeping said, O Friend! ev'n here T h e Monuments of Trojan Woes appear! Our known Disasters fill ev'n foreign Lands: See there, where old unhappy Priam stands! Ev'n the Mute Walls relate the Warrior's Fame, And Trojan Griefs the Tyrians Pity claim. 650 He said, his Tears a ready Passage find, \ Devouring what he saw so well design'd; > And with an empty Picture fed his Mind. / For there he saw the fainting Grecians yield, And here the trembling Trojans quit the Field, Pursu'd by fierce Achilles through the Plain, On his high Chariot driving o're the Slain. The Tents of Rhesus next, his Grief renew, By their white Sails betray'd to nightly view: And wakeful Diomede, whose cruel Sword 660 T h e Centries slew; nor spar'd their slumb'ring Lord: Then took the fiery Steeds, e're yet the Food Of Troy they taste, or drink the Xanthian Flood. Elsewhere he saw where Troilus defy'd Achilles, and unequal Combat try'd: Then, where the Boy disarm'd with loosen'd Reins, Was by his Horses hurry'd o're the Plains: Hung by the Neck and Hair, and drag'd around, \ The hostile Spear yet sticking in his Wound; > With tracks of Blood inscrib'd the dusty Ground. / 67o Mean time the Trojan Dames oppress'd with Woe, \ T o Pallas Fane in long Procession goe, > In hopes to reconcile their Heav'nly Foe: ) They weep, they beat their Breasts, they rend their Hair,) And rich embroider'd Vests for Presents bear: > But the stern Goddess stands unmov'd with Pray'r. / 640 658 664

Fame] F i errata, view:] F1-2. try'd:] F"I-2.

F2; Fate F i . 660 671

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Thrice round the Trojan Walls Achilles drew T h e Corps of Hector, whom in Fight he slew. Here Priam sues, and there, for Sums of Gold, T h e lifeless Body of his Son is sold. 68o So sad an Object, and so well express'd, Drew Sighs and Groans from the griev'd Heroes Breast: T o see the Figure of his lifeless Friend, And his old Sire his helpless Hand extend. Himself he saw amidst the Grecian Train, Mix'd in the bloody Battel on the Plain. And swarthy Memnon in his Arms he knew, His pompous Ensigns, and his Indian Crew. Penthesilea there, with haughty Grace, Leads to the Wars an Amazonian Race: 690 In their right Hands a pointed Dart they wield; T h e left, for Ward, sustains the Lunar Shield. Athwart her Breast a Golden Belt she throws, ) Amidst the Press alone provokes a thousand Foes: [ And dares her Maiden Arms to Manly Force oppose.) Thus, while the Trojan Prince employs his Eyes, Fix'd on the Walls with wonder and surprise; T h e Beauteous Dido, with a num'rous Train, And pomp of Guards, ascends the sacred Fane. Such on Eurotas Banks, or Cynthus hight, 700 Diana seems; and so she charms the sight, When in the Dance the graceful Goddess leads T h e Quire of Nymphs, and overtops their Heads. Known by her Quiver, and her lofty Meen, She walks Majestick, and she looks their Queen: Latona sees her shine above the rest, And feeds with secret Joy her silent Breast. Such Dido was; with such becoming State, Amidst the Crowd, she walks serenely great. T h e i r Labour to her future Sway she speeds, 710 And passing with a gracious Glance proceeds: T h e n mounts the Throne, high plac'd before the Shrine; 686 688 699

knew,] Fi-a. Penthesilea] Penthisilea FI-2. Eurotas . . . Cynthus] Eurota's . . . Cynthus's F1-2.

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In Crowds around the swarming People joyn. She takes Petitions, and dispenses Laws, Hears, and determines ev'ry Private Cause. T h e i r Tasks in equal Portions she divides, And where unequal, there by Lots decides. Another Way by chance ALneas bends His Eyes, and unexpected sees his Friends: Antheus, Sergestus grave, Cloanthus strong, 720 And at their Backs a mighty Trojan Throng: Whom late the Tempest on the Billows tost, And widely scatter'd on another Coast. T h e Prince, unseen, surpriz'd with Wonder stands, And longs, with joyful haste to join their Hands: But doubtful of the wish'd Event, he stays, And from the hollow Cloud his Friends surveys: Impatient 'till they told their present State, And where they left their Ships, and what their Fate; And why they came, and what was their Request: 730 For these were sent commission'd by the rest, T o sue for leave to land their sickly Men, And gain Admission to the Gracious Queen. Ent'ring, with Cries they fill'd the holy Fane; Then thus, with lowly Voice, Ilioneus began. O Queen! indulg'd by Favour of the Gods, T o found an Empire in these new Abodes; T o build a Town, with Statutes to restrain T h e wild Inhabitants beneath thy Reign: We wretched Trojans tost on ev'ry Shore, 740 From Sea to Sea, thy Clemency implore: Forbid the Fires our Shipping to deface, \ Receive th' unhappy Fugitives to Grace, > And spare the remnant of a Pious Race. ) We come not with design of wastful Prey, T o drive the Country, force the Swains away: Nor such our Strength, nor such is our Desire, T h e vanquish'd dare not to such Thoughts aspire. A Land there is, Hesperia nam'd of old, 731

lowl\] F a ; h u m b l e F i .

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T h e Soil is fruitful, and the Men are bold: T h ' Oenotrians held it once, by common Fame, Now call'd Italia, from the Leaders Name. T o that sweet Region was our Voyage bent, When Winds, and ev'ry warring Element, Disturb'd our Course, and far from sight of Land, Cast our torn Vessels on the moving Sand: T h e Sea came on; the South with mighty Roar, Dispers'd and dash'd the rest upon the Rocky Shoar. Those few you see escap'd the Storm, and fear, Unless you interpose, a Shipwreck here: What Men, what Monsters, what inhuman Race, What Laws, what barb'rous Customs of the Place, Shut up a desart Shoar to drowning Men, And drive us to the cruel Seas agen! If our hard Fortune no Compassion draws, \ Nor hospitable Rights, nor human Laws, ? T h e Gods are just, and will revenge our Cause. / /Eneas was our Prince, a juster Lord, \ Or nobler Warriour, never drew a Sword: > Observant of the Right, religious of his Word. ) If yet he lives, and draws this vital Air: Nor we his Friends of Safety shall despair; Nor you, great Queen, these Offices repent, Which he will equal, and perhaps augment. W e want not Cities, nor Sicilian Coasts, Where King Acestes Trojan Lineage boasts. Permit our Ships a Shelter on your Shoars, Refitted from your Woods with Planks and Oars; T h a t if our Prince be safe, we may renew Our destin'd Course, and Italy pursue. But if, O best of Men! the Fates ordain T h a t thou art swallow'd in the Lybian Main: And if our young lulus be no more, Dismiss our Navy from your friendly Shoar: 750 763 783

Oenotrians] Fi (corrected state), F2; OEnotrians Fi (uncorrected state). drive] F2; drives F i . 773 augment] F2; prevent F i . Shoar:] F1-2.

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That we to good Acestes may return, And with our Friends our common Losses mourn. Thus spoke Ilioneus; the Trojan Crew With Cries and Clamours his Request renew. T h e modest Queen a while, with down-cast Eyes, Ponder'd the Speech; then briefly thus replies. 790 Trojans dismiss your Fears: my cruel Fate, And doubts attending an unsetled State, Force me to guard my Coast, from Foreign Foes. Who has not heard the story of your Woes? T h e Name and Fortune of your Native Place, T h e Fame and Valour of the Phrygian Race? We Tyrians are not so devoid of Sense, Nor so remote from Phoebus influence. Whether to Latian Shores your Course is bent, \ Or driv'n by Tempests from your first intent, > 8oo You seek the good Acestes Government; ) Your Men shall be receiv'd, your Fleet repair'd, And sail, with Ships of Convoy for your guard; Or, wou'd you stay, and joyn your friendly Pow'rs,) T o raise and to defend the Tyrian Tow'rs; > My Wealth, my City, and my Self are yours. / And wou'd to Heav'n the Storm, you felt, wou'd bring On Carthaginian Coasts your wand'ring King. My People shall, by my Command, explore T h e Ports and Creeks of ev'ry winding shore; 8io And Towns, and Wilds, and shady Woods, in quest Of so renown'd and so desir'd a Guest. Rais'd in his Mind the Trojan Heroe stood, And long'd to break from out his Ambient Cloud; Achates found it; and thus urg'd his way; From whence, O Goddess born, this long delay? What more can you desire, your Welcome sure, Your Fleet in safety, and your Friends secure? One only wants; and him we saw in vain Oppose the Storm, and swallow'd in the Main. 820 Orontes in his Fate our Forfeit paid, 799

Tempests] F2; Tempest's F i .

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T h e rest agrees with what your Mother said. Scarce had he spoken, when the Cloud gave way, T h e Mists flew upward, and dissolv'd in day. T h e Trojan Chief appear'd in open sight, August in Visage, and serenely bright. His Mother Goddess, with her hands Divine, Had form'd his Curling Locks, and made his Temples shine: And giv'n his rowling Eyes a sparkling grace; And breath'd a youthful vigour on his Face: 83o Like polish'd Iv'ry, beauteous to behold, Or Parian Marble, when enchas'd in Gold: Thus radiant from the circling Cloud he broke; And thus with manly modesty he spoke. He whom you seek am I: by Tempests tost, And sav'd from Shipwreck on your Lybian Coast: Presenting, gracious Queen, before your Throne, A Prince that ows his Life to you alone. Fair Majesty, the Refuge and Redress Of those whom Fate pursues, and Wants oppress; 840 You, who your pious Offices employ T o save the Reliques of abandon'd Troy; Receive the Shipwreck'd on your friendly Shore, With hospitable Rites relieve the Poor: Associate in your T o w n a wandring Train, And Strangers in your Palace entertain. What thanks can wretched Fugitives return, Who scatter'd thro' the World in exile mourn? T h e Gods, (if Gods to Goodness are inclin'd,) If Acts of mercy touch their Heav'nly Mind; 850 And more than all the Gods, your gen'rous heart, Conscious of worth, requite its own desert! In you this Age is happy, and this Earth: And Parents more than Mortal gave you birth. While rowling Rivers into Seas shall run, And round the space of Heav'n the radiant Sun; While Trees the Mountain tops with Shades supply, Your Honour, Name, and Praise shall never dye. 839

oppress;]

F1-2.

The First Book of the /Eneis What e're abode my Fortune has assign'd, Your Image shall be present in my Mind. 860 Thus having said; he turn'd with pious hast, \ And joyful his expecting Friends embrac'd: > With his right hand Ilioneus was grac'd, ) Serestus with his left; then to his breast \ Cloanthus and the Noble Gyas prest; > And so by turns descended to the rest. ) T h e Tyrian Queen stood fix'd upon his Face, Pleas'd with his motions, ravish'd with his grace: Admir'd his Fortunes, more admir'd the Man; Then recollected stood; and thus began. 870 What Fate, O Goddess born, what angry Pow'rs Have cast you shipwrack'd on our barren Shores? Are you the great /Eneas, known to Fame, Who from Coelestial Seed your Lineage claim! T h e same /Eneas whom fair Venus bore T o fam'd Anchises on th' Ideean Shore? It calls into my mind, tho' then a Child, When Teucer came from Salamis exil'd; And sought my Father's aid, to be restor'd: My Father Belus then with Fire and Sword 880 Invaded Cyprus, made the Region bare, And, Conqu'ring, finish'd the successful War. From him the Trojan Siege I understood, T h e Grecian Chiefs, and your Illustrious Blood. Your Foe himself the Dardan Valour prais'd, And his own Ancestry from Trojans rais'd. Enter, my Noble Guest; and you shall find, If not a costly welcome, yet a kind. For I my self, like you, have been distress'd; T i l l Heav'n afforded me this place of rest. 890 Like you an Alien in a Land unknown; I learn to pity Woes, so like my own. She said, and to the Palace led her Guest, Then offer'd Incense, and proclaim'd a Feast. Nor yet less careful for her absent Friends, Twice ten fat Oxen to the Ships she sends:

371

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English

Besides a hundred Boars, a hundred Lambs, With bleating cries, attend their Milky Dams. And Jars of gen'rous Wine, and spacious Bowls, She gives to chear the Sailors drooping Souls. 900 Now Purple Hangings cloath the Palace Walls, And sumptuous Feasts are made in splendid Halls: On Tyrian Carpets, richly wrought, they dine; With loads of Massy Plate the Side-boards shine: And Antique Vases all of Gold Emboss'd; (The Gold it self inferiour to the Cost:) Of curious Work, where on the sides were seen \ T h e Fights and Figures of Illustrious Men; > From their first Founder to the present Queen.) T h e Good /Eneas, whose Paternal Care 910 lulus absence could no longer bear, Dispatch'd Achates to the Ships in hast, T o give a glad Relation of the past; And, fraught with precious Gifts, to bring the Boy Snatch'd from the Ruins of unhappy Troy: A Robe of Tissue, stiff with golden Wire; An upper Vest, once Helen's rich Attire; From A rgos by the fam'd Adultress brought, With Golden flow'rs and winding foliage wrought; Her Mother Leda's Present, when she came 920 T o ruin Troy, and set the World on flame: T h e Scepter Priam's eldest Daughter bore, Her orient Necklace, and the Crown she wore; Of double texture, glorious to behold; One order set with Gems, and one with Gold. Instructed thus, the wise Achates goes: And in his diligence his duty shows. But Venus, anxious for her Son's Affairs, New Councils tryes; and new Designs prepares: That Cupid should assume the Shape and Face 930 Of sweet Ascanius, and the sprightly grace: Shou'd bring the Presents, in her Nephews stead, 903 shine:] ~ . F1-2.

91g

Leda's] Lteda's F1-2.

916

Helen's] Hellen's F1-2.

920 flame:] F1-2.

The First Book of the

/Eneis

And in Elisa's Veins the gentle Poison shed. For much she fear'd the Tyrians, double tongu'd, And knew the Town to Juno's care belong'd. These thoughts by Night her Golden Slumbers broke; And thus alarm'd, to winged Love she spoke. My Son, my strength, whose mighty Pow'r alone Controuls the Thund'rer, on his awful Throne; T o thee thy much afflicted Mother flies, »40 And on thy Succour, and thy Faith relies. T h o u know'st, my Son, how Jove's revengeful Wife, By force and Fraud, attempts thy Brother's life. And often hast thou mourn'd with me his Pains: \ Him Dido now with Blandishment detains; > But I suspect the Town where Juno reigns. ) For this, 'tis needful to prevent her Art, And fire with Love the proud Phoenician's heart: A Love so violent, so strong, so sure, As neither Age can change, nor Art can cure. »50 How this may be perform'd, now take my mind: Ascanius, by his Father is design'd T o come, with Presents, laden from the Port, T o gratifie the Queen, and gain the Court. I mean to plunge the Boy in pleasing Sleep, And, ravish'd, in Idalian Bow'rs to keep; Or high Cythcera: T h a t the sweet Deceipt May pass unseen, and none prevent the Cheat, Take thou his Form and Shape. I beg the Grace ) But only for a Night's revolving Space; > 96o T h y self a Boy, assume a Boy's dissembled Face: / That when amidst the fervour of the Feast, T h e Tyrian hugs, and fonds thee on her Breast, And with sweet Kisses in her Arms constrains, T h o u may'st infuse thy Venom in her Veins. T h e God of Love obeys, and sets aside His Bow, and Quiver, and his plumy Pride: 932 948 960

Elisa's] Eliza's ¥ 1-2. strong] Fa; fond F i . Face:] — F 1 - 2 .

947 949

heart:] Fi-g. As] F2; T h a t F i .

373

The

First Book

of the

AZneis

375

He walks lulus in his Mother's Sight, And in the sweet Resemblance takes Delight. T h e Goddess then to young Ascanius flies, 970 And in a pleasing Slumber seals his Eyes; Lull'd in her Lap, amidst a Train of Loves, She gently bears him to her blissful Groves: T h e n with a Wreath of Myrtle crowns his Head, And softly lays him on a flow'ry Bed. Cupid mean time assum'd his Form and Face, Foll'wing Achates with a shorter Pace; And brought the Gifts. T h e Queen, already sate Amidst the Trojan Lords, in shining State, High on a Golden Bed: Her Princely Guest 980 Was next her side, in order sate the rest. T h e n Canisters with Bread are heap'd on high; ) T h ' Attendants Water for their Hands supply; > And having wash'd, with silken Towels dry. ) Next fifty Handmaids in long order bore T h e Censers, and with Fumes the Gods adore. Then Youths, and Virgins twice as many, join T o place the Dishes, and to serve the Wine. T h e Tyrian Train, admitted to the Feast, Approach, and on the painted Couches rest. 990 All on the Trojan Gifts, with Wonder gaze; But view the beauteous Boy with more amaze: His Rosy-colour'd Cheeks, his radiant Eyes, His Motions, Voice, and Shape, and all the God's disguise. Nor pass unprais'd the Vest and Veil Divine, Which wand'ring Foliage and rich Flow'rs entwine. But far above the rest, the Royal Dame, (Already doom'd to Love's disastrous Flame;) With Eyes insatiate, and tumultuous Joy, Beholds the Presents, and admires the Boy. IOOO T h e guileful God, about the Heroe long, With Children's play, and false Embraces hung; T h e n sought the Queen: She took him to her Arms, With greedy Pleasure, and devour'd his Charms. 991

amaze:]

FI-2.

iooo

the Heroe] F2; his Father F i .

376

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English

Unhappy Dido little thought what Guest, How dire a God she drew so near her Breast. But he, not mindless of his Mother's Pray'r, Works in the pliant Bosom of the Fair; And moulds her Heart anew, and blots her former Care. T h e dead is to the living Love resign'd, 1010 And all /Eneas enters in her Mind. Now, when the Rage of Hunger was appeas'd, T h e Meat remov'd, and ev'ry Guest was pleas'd; T h e Golden Bowls with sparkling Wine are crown'd, And through the Palace chearful Cries resound. From gilded Roofs depending Lamps display Nocturnal Beams, that emulate the Day. A Golden Bowl, that shone with Gems Divine, \ T h e Queen commanded to be crown'd with Wine; > T h e Bowl that Belus us'd, and all the Tyrian Line. / 1020 Then, Silence through the Hall proclaim'd, she spoke: O hospitable Jove! we thus invoke, With solemn Rites, thy sacred Name and Pow'r! Bless to both Nations this auspicious Hour. So may the Trojan and the Tyrian Line, In lasting Concord, from this Day combine. Thou, Bacchus, God of Joys and friendly Cheer, And gracious Juno, both be present here: And you, my Lords of Tyre, your Vows address T o Heav'n with mine, to ratifie the Peace. 1030 T h e Goblet then she took, with Nectar crown'd, (Sprinkling the first Libations on the Ground,) And rais'd it to her Mouth with sober Grace, T h e n sipping, offer'd to the next in place. 'Twas Bilias whom she call'd, a thirsty Soul, He took the Challenge, and embrac'd the Bowl: With Pleasure swill'd the Gold, nor ceas'd to draw, 'Till he the bottom of the Brimmer saw. T h e Goblet goes around: Iopas brought His Golden Lyre, and sung what ancient Atlas taught: 1024 1039

Trojan] F2; Tojan taught:] Fi—2.

Fi.

1030

Nectar] Nectar

F1-2.

The First Book

of the

Mneis

1040 T h e various Labours of the wand'ring Moon, And whence proceed th' Eclipses of the Sun: T h ' Original of Men, and Beasts; and whence \ T h e Rains arise, and Fires their Warmth dispence; > And fix'd, and erring Stars, dispose their Influence: ) What shakes the solid Earth, what Cause delays T h e Summer Nights, and shortens Winter Days. With Peals of Shouts the Tyrians praise the Song; Those Peals are echo'd by the Trojan Throng. T h ' unhappy Queen with T a l k prolong'd the Night, 1050 And drank large Draughts of Love with vast Delight: Of Priam much enquir'd, of Hector more; ) T h e n ask'd what Arms the swarthy Memnon wore; > What Troops he landed on the Trojan Shore: / T h e Steeds of Diomede vary'd the Discourse, And fierce Achilles, with his matchless Force: At length, as Fate and her ill Stars requir'd, T o hear the Series of the War desir'd. Relate at large, my God-like Guest, she said, T h e Grecian Stratagems, the Town betray'd; 1060 T h e fatal Issue of so long a War, Your Flight, your Wand'rings, and your Woes declare. For since on ev'ry Sea, on ev'ry Coast, Your Men have been distress'd, your Navy tost, Sev'n times the Sun has either Tropick view'd, T h e Winter banish'd, and the Spring renew'd. 1041 1050 1054 1055

Sun:] F1-2. Delight:] F1-2. Diomede] Fi errata, F2; Di'mede Force:] F1-2.

Fi.

1044 1053

Influence:] F1-2. Shore:] F1-2.

SII

The Second Book of the /Eneis

The

Second

Book

of the

579

Mneis

THE ARGUMENT. jEneas relates how the City of T r o y was taken, after a Ten Years Siege, by the Treachery of Sinon, and the Stratagem of a wooden Horse. He declares the fixt Resolution he had taken not to survive the Ruins of his Country, and the various Adventures he met with in the Defence of it: at last having been before advis'd by H e c t o r ' j Ghost, and now by the Appearance of his Mother Venus, he is prevail'd upon to leave the Town, and settle his Houshold-Gods in another Country. In order to this, he carries off his Father on his Shoulders, and leads his little Son by the Hand, his Wife following him behind. When he comes to the Place appointed for the general Rendevouze, he finds a great Confluence of People, but misses his Wife, whose Ghost afterwards appears to him, and tells him the Land which was design'd for him. LL were attentive to the God-like Man; W h e n from his lofty C o u c h he thus began. Great Queen, what you command me to relate, Renews the sad remembrance of our Fate. A n Empire from its old Foundations rent, A n d ev'ry W o e the Trojans underwent: A Peopl'd City made a Desart Place; A l l that I saw, and part of which I was: N o t ev'n the hardest of our Foes cou'd hear, 10 N o r stern Ulysses tell without a T e a r . A n d now the latter Watch of wasting Night, A n d setting Stars to kindly Rest invite. B u t since you take such Int'rest in our W o e , A n d Troy's disastrous end desire to know: I will restrain my Tears, and briefly tell 8 2

In order] F Î ; in order F i . his] F i errata, F2; the F i .

3

8O

The

Works of Virgil in

English

What in our last and fatal Night befel. By Destiny compell'd, and in Despair, T h e Greeks grew weary of the tedious War: And by Minerva's Aid a Fabrick rear'd, Which like a Steed of monstrous height appear'd; T h e Sides were planck'd with Pine, they feign'd it made For their Return, and this the Vow they paid. T h u s they pretend, but in the hollow Side, Selected Numbers of their Souldiers hide: And inward Arms the dire Machine they load, With Iron Bowels stuff the dark Abode. In sight of Troy lies Tenedos, an Isle, (While Fortune did on Priam's Empire smile) Renown'd for Wealth, but since a faithless Bay, Where Ships expos'd to Wind and Weather lay. There was their Fleet conceal'd: W e thought for Greece Their Sails were hoisted, and our Fears release. T h e Trojans coop'd within their Walls so long, Unbar their Gates, and issue in a Throng, Like swarming Bees, and with Delight survey T h e Camp deserted, where the Grecians lay: T h e Quarters of the sev'ral Chiefs they show'd, \ Here Phoenix, here Achilles made abode, > Here join'd the Battels, there the Navy rode. ) Part on the Pile their wond'ring Eyes employ, (The Pile by Pallas rais'd to ruin Troy.) Thymcetes first ('tis doubtful whether hir'd, Or so the Trojan Destiny requir'd) Mov'd that the Ramparts might be broken down, T o lodge the monster Fabrique in the Town. But Capys, and the rest of sounder Mind, T h e fatal Present to the Flames design'd; Or to the watry deep: At least to bore T h e hollow sides, and hidden Frauds explore: T h e giddy Vulgar, as their Fancies guide, With Noise say nothing, and in parts divide. 25 45

And] F2; W i t h F i . 42 Thymcetes] monster Fabrique] F2 (Monster); fatal Engine F i .

Thymates

F1-2.

The Second Book of the ALneis

381

Laocoon, follow'd by a num'rous Crowd, R a n from the Fort; and cry'd, from far, aloud; O wretched Country-men! what Fury reigns? What more than Madness has possess'd your Brains? T h i n k you the Grecians from your Coasts are gone, And are Ulysses Arts no better known? This hollow Fabrick either must inclose, Within its blind Recess, our secret Foes; Or 'tis an Engine rais'd above the Town, T ' o'relook the Walls, and then to batter down. Somewhat is sure design'd; by Fraud or Force; Trust not their Presents, nor admit the Horse. T h u s having said, against the Steed he threw His forceful Spear, which, hissing as it flew, Pierc'd through the yielding Planks of jointed Wood, And trembling in the hollow Belly stood. T h e sides transpierc'd, return a ratling Sound, And Groans of Greeks inclos'd come issuing through the Wound. And had not Heav'n the fall of Troy design'd, \ Or had not Men been fated to be blind, > Enough was said and done, t' inspire a better Mind: ) T h e n had our Lances pierc'd the treach'rous Wood, And Ilian Tow'rs, and Priam's Empire stood. Mean time, with Shouts, the Trojan Shepherds bring A captive Greek in Bands, before the King: Taken, to take; who made himself their Prey, T ' impose on their Belief, and Troy betray: Fix'd on his Aim, and obstinately bent T o die undaunted, or to circumvent. About the Captive, tides of Trojans flow; All press to see, and some insult the Foe. Now hear how well the Greeks their Wiles disguis'd, Behold a Nation in a Man compris'd. Trembling the Miscreant stood, unarm'd and bound; He star'd, and rowl'd his hagger'd Eyes around: T h e n said, Alas! what Earth remains, what Sea Is open to receive unhappy me? 78

betray:] — F1-2.

88 me?]

Fi-s.

382

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What Fate a wretched Fugitive attends, 90 Scorn'd by my Foes, abandon'd by my Friends? He said, and sigh'd, and cast a ruful Eye: Our Pity kindles, and our Passions dye. We chear the Youth to make his own Defence, And freely tell us what he was, and whence: What News he cou'd impart, we long to know, And what to credit from a captive Foe. His fear at length dismiss'd, he said, What e're My Fate ordains, my Words shall be sincere: I neither can, nor dare my Birth disclaim, 100 Greece is my Country, Sinon is my Name: Though plung'd by Fortune's Pow'r in Misery, 'Tis not in Fortune's Pow'r to make me lye. If any chance has hither brought the Name Of Palamedes, not unknown to Fame, Who suffer'd from the Malice of the times; Accus'd and sentenc'd for pretended Crimes: Because these fatal Wars he would prevent; Whose Death the wretched Greeks too late lament; Me, then a Boy, my Father, poor and bare \ no Of other Means, committed to his Care: [ His Kinsman and Companion in the War. ) While Fortune favour'd, while his Arms support T h e Cause, and rul'd the Counsels of the Court, I made some figure there; nor was my Name Obscure, nor I without my share of Fame. But when Ulysses, with fallacious Arts, Had made Impression in the Peoples Hearts; And forg'd a Treason in my Patron's Name, (I speak of things too far divulg'd by Fame) 120 My Kinsman fell; then I, without support, In private mourn'd his Loss, and left the Court. Mad as I was, I could not bear his Fate With silent Grief, but loudly blam'd the State: And curs'd the direful Author of my Woes. 'Twas told again, and hence my Ruin rose. go

Friends?] —. F i - 2 .

97

What] what F i - a .

The Second Book of the /Eneis I threatn'd, if indulgent Heav'n once more ) Wou'd land me safely on my Native Shore, ; His Death with double Vengeance to restore. / This mov'd the Murderer's Hate, and soon ensu'd lao T h ' Effects of Malice from a Man so proud. Ambiguous Rumors thro the Camp he spread, And sought, by Treason, my devoted Head: New Crimes invented, left unturn'd no Stone, T o make my Guilt appear, and hide his own: 'Till Calchas was by Force and Threatning wrought: But why Why dwell I on that anxious Thought? If on my Nation just Revenge you seek, And 'tis t' appear a Foe, t' appear a Greek; Already you my Name and Country know, 140 Asswage your thirst of Blood, and strike the Blow: My Death will both the Kingly Brothers please, And set insatiate Ithacus at ease. This fair unfinish'd Tale, these broken starts, J Rais'd expectations in our longing Hearts; > Unknowing as we were in Grecian Arts. / His former trembling once again renew'd, With acted Fear, the Villain thus pursu'd. Long had the Grecians (tir'd with fruitless Care, And weary'd with an unsuccessful War,) 150 Resolv'd to raise the Siege, and leave the Town; And had the Gods permitted, they had gone. But oft the Wintry Seas, and Southern Winds, Withstood their passage home, and chang'd their Minds. Portents and Prodigies their Souls amaz'd; But most, when this stupendous Pile was rais'd. T h e n flaming Meteors, hung in Air, were seen, And Thunders ratled through a Skie serene: Dismay'd, and fearful of some dire Event, Eurypylus, t' enquire their Fate, was sent; 160 He from the Gods this dreadful Answer brought; ) O Grecians, when the Trojan Shores you sought, > Your Passage with a Virgin's Blood was bought: / 134 own:]

Fi—2.

S83

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384

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So must your safe Return be bought again; And Grecian Blood, once more attone the Main. T h e spreading Rumour round the People ran; All fear'd, and each believ'd himself the Man. Ulysses took th' advantage of their fright; Call'd Calchas, and produc'd in open sight: Than bade him name the Wretch, ordain'd by Fate, 170 T h e Publick Victim, to redeem the State. Already some presag'd the dire Event, And saw what Sacrifice Ulysses meant. For twice five days the good old Seer withstood T h ' intended Treason, and was dumb to Blood: T i l l Tir'd with endless Clamours, and pursute Of Ithacus, he stood no longer Mute: But, as it was agreed, pronounc'd, that I Was destin'd by the wrathful Gods to die. All prais'd the Sentence, pleas'd the storm should fall 180 On one alone, whose Fury threatn'd all. T h e dismal day was come, the Priests prepare T h e i r leaven'd Cakes; and Fillets for my Hair. I follow'd Nature's Laws, and must avow I broke my Bonds, and fled the fatal blow. Hid in a weedy Lake all Night I lay, Secure of Safety when they sail'd away. But now what further Hopes for me remain, T o see my Friends or Native Soil again? My tender Infants, or my careful Sire; 190 Whom they returning will to Death require? Will perpetrate on them their first Design, And take the forfeit of their heads for mine? Which, O if Pity mortal Minds can move! If there be Faith below, or Gods above! If Innocence and Truth can claim desert, Ye Trojans from an injur'd Wretch avert. False Tears true Pity move: the King Commands T o loose his Fetters, and unbind his hands: 174

Blood:]

F1-2.

183

Nature's] Natur's F1-2.

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of the

JEneis

S85

T h e n adds these friendly words; Dismiss thy Fears,

Greeks,

200 F o r g e t t h e

b e m i n e as t h o u w e r t

B u t t r u l y tell, w a s it f o r F o r c e o r

theirs.

Guile,

O r s o m e Religious E n d , you rais'd the Pile? T h u s said t h e K i n g . H e f u l l of f r a u d f u l Arts, T h i s well invented T a l e for T r u t h

imparts.

Y e L a m p s of H e a v ' n ! h e said, a n d l i f t e d

high

H i s h a n d s n o w free, t h o u v e n e r a b l e Sky, Inviolable Pow'rs, ador'd with dread,

)

Y e fatal Fillets, that o n c e b o u n d this head, > Ye sacred Altars, f r o m whose

flames

I

fled!

)

210 B e a l l o f y o u a d j u r ' d ; a n d g r a n t I m a y , W i t h o u t a Crime, th' ungrateful

Greeks

R e v e a l t h e Secrets of t h e g u i l t y

State,

A n d justly punish w h o m I justly

betray!

hate!

But you, O King, preserve the Faith you If I t o s a v e m y self y o u r E m p i r e The

Grecian

save.

H o p e s , a n d all th' A t t e m p t s they

W e r e only founded on

Minerva's

Ulysses,

made,

Aid.

Diomede,

But from the time when impious A n d false

gave,

that inventive

Head,

220 H e r f a t a l I m a g e f r o m t h e T e m p l e

drew,

T h e s l e e p i n g G u a r d i a n s of t h e C a s t l e slew, H e r Virgin Statue with their bloody Polluted, and prophan'd her holy

Hands

Bands:

F r o m t h e n c e t h e T i d e of F o r t u n e left t h e i r Shore, A n d e b b ' d m u c h f a s t e r t h a n it

flow'd

before:

T h e i r C o u r a g e l a n g u i s h ' d , as t h e i r H o p e s And

Pallas,

n o w averse, refus'd h e r

decay'd,

Aid.

N o r did the Goddess doubtfully declare H e r alter'd Mind, and alienated 230 W h e n

first

Care:

h e r fatal I m a g e touch'd the

S h e sternly cast h e r g l a r i n g Eyes

Ground,

around;

T h a t s p a r k l ' d as t h e y r o w l ' d , a n d s e e m ' d to H e r Heav'nly L i m b s distill'd a briny

threat:

Sweat.

T h r i c e f r o m the G r o u n d she leap'd, was seen to H e r brandish'd Lance, and shake her horrid 199

Dismiss] dismiss F 1 - 2 .

214

wield

Shield.

preserve] F2; preseve F i .

3

86

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Works

of Virgil

in

English

T h e n Calchas bad our Host for flight prepare, And hope no Conquest from the tedious War: 'Till first they sail'd for Greece; with Pray'rs besought Her injur'd Pow'r, and better Omens brought. 240 And now their Navy ploughs the wat'ry Main, \ Yet, soon expect it on your Shoars again, > With Pallas pleas'd; as Calchas did ordain. ) But first, to reconcile the blue-ey'd Maid, For her stoln Statue, and her Tow'r betray'd; Warn'd by the Seer, to her offended Name We rais'd, and dedicate this wond'rous Frame: So lofty, lest through your forbidden Gates It pass, and intercept our better Fates. For, once admitted there, our hopes are lost; 250 And Troy may then a new Palladium boast. For so Religion and the Gods ordain; That if you violate with Hands prophane Minerva's Gift, your Town in Flames shall burn, (Which Omen, O ye Gods, on Grecia turn!) But if it climb, with your assisting Hands, T h e Trojan Walls, and in the City stands; Then Troy shall Argos and Mycence burn, And the reverse of Fate on us return. With such Deceits he gain'd their easie Hearts, 260 T o o prone to credit his perfidious Arts. What Diomede, nor Thetis greater Son, \ A thousand Ships, nor ten years Siege had done: > False Tears and fawning Words the City won. / A greater Omen, and of worse portent, J Did our unwary Minds with fear torment: > Concurring to produce the dire Event. ) Laocoon, Neptune's Priest by Lot that Year, With solemn pomp then sacrific'd a Steer: When, dreadful to behold, from Sea we spy'd \ 270 Two Serpents, rank'd abreast, the Seas divide,; And smoothly sweep along the swelling Tide. ) T h e i r flaming Crests above the Waves they show, 268

Steer:]

F1-2.

270

Serpents,] ~ A FI-2.

The Second Book of the /Eneis

387

T h e i r Bellies seem to burn the Seas below: T h e i r speckled Tails advance to steer their Course, And on the sounding Shoar the flying Billows force. And now the Strand, and now the Plain they held, T h e i r ardent Eyes with bloody streaks were fill'd: T h e i r nimble Tongues they brandish'd as they came, And lick'd their hissing Jaws, that sputter'd Flame. 280 W e fled amaz'd; their destin'd Way they take, And to Laocoon and his Children make: And first around the tender Boys they wind, T h e n with their sharpen'd Fangs their Limbs and Bodies grind. T h e wretched Father, running to their Aid With pious Haste, but vain, they next invade: Twice round his waste their winding Volumes rowl'd, And twice about his gasping Throat they fold. T h e Priest thus doubly choak'd, their Crests divide, And tow'ring o're his Head, in Triumph ride. 290 With both his Hands he labours at the Knots; His Holy Fillets the blue Venom blots: His roaring fills the flitting Air around. Thus, when an Oxe receives a glancing Wound, He breaks his Bands, the fatal Altar flies, And with loud Bellowings breaks the yielding Skies. T h e i r Tasks perform'd, the Serpents quit their prey, And to the Tow'r of Pallas make their way: Couch'd at her Feet, they lie protected there, By her large Buckler, and protended Spear. 300 Amazement seizes all; the gen'ral Cry Proclaims Laocoon justly doom'd to die: Whose hand the Will of Pallas had withstood, And dar'd to violate the Sacred Wood. All vote t' admit the Steed, that Vows be paid, And Incense offer'd to th' offended Maid. A spacious Breach is made, the Town lies bare, Some hoisting Leavers, some the Wheels prepare, And fasten to the Horses Feet: the rest 288 290 301

Priest] Fi-s. Knots;] the semicolon die:] F1-2.

printed as a comma in some copies of Ft.

