Ralph of Beauvais, Liber Tytan (Artistarium) 9070419319, 9789070419318

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UBER TYTAN

ARTISTARIUM A Series of Texts on Mediaeval Logic, Grammar & Semantics EDITORS L. M. de RIJK & E. P. BOS Leiden

H. A. G. BRAAKHUIS & C.H.KNEEPKENS Nijmegen

Vol. 1: L. M. de Rijk, Anonymi auctoris franciscani Logica ,,Ad rudium" (edited from the MS Vat. lat. 946), Nijmegen 1981 Vol. 2: Ralph of Beauvais, Glose super Donat um, ed. C.H. Kneepkens, Nijmegen 1982 Vol. 3: L. M. de Rijk, Some 14th Century Tracts on the Probationes terminorum (Martin of Alnwick O.F.M., Richard Billingham, Edward Upton and others), Nijmegen 1982 Vol. 4: Johannes Buridanus, Questiones longe super Librum Perihermeneias, ed. Ria van der Lecq, Nijmegen 1983 Vol. 5: John of Holland, Four Tracts on Logic (Suppositiones, Fallacie, Obligationes, lnsolubilia), ed. E. P. Bos, Nijmegen 1985 Vol. 6: Thomas Bricot, Tractatus Insolubilium, ed. E. J. Ashworth, Nijmegen 1986 Vol. 7: L. M. de Rijk, Some Earlier Parisian Tracts on Distinctiones sophismatum, Nijmegen 1988 Vol. 8: Ralph of Beauvais, Liber Tytan, ed. C.H. Kneepkens, Nijmegen 191 SUPPLEMENTA to ARTISTARIUM: Vol. I: English Logic and Semantics, from the End of the Twelfth Century to the Time of Ockham and Burleigh, Nijmegen 1981 Vol. II: Mediaeval Semantics and Metaphysics. - 1 •• s - -- M. Nijmegen 1985 Vol. III: Logos and Pragma. Essays on the Philosophy of Language in Honour of Professor Gabriel Nuchelmans, Nijmegen 1987 Vol. IV: Ockham and Ockhamists, Nijmegen 1987 Vol. V: Peter of Spain on Composition and Negation, by Joke Spruyt, Nijmegen 1989 Vol. VI: John Buridan's Tractatus de infinito, ed. J.M.M.H. Thijssen, Nijmegen 1991

ARTISTARIUM 8-----

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS

LIBER TYTAN

edited with an introduction, notes and indices by

C.H. KNEEPKENS

Nijmegen lngenium Publishers

1991

ISBN 90 70419 31 9 Copyright 1991 by Ingenium Publishers, P.O. Box 1342, 6501 BH Nijmegen, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the publisher. PRINTED by KRIPS REPRO MEPPEL, THE NETHERLANDS.

PREFACE

The last decades have shown a marked increase in the study of mediaeval grammatical thought. This interest in mediaeval linguistics has not only been confined to the historians of grammar. Many questions, too, were raised by historians of philosophy and theology, struggling with the semantic approach which the mediaevals used in their theological and philosophical discussions to solve many of the chief issues within their own disciplines. The works of inter alios Chenu, De Rijk, Pinborg, Haring, Henry and De Libera may be referred to in this respect. This emphasis had a formative influence on modem research into mediaeval grammatical thought. It has resulted in a considerable, albeit somewhat biased, interest in one of the most important achievements of the mediaeval mind: speculative grammar. Alongside the mediaeval curiosity for advanced linguistics existed a grammatical activity of a lower, less theoretically oriented level, which provided the basis for the general instruction of almost every educated man of the period. At this level, the study of the auctores, the authors of Antiquity, and the reading of the Bible were the stimulating forces. Indeed, the study of grammar and stylistics, especially that of the figures of speech, had become a prerequisite to the study of the Bible in the Latin West. Obviously, grammar instruction at this level had a rather more prescriptive than speculative character. However, notwithstanding the fact that this part of the mediaeval linguistic household held its own domain, it did not live in splendid isolation nor was it entirely autonomous. As in modem times, the achievements of . advanced research slowly filtered through to the level of secondary grammar instruction. In its tum the preoccupation with the auctores, the rhetorical devices and deviant speech which needed to be explained with the help of grammar, rhetoric and logic, was one of the germs for Roger Bacon's particular form of linguistics in the thirteenth century. The present edition of the Liber yYtan of Ralph of Beauvais intends to contribute to our knowledge of twelfth-century grammar as it was practised at the level of secondary instruction. The text offered is based on a collation of all the extant manuscript material. The edition is preceded by a short introduction to the life and

v

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

writings of Ralph, the manuscripts involved, and a preliminary sketch of the position of Ralph's grammatical theory insofar as it can be derived from his two surviving works. For the introductory section I have relied heavily on the late Richard W. Hunt's famous article on "The School" of Ralph of Beauvais, which was published as the second part of his study on Priscian in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies, II (1950), 1-56, and reprinted in his Collected Papers on the History of Grammar in the Middle Ages, edited by G. L. Bursill-Hall (Amsterdam 1980). The text of the Liber yYtan is followed by the Notes, consisting of r :rences to the works quoted by Ralph, and the apparatus criticus. I have appended the editions of two short fragments of grammatical texts, which were inserted in Ralph's text in the manuscripts. The index locorum and the index exemplorum aim at completeness; the index nominum et rerum notabilium is not exhaustive. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. F. van Heertum for her help with the translation of the introduction.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Table of Contents Introduction Ralph of Beauvais: His Life His Writings The Liber Tytan and the Grammatical Tradition The Manuscripts of the Liber Tytan Principles of this Edition Books and Articles Referred to Sigla & Abbreviationes Magistri Radulfi Liber Tytan: Text Appendices Apparatus criticus Indices Index locorum Index locorum incertorum & exemplorum Index rerum

v

vii ix ix

xi xiv xxi xxxiv

xxxviii

1 97

101 123 125 136 142

vii

INTRODUCTION

§ 1. RALPH OF BEAUVAIS: HIS LIFE

The second part of R. W. Hunt's classic study on the influence of Priscian in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was entirely devoted to Ralph of Beauvais\ a twelfthcentury schoolmaster, and the so-called "School of Ralph of Beauvais"2• It is undoubtedly due to Hunt's research that Ralph owes his present prominent place in the history of mediaeval grammatical thought'. Relying on the evidence supplied by the sixth letter of Peter of Blois4, Gerald of Wales' Gemma ecclesiastica 5, the Chronicle of Helinand of Froidmont6, and the

1 Radulfus Beluacensis seems to be the more widely accepted Latin form of the grammarian's name. His name occurs in this form in the mediaeval texts on Ralph and the mediaeval library catalogues which include entries of his works (Hunt 1950, p. 11-3). For convenience the Anglicized form Ralph of Beauvais is used in this introduction.

2

Hunt 1950.

3

Ralph is for example not included in Thurot's collection of mediaeval grammatical texts (Thurot 1869), Golling's chapter on the history of syntactic thought in the twelfth century (Go/ling 1903) and Robins' pioneering study of mediaeval grammatical thought (Robins 1951), but he is represented in Pinborg 1967 and Bursill-Hall 1971 (28-9). The latter lists Ralph among grammarians of the stature of William of Conches and Peter Helias (see also Bursill-Hall 1975, p. 205). For William of Conches, see Fredborg 1981; for Peter Helias, see Gibson 1978. 4

Petri Blesensis Opera omnia, Vol. I: Epistolae, ed. I. A Giles, Oxford 1847, p. 14-7.

5 See Gerald of Wales, Gemma ecclesiastica, ed. J. S. Brewer, London 1862, p. 348-9: "De literaturae defectu er legum humanarum et logices abusu proveniente. Notandum hie autem quod Radulphus Beluacensis, qui in literatura nostris diebus praecipuus erat, trimembrem facere consueverat clericorum distinctionem in hunc modum: "Clericorum alii pannosi, qui per pannos scilicet et panes, ad apparentiam sibi scientias comparaverunt, magis scilicet scioli videri quam esse cupientes, cujusmodi multos novimus. Alii superseminati, qui et superficiales dici possunt, qui praetermissa literatura, poetarum scilicet auctorum, philosophorum, et artium fundamento, statim a Donato et Catone ad leges non solum humanas, sed etiam divinas, se transferre praesumunt. In tertio vero gradu sunt clerici a fundamento massati, in literatura scilicet et artibus sufficienter instructi, et inde non saltim, sed gradatim et sensim, ad scientias alias profecti pariter et provecti. •

ix

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

anonymous gloss commentary on the Priscianus maior, inc. "Promisimus" 7• Hunt succeeded in reconstructing the main facts of Ralph's life 8: Born in England, Ralph came to France at the end of the thirties of the twelfth century at the latest, since he studied under the direction of Peter Abailard. Afterwards he taught grammar at Beauvais, where he earned a reputation as a solid and thorough, although perhaps traditional, grammarian with a special interest in the works of the classical authors. Ralph was still alive, though very old, in the early 1180's. There was by no means a consensus of contemporary opinion on Ralph's literary interest. Peter of Blois for example speaks of his almost partisan emphasis on the pagan authors of Antiquity9, while Helinand of Froidmont claims a remarkable erudition for Ralph "tam in divinis quam in saecutaribus litteris". Although I feel inclined to follow Peter's view, who after having been attacked by Ralph answered the "Schoolmaster of Beauvais", whereas Helinand remains the respectful pupil who speaks of his old master in admiring tones, Helinand's biographical note on Ralph is not devoid of value. Helinand informs us that Ralph was a pupil of Abailard, which implies that he was one of the so-called Nominates. In the famous twelfth-century debate on the universalia, these logicians were partisans of a particular version of the "status-theory", as Ralph himself informs us in his Glose super Donatum 10• From a casual remark in the gloss commentary "Promisimus" we learn that certainly when teaching grammar, Ralph still adhered to this view. According to the reportator, Ralph used to be dismissive of the opponents of the Nominates, the "Reales'': [Ms Oxford, Bodi.Lib., Laud. lat. 67, f. 63""] "Censualis (ad Prise., Inst. gram. IV, 23, ed. Hertz, p. 131,10) quod ad censum pertinet. Secundum hanc regutam dici debet a res: 'ralis'. Vnde magister R Bel deridendo eos semper dicebat: "Hoc dicunt li Rates 11".

6

Helinandus de Frigidi Montis, Chronicon, ed. Migne, PL 212, 10350: (Ad ann. 1142) •Hujus etiam Petri Abaelardi discipulus fuit magister meus, qui me docuit a puero, natione Anglicus, cognomento Grammaticus, Ecclesiae Belvacensis, vir tam in divinis quam in saecularibus litteris eruditus. •

7

For a description of this manuscript, see Hunt 1950, p. 1-2 and De Rijk 1967(1), p. 77-81; BursillHall 1981, 188.119.3. 8

Cf. Hunt 1950,

9

See also below, p. xvi-xvii.

p. 11-2.

10

Super Donatum, p. 21, 7; for Abailard's position, see King 1982.

11

ralet Ms and Hunt 1950 (p. 47).

x

INTRODUCTION

No new biographical material about this grammar master has been discovered since Hunt's study12• Research in the archives at Beauvais only resulted in a possible identification of the grammar master with a Ralph the Master, who according to an ancient obituary (s. xiiex.) of the St. Pierre of Beauvais 13 bequeathed his house in the cloister to the Cathedral: "I/JI Non. Mai. Obit Ingerannus qui dedit nobis sol. xl'a. Item. Obit Radulfus magister qui dedit beato Petro domum suam in claustro. 14". If I am right to surmise that this Ralph was the magister scholamm of the Beauvais, he would be the second grammarian to give his house to the chapter, since in the same obituary Roscelinus the Grammarian is said to have bequeathed the chapter with his house in the cloister and furthermore presented the cathedral library with fourteen books15• § 2. HIS WRITINGS

With the help of references in the Glose "Promisimus" and some entries in mediaeval library catalogues, Hunt was able to restore the authorship of the Liber Tytan and the Glose super Donatum to Ralph of Beauvais16• The entire text of the Liber Tytan is found in two manuscripts11:

12

The Archives sources as reproduced in the studies on the mediaeval schools (Morel 1868) and the Cathedral library of Beauvais (Omont 1916) do not provide any evidence for a grammarian of this name. 13 This obituary has been written in the margins of the Martyrologi.um Usuardi, which has been preserved in an eleventh-century manuscript, now in a private collection, but formerly part of the collection of the Bibliotheque municipale of Beauvais (cf. the catalogue of 1869, n° 10). A microfilm of this manuscript is in the Archives departementales at Beauvais. 14 It must be observed that this Ralph is not called "magister Radulfus", but "Radulfus magister". The postposition of "magister" to the Christian name might suggest that it is the indication of a function rather than a status specification (cf. Southern 1982, p. 134-5). This Ralph and his house are not mentioned in L. E. Deladreue's study on the houses of the canons of the Chapter of Beauvais (Deladreue 1868(2), p. 24). 15

See Omont 1916, p. 2: "Nonis julii. Obiit Roscelinus gramaticus, qui dedit nobis suam domum in claustro, et octo arpennos vinearum in Hosdenco, et libros suos numero quatuordecim". A list of Roscelinus' books is also included in the manuscript (cf. Omont 1916, p. 2). 16

Hunt 1950, p. 11-6.

