The History of the Governors of Egypt by Abu 'Umar Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi: Edited from a Unique Manuscript in the British Museum 9781463213787

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T h e History of the Governors of Egypt by Abu 'Umar M u h a m m a d ibn Yusuf al-Kindi

Gorgias Historical Texts

25

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The History of the Governors of Egypt by Abu 'Umar Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi

Edited from a Unique Manuscript in the British Museum

Nicholas August Koenig

1 gorgias press 2009

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1 ISBN 978-1-59333-766-7 ISSN 1935-6919

Printed in the United States of America

Note Al-Kindl's "Annals of the Rulers of Egypt" during the first three centuries of Mohammedan rule, is one of the chief authorties for the history of the Arab conquerors in the land of the Pharaos. For many years the unique manuscript of his work has lain unused in the British Museum and has not been made accessible to scholars. In the winter of 1905—1906, I suggested to Dr. Nicholas A. Koenig that he make a careful study of the text upon the basis of photographs which I had procured and that he prepare it for publication. I was able to place at his disposal also my own copies of the same author's "History of the Cadis of Egypt" (now in the press) and of the Raf' al-Isr 'an quaai Misr of Ibn Hajar copied from a ms. in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. The present publication contains the first part of this text, and it is to be followed as soon as practicable by the remaining portions. Dr. Koenig has gathered together whatever quotations from al-Kindl's "Annals" were to be found in the works of later writers, and has in this manner been able to control the readings of his manuscript in various places. The difficulty, however, remains of having to reconstruct a readable text upon the basis of a single manuscript. Dr. Koenig has, with much dilligence and with distinguished success made this reconstruction, and in the introduction has, for the first time, given a complete account of the literary labours of his author. Richard Gottheil C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , New York April 1908.

INTRODUCTION. I. Among the numerous sciences known to the Muhammadan world, historymay

be said to play

one of the most important parts.

treated from various standpoints.

The subject is

The chief one, naturally, is the chronicling

of events which have taken place throughout the world from its creation to the writer's time. 1 cover

every phase

A second deals with a specific country.

This may

of the government's administration and relations with

foreign states from the formation of the state to whatever date the writer may choose to carry it down. 2 down to

certain

dynasties.

Then again we find a still further narrowing

Side

by

side with this may be placed the

histories of separate districts and cities of a country. 3

Indeed, an account

of the holders of a public office, which at times borders on a biographical dictionary,

is likewise termed a history. 4

governors of E g y p t , called the Tasmiyat

T o this class a history of the

Wulat Misr written by A b u 'Umar

Muhammad b. Y u s u f al-Kindi may be said to beloDg. Few

facts of this author's

life are known.

According to the short

biography added to the manuscript containing his history of the Egyptian governors and that found in Maqrizi's muqaffa,6

al-Kindi, whose full name

1 See p. 23f. — 2 Brockelmann, Geseh. Arab. Lit., I , 335, No. 5. — Brockelmann, Gesch. Arab. Lit., I , 149, No. 6; Becker, Gesch. Agypt. w. d. Islam, I, 13. — 4 See R. Gottheil, J AOS, X X V I I , 224. 6 See p. 19 f. Through the kindness of Dr. Th. W . Juynboll, whom 1 here take the opportunity of thanking, I have been able to add the following extract 3

from the muqaffa, Leiden 870: QJ (j^aio

I^JJJUJ QJ

«

jdJt ^jj

qJ iAjj qJ

[MS.

g-o

lXJJ,

'

[Ms. g - o above word; see p. 19], above word; see p. 19]

{jjO^s- Q i »LM q J eLXj q J (¿ULo U^-ii^S

Q-? VX^^O -

^JM+X

qJ

[sic.] j^Lc ^jj [See p. 19 n. 3]

q J [Ms. »-j-yi; see p. 3, n. 7] ^-M+Z ¡yjiai! ¿jJ"*"'' (Sj*0^^

qJ

^^XJJJi

J^c [iM] ¿J j J j i i B j ^ . j i b q J

o u y j ^ (.Liiij

vXi^ o J j i

jixjt

q J ¿ T ^ j J ! iXkE ¿ f X & J ! FS^-

^

e ^ ' ^ j r " a * g^Lr 1 a -

iX*j>! Jj'15 xLwOywu ^ U J i

JAsLSWJ! j j j j J t ^ l i

jASLJ!

J.LI

kXij^

JJIXPJ j j j j J t

» L y

L^Jj

(t-gj^s

^Jj ( ^ l i j ^ ^ ^

[?]yi

' i i h » . y i j yoLsUt -^¿tr''

OjyU.il JJillii L^XC ^ A ^ U

byasr: xmJLS^ ^

idJl iAAC

j^'-i-*^' ^

i u ^ j j cr? ^ j

io^Ujj

j^J

jJfi

OJ

v\«.s»-tj j j j i J ! CT? j 1 ^ * ^

¿jS> ^

^ J ! LX!^ o J j i jJJ^Jl a l i ?

xbs ^

«ilXo ^ j j j

(J-Uit

JoJwi» J J j j j i J o » ^ Ijfril

5 father. 1 This tribe, 2 30 000 strong, is said to have left its home in Bahrain Mu&aqqar and Gamr dü Kinda on the Persion Gulf and to have migrated southward along the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, one hundred and fifty years prior to Muhammad. In the South, their strength gave them the upper hand so that they soon controlled Hadramaut and Yaman. At the rise of Muhammadanism, the greater part of the tribe

ÜÄJJÜJ t-J^j! ¿*JLs *rAS>Lo Q.*i>yt vX^c QJ fjri

yoLdt

U^c5 ^Jt

"¡Uli ^Xi

^ I c & US\y> ida

(«Jjjj^iJI [fol. 151 a]

L^L! yoLÜI S^J J ^ w l l ^

£/> ^UJI (t-ilij

j1 ^ i c y>lc ¿JUl iXfr^J jjjif wAjjc [Ms. ^^IxiU,

iXxC VXXC

qj! ^

( Xs> s

ti)JJ tXJ^S

JoUJt ^ J u X x E j y i l e

f ^ j « - » J (£»• tf jjj*ii iX».c j J j i c^jtAi «Iii

£

^•¿»i

LNJJJ i ^ U t

Oj^uJlt,

cXiljib ^jjjJuJ! JJj.*ii LXAC L\JJ

l^^Hj

Jjti! Jy-c ^^Oo

jJJ!

