The Tomb of Amenemhet (No. 82)

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THE THEBAN TOMBS SERIES NORMAN

Edited by

GARIS DAVIES and ALAN

de

H.

GARDINER

FIRST AND INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET (No.

82)

COPIED IN LINE AND COLOUE BY

NINA,

de

GARIS DAVIES

AND WITH EXPLANATORY TEXT BY

ALAN

H.

GARDINER,

D.Litt.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

LONDONSOLD AT

The OFFICES OF

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,

37,

Great Kussell Street, W.C.

'

and 527, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. also kv

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER B.

HUMPHREY MILFORD

QUARITCH,

11,

& CO., Broadway House, 68-74, Carter Lane, E.C. Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W.

(Oxford University Press), Amen Corner, E.C, and 29-35, West 32nd Street, and

C. F.

CLAY

(Cambridge University Press), Fetter Lane, E,C.

1915

New

York, U.S.A.

LONDON PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SUSS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.

ROBERT MOND.

Esq., J.P.,

M.A., F.R.S.E., F.S.A., AI.R.L,

OF COMBE BANK, SEVENOAKS,

THIS IS

VOLUME

GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.

CONTENTS.

..............

Preface

Chapter

I.

Chapter

II.

Amenemhet and

1.

— Architectural

2.

—The

The Decoration

Treatment of Borders, &c.

§ 5.

The

§

5.

.

.

10

10

.

Walls.

the

of

2.

The

§ 4.

The

§

Doorways.

of the

12

Inscriptions.

Wall-Paintings 1.

14

General Characterization. §

§

2.

Selection

and Arrangement

Purpose and Meaning of the Paintings.

3.

Tomb

the

of

4.

Preparation

the

Details:

§ 3.

§

of

Amenemhet

as

compared

with

§ 4.

those

of

of the

The Paintings

Tombs

other

Synopsis of the Paintings in the Tomb.

— Later

History and Destruction of the

Tomb

24

Detailed Description of the Scenes and Inscriptions

III.

1.

—The

2.— The

Entrance

.

.

26 26

.

Hall

3.

— Thickness

4.

— The

5.

26 of

Passage

.....

Doorway

to

Passage

44

44

........ .......

Thickness of Doorway from Passage to Shrine

6.— Shrine Excursus

Excursus

— The

I.

II.

The meaning The

rite

of the formula

culled intrd,

I

hhtpdi

68 nlstvt

(hotp

d

I

II

I

79

XII

"Bringing the Foot"

93

102

8.— The Burial-Chamber

102

The Contents

of the Burial-Chamber.

Conclusion

...........

List of Plates

68

Niche

7.

Indexes

1

of Decoration

Technical

1.

.

Decoration of the Ceilings.

Pictures.

IV.

........ ....... ... .......

Tomb

Features

Scheme

3.— The

Chapter

vii

General Description of the Tomb

§

Chapter

his

PACilO

.

.

.

.....

• I

10

123

131

;

PEEFACE. The

present volume sufficiently explains

introduces,

and

all

that

is

needful here by

encouragement received by us of

New York we

many

in

own purpose and

its

way

To the

quarters.

ways

are indebted in various

of preface

:

is

that of the

new

which

series

it

the acknowledgment of help and

authorities of the Metropolitan

Museum

they have themselves in course of preparation

an extensive series of monographs on the Private Tombs, with Mr. N. de G. Davies as editor that

Davies can

Mr.

nevertheless

appear as co-editor of our humbler English

proof of their generous sympathies, which

make

them

co-operation with

enterprise

is

common purpose

in a

both possible and pleasant.

The

joint authors of this introductory volume, of

the plates

and the other

for the

the

containing

plates

the

to

ceiling-inscriptions, ;

but also

allowed

us

to

the

clearing

from which the half-tone plates have been

its

valuable

of

the

To Mr. Ernest Mackay we

draw on her admirable bibliographical

provided the book with

mainly responsible

and there are few pages or plates

which do not bear the mark of his valued assistance.

has

is

for

him we owe not only the plans and the execution

ihambers, a task neither slight nor pleasant

for the excellent negatives

the one

explanatory text, are under deep obligations to Mr. N. de G.

Davies for constant and untiring help; of

whom

indexes.

To

all

built

collections.

these kind friends

in

the book

are indebted

Miss Porter

up.

Miss

underground

Woodward

has

we here tender our

sincere thanks.

In

dedicating

this

volume

personal gratitude and regard. in recent years will

many Theban

welcome

to

Mr.

Robert

Mond we have done more

For we are confident that a tribute of esteem which

all

those

than

express

who have worked

associates his

name with one

our

at Thebes

of those

notables whose records he has helped to save from oblivion.

N. de G. D. A. H. G.

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET (No.

82.)

CHAPTEE AMENEMHET AND The

by no means one

is

good, of such

though

given to them.

surpassing quality as

make them deserving

to

offices

The choice of

the State.

in

Theban period better suited

there

:

of Egyptian

an object-lesson for the exposition

The text of

thought, not to speak of actual riches. that

were not originally intended,

the

utilizing

periodicals,

of

other

;

or

Dynasty (1501-1447

one of the most

the

though

tomb it

special

is

family

upon

so

this book,

be

industrious bureaucrat

who

was

extant no tomb of the

It

necessary

less

is

for

an expenditure of fore-

great

which has assumed proportions

an exhaustive commentary upon

the

most part published picture

all

Egyptian

of

inaccessible

in

sepulture

as

in the reign of Tuthmosis III of the Eighteenth

feuds

which the

in

is

monarchs

Vizier

User,

to

and

conquerors

The- stele in the Shrine to say only a

(PI.

us he presents

historical

role

who

XXV)

ever

dated

is

few years after the cessation

Queen Hatshepsowet was the

Amenemhet not a hint of these troublous possible that he may have played some active the

now

details of archaeology than to gain

of

favour of

fill

to introduce our series

funerary ideas.

powerful

in the twenty-eighth year of this King, that

the

perhaps

is

complete

occupied the throne of Upper and Lower Egypt.

desperate

of the precedence here

one of the most flourishing moments of Pharaonic history.

classes at

B.C.),

to

for

less

t\ -=® Amenemhet lived

scribe n

of those

paintings,

its

but by the help of certain extraneous evidence and

scholars,

aims at giving a more

by the upper

practised

The

it

researches

meant

not

is

the details to be elicited from the plates

In

tomb

this

understanding of the religious feelings which prompted

an

are

normal scheme of mural decoration or to serve

to display the

students, at the outset, to concentrate their attention

by

Theban Necropolis, nor

owner was doubtless a man of considerable wealth, but he did not

Its

one of the highest

the largest in the

of

determined by considerations of a different kind

as

HIS TOMB.

toml) that has been chosen as the subject of this memoir, no. 82 in the Catalogue recently

published,

best

I.

in

himself

events

central is

found

figure. ;

and

them which gained him as

a

peace-loving

and

inherited his offices from his father and from the father of his wife.

Before considering Amenemhet' s connections and relationships

as

far

rank and dignities as

it

will

be well to study his

they are ascertainable from his

family

tomb and from the B

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

2

The

few other monuments which mention his name. over

entrance the cartouches of Amenophis II;

its

Useramun,

|

^»s|

91

p.

a

Sethe, Urkunden,

too

see

;

and with con-

squeeze,

Ahmose, or

I

this Vizier receives

;

1

who was

often

called

he

as

from

offerings

named

there

is

his son, the Vizier

steward of

the

Amenemhet," who is

need

mention

only

«aaaa

|

~' ^M V

Pn

Denkmaler,

(^

^&

)

I

I

^

Mii

CT^=3

l°l

I

I

very

second figures

the

in

1

op.

Textband, IV,

cit.,

by Griffith,

The above quotations M. Legrain.

to the kindness of

are

90

p.

op.

cit.,

the whole

;

103-105

pp.

aaaaaa

TcZ,

(i^

'

I

k\

I]

T

I

C

^

" the scribe

~==^>

J¥^ ^

A.AAAA

who

[Urkunden, IV, 1049

° reckons

who

zu Berlin,

vol.

1°1

V,

A

genealogical

Father,

%>

X

copy

^w

I

..O 1

III

I

AAAAAA

steward of

the

msi l2l

^ *^ Ml

Amenemhet

The

52.

p.

name

ft)

t^4

t

jh

H

PI.

He

VII.

" master of

**% "revered,"

called

is

and

(J

ceremonies," and

)

" overseer of

ploughed lands." Q

Paternal Grandmother,

l\

Maternal Grandfather,

|\

Maternal Grandmother, Wives:

(1) just possibly

f\

/WWV\

(I

Antef, a "lady of the house," PI. VII.

^

(I

_fl-^

"

Ahhotpe, a y-

l\

PL VII.

Antef,

(1(1

lady of the house,"

Marytamun, a

MAAM \ 11 to be attributed to our

*1* L_

1

if.

the Berlin statuette (4) ii

j\

(2)

mini

;

j*±

is

»

i

r\

Baktamun (once written

|

The name

designated as

PL VII.

p.

50.

Baktamun, elsewhere called

of

fl

£^ X*H ^

only

*""" (

2X

J^, X*H

name Hamash would appear

s=> \\ was the

name

Bobby, J Pis.

Hamashu

(Pis.

XXXVI,

1.

3

XLIV,

;

top

left,

1.

The

2).

be a shortening or pet-name for Ahmose, though one of several such

to

;

another equivalent, and one which might have been used by the Egyptians to transcribe

Amos

of the prophet

Eobert. 2

all variations of

XXXVI, XLIV,

VII,

general

^ \^W

title of " scribe,"

Wife's Mother,

ft

and a third

;

is

^=

Ahmose-Hamash

in addition

to

the

(1 (1

Thebes, tomb no. 224

bore the

epithets "

title

i

nil

~ww\ JfZ> 7

;

"

cf.

English Eob, Bob,

in

steward of the Vizier,"

(2),

fc^ the energetic one who did his bidding " and the i

PL VIE f|

Ahmose, a

"

lady of the house,"

XLIV.

But Baktamun being the

"sister's

in-law,

but at the same time his

sister.

the

mother of Baktamun,

Pis.

VII,

XXXVI,

daughter" of Amenemhet, Ahmose was not merely his motherIn document (1)

"his sister

jti

I

Ahmose"

occupies a

f]

1

Sethe (Urkunden, IV, 1050) appears to think that Baktamun,

when

called

"daughter

of

his sister,"

cannot

yet have enjoyed the position of a legitimate wife. 2

vol.

On

this subject see further

44 (1907), pp. 87-92.