17

For a description of the manuscripts, see below, p. xxi-xxxiii.

xi

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TITAN

BERN, Burgerbibliothek, 519, f. 116'-135'18

and LONDON, British Library, Add. 16380, f. lll'-119"19,

whereas some fragments have been preserved on the fly-leaf of the manuscript: GDANSK, Bibliotheka Nauk, Mar. Q 46, f. 1 and 272'/JJ.

The mediaeval libraries of Christ Church, Canterbury, and Waltham Abbey each possessed a copy of the Liber yYtan 21 • It is also quoted in the twelfth-century gloss commentary on Priscian, the Glose "Promisimus". The entire text of the Glose super Donatum has been preserved in one manuscript only22: LONDON, British Library, Add. 16380, f. 123va-127..23 ,

The manuscripts: BRUGGE, Stadsbibliotheek, 544, f. 11 ~-b

24

and

18

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 13; Bursill-Hall 1981, 25.22.2.

19

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 13; Bursill-Hall 1981, 149.24.1.

20

Not in Hunt 1950 nor in Bursill-Hall 1981 (cf. 97.4.).

21

See Hunt 1950, p. 12-3.

22 For an edition of this text and a description of the manuscripts, see Ralph of Beauvais, Glose super Donatum, ed. C. H. Kneepkens, Nijmegen 1982.

23

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 15; Bursill-Hall 1981, 149.24.3.

24 Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 15, who erroneously printed "545" (cf. Bursill-Hall 1981, 37.15); Bursill-Hall 1981, 37.14.5.

xii

INTRODUCTION

TARRAGONA, Biblioteca provincial, fondo S. Creus, 54, f. 13125

include small fragments of this text. A copy of the Glose super Donatum was in Christ Church library in the same volume that included the Liber Tytan 26• Hunt provided evidence for the mediaeval existence of a gloss commentary on Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae by Ralph. Unfortunately, this work has not yet been identified in the manuscripts 27• Furthermore, the library of St. Andrew's, Rochester, was in the possession of a work by Ralph28, but the reference is too vague to allow any identification with one of the extant works. Connected with Ralph's writings is a treatise consisting of grammatical quaestiones and notae of a rather elementary level. In the Middle Ages it was already called Verba preceptiva after its opening words. The entire text has survived in three manuscripts: LONDON, British Library, Add. 16380, f. 120"'-123va29 MILANO, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, M 9 sup., f. 170'-183'3-0 TARRAGONA, Biblioteca provincial, fondo S. Creus, 54, f. 124va-13lrb31 ,

A fragment containing the first sections is found in manuscript: PARIS, Bibliotheque nationale, lat. 18072, f. 134r-•32•

25

Not in Bursi/I-Hall 1981.

26

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 12.

27

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 45; see also below, p. xxi-xxii. The "Promisimus" commentary has erroneously been attributed to Ralph by Glauche (Glauche 1970, 104, n. 8).

28

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 13, n. 1.

29

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 14; cf. Bursill-Hall 1981, 149.24.2.

3-0 Not in Hunt 1950; cf. Bursill-Hall 1981, 166.44.1. 31

Not in Hunt 1950; cf. Bursill-Hall 1981, 271.4.4.

32

Hunt 1950, p. 14; cf. Bursill-Hall 1981, 208.276.

xiii

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

It is mentioned, together with the Uber Tytan, in the catalogue of Waltham Abbey;

Thomas of Marlborough (fl. 1200) possessed a copy of this work, when he entered the Abbey of Evesham33• It is also quoted in the Close "Promisimus"34• Finally, Hunt referred to a collection of Versus differentiales, inc.: Vt medias dicronas edoctus mente reponas Hee lector cura Radulfi tradita cura: omen habens Arator fuerat diuinus arator which has been preserved in the manuscripts Cambridge, Trinity College, R14.40, p. 363-6 and Nottingham, University Library, Middleton Ms, both of which date to the first part of the thirteenth century. However, except for the occurrence of the name of Ralph in the second line, there is no further basis for an attribution of these verses to Ralph, the grammar master of Beauvais.

§ 3. THE UBER TYTAN AND THE GRAMMATICAL TRADITION

In his study on Priscian in the twelfth century mentioned above, R. W. Hunt described the Liber Tytan in the following terms: ''The work is an interesting one and unusual in form. It contains long grammatical notes on select lines in the Metamorphoses of Ovid and the Pharsalia of Lucan. They are illustrated by a large number of classical and biblical quotations". 35 Hunt's qualification of this work was not essentially changed by further research in mediaeval grammar nor has its uniqueness been challenged by recent discoveries. The same holds true for Hunt's description of the work: it does indeed consist of lines of Ovidius' Metamorphoses and Lucanus' De be/lo civili supplied with a grammatical commentary. The only structuring principle which can be discovered in the Uber Tytan is the order of the occurrence of the lines in the works of Ovid and Lucan. It would, however, be far from the truth to characterize it as a commentary or excerpt of a commentary on those poems, as Alton suggested36• On the contrary, the contemporary commentaries and gloss

33

Cf. Hunt 1950,

34

See Hunt 1950,

35

Hunt 1950, p. 14.

36

Alton 1931, p. 140.

XIV

p. 14. p. 14.

INTRODUCTION

collections on Ovid and Lucan do not show any real affinity with this work whatsoever'. On the other hand, the absolutely unsystematical way in which the respective topics are dealt with prevents us from classifying it as a textbook, such as could have been used as an instrument in the instruction of the principles of Latin grammar in the classroom. A clue to the discovery of the author's intention seems to be concealed in a remark written by a thirteenth-century hand at the top of f. 116r of the Bern manuscript38 of the Liber Tytan: "In hoc tractatu compilantur omnes39 difficiles et figuratiue locutiones ouidii et oratii et quorundam aliorum auctorum et figure eos excusantes assignantur". However, a first inspection of the contents reveals that this statement - which after all was made more than a century after the composition of the Liber Tytan -, is partly besides the truth. Many of the lines of Ovid and Lucan quoted do not contain a difficult or figurative expression. The greater part of them were probably only used as stepping-stones - Ralph calls them "exempla" - enabling the author to make observations about grammatical phenomena which sometimes hardly exceed the level of elementary language instruction. The only new contribution we can offer is that of establishing its place in grammar instruction more definitively. Hunt had already observed that the text does not belong to the category of elementary language instruction. However, his remark on the subsequent development of grammatical thought in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, that the development of grammar did not proceed along the lines mapped out by Ralph'°, suggests that Ralph's writings can be classed with Peter Helias' Summa 41 or treatises by grammarians such as Robert of Paris or Robert Blund42 • This is certainly not the case. Both of Ralph' writings which have been preserved were clearly intended for language teaching at the "secondary" level. They

37 An exception must be made for a remark preserved in the interlinear gloss commentary which accompanies the text of Ovid's Metamorphoses in the manuscript Brnssels, BR 2100. In the gloss on Met. I, 10 one comes across an observation which shows an affinity with the corresponding section of the Liber Tytan; for the text, see below, p. 1, n. a. 38

See below, p. xxxi.

39

See below, p. xxxi, n. 90.

40

See also Bursill-Hall 1971, p. 29.

41

See in this context Bursil-Hall's remark: "The first is associated with three masters, William of Conches, Peter Helias, and Ralph of Beauvais" (Bursill-Hall 1971, p. 28).

42

For these grammarians, see Kneepkens 1987(1).

xv

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

aimed at those students who had acquired a fair, but not yet complete command of Latin. His readers are presumed to be familiar with the standards of Latin declensions and conjugations, and the same holds good for the basic elements of the doctrine of government. That means that his students proceeded beyond the stage of the doctrina puerilis. Furthermore, the fact that in some discussions important basic logical topics as e.g. the signum universale, the scope of the negation, and the opposition of significatio and acceptio in an utterance of a noun are dealt with may serve as an indication that the author expected his audience to be acquainted with the elementary topics of logic43 • On the other hand, penetrating semantic discussions, in which the relationship between language and the extra-linguistic reality plays a crucial role, as we find in the works of William of Couches, Peter Helias, and the Anonymus of the gloss commentary "Licet Multi in Arte" are entirely absent. This induces us to place Ralph's works on the same level with the Corrogationes Promethei of Alexander Nequam 44, and Matthieu de Vend6me'sArs versificatoria, both of whom explicitly state that their works were intended for the minus provecti. Ralph's Contribution to the Grammatical Thought of his Time

Ralph's own contribution to the development of grammatical thought is difficult to establish on the basis of the Liber Tytan alone. As has been observed above, the treatise itself and the level of the intended audience are not very appropriate for comprehensive and structured discussions of the main theoretical topics of contemporary grammatical thought. On the other hand, Hunt's picture of Ralph as the schoolmaster especially interested in the classical authors remains unchallenged by this work. Undoubtedly, it would have earned Ralph the title of auctorista, which some fifty years later the chronicler of the Frisian monastery of Hortus Sanctae Mariae was to bestow on the teacher of Abbot Sibrandus, master Frethericus on the basis of his thorough knowledge of the classical authors45 •

43

See also below, p. xix-xx.

44 A peculiarity common to both the Liber Tytan and the Corrogationes Promethei is that while it is impossible to class the two texts as textbooks like the summae, or commentaries, they are definitely not collections of quaestiones or notes by students either, since both works were authorized by their authors.

45

Cf. Vita Sibrandi, in: Gesta abbatum Orti sanctae Marie, Gedenkschriften van de Abdij Mariengaarde in Friesland, ed. Ae. W. Wybrands, Leeuwarden 1879, p. 172-4 (for the text, see below, n. 46).

xvi

INTRODUCTION

At this point the question must also be raised whether the interest in classical authors, or rather in authors in general, was not a feature common to Latin instruction at the secondary level, and therefore not, as Hunt believed, Ralph's special contribution to linguistic thought. If so, the uniqueness of Ralph perhaps lay in his continued interest in the classical authors even at a ripe old age, whereas other grammarians, who had shared this same interest in their younger years, were later to abandon the pagan authors for loftier aspirations. We must also bear in mind that this is the core of the reproach made by Peter of Blois in his sixth letter to Ralph, and the difference between Ralph and a master Frethericus, mentioned earlier, and Ralph's contemporary, Alexander Nequam: having attained the age of maturity the latter masters switched from the classical authors to the Christian ones and to theology46, whereas Ralph stuck to pagan Antiquity. Peter of Blois wrote in reproach: "Verecundum siquidem et onerosum satis est mihi, quad omnes coaetani vestri in montem eminentioris scientiae ascenderunt, et vos in coeno crassioris intelligentiae cum asino remansistis. Priscianus et Tullius, Lucanus et Persius; isti sunt Dii vestri."41 As has already been noted in the introduction to the edition of Ralph's Close super Donatum, the two preserved works show that Ralph's merits must not be sought in linguistic originality. He belonged to the generation following William of Conches, to whom he refers four times in his gloss commentary on Donat48, and generally he adhered to the rules established by this master49 • This does not imply that he was a slavish follower. His comment on William's definition of comparatio already characterizes him as a grammarian of the generation which paid more attention to grammar as a purely sermocinal discipline 50 • Furthermore, his comment on the

46 For Alexander Nequam, see Hunt 1984, p. 6; the author of the Vita Sibrandi (see above, p. xvi) says of master Frethericus (p. 173 - 4): "Auctoristam ipsi similem Fresia vix habebat; Persium, luvenalem, Virgilianos, Oracianos, Ovidianos, quos habebat pro multa parte corde tenus, et sciebat et legebat; in quibus legendis et relegendis iuvenis existens .... quam plurimum iocundabatur et delectabatur. Etate vero succedente (ut pro parte cognovi), certe non sic. Nam libris istis gentilium sepositis, in libris catholicis, videlicet Boecio, Prudencio, Aurora, Sedulio, Florido aspectu, lob et Thobie libris ac ceteris, quos longum est enarrare, suorum scolarium ingenia exercebat". 47

Ep. VI, in: Webb 1857, p. 16.

48

Ed. Kneepkens, p. 8, 21; 9, 10; 47, 29, and 50, 12.

49

See my introduction to the edition of Ralph's Super Donaturn, p. XIX-XX.

50

William's definition of cornparatio as the "dernonstratio existencie eiusdern in subiectis ue/ in subiecto cum augrnento", in which the term 'subiecturn' means the ontological subject and not the grammatical or semantico-logical subject, is replaced by a definition which also pays attention to the morphological and the semantic aspects: (Super Donaturn, p. 4-6) "De comparatione etiam possumus dicere quod

xvii

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

position of the category of declension among the accidentia nominis 51, his exposition of the construction of the famous "hornm maior est caritas" (I Cor 13, 13)52, and his view of regimen-relationship between the copula and the nominative ''post verbum" might also be quoted as instances of an approach which to a certain degree was independent of William. On the other hand, there is no evidence to show that Ralph was acquainted with the works of Peter Helias or the more syntax-orientated grammarians of the third part of the century. It must be noted that he maintained positions which they rejected explicitly, for example his theory of government which was denounced by Peter Helias 53 • Hunt correctly pointed out that Ralph generally held positions which Peter Helias used to attribute to the Antiqui54 • A notable feature of Ralph's works is the almost complete absence of certain linguistic topics which were much-discussed in the grammatical works dating from the third quarter of the twelfth century onwards, although phenomena related to them are dealt with in the Liber Tytan. In this context we might point to the attention paid in more than one place to the relatio by means of relative adverb to a nominal antecedent, and to the relatio between the determinative pronoun and the relative, e.g. 'is qui'. But one looks in vain for a reference to the well-known pair of relatio simplex (generalis) I personalis, which was discussed by the logicians and more theoretically interested grammarians such as Ralph's model, William of Conches55 , or to a reference to the notion of the relatio mutua 56• The same holds good for notions as evocatio 51, conceptio 58, the couples suppositio I appositio 59 and de dicta et de re-

sit proprietas formandi aliud nomen ex se et significandi, ut supra dictum est". 51

Cf. Super Donatum, p. 5-7: "quia grammatici non quaslibet diction um proprietates dicebant accidencia earum, sed illas que erant magis necessarie ad constructionem earum"; see in this context Pinborg 1967, p. 34. 52

See Super Donatum, p. XXIII, and Evans 1984, p. 85-7.

