Vincent of Beauvais' "De eruditione filiorum nobilium" : the education of women 0820401056, 9780820401058

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American University Studies

Rosemary Barton Tobin

Vincent of Beauvais’ ‘De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium’ The Education of Women

Peter Lang

MsML

“wlll

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from _ Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/vincentofbeauvai0000tobi ee

id

Vincent of Beauvais’ ‘De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium’: The Education of Women

American University Studies

Series XIV Education Vol. 5

aa New York

PETER LANG - Berne - Frankfurt am Main

Rosemary Barton Tobin

Vincent of Beauvais’ ‘De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium’ The Education of Women

ame New York

PETER LANG - Berne - Frankfurt am Main

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tobin, Rosemary Barton, 1941— Vincent of Beauvais’ «De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium». (American University Studies. Series XIV, Education; vol. 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Women — Education, Medieval. 2. Vincent, of

Beauvais, d. 1264. De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium. 3. Education, Medieval — Philosophy — History. 4. Nobility — Education, Medieval. 5. Moral Education — History. I. Title. LC1707.T6 1984 376’.9°02 84-47531 ISBN 0-8204-0105-6 ISSN 0740-4565

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Tobin, Rosemary Barton:

Vincent of Beauvais’ “De Eruditione Filiorum

Nobilium”: The Education of Women / Rosemary Barton Tobin. — New York: Berne; Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1984. (American University Studies: Ser. 14, Education; Vol. 5) ISBN 0-8204-0105-6

NE: American University Studies / 14

© Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 1984 All nights reserved. _ Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, offset strictly prohibited. Printed by Lang Druck, Inc., Liebefeld/Berne (Switzerland)

For namque

meas

esse

tu

Jack solebas

aliquid

putare

nugas

206883

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study of the most important mediaeval treatment of the education of women began some fourteen years ago as a Ph.D. disMy interest in Vincent of Beauvais has continued besertation. yond the appearance of parts of my original statement in JOURNAL OF

THE

HISTORY

OF

IDEAS,

FOLIA,

CLASSICAL

OF

HISTORY

EDUCATION

the editors of which I thank and HISTORY OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, for permission to incorporate those parts in the present text. Recent scholarship on Vincent as educator has shown how still vital he is, even if the bolder attempts to find in him the It spirit of a proto-humanist are to me ultimately unconvincing. is my hope that the complete publication of my views will restore the balance in the direction of a much more conservative stance on Vincent's part. A number of gifted scholars and teachers have helped me to shape my thoughts. I especially thank Edward J. Power, a wise and patient director; Pierre Lambert, generous advisor; my first Latin teachers, the late Sister Wilfrid du Sacre Coeur Parsons, S.N.D., and Louise Adams Holland; the late Edwin J. Quain S.J. who introduced me to the complexities of mediaeval Latin. I am grateful to Mason Hammond who showed me the glories of classical literature; the late Rolfe Humphries who made clear the poetry of it all; Thomas Corcoran who demonstrated the scholarship needed to preserve the glory; and one very special mentor, Marion Steuerwald. My family has been particularly helpful; my mother, Mary M. Barton, has shown me the irreplaceable value of education "in gremio matris", my father, John E. Barton, who with love and support impressed upon me at an early age both the need to work and the central importance of the classical tradition, my lovely daughter, Susannah Barton Tobin, who already has her own views on the education of independent women, and especially, my husband, J.J.M. Tobin, who has offered the best kind of example, has encouraged me at each turn even when he has disagreed with some of my conclusions, and has enriched my every day. I wish to thank my students at Emmanuel College for their

interest, they

are

questions, a

later,

and

richer

desire chapter

to

know

really

how

the

story

began.

of

Special

which tribute

goes to Denise Lobb who typed _the manuscript with skill andcare. Any errors that may exist are, of course, my own responsibility.

Emmanuel

College

Rosemary

Barton

Belmont,

Massachusetts

6 May

1984

Tobin

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Chapter

I.

Nisibis

Chapter

II.

Aspects of the Zeitgeist Relative to Women and to ipehlestoalerm VoakcGo coGdo OO AUC DOUODL

Chapter

Chapter

III.

he

uelaksy heishie

SSA ese

ogn Oooon.

il

OO Dre

ia

Structure and Expectations Of De Eruditione .....ceeseccccseeeces

41

Chapters 42 and 43: The Basic Dichotomy of the Education of WORD Tee oie a etree ene ons s slcieisloucles Tensile shone ete) ones

a

The

IV.

Chapter

V.

The Supportive Chapter 44--51: Materials Chter isyeeMOrad as veyeye Velstenelolsrcl 103

Chapter

VI.

The Place of Vincent on the Spectrum Between Antiquity ANG eREVALSS ANC Gill clare of- aoe) o)err stele ==) Norm asl 141

TAMIR?

5 GE San

DOCS OP OO

re CIDP Deere SS ibacae Cn

Vier:

iCRONO hC

CnO CRNA ONG STI

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j

7

-

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-

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7

7

7

SS

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ve

a =

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ee

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-_

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e

rrp

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parse

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id

ae

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3

j

i.

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pic’ quaf

>

6

se

GY

P

»

historical

and

educational

ther

fur-

for

available

is

caution

due

with

and

error,

the

'pleading'

will

with

is

demonstrate

something

to

offer

regarding

the

logic

of

putting

sentences

three

and

two

together. Joseph Vincent,

cent

M.

McCarthy

Humanistic

of Beauvais,

to

the

Dora

concludes

en

France

tions

Bourgeat are

au

the

man

is

the by

is

XIIIe

of

of

wise

hard

dressed

to

to

women

by my

by in

Age,

appreciation

increased

of Vin-

a classicist

with

this

view

the

Ethigue

on

Of

Vincent

the

greatest

and

will

de la

but

be

earlier

spends

any

Royauté

hardly

men-

scholars, J.

contributions,

one

topics

of

Pauline

Vincent

Vincent's

the

the

come

du Moyen

section

use

in his

upon

use

made

literature

of

at

women

tory

Thought

of

but

time

both

on

the

very

in-

education.

special

Male

Ages

Middle

the

study

of

of

Aiken

is

Chaucer

and

mediaeval

Vincent

celebrated

as

L'Art

B.

L.

Ull-

florilegia. a

structural

Religieux

de

France.

area

the

is

L'Idéal

neither

their

with

by Emile

a

the

and

influence

en

disagreement

princesses.

made

addition

Siecle In

own

the

in

principle

tique

area

full-scale

Educational

Vincent

monograph,

of

and

concerned

There

in

women

recent

in the

that

Age has

Echard

most

reader.

out-of-date

of

trigued

own

her

training

quite

In

in

Moyen

and

subject

My

attentive

Bell

the

Emphases

"proto-humanist". clear

in

of

use

Galatea

Hentsch

book

Middle

S'Adressant the

of

variety

the

Ages,

valuable

on

literature

De la Littérature

critical

work

of

aux

women his-

the

the

furnished

didactic

Spécialement of

books

of

Library on

with

specifically

Collection

Public

Boston

the

dealing

otherad-

Didac-

My

Femmes.

approaches

Carolly

has

been

Erickson

and

Casey,

graphy,"

Mediaeval

as

and

Life

French

in Medieval

works

au Moyen en

his

cle,

The

book,

"Latin

just

The

Crooked

Rib,

Study

and

as

a

W.=

the

very

which

is

than

tutor,

in

for

the

maids,

towards

celibacy

lay

and

worthwhile

to

people

vocation

is

the

wives by

by

thus of

the

to

be

other

L' Education

des

Femmes

L'Education

and

in

Middle and

or

is

Utley

brilliant

arti-

it

Rite."

to

determine

pedagogy in

mind

widows, Ages,

Further,

the the

or

problems only

who

have

Regarding

the

audi-

be

noted

implicitly,

he

has

recall

that

a cleric.

The

understandable

this

of

the

of

the

that

matter

Eaug hi

education

thrust from

accept-

those

should

parents

the

moral,

physical.

with

truly

that

primarily

not

Femmes

L.

designed

borne

des

F.

Puberty

widows.

royal

author.

to

Ong's

concerned

Vincent,

the

two

Vincent's

certainly

explicitly

taught,

offered

in

J.

Vincent

wives

women

nature:

by

primarily

strictures

te yupeecvars

the

is

are

indebted

are

should

and

in maids,

for

these

triple

discussed

education

categories

follow

it

intellectual,

concupiscence

of

outset

there

Renaissance

unenlightened

or

de

particularly

enlightened

moral

given

is

how

responsibility

the

author

Histoire

which

rather

is

Jourdain's

Ages

of the Middle

Legacy

addition

investigations

education

ence

A.

Rousselot's

Language

From

able

In

The

was.

that

France.

interest,

Age and

France.

for.

of

of

the

in

of Women"

Position

"The

works,

respective

their

in

especially

Evans

Joan

and

Power

Eileen

helpful

so

quite

been

have

Ages

Middle

the

in

women

on

writing

scholars

two

No

340-359.

(1975),

37

Studies

Biblio-

A Working

Ages:

Middle

the

in

"Women

Kathleen

this very

is

it for

eelits being

education beginning,

The

tione

most

striking

Filiorum

ucation

in

Nobilium

part

and

in

non-institutionalized understandable

heightened latter

equally

structure thetic

given

religious

is

of

of

the

the

the

a modern

decided

and

nature the

to

of

the

priestly

once

we

education.

period

becomes

of

his

De Erudi-

quality

of

the

the

The author

immediate

and

audience.

The

of

the

we

add

ethical

to

the

training

is

the

picture

of

or

former

own

nature

ed-

non-academic

our

If the

of

instruction.

clarify

following,

moral

nature

of

reader

remarkably

this

sensibility

so

in

are whole

mediaeval

stress

struction

aspects

and

aesin-

clearer.

Rashdall thought that mediaeval university education was too dogmatic yet too disputatious, and that if these couples cancelled each other, imagination (moral as well as taste, the sense of beauty were neglected. But aesthetic), this is to restrict education to the doings of schools and their like. The Middle Ages did not so restrict tee2

Given

the

moral

near

in

the

accept

vare,

total

focus

force

Tens

thor's

Latin

are

d'aage

of

d'ome,

better

private, of

the

of the position

a contemporary

Quatre

the

chapters

concluding

the

on

education

the

to

we

setting,

non-institutional the

thrust

Vincent

At

articulated

of

Beauvais,

a vernacular

to

understand

the

outset,

one

by

Philippe

de

must

No-

Ine hese Les

expression

of

our

view:

to girls as to boys.®

girls

of

instruction

Women have a great advantage in one thing; they can easily preserve their honour, if they wish to be held virtuous, But for a man many are needful, if he by one thing only. to be wish to be esteemed virtuous, for it behooves him And for a woman, courteous and generous, brave and wise. are if she be a worthy woman of her body, all her faults she er wheresoev head high a with go can she covered and as many will; and therefore it is no way needful to teach

things

its

and

general

prepared

moral

work.

in

au-

a

ances

pact In

mind the

~eiOtm

need

latter,

studies was

so

based

on

my

fame

essary

if

an

original

impediment

to

unlike

the

it

a

is

the close

is

smaller

in

est

size.

following

The

and

nature

of

a

the

made them,

terms

the

of

known

which

examination

text.

been

As

for

other

it

of

I have

of

has

where

act

he

way

instances

an

of

available

Zeitgeist

the

two

deserved sheer

not

De

made

reputation

the

supererominor

bulk

of

his

Eruditione

as

nec-

the

length

yet

there

are

those

chapters

belies

attempt

importance.

to

scholar has

Filiorum

times

history

a

works

three

work,

that

In

in

syntax.

the

educational

uppermost

particular

of

or

alter

analysis.

Specula far

one

of

the

and

version

to

past

importance

the

immediate

chiefly

its

analysis

latter,

for

translation

large

all

the

immodesty,

In

read

As

the

a

to

kept

context.

to

of

has

and

him

elegance not

I have

relate

those

adjustments,

Bible;

an

text

made

in

educator.

lium

been

which

in

both

except

Vincent and

has

a part.

own

and/or

gation,

on

work

translations,

in

only

acceptance

his

in

em-

text

enlightenment

of

a hint

barely

with

focus

Vincent

own

a

investigations

to

luminous

Vincent's

as

these

effort

of

work

the

in

have

we

part

mtbSsBent lineiay:

pursuing

the

large

precisely

lies

'e')

small

(with

in

attitudes

mediaeval

bodying

accepted tion are educa

interest

the

but

by Vincent,

their

of

scope

the

of

ness

narrow-

consequent

the

and

women

of

inferiority

implied

The

its show

of who

Nobi-

the think

relatively in

just

been

modsuch

FOOTNOTES

1

. Astrik

Beauvais

and of

L.

(Notre

; Gabriel, Dame:

an historical at

Los

3craig,

ee

ce

p.

Angeles,

CHAPTER

; Educational

Mediaeval

introduction

California

4cabriel,

The

TO

Institute

(Ph.D.

Ideas

of

Vincent

of

1956).

dissertation,

University

1949).

38;

Spas W. Adamson, "Education", Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 285.

Middle

I

of

6ileen Power, “The Position of Women", Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969),

the

Middle

Legacy of p. 404.

Ages

the

rt

nual?

if

7

pl

a:

CHAPTER

II

ASPECTS OF THE ZEITGEIST RELATIVE TO WOMEN AND TO EDUCATION

—

A

ss

:

:

°

Mais qui soulévera jamais de Vincent de Beauvais?! Vincent

de

Beauvais

malgré leur

grande

est

A

le voile

un

de

qui

ces

célébrité,

cache

hommes

Aen

les

dont

origines

l'histoire,

a été écrite avec

le plus de

negligence. Les souvenirs que l'on en a conservés sont obscurs et incertains pour la plupart. On ignore jusqu'a la date de sa naissance et de sa mort, et l'on est dans la méme ignorance sur son origine et sa véritable patrie.?

One of

wonders Beauvais

that

the

royal of

friend

and

confidant

of

be

virtually

lost

can

11907

gives

in

to

his

numbers

as

well

surrender

to

the

At

Beauvais

due

Caesar's”

rate

any

primarily,

in

Louis to

from

that

if

is not

data

and

us?

the

The

that

How

advisor

Filiorum

this

would himself

generally

known

as his

is

epithet, courage

say

in-

to

his

Vincent own

and

it

influence,

links

to

the

Nobiliun,

he

exclusively,

it

author

Perhaps

(some

is

to

Bellovacensis*

their

famous

Vincent

Dominican

flourished to

on

mystery.

Beauvais.

he

their

Romans,

he

IX

Eruditione

reference as

such

appellation

come

townspeople

and

birthplace.

the

have

Julius

famous)

De

himself

recalling great

shrouded

enchiridion,

thought

pride

is

biographical

life

thereby

with

the

his

mediaeval

ele

surveying

why

family

our

latouana’ is

when

of

self-

styling.

little

with can's

his

is

known

of

IX,

Saint

Louis,

else

Louis

a Dominican

became

Vincent

magnum

opus,

Seculum

life

and Maius,

sometime

save

the

what

royal

was

before

1220°

but

very

to

his

link

relates

The

family.

dedicated

to

Domini-

Louis

who

12

humanistic

he

which

research.

had

founded

Our

encyclopaedist

the

monks,

a

a

himself

So

close he

that Or

was

seems

was

have

have

written

come

once death

the

worthy

that

regard

the

family

of

was

1244-60

liorum and

Nobilium

in

the

in

the

education

actual

preface

his

to

to

to

her.

the

ideas

to

of

work.

the

believe,

familiaris.®

king

and

the

this

Vincent

family

to

had

custom

literary

or

of

genre)

the

family

he

the

royal

wrote

De

had

royal

Vincent

actual

who

it

be-

upon

of

is

could

manual),

request

That

tutor

us

event

people

He

the

have

any

royal

(handbook

response

the

transmitted

the

all

family.

ese ute

Isabelle,1242-71).

thought, the

from

enchiridion

work

in

to

educational

In

though

for

not

was

royal

domesticus,

the

in

an

Oise.

theology He

the

would

accepted

an

was

chosen

aid

to

(hackneyed

relationship

the

clear

enough

call

for

librarian??

children

dedicated

have

ply

and

the

of

was

a moral

is,

close

he

on

worker.

expert

so

the

on

lecturer

would

we

what

that

Paris

research

in

his

to

a

himself

consolatio

he

been

or

composed which

the

to

one

Whatever

from

pedagogical

consolation

the of

rather

of

been

a

and

far

family,

he

simply

he to

but

sort

called

have

preacher,

court

a

consultant,

to

seems

teacher

not

1228

in

Monastery

Royaumont

the

at

lector/

a

Vincent

made

king

The

of

patron

the

of

example

early an ng becomi

thereby

manuscripts,

of

copying

the

for

assistance

monetary

gave

and

offered

king

The

endeavor.

the

to

encouragement

financial

and

moral

both

lent

the

have

rationale

children

(Lou-

Eruditione

Queen

not

been,

tells

us

one

fa=

Marguerite as

children,he

tutor,

note-

some

makes

that

Simon,

he

sim-

a man

13

otherwise ucator

unknown

rather

Vincent

than

the

torian

us.

a

died

interpretation trust

to

of

classroom

in

his

an

obscure

statement

familiar

Vincent

of

with

of

is

sometimes

probably died

due

in

in

of

absence

the

correct! (d.

studiosus

him

if

126474

ed-

and

1436),

the

usual

if

we

can

and

an

his-

corpore

formosus,

This

response

is

of

who

scholars.

and

only

Speculum

with

a Bishop

a hierarchical

times

The

Speculum

but

it

was

is

not

is

He

Tours

rough

a

not

a

typical

the

only

of

aes

merely

well,

of

of

the

our of

emphasis

information to

the

back

texts,

the

must

We

author. the

to

Ge—

who

encyclopaedist

an

giving

knowledge

product

exemplum

perfect

held

itself.

about

information

is

are

unchanging

and

Enchiridion

the

as

we

thought In

contemporaries.

solid

the

of

what

of

crosswinds

information

for

borne,

be

Giants

im-

but

life

his to

scarcely

centuries.

positioning

relationship

the

all

Maius

makes

us

to

intellectual

further

interpreter

an

but

by

course

of

scholasticism.

of

of and

exact

for

texts

these

on

the

biographical

hope

and

Specula

great

by

theoretical

Saint-Jacques.?*

frustration

greatest

his

definite

surmise

excerpts,

deas

ac

by

of

of

eye

the

at

Vincent's

umph

of

available

a

is

It

were

education

count

Bishop

facts

of

called

been

the

is

in

Vallodolid

plus

confusion

known.

a man

is

from

a

paucity

perfectly

has

to

a

1270.