Aij

J+C» g)JUJf J^XEj

ö j i w Q j lS^^H CT- ^iXi* ^ l i ' iXA.C

jj/ÖMJ!

iXxc

CT?

idüt

^

JJJ*JS

qJ

(j-JjJ

vXjj

^

«S CT? J - j * ^

t*x!ip\. p&JJjS

« Jj^'

gJi ö U J l

¡J

0J5

^jjjtii t ^ j

c ,yC*Jl

1

Wüstenfeld, I. c. Qaisaba b. Kultum is given the nisba Tuglbl and also said to belong to the Banu Kinda; see Hitat, II, 236, mid.; Mu'awia b. Hudaig is called ^yyC^Jt, and n. 11; 328, 1., 23. Suyüti I, 110.

and ^J^Xio?; Ibn Duraid, 221,1., IB

2 Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre Muhammeds, index; Suyüti, Lubb al-Lubäb, 229. Flügel, Al-Kindi, genannt der Philosoph der Araber. Ein Vorbild seiner Zeit und seines Volkes, Abh. f . d. K. d. M. I I , 1857. Causin de Perceval, Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes, 1,136, II, 265; Wellhausen, Skizzen VI, 29 f.

6 tinder the leadership of al-As'at b. Qais were converted to the new religion, and later played an important part in the conquest of Syria. In all probability, the Tuglb as a branch of the Kinda likewise accompanied the expeditions into Syria, whence some are known to have followed 'Amr b. al-'Asi into Egypt. Al-Kindi1 himself relates that Qaisaba b. Kultum the Tugibite accompanied 'Amr from Syria with one hundred camels, fifty slaves and thirty horsemen. That others participated in the conquest may be assumed from the fact that the tribe dwellt in a special hitta in Fustat.2 This term hitta has the general meaning of ground occupied for the first time, a pitch or holding. In connection with Fustat, as with other towns founded by the Arabs, the sense is often connected with the foundation.8 Now to obtain such a holding at the foundation it was necessary that the tribe be represented in sufficient numbers. At Fustat's foundation, those who were not, were thrown into one body known as the ahl ar-raya.1 The Tugib, on the other hand, represented by Mu'awia b. Hudaig5 received an allotment of land. Hence at least as early as 21 A. H. [641/42 A. D.], the date of Fustat's foundation numerous members of the Tuglb were present in Egypt. As 'Amr invaded the country in 18 A. H. [639 A D.],6 we may assume that all these served in the military campaign playing as important a part on the battle fields as they did in the political intrigues and in the governing of Egypt during the first century after its conquest7 Whether any one of al-Kindi's ancestors was present at the just mentioned allotment of land in Fustat, lack of historical and biographical material makes it impossible to say. In fact our knowledge of his immediate relatives is exceedingly meagre. Purported to have been born 283 A. H. [896/7 A. D.], Abu 'Umar al-Kindi was the son of a Yusuf b. Ya'qub, concerning whom nothing more than the name is known. That his grandfather was the famous philosopher Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Kindi who wrote at the courts of al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim [198—227 A. H. 813—841 A. D.] as de Slane has conjectured8 is very doubtful. Both Maqrlzi9 and the author of the sketch on fol. 2 a agree in giving our author's great grandfather as Hafs, whereas the philosopher was the son of Ishaq. 1

MaqrizI, ffitat, II, 236, lines 20ff. — 2 A. R. Guest, The Foundation of Fustat and the Khittahs of that Town. J. B. A. S., Jan. 1907, pp. 65, 76, 77 and map C—11. — 3 Guest, J. B. A. S., Jan. 1907, p. 57. — * ffitat, I, 297. — 6 Wellhausen, Das ArabischeBeieh, 62. — «Becker, Agyptenu.d.Islam, II, 121—124, has collected the names of some of the most important men belonging to the Tuglb; Aug. Miiller, Islam II, 575, 578. That considerable importance was attached to the members of this tribe is attested to by the ta'rilp at-tugiltyin found in the list of books published by Kampfmeyer, Mitteil. Sem. Or. Sprachen. Ber. Westasiat. IX, 82. See p. 3, n. 7. — 7 Suyuti I, 110. — 8 Ibn Hallikan, I, 389. — 9 ffitat, I, 3 etc.

7 A comparison of the geneologies 1 of the two writers shows a decided difference in their origin. The philosopher traces his back to al-As'at, the famous chief of the Banü Kinda who after his conversion to Muhammadanism married the daughter of Abu Bakr, the prophet's successor. No such noble descent is claimed by the historian's pedegree, as is evident from the entirely different names contained in it. The silence of the biographies as to the ancestors of Abu 'Umar the historian would seem to indicate an humbler origin for his family than that of the philosopher Abu Yüsuf. However this may be, several men of ability are found among the historian's relatives. Three times al Kind! quotes his paternal uncle It is al-Husain b. Ya'qüb 2 as one of his authorities in his TJmara Misr. important to note that the nisba at-Tugïbî is given to him. Prehaps it was this which lead to the erasure of the al-Kindï on folio 134 a. 3 Then again al-Kindl's son, 'Umar, seems to have continued his father literary work. Östrup, 4 indeed, has made it probable that 'Umar's kitäb misr tea fadctilihä is nothing more than an edition of his father's faduil misr 5 mentioned by SuyütT. Of the literary productions of al-Kindï, the majority are chiefly known from citations from them found in later authors; only three, the fada'il misr, the tasmiyat qudät misr,6 and the tasmiyat wulät misr1 being preserved in manuscript form. To these must be added five others, the hi fat misr. the kitäb al-handaq, the kitäb ahbär masgid ahl ar-räya al-a'zam, the kitäb al-agnäd al-gürabä, the sïrat marwän al-gald, the kitäb al-mawäll min ahl misr al-a'zam. From these nine titles, it is evident that al-Kindl devoted himself to geographical, biographical and historical studies dealing chiefly with Egypt. In his hitat misr, he was the first to give a topographical discription of this country. 8 Of a more specific character is his kitäb ahbär ahl ar-räya,9 the history of the mosque of the aid ar-räya. The ahl ar-räya, as Maqrïzï 10 points out, were a combination of the tribes 1

