The Aramaic sections of Ezra and DAniel: A philological commentary with frequent references to Talmudic Aramaic parallels and a synopsis of the ... materials for the study of Semitic languages) [2 ed.]

Citation preview

A.11:-.:iJiary Materials

for tbc Study of Semitic Languages

No. · 7

The Aramaic Sections of

E Z R A and D A N I E L A Philological

Commentary with

Frequent References to Talmudic Aramaic Parallels and

A Synopsis of the Regular Verb

Second Revised Edition

by

RABBI ISAAC JERUSALMI, Ph. D. Professor of Bible and Semitic Languages

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE-JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION CINCINNATI,

1982

omo

First Second

@

Edition

Revised

Isaac

1966

Edition

Jerusalmi

19?0

1970

Introductory

There the

is ten

little chapters

a classic

the

masse

of

but

unique

words

of

de textes consonnes

In

our

n~,w,,

as

a stepping-stone

ultimately past

sources

age,

their

the

memory

First

of

thousands

Henri

of

in

tivre

constitute this

vowel-points,

a new

ne nous

1")n

that

Indeed,

valuable

1 , bring

pedagogues

the

dialectology. its

Aramaic to

some

excuse

their the hours,

for

methods

time

of

life

ptus

at

whereas

their

been

to

can,

grande

the

que te squetette

our

us

forefathers

to

in

no matter

may loom

in

our

figured is

literature in

perpetuate,

disposal

d&fined

always

and

centuries

background

teaching,

now ours

primarily

Rabbinic

linguistic

of

achievements

always

Aramaic,

format

necessary no

has

Rabbinic

That

antiquated

all,

with

qui

and

!

is

of

scholars

contained

Aramaic

Michaud

Biblical

the

text

corpus,

Talmud.

lacked

these

to

arameens

de ses

among

Aramaic

introduction

limited in

disagreement

Remarks

in this

handling day

and

how vividly

eyes. literally a fraction

in of

the a

hundred!

1 Cf.

his review of Franz in Syria 38 (1961),

Rosenthal, pp.327-330.

A Grammar of BibticaZ

Aramaic,

-iiSecond,

and

problems

more

was

tools,

they

important,

Kv,,i linguistic sometimes

magnifying

them

out

presenting

them

as

To reach

the

notations

is

meandered of

any

a naturai

not

a language

Literacy

is

has

still

the

by

format

study

around

simple

to

of

of

of

appropriate

language

questions,

process

in

in

the

even

!

sophistication couched

"man-readable'' sense

same

now tecome

natural

with

exception

on this

globe,

symbols

take

long

master,

even

by the

their

the

on occasion,

text

great

''man-readable"

mostly

deprived

and,

epitome of

segment

Yet,

proportion

the

essence

speaking

because

a significant

years

that,

say,

homo sapiens. precisely thorough

~f

natives

of

lightly

with

and

a given

language. We,

in

the

Diaspora,

matter

by reverting

value,

no matter The

to

us.

in

dimension.

continue than

an

to

cannot to

If typify

of

enlightened

at

but

of

their

is

its its

deal doubtful

presumed

Israel

anything, it

to

precedents

how often

Community

afford

and

central

best.

illiterate

methodological

success

will

is

is

"proven''

remain

always

literary

Nothing

this

restricted

foundations more

must

perplexing

Jew.

* * * * * * When our of

students

gaining

Talm ~ l,

some their

embark working

formal

upon

the

study

proficiency

Hebrew

background

in

of

Aramaic

Rabbinic with

us

in

the

Aramaic is,

on the

hope and average,

-iiitwo

semesters

approximately provides

for

drastic

old.

If

forty

hours

this

even

time-consuming,

1)

guidance

A review

of

categories

Biblical

the

the

on three

distinct

basics

Aramaic

exceptions,

in

A casual

look

with

impression Nothing

purpose. line

ideas

at

verb, of

so

tries

to

preliminary

grammar, to

reformulated

probing

their

presentation the

a catalog

but

often

failures

intended.

2

yet

levels:

Hebrew

a structured

concomitant

the

the

a

and

syllabus

with

curriculum

consider

accepted,

This

adaptable

memorization

quite

to

the

now

fundamental

counterparts.

Biblical

dismal

of

readily

towards

fact,

now widely

students

sheer

of

the

in

the

imperative

our

Aramaic

2) An effort of

the

is

contemplated

instruction

approach.

by providing

and

in

it

from

are

clas&room

"dictionary"

that

research

of

results

discipline,

departure

do just

tangible

rather

traditional the

the

of

emphasis of

being

forms

~~W

on plain memorizers

that,

optimally,

"storage"

could

be further

erecting

on

their

! As a matter

have

may leave

in

never

and

charts

the

basics

proven

course. various

Quite

the

contrary,

the

a meaningful

from constant and

the

the has

uninformed been

author's thrust

operational

main is

to

under-

structure,

2 Tapes prepared by the author for his Syriac course have been extremely helptul in reducing the amount of time spent on class drills. Similar tapes for this syllabus are now being seriously considered. And, ot course, there is every reason to believe that aii basic disciplines in our School would be greatly enhanced by the massive introduction of comparable auxiliary materials.

-1.v11

to

11

sell

on the 3)

for

Zectionis

Talmudic

and

~,n~

stage. These

three

there

is

steps scarcely

ensuing comes could

safe

legacy.

its

i.e.

of

sand

else

Talmud

is in

to

account

a "mechanical"

spite maybe

is

susprises

aurea

of

the

from

which

with

its

built-in

because and

everything

translation

this

a "man-readable"

a conscious of

at

Indeed,

still

- and

forms.

invariably

detour.·

of

of matres

Talmudic

via

contact

capable

breakthrough

something

or

of

use

of

a methodological

form

points

parallels

no major

tradittore)

a faithful

defined,

as

translation,

si~plest

and

poZyvaZence

the

A good

in

transfer,

grains

multi-faceted

departure

sophistication,

down

the

Aramaic the

be

pave

any

boils

of

it

-

methodical

transferable.

humanly indeed

a contradiction

terms.