The

here

called

sum,

Beauvais

archives

Frater famosus, caer} sapiens ac religiosus.1

He

in

epitaph

Luis

in

teacher.

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5 Aristotle,

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household

13

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For these are all matters pertaining to the household and every household is part of a state; and the virtue of the part ought to be examined in relation to the virtue of the whole. This means that children, and women, too, must be educated with an eye to the whole constitution of the state --at least if it is true to say that it makes a difference to the goodness of a state that its children should be good and its women good. And it must make a difference; for women make up half the adult free population and from children come those who will become citizens and participate in the political life.24

In

addition

tant

to

note

women.

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20

all

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over

slaves (which may be expedient up to a point), lack of control over women and children, and allowing everyone to live as he pleases. These are kind of constitution; most people

the backbone of this prefer to live un-

disciplined

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show

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Aristotle

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wrote:

Controller of children, controller of women, and officers with duties similar to these are aristocratic not democratic; for who could prevent the women of the lower classes from going out when they want to? It is not oligarchic either, for the wives of oligarchic rulers are rich and pampered.2/

The

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tion."??

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showed

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clear

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husbands

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er

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philosophy--the

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of

amportant,

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confessor

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Louis

Dominicans--held

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22

so

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view

rigorous

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scenes

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which

love

connubial

Louis

to

The theologians of the thirteenth century (and the chief theologian--indeed the greatest in some sense are Dominicans) were generally opposed to marital relations except for the specific purposes of procreation, and sanctity was primarily defined as avoiding the urges of the flesh. Louis as king had to marry and produce children--he actually had a very large family--but that was all, and Marguerite suggests that this asceticism was not easy for him. The queen later told her confessor that the king, when tired with work, often used to come and sit with her and the children for a little recreation. Sometimes she noticed that while he was talking to her, he would not look at her, and she was afraid that she might have offended him. When she asked him if this was the case, he said no, but that a man should not look on that which he could not

possess.31 Vincent stilled

of

this

Beauvais

singular

a particularly

high

tations

flesh.

within

of

the

the

abbey

need

view

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for

satisfaction

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course, than the

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in

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to

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of

diet

symbolically

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of

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of

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fellow

of

the

Further,

striking

in

the

double

chastity

of mind

and

monks and

researches:

cincture, the outer belt woven cloth, a token of

body .32

de-

Dominicans

of

symbolism

significance

By that wollen inner tunic...which is worn right next to the skin without the softness of linen underneath, temperance is symbolized, the temperance that should be applied to the body directly like the inner garment so that the concupiscence of the flesh may be restrained. The same writer found the double of leather and the inner band of

temp-

monks

opportunity

interested

in-

placed

significant--and,

more the

having

order

beware

presence

restricted

with own

concupiscence.

Dominicans

can the

general

limiting

sire

dress

the

in

factors

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on

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Louis,

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were

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in

premium

and

not

of

23

Vincent

was

not

munal

living

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quent

extra-cloisteral

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as

lector

33

vacy,

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travelling from

of

:

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to

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observation visitations

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ted

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flesh

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his

he

com-

his

fre-

the

fact

a modicum

assume

cloister

of

of

was

of

any

pri-

the

brethren.

would

have

Even

benefit-

rules:

Normally the friars enjoyed the privacy of their cloister. But their apostolate obliged them to leave its peace and go into the world. There dangers of many kinds beset then, especially temptations against chastity. To protect them, monastic tradition and Dominican law forbade friars to travel alone. The friar must always provide a suitable companion. Furthermore, the lawmakers of the Order cautioned the friars to avoid unnecessary conversation and familiarity with women, to shun needless visits to their homes, to deal with them only when the ministry demanded. Superiors were exhorted to appoint only mature and prudent friars to hear confessions of women.

of

class nature

of

the or

and

roles

in

attitude

say,

which

women,

of

any

adjective

the

in

sential

the

the

way

we

Vincent

different

from

most

sense

adjective

frequently

of

just

not

still

is

applied

modify

fact

the all

ignorance

culpable

too

that

in

frequently

faces

'mulier'

'fatua',

is

Dominicans

the

of

to

the to

the

of

to

Sad

Dominicans.

other

used

Seriking

no

shows

view

his

modify

did

see

shall

special

a

to

exposure

important

gender,

the

Sadder

weakness.

Eruditione

as

sermons

anti-feminist foolish,

his

from

apart

Indeed,

in

stupid but very woman

esDe is

Peatuaon It

contact

is

clear

with

that

royal

Vincent,

women,

whatever

started

with

he

was

quite

to

learn

negative

from

judgment

24

Aristotle

from

tradition

stemming

tradition

particularized priest,

Beauvais,

of

cent

of

teacher

a

yet

tor--and

the

basis

and

the

sacerdotal

Artistotle,

student

of

women.

What

Vin-

Dominican

lec-

of

such

expect

to

we

are

celibate

Dominic.

Saint

by

intensified

and

classical

the

of

on

simply

general

in

women

concerning

a theoretician! First

we

life

which

seem

them

that

act

of

we

Vincent

woman's These

ture, and

look

and

in

to

because

he

and

areas

each

the

there

with

place of

Beauvais,

three

that

positive

essence

regard

Vincent

the

was

three

to

to

aspects

women

firmly

curiously

later

are

in

and

a

fair

restricted

offer

it

of is

and

to ex-

education

limited

insights

role.

are

politics,

domination

theology,

of

women

fact

in

is

and

court

clear,

litera-

recognized

accepted.

A most lifetime

cent

was

the

that

in

in his

was

was

regent

first

during

years

his

to

first

opposition

as

he

"King

in

the

majority

crusade.

she

product

heard

Vincent

Eleanor as

the

of

an

and

able

most

solidified

to

Aquitaine.

and

hid

so

VinThe

much

domineering

himself

Louis to

most

previous

coming.">>

of

continued

the

great-aunt,

always

his mother

the

of

Beauvais'

and

generation

Louis

Against

of

Castille,

minority

she

maintained

of

the

vigorous

the

first

his

of

personage,

state,

chamber,

Blanche

lives

(himself

twice, of

the

almost

able

wife's

of

remarkable

Joinville

mother)

political

regency

figure

grand-niece that

important

was

important

ous

must

of

understand

quite

context--for

into

was

should

(and

when,

Blanche

for

the

rule)

and

later

varied

and

danger-

the

role

of

the

so

25

monarchy scarely

in be

the

imagined

accomplishments

in

the At

the

be

court times

qualities

they

deed

were

"the

acter."7° during ness

of

the

first

of

was

century.

oblivious

especially

Blanche, and before

termagent

or

more

irascible

and

Garrou

woman

the

of

in

writing

Crusades in

Vincent

thirteenth

the

French

mores

the

insofar

It

to

the

as

he

can

energy was

and

right

her.

both

no

that

of

Blanche,

with

of

half

the

goes

further

Middle

virago,

on in

Ages the his

Eleanor,

but

dynamic

Middle 1899

her,

the

than was

seem

truth

to

seems

kings,

some

a masculine

Social

State

analysis

of

have

to

inchar-

of France

the

single-

Ages:

A trait peculiar to this epoch is the close resemblance between the manners of men and women. The rule that such and such feelings or acts are permitted to one sex and forbidden to the other was not fairly settled. Men had the right to dissolve in tears, and women that of talking without prudery...if we look at their intellectual level, the women appear distinctly superior. They are more serious, more subtle. With them we do not seem dealing with the rude state of civilization that their husbands belong to...As a rule, the women seem to have the habit of weighing their acts; of not yielding to momentary impressions. While the sense of Christianity is more developed in them than in their husbands, on the other hand they show more perfidy and art in crime... One might doubtless prove by a series of examples that the maternal influence when it predominated in the education

of a son gave him a marked superiority over his contemporaries (cf. Freud on that child who is the indisputable favorite of his mother is given that sense of confidence which itself conduces to success.) Richard Coeur-de-Lion, the crowned poet, artist, the king whose noble manners and refined mind in spite of his cruelty exercised so strong an impression on his age, was formed by that brilliant Eleanor of Guienne who, in her struggle with her husband, retained her sons as much as possible within her sphere of Our great influence in order to make party chiefs of them. St. Louis, as all know, was brought up exclusively by Blancheof Castille; and Joinville, the charming writer so worthy of St. Louis’ friendship, and apparently so superior to his surroundings, was also the pupilof awidowand regent.

26

the

success

of

particularly to

spired

the

that

in

terms

of

of

Frenchmen,

He

of

Sens

royal

Blanche

logic

that

never

he

mind

course,

cite

Flanders

in

1250

and

there

Although ment

of

and

Henry

had

indeed

Adams

after

happened.

recognized

must

Further,

have he

Jerome's

the

must

have

fact

full

the

face

the

him,

is

to

in

and

pervasive

rule

who

in

noticed

him

ee division

of

of

the

that

the

a monstrous

women,

as

midst

life

the of

regi-

Garreau

describe

at

how

female

accept

that

footnote

a

others

very

of

Countess

Jane,

integrity

the

these

to

Blanche,

Michelet,

all

which

historical

by

in

such

hegemony,

the

dictu.

mirabile

Michelet

led

adds

of

ruler

liabilities

forced

He

indeed

or

provides

he

Champagne,

of

Marche.

lived

Yet

of

Spaniard

regency:

maternal

had

a

foreigner,

sultan,

VIII

Louis

by

boot.

and

in

appointed

Michelet

female

which

: : tripartite

regent,

disapproving

If

Vincent

widows--a

39

such

con-

Countess

obviously of

Blanche

to

female

Church,

and

a woman

of

the

that

Beauvais,

have

of

out

and

would

even

Isabella a

points

recorded

widow

Marie,

was

women,

is

instances

the also

but

of

tance

And

overcame.

to

fact

widow

testimony

no

liabilities--woman,

very

all

monarchy.

bishops

the

make

argument

so

the

guarantee

to

suited

perfectly

were

circumstances

that

grounds

the

on

Blanche

of

success

the

away

explain

to

tried

torians,

his-

French

century

nineteenth

of

greatest

the

Michelet,

mothers.>°

own

their

to

belonged

which

sanctity

failing

un-

the

cite

to

careful

were

women

of

immorality

constitutional

near

the

about

bitterly

so

complained

who

friars

the

Even

such

much of

it

regents

more

what

a

dis-

the

more

all. were

BOa Gauls Sie

a woman:

maid,

27

wife,

widow,

If

when

he

politics

theology

only

came

told

the

woman's

superiority

as

century

is

water

high

"maryolatry'--and Gothic

Perhaps

explain

was

an

rose to

all

an

infinite

effect

of

this

worshipped worship of

the

The

Mary but

or

and

Blanche

that

himself

did

knows

so

passed

after

political

contributed

(and

of it

is

donated

most

on

the

world:

at

fitting

well

"How

Chartres

sex,

all

the

we

Mary,

all

like

that

the

of

passionately and

literature

how

and

great

raised

terms

shows;

tend

Blanche

simply in

the

her.

for

for

the

on

much

so

by Blanche),

Adams put it so

one

thirteenth

Ages,

built

was

Maius)

least

phenomenon,

Middle

known.

whole

on,

son

all

powerful

is

common

Castille, relative

the

death

dominance

world

realm.

an

Blanche

the

the

architectual

of the

when

only

the

the

Cathedral

of

weakened

represents

true

of

at

women,

the

they this

history

proclaim."?°

parallel

a young

form

of

The

religious

terms

As

the

the

widow.

related,

degree.

the

and

or

are

queen

maryolatry

equality

Superiority,

of

art

and

theology

was

elevated time

in

Eruditione.

mother,

Speculum

Chartres

Mary,

force

Vincent

and

unknown

at

the

mark

his

in

powerful

window

maid,

which

politics

the

De

woman's

great

(to

level

theoretical

to

the

cathedral

write

Vincent

stressed

the

to

and

and

and

zenith

of

that

Whatever

of

his

Virgin

the

in

mother

1264

Virgin the

in

regent

study

of

Blessed

Michaelangelo's and

by

so

the

son.

1270

had

maryolatry

of

the

both

certainly

Vincent

of

woman

perhaps

vigor

died,

of

to

intercessor-like

our

is

Aristotle

in

the

and

it

author

and

theological

mother

also

Louis but

passed,

that

Pieta,

It

when

with

socio-

his

life

28

as

of

piece

ing

of

experience

larger

maryolatry

told

of

Vincent

is

found

in

the

this

of

awareness

Beauvais'

of

strik-

A

opposite.

the

the

women,

of

capacities

quite

him

life

evidence

the

about

him

told

had

a Dominican

following:

More popular ideas of the Virgin Mary's power over her Son are exemplified by Caesarius' story of the simple-minded Cistercian lay-brother who was heard to pray, 'In truth, Lord, if Thou free me not from this temptation, I will complain of Thee to Thy Mother.' The comment was much edified by the lay-brother's simplicity, and by our Lord's humility in condescending to grant a prayer couched in such terms. We have here only the grosser side of the rapidly-growing materialism: the great encyclopaedist, Vincent of Beauvais, who compiled his work with the help of St. Louis" library, writes of a Pope as saying that ‘Mary, the Mother of Jesus,

..is

the

main

cause

One that

the

an

other area

negative

fabliaux, courtly

love

oddly

are

anecdotes,

Reeves)

cuity

cunning

and

most

cent

the

as

is

scended.

courtly

de

are

the

bourgeois Far

more

love.

The

Troyes

and

the

women

(sinful)

dominated

Because

presented

be

man,

the

said

of

it

in

by

more

the

the

women, than

literature

secular

feminine

humorous

and

scurrilous

tales

England

Chaucer's

“In allethese

displayed of

priests

foibles

of

ag familiar

and

at

women,

: with

middle-class,

likely

he

greatest

spiritual

was

poet

ruler

et forts

every

are

it

the

of

religion.

"Mil-

Even

of

is

likely

not

Vincent the

tradition

it was

of

centering

object

with

the

women! sy promis—

‘ 42 fabiaux,

and

the

of

opportunity.

the

familiar

of

exalting

by

of

religion

but

in

and

balances

perverted

Tales"

: particularly

was

itself

as

was

represented

weaknesses

much

culture

should

its

lex! st) on)

of

of

for

salvation.'41

pedagogical.

picture

and

of reconciliation

eternal

sphere

fabliaux

bawdy

though

hope

of

something

The on

only

Marie

ridicule

for

was

that

alVin-

the

genre

nobly

de-

traditions

was

de

Chrétien

Champagne

of

AS)

(both

Troyes

rity

of

ture

after

Svc

and

Champagne

Provengal

the

song

was

are

close

all

that

devastating

to

Beauvais)

was

crusade

left

against

of

and

the

southern

the

celebcul-

Albigensian

here-

eleog., Going

back

to

the

Champagne,

just

as

Vincent

portunity

of

female

death

born,

however

ennobling

in

of

its

the

a

there

military

interpretation

between

was

continous

vorable

finds

maryolatry

and

of

and

that

their

code

it

of

was

of

op-

husbands' The

love

most

was

fa-

that,

essentially

an

odd

to

a parallelism,

courtly

Marie

great

maneuvers.

resulting

Adams

was

result

by-products,

Henry

system.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

as

by

adulterous

of

dominance

absence

existing

or

days

say,

love:

While the Virgin was miraculously using the power of spiritual love to elevate and purify the people, Eleanor and her daughters were using the power of earthly love to disSide by side with the crude cipline and refine the courts. realities about them, they insisted on teaching and enforcing an ideal that contradicted the realities...Eleanor... Marie...and...Blanche...used every terror they could invent as well as every tenderness they could invoke, to tame the Their charge was of manners, and, to beasts around them. teach manners, they made a school, to which they gave the

name

of

‘courteous

is

not

simply

Blanche

was

viewed

This

ing

answered

live

long

Mary

and

noticed

taught

enough

the that

and

Capellanus).

a

to

of

see

rarified courtly

used

of a

lady love

a textbook

In examining

Thibault

cult

Dante

in

romance,

of

heroine

Tristan

approve

scarcely

could

as

literature,

of

a matter

the

by

love. '43

the

offered

secular

of

fuse

of

aspects

Divine women

(the De Arte

Vincent's

but

Vincent

Champagne.

of

Blessed

the

not

did

Virgin

he

nevertheless

teachers,

Honeste

he

and

love,

be-

Isolde

her

with

Comedy; as

life--and

of

men

as

the

Andreas ndi Amaof

De Eruditione,

it

is

im-

30

in

terms

of

titude the

of

the

may

order.

theological

now

be

asked

were

word.