The Second

Book

of the

/Eneis

With Cables haul along th' unweildy Beast. 310 Each on his Fellow for Assistance calls: At length the fatal Fabrick mounts the Walls, Big with Destruction. Boys with Chaplets crown'd, And Quires of Virgins sing, and dance around. Thus rais'd aloft, and then descending down, It enters o're our Heads, and threats the Town. O sacred City! built by Hands Divine! O valiant Heroes of the Trojan Line! Four times he struck; as oft the clashing sound Of Arms was heard, and inward Groans rebound. 320 Yet mad with Zeal, and blinded with our Fate, We hawl along the Horse, in solemn state; Then place the dire Portent within the Tow'r. Cassandra cry'd, and curs'd th' unhappy Hour; Foretold our Fate; but by the Gods decree All heard, and none believ'd the Prophecy. With Branches we the Fanes adorn, and wast In jollity, the Day ordain'd to be the last. Mean time the rapid Heav'ns rowl'd down the Light, And on the shaded Ocean rush'd the Night: 330 Our Men secure, nor Guards nor Centries held, But easie Sleep their weary Limbs compell'd. T h e Grecians had embark'd their Naval Pow'rs From Tenedos, and sought our well known Shoars: Safe under Covert of the silent Night, And guided by th' Imperial Galley's light: When Sinon, favour'd by the Partial Gods, Unlock'd the Horse, and op'd his dark abodes: Restor'd to vital Air our hidden Foes, Who joyful from their long Confinement rose. 340 Tysander bold, and Sthenelus their Guide, And dire Ulysses down the Cable slide: Then Thoas, Athamas, and Pyrrhus hast; Nor was the Podalyrian Heroe last: Nor injur'd Menelaus, nor the fam'd Epeus, who the fatal Engine fram'd. 335 light:]

Fi-a.

389

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A nameless Crowd succeed; their Forces join T ' invade the Town, oppress'd with Sleep and Wine. Those few they find awake, first meet their Fate, T h e n to their Fellows they unbar the Gate. 350 'Twas in the dead of Night, when Sleep repairs Our Bodies worn with Toils, our Minds with Cares, When Hector's Ghost before my sight appears: A bloody Shrowd he seem'd, and bath'd in Tears: Such as he was, when, by Pelides slain, Thessalian Coursers drag'd him o're the Plain. Swoln were his Feet, as when the Thongs were thrust Through the bor'd holes, his Body black with dust: Unlike that Hector, who return'd from toils Of War Triumphant, in ALacian Spoils: 360 Or him, who made the fainting Greeks retire, And lanch'd against their Navy Phrygian Fire. His Hair and Beard stood stiffen'd with his gore; And all the Wounds he for his Country bore, Now stream'd afresh, and with new Purple ran: \ I wept to see the visionary Man: > And while my Trance continu'd, thus began. ) O Light of Trojans, and Support of Troy, T h y Father's Champion, and thy Country's Joy! O, long expected by thy Friends! from whence 370 Art thou so late return'd for our Defence? Do we behold thee, weary'd as we are, With length of Labours, and with Toils of War? After so many Fun'rals of thy own, Art thou restor'd to thy declining Town? But say, what Wounds are these? What new Disgrace Deforms the Manly Features of thy Face? T o this the Spectre no Reply did frame; But answer'd to the Cause for which he came: And, groaning from the bottom of his Breast, 38o This Warning, in these mournful Words express'd. O Goddess-born! escape, by timely flight, 353 357

Tears:] ]

dust;

Fl

F1-2. ~2-

354 Pelides] F2; foul Treason Fi.

The Second Book of the /Eneis T h e Flames, and Horrors of this fatal Night. T h e Foes already have possess'd the Wall, Troy nods from high, and totters to her Fall. Enough is paid to Priam's Royal Name, More than enough to Duty and to Fame. If by a Mortal Hand my Father's Throne Cou'd be defended, 'twas by mine alone: Now Troy to thee commends her future State, s9o And gives her Gods Companions of thy Fate: From their assistance happyer Walls expect, Which, wand'ring long, at last thou shalt erect. He said, and brought me, from their blest abodes, T h e venerable Statues of the Gods: With ancient Vesta from the sacred Quire, T h e Wreaths and Relicks of th' Immortal Fire. Now peals of Shouts come thund'ring fromafar, Cries, Threats, and loud Laments, and mingl'd War: T h e Noise approaches, though our Palace stood 400 Aloof from Streets, encompass'd with a Wood. Louder, and yet more loud, I hear th' Allarms Of Human Cries distinct, and clashing Arms: Fear broke my Slumbers; I no longer stay, ) But mount the Terrass, thence the Town survey, > And hearken what the frightful Sounds convey. / Thus when a flood of Fire by Winds is born, Crackling it rowls, and mows the standing Corn: Or Deluges, descending on the Plains, \ Sweep o're the yellow Year, destroy the pains > 410 Of lab'ring Oxen, and the Peasant's gains: / Unroot the Forrest Oaks, and bear away Flocks, Folds, and Trees, an undistinguish'd Prey: T h e Shepherd climbs the Cliff, and sees from far, T h e wastful Ravage of the wat'ry War. T h e n Hector's Faith was manifestly clear'd; And Grecian Frauds in open light appear'd. T h e Palace of Deiphobus ascends 411 416

Unroot] F2; Uuroot F i . And] F2; T h e F i .

412

Prey:]

F1-2.

391

392

420

430

440

450

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In smoaky Flames, and catches on his Friends. Ucalegon burns next; the Seas are bright With splendor, not their own; and shine with Trojan light. New Clamours, and new Clangors now arise, T h e sound of Trumpets mix'd with fighting cries. With frenzy seiz'd, I run to meet th' Alarms, Resolv'd on death, resolv'd to die in Arms: But first to gather Friends, with them t' oppose, If Fortune favour'd, and repel the Foes: Spurr'd by my courage, by my Country fir'd; With sense of Honour, and Revenge inspir'd. Panthus, Apollo's Priest, a sacred Name, Had scap'd the Grecian Swords, and pass'd the Flame; With Reliques loaden, to my Doors he fled, And by the hand his tender Grand-son led. What hope, O Panthus! whither can we run? Where make a stand? and what may yet be done? Scarce had I said, when Panthus, with a groan, Troy is no more, and Ilium was a Town! T h e fatal Day, th' appointed Hour is come, When wrathful Jove's irrevocable doom Transfers the Trojan State to Grecian hands. T h e Fire consumes the Town, the Foe commands: And armed Hosts, an unexpected Force, Break from the Bowels of the Fatal Horse. Within the Gates, proud Sinon throws about T h e flames, and Foes for entrance press without: With thousand others, whom I fear to name, More than from A rgos, or Mycence came. T o sev'ral Posts their Parties they divide; Some block the narrow Streets, some scour the wide. T h e bold they kill, th' unwary they surprise; Who fights finds Death, and Death finds him who flies. T h e Warders of the Gate but scarce maintain T h ' unequal Combat, and resist in vain. I Heard; and Heav'n, that well-born Souls inspires,

424 Arms:] 429, 433, 435

F1-2. Panthus] Pantheus

F1-2.

426 444

Foes:] Fi-2. without:] F1-2.

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Prompts me, thro' lifted Swords, and rising Fires T o run, where clashing Arms and Clamour calls, And rush undaunted to defend the Walls. Ripheus and Iphitus by my side engage, For Valour one Renown'd, and one for Age. Dymas and Hypanis by Moonlight knew 460 My motions, and my Meen, and to my Party drew; With young Chorcebus, who by Love was led T o win Renown, and fair Cassandra's Bed; And lately brought his Troops to Priam's aid: Forewarn'd in vain, by the Prophetic Maid: Whom, when I saw, resolv'd in Arms to fall, And that one Spirit animated all; Brave Souls, said I, but Brave, alas! in vain: Come, finish what our Cruel Fates ordain. You see the desp'rate state of our Affairs; 470 And Heav'ns protecting Pow'rs are deaf to Pray'rs. T h e passive Gods behold the Greeks defile Their Temples, and abandon to the Spoil Their own Abodes: we, feeble few, conspire T o save a sinking Town, involv'd in Fire. Then let us fall, but fall amidst our Foes; Despair of Life, the Means of Living shows. So bold a Speech incourag'd their desire Of Death, and added fuel to their fire. As hungry Wolves, with raging appetite, 48o Scour thro' the fields, nor fear the stormy Night; Their Whelps at home expect the promis'd Food, And long to temper their dry Chaps in Blood: So rush'd we forth at once, resolv'd to die, Resolv'd in Death the last Extreams to try. We leave the narrow Lanes behind, and dare \ T h ' unequal Combat in the publick Square: ; Night was our Friend, our Leader was Despair. ) What Tongue can tell the Slaughter of that Night? What Eyes can weep the Sorrows and Affright? 457 475 489

Iphitus] Iph'itusYw Iph'itasVt. Foes;] F1-2. Affright?] F1-2.

464 477

Maid:] — F 1 - 2 . bold] F2; fierce F i .

593

394

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490 An ancient and imperial City falls, T h e Streets are fill'd with frequent Funerals: Houses and Holy Temples float in Blood, And hostile Nations make a common Flood. Not only Trojans fall, but in their turn, T h e vanquish'd Triumph, and the Victors mourn. Ours take new Courage from Despair and Night; Confus'd the Fortune is, confus'd the Fight. All parts resound with Tumults, Plaints, and Fears, And grisly Death in sundry shapes appears. 500 Androgeos fell among us, with his Band, Who thought us Grecians newly come to Land: From whence, said he, my Friends this long delay? You loiter, while the Spoils are born away: Our Ships are laden with the Trojan Store, And you like Truants come too late ashore. He said, but soon corrected his Mistake, Found, by the doubtful Answers which we make: Amaz'd, he wou'd have shun'd th' unequal Fight, But we, more num'rous, intercept his flight. 510 As when some Peasant in a bushy Brake, Has with unwary Footing press'd a Snake; He starts aside, astonish'd, when he spies J His rising Crest, blue Neck, and rowling Eyes; > So from our Arms, surpriz'd Androgeos flies. / In vain; for him and his we compass'd round, ) Possess'd with Fear, unknowing of the Ground; / And of their Lives an easy Conquest found. ) Thus Fortune on our first Endeavour smil'd: Choroebus then, with youthful Hopes beguil'd, 520 Swoln with Success, and of a daring Mind, This new Invention fatally design'd. My Friends, said he, since Fortune shows the way, 'Tis fit we shou'd th' auspicious Guide obey. For what has she these Grecian Arms bestow'd, But their Destruction, and the Trojans good? Then change we Shields, and their Devices bear, 519

Chorcebus] Choreebus F I - 2 .

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Let Fraud supply the want of Force in War. They find us Arms. This said, himself he dress'd \ In dead Androgeos Spoils, his upper Vest, > 530 His painted Buckler, and his plumy Crest. ) Thus Ripheus, Dymas, all the Trojan Train Lay down their own Attire, and strip the slain. Mix'd with the Greeks, we go with ill Presage, Flatter'd with hopes to glut our greedy Rage: Unknown, assaulting whom we blindly meet, And strew, with Grecian Carcasses, the Street. Thus while their stragling Parties we defeat, Some to the Shoar and safer Ships retreat: And some oppress'd with more ignoble Fear, 540 Remount the hollow Horse, and pant in secret there. But ah! what use of Valour can be made, When Heav'ns propitious Pow'rs refuse their Aid? Behold the royal Prophetess, the Fair Cassandra, drag'd by her dishevel'd Hair; Whom not Minerva's Shrine, nor sacred Bands, In safety cou'd protect from sacrilegious Hands: On Heav'n she cast her Eyes, she sigh'd, she cry'd, ('Twas all she cou'd) her tender Arms were ty'd. So sad a Sight Chorcebus cou'd not bear, 550 But fir'd with Rage, distracted with Despair; Amid the barb'rous Ravishers he flew: Our Leader's rash Example we pursue. But storms of Stones, from the proud Temple's height, Pour down, and on our batter'd Helms alight. W e from our Friends receiv'd this fatal Blow, Who thought us Grecians, as we seem'd in show. They aim at the mistaken Crests, from high, And ours beneath the pond'rous Ruin lie. Then, mov'd with Anger and Disdain, to see 560 T h e i r Troops dispers'd, the Royal Virgin free: T h e Grecians rally, and their Pow'rs unite; 528 542 549

Arms. This] F2; this F i . Aid?] F1-2. Chorcebus] Chortebus F i ; Chocerbus

529 F2.

Androgeos]

Androgeos's

F1-2.

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With Fury charge us, and renew the Fight. T h e Brother-Kings with Ajax join their force, And the whole Squadron of Thessalian Horse. Thus, when the Rival Winds their Quarrel try, Contending for the Kingdom of the Skie; South, East, and West, on airy Coursers born, T h e Whirlwind gathers, and the Woods are torn: Then Nereus strikes the deep, the Billows rise, s7o And, mix'd with Ooze and Sand, pollute the Skies. T h e Troops we squander'd first, again appear From sev'ral Quarters, and enclose the Rear. They first observe, and to the rest betray Our diff'rent Speech; our borrow'd Arms survey. Oppress'd with odds, we fall; Choroebus first, At Pallas Altar, by Peneleus pierc'd. Then Ripheus follow'd, in th' unequal Fight; Just of his Word, observant of the right; Heav'n thought not so: Dymas their Fate attends, 580 With Hypanis, mistaken by their Friends. Nor Panthus, thee, thy Mitre nor the Bands Of awful Phoebus, sav'd from impious Hands. Ye Trojan Flames your Testimony bear, What I perform'd, and what I suffer'd there: No Sword avoiding in the fatal Strife, Expos'd to Death, and prodigal of Life. Witness, ye Heav'ns! I live not by my Fault, I strove to have deserv'd the Death I sought. But when I cou'd not fight, and wou'd have dy'd, 59o Born off to distance by the growing Tide, Old Iphitus and I were hurry'd thence, With Pelias wounded, and without Defence. New Clamors from th' invested Palace ring; We run to die, or disengage the King. So hot th' Assault, so high the Tumult rose, While ours defend, and while the Greeks oppose; As all the Dardan and Argolick Race 575 581

Choroebus] Chorœbus F I - 2 . Panthus] Pantheus F1-2.

576

Pallas]

Pallas's

Fi-s.

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Had been contracted in that narrow Space: Or as all Ilium else were void of Fear, 6oo And Tumult, War, and Slaughter only there. Their Targets in a Tortoise cast, the Foes Secure advancing, to the Turrets rose: Some mount the scaling Ladders, some more bold Swerve upwards, and by Posts and Pillars hold: Their left hand gripes their Bucklers, in th' ascent, While with the right they seise the Battlement. From their demolish'd Tow'rs the Trojans throw Huge heaps of Stones, that falling, crush the Foe: And heavy Beams, and Rafters from the sides, eio (Such Arms their last necessity provides:) And gilded Roofs come tumbling from on high, The marks of State, and ancient Royalty. The Guards below, fix'd in the Pass, attend The Charge undaunted, and the Gate defend. Renew'd in Courage with recover'd Breath, A second time we ran to tempt our Death: T o clear the Palace from the Foe, succeed The weary living, and revenge the dead. A Postern door, yet unobserv'd and free, 620 Join'd by the length of a blind Gallery, T o the King's Closet led; a way well known T o Hector's Wife, while Priam held the Throne: Through which she brought Astyanax, unseen, T o chear his Grandsire, and his Grandsire's Queen. Through this we pass, and mount the Tow'r, from whence With unavailing Arms the Trojans make defence. From this the trembling King had oft descry'd T h e Grecian Camp, and saw their Navy ride. Beams from its lofty height with Swords we hew; 630 Then wrenching with our hands, th' Assault renew. And where the Rafters on the Columns meet, We push them headlong with our Arms and Feet: T h e Lightning flies not swifter than the Fall; Nor Thunder louder than the ruin'd Wall: 632 Feet:] the

colon printed

as a period

in some copies of Fi.

The Second Book of the /Eneis Down goes the top at once; the Greeks beneath Are piecemeal torn, or pounded into Death. Yet more succeed, and more to death are sent; We cease not from above, nor they below relent. Before the Gate stood Pyrrhus, threat'ning loud, 640 With glitt'ring Arms conspicuous in the Crowd. So shines, renew'd in Youth, the crested Snake, Who slept the Winter in a thorny Brake: And casting off his Slough, when Spring returns, Now looks aloft, and with new Glory burns: Restor'd with pois'nous Herbs, his ardent sides Reflect the Sun, and rais'd on Spires he rides: High o're the Grass, hissing he rowls along, And brandishes by fits his forky Tongue. Proud Periphas, and fierce Automedon, «so His Father's Charioteer, together run T o force the Gate: T h e Scyrian Infantry Rush on in Crowds, and the barr'd Passage free. Ent'ring the Court, with Shouts the Skies they rend, And flaming Firebrands to the Roofs ascend. Himself, among the foremost, deals his Blows, And with his Axe repeated Stroaks bestows On the strong Doors: then all their Shoulders ply, 'Till from the Posts the brazen Hinges fly. He hews apace, the double Bars at length 660 Yield to his Ax, and unresisted Strength. A mighty Breach is made; the Rooms conceal'd Appear, and all the Palace is reveal'd: T h e Halls of Audience, and of publick State, And where the lonely Queen in secret sate. Arm'd Souldiers now by trembling Maids are seen, With not a Door, and scarce a Space between. T h e House is fill'd with loud Laments and Cries, And Shrieks of Women rend the vaulted Skies. T h e fearful Matrons run from place to place, 670 And kiss the Thresholds, and the Posts embrace. T h e fatal work inhuman Pyrrhus plies, 662

reveal'd:]

F1-2.

399

4oo

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And all his Father sparkles in his Eyes. Nor Bars, nor fighting Guards his force sustain; T h e Bars are broken, and the Guards are slain. In rush the Greeks, and all th' Apartments fill; Those few Defendants whom they find, they kill. Not with so fierce a Rage, the foaming Flood Roars, when he finds his rapid Course withstood: Bears down the Dams with unresisted sway, 680 And sweeps the Cattle and the Cots away. These Eyes beheld him, when he march'd between T h e Brother-Kings: I saw th' unhappy Queen, T h e hundred Wives, and where old Priam stood, T o stain his hallow'd Altar with his Blood. T h e fifty Nuptial Beds: (such Hopes had he, So large a Promise of a Progeny:) T h e Posts of plated Gold, and hung with Spoils, Fell the Reward of the proud Victor's Toils. Where e're the raging Fire had left a space, 690 T h e Grecians enter, and possess the Place. Perhaps you may of Priam's Fate enquire. He, when he saw his Regal T o w n on fire, His ruin'd Palace, and his ent'ring Foes, On ev'ry side inevitable woes; In Arms, disus'd, invests his Limbs, decay'd Like them, with Age; a late and useless aid. His feeble shoulders scarce the weight sustain: \ Loaded, not arm'd, he creeps along, with pain; > Despairing of Success; ambitious to be slain! ) 700 Uncover'd but by Heav'n, there stood in view An Altar; near the hearth a Lawrel grew; Dodder'd with Age, whose Boughs encompass round T h e Household Gods, and shade the holy Ground. Here Hecuba, with all her helpless Train Of Dames, for shelter sought, but sought in vain. Driv'n like a Flock of Doves along the skie, T h e i r Images they hugg, and to their Altars fly. 675 686

th' Apartments] the Apartments F i - a . Progeny:)] — ) F 1 - 2 . 695

Limbs,] ~ A F 1 - 2 .

The Second Book of the jEneis T h e Queen, when she beheld her trembling Lord, And hanging by his side a heavy Sword, 710 What Rage, she cry'd, has seiz'd my Husband's mind; What Arms are these, and to what use design'd? These times want other aids: were Hector here, Ev'n Hector now in vain, like Priam wou'd appear. With us, one common shelter thou shalt find, Or in one common Fate with us be join'd. She said, and with a last Salute embrac'd T h e poor old Man, and by the Lawrel plac'd. Behold Polites, one of Priam's Sons, Pursu'd by Pyrrhus, there for safety runs. 720 T h r o Swords, and Foes, amaz'd and hurt, he flies Through empty Courts, and open Galleries: Him Pyrrhus, urging with his Lance, pursues; And often reaches, and his thrusts renews. T h e Youth transfix'd, with lamentable Cries Expires, before his wretched Parent's Eyes: Whom, gasping at his feet, when Priam saw, T h e Fear of death gave place to Nature's Law. And shaking more with Anger, than with Age, T h e Gods, said He, requite thy brutal Rage: 730 As sure they will, Barbarian, sure they must, If there be Gods in Heav'n, and Gods be just: Who tak'st in Wrongs an insolent delight; With a Son's death t' infect a Father's sight. Not He, whom thou and lying Fame conspire T o call thee his; Not He, thy vaunted Sire, Thus us'd my wretched Age: T h e Gods he fear'd, T h e Laws of Nature and of Nations heard. He chear'd my Sorrows, and for Sums of Gold T h e bloodless Carcass of my Hector sold: 740 Pity'd the Woes a Parent underwent, And sent me back in safety from his Tent. This said, his feeble hand a Javelin threw, Which flutt'ring, seem'd to loiter as it flew: Just, and but barely, to the Mark it held, 725

Eyes:] — F 1 - 2 .

739

sold:]

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And faintly tinckl'd on the Brazen Shield. T h e n Pyrrhus thus: Go thou from me to Fate; And to my Father my foul deeds relate. Now dye. With that he dragg'd the trembling Sire, Slidd'ring through clotter'd Blood, and holy Mire, 750 ( T h e mingl'd Paste his murder'd Son had made,) \ Haul'd from beneath the violated Shade; ; And on the Sacred Pile, the Royal Victim laid. ) His right Hand held his bloody Fauchion bare; His left he twisted in his hoary Hair: T h e n , with a speeding Thrust, his Heart he found: J T h e lukewarm Blood came rushing through the wound, [ And sanguine Streams distain'd the sacred Ground. ) T h u s Priam fell: and shar'd one common Fate With Troy in Ashes, and his ruin'd State: 760 He, who the Scepter of all Asia sway'd, Whom Monarchs like domestick Slaves obey'd. On the bleak Shoar now lies th' abandon'd King, * A headless Carcass, and a nameless thing. T h e n , not before, I felt my crudled Blood Congeal with Fear; my Hair with horror stood: My Father's Image fill"d my pious Mind; Lest equal Years might equal Fortune find. Again I thought on my forsaken Wife; And trembl'd for my Son's abandon'd Life. 770 I look'd about; but found my self alone: Deserted at my need, my Friends were gone. Some spent with Toil, some with Despair oppress'd, Leap'd headlong from the Heights; the Flames consum'd the rest. Thus, wand'ring in my way, without a Guide, T h e graceless Helen in the Porch I spy'd Of Vesta's Temple: there she lurk'd alone; Muffled she sate, and, what she cou'd, unknown: But, by the Flames, that cast their Blaze around, * This whole

line is taken from Sir John Denham. [Dryden's note.]

746 761

Go] F2; go Fi. obey'd.] F1-2.

777

a n d

0

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748 dye. With] with F1-2. 763 footnote Denham] Derhan Fi-2.

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That common Bane of Greece and Troy, I found. 780 For Ilium burnt, she dreads the Trojan Sword; \ More dreads the Vengeance of her injur'd Lord; > Ev'n by those Gods, who refug'd her, abhorr'd. ) Trembling with Rage, the Strumpet I regard; Resolv'd to give her Guilt the due reward. Shall she triumphant sail before the Wind, And leave in Flames, unhappy Troy behind? Shall she, her Kingdom and her Friends review, In State attended with a Captive Crew; While unreveng'd the good old Priam falls, 790 And Grecian Fires consume the Trojan Walls? For this the Phrygian Fields, and Xanthian Flood Were swell'd with Bodies, and were drunk with Blood? 'Tis true a Souldier can small Honour gain, And boast no Conquest from a Woman slain: Yet shall the Fact not pass without Applause, Of Vengeance taken in so just a Cause. T h e punish'd Crime shall set my Soul at ease: And murm'ring Manes of my Friends appease. Thus while I rave, a gleam of pleasing Light \ 800 Spread o're the Place, and shining Heav'nly bright, [ My Mother stood reveal'd before my Sight. ) Never so radiant did her Eyes appear; Not her own Star confess'd a Light so clear. Great in her Charms, as when on Gods above She looks, and breaths her self into their Love, She held my hand, the destin'd Blow to break: Then from her rosie Lips began to speak. My Son, from whence this Madness, this neglect Of my Commands, and those whom I protect? 8io Why this unmanly Rage? Recall to mind Whom you forsake, what Pledges leave behind. Look if your helpless Father yet survive; Or if Ascanius, or Creusa live. 798 805

Manes] Love,]

Manes F 1 - 2 . F1-2.

The Second Book of the /Eneis Around your House the greedy Grecians err; \ And these had perish'd in the nightly War, ; But for my Presence and protecting Care. ) Not Helen's Face, nor Paris was in fault; But by the Gods was this Destruction brought. Now cast your Eyes around; while I dissolve 820 T h e Mists and Films that mortal Eyes involve: Purge from your sight the Dross, and make you see T h e Shape of each avenging Deity. Enlighten'd thus, my just Commands fulfill; Nor fear Obedience to your Mother's Will. Where yon disorder'd heap of Ruin lies, Stones rent from Stones, where Clouds of dust arise, Amid that smother, Neptune holds his place: ) Below the Wall's foundation drives his Mace: j And heaves the Building from the solid Base. ) 830 Look where, in Arms, Imperial Juno stands, ) Full in the Scaan Gate, with loud Commands; j Urging on Shore the tardy Grecian Bands. / See, Pallas, of her snaky Buckler proud, Bestrides the Tow'r, refulgent through the Cloud: See, Jove new Courage to the Foe supplies, And arms against the Town, the partial Deities. Haste hence, my Son; this fruitless Labour end: Haste where your trembling Spouse, and Sire attend: Haste, and a Mother's Care your Passage shall befriend. 840 She said: and swiftly vanish'd from my Sight, Obscure in Clouds, and gloomy Shades of Night. I look'd, I listen'd; dreadful Sounds I hear; And the dire Forms of hostile Gods appear. Troy sunk in Flames I saw, nor could prevent; And Ilium from its old Foundations rent: Rent like a Mountain Ash, which dar'd the Winds; And stood the sturdy Stroaks of lab'ring Hinds: About the Roots the cruel Ax resounds, 833. 835 SeeJ ~A F l ~ 2 845

rent:]

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T h e Stumps are pierc'd, with oft repeated Wounds. 850 T h e War is felt on high, the nodding Crown Now threats a Fall, and throws the leafy Honours down. T o their united Force it yields, though late; And mourns with mortal Groans th' approaching Fate: T h e Roots no more their upper load sustain; But down she falls, and spreads a ruin thro' the Plain. Descending thence, I scape through Foes, and Fire: Before the Goddess, Foes and Flames retire. Arriv'd at home, he for whose only sake, Or most for his, such Toils I undertake, 860 T h e good Anchises, whom, by timely Flight, I purpos'd to secure on Ida's height, Refus'd the Journey: Resolute to die, And add his Fun'rals to the fate of Troy: Rather than Exile and old Age sustain. Go you, whose Blood runs warm in ev'ry Vein: Had Heav'n decreed that I shou'd Life enjoy, Heav'n had decreed to save unhappy Troy. 'Tis sure enough, if not too much for one; Twice to have seen our Ilium overthrown. 87o Make haste to save the poor remaining Crew; And give this useless Corps a long Adieu. These weak old Hands suffice to stop my Breath: At least the pitying Foes will aid my Death, T o take my Spoils: and leave my Body bare: As for my Sepulchre let Heav'n take Care. 'Tis long since I, for my Coelestial Wife, Loath'd by the Gods, have drag'd a lingering Life: Since ev'ry Hour and Moment I expire, Blasted from Heav'n by Jove's avenging Fire. \ 880 This oft repeated, he stood fix'd to die: My self, my Wife, my Son, my Family, > Intreat, pray, beg, and raise a doleful Cry. ) What, will he still persist, on Death resolve, And in his Ruin all his House involve? He still persists, his reasons to maintain; 884 involve?] ~t Fi—2.

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soo

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Our Pray'rs, our Tears, our loud Laments are vain. Urg'd by Despair, again I go to try T h e fate of Arms, resolv'd in Fight to die. What hope remains, but what my Death must give? Can I without so dear a Father live? You term it Prudence, what I Baseness call: Cou'd such a Word from such a Parent fall? If Fortune please, and so the Gods ordain, J T h a t nothing shou'd of ruin'd Troy remain: [ And you conspire with Fortune, to be slain; ) T h e way to Death is wide, th' Approaches near: For soon relentless Pyrrhus will appear, Reeking with Priam's Blood: T h e wretch who slew T h e Son (inhuman) in the Father's view, And then the Sire himself, to the dire Altar drew. O Goddess Mother, give me back to fate; Your Gift was undesir'd, and came too late. Did you for this, unhappy me convey Through Foes and Fires to see my House a Prey? Shall I, my Father, Wife, and Son, behold Welt'ring in Blood, each others Arms infold? Haste, gird my Sword, tho' spent, and overcome: 'Tis the last Summons to receive our Doom. I hear thee, Fate, and I obey thy Call: Not unreveng'd the Foe shall see my Fall. Restore me to the yet unfinish'd Fight: My Death is wanting to conclude the Night. Arm'd once again, my glitt'ring Sword I wield, ) While th' other hand sustains my weighty Shield: > And forth I rush to seek th' abandon'd Field. ) I went; but sad Creusa stop'd my way, And cross the Threshold in my Passage lay; Embrac'd my Knees; and when I wou'd have gone Shew'd me my feeble Sire, and tender Son. I f Death be your design, at least, said she, T a k e us along, to share your Destiny. If any farther hopes in Arms remain, T h i s Place, these Pledges of your Love, maintain.

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T o whom do you expose your Father's Life, Your Son's, and mine, your now forgotten Wife? While thus she fills the House with clam'rous Cries, Our Hearing is diverted by our Eyes. For while I held my Son, in the short space, Betwixt our Kisses and our last Embrace; 930 Strange to relate, from young lulus Head \ A lambent Flame arose, which gently spread | Around his Brows, and on his Temples fed. ) Amaz'd, with running Water we prepare T o quench the sacred Fire, and shake his Hair; But old Anchises, vers'd in Omens, rear'd His hands to Heav'n, and this request preferr'd. If any Vows, Almighty Jove, can bend T h y Will, if Piety can Pray'rs commend, Confirm the glad Presage which thou art pleas'd to send. 940 Scarce had he said, when, on our left, we hear A peal of ratling Thunder rowl in Air: There shot a streaming Lamp along the Sky, Which on the winged Lightning seem'd to fly; From o're the Roof the blaze began to move; And trailing vanish'd in th' Idean Grove. It swept a path in Heav'n, and shone a Guide; T h e n in a steaming stench of Sulphur dy'd. T h e good old Man with suppliant hands implor'd T h e Gods protection, and their Star ador'd. 950 Now, now, said he, my Son, no more delay, I yield, I follow where Heav'n shews the way. Keep (O my Country Gods) our dwelling Place, And guard this Relick of the Trojan Race: This tender Child; these Omens are your own; And you can yet restore the ruin'd Town. At least accomplish what your Signs foreshow: I stand resign'd, and am prepar'd to go. He said; the crackling Flames appear on high, And driving Sparkles dance along the Sky. 960 With Vulcan's rage the rising Winds conspire; 925 Wife?]

F1-2.

The Second Book of the

¿Eneis

And near our Palace rowl the flood of Fire. Haste, my dear Father, ('tis no time to wait,) And load my Shoulders with a willing Fraight. What e're befalls, your Life shall be my care, One Death, or one Deliv'rance we will share. My hand shall lead our little Son; and you My faithful Consort, shall our Steps pursue. Next, you my Servants, heed my strict Commands: Without the Walls a ruin'd Temple stands, 970 T o Ceres hallow'd once; a Cypress nigh Shoots up her venerable Head on high; By long Religion kept: there bend your Feet; And in divided Parties let us meet. Our Country Gods, the Relicks, and the Bands, Hold you, my Father, in your guiltless Hands: In me 'tis impious holy things to bear, Red as I am with Slaughter, new from War: 'Till in some living Stream I cleanse the Guilt Of dire Debate, and Blood in Battel spilt. 980 Thus, ord'ring all that Prudence cou'd provide, I cloath my Shoulders with a Lion's Hide; And yellow Spoils: Then, on my bending Back, T h e welcome load of my dear Father take: While on my better Hand Ascanius hung, And with unequal Paces tript along. Creusa kept behind: by choice we stray Through ev'ry dark and ev'ry devious Way. I, who so bold and dauntless just before, T h e Grecian Darts and shock of Lances bore, 990 At ev'ry Shadow now am seiz'd with Fear: Not for my self, but for the Charge I bear: T i l l near the ruin'd Gate arriv'd at last, Secure, and deeming all the Danger past; A frightful noise of trampling Feet we hear; My Father looking through the Shades, with fear, 970 982 983

hallow'd] F2; hollow'd F i . Spoils:] the colon printed as a period take:] F1-2.

in some copies of Fi. 991 bear:] — F 1 - 2 .

411

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Cry'd out, Haste, haste my Son, the Foes are nigh; T h e i r Swords, and shining Armour I descry. Some hostile God, for some unknown Offence, Had sure bereft my Mind of better Sence: 1000 For while through winding Ways I took my Flight; And sought the shelter of the gloomy Night; Alas! I lost Creusa: hard to tell If by her fatal Destiny she fell, Or weary sate, or wander'd with affright; But she was lost for ever to my sight. I knew not, or reflected, 'till I meet My Friends, at Ceres now deserted Seat: We met: not one was wanting, only she Deceiv'd her Friends, her Son, and wretched me. 1010 What mad expressions did my Tongue refuse? Whom did I not of Gods or Men accuse? This was the fatal Blow, that pain'd me more Than all I felt from ruin'd Troy before. Stung with my Loss, and raving with Despair, Abandoning my now forgotten Care, Of Counsel, Comfort, and of Hope bereft, My Sire, my Son, my Country Gods, I left. In shining Armour once again I sheath My Limbs, not feeling Wounds, nor fearing Death. 1020 Then headlong to the burning Walls I run, And seek the Danger I was forc'd to shun. I tread my former Tracks: through Night explore Each Passage, ev'ry Street I cross'd before. All things were full of Horrour and Affright, And dreadful ev'n the silence of the Night. Then, to my Father's House I make repair, With some small Glimps of hope to find her there: Instead of her the cruel Greeks I met; T h e house was fill'd with Foes, with Flames beset. 1030 Driv'n on the wings of Winds, whole sheets of Fire, Through Air transported, to the Roofs aspire. 996 Haste, haste] haste, haste F 1 - 2 . 1010 refuse?] F1-2.

1010 1011

expressions] F2; expessionsFi. accuse?] F1-2.

The Second Book of the /Eneis From thence to Priam's Palace I resort; And search the Citadel, and desart Court. Then, unobserv'd, I pass by Juno's Church; A guard of Grecians had possess'd the Porch: There Phoenix and Ulysses watch the Prey: And thither all the Wealth of Troy convey: T h e Spoils which they from ransack'd Houses brought; And golden Bowls from burning Altars caught: 1040 T h e Tables of the Gods, the Purple Vests; T h e People's Treasure, and the Pomp of Priests. A ranck of wretched Youths, with pinion'd Hands, And captive Matrons in long Order stands. Then, with ungovern'd Madness, I proclaim, Through all the silent Streets, Creusa's Name. Creusa still I call: At length she hears; And suddain, through the Shades of Night appears: Appears, no more Creusa, nor my Wife: But a pale Spectre, larger than the Life. 1050 Aghast, astonish'd, and struck dumb with Fear, I stood; like Bristles rose my stiffen'd Hair. Then thus the Ghost began to sooth my Grief: Nor Tears, nor Cries can give the dead Relief; Desist, my much lov'd Lord, t' indulge your Pain: You bear no more than what the Gods ordain. My Fates permit me not from hence to fly; Nor he, the great Comptroller of the Sky. Long wandring Ways for you the Pow'rs decree: On Land hard Labors, and a length of Sea. woo Then, after many painful Years are past, On Latium's happy Shore you shall be cast: Where gentle Tiber from his Bed beholds T h e flow'ry Meadows, and the feeding Folds. There end your Toils: And there your Fates provide A quiet Kingdom, and a Royal Bride: There Fortune shall the Trojan Line restore; 1036 1038 1047

Phoenix] Phanix F 1 - 2 . brought] F2; bronght F i . appears:] F1-2.