Therefore

burdening

inexplicable is

the

help

(traduttore

in

instance,

it

"betrayal"

Thus

for

is~,~~

That

well-known

count

rapprochement

of

representative

That

than

patterns

illustrating,

textual

rather

seashore.

A search with

method

beginners,

linguistic

methodologically

document dealing

as with

no explanation

at

forms,

under

self-defeating

an endless adults, at

succession the

the

very the

and of

outset, guise

tantamount

mystifying

non-analytic

all.

* * * * * *

explanation

with

of

presumably

termini to

viewing

ideograms. is

quite

technici, this In often

-vAs stated

above,

intended can

for

be

cover of

into

for

At

Hebrew

Aramaic

students

are

areate

an overall

The

role

lectures

of

preparation

of

the

right

into

Talmudic not

At the

tests

Aramaic

and

of

the

term,

to

within

of

units

around

the

the

framework

of

Talmudic

Aramaic

between our

forms, there

but is

be

highlights

centering

characterizes

identify

units

selected

domain

to

matter

on these

cross-fertilization

only end

the

is

subject

manageable

philology and

course

Hebrew,

approach,

actually

usually

no need

final. the

instructor

then

to

for

learning

students

and

and

forms,

juncture

a constant

Its

written

basic

incursions

expected

and

in

short

Aramaic

significant

them.

for

of

and

And since

Biblical

to

seven

Aramaic

semester.

Bi-weekly

examples,

do occur.

one

analysis

every

available

to

self-study.

comparative

Biblical

within six

translation,

verb.

introductory

completion

divided

assigned

.this

is

dwell

each

present

on specific

bi-weekly

process.

are

to

test,

While

encouraged

to

ask

they

are

questions

a cours

magistPat

problems

raised

itself

a major

taking that

by the

class

component

these might

of

tests, put

them

on the

track.

Finally,

Syriac

not

for

only

the

simultaneously, seriously

parallels benefit but

ponder

have

this

also

been

interspersed

of

those

as

an exhortation

additional

who happen

option

help.

* * * * * *

to to

of

here

and

study

both

Rabbinic

invaluable

there languages

students linguistic

to

-vi-

Mygrateful

thanks

proofreading

of

May his

search

to the

Mr.

David

stencils

ni,n

for

Posner,

and

this

his

year,

~"), many

in

for

his

excellent

Jerusalem,

careful suggestions.

bring

him

lasting

fulfilment.

Myfamily

TTOVJ,my

for

putting

of

self-made

life

into

it

into

up with

me during If

hardships. the

consonantal

a source

of

X"'?Wn 11WTTi01 '

\i ~ .

~.J

't

hJW

W I u ~...,

y

another our

sequence

pleasurable

rewarded.

O~'?W1i~ i1iTTW~ 'i

n~J~, n~n ,1,11

children

long

common of reading,

n~~,~ deserve

and

beautiful

endeavor any

helps

Aramaic

text,

we shall

feel

much summer .....

breathe

new

transforming amply

Some Abbreviations 1

Qal

2

Pael

2T

Hithpaal/Ethpaal

3

Aphel

3H

Haphel

38/3S

Saphel/Saphel

38T

Histaphal

3T

Ettaphal

A

Active

AR

{Adjective

of

Relation

of

Relation/Gentilic

{

AR/Gent

{Adjective

c

common

CasPen

Casus

d

dual

NL

Nomen Loci

NP

Nomeo Professionis

NR

Nomen Relationis

p

Passive

PA

PARTICIPLE

Active

pp

PARTICIPLE

Passive

TA

TALMUDIC ARAMAIC

§

unless to

* Other

standard been

Pendens

included

in

this

Temporis)

otherwise

F.

indicated,

which list

a theoretical can

the

Grammar of

Rosenthal's

indicates abbreviations

(et

be

easily

root

sign§

BibticaZ or

identified

refers

Aramaic

form have

not

O N T

C

Aramaic

versus

i

"

t-1

"

II

"

t!l

"

II

(p)

II

V of

Aramaic

i versus

The

values

two

the

Development

of

+ ~

Elision

of

KOK & KD"K

and

Hebrew

2:35)

and

"DECLENSION"

37,

Aramaic

a

Pretonic

56

in

Hebrew

and

Aramaic

20,

31,

n4~

consonants

in

31

TA

80

& Regressive

88

dissimilation/nasalization

in

P'70

135

TA

85

of

the

of

+ dissimilation/nasalization

gemination

of

94

46

Progressive

in

105

15

GEMINATION > dissimilation/nasalization Metathesis

69

a

assimilation+ ")0

107

TA

in

ASSIMILATION: Progressive

(DanieZ

15,

Aramaic

final

39,

25

changes

and

105

+

Aramaic

a

31,

+

+

Vin

W~W versus

Hebrew

28.,

Hebrew) of

versus

S

14

+

above

o

Hebrew

T

w

II

Summary

N

l'

+

II

1)b

Hebrew

E

masculine

noun

"

"

ti

II

ti

II

II

"

II

"

"

ti

ti

ti

ti

ti

II

"

II

II

"

II

II

II

II

II

feminine

R 2 in

~n.,

and

65

Yi'

62,

95,

133

i-T'7K

17

~::,-,r.,

36

DW

23

.,~

34

jT.)

21

II

i1'70

47

II

"I::,'70

ti

i1.l.,

16,

76

-ix-

o~n~ versus

Hebrew The

masculine

The

old

plural

in

ending

~nT-

,~ni~

Aramaic

33

TA

70

TA

in

72 30

Feminine

nouns

Construct

state

Anticipatory

ending

of

Nomina

(ni~~bb)

24,

for

a construct

58,

state

63,

Relation

(NL)

Loci

NP

-i

and

Pronoun

16,

76

24,

58

75,

135,

136

16,

131,

137

91,

120,

142

40,

Nomen Professionis The

-u

relationship

LAMED-SUBSTITUTE Noun

in

43

(NP)

43

Y1Fl TT

K~~~~

Nomen Agentis:

type

nouns

in

TA

56 4

AR/GENT 100,

AR/GENTin TA FIRST - MIDDLE - LAST in TA Nouns The

cS

with

pronominal

2 mp personal

pronoun

suffix in

in

TA

What?

jJ1~~ type "they

102 49

5 in

Hebrew

and

Aramaic

versus

17 2

adjectives

built"

TA

3

"

Who?

