The Ramesseum: And the Tomb of Ptah-hetep 9781463228118

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The Ramesseum

Analecta Gorgiana

591 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and short monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utilized by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The Ramesseum

And the Tomb of Ptah-hetep

By

James Edward Quibell Contribution by

In Collaboration With

Wilhelm Spiegelberg

F. LI. Griffith

1 gúrgías press 2011

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gor giaspr es s. com Copyright © 2011 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1898 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2011

ISBN 978-1-61719-479-5

Printed in the United States of America

1 ISSN 1935-6854

SAQQARA.

PTAH-HOTEP'S

SON.

CONTENTS. CHAPTER

I

CHAPTER

V.

SECT. THE

1. Introduction . 2. General character of the work

DYNASTY.

3. Tomb of ivory boy . 4. Tomb of Se-hetep-ab-ra 5. Lesser tombs . . XVIIITH

. .

.

DYNASTY.

6. Bricks, and earlier temples 7. Sculptures of Deir el Bahri, &c. .

CHAPTER XIXTH

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

III.

DYNASTY.

Stone temple of Ramesseum Foundation deposits . Brick galleries . The plan Oil and wine jars Scene of the tree-goddess Trial pieces of sculptors Lintel of Ramessu III

C H A P T E R IV. XXIIND

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

W.

SPIEGELBERG.

SECT.

C H A P T E R II. XIITH

I N S C R I P T I O N S BY D R .

DYNASTY.

Buildings re-used for burials Tomb of Iuf-en-Amen Tomb of Hes-bast Tomb of Nekht-ef-Mut Scattered objects, XXIInd dynasty Funerary chapels Heart scarabs, beads, &c. . Ushabtiu . . . . Use of iron . . . . Pottery Hoard of coins.

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

PAGE

Pl. IV. Ramesseum fragments . Pis. V I - I X . Tomb of Se-hetep-ab-ra . Pl. X. Steles „ XI. Brick stamps „ XII. Jar sealings „ XIII. Sculptures, various „ XIV. Lintel of Ramessu III „ XVI. Coffin of Nekht-ef-Mut Pis. X V I I - X I X . Short Inscriptions . „ X X - X X I . Wooden steles . Pl. XXII. Tomb sculptures Pis. X X I I I - X X I V . Sculptures of Nekht-ef Mut „ X X V - X X V I . Cartonnage . Pi. XXVII. Steles of X V I I I - X X I I dyn. „ XXVIII. Cartonnage of Hor „ XXIX. Tuy and Zed-thuti-auf-ankh „ XXX. Scarabs . „ XXXA. Chapter 125, &c. T H E BY

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 5a 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

TGMB F. L L .

OF

PTAH-HETEP.

GRIFFITH,

M.A.,

F.S.A.

Character and position Previous publications Subjects of walls . . . . Pl. X X X V I I . Sides of doorway. „ X X X V . Ptah-hetep with servants . Pis. X X X I I - X X X I I I . Games, vineyard hunting, and river scenes Pis: X X X I - X X X I I I . Ptah-hetep receiving produce . Pis. X X X I V - X X X V . Offerings from estates &c Pl. X X X V I . Preparing and bringing offering Pis. X X X V I I I - X L I . Left-hand door. Outer doorway . . . . Second false door . . . . Date and offices of Ptah-hetep .

IV

CONTENTS.

LIST OF

THE

RAMESSEUM.

BY J . E . QUIBELL.

I. II. III. IV. V. VI-IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII.

Plan of the Ramesseum. Photographs. X l l t h dynasty tomb. List of proper names1 XXIInd dynasty. Fragments of Cheta battle-scene. Tomb of Se-hotep-ab-ra, Xllth dynasty. Stelae. Brick stamps. Pottery. Blocks of Thothmes III. Lintel of Rameses III. Foundation deposits, Rameses II. Cartonnagc of Nekht-ef-mut. Small objects of Nekht-ef-mut. Leather braces, XXIInd dynasty. Canopic jars. Scene of tree-goddess, etc. Wooden stelae, XXIInd dynasty. Sandstone slabs, XXIInd dynasty. Inscriptions on sandstone.

PLATES. XXIV, XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXX A.

Cartonnage, XXIInd dynasty. Inscriptions on wooden coffins. Sandstone stelae. Cartonnage of Hor. Inscription of Tuy, etc. Scarabs. Cartonnage of Hor, etc.

TOMB OF P T A H - H E T E P . BY M I S S P I R I E AND M I S S PAGET.

XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI.

East wall, south end. East wall, north end. East wall. South wall. South and north walls. North wall. Doorway. West wall, middle. West wall, south end, West wall, north end. West wall, middle.