1037 1039 1050

convey:] F1-2. caught:] F1-2. struck] F2; struk F i .

413

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And you for lost Creusa weep no more. Fear not that I shall watch with servile Shame, T h ' imperious Looks of some proud Grecian Dame: 1070 Or, stooping to the Victor's Lust, disgrace My Goddess Mother, or my Royal Race. And now, farewell: the Parent of the Gods Restrains my fleeting Soul in her Abodes: I trust our common Issue to your Care. She said: And gliding pass'd unseen in Air. I strove to speak, but Horror ty'd my Tongue; J And thrice about her Neck my Arms I flung; > And thrice deceiv'd, on vain Embraces hung. / Light as an empty Dream at break of Day, 1080 Or as a blast of Wind, she rush'd away. Thus, having pass'd the Night in fruitless Pain, I, to my longing Friends, return again: Amaz'd th' augmented Number to behold, Of Men, and Matrons mix'd, of young and old: A wretched Exil'd Crew together brought, With Arms appointed, and With Treasure fraught: Resolv'd, and willing under my Command, T o run all hazards both of Sea and Land. T h e Morn began, from Ida, to display 1090 Her rosy Cheeks, and Phosphor led the day; Before the Gates the Grecians took their Post: And all pretence of late Relief was lost. I yield to Fate, unwillingly retire; And loaded, up the Hill convey my Sire. 108a

again:]

F1-2.

1086

fraught:]

F1-2.

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417

The Third Book of the sEneis THE ARGUMENT.

.¿Eneas proceeds in his Relation: He gives an Account of the Fleet with which he sail'd, and the Success of his first Voyage to Thrace; from thence he directs his Course to Delos, and asks the Oracle what place the Gods had appointed for his Habitation? By a mistake of the Oracle's Answer, he settles in Crete; his household Gods give him the true sense of the Oracle, in a Dream. He follows their advice, and makes the best of his way for Italy: He is cast on several Shores, and meets with very surprising Adventures, 'till at length he lands on Sicily: where his Father Anchises dies. This is the place which he was sailing from when the Tempest rose and threw him upon the Carthaginian Coast.

W

HEN Heav'n had overturn'd the Trojan State, And Priam's Throne, by too severe a Fate: When ruin'd Troy became the Grecians Prey, And Ilium's lofty Tow'rs in Ashes lay: Warn'd by Ccelestial Omens, we retreat, T o seek in foreign Lands a happier Seat. Near old Antandros, and at Ida's foot, T h e Timber of the sacred Groves we cut: And build our Fleet; uncertain yet to find io What place the Gods for our Repose assign'd. Friends daily flock; and scarce the kindly Spring Began to cloath the Ground, and Birds to sing; When old Anchises summon'd all to Sea: T h e Crew, my Father and the Fates obey. With Sighs and Tears I leave my native Shore, And empty Fields, where Ilium stood before. My Sire, my Son, our less, and greater Gods, All sail at once; and cleave the briny Floods. Against our Coast appears a spacious Land, 18

cleave] F2; tempt F i .

4i8

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Which once the fierce Lycurgus did command: Thracia the Name; the People bold in War; Vast are their Fields, and Tillage is their Care: A hospitable Realm while Fate was kind; With Troy in friendship and Religion join'd. I land; with luckless Omens, then adore Their Gods, and draw a Line along the Shore: I lay the deep Foundations of a Wall; And /Enos, nam'd from me, the City call. T o Dionaan Venus Vows are paid, \ And all the Pow'rs that rising Labours aid; > A Bull on Jove's Imperial Altar laid. ) Not far, a rising Hillock stood in view; Sharp Myrtles, on the sides, and Cornels grew. There, while I went to crop the Silvan Scenes, And shade our Altar with their leafy Greens; I pull'd a Plant; (with horror I relate A Prodigy so strange, and full of Fate.) T h e rooted Fibers rose; and from the Wound, Black bloody Drops distill'd upon the Ground. Mute, and amaz'd, my Hair with Terrour stood; Fear shrunk my Sinews, and congeal'd my Blood. Man'd once again, another Plant I try; That other gush'd with the same sanguine Dye. Then, fearing Guilt, for some Offence unknown, With Pray'rs and Vows the Dryads I attone: With all the Sisters of the Woods, and most T h e God of Arms, who rules the Thracian Coast: That they, or he, these Omens wou'd avert; Release our Fears, and better signs impart. Clear'd, as I thought, and fully fix'd at length T o learn the Cause, I tug'd with all my Strength; I bent my knees against the Ground; once more The violated Myrtle ran with Gore. 22 Care:] —. F 1 - 2 . 28 36-37 (with . . . Fate.)] Fs; A A Fi. 40 Terrour] Fi errata, F2; Horror F i . 45 Dryads] Driads F 1 - 2 . 53

/Enos] Enos F 1 - 2 . with] F2; with purple F j .

The

Third Book of the /Eneis

Scarce dare I tell the Sequel: From the Womb Of wounded Earth, and Caverns of the Tomb, A Groan, as of a troubled Ghost, renew'd My Fright, and then these dreadful Words ensu'd. Why dost thou thus my bury'd Body rend? O spare the Corps of thy unhappy Friend! Spare to pollute thy pious Hands with Blood: T h e Tears distil not from the wounded Wood; But ev'ry drop this living Tree contains, Is kindred Blood, and ran in Trojan Veins: O fly from this unhospitable Shore, Warn'd by my Fate; for I am Polydore! Here loads of Lances, in my Blood embru'd, Again shoot upward, by my Blood renew'd. My faultring Tongue, and shiv'ring Limbs declare My Horror, and in Bristles rose my Hair. When Troy with Grecian Arms was closely pent, ) Old Priam, fearful of the Wars Event, > This hapless Polydore to Thracia sent. / Loaded with Gold, he sent his Darling, far \ From Noise and Tumults, and destructive War: > Commited to the faithless Tyrant's Care: ) Who, when he saw the Pow'r of Troy decline, Forsook the weaker, with the strong to join: Broke ev'ry Bond of Nature, and of Truth; And murder'd, for his Wealth, the Royal Youth. 0 sacred Hunger of pernicious Gold, What bands of Faith can impious Lucre hold? Now, when my Soul had shaken off her Fears, 1 call my Father, and the Trojan Peers: Relate the Prodigies of Heav'n; require What he commands, and their Advice desire. All vote to leave that execrable Shore, Polluted with the Blood of Polydore: But e're we sail, his Fun'ral Rites prepare;

75 81

Care:] hold?]

F1-2. F1-2.

77 87

join:] F1-2. Polydore:] F1-2.

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Then, to his Ghost, a T o m b and Altars rear. 90 In mournful Pomp the Matrons walk the round: \ With baleful Cypress, and blue Fillets crown'd; > With Eyes dejected, and with Hair unbound. ) T h e n Bowls of tepid Milk and Blood we pour, And thrice invoke the Soul of Polydore. Now when the raging Storms no longer reign; But Southern Gales invite us to the Main; We launch our Vessels, with a prosp'rous Wind; And leave the Cities and the Shores behind. An Island in th' ALgean Main appears: 100 Neptune and wat'ry Doris claim it theirs. It floated once, till Phcebus fix'd the sides T o rooted Earth, and now it braves the Tides. Here, born by friendly Winds, we come ashore; \ With needful ease our weary Limbs restore; [ And the Sun's Temple, and his Town adore. / Anius the Priest, and King, with Lawrel crown'd, His hoary Locks with purple Fillets bound, Who saw my Sire the Delian Shore ascend, Came forth with eager haste to meet his Friend: no Invites him to his Palace; and in sign Of ancient Love, their plighted Hands they join. T h e n to the Temple of the God I went; And thus, before the Shrine, my Vows present. Give,' O Thymbrceus, give a resting place, T o the sad Relicks of the Trojan Race: A Seat secure, a Region of their own, A lasting Empire, and a happier Town. Where shall we fix, where shall our Labours end, Whom shall we follow, and what Fate attend? 120 Let not my Pray'rs a doubtful Answer find, But in clear Auguries unveil thy Mind. Scarce had I said, He shook the holy Ground: ) T h e Lawrels, and the lofty Hills around: [ And from the Tripos rush'd a bellowing sound. ) 89 rear.] F1-2. 109 Friend:] Fi-2.

103 124

ashore;] —A F1-2. Tripos] Tripos F1-2.

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Prostrate we fell; confess'd the present God, Who gave this Answer from his dark Abode. Undaunted Youths, go seek that Mother Earth From which your Ancestors derive their Birth. T h e Soil that sent you forth, her Ancient Race, 130 In her old Bosom, shall again embrace. Through the wide World th' sEneian House shall reign, And Childrens Children shall the Crown sustain. Thus Phoebus did our "future Fates disclose; A mighty Tumult, mix'd with Joy, arose. All are concern'd to know what place the God Assign'd, and where determind our abode. My Father, long revolving in His Mind, T h e Race and Lineage of the Trojan Kind, Thus answer'd their demands: Ye Princes, hear HO Your pleasing Fortune; and dispel your fear. T h e fruitful Isle of Crete well known to Fame, Sacred of old to Jove's Imperial Name, In the mid Ocean lies, with large Command; And on its Plains a hundred Cities stand. Another Ida rises there; and we From thence derive our Trojan Ancestry. From thence, as 'tis divulg'd by certain Fame, T o the Rhcetean Shores old Teucrus came: There fix'd, and there the Seat of Empire chose, 150 E're Ilium and the Trojan Tow'rs arose. In humble Vales they built their soft abodes: \ T i l l Cybele, the Mother of the Gods, > With tinckling Cymbals charm'd th' Idean Woods. / She, secret Rites and Ceremonies taught, And to the Yoke, the salvage Lions brought. Let us the Land, which Heav'n appoints, explore; Appease the Winds, and seek the Gnossian Shore. If Jove assists the passage of our Fleet, 131 /Eneian] F2; Eneian Fi. 142 Imperial] F2; Immortal F i . 142 Name,] Fi errata, F2; Fi. 148 Rhcetean ... came:] Rhatean . . . came. F1-2. 158 the] F2; tht Fi.

The

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/Eneis

T h e third propitious dawn discovers Creet. 160 Thus having said, the Sacrifices laid On smoking Altars, to the Gods He paid: A Bull, to Neptune an Oblation due, Another Bull to bright Apollo slew: A milk white Ewe the Western Winds to please; And one cole black to calm the stormy Seas. E're this, a flying Rumour had been spred, T h a t fierce Idomeneus from Crete was fled; Expell'd and exil'd; that the Coast was free From Foreign or Domestick Enemy: 170 W e leave the Delian Ports, and put to Sea: By Naxos, fam'd for Vintage, make our way: T h e n green Donysa pass; and Sail in sight Of Paros Isle, with Marble Quarries white. We pass the scatter'd Isles of Cyclades; That, scarce distinguish'd, seem to stud the Seas. T h e shouts of Saylors double near the shores; They stretch their Canvass, and they ply their Oars. All hands aloft, For Creet for Creet they cry, And swiftly through the foamy Billows fly. 180 Full on the promis'd Land at length we bore, With Joy descending on the Cretan Shore. With eager haste a rising Town I frame, Which from the Trojan Pergamus I name: T h e Name it self was grateful; I exhort T o found their Houses, and erect a Fort. Our Ships are haul'd upon the yellow strand, T h e Youth begin to till the labour'd Land. And I my self new Marriages promote, Give Laws: and Dwellings I divide by Lot: 190 When rising Vapours choak the wholesom Air, And blasts of noisom Winds corrupt the Year: T h e Trees, devouring Caterpillers burn: 161 177 178 181 189

paid:] F1-2. Canvass,] F2; -w„ F i . aloft, For] for F 1 - 2 . descending] F2; desending F i . Lot:] — F 1 - 2 .

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Parch'd was the Grass, and blited was the Corn. Nor scape the Beasts: for Syrius from on high,) With pestilential Heat infects the Sky: > My Men, some fall, the rest in Feavers fry. ) Again my Father bids me seek the Shore Of sacred Delos; and the God implore: T o learn what end of Woes we might expect, 200 And to what Clime, our weary Course direct. 'Twas Night, when ev'ry Creature, void of Cares, The common gift of balmy Slumber shares: T h e Statues of my Gods, (for such they seem'd) Those Gods whom I from flaming Troy redeem'd, Before me stood; Majestically bright, Full in the Beams of Phoebe's entring light. Then thus they spoke; and eas'd my troubled Mind: What from the Delian God thou go'st to find, He tells thee here; and sends us to relate: 210 Those Pow'rs are we, Companions of thy Fate, Who from the burning Town by thee were brought; T h y Fortune follow'd, and thy safety wrought. Through Seas and Lands, as we thy Steps attend, So shall our Care thy Glorious Race befriend. An ample Realm for thee thy Fates ordain; A Town, that o're the conquer'd World shall reign. Thou, mighty Walls for mighty Nations build; Nor let thy weary Mind to Labours yield: But change thy Seat; for not the Delian God, 220 Nor we, have giv'n thee Crete for our Abode. A Land there is, Hesperia call'd of old, The Soil is fruitful, and the Natives bold. T h ' Oenotrians held it once; by later Fame, Now call'd Italia from the Leader's Name. Idsius there, and Dardanus were born: From thence we came, and thither must return. Rise, and thy Sire with these glad Tidings greet; Search Italy, for Jove denies thee Creet. Astonish'd at their Voices, and their sight, 225

indented

in F1-2

(Jäsius).

229

not indented

in

F1-2.

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230 (Nor were they Dreams, but Visions of the Night; I saw, I knew their Faces, and clescry'd In perfect View, their Hair with Fillets ty'd:) I started from my Couch; a clammy Sweat On all my Limbs, and shiv'ring Body sate. T o Heav'n I lift my Hands with pious haste, And sacred Incense in the Flames I cast. Thus to the Gods their perfect Honours done, More chearful to my good old Sire I run: And tell the pleasing News; in little space 240 He found his Error, of the double Race: Not, as before he deem'd, deriv'd from Greet; No more deluded by the doubtful Seat: T h e n said, O Son, turmoil'd in Trojan Fate; Such things as these Cassandra did relate. This Day revives within my Mind, what she Foretold of Troy renew'd in Italy; And Latian Lands: but who cou'd then have thought, \ > T h a t Phrygian Gods to Latium should be brought; Or who believ'd what mad Cassandra taught? / 250 Now let us go, where Phoebus leads the way. He said, and we with glad Consent obey: Forsake the Seat; and leaving few behind, We spread our sails before the willing Wind. Now from the sight of Land, our Gallies move, With only Seas around, and Skies above: When o're our Heads, descends a burst of Rain; And Night, with sable Clouds involves the Main: T h e ruffling Winds the foamy Billows raise: T h e scatter'd Fleet is forc'd to sev'ral Ways: 260 T h e face of Heav'n is ravish'd from our Eyes, And in redoubl'd Peals the roaring Thunder flys. Cast from our Course, we wander in the Dark; No Stars to guide, no point of Land to mark. Ev'n Palinurus no distinction found 233 242 251

Couch;] Seat:] obey:]

Fi—2. F1-2. F1-2.

240 250 255

Race:] way.] above:]

F1-2. F1-2. F1-2.

425

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Betwixt the Night and Day; such Darkness reign'd around. Three starless Nights the doubtful Navy strays Without Distinction, and three Sunless Days. T h e fourth renews the Light, and from our Shrowds We view a rising Land like distant Clouds: 270 T h e Mountain tops confirm the pleasing Sight; And curling Smoke ascending from their Height. T h e Canvas falls; their Oars the Sailors ply; From the rude strokes the whirling Waters fly. At length I land upon the Strophades; Safe from the danger of the stormy Seas: Those Isles are compass'd by th' Ionian Main; T h e dire Abode where the foul Harpies reign: Forc'd by the winged Warriors to repair T o their old Homes, and leave their costly Fare. 280 Monsters more fierce, offended Heav'n ne're sent From Hell's Abyss, for Human Punishment: With Virgin-faces, but with Wombs obscene, \ Foul Paunches, and with Ordure still unclean: > With Claws for Hands, and Looks for ever lean. ) We landed at the Port; and soon beheld Fat Herds of Oxen graze the flowry Field: And wanton Goats without a Keeper stray'd: With Weapons we the welcome Prey invade: Then call the Gods, for Partners of our Feast: 290 And Jove himself the chief invited Guest. We spread the Tables, on the greensword Ground: We feed with Hunger, and the Bowls go round: When from the Mountain tops, with hideous Cry, And clatt'ring Wings, the hungry Harpies fly: They snatch the Meat; defiling all they find: And parting leave a loathsom Stench behind. Close by a hollow Rock, again we sit; New dress the Dinner, and the Beds refit: Secure from Sight, beneath a pleasing Shade; 300 Where tufted Trees a native Arbour made. 277 288

Harpies] Harpies F 1 - 2 . invade:] F1-2.

281 292

Punishment:] Fi-g. round:] F1-2.

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Again the Holy Fires on Altars burn: And once again the rav'nous Birds return: Or from the dark Recesses where they ly, Or from another Quarter of the Sky: With filthy Claws their odious Meal repeat, And mix their loathsom Ordures with their Meat. I bid my Friends for Vengeance then prepare; And with the Hellish Nation wage the War. They, as commanded, for the Fight provide, 310 And in the Grass their glitt'ring Weapons hide: Then, when along the crooked Shoar we hear T h e i r clatt'ring Wings, and saw the Foes appear; Misenus sounds a charge: We take th' Alarm; And our strong hands with Swords and Bucklers arm. In this new kind of Combat, all employ T h e i r utmost Force, the Monsters to destroy. In vain; the fated Skin is proof to Wounds: And from their Plumes the shining Sword rebounds. At length rebuff'd, they leave their mangled Prey, 320 And their stretch'd Pinions to the Skies display. Yet one remain'd, the Messenger of Fate; \ High ort a craggy Cliff Celano sate, > And thus her dismal Errand did relate. ) What, not contented with our Oxen slain, \ Dare you with Heav'n an impious War maintain, ; And drive the Harpies from their Native Reign? ) Heed therefore what I say; and keep in mind What Jove decrees, what Phcebus has design'd: And I, the Furys Queen, from both relate: 330 You seek th' Italian Shores, foredoom'd by Fate: T h ' Italian Shores are granted you to find: And a safe Passage to the Port assign'd. But know, that e're your promis'd Walls you build, My Curses shall severely be fulfill'd. Fierce Famine is your Lot, for this Misdeed, Reduc'd to grind the Plates on which you feed. She said; and to the neighb'ring Forest flew: 304

Sky:]

F1-2.

329

Furys] Fury's F 1 - 2 .

427

The Third Book of the /Eneis Our Courage fails us, and our Fears renew. Hopeless to win by War, to Pray'rs we fall: 340 And on th' offended Harpies humbly call: And whether Gods, or Birds obscene they were, Our Vows for Pardon, and for Peace prefer. But old Anchises, off'ring Sacrifice, And lifting up to Heav'n his Hands, and Eyes; Ador'd the greater Gods: Avert, said he,

429

\

) These Omens, render vain this Prophecy: And from th' impending Curse, a Pious People free. ) Thus having said, he bids us put to Sea; We loose from Shore our Haulsers, and obey: 350 And soon with swelling Sails, pursue the wat'ry Way. Amidst our course Zacynthian Woods appear; And next by rocky Neritos we steer: We fly from Ithaca's detested Shore, And curse the Land which dire Ulysses bore. At length Leucata's cloudy top appears; And the Sun's Temple, which the Sailor fears. Resolv'd to breath a while from Labour past, \ Our crooked Anchors from the Prow we cast; > And joyful to the little City haste. ) 360 Here safe beyond our Hopes, our Vows we pay T o Jove, the Guide and Patron of our way. T h e Customs of our Country we pursue; And Trojan Games on Actian Shores renew. Our Youth, their naked Limbs besmear with Oyl; And exercise the Wrastlers noble T o i l : Pleas'd to have sail'd so long before the Wind; And left so many Grecian Towns behind. T h e Sun had now fulfill'd his Annual Course, And Boreas on the Seas display'd his Force: 370 I fix'd upon the Temples lofty Door, T h e brazen Shield which vanquish'd Abas bore: T h e Verse beneath, my Name and Action speaks, These Arms, /Eneas took from Conqu'ring Greeks. 340 356

call:] F1-2. the Sun's] Fs; Phoebus

Fi.

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Leucata's] Leucates Toil:] Fi—2.

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Then I command to weigh; the Seamen ply T h e i r sweeping Oars, the smokeing Billows fly. T h e sight of high Phceacia soon we lost: And skim'd along Epirus rocky Coast. Then to Chaonia's Port our Course we bend, And landed, to Buthrotus heights ascend. Here wond'rous things were loudly blaz'd by Fame; How Helenus reviv'd the Trojan Name; And raign'd in Greece: That Priam's captive Son Succeeded Pyrrhus in his Bed and Throne: And fair Andromache, restor'd by Fate, Once more was happy in a Trojan Mate. I leave my Gallies riding in the Port; And long to see the new Dardanian Court. By chance, the mournful Queen, before the Gate, T h e n solemniz'd her former Husbands Fate. Green Altars rais'd of Turf, with Gifts she Crown'd; ' And sacred Priests in order stand around; And thrice the Name of hapless Hector sound. T h e Grove it self resembles Ida s Wood; And Simois seem'd the well dissembl'd Flood. But when, at nearer distance, she beheld My shining Armour, and my Trojan Shield; Astonish'd at the sight, the vital Heat Forsakes her Limbs, her Veins no longer beat: She faints, she falls, and scarce recov'ring strength, Thus, with a falt'ring Tongue, she speaks at length. Are you alive, O Goddess born! she said, Or if a Ghost, then where is Hector's Shade? At this, she cast a loud and frightful Cry: With broken words, I made this brief Reply. All of me that remains, appears in sight, I live; if living be to loath the Light. No Phantome; but I drag a wretched life; My Fate resembling that of Hector's Wife. What have you suffer'd since you lost your Lord, By what strange blessing are you now restor'd? 383

Throne:]

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Still are you Hector's, or is Hector fled, And his Remembrance lost in Pyrrhus Bed? With Eyes dejected, in a lowly tone, After a modest pause, she thus begun. Oh only happy Maid of Priam's Race, Whom Death deliver'd from the Foes embrace! Commanded on Achilles T o m b to die, \ Not forc'd, like us, to hard Captivity: > Or in a haughty Master's Arms to lie. /

How much of Hector in his Face appears? ) She spoke: and mix'd her Speech with mournful Cries: And fruitless Tears came trickling from her Eyes. At length her Lord descends upon the Plain; In pomp, attended with a num'rous Train: Receives his Friends, and to the City leads; 425 438

wed:] Troy?]

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And Tears of Joy amidst his Welcome sheds. Proceeding on, another Troy I see; Or, in less compass, Troy's Epitome. 450 A Riv'let by the name of Xanthus ran: And I embrace the Scaan Gate again. My Friends in Portico's were entertain'd; And Feasts and Pleasures through the City reign'd. T h e Tables fill'd the spacious Hall around: And Golden Bowls with sparkling Wine were crown'd. T w o days we pass'd in mirth, till friendly Gales, Blown from the South, supply'd our swelling Sails. Then to the Royal Seer I thus began: O thou who know'st beyond the reach of Man, 46o T h e Laws of Heav'n, and what the Stars decree, \ Whom Phoebus taught unerring Prophecy, > From his own Tripod, and his holy Tree: ) Skill'd in the wing'd Inhabitants of Air, What Auspices their notes, and flights declare: O say; for all Religious Rites portend A happy Voyage, and a prosp'rous End: And ev'ry Pow'r and Omen of the Sky, Direct my Course for destin'd Italy: But only dire Celteno, from the Gods, 470 A dismal Famine fatally fore-bodes: O say what Dangers I am first to shun: What Toils to vanquish, and what Course to run. T h e Prophet first with Sacrifice adores T h e greater Gods; their Pardon then implores: Unbinds the Fillet from his holy Head; \ T o Phoebus next, my trembling Steps he led: ; Full of religious Doubts, and awful dread. / T h e n with his God possess'd, before the Shrine, These words proceeded from his Mouth Divine. 480 O Goddess-born, (for Heav'n's appointed Will, With greater Auspices of good than ill, Fore-shows thy Voyage, and thy Course directs; T h y Fates conspire, and Jove himself protects:)

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Of many things, some few I shall explain, \ Teach thee to shun the dangers of the Main, > And how at length the promis'd Shore to gain. ) T h e rest the Fates from Helenus conceal; And Juno's angry Pow'r forbids to tell. First then, that happy Shore, that seems so nigh, \ 490 Will far from your deluded Wishes fly: > Long tracts of Seas divide your hopes from Italy. I For you must cruise along Sicilian Shoars; And stem the Currents with your struggling Oars: Then round th' Italian Coast your Navy steer; And after this to Circe's Island veer: And last, before your new Foundations rise, Must pass the Stygian Lake, and view the neather Skies. Now mark the Signs of future Ease and Rest; And bear them safely treasur'd in thy Breast. 500 When in the shady Shelter of a Wood, And near the Margin of a gentle Flood, Thou shalt behold a Sow upon the Ground, With thirty sucking young encompass'd round; T h e Dam and Off-spring white as falling Snow: \ These on thy City shall their Name bestow: > And there shall end thy Labours and thy Woe. / Nor let the threatned Famine fright thy Mind, For Phcebus will assist; and Fate the way will find. Let not thy Course to that ill Coast be bent, 510 Which fronts from far th' Epirian Continent; Those parts are all by Grecian Foes possess'd: T h e salvage Locrians here the Shores infest: There fierce Idomeneus his City builds, And guards with Arms the Salentinian Fields. And on the Mountains brow Petilia stands, Which Philoctetes with his Troops commands. Ev'n when thy Fleet is landed on the Shore, And Priests with holy Vows the Gods adore; T h e n with a Purple Veil involve your Eyes, 520 Lest hostile Faces blast the Sacrifice. 495

veer:

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These Rites and Customs to the Rest commend; T h a t to your Pious Race they may descend. When parted hence, the Wind that ready waits For Sicily, shall bear you to the Streights: Where proud Pelorus opes a wider way, T a c k to the Larboord, and stand off to Sea: Veer Star-board Sea and Land. T h ' Italian Shore, And fair Sicilia's Coast were one, before An Earthquake caus'd the Flaw, the roaring Tides ] 530 T h e Passage broke, that Land from Land divides: And where the Lands retir'd, the rushing Ocean rides, j Distinguish'd by the Streights, on either hand, Now rising Cities in long order stand; And fruitful Fields: (So much can T i m e invade T h e mouldring Work, that beauteous Nature made.) Far on the right, her Dogs foul Scylla hides: \ Charibdis roaring on the left presides; > And in her greedy Whirl-pool sucks the Tides: / T h e n Spouts them from below; with Fury driv'n, 540 T h e Waves mount up, and wash the face of Heav'n. But Scylla from her Den, with open Jaws, T h e sinking Vessel in her Eddy draws; T h e n dashes on the Rocks: A Human Face, And Virgin Bosom, hides her Tails disgrace. Her Parts obscene below the Waves descend, With Dogs inclos'd; and in a Dolphin end. 'Tis safer, then, to bear aloof to Sea, And coast Pachynus, though with more delay; T h a n once to view mishapen Scylla near, 550 And the loud yell of watry Wolves to hear. Besides, if Faith to Helenas be due, And if Prophetick Phoebus tell me true; Do not this Precept of your Friend forget; Which therefore more than once I must repeat. Above the rest, great Juno's Name adore: Pay Vows to Juno; Juno's Aid implore. Let Gifts be to the mighty Queen design'd;

534-535 (So . . . made.)] Fz;

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And mollify with Pray'rs her haughty Mind. T h u s , at the length, your Passage shall be free, 560 And you shall safe descend on Italy. Arriv'd at Cumce, when you view the Flood Of black Avernus, and the sounding Wood, T h e mad prophetick Sibyl you shall find, Dark in a Cave, and on a Rock reclin'd. She sings the Fates, and in her frantick Fitts, T h e Notes and Names inscrib'd, to Leafs commits. What she commits to Leafs, in order laid, Before the Caverns Entrance are display'd: Unmov'd they lie, but if a Blast of W i n d 570 Without, or Vapours issue from behind, T h e Leafs are born aloft in liquid Air, And she resumes no more her Museful Care: N o r gathers from the Rocks her scatter'd Verse; Nor sets in order what the Winds disperse. T h u s , many not succeeding, most upbraid \ T h e Madness of the visionary Maid; > And with loud Curses leave the mystick Shade. ) T h i n k it not loss of time a while to stay; T h o u g h thy Companions chide thy long delay: 580 T h o ' summon'd to the Seas, tho' pleasing Gales Invite thy Course, and stretch thy swelling Sails. B u t beg the sacred Priestess to relate With willing Words, and not to write thy Fate. T h e fierce Italian People she will show;

\

> And all thy Wars, and all thy Future Woe; And what thou may'st avoid, and what must undergo. / She shall direct thy Course, instruct thy Mind; And teach thee how the happy Shores to find. T h i s is what Heav'n allows me to relate: \ 590 Now part in Peace; pursue thy better Fate, > And raise, by strength of Arms, the Trojan State. ) This, when the Priest with friendly Voice declar'd, He gave me Licence, and rich Gifts prepar'd: Bounteous of Treasure, he supply'd my want 563

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With heavy Gold, and polish'd Elephant: Then Dodoncean Caldrons put on Bord, And ev'ry Ship with Sums of Silver stor'd. A trusty Coat of Mail to me he sent, Thrice chain'd with Gold, for Use and Ornament: 6oo T h e Helm of Pyrrhus added to the rest, That flourish'd with a Plume and waving Crest. Nor was my Sire forgotten, nor my Friends: And large Recruits he to my Navy sends; Men, Horses, Captains, Arms, and warlick Stores: Supplies new Pilots, and new sweeping Oars. Mean time, my Sire commands to hoist our Sails; Lest we shou'd lose the first auspicious Gales. T h e Prophet bless'd the parting Crew: and last, With Words like these, his ancient Friend embrac'd. eio Old happy Man, the Care of Gods above, Whom Heav'nly Venus honour'd with her Love, And twice preserv'd thy Life, when Troy was lost; Behold from far the wish'd Ausonian Coast: There land; but take a larger Compass round; For that before is all forbidden Ground. T h e Shore that Phoebus has design'd for you, At farther distance lies, conceal'd from view. Go happy hence, and seek your new Abodes; Bless'd in a Son, and favour'd by the Gods: 620 For I with useless words prolong your stay; When Southern Gales have summon'd you away. Nor less the Queen our parting thence deplor'd; Nor was less bounteous than her Trojan Lord. A noble Present to my Son she brought, A Robe with Flow'rs on Golden Tissue wrought; A Phrygian Vest; and loads, with Gifts beside Of precious Texture, and of Asian Pride. Accept, she said, these Monuments of Love; Which in my Youth with happier Hands I wove: 630 Regard these Trifles for the Giver's sake; Tis the last Present Hector's Wife can make. 595

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T h o u call'st my lost Astyanax to mind: In thee his Features, and his Form I find. His Eyes so sparkled with a lively Flame; Such were his Motions, such was all his Frame; A n d ah! had Heav'n so pleas'd, his Years had been the same. W i t h Tears I took my last adieu, and said, Your Fortune, happy pair, already made, Leaves you no farther Wish: My diff'rent state, a« Avoiding one, incurs another Fate. T o you a quiet Seat the Gods allow, Y o u have no Shores to search, no Seas to plow, Nor Fields of flying Italy to chase: (Deluding Visions, and a vain Embrace!) Y o u see another Simois, and enjoy T h e labour of your Hands, another Troy; W i t h better Auspice than her ancient Tow'rs: A n d less obnoxious to the Grecian Pow'rs. If e're the Gods, whom I with Vows adore, 650 Conduct my Steps to Tiber's happy Shore: If ever I ascend the Latian T h r o n e , A n d build a City I may call my own, As both of us our Birth from Troy derive, \ So let our Kindred Lines in Concord live: > A n d both in Acts of equal Friendship strive. ) O u r Fortunes, good or bad, shall be the same, T h e double Troy shall differ but in Name: T h a t what we now begin, may never end; But long, to late Posterity descend. 660 Near the Ceraunean Rocks our Course we bore: ( T h e shortest passage to th' Italian shore:) N o w had the Sun withdrawn his radiant Light, A n d Hills were hid in dusky Shades of Night: W e land; and on the bosom of the Ground A safe Retreat, and a bare Lodging found; Close by the Shore we lay; the Sailors keep T h e i r watches, and the rest securely sleep. 665

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T h e Night proceeding on with silent pace, \ Stood in her noon; and view'd with equal Face, > 670 Her steepy rise, and her declining Race. ) T h e n wakeful Palinurus rose, to spie ) T h e face of Heav'n, and the Nocturnal Skie; > And listen'd ev'ry breath of Air to try: ) Observes the Stars, and notes their sliding Course, T h e Pleiads, Hyads, and their wat'ry force; And both the Bears is careful to behold; And bright Orion arm'd with burnish'd Gold. T h e n when he saw no threat'ning Tempest Nigh, But a sure promise of a settled Skie; «so He gave the Sign to weigh; we break our sleep; Forsake the pleasing Shore, and plow the deep. And now the rising Morn, with rosie light Adorns the Skies, and puts the Stars to flight: When we from far, like bluish Mists, descry T h e Hills, and then the Plains of Italy. Achates first pronounc'd the Joyful sound; T h e n Italy the chearful Crew rebound. My Sire Anchises crown'd a Cup with Wine: And off'ring, thus implor'd the Pow'rs Divine. 69o Ye Gods, presiding over Lands and Seas, And you who raging Winds and Waves appease, Breath on our swelling Sails a prosp'rous Wind: And smooth our Passage to the Port assign'd. T h e gentle Gales their flagging force renew; And now the happy Harbour is in view. Minerva s Temple then salutes our sight; Plac'd, as a Land-mark, on the Mountains height: W e furl our Sails, and turn the Prows to shore; T h e curling Waters round the Galleys roar: 700 T h e Land lies open to the raging East, T h e n , bending like a Bow, with Rocks compress'd, Shuts out the Storms; the Winds and Waves complain, And vent their malice on the Cliffs in vain. T h e Port lies hid within; on either side T w o Tow'ring Rocks the narrow mouth divide.

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T h e Temple, which aloft we view'd before, T o distance flies, and seems to shun the Shore. Scarce landed, the first Omens I beheld Were four white Steeds that crop'd the flow'ry Field. 710 War, War is threaten'd from this Forreign Ground, (My Father cry'd) where warlike Steeds are found. Yet, since reclaim'd to Chariots they submit, And bend to stubborn Yokes, and champ the Bitt, Peace may succeed to Warr. Our way we bend T o Pallas, and the sacred Hill ascend: There, prostrate to the fierce Virago pray; Whose Temple was the Land-Mark of our way. Each with a Phrygian Mantle veil'd his Head; \ And all Commands of Helenus obey'd; > 720 And pious Rites to Grecian Juno paid. / These dues perform'd, we stretch our Sails, and stand T o Sea, forsaking that suspected Land. From hence Tarentum's Bay appears in view; For Hercules renown'd, if Fame be true. Just opposite, Lacinian Juno stands; Caulonian Tow'rs and Scylacaan Strands, For Shipwrecks fear'd: Mount /Etna thence we spy, Known by the smoaky Flames which Cloud the Skie. Far off we hear the Waves, with surly sound 730 Invade the Rocks, the Rocks their groans rebound. T h e Billows break upon the sounding Strand; And roul the rising Tide, impure with Sand. T h e n thus Anchises, in Experience old, 'Tis that Charibdis which the Seer foretold: And those the promis'd Rocks; bear off to Sea: With haste the frighted Mariners obey. First Palinurus to the Larboord veer'd; T h e n all the Fleet by his Example steer'd. T o Heav'n aloft on ridgy Waves we ride; 740 T h e n down to Hell descend, when they divide. 715 726 737

ascend:] F1-2. Strands,] F1-2. Larboord] Larboor'd F1-2.