53

Cf. Super Donatum, p. XXIII.

54

Cf. Hunt 1950, p. 35, n. l.

55

Cf. Kneepkens 1975 & 1976, and Rosier 1985; for William's view, see esp. Kneepkens 1975, p. 12-3.

56

For the relatio mutua of this type, see Robert of Paris, Summa, ed. Kneepkens (198711), p. 57,33.

57

Cf. Kneepkens 1981.

58

Cf. Kneepkens 1987, Vol. I, p. 153-60.

59

Cf. Kneepkens 1987(2).

xviii

INTRODUCTION

interpretationsw. This does not imply that Ralph was not aware of current developments in grammar and logic, nor that he wished to avoid such topics. On the contrary, he enters at some length into discussions of the semantic and syntactic aspects of the universal and distributive signs (1-2,12 and 76,9-11), the scope of the negation (3,7-37), the interpretation of a noun depending on the tense of the verb, i.e. the appellatio nominis (2,20-3,6 and 8,24-9,11) 61, the material use of a word (9,22-32), and the restriction of the meaning function of a word in a sentence (91,21-2), all of which were current issues in the logical discussions of his days. He even uses examples which we also meet in the contemporary logical literature as for example ''H scribitur inter alias litteras" (2,9-10) and "omnis homo resurget" (2,26) 62 • We have to bear in mind, however, that Ralph did not enter upon these topics as a logician or for the sake of logic instruction. He appears only to be interested in these subjects in as far as they were relevant to explain grammatical incongruences to his pupils. However, the Liber Tytan is of importance for us not only because it is in itself a rather unique specimen of 12th-century secondary level language instruction. It also presents precious detailed additions to current linguistic thought. We learn from this text how some particular problems were dealt with, which were not discussed in the regular summae, probably because of the extent of detail they involved. For instance, Ralph is one of the earliest grammarians to inform us explicitly about the difference between regere, as denoting the syntactical aspect of the relationship between words in a sentence, and exigere, standing for the semantic aspect (39,25-6), a difference which was not discussed until Robert of Paris and Robert Blund63 • In this context I should like to point to a problem often discussed in the Liber Tytan, that of the verb governing a double accusative as e.g. "doceo te linguam Latinam'">4. In the decades following the Liber Tytan a grammar of government was developed which served as a theoretical framework within which the grammarians

w Ralph discusses the phenomenon in 67,24-32. We meet an extensive treatment of it in Peter

Hispanus'(non-papa), Absoluta cuiuslibet, ed. Kneepkens (1987IV), p. 59 and 70-71. 61

Cf. Kneepkens 1982.

62

See below, p. 2, 9-10 and 2, 26.

63

Robert of Paris, ed. Kneepkens (1987II), p. 264, 25-7 and Robert Blund, ed. Kneepkens (1987III),

p. 4, 4. 64

Cf. below, p. 6,3sqq.; 15,6sqq.; 26,2sqq.; 72,18-9; 89,20sqq.

xix

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

explained the different functions of these accusatives by pointing to the different semantic forces exerted: sc. vi or ratione transitionis - the accusative of the direct object - opposed to ratione significationis - the accusative of the object of contents. However, we do not yet find this stage of development in Ralph's writings. He refers to the different "secondary or general meaning functions" in general (rationes) of the respective accusatives in the sentence, but does not make a definite link with the doctrine of government. On the other hand we do find an effort in the Liber Tytan to explain this particular use of a double accusative within a grammar of construction, a feature which is absent in the grammatical treatises of the late twelfth century. Unfortunately, Ralph does not supply us with a systematic treatment of his theory of transitivity and the related concepts. His observations on this subject, scattered throughout the work, are scanty. Nevertheless, we can grasp that he accepts the difference between transitio actus and transitio personarum tantum, but it is not clear whether he subdivided transitio actus into transitio actus tantum and transitio actus et personarum, as Robert of Paris did. 65 However, having explained the coexistence of two separate accusatives in one and the same sentence on the grounds of different semantic functions, sc. respectively indicating the person who is acted upon (i.e. the direct object), and the material or cause of the semantic contents of the verb, Ralph now tries to incorporate this phenomenon into his theory of transitivity and intransitivity. He calls the constructional relationship between the finite verb and the accusative indicating the person who is acted upon, a transitio actus, which for him undoubtedly includes a transitio personarum, and the relationship between the finite verb and the other accusative, the accusative of the object of contents, a transitio

personarum tantum. Another aspect where Ralph shows an awareness of the current developments in grammar, while holding a deviant view, is the construction of clauses. Generally, the twelfth-century grammarians refused to accept the construction of clauses. They held that only words were appropriate to be construed. However, induced by Lucan's line "Bella geri placuit" (I, 10), Ralph states that the finite verb placuit is construed with the clause bella geri, which is used instead of a nominative. But he denies that it has exactly the same semantico-syntactic function as a nominative, i.e. to supply the finite verb with a person: 'reddere personam verbo'. On the one hand, therefore, he accepts a certain constructional link, in particular its syntactic compartment,

65 Nor whether he accepted the constructio mixta or neutra. For Robert of Paris' theory of transitivity and the related concepts, see Kneepkens 1983, p. 4 and Kneepkens 1990, p. 171-4.

xx

INTRODUCTION

between the finite verb and what we would call a subject clause, but he refuses to bestow upon this clause the semantic feature of the nominative used in subject position, viz. to posit the person for the verb. The picture of Ralph's place in the development of linguistic thought sketched above is by no means complete. Hunt's investigation into the Glose "Promisimus" not only revealed that Ralph composed a commentary on the Priscianus maior, the reportator also supplied us with Ralph's comments on certain subjects. The greater part of them concern minor topics such as the syntagmatic structure of the combination eo plus, the length of the penultimate syllable of the noun 'Antipho' or the declension of compound nouns. But some of the observations show that Ralph had also entered into the debates on the more theoretical topics, such as the interpretation of the term 'pars orationis'"", and the meaning function of a noun when used in an appositive construction as e.g. in 'Marcus Tullius Scipio Africanus'61• §

4. THE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LIB ER TYTAN

As has been indicated above68, we have three manuscripts of the Liber yYtan at our

"" The twelfth-century doctrine of the pars orationis was not unequivocal. The Glose "Promisimus" says that some of the grammarians considered the term to be a nomen collectivum such as the noun 'populus', namely a word that only pertains to the collection as such and not to its members taken individually (Hunt 1950, p. 45, see also Peter Helias, ed. Reilly 1975, p. 106,7-16); the authors of the oldest version of the Glosule appear to have held this view (Rosier 1988, 38-9). Another theory held that the collection and every member of the collection is a pars orationis (Hunt 1950, p. 46); the master of the "Promisimus" was an adherent of this view and so was Peter Helias: they called pars orationis a nomen complexivum, a word pertaining to both the collection and the individual members of the collection (for Peter Helias, see ed. Reilly 1975, p. 10, 13sqq. and p. 107,15sqq.). According to the Glose "Promisimus" Ralph did not join either of these theoretical camps. In his Glose super Donatum he argues that the term 'pars orationis' has different meanings when used in the sentence "octo sunt partes orationis" and in the sentence "'homo' est pars orationis", for in the first sentence it means "genus partium orationis". From this it appears that Ralph belongs to those grammarians who according to Peter Helias used to say that the term 'pars orationis' was equivalent to the individual words and the collections of words (Peter Helias, ed. Reilly 1975, p. 107, 6-14); William of Conches, in all probability, was among them: (Ms Firenze, San Marco 310, f. 26rb)" tercii ex is duabus sentenciis terciam compilant dicentes quod pars oracionis est equiuocum ad dictionem et ad collectionem uocum predictam" (cf. Rosier 1988, 39). 67

The text printed in Hunt 1950, p. 46 needs to be corrected in some respects: "Nomen est proprie (II 24, p. 58, 4). Hie solet queri quid habeat facere quodlibet istorum nominum Marcus Tullius Scipio Affricanus in hac iunctura, utrum quodlibet significet (-at Hunt) substantiam cum propria qualitate. Quod magister Ra[dulphus] Bel[uacensis] solebat concedere, et quod quater (quantum Hunt) significatur ibi substantia eadem cum eadem propria qualitate, sic ergo uidentur superfluere". 68

See above, p. xi-xii.

xxi

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

disposal, the first being: 1.0 LONDON, British Library, Add. 16380 (Sig!.: L) Cod. membr.; 307ff.; s. xii( ex)-xiii69 Although direct indications are lacking, we may assume that this manuscript, a convolute, which holds several schooltexts mainly for grammatical instruction was in a Canterbury library in the Middle Ages. A reference to Christ Church, Canterbury in the right-hand margin off. 185v provides the evidence for this view. This text which is very probably an excerpt of an obituary, runs as follows: "Vil KL maij Robertus frater. VJ] KL septembris eiusdem fratris ... et sacerdotis ecclesie xristi cantus. Robertus. Robertus W. ... famulus". Although the library of Christ Church Cathredal possessed

a copy of Ralph of Beauvais' commentary on Donat and the Liber Tytan 10, the present state of research does not allow us to positively identify the quires which include these treatises with the entries of the mediaeval Christ Church catalogue. The suggestion for evidence of a Kentish provenance is furthermore corroborated by its former owner. Before the codex went into the collection of the British Museum on November 24, 1846, it was owned by the Reverend James Boys, a son of John Boys of Betshanger, a descendant of the well-known Kentish family of Boys. James Boys lived in Kent for the greater part of his life as Rector of St. Mary, Marsh, Romney, and Vicar of Cranbrook71 • The various texts of the manuscript were writen in miscellaneous hands. The fly-leaves are written in a rather large, rough textualis dating to the 14th century. Ff. 2 - 127 are written by several hands in a small littera textualis. Ff. 128 - 305 show a great variety of types of handwriting, in the greater part of which English features dominate. Since this manuscript has not been described before in detail 72, I shall present a

69

For a complete inventory of the manuscript, see Additions 1864, p. 184-5.

70

Hunt 1950, 12; for the Christ Church catalogue see James 1903, p. 73.

71 For the most important data of the Reverend James Boys' life, see Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1860, p. 69 and The Registers of Wadham College, Oxford, ... Edited with biographical notes, by R. B. Gardiner, London 1889. One of the members of this Kentish family was the Reverend John Boys (1571 - 1625), Dean of Canterbury, who is said to have been one of the great book collectors of his time, cf. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. II, London 1908, col. 1036. 72 The only description of the entire manuscript is in Additions 1864, p. 184-5; the grammatical texts are partially listed in Bursill-Hal/ 1981, 149.24.

xxii

INTRODUCTION

more comprehensive description of its contents in the following section, but will refrain from an extensive codicological and paleographical description. 1.1 The Contents

The fly-leaves (f. 1, 306 and 307) contain fragments of a Priscian codex. In the folia 1 and 307 we find the text of Priscian's Institutiones, XVII, 79 - 91 [ed. Hertz II, 15226 - 15828]: Inc.: [f. 11 sitis non posita uerba intelligi tan turn ... Des.: [f. 307v] quia placeo tibi contingit

F. 306r-v also contains a fragment of the same book of Priscian (Inst. XVII, 43 49 [ed. Hertz II, 1346 - 13?21]): Inc.: des hue illuc dornurn uel rniliciarn Des.: quia et quianarn horatius in

The text is written miniated.

a longues lignes,

28/30 lines per page; the capitals have been

1.1.1 Folia 2ra - 72vb

These folia contain an anonymous gloss commentary on Virgil's Aeneis: Inc. prof.: Auctor iste sicut bucolica scripsit rogatu pollionis georgica uero rogatu rnecenatis ita et eneidern ad laudern scripsit augusti cesaris. intendit enirn augusturn a parentibus laudare ... Inc. com.: ARMA VIRVMQVE CANO idest. arrnaturn et bellicosurn uirurn et est endiadis. endiadis enirn est quedarn figura. scilicet. serrnonis inproprietas ... Exp!.: dicunt enirn philosophi quod dulce est coniugiurn corporis et anirne. ideo inquarn dulce ut super anirna inuita discedat. unde stacius [Theb. VI, 885] indignantern anirnarn propriis non reddidit astris. EXPLICIVNT GLOSE ENEIDOS

The text is written in two columns, 52/53 lines per column. The initial capital on f. 2'" is in red with blue filigrees. The same commentary, with slightly variant readings and mutilated at the end, has survived in MS Bern, Burgerbibliothek, 411, ff. 90ra - 141vb (s. xiie.x). On f. 72ro one finds some short notes on the heretical doctrine of the fratres /oachimite, written in a hand which clearly differs from that which wrote the Virgil

xxiii

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

commentary. The first Ioachimite note starts as follows:

Inc.: Verba fratris iunioris Ioachimite. dicit enim frater secundum Ioachim quod euuangelium christi F. 72v is blank. 1.1.2 Folia 73"' - 91'" These folia contain an anonymous gloss commentary on Virgil's Georgica: Inc. prof.: screus esiodus quemdam librum de agricultura ad fratrem suum persem conposuit ... Inc. com.: QVID FACIAT. uirgilius tractaturus de agricultura morem aliorum recte scribencium

sequitur ... Des.: STRIDERE APES. quia strido. dis et strideo. des dicitur. sicut efferuere et efferuere et TRAHI NVBES [Verg., Georg. IV, 557]

The text is written in two columns, 52 lines per column. In the upper margin of f. 73ra is written: Exposicio Georgicornm Virgilii. At the bottom of f. 9r a partially illegible name is given: Roger de do.....