CHAPTER

I.

i. T h e Ramesseum—the great temple built by Rameses II, where future ages should worship him —is one of the most impressive ruins of Thebes. Though not so perfect as the temple of Rameses I I I at Medinet Habu, yet, through its granite colossus lying dethroned at the entrance, its stately colonnade, the great battle-scenes sculptured on its walls, and the unusual view of a temple deprived of its surrounding shell, this half-destroyed pile possesses a singular interest Even of those tourists who have been led to the top, and who, walking over the vast roofing beams, have peered down into the avenues of columns, few realise how large a space was originally covered by the establishment of Rameses the Great. Beyond the remaining hall of columns, now without any side walls, lie the foundations of the lesser chambers which enclosed the halls on each side and at the back, and, stretching far beyond these, are the great brick arches or tunnels which formed the store-houses of a complex religious establishment which drew its revenues from distant estates, and maintained an army of ministrants. N o regular digging had, till we arrived, been undertaken here, and the chance of finding some library of the priests made the site attractive. On the northern side some chambers still retained their vaulted roofs. These, when cleared out and divided by rough crosswalls into separate compartments, made a possible dwelling-place; here we lived during the winter. Two of the long chambers or tunnels served for our party ; a third was devoted to the workmen, and in the fourth lived the families of two of the men, who had been allowed to bring, their , wives. Great diffic u l t y had been foreseen in dealing with the people of the neighbouring village of Qurneh, who have throughout this century lived chiefly b y illicit dealing in antiquities. T h e wages • of honest labour have re-

mained at 2 P.T. {$&) a day, but an ever-increasing number of the people have made vastly greater profits by labour more or less connected with tombrobbing. W e accordingly brought up from Quft and Ballas about forty of our old workmen to be used as a guard and for the more important work, and these more trusty workmen Dr. Petrie kindly left to me at first, taking on his own work the local men. These proved to be even worse than we had expected ; the habit of thieving was so engrained in them, and they were so held in the toils of the dealers, that not even the heavy backsheesh, given on their finds, could tempt them to be honest, even to their own profit. A certain number of objects were stolen and taken over to the dealers at Luxor, and from them soon passed into the hands of tourists. It was found necessary to discharge almost all the Qurneh men, and to rely entirely upon our old workmen from Q u f t ; besides these, I enlisted a group of men from a village about two hours south. A f t e r the dismissal of the local men we had no further losses. Smaller dealers, it is true, sat every day b y the wells at which our men drew water, and offered them large prices for anything they would sell, and every market day was a d a n g e r ; but hardly any attempts were made to molest the faithful men, and at the end of the season, by taking care to travel in large groups, they all got home in safety. Still, a large part of the winter's energies was spent in the continual struggle with the dealers; their success would have meant the destruction of the scientific value of; all our work. I t is a pleasure, therefore, to recognise ; the good feeling of one dealer, Mohammed Mohassib of jLiixor, who refused to buy anything stolen from us ipn the ground that he would not make a profit from the robbery of his friends. And, whenever our other dealer friend, Girgis, came from, Qeneh, his actions were above suspicion, as we have always found them. I have to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of B

2

THE RAMESSEUM.

several people. In E g y p t , Miss P i n e and m y sister g a v e invaluable aid in m a n y w a y s ; and, during the short time he was with us, Mr. J. G. M i l n e was e x ceedingly helpful to me. O u r friend, Mr. P. E . N e w berry, w h o was a resident at L u x o r during our stay at Thebes, spared neither time nor trouble in his efforts to increase our comfort and assist our work. I should find it difficult to express adequately m y sense of his unwearied and thoughtful k i n d n e s s ; the value of his help, as much in our work as in personal matters, cannot be over-estimated. In E n g l a n d , Miss Griffith, Miss Murray, Miss Whidborne, Dr. W a l k e r , and Mr. Herbert Thompson, have shared in much of the labour of arrangement for exhibition, and in the dispersal of the different objects to museums. Mr. Christie has done m a n y of the drawings. Special thanks are due to Dr. Spiegelberg, w h o g a v e us much help both in E g y p t and in England. A t T h e b e s he often came to us in the evening, after his own work of searching ior graffiti, and g a v e us rapid, translations of such inscriptions as w e had found. In the following summer he came to L o n d o n and worked over the material at University College. H e has aided me in the writing of, this account, and all translations of inscriptions and comments on them are due to him. For plans, descriptions of finds, etc., and the work of excavation, I am alone responsible. I t ¡should be stated that, while using t h e ' E n g l i s h method of transcription for E n g l i s h readers, D r . Spiegelberg retains his preference : for the more rigorous German methods. N o r must I forget to mention the extreme, rapidity with which he has written his description of the plates. T h e arrears of work from the yery h e a v y N a q a d a year intruded upon the time which should have been given b y m e to the Ramesseum, so ;thai when the plates reached Dr. ;Spiegelberg v e r y few weeks could be allowed him if the book were to be published without further delay. N o t all the material found is published in this volume. O n e large section, the Ostraca, is being edited b y Dr. Spiegelberg in a separate publication, and the fragments of papyri, the tiny remnants of the R a m e s s e u m library, are being worked over b y the s a m e hand. It should also be mentioned that a considerable part of the Ramesseum was e x c a v a t e d b y Dr. Petrie, using funds provided b y Mr. Jesse H a w o r t h and M'r. M a r t y n K e n n a r d ; the material so found is published here, while such parts of the temples of Siptah etc. as I worked are taken over b y D r . Petrie into his " S i x Temples." 2. T h e brick buildings consist of long chambers about