Of

there

the

two

best

course known

women

in

the

Tiuftetime

was

not

royal)

daughters,

Eruditione

on

by as

the

directed

yet

reason

to

later More found

as

existing

specific

much

of

risqué.

a young

parallel helpful before

those

|ihey sands

of

Jerome,

devoted

written

are

St.

is

to

the

slightly

theviivre

the

but educa-

later

dupChevalaer

Menage nee en mard Samco 5))ee

the

author's

suffers

as

of

The

latter, and

"Already"

thes

use

a

lax

for

own

possible

as

all

its

dancing,

is

that

noble

which,

Vincent,

charm so

(although

analogue

morality,

examples

instruction,

to

though

borders

with

can

of-

its

bourgeois

it

De

vi-

and

hardly

so

serve

De Eruditione. those

during

recorded

women.

letters

were

the

are

of

specifically

quite

to

and

the

its

wife's

tors

already

of

limited

are

there

towards

singing

a

achieve-

Vincent.

gnettes of domestic

as

cultural

Ages

(37/2)

former

ten

current

were

Middle

Of

The

makes

from

then

instruction

treatises

deslayiourmleandrys

it

at-

the

from

acquired

he

he

Aristotle,

like

writers

at-

negative

The

positive

The

and

key

the

positive

particularly

most

and

culture,

the

than

and

roles.

classical

of

studies

regarding

of

and

negative

and

nature

their

statements

tion

text

taught,

women.

of

It

both

Dominican

political,

ments

inherited

mediaeval

older

the

Vincent

his

from

inherited

of

women,

toward

titudes

questions

gender.

review,

In

teacher,

these

notice

to

portant

scattered the

by Powicke

hints

lifetime

and

of

Emden

and

examples

which

Vincent:

such

in

revision

their

fac-

of

hil

Rashdall:

Early in the thirteenth century Florence provided many of the dictatores or stylists of Bologna, and a hundred years later its arithmetical schools through their textbooks influenced teaching north of the Alps. Lay teachers are found from 1275 and included a married woman, Clementia, doctrix puerorum (1304) who could teach the rudiments of Latin.44

Some

of

the

significance

teaching-learning

at

points

to

trying

Paris

fact,

a

significance

will

be

Florentine

lady

Latinist,

there

faculty.

Rashdall

medical

the

enter

is

maternal-offspring/

the

bolstering

which

relationship, the

before

Even

this

the

to

simply

restricted

not

of

noticed

Later.” women

were

himself

out: is curious

It

to

fought

questions

woman'

‘medical

the

see

out in a prosecution directed by the medical faculty at Paris against a woman who had cured the royal chancellor and many others for whom the physicians could do nothing. She alleges inter alia that 'mulier antea permitteret se mori quam secreta infirmitatis sue homini revelare. '46

of

Rashdall,

the

the

Spanish

get

that

Blanche

a Spanish only

plate

ones

of

Vincent, previous

days--and

First

he

quotes

Graux:

university--those

of

Lerida

in

with

when

which

I am

acquainted,

undergraduates. he

is

led

to

ane

the

And

women's

reflect

"The

foremost,

privileges

contem-

himself

conclusion

of

the

almost

expressly

Rashdall

for-

not

does

and

1300--are

which

following

one

first

was

France,

Castille.

to

he

but

Trot,

accurately

perhaps

of

the

Dame

contributions

Queen

married

surprised time.

contribution

Blanche,

of

after

though

which

education

Spanish

interesting

two

out

point

does

by

led

about

gaffe

notorious

the

Salerno,

of

doctors

women

mythical

into

fell

course,

of

is a

rather later

Bi2

Salamanca is not precisely the place where one would look for early precedents for the higher education of women. Yet it was from Salamanca that Isabella the Catholic is said to have summoned Dona Beatrice Galindo to teach her Latin long before the Protestant Elizabeth put herself The Renaissance man, indeed, he to school under Ascham. considered to have begun in Spain long before it began in England .48

of

an

in

the

incipient

best

ous

texts

as

and

not

in

urging

appreciation relate

to

ipsum:

"For

Middle

of

all

his

to

the

theme

of

interest

in

the

education

given

Dominic

and

his

successors'

are

of

the

Humbert's

views

On the Child

better

greatest

clearly

Just as it is praiseworthy (a notion charmingly taken

sermon,

Humbert

wisdom

most,

of

in

aversion stated

in

is

so

to

a

he

was te

and

he

man."79

quite

startling,

hostility

materials

it is also an act

gov-

had

nosce

in Christ to preach to boys up by Colet and Erasmus in his

Jesus),

Vin-

on

consequence

usefulness

girls

a

the

of

royal

where

which

Humbert's

death).

on

point

himself,

women.

work

his

best

influence

the

know

St.

general

profound

numer-

source,

to

knows is

a

The

unexpected fifth

which

and

learning

and

knowledge

whosoever

at

complete

of

an

the

interest

interest

from

finish

to

an

restrictive.

appears,

still

Ages,

than

Humbert,

him

increasing

was

dearth

the

comes

it

had,

unfinished

(left

strong

who

the

expansive

more

Dominican,

simply

ernment

will

one

there

despite

influence

fresh

of

exceptional

order,

able

being

in

women

summarized

be

evidence

cent

of

but

start

the

frankly,

nor

Renaissance,

the

not

Renaissance,

education

can

most

is

Vincent

Now

of cha-

rity to instruct girls in the faith when the opportunity occurs, either in their schools or at their homes or wherever else they be. Note that these girls, especially if they be the daughters of the rich, ought especially to devote themselves to study, for to this purpose their par-

for

to the

33

ents have intended them. Hence they ought to know the Psalter or Hours of Our Lady or the Office of the Dead or other prayers to God, and so be more fitted for religious life should they wish to join it later, or more fitted for the study of Sacred Scripture, like Paula and Eustochia and others who remained unwedded, and who because of their devotion to books became deeply versed in sacred letters. Of this knowledge you have an example in Blessed Agnes who went to school , in Blessed Cecelia, Catharine, Lucy, Agatha, who were all learned as their legends bear witness. Let them, therefore, not be solicitous about their clothes ...let them beware of levity in dance or song or game...let them fear men. Let them take some good spiritual man to be their father whose counsel and teaching shall rule them...let them be at home with their parents and grandparents, not wander astray from

their homes.20 Having women,

we

praised

should

desideratum

tion

are we

tion,

from

comes

not

he

in

the

said

Ages

in

to

and

be

of on

the

he

the

Vincent

Thomas

that

of

women's

of

a

education,

own

and

that

said

those

wickof

other

women to learn why we should be worse than men, since we I was sitting ashamed with bowalso were created by God. ed head and eyes blinded with tears, resting my chin on my hands in my elbow-chair, when a dazzling beam of light flashed before me which came not from the sun, for it was I glanced up and saw standing late in the evening. me three female figures, wearing crowns of gold and

one

from

(naturally

in attributing life

from

education

citation

Aquinas had

educa-

De Eruditione.

feminine

with

a

indica-

but

work

of

positive

better

his

is

man:

so unanimous my

of

Beauvais,

who

Aristotelian)

are

A

through

best

education

education

of

of

tradition

to

the

shortage

scope

concluded

I examined

thinks

Humbert.

the

to

in

curriculum

with

even

a helpmate

why men

women.

Yet

rebuttal an

interest

and

influenced of

can

woman

I reflected

goals

view

have

Pisan

was

edness

of

his

while

for

influence

to

a Dominican

generation

the

discussion

Middle

that

grateful

an

for

narrow.

point

from

de

say

girls,

be

the

this

Christine nough

for

must

is

Indeed,

now

remarkably

texts

whom

Humbert

before with

e-

only

in

34

Whereupon one of I crossed myself. radiant countenances. 'Fear not, dear daughter, for we the three addressed me: The aphorisms of philosophers will counsel and help thee. simply the mists of error but faith of articles not are

and

self-deception. '>!

FOOTNOTES

_ Marie Province "But who Vincent

of

ee

Auguste

Dominique

de France will ever

TO

Chapotin,

(Rouen: lift the

CHAPTER

Histoire

Imprimerie veil which

II

des

Dominicains

Cagniard, hides the

de la

1895), p. 356. origins of

Beauvais?"

Bourgeat,

Durnat

Etudes

Libraire,

Sur

Vincent

1856),p. 18.

de

Beauvais

"Vincent

(Paris:

of Beauvais

is one of those men whose biography has been treated with negligence in spite of great fame. The information which has been preserved is obscure and uncertain for the most part. We are ignorant as to the date of his birth and of his death and there is the same ignorance concerning his origin and his true home."

Pitas) oe abT.

4tbid. vacos

a5

Gacsan

Gallic

et

virtute

et

SBourgeat,

De

tal.»

7Bourgeat,

jar

ole

%neret,

405%

Di.

Warm,

11,.4.9)

auctoritate

et

-pluximum hominum

interseos,

numero

Belllo=

valere."

10the Epistola consolaria was sixteen chapters in length, elaborating upon the futility of worldly interests and stressing See Epistola consolathe joy of the dead who had found heaven. 1481. toria in Opuscula ed. cit. Basel, lls ourgeat,

we

eek

36

for

DES te Ullman,"A Project Beauvais,"

8

Speculum,

13 owever,

(1983)

de

Tholomaeus

Edition

a New

of

of

Vincent

piemeolze

younger

Vincent's

Luca,

contem—

(d. 1321), believed him to be alive during the pontificate porary We do know that he was alive in 1260 of Gregory X (1271-76). Consolatorius upon the death of Tractatus the wrote he when Louis, the heir, but I agree with most scholars who place his death in 1264.

l4uistoire Littéraire de la France, 18 (1895), p. 458. and

"A celebrated brother wise, and pious."

a

15yore well known representatives Abelard's Sic et Non and the Sentences

(New

of

of of

ety York:

Bolgar, The Classical Heritage Harper & Row, 1954), p. 235.

17one

avoids

anti-feminism

here in

any

discussion

Innocent's

De

and

devout

one,

humble

of

assiduous,

this approach are Peter the Lombard.

and

the

Contemptu

its

Beneficiaries

profound

impact

Mundi.

us, greater degree of stability too was evidenced in the university than that which we observe when first one cathedral school and then another comes into prominence, depending upon the reputation and personality of its head.

A

York:

ee below,

pp.

20navia Knowles, The Evolution Vintage Books, 1964), p. 256.

PRIN

of Medieval

Thought

(New

: Isidore of Seville (c. 570 - 636) wrote an encyclopaedia, Etymologiae or Origines which treated everything he considered worth knowing from the standpoint of etymology. 22xnowles,

Pie

232e—

Sle

She

the the

23 : : Heady dlipgcwo at Paris a committee was established to books of Aristotle but in 1255 the faculty of arts forbidden books. 24

;

,

:

TAL oinGiaar., Penguin Books, 1962),

arta 26 sce

trans., Aristotles pp. 53-4.

:

Politics

purge prescribed

(Baltimore:

ns eS

below

27 sinclair,

Chapter

p.

IV

and

V.

244.

wha Fe Bennett, The Breese 7 193)),.p..121.

Early

Dominicans

(Cambridge:

University

29 rbid. 30 bid. 3lyargaret Wade Labarge, GRCOe LOO Spe Derr e Ld

32yilliam (New

York:

Alba

Hinnebusch, House,

The

1966),

Saint

Louis

History p.

tutional stipulation: if Only the master-general could, house allowed it, have a room for have a separate room if the prior

(Boston:

of the

Little

Dominican

Brown

Order

134.

the accommodations of the A 'lector' might himself. thought it would help his

work.")

343innebusch,

Dimes his

3SuHenry Adams, Mont-Saint-Michel pe 195% 961), Mentor,—

and

Chartres

(New

York:

38

3©adams,

jig

A

oT Tha! 38 joan

BE MD re Soke

Evans,

Life

in Medieval

France

(New

York:

Phaidon,

226

3° implicit

40, aams,

ee Cre.

in

p.

letters

to

Laeta

and

Eustochium.

2467

Coulton,

From

Russell and Russell, 2907, cents Speculum Historilalle

St.

Francis

to Dante

eeprineloGes)), Vil. 957

(New

wooo,

York:

cates)

Vin—

42 See Margaret Schlauch, English Medieval Literature and Its Social Foundations (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, NOS56)FP wespectally Chapter 2h pps 270 cL.

43adams, p. 206. 44 astings Rashdall, The Universities Middle Ages (a new edition by Powicke and University Press, 1936)), vole Lip ps 4%.

Oaee also the regard to W.J. Ong,

Study

as

intriguing qualifications this has with S.J.'s celebrated essay, "Latin Language

a Renaissance

LEAL So(MASSON

jeje

* Op owicke

aT tae Aer bid.

Ew

of Europe in the Emden, Oxford:

Puberty

Rite,"

Studies

yiSie

andeimc em

p,Ol

dpe

eae 2a

in Philology,

i)

49 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1966), p. 31. It should be pointed out also that the friars' condemnation of frivolity never refers to learning as frivolous, although this is most likely a function of the class of the friars' audience and its considerable lack of literacy:

in of

oOTDia., p. 87. There were indeed schools Paris in 1272 there were a dozen schools for which were for boys and only one for girls.

for girls, but children, eleven These schools

offered tuition quite modest and often free to the children of the city or the town. The curriculum consisted primarily of the first levels of religious instruction, although sometimes the rudiments of Latin and even Greek were taught. In the twelfth century it was, however, chiefly in the monasteries (sic) that the girls of the middle and upper classes received their education. Most of these female students were taught the three R's, plus music. Some few of them learned enough Latin to understand the canon of the mass, to read the Bible, the Fathers of the deemed to be morally ediChurch and those poets and historians St. Louis, cognizant of the tragic effect his Crusades fying. by husbands and fathers, had on those family members left behind inquired of the widows of those who fell in the Crusades whether 'letters'--and made arrangeor not their daughters knew their ments that these girls and also those who were completely oror elsephaned receive an education at the abbey of Pontoise, Although at least one writer has, on the basis of the where. bibisuccess of the Dominican study plan with the twin readers, 'the first minister called St. Dominic licus and sententiarius, it is to the realm of private of public instruction in Europe', Beginning in the thirteenth instruction that Vincent belongs. century many noble and upper middle class parents decided against sending their daughters to monastery schools in favor of private

This instruction was given either by female tuition at home. clergymen who also assisted the family teachers or 'Latiners,' (and here we see that Vincent's position was too lofty chaplain for him to consider the actual tuition of royal children-~-he the overall theoretician remained properly, by social standards, Their curriculum included religious lessons, of their education). music, basic Latin--and significantly for the future, French, It medicine. of rudiments some surprisingly, and literature dictated might be pointed out that many of the male royal members their

ideas

to

clerks

who

put

them

into

Latin,

but

the

female

in members did their own writing--and that it was basically will vernacular the of box Pandora's the of opening This French. mother be discussed in a later chapter, especially as Marguerite, Many of these of Vincent's charges, had a role in the movement. higher whatever gained universities, the from out shut girls, It has convent. a of members as receive to education they were was equal to the been argued that the number of learned abbesses

40

Vincent of Beaunumber of abbots of intellectual distinction. vais had particular reason to admire these ladies for they not only were distinquished copyists of Manuscripts but "les coudes encyvents abritaient aussi des poetes, des historiennes, clopedistes,

des

des

moralistes,

savantes."

des

epistolieres,

Anyone who has tried to make a true precis or proper abridgement To will understand the intelligence required for such activity. there was serious if minority educaconclude this explanation, tion for girls in the twelfth and thirteenth century France, and it is to the latter that Vincent both public and private, primarily belongs. Concerning the copyists mentioned above, a radically important factor is that of the oral tradition within which they worked. We make the mistake of thinking that the scribe copied as we today--in the absence of a handy Xerox machine--might easily reproduce with little effort of eye and hand a short text. "This was certainly not the case, for the reason that we gain the majority of our information and ideas from printed matter, whereas the mediaeval obtained them orally. He was confronted not by the beautiful productions of a university press, but by a manuscript often crabbed in script and full of contrac-— tions, and his instinctive question when deciphering a text was not

whether

he

had

seen,

but

whether

he

had

heard

this

or

that

word before; he brought not a visual but an auditory memory to his task. Such as the result of his up-bringing; he had learnt to rely on the memory of spoken sounds, not upon the interpretation of written signs. And when he had deciphered a word, he pronounced it audibly." Chaytor (From Script to Print, p. 14)

then

illustrates

the

truth

of

this

judgment

in

a fascinating

footnote: “ihe process 2s thus deseribed by ta ‘copy2se of the eighth century on concluding his work: qui scribere nescit multum putat esse laborem-: Tres’ digit Scribunt, duo oculay vadent. Una lingua loguitur, totum corpus laborat, et omnis labor finem habet, et praemium eius non habet finem' . . . Three fingers hold the pen, the eyes see the words, the tongue pronounces them as they are written and the body is cramped with leaning over the desk. The scribe is obviously unable to avoid the necessity of pronouncing each word as he deciphers it."

Spb

Ac

Ibid., pp. 84-85. It is not so much my purpose to conclude with an obvious example of women's rights as it is to illustrate something of the tradition within which Vincent worked and to which he added. 1 would like to point out that Chris-

tine's

dates

are

1364-1430,

that

is,

she

was

born

a

century

af-

ter’ Vincent. This fact should underscore the paucity of documents relating to mediaeval educational theory and still further, given a gap in time, how much less likely it was that Christine would have been influenced directly by the writing of Vincent to any appreciable degree.