Flügel, 1. c., has given a complete study of the ancestors of the philosopher. — 2 In the qudät mi?r he is cited 13 times, folios 135 a, 144 a, 148 b, 152 a, 153 a, 155 a, 161a, 163 a, 164 b, 169 a, 176 a, 177 b, 196 b; see p. 15. — 8 See p. 2f. — 4

'Umar b. Muhommad al-Kindï's Beskrivelse af Ägypten. Udgivet og oversat af J. Ostrup. BuUetin de l'Académie Boyale, Copenhagen, 1896, No. 4, p. If. —

6

Suyütl, llusn

[the

al-MuJiadara,

I, 265; SuyutI gives it as one of his sources I, 2

doubtlessly a mistake for ^ J ! ] . —

6

See p. 9. — ' Maqrlzi, ffitat, I, 79

[ = II, 492], 228, 288; II, 25, 163, 202, 248, 261, 436, cites it as kitäb umara' or kitäb umara' mi$r. Tagribardx, I, 77. — 8 ffitat, I, 3 ; Häggl Hahfa II, 146, cites this passage; see p. 1, n. 1. Evetts, Churches of Egypt, pp. 101, 108, 110, 116, 293; Abu Sälih cites it from a copy in the futuk misr of 'Abd-al-Hakam. Ewald,

Zeit, zur K. d. M. III, 333, in his discription of the Paris ms. of the futüh misr states that the third part deals with a similar subject. — 10

ffitat, I, 197.

9

ffitat, II, 246, 1., 37. —

8 of Qurais, Ansar and others who, represented by too small a number singly, to be mustered separately in the diwan of Fustat, were enrolled under this name and awarded a hitta of their own.1 In the midst of this stood the mosque known as al-gam? al-'atiq, also called tag al-gawami' or garni1, 'Amr b. al-'Asl.- As the only citation from al-Kindl's ahbsr masgid ahl ar-raya known to me in the hitat of Maqrlzi occurs in the chapter on the mosque of 'Amr, it would seem as if it dealt with this building.8 Probably the kitab al-handaq4 dealt with another of Fustat's sights. Whether this al-handaq is the same as the one Maqrlzi 5 has devoted an entire chapter to is impossible to say, as that chapter does not mention al-Kindfs kitab al-handaq. Where it is cited in connection with the birkat al-haggagno definite hint as to the possible identity of al-handaq is given. Still greater is the uncertainty which exists as to the contents of the kitab al-agnad al-guraba'. This is mentioned on folio 1 3 4 a 7 of the wilat misr manuscript in the British Museum. Folio 2 a of this book designates it as kitab al-agnad al-garabi. Qalqashandl8 mentions a kitab al-gasad al-'arabi by al-Kindi. Doubtlessly the al-gasad is a mistake for al-gund-, the title should read with Maqrlzi: 9 kitab al-gund al-'arabi. This would be translatable by "book on the Arabian province". 10 Kitab al-agnad al-guraba' or 'al-garbt [¿/a]', on the other hand would mean "book on the north west African provinces". The latter leading, kitab al-agnad al-guraba' or al-garabi, is evidently the correct one, as the diacritical points have carefully been supplied to these words in the otherwise almost unpunctuated texts on folios 2 a and 134 a, and in Maqrlzi s muqaffa. I f Ostrup is correct in supposing that the fada'il misr by al-Kindi's son, 'Umar, is based on a larger work of the same name written by the elder al-Kindi, 11 the latter's consisted of sentences on Egypt from the Quran, and an account of the antiquities geography and history of this country down to al-Kindl's time. Doubtlessly of equal importance as these, were al-Kindl's sirat Marwan al-ga'd and kitab al-mawall. In the hitat of Maqrlzi, we have extracts from the latter dealing with Masruh b. Sindar 12 the client of Zinba b. Rauh b. Salama al-6udami, 13 Abu Gunaim 13 the client of Maslama b. Muhallad al-Ansari 1 Guest, J. B.A. S. Jan. 1907, pp. 58,64, map. C - 1 0 . Becker, Agypt. u. d.Islam,ll, p. 122. — 2 Hitat, II, 246—256. — 3 Bit at, II, 163, 1., 26. See p. 1, n. 1. — 4 Hitat, II, 136—138. — 6 At the end of chapter IV of the first part of the history of the qadis of Egypt [Or. Ms. Add. 23, 324] at the British Museum, a note is found to the effect, that the following chapter contains a treatise on the Masgid 'Abdallah given on the authority of Ibn Qudaid. See p. 10, n. 1. — 6 Ilitat, II, 126. — 1 See p. 19. — 8 Abhandl. Gesell. d. Wiss. Gott., X X V , p. 24. — 9 Hitat, II, 143, 1., 2 ; see p. 1, n. 5, where the muqaffa reads garbi. — 10 Baladurl, Futuh al-Buldan, [ed. de Goege], gloss, p. 23. — 11 See p. 7 n. 4 ; Evetts, Churches of Egypt, index, Abu Salili quotes this work. Suy. I, 265; cp. TagribardI I, 2. — 12 Hitat, II, 137, 1., 20; see p. 1, n. 5. — 13 Hitat, II, 161, 1., 31.