12 feet wide. A l t h o u g h the roofs remain in only a few places, the side walls, 4 J feet thick, were generally in good condition ; it was therefore easy to get the w o r k done b y measure instead of b y time. T w o or four men were generally put to work together ; t h e y cleared out a section of a chamber about 12 feet long, throwing all the earth behind them ; when one section had been cleared and examined they passed on to another, and threw the soil from this into the space left b y their first 'task. T h e whole of the ground was thus turned o v e r ; all the t o m b shafts found were also d u g out. T h i s kind of work was more expensive than d i g g i n g a cemetery like that of N a q a d a , because of the depth of brick-rubbish that had to be cleared a w a y before the layer could be reached in which remains of interest occurred (v. PL. II, 3). T h e layer of debris of roof and walls was often 8 feet thick, and never contained anything of importance. I t was some compensation that in these open chambers and shallow wells there was no risk of burying men alive, as -there often is in deep well work. The character of the finds was v e r y u n i f o r m ; each chamber much like the next. In the upper l a y e r were ushabtis and fragments of cartonnage and wooden coffins, all thrown up b y plunderers from the t o m b wells. N e a r the floor of the chambers were fragments of wine- and oil-jars, etc,, some of them inscribed. U n d e r the floor were t w o classes of tomb-wells. The rarer class were large oblong shafts 1 2 x 3 feet at the top, skew to the line of the building, and sometimes running under the walls ; evidently therefore of earlier date than the temple. The. wells of the more numerous class were much • smaller, about 4 feet square, d u g through the floor of the chambers, and most frequently close to one wall. T h e y never ran under the walls, were not more than 8 feet deep, and often had a wall about 3 feet high, and half a b n c k thick, surrounding, their mouths. T h e s e little walls must have been built to keep the brick debris from falling down the well, which shows that these graves were made after the roofs had fallen m, and when the chambers were already full of rubbish. These, as well as the graves of the earlier period, were almost a l w a y s robbed. In one group of chambers they had been robbed v e r y thoroughly ; h a r d l y any ushabtis, beads, or pieces of cartonnage remained ; these had probably been cleared out \yithin this century, and b y dealers. But in the shafts of most of these graves ushabtis were scattered, while only small parts of the wooden coffins remained; F o r ushabtis there has a l w a y s been a market for the last eighty years, and dealers would

XIITH

hardly leave them behind, so it may be that these tombs were cleared out in the last century, when, as Dr. Waldemar Schmidt suggested to me, graves would be opened to get timber. All these small graves seem to belong to a brief period, about the XXIInd dynasty. The names Sheshanq, Osorkon, Takeloth, were repeatedly found, but no names of earlier or later kings.

CHAPTER

II.

DYNASTY.

3

matite and carnelian, glaze and carnelian beads of the shape of an almond, and one covered with minute crumbs of glaze. The green glaze object (7) like a cucumber in shape is not understood. There is one at Gizeh and another has lately been found in a X l l t h dynasty grave at EI Kab. (Cf. also Mission du Caire, Planche XXII.) The ivory piece (8) is pierced at the round end for the insertion of a handle ; similar objects were found at Kahun (Kahun, VIII, 18), but their use is not known. The rude doll (9), without arms or legs, is made of a flat slip of wood •f inch thick, the painted cross-lines on the body seem to represent some plaid material. The next two dolls, with arms but cut off at the knees, are of limestone and glaze respectively (10, n ) . A patch on the latter is covered, not with smooth glaze like the rest of the figure, but with minute grains of blue frit; this must be due to imperfect firing, and shows that the glaze was applied as a wash of ground frit. The same method is seen in the ushabtis of a far later period.

3. The most important tomb of the X l l t h dynasty period consisted of a long, oblong shaft, skew to the wall of one of the chambers (No. 5, PL. I) and running under it. In the shaft were scattered two types of ushabtis, one of green glaze, another of clay painted yellow but not baked. These were of X X I I n d dynasty style, as were also a wooden head from a coffin lid, some small wax figures of the four genii, and fragments of red leather braces. A t the bottom of the shaft, 13 feet down, two small The figure of a dancer (12) is in wood ; the girl chambers opened. These were cleared out and found wears a mask and holds a bronze serpent in each to be empty. Lastly, the heap left in the middle of hand (cf. the canvas mask found at Kahun, PL. VIII, the shaft was removed, and in it, in a space about 14). The doll (13) is in limestone, the ape (14) in 2 feet square, was found a group of objects, some of blue glaze, the dad in ivory, and the coarse cup (16) which are shown in PL. III. in blue glaze, while the plain castanet {17), and the First was a wooden box about 18 x 12 x 12 handle (?) with two lions engraved on it, are of ivory. inches. It was covered with vphite plaster, and on Seeds of the dom palm and of balanites were also the lid was roughly drawn in black ink the figure of a found here. A very curious .fragment is the ivory jackal. The box was about one third full of papyri boy with a calf upon his back (length 2 inches). which were in extremely bad condition, three quarters Found alone this might have passed for Roman of their substance having decayed away; if a fragment work, but the position can leave no doubt that all of the material were pressed slightly between the these objects are from one interment and of one finger and thumb it disappeared in a mere dust. date. But the papyrus was inscribed ; characters apparently The history of the tomb would appear to be as of the X l l t h dynasty hieratic could be distinguished. follows. The X l l t h dynasty interment was disThe papyrus was packed with care and has been covered and robbed long ago, perhaps by the workbrought to England. It is too delicate even to be men of Rameses II, the valuables being taken away unfolded, but it is to be hoped that Mr. Griffith'may, and the other objects thrown out into the shaft and by copying what can be seen on one fold and then left. When the Ramesseum was ruined and had brushing or scraping this away, get access to the next been given over to some families of the XXIInd and so make out much of the text. dynasty as a cemetery, the ready-made shaft was In the box was also a bundle of reed pens, 16 inches again utilised ; it was cleared out until the mouths of long and a tenth of an inch in diameter, and scattered the chamber were reached, and in them the second round it were a lot of small objects; parts of four burials were placed. A t some later period these too ivory castanets (iii, r, 2, 3) incised with the usual were disturbed, but in neither of the two last instances series of mythical creatures, a bronze uraeus entangled was the bottom of the shaft reached: so that when in a mass of hair, a cat and an ape in green glaze (5, we, after finding the chambers empty, cleared com6), and a handful of beads. These comprised spherical pletely the ground between them, we found this patch beads in amethyst and agate, barrel-shaped in hae- covered with the remains of the first interment. There B 2