1.1.3. Folia 92"' - l/O'b These folia present an anonymous gloss commentary on Juvenal's Satyrae: Inc. prof.: Iuuenalis iunius aquinas. idest de aquino opido oriundus extitit qui fere ad mediam uite

sue etatem declamauit ... Inc. com.: SEMPER ETC. more omnium saturicorum ex abrupto incipit ...

Des.: NAMQVE IBI [Iuv., Sat. XI, 176] tales ludi apud diuites fiunt quia peccatum eorum ...

In the text of this gloss commentary which has been handed down anonymously and incompletely, a lacuna is found between leaves 109 and 110. The loss of text covers the commentary on Sat. IX, 70 to XI, 11. The commentary itself is preceded by the so-called Vita secunda and a prologue. The text of the commentary belongs to the second category of Eva M. Sanford's classification of the Juvenal glosses. 73 The text is written in two columns of about 69 lines per column. F. 97 is an inserted piece of parchment, which is not part of the quire, although the normal gloss text is continued on it.

73

Cf. Sanford 19(;(), p. 188-9.

xxiv

INTRODUCTION

1.1.4 Folia

nr - 127"

These folia include the two tracts of Ralph of Beauvais, the cognate treatise De verbis preceptivis and a fragment on the substantive noun 'quis'. The leaves are a codicological unit and are written in a very small /ittera textualis. The type of handwriting, however, is not the same throughout the whole section. It is possible to distinguish three different hands: 74 (1) ff. 111" - 116", the lower part of f. 116rb and f. 116va-• are written in a rather careless textualis which shows typical English features such as the so-called "trailing headed" a, which we also meet in the middle of the words, the long insular r, and the high Tironian et-sign; (2) the upper parts of f. 116rb are written in a careful minuscule. The structure of the letters is different from those of both the other sections. The appearance of a d with an upright hasta alongside ad of a more uncial type points to a (rather late) 12th-century hand; (3) the hand which wrote ff. 117"' - 127"', also in a rather careless textualis, shows significant differences from the hands who wrote ff. 111 - 116. The "trailing headed" a and the high Tironian et-sign are lacking. On the other hand, one finds a ligature between the c and t, which is missing in types (1) and (2). The paragraph sign is also distinct from that used in both the other sections. The right column of f. 127' has been written in a hand which shows an apparent similarity with section (1). The appearance of type (2) in particular would date this part of the codex to the last decades of the 12th century at the latest. The Liber Tytan can be found on ff. 111"' - 119vb: Inc.: VLLVS ADHVC MVNDO PREBEBAT LVMINA TYTAN. quandoque nomini quod per apellationem (!) ... ExpL: REGESQVE TIMET QVORVM OMNIA MERSIT. idest quorum omnes res mersit. EXPLICIT.

The text is in two columns per page with a highly varying number of lines per column. In the margins we find several rubrics75 •

74

It has to be stressed, however, that a difference of type does not necessarily imply another scribe!

75

They are indicated in the apparatus criticus of the present edition.

xxv

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS - TYTAN

The De verbis preceptivis has been written on ff. 120"' - 123va: Inc.: erba preceptiua tam cum datiuo quam accusatiuo construuntur sequente uerbo infinitiuo ut impero tibi uel te legere ... Exp/.: ut apud uirgilium in quibusdam codicibus iupiter humid us austris denset. erant que rara modo et que densa relaxat. EXPLICIT

For a description of this treatise and its manuscripts, see above, p. xiii-xiv. The text is written in two columns with 50 I 57 lines to each column. Ff. 123.. - 127.. include Ralph of Beauvais' commentary on Donatus minor: Inc. prol: uia grammatica prima est arcium. in eius principio uidendum est quid sit generalis Inc. gloss.: PARTES ORATIONIS QVOT SVNT? pars orationis est teste prisciano uox significans mentis affectum ... Exp!.: quia interiectiue profertur. similiter me miserum et o uirum ineffabilem. Expliciunt glose magistri radulfi. EXPLICIVNT RES.

The text is written in two columns with 51 I 62 lines to each colurnn76• The right-hand column of f. 127' contains a fragment of a grammatical discussion of the substantive (pro)noun, the nomen substantivum, 'quis': Inc.: Quoniam hoc nomen substantiuum quis et alia substantiua idco inuenta sunt ... Des.: geminationem enim huiusmodi secundum priscianum compositionem uocamus

This text has been edited in an appendix to the edition of the Glose super Donatum 71• F. 127' is blank.

1.1.5 Folia 128' - 143v The folia preserve a copy of Stace's Achilleis with interlinear and marginal glosses: Inc.: Magnanimum eacidcn formidatamque tonanti Exp/.: Aura silet puppis currens ad littora uenit.

76

For a more detailed discussion of this text I refer to the edition (Kneepkens I982); a survey of the manuscripts of this text can be found above, p. xiii-xiv.

71

Ed. Kneepkens (1982), p. 78-80.

xxvi

INTRODUCTION 18 This is Clogan's manuscript D in his edition of the mediaeval text of the Achilleis • The text of the Achilleis is written in one column with 30 I 38 lines to each page. At the top of f. 128' a later, in all probability 14th-century, hand wrote: "Libri gramaticales qui precedunt istum mutuati sunt cognato fratris P. de Wrotham per mediationem fratris R. Gyffard tune librarii".

1.1.6 Folia 144' - 17

addidi Jectio recepta

+

+

locus corruptus esse videtur

add.

addidit

cett.

ceteri(s)

corr.

correxit

de!.

delevit

des.

desiit

fragm.

fragmentum

in marg.

in margine

lac.

Jacunam in codice esse suspicor

om.

omisit

pos.

posuit

rubr.

rubricam in margine scripsit

transp.

transposuit

xiii

MAGISTRI

RADVLFI

LIBER

TYTAN

NVLLVS ADHVC MVNDO PREBEBAT LVMINA TYTAN 1

5

10

15

Met. I, 10

Quandoque nmnini quad per appellationem uni soli conuenit, adiungitur signum uniuersale; ubi nulla improprietas est, ut apud Ouidium 'nullus adhuc etc. 2', quia hoc nomen Titan 3 licet uni tantum conueniat, tamen est commune pluribus naturaliter. Significat enim substantiam et qualitatem communiter4. ' Quando uero nomini proprio signum uniuersale apponitur, improprietas est, ut apud Ouidium 'utque tibi excidimus, nullam puto Phillida nosti'.b Sed in nomine proprio intelligitur nomen appellatiuum, cui proprie potest signum uniuersale 5 apponi. Possumus etiam dicere quad in hac oratione 'nullus adhuc etc.' ponitur nullus pro non, ut apud Lucanum 'nullus semel ore receptus pollutas patitur sanguis mansuescere fauces'.C Item apud Terentium 'liberatus sum, Daue, hodie opera tua ac nullus quidem'd nullus ponitur pro non. Similiter inuenitur quad bee dictio nemo cum habeat uim istarum dictionum nullus, homo, alicubi non retinet nisi uim huius dictionis nullus, ut apud Virgilium 'Turne, quad optanti diuum promittere nemo auderet'.< Item apud Terentium 'nemo homo est'/ idest nul/us6• Quando etiam nomini appellatiuo quad uni soli conuenit, apponitur dictio notans diuersitatem, improprietas est7, ut apud Lucanum 'reges alio sub sole • Cf. Prise. Inst. gram. II, 18; cf. Rad. Belv. Close super Donatum, p. 6, 2-3 (ed. Kneepkens); vide etiam comment. anonym. in Ovidii Metam. in codice Bruxellensi BR 2100 conservatum ad Joe.: "et ponit uniuersale huic nomini Titan, quia nomen est commune et tantum uni soli conuenit, uel nullus pro non sicut reperitur in Terentio et in auctoribus." b Ovid. Her. II, 105; cf. GP, f. 77rab (& Hunt 1950, p. 58): "Humani Ioues, idest dii. Nota quod quandocumque proprium (f. 77"'] uel recipit adiectiuum, ut 'aliquis Socrates' ueJ in plurali ponitur, ut 'Aiaces', non in propria significatione retinetur. Debet enim significare unum aliquid; quare pluralitatem refugit. Vbi autem non est pluralitas, ibi non est particio. Vt enim .b Et apud Horatium 'inuitum qui sentat idem facit occidenti489'. Nee solum490 in pronominibus solet hoc fieri, sed etiam in nominibus pro e et i producta, ut cum491 deis sit datiuus et ablatiuus huius nominis deus. Vnde Statius 'ratus 492 ordo deis miscere cntentas Europeque Asieque manus'.d Et Lucanus493 'uictrix causa deis placuit, sed uicta Catani'.• Pro eo tamcn ponitur diis et in declinatione uterque datiuorum494 profertur, ut 'datiuo "deis" uel "diis"'. Similiter et pro hoc nominatiuo dei ponitur dii, ut apud Ouidium 'dii tibi dent495 nullosque !ares inopemque senectam'.£ Sed496 nota497 quad dii et diis per unum496 tantum i proferuntur, per duo uero scribuntur ad differentiam di- et disinseparabilium prepositionum. 0

ET MODO SVMMA PETVNT MODO PER DECLIVA VIASQVE PRECIPITES SPATIO TERRE PROPIORE FERVNTVR

Met. II, 206-7

Nata quad dubium est de499 quibusdam nominibus utrum in eis fiat sincopa an non, [B: f. 120'] ut cum dicitur decliua, dubium est utrum500 per ablationem i pro decliuia dicatur; cuiusmodi sincopa non solet multotiens inueniri: quad i scilicet pura ante a subtrahatur. Vnde uerisimilius potest5°1 dici quad sicut [L: f. 113m] dicitur5 02 hie et hec exanimis et hoc -e et exanimus/-a/-um, unde Virgilius503 'animumque auro corpus uendebat Achilles'/ et hie et hec imbecillis et hoc -le et imbecillus/-a/-um, sic etiam secundum tertiam et secundam declinationem dicitur hie et hec decliuis et hoc decliue et decliuus/-a/-um 504 • Item nota quad aliter dicuntur uie precipites, aliter homines precipites. Vie enim505 precipites dicuntur quasi decliues, homines uero dicuntur precipites quasi capite precidentes506 • Preterea nota quad omne comparatiuum ex natura comparatiui construitur cum • Iuv. Sat. XIV, 30; (cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XII, 22) b

Verg. Aen. III, 158

' Hor. A. P. 467 d

Stat. Ach. I, 81-2

• Luc. Phars. l, 128 r Ovid. Am. l, 8, 113 8

Verg. Aen. l, 484

21

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

5

10

15

20

25

30

ablatiuo designante rem ad quam fit comparatio. Preter hanc constructionem omne comparatiuum seruat constructionem sui positiui, ut diues cum genitiuo construitur507, ditior et ditissimus similiter cum genitiuo construuntur. Sed nota quad assignari non potest quad uel ex natura comparatiui uel ex natura sui positiui construatur508 hoc comparatiuum propior cum hoc datiuo terre. Positiuum enim illius cum datiuo non construitur. Ideoque dicendum quad hoc comparatiuum propior cum datiuo construitur ex natura nominis, non dico tamen simpliciter ex natura nominis, sed ex natura talis nominis'09 • Nomina enim propinquitatem significantia cum datiuo habent construi'10.