9 and al-Harit b. Maskin 1 the client of Muhammad b. Rayyan 2 b. 'Abd al-'Aziz. 3 Ibn Hagar in his raf al-isr 'an qudat misr cites al-Kindi's hitab al-mawali min ahl misr, probably at second hand, in connection with the death of Ishaq b. F u r a t 3 one of the clients of Mu'awia b. Hudaig and in speaking of'Abdallah b. Muhammad b. Hakim. 4 Oddly, enough on the lower margin of folio 214b a note as to the date of the death of al-Harit b. Maskin from the kitab al-mawali has been added by a reader. All of these extracts appear to be taken from a biographical dictionary dealing with those clients who dwellt in Egypt. Whether it dealt especially with those rawis who were clients, the study of whom an-Nawawt 5 mentions as one of the branches of hadit criticism, or not, it is impossible to say. That it contained such rawis is evident from extracts found in the raf' al-isr 'an qudat misr of Ibn Hagar and on the margin of Or. Ms. Add. 23, 324 of the British Museum. The latter manuscript contains besides a tasmiyat wulat misr, also an extensive treatise on the qadis of Egypt, entitled tasmiyat qudat misr.'' Professor Gottheil, who is editing this, has been kind enough to place his photographs at my disposal. The entire account covers folios 134 b to 215 a. This is divided into three parts. The first, folios 134 b to 215 a, is made up of seven chapters, the opening one extending from fol. 134 b to 148 b, the second from 149 a to 159 a, the third from 159 b to 170 a, the fourth from 170 b to 182 a, the fifth from 182 b to 193 b, the sixth from 194 a to 206 b and the seventh from 207 a to 215 a. Each of these opens with a hutba, which is followed in most cases by the number of the chapter. The narrative commences [fol. 134 b]: In the name of Allah the merciful and compassionate in whom there is aid and protection. The first chapter of the book of the qadis who acted as judges in Misr. Abu Muhammad 'Abd ar-Rahman b. 'Umar b. Muhammad b. Sa'id al-Bazzar, known as Ibn anNahhas, has informed us by recitation before him [ \ J l c i. e, Abu 'Umar Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Ya'qub al-Kindi, has narrated to us [LJ jl's] this book of the tasmiyat qudat misr etc. The remaining chapters commence with a somewhat similar formula. In the case of the first four chapters the main follows immediately and then 1 jffitat, II, 202, 1. 13f.; II, 250, 1., 2f., 334, 1. 23f., — 2 See T. II, 164. — 3 Paris, Bibl. Nat. Ms. Ar. No. 2149, fol. 2 2 a , 1. 9f. The citation of al-Kindl in Subkl, I, 257, might also belong to the kitab al-mawali. — 4 I. c., fol. 127 a 1. 14. — 6 MarSais, J. A., sdr. 9, T., 18, p. 145. Yaqut, I, 734, 4 cites a hitab mawali ahl misr anonomously. — 6 H. H. I, 188, calls it afrbar qudat misr, II, 141, ta'rlli qudat misr. For the continuations of this work see 11. Gottheil, J. A. O. S. XXVII, 225f.; cp. Hitat II, 25, 137, 170. Ibn Hagar, in his raf 'al-isr 'an qudat misr, Paris Ms. Ar. 2149, fol. I B , 10—11 states that he has used the bar al-qudat of Abu 'Umar al-Kindl. See also Tallquist, Ibn Sa'id, p. 84.

10 an isnad. The other three chapters, 1 however, have the chain of authorities, which al-Kindi cited, joined to the introductory formula and then the test. The opening form however is not carried out throughout each chapter, the most common method being the citation of the rawis first and then the narrative. With exception of chapters two and seven, al-Kindi is always cited in the isnad. His name is generally given as Muhammad b. Yusuf. As is evident from the opening of the treatise, we have a peculiar form of editing a book. An-Nawawi 2 in enumerating the different ways in which traditions may be transmitted from one rawi to another gives as the second of eight, that of recitation (gt|Ji). Most traditionalists have given this the name of "presentation" (ob^c). This is a statement made by the pupil to his master as to what he has collected from him. This statement may be either oral or written. When the latter, it is given the special name of xSjLuJt ( j i ^ , when the first, it is called Stiys. While the statement is being made orally, other pupils may be present. These have a right to report the traditions they hear in this fashion as coming from their master. The chief formulas used to indicate this manner of transmission are ^ ¿ i ^JLc o l y i [I have recited before N.N.] Li Li ^pis ^ i c [It was recited before N. N. while I was listening] and jlaJLc Httyi ^bLs l i j ^ j - l [N.N. has informed us by recitation before him]. 8 It is this last formula that is used at the beginning of the tasmiyat qudat misr,4 The whole account must then be considered as having been recited by Abu Muhammad 'Abd ar-Rahman b. 'Umar b. Sa'id al-Bazzar 5 to one of his pupils. He doubtlessly obtained the material from al-Kindi. Especially is this true of chapters one, three, four, five and six in which every isnad is introduced with Muhammad b. Yusuf. This does not occur in chapters two and seven. In these, it is only found with the first chain of authorities. These chapters, however, would seem to embody al-Kindl's work, as the isnads commence in each case with an authority which al-Kindi cites in the other chapters. I t is to Ibn an-Nahhas [f 416 A. H.] who reached the age of ninetytwo years, that we owe the preservation of al-Kindis tasmiyat qudat misr, which according to HaggI Hal Ifa 7 was the first of its kind to be written. The truth of this statement is exceedingly doubtful, for in a 1

On the contents of chpt. 5 see p. 8, n. 4. — 2 Marijaip, J. A., s or ^o^Xss» and OulXs ^ j ! 1

gJ'-o qJ

o*

^ j ! OoiXs

^jf

it appears likely that Ibn Qudaid quotes him at first hand. Until a complete edition of the futiih misr is accessable it is impossible to determine whether any of the others were originally quoted by Ibn 'Abd alHakam himself. In fact it would not be surprising at all that a greater part of them was cited by him. If such is the case, the neglect of this author by al-Kindl may be due to the fact that he obtained his material from Ibn Qudaid according to one of the many methods 2 employed in transmitting the hadit; — methods, which, according to SuyutI, were adopted in Egypt by the huff a.z al-luga of al-Kindi's time. 8 That these were also in vogue among Egyptian historians of this period is evident from the manner in which al-Kindl cites his authorities in the umara' misr, from the form of his qudut misr and from the occurrence of his name in the Paris manuscript of the futiih misr.1 An explanation of this latter peculiarity, only seems possible if one of the rules, perhaps applied to the transmission of the hadit has been followed. The remaining authorities who seem to be cited at first hand are twenty-one in all. As Yahya b. 'Utman b. Salih whom Ibn Qudaid, as we have seen, cites, is found among these, it is not at all improbable that many of these are cited at second hand. Unfortunately, I have been unable to place many of these, and give merely the list: 1. Ahmad b. al-Harit b. Mashin, whose father died in the year 253 A. H. [867 A. D.] ; 5 2. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Salama al-Azdi, a qadi of Fustat and composer of a history; 6 3. Abu Bisr ad-Daulabi, i. e. Muhammad b. Ahmad, the author of a history of the califs; 7 4. Bimut b. M.; 5. al-Hasan b. Muhammad al-Madani; 6. al-Husain b. Ya'qub at-Tugibi, al-Kindi's uncle; s 1

Goldziher, ZDMG, L, 498f. — 2 JA, scr. 9, 1901, p. 195ff. — 3 Goldziher, Sitz. d. E. Acad. d. Wiss. z. Wien, LX1X, 7—28. — 4 JA, sir. 9, 1901, p. 197f. — 5 See text p. 2, n. 2. — 8 WUstenfeld, GescMcht. p. 33. — » I. c. p. 33. — 8 See p. 7, n. 2.