716 727

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And thrice our Gallies knock'd the stony ground, And thrice the hollow Rocks return'd the sound, And thrice we saw the Stars, that stood with dews around. T h e flagging Winds forsook us, with the Sun; And weary'd, on Cyclopean Shores we run. T h e Port capacious, and secure from Wind, Is to the foot of thundring /Etna joyn'd. By turns a pitchy Cloud she rowls on high; \ By turns hot Embers from her entrails fly; > 750 And flakes of mounting Flames, that lick the Skie. ) Oft from her Bowels massy Rocks are thrown, And shiver'd by the force come piece-meal down. Oft liquid Lakes of burning Sulphur flow, Fed from the fiery Springs that boil below. Enceladus they say, transfix'd by Jove, With blasted Limbs came tumbling from above: And, where he fell, th' Avenging Father drew This flaming Hill, and on his Body threw: As often as he turns his weary sides, 760 He shakes the solid Isle, and smoke the Heavens hides. In shady Woods we pass the tedious Night, Where bellowing Sounds and Groans our Souls affright, Of which no Cause is offer'd to the sight. For not one Star was kindled in the Skie; Nor cou'd the Moon her borrow'd Light supply: For misty Clouds involv'd the Firmament; T h e Stars were muffled, and the Moon was pent. Scarce had the rising Sun the day reveal'd; Scarce had his heat the pearly dews dispell'd; 770 When from the Woods there bolts, before our sight, Somewhat, betwixt a Mortal and a Spright: So thin, so ghastly meagre, and so wan, So bare of flesh, he scarce resembled Man. This thing, all tatter'd, seem'd from far t'implore Our pious aid, and pointed to the Shore. We look behind; then view his shaggy Beard; 747 766

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762 771

affright,] — F 1 - 2 . Spright:] F1-2.

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His Cloaths were tagg'd with Thorns, and Filth his Limbs besmear'd: The rest, in Meen, in habit, and in Face, Appear'd a Greek; and such indeed he was. He cast on us, from far, a frightful view, Whom soon for Trojans and for Foes he knew: Stood still, and paus'd; then all at once began T o stretch his Limbs, and trembled as he ran. Soon as approach'd, upon his Knees he falls, And thus with Tears and Sighs for pity calls. Now by the Pow'rs above, and what we share From Nature's common Gift, this vital Air, 0 Trojans take me hence: I beg no more, But bear me far from this unhappy Shore. 'Tis true I am a Greek, and farther own, Among your Foes besieg'd th' Imperial Town; For such Demerits if my death be due, No more for this abandon'd life I sue: This only Favour let my Tears obtain, T o throw me headlong in the rapid Main: Since nothing more than Death my Crime demands, 1 dye content, to dye by human Hands. He said, and on his Knees my Knees embrac'd, I bad him boldly tell his Fortune past; His present State, his Lineage and his Name; T h ' occasion of his Fears, and whence he came. The good Anchises rais'd him with his Hand; Who, thus encourag'd, answer'd our Demand: From Ithaca my native Soil I came T o Troy, and Achcemenides my Name. Me, my poor Father, with Ulysses sent; (Oh had I stay'd, with Poverty content!) But fearful for themselves, my Country-men Left me forsaken in the Cyclops Den. The Cave, though large, was dark, the dismal Flore Was pav'd with mangled Limbs and putrid Gore. Our monstrous Host, of more than Human Size, 787

From] F2; As F i .

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Erects his Head, and stares within the Skies. Bellowing his Voice, and horrid in his Hue: Ye Gods, remove this Plague from Mortal View! The Joints of slaughter'd Wretches are his Food: And for his Wine he quaffs the streaming Blood. These Eyes beheld, when with his spacious Hand He seiz'd two Captives of our Grecian Band; 820 Stretch'd on his Back, he dash'd against the Stones Their broken Bodies, and their crackling Bones: With spouting Blood the Purple Pavement swims, While the dire Glutton grinds the trembling Limbs. Not unreveng'd, Ulysses bore their Fate, Nor thoughtless of his own unhappy State: For, gorg'd with Flesh, and drunk with Human Wine, While fast asleep the Gyant lay supine; Snoaring aloud, and belching from his Maw His indigested Foam, and Morsels raw: 830 We pray, we cast the Lots, and then surround The monstrous Body, stretch'd along the Ground: Each, as he cou'd approach him, lends a hand T o bore his Eyeball with a flaming Brand. Beneath his frowning Forehead lay his Eye, (For onely one did the vast Frame supply;) But that a Globe so large, his Front it fill'd, Like the Sun's disk, or like a Grecian Shield. The Stroke succeeds; and down the Pupil bends; This Vengeance follow'd for our slaughter'd Friends. 840 But haste, unhappy Wretches, haste to fly; Your Cables cut, and on your Oars rely. Such, and so vast as Polypheme appears, A hundred more this hated Island bears: Like him in Caves they shut their woolly Sheep, Like him, their Herds on tops of Mountains keep; Like him, with mighty Strides, they stalk from Steep to Steep. And now three Moons their sharpen'd Horns renew, Since thus in Woods and Wilds, obscure from view, 814 847

Hue:] F1-2. renew,] the comma

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I drag my loathsom Days with mortal Fright; 85« And in deserted Caverns lodge by Night: Oft from the Rocks a dreadful Prospect see, O f the huge Cyclops, like a walking T r e e : From far I hear his thund'ring Voice resound; And trampling Feet that shake the solid Ground. Cornels, and salvage Berries of the Wood, And Roots and Herbs have been my meagre Food. W h i l e all around my longing Eyes I cast, I saw your happy Ships appear at last. O n those I fix'd my hopes, to these I run, 860 ' T i s all I ask this cruel Race to shun: W h a t other Death you please, your selves bestow. Scarce had he said, when on the Mountain's brow, W e saw the Gyant-Shepherd stalk before His following Flock, and leading to the Shore: A monstrous Bulk, deform'd, depriv'd of Sight, His Staff a trunk of Pine, to guide his steps aright. His pondrous Whistle from his Neck descends; \ His woolly Care their pensive Lord attends: > T h i s onely Solace his hard Fortune sends. ) 87o Soon as he reach'd the Shore, and touch'd the Waves, F r o m his bor'd Eye the gutt'ring Blood he laves: H e gnash'd his T e e t h and groan'd; thro' Seas he strides, And scarce the topmost Billows touch'd his sides. Seiz'd with a sudden Fear, we run to Sea, T h e Cables cut, and silent haste away: T h e well deserving Stranger entertain; T h e n , buckling to the W o r k , our Oars divide the Main. T h e Gyant harken'd to the dashing Sound: B u t when our Vessels out of reach he found, 88o H e strided onward; and in vain essay'd T h ' Ionian Deep, and durst no farther wade. W i t h that he roar'd aloud; the dreadful Cry \ Shakes Earth, and Air, and Seas; the Billows fly > Before the bellowing Noise, to distant Italy. ) 850 864

Night:] — F 1 - 2 . Shore:] — F 1 - 2 .

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T h e neighb'ring /Etna trembled all around; T h e winding Caverns echo to the sound. His brother Cyclops hear the yelling Roar; And, rushing down the Mountains, crowd the Shoar: We saw their stern distorted looks, from far, 89o And one ey'd Glance, that vainly threatned War. A dreadful Council, with their heads on high; T h e misty Clouds about their Foreheads fly: Not yielding to the tow'ring T r e e of Jove; Or tallest Cypress of Diana's Grove. New Pangs of mortal Fear our Minds assail, ) We tug at ev'ry Oar, and hoist up ev'ry Sail; > And take th' Advantage of the friendly Gale. / Forewarn'd by Helenus, we strive to shun Charibdis Gulph, nor dare to Scylla run. 900 An equal Fate on either side appears; We, tacking to the left, are free from Fears. For from Pelorus Point, the North arose, And drove us back where swift Pantagias flows. His Rocky Mouth we pass; and make our Way By Thapsus,

a n d Megara

s w i n d i n g Bay;

This Passage Achcemenides had shown, Tracing the Course which he before had run. Right o're-against Plemmyrium's watry Strand, T h e r e lies an Isle once call'd th' Ortygian Land: 910 Alpheus, as Old Fame reports, has found From Greece a secret Passage under-ground: By Love to beauteous Arethusa led, And mingling here, they rowl in the same Sacred Bed. As Helenus enjoyn'd, we next adore Diana's Name, Protectress of the Shore. With prosp'rous Gales we pass the quiet Sounds Of still Elorus and his fruitful Bounds. T h e n doubling Cape Pachynus, we survey T h e rocky Shore extended to the Sea. 920 T h e T o w n of Camarine from far we see; And fenny Lake undrain'd by Fates decree. In sight of the Geloan Fields we pass,

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And the large Walls, where mighty Gela was: T h e n Agragas with lofty Summets crown'd; Long for the Race of warlike Steeds renown'd: W e pass'd Selinus, and the Palmy Land, \ > And widely shun the Lilybaan Strand, Unsafe, for secret Rocks, and moving Sand. ) At length on Shore the weary Fleet arriv'd; 930 Which Drepanum's unhappy Port receiv'd. Here, after endless Labours, often tost \ By raging Storms, and driv'n on ev'ry Coast, > My dear, dear Father, spent with Age, I lost. ) Ease of my Cares, and Solace of my Pain, Sav'd through a thousand Toils, but sav'd in vain: T h e Prophet, who my f u t u r e Woes reveal'd, Yet this, the greatest and the worst, conceal'd. And dire Celano, whose foreboding Skill Denounc'd all else, was silent of this 111: 940 This my last Labour was. Some friendly God, From thence convey'd us to your blest Abode. T h u s to the listning Queen, the Royal Guest His wand'ring Course, and all his Toils express'd; And here concluding, he retir'd to rest. 938

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The Fourth Book of the ALneis THE ARGUMENT.

Dido discovers to her Sister her Passion for iEneas, and her thoughts of marrying him. She prepares a Hunting-Match for his Entertainment. Juno by Venus'j consent raises a Storm, which separates the Hunters, and drives .¿Eneas and Dido into the same Cave, where their Marriage is suppos'd to be compleated. Jupiter dispatches Mercury to .¿Eneas, to warn him from Carthage; jEneas secretly prepares for his Voyage: Dido finds out his Design, and to put a stop to it, makes use of her own, and her Sister's Entreaties, and discovers all the variety of Passions that are incident to a neglected Lover: When nothing wou'd prevail upon him, she contrives her own Death, with which this Book concludes.

B

UT anxious Cares already seiz'd the Queen: She fed within her Veins a Flame unseen: T h e Heroe's Valour, Acts, and Birth inspire Her Soul with Love, and fann the secret Fire. His Words, his Looks imprinted in her Heart, Improve the Passion, and increase the Smart. Now, when the Purple Morn had chas'd away T h e dewy Shadows, and restor'd the Day; Her Sister first, with early Care she sought, 10 And thus in mournful Accents eas'd her Thought. My dearest Anna, what new Dreams affright My lab'ring Soul; what Visions of the Night Disturb my Quiet, and distract my Breast, With strange Ideas of our Trojan Guest! His Worth, his Actions, and Majestick Air, A Man descended from the Gods declare: Fear ever argues a degenerate kind, 14 Guest!] F1-2. 17-18 as in F2; in Fi as follows: Fear never harbours in a Noble Mind, B u t Modesty, with just Assurance join'd.

452

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His Birth is well asserted by his Mind. Then, what he suffer'd, when by Fate betray'd, What brave Attempts for falling Troy he made! Such were his Looks, so gracefully he spoke, That were I not resolv'd against the Yoke Of hapless Marriage; never to be curs'd With second Love, so fatal was my first; T o this one Error I might yield again: For since Sichceus was untimely slain, This onely Man, is able to subvert The fix'd Foundations of my stubborn Heart. And to confess my Frailty, to my shame, \ Somewhat I find within, if not the same, > T o o like the Sparkles of my former Flame.) But first let yawning Earth a Passage rend; And let me through the dark Abyss descend; First let avenging Jove, with Flames from high, \ Drive down this Body, to the neather Sky, > Condemn'd with Ghosts in endless Night to lye; ) Before I break the plighted Faith I gave; \ No; he who had my Vows, shall ever have; > For whom I lov'd on Earth, I worship in the Grave. ) She said; the Tears ran gushing from her Eyes, And stop'd her Speech: her Sister thus replies. 0 dearer than the vital Air I breath, Will you to Grief your blooming Years bequeath? Condem'd to wast in Woes, your lonely Life, Without the Joys of Mother, or of Wife? Think you these Tears, this pompous Train of Woe, Are known, or valu'd by the Ghosts below? 1 grant, that while your Sorrows yet were green, It well became a Woman, and a Queen, T h e Vows of Tyrian Princes to neglect, T o scorn Hyarbas, and his Love reject, With all the Lybian Lords of mighty Name; But will you fight against a pleasing Flame? 45 52

Wife?] Name;]

Fi-2. F1-2.

51 53

reject,] Flame?]

Fi-2. F1-2.

The Fourth

Book of the /.Eneis

This little Spot of Land, which Heav'n bestows, On ev'ry side is hemm'd with warlike Foes: Getulian Cities here are spread around; And fierce Numidians there your Frontiers bound; Here lies a barren Wast of thirsty Land, And there the Syrtes raise the moving Sand: Barccean Troops besiege the narrow Shore; And from the Sea Pygmalion threatens more. Propitious Heav'n, and gracious Juno, lead This wand'ring Navy to your needful Aid: How will your Empire spread, your City rise From such an Union, and with such Allies! Implore the Favour of the Pow'rs above; And leave the Conduct of the rest to Love. Continue still your hospitable way, And still invent occasions of their Stay; 'Till Storms, and winter Winds, shall cease to threat, And Plancks and Oars, repair their shatter'd Fleet. These Words, which from a Friend, and Sister came, With Ease resolv'd the Scruples of her Fame; And added Fury to the kindled Flame. Inspir'd with Hope, the Project they pursue; On ev'ry Altar Sacrifice renew; A chosen Ewe of two Years old they pay T o Ceres, Bacchus, and the God of Day: Preferring Juno's Pow'r: For Juno ties T h e Nuptial Knot, and makes the Marriage Joys. T h e beauteous Queen before her Altar stands, And holds the Golden Goblet in her Hands: A milk-white Heifar she with Flow'rs adorns, And pours the ruddy Wine betwixt her Horns; And while the Priests with Pray'r the Gods invoke, She feeds their Altars with Sabcean Smoke: With hourly Care the Sacrifice renews, And anxiously the panting Entrails Views. What Priestly Rites, alas! what Pious Art, 61

Pygmalion]

Pigmalion

F1-2.

86

Smoke:] —

F1-2.

453

The Fourth Book of the /Eneis 90 W h a t V o w s a v a i l t o c u r e a b l e e d i n g A

gentle

Where

Fire she

feeds within

Heart?

her

Veins;

the soft G o d secure in silence

reigns.

Sick with desire, a n d seeking h i m she

Dido

F r o m Street to Street, the raving

loves,

roves.

So when the watchful Shepherd, from the

Blind,

W o u n d s with a r a n d o m Shaft the careless Distracted with her pain she

flies

the

Hind;

Woods,

B o u n d s o're the L a w n , a n d seeks the silent W i t h fruitless C a r e ; for still t h e fatal

T h e

Trojan

Tyrian

Heart.

Chief,

lofty Walls, amidst the buisie

Displays her

Floods;

Dart

100 S t i c k s i n h e r s i d e ; a n d r a n c k l e s i n h e r A n d n o w she leads the

along

Throng;

Wealth, a n d rising

Town,

W h i c h L o v e , w i t h o u t his L a b o u r , m a k e s his

own.

T h i s P o m p she shows to t e m p t h e r w a n d ' r i n g H e r falt'ring T o n g u e W h e n

forbids to speak the

D a y declines, a n d Feasts renew the

Still o n his Face she feeds her famish'd S h e longs again to hear the Prince no

His own Adventures, and the

Fate:

vain;

again.

thus the Tragick Story never

T h e n , w h e n they part, w h e n

Night,

sight;

Trojan

T h e Hearer on the Speaker's M o u t h And

Guest;

rest.

relate

H e tells it o ' r e a n d o're; b u t still in F o r still s h e b e g s t o h e a r it, o n c e

455

depends; ends.

Phcebe's

W i t h d r a w s , a n d falling Stars to Sleep

paler

Light

invite,

S h e l a s t r e m a i n s , w h e n e v ' r y G u e s t is g o n e , Sits o n the B e d h e press'd, a n d sighs A b s e n t , h e r a b s e n t H e r o e sees a n d 120

O r in her Bosom young

Ascanius

alone; hears;

bears:

A n d seeks the Father's I m a g e in the If L o v e b y L i k e n e s s m i g h t b e so

Child,

beguil'd.

M e a n time the rising T o w ' r s are at a N o Labours exercise the youthful

N o r use of Arts, n o r T o i l s of A r m s they

90 Heart?] —1 F1-2. 117 when] F2; when when Fi.

stand:

Band:

105

know;

wand'ring] F2; wond'ring Fi.

456

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of Virgil

in

English

T h e Mole is left unfinish'd to the Foe. T h e Mounds, the Works, the Walls, neglected lye, Short of their promis'd heigth that seem'd to threat the Sky. But when Imperial Juno, from above, 130 Saw Dido fetter'd in the Chains of Love; Hot with the Venom, which her Veins inflam'd, And by no sense of Shame to be reclaim'd: With soothing Words to Venus she begun. High Praises, endless Honours you have won, And mighty Trophees with your worthy Son: Two Gods a silly Woman have undone. Nor am I ignorant, you both suspect This rising City, which my Hands erect: But shall Coelestial Discord never cease? mo 'Tis better ended in a lasting Peace. You stand possess'd of all your Soul desir'd; Poor Dido with consuming Love is fir'd: Your Trojan with my Tyrian let us join, j So Dido shall be yours, /Eneas mine: > One common Kingdom, one united Line.) Elisa shall a Dardan Lord obey, And lofty Carthage for a Dow'r convey. Then Venus, who her hidden Fraud descry'd, \ (Which wou'd the Scepter of the World, misguide > 150 T o Lybian Shores,) thus artfully reply'd, ) Who but a Fool, wou'd Wars with Juno chuse, And such Alliance, and such Gifts refuse? If Fortune with our joint Desires comply: T h e Doubt is all from Jove, and Destiny: Lest he forbid, with absolute Command, T o mix the People in one common Land. Or will the Trojan, and the Tyrian Line, In lasting Leagues, and sure Succession join? But you, the Partner of his Bed and Throne, i6o May move his Mind; my Wishes are your own. 128 154

as in F2; in Fi as follows: Destiny:] F1-2.

A n d , left unbuilt, are shorter of the Sky.

The Fourth Book of the ALneis

457

Mine, said Imperial Juno, be the Care; J Time urges, now, to perfect this Affair: > Attend my Counsel, and the Secret share. ) When next the Sun his rising Light displays, And guilds the World below, with Purple Rays; T h e Queen, /Eneas, and the Tyrian Court, Shall to the shady Woods, for Silvan Game, resort. There, while the Huntsmen pitch their Toils around, And chearful Horns, from Side to Side, resound; 170 A Pitchy Cloud shall cover all the Plain With Hail, and Thunder, and tempestuous Rain: T h e fearful Train shall take their speedy Flight, Dispers'd, and all involv'd in gloomy Night: One Cave a grateful Shelter shall afford T o the fair Princess, and the Trojan Lord. I will my self, the bridal Bed prepare, If you, to bless the Nuptials, will be there: So shall their Loves be crown'd with due Delights, And Hymen shall be present at the Rites, wo T h e Queen of Love consents, and closely smiles At her vain Project, and discover'd Wiles. T h e rosy Morn was risen from the Main, And Horns and Hounds awake the Princely Train: They issue early through the City Gate, Where the more wakeful Huntsmen ready wait, With Nets, and Toils, and Darts, beside the force Of Spartan Dogs, and swift Massylian Horse. T h e Tyrian Peers, and Officers of State, For the slow Queen, in Anti-Chambers wait: wo Her lofty Courser, in the Court below, (Who his Majestick Rider seems to know,) Proud of his Purple Trappings, paws the Ground; And champs the Golden Bitt; and spreads the Foam around. T h e Queen at length appears: On either Hand T h e brawny Guards in Martial Order stand. 163 169

Counsel] Fi (corrected state), F2; Councel F i (uncorrected state). chearful] F i (corrected state); cheerful Fi (uncorrected state).

The Fourth Book of the /Eneis A flow'rd Cymarr, with Golden Fringe, she wore; A n d at her Back a Golden Quiver bore: H e r flowing Hair, a Golden Caul restrains; A golden Clasp, the Tyrian R o b e sustains. 200 T h e n young Ascanius, with a sprightly Grace, Leads on the Trojan Youth to view the Chace. But far above the rest in beauty shines T h e great Mneas, when the T r o o p he joins: Like fair Apollo, when he leaves the frost Of wintry Xanthus, and the Lycian Coast; When to his Native Delos he resorts, Ordains the Dances, and renews the Sports: Where painted Scythians, mix'd with Cretan Bands, Before the joyful Altars join their Hands. 210 Himself, on Cynthus walking, sees below T h e merry Madness of the sacred Show. Green Wreaths of Bays his length of Hair inclose, A Golden Fillet binds his awful Brows: His Quiver sounds: Not less the Prince is seen In manly Presence, or in lofty Meen. Now had they reach'd the Hills, and storm'd the Seat Of salvage Beasts, in Dens, their last Retreat; T h e Cry pursues the Mountain-Goats; they bound From Rock to Rock, and keep the craggy Ground: 220 Quite otherwise the Stags, a trembling Train, \ In Herds unsingl'd, scour the dusty Plain; > A n d a long Chace, in open view, maintain. ) T h e glad Ascanius, as his Courser guides, Spurs through the Vale; and these and those outrides. His Horses flanks and sides are forc'd to feel T h e clanking lash, and goring of the Steel. Impatiently he views the feeble Prey, Wishing some Nobler Beast to cross his way: A n d rather wou'd the tusky Boar attend, 230 Or see the tawny Lyon downward bend. Mean time, the gath'ring Clouds obscure the Skies; From Pole to Pole the forky Lightning flies; T h e ratling Thunders rowl; and Juno pours 228 230

way:] FI-2. tawny Lyon downward bend] F2; Lyon from the Hills descend F i .

459

The Works of Virgil in English

460

A wintry Deluge down; and sounding Show'rs. T h e Company dispers'd, to Coverts ride, And seek the homely Cotts, or Mountains hollow side. T h e rapid Rains, descending from the Hills, T o rowling Torrents raise the creeping Rills. T h e Queen and Prince, as Love or Fortune guides, 240 One common Cavern in her Bosom hides. T h e n first the trembling Earth the signal gave; And flashing Fires enlighten all the Cave: Hell from below, and Juno from above, And howling Nymphs, were conscious to their Love. From this ill Omend Hour, in T i m e arose Debate and Death, and all succeeding woes. T h e Queen whom sense of Honour cou'd not move No longer made a Secret of her Love; But call'd it Marriage, by that specious Name, 250 T o veil the Crime and sanctifie the Shame. T h e loud Report through Lybian Cities goes; Fame, the great 111, from small beginnings grows: Swift from the first; and ev'ry Moment brings New Vigour to her flights, new Pinions to her wings. Soon grows the Pygmee to Gygantic size; Her Feet on Earth, her Forehead in the Skies: Inrag'd against the Gods, revengeful Earth Produc'd her last of the Titanian birth. Swift is her walk, more swift her winged hast: 260 A monstrous Fantom, horrible and vast; As many Plumes as raise her lofty flight, So many piercing Eyes inlarge her sight: Millions of opening Mouths to Fame belong;

\

And ev'ry Mouth is furnish'd with a Tongue: > And round with listning Ears the flying Plague is hung. ) She fills the peaceful Universe with Cries; No Slumbers ever close her wakeful Eyes. By Day from lofty Tow'rs her Head she shews; And spreads through trembling Crowds disastrous News: 252 269

grows:] News:]

Fi—2. F1-2.

257

revengeful] F2; revengful F i .

The Fourth

Book of the

/Eneis

270 With Court Informers haunts, and Royal Spies, Things done relates, not done she feigns; and mingles Truth with Lyes. Talk is her business; and her chief delight T o tell of Prodigies, and cause affright. She fills the Peoples Ears with Dido's Name; Who, lost to Honour, and the sense of Shame, Admits into her Throne and Nuptial Bed A wandring Guest, who from his Country fled: Whole days with him she passes in delights; And wasts in Luxury long Winter Nights: 280 Forgetful of her Fame, and Royal Trust; Dissolv'd in Ease, abandon'd to her Lust. T h e Goddess widely spreads the loud Report; And flies at length to King Hyarbas Court. When first possess'd with this unwelcome News, Whom did he not of Men and Gods accuse? This Prince, from ravish'd Garamantis born, A hundred Temples did with Spoils adorn, In Amnion's Honour, his Ccelestial Sire; A hundred Altars fed, with wakeful Fire: 290 And through his vast Dominions, Priests ordain'd, Whose watchful Care these holy Rites maintain'd. T h e Gates and Columns were with Garlands crown'd, And Blood of Victim Beasts enrich the Ground. He, when he heard a Fugitive cou'd move T h e Tyrian Princess, who disdain'd his Love, His Breast with Fury burn'd, his Eyes with Fire; Mad with Despair, impatient with Desire. T h e n on the Sacred Altars pouring Wine, He thus with Pray'rs implor'd his Sire divine. 300 Great Jove, propitious to the Moorish Race, Who feast on painted Beds, with Off'rings grace T h y Temples, and adore thy Pow'r Divine With Blood of Victims, and with sparkling Wine: Seest thou not this? or do we fear in vain 279 285

Nights:] accuse?]

F1-2. F1-2.

283 303

Hyarbas] Hyarbas F 1 - 2 . Blood of] F2; offer'd F i .

461

462

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

T h y boasted T h u n d e r , and thy thoughtless Reign? Do thy broad Hands the forky Lightnings lance, Are thine the Bolts, or the blind work of Chance? A wandring Woman builds, within our State, A little T o w n , bought at an easie Rate; 310 She pays me Homage, and my Grants allow A narrow space of Lybian Lands to plough: Yet scorning me, by Passion blindly led, Admits a banish'd Trojan to her Bed: And now this other Paris, with his T r a i n Of conquer'd Cowards, must in Affrick reign I (Whom, what they are, their Looks and Garb confess; T h e i r Locks with Oil perfum'd, their Lydian dress:) H e takes the Spoil, enjoys the Princely Dame; And I, rejected I, adore an empty Name. 320 His Vows, in haughty Terms, he thus preferr'd, And held his Altar's Horns; the mighty T h u n d ' r e r heard, T h e n cast his Eyes on Carthage, where he found T h e lustful Pair, in lawless pleasure drown'd: Lost in their Loves, insensible of Shame; And both forgetful of their better Fame. H e calls Cyllenius; and the God attends; By whom his menacing Command he sends. Go, mount the Western Winds, and cleave the Skie; T h e n , with a swift descent, to Carthage fly: 330 T h e r e find the Trojan Chief, who wastes his Days In sloathful Riot, and inglorious Ease, Nor minds the future City, giv'n by Fate; T o him this Message from my Mouth relate. Not so, fair Venus hop'd, when twice she won T h y Life with Pray'rs; nor promis'd such a Son. Hers was a Heroe, destin'd to command A Martial Race; and rule the Latian Land: W h o shou'd his ancient Line from Teucer draw; And, on the conquer'd World, impose the Law. 307 311 331

Arc thine] Thine are F 1 - 2 . plough:] F1-2. Ease,] F1-2.

310 323 337

allow] F1-2. drown'd:] F1-2. Land:] — F 1 - 2 .

The Fourth

Book of the

/Eneis

340 If Glory cannot move a Mind so mean, Nor future Praise, from fading Pleasure wean, Yet why shou'd he defraud his Son of Fame; And grudge the Romans their Immortal Name? What are his vain Designs? what hopes he more, From his long ling'ring on a hostile Shore? Regardless to redeem his Honour lost, And for his Race to gain th' Ausonian Coast? Bid him with Speed the Tyrian Court forsake; With this Command the slumb'ring Warrior wake. 350 Hermes obeys; with Golden Pinions binds His flying Feet, and mounts the Western Winds: And whether o're the Seas or Earth he flies, With rapid Force, they bear him down the Skies. But first he grasps within his awful Hand, T h e mark of Sov'raign Pow'r, his Magick Wand: With this, he draws the Ghosts from hollow Graves, With this he drives them down the Stygian Waves; With this he seals in Sleep, the wakeful sight; And Eyes, though clos'd in Death restores to Light. 360 T h u s arm'd, the God begins his Airy Race; And drives the racking Clouds along the liquid Space: Now sees the Tops of Atlas, as he flies; Whose brawny Back supports the starry Skies: Atlas, whose Head with Piny Forests crown'd, Is beaten by the Winds; with foggy Vapours bound. Snows hide his Shoulders; from beneath his Chin T h e Founts of rolling Streams their Race begin: A beard of Yce on his large Breast depends: Here pois'd upon his Wings, the God descends. 370 Then, rested thus, he from the tow'ring height Plung'd downward, with precipitated Flight: Lights on the Seas, and skims along the Flood: As Water-fowl, who seek their fishy Food, Less, and yet less, to distant Prospect show, By turns they dance aloft, and dive below: 343 347

Name?] Coast?]

F1-2. F1-2.

344 361

Designs?] Space:]

F1-2. F1-2.

463

The Fourth Book of the /Eneis

465

Like these, the steerage of his Wings he plies; And near the surface of the Water flies: 'Till having pass'd the Seas, and cross'd the Sands, He clos'd his Wings, and stoop'd on Lybian Lands: 38o Where Shepherds once were hous'd in homely Sheds, Now Tow'rs within the Clouds, advance their Heads. Arriving there, he found the Trojan Prince, New Ramparts raising for the Town's defence: A Purple Scarf, with Gold embroider'd o're, (Queen Dido's Gift) about his Waste he wore; A Sword with glitt'ring Gems diversify'd, For Ornament, not use, hung idly by his side. T h e n thus, with winged Words, the God began; (Resuming his own Shape) Degenerate Man, 39« T h o u Woman's Property, what mak'st thou here, These foreign Walls, and Tyrian Tow'rs to rear, Forgetful of thy own? All pow'rful Jove, Who sways the World below, and Heav'n above, Has sent me down, with this severe Command: What means thy ling'ring in the Lybian Land? If Glory cannot move a Mind so mean, Nor future Praise, from flitting Pleasure wean, Regard the Fortunes of thy rising Heir; T h e promis'd Crown let young Ascanius wear: 400 T o whom th' Ausonian Scepter, and the State Of Rome's Imperial Name, is ow'd by Fate. So spoke the God; and speaking took his flight, Involv'd in Clouds; and vanish'd out of sight. T h e Pious Prince was seiz'd with sudden Fear; Mute was his Tongue, and upright stood his Hair: Revolving in his Mind the stern Command, He longs to fly, and loaths the charming Land. What shou'd he say, or how shou'd he begin, ) What Course, alas! remains, to steer between / 410 T h ' offended Lover, and the Pow'rful Queen? ) This way, and that, he turns his anxious Mind, 377 391 410

flies:] Fi—2. rear,] F1-2. Queen?] F1-2.

389 399

Degenerate] degenerate F 1 - 2 . wear:] F1-2.

466

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And all Expedients tries, and none can find: Fix'd on the Deed, but doubtful of the Means; After long Thought to this Advice he leans. Three Chiefs he calls, commands them to repair T h e Fleet, and ship their Men with silent Care: Some plausible Pretence he bids them find, T o colour what in secret he design'd. Himself, mean time, the softest Hours wou'd chuse, 420 Before the Love-sick Lady heard the News; And move her tender Mind, by slow degrees, T o suffer what the Sov'raign Pow'r decrees: Jove will inspire him, when, and what to say: They hear with Pleasure, and with haste obey. But soon the Queen perceives the thin Disguise; (What Arts can blind a jealous Woman's Eyes?) She was the first to find the secret Fraud, Before the fatal News was blaz'd abroad. Love, the first Motions of the Lover hears, 430 Quick to presage, and ev'n in Safety fears. Nor impious Fame was wanting to report \ T h e Ships repair'd; the Trojans thick Resort, / And purpose to forsake the Tyrian Court. ) Frantick with Fear, impatient of the Wound, And impotent of Mind, she roves the City round. Less wild the Bacchanalian Dames appear, When, from afar, their nightly God they hear, And houl about the Hills, and shake the wreathy Spear. At length she finds the dear perfidious Man; 440 Prevents his form'd Excuse, and thus began. Base and ungrateful, cou'd you hope to fly, And undiscover'd scape a Lover's Eye? Nor cou'd my Kindness your Compassion move, Nor plighted Vows, nor dearer bands of Love? Or is the Death of a despairing Queen 420 436 442

News;] F1-2. Bacchanalian] Bacchanalian Eye?] F1-2.

F1-2.

426 442 444

Eyes?] F1-2. undiscover'd] F2; undisover'd F i . Love?] F1-2.

The Fourth Book of the ALneis

467

Not worth preventing, though too well foreseen? Ev'n when the Wint'ry Winds command your stay, You dare the Tempests, and defie the Sea. False, as you are, suppose you were not bound 450 T o Lands unknown, and foreign Coasts to sound; Were Troy restor'd, and Priam's happy Reign, Now durst you tempt for Troy, the raging Main? See, whom you fly; am I the Foe you shun? Now by those holy Vows, so late begun, By this right Hand, (since I have nothing more T o challenge, but the Faith you gave before;) I beg you by these Tears too truly shed, By the new Pleasures of our Nuptial Bed; If ever Dido, when you most were kind, 46o Were pleasing in your Eyes, or touch'd your Mind; By these my Pray'rs, if Pray'rs may yet have Place, Pity the Fortunes of a falling Race. For you I have provok'd a Tyrant's Hate, Incens'd the Lybian, and the Tyrian State; For you alone I suffer in my Fame; Bereft of Honour, and expos'd to Shame: Whom have I now to trust, ungrateful Guest, (That only Name remains of all the rest!) What have I left, or whither can I fly; 470 Must I attend Pygmalion's Cruelty? Or till Hyarbas shall in Triumph lead A Queen, that proudly scorn'd his proffer'd Bed? Had you deferr'd, at least, your hasty Flight, \ And left behind some Pledge of our delight, > Some Babe to bless the Mother's mournful sight; ) Some young /Eneas, to supply your place; Whose Features might express his Father's Face; I should not then complain to live bereft Of all my Husband, or be wholly left. 447 468 471

Ev'n] F2; Even F i . (That . . . rest!)] . . . ~ ! A F1-2. Hyarbas] Hyarba F 1 - 2 .

467 470 472

ungrateful Guest,] Cruelty?] F1-2. Bed?] F1-2.

F1-2.

468

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Works

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480

Here paus'd the Queen; unmov'd he holds his Eyes, By Jove's Command; nor suffer'd Love to rise, T h o ' heaving in his Heart; and thus at length, replies. Fair Queen, you never can enough repeat Your boundless Favours, or I own my Debt: Nor can my Mind forget Elisa s Name, While vital Breath inspires this Mortal Frame. This, only let me speak in my Defence, I never hop'd a secret Flight from hence: Much less pretended to the Lawful Claim 490 Of Sacred Nuptials, or, a Husband's Name. For if indulgent Heav'n would leave me free, And not submit my Life to Fate's Decree, My Choice would lead me to the Trojan Shore, \ Those Reliques to review, their Dust adore; j And Priam's ruin'd Palace to restore. )

But now the Delphian Oracle Commands, And Fate invites me to the Latian Lands. That is the promis'd Place to which I steer, And all my Vows are terminated there. 500 If you, a Tyrian, and a Stranger born, With Walls and Tow'rs a Lybian Town adorn; Why may not we, like you, a Foreign Race, Like you seek shelter in a Foreign Place? As often as the Night obscures the Skies With humid Shades, or twinkling Stars arise, Anchises angry Ghost in Dreams appears; Chides my delay, and fills my Soul with fears: And young Ascanius justly may complain, Of his defrauded Fate, and destin'd Reign. 510 Ev'n now the Herald of the Gods appear'd, Waking I saw him, and his Message heard. From Jove he came commission'd, Heav'nly bright With Radiant Beams, and manifest to Sight. T h e Sender and the Sent, I both attest, These Walls he enter'd, and those Words express'd. Fair Queen, oppose not what the Gods command; 485

Elisa's] Eliza's F1-2.