Sethe,

JJber einige

Kurznamen des neuen

Beiches, in Zeitsclirift fur agypt. Sprache,

—

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET. prominent position, no relatives of Arnenemhet being named besides her except Anienemhet's parents, his wife,

and

Whether Ahmose was

his children.

Wife's

(Jrandfatiier,

>rs —sum (fl

who was Baktamim's weavers of Amun."

This man,

V>

(]

yjs

itj

Hamash

refers to

Wife's Paternal Aunt, J5rf

to

is

a^ww

f=^i

be

unknown.

understood.

"head

(I

at the

"steward" and U& "scribe,"

1

of the

PI.

VII, where the

head of the row.

Dhutmose, the "eldest sister"

(fl

Didi

is

L--D

a

title

D

^

Amenemhet

Thuiunofret, a "lady of the house," wife of the preceding.

T

Dhutmose, a

I

Aa — unless

-

father (PL VII), bore the

father's

Wife's Paternal Uncle,

pronoun "his" obviously

Dhutmose, called

I

s=» v\

Wife's Grandmother,

a full sister or only a half-sister of

(\

of

(j

Ahmose,

n

(6)

o

T

^\

Tuiunofret, a sister, PI. VI.

PI.

XVI,

a " brother," with an obscure

title.

ffj

u r\

(7

)|

(8)

(9)

'

/wwv\

m

I

"^^

(11)

^

[!)]

r

p

(13)

^^ A p

(14)

(I 1

(]()

(1)

I

c

o

U

;

r\

"assessor of

l\

as sister,

Amun."

PL XV.

•

•

a sister,

,

»

sister,

PI.

PL XVI. XVI.

a sister, PI.

Maryamun, a

XVI.

brother,

PL XV,

third register.

11

Shere, a brother,

.

lie

•

Teti

\

XVI

I

Baket, a

D

L/WW\A_J £$

Children.

PL XVIII;

I

I")'

r= 1 V

LaaaaaaJ

I

i

PI.

Ainenemwaskhet, described

_LH^

AAAAAA _l

1^^||

(]

q

OT Useronkh,

1\

(1

L

(10)

(12)

'•

r\

T

"

Amenhotpe, a

|\

(1

makes

PL XVI,

=^

upon

this

" scribe,"

PL XVI,

third register.

Amenemhet, a uA "scribe";

offerings to his

director of constructions

third register.

parents, Pis. V,

tomb."

XIV,

occupies

XXXV;

the

first

place

in

and in PL VIII he appears as the

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

6

second in PI. XVIII, but fourth

Amenhotpe, a aiii "scribe"; Q however, he makes the funeral offering opposite (2)

(1

AAAAAA Ci

I

Arnenemhet,

brother

elder

his

fle^Mf]

XXI t

JT\

(6)

(J'^^^zrz^

(^)

I

(y)

I

I

I

A

U

]

document

in

PI.

XVIII, where he

AAAAAA

XVIII,

PI.

(1).

108

p.

making the funeral

;

(1).

XV, XVIII, XXI, and

Pis.

the second daughter;

Pis.

108; not in document

p.

name

the

is

by

of a son as read

some reason

is

doubt

to

it,

document (1);

Griffith in

the

if

would show that document (1) dates from formed. The squeeze utilized in Lepsius,

this

with whose prenomen the name

II,

(1).

XXXV.

(Tl

Amenhotpe

(1).

XV, XVIII, XXI, XXXV, and

a son mentioned only in the Burial-chamber, PI.

Akheprumose

S$

reading be correct, and there the reign of

from document

Amenmose,

t5r r*\

fFl

AAAAAA

KK

XVI, lowest row,

PI.

Amenemhab, A ^J(1^27

AAAAAA

1

Amenemwaskhet,

Sitamun, the eldest daughter,

(1

(^)

named

possibly died young, not being

Tfl l_l

^-^

(5)

1

1

variant writing,

he was

also absent

;

^^ s-t, Proc. S.

the

B. A.,

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

8

man

Vizier was the most important Viziers

in

Egypt about

time

this

kingdom

the

in

but though

;

Pharaoh

after

administrative

his

himself.

There were two

province

did

below Siut, User appears to have been exceptionally rich and powerful,

Ahmose

Vizier

Amenemhet was probably

before him.

have had complete control over the

dictum of the ancient Pharaoh who counselled as to

way

the most certain

very considerable wealth.

and the entrusted, Vizier's

as

his

own

keeping

him

to

;

mainly

but in addition

;

obtained

the

to heart the

laid

honour and enrich

to

his subordinates,

attending

in

account of the

strict

father

and so Amenemhet may have attained the

serfs,

to

to

master's

his

fields,

the

was wont

he

this

Now

but on behalf of the monarch himself.

Amenemhet

that

*

doubt User had

with various building and similar works,

narrates,

stele

behalf,

for believing

in

metals belonging

precious

No

His functions consisted

and

of revenue,

various sources

his son

honesty

of ensuring their

not extend

his

steward of User, for he claims to

sole

possessions.

latter's

like

corn,

to

only on

not

be the

seems every reason

there

important post by the influence of his wife and

this

Ahmose-Hamashu, the man who had married Amenemhet's sister Ahmose, and whose daughter Amenemhet was himself later to marry, was also " steward of the Vizier," his sister

;

for

and had doubtless held

rank under User's father the Vizier Ahmose.

this

Perhaps

was

it

on the death or retirement of Hamashu that Amenemhet stepped into his shoes.

From the same side of the family was derived also the title of "head of the weavers of Amun," the father of Hamashu having held this rank. The Theban god Amfm, among the many craftsmen in the employ of his priesthood, possessed weavers whose task it was to The "head

produce the cloth from which the priestly vestments were made.

had

to superintend their

requisite less a

amount

the

;

and

labours

position

make himself

to

was an honourable one, and

The

dignity

sole

Amenemhet

of

that of " reckoner

of

Amun."

registration of

amounts of corn delivered

the

of

This

official

to

3

We

was a sinecure

is

unknown

affairs

can be ascertained. year of Tuthmosis

;

A III,

"Magnify thy great

him by one term

relative

or

in the

crtrojU-erp^?)

connected with

in the ritual of divine offerings.

the

the

How

external facts of Amenemhet's station

the year from which the stele in his

makes

ones, that they

a, recto,

11.

in

may

it

tomb

is

him

in the twenty-eighth

dated

;

and the position

likely that he lived on into the reign of 4

tomb was complete carry out thy laws; one

Amenophis

II.

and a source of admiration and

who

is

rich in his house has

no partiality,"

42-3.

Sethe, Urlcundcn, IV, 408.

Hieroglyphic Texts

by no

2

must have been

considerable portion of his career lay behind

death, therefore, his

his

Pap. Petersburg, 1116 2

held, for example,

of his individuality and of the accidents of his career next to nothing

of the rock-inscription at Silsileh

before

the production of the

to us.

are thus relatively well informed as to

and family

weavers"

and withdrawn from the particular granary

which supplied the grain for the loaves and cakes used far the post

to

(exactly the Ptolemaic

grain

offerings

1

was

was not transmitted

that

the

granary of divine

Long

it

for

personage than Senenmut, the famous minister of Hatshepsowet.

another was

life

responsible

of the

I take this opportunity of

in the British

Museum, Part V,

drawing attention to the hieratic writing

PI. 29,

which

is

U

gj*

conclusive for the pronunciation

a\

v&,

Senenmut

as against the usually accepted Senmut. 3

Theban tomb

The owner

of

The dated

stele

no. 231, a certain

Nebamfm, bore

this

same

title

at an apparently rather earlier

period. 4

was an afterthought, since

it

is

superimposed on painted scenes.

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET. envy

to

his

Gurnah.

No more

citizens.

that which

chosen than 1

fellow

it

advantageous

site

9

for

it

could

;

extreme beauty.

congregated of

;

In

this

corner

of

and the view over the cultivation

to

Sheikh

company

the best

of

the

hills,

is

one

time were

only a few yards away from Amenemhet's sepulchre was the great gallery-tomb

Ahmose, the father of

his patron

the Vizier User

distant, whether ultimately he was buried

burial-chamber (no. 61)

—

For the position

of the

in

his

;

and User himself was not much farther

higher

tomb

landmark

—that

(no. 82) see

which

has a painted

tomb with the

fine facade

in this part of the Necropolis.

Gardiner and Weigall,

Tombs of Thebes, PI. iii and for the view from the tomb-door see point not more than a hundred yards away. ;

tomb

or whether he elected to rest in the larger

(no. 131), formerly so conspicuous a

1

Amente

the

been el

of

hill

the Nile, and beyond the Nile again to the three opalescent peaks of the eastern of

have

Abd

occupies high up on the front face of the

His tomb-door now overlooks the Ramesseum

possibly

op.

A

Topographical Catalogue of the Private

cit.,

PI. iv,

a

photograph taken from a

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

10

CHAPTER

II.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMB. 1.— ARCHITECTURAL Outer Courtyard.

FEATURES

— The

(see the plans

and sections

XXXIII, XXXIV).

Pis.

court, indicative of

was prepared by levelling a considerable

site

facade

and

shelving sides of the court were faced with rubble, which was covered with a surface of

mud

the breadth of the chambers within, and

and

lime-plaster.

faced

at the

A

rock

the

was given to the

slight batter

top with brick, has recently been

lead to no subterranean chambers

Entrance.

— The

.

;

relation

its

Entrance-passage

quite

is

being

quality the

of poorest

facade.

A

burial-shaft in

this courtyard,

cleared

by Mr. Ernest Mackay, and found

to our

tomb

is

to

uncertain.

unusually long, and constitutes practically the

A

only abnormal feature in the plan of the tomb.

number

of inscribed stones, found partly

underground chambers, and partly by Mr. Mackay (Jan., 1914) in clearing the two northern caves, belong to built-up doorways in the facade and at the inner end of the Entrance-passage. (1) The doorway in the facade cannot have been

by Mr. Davies among the rubbish

of the

very noble or very heavy, for the rock

is

not cut to give a level base

Of the limestone

only of thin slabs leaning against the face at a slope. a

very yellow as

slab,

if

long exposed to wind and weather

name and

hieroglyphs at least, giving the

titles of

and the fragments show broad columns (three at belong here

is

indicated

by the

least) of

take the pivot of the door

;

of

that these fragments

embedded

in

it.

A

rough hole

Provision seems to have

been made for ventilation of the tomb when the outer door was shut, as there It

lines

where they would stand

seen in the floor of the Entrance.

mud-plastered excavation in the roof at this point.

there remains

had three

lintel

very large signs

fact that at the place in the facade

is

lintel

The jambs were of sandstone,

Amenemhet.

there are traces not only of lime-plaster but also of sandstone to

the

;

probably consisted

it

;

is

an arched and

has the appearance of being

later,

however, and probably dates from a time of subsequent use of the tomb when, after the ruin of the fagade, a door was affixed farther

in.