ALMA TAMEN TELLVS VT ERAT CIRCVMDATA PONTO SVSTVLIT OMNIFEROS COLLOTENVS ARIDA WLTVS

Met. II, 272/5

Hie habetur exemplum illius generalis regule quam511 ponit Priscianus in Orthographia:' nomina composita ex participiis uel uerbis mutatione extreme littere in -icompiunt earn, ut lux I lucis I lucifer, flos I floris I florifer. In omnibus' 12 his compositis corripitur i penultima. Similiter omnis I omnifer corripit i. lnuenitur tamen quandoque513 produci in iunctura compositionis, ut514 solet 'matricida Nero proprio se perculit ense'." Aliter enim dictio illa poni non posset51' in metro propter5 16 unam breuem inter511 duas longas positam. Vnde oportuit mediam518 per ectasim, idest extensionem, produci. Alia uero uocalis quam i quandoque produci inuenitur, ut Virgilius519 'Minotaums inest'. E uero quandoque in iunctura compositionis520 producitur, quandoque corripitur. Producitur, ut hie 'cecaque 521 medullis tabe liquefactis'.d Corripitur uero522, ut hie 'flammarumque globos liquefactaque uoluere saxa'.• Quad autem producitur, habet a suo simplici, in quo est producta natura. Corripi uero assumit523 a similibus que524 in iunctura compositionis525 uocalem corripiunt. Inde quod hec526 prepositio siue aduerbium tenus suo casuali postponitur527, cum alie prepositiones soleant preponi528. Non potest tamen529 aliqua530 ratio assignari, sed tantum531 usus attendendus est. Forsitan532 hoc idea fit, ut cum533 prepositionis proprium sit suo casuali in constructione preponi, per hoc quad hec534 dictio non preponitur, certum sit ipsam magis esse aduerbium quam prepositionem. Ad quad etiam Priscianusr aliud 535 argumentum inducit, quad eius 536 equipollens apud Grecos aduerbium est. Quedam enim 537 aduerbia sunt que indifferenter possunt preponi538 0

' Prise. Inst. gram. I, 33 h

Aus. Caes. (monost.) 35

0

Verg. Aen. VI, 26

d

Ovid. Met. IX, 175

• Verg. Georg. I, 473 r

Prise. Inst. gram. XIV, 14

22

UBER TYTAN

et postponi, ut 'currit bene' et 'bene currit', 'sapienter loquitur' et 'loquitur sapienter'. Quedam uero tantum habent preponi, ut nec539•

SVBSEDIT ET INFRA QVAM SOLET ESSE FVIT

5

10

15

20

25

30

Met. II, 277-8

In hoc exemplo ponitur positiuum540 pro comparatiuo: infra pro inferius. Nee mirum, cum quandoque ponatur etiam541 positiuum pro superlatiuo, ut 'Satumia magna deamm':• magna pro maxima. Et nota542 quod hoc aduerbium comparatiuum quam quandoque positiuo iunctum543 uim comparandi non habet, sed tantum abnegatiue544 ponitur, ut 'bonum est confidere in Domino quam confidere in homine',b idest bonum est confidere in Domino et non est bonum confidere in homine. Quandoque uero cum positiua5 45 uim habet comparandi, ut in premisso exemplo, sed tune oportet positiuum poni in ui comparatiui.

CONSTERNANTVR EQVI ET SALTV IN CONTRARIA VERSO COLLA IVGO EXCVTIVNT

Met. II, 314-5

Nota quod constemari dicuntur res secundum animam 546, constemi uero547 secundum corpus. Item nota quad nomina relationem facientia, idest designantia rem que habet conuenire alicui respectu alterius rei, in singulari numero per se poni non possunt conuenienter, sed exigunt nomina sibi apponi respectu quorum illa548 ponantur, ut 'Socrates est similis alicui', 'hoc est contrarium alicui' 549 • In plurali550 uero possunt per se poni551 conuenienter, quia tali numero plura designant inter que mutuum 552 notant respectum, ut 'ista sunt similia', 'ilia sunt contraria'. Vnde etiam dicunt dialetici' quod hec uox simile non est predicabile, quia nee etiam uox significatiua est. Similia 553 uero hec uox nomen est554 predicabile, quia in hoc numero 555 potest conuenienter per se poni ad attribuendum aliquid pluribus. lnueniuntur tamen auctores multotiens facientes subauditionem et ponere huiusmodi nomina in singulari numero per se, ut apud Lucanum 'fratemo 556 primi maduemnt sanguine muri'.d Exigeret enim locutionis proprietas, ut [B: f. 1211 apponeretur557 aliqua dictio determinans significationem huius dictionis fratemo. Hec558 respectum notat, sicut et primitiuum eius559, cuius genitiuum habet in sui sententia5w inclusum. Sed ita frequenter solent fieri subauditiones561, ubi562 certum est quid debeat subintelligi,

• Ennius apud Prise. Inst. gram. XVII, 166 b

Ps. 117, 8

' Cf. Tract. Anagn. V (De V dictionum generibus), ed. De Rijk, in: Logi,ca Modemorum, II, 2, p. 311, llsqq.; vide etiam Petr. Hisp. (non-pap.), 'Absol. cuiuslibet', p. 52 (ed. Kneepkens 1987) d

Luc. Phars. I, 95

23

RADVLFJ BELVACENSIS

5

10

15

20

25

30

ut apud Horatium 'unde et quo Catius ?': Certum est quad subauditur uenis et uadis. ldeoque non curauit563 apponere. Similiter hie supplenda est subauditio 'saltu uerso in contraria illis partibus', scilicet in quibus fuerant. Preterea nota quad ypallage hie potest fieri in constructione, ut 'excutiunfM col/a iugo', idest excutiunt5 65 iuga a colla566• Possumus etiam dicere, quad superius diximus,b quad multotiens possunt conuerti casus unius locutionis manente eodem sensu, ut in eodem [L: f. 113"'] sensu dicitur 'herba continet terram' et 'terra continet herbam', 'astra tenent celum' et 'celum tenet561 astra', sic etiam568 in eodem sensu dicitur 'equi excutiunt col/a iugo' et 'equi excutiunt iuga a collo 569'.

NVNC PHEBVS VTRAQVE DISTAT IDEM TERRA FINDITQVE570 VAPORIBVS ARVA SISTITE OPVS PRESENS

Met. III, 151-3

In hac locutione improprietas est inde quad hoc nomen uterque cum sit relatiuum, ponitur sine aliquo addito cuius respectu ponatur. Nomina enim relatiua exigunt aliquid precedere uel sequi quo designentur71 res quarum respectu ponantur572 • Vt tamen prenotauimus superius; frequenter 73 hec improprietas apud autores inuenitur, ut apud Lucanum 'fraterno 514 primi maduerunt sanguine muri'.d Et maxime cum certum est5'5 cuius respectu ponatur dictio in locutione posita, solet fieri subauditio. Item nota576 quad hec dictio terra proprie plurali numero deberet carere577, sed propter diuersas regionum partitiones578 solet poni in plurali numero. Propter hoc etiam ait 'utraque terra', idest orientali et occidentali579 terra. Preterea alia est improprietas580 in hoc, scilicet quod hoc pronomen idem non in ui pronominis ponitur, sed pro aduerbio equaliter uel tantundem. Et cum pronomina substantiam simpliciter habeant significare, hoc pronomen in significatione quantitatis hie ponitur. Similiter hoc581 pronomen hoc 5& in significatione quantitatis ponitur5&3, ut 'hoc regni', idest tantum regni. Et illud cum substantiam meram habeat significare, ponitur in significatione qualitatis584 , ut apud Ouidium 'nescit585 quid sit amans et tamen illud erat5 86'.° Erat illud587, idest tale quid, idest amans 588• Inde autem manifestum quod idem non in ui pronominis ponitur, quia ipsum genus non discernit, sed in neutro genere adiungitur huic nomini Phebus. Vnde corripitur penultima589, que in masculino producitur, ut apud Ouidium 'sepe precor

• Hor. Serm. I, 4, l b

Vide supra, p. 5

• Vide supra, p. 23 d

Luc. Phars. I, 95

• Ovid. Her. XI, 34 (32); cf. infra, p. 33 et 76

24

UBER TYTAN

5

mortem mortem quoque deprecor idem'.• Sisto quandoque absolute ponitur"°, ut apud Ouidium 'quesitisque diu terris ubi sistere possef91• In mare lassatis uolucris uaga decidit alis'.b Quandoque transitiue592, ut hie 'sistite opus presens', idest finite. Et alibi 'et fmgum genetrix immensos siste labores' .°

TALIBVS IGNARAM IVNO CADMEIDA DICTIS FORMARAT593

10

15

20

Met. III, 287-8

Quedam nomina sunt que quandoque ponuntur94 absolute, quandoque uero cum obliquis casibus construuntur, ut gnarus et eius compositum595 ignarus ponuntur596 modo per se, modo cum genitiuis construuntur, ut 'iste est ignarus huius rei'. Quandoque uero ponuntur etiam cum oratione constante ex uerbo infinitiuo et obliquis casibus, ut apud Lucanum 'gnarus et irarum ca usas et summa f auoris annona momenta trahi'.d Et forsitan hac ratione quia infinitiuus modus habet uim nominis rei uerbi. Vnde 597 ponitur frequenter pro genitiuo nominis ad significandum rem uerbi, ut apud Terentium 'extrema linea amare non nichil est'.° Et ex hac affinitate ponitur oratia598 constans ex infinitiuo et obliquis pro genitiuis casibus cum hoc nomine gnarus. Similiter prescius 599 modo ponitur6°° per se, modo ponitur cum(,01 genitiuo casu. Et habet uim participii quandoque, ut perosus, quad cum accusatiuo construitur. Item nota quad Cadmeis femininum patronomicum est et tertie declinationis est. Ponitur autem hie substantiue. Possunt tamen tam patronomica602 quam alia similem formam habentia patronomicis(,03 modo poni(,04 substantiue, ut 'Hesperidas donasse putes'(,05/ modo adiectiue, ut 'comiger Hesperidum fluuius regnator aquarum'.s De declinatione istorum satis alibib dictum est.

' Ovid. E. P. I, 2, 59 Ovid. Met. I, 307-9; cf. tract. qui Verba preceptiva intitulatur (MS London, BL Add. 16380), f. 122"': "Sisto I stis aliquando est intransitiuum, ut apud Ouidium 'quesitisque diu terris ubi sistere detur. In mare lassatis uolucris uaga decidit alis'. Aliquando est transitiuum, ut apud eundem 'et frugum genetrix immensos siste labores'. • b

c

Ovid. Met. V, 490

d

Luc. Phars. III, 55-6

• Ter. Eun. 640-1; cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XVIII, 43 r Ovid. Met. XI, 114; cf. infra, p. 27

s Verg. Aen. VIII, 77; cf. infra, p. 27 h

Vide supra, p. 18-9

25

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

ROGAT ILLA IOVEM SINE NOMINE MVNvs·

5

10

Met. III, 288

Vt superius diximus,b quedam uerba606 cum gemino accusatiuo construuntur quorum alter designat rem suscipientem actum, alter uero designat materiam uel causam actionis, ut 'doceo te gramaticam', 'posco te clamidem', 'rogo te paruum"'J1 munus'. Non est autem transitio actus inter uerbum et utrumque obliquorum-888

INTREPIDVM PRO SE CVRAM DE CONIVGE HABENTEM NESSVS ADIT MEMBRISQVE VADENS SCITVSQVE VADOREM 889

15

20

Met. IX, 109

Sisto, ut superius dictum est,' quando pro sto accipitur, neutrum est et abso!utum; quando uero pro statuo, actiuum894 est et cum accusatiuo construitur. Vnde et eius passiuum inuenitur in exemplo posito895 • TIBI NESSE BIFORMIS DICIMVS EXAVDI NEC RES INTERCIPE NOSTRAS

30

Met. IX, 107-8

Hee prepositio pro cum suo casuali890 determinatio est non dictionis cui apponitur, sed dictionis in ea intellecte, ut in hac dictione intrepidus intelliguntur he dictiones non et trepidus. Alterius earum determinatio est quad sequitur. Hie etiam habemus 891 exemplum inde quad de ponitur in ui huius prepositionis pro. Item nota quod892 nomina quedam preteritorum participiorum terminationem habentia construuntur frequenter cum genitiuo eoquod actionem significant, ut 'profusus sui dicitur homo', quasi profusor sui. Similiter893 scitus quia actus habet significationem, cum genitiuo construitur. OFFICIO QVE MEO RIPA SISTETVR IN ILLA

25

Met. VIII, 784-7

Met. IX, 121-2

Quotiens in compositione inuenitur bi-, ut896 in hoc nomine bifonnis et bifidus, ubique corripitur. Intercipio 891 hoc uerbum tribus modis898 inuenitur89'1 acceptum. Dicitur enim intercipere ab inter alia subtrahere, ut apud Ouidium900 'col/a intercepta uidentur'.d Quandoque uero dicitur901 intercipere inter a!ia recipere, unde902 Priscianus 'prosum

' Hor. Serm. I, 1, 64 b

Vide supra, p. 19

' Vide supra, p. 25 cl

Ovid. Met. VI, 379

41

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

in secunda persona intercipit d': Tertio modo dicitur intercipere903 quasi904 uendicare, ut in illo Ouidii905 'nee res intercipe nostras', idest non906 assume907 tibi uel uendica res nostras908•

5

10

15

20

25

ME MISERAM TACITE909 QVID WLT SIBI NOCTIS IMAGO QVAM NOLIM RATA SIT

Met. IX, 474-5

Accusatiui interiectiue prolati non reguntur ab aliqua dictione, sicut nee ipsa interiectio, si in locutione ponatur. Preterea910 nota quad quam adiuncta911 huic uerbo nolim poterit in ui aduerbii accipi912 et in ui nominis. In ui aduerbii pro quantum 913 et erit aduerbium914 quantitatis. Si autem915 in ui nominis ponatur916, resoluendus erit917 accusatiuus in ablatiuum, ut 'quam nolim 918', idest de qua nolim ut rata sit. Hoc autem frequenter inuenitur quad uerbum construitur cum accusatiuo, ubi919 pro accusatiuo oportet poni ablatiuum cum prepositione de, ut apud Terentium 'libet scire Carinum nouum nuptum quid agat',b idest libet scire de Carino nouo nupto920 quid agat921 • Et in Psalterio922 'Dominus scit cogitationes hominum quoniam uane sunt',• idest scit de cogitationibus hominum quoniam uane sunt923 • 'Quid uult sibi noctis imago', idest quid significat. Tali modo inuenitur poni eadem circumlocutio924 alibi 'quid uult palma sibi rugosaque carica dixi',d idest quid significat.