496

Oracle] Oracle F i - z .

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Book of the ALneis

469

Forc'd by my Fate, I leave your happy Land. Thus, while he spoke, already She began, With sparkling Eyes, to view the guilty Man: 520 From Head to Foot survey'd his Person o're, Nor longer these outrageous Threats forbore. False as thou art, and more than false, forsworn; Not sprung from Noble Blood, nor Goddess-born, But hewn from hardned Entrails of a Rock; And rough Hyrcanian Tygers gave thee suck: Why shou'd I fawn, what have I worse to fear? \ Did he once look, or lent a list'ning Ear; ; Sigh'd when I sob'd, or shed one kindly Tear? / All Symptoms of a base Ungrateful Mind, 530 So foul, that which is worse, 'tis hard to find. Of Man's Injustice, why shou'd I complain? T h e Gods, and Jove himself behold in vain Triumphant Treason, yet no Thunder flyes: \ Nor Juno views my Wrongs with equal Eyes; > Faithless is Earth, and Faithless are the Skies! ) Justice is fled, and Truth is now no more; I sav'd the Shipwrack'd Exile on my Shore: With needful Food his hungry Trojans fed; I took the Tray tor to my Throne and Bed: 540 Fool that I was 'tis little to repeat T h e rest, I stor'd and Rigg'd his ruin'd Fleet. I rave, I rave: A God's Command he pleads, And makes Heav'n accessary to his Deeds. Now Lycian Lotts, and now the Delian God; Now Hermes is employ'd from Jove's abode, T o warn him hence; as if the peaceful State Of Heav'nly Pow'rs were touch'd with Humane Fate! But go; thy flight no longer I detain; Go seek thy promis'd Kingdom through the Main: 550 Yet if the Heav'ns will hear my Pious Vow, T h e faithless Waves, not half so false as thou, Or secret Sands, shall Sepulchers afford T o thy proud Vessels, and their perjur'd Lord. 525 suck:]

F1-2.

551 thou,] F2;

Fi.

The

47°

Works of Virgil in

English

Then shalt thou call on injur'd Dido's Name; \ Dido shall come, in a black Sulph'ry flame; > When death has once dissolv'd her Mortal frame: / Shall smile to see the Traitor vainly weep; \ Her angry Ghost arising from the Deep, > Shall haunt thee waking, and disturb thy Sleep. / 560 At least my Shade thy Punishment shall know; And Fame shall spread the pleasing News below. Abruptly here she stops: Then turns away Her loathing Eyes, and shuns the sight of Day. Amaz'd he stood, revolving in his Mind What Speech to frame, and what Excuse to find. Her fearful Maids their fainting Mistress led; And softly laid her on her Iv'ry Bed. But good /Eneas, tho' he much desir'd T o give that Pity, which her Grief requir'd, 570 T h o ' much he mourn'd, and labour'd with his Love, Resolv'd at length, obeys the Will of Jove: Reviews his Forces; they with early Care Unmoor their Vessels, and for Sea prepare. T h e Fleet is soon afloat, in all its Pride: And well calk'd Gallies in the Harbour ride. T h e n Oaks for Oars they fell'd; or as they stood, Of its green Arms despoil'd the growing Wood; Studious of Flight: T h e Beach is cover'd o're With Trojan Bands that blacken all the Shore: 580 On ev'ry side are seen, descending down, Thick swarms of Souldiers loaden from the Town. Thus, in Battalia, march embody'd Ants, Fearful of Winter, and of future Wants, T ' invade the Corn, and to their Cells convey T h e plunder'd Forrage of their yellow Prey. T h e sable Troops, along the narrow Tracks, Scarce bear the weighty Burthen on their Backs: Some set their Shoulders to the pond'rous Grain; \ Some guard the Spoil, some lash the lagging Train; > 590 All ply their sev'ral Tasks, and equal T o i l sustain. / 556 577

frame:] Wood;]

F1-2. Fi—2.

557

weep;]

Fi-i.

The Fourth

Book of the

/Eneis

What Pangs the tender Breast of Dido tore, When, from the Tow'r, she saw the cover'd Shore, And heard the Shouts of Sailors from afar, Mix'd with the Murmurs of the wat'ry War! All pow'rful Love, what Changes canst thou cause In Human Hearts, subjected to thy Laws! Once more her haughty Soul the Tyrant bends; T o Pray'rs and mean Submissions she descends. No female Arts or Aids she left untry'd, 6oo Nor Counsels unexplor'd, before she dy'd. Look, Anna, look; the Trojans crowd to Sea, They spread their Canvass, and their Anchors weigh. T h e shouting Crew, their Ships with Garlands bind; Invoke the Sea-Gods, and invite the Wind. Cou'd I have thought this threatnins:o Blow so near,7 o

My tender Soul had been forewarn'd to bear. But do not you my last Request deny, \ With yon perfidious Man your Int'rest try; [ And bring me News, if I must live or dye. / 6io You are his Fav'rite, you alone can find T h e dark recesses of his inmost Mind: In all his trusted Secrets you have part, And know the soft Approaches to his Heart. Haste then, and humbly seek my haughty Foe; Tell him, I did not with the Grecians goe; Nor did my Fleet against his Friends employ, Nor swore the Ruin of unhappy Troy, Nor mov'd with Hands prophane his Father's Dust; Why shou'd he then reject a suit so just? 620 Whom does he shun, and whither would he fly; Can he this last, this only Pray'r deny? Let him at least his dang'rous Flight delay, Wait better Winds, and hope a calmer Sea. T h e Nuptials he disclaims I urge no more; Let him pursue the promis'd Latian Shore. A short delay is all I ask him now, 594 604 619

War!] Fi-2. Wind] F2; Winds F i . just?] F1-2.

603 617 621

bind] F2; binds FI. Troy,] F1-2. deny?] F1-2.

471

472

The

Works of Virgil in

English

A pause of Grief; an interval from Woe: 'Till my soft Soul be temper'd to sustain Accustom'd Sorrows, and inur'd to Pain. 630 If you in Pity grant this one Request, My Death shall glut the Hatred of his Brest. This mournful message, Pious Anna bears, And seconds, with her own, her Sister's Tears: But all her Arts are still employ'd in vain; Again she comes, and is refus'd again. His harden'd Heart nor Pray'rs nor Threatnings move; Fate, and the God, had stop'd his Ears to Love. As when the Winds their airy Quarrel try; Justling from ev'ry quarter of the Sky; 640 This way and that, the Mountain Oak they bend, His Boughs they shatter, and his Branches rend; With Leaves, and falling Mast, they spread the Ground, The hollow Vallies echo to the Sound: Unmov'd, the Royal Plant their Fury mocks; Or shaken, clings more closely to the Rocks: Far as he shoots his tow'ring Head on high, So deep in Earth his fix'd Foundations lye: No less a Storm the Trojan Heroe bears; \ Thick Messages and loud Complaints he hears; > 650 And bandy'd Words, still beating on his Ears. / Sighs, Groans and Tears, proclaim his inward Pains, But the firm purpose of his Heart remains. The wretched Queen, pursu'd by cruel Fate, Begins at length the light of Heav'n to hate: And loaths to live: Then dire Portents she sees, T o hasten on the Death her Soul decrees: Strange to relate: for when before the Shrine She pours, in Sacrifice, the Purple Wine, The Purple Wine is turn'd to putrid Blood: 660 And the white offer'd Milk, converts to Mud. This dire Presage, to her alone reveal'd, From all, and ev'n her Sister, she conceal'd. 631 647

glut the Hatred of his Brest] Fa; leave you of my Crown possess'd F i . lye:] F1-2. 656 decrees:] — F 1 - 2 .

The Fourth Book of the /Eneis

473

A Marble Temple stood within the Grove, Sacred to Death, and to her murther'd Love; That honour'd Chappel she had hung around With snowy Fleeces, and with Garlands crown'd: Oft, when she visited this lonely Dome, Strange Voices issu'd from her Husband's Tomb: She thought she heard him summon her away; 67o Invite her to his Grave; and chide her stay. Hourly 'tis heard, when with a bodeing Note The solitary Screech-Owl strains her Throat: And on a Chimney's top, or Turret's hight, With Songs obscene, disturbs the Silence of the Night. Besides, old Prophesies augment her Fears; And stern ¿Eneas in her Dreams appears, Disdainful as by Day: She seems alone, T o wander in her Sleep, thro ways unknown, Guidless and dark: or, in a Desart Plain, 680 T o seek her Subjects, and to seek in vain: Like Pentheus, when distracted with his Fear, He saw two Suns, and double Thebes appear: Or mad Orestes, when his Mother's Ghost Full in his Face, infernal Torches tost; And shook her snaky locks: He shuns the sight, \ > Flies o're the Stage, surpris'd with mortal fright; The Furies guard the Door; and intercept his flight.) Now, sinking underneath a load of Grief, From Death alone, she seeks her last Relief: 690 The Time and Means, resolv'd within her Breast, She to her mournful Sister, thus address'd. (Dissembling hope, her cloudy front she clears, And a false Vigour in her Eyes appears.) Rejoice she said, instructed from above, My Lover I shall gain, or lose my Love. Nigh rising Atlas, next the falling Sun, Long tracts of Ethiopian Clymates run: 68o vain:] FI-2. 697 Ethiopian] Fi (corrected state); Ethiopyan

Fz.

Fi (uncorrected state);

¿Ethiopian

The Fourth

700

710

720

730

Book of the

/Eneis

There, a Massylian Priestess I have found, Honour'd for Age; for Magick Arts renown'd: T h ' Hesperian Temple was her trusted Care; 'Twas she supply'd the wakeful Dragons Fare. She Poppy-Seeds in Honey taught to steep; Reclaim'd his Rage; and sooth'd him into sleep. She watch'd the Golden Fruit; her Charms unbind T h e Chains of Love; or fix them on the Mind. She stops the Torrents, leaves the Channel dry; Repels the Stars; and backward bears the Sky. T h e yawning Earth rebellows to her Call; Pale Ghosts ascend; and Mountain Ashes fall. Witness, ye Gods, and thou my better part, How loth I am to try this impious Art! Within the secret Court, with silent Care, Erect a lofty Pile, expos'd in Air: Hang on the topmost part, the Trojan Vest; Spoils, Arms, and Presents of my faithless Guest. Next, under these, the bridal Bed be plac'd, Where I my Ruin in his Arms embrac'd: All Relicks of the Wretch are doom'd to Fire; For so the Priestess, and her Charms require. Thus far she said, and farther Speech forbears: A Mortal Paleness in her Face appears: Yet, the mistrustless Anna, could not find ) T h e secret Fun'ral, in these Rites design'd; [ Nor thought so dire a Rage possess'd her Mind. / Unknowing of a Train conceal'd so well, She fear'd no worse than when Sichaus fell: Therefore obeys. T h e fatal Pile they rear, Within the secret Court, expos'd in Air. T h e cloven Holms and Pines are heap'd on high; And Garlands on the hollow Spaces lye. Sad Cypress, Vervain, Eugh, compose the Wreath; And ev'ry baleful green denoting Death. T h e Queen, determin'd to the fatal Deed, ) T h e Spoils and Sword he left, in order spread: [ And the Man's Image on the Nuptial Bed. )

475

476

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Works

of Virgil

in

English

And now (the sacred Altars plac'd around) \ T h e Priestess enters, with her Hair unbound, > And thrice invokes the Pow'rs below the Ground. ) Night, Erebus, and Chaos she proclaims, 740 And threefold Hecat, with her hundred Names, And three Diana's: next she sprinkles round, With feign'd Avernian Drops, the hallow'd ground; Culls hoary Simples, found by Phoebe's Light, With brazen Sickles reap'd at Noon of Night: Then mixes baleful Juices in the Bowl: And cuts the Forehead of a new-born Fole; Robbing the Mother's love. T h e destin'd Queen Observes, assisting at the Rites obscene: A leaven'd Cake in her devoted Hands 750 She holds, and next the highest Altar stands: One tender Foot was shod, her other bare; Girt was her gather'd Gown, and loose her Hair. Thus dress'd, she summon'd with her dying Breath, T h e Heav'ns and Planets conscious of her Death: And ev'ry Pow'r, if any rules above, Who minds, or who revenges injur'd Love. 'Twas dead of Night, when weary Bodies close Their Eyes in balmy Sleep, and soft Repose: T h e Winds no longer whisper through the Woods, 76o Nor murm'ring Tides disturb the gentle Floods. T h e Stars in silent order mov'd around, And Peace, with downy wings, was brooding on the ground. T h e Flocks and Herds, and parti-colour'd Fowl, Which haunt the Woods, or swim the weedy Pool; Stretch'd on the quiet Earth securely lay, Forgetting the past Labours of the day. All else of Nature's common Gift partake; Unhappy Dido was alone awake. Nor Sleep nor Ease the Furious Queen can find, 770 Sleep fled her Eyes, as Quiet fled her mind. Despair, and Rage, and Love, divide her heart; Despair and Rage had some, but Love the greater part. 739

Chaos] ChaosTi-2.

744

Night:]

Fi-a.

The

Fourth

Book

of the

/Eneis

477

T h e n thus she said within her secret Mind: What shall I do, what Succour can I find? Become a Supplyant to Hyarbas Pride, And take my turn, to Court and be deny'd? Shall I with this ungrateful Trojan go, Forsake an Empire, and attend a Foe? Himself I refug'd, and his Train reliev'd; 780 T i s true; but am I sure to be receiv'd? Can Gratitude in Trojan Souls have place? Laomedon still lives in all his Race! Then, shall I seek alone the Churlish Crew, Or with my Fleet their flying Sails pursue? What force have I but those, whom scarce before I drew reluctant from their Native Shore? Will they again Embark at my desire, Once more sustain the Seas, and quit their second Tyre? Rather with Steel thy guilty Breast invade, 790 And take the Fortune thou thy self hast made. Your pity, Sister, first seduc'd my Mind; Or seconded too well, what I design'd. These dear-bought Pleasures had I never known, Had I continu'd free, and still my own; Avoiding Love; I had not found Despair: But shar'd with Salvage Beasts the Common Air. Like them a lonely life I might have led, Not mourn'd the Living, nor disturb'd the Dead. These Thoughts she brooded in her anxious Breast; 8oo On Boord, the Trojan found more easie rest. Resolv'd to sail, in Sleep he pass'd the Night; And order'd all things for his early flight. T o whom once more the winged God appears; \ His former Youthful Meen and Shape he wears, > And with this new alarm invades his Ears. ) 774 find?] FI-2. 775 Hyarbas] Hyarba's F1-2. 776 deny'd?] —! F1-2. 780 after this line Fi (only) has another, a Queen reliev'd! 781 place?] F1-2.

making a triplet: An Exile follows whom

478

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Sleep'st thou, O Goddess born! and can'st thou drown Thy needful Cares, so near a Hostile Town? Beset with Foes; nor hear'st the Western Gales Invite thy passage, and Inspire thy sails? 8io She harbours in her Heart a furious hate; And thou shalt find the dire Effects too late; Fix'd on Revenge, and Obstinate to die: Haste swiftly hence, while thou hast pow'r to fly. The Sea with Ships will soon be cover'd o're, And blazing Firebrands kindle all the Shore. Prevent her rage, while Night obscures the Skies; And sail before the purple Morn arise. Who knows what Hazards thy Delay may bring? Woman's a various and a changeful Thing. 820 Thus Hermes in the Dream; then took his flight, Aloft in Air unseen; and mix'd with Night. Twice warn'd by the Coelestial Messenger, T h e pious Prince arose with hasty fear: Then rowz'd his drowsie Train without delay, J Haste to your banks; your crooked Anchors weigh; > And spread your flying Sails, and stand to Sea. ) A God commands; he stood before my sight; And urg'd us once again to speedy flight. O sacred Pow'r, what Pow'r so e're thou art, 830 T o thy bless'd Orders I resign my heart: Lead thou the way; protect thy Trojan Bands; And prosper the Design thy Will Commands. He said, and drawing forth his flaming Sword, His thund'ring Arm divides the many twisted Cord: An emulating Zeal inspires his Train; They run, they snatch; they rush into the main. With headlong haste they leave the desert Shores, And brush the liquid Seas with lab'ring Oars. Aurora now had left her Saffron Bed, 840 And beams of early Light the Heav'ns o'respread, When from a Tow'r the Queen, with wakeful Eyes, Saw Day point upward from the rosie Skies: 823

Prince] F i errata, F2; P i o u s F i .

The Fourth

Book of the

/Eneis

She look'd to Seaward, but the Sea was void, And scarce in ken the sailing Ships descry'd: Stung with despight, and furious with despair, She struck her trembling Breast, and tore her Hair. And shall th' ungrateful Traytor go, she said, My Land forsaken, and my Love betray'd? Shall we not Arm, not rush from ev'ry Street, 850 T o follow, sink, and burn his perjur'd Fleet? Haste, haul my Gallies out, pursue the Foe: Bring flaming Brands, set sail, and swiftly row. What have I said? where am I? Fury turns My Brain; and my distemper'd Bosom burns. Then, when I gave my Person and my Throne, This Hate, this Rage, had been more timely shown. See now the promis'd Faith, the vaunted Name, T h e Pious Man, who, rushing through the Flame, Preserv'd his Gods; and to the Phrygian Shore 860 T h e Burthen of his feeble Father bore! I shou'd have torn him piecemeal; strow'd in Floods His scatter'd Limbs, or left expos'd in Woods: Destroy'd his Friends and Son; and from the Fire Have set the reeking Boy before the Sire. Events are doubtful, which on Battels wait; Yet where's the doubt, to Souls secure of Fate? My Tyrians, at their injur'd Queen's Command, Had toss'd their Fires amid the Trojan Band: At once extinguish'd all the faithless Name; 87o And I my self, in vengeance of my Shame, Had fall'n upon the Pile to mend the Fun'ral Flame. T h o u Sun, who view'st at once the World below, T h o u Juno, Guardian of the Nuptial Vow, T h o u Hecat, hearken from thy dark abodes; Ye Furies, Fiends, and violated Gods, All Pow'rs invok'd with Dido's dying breath, Attend her Curses, and avenge her death. If so the Fates ordain, and Jove commands, T h ' ungrateful Wretch should find the Latian Lands, 866

Fate?]

FI-2.

479

480

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Works

of Virgil

in

English

880 Yet let a Race untam'd, and haughty Foes, His peaceful Entrance with dire Arms oppose; Oppress'd with Numbers in th' unequal Field, His Men discourag'd, and himself expell'd, Let him for Succour sue from place to place, T o r n from his Subjects, and his Son's embrace: First let him see his Friends in Battel slain; And their untimely Fate lament in vain: And when, at length, the cruell W a r shall cease; On hard Conditions may he buy his Peace. 890 Nor let him then enjoy supreme Command; \ B u t fall untimely, by some hostile Hand: > And lye unbury'd on the barren Sand. / T h e s e are my Pray'rs, and this my dying W i l l : And you my Tyrians ev'ry Curse fulfill. Perpetual Hate, and mortal Wars proclaim, Against the Prince, the People, and the Name. T h e s e grateful Off'rings on my Grave bestow; Nor League, nor Love, the hostile Nations know: Now, and from hence in ev'ry future Age, 900 W h e n Rage excites your Arms, and Strength supplies the Rage: Rise some Avenger of our Lybian Blood, W i t h Fire and Sword pursue the perjur'd Brood: Our Arms, our Seas, our Shores, oppos'd to theirs, And the same hate descend on all our Heirs. T h i s said, within her anxious Mind she weighs T h e Means of cutting short her odious Days. T h e n to Sichaus Nurse, she briefly said, (For when she left her Country, hers was dead) G o Barce, call my Sister; let her Care 910 T h e solemn Rites of Sacrifice prepare: T h e Sheep, and all th' attoneing Off'rings bring; Sprinkling her Body from the Crystal Spring W i t h living Drops: then let her come, and thou W i t h sacred Fillets, bind thy hoary Brow. T h u s will I pay my Vows, to Stygian Jove; And end the Cares of my disastrous Love. 898

hostile] F2 (Hostile); jarring F i .

907

Sichtzus] Sicheus's

F1-2.

The Fourth

Book of the

/Eneis

T h e n cast the Trojan Image on the Fire; And as that burns, my Passion shall expire. T h e Nurse moves onward, with officious Care, 920 And all the speed her aged Limbs can bear. But furious Dido, with dark Thoughts involv'd, Shook at the mighty Mischief she resolv'd. With livid Spots distinguish'd was her Face, Red were her rowling Eyes, and discompos'd her Pace: Ghastly she gaz'd, with Pain she drew her Breath, And Nature shiver'd at approaching Death. T h e n swiftly to the fatal place she pass'd; And mounts the Fun'ral Pile, with furious haste: Unsheaths the Sword the Trojan left behind, 930 (Not for so dire an Enterprise design'd,) But when she view'd the Garments loosely spred, Which once he wore, and saw the conscious Bed, She paus'd, and, with a Sigh, the Robes embrac'd; \ T h e n on the Couch her trembling Body cast, > Repress'd the ready Tears, and spoke her last. ) Dear Pledges of my Love, while Heav'n so pleas'd, Receive a Soul, of Mortal Anguish eas'd: My fatal Course is finish'd; and I go A glorious Name, among the Ghosts below. 940 A lofty City by my Hands is rais'd; Pygmalion punish'd, and my Lord appeas'd. What cou'd my Fortune have afforded more, Had the false Trojan never touch'd my Shore? T h e n kiss'd the Couch; and must I die, she said; And unreveng'd? 'tis doubly to be dead! Yet ev'n this Death with Pleasure I receive; On any Terms, 'tis better than to live. These Flames, from far, may the false Trojan view; These boding Omens his base flight pursue. 950 She said, and struck: Deep enter'd in her side T h e piercing Steel, with reeking Purple dy'd: Clog'd in the Wound the cruel Weapon stands; 928 945

haste:] F1-2. unreveng'd?] F1-2.

943

Shore?]

F1-2.

•4ki/ Bivrvn tetre Jhmjfatr &\í(/fM Tfi»túv¿-r,'f 7/ ¿nxu-ncftftÁÍ H'¡frtv it tifia m Mmmn ton H H

A n d clos'd h e r L i d s at last, i n endless N i g h t .

)

Juno,

T h e n A

sustain

D e a t h so l i n g ' r i n g , a n d so full o f

Sent Of

grieving that she shou'd

Iris

Pain;

d o w n , to free h e r f r o m the

Strife

lab'ring Nature, a n d dissolve her

Life.

F o r since she dy'd, not d o o m ' d by Heav'ns O r her own Crime;

but H u m a n

Casualty;

A n d rage of Love, that plung'd her in 1000 T h e

Sisters h a d n o t c u t the t o p m o s t

Which

Proserpine,

Decree,

and they can only

N o r m a d e h e r sacred to the Shades

Despair;

Hair; know;

below.

D o w n w a r d the various Goddess took her A n d drew a thousand Colours from the T h e n stood above the dying Lover's A n d said, I thus d e v o t e thee to the

flight; Light:

Head, dead.

T h i s Off'ring to th' Infernal G o d s I

bear:

T h u s while she spoke, she cut the fatal

Hair;

T h e strugling Soul was loos'd; a n d Life dissolv'd in

989 Bed:] — F 1 - 2 . 1007 th'] F2; the F i .

999

Despair;]

Air.

F1-2.

The Fifth Book of the ALneis

487

The Fifth Book of the ALneis THE ARGUMENT.

iEneas setting sail from Africk, is driven by a Storm on the Coasts of Sicily: Where he is hospitably receiv'd by his friend Acestes, King of part of the Island, and born of Trojan Parentage. He applies himself to celebrate the Memory of his Father with Divine Honours: And accordingly institutes Funeral Games, and appoints Prizes for those who shou'd conquer in them. While the Ceremonies were performing, J u n o sends Iris to perswade the Trojan Women to burn the Ships, who upon her instigation set fire to them, which burnt four, and would have consum'd the rest, had not Jupiter by a miraculous Shower extinguish'd it. Upon this .¿Eneas by the advice of one of his Generals, and a Vision of his Father, builds a City for the Women, Old Men, and others, who were either unfit for War, or weary of the Voyage, and sails for Italy: Venus procures of Neptune a safe Voyage for him and all his Men, excepting only his Pilot Palinurus, who is unfortunately lost.

M

EAN time the Trojan cuts his wat'ry way, Fix'd on his Voyage, thro the curling Sea: Then, casting back his Eyes, with dire Amaze, Sees on the Punic Shore the mounting Blaze. T h e Cause unknown; yet his presaging Mind, ) T h e Fate of Dido from the Fire divin'd: > He knew the stormy Souls of Woman-kind: ) What secret Springs their eager Passions move, How capable of Death for injur'd Love. 10 Dire Auguries from hence the Trojans draw; 'Till neither Fires, nor shining Shores they saw. Now Seas and Skies, their Prospect only bound; A n empty space above, a floating Field around. But soon the Heav'ns with shadows were o'respread; 16

is] F2; was F i .

488

The Works of Virgil in

English

A swelling Cloud hung hov'ring o're their Head: Livid it look'd, (the threatning of a Storm;) Then Night and Horror Ocean's Face deform. T h e Pilot, Palinurus, cry'd aloud, What Gusts of Weather from that gath'ring Cloud My Thoughts presage; e're yet the Tempest roars, Stand to your Tackle, Mates, and stretch your Oars; Contract your swelling Sails, and luff to Wind: T h e frighted Crew perform the Task assign'd. Then, to his fearless Chief, Not Heav'n, said he, \ T h o Jove himself shou'd promise Italy, > Can stem the Torrent of this raging Sea. / Mark how the shifting Winds from West arise, And what collected Night involves the Skies! Nor can our shaken Vessels live at Sea, Much less against the Tempest force their way; 'Tis Fate diverts our Course; and Fate we must obey. Not far from hence, if I observ'd aright T h e southing of the Stars, and Polar Light, Sicilia lies; whose hospitable Shores In safety we may reach with strugling Oars. /Eneas then reply'd, Too sure I find, We strive in vain against the Seas, and Wind: Now shift your Sails: What place can please me more Than what you promise, the Sicilian Shore; Whose hallow'd Earth Anchises Bones contains, And where a Prince of Trojan Lineage reigns? T h e Course resolv'd, before the Western Wind They scud amain; and make the Port assign'd. Mean time Acestes, from a lofty Stand, Beheld the Fleet descending on the Land; And not unmindful of his ancient Race, \ Down from the Cliff he ran with eager Pace; > And held the Heroe in a strict Embrace. ) Of a rough Lybian Bear the Spoils he wore; And either Hand a pointed Jav'lin bore. His Mother was a Dame of Dardan Blood; 24 Not] not F1-2.

36 Too] too F1-2.

The Fifth Book

of the

/Eneis

His Sire Crinisus, a Sicilian Flood; He welcomes his returning Friends ashore With plenteous Country Cates; and homely Store. Now, when the following Morn had chas'd away T h e flying Stars, and light restor'd the Day, /Eneas call'd the Trojan Troops around; A n d thus bespoke them from a rising Ground. Off-spring of Heav'n, Divine Dardanian Race, T h e Sun revolving thro' th' Etherial Space, T h e shining Circle of the Year has fill'd, Since first this Isle my Father's Ashes held: And now the rising Day renews the Year, (A Day for ever sad, for ever dear,) T h i s wou'd I celebrate with Annual Games, With Gifts on Altars pil'd, and holy Flames, T h o banish'd to Getulia's barren Sands, Caught on the Grecian Seas, or hostile Lands: But since this happy Storm our Fleet has driv'n, (Not, as I deem, without the Will of Heav'n,) Upon these friendly Shores, and flow'ry Plains, Which hide Anchises, and his blest Remains; Let us with Joy perform his Honours due; And pray for prosp'rous Winds, our Voyage to renew. Pray, that in Towns, and Temples of our own, \ T h e Name of great Anchises may be known; > And yearly Games may spread the Gods renown. / Our Sports, Acestes of the Trojan Race, With royal Gifts, ordain'd, is pleas'd to grace: T w o Steers on ev'ry Ship the King bestows; His Gods and ours, shall share your equal Vows. Besides, if nine days hence, the rosy Morn Shall with unclouded Light the Skies adorn, T h a t Day with solemn Sports I mean to grace; Light Gallies on the Seas, shall run a wat'ry Race. Some shall in Swiftness for the Goal contend, And others try the twanging Bow to bend: T h e strong with Iron Gauntlets arm'd shall stand, 88

Gauntlets] F i (corrected state), Fa; Gnntlets F i (uncorrected state).

489

490

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in

English

Oppos'd in Combat on the yellow Sand. 90 Let all be present at the Games prepar'd; And joyful Victors wait the Just Reward. But now assist the Rites, with Garlands crown'd; He said, and first his Brows with Myrtle bound. Then Helymus, by his Example led, And old Acestes, each adorn'd his Head; Thus, young Ascanius, with a sprightly Grace, His Temples ty'd, and all the Trojan Race. yEneas then advanc'd amidst the Train, By thousands follow'd thro' the flowry Plain, 100 T o great Anchises T o m b : Which when he found, He pour'd to Bacchus, on the hallow'd Ground, Two Bowls of sparkling Wine, of Milk two more, And two from offer'd Bulls of Purple Gore. With Roses then the Sepulchre he strow'd; And thus, his Father's Ghost bespoke aloud. Hail, O ye Holy Manes; hail again Paternal Ashes, now review'd in vain! T h e Gods permitted not, that you, with me, \ Shou'd reach the promis'd Shores of Italy; > no Or Tiber's Flood, what Flood so e're it be. ) Scarce had he finish'd, when, with speckled Pride, A Serpent from the T o m b began to glide; His hugy Bulk on sev'n high Volumes roll'd; Blue was his breadth of Back, but streak'd with scaly Gold: Thus riding on his Curls, he seem'd to pass A rowling Fire along; and singe the Grass. More various Colours thro' his Body run, Than Iris when her Bow imbibes the Sun; Betwixt the rising Altars, and around, 120 T h e sacred Monster shot along the Ground; With harmless play amidst the Bowls he pass'd; And with his lolling Tongue assay'd the Taste: Thus fed with Holy Food, the wond'rous Guest Within the hollow T o m b retir'd to rest. g6 Ascanius,] Fi (corrected stale), Fa; 99 flowry] F2; fruitful F i .

Fi (uncorrected stale). 106 Alanes] Manes F 1 - 2 .

The Fifth Book of the /Eneis

491

T h e Pious Prince, surpris'd at what he view'd, T h e Fun'ral Honours with more Zeal renew'd: Doubtful if this the Place's Genius were, Or Guardian of his Father's Sepulchre. Five Sheep, according to the Rites, he slew; 130 As many Swine, and Steers of sable Hue; New gen'rous Wine he from the Goblets pour'd, And call'd his Fathers Ghost, from Hell restor'd. T h e glad Attendants in long Order come, Off'ring their Gifts at great Anchises T o m b : Some add more Oxen, some divide the Spoil, \ Some place the Chargers on the grassy Soil; > Some blow the Fires and offer'd Entrails broil. ) Now came the Day desir'd; the Skies were bright With rosy Lustre of the rising Light: 140 T h e bord'ring People, rowz'd by sounding Fame Of Trojan Feasts, and great Acestes Name; T h e crowded Shore with Acclamations fill, Part to behold, and part to prove their Skill. And first the Gifts in Publick view they place, Green Lawrel Wreaths, and Palm, (the Victors grace:) Within the Circle, Arms and Tripods lye; \ Ingotts of Gold, and Silver, heap'd on high; > And Vests embroider'd of the Tyrian dye. ) T h e Trumpet's clangor then the Feast proclaims; 150 And all prepare for their appointed Games. Four Gallies first which equal Rowers bear, Advancing, in the wat'ry Lists appear. T h e speedy Dolphin, that out-strips the Wind, Bore Mnestheus, Author of the Memmian kind: Gyas, the vast Chymceras Bulk commands, Which rising like a tow'ring City stands: Three Trojans tug at ev'ry lab'ring Oar; \ Three Banks in three degrees the Sailors bore; > Beneath their sturdy Stroaks the Billows roar. / 160 Sergesthus, who began the Sergian Race, In the great Centaur took the leading Place: 153

Dolphin]

Dolphin F 1 - 2 .

155

Chymœra'%] Chymceras

F1-2.

The Fifth Book

of the

JEneis

Cloanthus on the Sea-green Scylla stood; From whom Cluentius draws his Trojan Blood. Far in the Sea, against the foaming Shoar, T h e r e stands a Rock; the raging Billows roar Above his Head in Storms; but when 'tis clear, Uncurl their ridgy Backs, and at his Foot appear. In Peace below the gentle Waters run; T h e Cormorants above, lye basking in the Sun. 170 On this the Heroe fix'd an Oak in sight, T h e mark to guide the Mariners aright. T o bear with this, the Seamen stretch their Oars; T h e n round the Rock they steer, and seek the former Shoars. T h e Lots decide their place; above the rest, Each Leader shining in his Tyrian Vest: T h e common Crew, with Wreaths of Poplar Boughs, T h e i r Temples crown, and shade their sweaty Brows. Besmear'd with Oil, their naked Shoulders shine; All take their Seats, and wait the sounding sign. i8o T h e y gripe their Oars, and ev'ry panting Breast Is rais'd by turns with Hope, by turns with Fear depress'd. T h e clangor of the Trumpet gives the Sign; At once they start, advancing in a Line: With shouts the Sailors rend the starry Skys, \ Lash'd with their Oars, the smoaky Billows rise; [ Sparkles the briny Main, and the vex'd Ocean fries. ) \ Exact in time, with equal Strokes they row; At once the brushing Oars, and brazen prow > Dash up the sandy Waves, and ope the Depths below. ) 190 Not fiery Coursers, in a Chariot Race, Invade the Field with half so swift a Pace. Not the fierce Driver with more Fury lends \ T h e sounding Lash; and, e're the Stroke descends, > Low to the Wheels his pliant Body bends. ) T h e partial Crowd their Hopes and Fears divide; And aid, with eager shouts, the favour'd Side. Cries, Murmurs, Clamours, with a mixing Sound, 188

prow] Fi errata, F2; ptow F i .

493

The

494

Works of Virgil in

English

F r o m W o o d s to W o o d s , f r o m Hills to Hills Amidst the loud Applauses of the 200

rebound.

Shore,

Gyas o u t s t r i p ' d t h e r e s t , a n d s p r u n g b e f o r e ; Cloanthus, b e t t e r m a n n ' d , p u r s u ' d h i m f a s t ; B u t his o ' r e - m a s t e d G a i l y c h e c k ' d his H a s t e . The

Centaur,

and the

Dolphin,

brush the brine

W i t h equal Oars, advancing in a Line: A n d now the mighty A n d now the speedy

Centaur Dolphin

seems to lead, gets a h e a d :

N o w B o a r d to B o a r d the rival Vessels row; T h e Billows lave the Skies, a n d O c e a n groans below. T h e y reach'd the Mark; proud

Gyas

a n d his T r a i n ,

210 I n T r i u m p h r o d e t h e V i c t o r s o f t h e

Main:

B u t s t e e r i n g r o u n d , h e c h a r g ' d his P i l o t stand M o r e close to Shore, a n d skim along the Sand. L e t others bear to Sea.

Mencetes

heard,

B u t secret shelves too cautiously he fear'd: A n d fearing, s o u g h t the D e e p ; a n d still a l o o f h e steer'd. W i t h louder Cries the Captain call'd

again;

B e a r to the rocky Shore, a n d s h u n the

Main.

H e spoke, a n d s p e a k i n g at his stern he saw T h e b o l d Cloanthus

near the Shelvings draw;

220 B e t w i x t t h e m a r k a n d h i m t h e Scylla

stood,

A n d in a closer Compass plow'd the Flood, H e pass'd the M a r k ; a n d w h e e l i n g got before; \

Gyas

blasphem'd the Gods, devoutly swore,

C r y ' d o u t for A n g e r , a n d his H a i r he tore.