(2)

There was a second doorway of some depth

at the inner end of the Entrance-passage, the probable position of the extant fragments being

XXXIII. A very slight indication of the breadth of the door-framing is left in one wall. Below where the reconstructed door-jambs would stand is now an oval hole, only large just enough for a body (see plan) this was probably designed for some later post-Pharaonic burial. Of the outer part of the doorway were found the right-hand portion of the sandstone shown

in PI.

;

lintel,

limestone jambs, also with blue incised hieroglyphs (see below,

1

and scraps of the both lintel and jambs

inscribed with the titles of Tuthmosis III in blue incised hieroglyphs,

In

PI.

XXXI,

limestone doorposts."

bottom

left,

for " limestone

lintel

p.

26)

and sandstone doorposts

1 j

"

read

" sandstone

lintel

and

;

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

11

Parts of the limestone cheeks of the doorway also show the rebate indicated in the plan. A fragment of yet another sandstone lintel, with remain, and show traces of painted figures. fragments of hotp dl nlsut formulae, is thought by Mr. Davies, from whose notes all the above statements are derived, to have formed the inner termination of the doorway. Exactly how

may have

the doorway

looked from the side of the Hall, where there are

painted wall-framing (below,

Hall. the

axis

—From

of the

p.

26),

is

we

the Entrance

mud and

fragments of a

not clear to the present writer.

pass into a broad

but not deep Hall at right angles to

Already at the time when the tomb was excavated there existed a

tomb.

natural fault extending over the middle of the northern wing.

with

left

The rent had

Two rough

stones before the plaster was laid on.

burial

to be filled

chambers have been

hollowed out at some later date in the right-hand wing, and a recess at the end of the

wing seems

a framing

by

have been cut

to

moulded

in the

same

in projecting plaster,

—Through

The doorway

intention.

which

is

up

to the Passage

left

surrounded

is

painted to imitate red granite.

doorway of no great thickness we enter into the Passage, a long narrow chamber somewhat lower than the Hall. There are no specifically architectural features Passage.

a

we may pass without further delay into the Shrine, an almost square room of moderate size, higher than either of the main chambers already described. Half-way across the room a low step raises the floor to a somewhat higher level. In the middle of the desertward wall of the Shrine has been hewn a niche of Niche. considerable size, deep within which were seated the statues of Amenemhet and his wife Baket. These statues, which are now wholly destroyed, were moulded in plaster on a rough core of rock. The well or shaft giving access to the Hypogeum or subterranean funerary chambers Shaft. here deserving of note, so that

—

—

is

sunk at the back of the Shrine not far behind the place where the

warning of

its

Hypogeum

(see PI.

cave probably of later

having a cut

XXXIV). date. On

sandstone

low room access

the

It penetrates

presence.

At

had

and

is

give

28 feet deep.

the bottom of the Shaft, on the riverward side,

is

a little

the desert side one passes into a low room through a doorway

with rebate

threshold

is

into the Niche,

floor is raised to

a

to

for

door.

From

the

second chamber of about the same

north-east

corner

dimensions.

On

of

the

south side of the low room (we throughout use the conventional orientation which regards the Nile as flowing due

north)

access at a lower level to

Burial-chamber, a

of

shallow well, formerly covered with sandstone slabs, gives

the

lair-sized

on the desertward (west)

as a

a

oblong room with walls out of the square.

It

has a niche

side.

The general plan of the tomb having now been described, it is necessary to compare it whole with the plans of other tombs, contemporary and anterior. The scheme consisting

hall,

axial passage,

of the Eighteenth

and shrine with niche,

Dynasty

(e.g.

nos.

is

quite

common

at

Thebes towards the middle

21, 42, 77, 78, 87, 97, 99, 112, 125, 127).

Before

the

seems practically unknown, except in the case of the tomb of Sirenpowet I at Assuan (de Morgan, Catalogue des Monuments, vol. I, p. 153); it is, however, a fairly obvious development of the type with hall and shrine, common alike in the Old and Middle Kingdoms,

New Kingdom

the

it

doorway connecting these two main chambers being extended so as to form a third room

of equal importance. of

tomb not

for such

Doubtless this development was helped by the analogy of another type

rare at Thebes, in which a long axial passage leads into a single interior

T-shaped tombs

cf.

no.

chamber

60 (Twelfth Dynasty), nos. 61, 119 (Eighteenth Dynasty). c 2

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

12

SCHEME OF DECORATION.

2.— THE

Abd all

Technical Details

1.

§

the Preparation of the Walls.

:

Gurnah the limestone was of too poor

el

in the hill of Sheikh

a quality to admit of sculptured relief, so that

exclusively with paintings. 1

adorned

the tombs in this neighbourhood are

—High up

The walls were

prepared for decoration by covering the rough rock-face with a layer of coarsely ground lime-

from half an inch to an inch in thickness

stone, varying

of

very

limestone

fine

The smooth

plaster.

squares of red lines by means of

the help of these squares the figures and

Next the main masses over

outlines with

the

all

of colour were

where

they can

example often

now be

it

where

the

is

red outline.

2

in

case of white

the

or

3

The red squaring and sketching or were originally so

some

in

;

are

lines

places

accompany the

work except that

real incised

scenes.

doorways

of the

in

built

up of quarried blocks of

in the west wall of the Hall

and the entablature above

moulded

Shrine are

no

and

lintel

The doorway

limestone or sandstone. in

there

the

out in

because the superimposed mass of paint has faded, as for

is

Amenemhet

Entrance-passage,

the Niche

it.

in the case of the subsidiary blue inscriptions that

In the tomb of the

seen

by

adjacent to the red outline were cleaned up by a

by the layer of paint covering them,

usually concealed

small

into

which done, the same or another scribe went

being drawn along beside

brushful of white

divided

spaced

particularly conspicuous

line,

Finally the portions

light-coloured objects.

then

laid a thin layer

taut and snapped, and

ruddle, held

hieroglyphs were

laid on,

red

thin

a

was then

this

obtained was

thus

surface

dipped in

a string

on

;

in

door-posts

are

and were intended

plaster,

produce the

to

effect

of sculpture.

The Decoration of the

§ 2.

decorated

planks,

XXXII).

PI.

in

are

— All

As

in

the ceilings were elaborately and tastefully all

the

Theban tombs

the

conception

with

inscribed

of

tomb

the

this

house

the

as

hieroglyphs,

blue

large

of

the

period,

by long bands coloured yellow to

divided into sections

accordance with

These yellow bands

owner.

Ceilings.

the various chambers are

ceilings of

imitate

the coloured

(see

dead

of its

formulae

religious

reading inwards along the axis of the tomb, or in the case of the Hall reading from centre to sides, as

small place.

would be most convenient

white interval

are various

The pattern marked F 4

and

favourite at this period, soffit

1

of the

for

in PI.

is

XXXII

at the foot of the

by

Separated from the bands by a

a visitor.

is

may

hill,

is

fitly

be

used throughout the Hall

found again, for example,

doorway into the Passage

Lower down

perusal

ornamental patterns which

in

tombs

;

83, 85,

dealt with it

tomb

of

Ramose

(no.

this

was deservedly a

On

and 119.

found D, a style of ornamentation that

as for example near the

in

I

the

have not

55), there are

numerous

well sculptured tombs. 2 In making some excavations in tomb no. 20, Mr. N. de G. Davies was fortunate enough to discover part of an Egyptian painter's outfit this included just such a reddened string wound around the sticks used as paintbrushes. See Davies, Five Theban Tombs, pp. 5, 6. ;

3

Tomb

no.

paintings in 4

all

92 (belonging to the royal butler Suemnut) will be found of great interest as exhibiting

Published G. Jequier, Decoration egyptienne, PI. xxvii [41]. The same pattern, whether copied in this tomb is reproduced in Cailliaud, Arts ct Metiers, PL 29a [3] Prisse, L'Art, I, 32 [4] Champollion,

or elsewhere,

;

Monuments,

PL

op.

Birch), vol.

cit.

its

the various stages of completion here described.

(ed.

ccccxxxvii I,

ter,

PL

top left; Wilkinson, viii [23],

Manners and Customs,

opposite p. 363.

;

vol.

II,

PL

vii [23],

opposite

p.

125;

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

13

The Passage has the pattern lettered G in the plate, a common combinaIn the doorway from Passage to Shrine is a simpler variety tion of zigzags and diamonds. The Shrine displays no less than four different designs, A in the of the zigzag pattern (B). noticed elsewhere.

1

Plate representing the right-hand is

and C the left-hand

ornamented with type E, which

Ahmose

Vizier

between the

83,

again

occurs

Lastly, the ceiling of the Niche

tomb

neighbouring

the

in

of

the

breaks

the

pillars).

The Decoration of the Doorways.

3.

§

(no.

F

like

2

pair.

—The

framing

doorways

the

of

continuity of the adjacent wall-scenes, and conforms throughout to a general type, consisting of

two

or three lines of hieroglyphs

which on the

formula

the

either

1

A

or

.-Q-.

the

conventional

assured for the beginnings of the parallel

name

metrically with the

of

On

Amenemhet.

the

parallel

formulae relating to

Amenemhet

> from

two cases by a

Entrance-passage were

different

of stone with

manner

here

lines

is

end sym-

belonging to the door at

Pharaoh was substituted

the reigning

of

the

the

all

symmetry

that

so

,

the sandstone lintel

titulary ;

(1(1

\j

the centre to the

These inscriptions contain

symmetrical

was

effect

by the

given

The contrast between the doorways and wall-paintings

disposition of the cartouches.

heightened in

epithet

In similar

lines.

the inner end of the Entrance-passage the

is


-

[I

of

;

tomb of Amenemhet suggests that Most of the officials in the public

their lives

in

of

a

2]),

rightly restores

visitor.

Amenemwaskhet

III

worthy

to be

recorded on

With Amenemhet

(no. 62),

Y^

c

D

Tj\

*

on the right wall

"the scribe who made

this

(I

was

it

I

^

of the inner

tomb"; there

is,

however, nothing to indicate that the entire scene was analogous to that in no. 82. 2

(PI.