XIITH

hardly leave them behind, so it may be that these tombs were cleared out in the last century, when, as Dr. Waldemar Schmidt suggested to me, graves would be opened to get timber. All these small graves seem to belong to a brief period, about the XXIInd dynasty. The names Sheshanq, Osorkon, Takeloth, were repeatedly found, but no names of earlier or later kings.

CHAPTER

II.

DYNASTY.

3

matite and carnelian, glaze and carnelian beads of the shape of an almond, and one covered with minute crumbs of glaze. The green glaze object (7) like a cucumber in shape is not understood. There is one at Gizeh and another has lately been found in a X l l t h dynasty grave at EI Kab. (Cf. also Mission du Caire, Planche XXII.) The ivory piece (8) is pierced at the round end for the insertion of a handle ; similar objects were found at Kahun (Kahun, VIII, 18), but their use is not known. The rude doll (9), without arms or legs, is made of a flat slip of wood •f inch thick, the painted cross-lines on the body seem to represent some plaid material. The next two dolls, with arms but cut off at the knees, are of limestone and glaze respectively (10, n ) . A patch on the latter is covered, not with smooth glaze like the rest of the figure, but with minute grains of blue frit; this must be due to imperfect firing, and shows that the glaze was applied as a wash of ground frit. The same method is seen in the ushabtis of a far later period.

3. The most important tomb of the X l l t h dynasty period consisted of a long, oblong shaft, skew to the wall of one of the chambers (No. 5, PL. I) and running under it. In the shaft were scattered two types of ushabtis, one of green glaze, another of clay painted yellow but not baked. These were of X X I I n d dynasty style, as were also a wooden head from a coffin lid, some small wax figures of the four genii, and fragments of red leather braces. A t the bottom of the shaft, 13 feet down, two small The figure of a dancer (12) is in wood ; the girl chambers opened. These were cleared out and found wears a mask and holds a bronze serpent in each to be empty. Lastly, the heap left in the middle of hand (cf. the canvas mask found at Kahun, PL. VIII, the shaft was removed, and in it, in a space about 14). The doll (13) is in limestone, the ape (14) in 2 feet square, was found a group of objects, some of blue glaze, the dad in ivory, and the coarse cup (16) which are shown in PL. III. in blue glaze, while the plain castanet {17), and the First was a wooden box about 18 x 12 x 12 handle (?) with two lions engraved on it, are of ivory. inches. It was covered with vphite plaster, and on Seeds of the dom palm and of balanites were also the lid was roughly drawn in black ink the figure of a found here. A very curious .fragment is the ivory jackal. The box was about one third full of papyri boy with a calf upon his back (length 2 inches). which were in extremely bad condition, three quarters Found alone this might have passed for Roman of their substance having decayed away; if a fragment work, but the position can leave no doubt that all of the material were pressed slightly between the these objects are from one interment and of one finger and thumb it disappeared in a mere dust. date. But the papyrus was inscribed ; characters apparently The history of the tomb would appear to be as of the X l l t h dynasty hieratic could be distinguished. follows. The X l l t h dynasty interment was disThe papyrus was packed with care and has been covered and robbed long ago, perhaps by the workbrought to England. It is too delicate even to be men of Rameses II, the valuables being taken away unfolded, but it is to be hoped that Mr. Griffith'may, and the other objects thrown out into the shaft and by copying what can be seen on one fold and then left. When the Ramesseum was ruined and had brushing or scraping this away, get access to the next been given over to some families of the XXIInd and so make out much of the text. dynasty as a cemetery, the ready-made shaft was In the box was also a bundle of reed pens, 16 inches again utilised ; it was cleared out until the mouths of long and a tenth of an inch in diameter, and scattered the chamber were reached, and in them the second round it were a lot of small objects; parts of four burials were placed. A t some later period these too ivory castanets (iii, r, 2, 3) incised with the usual were disturbed, but in neither of the two last instances series of mythical creatures, a bronze uraeus entangled was the bottom of the shaft reached: so that when in a mass of hair, a cat and an ape in green glaze (5, we, after finding the chambers empty, cleared com6), and a handful of beads. These comprised spherical pletely the ground between them, we found this patch beads in amethyst and agate, barrel-shaped in hae- covered with the remains of the first interment. There B 2

THE RAMESSEUM.

4

w a s a third c h a m b e r pierced in the l o n g S.. side o f t h e

H e r e t o o the

well, h a l f w a y d o w n .

a door.