137 137

NEAR Demonstratives

FAR

53

"his

son"

etc

36

FRIEND & FOE

102

WISH to

132

REIFY

-xHebrew

versus

'?ii)

Aramaic

2

:l i

II

mov

II

"

"T:JV

II

:,,'tY

II

II

p::iw

II

np'7

II

II

::i OJ

Basic

verbs

Hebrew II

versus

K:lr"

"Ti'I

II

K::i

1nJ versus KlO and

"movement"

of

27 27

II

II

nnM and 'iV and

Aramaic

66

1n.:i

iliW

used

The

preposition

as

II

II

"

"

II

9

Inchoative

60

.,n,nn

TA

98

II

"

138

II

II

123

n,1::,

II

II

n"l"I'7

II

II

in

.,.,,,.,J 'iV

II

{ { {

II

resumptive

i"?K

particles

QAL Perfect

Active

QAL Perfect

Stative

QAL Perfect

cs

II

PAEL

13

Aramaic

i'!:IJ

nn.l

Hebrew

and

KlO

OW versus

The

Hebrew

II

in

138

( "?~J )

II

:in.,

110

99

in

Aramaic

7,

Perfect

J cp

Vocalic

Epenthesis

"E"

type

The

IMPERATIVE

and

114,

iiK

119,

137,

Stative

type

22

verbs

·15 107,

Hebrew

versus

Perf

J mp & 3 fp

Aramaic

in

Aramaic

108 19

64

TA

QAL Imper;·ects

142 15

II

in

in

&

TA

II

in

83

& Stative

in

II

} } }

(a . : Imperatives) (ell

stems)

in

TA

41

51

-xi-

82

QAL PA Hebrew

QAL Perfect

mp Participles Th~

form

il.'JK J,)'l '1

with

1{.l 'I

Oi

1{.)1:)'1 "1

p

verb

The

Particle

., n.,

K

121 53

II

II

60

II

II

89

II

"

93 the

Present

8'

54,

63

n.,K in TA

109

TO BE or TO BRING

117

- .

:::i.n~~ :

Construct: Absolute,

Infinitive

Construct

in

11

& in the

Construct

Construct

23

TA

104

Passive Pata~

87

under

Regressive

assimilation

1:J.l versus

1~l,

PAEL PA and

buying

of

lT

n

48

in

lT

and

2T

in

TA

88

or selling

50 59

Infinitive

Construct:

-

nwF-~ ,. ...

10 34

PP

Infinitive

HAPHEL/APHEL

R 1 in

PP

HAPHEL PA and II

TA

22

QAL Perfect

"

in

"

Infinitive

Auxiliary

ending

45

- ,.

II

QAL Infinitive

The

mp

3

y,,

49

TOBE in

The

Perfect

QAL PA

TA

in

11:i.wo

it)!:{

Aramaic

TA

~'KW in

K.l iOK

versus

YJ;

of

Construct:

n,-:r:::i.;, ,..T ;-

AZeph verbs:

'2i~

12 54,

55

77

-xiiQAL Middle

"

Weak

Perfect

& HAPHEL Middle

II

Middle

Assertive

Weak

QAL Third II

II

~.,il T

QAL Third

cs

Aramaic

II

11

II

II

II

11

DERIVED

STEM Third

"

II

QAL Double word

mp in Weak

II

Ayin pattern

II

II

II

"

"

II

"

II

II

" PA in

,

112 in

TA

95

9,

~

PP:

..

..

i1J::l...,..,versus

il.lV

-+

TA verbs: Infinitive

w , Q] [D

QJ '0 QJ , (] 0 QJ

(36, 18,

i1JS :

.,JV

4) 144 47

B

90 26,

conjugation

Construct

TA

121, 0

93 59

iiil

TA:

in

6 7,

D.,Pi:JD

Perfect

II

73

'

TA

pin

verbs

II

.:

93

Participle

PA and

C"P."/0·1P"

TA

PA in

Stative

versus Weak

Imperfects:

Kvand

Weak

Weak

II

Hebrew

The

Weak

Particles

HAPHEL Middle

35

in

TA

61

128

96 in

TA

52

II

II

108

II

It

126

II

II

134

z

E

?Y!l:

..

master;

NR

Of.~

order,

decree,

owner,

R

-er,

A

person

information,

c ✓ ,gcJ

1 PA ms det:

< -,:in~

c ✓ ~n:::>J

1 Perf

;,,.aK

(det

-:

T

'

,- .

(f

K~?7.) 1-

T

< K7.)l::J

T••

&

about;

n ms det: Adv:

T

:

•

tP:::ino,!JK ••T :-

,-•1

read

then,

T~):

officials(?)

l?V •• T 1 ••

(s

,,~~*)

(s

'~{!~w*)

T

read

AR/Gent

'T

AR/Gent

~~i1~: that

Cli1?~J

mp det:

AR/Gent

mp det

n f with

3H Perf

the

Babylonians the

men

from

Susa

is

I

'~i?.*)

(s

mp det:

mp det:

the

the

ending:

3 ms:

to

Elamites

nations

exile

Assurbanipal

K~,, ,--

(det

.,,-

p 7,:i,:i,):

Adj

great

ms abs:

■ m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

•

II

HEBREW

ID

•

GREAT

II

T

MANY

Ill Ill

MUCH

•

. •• • • :s:: )' ~ • • • ..__::::) ,)

Ill

tc';!

:lJ

ID

;,

:i., -

,·,j.,.