The same word

is

used in connection with

the

offerings

to

the

ancestors

VII). 3

See below,

in the

Excursus on the meaning

of the hip di riiswt formula, p. 91.

shown

in

the

upper register

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

38

apparently not

may have

User,

Amenemhet,

must be made

effort

Egyptians themselves

the

The

ambiguous

less

keep separate, but which none the

regularly found

is

and

tuted

2

false

Theban

door in the

papyrus of a

a

the walls of

rites

offering

less

really distinct.

are

the

Shrine (Pis. XVIII, XXI,

there

performed by /^-servants,

of

The

period.

actual

practised

as

rites,

long

In

probability such

all

material

food-offerings as

moment

were present and available were placed upon the table of offerings at the appropriate the service, but

deceased every

the

before

laid

characteristically avoided

it

mere

a

cannot be imagined that an In representing

day.

elaborate repast was actually

subject

this

Egyptians

the

picture

in

they beheld them

imitation of the rites as

servile

or

by which an elaborate meal was

of spells

series

supposed to be procured for the deceased.

in the course of

older

the

in

pouring of libations, the burning of incense, and the recitation

consisted of the

reading aloud from

on

the false door or the niche with statues that was often substi-

lectors in front of

the

for

periods,

scenes of

two kinds of banqueting scenes 1 which

distinguish between

to

failed to

type

tomb

In the

common

devoted to one of the

is

was

his life

tombs of the Eighteenth Dynasty at Thebes and elsewhere.

XXII[a]), and definitely refers to the daily priests,

patronage and trust of

the

by imperceptible degrees, and that

station

most important wall

therefore, the

feasting that are typical of the

An

and

to wealth

arisen

that he, enjoying

conceive

difficult to

it

is

landmarks which he cared to perpetuate for the benefit of posterity.

lacking in of

nor

so,

on the

;

contrary, they contrived, by drawing on their memories of earthly feasts, also to give expression

meaning and the purpose of those

to the

act of laying a food-offering before the

the

images

lifelike

provisions

children

their

;

guests, musicians,

the

squat

usually

At

and attendants.

of the

figures

deceased and

the

of

various

priestly

Thus, instead of showing us the priest in the

rites.

wife

his

performing

officiants

on

XVIII, XXI, XXII (a) for further

Pis.

of

list

written above the offerings themselves.

is

sumptuous

a

supply

there

too,

of

other

are

same time there are woven into the composition

the

version,

before

seated

them, and occasionally,

before

and so illustrating the tabular menu or

ritual,

draughtsman displays before our eyes

the

door,

false

details

type of banqueting scene as the depiction of

the

principal

made

Eeference must be ;

the

here

acts

it

will

funerary

suffice

rites

funerary

the

of

offerings which, in a longer to the

or

shorter

commentary

to characterize this first

of offering

with

together

the

banquet that they aimed at securing for the deceased?

The second type of banqueting scene reproduction caprice

or

a

of

the

terrestrial

available

feast

space

with

as

on the other hand,

is,

many

of

its

concomitant

rendered desirable or possible.

more numerous, and not confined merely

to the

narrow

the

frank details

and deliberate as

the

artist's

The guests are here usually

circle of the

tomb-owner's family

;

the

musicians often have written above them the words of the songs that they sing or accompany

upon

1

owner under -

their instruments

;

dancers are present and attendants

from the dead man's

terrestrial

In what follows only those kinds of banqueting scenes are considered in which the principal personage of

the tomb.

whom

The complimentary banquets

or scenes showing

Amenemliet making

offerings

is

the

to the Viziers

he served, to his ancestors, or to the artists who worked for him, belong to a different category.

It cannot here be considered

how

far these rites

had become obsolete and were only traditionally depicted

in the Eighteenth Dynasty.

On the side-walls of the Niche belonging to the Shrine and of the second Niche belonging to the Burialchamber are much abbreviated scenes of offering of the same type, the funerary character of which is only deducible from their position, 3

Frontispiece

CO

Q

LU UJ CC UJ

X h

o CC Ll

o Z CO CC

co

Q CC CO

;

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET. household,

who bind

garlands

unguents.

The scene

is

and so

agriculture,

of banqueting scene finds

tomb

part of the

;

appropriate

its

tomb

in the

southern half of the west wall

XIV, XV, XVI).

(Pis.

What

tomb are the scenes of hunting, aim and object, this second type i.e.

the fact that in practice the second variety, exactly like the

is

from allusions

free

of

life

funerary

the

to

may have been

The reason

cult.

they would

purely commemorative

and

prospective

discussed

that

these

is

so,

is

not far to seek.

enjoy precisely

to

This being

first,

it

is

the

obvious that

depicted on the tomb-walls, even though originally and primarily

life

funerary

this

for

continue

they had previously led upon earth.

as

the scenes of every-day

significance.

purpose, could not

in

In

chapter

previous

the

may have been supposed

pictures

the

to

2 speak, called into realization.

hunt

in

the

may, the Egyptian doubtless hoped

to

desert

watch his field-workers as in lifetime he had watched them

Be

this

once he had hunted, to

as

in

;

been

has

possibility

an inherent magical force

possess

to

acquire a secondary

to

fail

whereby the things depicted were automatically, so it

on the

tends to obliterate and disguise the distinction between the two kinds of banqueting

same kind

as

other

and again on the north wall of the Passage

The Egyptians fondly hoped that after death

they

of which

life

and

1

scenes above described

seldom

of daily

scenes of this type arc found here,

Hall

of the

them wine

offer

Hall or at least not in the innermost

place in the

Amenemhet

of

scenes

essential

its

or

visitors

of those

accordance with

In

the

of

chambers of the

outer

the

in

forth.

necks

the

primarily one

fact

in

examples regularly found

round

39

the

fact,

pictures that

he

caused to be painted in the hall of his tomb illustrated not solely his past enjoyments, but in addition also his future aspirations.

mind when considering the scenes of have been almost inevitable 3 that some hint of those funerary Now,

to

if

we bear

of the

Old Kingdom the funerary allusion

In the

word

the life-size figure of a

known

man

him

extended in front of

rites

new custom

he

;

engaged

is

a

who

Needless to say, this figure

none the

less,

is

it

there,

just

we have

to

as

it

be

seen

by which food was

this secondari/ prospective

confined to the writing

rule

bring the food for the

the

his

traditional

feast.

4

arm bent and

right

funerary

formula of

and generally represents one of the sons of the

entirely out of place in a picture of an earthly feast

secondary funerary significance of such pictures,

because of the

will

of depicting in front of the table of offerings

reciting

in

nisut formula,

as the hotjy di

appears

as

usually clad in a leopard-skin and with

deceased.

invariably

is

" Za-servant " over the heads of the attendants

In the Eighteenth Dynasty arose the

offering

feasting,

in

dead should intrusively enter into them, as a result of

secured for the significance.

this

appears

in

the

other

variety

of

it

now almost

banqueting scene

first

described.

To sum up tomb-walls, in

:

make

a

distinction

both of which the deceased

is

the

between two kinds of principal

feasts

depicted upon

The

person honoured.

first

kind

has been shown to be the representation of the daily funerary rites of offering largely coloured

by reminiscences of earthly

On

1

;

Part

;

the second kind consists of the representation of an earthly

the ambiguous character of part of this scene, see below,

Pictures of feasts in which II, PI.

4

feasts

109 (Qawiet

el

there

is

p. 66.

2

See above, pp. 19-21.

no hint whatsoever of funerary application are Lepsius,

Meiten), and Quibell, Ramesscum, PI. 35 (tomb of Ptahhotpe, Sakkarah).

See Steindokff, Grab des

Ti,

Pis.

40-44, together with PI. 55; Davies, Sheikh Said, PI.

4.

Denhmaler,

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

40

hut with intrusive elements drawn from the funerary

feast,

kinds of scenes in practice, that

example belongs.

There

it

is

no certain

is

figure

of the

of the

New Kingdom

offerer

is,

tabular

Possibly the

list

and another indication

to

criterion

too, is

so,

;

may

of offerings

decide

to which variety a specific

judging the matter, though the prepon-

for

sometimes contribute towards a right

been already

as has

onwards

impossible always to

may

derance of earthly or funereal details

So closely alike are the two

cult.

common

said,

the

hotp

di

decision.

The

to

both types from the beginning

nisut

formula which he pronounces.

only occur where the funerary idea

which much importance must be attached

is

is

uppermost,

the position in the

tomb

occupied by the scene in question. 1

IV Amenemhet and his wife are seen prepared for them they are thus described 2

In PI. feast

;

"

The steward

Amun,

The daughter of

'

who reckons

of the Vizier, the scribe

chief of the weavers [of

Amun], Amenemhet,

seated

the

in

customary fashion before the

:

the grain in the granary of the divine [offerings of]

justified."

his sister, his beloved of his desire, the lady of the house, Baket, justified."

The scene is continued in PI. V. Here was originally shown the figure of the eldest son Amenemhet making offering to his parents this figure has, as usual, been erased by the Akhenaton heretics. The hieroglyphic inscription still remains, and reads as follows ;

:

His beloved son the scribe Amenemhet, justified. Recitation An offering-which-the-King-gives to thousands of all things good and pure, offerings of all that grows, 3 libations, wine, milk, that Geb thou mayest be satisfied 4 therewith, and that thy ka may be satisfied therewith." "

:

;

The

picture

now

divides

into

three

registers,

— "the musicians

the

in

two uppermost of which the

first

female singer Khawet" playing the double pipes, "the 5 clapping her Kame(t)" hands, and a third woman, " Mutnofret," dancing with female castanets; then below, a male harper, "the singer Ahroose," performing on a nine-stringed ," 7 harp, and three pink-skinned women marking time with their hands, namely " the singer " her daughter Baket," and " her daughter Amenhotpe." The song they sing and accompany those of

figures are

singer

8 on their instruments runs as follows

V\

I

\J\

/wvw\

J&

6 Jr

1

On

1 I

I

Id

cm

a wall of the main chamber of the tomb of

funereal in its details, like those is

usual.

are published Sethe,

The

The h below hnh-t

4

Htpp-h X V

titles

00

is

^

is

II, PI.

—

\S^.

17,

&k 000

>

at Beni

of the chapel

;

compared with

ibid.,

is

a scene of feasting almost entirely

Pis. 19, 20.)

;

emend

nb.

htp-k.

tnese s ig ns have been erroneously omitted in the plate.

See Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, vol. II, p. 274, no. 207 = edit. Birch, vol. I, p. 464, no. 232; the name Wilkinson, Materia Hieroglyphiea, Pt. II, PI. vii (24) Dumichen, Kalenderinschriften, PI. xli (d).

titles only, '•

Hasan

here the confusion has gone even farther than

UrJcunden, IV, 1050 (n).

an error of the original for

probably a spurious form '

Amenemhet

shown on the walls

Newberry, Beni Hasan,

3

c

and

(See

2

5

:

The

signs

;

R

y

00

[

^000>

which in the original stand to the right of the other two inscriptions, are

wrongly omitted in the Plate. Already published, with some good restorations, by Sethe, wrongly separated the first words from their continuation. 8

'

The sign /www shown

in the plate at the top of the line

is

Urkunden,

IV, 1056

(c)

;

Sethe has, however,

erroneous, and should be omitted.

— THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

"

How

when he

glad

the temple of

is

Amun)

(i.e.

Amun

the mountains by thousands, even for

No theme was more and

New

on

receives its good things,

Amun

Year's Day, at the renewal of

all in its entirety,

oxen are slaughtered by hundreds, its wild game of as his due offerings at the festivals of the seasons."

and

its

popular with the Thebans of those days than the glory of their city

temples with their magnificent and lavish festivals

its

41

similar songs

;

have been found

other tombs, and one dealing with the same subject will come to our notice

Behind the musicians were guests, either through lapse of time or wilful

all

later.

in

1

Amenemhet. Much has perished, but the following names and titles still remain

close relatives of

erasure,

V, VI [a]):—

(Pis.

Top Row. (1)

"

(2)

"

His beloved brother, the

scribe' of the

granary of divine offerings [Amenmose]." "

(3)

His sister, the lady of the house " His beloved brother, the scribe of the Vizier [Amen-

(4)

"His beloved

(5)

"

(G)

"

His

"

His beloved son Amen[emvvaskh]et."

"

His [beloved]

(7)

(8)

"

sister

His beloved brother Userhet." sister Nofretari."

sister Tuiu-nofret."

"

" [His] brother

(9)

]."

2

3

Lower Row. (10)

"

(11)

"His beloved daughter

His beloved son the scribe [Amenhotpe]." (Rest

."

lost.)

The third row represented attendants bringing

Most of the

different kinds of

have been destroyed, but we can

figures

see

still

two male

bringing loaves and a bundle of onions on a mat, and the second,

and holding

bull

in the right

hand a red bowl held

was headed by a son of Amenemhet, palette

The heading

to the scene runs

" Recitation

:

We

3

This

4

For

is

p. 63.

there are in

2

all

things good,

Lower Egypt,

all

things pure, all things

leading a

The procession

scribe

Amenhotpe.

Behind the

to

kind of bowl s^e Petrie, Qurneh,

Amenemhet's Activities as

:

[b],

VI a.)

show that these were devoted

Vizier User.

lady's head,

PL

sweet, which there arc in

"

offerings

One

\\

j\

not in the plate, and was the last figure of the

this

4

first

:

Of the lower registers enough remains of Amenemhet's labours as steward of the

See below,

string.

hand, very possibly the

in

Rear (West) Wall, Southeen Half, Lower Portion Steward of the Vizier. (Pis. VI

1

named Siamun,

network of

the

figures,

5

bring to thee

Upper Egypt and which

in a

provisions for the feast.

to the illustration

scrap of painting depicts a fight

in red outline, erased

and very

faint.

line.

27, no. 22.

5

See Setiie, Urkunden, IV, 105G

G

(c).

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

42

between two

bulls,

1

which the Vizier

may have

man

forward a magnificent

leads

which

reproduced in colours in

is

"

He

bull,

PI.

Farther towards the right a bearded old

with a mat over

much

;

so says the

back

its

VIa, reads as follows

says the bull has grown very

The accompanying-

been represented as watching.

2 inscription reads, " Seeing the [two] bulls fighting."

the

;

text

to

picture,

this

3 :

Governor of the City and Vizier User."

The undermost register probably had similar scenes, and a scrap of inscription, " which had grown for his lord," 4 may well refer to other cattle which Amenemhet bred

for the

Vizier User on the latter's estate.

Doorway The framing of

to Passage, Outer Side.

doorway projects

this

(PI.

XXXI, bottom

beyond the

slightly

are

surrounding walls,

level of the

and has been coloured pink mottled with red to imitate Syene inscriptions

right.)

Its blue

granite.

hieroglyphic

sunk and moulded in a coating of coarse limestone plaster with which the

native rock has been covered

;

they are arranged in the usual symmetrical fashion, and consist

of the customary invocations to different deities

:

Lintel, Eight Side. (1)

corn,

"An

ka of the reckoner of

offering- which-the-King-gives to Geh, heir of the gods, for the

Amenemhet, justified." " [An offering-which-the-King-gives (2)

to]

P[tah

for the

]

ka of the scribe Amenemhet,

[justified]."

(3)

Amenemhet,

"

Lintel, Left Side.

[justified]."

(Destroyed.)

Eight DooRrosT. (1)

An

"

[offering]-which-the-King-gives to

in everything, that they

[good and pure] (2)

"An

may

they

An

[Amenemhet,

on earth

see

to

[Amenemhet,

the

1

PI.

justified]."

[Amenemhet,

Khmun, and

to Ma'et, that they

may

justified]."

(Inscriptions wholly destroyed.)

of

disposition

diagram on

remaining

sun in [heaven] every day, to the scribe who

offering-which-the-King-gives to Thoth, lord of

Ceiling-Inscriptions.

The

exists,

justified]."

give a goodly burial after old age

Left Doorpost.

what

offering-which-the-King-gives to Ptah-Sokar and to Anubis upon his mountain, that

grant to go forth "

lord of

give ^r£-r-/my-offerings of [bread and] beer, [oxen and] geese, all things

to [the ka] of

reckons the grain (3)

may

Amen-re and Atum,

XXX,

the

long bands of

(PI.

XXX.)

ceiling-inscription

in

the

Hall

is

shown

in

the

which also contains hand-copies of the texts themselves.

There was a different painting underneath

this,

for

the colour has scaled

away

in parts, leaving traces of

the earlier work visible.

3

Birch,

The

the bull-fight, 4

by Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, vol. II, p. 444, no. 315 = edit. an early copy in Brit. Mus., Add. MSS. 29,823, fol. 58 (Hay) and, together with 59; the text only, Sethe, Urhunden, IV, 10C1-2 (g).

picture has been already published

vol. II,

p. 75, no. ibid.,

fol.

343

;

;

Published Sethe, Urhunden, IV, 1062 (g

2).

—

;

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET. A.

[The scribe who counts the grain of

"

me among

and place

over me,

thyself

the

43

Amun (?)], Amenemhet,

stars

indestructible

that

he says are

my

:

thee

in

x

mother Nut, spread so

;

I

shall

not die

eternally."

An

"

B.

offering-which-the-King-gives to Osiris iu the Thinite norae, the Lord of Eternity,

Two

the warfare of the

may he

Lands, the again-born, the heir of Geb;

2

grant

who

quelled

to travel in the divine bark

in the train of the great god 3 in his procession of the beginning of the year, for the ha of the scribe

reckons the grain of [Amun, Amenjemhet, justified of U-pekr 4

and

;

to

come in peace and

for the steward of the Vizier, the scribe

An

"

C.

and

to receive a place

which

among

the Underworld,

Amenemhet."

Land

of the Netherworld, which

glorifies

of

Hiding which conceals

envelops the corpse

which conceals corruption, 6 the heart of the noble dead [being established

flesh,

who

his followers in his place

(his) soul to the sky, (his) corpse to

justification,

offering-which-the-King-gives to the Western Necropolis, the

are Yonder, 5

who

those

;

(??)

in]

place,

its

all

his

limbs performing their functions; for the scribe who reckons the corn of Amun, Amenemhet, justified; mayest thou open for him all doors, may he come in and go forth as he listeth, without being turned back from Ko-stau 7 for ever and ever."

D. 8

"

[An offering-which-the-King-gives who came into being of

Places, 9 the living god

to

Lord of Thrones-of-the-Two-Lands in Elect-ofupon truth every day may he grant prt-r-fyrw

Amen-re],

himself,

who

lives

;

all things good and pure, the sweet breeze of the north wind, drink to water from the swirl (of the Nile), for the ha of the steward who reckons the grain of Amun Amenemhet, justified, [born of the lady of the] house, [Antef] Dhutmose, justified."

and

offerings of bread

"An

beer,

oxen and geese,

Anubis in the Divine Booth, who is in Ut, Lord of the Sacred Land, (namely) Up-wawet, presiding over the Two Lands may he 10 grant the opening of the NetherE. 8

offering- which-the-Kins-gives

to

;

world, union with the burial-chamber, 11 to see rays [in the place of] 12 darkness

the

;

for the scribe

Amun, Amenemhet, justified, born of the lady of the house, Antef Amenemhet, justified, begotten of the revered overseer of ploughed

the corn of Vizier],

,

fields,

who

reckons

the steward [of

Dhutmose,

the

justified."

"An

F. 8

offering-which-the-King-gives to Erniitet,

who

is

in the Sacred

Land, the great lady of the

Queen of the City of Eternity mayest thou grant the noble to abound in thy provisions, mayest thou sustain him with the offerings that are in thee, mayest thou feed him from the altar of the Lord of Necropolis,

;

Ceremonies in the course of every day; for the steward of the Vizier, the chief of the weavers of Amun, the scribe Amenemhet, [justified] [may he make] transformations to his heart's content, unhindered ;

in that which he will for ever

and

ever."

"

[An offering-which-the-King-gives to Harakhti (?)], Chief of the Two Lands, dwelling in the Sacred Place, the hawk which makes festive the breast, 13 which inundates the Two Lands with gold when he arises may he grant offerings and provisions, cloth, thread, incense, and oil, gifts of all that groweth, what heaven G.

1

I

am

indebted to Professor Sethe for the correct interpretation of this passage, which

Texts (ed. Sethe), § 580 2

Read

a

0,

is

based on Pyramid

(c).

not _

a

3

as in the Plate.

I.e.

Re.

a corruption for Q, the hieratic form of which is closely similar. W-plcr is that district of Abydos where Osiris was buried (Schafer, Zeitschrift fur agypt. Sprache, vol. 41 [1904], pp. 107-110). 4

III

is

/VW\AA 5 |\=>

6

For

7

A

8

9

\\V

s

nf y w ' im is

a

this phrase cf.

common

periphrasis for

Naville, Litanies du

"the dead."

Soleil,

PI. 17,

1.

80

10

The singular pronoun proves that Up-wawet, the wolf-god,

11

Emend

13

;

Makiette, Abydos,

vol. II, PI. 17.

name of the subterranean world of gates and passages. The inscriptions D, E, F are written from left to right, not from right to left as indicated in the plate. These two names are the name of the temple and that of the sacred territory of Karnak respectively.

D I

^

For the epithet shb

12

"snb-t, cf.

indicated by Urhmden, IV, 117,

Pap. Berlin, 3055,

"May

17, 2;

Cairo

is

here identified with the dog Anubis.

Rest ° re

Hymn

to

[^ J ^ ] ""meaning may

Amun,

11, 1.

The

a torch be kindled for thee in the night, until the sun

rise

possibly be

over thy breast."