> /

M i n d l e s s o f o t h e r s L i v e s , (so h i g h was g r o w n H i s rising R a g e , ) a n d careless of his o w n : T h e t r e m b l i n g D o t a r d to the D e c k h e drew, T h e n hoisted up, and over-board he

threw,

T h i s d o n e h e seiz'd the H e l m ; his F e l l o w s c h e e r ' d ; 230 T u r n ' d s h o r t u p o n t h e S h e l f s , a n d m a d l y s t e e r ' d . H a r d l y his H e a d , the p l u n g i n g P i l o t rears, C l o g ' d with his C l o a t h s , a n d c u m b e r ' d w i t h his Y e a r s : N o w dropping wet, he climbs the Cliff with 203,206 Dolphin] Dolphin F i - a . 226 Rage,] comma printed as period

Pain;

2 1 3 Mencetes] Menretes F 1 - 2 . or not at all in some copies of Fi.

The

Fifth

Book

of the

/Eneis

T h e Crowd that saw him fall, and float again, Shout from the distant Shore; and loudly laught, T o see his heaving Breast disgorge the briny Draught. T h e following Centaur, and the Dolphins Crew, T h e i r vanish'd hopes of Victory renew: W h i l e Gyas lags, they kindle in the Race, 240 T o reach the Mark; Sergesthus takes the place: Mnestheus pursues; and while around they wind, Comes up, not half his Gally's length behind: T h e n , on the Deck amidst his Mates appear'd, And thus their drooping Courages he cheer'd. My Friends, and Hector's Followers heretofore; Exert your Vigour, tug the lab'ring Oar; Stretch to your Stroaks, my still unconquer'd Crew, W h o m from the flaming Walls of Troy I drew. In this, our common Int'rest, let me find 250 T h a t strength of Hand, that courage of the Mind, As when you stem'd the strong Malcean Flood, And o're the Syrtes broken Billows row'd. I seek not now the foremost Palm to gain; \ T h o yet But ah, that haughty Wish is vain! \ Let those enjoy it whom the Gods ordain. ) But to be last, the Lags of all the Race, Redeem your selves and me from that Disgrace. Now one and all, they tug amain; they row At the full stretch, and shake the Brazen Prow. 260 T h e Sea beneath 'em sinks; their lab'ring sides Are swell'd, and Sweat runs gutt'ring down in Tides. Chance aids their daring with unhop'd Success; Sergesthus, eager with his Beak, to press Betwixt the Rival Gaily and the Rock; Shuts up th' unwieldy Centaur in the Lock. T h e Vessel struck, and with the dreadful shock Her Oars she shiver'd, and her Head she broke. T h e trembling Rowers from their Banks arise, 237 242 251 265

Centaur . . . Dolphin's) Centaur . . . Dolphin's F 1 - 2 . behind:] F1-2. Malcean] Fi (corrected state), F2; Malcean Fi (uncorrected state). Centaur] Centaur F 1 - 2 .

495

The Works of Virgil in English

496

And anxious for themselves renounce the Prize. 270 With Iron Poles they heave her off the Shores; And gather, from the Sea, their floating Oars. The Crew of Mnestheus, with elated Minds, Urge their Success, and call the willing Winds: Then ply their Oars, and cut their liquid way; In larger Compass on the roomy Sea. As when the Dove her Rocky Hold forsakes, Rowz'd in a Fright, her sounding Wings she shakes; T h e Cavern rings with clatt'ring; out she flies, And leaves her Callow Care, and cleaves the Skies; 280 At first she flutters; but at length she springs, T o smoother flight, and shoots upon her Wings: So Mnestheus in the Dolphin cuts the Sea, And flying with a force, that force assists his Way. Sergesthus in the Centaur soon he pass'd, Wedg'd in the Rocky Sholes, and sticking fast. In vain the Victor he with Cries implores, And practices to row with shatter'd Oars. Then Mnestheus bears with Gyas, and out-flies: The Ship without a Pilot yields the Prize. 2% Unvanquish'd Scylla now alone remains; Her he pursues; and all his vigour strains. Shouts from the fav'ring Multitude arise, Applauding Echo to the Shouts replies; Shouts, Wishes, and Applause run ratling through the Skies. These Clamours with disdain the Scylla heard; Much grudg'd the Praise, but more the rob'd Reward: Resolv'd to hold their own, they mend their pace; All obstinate to dye, or gain the Race. Rais'd with Success, the Dolphin swiftly ran, 300 (For they can Conquer who believe they can:) Both urge their Oars, and Fortune both supplies; And both, perhaps had shar'd an equal Prize; When to the Seas C loan thus holds his Hands, And Succour from the Watry Pow'rs Demands: 277

shakes;] ~

A

F1-2.

293

Echo]

E c h o Fi—2.

The Fifth Book of the

/Eneis

Gods of the liquid Realms, on which I row, \ If giv'n by you, the Lawrel bind my Brow, > Assist to make me guilty of my Vow. ) A Snow-white Bull shall on your Shore be slain, His offer'd Entrails cast into the Main; 310 And ruddy Wine from Golden Goblets thrown, Your grateful Gift and my Return shall own. T h e Quire of Nymphs, and Phorcus from below, With Virgin Panopea, heard his Vow; And old Portunus, with his breadth of Hand, Push'd on, and sped the Gaily to the Land. Swift as a Shaft, or winged Wind, she flies; And darting to the Port, obtains the Prize. T h e Herald summons all, and then proclaims Cloanthus Conqu'ror of the Naval Games. 320 T h e Prince with Lawrel crowns the Victor's Head, And three fat Steers are to his Vessel led; T h e Ships Reward: with gen'rous Wine beside; And Sums of Silver, which the Crew divide. T h e Leaders are distinguish'd from the rest; T h e Victor honour'd with a nobler Vest: Where Gold and Purple strive in equal Rows; And Needle-work its happy Cost bestows. There, Ganymede is wrought with living Art, Chasing thro' Ida s Groves the trembling Hart: 330 Breathless he seems, yet eager to pursue; When from aloft, descends in open view, T h e Bird of Jove; and sowsing on his Prey, With crooked Tallons bears the Boy away. In vain, with lifted Hands, and gazing Eyes, \ His Guards behold him soaring thro' the Skies; > And Dogs pursue his Flight, with imitated Cries.) Mnestheus the second Victor was declar'd; And summon'd there, the second Prize he shar'd. A Coat of Mail, which brave Demoleus bore; ) 340 More brave /Eneas from his Shoulders tore; > In single Combat on the Trojan Shore. ) This was ordain'd for Mnestheus to possess;

497

498

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

In War for his Defence; for Ornament in Peace. Rich was the Gift, and glorious to behold; But yet so pond'rous with its Plates of Gold, T h a t scarce two Servants cou'd the Weight sustain; \ Yet, loaded thus, Demoleus o're the Plain > Pursu'd, and lightly seiz'd the Trojan Train. ) T h e Third succeeding to the last Reward, 350 Two goodly Bowls of Massy Silver shar'd; With Figures prominent, and richly wrought: And two Brass Caldrons from Dodona brought. Thus, all rewarded by the Heroe's hands, T h e i r conqu'ring Temples bound with Purple Bands. And now Sergesthus, clearing from the Rock, Brought back his Gaily shatter'd with the shock. Forlorn she look'd, without an aiding Oar; And howted, by the Vulgar, made to Shoar. As when a Snake, surpris'd upon the Road, 360 Is crush'd athwart her Body by the load Of heavy Wheels; or with a Mortal Wound Her Belly bruis'd, and trodden to the Ground: In vain, with loosen'd curls, she crawls along, Yet fierce above, she brandishes her Tongue: Glares with her Eyes, and bristles with her Scales, But groveling in the Dust, her parts unsound she trails: So slowly to the Port the Centaur tends, But what she wants in Oars, with Sails amends: Yet, for his Gaily sav'd, the grateful Prince, 370 Is pleas'd th' unhappy Chief to recompence. Pholoe, the Cretan Slave, rewards his Care, Beauteous her self, with lovely Twins, as fair. From thence his way the Trojan Heroe bent, Into the neighb'ring Plain, with Mountains pent; Whose sides were shaded with surrounding Wood: Full in the midst of this fair Vally stood A Native Theatre, which rising slow, By just degrees, o're-look'd the Ground below. 366 377

trails:] F1-2. slow] appears as flow in some copies of Fi (dirty

type).

The Fifth Book of the

/Eneis

High on a Sylvan Throne the Leader sate; 38« A num'rous Train attend in Solemn State; Here those, that in the rapid Course delight, Desire of Honour, and the Prize invite. T h e Rival Runners, without Order stand, T h e Trojans, mix'd with the Sicilian Band. First Nisus, with Euryalus, appears, Euryalus a Boy of blooming Years; With sprightly Grace, and equal Beauty crown'd: Nisus, for Friendship to the Youth, renown'd. Diores, next, of Priam's Royal Race, 390 T h e n Salius, join'd with Patron took their Place: But Patron in Arcadia had his Birth, And Salius his, from Acarnanian Earth: T h e n two Sicilian Youths, the Names of these Swift Helymus, and lovely Panopes: Both jolly Huntsmen, both in Forests bred, And owning old Acestes for their Head: With sev'ral others of Ignobler Name; Whom T i m e has not deliver'd o're to Fame. T o these the Heroe thus his Thoughts explain'd, 400 In Words, which gen'ral Approbation gain'd. One common Largess is for all design'd: T h e Vanquish'd and the Victor shall be join'd: T w o Darts of polish'd Steel, and Gnosian Wood, A Silver-studded Ax alike bestow'd. T h e foremost three have Olive Wreaths decreed; T h e first of these obtains a stately Steed Adorn'd with Trappings; and the next in Fame, T h e Quiver of an Amazonian Dame, With feather'd Thracian Arrows well supply'd; J 4io A Golden Belt shall gird his Manly side, > Which with a sparkling Diamond shall be ty'd: ) 392 396 402 404 408 409 410

Earth:] O1-2, F1-2. Head:] O1-2, F1-2. join'd:] F 1 - 2 ; see collation for different text in O1-2. Silver-studded] Silver'd studded F 1 - 2 ; different text in O1-2. Dame,] O1-2; F1-2. supply'd;] O1-2; F1-2. side,] F 1 - 2 ; different text in O1-2.

499

The Fifth Book of the

/Eneis

T h e third this Grecian Helmet shall content. He said; to their appointed Base they went: With beating Hearts th' expected Sign receive, And, starting all at once, the Barrier leave. Spread out, as on the winged Winds, they flew, And seiz'd the distant Goal with greedy view. Shot from the Crowd, swift Nisus all o're-pass'd; Nor Storms, nor Thunder, equal half his haste. 420 T h e next, but tho' the next, yet far dis-join'd, Came Salius, and Euryalus behind; T h e n Helymus, whom young Diores ply'd, Step after step, and almost side by side: His Shoulders pressing, and in longer Space, Had won, or left at least a dubious Race. Now spent, the Goal they almost reach at last; When eager Nisus, hapless in his haste, Slip'd first, and slipping, fell upon the Plain, Soak'd with the Blood of Oxen, newly slain: 430 T h e careless Victor had not mark'd his way; But treading where the treach'rous Puddle lay, His Heels flew up; and on the grassy Floor, He fell, besmear'd with Filth, and Holy Gore. Not mindless then, Euryalus, of thee, Nor of the Sacred Bonds of Amity; He strove th' immediate Rival's hope to cross; And caught the Foot of Salius as he rose: So Salius lay extended on the Plain; Euryalus springs out, the Prize to gain; 440 And leaves the Crowd; applauding Peals attend T h e Victor to the Goal, who vanquish'd by his Friend. Next Helymus, and then Diores came; By two Misfortunes made the third in Fame. But Salius enters; and, exclaiming loud For Justice, deafens, and disturbs the Crowd: Urges his Cause may in the Court be heard; And pleads the Prize is wrongfully conferr'd. But Favour for Euryalus appears;

501

502

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

His blooming Beauty, with his tender Tears, 450 Had brib'd the Judges for the promis'd Prize; Besides Diores fills the Court with Cries, Who vainly reaches at the last Reward, If the first Palm on Salius be conferr'd. Then thus the Prince; Let no Disputes arise: Where Fortune plac'd it, I award the Prize. But Fortune's Errors give me leave to mend, At least to pity my deserving Friend. He said, and from among the Spoils, he draws, (Pond'rous with shaggy Main, and Golden Paws) 460 A Lyon's Hide; to Salius this he gives: Nisus, with Envy sees the Gift, and grieves. If such Rewards to vanquish'd Men are due, He said, and Falling is to rise by you, What Prize may Nisus from your Bounty claim, Who merited the first Rewards and Fame? In falling, both an equal Fortune try'd; Wou'd Fortune for my Fall so well provide! With this he pointed to his Face, and show'd His Hands, and all his Habit smear'd with Blood. 470 T h ' indulgent Father of the People smil'd; And caus'd to be produc'd an ample Shield; Of wond'rous Art by Didymaon wrought, Long since from Neptune's Bars in Triumph brought. This giv'n to Nisus; he divides the rest; And equal Justice, in his Gifts, express'd. The Race thus ended, and Rewards bestow'd; Once more the Prince bespeaks th' attentive Crowd. If there be here, whose dauntless Courage dare In Gauntlet fight, with Limbs and Body bare, 480 His Opposite sustain in open view, Stand forth the Champion; and the Games renew. Two Prizes I propose, and thus divide, 450 for the promis'd Prize] F2; to protect his Claim O 1 - 2 , F i . 451 fills the Court with Cries,] F2 (Cry's); does as loud exclaim: O1-2, F i . 454 Let] let O1-2, F 1 - 2 . 466 falling,] F 1 - 2 (some copies of Fj have a semicolon); ~ A O1-2.

The

Fifth

Book

of the

/Eneis

A Bull with gilded Horns, and Fillets ty'd, Shall be the Portion of the conqu'ring Chief: A Sword and Helm shall chear the Loser's Grief. Then haughty Dares in the Lists appears; Stalking he strides, his Head erected bears: His nervous Arms the weighty Gauntlet weild; And loud Applauses echo thro' the Field. 490 Dares alone, in Combat us'd to stand T h e match of mighty Paris hand to hand: T h e same, at Hector's Fun'rals undertook Gygantick Butes, of th' Amician Stock; And by the Stroak of his resistless Hand, Stretch'd the vast Bulk upon the yellow Sand. Such Dares was; and such he strode along, And drew the Wonder of the gazing Throng. His brawny Back, and ample Breast he shows; \ His lifted Arms around his Head he throws; > 500 And deals, in whistling Air, his empty Blows. / His Match is sought; but thro' the trembling Band, Not one dares answer to the proud Demand. Presuming of his Force, with sparkling Eyes, Already he devours the promis'd Prize. He claims the Bull with awless Insolence; And having seiz'd his Horns, accosts the Prince. If none my matchless Valour dares oppose, How long shall Dares wait his dastard Foes? Permit me, Chief, permit without Delay, 510 T o lead this uncontended Gift away. T h e Crowd assents; and, with redoubled Cries, For the proud Challenger demands the Prize. Acestes, fir'd with just Disdain, to see T h e Palm usurp'd without a Victory; Reproch'd Entellus thus, who sate beside, And heard, and saw unmov'd, the Trojan's Pride: Once, but in vain, a Champion of Renown, So tamely can you bear the ravish'd Crown? 496

strode] strod F 1 - 2 .

505

The Works of Virgil in English A Prize in triumph born before your sight, 520 And shun for fear the danger of the Fight? Where is our Eryx now, the boasted Name, T h e God who taught your thund'ring Arm the Game; Where now your baffled Honour, where the Spoil T h a t fill'd your House, and Fame that fill'd our Isle? Entellus, thus: My Soul is still the same, Unmov'd with Fear, and mov'd with Martial Fame: But my chill Blood is curdled in my Veins; And scarce the Shadow of a Man remains. Oh, cou'd I turn to that fair Prime again, 530 T h a t Prime, of which this Boaster is so vain, T h e Brave who this decrepid Age defies, Shou'd feel my force, without the promis'd Prize. He said, and rising at the word, he threw T w o pond'rous Gauntlets down, in open view: Gauntlets, which Eryx wont in Fight to wield, And sheath his hands with in the listed field. With Fear and Wonder seiz'd, the Crowd beholds T h e Gloves of Death, with sev'n distinguish'd folds, Of tough Bull Hides; the space within is spread 540 With Iron, or with loads of heavy Lead. Dares himself was daunted at the sight, Renounc'd his Challenge, and refus'd to fight. Astonish'd at their weight the Heroe stands, And poiz'd the pond'rous Engins in his hands. What had your wonder, said Entellus, been, ) Had you the Gauntlets of Alcides seen, > Or view'd the stern debate on this unhappy Green! ) These which I bear, your Brother Eryx bore, Still mark'd with batter'd Brains, and mingled Gore. 550 With these he long sustain'd th' Herculean Arm; And these I weilded while my Blood was warm: This languish'd Frame, while better Spirits fed, E're Age unstrung my Nerves, or T i m e o'resnow'd my Head. But if the Challenger these Arms refuse, And cannot wield their weight, or dare not use;

The Fifth Book of the

560

570

580

590

/Eneis

If great /Eneas, and Acestes joyn In his Request, these Gauntlets I resign: Let us with equal Arms perform the Fight, And let him leave to Fear, since I resign my Right. This said, Entellus for the Strife prepares; Strip'd of his quilted Coat, his Body bares: Compos'd of mighty Bones and Brawn, he stands, A goodly tow'ring Object on the Sands. Then just /Eneas equal Arms supply'd, Which round their Shoulders to their Wrists they ty'd. Both on the tiptoe stand, at full extent, Their Arms aloft, their Bodies inly bent; Their Heads from aiming Blows they bear a far; With clashing Gauntlets then provoke the War. One on his Youth and pliant Limbs relies; One on his Sinews, and his Gyant size. The last is stiff with Age, his Motion slow, He heaves for Breath, he staggers to and fro; And Clouds of issuing Smoak his Nostrils loudly blow. Yet equal in Success, they ward, they strike; Their ways are diff'rent, but their Art alike. Before, behind, the blows are dealt; around Their hollow sides the ratling Thumps resound. A Storm of Strokes, well meant, with fury flies, And errs about their Temples, Ears, and Eyes: Nor always errs; for oft the Gauntlet draws A sweeping stroke, along the crackling Jaws. Heavy with Age, Entellus stands his Ground, But with his warping Body wards the Wound. His Hand, and watchful Eye keep even pace; While Dares traverses, and shifts his place, And like a Captain, who beleaguers round, Some strong built Castle, on a rising Ground, Views all th' approaches with observing Eyes, \ This, and that other part, in vain he tries; > And more on Industry, than Force relies. ) 580

Eyes:]

F1-2.

586

place,]

F1-2.

5°5

The Fifth Book of the

/Eneis

With Hands on high, Entellus threats the Foe; \ But Dares watch'd the Motion from below, > And slip'd aside, and shun'd the long descending Blow.) Entellus wasts his Forces on the Wind; And thus deluded of the Stroke design'd, Headlong, and heavy fell: his ample Breast, And weighty Limbs, his ancient Mother press'd. So falls a hollow Pine, that long had stood 600 On Ida's height, or Erymanthus Wood, T o r n from the Roots: the diff'ring Nations rise, And Shouts, and mingl'd Murmurs, rend the Skies. Acestes runs, with eager haste, to raise T h e fall'n Companion of his youthful Days: Dauntless he rose, and to the Fight return'd: With shame his glowing Cheeks, his Eyes with fury burn'd. Disdain, and conscious Virtue fir'd his Breast; And with redoubled Force his Foe he press'd. He lays on load with either Hand, amain, 6io And headlong drives the Trojan o're the Plain: Nor stops, nor stays; nor rest, nor Breath allows, \ But Storms of Strokes descend about his Brows; > A ratling Tempest, and a Hail of Blows. / But now the Prince, who saw the wild Increase \ Of Wounds, commands the Combatants to cease: ? And bounds Entellus Wrath, and bids the Peace. / First to the Trojan spent with T o i l he came, And sooth'd his Sorrow for the suffer'd Shame. What Fury seiz'd my Friend? the Gods, said he, 620 T o him propitious, and averse to thee, Have giv'n his Arm superior Force to thine; 'Tis Madness to contend with Strength Divine. T h e Gauntlet Fight thus ended, from the Shore, His faithful Friends unhappy Dares bore: His Mouth and Nostrils, pour'd a Purple Flood; And pounded Teeth, came rushing with his Blood. Faintly he stagger'd thro the hissing Throng; And hung his Head, and trail'd his Legs along. 610

Plain:]

Fi-a.

619

Friend?] —, F 1 - 2 .

507

The Fifth Book of the /Eneis T h e Sword and Casque, are carry'd by his Train; 630 But with his Foe the Palm and Ox remain. T h e Champion, then, before ¿Eneas came, Proud of his Prize; but prouder of his Fame; O Goddess-born, and you Dardanian Host, Mark with Attention, and forgive my Boast: Learn what I was, by what remains; and know From what impending Fate, you sav'd my Foe. Sternly he spoke; and then confronts the Bull; j And, on his ample Forehead, aiming full, > The deadly Stroke descending, pierc'd the Skull. / 640 Down drops the Beast; nor needs a second Wound: But sprawls in pangs of Death; and spurns the Ground. Then, thus: In Dares stead I offer this; Eryx, accept a nobler Sacrifice: Take the last Gift my wither'd Arms can yield, Thy Gauntlets I resign; and here renounce the Field. This done, ¿Eneas orders, for the close, T h e strife of Archers, with contending Bows. The Mast, Sergesthus shatter'd Gaily bore, With his own Hands, he raises on the Shore. 650 A flutt'ring Dove upon the Top they tye, T h e living Mark, at which their Arrows fly. T h e rival Archers in a Line advance; Their turn of Shooting to receive from Chance. A Helmet holds their Names: T h e Lots are drawn, On the first Scroll was read Hippocoon: T h e People shout; upon the next was found Young Mnestheus, late with Naval Honours crownd. T h e third contain'd Eurytion's Noble Name, Thy Brother, Pandams, and next in Fame: 660 Whom Pallas urg'd the Treaty to confound, And send among the Greeks a feather'd Wound. Acestes in the bottom, last remain'd; Whom not his Age from Youthful Sports restrain'd. Soon, all with Vigour bend their trusty Bows, And from the Quiver each his Arrow chose, Hippocoon's was the first: with forceful sway

5io

The

Works of Virgil

in

English

It flew, and, whizzing, cut the liquid way: Fix'd in the Mast the feather'd Weapon stands, T h e fearful Pidgeon flutters in her Bands; 670 And the T r e e trembled: and the shouting Cries Of the pleas'd People, rend the vaulted Skies. T h e n Mnestheus to the head his Arrow drove, \ W i t h lifted Eyes; and took his Aim above; > But made a glancing Shot, and miss'd the Dove: ) Yet miss'd so narrow, that he cut the Cord Which fasten'd, by the Foot, the flitting Bird. T h e Captive thus releas'd, away she flies, And beats with clapping Wings, the yielding Skies. His Bow already bent, Eurytion stood, 680 And having first invok'd his Brother God, His winged Shaft with eager haste he sped; T h e fatal Message reach'd her as she fled: She leaves her Life aloft, she strikes the Ground; And renders back the Weapon in the Wound. Acestes grudging at his Lot, remains, Without a Prize to gratifie his Pains: Yet shooting upward, sends his Shaft, to show An Archer's Art, and boast his twanging Bow. T h e featherd Arrow gave a dire Portent; 690 And latter Augures judge from this Event. Chaf'd by the speed, it fir'd; and as it flew, A T r a i l of following Flames, ascending drew: Kindling they mount; and mark the shiny Way: ) Across the Skies as falling Meteors play, > And vanish into Wind; or in a Blaze decay. T h e Trojans and Sicilians wildly stare: And trembling, turn their Wonder into Pray'r. T h e Dardan Prince put on a smiling Face, And strain'd Acestes with a close Embrace: 700 T h e n hon'ring him with Gifts above the rest, T u r n ' d the bad Omen, nor his Fears confess'd. T h e Gods, said he, this Miracle have wrought; 674 689

Dove:] F1-2. featherd] F2; pointed F i .

G86

Pains:]

/

F1-2.

The Fifth Book of the

JEneis

And order'd you the Prize without the Lot. Accept this Goblet rough with figur'd Gold, Which Thracian Cissens gave my Sire of old: This Pledge of ancient Amity receive, Which to my second Sire I justly give. He said, and with the Trumpets chearful sound, Proclaim'd him Victor, and with Lawrel crown'd. 710 Nor good Eurytion envy'd him the Prize; T h o ' he transfix'd the Pidgeon in the Skies. Who cut the Line, with second Gifts was grac'd; T h e third was his, whose Arrow pierc'd the Mast. T h e Chief, before the Games were wholly done, Call'd Periphant.es, T u t o r to his Son; And whisper'd thus; With speed Ascanius find, And if his Childish Troop be ready join'd, On Horse-back let him grace his Grandsire's Day, And lead his Equals arm'd, in just Array. 720 He said, and calling out, the Cirque he clears; T h e Crowd withdrawn, an open Plain appears. And now the Noble Youths, of Form Divine, Advance before their Fathers, in a Line:

,

T h e Riders grace the Steeds; the Steeds with Glory shine. , Thus marching on, in Military Pride, Shouts of Applause resound from side to side. T h e i r Casques, adorn'd with Lawrel Wreaths, they wear: Each brandishing aloft a Cornel Spear. Some at their Backs their guilded Quivers bore; 730 T h e i r Chains of burnish'd Gold hung down before. Three graceful Troops they form'd upon the Green; \ Three graceful Leaders at their Head were seen; > Twelve follow'd ev'ry Chief, and left a Space between. / T h e first young Priam led; a lovely Boy, Whose Grandsire was th' unhappy King of Troy: His Race in after times was known to Fame, \ New Honours adding to the Latian Name; > And well the Royal Boy his Thracian Steed became. / 716 727

With] with F 1 - 2 . wear:] F1-2.

717

join'd,]

F1-2.

The Fifth Book of the

/Eneis

513

White were the Fetlocks of his Feet before; 740 And on his Front a snowy Star he bore: T h e n beauteous Atys, with lulus bred, Of equal Age, the second Squadron led. T h e last in Order, but the first in place, First in the lovely Features of his Face; Rode fair Ascanius on a fiery Steed, Queen Dido's Gift, and of the Tyrian breed. Sure Coursers for the rest the King ordains; With Golden Bitts adorn'd, and Purple Reins. T h e pleas'd Spectators peals of Shouts renew; 750 And all the Parents in the Children view: T h e i r Make, their Motions, and their sprightly Grace; And Hopes and Fears alternate in their Face. T h ' unfledg'd Commanders, and their Martial Train, First make the Circuit of the sandy Plain, Around their Sires: And at th' appointed Sign, Drawn up in beauteous Order form a Line: T h e second Signal sounds; the Troop divides, In three distinguish'd parts, with three distinguish'd Guides. Again they close, and once again dis join, 760 In T r o o p to Troop oppos'd, and Line to Line. They meet, they wheel, they throw their Darts afar With harmless Rage, and well dissembled War. T h e n in a round the mingl'd Bodies run; Flying they follow, and pursuing shun. Broken they break, and rallying, they renew In other Forms the Military shew. At last, in order, undiscern'd they join; And march together, in a friendly Line. And, as the Cretan Labyrinth of old, 770 With wand'ring Ways, and many a winding fold, Involv'd the weary Feet, without redress, In a round Error, which deny'd recess; So fought the Trojan Boys in warlike Play, Turn'd, and return'd, and still a diff'rent way. Thus Dolphins, in the Deep, each other chase, In Circles, when they swim around the wat'ry Race.

514

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

T h i s Game, these Carousels Ascanius taught; And, building Alba, to the Latins brought: Shew'd what he learn'd: T h e Latin Sires impart, 780 T o their succeeding Sons, the graceful Art: From these Imperial Rome receiv'd the Game; Which Troy, the Youths the Trojan Troop, they name. T h u s far the sacred Sports they celebrate: But Fortune soon resum'd her ancient hate. For while they pay the dead his Annual dues, Those envy'd Rites Saturnian Juno views: And sends the Goddess of the various bow, T o try new Methods of Revenge below: Supplies the Winds to wing her Airy way; 790 Where in the Port secure the Navy lay. Swiftly fair Iris down her Arch descends; And undiscern'd her fatal Voyage ends. She saw the gath'ring Crowd; and gliding thence, T h e desart Shore, and Fleet without defence. T h e Trojan Matrons on the Sands alone, W i t h Sighs and Tears, Anchises death bemoan. T h e n , turning to the Sea their weeping Eyes, T h e i r pity to themselves, renews their Cries. Alas! said one, what Oceans yet remain 800 For us to sail; what Labours to sustain! All take the Word; and with a gen'ral groan, Implore the Gods for Peace; and Places of their own. T h e Goddess, great in Mischief, views their pains; And in a Woman's Form her heav'nly Limbs restrains. In Face and Shape, old Beroe she became, \ > Doriclus Wife, a venerable Dame; Once bless'd with Riches, and a Mother's Name. ) T h u s chang'd, amidst the crying Crowd she ran, Mix'd with the Matrons, and these words began. 810 O wretched we, whom not the Grecian Pow'r, Nor Flames destroy'd, in Troy's unhappy hour! O wretched we, reserv'd by Cruel Fate, 778 808

brought:] F1-2. Crowd] F2; Crow'd F i .

786 810

views:] F1-2. we] F2; wc F i .

The

Fifth

Book

of the

/Eneis

Beyond the Ruins of the sinking State! Now sev'n revolving Years are wholly run, Since this improsp'rous Voyage we begun: Since toss'd from Shores to Shores, from Lands to Lands, Inhospitable Rocks and barren Sands; Wand'ring in Exile, through the stormy Sea, W e search in vain for Hying Italy. 820 Now Cast by Fortune on this kindred Land, ) W h a t shou'd our Rest, and rising Walls withstand, > Or hinder here to fix our banish'd Band? / O, Country lost, and Gods redeem'd in vain, If still in endless Exile we remain! Shall we no more the Trojan Walls renew, O r Streams of some dissembl'd Simois view? Haste, joyn with me, th' unhappy Fleet consume: Cassandra bids, and I declare her doom. In sleep I saw her; she supply'd my hands, 830 (For this I more than dreamt) with flaming Brands: W i t h these, said she, these wand'ring Ships destroy; \ > T h e s e are your fatal Seats, and this your Troy. T i m e calls you now, the precious Hour employ. ) Slack not the good Presage, while Heav'n inspires O u r Minds to dare, and gives the ready Fires. See Neptune's Altars minister their Brands; T h e God is pleas'd; the God supplies our hands. T h e n , from the Pile, a flaming Fire she drew, And, toss'd in Air, amidst the Gallies threw. 840 Wrap'd in amaze, the Matrons wildly stare: T h e n Pyrgo, reverenc'd for her hoary Hair, Pyrgo, the Nurse of Priam's num'rous Race, No Beroe this, tho she belies her Face: What Terrours from her frowning Front arise; Behold a Goddess in her ardent Eyes! W h a t Rays around her heav'nly Face are seen, Mark her Majestick Voice, and more than mortal Meen! Beroe but now I left; whom pin'd with pain, 826 view?] F1-2. 840 amaze] a maze F1-2.

838 Fire] Fa; Firr Fi

5 »5

516

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Her Age and Anguish from these Rites detain. 850 She said; the Matrons, seiz'd with new Amaze, Rowl their malignant Eyes, and on the Navy gaze. They fear, and hope, and neither part obey: They hope the fated Land, but fear the fatal Way. The Goddess, having done her Task below, Mounts up on equal Wings, and bends her painted Bow. Struck with the sight, and seiz'd with Rage Divine; The Matrons prosecute their mad Design: They shriek aloud, they snatch, with Impious Hands, The food of Altars, Fire, and flaming Brands. 860 Green Boughs, and Saplings, mingled in their haste; And smoaking Torches on the Ships they cast. The Flame, unstop'd at first, more Fury gains; And Vulcan rides at large with loosen'd Reins: Triumphant to the painted Sterns he soars, And seizes in his way, the Banks, and crackling Oars. Eumelus was the first, the News to bear, While yet they crowd the Rural Theatre. Then what they hear, is witness'd by their Eyes; A storm of Sparkles, and of Flames arise. 870 Ascanius took th' Alarm, while yet he led His early Warriors on his prancing Steed: And spurring on, his Equals soon o'repass'd, Nor cou'd his frighted Friends reclaim his haste. Soon as the Royal Youth appear'd in view, He sent his Voice before him as he flew; What Madness moves you, Matrons, to destroy The last Remainders of unhappy Troy? Not hostile Fleets, but your own hopes you burn, And on your Friends, your fatal Fury turn. 880 Behold your own Ascanius: while he said, \ He drew his glitt'ring Helmet from his Head; > In which the Youths to sportful Arms he led.) By this, Aineas and his Train appear; And now the Women, seiz'd with Shame and Fear, 859 871

Fire] Firs F i ; Fires F2. Steed:] — F 1 - 2 .

860 877

Boughs] F2; Leaves F i . Troy?] F1-2.

The Fifth Book of the

JEneis

Dispers'd, to Woods and Caverns take their Flight; Abhor their Actions, and avoid the Light: T h e i r Friends acknowledge, and their Error find; And shake the Goddess from their alter'd Mind. Not so the raging Fires their Fury cease; 890 But lurking in the Seams, with seeming Peace, Work on their way, amid the smouldring Tow, Sure in Destruction, but in Motion slow. T h e silent Plague, thro' the green Timber eats, And vomits out a tardy Flame, by fits. Down to the Keels, and upward to the Sails, T h e Fire descends, or mounts; but still prevails: Nor Buckets pour'd, nor strength of Human Hand, Can the victorious Element withstand. T h e Pious Heroe rends his Robe, and throws 900 T o Heav'n his Hands, and with his Hands his Vows. O Jove, he cry'd, if Pray'rs can yet have place; If thou abhorr'st not all the Dardan Race; If any spark of Pity still remain; \ If Gods are Gods, and not invok'd in vain; > Yet spare the Relicks of the Trojan T r a i n . ) Yet from the Flames our burning Vessels free: Or let thy Fury fall alone on me. At this devoted Head thy Thunder throw, And send the willing Sacrifice below. 910 Scarce had he said, when Southern Storms arise; From Pole to Pole, the forky Lightning flies; Loud ratling shakes the Mountains, and the Plain: Heav'n bellies downward, and descends in Rain. Whole Sheets of Water from the Clouds are sent, Which hissing thro' the Planks, the Flames prevent: And stop the fiery Pest: Four Ships alone Burn to the wast; and for the Fleet attone. But doubtful thoughts the Hero's Heart divide; If he should still in Sicily reside, 920 Forgetful of his Fates; or tempt the Main, In hope the promis'd Italy to gain. 910

arise;]

F1-2.

5»7

518

The

Works of Virgil in

English

Then Nautes, old, and wise, to whom alone T h e Will of Heav'n, by Pallas was fore-shown; Vers'd in Portents, experienc'd and inspir'd, T o tell Events, and what the Fates requir'd: Thus while he stood, to neither part inclin'd, With chearful Words reliev'd his lab'ring Mind. O Goddess-born, resign'd in ev'ry state, With Patience bear, with Prudence push your Fate. 930 By suff'ring well, our Fortune we subdue; Fly when she frowns, and when she calls pursue. Your Friend Acestes is of Trojan Kind, T o him disclose the Secrets of your Mind: Trust in his Hands your old and useless Train, T o o num'rous for the Ships which yet remain: T h e feeble, old, indulgent of their Ease, T h e Dames who dread the Dangers of the Seas, With all the dastard Crew, who dare not stand T h e shock of Battel with your Foes by Land; 940 Here you may build a common Town for all; And from Acestes name, Acesta call. T h e Reasons, with his Friend's Experience join'd, Encourag'd much, but more disturb'd his Mind. 'Twas dead of Night; when to his slumb'ring Eyes, His Father's Shade descended from the Skies; And thus he spoke: O more than vital Breath Lov'd while I liv'd, and dear ev'n after Death; O Son, in various Toils and Troubles tost, T h e King of Heav'n employs my careful Ghost 950 On his Commands; the God who sav'd from Fire Your flaming Fleet, and heard your just desire: T h e Wholsom Counsel of your Friend receive; And here, the Coward Train, and Women leave: T h e chosen Youth, and those who nobly dare, Transport; to tempt the Dangers of the War. T h e stern Italians will their Courage try; Rough are their Manners, and their Minds are high. But first to Pluto's Palace you shall go, And seek my Shade among the blest below.