[L: f. 115m] ET INFELIX COMMITTIT SEPE REPELLl 925

Met. IX, 632

Committerem aliquando dicimus 927 delinquere. Vnde et commissa delicta dicimus, ut 'commissa mea pauesco'. Aliquando dicitur committere credere, ut 'hanc rem tue custodie commisims. Aliquando simpliciter929 facere, ut hie 'dum committeret helium draco'. Quandoque uero ponitur non simpliciter pro delinquere, sect pro illo et alio930, ut 'committit sepe repelli', idest delinquendo meretur sepe repelli931 • Potest autem et hie committere accipi pro facere. QVEMQVE VIRVM PVTAT ESSE VIRVM FORE CREDIT HIANTEM

Met. IX, 723

Hoc932 nomen uir modo ponitur ad sexus discretionem, ut in Rethoricis 'an uir an femina'.° Quandoque in designatione etatis, ut in Epistula Pauli933 'cum eram 934

• Cf. Prise. Inst. gram. VIII, 87 b

Plaut. Cas. 859 (V, i, 5); cf. Prise. Inst. gram. VIII, 2 & 12; vide etiam supra, p. 14

• Ps. 93, 11; cf. supra, p. 14 d

Ovid. Fast. I, 185

• Cf. Cic. Inv. I, 52 & II, 29

42

UBER TYTAN

5

paruulus, loquebar ut paruulus 935; cum autem f actus sum uir, euacuaui''36 que erantm paruuli938'.• Quandoque in designatione uirtutis, ut apud Terentium 'apparebis si uir sies•.b Et apud Ouidium 'quad tu non esses, iure uir ilia fuit'! Quandoque uero 939 pro marito, ut apud Ouidium 'uir tuus9'1) est epulas nobiscum aditurus easdem'.d In duabus istarum significationum ponitur in illo Ouidii9'11 'quemque etc.'. Primo loco in designatione sexus, secundo loco in designatione mariti. Ex hoc etiam9'12 exemplo habemus quod fore habet consignificationem9'13 ad futurum pertinentem. Et non omnino idem ualet fore quod esse. QVID SIS NATA VIDE NISI TE QVOQVE DECIPIS 944 IPSAM

10

15

20

Hoc9'15 uerbum nascor quia946 habet uim uerbi substantiui, potest construi cum nominatiuo sequente siue sit masculini generis siue feminini generis9'1 7 siue neutri. Et similiter participium ueniens ab illo. Vnde dici potest 'ego sum natus uir', 'tu es nata femina' et '/phis est nata 948 femina', 'iste est natus anima/949'. Vnde et in uersu magistri Hildeberti950 cum dictione neutri generis ponitur 'et quad sum 951 natus, hennafroditus eram'.• Quod uidetur tractum ex illo Ouidii 'quid sis nata, uide', idest quid sis ex natiuitate. [B: f. 1241 Nisz'9S 2 hec dictio cum uno tantum uerbo posita953 ita quod non954 copulentur duo capitula955, non habet poni nisi in negatione, ut 'nullus loquitur nisi ille', uel in956 interrogatione, ut 'loquiturne aliquis nisi ille ?', uel in dubitatione, ut 'dubito utrum aliquis loquatur nisi ille'J9S1• Duobus uero958 uerbis in959 duobus capitulis positis etiam in affirmatione poni potest, ut 'tu'J(I) lues nisi melius disputaueris', et si imperatiuo modo societur, ut in exemplo supra961 posito. SIC AIT OPPOSITl962 SVB TERRA MVNERA963 MVNDI IN QVEM RECCIDIMVS QVICQVID MORTALE CREAMVRr

25

Met. IX, 747

Met. X, 17-8

In priori uersu translatio est in hoc quod nomen totius ponitur964 ad partem significandam965 • Mundum enim sub terra positum infernum966 appellat. Recido, ut possit prima sillaba produci967, geminat -c-, sicut cum968 reperio corripiat969 antepenultimam, ut apud Ouidium 'principio quad amare uelis reperire labora',' in preterito duplicat -p-, ut produci possit970, ut apud Ouidium 'et se1Te 971

'I Cor 13, 11 b

Cf. Ter. Eun. 306

c

Ovid. Her. IX, 106; cf. Summam de relativis (ed. Kneepkens, in: Vivarium, XV 1977), p. 22

d

Ovid. Am. I, 4, 1

• Hildeb. de Lavardin, Carmina minora, XXIII, 4 (ed. Scott) r Cf. infra, p. 90

' Ovid. A. A. I, 35

43

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

5

10

15

20

repperit usum': Similiter et rettulitm geminat -t-9''3, ut producat antepenultimam974 • Quedam975 dictiones sunt que976 in metro tantum geminant litteram, ut relliquias 977, relligiD. Quedam et in metro accipiunt geminationem et in prosa non amittunt978, ut reddo et rettuli et repperit. Alie uero sunt de quibus dubium est qualiter proferende sint, ut opportunus. Videtur enim per unum -p- scribenda esse, quia in uerbo 979 a quo nascitur, non geminatur'l8C>, sect corripitur prima, ut apud Ouidium 'et puer es nee te quiequam nisi ludere oportet'.b In hoc tamen in981 metro inuenitur -pgeminatum982 et prima produci, ut apud Ouidium 'opportuna sua blanditur populus umbra'.< Hoc uerbum ereor quia ipsum habet uim uerbi substantiui, idea nominatiuum post se recipit. Et963 nota quad quiequid cum singularis numeri sit984, construitur cum uerbo plurali. Nomina enim diuersitatem notantia multotiens eandem uim habent in singulari quam et in plurali, ut apud Ouidium 'utraque fonnose Paridi potuere uideri'.d Similiter inuenitur985 quad nomen diuersitatem notans tantum 986 semel ponitur987 et eundem facit sensum quern faceret repetitum, ut in Rethoricis 'aliud uidetur a/ii'• pro aliud uni et aliud a/ii. Preterea notandum988 quod in neutro genere989 ponitur dictio ad rem loquentem pertinens, sicut in illo Ouidii 'dii tibi si credant quorum sumus omnia'.1

EVRIDICES OR0990 PROPERATA RETEXITE FATA

25

Met. X, 31

Exemplum est inde quod genitiuus huiusmodi nominum que991 in -e- terminant nominatiuum, in -es genitiuum producunt ultimam. In aliis similiterm casibus993 finalis sillaba producitur siue sit994 accusatiuus siue ablatiuus siue nominatiuus. Re- in compositione quandoque notat iterationem995 , ut 'uina reponunt', idest iterum ponunt. Quandoque locum notat, ut 'turpe refe1Te pedem', idest retro ferre. Et apud Horatium 'unde refe1Te pedem prohibet pudor aut operis lex'.& Quandoque contrarium notat eius quod per simplex designatur, (L: f. 11 sva] ut uelo / reuelo, tego I retego, sero I resero, texo I retexo 996• Ouidius 'nee noua preteritum Musa retexit

• Ovid. Met VIII, 246 b

Ovid. R. A. 23

c

Ovid. Met. X, 555

d

Ovid. R. A. 711;

cf. supra, p. 20

• Cic. Inv. I, 11 (var.) 1

Ovid. E. P. I, 1, 77

&

Hor. A. P. 135

44

LIBER TYTAN

opus': Sed in hoc eodem uerbo quandoque aliter accepto re- notat iterationem997, ut 'properata retexite fata', idest iterum texite fata." Quot modis dicatur fatum, superius dictum est."

5

10

EVRIDICEMQVE VOCAT VMBRAS ERAT ILLA RECENTES998 INTER ET INCESSIT TARDO DE WLNERE PASSV

Hee prepositio inter suis casualibus postponiturm per anastrophen, sicut in illo uersu Virgilii est 'transtra per et remos'.d Est autem anastrophe, ubi dictionum ordo confunditur sine mutatione sensus. Hysteronproteron, ubi fit et ordinis 1000 dictionum confusio et sensus mutatio. De quandoque in appositione significat instrumentum rei designate per dictionem cui adiungitur, ut hic1001 'percussamque sua simulat de cuspide te1Tam': Quandoque tamen designat causam'002, non instrumentum, ut hie 'tardo de uulnere passu'.

VINCVLA DILANIAT TVNC DENIQVE FLERE VETAVIT

15

20

Met. X, 48-9

Met. X, 387

Secundum antiquum morem uetauit'003 posuit. Veto 1004 enim est1005 unum illorum uerborum1006 prime coniugationis que preteritum in -ui diuisas terminant. Vnde 1001 et ab eo nascitur1006 uetitum et uetitus/-a/-um participium. Vnde dicitur1009 'nitimur in uetitum, semper cupimusque negatum '.r MIRHA FVGIT TENEBRISQVE ET CECE CARCERE1010 NOCTIS INTERCEPTA NECI EST

Met. X, 476-7

ldest subtracta. Exemplum est inde quad intercipere ponitur pro1011 subtrahere. DVM VIDET HEC HOSPES DECVRSA NOVISSIMA META EST

Met. X, 597

Decursus participium est ueniens a uerbo 1012 passiuo in tertia persona. Quedam enim1013 neutra sunt que habent passiua in tertia persona, ut prandeo I prandetur,

• Ovid. R. A. 12 b

Cf. supra, p. 37

• Vide supra, p. 12 d

Verg. Aen. V, 663

• Ovid. Met. VI, 80; cf. supra, p. 34 r Ovid. Am III, 4, 17

45

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

5

10

iuro I iuratur. Vnde Lueanus101' 'et lete 1015 iurantur aues bubone sinistro': Ab huiusmodi passiuorum in tertia1016 persona quibusdam1011 nascitur partieipium habens actiuam tantum signifieationem, ut pransus a prandetur. Vnde Horatius 'neu pranse Lamie uiuum puerum extrahat1018 aluo'.b Ab aliis nascitur uerbis participium 1019 tantum passiue significationis, ut a decurritur decursus. Ab aliis participium utramque habens significationem, ut a iuratur iuratus. Ouidius 'tu michi iuratus per numina matris aquose':' in aetiua1020 significatione hie ponitur. Idem 1021 'nee te iurata reducunt numina':• passiue hie ponitur. Et nota quad meta non dicitur hie finis ad quern curritur, sed extrema pars spatii in quo curritur.

[B: f. 1251 OVID QVOD INEST VIRTVS ET MENS INTERRITA LETI

Met. X, 616

Hee dietio interrita construitur cum genitiuo easu designante causam rei signifieate, non per ipsum compositum, sed per alterum eomponentium.

15

20

25

ARCET ET IN LAPIDEM RICTVS 1022 SERPENTIS APERTOS CONGELAT ET PATVLOS VT ERANT INDVRAT HIATVS

Met. XI, 59-60

Nata quad hec duo uerba arceo et cogo cum similiter per Romanum exponantur, habent contrarias omnino1023 signifieationes. Cogere enim est compellere ad aliquid, arcere uero per uim prohibere, ut in secundo Ouidii 'plagamque sedere cogendo arcebat': Preterea exemplum est inde quad hoc uerbum congelo transitiue ponitur. Hee duo uerba duro et dureo 1024, sicut et alia uerba eiusdem forme, dissimiles habent significationes. Dureo enim1025 significat passionem intrinseeus natam, duro uero 1026 aetionem transeuntem, ut apud Virgilium 'costasque ad uulnera durat',C idest duras facit. lnuenitur tamen duro absolute positum, ut apud Horatium 'nulla placere diu durareque carmina possunt'.' Similiter etiam1027 omnia habentia similes formas dissimiles habent significationes exceptis denso et denseo, que in eadem signifieatione frequentius poni solent1028•

' Luc. Phars. V, 396; cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XI, 27; vide etiam infra, b

p. 85

Hor. A. P. 340

' Ovid. Her. III, 53

• Ovid. Her. II, 23; cf. infra, p. 75 • Ovid. Met. III, 88-9 r

Verg. Georg. III, 256-7; cf. Prise. Inst. gram. VII, 30; vide etiam infra, p. 58

g

Hor. Ep. I, 19, 2

46

UBER TYTAN

Notanda est etiam coniunctio uerborum in diuersis temporibus. Sect ponitur presens pro preterito. VNDA FLVENS MANIBVS DANEN 1029 ELVDERE POSSIT TEMPORA PVRPVREIS TEMPTAT VELARE TIARIS

5

Notandum quod dicitur hec tiara I huius tiare. Vnde Statius 'et Frigia 1030 uestitur bucca tiara'.• Et hie tiaras I huius tiare, ut apud Virgilium 'sceptmmque sacerque tiaras•.b

ET INCVRSVS QVE PREDELASSAT AQVARVM

10

20

Met. XI, 730

Notandum quod uerbum aliquod quandoque recipit prepositionem in compositione, et ipsi1031 composito alia prepositio per compositionem apponitur, ut delasso cum sit compositum ex uerbo et prepositione, recipit ante se bane prepositionem pre et dicitur predelasso.

FRIGIOQVE TIRANNO EDIFICANT MVROS PACTI PRO MENIBVS AVRVM

15

Met. XI, 117 Met. XI, 181

Met. XI, 203-4

Hoc participium pactus sicut et uerbum a quo nascitur, diuersas habet acceptiones. Pacisci enim quandoque dicimur quod damus in pactum, ut apud Virgilium 'uitamque uelint pro laude pacisci': Pacisci etiam1032 dicitur petere in pactum siue recipere, ut apud Statium 'pactus Agenoream primis Athis ibat ab annis Jsmenen'.d Et in eodem sensu ponitur [L: f. 115"'] participium hoc pactus in illo Ouidii 'pacti pro menibus aurnm'.