CHAPTER

III

THE STRUCTURE AND EXPECTATIONS OF DE ERUDITIONE

In

this

tione,

chapter as

garding chain than the

well

both

of

investigating as

the

Latin

be

appears:

classical

of

texts

glosses

from

both

derived

as

Vincent

classical on

fifth,

the

both

to

do

as

part

of

make

well

as

is

second,

scriptural; com-

fourth,

texts

exe

imply

Vincent,

his

a

audi-

texts

with

are

weapon

fully

a

much

to

their

three-pronged as

re-

rather

often

used;

exempla,

made

same;

and scriptural

the

Eruditione

Latin

compendia,

either

these

up

has

following

the

and scriptural

sixth,

authorities,

the

uses

himself

classical

and

De

from

De Erudi-

of

sermon

as

a treatise. the

on

views

same

the

his

was

in

lar

rather

have

such

ignorance

both;

are

allegorically,

At

Lyar

read

of

Vincent

Vincent

are

preaching.

their

first,

be

Dominican

have

be

to

and

is

to

texts

arguments

it

taught,

those

students

drawn

read

and

his

with

or

which

expects

pendia

aspects

presuppositions

he

classical

ence,

formal

and

third,

measure

text

argument

French

empla

the

the

Quatre

much

the

honour,

been

that

same

by his

they very

demanding

one

wish

to

be

the

arguing

held

they

royal

this

with female

in

Latin

by

his

the

stated,

vernacu"Women

preserve

one Latin

students.

his

Novare

de

easily

can

virtuous

Vincent

in

Philippe

part

In

thing;

language of

expressing

d'ome,

position.

in

more

was

education,

d'Aage

Tens

advantage if

Vincent

women's

of

essence

les

a great

Yet

time

thing

on-

seemed

to

Philippe,

42

on

according

to

Ages,

Middle

the

During

French.

in

wrote

hand,

other

the

Ong:

vernacular literature tended to be regarded as literature for women, who were mostly denied formal schooling, that is, denied the Latin which would have opened the philosophy Hence, the importance in verand science books to them. nacular history of romances and devotional books and sermons for mixed audiences.

uses

or

was

suggest

that

the

hear

to

Latin

of

encyclopaedic

own

his

considerable

and

read

importance

Within

the

treatise

texts,

and

Latin

our

In

so

classical

established

that

the

ipso

facto

Sacred

they

distinctive

by

of

of

making

both

is

that

theory

of

literature

antiquity

could

value

stemmed

from thus

be

the set

judgments.

use

is

side

his

Isidore

using

Israel,

by

to

encyclo-

Isidore

Christian

us

belonging

was

by

from

In

this

for

It

chronology.

to

With

mediaeval,

Seville.

students and

there

of

Latin

classical

important

Isidore

of

used

some

unique.

quality

within

legitimized

books

are

a matter

is

have

read

to

indeed It

the

have

to

were

to

not it

de-

given

texts

is

in

should

is

Vincent

schemata

genres

secular

necessity

by

begun

were

Latin

working

systematic

Vincent

Vincent

a Christian

poetic

and

doing

was

tradition

interesting

these

whatever he

that

interested

girls.

the

were

read

philosophy,

and

permission

writers

that

author,

paedist

the

so

French.

the

who

works,

the

understand to

science

avoided

scriptural. of

of

works

the

read

to

boys

the

if

Yet

sermons.

and

material

votional

particularly

was

he

and

treatise,

were

tutor

the

as

well

as

children

the

he

examples

The

audience.

a mixed

for

writing

Vincent

an

held so

that

viewpoint. side

without

presentation

43

of

a doctrine

sophy,

science

doctrine of

the

tance it

of

of

and

which

can

paedists,

Vincent

tinuation

of

other

There

are

Vincent's

These

personal

stem

from

and

patchwork

vant

to

his

use

by

cut-and-paste

a

misleading sest

of

of

ideas,

the

always

easy

use

of

his

responsibility.

these

his

inserts.

it

shall

we

of

all

Cation

and

so

is

citations

of

girls

Florilegia,

to

a

below,

lesser

are

in

drawn

last

appre-

to

this

for

and

his

is

the of

Jerome,

is

selection Beauvais

the

and

and

are

ideas

are

modifications as

an

whose

he

original

“over

that,

or

a palimp-

which

certainly

on

quotation

is

of

of

the

most

judgment

of

rele-

unacknowledged

arrangement are

florilegia,

especially

layer

Vincent

education.

of

practice

each

degree

from

of

use

is

features

of

to

Steiner

which

con-

precisely

matters

accomplishments

entirely

about

determining

Nevertheless

order

that

as

encylo-

this

see

a practitioner

also

original

The

impor-

the

difficult

widespread

This

result

Vincent's

is

the

which

determine.

clear

show

of

himself

The

are

in

particular

responsibility

layers

Whatever

thinker, as

to

on

quotation.

borrowing.

not

totally

difficulties

method

an

aspects.

vital

Jerome,

the

insofar

of

to

is

more

by Vincent,

adoption

glossae

acquired

it

as

Easy

philo-

didascalium

greatest

and

last

the

position

his

thereby

in

integrates

overestimated--especially

tradtion

several

Israel

systematized

writing

of

equally

of

"poetics"

the

Beauvais.

of

the

are

ciate

be

viewpoint

prerogative

into

His

hardly

and

Isidore's

antiquity

Church.

the

to

primacy

poetry,

pagan

Western

led

the

incorrect, one

ideas

sixth

the

edu-

based."? all

too

little

is

n at present, know

44

of

mediaeval

writers

such

secondary

sources.

he

many

drew

Salisbury

rectly

prose

more his

so

often

and

sometimes

derivative

citation

fect

be

would

other of

half

to

but

Vincent's

norance

from is

argument

use

audience.

florilegial

of

or It

Ehey

that

tutor,

he

be

will

sthe

chief

three

was

royals

his

pupils

efthe

examples

on

that

recalled

of

were

which

counting

of

di-

him

whose

illustrate,

figures

John

result

produced

consider

which

quotes

quotes

he

are

did

a

of

use

from

Vincent

The

they

shall

we

(as

.*

sometimes

half-truths

the

ignorant

was

florilegium) that

made

Gallicum

quotations

florilegium!

Below

ag threetoldsone:s

Was)

a

that

vitiate

mistaken

his

of

poetry

forget

known.

Vincent

either

than

we

Florilegium

the

of

reflection

Vincent

that

known

is

Carolingian

from

Jerome

St.

It

cer-

of

humanism

a mistaken

be

to

out

texts.

classical

of

consequent

sometimes

called

work

century

knowledge

turns

tain

twelfth

direct

and

classicism

alleged

The

writers's

the

about

doubts

Further,

strong

cast

they

them.

of

use

making

writer

the

viewpoint

the

of

determination

a clear

to

obstacle

further

are

show

the

that

ig-

audience

andmchem

rover:

parents. As

for

the

writer

deas

but

These

from

they

glosses

omy

of

and

later

copied or

glossae,

more

the

they

the

are were

Middle

ideas

so a

the

Bible

frequently

for

he

presenting.

is

still

acceptation

necessary

Ages.

commentators

onto

by

allow

With

function

few

available,

(Vulgate,

marginally.

rather

of

further They

than

distancing

of

may

i-

by

be

creativity.

of

the

manuscript

texts

of

the

Church

such

texts

course)

Thus

by

as

did

either

a kind

of

his

econ-

Fathers

exist

were

interlineally incremental

45

repetition

the

linguistic, in

a

ideas,

of

Jerome,

conceptual

collections, Strabus

himself.

ninth

added

It

also

should

be

separatingtradition

is

not

always

Vincent's paedic ic

instinct

as

would

of

use

and

in

it

Walifridus Alcuin

that

the

of

and

Vincent

his

material

and

line

exacerbated

quotation

previous

these

by

encyclo-

on

any

ginning

by

course

his

views

good

is

natural

teachers

of

making

incumbent

upon

as

illustrative

as

be

argument.

clear

particularly

to

of

produces

top-

enough,

as

a Domin-

him

the

fourteenth

child

wife

of

the

Menagier

by

the

in

At from

drawn

demonic

their

of

them.

of

Great

"sunt

Biblical

used

them

nonnulli,

date

natural

unnatural

meetings

widespread

later

that

they

with

the

faithful,

by

the

Dominicans

use and

and

historical

the

quos

ad

and in

but

there

amorem

especially

patriae

Paris ec-

specuthe

be-

lit-

were

Jerome

morality.

latter

cen-

de

involved

history

and

use

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and

urges

caelestis

46

plus

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cation

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exempla

must

bert

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eruditus

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de

XII

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soul

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or

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Optstua,

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martyr

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sources

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et

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omni

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5

succendunt."

praedicamenta

occurs

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man

he

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dicit

of

in as

well

says:

47

quod et Augustus Caesar 'filiam ut etiam lanificio assuefaceret nisi palam et quod in diuturnos

commentarios Of

the the

and

Vincent's

if

historian the

a

next

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chapter,

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ac

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historical

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iS

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three

isfies

et nepotes ita instituit, ac loqui vel agere quicquam vel diurnos referretur

at

this

startling

ignorant?

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hand

choice

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he

by Vincent

but

seems,

John

of

after

of

48

preservation

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ciple were

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compendium.

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his

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reverenter."

limited

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apposite

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was

indeed

instead

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goes

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more

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way

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Christian

restrictive,

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helpful

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censorship--and

of

form

a

are

guarantee

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a point

fine

too

put

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Suetonius

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followed

ally

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on

count

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ignorance?

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of

ignorance

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teacher

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a

feetoricoraphers

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their for

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and

Every citizen's son, the child of a chaste mother, was from the beginning reared, not in the chamber of a purchased nurse, but in that mother's bosom and embrace, and it was her special glory to study her home and devote herself to her chilren. It was usual to select an elderly kinswoman of approved and esteemed character to have the entire charge of all children of the household. In her presence

pre-

ends of

Beau-

more

49

it was the last offense to utter an unseemly word or to do a disgraceful act. With scrupulous piety and modesty she regulated not only the boy's studies and occupations, but even his recreations and games. Thus it was, as tradition says, that the mothers of the Gracchi, of Caesar, of Augustus, Cornelia, Aurelia, Atia, directed their children's education

and reared This

is

quite

Tacitus among

was the

the greatest

perfect

an

auctor

Greeks,

Thucydides

for

and

Vincent

had

among

the

alas,

"mediaeval

but

they

of sons.1l2

did

not

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but

known

fully

equal

to

Romans

read

historians

Thucydides

could

. _

Tacitus.

it:

not

According

read

to

Bolgar: Many classical books, however, were available only in large libraries or in jealously guarded private collections, while such authors as Catullus, Lucretius, and Tacitus whose survival through the middle ages had depended on rare isolated manuscripts still remained, as might be expected, hidden from view.14

The

second

"unde

refert

filie

pater

sc.

Themistoclem

'virum

inguit,

'malo,'

the

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lesson

ceptably

probable,

suspect.

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of him

exempla an

in his

especially

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refuge

at

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parum

pecunia

the

is

Maximus

work,

attractive

apart

hearth

from

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;

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infamy

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a

text

is

multiplicity

Memorabilia

his

made

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author,

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instance

immediate

the

ille,

:

indigentem.'"

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edifying,

ornato,'

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;

viro

pecuniam

for

sed

collocaret. :

in

unice

'quidam

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eam

et Dictorum

source

fame

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source

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in

quod,

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to

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utrum

sufficiently

true

it

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argument

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libro

;

is

but

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consulit,

locupleti

‘aut

47

example,

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vitiate

Maximus

Valerius

moribus

peculiar

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in

occurs

luminate

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known,

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if

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having

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iL

2

50

nor

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to

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ae

olent

courses.

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of

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to

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ried

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sister, cent

dle

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of

women

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Here

at

of

rather the

Chapter

48

Book

may

audience,

classical:

brave

widow

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X of

we

so

involved.

than

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which

least

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works

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took

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wife

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Uxorem."

of

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children."

education

have

mother;

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seeing

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marriage,

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who

ignorance

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Holofernes, the

him

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censorship The

Young

helped

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many

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domestic

second

Chios;

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death

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of

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daughter,

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by

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is

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on

bordering

into

have

to

seems

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regarding

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of

in-

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follow

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himself

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he

balanced;

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regular

not

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youth

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of

essays

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wrote:

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marriage.

and

ladies

young

to

regard

with

judgments

moral

for

slew

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Life" the

who

twice

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has

work

an

named

unfor

bi

her

in

which

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lier

an

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cessive

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exemplifies

external

had

appeared

on

posture,

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in

the

(Chapter

drawing

of

kind

her

chapter

harlot-like

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manifestation

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quisition

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on

from

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of

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virtues.

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need

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female

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adornment,

inward

the

ILIV).

wiles

of

to

avoid

midst

of

clothes,

tenth

book

ex-

a diseyes,

and

says:

In Hance bos vel asinus cadit, cum quilibet iustus vel iniustus sive sapiens vel stultus eius specie capitur, sicut Holofernes statim captus est in oculis Iudith, ut legitur in Iudith x, 18

Given

the

confusion midst

to

of

the

these

the

be

no

difficulty

the

towards Judith

et

Holoferne

coram

in

tory

the

exempla

basilisk

of

pueris ad

Judith

that

is

Vincent

practitioner compare

of

the

Chapter

equal

and

but

have

only

of

work

from coram

super

terram Here

the

transmitter

natural

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his

eius,

beauty.

her

unnatural

bear

this

attitudes

haec

great

aS

nui

GOd

sapientiam

with

very

(for

the

in

a

evil,

verborum. ui9

force

instruct-

was

Gf

mulier

talis

to

would

included

verba

seems

there

positive

his

the

reference

who

eyes

the

sensu

exempla,

veil

XLV)

est

in

not

that

of

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which

well

so

was

mirabantur

et

given

of

this

omnia

autem

et

is

of

not

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non

pulchritudine,

use

given

eius;

alteram:

one

in

singular

so

"Placuerunt

19:

aspectu,

a great

was

who

audience.

determining

in

mind

anyone's

possibility

is

Testament,

Old

the

the

there

audience

his

girls

in

but

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of

alter

know

of

training

dicebant

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Beauvais

et

intelligence

avoided

that

is

reading

be

of

18,

XI,

non-Bible

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that

shame

the

there

to

in

and

good,

context,

including

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in

was

of

strongly

ed

a

mind

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suggests

Judith

who

negative

encouraged.

be

to

largely

XLVIII

examples

hisand

are

By

in ing

among

ure

of

Speculum exempla

less

probable of

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for

present

the

royal

essarily

selective

great

Vincent

has

in

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opening

is

far

so

quite

from use

val

as

qualified

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are

allegorical

of

as

world,

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of

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by

exempla,

interpretation,

still

more

the

the

works

of

Dante.

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into

words

his

vino

neque

ad

potest

the

Bible.

solution morum

the

honestatem

figuratum

in

Augustine to

esse

is

in

to

wrote

resulting

usually

especially

and

limitation

we

and,

Ovid

that

interpretation

poetry

both

of

interest

important

of

Both

XI)

aware

the censorship

world

died.

and

this

the

Vincent

nec=

reader

equally

shows

of

is

Judith

openness

is

need

reading

not

to

as

the

exempla.

raised

of

he

but

but

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the

at

Nonethe-

description

X,

his

[In

both

belonging

just

referri

use

to

the

audience's

his

ignorant.

all

Nothing

total.

Vincent's

as

see

of

Classics.

regard

choice.

IX

fig-

the

as

keeping

suggests

that

to

in

on

the

Judith

education,

Important

of

think

well

of

pleased

from

of

in

choosing

is

that

quotation

truth

sad

responsibility

history

Benedict

somewhat

censorship

(cf.

educational

the

himself

The

children.

Pope

relied

ignorance

selective

of

outlandish

say

we

Vincent

and

future

and

general,

appears

he

practice

his

ass-headed

clear,

and

the

case

one

implies

In

Historiale.

knowledge least

ursine-bodies,

the

so

Eruditione

in De

exempla

his

Oth

Sen

There

Classics.

and

Bible

the

from

parentheses,

the

cited

oddities

two

the

of

exception

the

with

ultimately,

drawn

a tradition it

was

problem neque

ad

cognoscas"

who

which so

"quidquid fidei

Dante

mediaewas

(whatsoever

put

sermone

veritatem in

born

moralized

clearly in

the

di-

proprie holy

2S}

writ

cannot

ity

or

Thus

with

we

Sacred he

be

properly

the

may

faith

presume

Scripture

most

must

that

in

assuredly

the

spectacles

As

for

allowing

been

his

evoked.

readily made

own

reputation

morphoses

so

same

tactics

ture

(as

to

Homer)

point is

the

it

indeed

of

read

whose

author

her

of

inventing

same

which

with

him.

The

the

need

Ovid's

to

conversion

words

most

espe-

St.

Dante

a well

earned

exceedingly

of

love,

with

the

theme

of

times

up

John

a bit the

the

that

Scrip-

applied

been

description

him

a

Meta-

to

applied

Stoics

best

have

messianic,

before

most

been

clean by

read

the

the

Christian

the

by

and

art

had

to

would

had

the

and

of

before

and

well

of

verse

7°

particular,

see

eclogue,

the

moral-

tradition.