II

•

ARAMAIC

Ill

111 ■ 111••···••111••·····••111••············••111••····· Adj

ms det:

~

(weighty)

important,

famous

•••••~••~•*•M•~•••••M••••••••*••••••••••••**••*•****•*••~~~~~~ ** NOTE: jJ,-=,-~ . - type adjectives are veri common in Aramaic :I: T

** ** ** *

* *

** *

* **.,. ** * ** .,. :I:

.P'

,=

C'~D

wise

...

:s..

.,,..

;:J:.

tu''!E!.

holy

wanting

::i, ~,

·., , n, ·-

certain

p, ~l

deep

i • CO+I

la.,..;? -:r ;,

,P

,,~n

·-

,-0

:;,

P'~:!

remote

lP~!

much

IQ ►

M;

> ~.P :z:

excessive

-:s:

r~ ~

,c:

,O,::< . .... ,,,,.

·, ,gw tP~W

p

·-

mighty beautiful

Lf.\. .\. . 1

=J'

...Si•

:I:

± T

:I: ...

: L:_ ... ± £..OJI:: . ::.. 'I, P.?1 strong old '? • 0 l"l'Jt * * * ••••••~•*••••~•*•••••••*••••*~•••••M•M•w••••~•-••••••~~•~•~••m ;,

± .,.

-3c ✓ ~n'/~n,*J 3H Perf

~n1n i~iJ

Pers

;,,,,,

they,

to

settle

them

city

,.. IT.


TZ7J 3H Perf

"Tir.l

;

(has

~ .,~~~

~-

me)

O Ll) -;: = :;

for cf.

:reduplication

of

cf.

ms,

p.2]:

to

Segol

accent:

1 Per f

i1 , il]

abs:

to

up

Beth

under be

strong, 3

rise

done,

performed,

mp : to

11il -,

SYRIAC

•

T

+

perpetrated

be

·11i7 Stative vowe 1,

Maqqeph and shift

8

ARAMAIC

> HaYil

to

powerful

HEBREW

HaYiYu

due

HaWaYu

>

HaWau

)>

ooa >

i

"a" theme

vowel

HaWo

HaWaYu

+

>

"an theme

HaWau

vowel

§ § § § § § § § § §

-10-

~'~i :i il'

nc

.. I ; •

Adj:

mighty,

n

(powerful)

C✓

:i il '/

l F,!> now, l •1C'~

,
-:Y

to

do

,e~P.1,eP-

to

say

to

go

..' .

to

build

..!JZ> ~•.zcnz:, .... ....

to

see

to

come

to

fire

✓,i:>~

aleph

✓,,:i;,,il*

+

/:,J:i

+

+ sf

- '. wJ -'.

:lFl:>7.l

quiesces

( ':ll (' l t i'P l 'T

+

. *)

-+

=:~ *) •

+

Kl::17.l

~

ill:>

:

.....

+

(' ! 1"!~ *)

.

+

~

/i(nK

-+

, {

:I:,z:, 'T

.!< {

{

□ t'J

□□

Misqa1,

as { Q)

1

:

T

KTZ>

....

11-~ T7.l

* )+ * > 7-n nz, ( 7l nz:, ; : .

.

metathesis

of

TI:!~

gemination)

§161

to . show

mercy

-12-

LEST

;ir.i';, T

:

(rather

For

~~~~

Negative

a similar

my Basic

cf.

CIKlWJ l Imp

3 ms:

n

nii~n

damage,

c ✓ pTlJ

Te7..ic Particle

Pirqe to

.,.. .,,0,., ,i1Z;~

why!)

than

Avoth,

in

AMSSL N• 10,

be/become

much/great

corresponds

Hebrew,

p.8,

note

to

increase

-+

... .,l:) .-

i1.:!.

to

exactly

harm

3H Inf

the

in

Cons

Cons:

to

the

injury

of ....

HAPHEL INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT 11

-A" TYPE 3

Misqa7..

-+

1

2

D ,.

n □...

..

Oil :

~tong

a

/n:,w

+

i1 n :Dw:i

to

find

✓,l:li

+

i1iow:,

to

exterminate

✓ ,'!JiJ

-+

i1,!wi1 T-r;-

to

humiliate

/',~J

-+

/p';,o

-+

/y,., fy,,

*

(pee*

( i1t~

li:lK

-+

( i"li~

✓ ,::1.,

-+

-+

i1?~i1

to

save

> pol *)

-+

:it~~D

to

bring

, i1 *)

-+

i1

~:f,ii

to

int'orm

-+

i1i::,.'iil

to

destroy

-+

ii',:,.

to

bring

to

act

:, ., lWM

to

change

il",nil TT•t-

to

tell,

i1"n"i1 TT:-

to

bring

to

bring

,-

......,,-ii*) ., :, *)

,... p,,, ii*) ......T,(M?!l TT

➔

✓ :i,n

➔

✓ ,,y

...... -

,-

li1liU

/KnK

TT:-

(i1,l......l i1 *)

➔

✓ ,n

TT,-

-+

'TT

iliTi1 T~•I TT•-

Pe -+

Yod behavior { ',yy•

>

'1Yl*)

-+

➔

..

'tj1

... 'r

.

{ i1?3Zli1 T 'r 1{ { il~i~

(over)

up

impiously

declare

in

on~~~

-13-

misqat

This

is

used

as

a NOUN pattern

characteristic,irreducible

The Story

'~ 7~

as

soon

as,

in

a

long

of Joseph,

AMSSL N° 1,

Hebrew,

with

R2

under

the cf

+

same

my

p.230

after




7t} }

tC' :lil

to

~J

~

Jjl

~ 1to

nnl}

-T

,

go

} '?lt P!H!} LD...COI to

4?,~

read

,"

ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt t t Distinguish carefully the t t HEBREW ARAMAIC ..,.,

!

be

,.. to

come in,

enter

(Intrans)

cause

to

come,

bring

cause

to

enter,

let

t .I. I

(Trans)

yt,,• to

~oL to

."'L]Ji"

t { } t { :l " in :l ' ~ ~ } 9-4 . t t t t ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

O

come back, Ca US e

t

O

return C Cm e

enter

(Trans)

(Intrans)

b a Ck , b r in g baa k ,

!t t t t t T .l.

return

(Trans)

I

j"

t

-14-

~,,~1 < ~'~! i~~

n fs

abs:

2 Perf

c/,o."JJ

Pers

haste,

Pron

YJ1~ [ly,,

+

hurry

3 mp:

3 mp:

to

they,

Prosthetic

stop

from

working

). ' P'

them

Aleph]:

.

s.o.

arm,

might

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

-----

,

-

----- - ~

, , , , , T

T

r

.J

) ? '

T

I~

( ,. C1

a

T

'7l

~ 0

(

..iI

'

... '· ':,

-

.... ,, ,,.

n."J-=r

-'

~.J

...

TN

-

n."Jl...

T

:in,

T

:i:n ....,..

- ...

T

T

T

T

T T

, , , ., , , , , , T

T

T

T

,T ,T , , , ., , T

/

/

T

, , , , , , ,. , ,

.

,

T

T

d

ARAMAIC

T

.

....

,

r

((~EMITIC

f, ,~

,

T

,

.

,.:t

,~

..

,:n

TT

,,

_,

..... ...,;. .,i._,:;.I

,.,... p

:nn .,... TMK _.,..

,,..,,,

c.:,-jj ~

,

T

T

,,

~j ~ " ~_; .

T

T

0..i I

rY

T

......

.'JlT

,....

.'JKT

•••

T T

,T jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjJ

-15-

-...'

n,i:,~

c ✓ ,o~J

3 fs,

1 Perf

Stative

with

Theme-Vovel

maintained:

to

to

be

idle,

8

cease

0880008888808008888888080890808888808088890800898008880888888888009888888 0

QALPERFECT

a 0 8

A

0 8

---

0 0 3 =-

0

type

1/e

.

-+

n~nll ··a·

n',i:,?l* .... ,

~~n!l ...

2 ms

i :-

::J

-+ c ,',,i,cvr.J ... , -+ n~,r. ••;•

1

'

8

,oa .. ,

0

) 3 fs

TA

n',i:,~ ••

•

~n~ --~

3

0 3 ms

ulo

type

----

TA n~_.n_?I:* -+ c,,."w,·J '-

cs

e 0

TA

nan~*-+

Ci1~£~J

n~~~

-+

'!

TA

-+

CN~,~~J

300080880008880900800080089090008888

- . -· n

n~,~~

Nil?N ,-,-~,

t

fs

cons:

n ms det:

8

0e

0

8 0

"E.1C2E

0 0

e

N

N

n_?il~

0

°

0

0 0 0 0

aeaaa

000000000000000000000000000000

work

God

================================================

-

SEMITIC

ARABIC

ARAMAIC

HEBREW

a

a

a

i5

~~I~

-

-

-

'R7lC ·.:-1

-+ Al. 1.ah al-Ilah -===============================================

..

ni;, .,.

c ✓ ni;,J

3 fs:

to

be

abs:

to

be

ec,o; n,:i

note

l Perr

N4~~ c ✓ ,o~J 1

1 PA fs In

T

'

f:

Comparing .l

to

with "'I

i'I~~

in

the

idle use

of

a "composite

tense"

T•I

two the Aramaic.

Hebrew

D'nW/D'lW, • - & •• I

Same situation

note in

the

switch

T! versus

from

,! .

-16M'l:::>?O? This : :

is

-

is

to

the

keep

the

sentence

numeral would

my The Story

[Cf.

n.:i=>1a n

a LAMED-SUBSTITUTE for

fs

cons:

next

be

very

to

the

heavy.

of Joseph,

kingdom,

a Construct

Its

State.

noun

it

modifies.

This

is

how it

AMSSL N•l,

p.82

and

function Without

would

it,

read:

p.215]

reign

LULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULULU U

-u

FEMININENOUNSENDINGIN

L

u

Absolute

L

u

u

L

u

type

."I.,,.

Construct

Determined

..-

L

AND

-I

u L

u L

-+ 'I:>?O

-n'l:>?Zl

KM •1:>?Z>

,-

reign

u

T

-n"I?~ T

Kn-,?J. T T

exile

u

.,y

-n"IY!l T

KQ'IY;

request,

.ii:, T

-n'l:,T T

Kn"l:>TT

innocence

u

">'l

-n•w,

Kn'lv,

wish,

u

,-

-n'lmun

L

u

L

L

~

L

T

u

prayer

u L

L

T

u

T

L

L

u

'I mun

L

u

",'~l

L

u

,-

-n'l,'iJl I

u 'I ::l ,

L

u

.

",;iw

L

•IT

u

I

T

. a? o~

7~ (For

C'W=7nJ,

p.9):

cf.

+

C}!~

order

....

Cl:,J:iJ

lU.:l?

1 Inf

(About

this

'T

;-

\

..-

i"l?" ,. .,..:l'!v

(§189):

Inf

'placed'

who

gave

for

you?

+

you?

build

§111

+

form, of

an

older

+

form

~ is

without

tc~.f? "),

(?)

furnishings

38

[/??~]

Adv:

to

"A remnant

+

Kl-,WK

Cons:

who

Cons:

to

complete

1,:.:\ (6

thus "1\

who .... n

-+

they

fp cons:

who

are

what

they

names

t [s

tc~'l!l

'T'.,.. ' •


J

lPPms:written

c ✓ Ki.lJ

Prep+

··-.•

rl'll:l

this'

thus

i1l1!l ,.

-+

I it !E.""!~-·, .l~

3 ms: j corr

in

its

es ponds

midst, exactly

in

it to

8 ,,

~

.,.

~1 .,....... ···L/t...:;;L . .

governor

(?)

: message,

/

-20n ms det:

well-being;

greetings

==========================,================================ ANDPRETONIC a

DEVELOPMENT OF a

ARABIC s

a

,,.

am

1

HEBREW

ARAMAIC

..

S i 1 0 m

a

> a

a

>

a

solomJ

,,

0 ·, ', 'UJ

+

e:

!

ii

a

?

[Askenazic:

a. > i

T

/

O?W

)L:.,

T

slomJ

;

CONCLUSIONS: 1)

2)

3)

a

remains

It

switched

unchanged to

a

Pretonic

Askenazic

in

Arabic

6 , already

a)

is

reduced

a)

is

len~thened

Hebrew

and

remaining

in to

Aramaic~

Classical

sewa

in

to

Western

a

Syriac

a

long

and

p.15.

Hebrew. Aramaic.

in

Hebrew.

switched

every

?

to

o

============================================================= ?

n ms det:

totality

This

may also

form

be

~~~ K~Z~ The

ending

a,

mostly ancient

used

in

a quasi-adverbial

I well-being unstressed, accusative

completely is

the

ending

remnant +

manner:

!!!