QVID FACERE ASSVERAT PATRIE NON DEGENER ARTIS CANDIDA DE NIGRIS ET DE CANDENTIBVS ATRA

Met. XI, 315 Met. XI, 314

Assuesco uerbum absolutum est1033• Construitur cum oratione constante ex infinitiuo et obliquo uel cum infinitiuo simpliciter. Ponitur quandoque tamen1034 transitiue

• Iuv. Sat. VI, 516 b

Verg. Aen. VII, 247

• Verg. Aen. V, 230; cf. supra, p. 30 d

Stat. Theb. VIII, 554-5; cf. supra, p. 30

47

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

pro assuefacere, ut apud Lucanum 'adde quad assuescis fatis': Preterea exemplum est inde1035 quad degener cum genitiuo construitur.

VIR FVIT ET TANTA EST ANIMI CONSTANTIA QVANTVM ACER ERAT

5

10

15

20

25

Met. XI, 293-4

Notanda est relatio facta ad nomen per aduerbium. Sed quandoque aduerbium1036 quad a nomine relatiuo nascitur, refertur ad nomen, ut quantum, quod 1037 a nomine relatiuo nascitur quantus. Quandoque1038 per aduerbium quod a nullo relatiuo descendit1°39, fit relatio ad nomen, ut in primo Ouidii 'centum luminibus cinctum capud Argus habebat. Inde suis uicibus capiebant bina quietem'.b Et est1040 notandum quod et tantus et quantus relatiuum est et 1041 utrumque ad alterum refertur, cum dico 'tantus est iste, quantus est ille'. Et cum utrumque per alterum determinetur, neutrum facit primam notitiam, sed utrumque secundam.

CONSILll TAMEN ANTE SVI FIDISSIMA CERTAM TE FACIT ALCINOE CVI PROTINVS VLTIMA FRIGVS OSSA RECEPERVNT BVXOQVE SIMILLIMVS ORA PALLOR OBIT"

Met. XI, 415-8

Exemplum est in primo uersu inde quad hec dictio1042 certus cum genitiuo construitur. In secundo inde quad datiuus pro genitiuo ponitur: cui pro cuius, ut in illo Virgiliano 'fusos ceruix cui lactea crines accepit'.d Preterea nota1043 quad multotiens cum facienda est collatio proprietatis ad proprietatem, fit collatio ad subiectum1044 proprietatis, quemadmodum1045 si dicam 'doctrina mea certior est illo' pro 'doctrina mea certior est doctrina illius'. Talis est col!atio palloris ad buxum. Intelligitur enim fieri ad pallorem buxi. Obire modo ponitur pro circumdare, modo pro mori, modo pro obuiare, aliquando pro alloqui.

• Luc. Phars. V, 776; cf. Prise. Inst. gram VIII, 27 b

Ovid. Met. I, 625-6; cf. supra, p. 18 et infra, p. 66 et 76

' Cf. infra, p. 79 Verg. Aen. X, 137-8; cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XVIII, 12 (var.); vide etiam tract. qui Verba preceptiva intitulatur (MS London, BL Add. 16380), f. 121rn: "Aliquando etiam sine uerbo substantiuo inuenimus satiuos positos pro genitiuis, ut apud Virgilium in decimo 'fusos cui ceruix lactea crines accipit' pro cuius crines." d

48

LIBER TYTAN

VT MILES1046 NVMERO PRESTANTIOR OMNI CVM SEMEL ASSILllT DEFENSE MENIBVS VRBIS SPE POTITVR TANDEM•

5

10

15

20

25

Met. XI, 525-7

Frequenter nomina comparatiua ponuntur per subauditionem relatiue particule, ut 'maior homm est caritas'.' Hie ponitur hoc comparatiuum maior per subauditionem relatiue particule, scilicet aliis. Que si apponitur, perfecta erit oratio 'homm caritas maior est aliis'. Et nota quad male dicunt quidam genitiuum hic1047 poni pro ablatiuo. Conuenienter enim construitur nominatiuus iste caritas cum hoc genitiuo homm, sicut cum dico 'animalium aliud est rationale, aliud 1048 irrationale', iste genitiuus animalium regitur ab hoc nomine1049 aliud iuxta bane regulam 1050: Genitiuus distributiue positus potest regi a dictione designante unum eomm que distribuuntur. Nee solum cum1051 comparatiuis, sed etiam cum1052 aliis subauditur relatiua particula, ut 'et quad tegit omnia celum': Subauditur alia a se. Cum1053 hoc comparatiuo similiter prestantior subauditur relatiua particula. Et secundum diuersas expositiones in diuersis casibus potest subaudiri: uel in genitiuo plurali uel in ablatiuo plurali. Assilio in eadem significatione construitur cum datiuo et cum 105• accusatiuo. Cum datiuo construitur, ut in predicto uersu; cum accusatiuo, ut hic1055 'assilit ethera magnum 1056 clamor'.d Preterea nota quod quedam uerba1051 diuersarum coniugationum inueniuntur1058, ut potior et morior et orior in tertia et quarta coniugatione inueniuntur1059• Sed in quibusdam 1060 modis tamen1061 secundum unam 1062 coniugationem prolata1063 inueniuntur in usu, ut potior [B: f. 1251 et orior tantum quarte coniugationis inueniuntur1064 in infinitiuo, morior uero tantum tertie. In aliis uero modis secundum1065 utramque prolata inueniuntur, ut in indicatiuo et optatiuo. Ouidius 'tuque tuis 1 armis, nos te poteremur, Achille'• secundum tertiam protulit. Nam si quarte esset1061, non1068 corriperet antepenultimam. Et alibi 'potiturque sua puer Yfrs Hiate'.r ()(,6

• Cf. Prise. Inst. gram. X, 51 b I Cor. 13, 13; quo de uersu frequentissime in scriptis grammaticorum mediaevalium actum est; cf. Rad. Belv. Glose super Donatum, p. 10 (ed. Kneepkens); vide etiam tract. qui Verba preceptiva intitulatur (MS London, BL Add. 16380), f. 122"": "Quando aliquis genitiuus ponitur in constructione significans id in quo aliqua diuidentia conueniunt, regitur a qualibet dictione significante aliquod illorum diuidentium, ut 'animalium aUud rationale, aliud irrationale': aliud regit hunc genitiuum animalium. Similiter 'horum maior caritas est': caritas regit hunc genitiuum horum." (cf. Evans 1983 & 1984, p. 86-7; Kneepkens 1987(/), p. 238-41).

' Ovid. Met. I, 5 d

Stat. Theb. X, 456

• Ovid. Met. XIII, 130 r Ovid. Met. IX,

797

49

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

CONIVRATE SEQWNTVR 1069 MILLE RATES GENTISQVE SIMVL COMMVNE PELASGE

5

10

15

Sicut iuratus in passiua et in1070 actiua significatione inuenitur, ut superius dictum est,' ita et1071 compositum ab eo coniuratus modo ponitur in actiua significatione, ut hie 'coniurateque sequuntur1072 etc.', modo in passiua, que magis est propria 1073 eius significatio. Commune I -munis fixum est in designatione multitudinis quam quidam1074 communiam appellant, sed melius appellatur commune quam communia. INDE 1075 QVOD EST VSQVAM QVAMVIS REGIONIBVS ABSIT ASPICITVRb

25

Met. XII, 41-2

Sicut superius dictum est,c ullus et umquam et usquam differunt ab his tribus aliquis, alicubi, aliquando, quoniam aliquis et aliquando et alicubi 1016 possunt poni in affirmatione, in dubitatione, in interrogatione, in negatione. Alia uero tria in affirmatione poni non possunt, sed uel1077 in negatione uel in interrogatione uel in dubitatione. Et siquando1078 in affirmatione ponantur, non ad agendum de aliquo determinate, sed infinite ponuntur, ut apud1079 Lucanum 'quicquid laudatur in ullo maiorum fortuna fuit'.d Et hie 'inde quod est usquam etc.'.

[L: f. 116"'] QVALEMVE SONVM CVM IVPITER ATRAS INCREPVIT NVBES EXTREMA TONITRVA REDDVNT

20

Met. XII, 6-7

Met. XII, 51-2

Crepo I -as equiuocum est. Significat enim sonare et rumpi. Et increpo similiter compositum ab ea equiuocum est1GM. Significat enim resonare1081 et conuiciari1082• Sed quando accipitur pro conuiciari, transitiuum est et facit preteritum increpaui; quando uero pro resonare 1083, facit preteritum increpui et absolutum est et construitur cum ablatiuo casu. Vnde Ouidius in libro1084 Fastorum 'annuit Alcides increpuitque lira'.• Ponitur tamen quandoque transitiue in hac significatione, ut in illo Ouidii 'increpuit nubes 1085 '.

• Vide supra, p. 46 b

Cf. supra, p. 4

c

Vide supra, p. 4

d

Luc. Phars. IX, 595-6; cf. supra, p. 4

• Ovid. Fast. VI, 812

50

LIBER TYTAN

TOlVMOVE INOVIRIT IN ORBEM

5

Multotiens in posita cum accusatiuo sicut et cum ablatiuo1086 ponitur pro de, ut hie 'inquirit in totum orbem ', idest de toto orbe. Similiter et in hoc alio uersu 'filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos',' idest inquirit de patriis annis. Talem sensum uidetur habere 1087, cum dico 'credo in Deum'b pro credo de Deo quod sit auctor omnium. Cum ablatiuo uero magis usitate 1088 ponitur in pro de, ut 'confido in beniuolentia tua' pro de beniuolentia tua.

ILUC CREDVUTAS ILUC TEMERARIVS ERROR VANAOVE LETITIA EST CONSTERNATIOVE TIMORES

10

Met. XII, 63

Met. XII, 59-60

Credulus dicitur qui facile fidem rei adhibet. Constemor I -stemeris1 ad corpus1090 pertinet, constemor / -aris ad mentem. Et est constemari quasi stupefieri. fXl'}

NON ILLOS CITHARE NON ILLOS CARMINA VOCVM LONGAOVE MVLTIFORI DELECTAT TIBIA BVXI

15

20

Exemplum est inde1091 quad carmen ponitur pro uarietate. Ait enim carmina uocum quasi uarietates uocum. Carmen enim proprie dicitur, ubi est uarietas metrorum et modorum loquendi. Preterea nota quad buxus proprie dicitur arbor, buxum uero proprie lignum inscissum1092• Dicitur et1093 buxum multiforum quasi in multas partes foratum. Et ex hac compositione1094 uidetur uelle Ouidius quad forns I f ori I foramen dici debeat. Quidam tamen dicunt quad fori sunt transtra nauis.

OVID ENIM LOOVERElVR ACHILLES VEL OVID APVD MAGNVM POTIVS LOOVERElVR ACHILLEM

25

Met. XII, 157-8

Met. XII, 162-3

Loquor apud antiquos commune erat. Vnde et in passiua significatione hie ponitur.

' Ovid. Met. I, 148 b

Cf. Symbolum Fidei

51

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

SIQVEM 1095 POTVIT SPATIOSA SENECTVS SPECTATOREM OPERVM MVLTORVM REDDERE VIXI ANNOS TER CENTVM NVNC TERTIA VIVITVR ETAS•

5

10

15

20

25

Met. XII, 186-8

Hee coniunctio continuatiua si non semper ponitur1096 in ui continuatiue coniunctionis, sed quandoque in ui causalis, ut hie 'si quidem etc.'. Et bee est locutio ecliptica1097• Oportet enim aliquid1008 extrinsecus intelligi quod tamen ex positis potest esse manifestum. Est enim sensus: Si1099 spatiosa senectus potuit reddere quemquam spectatorem multorum operum, potuit etiam me reddere spectatorem multorum operum, quia 1100 uixi ter centum annas. Nota preterea quod sicut nomen loci designatiuum potest poni cum uerbo sine prepositione et in accusatiuo casu, ita et accusatiuus tempus designans potest poni1101 sine prepositione apposita uel subaudita, ut 'uixi ter centum annos uel ducentos' 1102• Vel potest dici quod in tali loco subaudienda est prepositio, a qua regantur accusatiui1103• Quad enim possit per subauditionem prepositionis accusatiuus 1104 poni, astendit Priscianus in Atacismis,b cum dica ante 1105 subaudiri in hac oratione 'homo natus octoginta annos'. Viuo I uiuis neutrum est et absolutum. Ponitur tamen quandaque cum accusatiuo casu, quia1106 in ipso intelligitur actiuum, quad cum accusatiuo habet canstrui, ut 'uiuo uitam honestam', idest uiuendo duco uitam honestam. Similiter 1107 ardeo et salto 1100 inueniuntur cum accusatiuis11® posita. lnde est etiam quod uiuo cum neutrum sit, habet tamen tertiam personam passiui, quia scilicet 1110 in ipso intelligitur actiuum, quod potest ex se facere passiuum. Similiter et coeo in tertia persona passiui pasitum inuenitur, ut1111 apud Lucanum 'multumque coitur humani generis maiore in prelia dampno'.° Coitur posuit pro coeundo adunatur. Etas 1112 est spatium centum annorum. FELICEM DIXIMVS ILLA CONIVGE PERITOVM QVOD PENE FEFELLIMVS OMEN

Met. XII, 217-8

Ypallage est 'quod omen fefellimus pene', idest omen pene nas 1113 fefellit.