Ovid

some

in

ladies

thinkers

on

Songs

principle

fourth

readers

to

long

utilized

Ovid

of

girls

writers,

Inferno,

handbooks

him

of

young

pagan

the

the

beauty

had

the

with

allergorical.)

intended

allergorical

interpretation

of

were

had

Christian

even

endeared

toward

attitude

to

the

the

Yet

Song

Ovid,

through

being

poems,

'l'.

small

guide

of

provocative

him

and

the

either

as

had

to

Virgil

concerned

recognized

the

them

Unlike

his

of

be

Vincent

have

favorite,

endeared

him

if

would

to

be

general

through

cially

said

of

the

(to

Apostle)

following: a mediaeval Latin scholar looked upon the Roman writers and especially upon the authors of school texts, the auctores, as teachers from whom he could acquire a standard of writing, who presented him with the rules of literary technique and But they were also close to awoke his creative imagination. The separafriends. as them with lived he and his heart, tion caused by the centuries that had passed was forgotten, and the barrier between the Christian and the pagan became Such an attitude was accentuated by the idea negligible. that there had been pagan prophets and by the invention of pure fables.

the

54

As late as the 16th century Erasmus, moved by the virtue of classical pagans, could say 'Sancte Socrates, ora pro nobis.' Already in the 1lth century the Christianization of Ovid was Manegold of Lauterback maintained that the learned begun: poet had outwardly professed faith in the heathen gods because he feared the emperors, but that in reality he had

hidden

Christian

truth

Vincent

When

occupying

their

ing As

study

time

and

energy

chastity,

it

a Pandora's has

is

box,

important

the

properly

lids

the

need

to

read

his

practice

he

cites

tic.

What

waxen

souls

date

forbade

supposed

was

a

to

come:to

boys

Virgil

is

tame

quotes

Ovid

And

even

the

classics--as

cent

if

doing

answer,

of

by

Whenever

the

force

of

From

the

most

serious

necessary

times

piety

early

and

possible,

the

texts

more

lids

have

has

and

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somtimes

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preserve

by

inviting

to

hardly read

this

Pandora's

text

not.

We

all

a, latex for

its that

Virgil.

rather

is

Vin-

The

allegory.

of

morality,

meaning. times

allegorized that

than

was

Songs?

modern

recall

patris-

himself

accepted

levels

into

have

of

in

too,

does

box,

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into

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interpreters

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Song

refractory

the

IV

recall

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these

probable--what

the

back.

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Aeneid

Scriptures

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open-—

put

as

Jesuits*?

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writers,

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of

statements

means

thinkers

when

to

than

proved

Hellenistic

a means

writers

read

one

as

frequently

of

broken

of

to

Ovid,

but

a girl

pious

the

even

easily

many

doing

Even

to

could

pagan

or

Vincent

has

many

girls)

letters'

allowing

course,

fire?

compared

‘ancient is

as

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he

most

properties--and

stuff

thirty

which

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better

realize

pedagogue

mind

the

Vincent

fully

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(never

combustible

to

only

Dominican

girls

to

said,“

cerning own

of

natura dei

letters'

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of

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The melior as voluntas

explained

is

urges

the

Steiner

in his works.

21

I,

in Metamorphoses filius dei.

the

when

Dante

in

5D

his

letter

read

on

to

Can

four

Grande

said

that

the

Divine

Comedy

should

be

levels:

Ad evidentiam itaque dicendorum sciendum est quod istius operis non est simplex sensus, potest polisemos, hoc est plurimum sensuum; nam primus sensus est qui habetur per littetam. Et primus dicitur litteralis, secundus vero allegorisus sive moralis sive anagogicus. Qui modus tractandi, ut melius pateat, potest considerari in his versibus: 'In exitu Israel de Egypto, domus Jacob ex populo barbaro, facta est Judea sanctificatio eius, Israel

potestas eius.' Nam si ad litteram solam inspiciamus, significatur nobis exitus filiorum Israel de Egypto tempore Moysis, si ad allegoriam, nobis significatur nostra redemptio facta per Christum; si ad moralem sensum significatur nobis conversio anime de luctu et miseria peccati ad statum gratie: si ad anagogicum, significatur exitus anime sancte ab huius corruptionis servituti ad eterne glorie libertatem. Et quamquam isti sensus mistici variis appellentur nominibus, generaliter omnes dici possunt allegorici, cum sint a litterali sive historiali diversi. Nam allegoria dicitur ab 'alleon' grece, quod in latinum dicitur '‘alienum,' sive

'diversun.'

Now

Dante

had

put was

were

reading

if

had

it

All reader

the

his

rather

expectations an

a priori

to

seek

out

the

his

fashion, what

the

was

in

readers

female

what

author

they

most

based

old

girls as

man

likely

the

sought

to

control

the

that

they

would,

in

order

wanted

of

attitudes

on

Vincent

writer--and

find

dirty

skilled

that

Origen.

interpretation

than

of

splendidly

a

by

written

been of

of

work

idea

the

Vincent's

saint.

a

but

a Christian,

simply

not

Ovid

best

likes

one

enough

wonderfully

and

Purgatory

but

Paradise,

in

Trajan

in

Statius

put

had

to

must

find, have

rather intended. 25

The book is independent of its author, as Abelard knew, the and may quite properly have meanings, under God, which Thus one very common way of beginauthor never intended. ning an interpretation is 'Istam fabulam intellego'--'I The resulting interpretation is based not so understand.' even though much on an empirical analysis of the book itself, , as ale ahs a certain kind of outlining analysis is important and final cause upon a priori assumptions about the nature

than

56

of verbal

Moses

meaning.

supposed

Of

I can

in a certain

all

to

the

interpretation,

no

as

Canticles.

From

understand

because

this

quoted

Biblical

did

the

the

text

very

beginning

or

wanting.

it

that

the

as

Mary.

of

mystic to

thought

of

Only

have

and

to

more

erotic.

the

of

Even

cake

song

the

and

be

Pharaoh's Luther

recent

only

the

has

in

the

of

the the

finds

than

a

thought

Bernard

Blessed

Thus

of

Virgin

book

was

full

interpreters even

epithalamium

say

text

the

later of

"how

collection

that

grateful

to

midst

symbolic

a

to

the

seems

Church

the

too.

one

on

Origen the

marriage

daughter."

being

member

light

it an

was

was

times

merely

eat

might

Solomon

not

the

as

the contra-

Origen

Church.

earliest

this

is

bride

of

scholars

Israel.*/

Ages

it

it

Talmudic

Middle

tion:

if

and

scholars

heightening

the

surfaces

on,

Hebrew

ancient

the

found

of

times

is

and

in

either

morally

Yahweh

care

been

scholastic

question if

The

a

exegesis

bride

The

"For

more

great

scriptural

the

non-allegorical

tia:

far

allegorical

of Solomon/Canticle

of

"the

thus

so

think

with

and

has

earliest

of

Christ

their

later

in

is

meaning."*°

Solomon

state

was

the

that

In

that

analogue

tended

"To

tried

an

or

are

regarding

of

the

appreciation.

groom

Clairvaux

a

From

interpretation

viewed

books

Song of Songs/Song

dictory

literal

Solomon,

demanded

translation/interpretation

Simple

or

way

by Vincent

literal

an

Ovid,

is the

be understood.26

works

heightening

way

to

been

eanly

have

the

his

this

(did)

it

of

to

Theodore

anathematized

secular

as

literal

ivatew of

get

love

the

people.

cau.

Mopsues-

him. "2°

symbolic ever

was

loyal

treated

Church

been

all

bride

One

interpretainto

songs..

the

poe

can-

BV

Regarding

Vincent

that

he,

Song

of Songs--and

St.

as

well

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works that

on

of

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a

"Meanwhile monastery

Hearing

from

he

paid

to

as

a

to

have

a

of

his

and

was

was

one.

must

sition

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issue

of

therefore

St.

As

they

say.

neque

ad

ferri

potest

figuratum

this

readiness

able

to

count

does

he

himself.

displays landish

in than

Augustine

honestatem

morum

to on

his

words

the

conclude

you

his How

neque

audience else

of

begin must

as

to

meaning having

explain

the

Admittedly

Romans,

"Et

ideo

family

Song

the

one

po-

The

presupposition;

So was

in

other

sermone

than divino re-

proprie

deeply

imbued

Vincent

that

same

casual

they

according

of

something

the

Vin-

consistency

veritatem

fidei

ad

excerpts,

De Eruditione

which

"Quidquid

it:

Cis-

royal

the

to

with

mean

mon-

Presumably

believer.

true

remember

appointed

logical

cognosces." 3

figurative

quotations.

Humbert

puts

esse

find

of

the

of

use.

capacity

of

many

estates.

of

interpretation

terms

you

thus:

expressed

be

may

position

own

preached

proper

in

volume

this

so

the

royal

Louis

treatises,

the

yet

one,

his

In

build

the

large

to

of

Cistercian

to

of

work,

and

a

the

written

important in

realize

tradition

had

begun

for

monastery.

special

is

to

invokes

the

who

one

this

lectured

he

the

had

near

of

in

lector

Vincent's

write

in mind

bear

made

transcribed

new

constantly

It

Louis

approval

a vexed

is

was

to

asked

Songs

copy

important

following

Canticles.

about

is

Cistercian

Royaumont,

the

in

are

1228

abbot

it

Romans,

the

of

of

of

they

in

himself,

Vincent

of

the

lector

a

that

Dominican,

tercian

cent

Humbert

Canticle

result

Beauvais,

Clairvaux,

Vincent,

astery:

as

of

are

dicitur

response confidence

even

more

Cant.

4:

with he

is

as he

outSicut

58

the

Song

of

in

inherent

humility

of

he

chapter

45th

the

in

Thus

allegory

the

on

himself

Bernard

quotes

u34

verborum.

prolixitate

superflua

a

debent

cavere

ista

labia

et

ita

capillorum

superfluitatem

restringit

vitta

igitur

Sicut

Ecclesiae.

labia

sunt

qui

bus,

praedicatori-

de

Glossa

exponit

Quod

tua.

labia

coccinea

vitta

Songs: in

unde

exponit

apud

deum?'35

ipsius,

persona,

"rex

inquit,

esset,'

'cum

Bernardus:

beatus

in

dicitur

II

canticorum

cantico

sicut

Nardus in accubitu suo, nardus mea dedit odorem suum. unde manifeste siquidem herba humilis est et pectus purgat. humilitatem designat cuius odor et decor invenit graciam

gant

interpretation

which

recur

throughout

Finally

in

De Eruditione cent

and

In member

Humbert

viewing that

the

of

find

Renaissance

call

that

the

souls,

order is

Eruditione the

the

is

so

patent

in

the

consideration

between made

Vincent

of

Beauvais

educational something

was

Filiorum of

references

to

the

text

a

Dominican the

preaching. It

is

Nobilium one

sort

as

an

the

presupposition

and

sermon

educator

Middle

texts. and

and

form

writer's

derives

its

another

so

our

is

the

of

one

Ages

in

It

that

souls

The

this

or

and

forgotten

early

of

form

treatise

of

times

in

salvation

in

extrava-

in

Vin=

stronger.

goal

at

features

sermon.

collectanea

the

be

was

the

of

should

for

of

De Eruditione.

link

Vincent

quest

minican takes

this

the

tion

in

is

part

a

much

which

razor

Occam's

be

to

was

what

of

violation

the

but

text,

innocuous

relatively

a

is

This

desire

that

not

to

to

re-

vehicle

for

judgment

re-

salva-

helpful

others

form

was

chief

which

must

the

Do-

preaching

that

simply

characteristic

De

from of

the

Sy)

times,

and if

but

is

suggest he

had

for

others

in

that

tle in

he De

was Vita

Dominicans good the

deal order,

Humbert

of

sermon.

was

he

role

of

link

with

court,

yes,

Regulari

of

and

ultimately

a manner

Humbert

we

within but

description

Vincent

of

go

further

Isocrates

did

not

read

his

own

order:

in

of

terms

the

Romans,

about

assume

his

of

his

who, works,

encyclo-

specific

duties fifth

Vincent's

went

may

may

Dominican

weakness

Vincent

The

how

of

one

wrote.

lector.

of

kind

or

the

thus

Besides,

a

modesty words

vocalize

yes,

a

Vincent

reasons

Consider paedist

fact

of

that

master

superior, educational

office

of

tells

ti-

the

us

task

a

within

hecontinueda fortiori

without.

begins: officium boni lectoris et utilia, expendentia opiniones

novas

est eis

refugere,

conformare se capacitati auditorun, faciliter et intelligibiliter legere, et

antiquas,

et

securiores

tenere;

ea quae non bene intelligit numquam dicere; a fastidiosa prolixitate, quae accidere solet ex nimia repetitione eiusdem, aut ex involutione verborum, vel ex aliis causis, cavere semper . 36

This

concern

stress

on

obedience

for

humble

both

the

obedience

doubtless

to

congenial

rather

gatherer

encyclopaedist

reader

and

the to

the

audience

accepted Vincent

than

in

inventor

with

the

interpretation, his

of

other

great and

role

as

con-

materials,

tinues: Porro monitiones emanantes a capitulis circa lectores debet diligenter retinere in memoria, et servare; licentius vero generalibus de loquendo, vel remanendo a choro, et similibus et ad libitum suum: sed non debet uti propria auctoritate, prout priori visum fuerit et causa rationalibus requisiverit.3/

This

restriction

mility Both

and

his

elements

on

lector

the

audience's profited

was

confidence

thus

within

designed

in the

to

preserve

certitude walls

of

of the

the

his

hu-

Faith.

convent.

60

it

spelled

Eruditione

De

Liber

his

in

ways

following

the

in

out

(os Preachers

Order

the

Of

preacher

chief

the

as

Humbert

ing.

read=

to thoseef the

equal

requirements

had

sermon

the

Outside,

Praedicatorum:

dignissima

est

philosophos

secundum

homo

Praeterea,

scilicet corpore de duabus vero eius naturis, creaturarum: Cum vero circa animam multa et anima, dignior est anima.

requirantur, quorum quaedam parum aut nihil faciunt ad illa quae pertinent ad salutem salutem, ut scientia: digniora. Porro praedicatio versatur circa hominem; unde Matth. ult, dicitur Apostolis: Praedicate Evangelium omni creaturae, id est homini, secundum autem circa corpus, sed circa animam.3

In

this

reason

definition for

any

aspect

the

objects

ous

France

a

shame

the of

the

focus

of

the

absence

of

references

physical

or

bodily

of

Vincent's

was

that

of

no

Humbert

Christ

addressed

Bible,

the

does

the

support

Sparta not

works

of

for or

specify

we

find

Vincent

of

Beauvais

was

Mind

13th

that as

and

century

Juvenalian

interpreted

Preaching,

Non

preacher

education.

training

gymnastic

in

Gregorium.

soul

the to

are

royal/relig-

Rome.

It

is

audience

to

which

description

of

the

the a

also

a woman

even

if

of

Samaria:

A fine, quia aliae scientiae sunt vel ad regimen temporalium, ut scientiae iuris; vel ad utilitatem corporum; ut scientiae medicinae; vel ad informationem animorum secundum aliquam imperfectionem ignorantiae, ut speculativae: haec autem est

ad vitam

aeternam

habendam.

quam

dabo

fiet

ego

ei,

in

Joann. eo

fons

4: aquae

Qui

biberit

salientis

ex

aqua

in vitam

aeternam,.

However, to

Humbert

women,

understand Iste

the

of

first

Romans of

correctly autem

which

the

cantus

does

est

is

provide

two

further

material

mediaeval adeo

coram

view Deo

of

early

the

acceptus,

references for

Song sicut

the

of etiam

in curiis magnates solent in cantibus joculatorum cantus sponsus dicit Ecclesiae, Cant. 2: Sonet vox tua in auribus meis: vox enim tua dulcis. Glossa: Praedicationem volo,

quia

talis

vox

dulcis.40

need

Songs:

to

61

The

second

siastical of

of

these

and

Vincent

is

politcal

of

one

which

for

references

Beauvais,

Sap.

its

must

combination

have

of

pleased

the

eccleheart

7L0s

Domine qui amas animas. Quasi super omnia vero encaenia mittuntur ei per praedicationem. Quis ergo posset dicere quam accepta sit talis oblatio et cum gaudio recipiat eam? Ideo dicitur in Ps. 59: Adducentur per opportunam praedicationem, afferuntur per importunam. Et sequitur: Afferentur in laetitia et exultatione: quia cum magno gaudio recipietur talis oblatio.41

Not

only

ogies

would

of

Vincent

Humbert

of

the

support

given,

his

manner,

thus:

have

been

Romans, as

but

I say,

heartened he

not

would

only

to

by

have his

the

feminine

been

anal-

pleased

audience,

by

but

to

Sunt alii qui ad persuadendum quod dicunt, utuntur quandoque solis exemplis, quandoque solis auctoritatibus: sed melius

est uti quolibet istorum ad aliquid presuadendum, ut quem non movet unum, moveat aliud, quia multi sunt qui plus moventur uno quam alio. Et cum ista idem, fit funiculus triplex, ligatus

qui difficile

It

is

the

De

Eruditione

of

example,

To of

practice

and

of

argument

of

the

a pisce

Vincent

Filiorum

reinforce

Vincent

bert

rumpitur

Nobilium

and

how

Beauvais the

to

follow

exactly

triple-functional

approach

Humbert

practice,

consider

of

Vincent

in

the

of

Romans

the

is

in

terms

judgment

of

Hum-

following:

Unde Augustinus de Doct. Christ. lib. 4: Si regina Ester pro suae gentis temporali salute locutura apud regem oravit, ut in os eius sermonem congruum Dominus daret: quanto magis orare debet ut tale munus accipiat qui pro aeterna hominum salute

Vincent

used

in

verbo

Esther

et

as

in

authority.

influential

Beauvais' practice

of

tria concurrunt circa cum hamo praedicationis, quocumque .42

doctrina

an

laborat?43

exemplum

in

Chap.