+

of

§88:4

§96 an

-21-

:2,,., -

c ✓ y,,jy,i*J

• &

1 PP ms:

to

know

}

tnil, ••~·•·1 c ✓ n,nJ 1 Imp 3 ms (with

Cl?TKJ

1 Perf

cp:

to

G

}

jussive

force):

let

it

be known

}

go

Judea n fs

det:

province

,,,,~,~,,,~,,~,,,~~~~~,,f~,,,,,,,,~,,,,~,~,,,,~,

'

,

"DECLENSION"

'

abs

~

FEMININE

OF cons

,--------------------------f '

s

ill,,Z> T' ·:

-nJ,,ti -

~ ,

NOUNS

~

det

,

KFIJ,,Z) ,., .,

.,

'

', p p,,Z) -nl,,ti tcnl,,Z) -T T . : ~T ',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~~,,~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~, 1

~

translations

are

possible:

l.

The

great

(house)/temple

2.

The

(house)/temple

O

~

...-

Ki1';,K T ,-•.•1

K:a,

.. Two

n,:a

{ -+ { {

The second

.. .

KJ!lnZ> : ;

Y~

(with)

hewn

wood,

timber,

ms:

-r-,,

C K"?n'»/ ..,..,,.7nl>J -, Seg

ij~

...


:Vl$; Egypt.

beam

cf.

tc~,,:::i.r ,. J • -,

to

of

'

stones

Df~~ tte',n:?>

T

lT Part

'

of

translation

Cli1Jil

O

c ✓ n,xJ

Part

3PA/P

rs

ms:

(_note

Patar;.

prospering,

under

Ayin):

succeeding

to

be

done

-22-

K T ,-•1

1

f f f f

1 Perf

cp:

we said

I

form

is

not

too

common.

Instead,

f

/

a)

~ ~

6)

A shortened

form:

A reinforced

&"'IZ>K

➔

,--·/

form:

we find

>' ) /

p(

T"'IZH
::::t

.. . . .. . .

l

y

l y

TY.

~

y

ph

/

c;

4

years (p.2):

/

'-' .J ,.,. D* ,,

3 ms: to be

this" i1JrJ:

.

.,.."!..,

lC,. l Y ,.

to

,~

~.)

'

-

__,.., c ✓ nl:IJ l PA mp (p.18}: 7"l!1 Nin ,..,

/

,Z)~ ~ -, ( ~) ....

'

'9 u

y~~

Ill

/

')le.,.

{

~

:v:i, -,

,~ ::C,~

0

\J°.)

J>

(py)

1:1

'9

(p

,.,-

.,y,

\.9~

~ C)

'Y l '9

•

lC3;',N

.,P

X

7'lV1 • g

,,s- -;

,si,.

(~; ~;

:r

:!C

,JP

/

(1-~

l

,

y

(p)

:::=,t

HEBREW

C/l

::t

l

I

ARAMAIC

l

...'

... ... . . .. . .. . .

y :r y

l

i1l!l

... . .. .

•1 •1

::::t

:v ::::t ')

-26',

'

This is

is to

a LAMED-SUBSTITUTE

keep K~J,

Cdet

p abs

Clill.lJ

1 Perf

11',',::,v; :

[/',',::,J

38 Perf

,, ,~

but

.. ,-

. -

-.

.li1'

Adj

ms abs:

3 ms:

3 ms+

it

to

complete

as

soon

as,

after;

3H Perf

[/t~iJ

3 mp:

to

fp ending(+

nm

with

The

LAMED is

c ✓ :1n'/.li1i*J

irritate,

infixed

of

Israel CCf. p.16J

1 Perf

3 ms:

anger i1)

Nota Aaausativi,

+

+ cp:

t

Perf

7D;

~

1n~

... ...

Imv

T?l

f

Inf

:,?!

.

fathers/ancestors

corresponding

to

give,

HEBREW

+ t

our

to

Hebrew

-nK,'l

deliver ¼ ❖::

T::::::::::

f::::

T::::::

TO GIVE

...

ms det:

.,. :-

AR/Gent

.. '?.li'I ...-

c ✓ ,noJ

1 Perf

c ✓ :i,,.J

3 H Perf

11,no ;

a king

because

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : : : : : : T::

K''TO?> ~

function

great

built

3 ms:

State.Its ~~~+

indefinite:?~~~!1

7 ,:1,:1,J • I 1-

3 ms+

a Constru~t

8




I ~a..

+

\£~1

-: .

7'1lZ)

:l !J

-+

+

-+

,,

;'

.

~.J

+

...

.

;'

;'

~

c....:;ia

/

0

1.,-,__lb

-r,

,.>

l~ct..£>

4

>

/

/

J;,

+

.l!J

-'

ARABIC .

SYRIAC

::l:,, +

T?l~ ! •

,,

~

,,, .

Chaldean

3 ms + 3 ms:

{Hiphil

.

ARAMAIC

3 ms:

to

Perr:

to

down

exile

"a"

i1 Z

l

:

{Haphel

type}

{

{HEBREW +

tear

~

} }

"i"

Perr:

{

{

tyne} }

., ? ;,. :,

. '

+

ARAMAIC}

-27-

C i !l

Conj;

..

Cf .