G 2

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

44

what earth creates, what the Nile brings; for the Tea of the scribe who reckons the grain Amenemhet, 1 justified, born of the lady of the house, Antef, justified and to be in the train of god in his processions by water and by land, for the scribe Amenemhet, justified." gives,

;

DOORWAY TO

3.—THICKNESS OF No

trace

north side a few words from the

hieroglyphic

(PI.

XXXI.)

superscription

earth,

[Going forth upon earth

by the

scribe

in order to see] his house of the living,

who reckons

the grain,

[Amenemhet,

on the

show that Amenemhet and

wife Baket were depicted in the act of walking towards the entrance of the "

this great

thickness of this doorway, but

the paintings in the southern

left of

is

PASSAGE.

Amun,

of

2

tomb

his

:

[his place of]

being upon

[His] wife [his beloved of his desire,

justified].

Baket, justified]."

Had

the paintings not only of this doorway, but also of the Entrance and of the doorway

Passage from the Shrine, been preserved in their original integrity, they would

dividing the

probably have orientation

illustrated

as

any other scenes

in

;

three peaks of the Arabian

here being considered dead, whence

it

lies

It

side

look

midway between its

the outer

paintings

feeling

fine

the rising, and on the other the valley toward the

The doorway that

and the murky world of

should refer to the passage from the

was one of the most cherished hopes of the Egyptians that

"go forth Amenemhet

in the day," returning to the

thickness

as

tomb

The northern

at eventide.

he proceeded towards the door of his tomb to visit his

to the Shrine, we shall find that a funereal Amenemhet was shown adoring a deity of the dead, on

third doorway, that which leads this,

one

after death

former home, and the southern thickness must undoubtedly have depicted his return.

on each side of

for

may

Entrance we

the

across

sunlit world

they might be able to exhibited

In

beside which the sun rises every morning.

natural that

is

region to the other.

hills,

tomb the

the

designer was imbued.

its

Amenemhet was shown worshipping on one and indeed from this place one may

side the setting sun

the

as

and symmetry with which

conjecture that

is

well

note

is

In the struck

;

the threshold of

whose realm he there stood. 3

4.— THE PASSAGE. East End, the Door-framing.

(PI.

XXXI.)

This door-framing consisted of a single line of coloured hieroglyphs with religious formulae

runniug
from now badly damaged :

—

The text

the centre of the lintel and vertically along the door-posts.

is

Eight Hand. "

[An offering-which-the-King-gives

to

]

the Universal Lord, that he

beside the great [god], to receive the palette and [the for the

may

grant existence

papyrus] so as to write truth every [day] i

;

steward [of the Vizier], the scribe [Amenemhet, justified]."

1

The name

of

Amun

2

Pr n

is

the regular phrase in these tombs for describing the house where the deceased formerly lived

during his 3

A

'nhw life

upon earth;

is

here twice left intact by an oversight of Akhenaton's agents.

cf.

below, PI. 16.

very similar arrangement of the scenes of the doorways

is

found in various other tombs

;

that of

Menna

(no. 69) is particularly instructive in this connection. 4

The thought expressed

however, to be unique.

in this prayer has close parallels in the

Book

of

the

Dead

;

its

exact form seems,

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

45

Left Hand. "

[An oftering-which-the-King-gives

names

[to

to

who

]

that he

begot him,

may

cause

"

endure]

Introductory Remarks on the Paintings of the Passage and Shrine.

As we tomb which

we turn our backs upon

pass out of the Hall into the Passage entirely devoted

is

we

henceforth the. scenes that

the

to

have

shall

of

illustration

dead owner's earthly concerns, and

its

inspect will prove

to

concerned with his funeral and sepulchral existence.

that part of the

There

is

be mainly,

to

not wholly,

if

drawn

a further contrast to be

between the subjects treated in the Passage and Shrine on the one hand and in the subterranean

The former rooms were probably always more

Burial-chamber on the other. to

persons, though

living

Amenemhet's funereal

day of burial perhaps only those directly interested

the

after

cult were allowed access

none ever came to disturb his

;

life

so far as

and subsequent funereal ceremonies).

was inscribed with texts from the Book of the Dead they had found a place

human

further

walls,

—

was

it

by

affected

still

The Burial-chamber, on the contrary, spells that were supposed, when once

to be efficacious

we may

and the Shrine,

it

will be well to call to

mind

his life

the various stages through which

upon

in

(2)

only once, so far as

tomb

am

I

aware, illustrated in an Egyptian

at Sakkarah, where the sudden death of the lord of the

manner,

vivid

a

together with

the

grief

of

his

Between the day of the actual death and the

especially noble or wealthy persons a period of as rites

this interval in the

been borne in state with a

day of

strict ritual,

burial

5

4

their

;

widow and the

final

The event

w ere the

of

rest

as seventy days,

may have

2

labours,

though of a

this

;

in a

is

is

represented

his

household. 1

during which

relio;ious

many

The body

been performed.

hands of the embalmers, to whose place of work

3

it

itself

had doubtless

character and fulfilled in accordance

were but rarely depicted in the tombs. 6

r

tomb tomb

of

interment there elapsed in the case of

much

bearing directly or indirectly upon the funeral

was during

came

(l) First of all

earth,

on the part of the relatives and neighbours assembled round the death-bed. itself is

without

which was doubtless signalized by the outburst of loud lamentations

his physical, bodily death,

death

man

dead

the

benefit

to

gain a right impression of the range to be covered by the scenes

an Egyptian normally passed after the conclusion of

sculptured

human

his

intervention.

In order that in the Passage

upon the

in

Burial-chamber where he was entombed

in the

Correspondingly, the wall-paintings of Passage and

solitude.

Shrine deal only with Amenemhet's future relationships (funeral

open

or less

(3)

The

great funeral procession and the service at the

principal events of the

mouth

of the shaft, both

1

See Bissing-Bruckmann, Denhnalcr agyptischcr Sculptur, PI. 18b, with the text thereto.

2

In addition to the evidence collected by Griffith, Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, pp. 29-30, compare number the passage from unpublished stelae of the Eighteenth Dynasty quoted below, p. 56.

for this 3 4

are

W'b-t, or more fully w'b-t nt Pr-nfr, "the place of purification of the Good House"; ef. PI. XXIX, 1. 47. In the unpublished tomb of Pepionkh at Meir (Old Kingdom), later to be edited b}' Mr. Blackman, there

interesting

/ **$

pictures of

v\

p.

the procession to the workshop of " escorting to the

workshop

of the

the embalmer

;

the superscription

reads

See in Maspero, Memoire sur qnelques Papyrus du Louvre, the essay on the Bituel

cle

G

Only in certain tombs

unpublished,

Amenemope

(no. 41), for

which

cf.

the

Nineteenth Dynasty, as that of Thoy

Cailliaud, Arts

et

i

\\

i

I

n

embalmer."

5

of

:

Metiers, PI. 8.

(no.

23),

I'Embaumement.

and that of

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

46

shown

regularly

the paintings of Theban tombs of the Tuthmoside age

in

together with the

;

former were figured a number of ceremonies, the meaning and occasion of which have not yet

been determined, but which at

marked the beginning of a new phase

burial-shaft

we must never

was regarded

forget,

who

priestly officiants

employer,

events preceded the final interment.

all

and

certain

particular calendrical feast-days.

dead noble, who, as

in the existence of the

The children of the deceased and the had still to nourish their departed parent and front of his false door both daily and on

immortal.

as

acted as their substitutes

accomplish

to

The closing of the

(4)

in

rites

Representations of this subsequent funerary cult are usually

painted on the side-walls of the cult-chamber or Shrine. Such, then, are the events and practices with which the frescoes of the Passage and Shrine

must normally

Besides

deal.

these

there

adoring one or other of the sepulchral

usually

will

deities,

i.e.

Osiris,

separate chambers

— the

rough distinction

may

to,

West

—

in

tombs which have these two

the interment of the

borne in mind, however, that this general statement

;

Anubis, or the Goddess of the

be drawn, that the Passage

preceding, and the Shrine to events subsequent

plan

man

Between the paintings of the Passage and Shrine

(Hathor).

tombs

found pictures of the dead

be

to

is liable

many

and two- chambered tombs are abundant, and

one- chambered

Even

remarks can obviously not apply. circumstances or caprice

may

lead

to

in

exceptions.

It

must be

The Theban

in these, of course, the

the typical Tuthmoside tomb

variations from

the

ideal

1

;

above

with three rooms,

For

scheme here described.

may be unwilling to omit some typical scene of hunting scene, and yet may not find room for it in the Hall in a case in question may be crowded out into the Passage, where its intrusive the artist

:

mummy.

not only in the arrangement of their mural paintings, but also in their

differ greatly,

example

devoted to events

is

daily

life,

such as the

of this kind the scene

presence will dislocate

the normal arrangement of the other paintings.

South Wall, Outer Portion: The Journey by River to Abydos. It frequently

of the Passage

happens

the opposite wall on the right

mummy

XII.)

three-chambered tombs of the ordinary type that the

in

adorned with scenes of funerary

is

(PI.

hand

is

rites

left

wall

and of the funeral procession, while

devoted to representations of the

final

ceremonies in

"Opening the Mouth." 2 Together with the former series of paintings is usually, but not always [e.g. tomb of Menna, no. 69) associated a nautical subject, namely that of the voyage to Abydos so in the tomb of our Amenemhet. Before any attempt is made to explain the meaning of this scene, its details must first be

front of the

known

as the ritual of

;

examined. craft, in

1

In the top register a large sailing-boat has just arrived in port, towing a lighter

which are seen the white swathed figures of Amenemhet and his wife seated under an

For instances

of this see above, p. 31, footnote 3.

Funerary ceremonies and journey to Abydos on left wall, rites of " Opening the Mouth " on right wall see tombs 11, 17, 21, 53, 78, 81, 100, 104. Both series together on left wail: see tombs 42, 84, 147. The tomb (no. 60) 2

:

of the Vizier

for its graffiti

who lived in the reign of Sesostris I (Twelfth Dynasty), may have provided the model, have been much visited and greatly admired at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty and journey to Abydos occur together on the left wall of the long entrance corridor, but

Antefoker,

show

it

to

here the funerary rites

there are no scenes of the ceremonies in front of the

the ceremonies before the

mummy

on the right-hand

mummy. wall.

In tomb 69 the journey to Abydos accompanies

—

—

THE TOMB OP AMENEMHET.

47

awning.

In the foremost boat a couple of sailors are engaged in furling the

the prow

is

them

there

is

leaning over the side

is

The rest of the crew have been by rowing, but they have already dropped their oars one and filling a jug with water to slake his thirst. Midships ;

an ornate cabin, and the elaborate decoration of the rudder

eyes on the latter probably were

placed

the

there for

same reason

is

as

also

eyes

Chinese junks, namely in order to enable them to see where they are going.