XLVII

Legitur eciam in Hester, quod ipsa cubile regium introducenda sed que volint, ab egeo ad muliebre cultum non quaesivit, Erat enim formosa valde et incredibili ornatum accepit.

62

pulchritudine omnium oculis graciosa et amabilis videbatur et . . . ut legitur in) Hester XLILZ: Tu scis, domine, necessitatem meam quod abhominer signum superbie et glorie mee quod est super caput meum in diebus ostentacionis nee et detester illud quasi pee menstruate et non portem in diebus silencii mei?4

Although

tio,

one

hesitates

it is nevertheless

of De Eruditione Minican

as

Isocrates

to

rely

upon

a point

well

worth

a sermon

when

we

and

the

the

idea

argument

ex

silen-

considering

in

terms

of Vincent

as

a Do-

read:

Item sonoritatem in voce. Multum enim perit de fructu sermonis, cum praedicator propter vocis debilitatem non potest clare audiri. Ido frequenter in Scriptura sacra vox praedicatoris, voci tubae comparatur, quia potenter debet resonare, et clare ad modum tubae. Os. 8: In gutture tuo sit tuba; quod dicitur praedicatori.45

However been,

he

relatively

does

beginning

follow

with

weak

the

a text:

sunt?

erudi

illos

tibi

sunt?

serva

corpus

tuam

ad

He

then

drawn

illas"

proceeds

from

the

metaphorical, viding

expansions

ther to

which

treatise

the

hind

latter.

dividualism,

and

the

sermon,

the

at

but

with

quotation, cites

by means

themes

the

the

until in

a

could

conclusion

not

Cyprian

wholly on

seems

touch

the

of

"Filii

of

faciem

strict

and

pro-

conclusion

or

formula.

belong

to

fitting

withdrawal

to

42.

examples

extinguishing need

Filie

Christ,

closing

themes

by

Chapter

argument

to

have

eorum.

of

Themistocles

the

7:

hylarem

beginning

themes

a delicate yet

ostendas

may

preacher

a puericia

the

application

of

mediaeval

Scriptures,

from

Vincent

Ecclesiasticus

non

these

dilations

Vincent

et

it

voiced

illos

supportive

involves

There

auctorial

earum

and

of

case

curua

authority

and

or

et

flourish

Classics

and

this

repeating

to

subsidiary

peroration

The

and

strong

practice

in

tibi

or

ei-

only be-

his

persevere

into

63

the

to

end

an

"QO,

de

moral

chastity

summary

sacre

virgines,

virtute

pergite

or

ad

vobis

insipiet

Moving

as

this

conclusion

of

De

of

of

this

chapter

Vincent's

Eruditione.

form

the

vos

gloriam

pervenite

in

analysis

as

hortamentis

documentis

spiritualiter,

just

recapitulation

cum

limitations tent

in

without

inquit,

nostri,

the

life

end,

emulis ter,

of

how

and

one

both

but

itself

with

mutuis

provocate

an

comes

appeal:

excitate,

durate

forti-

feliciter, tantum mementote

virginitas is,

text

honorari."“6 can

the

manner

see

on

the

expectations

will

qualify

basis

and

the

of

the

con-

FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER

Tleen Power, "The Position of Middle Ages ed. by Crum and Jacob

the

1926 ye pas

3arpad Beauvais moretalals

Women" in The Legacy of (Oxford: Clarendon Press,

Sidi, Ramuss) Method; and Harv arc bressyae 955)i pew

Steiner, De (Cambridge:

Wise

cae el

Decayeor

Erudeone Fa Liorun NobalaumeoL) Vincent Mediaeval Academy of America, 1939),

aes W. Hunt, "The Deposit of Century Renaissance," in Classical A.D. 500-1500 ed. by R. R. Bolgar

UT

III

0.4

*walter J. Ong, Dialogues (Cambridge

of (Do

TO

Latin Classics in the TwelfthInfluences on European Culture (Cambridge: Univeristy Press,

SAHSE.

> "there are some whom exempla inflame more to love of the heavenly land than qualities do." (my translation). Judson Allen, The Friar As Critic (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Bees, WO, Wa WS.

enlien,

Ds,

46.

Tupor what else did our many good faithful ones do? Didn't we see Cyprian and the most delightful doctor and the most blessed martyr leave Egypt laden with so much gold and silver and clothing? And with so much Lactantius and with so much Victorinus, Optstua, Hilarius to be silent about the living? And with so much the innumerable Greeks? First the most faithful servant of the lord, Moses himself, did this, concerning whom it is written, that he was learned with all the wisdom of the Egyptians." De Doctrina Christiana, II, 60-61. -

Twelve

Suput,

and

Caesars

Suetonius

says

that

even

Augustus

in

Book

Caesar

II

of

his

'taught

Lives

his

of

the

daughter _

and his granddaughter wool making and forbade them say anything unless they did it openly and unless it could corded in the daily commentary of the house.'"

or be

do re-

65

She daughter LOG boils

:

Nor

and

sm

:

did

three

ss Pie

to

them

:

in

any

daughter and grandevery crime."

way

except

as

his

three

Influences

De

Oratoribus,

: Classical

on

European

Culture,

A.D.

on European

Culture,

A.D.

28.

Influences

Le ae

14,01gar, jain

refer

Classical

il 3Bolgar, eC

:

ulcers."

p. 165.

12) i alogus

OO

he

:

Bolgar,

500-1500,

:

He banished the two Julias, his whom he had found tainted with

The

Classical

Herutcage

~and

tts

Benefriciasies,

PAsee

15

"Hence Valerius Maximus in Book VII, The father consulted Themistocles concerning his only daughter as to whether to marry her to a poor man with morals or a rich, unacceptable one. He said, 'I prefer a man lacking in money to money lacking in manliness.'"

1651 utarch

Dryden,

trans.

The

(New

Lives

of

York:

the

The

Noble

Modern

Grecians

Library),

and

p.

Romans,

John

134.

Lipial po 154. 18ntnto this pit an ox or an ass falls whenever anyone is taken by apwhether he be just or unjust, wise or foolish, just as Holofernes was immediately captured by Judith pearance, as one reads in Book X." 190 ana all these words were pleasing to Holofernes and his and they marvelled at her wisdom and said one to the servants, in there is not such a woman on the earth in appearance, other: beauty, and in the sense of her words."

20nasil

York:

Willey,

Doubleday,

The

1953),

Seventeenth

p.

81.

Century

Background

(New

66

Influences

2lgolgar, Classical 5O00=-15007 p. sia

22 cteiner,

ie

*3Bolgar, Sas

Oe The

European

on

Culture,

A.D.

Lac Classical

Heritage

and

Beneficiaries,

its

24

Elements of Structure Comedia, Charles §. Singleton, Mr. Singleton's trans1965), p. 86. Harvard Press, (Cambridge: then, what we have to "To elucidate, lation of the above is: say,

be

it

known

that

the

sense

of

this

work

LS

enOe

Sampeve but

on the contrary it may oe called polysemous, Eat d SEO Sclyg, "Of more senses than one’; for it is one sense that we get through the letter, and another which we get through the thing the letter signifies; and the first is called literal, but the second allegorical or mystic. And this mode of treatment, for its better manifestation, may be considered:in this verse: "When Israel came out of Egypt, and the house of Jacob from a people of strange speech, Judea became his sanctification, Israel his power." For if we inspect the letter alone, the departure of the children of Israel from Egypt in the time of Moses is presented to us; if the allegory, our redemption wrought by Christ; if the moral sense, the conversion of the soul from the grief and misery of sin to the state of grace is presented to us; if the anagogical, the departure of the holy soul from the slavery of this corruption to the liberty of eternal glory is presented to us. And although these mystic senses have each their special demoninations, they may all in general be called allegorical, Since they differ from the literal and historical. Now allegory is so called from "alleon" in Greek, which means in Latin "alieum" or "diversum." IBY

ac

Si

:

quis

autem

me

quasi

a.

importunum

ac

:

violentum

:

exposi-

torem causetur, eo quod minus propria expositione ad fidem nostram verba philosophorum detorqueam, et hoc eis imponam quod nequaquam ipsi senserunt, attendat illam Caiphae prophetiam, quam Spiritus sanctus per eum portulit, longe ad alium sensum eam accomodans quam prolator ipse senserit. Nam et sancti prophetae cum aliqua Spiritus sanctus per eos loquatur, non omnes

sententias ad quas se habent verba sua intelligunt, sed saepe unam tantum in eis habent, cum spiritus ipse, qui per eos loguitur, multas ibi provideat, quatenus postmodum alias aliis expositionibus, et alias aliis inspirat. (Introductio ad Theologiam I.) =

67

26

Judson Boyce Allen, The Friar As Critic Vanderbite University Pressyel971)i;eper6lt

27

The

;

Interpreter's

BIST) Fepi 92.

:

Bible

(New

York:

(Nashville:

Cokesbury

Press,

1951-

200551a 2° bid

se rbidcp ape 4. 3h iat

and an historical introduction (Ph.D. dissertation, of California at Los Angeles, 1949), p. 3.

33 uwhatever in a morality or the truth

University

holy sermon cannot be concerned with of the faith you can recognize to be

either al-

legorized." 4 says: your lips are like red fillets. 34u ana likewise Cant. The gloss of the preachers explains this to be the lips of the Therefore just as fillets restrain flowing hair, so the Church. lips ought to beware of too lengthy speeches."

32"Hence is

sitting

a lowly dicates

of

in

down,

herb and humility

Song the

of nard

Songs offers

II

it its

is

written,

odor.

while

Indeed,

the

the

For its odor clearly cleanses the heart. grace with God." finds nce and its appeara

36nqe is the duty of a good lector to adjust to to read useful and expedient things his audience;

king

nard

is

in-

the level easily and

intelligibly; to avoid new opinion and to retain older and more it is his duty never to say things he doesn't undersecure ones; always avoid hateful wordiness which comes from to well: stand too much repetition of the same things and to avoid involuted language and other things."

68

37 purther he ought to have the readers memorize and guard the warnings which flow from the titles of the chapters; but with regard to speaking more freely, staying away from the dance and the like, he should not use his own authority and whim: but to the extent that it was seen before he ought to seek good reasons."

38 upesides, according to the philosophers, man is the highest of creatures, composed of body and soul, of which the soul is the more worthy and all which concerns its safety must be given more attention than that whichis of little importance to Man. The preacher concerns himself with the rational man for: preach the gospel to all men i.e. to man which means the soul NOE Ene DOC yen.

ra

the

end,

rule of worldly of the body, as

other

sciences

things, as the the science of

are

only

concerned

with

the

science of law is; or the care medicine is; or the instruction

of the spirit according to some imperfection of ignorance, as the speculative sciences; eternal life ought to be gained from this; Who drinks of the water which I give him, but there will Growein hima fountain of wateqetO wltsemeternae =

40 wana this singing is pleasing to God just as princes are accustomed to delight in the songs of entertainers, and the spouse of the Church says: let your voice resound in my ears: for your voice is sweet. The gloss says: I want you to be preaching because such is a sweet voice." 4luthe Lord loves souls above all. These above all things are sent Him by the preacher. Who therefore can say how and with what joy such an offering is received? Likewise it says in Psalms: these will be brought to you by the preacher in season and out of season. And they will be brought in joy and

exultation ceived."

or

because

with

great

joy

such

an

offering

42, There are others ‘e who to be persuasiv argument or authority: but it is better to

that

when

one

is

not

three are used there is not easily broken

43, When

one

successful,

is by

reads

another

a threefold the fish." in

Esther

cord

that

may

be.

with

being

use use

a

will

only

be

re-

all

examples three so

And

when

fishhook

brought

to

the

which

the

king's

69

bed she did not seek feminine adornment but wished only what Hegei gave her. For she, extremely attractive and of incredible beauty, seemed lovable in everyone's eyes - and as we read in Esther, "you know, Lord, that his is necessary and I loathe all signs of pride and glory which is on my head in days when I am displayed, and I hate it as a menstrual rag, and that I do not use it in private."

45 ny resounding voice--when a preacher cannot be heard because of the weakness of his voice he will lose much of the fruit of his speeches. Likewise frequently in scripture the sacred voice of a preacher is compared to the sound of trumpets, because it ought to resound powerfully clear trumpet. May there be a trumpet said to a preacher."

46 ne

said,

o

holy

virgins,

stir

and in the manner of a in your throat. This is

one

another

couragement, call to glory with examples of virtue persevere bravely, go on spiritually, achieve with remember us when your virginity is honored."

up

with

en-

in rivalry, good fortune,

|

/

Pe

ln

(

ey

Gri

-=

re ¢

:

4

tae

we

7

ean

ele

el

>

oe o®y

ami

© 7 il

=

«=

ye

f -

ie

OF

“sana

ee

>

{

uf

eS

ave? « == iae

a

> a

(

«

°

=>

CS

pls

at

Tee

|

=

‘i.é6

er,

OG

Ope

gta

a al

=

>

be

1.97

—S.

6

tt,

otaalnee

eae

1

ae

CHAPTER CHAPTERS THE

Vincent's

cal

XLII

by

non

a

through

citing

quote

illos

of

Chapter

ostendas

quotation

with

most

tion

of

catechumens

princes

and

chumens

in

instructed

to

have

their

we

have

the

colder

was

more

ad

The

was

used

at

and

calculated

thema-

fact

that

the

instruc-

age

the

young

be

cate-

boys

are

to

bodies

guarded.

their

moral.

sexuality :

crimes.

which fifty

refers

different

were 3

And

years

less

is

It

girls.

primarily

a wholly

girls

the

but

than

the

contained;

of

of

and

Catholic

soon

education

more

to

their

et

opening

Roman

"for

text

cura earum

an

the

the

the

Slightly

related

in

profound:

is

definition

provide

in

At

pride

excessive

of

Such

Bibli-

et

corpus

He

education.

significance

controlled

illos

serva

neophytes,

least

a narrow

to

a

as

days

opening

erudi

lies

in

Nobilium.

traditional

tradition

itself

expressed

the

illas."?

fittingly

religious

aspect

by

those

and

is

intellectual

sexual.

in which

sunt?

neophytes."7

their

vanity

key

nor

Dante

tibi

are

the

and

circumscribed

tione

and

of

matters

be

matters

Filii

earliest

princess

Thematically

physical

sunt/

tuam

WOMEN

are

7.26,

tibi

faciem

OF

Filiorum

"Filii

book

very

girls

Ecclesiasticus,

sources

the

the

from

Church

De Eruditione

of

significant.

Ecclesiasticus,

EDUCATION

LI

eorum.

its

THE

43:

regarding

I,

hyllarem

OF

AND

ideas

again

puericia

tically

DICHOTOMY

educational

Chapters begins

BASIC

42

IV

neither

primarily

is to

De Erudi-

hierarchy

heinous

are

Here

morality

after

to

of

than

sins

the

U2

in

gauging

is

at

Vincent's

pains

plays

social

and

(plays)

qualify

to

might

make

ing

the

Last

and

who

had

him

to

traditional

attitudes

that

The

seem

as

the

be

girls

as

of

completely

negative

attending

dances,

his

in

who

De

view-

forbidden,

considering

worth

plays:

regarding

comments

he

spectacula

Tertullian

spectacle

only

consistently

on

limitations

stern

as

should

plays

Judgment some

important

restrictions

the

gatherings.

thought

Spectaculis

to

response

notice

most

is

It

controlled.

physically

be

should

girls

the

wantonness

possible

this

combat

To

lascivie.""

est

pueierons

etate

"in

greatest,

its

at

is

temptation

that

a woman

of

youth

the

in

is

it

for

gender,

with

age

combines

Vincent

Omne enim spectaculum sine concussione spiritus non est. Ubi enim voluptas, ibi est studium, per quod scilicet voluptas sapit; ubi studium, ibi et aemulatio, per quam studium sapit. Porro et ubi aemulatio, ibi et furor et

bilis et ira et dolor et competunt disciplinae.5

But

this

is

not

temperance

and

limitation

that

right

so.

Vincent

Vincent

is

from

those

This

healthy

of

It

is

is

not

quae

cum

passim", total

This

that

eminent

his,

"non

urging.

precisely

his

ex

adds

moderation.

prohibition

view

cetera

his

non

key

phrase

prohibition,

moderation

which

marks

predecessors

of

off

of

but the

out-

Vincent's

throughout

Deersud i

tione. vent a

Vincent

daughter

must

barrassment,

hold

the

that

lusts

from

of

agreeing

be

are

others,

moderation

fully

guarded

"parentibus

girls

in

concept

chiefly

.

.