16 7. Zayan b. Habib al-Hadrami; 8. Sa'id b. Ha&im b. Martad; 9. AsSakan b. Muhammad b. as-Sakan at-Tugibi; 10. Abu Scdma TJsama atTugibi;l 11. 'Asirn b. Razih b. Ragab al gaulani; 12. Al-1 Abbas b. Muhammad-, 13. 'Abd al-Malik b. Yahya b. 'AbdallaJi b. Bukair, whose father died in 231 A. H. [845/6 A. D.]; 14. 'Ubaidallah b. 'Umar b. as-Sarah; 15. Abu 'Alt; 16. 'Alt b. Sa'id-, 17. Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Warit b. f}arir; 18. Muhammad b. Mttsa al-Hadrami-, 19. Musa b. Hasan b. Musa, al-Hadrami; 20. Yahya b. 'Ali b. Abi Mu'awiya at- Tugibi. The last mention of a source made by al-Kindl in the umara' misr is on folio 109 a, where Ibn Qudaid is cited with the use of sami'tu (I have heard) in connection with events of the year 291, H. (903/4 A. D.) eight years after the birth of al-Kindl. Prom this point on, it would seem as if al-Kindl were narrating contemporary events. The style is the same throughout to folio 131a. Here the upper left hand margin contains a note that the history of the governors of Egypt as composed by al-Kindl ended at this point and that Ibn Zulaq 2 continued it from there. When reading over the text following this gloss, one notices a marked change in the style of the narrative. The most striking difference from the preceeding is the way the dates are given. Throughout the manuscript to this folio, only the cardinal numbers are used. From folio 131a to the end, however, they are part in ordinals and part in cardinals. The ordinals especially replace the cardinals when the days of the month are given. Taking this peculiarity into account together with the position of the note, one might suppose that the glossator meant that the original work of al-Kindi stopped at the year 335 A. H. in which the news of Muhammad b. Turgs death reached Fustat. It is exceedingly doubtful whether the ensuing text is that of Ibn Zulaq's continuation of this work, as the facts narrated on the margin are said to be narrated in its beginning. The possibility of course remains that this statement might mean the introduction, and that these folios 131a—134a are the beginning of the narrative proper which Ibn Zulaq is known to have written from the quotations from it in MaqrizT's hitat. Here it is called iatimmat kitab umara' misr lil-Kindi or itmam umara' misr.3 Of al-Kindfs other instructor in traditions an-Nasai no mention is made in the umara' misr Born 215 A. H. [830 A. D.] at Nasa in Hurasan, Abu 'Abd ar-Rahinan Ahmad b. Su'aib b. 'All b. Sinan b. Yaljya 4 was one of the formost traditionalits of his time. In his search for material, his travels which he began at the age of fifteen, took him to Naisabur, 5 1 Y. I, 827. — s R. Gottheil, J AOS, XXVIII, pt. 2. — 137s6, 1702. — 4 BrockelmanD, I, 161. — 6 Tagribardl, I, 197.

3

Qitat, II, 2518,

17 'Iraq, Egypt, the Higaz and &azTra. 1 In Egypt, an-Nasa'i took up his abode in the Zuqaq al-Qanadil, 2 Fustat. Here, together with four wives and an enormous retinue of servants, he led a most pious life. He is said by some to have fasted on alternate days. Others praise him for his zeal in carrying out the day and night prayers upon which Muhammad laid so much stress. As a scholar, he is said to have excelled all others of his time by his profound knowledge of law, strenghtened by his ability to recognize sound traditions due to his acquaintance with those which came from a follower of Muhammad and the chain of men who vouched for them. Of his works, the Mtab as-sunan al-kablrs ranks among the greatest productions of the Muhammadan legal and religous literature. This book the author himself abridged and gave the title Mtab as-sunan as-sagir.4 It is known also as Mtab al-mugtaha. The fadatil sa-sihaba,5 dealing with the excellent qualities of the companions of the prophet, the Mtab ad-dulafa6 on untrustworthy traditionalists, the musnad 'Alt and the mwsnad Malik,7 indices of the rawis to Malik b. Anas' Mtab al-muwatta, are other products of an-Nasa'i. Whether all of these were written in Egypt before his departure for Damuscus in 302 A. H. is unknown. Here, upon his entrance into the city's mosque, he was quizzed as to his knowledge of Mu'awia. A strict Si'ite in belief, an-Nasa'i praised the virtues of 'All b. Abi Talib. His questioners, incensed at his answer, persecuted him and drove him from the mosque. To win them over and in the hope that Allah might lead his opposers to his way of thinking, an-Nasa'i composed the Mtab al-hasa'is fi fadl lAli b. Abi Talib, a collection of traditions dealing with 'All and his descendants. 8 An-Nasa'i, however, does not seem to had much success, for he soon left this city for Bamla in Palestine, where he died in 303 A. H. [915/6 A. D.]. 9 Thus we have seen that al-KTndl's instructors, Ibn Qudaid and anNasa'I, died when he was at the age of twenty and thirty respectively. His pupil Ibn an-Nahhas was born in 319 A. H. Hence there can be no doubt that Abu 'Umar Muhammad b. Yusuf al-Kind! lived at the end of the third and the beginning of the fourth century of the Higra. Indeed, the date of his death given by HaggT Hallfa 1 0 in connection with the qudat misr is merely based on the fact that the book ends with this year. Especially is this true since in a. latter passage he gives the date as 350 A. H. [961/2 A. D.J. 11 That this date is more correct is evident from the Subkl, Tabaqat ah'-Safi'lya, II, 84. Cairo, 1812, in 4 vols. — 2 Ibn Duqmaq, 1,13. — 3 Ahlwardt, I, 1252. Published, Delhi, 1850 and Cairo 1312. — 1 Subkl, I. c. — 6 Subkl, I. c. For mss. see Brockelmann, I. c. — 6 SuyutI, I , 163. — ' SuyutI, I. c. Abu-l-Fida, II, 329. — 8 Subkl, II, 84. — 9 The exact place of his death is doubtful. In the above I have followed Subkl and Suyiitl. — 10 II, 146. - 11 HIJ. Ill, 160. 2 1