-' .

l

out

~

-

m

co

ARAMAIC

HEBREW

CD

00

co

00

...

-+

K:lt" TT

00

-+

K'fii1

c ✓ ,:::i,;,:::i,*J

The •i:p;p

..:

r17.>1!7 •••


l - &

00

"he

to

had

he had appointed

placed"-+-

up,

bring

take,

carry

down,

deposit

ARAMAIC

.... nnK ..nn l

= =

=

= = = =

----=---------------------------------------

8

-28-

..... ..

c ✓ ~l:::i.J lT

nJ~~

n ms+

Nl.!ln'

Imp

3 ms:

(Jussive) place,

~ •••♦ •'z:4.•,It • .J ••• L •' ,' ,'\ l ,.._L /.

ms:

trace

to

be

built,

+

on its

L '• 1 ,. 1.-"J .., d '' t .A ♦ .,\+ 'L •'-◄.:. & •••LA l ,\-I ..,,

rebuilt

pl.ace ..•. .1•' .1•' L .\. J "'- L •'• •••L .,•, 1 Al,\. ♦ A¼,\

00

:& _.,

be

l AL,'\ ♦ ,\. ♦ ,\ J Al•' d /,

n

n

l!7

117

n

n

117

V1

n

n

UJ

'It'

.

r.

....

..

V1

r-i

•z

n V,

~

n

Cf.l Cf.l

li7

::E:

< ~"'

n t!,?

n

,n, 1~oL '-'

~oL 'I ..L.::. :::i.n., .: :::i. Fl

~

to C)

n

~

IZ7

l:f-.

n

(~t~t.

N

C) ~

IZ7

~

.

n

~ ~

1l]

e....

n

>,

s

1l]

n ~

tl7

C)

n

, t.

~,,P

~L ~;L L 7•

. l!7

~

.,

0

~,,, ..J ,, ,. .r- • r ,,, ....~

.

'

. lZl:..:r1 N~~

n '117

n

,;,

'p;.L·N!J~

lZ7 Al

n n VJ n

:l 'IW

-T

'Iv

/

'

~

,,, u . l:_!j u/ ,,, /

~ .))

/

,,./ ,,,

/

n

w-rn -,-

127

n

.l?w ......

"Q7

n w n

.,.,

,wN .

ili!)V1 ,. ,.

J_!--o .,, ~ ., ., ,,,

Vi'

. n. n

'117

,:lw -T

'117

n

.- . w,, _,.

D"lW

V1

n V7

n

?'DZ) -,-

V7

/

0

..

• •I .,.

i.::r---' ,,,

0

i..j.J.-!

1~-'-,.LA A",."...l ....'A',• .•., •...',.\',....,.iii ......... •'-c•••.. •"•L ••• l ...I.•. _I.

n VJ V1

. ., .,.

lL-L,·,::)~

tl7

n

,iw

,et

"'

.

•

'ii

117

s,

/

T-

?\

n

HEBREW

J--i.-!

~)!HI

'\1' ,n,., -~ -. . 7

n

~ ..l.>

,, P..~

= n,, ...

. j--

lZ7

n-rn

-: l., ,11 ....

n '117

:::i.w,

,,, ,,,.,

-, :i Fl

,rJ

} }

=-

....-/

'-:--) •

1~~-l,nN --, '~t

......_

_..)-

> .l ~ ~

~

n

~.,. ~.,,,,

{ { {

4;- --,

C)

1l]

• .) .,......, ,J- ,, / • }

L:)

'J

I

.!r "

~

~

IZ7

~

fl

0..

n

I

ARAMAIC

,:0

..::t

1l]

C •'• L,\ .I

I

-==

n

'117

n

?::)W ,.

w n

.

:iWK ,.

117

.- ...

w

n

D'"TlV

A',..."·'...'.,',\.·" I ...~"·.A' ....' A' ..•',\'~.'

I A""·.,

•.. ' ....

-29-

FAR Demons [/NnNJ

- .. "gave

N .,uhc :i il' T-

\

..... ..

l'\H1nz.,

o',w .;

1 Perf the

[

1 Perf

ms:

8

that

to

come

foundations"

1T Part

✓ o,wJ

ms (p,5): 3 ms:

[/ilJ:l]

and

Hl

Pron

laid

-+

is

Passive

.fou:r.i.dations

the

being

rebuilt

3 ms:

has

not

been

finished/completed

now

if

::i;, Adj

ms abs:

NOTE

good

c ✓ ,p::iJ

versus

(Jussive)

2T Imp

n mp det:

a

Aramaic

-+

o

Hebrew

3 ms:

to

be

(::iic)

-+

searched,

investigated

treasure archives

ill!>FI T-

there "if

l~

-+

there

is"

introduces

..... . .

n

c ✓ o,tJ

1 Perf

[/NJ:l)

1 Inf

.,y, n ;

n,w, : . ~

fs

cons

true)

a Passive

verb

Cyrus

Passive

to

Cons

to

will,

c ✓ nnJJ

3H PP mp: and

3 ms:

(p.11):

l Imp (Jussive)

only

of

(at aii

w~i!I T~

c/n',v;J

Context

is

_____ _jby

(p.16):

The Active

it

Agent

the

._

NJ:lt>?

if -

-+

be

that ....

placed,

build,

by

-+

be

given,

issued

rebuild

.,,, .

wish

/

J ;

3 ms:

to

send,

8

dispatch

deposited

Passive

decides

Participles which

one

are is

to

be

identical preferred.

jJ:!,C, TT

~.)

in

form.

-30-

n2~~~

c ✓ n~wJ lT

3 ms: to

Perf

be

found

Rnl:lnN Ecbatana .,. ,-

' Rn,,~ .,. ' .

n fs

§188J

[Akk

det:

fortress

memorandum

,nN --,

c ✓ n::i.,J

7,n:,.~ .: .