.

so

the as

not,

idea to

vagantes

for

their

He

own

concupiscant

however,

that

avoid

opprobrium."

responsible

"ne

with

does

the

lusts

vel

body

parental

also

seems

and

pre-

of

em-

to

also

concupiscan-

73

tur." the

This

doubling

proper

cent

is

education

rather

husbands,

upon

girl

to

the

are

rome

and

in

For

In

his

him

the

there the

views,

brother

we

is

is

praise must

Dominican

he a

a

need

for

seems

that

Vin-

oLhers

with

the

foregone

ce.

effect

conclusion

or

the

tempted'--

true

son

of

Vincent

conclude

and

the

on

is

tempter

he

whatever

It

eLceCh

than

attitude

and

heightens

receive.

with

most,

this

enlightened

than

to

general,

sins

Aristotle;

partially better

men

'Who

both.

is

concerned

herself.

question

giris

responsibility

a girl

more

parents, the

of

fellow

both

earns

that

Je-

for

he is

his

scarcely

Aristotelian,

Thomas

who wrote: Aquinas, Sicut est

enim

vir

Vincent times

which

sions. the

than

dicit

accepts

provides

Although

rather

It

also

educational

her

Philosophus

in

a

the

general

advantages

of

a

significant

omission

per

role

in

the

transmission

was

living

at

the

very

of

medicine by

failed

to

intercourse An

which an

had

time

is

admit

that

a woman

part

"the

free

the

the

Galenic

obverse

on

the

part

man

to

this

diminishes in

transgres-

to

stress

blame,

reward

effect

can

frequentacionem."

who

Vincent

played

and

biology

of

Salerno

Galen,"

Vincent's

life

was he

that

fantasy,to wit

his

who

study

experimental

school

glorifying

cite

presupposition

of

Aristotle's

when

authoritarianism

important

than

on

of

earlier

moral

rather

concubitus

the

of

practice

nimiam

characterized

of

for

Vincent's

praise

does

he

punishment, "vel

replaced

mulier

physiology

punishment

it

barrenness,

vital

De Animalibus,

curious

physical

own

is

in XVI

occasionatus.

that

by a day.

system

of

argument

a

74

by

in

and

legally

"sibi

quoque

erally tery)

Deuteronomy

that

seems

and

expatiates

a

the

old

law,

Mosaic

al-

way

make

which

details

Deuteronomy

thus

but

underscores

that

in

code

any

in

ever

to

tradition

was

text

the

Clearly

There

is

law

clement:

seem

Draco

and

Hammurabi

old

from

old

SeELeEN

abrogated

the

quotes

the

upon

Nom

appealing.

is

that

he

as

Christ

by

tered

facit. =f

non

“nuptias

say

did

poteses

fieri

"Mutus, esse

emptor

familiae

neque

femina

re-

the in

revealed

as

could

law

all

for

who

Ulptan

weakness

dispensation

deny

to

of

matron's

Vincent

Christian

Vincent

Regulae

consensus

sed

the

the

libripensue

concubitus,

that

mortis

what

For

iudicium."

legem

adul-

(regarding

present,

the

ghey lala

ame

but

present,

the

upon

in

binding

pupillus

furiosus, testis

neque

thus

Roman

the

on

strictions surdus,

and

not

be?--surely

this

in

influential

way

a pre-figurative

only

Testament

New

the

not

is

Testament

Old

the

least

at

part

in

that

is

authority

scriptural.

to

appeal

20,

XXII,

PER Quod si verum est quod objicit, et non est puella inventa virginitas, ejicient eam extra fores domus patris sui, et lapidibus obruent viri civitatis illius, et morietur, quoniam fecit nefas in Israel, ut fornicaretur in domo patris sui, et auferes malum de medio tue. ll

When

the

page

indeed

one

only

has

to

solved

find

Deuteronomy.

equally

a rhetorical

tion

of

haste

that

the

in

former

holds to the view

this

that This

use

Vincent practice

of

the

composition. is

the

that

case, we

question

need

of

himself of

for not

is

tells

the

much

one

us

or

considered

to

his be

turns

that

it

citation

repetition

throughout so

law,

repetitive

device It

what

an

is

may

indica-

judgment

writings

be

here

Vincent

instructed

as

qo

reminded. In

the

familial

shame

still

that

thors

so

he is

tical

any

all

he

is

"id

in

the

the

careful

ad

these

together

with

that

original

contribution

must

be

as

this

opening

in

then in

on

the

order

ubi

maxime, umbra

of

his

the

his

ae

sibi

the

that

atque

next

just

how

basically

than

intellectual.

ter,

he

glosses

What

girl

the

causam

the

/

a

in

feminis

the

girl,

Jerome requir-

pudi.

auram.. cuius

auctoritas,

has

of

done

has

been

to

youthful

wantonness,

the

application

to

returns

lest

lust

time

marescit

deest

she

"aliqua

oc-

Al

prestet.

of

on

is

modification

education

as

he

avoid

:

infamie

Quoting

'fatua'

as

first

reference,

youth

Vincent

effects

about

parenthetical

The

maritalis

wide-ranging

forgets

he

et

etas

of

quali-

quoting

cito

levem

ad

.

.

.

modifi-

in

est

pro-

citations,

These

is

rath-

parenthe-

Thus

res

"tenera

of

turnings

focus

that

factor

fervorem

lies.

family.

contention

est. ni3

uxoris

argument

casione

where

au-

qualifi-

parenthetical

Vincent odd

early

the

etatis

and

shows

of

age

hierarchy

chapter,

flos

the

of

the

provides

telling

of

of

the

propter

particular

watchfulness,

upon

he

midst

consentit

which

effects

the

in

when

but

Vincent

which

upon

the

support

tutamen

expatiate

brief

members

quasi

fama,

cicie

male

utmost

the

ing

to

sought

to

parental

requirement

insist

luxuriam

cations,

fiers

extremity

to

It

on

transgression,

shortcoming

est

stress

consequent

nam. "22

the

is

offensive

filial

of

and

personal

comment,

this

by

aware

went

Thus

than

of

caused

often

cation. er

midst

Vincent

by

girls

is

to

be

underlines

moral

foolish

Ecclesiasticus

on

the

'indisciplinata

et

dissoluta.'

rather

daughHere

76

the

point.

breaking

stress

Vincent

education

moral

of

supremacy

the

completely

to

.doe! sominwoLrdemice

to

usewildaing

un-

language

of

bonds

the

stretch

sim-

dissoluteness

of

culpable

be

to

as

very

that

but

'sim=

| or

simple

so

is,

simpleton

to

cares

one

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‘foolish';

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78

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and

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learning.

problem

University

was

of

Paris:

Two methods of lecturing on books in the liberal arts having been tried, the former masters of philosophy uttering their words rapidly so that the mind of the hearer can take them in but the hand cannot keep up with them, the latter speaking slowly until their listeners can catch up with them with the pen; having compared these by diligent examination, the former method is found the better . .. therefore... all lecturers . . . wherever and whenever they chance to lecture on any text ordinarily or cursorily noes shall observe the former method of lecturing to the best of their ability, so speaking forsooth as if no one was taking notes before them, in the way that sermons and recommendations are made in the universit and which the lectures in other faculties follow.3

Whatever

their

Vincent

and

problems now

as

other

whose

limitations

mediaeval

interest

and

educators

importance

it

is

were

clear

that

coming

are

felt

to

just

at

terms

as

times with

deeply

then.

The letter:

historical

second

chief

omission

occurs

in

section

9 of

Jerome's

85

Reddat

tibi

pensum

cotidie

scripturam

certum.

Ediscat

Graecorum versuum numerum. Sequatur statim et Latina eruditio; quae si non ab initio os tenerum composuit, in peregrinum sonum lingua corrumpitur et externis vitiis sermo patruus sordidatur.3)

The

issue

of

Beauvais' carried

on

the

in

of

learned

We

Greek

the

was

at

monks”

the

know

the

Middle that

that

the

issue

language

spoken

in

the

notion

of

preservation

must

be

viewed

monks even totle

for

through

continuing

and

seriously Greek

for

writers

Latin

and

was

foreign

in

that

time

the

sufficiently

versum

the

a pure

strain

influences.

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Latin

to

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have

felt

themselves

has

know

aware

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the

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and

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not

own

be

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translate

of

must

great

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citations So

translations.

what

scarcely

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who

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say,

may

know

Graecia

are

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the

fellow

skepticiam

Vincent's

studied. from

monks

tradition

we

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fol-

of

Latin

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Moerbeke

studied?

We

to

not

and

not

first

one.

not, or

Vincent,Greek

of

Franks

did

gualifying of

were

question

a vexed

vestigial

a Greek

could

of

the

poor

and

second

result).

a

as

numerum."

Capetians

is

the

general

made

always

are

"graecorum

Vincent

and

him =i

that

whether

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William

needed

Aquinas

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the

of

instruction

which

Cassiodorus

(and

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of

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by

overworked

texts

say

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Vincent

presumably,

Augustine

Latin

of

favor

in

may

and

terribly

were

we

language

the To

it

Vivarium

settled

Jerome,

understanding

Latin

were

Greek.

in

what

tutorials?

not

in

one

In

language

and

Greek

chagrin.

Greek

court

of

a vital

views.

what

order

Jerome

been

the

presumably,

knowledge that

at

And

lowing

is

educational

French. Latin

language

of

much

patruus?" that

protected those

Frankish

from

foreigners.

86

We

vernacular

know

only

that

the

in

that

many

heresies

tion

vernacular’®

and

those

were

trivial

and

thus

some

say.

larly

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open

coin

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is

recall

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the

Alcuin

Christo?", all

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at

could

this

verse

was

and

been

literature, prose

of

that

women

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the

Even

shoulder have

minds

heresy.

for

French

his not

the

were

ignorant

of

was

to was

Rolandus

fact

the

of

there

enim

de geste,

which

side

unless

"Quid

so

particu-

other

querying

chansons

or

vernacular

first

Vincent,

romances,

vernacular

women,

the

the

in

the

in

heretical

said

blossom.

imaginative

courtoises,

for

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enthusiasm

first

not

designed that

fact

the

the

and

a Dominican cum

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writings

transmitted

being

by

began

reputa-

a bad

of

somewhat

had

usage.

French

of

degree

the

to

as

question

open

an

is

It

French.

case

this

in

language,

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but

Latin,

tongue--not

own

one's

of

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as

nationalism

called

be

days

later

an

can

that

feeling

of

a growth

was

there

time

very

this

at

Yet

that

chansons

read

or

heard from one end of Europe to the other, is marked by two essential characteristics; it is based upon religious sentiment and belief, and the ideal upheld is that of the kinghtly virutes.39

The

next

Tresor

great

in

Italian) caise

encyclopaedist

French

"for

est

the

plus

as

sic. et

theologica

F arcium.

ee

and

it

reason

delitable

course

purposes,

(though

Vincent

For

Latin

possessed

says,

he

et

in

plus

"Sicut que

: l theologica

the

himself

that

scientia,

naturally

after

or

came

vocabulary

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his

what

opinion

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enim est

himself

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deus de

we

'La

an

fran-

gens. 1" 40

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omnium

rerum,

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omnium

est

what

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it

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generally

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dealing

be

his

call

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finis

divinis,

;

might

toutes

est

wrote

called

scientific

known,

with

tech-

87

nical

subjects,

Vincent

seems

for

of

one

to

to

the

a degree

have

lingue

Greek;

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western

if

Hebraic

French

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direct.

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how

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eciam

the

the

Latin

of

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OF

remains

still

or

me-

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time.

with

pedagogy

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is

state

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is

exponen-

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knowledge

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learned

at

even

reading

not

as

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find

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students

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his

mysteries

advanced

for

claim."4?

besides

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among

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more

"peregrine

assume

could

languages

the

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thus

literature

know

then

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interpretando

expression

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teaching

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of

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the

of

one

studies

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grine."

of

Greek,

vehicle

daily

tasks

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is

his

not

no

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scripturas

Translation,

Go.t

which

considered

suggested

"peregrine

it

to

less

directly:

And so, without any arificial means, without any book, without grammar or teaching, without any rod and without tears, I learned a Latin quite as pure as that of my schoolmaster .44

Plutarch

how

and

from

moved

Greek

Latin.

to

In the reading of Latin books, singular as it may appear, I did not find that the words assisted me to discover the meaning but rather that my knowledge of the history enabled me to find out the meaning of the words .45

Vincent

know

We for

he

tum,

ales

says:

quam

cited a

"Itaque

hodie

eprOLiceLe The

books

could

multi

have

used

scienciarum tamquam

a

omnium

vilem

direct

perfectly

gramatica

negligunt

et

est ideo

method, fundamenparum

in

possunt..""° acceptable

individually

correct

not

by

understanding

for

title of

so the

reading

that

the

by

are

not

regarding

is

no

help

role

of

vernacular

there

possible

students

texts.

88

Whether

this

study, of

given

heresy

the

very

their

the

or

use

number

a detailed

it

of

the

their is,

Scripture.

secular

French

the

know

road

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the

lived

value

the

he

is

and

of

wrote

them

reference

There

a bit

kind

and

to is

to

the

provide

nothing

skeptical

about

poetry:

At quid enim usque hodie parvulorum sensus et lingue poeticis fabulis ac luxuriosis figmentis imbuuntur? Nam et in doctrina poetica sit utilis quantum ad regulas metricas, inutilis tam est, immo perniciosa quantum ad fabulas predictas.4/

He

the

supports

one

who

younger

this

contention

thought

Augustine

Skeptical

of

that

the

of

the

value

readings

(not

and

is

thus

Jerome

we

who as Old

should wept

he

may

squarely

citing

the

as

although

the

Egyptians,

Dido

but

not

he

seems

for be,.

in

Augustine,

spoil

Testament,

structured

spared

by

for

in

Jerome)

difficulty

of

he the

for

list

of

own

it

not

the sins.

skeptical

of

avoids Song

but

his

equally

his

of

acceptable

entirely,

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confronts:

Discat primum Psalterium, his se canticis avocet, et in Proverbiis Salomoniis erudiatur ad vitam... Cumque pectoris sui cellarium his opibus locupletarit, mandet memoriae Prophetus et Heptateuchum et Regum ac Paralipomenon libros Hesdraeque et Hester volumina, ut ultimum sine periculo discat Canticum Canticorum, ne, Si in exordio legerit, sub carnalibus verbis spiritua lium nuptiarum epithalamium non intellegemus vulneret ur.48

Although

Vincent

practices

allegorical

reading

at

silent.

proceeds

readings.

one

particularly

remarkably after

vernacular

espousing

Jerome

that

of

languages,

just

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the

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alas,

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in

own.

occurs

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to

vernacular

he

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on

clear.

omission

in Vincent. of

texts

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into

ordering

value

of

education

third

opening

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when

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in

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door

another,

were

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the

the

moment

French,

like

is

and

doubtless

of

89

approved is

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to

return

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quotes

transfretare", only

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tool,

says

huius

interpretation,

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than

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not

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education

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temptation,

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delineated.

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the

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notice

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et

themselves

to

Jerome

for is

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significance

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morality

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education.

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commentarios

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vel

diuturnos

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there

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91

focused

entirely

on

the

observable

aspects

of

morality:

that

instruction

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then

that

word

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tity

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quality tious

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Thomas

as

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four

temperance,

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chastity possessed

men

Beauvais. defensive

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cau-

interest

cardinal

moralis

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on

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accountant

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close

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disci=

limitation

successful

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Thomism.

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gestum

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and

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of

stated

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humilitate

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92

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intellectual

The active

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n99

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tation

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dangerous

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seem

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be

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fasts

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have

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absti-

directly

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the

re-

herself,

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philosophers

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of

have

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to

all

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to

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utilizes

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cibo

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freshly

of

that

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mentions

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Jerome

former

nostrils--with

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he

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the

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we may accept:

that the truth must precede goodness

in Thomism

avoid

opinion

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that

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os

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rome.

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pole

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quite

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64

in

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ability pedagogy.

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ut

semper

valeat. u62

There

of

in

et

longa out

the

gradations have

the

of Thus

immolimits

limita-

serious

well

some

aware

was

viribus. —

spells

may

and

hunger

Jerome

maxime

the

est

servire,

quotation

a

"64

the

"melius

quam

corpus

is

thoros,

comedat,

edge

that

Vincent,

Jerome

venire

"Ve-

concerning

first

an

argument

safeguard:

sepe

legere

etatibus

omission

the

corpori

"debilitatur

not

a

"sic

out

points

teneris

Of

of

the

keeping

forever

an

in

rigor

Jerome,

ac

orare

cibum

for

citations

and

vacillare"

lest

mestos

imperare

dolere

quickly

obverse

by means

drink te

moderation

ieiunia."

of

again

Vincent

derata

Les

Jerome

extreme

disciplicent

the

and

in

and

"Michi

authority

solet

post

of

an

as

non

pudiciciam

deal

of

Ovid

danger

mentem

statim

and

second,

to

food

quam

gressus

a

libido

avoid

stomachum

is

is

returns

to

upon

in

been

the

94

thinking fasting

of

those

women

too

much,

but

confidence

that

they

damp

they

do

ing

cells

or

begin not

what

they

not

are

they

keep

their

mouths

they

adopt

rome's

Here

airs

sees

knowledge

that

may

he

be

all

Vincent

this

from

the

friget

Latinity

perhaps

much

immorality

tion

lies

in

on

Terence.

comes

ing

a

to

Having

and

baths

in quoting

own

from

stale

a

is

the

seeming

was

fact

the of

ascetic

focused

on

food

and

in

Jerome:

so

“however

collectanea

cake

doing

"Filia

and

a

is

sacred

the

plays

works,

but

can

the

of

Terence baccho

of

which

his how-

resolu-

still

of

commentary

veneer

the

the

midst

et

Further

this

to

purity

celebrated

that

Je-

classics.

cerere

his

the

that

of

clas-

mediaeval

ic-

elements.

and

opens

tua

has

finally

citing

the

Marriage.