The Fifth

Book

of the

/Eneis

96o For not with impious Ghosts my Soul remains, Nor suffers, with the Damn'd, perpetual Pains; But breaths the living Air of soft Elysian Plains. T h e chast Sibylla shall your steps convey; And Blood of offer'd Victims free the way. There shall you know what Realms the Gods assign; And learn the Fates and Fortunes of your Line. But now, farewel; I vanish with the Night; And feel the blast of Heav'ns approaching Light: He said, and mix'd with Shades, and took his airy flight. «70 Whether so fast, the filial Duty cry'd, And why, ah why, the wish'd Embrace deny'd? He said, and rose: as holy Zeal inspires He rakes hot Embers, and renews the Fires: His Country Gods and Vesta, then adores With Cakes and Incense; and their Aid implores. Next, for his Friends, and Royal Host he sent, Reveal'd his Vision and the Gods intent, With his own Purpose: All, without delay, T h e Will of Jove, and his Desires obey. 980 They list with Women each degenerate Name, Who dares not hazard Life, for future Fame. These they cashier; the brave remaining few, Oars, Banks, and Cables half consum'd renew. T h e Prince designs a City with the Plough; T h e Lots their sev'ral Tenements allow. This part is nam'd from Ilium, that from Troy; And the new King ascends the Throne with Joy: A chosen Senate from the People draws; Appoints the Judges, and ordains the Laws. 990 T h e n on the top of Eryx, they begin A rising Temple to the Paphian Queen: Anchises, last, is honour'd as a God, A Priest is added, annual Gifts bestow'd; And Groves are planted round his blest Abode. 963 973 991

Sibylla] Sybilla F1-2. Fires:] — F 1 - 2 . A rising] F2; T o raise a F i .

971 deny'd?] —! F 1 - 2 . 987 Joy:] — F1-2. 994 Abode.] F2; Fi.

519

520

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Nine days they pass in Feasts, their Temples crown'd; And fumes of Incense in the Fanes abound. Then, from the South arose a gentle Breeze, That curl'd the smoothness of the glassy Seas: T h e rising Winds, a ruffling Gale afford, 1000 And call the merry Marriners aboard. Now loud Laments along the Shores resound, Of parting Friends in close Embraces bound. T h e trembling Women, the degenerate Train, Who shun'd the frightful dangers of the Main; Ev'n those desire to sail, and take their share Of the rough Passage, and the promis'd War: Whom Good /Eneas chears; and recommends T o their new Master's Care, his fearful Friends. On Eryx Altars three fat Calves he lays; \ 1010 A Lamb new fallen to the stormy Seas; > Then slips his Haulsers, and his Anchors weighs. / High on the Deck, the Godlike Heroe stands; With Olive crown'd; a Charger in his Hands; T h e n cast the reeking Entrails in the brine, And pour'd the Sacrifice of Purple Wine. Fresh Gales arise, with equal Strokes they vye, And brush the buxom Seas, and o're the Billows fly. Mean time the Mother-Goddess, full of Fears, T o Neptune thus address'd, with tender Tears. 1020 T h e Pride of Jove's Imperious Queen, the Rage, T h e malice which no Suff'rings can asswage, Compel me to these Pray'rs: Since neither Fate, Nor Time, nor Pity, can remove her hate. Ev'n Jove is thwarted by his haughty Wife; Still vanquish'd, yet she still renews the Strife. As if 'twere little to consume the Town Which aw'd the World; and wore th' Imperial Crown: She prosecutes the Ghost of Troy with Pains; And gnaws, ev'n to the Bones, the last Remains. 1030 Let her the Causes of her Hatred tell; But you can witness its Effects too well. 1006

War:]

Fi-a.

loio

fallen] f a l l ' n F I - 2 .

The Fifth Book of the

JEneis

You saw the Storm she rais'd on Lybian Floods, T h a t mix'd the mounting Billows with the Clouds: When, bribing /Eolus, she shook the Main; And mov'd Rebellion in your wat'ry Reign. With Fury she possess'd the Dardan Dames; T o burn their Fleet with execrable Flames: And forc'd /Eneas, when his Ships were lost, T o leave his Foll'wers on a Foreign Coast. 1040 For what remains, your Godhead I implore; And trust my Son to your protecting Pow'r. If neither Jove's, nor Fate's decree withstand, Secure his Passage to the Latian Land. T h e n thus the mighty Ruler of the Main, What may not Venus hope, from Neptune's Reign? My Kingdom claims your Birth: my late Defence Of your indanger'd Fleet, may claim your Confidence. Nor less by Land than Sea, my Deeds declare, How much your lov'd /Eneas is my Care. 1050 T h e e Xanthus, and thee Simois I attest: Your Trojan Troops, when proud Achilles press'd, And drove before him headlong on the Plain, \ And dash'd against the Walls the trembling Train, > When Floods were fill'd with bodies of the slain: ) When Crimson Xanthus, doubtful of his way, ) Stood up on ridges to behold the Sea; > New heaps came tumbling in, and choak'd his way:) When your /Eneas fought, but fought with odds Of Force unequal, and unequal Gods; 1060 I spread a Cloud before the Victor's sight, Sustain'd the vanquish'd, and secur'd his flight: Ev'n then secur'd him, when I sought with joy T h e vow'd destruction of ungrateful Troy. My Will's the same: Fair Goddess fear no more, Your Fleet shall safely gain the Latian Shore: T h e i r lives are giv'n; one destin'd Head alone Shall perish, and for Multitudes attone. 1033 Clouds:] 1037 Flames:]

F1-2. F1-2.

1034

/Eolus] Eolus F i - s .

1061 flight:] — Fx-«.

521

¿£JLU£¿L Y ' íÒeaconSftM m tho ^ "flU/tll/ ,'/ ^ *

The Fifth Book of the JEneis T h u s having arm'd with Hopes her anxious His finny T e a m

Saturnian Neptune

523

Mind,

join'd:

1070 T h e n , a d d s t h e f o a m y B r i d l e t o t h e i r J a w s ; A n d to the loosen'd R e i n s permits the

Laws.

H i g h o n the W a v e s his A z u r e C a r he guides,

\

Its Axles thunder, a n d the Sea subsides;

>

A n d the smooth O c e a n rowls her silent

Tides.)

T h e T e m p e s t s fly b e f o r e t h e i r F a t h e r ' s

face,

T r a i n s of i n f e r i o u r G o d s his T r i u m p h

grace;

A n d Monster Whales before their Master

play,

A n d Q u i r e s of T r i t o n s c r o w d the wat'ry way. T h e Martial'd Pow'rs, in equal T r o o p s

divide,

1080 T o r i g h t a n d l e f t : t h e G o d s h i s b e t t e r s i d e Inclose, a n d on the worse the N y m p h s a n d Nereids ride. N o w smiling Hope, with sweet W i t h i n the H e r o ' s M i n d , his J o y s

Vicissitude, renew'd.

H e calls to raise the Masts, the Sheats display;

\

T h e Chearful Crew with diligence obey;

?

T h e y s c u d b e f o r e t h e W i n d , a n d sail in o p e n Sea.

)

A H e a d of all t h e M a s t e r P i l o t steers, A n d as h e leads, t h e f o l l o w i n g N a v y v e e r s . T h e Steeds of N i g h t had travell'd half the Sky, 1090 T h e d r o w z y R o w e r s o n t h e i r B e n c h e s

lye;

W h e n the soft G o d of Sleep, w i t h easie Descends, a n d draws b e h i n d a trail of Thou

Palinurus

art his destin'd

flight, Light.

Prey;

T o thee a l o n e he takes his fatal way. D i r e D r e a m s to thee, a n d I r o n Sleep he

bears;

A n d lighting on thy Prow, the F o r m of

Phorbas

T h e n thus the T r a y t o r G o d b e g a n his T a l e :

wears. \

T h e W i n d s , m y Friend, inspire a pleasing gale; > T h e Ships, w i t h o u t thy C a r e , s e c u r e l y sail. 1100 N o w s t e a l a n h o u r o f s w e e t R e p o s e ; a n d W i l l take the R u d d e r , and thy r o o m

/

I

supply.

T o w h o m the yauning Pilot, half asleep; M e dost thou b i d to trust the treach'rous T h e Harlot-smiles of her dissembling 1069

join'd:]

F1-2.

1103

Deep?

Face, Deep?]

F1-2.

524

The Works of Virgil in English

And to her Faith commit the Trojan Race? Shall I believe the Syren South again, And, oft betray'd, not know the Monster Main? He said, his fasten'd hands the Rudder keep, And fix'd on Heav'n, his Eyes repel invading Sleep. 1110 T h e God was wroth, and at his Temples threw A Branch in Lethe dip'd, and drunk with Stygian Dew: T h e Pilot, vanquish'd by the Pow'r Divine, Soon clos'd his swimming Eyes, and lay supine. Scarce were his Limbs extended at their length, T h e God, insulting with superiour Strength, Fell heavy on him, plung'd him in the Sea, And, with the Stern, the Rudder tore away. Headlong he fell, and strugling in the Main, Cry'd out for helping hands, but cry'd in vain: 1120 T h e Victor Dasmon mounts obscure in Air; While the Ship sails without the Pilot's care. On Neptune's Faith the floating Fleet relies; \ But what the Man forsook, the God supplies; > And o're the dang'rous Deep secure the Navy flies: / Glides by the Syrens Cliffs, a shelfy Coast, Long infamous for Ships, and Sailors lost; And white with Bones: T h ' impetuous Ocean roars; And Rocks rebellow from the sounding Shores. T h e watchful Heroe felt the knocks; and found u3o T h e tossing Vessel sail'd on shoaly Ground. Sure of his Pilot's loss, he takes himself T h e Helm, and steers aloof, and shuns the Shelf. Inly he griev'd; and groaning from the Breast, Deplor'd his Death; and thus his Pain express'd: For Faith repos'd on Seas, and on the flatt'ring Sky, T h y naked Corps is doom'd, on Shores unknown to lye. 1106 1125

Syren] Syren F 1 - 2 . Syrens] Syren's F 1 - 2 .

1124 1133

flies:] F1-2. the] F2; his F i .

The Sixth Book of the /Eneis

The

Sixth

Book

of the

527

ALneis

THE ARGUMENT.

The Sibyl foretels jEneas the Adventures he should meet with in Italy. She attends him to Hell; describing to him the various Scenes of that Place, and conducting him to his Father Anchises: Who instructs him in those sublime Mysteries of the Soul of the World, and the Transmigration: And shews him that glorious Race of Heroes, which was to descend from him, and his Posterity.

H

E said, and wept: T h e n spread his Sails before

)

T h e Winds, and reach'd at length the Cuman Shore: > T h e i r Anchors drop'd, his Crew the Vessels moor. ) T h e y turn their Heads to Sea; their Sterns to Land; A n d greet with greedy Joy th' Italian Strand. Some strike from clashing Flints their fiery Seed; Some gather Sticks, the kindled Flames to feed: Or search for hollow Trees, and fell the Woods, Or trace thro Valleys the discover'd Floods. 10 Thus, while their sev'ral Charges they fulfil, T h e Pious Prince ascends the sacred Hill Where Phoebus is ador'd; and seeks the Shade, Which hides from sight, his venerable Maid. Deep in a Cave the Sibyl makes abode; Thence full of Fate returns, and of the God. T h r o Trivia's Grove they walk; and now behold, And enter now, the Temple roof'd with Gold. When Dedalus, to fly the Cretan Shore, His heavy Limbs on jointed Pinions bore, 20 (The first who sail'd in Air,) 'tis sung by Fame,) T o the Cumcean Coast at length he came; [ And, here alighting, built this costly Frame. ) 3Inscrib'd Anchises:]to Phcebus, F1-2. here he hung18onfly]high F2; shun F i .

528

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T h e steerage of his Wings, that cut the Sky: T h e n o're the lofty Gate his Art emboss'd Androgeos Death, and Off'rings to his Ghost: Sev'n Youths from Athens yearly sent, to meet T h e Fate appointed by revengeful Greet. And next to those the dreadful Urn was plac'd, In which the destin'd Names by Lots were cast: T h e mournful Parents stand around in Tears; And rising Creet against their Shore appears. There too, in living Sculpture, might be seen T h e mad Affection of the Cretan Queen: T h e n how she cheats her bellowing Lover's Eye: T h e rushing leap, the doubtful Progeny, T h e lower part a Beast, a Man above, T h e Monument of their polluted Love. Nor far from thence he grav'd the wond'rous Maze; A thousand Doors, a thousand winding Ways; Here dwells the Monster, hid from Human View, Not to be found, but by the faithful Clue: 'Till the kind Artist, mov'd with Pious Grief, Lent to the loving Maid this last Relief: And all those erring Paths describ'd so well, T h a t Theseus conquer'd, and the Monster fell. Here hapless Icarus had found his part; Had not the Father's Grief restrain'd his Art. He twice essay'd to cast his Son in Gold; Twice from his Hands he drop'd the forming Mould. All this with wond'ring Eyes /Eneas view'd: Each varying Object his Delight renew'd. Eager to read the rest, Achates came, \ And by his side the mad divining Dame; > T h e Priestess of the God, Deiphobe her Name.) T i m e suffers not, she said, to feed your Eyes With empty Pleasures: haste the Sacrifice. Sev'n Bullocks yet unyok'd, for Phoebus chuse, 26 go 53

Ghost:] F1-2. Names] F2; Name F i . Eager] F2; Prepar'd F i .

29 44

those] F2; these Fi Relief:] F1-2.

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/Eneis

And for Diana sev'n unspotted Ewes. This said, the Servants urge the Sacred Rites; While to the Temple she the Prince invites. A spacious Cave, within its farmost part, Was hew'd and fashion'd by laborious Art, Thro' the Hills hollow sides: Before the place, A hundred Doors a hundred Entries grace: As many Voices issue; and the sound Of Sibyl's Words as many times rebound. Now to the Mouth they come: Aloud she cries, This is the time, enquire your Destinies. He comes, behold the God! Thus while she said, (And shiv'ring at the sacred Entry staid) Her Colour chang'd, her Face was not the same, And hollow Groans from her deep Spirit came. Her Hair stood up; convulsive Rage possess'd Her trembling Limbs, and heav'd her lab'ring Breast. Greater than Human Kind she seem'd to look: And with an Accent, more than Mortal, spoke. Her staring Eyes with sparkling Fury rowl; When all the God came rushing on her Soul. Swiftly she turn'd, and foaming as she spoke, Why this Delay? she cry'd; the Pow'rs invoke. Thy Pray'rs alone can open this abode, Else vain are my Demands, and dumb the God. She said no more: The trembling Trojans hear; O're-spread with a damp Sweat, and holy Fear. T h e Prince himself, with awful Dread possess'd, His Vows to great Apollo thus address'd. Indulgent God, propitious Pow'r to Troy, Swift to relieve, unwilling to destroy; Directed by whose Hand, the Dardan Dart Pierc'd the proud Grecian's only Mortal part: Thus far, by Fates Decrees, and thy Commands, Through ambient Seas, and thro' devouring Sands, Our exil'd Crew has sought th' Ausonian Ground: 63 81

Art,] — F 1 - 2 . Delay?] F1-2.

78

sparkling] F2; sparling F i .

529

53o

100

no

120

130

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And now, at length, the flying Coast is found. Thus far the Fate of Troy, from place to place, With Fury has pursu'd her wand'ring Race: Here cease ye Pow'rs, and let your Vengeance end, Troy is no more, and can no more offend. And thou, O sacred Maid, inspir'd to see T h ' Event of things in dark Futurity; Give me, what Heav'n has promis'd to my Fate, T o conquer and command the Latian State: T o fix my wand'ring Gods; and find a place For the long Exiles of the Trojan Race. Then shall my grateful Hands a Temple rear T o the twin Gods, with Vows and solemn Pray'r; And Annual Rites, and Festivals, and Games, Shall be perform'd to their auspicious Names, Nor shalt thou want thy Honours in my Land, For there thy faithful Oracles shall stand, Preserv'd in Shrines: and ev'ry Sacred Lay, Which, by thy Mouth, Apollo shall convey. All shall be treasur'd, by a chosen Train Of holy Priests, and ever shall remain. But, oh! commit not thy prophetick Mind T o flitting Leaves, the sport of ev'ry Wind: Lest they disperse in Air our empty Fate: Write not, but, what the Pow'rs ordain, relate. Strugling in vain, impatient of her Load, And lab'ring underneath the pond'rous God, The more she strove to shake him from her Breast, With more, and far superior Force he press'd: Commands his Entrance, and without Controul, Usurps her Organs, and inspires her Soul. Now, with a furious Blast, the hundred Doors \ Ope of themselves; a rushing Whirlwind roars > Within the Cave; and Sibyl's Voice restores. ) Escap'd the Dangers of the wat'ry Reign, Yet more, and greater Ills, by Land remain. 127

Whirlwind] Wirlwind F 1 - 2 .

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T h e Coast so long desir'd, (nor doubt th' Event) T h y Troops shall reach, but having reach'd, repent. Wars, horrid Wars I view; a field of Blood; And Tyber rolling with a Purple Flood. Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there; A new Achilles shall in Arms appear: And he, too, Goddess-born: fierce Juno's Hate, Added to hostile Force, shall urge thy Fate. T o what strange Nations shalt not thou resort, 140 Driv'n to sollicite Aid at ev'ry Court! T h e Cause the same which Ilium once oppress'd, A foreign Mistress, and a foreign Guest. But thou, secure of Soul, unbent with Woes, T h e more thy Fortune frowns, the more oppose. T h e dawnings of thy Safety, shall be shown, From whence thou least shalt hope, a Grecian Town. Thus, from the dark Recess, the Sibyl spoke, \ And the resisting Air the Thunder broke; > T h e Cave rebellow'd; and the Temple shook. J 150 T h ' ambiguous God, who rul'd her lab'ring Breast, ) In these mysterious Words his Mind exprest: > Some Truths reveal'd, in Terms involv'd the rest. / At length her Fury fell; her foaming ceas'd, And, ebbing in her Soul, the God decreas'd. Then thus the Chief: No Terror to my view, No frightful Face of Danger can be new. Inur'd to suffer, and resolv'd to dare, T h e Fates, without my Pow'r, shall be without my Care. This let me crave, since near your Grove the Road \ wo T o Hell lies open, and the dark Abode, > Which Acheron surrounds, th' innavigable Flood: / Conduct me thro' the Regions void of Light, And lead me longing to my Father's sight. For him, a thousand Dangers I have sought; \ And, rushing where the thickest Grecians fought, > Safe on my Back the sacred Burthen brought. ) 155

No] 110 F 1 - 2 .

53 1

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170

wo

190

200

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He, for my sake, the raging Ocean try'd, J And Wrath of Heav'n, my still auspicious Guide; > And bore beyond the strength decrepid Age supply'd.) Oft since he breath'd his last, in dead of Night, His reverend Image stood before my sight; Enjoin'd to seek below, his holy Shade; Conducted there, by your unerring aid. But you, if pious Minds by Pray'rs are won, Oblige the Father, and protect the Son. Yours is the Pow'r; nor Proserpine in vain Has made you Priestess of her nightly Reign. If Orpheus, arm'd with his enchanting Lyre, T h e ruthless King with Pity could inspire; And from the Shades below redeem his Wife: If Pollux, off'ring his alternate Life, Cou'd free his Brother; and can daily go By turns aloft, by turns descend below: Why name I Theseus, or his greater Friend, Who trod the downward Path, and upward cou'd ascend? Not less than theirs, from Jove my Lineage came: My Mother greater, my Descent the same. So pray'd the Trojan Prince; and while he pray'd His Hand upon the holy Altar laid. Then thus reply'd the Prophetess Divine: O Goddess-born! of Great Anchises Line; T h e Gates of Hell are open Night and day; Smooth the Descent, and easie is the Way: But, to return, and view the chearful Skies; In this the Task, and mighty Labour lies. T o few great Jupiter imparts this Grace: And those of shining Worth, and Heav'nly Race. Betwixt those Regions, and our upper Light, Deep Forrests, and impenetrable Night Possess the middle space: T h ' Infernal Bounds Cocytus, with his sable Waves, surrounds. But if so dire a Love your Soul invades, 168 191

Heav'n, . . . Guide;] ... Fi-a. Goddess-born] F2; Goddess born F i .

185 202

ascend?] F1-2. invades,] —; F 1 - 2 .

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/Eneis

As twice below to view the t r e m b l i n g Shades; I f y o u so h a r d a T o i l w i l l u n d e r t a k e , A s t w i c e t o pass t h ' i n n a v i g a b l e L a k e ; Receive my Counsel. In the N e i g h b ' r i n g Grove T h e r e stands a T r e e ; the Q u e e n of

Stygian

Jove

C l a i m s it h e r o w n ; t h i c k W o o d s , a n d g l o o m y N i g h t , C o n c e a l t h e happy P l a n t f r o m H u m a n e sight. 210 O n e B o u g h it b e a r s ; b u t , w o n d ' r o u s t o b e h o l d ; T h e ductile R i n d , and Leaves, of R a d i a n t G o l d : T h i s , from the vulgar Branches must be torn, A n d to fair

Proserpine,

the Present born:

E ' r e leave b e giv'n to t e m p t the n e a t h e r Skies: \ T h e first t h u s r e n t , a s e c o n d w i l l a r i s e ;

;

A n d the same M e t a l the same r o o m supplies.

)

L o o k r o u n d t h e W o o d , w i t h l i f t e d E y e s , t o see T h e l u r k i n g G o l d u p o n the fatal T r e e : T h e n r e n d it off, as h o l y R i t e s c o m m a n d : 220 T h e w i l l i n g M e t a l w i l l o b e y t h y h a n d , F o l l o w i n g w i t h ease, if, f a v o u r ' d b y t h y F a t e , T h o u art foredoom'd to view the

Stygian

State:

If not, no labour can the T r e e constrain: A n d strength of stubborn Arms, a n d Steel are vain. Besides, you k n o w not, while you here attend, T h ' unworthy Fate of your unhappy Friend: B r e a t h l e s s h e l i e s : A n d his u n b u r y ' d G h o s t , Depriv'd of Fun'ral Rites, pollutes your Host. P a y first his P i o u s D u e s : A n d f o r t h e d e a d , 230 T w o s a b l e S h e e p a r o u n d h i s H e r s e b e l e d . T h e n , l i v i n g T u r f s u p o n h i s B o d y lay;

\

T h i s done, securely take the destin'd W a y , > T o find the R e g i o n s destitute of Day. S h e s a i d : a n d h e l d h e r P e a c e . /Eneas

/ went

\

Sad from the Cave, and full of Discontent;

[

U n k n o w i n g w h o m the sacred Sibyl meant. /

Achates,

the C o m p a n i o n of his Breast,

G o e s grieving by his side; with e q u a l Cares oppress'd. W a l k i n g , they talk'd, and fruitlesly divin'd 225

attend,] ~ A F1-2.

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240 What Friend, the Priestess by those Words design'd. But soon they found an Object to deplore; Misenus lay extended on the Shore. Son of the God of Winds; none so renown'd, T h e Warrior Trumpet in the Field to sound: With breathing Brass to kindle fierce Alarms; And rouze to dare their Fate, in honourable Arms: He serv'd great Hector; and was ever near; Not with his Trumpet only, but his Spear. But, by Pelides Arms when Hector fell, 250 He chose /Eneas, and he chose as well. Swoln with Applause, and aiming still at more, He now provokes the Sea Gods from the Shore; With Envy Triton heard the Martial sound, And the bold Champion, for his Challenge, drown'd; Then cast his mangled Carcass on the Strand: T h e gazing Crowd around the Body stand. All weep, but most /Eneas mourns his Fate; And hastens to perform the Funeral state. In Altar-wise, a stately Pile they rear; 260 T h e Basis broad below, and top advanc'd in Air. An ancient Wood, fit for the Work design'd, (The shady Covert of the Salvage Kind) T h e Trojans found: T h e sounding Axe is ply'd: Firs, Pines, and Pitch-Trees, and the tow'ring Pride Of Forest Ashes, feel the fatal Stroke: And piercing Wedges cleave the stubborn Oak. Huge Trunks of Trees, fell'd from the steepy Crown Of the bare Mountains, rowl with Ruin down. Arm'd like the rest the Trojan Prince appears: 270 And, by his pious Labour, urges theirs. Thus while he wrought, revolving in his Mind, T h e ways to compass what his Wish design'd, He cast his Eyes upon the gloomy Grove; And then with Vows implor'd the Queen of Love. O may thy Pow'r, propitious still to me, 243 249

of the] F2; to the Fi Arms] F1-2.

246 254

Arms:] drown'd;]

F1-2. F1-2.

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Conduct my steps to find the fatal Tree, In this deep Forest; since the Sibyl's Breath Foretold, alas! too true, Misenus Death. Scarce had he said, when full before his sight \ 280 T w o Doves, descending from their Airy Flight, ) Secure upon the grassy Plain alight. / He knew his Mother's Birds: and thus he pray'd: Be you my Guides, with your auspicious Aid: And lead my Footsteps, 'till the Branch be found, Whose glitt'ring Shadow guilds the sacred Ground: And thou, great Parent! with Coelestial Care, In this Distress, be present to my Pray'r. T h u s having said, he stop'd: With watchful sight, Observing still the motions of their Flight: 290 What course they took, what happy Signs they shew. \ T h e y fed, and flutt'ring by degrees, withdrew > Still farther from the Place; but still in view. ) Hopping, and flying, thus they led him on T o the slow Lake; whose baleful Stench to shun, T h e y wing'd their Flight aloft; then, stooping low, Perch'd on the double Tree, that bears the golden Bough. T h r o ' the green Leafs the glitt'ring Shadows glow; As on the sacred Oak, the wintry Misleto: Where the proud Mother views her precious Brood; 300 And happier Branches, which she never sow'd. Such was the glitt'ring; such the ruddy Rind, And dancing Leaves, that wanton'd in the Wind. He seiz'd the shining Bough with griping hold; And rent away, with ease, the ling'ring Gold: T h e n , to the Sibyl's Palace bore the Prize. \ Mean time, the Trojan Troops, with weeping Eyes, > T o dead Misenus pay his Obsequies. ) First, from the Ground, a lofty Pile they rear, Of Pitch-trees, Oaks, and Pines, and unctuous Firr: 310 T h e Fabrick's Front with Cypress Twigs they strew; And stick the sides with Boughs of baleful Yeugh. 285 304

glitt'ring] F2; glittering F i . Gold:] F1-2.

289

Flight:] — Fi—2.

535

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T h e topmost part, his glitt'ring Arms adorn; Warm Waters, then, in brazen Caldrons born, Are pour'd to wash his Body, Joint by Joint: And fragrant Oils the stiffen'd Limbs anoint. With Groans and Cries Misenus they deplore: Then on a Bier, with Purple cover'd o're, T h e breathless Body, thus bewail'd, they lay: \ And fire the Pile, their Faces turn'd away: > 320 (Such reverend Rites their Fathers us'd to pay.) / Pure Oyl, and Incense, on the Fire they throw: And Fat of Victims, which his Friends bestow. These Gifts, the greedy Flames to Dust devour; Then, on the living Coals, red Wine they pour: And last, the Relicks by themselves dispose; Which in a brazen Urn the Priests inclose. Old Chorineus compass'd thrice the Crew; And dip'd an Olive Branch in holy Dew; Which thrice he sprinkl'd round; and thrice aloud 330 Invok'd the dead, and then dismiss'd the Crowd. But good y£neas order'd on the Shore \ A stately T o m b ; whose top a Trumpet bore: ? A Souldier's Fauchion, and a Sea-man's Oar. / Thus was his Friend interr'd: And deathless Fame Still to the lofty Cape consigns his Name. These Rites perform'd, the Prince, without delay, Hastes to the neather World, his destin'd Way. Deep was the Cave; and downward as it went From the wide Mouth, a rocky rougli Descent; 340 And here th' access a gloomy Grove defends; And there th' unnavigable Lake extends: O're whose unhappy Waters, void of Light, No Bird presumes to steer his Airy Flight; Such deadly Stenches from the depth arise, And steaming Sulphur, that infects the Skies. From hence the Grecian Bards their Legends make, And give the name Avernus to the Lake. Four sable Bullocks, in the Yoke untaught, 341 extends:] .— F1-2.

537

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For Sacrifice the pious Heroe brought. 350 T h e Priestess pours the Wine betwixt their Horns: T h e n cuts the curling Hair; that first Oblation burns: Invoking Hecate hither to repair; (A pow'rful Name in Hell, and upper Air.) T h e sacred Priests with ready Knives bereave T h e Beasts of Life; and in full Bowls receive T h e streaming Blood: A Lamb to Hell and Night, (The sable Wool without a streak of white) /Eneas offers: And, by Fates decree, A barren Heifar, Proserpine to thee. 360 With Holocausts he Pluto's Altar fills: Sev'n brawny Bulls with his own Hand he kills: Then on the broiling Entrails Oyl he pours; Which, ointed thus, the raging Flame devours. Late, the Nocturnal Sacrifice begun; Nor ended, 'till the next returning Sun. T h e n Earth began to bellow, Trees to dance; And howling Dogs in glimm'ring Light advance; E're Hecate came. Far hence be Souls prophane, T h e Sibyl cry'd, and from the Grove abstain. 370 Now, Trojan, take the way thy Fates afford: Assume thy Courage, and unsheath thy Sword. She said, and pass'd along the gloomy Space: T h e Prince pursu'd her Steps with equal pace. Ye Realms, yet unreveal'd to human sight, Ye Gods, who rule the Regions of the Night, Ye gliding Ghosts, permit me to relate T h e mystick Wonders of your silent State. Obscure they went thro dreery Shades, that led Along the waste Dominions of the dead: 380 Thus wander Travellers in Woods by Night, By the Moon's doubtful, and malignant Light: When Jove in dusky Clouds involves the Skies; And the faint Crescent shoots by fits before their Eyes. Just in the Gate, and in the Jaws of Hell, Revengeful Cares, and sullen Sorrows dwell; 351

burns:]

F1-2.

368

came.]

Fi-a.

539

The

Sixth Book of the /Eneis

And pale Diseases, and repining Age; Want, Fear, and Famine's unresisted rage. Here Toils, and Death, and Death's half-brother, Sleep, Forms terrible to view, their Centry keep: 390 With anxious Pleasures of a guilty Mind, Deep Frauds before, and open Force behind: T h e Furies Iron Beds, and Strife that shakes Her hissing Tresses, and unfolds her Snakes. Full in the midst of this infernal Road, An Elm displays her dusky Arms abroad; T h e God of Sleep there hides his heavy Head: And empty Dreams on ev'ry Leaf are spread. Of various Forms unnumber'd Specters more; Centaurs, and double Shapes, besiege the Door: 40« Before the Passage horrid Hydra stands, And Briareus with all his hundred Hands: Gorgons, Geryon with his triple Frame; And vain Chimcera vomits empty Flame. T h e Chief unsheath'd his shining Steel, prepar'd, T h o seiz'd with sudden Fear, to force the Guard; Off'ring his brandish'd Weapon at their Face; Had not the Sibyl stop'd his eager Pace, And told him what those empty Fantomes were; Forms without Bodies, and impassive Air. 410 Hence to deep Acheron they take their way; Whose troubled Eddies, thick with Ooze and Clay, Are whirl'd aloft, and in Cocytus lost: T h e r e Charon stands, who rules the dreary Coast: A sordid God; down from his hoary Chin A length of Beard descends; uncomb'd, unclean: His Eyes, like hollow Furnaces on Fire: A Girdle, foul with grease, binds his obscene Attire. He spreads his Canvas, with his Pole he steers; T h e Freights of flitting Ghosts in his thin Bottom bears. 420 He look'd in Years; yet in his Years were seen A youthful Vigour, and Autumnal green. An Airy Crowd came rushing where he stood; 405

Guard;]

F1-2.

541

542

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Which fill'd the Margin of the fatal Flood. Husbands and Wives, Boys and unmarry'd Maids; And mighty Heroes more Majestick Shades; And Youths, intomb'd before their Fathers Eyes, W i t h hollow Groans, and Shrieks, and feeble Cries: T h i c k as the Leaves in Autumn strow the Woods: O r Fowls, by Winter forc'd, forsake the Floods, 430 And wing their hasty flight to happier Lands: \ Such, and so thick, the shiv'ring Army stands: [ And press for passage with extended hands. / Now these, now those, the surly Boatman bore: T h e rest he drove to distance from the Shore. T h e Heroe, who beheld with wond'ring Eyes, T h e T u m u l t mix'd with Shrieks, Laments, and Cries; Ask'd of his Guide, what the rude Concourse meant? W h y to the Shore the thronging People bent? What Forms of Law, among the Ghosts were us'd? 440 Why some were ferry'd o're, and some refus'd? Son of Anchises, Offspring of the Gods, T h e Sibyl said; you see the Stygian Floods, T h e Sacred Stream, which Heav'n's Imperial State Attests in Oaths, and fears to violate. T h e Ghosts rejected, are th' unhappy Crew Depriv'd of Sepulchers, and Fun'ral due; T h e Boatman Charon; those, the bury'd host, H e Ferries over to the Farther Coast. Nor dares his Transport Vessel cross the Waves, 450 W i t h such whose Bones are not compos'd in Graves. A hundred years they wander on the Shore, At length, their Pennance done, are wafted o're. T h e Trojan Chief his forward pace repress'd; Revolving anxious Thoughts within his Breast. He saw his Friends, who whelm'd beneath the Waves, T h e i r Fun'ral Honours claim'd, and ask'd their quiet Graves. T h e lost Leucaspis in the Crowd he knew; And the brave Leader of the Lycian Crew: 425 446

Shades;] F1-2. due;] F1-2.

446

Sepulchers,] F2;

Fi.

The

Sixth Book

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W h o m , on the Tyrrhene Seas, the Tempests met; 460 T h e Sailors master'd, and the Ship o'reset. Amidst the Spirits Palinurus press'd; Yet fresh from life; a new admitted Guest: W h o , while he steering view'd the Stars, and bore His Course from Afjrick, to the Latian Shore, Fell headlong down. T h e Trojan fix'd his view; And scarcely through the gloom the sullen Shadow knew. T h e n thus the Prince. What envious Pow'r, O Friend, Brought your lov'd life to this disastrous end? For Phoebus, ever true in all he said, 470 Has, in your fate alone, my Faith betray'd. T h e God foretold you shou'd not die, before You reach'd, secure from Seas, th' Italian Shore. Is this th' unerring Pow'r? T h e Ghost reply'd, Nor Phoebus flatter'd, nor his Answers ly'd; Nor envious Gods have sent me to the Deep: \ But while the Stars, and course of Heav'n I keep, > My weary'd Eyes were seiz'd with fatal sleep. ) I fell; and with my weight, the Helm constrain'd, Was drawn along, which yet my gripe retain'd. 480 Now by the Winds, and raging Waves, I swear, Your Safety, more than mine, was then my Care: Lest, of the Guide bereft, the Rudder lost, Your Ship shou'd run against the rocky Coast. T h r e e blust'ring Nights, born by the Southern blast, I floated; and discover'd Land at last: High on a Mounting Wave, my head I bore: Forcing my Strength, and gath'ring to the Shore: Panting, but past the danger, now I seiz'd T h e Craggy Cliffs, and my tyr'd Members eas'd: 490 While, cumber'd with my dropping Cloaths, I lay, T h e cruel Nation, covetous of Prey, Stain'd with my Blood th' unhospitable Coast: And now, by Winds and Waves, rny lifeless Limbs are tost:

462 472 488

Guest:] F1-2. Shore.] F1-2. but] F i errata, F2; but but Fi

470 483 493

betray'd.] F1-2. the] F2; the the F i . tost:] — F1-2.

543

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Which O avert, by yon Etherial Light Which I have lost, for this eternal Night: Or if by dearer tyes you may be won, By your dead Sire, and by your living Son, Redeem from this Reproach, my wand'ring Ghost; Or with your Navy seek the Velin Coast: 500 And in a peaceful Grave my Corps compose: Or, if a nearer way your Mother shows, Without whose Aid, you durst not undertake This frightful Passage o're the Stygian Lake; Lend to this Wretch your Hand, and waft him o're T o the sweet Banks of yon forbidden Shore. Scarce had he said, the Prophetess began; What Hopes delude thee, miserable Man? Think'st thou thus unintomb'd to cross the Floods, \ T o view the Furies, and Infernal Gods; > 510 And visit, without leave, the dark abodes? ) Attend the term of long revolving Years: Fate, and the dooming Gods, are deaf to Tears. This Comfort of thy dire Misfortune take; T h e Wrath of Heav'n, inflicted for thy sake, With Vengeance shall pursue th' inhumane Coast: T i l l they propitiate thy offended Ghost, And raise a Tomb, with Vows, and solemn Pray'r; And Palinurus name the Place shall bear. This calm'd his Cares: sooth'd with his future Fame; 520 And pleas'd to hear his propagated Name. Now nearer to the Stygian Lake they draw: Whom from the Shore, the surly Boatman saw: Observ'd their Passage thro' the shady Wood; And mark'd their near Approaches to the Flood: Then thus he call'd aloud, inflam'd with Wrath; Mortal, what e're, who this forbidden Path In Arms presum'st to tread, I charge thee stand, And tell thy Name, and Buis'ness in the Land. Know this, the Realm of Night; the Stygian Shore: 530 My Boat conveys no living Bodies o're: 515

Coast:]

F1-2.