T h i s contained a f e w f r a g m e n t s

passage

narrowed

s l i g h t l y as if

for

Beyond- w a s t h e c h a m b e r , a n d in it, on t h e

f r o m a late burial, a leather sandal, a g l a s s ring, a

right, a n

s m a l l figure in gilt c l a y , parts of wreaths and of t w o

opened

coffins, o n e o f c l a y , another of w o o d .

E v e r y t h i n g inside t h e t o m b pointed t o a d a t e m u c h

T h e s e w e r e all

p r o b a b l y later than the X X I I n d d y n a s t y . in

the

long colonnade

mummy-pit ; six chambers, both

feet l o w e r entirely

this

spoiled.

later than that of t h e p a i n t i n g s outside ; it h a d b e e n

4. A n o t h e r t o m b o f the M i d d l e E m p i r e w a s t h a t of Sehetepabra,

oblong into t w o

to

the

N.W.

re-used, l i k e e v e r y t h i n g else, in t h e X X I I n d d y n a s t y . P l a t e s V I and V I I

represent t h e N . side, t h e false

(PL. I, 7), w h e r e were also found the basalt figures of

door at the left of V I I b e i n g close t o the rock f a c a d e ;

Sekhet.

V I I I and I X are the south side, the s e a t e d figure o f

These

statues

and

a d j a c e n t pillars

were

s u p p o r t e d b y a p a v e m e n t p a r t l y c o m p o s e d of roofing

t h e d e f u n c t in V I I I

b l o c k s f r o m some o t h e r temple.

colours

T h e decoration o f

y e l l o w stars on a b l u e g r o u n d w a s t u r n e d underneath. S o m e b l o c k s f r o m D e i r - e l - B a h r i w e r e also used this p a v e m e n t .

A t . one p o i n t the u n t o u c h e d

in

gravel

are

put

b e i n g nearest the tomb.

on b o l d l y , the

figures

of

The

boatmen

b e i n g .not even surrounded b y t h e usual b l a c k outline ; the w o m e n

are y e l l o w , t h e

men, animals, a n d

the

b r o a d line, a t the b a s e b e l o w t h e w a t e r line, red.

The

the

shield o r n a m e n t s of t h e c a b i n on t h e b o a t in P l . V I I

W h e n the pillars

are a l t e r n a t e l y b l a c k and red w i t h w h i t e w a v y lines.

w e r e removed, a n d t h e h e a v y r o o f i n g b l o c k s let d o w n

T h e b o a t s a*e red, e x c e p t the last, in which S e - h o t e p -

i n t o s a f e positions, w e deepened the hole and foiind

a b - r a is. carried ; this is b l a c k .

ourselves in a brick p a s s a g e r u n n i n g n e a r l y at right

t h e o w n e r is seated is in b l a c k a n d y e l l o w .

angles

been

curious that the sailors in the n e x t b o a t face t h e b o w s ,

covcired b y a n arch, the spring of which could still b e

t h e y h a v e stopped p a d d l i n g , a n d the sail is b e i n g set.

b a s e could

not b e

reached w i t h o u t d a n g e r

pillars f a l l i n g u p o n the m e n below.

to the

colonnade.

This

of

passage had

1

seen ; it continued u n d e r the E . w a l l of the c o l o n n a d e and w a s o b v i o u s l y m u c h the older w o r k .

T h e passage

ended t o the w e s t in a f a c a d e of rock in w h i c h opened a tunnel 50 feet l o n g .

T h e brick walls of the p a s s a g e

T h e seh u n d e r which

5. A n o t h e r t o m b o f the X l l t h

I t is

dynasty-—a

shaft

w i t h t w o c h a m b e r s — w a s f o u n d in c h a m b e r 32. period

was

shown

by

spherical

blue

glaze

The beads,

barrel-shaped 'blue glaze, barrel a m e t h y s t s , discs o f

h a d b e e n plastered, w h i t e w a s h e d , and painted with a

ostrich egg-shell, a n d one o f . the t y p i c a l

series of scenes e x e c u t e d in a r o u g h a n d bold s t y l e

tables of offerings.

(PL. V I , V I I , V I I I , I X ) .

s h o w e d t h a t the i n t e r m e n t had; b e e n ;a rich one.

T h e s e w e r e copied for us

Minute gold

b y M i s s Pirie under conditions requiring considerable

g l a z e d p l a q u e of T h o t h m e s . I l l

nerve, for the walls of brick rubbish stood w i t h almost

t o one of the robbers.

vertical faces on t w o sides, and one of the pillars a n d

re-use.

a n o t h e r l a r g e b l o c k w e r e poised on a m a s s o f l o o s e brick rubbish, i n c o n v e n i e n t l y near.

F r o m Miss Pine's

careful coloured copies, n o w k e p t at U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , the

outlines

passage group

in the

between of

plates w e r e transferred.

the

XlXth

decorated

d y n a s t y pots

t h e m filled w i t h c l o t h a n d

walls

The

contained

( X I I , 7), ( s o m e

the so-called

a of

nitre) e m -

b e d d e d in the debris, w h i c h h a d n o d o u b t b e e n p u t there w h e n the site w a s levelled for building. t h e tunnel

in the rock w a s almost c l e a r ; a

But small

A r a b b o w l and a little p o t t e r y l a m p s h o w e d that the last visitors had b e e n A r a b s .