18 umara mt^r1 which as we have seen probably ends with the year 335 A. H. Doubtlessly SuyutT is correct when he states that al-Kindl flourished at the time of Kafur the Ihside. With this the year 350 A. H. given in the sketch on folio 134 a and in Maqrlzi's muqaffa agree to all intents and purposes. The statements of Ibn Muyassar and al-Fagani quoted in them may be taken as truth, Abu 'Umar Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Ya'qub alKindl died on Tuesday the second of Ramadan 350 A. H. and was buried in the Musalla 'Absun at Fustat. 2 II. The

following t e x t

containing

the

kitiib

tasmiy&t

wilat

misr

is

here edited from photographs of folios l a — 1 3 4 a and 137a—138b of the Br. Mus. Or. Ms. Add. 23, 324, 8 bearing as the date and place of its completion, Damascus, Monday the fifth of Safar 624, A. H. [Jan. 25.1227], 4 This manuscript likewise contains the history of the qadis of Egypt [fol. 134 b —225 a] which I have mentioned above. In the following discription, I shall merely endeavor to supplement as far as I am able the discription given in the British Museum Catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts. Upon the upper left hand corners of folios 2a, 11a, 12a, 31a, 41a, 49a, 59a, 67a, 77a, 87a, 97a, 105a, 116a, 126a, 136a, 146a, 156a, 166a, 176a, 186a, 196a, 206a, 216a, are written the words ¡¿¿¿IS, »¿J13, etc. until the last [216a] ^ y i x c j Kills presumably refering to number the quires contained in the manuscript. Hence the majority of the quires contained ten leaves, the exceptions being the fifth, seventh and twelfth. As folios 137—138b belong to the fifth, the fifteenth must be subsituted for the twelfth. The fly leaf [fol. l a ] originally contained five, possibly six notes — one at the top; four one under the other on the left side of the page; and a sixth presumably written from the bottom to the top. As my photograph of this page is very poor, I shall omit these. As far as I can make out, they contain the names of former posessors of the manuscript. Upon the middle of the following page, which appears to have been besmudged with a dark substance, two and a half lines have been inscribed. On the upper half of folio 2a, eight lines with diacritical points have been written by the scribe. Here an attempt seems to have been made to erase al-Kind!'s name. To the left of this announcement, which states that the book has been written for Sa'd ad-Din Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad b. al1

See p. 16f. — * See p. 1, n. 5 and p. 19f. — ' A description of this manuscript has been published in the Catalogus eodd. Mss. qui in Musaeo Brittannico

asservantur

vol. II, p. 528. —

4

pars

II cod. arab. amplectens 3 vol. London

Fol. 225 a; See, Cat. Mss. Br. Mus. vol. II, p. 528.

1876—79,

19 Amir Husäm ad-Din Sunqar b. 'Abdallah al-Malakl al-Mu'azzaml, the remains of a note are visible. The lower half of the page contains an interesting sketch of al-Kindi's life. This brief biography, consisting of eighteen lines in a course script with scarcely any vowels or diacritical points, and beginning in the lower right-hand corner, so that the lines run up the page until they meet those of the scribe, has suffered on account of dampness. Fortunately this life has been repeated in twenty-one lines on folio 134 a, where its position and orthographical character are of a similar nature. This latter passage has likewise been tampered with. This time it is the nisba al-Kindi, to which I have called attention at the beginning of this introduction, 1 which has been crossed out with a pen three times. Even though this does not occur on fol. 2 a, which I have used as far as possible as the basis of the following text, I have indicated by means of brackets wherever it appears on fol. 134 a, from which the variants given in the notes are taken. ^

yai ^

V-*5

U u p i

o-

Ulis* ir*5 o- ^

o-

- D - >

QJ

tf

JAIG. J?}

O* ^

O-

o-

o-

JALS.

w

wUT

7

LpLai 5

«JÜ! jLs

1

/ ¿ i

(J^^ibli QJ!

L^ltjJ»^ ja*

^

gsjjlj' £

IMJ^-B LIJLC ¡¡Mt

xili J ä i

QJ!

«•»

OjjJt+J!

O^LJ ÜI*» ÖIXJJ^OJ LIJJIII 9 (^JL*J

3

{¿YL F 1 " 1 " 1 0

QJ

w

olftjwax »J g j j i i j J i J-j-3

y ^ -

J^I'LC

» f

a^

V

«

i

i w

J+*

is^iT

OBI.J ^ J !

q^IJ ^Sjj'»,

£

a i

|

"i.j-Li. / i

10

u r

1

See p. 2f. — s Thus on fol. 2 a and 134 a of the Br. Mus. Ms. — » Thus fol. 134 a. On fol. 2 a this might be read ^jx-Sl See p. 1, n. 5. — * See p. 1, n. 5. Perhaps better to read with Yäqüt-I, 827: f^Ju* q J ^ . j I J J J C U J ^ 6

and insert

J^i* —

Ibn Duraid, 221, 1., 12; ms. ^¿^il

Jjj

jtaA

vJ^j}

»Laä

5-6

. — JsjtSÜi

Omitted; see p. 1, n. 5. — ^J^i

y-hj*

; cp. p. 20, n. 4—4. —

8

Jak^li!

'¿j***: ^Wj*" With the exception of this

date, fol. 134 a uses numerals throughout. — 9 ¿.^.Ic. — 10 — 11 Omitted. 11 — Tag ad-Din Muhammad b. 'Air b. Yüsuf b. Muyassar al-Qädl al-Fädil, pied 677 H.; see C. H. Becker, Beiträge zur Geschichte Ägyptens, Strassburg, 1902, vol I, p. 18. — 13

tP-

2*

20 KJL**JUI5

y y o ! iuuw s^lail J*II J ^ & o ^ c y ^ o t!y>l 8

v j U i ' ».¿¿iboj q ^ j Js-fC J M ^ ^ ¿IS a J j t ^ J ! ^ ^jJail yjS- ^ w cjUA^UO ¡¿s « j y ^ s «JUfitj

ajU*1J} Q ^ f c j v SjA^j J j y t t t o L ^ S !

£•

H.&JZ g-JjLi' JJO £ '¿l&jftJl w J J u J b u ^ U l (JLcl (¿p [^iXiXSI]

v-JyiJl «yiju ULc JULmJ ioU£!l ^t^ i^JOoo ^jJLe «JiftAj a*'

c^

«-wo

0®°s ^c.