Amenemhet and his wife, behind this man is a table

has, besides the figures of

a piece of white cloth

;

1

to a pair of steering-oars. "

Coming

in peace

and prosperous

way

to sail

red bull that "

painted

on

The second boat

A

sailor at the stern

attends

:

seat, his

journey having been successful

has been given justification."

in just the opposite direction, are the

not in use, but the sailors are plyiug their oars

brandishes his

are

the

;

same two boats on

their

Since they are faring with the stream and against the prevailing north wind,

Abydos. is

moving

whom

noticeable

prow who holds outstretched

in the

of offerings.

from Abydos, the god resting on the great

In the second register,

the

man

a

The superscription reads

done by the scribe Amenemhet, to

;

but the reis at

giving orders to the steersman at the helm.

still

assisting the progress of the vessel

of

sail,

flail

obedience to the reis

who

replaced

by a

In the second boat the table of offerings

over their heads.

Here the heading runs

being slaughtered.

is

lustily, in

is

:

Faring northward in peace to Abydos in order to ferry across the god in his festivals and in his sailing

of the beginning of the year

whom

is

done by the overseer, reckoner of the grain, Amenemhet, and his wife Baket, to

;

given justification."

To what

reality

and

what conceptions do these representations correspond

to

?

Until the

anew only a provisional answer can be given to these questions. 2 The inscriptions show that a visit to Abydos was intended, where the deceased should take part in the festivals of Osiris. Looked at from an external point of view, this journey is a sort of pilgrimage to the holiest spot in Egypt, but there are indications that something more than a mere participation in the ceremonies of an honoured god was meant the dead man himself was identified with Osiris, and the purpose may have been to confirm and ratify this identification by causing him to enjoy the same rites as the god. Such an explanation seems suggested by the materials are collected and sifted

;

words, " the god resting on his great seat, his sailing having been prosperous."

wording of the phrase, "to "justified,"

may

whom

has been given justification,"

Note the three

little

when

heads at the level of the deck

;

his title

Also the unusual

instead of the simple epithet

point in the same direction, as "justification" appears here to

tion of Osiris before his judges in Heliopolis,

1

3

mean

the legitima-

was maliciously contested by Seth. 4

they are probably ornamental parts of the boat, like

the similar heads at the ends of the steering-oars. 2

Hitherto the only detailed study seems to have been that of M. Maspero {Etudes egyptiennes, Paris, 1879, 118 foil.). mistaken etymology led M. Maspero into thinking that the purpose of the journey was to

A

vol. I, pp.

enable the soul of the departed to pass into the "West through a cleft in the mountains (pg», pkr) near Abydos. Prof. Schiifer has shown (Zeitschrift fur dgypt. Sprache, vol. 41 [1904], pp. 107-110) that W-plcr, "the region of the tree

ph;" was

really the

name

of the burial-place of Osiris at

3

So again Tylor, Tomb of Benni,

4

The

epithet

suggestion that

it

_

ma'khrow,

lit.

" true

of

voice,"

is

certainly a juridical

term

;

M. Maspero's much-quoted

refers to the correct pitch of the voice in intoning religious formulae is contrary to the evidence.

Further investigation

is,

however, required to determine the reasons for

for the reason stated in the text, but later the expression

before Osiris.

Abydos.

PI. 9.

may have

its

application to the dead;

I fancy

it

is

alluded to the deceased's acquittal at his trial

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

48

It is well

beheld

the

Professor

known

passion

Erman

*

is

of

as

Osiris,

was dramatically represented at

it

at

itself

what moment did

that fares

in

having

festivals.

probably right in seeing in the posthumous journey depicted in the tombs

many

the belated acquittal of a duty or meritorious act which

But

Abydos and the Abydene

that living Egyptians took pride in having visited

down

to

journey take place

this

tomb

In a

?

accomplished during their

Hasan

at Beni

Abydos "to become acquainted with the matters

2

the

it is

mummy

Abydos";

of

life.

in this

and

case the voyage naturally took place after the completion of the process of mummification

mummy

neither the is

Amenemhet and

In the tomb of

before the interment.

nor yet a living personage that

is

Theban tombs, however,

in other

depicted in the wall-paintings

it

is

nor again

;

there any sufficient reason for interpreting the white tightly swathed figures as those of statues.

The

probability therefore

is

that at this period the voyage to

Abydos had no

but was replaced by a mere pictorial representation on the tomb-wall.

objective reality,

3

South Wall, Middle and Eastern Portions Funeral Ceremonies. (Pis. X, XI, XII, and XIII.) :

rites

and comparison of

similar

collection necessity.

and in

and ceremonies next to be described

Equally problematical are the

Meanwhile

all

is

M. Virey's work on the tomb of Rekhmere,

to

here, too, the

the

is

first

a tiresome sequence of conjectures

yet published

series of parallel representations 4

and

which but a few are published,

all that can be offered to the reader

The most complete

queries.

scenes, of

;

which constant reference

will

found

to be

is

be made.

The

comparison of the few representations yet published from Thebes and elsewhere proves that no

which the individual

significance can be attached to the order in clear that in

most

cases,

a selection of the total

The three upper

tomb by

and perhaps even

number

for the

c

West

life.

it

is

further

of Rekhmere, only

rites are flanked

towards the interior of the

(PI. X), the general is

The

movement

of the scenes

indicated as usual by the hieroglyphic fillet

inscription reads

:

—

;

in her

hands are

.

Spoken by the Western Desert steward who reckonest the grain, thou scribe Amenemhet, twice-welcome Verily in peace, that I may embrace thee and enfold thee in my arms, and command life [for thy ]. will be a protection to thy flesh, and my arms shall encircle thee for ever and ever." :

me

In these words the arrival of the

convenient therefore

1

3

p.

complex of

ankh, or symbol of

and

;

tomb

shown.

The identity of the goddess

"

I

is

West, which she bears upon her head attached to a red

the wa.s-sceptre and the

to

this

a large figure of the Goddess of the

being in her direction.

symbol

of ceremonies

registers of

occur

rites

in the extensive series in the

first

Aegyptischc Beligion

2 ,

of

all

mummy

tomb

at the

to pick out those scenes

2

p. 153.

is

clearly foreshadowed,

it will

be

which are definitely connected with the

Newberry, Beni Hasan,

Further points to be noted in this wholly provisional discussion are:

124, note 1) to various nautical scenes in tombs of the Old

and

Kingdom may

(1)

I,

PI.

29 (Twelfth Dynasty).

M. Maspero's

references (op.

eit.,

refer to analogous funerary journeys,

but do not actually depict that to Abydos none of them names Abydos, which at this time was only in course of becoming the sacred city of Osiris that it later grew to be, and a few are clearly secular scenes. (2) In tomb 147 at Thebes a journey to Busiris is depicted beside the journey to Abydos, as also in Newberry, Beni Hasan, I, For more suggestions on this topic see below, p. 57 and p. 116. Pis. 14, 1G. ;

4

Ph. Virey, Le Tombeau

tie

ReJchnara

=

Mem.

Miss. arch, franc, au Caire,

tome V,

fascicule

1.

—

—

—

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

In tombs of a somewhat later date, such as that of Haremhab, 1 the funeral

funeral procession.

procession

depicted more

is

49

consecutively and in greater detail than in the early Tuthmoside

tombs, and from there and elsewhere our description could be greatly amplified.

mummy

The

lies

on a bed under an ornate canopy that has been placed upon a sledge (PI. XII, third row) the " great kite " and the " little kite," 2 as the women impersonating Isis and Nephthys are called, ;

Two

stand respectively at the head and at the foot of the hearse as chief mourners.

draw the hearse

XI, third row), and over them are the words

(PI.

" Praise is given in the sky,

and jubilation in the Underworld.

High

is

red oxen

:

3

thy might, even as great

are thy

4

monuments. Making a [goodly] burial for the scribe who reckons the grain, Amenemhet, justified; causing the god to ascend unto his horizon, conducting him to the shaft of the Necropolis in peace, in peace, beside the Proceeding

great god.

to the hall ssm-t

arms

in peace to the sky, to the horizon, to the Field-of-Eeeds (Sfyt 'Ilrw), to the Underworld,

or to the place wherever (?)

(?),

The driver

5

he

is."

of the oxen holds an improvised

6

whip of leaves

are mourners belonging to the general public, or as the

all the

Behind them again are

mastaba of the

may

lines,

like figure

Old Kingdom. 8 be rendered

Spoken by the

courtiers.

the funeral procession

10

accompanying inscription (PL XII, bottom

in the

;

hands

carries a

(ed.

Birch), i

is

incense and pouring

wand and whose name

is

given as

the inscription, here divided into several sections, each of

;

the tomb, receiving offerings (pwt)

[to]

Amenemhet,

XI and XII

among

the great ones in

justified."

number

are to be seen a

of servants carrying furniture

mummy.

They

too formed part of the

tomb of Haremhab they precede the hearse. Most of the shown upon the painted coffins of the Middle Kingdom, and

scene from the

vol. Ill,

PI. 66, opposite p. 444.

^ V\ ^^

"'

rw ci and

the falcon, but in certain

head, and

of)

from which the funeral procession has been reproduced by Wilkinson, Manners and Customs

no. 78,

a V\

ifr

burning

depicted in connection with the funeral procession in a

is

Proceeding

objects they bring resemble those

Tomb

(a

:

9

Pis.

who

priest

making

and ornaments destined to be buried together with the

1

These

hearse.

7

Behind the hearse were represented various men of high rank,

of the Osiris

In the top row of

procession

with

folk are dragging."

a lector-priest "

first

their staves of office in their

"

common

and second a closely mantled

"the great servant"; a

two

men

followed by two

:

"All the patricians and

libations,"

is

and by others whose hands are on the ropes of the

uplifted in lamentation,

right) says

he

;

Theban tombs,

e.g.

The bird

.

no.

1, it

dryt

is

apparently

Tpe

lacks the characteristic

milvus

;

in form

it closely

plumage and markings

resembles

of the falcon's

painted a reddish-brown colour. n

3

Read

4

For the following words

G

The text

of

7

9

10

JL)

Cf.

Tylok,

Q |

is

Tyloe, Tomb of Paheri (Eg. Expl. Fund),

Amenemhet seems

Probably, however, ntf im

~®~

cf.

is

^3? ty-'

^""^

for sms wd,\ the technical

name

perhaps

is

[r]

jj

bw

pn

im,

PL

13, top left.

Lepsius, Benkm., II, PI. 101

substituted for smr[w], "friends."

of the funeral procession.

ntr

V\ wdL

P>hry pn im. 6

where smsw, "followers,"

5

PI. 2.