Pieces o f bone, b r o k e n

pottery, and f r a g m e n t s of painted w o o d e n coffins, l a y upon the

floor;

mingled w i t h t h e m w e r e a b o u t 400

ushabtis w i t h t h e n a m e s A n k h . ; e f and I n the centre

Pa,du.amen.

l a y a< l a r g e pot ( X I I , 5), which

the

robbers h a d filled w i t h ushabtis of plain g r e e n g l a z e as if to t a k e them: a w a y .

T w e n t y feet further on w a s

a small niche 3 feet a b o v e t h e ; g r o u n d ; it w a s e m p t y .

under the wall.

earthenware silver

beads A

may have belonged

T h e r e w a s no other sign of

Just b e l o w t h e g r e a t w a l l f a c a d e of. another

and

to

t h e north w a s t h e

t o m b , the t u n n e l of w h i c h

runs

T h e r e remained e n o u g h p o t t e r y t o

m a k e the period certain.

An

e y e in iron f r o m t h e

i n l a y of a coffin, p r o v e d t h a t t h e t o m b h a d b e e n reused and r o b b e d a g a i n . A n o t h e r of these

tombs with long

subterranean

p a s s a g e s l e a d i n g t o a c h a m b e r , ran u n d e r t w o of t h e R a m e s s e u m store-houses (J6 a n d 37). . It w a s e n t e r e d both f r o m t h e f a c a d e end, a n d f r o m a s m a l l w e l l in the

side of the n e x t

chamber, b y which

p e o p l e h a d a c c i d e n t a l l y g a i n e d access. the

typical

XXIInd

dynasty

l o n g e d to the later use.

the

later

T w o pots of

shape ( X I I , i î )

be-

A s m a l l limestone table of

offerings, and t w o pots of the " s a l a d - m i x e r " shape, w i t h s o m e stands: for p o t t e r y , a n d a l a r g e water-jar, w e r e of M i d d l e E m p i r e t y p e s .

T h e r e was: a l s o

f r a g m e n t of a limestone stela, in v e r y b a d on w h i c h could

be traced

part

of t h e

a

condition, figure

of a

5

XIXTH DYNASTY.

standing man wearing a leopard-skin over his shoulders, and leaning upon a staff; a dog's head appears below him. Of the X H I t h dynasty is an alabaster lid of a kdhl-vase (PL. XVIII), with the name uas-taui, perhaps Ra. sekhem. uaz. taui, Sebekhotep II. 6. Bricks were often found in the Ramesseum walls stamped with the names of earlier kings—Amenhotep II, Hatshepsut, Thothmes III, Thothmes IV, and Akhenaten. A block, with the two cartouches of Thothmes IV, lay in colonnade 14. It had probably covered the small pit containing the foundation deposits. Even one of the great sandstone jackals of Amenhotep III had been re-used here, and the two temples of Amenhotep II and Thothmes IV, lying close by, doubtless served as quarries for Rameses. In the first court, west of the pylon, there were found, 12 feet from the gateway, and at a depth of .10 feet, two drums of pillars. They were below the level of the pylon, and, therefore, too far down to belong to the Ramesseurn ; they probably came from some earlier temple. To this earlier temple may also belong a great well, 10 feet in diameter (I, 60), in. which we rcached water, but did not find the bottom. It was probably a well for water. A t two points foundation deposits were discovered, not under any walls of the building, but in the middle of chambers, and at. a low level. The pottery (XII, 2) might well be of the X V I I I t h dynasty, for it was closely similar to that of Amenhotep II. A bed of fine gravel bad been laid down, and the pots arranged in it in a circular group, the thirty-seven little bowls (in one case) nested in one another, and vases of other shapes grouped round them. These are most probably the remains of an earlier building, to which the buried pillars mentioned above may also belong. 7. The most curious traces of the X V I I I t h dynasty were, -however, the limestone blocks from Deir-elBahri, re-used by Rameses II. These occurred both under the colonnade at the west of the building, where they were placed below the columns, and also in the stone walls to the south, where they were generally; turned with the inscribed face inside. Most of the pieces were of uraeus border, as in the shrine of; Anubis, but. three were of scenes of offerings. The ;best were: takd.n back to Hatshepsut's temple, after three thousand years' absence, to be worked into M. Naville's restoration. The lintel with inscription of Thothmes III

(XIII, 1) was found opposite a gateway (I, 30), where it had doubtless been re-used. The stela of Beba (X, 1) is, by the style and names, probably of the early X V I I I t h dynasty. It is of limestone, and was found in the south-east corner of the building on a thin limestone pavement a foot above the untouched desert. This was here the level of the Ramesseum floor. The four upper figures of Beba, his wife, and the deities, are in relief, and have been much damaged ; the rest of the inscription is incised. The fragment from the tomb of An-na (XXIII, 6), the stela of Sipa-iri ( X X V I I , 5), fragments of gia?e of Amenhotep II and of Thothmes IV, and an alabaster kohl-vase of Thothmes II (PL. XVIII), complete the list of X V I I I t h dynasty objects.

CHAPTER

III.

XIXTH DYNASTY.