¡tic

JvjlXS

>

[^XiiJI]

«

j j l tXJ^ c y b yai

iuUilij

t i J Ji i tL&LLil

a**5!^'

rr*

IXAC LX^JS? j j l

«•

qj!

c ^ t X H y O J u Ulc

^

^

jJJt P ^JI

J=>\ £ ¿ J j ^ j BjACy ^jLwwJl

0*^-5

i X * ^ QJ

aj'1%,

'¿J-w

^J

^Liw, £ ^ j j j

iul ^ L c / i J!

•» i

u ^

O''^'^

j y l i j , ii)Jo '¿¿-"-J* c r

q j ! j J j j j Oss^Sb tLL^S »jaS Lo ^^JLc xjlxi'

com»

j J ! ¿Jji

ch^j

cr

oJ^

SOUi^ U i s l c

j*U«J

y^«

¡uUi'

The narrative proper dealing with the Wilat Misr extends from folio 2 b to 133 a to which folios 137 and 138 must be added. On each side of these folios seventeen lines in a clear Nashi script are found. The text has for the most part been carefully supplied with diacritical points and sporadically vocalized. The orthographical peculiarities are such as are found to a greater or less extent in arabic manuscripts. Thus the letter leaf is at times written in the kufic style In the majority of cases, however, where it occurs at the beginning and in the middle of a word, the scribe uses the form i , frequently omitting the upper stroke [Ok.]. Omitted. — 8 Igj'^j. inserted after this word. — 8 - 3 Omitted. — '-* Cp. p. 19, n. 7—7. — 5 Becker, I.e. vol.1, p. 11—12, places the date of his death after 371 A.H. See p. 3, n. 1; Subki, II, 135. — 8 Cat. cod. d. Mss. Mas. Brit. vol. II, p. 549. Pol. 134 a clearly reads icsObu. Fol. 2 a however seems to me to read as above. See p. 1, n. 5. — ' See p. 10. — 8 Died 412 A. H.; cp. Suyuti, JJusn alMuhadara, vol. I, p. 165. — 9 See p. 16.

21 Indeed, when final, kâf resembles lâm to so great an extent that, were it not for the sense demanded by the word wherein it occurs, it would be impossible to distinguish the two consonants from each other. In marked contrast with this confusing authography is the diligence with which the scribe has added certain signs in the case of other letters, to avoid any such confusion. With very few exceptions ha is differentiated from ha, by rewriting the former in a smaller size below the line and final ha from ha' at-tanith by placing its initial form over it. 1 In two cases sin has the three dots of the Sin added in a reversed order beneath it.2 Then again the use of hemza alone or with elif.\ waw and ya, is rarely found. Where it occurs, it has for the most part been added by *

a later hand. = U-'jL 5 =

for

Thus Ls.^ ^ i i equal S

=

t a n d

*

I stands for f

i s i i j = W i i j ] and j for 5

Throughout the medda, wesla and suJcûn, as well as numerous

vowel signs are later additions.

Of the last the kesra is drawn slanting

down to the left, thus enabling the reader to distinguish it from a fetha of the following line. As a still further aid, the final long vowel I, which in a very few instances is written defectively = i yol*J|] > has two points placed under it. 8 These dots, which in some modern prints, especially those issued at Bairut, are used to distinguish the long vowel I from the elif maqsûraf are in our manuscript inserted under both. In the first form of the verbs whose third radical is ya or wâvo, the elif maqsura commonly used to distinguish the final ya.' verbs from the final wâw, is represented by an elif. In the derived forms of these verbs, it is written either with an elif or a ya. The punctuation consists of two signs ; the first, resembling an initial ha 5 extended below the line and then curved up towards the right corresponds to our period ; the second, two parallel lines drawn slanting from right to left [//] is found in other manuscripts. Its signification, however is unknown to me. The margins are well covered with glosses. These are divisable into corrections by the scribe and by later hands, a lexicographical note introduced by the styreotype [i. e.], citations from other authors, numerous indications of the matter treated in the text, and one orthoepic note found on folio 11 a. To the same hand which has written the last, most of the marginal indications may be attributed. These, in the majority of 1

Wright's Arabic Grammar [3rd éd.], vol. I, p. 4. — 2 ZDMG, XVIII, 287 and 781. J. A. série, 9, vol. 17, pp. 525-528. — 3 Wright, vol. I, p. 10. — 1 Wright, vol. I, p. 4, note. — 6 Doubtlessly an abbreviation of ^^Xiî.

22 cases, refer to a new governor and to the death and proclamation of a calif. Of less frequent occurence are referrences to the erection of a building or a nilometer, the alteration of a mosque, the increase of taxes and the like. The form of these notes is the same throughout, merely a few words with a line over them placed opposite the line where the topic commences. These I have omitted. Of greater interest are the extracts from the history of al-Kindl's contemporary Ibn Ynnus and the hitat of al-Quda'I, written opposite the lines of the text which they either supplement or contradict. Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad b. Salama b. 6a'far al-Quda'I 1 a doctor of the 'ite sect, 1

Becker, Oesch. Egypt, u. d. hi., vol. I, pp. 19—21. Brockelmann, Getch. Arab. Literatur, I , p. 343. Wustenfeld, Geschichtsschreiber 199. Maqrlzl, muqaffa, Leiden 870, for the copy of which I am also indebted to Dr. Juynboll, gives the following sketch: q J ^JLc (jryali ^ c L a s J l

¡dit LXAC JJ!

^JLc

1

ur?'-

^-J^*

^

^ ^

^/tols ^^¿LwJI

i jA/c| w

a - J** O• o - ^ (jri'i r ^ ^

tf

QJ

J jjZ+^i

^LXA^JS^J! b. Text p. 12, 1. 16, Ms. J i c . Text p. 12, 1. 17, M, II, 336, 1. 31 J ^ j , for Text p. 13, 1. 1, M, II, 336, 1. 35 ¿ J y t j ; ms. ¿ y u . Text p. 13, 1. 10, M, II, 336, 1. 36

for

Text p. 13, 1. 13, M, II, 336, 1. 37 reads „sJJju ^JLc

l*JLs.

Text p. 15, 1. 14, M, II, 337, 1. 2 omits Text p. 15, 1. 15, M, II, 337, 1. 3 reads

pL \j

for

r.Aj.