Donatus

remains

of

within

of

for

bib-

learning,

by

"Sine

conclusion

can-

about

of

in

humanism

admired

they

the

female

go-

women

Vincent,

course,

enough:

displayed

teacher

in

amount

on

of

such

remembered

women

the

view

are

and

demonstrate.

And,

respectability

The

sicism

to

to

they

lecturing

be

self-

cold,

that

nothing;

educating

Jerome's

Terence for

on

by

in

Scriptures;

will

a ceiling

convey

Now

Jerome's

of

appropriately

ever

course

insist

their

where

complains

about

It

expected upon

can

the

he

flesh

living

are,

understand

humanistic.

Eunuchus,

and

.

they

short

be

called

venus."

.

they

puts

draws

scarcely

.

the

enlarged

they

scholars. nGs

he

so

"After

where

shut;

stops

mortified

insane.

something

which

how

they

only

process

know

know

of

humanism

one

degree

of

the

saying

think

passages

in

not

became

to

lical

who

drink,

the

nocte

Vincent

door

ad

to

moves

education

Oraciones

to

sleep

at night

surgat,

mane

25

hymnos ter

to

decantet

concludes

Jerome's,

cation no

need

any dite

is. for

Phidias by

et on

a

and

by

What the or

oracioni note

which

Athens

strigil, Praxiteles,

the

...

shows

implication

does

Doedalsas.

lectio

how

succedat."°/ far

Vincent's,

from

view

The

Sparta

of

chap-

and

female

Pla-

edu-

have

to do with

Jerusalem

indeed--

oil,

the

here.

need

no Aphrodite

sponge of

Knidos

No or

the

for

Aphro-

FOOTNOTES

TO

CHAPTER

luyou have sons? Train them and hood. You have daughters? Watch over show yourself joyful to them."

eee

Catholic

ure

New

Catholic

Publishing

Edition

Company,

care for them from boytheir bodies and do not

of

the

1953),

3pante, Inferno, Dorothy Books, 1964), p. 140.

L.

Aut

tendency

Penquin

Spirit.

the

Book

the

age

which

has

a

IV

Holy

p.

Sayers,

trans.

for

where

there

is

zeal,

there

is

(New

York:

(New

York:

lust."

>" Por no public entertainment is lacking For where there is pleasure, there is

savors;

Bible

743.

in danger to the zeal which pleas-

rivalry

which

adds

spice to zeal. And where there is rivalry, there is anger and wrath and rage and pain and all the other things which stem from them and which along with them are not appropriate to discipline Gis 1S) Clopbesiqgas|

Ona woman

Dee (New

York:

R.

Nonesuch

a

Bolgar,

Harper

Sohn The

is

Donne

mutilated

The

and

9 "Neither :

Complete

a

mute

10 "A : marriage

throw

as

But if the girl

: is

295 4)

Poetry,

1955),

nor woman nor purchaser ness or a paymaster."

aks,

Classical

ROW);

Library,

man."

nor

for

made

5.

Ee:

deaf

a

by

Heritage ip

John 53,

Hayward,

"Farewell

person

family

and

its

Beneficiaries

ed.

(London:

2 35

nor

can

consensus

to

madman

become

not

Love."

nor

either

orphan

a wit-

cohabitation."

it happens that there iis no virginity, outside her father's house and the men

they will

will stone

oF

her

in

and

her

she

will

father's

die

since

house

and

she

you

Lor

i.e. that she has passion of her age."

the

bie

a

has

done

will

put

tendency

:

evil

to

2

to

Israel

to

sin

thisevil from your midst."

:

enjoyment

because

of

:

the reputation for chastity is an ephemeral thing in women. . . like a flower . . . it begins to decay in a light Wind . . . particularly when the age is a factor and the authority of the husband is lacking, the husband whose shadow is the safety of his wife." 14

"On

:

some

occasion

she

would

present

the

opportunity

for

disgrace."

of

1Snput Dinah, daughter of Lia, her region. When Sichem, son of

had seen her, came attached father,

went out to see the women Hemor, prince of the region,

he to

took her and slept with her by force. He beher and spoke tenderly to her. Going to his he said, get that girl for me for my wife."

Hemor,

16nsuch is the woman, talkative and roaming, unable to unable to stay at home, but now outside, now in the squares, now lying in wait in the corners."

be

quiet,

Linte a man finds a betrothed girl in a field, seizes her and seduces her, he alone will die: the girl is not to blame . . . if a man comes upon a virgin nor is it a capital offense he will seizes her and it is discovered, who is not betrothed, pay her father fifty silver pieces and marry her because he disgraced her; nor can he send her away allthe days of her life."

185.

Sighart,

Albert

the

(London:

Great

Washbourne,

1976),

Deessls

193i ghart,

Ea

have

2leileen Crum

and

Jacob

Diekso2e

never

Power

joined

in

(Oxford:

The

in

play."

Legacy

University

of the Press,

Middle 1926),

Ages, edited p.

420.

by

98

(New

6

ace R. Owst, Literature and Pulpit in Medieval York: Barnes and Noble, 1933), p. 568.

23Rileen

Power,

p.

24 toseph

Pieper,

England

430.

Prudence

(New

York:

Pantheon

Books,

1959),

B25

and

25) "A lustful mind approaches honorable things more what is not permitted is undertaken more sweetly."

26norothy

Sayers,

pp.

anee, Thomas More: Rogers, ed. (New Haven:

done

LO0-—LOl:

Selected Letters, Elizabeth Yale Press, 1961), p. 106.

28 what has been said at the tender age for

2

nat

OW OF

brings

the

lustful

upright

before about girls."

age

of

boys

be

boys,

far

j

:

:

Sumaturity in teaching between speed and slowness.

rather

than

inculcating 34

must

be

what

and

too

D. W. Sylvester, Methuen"and Cou, L970)

flies

much

in the teacher learners."

mother in their the Gracchi."

must be looked for For as Seneca said

scarcity of words and thinness make the tedium of slowness fixes itself pected

same

age."

gore is written that the speech of the infancy contributed much to the eloquence of

much

the

Frances

away."

3lian upright life, honesty and maturity authority and accomplishes much in the

3

eagerly

by.

the listener more easily, And

so

one

i.e. moderation to Lucilius:

less what

must

beware

interruption." :

Educational pees 0s

Documents

intent: is ex-

800-1816

too

(London:

ys)

Shaye

:

:

:

Let her daily repeat to you a fixed part of Scriptures. Let her learn a number of Greek verses. Let learning of Latin follow close after. If the tender lips do not learn from the beginning, the language is corrupted to a foreign accent and our native speech is debased by alien faults." See Quintilian on the order to be observed in learning Greek and Latin.

“pierre Courcelle, Late Latin Writers and Their Greek Sources, Harry E. Wedeck, trans. (Cambridge: Harvard Press,

£969 )i- ape

valk

S55.

J.

(Berkeley:

38 soan

E957) so pe

ie House,

Paetow,

Evans,

J.

Life

Chaytor, p.

40cnaytor,

4lupor

to

the

Study

of

Medieval

History

California

Press,

1917),

p.

396.

in Medieval

France

(New

York:

Phaidon,

to Print

(New

York:

October

42chaytor,

43npy language."

44 che

From

Disk

23s

God

the

Dv

is

Essays

the

end is

divine,

of

the

all end

and

things, of

all

thus

theolog SY

arts."

25

interpreting

Press)

Script

3.

thus

concerns

Oxtord

of

47 ~

1966),

which

Guide

University

and

explaining

of Montaigne

VOlLzel

pepe

4.

46wand so grammar is neglect as worthless

the and

trans.

scripture

by

E.

J.

in

a

Trechman

foreign

(London:

43 rpid.

many ers.”

basis of all knowledge, which too can accomplish too little in oth-

47 wand why should the senses be daily filled with stories of the poets and wild imaginings? For let there be something useful in poetry concerning metrics, for nothing is useless even in the dangerous words of the poets."

SB iret her learn first the Psalter and let her take some time off with these songs and let her learn of life in Proverbs of Solomon . . . when she has made the storehouse of her mind rich with these pleasures, let her commit to memory Prophets, Heptateuch, book of Kings and Chronicles, and rolls of Ezra and Esther so that finally she may read the Song of Songs without danger. If she read it at the start, she might be harmed by not realizing that it was a wedding song expressed in carnal language."

49° prayer

and

Aceton.s

2Vnthey areirepelled by a shield wc thinking. of

Stig nothing

52

that else

through the opportunity of work you but what pertains to the service of

"necessary

for

Cees could

in order that not be noted in

Beet

her

55" Harm 56

"In

Maturity

wir.

of

All

sing

on

and

behavior

moral

Dis

,

well

as

women."

é

songs.“

hand

virtue

:

in

chastity and

;

as

think Lord."

: he might prevent their doing anything daily notebooks or longer journals."

the’ one

purity

28a i gears

men

may the

work,

and

on

the

humility

other

and

morals."

ought

to

be

deed."

silence

prudent."

los

a

in

ey ow

and

that

>9 especially associations."

bad

60nbrom adornment."

to

from

excessive

excessive

delight

Slane destructive lust the couch of sorrow."

of

in

pleasures

food,

Venus

is

of

the

flesh

drink,

sleep,

not

accustomed

and

bath

and

to

come

O2nzy is preferable to suffer in the stomach than in the mind, to rule the body than to serve it, to falter in step rather than in chastity." "Thus let her eat so that she may always hunger

and

immediately

after

food

have

the

strength

to

pray

and

read."

63npest

the

body

64

and

immoderate

jong

°pavid University

s.

Press,

66nwithout

sing

OT opet in the

be

Wiesen, 1964),

food

and

stripped

St. pp.

of

its

strength."

feasts

displease

me

Jerome

as a Satirist

in

the

young."

(Ithaca:

Cornell

147-48.

drink

love

your daughter get up at morning and let reading

shivers."

night for prayers, follow prayer."

let

her

I ‘

. -

a

tw

7

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ows mn

dab

pnsenecen

a

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ed one

oars

CHAPTER CHAPTERS THE

Having

established

tellectual ter

44

gard Of

excessive

the

the

Psalmist,

to

peats

‘superfluum.'

Is

offer

is

too

rome

himself

both

of

have

known

of

view

would

and

still

Vincent

it

in

the

sense

of

serve

to

their

used

if

Even

of

did

number

and

re-

this:

(art), Sene-

that

Je-

'unnecessary,'

as

Ecclesiastes

2.16,

had

may

vehemence

any

undercut

the

force

out

the

legitimacy,

not

may

or

in-

to

plural

moderate

a more

cited

his

of

he

absolutely--

out

neuter

Vincent

than

or

is

ap-

ornamentation

He

the

against

which

moot

point

Vincent.

who

ornament by

version

to

known

excrement. >

citations,

is

to

Aurelianus

of

or

necessary

Vulgate

Je-

beginning

remains

re-

cosmetics.

the

comparatively evil

with

argue

very

in-

Chap-

Peter,

superflua,*

which

in

and

St.

and

auctores

is

were

texts

word

guestion

an

Cyprian,

from

the

continues

coiffure,

other

moral

particulary

It

the

in

dangers

do

though

MORAL

basic

Vincent

that

in

the

vanity,

interpreted

uses

Caelius

the

very

be

43

clothing,

and

The

of

ornamentation

does

which

those

to

45.4

bodily

dicate

7

nature.

to

Epistle

in

fact Ovid

and

of

compromise

much

superfluous

ca

a

'superfluous'

i.e.

dangers

whatsoever,

pears

42

CHIEFLY

pedagogy,

ornament

is

beautifying

his

the

44-51:

MATERIALS,

Chapters

of

elaborate

importance

any

in

features

to

to

rome,

SUPPORTIVE

V

sources, of

tone

mitigating

po-

sition.

Above the

one

equation

of

had

pointed

woman's

chastity

to

man's

only,

partial

prudence.

It

is

of only

104

natural

that

Thomas,

in

that

chastity

discussing

"instead

prudence

is

of

directed

to

"enemy

God. ru

opposed

to

moderate

the

citing

Jerome

assure

deals

tacentis

ram,

ut

is

the

meant the

by

things

a contrast

TWIG.

It

and

St.

but

follows face,

nor

form

only

idea to

tints

and

man

thinks

are

Vincent

prudence:

"itaque

so

such

Vestis

habeat,

much

si

more

that

per

of

cunning

prudence.

unobjective

can

several

astutia it,

"occurs for

it

is

(manifestatione this

distinction

demonstrating

patristic of

rouges,

the

ter-

is

of

neither letters times

opposed

to

Veritabis, between his

2

astutia

quotation

auctores.

citations the

by

de

(astutia)

What

who

mat-

yet

temperament

'tactics',

in

ipsa...

of

is

list

im-

In

precisely

long

...

straightforwardly.

known'

Vincent

especially

of

..

is,

the

knowledge

writes

for

and

and

is

this

means

which

non

false

'death'

here

.

and

clarify

especially a

of

and

act

publicly is

rugam

Thomas

regard

helps

that

Si

trabatur"®

this

which

Jeronimus

insidious

has

Paul

truth

classical

hair

dicit

of

life,

body

station.">

unholy

obverse

indicium:

the

who

Si)a all

There of

is

simplicitas

from

est

squarely,

in

the

rather the

videaris,

Apostle

"making

a

aptacione

this

the

and

shows

the

“prudence

and

St. remarks

human

of

(8.6f),

possessions

for

flesh,

of

good

that

importance

the

all

covetousness

the

characteristic

of

Chie

own

of

of

the

says

.

all

particularity. most

.

cunning,

animi

intriguer

face

his

with

alcior

greater

for

end

Romans

further

ornament,

prudence

toward

tothe

.

against

true

solely

He

(who

vestis

false the

Epistle

straining

to

curiosa

the

covetousness

needed

ters)

directed

serving

according

of

be

use

against of

which

the is

coloring basi-

LOS

call an offense y

implying Yet

thereby

Vincent

being

consuetudine

deforme

nobiles

ac

must

be

next

chapter

and

At

proof

even

very

next

it

is

of

the

classic

he

the

same

the

he

earlier

wardness nodius

and hiis

yronice

et

no

one

only

qui

non

"Et eo

that

not

is

puelle

Reputation

it-

any

indication of

best

the

in

the

anticipating

shall

girl

the

of

ye be known."

the

to

responsibility

but

innocent,

only

wife--not

ea

an-

associates so

de

still

give

already

friends

quia

execrari

rooted

the

of

debent

here

does

work,

revera

et

image.

another

to

ipso

sees

is

own

of the Almighty.

own

with

he

of he

Vincent

the

understanding would

have

been

talia

at

he

has

spared

above.

facere

us

first

medium

as

mentioned

verentur

reminds

literature

through

contradictions

sic

of

again hand

of and

how most

florilegia.

about some

Thus:

Had

Ennodius of

the

"unde

loquitur,

of

candentes roseo de facie.9

the

classical

de murice

citations

vultus/Atque

does

fidem

Vincent

en-

tamquam

morum

express

for

awk-

irrisorie:"

Tingite pandite

In

of

patristic

texts

writer,

his

often

Caesar's

as

one

subject

adds

sentence

knows

degree

he

one's

here

plan

refugere

seems

"by

of

God's

suspicion.

against

that

though

of

the

meretrices,

What

its

of

nature:

concern

as

be

must

theme

Perhaps

has

with

omnino

which

Vincent

girl--she

reworking

very

facere

Vincent's

theme

the

young

The

its

hoc

itself,

events,

all

in

mulieres."®

which

part

in

added

controlled.

can

a

an

controlled,

be

men,

is

testimonium

of

detraction

how

wrong

sancte

example

it

dissatisfaction

solent

propter

self

a

introduces

painting's

other

because

any

106

very

where

it

virgins'

being

free

obvious.

taint

of

those

maidens

be

perfectly

as

well

as

designated

free.

a

Middle

Ages,

no

sphere

of

convent. 7°

fact

true

that

those

activity

nec

prohibentur,

the

of

to

from

should

God

himself,

Renaissance

early

women

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them

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107

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plicity

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elegans is

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self-denigrating

compensate

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a

okie

slightly issue

in

108

dealing these

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clericos

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The judge

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women,

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by

the

particular

sensuous

and

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Chapter

45

discusses

the

importance

as

as

servants,

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solmshall'she

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in

of

friends

he

is

argument | stn

par-

109

ticular,

women. take

the

society

No intertwining place.

couples.

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obvious,

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et

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position

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7

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110

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illum

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46

the

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think

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quis

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life

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n34

maritum

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2

matriomonium.

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compromise

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dissolutas."?+

it

47

of

proviso

quia

of

court

movement

leads

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condemnation

Chapter

of

lascivas

iam

viro

is

non

enim

desponsata

B35

statement

of

why

a girl's

consent

112

is

required:

tum"?6

"Invite

which

shows

that

themselves,

but

judgment

is

required

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about

only

as

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XIX:

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logic

good

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daughters!

will

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children

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ecclesie.">/

Vincent

deus

the

et

stresses

deliberacione

hoc

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parent

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immediately

than

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their

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lessly

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suam

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when

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reference to

have

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youth:

non

Oportet,

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indissoluble

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ne

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postea

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theme

Marriage

Vincent

"illud ideo

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contingat

Perhaps was

Isabelle

arranged

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Wak}

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demeaning a

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lebetes Sola

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to

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and

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obligation

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more

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primi-

filialis

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and

devoted

explicitly

is

48

offered

parents

placed

He

admonenda

sed

modo

different

Sara,

traditur

viro

ut

or

Citing

her

viro,

is

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school

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autem

Chapter

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desiderio

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114

"Omnes cal

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approving

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