8. W e devoted ourselves almost entirely to the brick chambers, to the exclusion of the stone temple, but some fallen blocks of the scene on the north side of the second pylon, omitted in Lepsius, were copied (PL. V), and the eastern end, where all the walls have been removed, was turned over. Here, fragments of red pottery statues were found similar to those from the lowest levels of Koptos, and to others found by M. Daressy at Medinet-Habu. There was no means of knowing whether these had belonged to the X l X t h dynasty, or to a later time; there is a strong presumption that they are not earlier than the Ramesseum, as they were found only in the stone building, and not near to any early tombs. Many fragments of Coptic pottery lay inside the area of the stone building; none at all outside the line of the sandstone walls, showing that the outer walls were probably still standing in Christian times. A small clearance was also made in the forecourt, which showed that there was once a row of pillars on the west side corresponding to the two on the east. The bases of these pillars might, as Mr. Petrie has pointed out, be now used to carry a buttress, which is much needed for preserving the wall that bears the inscription of the battle of Kadesh. This well-known scene is now in a very perilous state; the wall, like all the others in the building, was built in two faces, with no bonding between them. One face has now fallen, and the other is only held by the heavy roofing

5

XIXTH DYNASTY.

standing man wearing a leopard-skin over his shoulders, and leaning upon a staff; a dog's head appears below him. Of the X H I t h dynasty is an alabaster lid of a kdhl-vase (PL. XVIII), with the name uas-taui, perhaps Ra. sekhem. uaz. taui, Sebekhotep II. 6. Bricks were often found in the Ramesseum walls stamped with the names of earlier kings—Amenhotep II, Hatshepsut, Thothmes III, Thothmes IV, and Akhenaten. A block, with the two cartouches of Thothmes IV, lay in colonnade 14. It had probably covered the small pit containing the foundation deposits. Even one of the great sandstone jackals of Amenhotep III had been re-used here, and the two temples of Amenhotep II and Thothmes IV, lying close by, doubtless served as quarries for Rameses. In the first court, west of the pylon, there were found, 12 feet from the gateway, and at a depth of .10 feet, two drums of pillars. They were below the level of the pylon, and, therefore, too far down to belong to the Ramesseurn ; they probably came from some earlier temple. To this earlier temple may also belong a great well, 10 feet in diameter (I, 60), in. which we rcached water, but did not find the bottom. It was probably a well for water. A t two points foundation deposits were discovered, not under any walls of the building, but in the middle of chambers, and at. a low level. The pottery (XII, 2) might well be of the X V I I I t h dynasty, for it was closely similar to that of Amenhotep II. A bed of fine gravel bad been laid down, and the pots arranged in it in a circular group, the thirty-seven little bowls (in one case) nested in one another, and vases of other shapes grouped round them. These are most probably the remains of an earlier building, to which the buried pillars mentioned above may also belong. 7. The most curious traces of the X V I I I t h dynasty were, -however, the limestone blocks from Deir-elBahri, re-used by Rameses II. These occurred both under the colonnade at the west of the building, where they were placed below the columns, and also in the stone walls to the south, where they were generally; turned with the inscribed face inside. Most of the pieces were of uraeus border, as in the shrine of; Anubis, but. three were of scenes of offerings. The ;best were: takd.n back to Hatshepsut's temple, after three thousand years' absence, to be worked into M. Naville's restoration. The lintel with inscription of Thothmes III

(XIII, 1) was found opposite a gateway (I, 30), where it had doubtless been re-used. The stela of Beba (X, 1) is, by the style and names, probably of the early X V I I I t h dynasty. It is of limestone, and was found in the south-east corner of the building on a thin limestone pavement a foot above the untouched desert. This was here the level of the Ramesseum floor. The four upper figures of Beba, his wife, and the deities, are in relief, and have been much damaged ; the rest of the inscription is incised. The fragment from the tomb of An-na (XXIII, 6), the stela of Sipa-iri ( X X V I I , 5), fragments of gia?e of Amenhotep II and of Thothmes IV, and an alabaster kohl-vase of Thothmes II (PL. XVIII), complete the list of X V I I I t h dynasty objects.

CHAPTER

III.

XIXTH DYNASTY.

8. W e devoted ourselves almost entirely to the brick chambers, to the exclusion of the stone temple, but some fallen blocks of the scene on the north side of the second pylon, omitted in Lepsius, were copied (PL. V), and the eastern end, where all the walls have been removed, was turned over. Here, fragments of red pottery statues were found similar to those from the lowest levels of Koptos, and to others found by M. Daressy at Medinet-Habu. There was no means of knowing whether these had belonged to the X l X t h dynasty, or to a later time; there is a strong presumption that they are not earlier than the Ramesseum, as they were found only in the stone building, and not near to any early tombs. Many fragments of Coptic pottery lay inside the area of the stone building; none at all outside the line of the sandstone walls, showing that the outer walls were probably still standing in Christian times. A small clearance was also made in the forecourt, which showed that there was once a row of pillars on the west side corresponding to the two on the east. The bases of these pillars might, as Mr. Petrie has pointed out, be now used to carry a buttress, which is much needed for preserving the wall that bears the inscription of the battle of Kadesh. This well-known scene is now in a very perilous state; the wall, like all the others in the building, was built in two faces, with no bonding between them. One face has now fallen, and the other is only held by the heavy roofing

6

THE RÀMESSEUM.