Text p. 15, 1. 16, M, II, 337, 1. 3 reads ^ ¿ ¿ i % for ^ ¿ J J . Text p. 15, 1. 17, M, II, 337, 1. 4 reads ¿Uc

L&

Text p. 15, 1. 23, M, II, 337, 1. 8 reads Text p. 15, 1. 24, M, II, 337, 1. 4 omits from ^ j U to Text p. 16, 1. 1, M, II, 337, 1. 9 omits from f^ALj. Text p. 16, 1. 5, M, II, 337, 1. 10 reads y*^?- and . Text p. 16, 1. 14, M, II, 337, 1. 12 omits 5 of ^ivou.. Text p. 16, 1. 16, M, II, 337, 1. 12 omits from ¿las to and inserts after . Text p. 16, 1. 18 a, M, II, 337, 1. 12 omits. Text p. 16, 1. 19, M, II, 337, 1. 14 omits ^Uic ^ £ Text p. 16, 1. 19, M, II, 337, 1. 14 omits from

to OcX^y.

32 Text p. 8, 11. 8, M, II, 335, 1. 17 ^su for j y ü ; ^ y C ^ s for t l X J b Text Text Text Text

p. 8, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8,

11. 9, M, II, 335, 1. 18 11. 10, M, II, 335, 1. 19 11. 12, M, II, 335, 1. 19 ^ 11. 12, M, II, 335, 1. 23 ^

ü)JLo

[¿yjJl

for JLu. for » ^ U . for ^ vjf] & the bracketed has fallen out

of our text. Text p. 8, 1. 13, M, II, 335, 1. 13, ^ Text p. 8, 1. 14, M, II, 335, 1. 14

to J ^ L f ! omitted. ^

omitted.

Text p. 8, 1. 26, M, II, 335, 1. 22 I j ^ J j , lÖJÜt Text p. 9, 1. 1, M, II, 335, 1. 14 ¿ ¿ J ; Text Text Text Text

p. 9, p. 9, p. 9, p. 9,

1. 2, 1. 3, 1. 4, 1. 5,

M, M, M, M,

II, 335, II, 335, H, 335, II, 335,

J

^ L s ü i ; ms. üLJ?.

1. 22 omits &Jf. 1. 24 t^JLfis. 1. 24 l * ^ for bis»!,. 1. 25

Text p. 9, 1. 12, M. II, 335, 1. 25*. . . ^

J ^ i ? ¿Is for . . . j ^ .

Text p. 9, 1. 19—20, M, II, 335, 1. 29 Ja^iOü. Text p. 9, 1. 22, M, II, 335, 1. 31 0 L J L * o i . Text p. 9, 1. 23, M, II, 335, 1. 31 ^JL,; ms. ^ t ; cp. Ta, I, 2986, IS, III, I, 49, read thus with p. 15 24. Text p. 10,1. 2, M, II, 335,1. 35 omitting preceeding four words. Text p. 10, 1. 10, M, II, 335, 1. 39 (j-LsJu; cp. Ibn Duqmäq, Y, 7, (jiLüio. Text p. 10, 1. 12, M, II, 336, 1. 1 . . . ^ Text Text Text Text Text Text Text

v i ^ j i ; omits y>t.

p. 10, 1. 17, M, II, 336, 1. 3 Ui! for til. p. 10, 1. 17, M, H, 336, 1. 4 a US*J for f J o etc. p. 10, 1. 18, M, II, 336, 1. 4 ^ p. 10, 1. 19, M, II, 336, 1. 5 ^USJU B y J i ^ l o j . p. 10, 1. 23, M, II, 336, 1. 7 v+jgfi. p. 10, 1. 24, M, II, 336, 1. 7 y j ^ I for ^ ^ p. 10, 1. 25, M, II, 336, 1. 8 ^ ^ j ! for p. 11, 1.1

Text p. 11, 1. 6, M, H, 336, 1. 8 jotSI ^

for ¿ s .

omits until

second £ as l y>.

ADDENDA Introd. p. 7, n. 8, Ahmad Kamel: Rectification des noms Arabs des auciens rois cüßgypte in Bull, de Vinstit. Egypt., 1903, p. 90, mentions the fact that al-Kindi added a diwän to the Jvitai misr. Introd. p. 13, 1. 32ff.,Y, II, 466, IE, 883 states that Ibn Qudaid was the teacher of Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Yazä'iri who died 368 A.H. Introd. p. 15, n. 4, cp. p. 7, n. 8 and p. 11, 1. 9ff. Introd. p. 15, 1. 22, Suyüti, I, 239, öl^i ^ (SU) «V

*

^JUJÜ! ^ iü^jJü TF jjjJ! 0 I . Introd. p. 17, 1.13, aS-Sihuba. Introd. p. 18, 1. 9, wulat. Introd. p. 20, 1. 18, Wulät. Introd. p. 21, 1.12, L> for Introd. p. 23, 1. 3, al-anbiyü'. Introd. p. 26, 1. 10, &Sfi'ite. Introd. p. 27, n. 8, Brockelmann; Talqih fuhüm ahl al-ätär, 1892, p. '8. Introd. p. 28, 1. 37, on. Introd. p. 30, 1. 3 stated. Text p. 3, 11. 20—21 = M, I, 288 21. Text p. 4, 11. Iff. = M, I, 294 9. Text p. 4, 11. 5ff. = M, I, 163 17. Text p. 4, 11. 10 f. = M, I, 160 so. Text p. 7, 11. 12, M, H, 335, 1. 10 o ü J l y t ^ l j placed before ( j o j ^ . Text p. 7, 11. 15, M, II, 335, 1. 10 ^ L J for ¿u~Jt. Text Text Text Text

p. p. p. p.

7, 7, 8, 8,

11. 15, M, H, 335, 1. 10 J L ü l . 11. 16, M, II, 335, 1. 11 omits from ^ S to 11. 1, M, II, 335, 1. 11 for the suff. 11. 1, M, I, 335, 1. 11 L r _ U J ! ^

Text p. 8, 1L 2, M, II, 335, 1. 12

before

Text p. 8, 11. 2, M, II, 335, 1.12 inserts ^ J L H J . after J ^ i . Text p. 8, 11. 4 f., M, II, 335, 1. 13 f. numerous variants.

for

30

Jot

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