30

PROTINVS EVERSE TVRBANT CONVIVIA MENSE RAPTATVRQVE COMIS PER VIM 1114 NOVA NVPTA PREHENSIS

Met. XII, 222-3

In priore [B: f. 126'] uersu metonamia est. Panitur enim cantinens pro contento,

• Cf. infra, p. 82; vide etiam tract. qui Verba preceptiva intitulatur (MS London, BL Add. 16380), f. 121vb: "Frequenter quando in uerbo neutro intelligitur uerbum actiuum, ipsum uerbum neutrum habet [signat MS] constructionem actiui uerbi quod in eo intelligitur, ut apud Virgilium 'Choridon ardebat Alexin' [Eel. II, 1], idest uiuendo ducitur. Et apud Lucanum 'rnu/turnque cohitur hurnani generis' [Phars. II, 225-6], idest coeundo adunatur." b

Cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XVIII, 305-6

• Luc. Phars. II, 225-6; cf. Prise. Inst. gram VIII, 27; vide etiam supra, n. a

52

UBER lYTAN

5

10

15

cum dicitur 'euerse mense turbant conuiuia', idest illi 1115 qui sedent ad mensas euersas turbant conuiuia. Prehensus participium est, cuius forma exigit supina in -sum desinentia prehensum et1116 prehensu. Vnde uidetur quad prehendo faciat preteritum prehendi et similiter prendo faciat preteritum prendi. Nam ipsum nascitur a prehendo per sineresim duarum uocalium in unam sillabam. lnuenitur tamen preteritum eius prehendidi, ut in Euangelio 'et nichil prendidemnt'.• Nee alia ratio est quare debeat uel possit geminare1117 d ita in preterito1118, nisi dicatur compositum a do. Nee est autem mirum si duplex habeat preteritum: unum cum geminatione, alterum sine geminatione, cum abscondo similiter, quad est compositum ab abs- et condo I -dis, quad a do nascitur, duo habeat1119 similiter preterita 1120: [L: f. 116'1'] abscondidi, que geminationem habet ad modum1121 aliorum compositorum a do / das, et abscondi. Vnde Lucanus 'crassumque trabes absconderat aumm'.b Et ab hoc preterito abscondi nascitur supinum absconsum 1112 iuxta regulam uerborum1123 preteritum in -di terminantium. Ab abscondidi 1124 nascitur absconditum. Similiter prendo prendi facit, a quo nascitur prensum, et prendo prendidi, a quo aliud supinum uidetur debere formari.

FIGITVR IN DVPLICI GRVINEVS LVMINA RAMO

20

25

30

Met. XII, 268

Nata quod1125 quedam nomina habent eu diptongum in nominatiuo et dissillaba sunt, ut Tideus; in genitiuo uero trissillaba, quoniam diuisio fit uocalium in eo et in aliis obliquis. Alia uero in -eus desinunt et habent e et u diuisas, ut Tholomeus; in quibus producitur e penultima1126• Alia 1121 sunt que habent eu diptongum quandoque et eadem inueniuntur habere e et u diuisas, ut Jpseus. Statius 'Asopius Ipseus': Hoc habet eu 1128 diptongum et dissillabum est. Idem alibi 'tandem Ipseus adit1129'.d Hie habet e et u diuisas. Similiter et Gmineus modo habet e et u diuisas, modo profertur per eu diptongum. Item nota quad figitur 11'!1J construitur cum accusatiuo per sinedochen. Est autem sinedoche, quando quad partis est, toti attribuitur, uel econuerso.

BARBA ERAT INCIPIENS BARBE COLOR AVREVS AVREAQVE EX1131 HVMERIS LATOS COMA DEPENDEBAT IN ARMOS

Met. XII, 395-6

Nata quad in constitutione ultimi pedis quatuor sillabe ponuntur, bee dictio 1132, scilicet trissillaba aurea, et que. Sed due possunt hie assignari figure. Est enim

•Joh. 21, 3 b

0

d

Luc. Phars. X, 113

Stat. Theb. VII, 723; VIII, 428 Stat. Theb. IX, 54o

53

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

5

10

sincresis1133 in scansione1134 uersus, quoniam altera uocalium huius dictionis aurea 1135 , scilicet e, subtrahitur et a profertur. Differt autem 1136 sincresis a sineresi, quoniam sincresis est quando1137 duarum uocalium in diuersis sillabis positarum una tacetur et altera profertur, sineresis uero1138 quando due uocales diuersarum sillabarum conglutinantur in unarn sillabam, et uel1139 ambe proferuntur uel ille mutantur in unam. Preterea nota quod 1140 uersus iste1141 ypermeter est, quoniam una sillaba super metrurn habundat. Et quandocumque hoc fit, oportet finalem sillabam uersus ypermetri desinere 11• 2 in m uel in uocalem et sequentem uersum incipere a uocali ita ut sinalimpham faciamus in fine precedentis uersus.

DA COLLA CAPVDQVE CASTORE DIGNVS ERIT

Met. XII, 400-1

Quasi dicit: Si habuerit calla et capud equinum, nichil deerit illi, ut sit equus Cillarus Castoris.

15

20

25

30

SIC TERGVM SESSILE

Met. XII, 401

Nata quad nomina in -ilis desinentia, si a uerbis actiuis ueniant, habent passiuam significationem, ut laudabile dicitur aptum laudari, amabile aptum amari. Inuenitur tamen quandoque 11• 3 nomen ab actiuo 1144 natum actionem significare, ut penetrabile non solum11•s dicitur aptum penetrari, sed etiam1146 aptum penetrare. Vnde Virgilius 'neu Boree penetrabile frigus adurat'.' Illa uero nomina que nascuntur a uerbis1147 neutris uel deponentibus actionem significantibus actionem habent significare, ut animal ambulabile dicitur1148 aptum ambulare et gressibile 11• 9 aptum gradi. Quandoque tamen a neutris uenientia passionem significant, ut tergum sessile dicitur tergum aptum insidi 11so.b Notandum etiam quad omniam1 huiusmodi, desinentia scilicetm2 in -ilis, si a norninibus ueniant, producunt penultimam, ut senilis, anilis. Excipitur parilis 1153 • Que uero 11l4 a uerbis ueniunt, corripiunt penultimam, ut utilis, habilis. Si tamen115s neutra sint ante se aliud genus non 1150 habentia, producunt earn, ut sedile, monile. Vnde quedam licet redigantur in usu modemom7 in substantiua, necessario tamen ante se aliud genusms habuerunt, cum corripiant penultimam, ut missile, scansile.

Quod etiam indem9 probatur quod missile quandoque adiectiue ponitur, ut cum dicitur 'missile telum'.

• Verg. Georg. I, 93 b Cf. Prise. Inst gram. IV, 24-5; vide etiam GP, f. 6r parum ponitur pro paruum et construitur cum genitiuo. Similiter et satis ponitur pro nomine significante quantitatem et construitur cum genitiuo. Notandum etiam1538 quod non solum positis aduerbiis demonstratiuis uel nomine substantiuo oportet uerbum substantiuum subaudiri, ut apud Virgilium 'care 1539 tibi

• Verg. Aen. VIII, 465 b

Cf. infra, p. 75

• Cf. infra, p. 75 d

Verg. Aen. VI, 36

• Luc. Phars. II, 343-4 1

Ubi?

74

UBER TYTAN

Ausonie tellus; hane arripe uelis'.' Et apud Lucanum in primo 'quis furor, o ciues, que tanta lieentia Jerri ?'.b Sed etiam aliis aduerbiis positis, ut hie 'utque satis 154-0 nemoris', subauditur est. 5

10

15

20

AT SAXVI QVOTIENS 1541 INGENTI VERBERIS ICTV1542 EXCVTITVR

Luc. III, 469-70

Ypallage est 'ietu ingenti uerberis', idest uerbere ingentis ictus. Hee negatiua particula non et alie similem uim habentes aliquando remouent1 543 sensum uerbi tantum, ut hie 'nee fabula Troie eontinuit'.C Quandoque solummodo sensum partieipii, ut hie 'tune agmina duetor non annata trahens'd remouetur tantummodo 1544 sensus huius participii annata. Quandoque tantum uim nominis, ut hie 'non fabula rumor ille ruit': Quandoque sensum aduerbii tantum, ut hic1545 'die miehi quid feci nisi non sapienter amaui'.r Quandoque sensum1546 prepositionis cum suo casuali que 1547 uim aduerbii obtinent1548, ut hie 'non uenit ante suam 1549 nostra querela diem'. 8 Quandoque remouet1550 sensum plurium istorum: nominis et participii et uerbi1m, ut hie 'non ego deserto iaeuissem frigida leeto'.b Participii et uerbi, ut hie 'nee te iurata redueunt numina, nee nostro motus amore redis'.' Nam 1552 remouetur hie sensus huius uerbi redeo 1553 et huius participii motus1554• Nominis et uerbi, ut hie 'non quererer tardos ire relieta dies'.i Nominis et uerbi et participii, ut hie 'nee miehi querenti spatiosam f allere noetem lassaret uiduas pendula tela manus'.t Et in hoc uersu Lucani 'non 1555 robore pieto 1556 omatas deeuit fulgens tutela earinas'' remouetur sensus nominis et uerbi et trium participiorum.

• Verg. Aen. III, 477; cf. Prise. Inst. gram. XVII, 79 b

Luc. Phars. I, 8

' Luc. Phars. III, 212-3; cf. supra, p. 74 d

Luc. Phars. III, 71-2; cf. supra, p. 74

• Ovid. Met. X, 561-2 r Ovid.

Her. II, 27

8

Ovid. Her. II, 8

b

Ovid. Her. I, 7

' Ovid. Her. II, 23; cf. supra, p. 46 i

Ovid. Her. I, 8

t

Ovid. Her. I, 9-10

1

Luc. Phars. III, 510-1

75

RADVLFI BELVACENSIS

VT TANTVM 1557 MEDll FVERAT MARIS VTRAQVE Cl.ASSIS QVOD SEMEL EXCVSSIS POTVIT TRANSCVRRERE TONSIS

5

10

15

In hoc exemplo ad nomen quantitatiuum refert nomen 1558 designatiuum substantie; quod frequenter inuenis, scilicet quod uocabula designatiua substantie, tam nomina quam pronomina, quandoque ponuntur in designatione quantitatis, ut apud Virgilium 'hoc animi misere fuit',• idest tantum animi, et apud Ouidium 'nescio quid sit amans ac tamen illud eram':b Hie ponitur hoc pronomen illud in designatione qualitatis. Quandoque etiam pronomen transfertur1559 a propria [L: f. 118"'] significatione, ut possit poni in ui signi diuisionis15(,0, ut 'hominum hii sunt mali, hii sunt boni'1561 , idest hominum alii sunt mali, alii sunt boni1562• Similiter etiam 1563 quad ponitur pro quantum 1564, ut in exemplo posito 1565. Et nota quod non solum per pronomen 1566 fit relatio ad nomen, sed etiam quandoque per aduerbium ad nomen uel ad orationem ex nominibus 1567 constantem1568, ut in illo Ouidii1569 'luminibus cinctum centum capud Argus habebat. Inde suis uicibus capiebant bina quietem': Nota preterea quod eandem uim habet in locutione dictio in uno casu posita quam habet, etsi in alio casu1570 ponatur1571, ut idem est 'ut tantum medii maris est' quam 1572 si diceret 'ut tantum maris est medium'. INNVMERE VASTO MISCENTVR IN ETHERE 1573 VOCES

20

25

30

Luc. III, 538-9

Luc. III, 540

Hee prepositio in diuersis modis ponitur in compositione. Nam quandoque priuat ex toto significationem simplicis1574 cum quo componitur, in compositione, ut incorporeum cum1575 de aliquo dicitur, priuat omnino corporeitatem 1576 ab illo. Similiter et intransitiua constructio dicitur1m que est sine omni transitione actus. Quandoque uero non priuat ex toto, sed ostendit contrarium simplicis 1578 ex parte inesse, ut 'actio iniusta 1519' dicitur non que caret omni1580 iusticia, sed etiam si babuerit1581 aliquid iniusticie1582 et permixta fuerit iusticia 1583. [B: f. 1301 Quandoque uero in- 1584 non priuat significationem simplicis, sed quandam proprietatem que in significatione1585 simplicis intelligitur, ut innumerum dictum de aliquibus priuat ab illis non numerum, sed numerabilitatem 1586, idest1587 aptitudinem uel habitudinem numerandi. Res enim dicuntur innumerabiles, non quia numero careant, sed quia numerari non possunt uel cum magna1588 difficultate. NEC 1589 LONGINQVA CADVNT IACVLATO WLNERA FERRO

Luc. III, 568

Multotiens inuenitur quod negatiua particula et alie quedam dictiones resoluuntur in duas dictiones que non ad idem debent1590 referri, sed ad 1591 diuersa, ut apud

• Cf. Ovid. Met. V, 626; cf. supra, p. 33 b

Cf. Ovid. Her. XI, 34 (32); vide etiam supra, p. 24 & 33

' Ovid. Met. I, 625-6; cf. supra, p. 18, 48 et 66

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LIBER TYTAN

5

10

15

Ouidium 'quod nisi finnata properaris1592 mente reuerti1593, ingeret anna tibi seua rebel/is Amor'.• Hee dictio nisi resoluenda est in has dictiones 1594 si, non. Et bee coniunctio si reddenda 1595 est huic uerbo properaris 1596, aduerbiumb uero huic participio finnata. Tale est in Ouidio Fastorum 'Appius indieit nee stata saera 1597 facit': Nee enim aduerbium resoluendum1598 est in copulatiuam1599 coniunctionem que uerbo reddenda est, et non aduerbium quod copulandum est1600 participio. Similiter possumus exponere 'nee longinqua 1