blocks, which press on it from above ; it has already bowed out markedly, and no very great pressure would be needed to bring it down altogether. A section was cut at the junction of the great pylon with the east to west wall for evidence of the pace at which the cultivation has here encroached upon the desert. A t present, the water comes at high Nile inside the forecourt, and the ground is cultivated up to the very edge of the pylon. Under the first four inches of mould was found a layer of 20 inches of sandstone and limestone chip, doubtless the debris of the walls ; then, for 50 inches, came a layer of mud with white infiltration, and, below that, black mud. But under the pylon is laid a bed of sand, 45 inches thick ; this rests on Nile mud. 9. Foundation deposits were found at three points (A.B.C. Map 1) in the western part of the building where the walls have been cleared away in past days, and only the trenches in which they stood remain ; along these, one could work without risk of doing any damage. A t several other points where the cross-walls meet the long walls the deposits no doubt remain and, I hope, always will remain, undisturbed. The first trace of a deposit was found at the N.W. corner. Here lay a great sandstone block ; underneath it, and with its edge just visible, was a small pit which'we cleared out. It was about 3 feet deep, and of the same diameter, and had been entirely robbed. On getting into this pit, and looking . up, one saw that the great block was inscribed, on its under-side with the two cartouches of Rameses II incised, and painted yellow. A tile of green glaze was found a few feet away, doubtless dropped when the rest of the deposit was taken. In the opposite corner, the S.W., we had better fortune. Again appeared the large block, nearly covering the little wçll, but the well was this time filled with clean sand instead of brick debris. Near the surface lay a block : of: sandstone, painted white and quite clean; on it were the names of Rameses incised, and painted yellow (XV, 13 and photographed ii. 10) ; round it were a score of pots (14, 19, 22, 21, 18) and at thé south edge the wooden brick mould (17)- Half way down the hole was a floor of eight large mud bricks, neatly chipped to fit the space ; upon this lay two blue glaze tiles iXV, 5) with gold-leaf cartouches upon a backing of plaster. The bulk of the'deposit was, however, below, the brick floor. Here, scattered through the sand were a wooden hoe {20), two wooden bowls ( n ) painted blue and with traces of cartouches, one plain blue

tile, and three with the gilt foil, and sixteen small bowls of pottery (22). Besides these there were many Small pieces of glaze, models of hands, calves' heads, oxen with their legs tied together (XV, 15 16 False doors . . . . 29 „ „ double. Foundation deposits . . 29 Funerary chapels . . .

• . • . • •

31 3 15 28 is 31

.

29

11, 17 3 . •

2 8 13

.

. . . . . . .

7i 32 . 26 -5,6 . 11 27 28 30 I 3 18 2 29 26 2 9 12 28 16 27

Kennard, M., Mr. . Lapis lazuli Leather braces. Leopard skin . Library Ramesseum

.

.

Mariette . . . . Maspero, G., Professor Mat door . . . .

Method of work Milne, J. G., Mr.

.

• •

5 17

. • •

12 3 5 2

. •

26 33

.

28 2 2, 13

.

I

Mohassib, M Murray, Miss

. .

Nails, wooden . Neferhetep

2, 31 I8

8,15

INDEX

36

PAGE

Nekht-ef-Mut . . . Nekht-min . . . . Nemauroth . . . . Nitre Nomes in 0 . K. Nut

lo, . . • • •

16, . . • • •

18 8 12 4 30 i;

Oil jars Oryx Osorbon I Ostraca

• . . .

• 28, io, .

IS 30 16 15

• .

• • .

3 27 25

Rameses I I I . Resin Re-use of tomb Rouge, de .

•

•

7

• •

• •

33 33

.

.

30 I

Sacrifice, human Salad-mixers Scarabs, heart „ lazuli Seals Sebek-hetep I I Sehetep-ab-ra Sekhet . . Set . . . Sethef . . Sety I . . » H . . Shep-en-sepdet Sheshanq . Silver , Sipairi . Slughi dogs Spears, bronze Statues, pottery „ mud Stelae, wood Stela unfinished Swans .

8 Rames . 5 Rameses II at Deîr-el bahri Foundation deposits 6

Table of offering Teknu . Tep-res .

.

Papyrus X l l t h dynasty „ gathering. Paget, Miss. . . . Panther's skin . Pens of reed Perrot and Chipiez Pilgrim bottle . Pillars, low level . Pirie, Miss . . . . Plaster Prayer to King Ptah-hetep, life Quails Quftis

• • • • . . • • • • 2, 4, 8,

33 3 26 13 5 25

9 3» 4 25

Tharu . . Thieving Thompson, H., Thoth, feast Thothmes I I III IV Toilet scene Tomb wells. Tree goddess Trial pieces, Tribute . . Trichonema Tuy Unet Ushabtis

.

.

. . Mr.

.

.

.

.

.

Vineyard scene 5, 2 0

28, 29

Wakf . . . Walker, Dr. . Whidborne, Miss White ants . Wild cattle . . „ dogs . Wine pressing „ seals . Wrestling . Zed-mut-es-ankh

1 : 400

THEBES.

P L A N OF

RAMESSEUM.

I.

THEBES.

XllTH D Y N A S T Y TOMB.

RAMESSEUM.

III.

THEBES.

RAMESSEUM.

IV.

RAMESSEUM.

f4

NAMES ON U S H A B T I U , ETC.

-1

V V i î

.'.I ij r . = X » as, = s•^x.Qz'K

X y- - i X t i i - l

M a^M-LS (mm—