The

Sixth Book of the

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Nor was I pleas'd great Theseus once to bear; W h o forc'd a Passage with his pointed Spear; Nor strong Alcides, Men of mighty Fame; And from th' immortal Gods their Lineage came. In Fetters one the barking Porter ty'd, J And took him trembling from his Sov'raign's side: ; T w o sought by Force to seize his beauteous Bride. / T o whom the Sibyl thus, Compose thy Mind: Nor Frauds are here contriv'd, nor Force design'd. 540 Still may the Dog the wand'ring Troops constrain \ Of Airy Ghosts; and vex the guilty Train; > And with her grisly Lord his lovely Queen remain. ) T h e Trojan Chief, whose Lineage is from Jove, \ Much fam'd for Arms, and more for filial Love, > Is sent to seek his Sire, in your Elysian Grove. / If neither Piety, nor Heav'n's Command, Can gain his Passage to the Stygian Strand, This fatal Present shall prevail, at least; T h e n shew'd the shining Bough, conceal'd within her Vest. 550 No more was needful: for the gloomy God Stood mute with Awe, to see the Golden Rod: Admir'd the destin'd OfFring to his Queen; (A venerable Gift so rarely seen.) His Fury thus appeas'd, he puts to Land: T h e Ghosts forsake their Seats, at his Command: He clears the Deck, receives the mighty Freight, T h e leaky Vessel groans beneath the weight. Slowly he sails; and scarcely stems the Tides: T h e pressing Water pours within her sides. 560 His Passengers at length are wafted o're; Expos'd in muddy Weeds, upon the miry Shore. No sooner landed, in his Den they found T h e triple Porter of the Stygian Sound: Grim Cerberus; who soon began to rear His crested Snakes, and arm'd his bristling Hair. T h e prudent Sibyl had before prepar'd 538 545

Compose] compose F 1 - 2 . Elysian] Elisian F1-2.

545

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570

58o

590

6oo

/Eneis

A Sop, in Honey steep'd, to charm the Guard: Which, mix'd with pow'rful Drugs, she cast before His greedy grinning Jaws, just op'd to roar: With three enormous Mouths he gapes; and streight, With Hunger prest, devours the pleasing Bait. Long draughts of Sleep his monstrous Limbs enslave; He reels, and falling, fills the spacious Cave. T h e Keeper charm'd, the Chief without Delay Pass'd on, and took th' irremeable way. Before the Gates, the Cries of Babes new born, Whom Fate had from their tender Mothers torn, Assault his Ears: Then those, whom Form of Laws Condemn'd to die, when Traitors judg'd their Cause. Nor want they Lots, nor Judges to review T h e wrongful Sentence, and award a new. Minos, the strict Inquisitor, appears; And Lives and Crimes, with his Assessors, hears. Round, in his Urn, the blended Balls he rowls; Absolves the Just, and dooms the Guilty Souls. T h e next in Place, and Punishment, are they Who prodigally throw their Souls away: Fools, who repining at their wretched State, And loathing anxious life, suborn'd their Fate. With late Repentance, now they wou'd retrieve T h e Bodies they forsook, and wish to live: T h e i r Pains and Poverty desire to bear, T o view the Light of Heav'n, and breath the vital Air: But Fate forbids; the Stygian Floods oppose; And, with nine circling Streams, the captive Souls inclose. Not far from thence, the mournful Fields appear; So call'd, from Lovers that inhabit there. T h e Souls, whom that unhappy Flame invades, In secret Solitude, and Myrtle Shades, Make endless Moans, and pining with Desire, Lament too late, their unextinguish'd Fire. Here Procris, Eryphile here, he found 567 591

Guard:] F1-2. live:] Fi—2.

587

away:]

F1-2.

547

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/Eneis

Baring her Breast, yet bleeding with the Wound Made by her Son. He saw Pasiphae there, With Phtzdra s Ghost, a foul incestuous pair; There Laodamia, with Evadne, moves: Unhappy both; but loyal in their Loves: Cceneus, a Woman once, and once a Man; But ending in the Sex she first began. 6io Not far from these Phoenician Dido stood; Fresh from her Wound, her Bosom bath'd in Blood: Whom, when the Trojan Heroe hardly knew, Obscure in Shades, and with a doubtful view, (Doubtful as he who sees thro' dusky Night, Or thinks he sees the Moon's uncertain Light:) With Tears he first approach'd the sullen Shade; And, as his Love inspir'd him, thus he said. Unhappy Queen! then is the common breath Of Rumour true, in your reported Death, 620 And I, alas, the Cause! by Heav'n, I vow, And all the Pow'rs that rule the Realms below, Unwilling I forsook your friendly State: Commanded by the Gods, and forc'd by Fate: Those Gods, that Fate, whose unresisted Might \ Have sent me to these Regions, void of Light, > Thro' the vast Empire of eternal Night. ) Nor dar'd I to presume, that, press'd with Grief, My Flight should urge you to this dire Relief. Stay, stay your Steps, and listen to my Vows: 630 'Tis the last Interview that Fate allows! In vain he thus attempts her Mind to move, With Tears, and Pray'rs, and late repenting Love. Disdainfully she look'd; then turning round, But fix'd her Eyes unmov'd upon the Ground: And, what he says, and swears, regards no more Than the deaf Rocks, when the loud Billows roar: 606 611 634

There] F2; Chast F i . Blood:] — F 1 - 2 . Ground:] F1-2.

607 623 636

Loves:] Fate:] roar:]

Fi-2. F1-2. F1-2.

549

550

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English

But whirl'd away, to shun his hateful sight, Hid in the Forest, and the Shades of Night: Then sought Sicheus, thro' the shady Grove, 640 Who answer'd all her Cares, and equal'd all her Love. Some pious Tears the pitying Heroe paid; And follow'd with his Eyes the flitting Shade: Then took the forward Way, by Fate ordain'd,

\

And, with his Guide, the farther Fields attain'd; > Where, sever'd from the rest, the Warrior Souls remain'd. / J Tideus he met, with Meleager's Race; The Pride of Armies, and the Souldier's Grace; > And pale Adrastus with his ghastly Face. / Of Trojan Chiefs he view'd a num'rous Train: «so All much lamented, all in Battel slain: Glaucus and Medon, high above the rest, Antenor's Sons, and Ceres sacred Priest: And proud Ideus, Priam's Charioteer; Who shakes his empty Reins, and aims his Airy Spear. T h e gladsome Ghosts, in circling Troops, attend, And with unweary'd Eyes behold their Friend: Delight to hover near; and long to know What buis'ness brought him to the Realms below. But Argive Chiefs, and Agamemnon's Train, 660 When his refulgent Arms flash'd thro' the shady Plain, Fled from his well known Face, with wonted Fear, As when his thund'ring Sword, and pointed Spear, Drove headlong to their Ships, and glean'd the routed Reer. They rais'd a feeble Cry, with trembling Notes: But the weak Voice deceiv'd their gasping Throats. Here Priam's Son, Deiphobus, he found: Whose Face and Limbs were one continu'd Wound. Dishonest, with lop'd Arms, the Youth appears: Spoil'd of his Nose, and shorten'd of his Ears. 670 He scarcely knew him, striving to disown His blotted Form, and blushing to be known: 638 650 671

Night:] slain:] known:]

F1-2. F1-2. F1-2.

642 656

Shade:] Friend:]

Fi-2. F1-2.

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And therefore first began. O Teucer's Race, Who durst thy faultless Figure thus deface? What heart cou'd wish, what hand inflict this dire Disgrace? Twas fam'd, that in our last and fatal Night, Your single Prowess long sustain'd the Fight: T i l l tir'd, not forc'd, a glorious Fate you chose: And fell upon a Heap of slaughter'd Foes. But in remembrance of so brave a Deed, «so A Tomb, and Fun'ral Honours I decreed: Thrice call'd your Manes, on the Trojan Plains: T h e place your Armour, and your Name retains. Your Body too I sought; and had I found, Design'd for Burial in your Native Ground. T h e Ghost reply'd, Your Piety has paid All needful Rites, to rest my wand'ring Shade: But cruel Fate, and my more cruel Wife, T o Grecian Swords betray'd my sleeping Life. These are the Monuments of Helen's Love: «90 T h e Shame I bear below, the Marks I bore above. You know in what deluding Joys we past T h e Night, that was by Heav'n decreed our last. For when the fatal Horse, descending down, Pregnant with Arms, o'rewhelm'd th' unhappy Town; She feign'd Nocturnal Orgyes: left my Bed, And, mix'd with Trojan Dames, the Dances led: Then, waving high her Torch, the Signal made, Which rouz'd the Grecians from their Ambuscade. With Watching overworn, with Cares opprest, J 700 Unhappy I had laid me down to rest; > And heavy Sleep my weary Limbs possess'd. / Mean time my worthy Wife, our Arms mislay'd; And from beneath my head my Sword convey'd: T h e Door unlatch'd; and with repeated calls, Invites her former Lord within my walls. Thus in her Crime her confidence she plac'd: And with new Treasons wou'd redeem the past. 685 696

Your] your F1-2. led:] Fj-2.

551

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553

What need I more? into the Room they ran; And meanly murther'd a defenceless Man. 710 Ulysses, basely born, first led the way: ) Avenging Pow'rs! with Justice if I pray, > T h a t Fortune be their own another day. / But answer you; and in your turn relate, What brought you, living, to the Stygian State? Driv'n by the Winds and Errors of the Sea, \ Or did you Heav'ns Superior Doom obey? > Or tell what other Chance conducts your way? ) T o view, with Mortal Eyes, our dark Retreats, Tumults and Torments of th' Infernal Seats? 720 While thus, in talk, the flying Hours they pass, T h e Sun had finish'd more than half his Race: And they, perhaps, in Words and Tears had spent T h e little time of stay, which Heav'n had lent. But thus the Sibyl chides their long delay; Night rushes down, and headlong drives the Day: T i s here, in different Paths, the way divides: T h e right, to Pluto's Golden Palace guides: T h e left to that unhappy Region tends, \ Which to the depth of Tartarus descends; > 730 T h e Seat of Night profound, and punish'd Fiends. ) Then thus Deiphobus: O Sacred Maid! Forbear to chide; and be your Will Obey'd: Lo to the secret Shadows I retire, T o pay my Penance 'till my Years expire. Proceed Auspicious Prince, with Glory Crownd, And born to better Fates than I have found. He said; and while he said, his Steps he turn'd T o Secret Shadows; and in silence Mourn'd. T h e Heroe, looking on the left, espy'd 740 A lofty Tow'r, and strong on ev'ry side With treble Walls, which Phlegethon surrounds, Whose fiery Flood the burning Empire bounds: And press'd betwixt the Rocks, the bellowing noise resounds. Wide is the fronting Gate, and rais'd on high 708

more?]

Fi-a.

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With Adamantine Columns, threats the Sky. Vain is the force of Man, and Heav'ns as vain, T o crush the Pillars which the Pile sustain. Sublime on these a Tow'r of Steel is rear'd; And dire Tisiphone there keeps the Ward: 750 Girt in her sanguine Gown, by Night and Day, Observant of the Souls that pass the downward way: From hence are heard the Groans of Ghosts, the pains Of sounding Lashes, and of dragging Chains. T h e Trojan stood astonish'd at their Cries; And ask'd his Guide, from whence those Yells arise? And what the Crimes and what the Tortures were, And loud Laments that rent the liquid Air? She thus reply'd: T h e chast and holy Race, Are all forbidden this polluted Place. 760 But Hecate, when she gave to rule the Woods, \ T h e n led me trembling thro' these dire Abodes: > And taught the Tortures of th' avenging Gods. ) These are the Realms of unrelenting Fate: And awful Rhadamanthus rules the State. He hears and judges each committed Crime; Enquires into the Manner, Place, and Time. T h e conscious Wretch must all his Acts reveal: Loath to confess, unable to conceal: From the first Moment of his vital Breath, 770 T o his last H o u r of unrepenting Death. Straight, o're the guilty Ghost, the Fury shakes \ T h e sounding Whip, and brandishes her Snakes: > And the pale Sinner, with her Sisters, takes. ) T h e n , of it self, unfolds th' Eternal Door: With dreadful Sounds the brazen Hinges roar. You see, before the Gate, what stalking Ghost Commands the Guard, what Centries keep the Post: More formidable Hydra stands within; Whose Jaws with Iron Teeth severely grin. 780 T h e gaping Gulph, low to the Centre lies; 746 vain] Fi errata, F2; van Fi 768 confess] F2; confefs F i .

749

Ward:] — F 1 - 2 .

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555

And twice as deep as Earth is distant from the Skies. T h e Rivals of the Gods, the Titan Race, Here sing'd with Lightning, rowl within th' unfathom'd space. Here lye th' Alcean Twins, (I saw them both) Enormous Bodies, of Gigantick Growth; Who dar'd in Fight the Thund'rer to defy; Affect his Heav'n, and force him from the Sky. Salmoneus, suff'ring cruel Pains, I found, For emulating Jove; the ratling Sound 79o Of Mimick Thunder, and the glitt'ring Blaze Of pointed Lightnings, and their forky Rays. Through Elis, and the Grecian Towns he flew: T h ' audacious Wretch four fiery Coursers drew: He wav'd a Torch aloft, and, madly vain, Sought Godlike Worship from a Servile Train. Ambitious Fool, with horny Hoofs to pass O're hollow Arches, of resounding Brass; T o rival Thunder, in its rapid Course: And imitate inimitable Force. 8oo But he, the King of Heav'n, obscure on high, Bar'd his red Arm, and launching from the Sky His writhen Bolt, not shaking empty Smoak, Down to the deep Abyss the flaming Felon strook. There Tityus was to see; who took his Birth From Heav'n, his Nursing from the foodful Earth. Here his Gygantic Limbs, with large Embrace, Infold nine Acres of Infernal Space. A rav'nous Vulture in his open'd side, Her crooked Beak and cruel Tallons try'd: 8io Still for the growing Liver dig'd his Breast; T h e growing Liver still supply'd the Feast. Still are his Entrails fruitful to their Pains: T h ' immortal Hunger lasts, th' immortal Food remains. Ixion and Perithous I cou'd name; And more Thessalian Chiefs of mighty Fame. High o're their Heads a mould'ring Rock is plac'd, T h a t promises a fall; and shakes at ev'ry Blast. 784

Alocan]

Alcean

F1-2.

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556

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T h e y lye below, on Golden Beds display'd, A n d genial Feasts, with Regal Pomp, are made. 820 T h e Q u e e n of Furies by their sides is set; A n d snatches from their Mouths th' untasted Meat: W h i c h , if they touch, her hissing Snakes she rears: Tossing her T o r c h , and thund'ring in their Ears. T h e n they, who Brothers better C l a i m disown, Expel their Parents, and usurp the T h r o n e ; Defraud their Clients, and to Lucre sold, Sit brooding on unprofitable Gold: W h o dare not give, and ev'n refuse to lend T o their poor Kindred, or a wanting Friend: 830 Vast is the T h r o n g of these; nor less the T r a i n Of lustful Youths, for foul Adultry slain. Hosts of Deserters, who their H o n o u r sold, A n d basely broke their Faith for Bribes of Gold: A l l these within the Dungeon's depth remain: Despairing Pardon, and expecting Pain. Ask not what Pains; nor farther seek to know T h e i r Process, or the Forms of Law below. Some rowl a weighty Stone; some laid along, A n d bound with burning Wires, on Spokes of Wheels are hung. 8« Unhappy Theseus, doom'd for ever there, Is fix'd by Fate on his Eternal Chair: A n d wretched Phlegias warns the W o r l d with Cries; ) (Cou'd W a r n i n g make the W o r l d more just or wise,) > Learn Righteousness, and dread th' avenging Deities. / T o Tyrants others have their Country sold, Imposing Foreign Lords, for Foreign Gold: Some have old Laws repeal'd, new Statutes made; N o t as the People pleas'd, but as they paid. W i t h Incest some their Daughters Bed prophan'd, 850 A l l dar'd the worst of Ills, and what they dar'd, attain'd. H a d I a hundred Mouths, a hundred Tongues, A n d Throats of Brass, inspir'd with Iron Lungs, I could not half those horrid Crimes repeat: N o r half the Punishments those Crimes have met. 821

Meat:]

FI-2.

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557

But let us haste our Voyage to pursue; T h e Walls of Pluto's Palace are in view. T h e Gate, and Iron Arch above it, stands: O n Anvils labour'd by the Cyclops Hands. Before our farther way the Fates allow, 86o Here must we fix on high the Golden Bough. She said, and thro' the gloomy Shades they past, A n d chose the middle Path: Arriv'd at last, T h e Prince, with living Water, sprinkl'd o're His Limbs, and Body; then approach'd the Door, Possess'd the Porch, and on the Front above H e fix'd the fatal Bough, requir'd by Pluto's Love. These Holy Rites perform'd, they took their Way, W h e r e long extended Plains of Pleasure lay. T h e verdant Fields with those of Heav'n may vye; 87o W i t h iEther vested, and a Purple Sky: T h e blissful Seats of Happy Souls below: Stars of their own, and their own Suns they know. T h e i r Airy Limbs in Sports they exercise, And, on the Green, contend the Wrestler's Prize. Some, in Heroick Verse, divinely sing; Others in artful Measures lead the ring. T h e Thracian Bard, surrounded by the rest, T h e r e stands conspicuous in his flowing Vest. His flying Fingers, and harmonious Quill, 88o Strike sev'n distinguish'd Notes, and sev'n at once they fill. Here found they Teucer's old Heroick Race; Born better times and happier Years to grace. Assaracus and Ilus here enjoy Perpetual Fame, with him who founded Troy. T h e Chief beheld their Chariots from afar; T h e i r shining Arms, and Coursers train'd to W a r : T h e i r Lances fix'd in Earth, their Steeds around, Free from their Harness, graze the flow'ry Ground. T h e love of Horses which they had, alive, 890 A n d care of Chariots, after Death survive. Some chearful Souls, were feasting on the Plain; 864

Door,]

Fi—2.

870

iEther] JEther

Fi-s.

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Some did the Song, and some the Choir maintain, Beneath a Laurel Shade, where mighty Po Mounts up to Woods above, and hides his Head below. Here Patriots live, who, for their Countries good, I n fighting Fields, were prodigal of Blood: Priests of unblemish'd Lives here make Abode; And Poets worthy their inspiring God: And searching Wits, of more Mechanick parts, 900 W h o grac'd their Age with new invented Arts: T h o s e who, to worth, their Bounty did extend; And those who knew that Bounty to commend. T h e Heads of these with holy Fillets bound; And all their T e m p l e s were with Garlands crown'd. T o these the Sibyl thus her Speech address'd: J And first, to him surrounded by the rest; > T o w ' r i n g his Height, and ample was his Breast; ) Say happy Souls, Divine Musceus say, W h e r e lives Anchises, and where lies our Way 910 T o find the Heroe, for whose only sake W e sought the dark Abodes, and cross'd the bitter Lake? T o this the Sacred Poet thus reply'd; I n no fix'd place the Happy Souls reside. I n Groves we live; and lye on mossy Beds By Crystal Streams, that m u r m u r through the Meads: But pass yon easie Hill, and thence descend, T h e Path conducts you to your Journeys end. T h i s said, he led them up the Mountains brow, \ And shews them all the shining Fields below; > 920 T h e y wind the Hill, and thro' the blissful Meadows go. ) B u t old Anchises, in a flow'ry Vale, Review'd his muster'd Race; and took the T a l e : T h o s e Happy Spirits, which ordain'd by Fate, For future Beings, and new Bodies wait: W i t h studious T h o u g h t observ'd th' illustrious T h r o n g ; I n Nature's Order as they pass'd along: 892 922 926

maintain,] F1-2. Tale:] F1-2. along:] F1-2.

900 924

Arts:] wait:]

F1-2. F1-2.

The Sixth Book of the

/Eneis

T h e i r Names, their Fates, their Conduct, and their Care, In peaceful Senates, and successful War. He, when /Eneas on the Plain appears, 930 Meets him with open Arms, and falling Tears. Welcome, he said, the Gods undoubted Race, \ O long expected to my dear Embrace; > Once more 'tis giv'n me to behold your Face! ) T h e Love, and Pious Duty which you pay, Have pass'd the Perils of so hard a way. 'Tis true, computing times, I now believ'd T h e happy Day approach'd; nor are my Hopes deceiv'd. What length of Lands, what Oceans have you pass'd, What Storms sustain'd, and on what Shores been cast? 940 How have I fear'd your Fate! But fear'd it most, When Love assail'd you, on the Lybian Coast. T o this, the Filial Duty thus replies; \ Your sacred Ghost, before my sleeping Eyes, > Appear'd; and often urg'd this painful Enterprise. / After long tossing on the Tyrrhene Sea, My Navy rides at Anchor in the Bay. But reach your Hand, oh Parent Shade, nor shun T h e dear Embraces of your longing Son! He said; and falling Tears his Face bedew: »so T h e n thrice, around his Neck, his Arms he threw; And thrice the flitting Shadow slip'd away; Like Winds, or empty Dreams that fly the Day. Now in a secret Vale, the Trojan sees A sep'rate Grove, thro' which a gentle Breeze Plays with a passing Breath, and whispers thro' the Trees. And just before the Confines of the Wood, T h e gliding Lethe leads her silent Flood. About the Boughs an Airy Nation flew, Thick as the humming Bees, that hunt the Golden Dew; seo In Summer's heat, on tops of Lillies feed, And creep within their Bells, to suck the balmy Seed. T h e winged Army roams the Fields around; T h e Rivers and the Rocks remurmur to the sound. /Eneas wond'ring stood: Then ask'd the Cause,

559

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6O

Which to the Stream the Crowding People draws. T h e n thus the Sire. T h e Souls that throng the Flood Are those, to Whom, by Fate, are other Bodies ow'd: In Lethe's Lake they long Oblivion tast; Of future Life secure, forgetful of the Past. 970 Long has my Soul desir'd this time, and place, T o set before your sight your glorious Race: T h a t this presaging Joy may fire your Mind, T o seek the Shores by Destiny design'd. O Father, can it be, that Souls sublime, Return to visit our Terrestrial Clime? And that the Gen'rous Mind, releas'd by Death, Can Covet lazy Limbs, and Mortal Breath? Anchises then, in order, thus begun T o clear those Wonders to his Godlike Son. 980 Know first, that Heav'n, and Earth's compacted Frame, And flowing Waters, and the starry Flame, And both the Radiant Lights, one Common Soul Inspires, and feeds, and animates the whole. This Active Mind infus'd through all the Space, Unites and mingles with the mighty Mass. Hence Men and Beasts the Breath of Life obtain; And Birds of Air, and Monsters of the Main. T h ' Etherial Vigour is in all the same, And every Soul is fill'd with equal Flame: 990 As much as Earthy Limbs, and gross allay \ Of Mortal Members, subject to decay, >

IOOO

Blunt not the Beams of Heav'n and edge of Day. ) From this course Mixture of Terrestial parts, Desire, and Fear, by turns possess their Hearts: And Grief, and Joy: Nor can the groveling Mind, ) In the dark Dungeon of the Limbs confin'd, > Assert the Native Skies; or own its heav'nly Kind. ) Nor Death it self can wholly wash their Stains; But long contracted Filth, ev'n in the Soul remains. T h e Reliques of inveterate Vice they wear; And Spots of Sin obscene, in ev'ry Face appear. 971

Race:]

F1-2.

561

The Sixth Book of the ALneis For this are various Penances enjoyn'd; And some are hung to bleach, upon the Wind; Some plung'd in Waters, others purg'd in Fires, T i l l all the Dregs are drain'd: and all the Rust expires: All have their Manes, and those Manes bear: \ T h e few, so cleans'd to these Abodes repair: > And breath, in ample Fields, the soft Elysian Air. ) T h e n are they happy, when by length of time 1010 T h e Scurf is worn away, of each committed Crime. No Speck is left, of their habitual Stains; But the pure jEther of the Soul remains. But, when a Thousand rowling Years are past, (So long their Punishments and Penance last;) Whole Droves of Minds are, by the driving God, Compell'd to drink the deep Lethtean Flood: In large forgetful draughts to steep the Cares Of their past Labours, and their Irksom Years: T h a t , unrememb'ring of its former Pain, 1020 T h e Soul may suffer mortal Flesh again. T h u s having said; the Father Spirit, leads T h e Priestess and his Son through Swarms of Shades: And takes a rising Ground, from thence to see T h e long Procession of his Progeny. Survey (pursu'd the Sire) this airy Throng; As, offer'd to thy view, they pass along. These are th' Italian Names, which Fate will join With ours, and graff upon the Trojan Line. Observe the Youth who first appears in sight; 1030 And holds the nearest Station to the Light: Already seems to snuff the vital Air; And leans just forward, on a shining Spear, Silvius is he: thy last begotten Race; But first in order sent, to fill thy place, An Alban Name; but mix'd with Dardan Blood; Born in the Covert of a shady Wood: Him fair Lavinia, thy surviving Wife, Shall breed in Groves, to lead a solitary Life. 1018

Years:]

F1-2.

1022

Shades:]

F1-2.

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In Alba he shall fix his Royal Seat: 1040 And, born a King, a Race of Kings beget. Then Procas, Honour of the Trojan Name, Capys, and Numitor, of endless Fame. A second Silvius after these appears; Silvius /Eneas, for thy Name he bears: For Arms and Justice equally renown'd; Who, late restor'd, in Alba shall be crown'd. How great they look, how vig'rously they wield T h e i r weighty Lances, and sustain the Shield! But they, who crown'd with Oaken Wreaths appear, 1050 Shall Gabian Walls, and strong Fidena rear: Nomentum, Bola, with Pometia, found; And raise Colatian Tow'rs on Rocky Ground. All these shall then be Towns of mighty Fame; T h o ' now they lye obscure; and Lands without a Name. See Romulus the great, born to restore T h e Crown that once his injur'd Grandsire wore. This Prince, a Priestess of your Blood shall bear; And like his Sire in Arms he shall appear. T w o rising Crests his Royal Head adorn; 1060 Born from a God, himself to Godhead born. His Sire already signs him for the Skies, And marks his Seat amidst the Deities. Auspicious Chief! thy Race in times to come Shall spread the Conquests of Imperial Rome: Rome whose ascending Tow'rs shall Heav'n invade; Involving Earth and Ocean in her Shade: High as the Mother of the Gods in place; And proud, like her, of an Immortal Race. T h e n when in Pomp she makes the Phrygian round; 1070 With Golden Turrets on her Temples crown'd: A hundred Gods her sweeping Train supply; Her Offspring all, and all command the Sky. Now fix your Sight, and stand intent, to see 1044 1064

bears:] Rome:]

F1-2. F1-2.

1057 1066

your] F2; our F i . Shade:] — F 1 - 2 .

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Works of Virgil in

English

Your Roman Race, and Julian Progeny. T h e mighty Ccesar waits his vital Hour; Impatient for the World, and grasps his promis'd Pow'r. But next behold the Youth of Form Divine, Casar himself, exalted in his Line; Augustus, promis'd oft, and long foretold, \ 1080 Sent to the Realm that Saturn rul'd of old; > Born to restore a better Age of Gold. ) Affrick, and India, shall his Pow'r obey, \ He shall extend his propagated Sway, > Beyond the Solar Year; without the starry Way: ) Where Atlas turns the rowling Heav'ns around; And his broad Shoulders with their Lights are crown'd. At his fore-seen Approach, already quake T h e Caspian Kingdoms, and Mceotian Lake. Their Seers behold the Tempest from afar; 1090 And threatning Oracles denounce the War. Nile hears him knocking at his sev'nfold Gates; And seeks his hidden Spring, and fears his Nephews Fates. Nor Hercules more Lands or Labours knew, Not tho' the brazen-footed Hind he slew; Freed Erymanthus from the foaming Boar, And dip'd his Arrows in Lernaan Gore: Nor Bacchus, turning from his Indian War, By Tygers drawn triumphant in his Car, From Nisa s top descending on the Plains; 1100 With curling Vines around his purple Reins. And doubt we yet thro' Dangers to pursue T h e Paths of Honour, and a Crown in view? But what's the Man, who from afar appears, His Head with Olive crown'd, his Hand a Censer bears? His hoary Beard, and holy Vestments bring His lost Idea back: I know the Roman King. He shall to peaceful Rome new Laws ordain: Call'd from his mean abode, a Scepter to sustain. Him, Tullus next in Dignity succeeds; 1084 1096

Way:] — F 1 - 2 . Gore:] F1-2.

1092 1099

Nephews] Nephew's F 1 - 2 . Nisa's] Nisus F 1 - 2 .

The Sixth Book of the

/Eneis

565

1110 An active Prince, and prone to Martial Deeds. He shall his Troops for fighting Fields prepare, Disus'd to Toils, and Triumphs of the War. By dint of Sword his Crown he shall increase; And scour his Armour from the Rust of Peace: Whom Ancus follows, with a fawning Air; But vain within, and proudly popular. Next view the Tarquin Kings: T h ' avenging Sword Of Brutus, justly drawn, and Rome restor'd. He first renews the Rods, and Axe severe; 1120 And gives the Consuls Royal Robes to wear. His Sons, who seek the Tyrant to sustain, And long for Arbitrary Lords again, With Ignominy scourg'd, in open sight, He dooms to Death deserv'd; asserting Publick Right. Unhappy Man, to break the Pious Laws Of Nature, pleading in his Children's Cause! Howe're the doubtful Fact is understood, J 'Tis Love of Honour, and his Country's good: > T h e Consul, not the Father, sheds the Blood. ) 1130 Behold Torquatus the same Track pursue; And next, the two devoted Decij view, T h e Drusian Line, Camillus loaded home With Standards well redeem'd, and foreign Foes o'recome. T h e Pair you see in equal Armour shine; Now, Friends below, in close Embraces join: But when they leave the shady Realms of Night, And, cloath'd in Bodies, breath your upper Light, With mortal Hate each other shall pursue: What Wars, what Wounds, what Slaughter shall ensue! 1140 From Alpine Heights the Father first descends; \ His Daughter's Husband in the Plain attends: ? His Daughter's Husband arms his Eastern Friends. / Embrace again, my Sons, be Foes no more: Nor stain your Country with her Childrens Gore. 1111 H e shall his T r o o p s for fighting Fields] F2; For fighting Fields his T r o o p s he shall F i . 1 1 1 4 Peace:] F1-2. 1131 two] F i errata, F2; three F i . 1 1 3 1 view,] F1-2. "35-H37 N o w . . . Light,] ,) F 1 - 2 .

566

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Works of Virgil in

English

And thou, the first, lay down thy lawless claim; T h o u , of my Blood, who bear'st the Julian Name. Another comes, who shall in T r i u m p h ride; And to the Capitol his Chariot guide; From conquer'd Corinth, rich with Grecian Spoils. n5o And yet another, fam'd for Warlike Toils, On Argos shall impose the Roman Laws: And, on the Greeks, revenge the Trojan Cause: Shall drag in Chains their Achillean Race; \ Shall vindicate his Ancestors Disgrace: > And Pallas, for her violated Place. / Great Cato there, for Gravity renown'd, And conqu'ring Cossus goes with Lawrels crown'd. Who can omit the Gracchi, who declare T h e Scipios Worth, those Thunderbolts of War, 1160 T h e double Bane of Carthage? Who can see, Without esteem for virtuous Poverty, Severe Fabritius, or can cease t' admire T h e Ploughman Consul in his Course Attire? T i r ' d as I am, my Praise the Fabij claim; And thou great Heroe, greatest of thy Name; Ordain'd in War to save the sinking State, And, by Delays, to put a stop to Fate! \ Let others better mold the running Mass Of Mettals, and inform the breathing Brass; > 1170 And soften into Flesh a Marble Face: / Plead better at the Bar; describe the Skies, And when the Stars descend, and when they rise. But, Rome, 'tis thine alone, with awful sway, \ T o rule Mankind; and make the World obey; > Disposing Peace, and War, thy own Majestick Way. ) T o tame the Proud, the fetter'd Slave to free; These are Imperial Arts, and worthy thee. He paus'd: And while with wond'ring Eyes they view'd T h e passing Spirits, thus his Speech renew'd. ii8o See great Marcellus! how, untir'd in Toils, He moves with Manly grace, how rich with Regal Spoilsl 1159

Scipios] Scipio's

F1-2.

1163 Attire?]

F1-2.

The Sixth Book of the

JEneis

567

He, when his Country, (threaten'd with Alarms,) Requires his Courage, and his Conqu'ring Arms, Shall more than once the Punic Bands affright: Shall kill the Gaulish King in single Fight: Then, to the Capitol in Triumph move, And the third Spoils shall grace Feretrian Jove. ALneas, here, beheld of Form Divine A Godlike Youth, in glitt'ring Armour shine: 1190 With great Marcellus keeping equal pace; But gloomy were his Eyes, dejected was his Face: He saw, and, wond'ring, ask'd his airy Guide, What, and of whence was he, who press'd the Hero's side? His Son, or one of his Illustrious Name, How like the former, and almost the same? Observe the Crowds that compass him around; All gaze, and all admire, and raise a shouting sound: But hov'ring Mists around his Brows are spread, And Night, with sable Shades, involves his Head. 1200 Seek not to know (the Ghost reply'd with Tears) T h e Sorrows of thy Sons, in future Years. This Youth (the blissful Vision of a day) Shall just be shown on Earth, and snatch'd away. T h e Gods too high had rais'd the Roman State; Were but their Gifts as permanent as great. What groans of Men shall fill the Martian Field! How fierce a Blaze his flaming Pile shall yield! What Fun'ral Pomp shall floating Tiber see, When, rising from his Bed, he views the sad Solemnity! 1210 No Youth shall equal hopes of Glory give: No Youth afford so great a Cause to grieve: T h e Trojan Honour, and the Roman Boast; Admir'd when living, and Ador'd when lost! Mirror of ancient Faith in early Youth! Undaunted Worth, Inviolable T r u t h ! No Foe unpunish'd in the fighting Field, Shall dare thee Foot to Foot, with Sword and Shield: 1195 same?] 1217 Shield:]

F1-2. F1-2.

1211 grieve:]

F1-2.

568

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

Much less, in Arms oppose thy matchless Force, When thy sharp Spurs shall urge thy foaming Horse. 1220 Ah, cou'dst thou break through Fates severe Decree, A new Marcellus shall arise in thee! Full Canisters of fragrant Lillies bring, Mix'd with the Purple Roses of the Spring: Let me with Fun'ral Flow'rs his Body strow; \ This Gift which Parents to their Children owe, > This unavailing Gift, at least I may bestow! ) Thus having said, He led the Heroe round T h e confines of the blest Elysian Ground: Which, when Anchises to his Son had shown, 1230 And fir'd his Mind to mount the promis'd Throne, He tells the future Wars, ordain'd by Fate; T h e Strength and Customs of the Latian State: T h e Prince, and People: And fore-arms his Care With Rules, to push his Fortune, or to bear. Two Gates the silent House of Sleep adorn; Of polish'd Iv'ry this, that of transparent Horn: T r u e Visions through transparent Horn arise, Through polish'd Iv'ry pass deluding Lyes. Of various things discoursing as he pass'd, 1240 Anchises hither bends his Steps at last. Then, through the Gate of Iv'ry, he dismiss'd His valiant Offspring, and Divining Guest. Streight to the Ships /Eneas took his way; ) Embarqu'd his Men, and skim'd along the Sea: > Still Coasting, till he gain'd Cajeta s Bay. ) At length on Oozy ground his Gallies moor: T h e i r Heads are turn'd to Sea, their Sterns to Shoar. 1228 G r o u n d : ] F1-2. 1 2 3 7 - 1 2 3 8 omitted from Fi, but printed in the "Notes and Observations" at the end of the volume', printed by F2, which omits the entry in the "Notes and Observations."