(b).

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

50

them have been found in actual burials. The first attendant holds in his hands (PI. XI) two white statuettes of the King with the red crown of Lower Egypt upon his head. Then come two more statuettes with red bodies, white loin-cloths, and yellow maces and batons. A white

many

of

vessel-stand with yellow vessels

hand grasps a green

left

is

next seen, borne on the shoulders of an attendant, who in his Farther along four chests are being brought, the

'Mas-sceptre.

lids of

which arc secured by a sealed string attached to pins on the lid itself and on the adjoining sides. order that the spectator

In

them

what

learn

in the chests, their contents are depicted

is

were two white loin-cloths of the kind known as shendoyet,

in the first chest

;

may

vulture pectorals, one of gold painted yellow and one of lapis painted blue

were an inlaid blue object

circlet for the hair,

above

and two

in the second chest

;

an inlaid gold pair of bracelets, a yellow

flail,

and another

the third chest (PI. XII) was a gold signet-ring with a blue signet, together with

in

;

1

another inlaid bracelet, two necklets of blue, red and green, and a tassel-like pendant of the same colours

the fourth chest contained another loin-cloth as before, a golden hawk-head surmounted

;

by the

two of those curious jointed and

solar disk,

the phonetic hieroglyph

To the

J

for ris, " to awake,"

procession

funeral

immediately below the

who

evident that the central parts of the

by the voyage

left

the

small

lector (PI.

first

rise to

the figures

three registers on Pis.

second

the

in

and thus

;

XI and

register

becomes

it

XII, bounded to the

belong together and were meant to be looked at as a whole.

all

under a canopy which

coffer

which have given

(?)

shields.

funerary furniture

the

carry

wood

Abydos, and to the right by representations of mysterious and pro-

to

blematical ceremonies,

and

two

lastly

undoubtedly belong

also

attendants

tied pieces of

XI) contain the Canopic jars?

Did drawn upon a sledge by three men preceded by a

is

The

probability of this seems considerable, but the

2

The bearers represent the inhabitants of certain cities which were in some way concerned with the mythical burial of Osiris, and are often mentioned in this connection 3 this is proved by the accompanying inscriptions, which are as follows proof

lacking.

is

;

:

Beside the lector "

:

Said by the lector

ye people of Pe

:

4

Dep

(Buto),

Unu

(another part of Buto),

(Behbet), Sais, and Het-urt-kau (unknown), ye thousand of Pe, ye thousand of

comes, do

him reverence

(Hermopolis), Neter

and

all folk

the sledge o are the words

Your hands upon your ropes

This

:

!

man

of a crouching in the

is

of Menthirkhopshef

1

Coptic yeiiTto.

In the tombs of

Paheri

6

Some

4

interesting but highly obscure scenes

suggested to M. Maspero that a primitive

and Rekhmere

this

coffer

is

carried

by means

of

human

poles

sacrifice

was

on the shoulders

of

men.

3 So e.g. already in the Middle Kingdom, Newberry, El Bershch, Antefoker (no. 60).

6

whom

proved by various representations to consist

concealed beneath an ox-hide.

2

several

of

tomb

men

after

dragging on another sledge a black object of ill-defined

the much-discussed tekenu, which

is

the god

"

Behind the sledge are two "courtiers" with long-stalked papyrus blossoms, (PL XII, second row) come other shape.

;

5

!

men who draw

In front of the "

"

,

Read CZZJ See the

©

new

;

CH

is

an error for D

publication of this

tomb

in

5

For the

II,

PI.

last words, cf.

9,

no. 8

Virev,

N. de G. Davies, Five Theban Tombs.

;

and

PI. 23,

in the

Theban tomb

middle register.

—

—

—

:

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET. here alluded

would take us too

much

to

later

age had substituted an ox.

1

evidence proves

the

here to state that

Suffice it

have been a regular feature of the funeral procession.

extremely obscure

It

far afield to discuss afresh this difficult problem, that has already given rise

and ill-founded speculation.

loose

the tekenu to

which the more humane habits of a

for

to,

51

The superscription

is

:

"Dragging the tekenu by the people of Ked(?) and the northern nomes (??) " 2 by the

sl-srkt (7)-priest,

and coming

going forth

in (?) four times

On

tomb the cortege was welcomed by dancers, often depicted with curious conical head-dresses and known as the Muu. 3 These, though without the usual head-dress, are shown in their proper place in the tomb of Amenemhet (PL XI, middle row), the scene being described as " the dance of the Muu." Overhead is the further description entrance to the

arrival at the

its

:

Dancing 4

"

A

him by the people

to

of Pe."

more sedate welcome was given by a

of papyrus (PL XI, third row). "

and

Said by the lector

this is

"

and reads from a long

stands

roll

words :—

half- intelligible

5

:

they have done reverence to the scribe

(?)

who

some but

his head are

Eeceive

:

what he reads

"Arrival after

Over

lector-priest

who reckons

the grain of Amiin, [Amenemhet,

justified].

" Praise

"

The god

how

(?),

to the steward of the Vizier,

and shines as

arises in his Palace

the

him

god, in raising

to thee,

" Prostration is "

Amenemhet, justified. Amenemhet, Ee himself, Amenemhet, justified. Amenemhet, justified.

in joy, for the chief of the weavers [of Amiin],

"Hail(?)

pure unto thee, arising in

Ennead

rejoices

at

justified.

,

thy beauty, to

the

overseer

of

the

ploughed lands, Amenemhet,

justified. "

The gods on

their banners arise for thee in the Broad-hall, for the

scribe of the Vizier,

Amenemhet,

justified. "

Probably these are

the

openings of well-known

transcription of which the wall-space

1

tomb

This of

is

tomb

The

was not

tomb

particularly clear in the

Shetepebre (Quibell, Bamesseum,

Mystvres egyptiens, pp. 42 2

who

great Ennead, for the steward

Hail to thee,

counts the people, Amenemhet, justified."

paeans or hymns of praise, for the entire

sufficient.

Haremhab often quoted above, and For other evidence as to the thiw,

of

9).

also in the

I

(Ahmose) we

Middle Kingdom

references

in

Moret,

foil.

accompanying this scene usually begins with the words st> tlcnw these words alone in the For a close parallel to the corrupt text in our tomb, cf. in tomb no. 112 (Menkheperrasonb)

inscription

of Antefoker.

the

see

/wnaaa g

;

>

VO}

find similarly

(U J

%%

\

g§

I

vr

Vo*

the ,. .,, The second time with) " I open thy mouth

4.)

J

(^v

with the dua'-wer."

open for thee

" I

its

thy mouth with the adze

opened."

is

sem-priest."

to follow the scenes already described,

(Scene

l

scenes at the extreme right end of the preserved portion of the upper

(Scene

:

sera-priest."

The second time with the

" I

The legends read

now

mr-f)."

(si

"Introducing the Beloved Son into the interior of the tomb."

SCHIAPARELLI,

Cf.

Op.

Cit.,

Vol. I,

pp. 125-126.

The Beloved Son now takes the the

mummy

and

later with a finger

(Scene

first

"

6.)

"

(Scene

made

The Beloved Son." The first time with the mdtf-t

SCHIAPARELLI,

op. cit.,

Next four white the lips of the

depicted opening the

of refined gold (shown as yellow).

"

Cf.

is

mouth and eyes

of

with a chisel-like instrument (mdtf-t) with green blade and salmon -red handle,

"The Beloved Son." The second time with

7.)

and

initiative,

vol.

I,

pp. 127

The longer

of iron.

Pressing the

the finger of refined gold.

slab-like objects

mummy.

:i

b-t),

texts

mouth

:

four times."

Pressing the mouth four times."

foil.

c

(

Legends

probably chips of limestone, are held out towards

seem

to associate this action with the

opening of the

eyes and the moving of the mouth, but the next ceremony has to do with " fastening the jaws

1

The meaning

-

Perhaps scene

the instrument 3

A

of 1

vlF here

is

quite obscure to me.

should be numbered scene 2 and

dua'-ioer,

vice versa,

against the general direction of the scenes.

not sib-wer, see Pyramid Texts, 1329.

small lacuna for

\f*\

should be shown beneath

d. I

2

For

THE TOMB OF AMENEMHET.

60

which were severed."

cannot help thinking that the white slabs must be symbolical of teeth,

I

and that the action represents the giving of new teeth (Scene

Cf.

8.)

"

The Beloved Sou."

"

Eeceiving the four slabs

SCHIAPARELLI,

Op.

tit.,

moving the mouth,

('b-t),

139

vol. I, pp.

Beloved Son.

exit of the

the deceased.

First

we

opening the mouth,

rites,

which include the second

now proceed

Various priests

9.)

"

The

all at

once

1

SCHIAPARELLI,

which he

there comes the ?ims-cloth with

Op. tit.,

and anointing of

to the clothing

mummy

:

Horus) clad the gods."

(scil.

At the beginning

This concludes the series of rites belonging to the lower register.

preserved seem clearly out of place

— they

;

and

since the first

are those above described as

much damaged "

representation of the giving of unguent have

[I

Cf. SCHIAPARELLI, Op.

tit.,

Scenes 3 and 4

—

it

is

There

:

thy face] with unguent."

filled

vol. II, pp.

The next scene upon the wall

of the

two that are

impossible to conjecture with any certainty the nature of those that have disappeared.

(Scene 10+ai.)

an ox

sacrifice of

Vol. II, p. 11.

upper register a considerable number of vignettes must be lost

follows a

(?)."

sera-priest."

"

Cf

:

see, or should have seen had not the picture been hopelessly damaged,

the .s^m-priest offering a particular kind of head-gear (nms) to the (Scene

Headings

foil.

The tomb of Amenemhet omits the following and the

to the deceased.

42

foil.

one which in the manuscripts precedes that last described

is

:

a "courtier" presents linen garments to the deceased: (Scene

11+ a.)

"The

courtier."

"Clothing with linen. Cf.

SCHIAPARELLI,

Op. tit.,

The tomb

Amenemhet

of

and passes quickly on

by the courtier

Vol. II, pp.

to the

Horus and the gods clothed him with

23

foil.

dispenses with

banquet

(their) girdle (?)."

further consideration of the

all

The

itself.

first

item of this

mummy's

toilet,

the presentation of bread

is

:

(Scene 12 + x.)

"The

courtier."

"Presentation of bread of the Broad Hall of Re." Cf.

SCHIAPARELLI,

(p.

tit.,

vol. II, p. 159.

The following vignette must have shown the (Scene 13

+x)

" "

The prophet." Making [offering

of incense

?]

;

offering of incense

Horus

[offers ?] to thee

:

>