(Hebr

,wN):

1 PA mp:

to

n ms abs

n mp abs:

···-·

as a place

sacrifice

sacrifices

O'n:lT • .,. I

1i11iitiiiiiiiiiiii11i11ii11111i1ii11ii11111111111111111ii1111 1 1 1

1 1 1 R.

l'n:i, •

1

1 In

TA

i 1 1 1

'

this

phrase

1) The

..

PARTICIPLE

.

'nJi

becomes

mp

,nJ1, abs

with

dropping

its

1 , ~~~, } 1

. ,.,

7, n:l-:r :

Nun:

final

i i 1

R,

~

}1 }1

i

1 1 1 i

2)

The

NOUN

mp

abs

taking

mp

the

the

ending

.' .

det:

l'M:l'T

1


•• T

n mp cons cf.

to

emended

= ~i;J

..: : .

:liPnFI

n fs lT

det:

..

_,,~)::

to

be

nn' .,..;

c ✓ 7,n/71~*

nn11

usually

§169J

back,

•

-+-

✓nnl 3H Imp

mp abs

c ✓ n,nJ

from

< •

•1p:iw '\

:

(p.2):

1 Imv

remote,

mp (vocalized

to

Passive be

( Hophal)

deposited,

3 ms:

placed

distant

·,,i], in 4:22):

be ye

there

1 Imv mp:

to

leave,

let

English:

go

/

[/p:iwJ

in

restore

1 Imp 3 ms (p.19):

no~,:.

read

bring

Passive

meaning-+-

shall

·,,~

given

vessels

3H Imp 3 mp (impersonal to

Adj

~uALvos ets)

6~:/:(6~

expenses

Imp 3 fs:

(-+- Hebr

(ooµos

,!! one

5:14

c ✓ :i,nJ

··-

'\, '\,

I\,

y~.,..

I\, '\,

alone

J.

/

.,,,

,,,

8

-32-

i

Nota

'.

Pron

c ✓nJ=iJ

c ✓,jy]

to

build,

rebuild

fem

form

2 mp:

to

possessions,

n~~

[Akk

§188]

n fs

tax

§189]

cons:

exactly,

Kn~~J n fs det: expenses .,. ' ' . Kin~ ..... ,..• c ✓ n,~J 1 Imp 3 fs:

perfectly

to

be t-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

+t t

Ki~~~~

t •

.

~, .,.•••

""1

,I

T'?-

the

Compound the

i.e.

instead

lT

in

....

order

c ✓ ,o:iJ

that

2 Inf

l~W.D CAkk §188J: •

7 '")°HI

. .. .

7'i:)"J

of

Cons

n

fp

~

t

~

Tense

Finite

c ✓ :in.,/:in,*J

~,m:i,

p.4

property

NOTE { { { { {

, cf.

do

n mp cons:

[Per~

•

8

§188J

~ ~

7'J:l' T I I

is

which

[Akk

...=-

-n~.

n"~·

to

,~~~

< KJi~OK

Hebr

n!J~ .

that

1 Imp

to

, referring

corresponding

concerning ~

ms

3 mp:

1 Imp

c:::>, The

7 ,,-:::~ .. .,,,, ....

corresponding

a "lamed before

Supply

7',J =i.,

Demons

FAR

:)":f -+

Aocusativi

only Part

(to

Verb one fs

verb

be) in

Pata~

(~

+ Participle, the

Imp under

..... ..

:i:Pnn

-+

Yod):

to

+

be

+

+

given

not

(p.10):

abs:

to

needed

cause

to

be

idle,

cease

working

8

things

,p,

mp abs:

bulls

n mp abs:

rams

::l

,J "

/

.;.>--

•

l}oL·,,w1 (J ~i

?\

-33?\

. .

1 ""l~I:< :

n mp abs:

lambs

(~t

7 i~Y.. n fp abs : sacrifices t t

il?iY ,. ,.>-

7''1:>JTI • I •

n'n:i

- a

ion

--,

-

.

TI'IU7J "l?aK~

n mp abs: (det [det [det

wheat

.

t(TI?r.>]

,.. :

t("lr.>nJ T

,-

1:i, ,--

determined

D'P

,.

'1,f'I"is

wrong

in

1 '~ ·,, is

OK in

Aramaic

0

., .,

ARAMAIC

p □

., ~

Hebrew,

while

= = = = =

= =

=

= = = =

''

=

-34~,~

n fs

(p.16):

abs

negligence

.,,wK~~ I "without .

, "f

negligence"

without

-+

fai

1,

8

(TeZic):

so

c ✓ n,nJ 1

Imp 3 mp (p.4):

that to

be t -+- -+-

NOTE

+t

{ the

Compound

{ { i.e.

the

Finite

+

t

Tense

7'~°1~!:!~ T'li).~,

be)+

(to

Verb

Participle,

{

{ instead [/:i.;pJ

of

only

one

3H PA mp: to

The Active

and

only

Context

bring

Passive

decides

3H

PA

ms

:i,~:,Z)

• < ,:,,:in

.

:

7

PA (same

remark

3 ms:

his

.,.

,. ~

,: :i. , .,.

, :i. 7

to

+

identical

be

in

preferred.

.

.

!:!

t)

'

~ !l ti: ~ !!

'

sweet

1;)

'

smell ~

as

above):

to

,B

.:,

p

T'

.

J ll:

£..2.!!.!.

det -Ni:l

-i:l

..'

- , J ll

/

,.,..\ '°

pray

sons abs --

+

sacrifices

:i 1,P.iJ~

i1 :i. .,.

of

n mp+

offer are

is

➔

pp

..

sacrifices

2

to

one

.,. ,- '

fp

c ✓ :i,xJ

near;

which

mp

Imp

the

in

Participles

fs

n mp abs:

verb

...:

t(

al !I. T-:

form.

+

-35-

'"rJ W.H~,-,~ "all/every

....- ..

N lU7il'

[/illWJ [Pers

..

nc:in, - ...

man who"

+

3H Imp 3 ms:

to

c ✓ no:iJ

.' Nnr.in, ..... .. '1, i l /•171 l • ,.

&

,. '

i:iyn, •• •1

ii

I •

:J'11-,i ,. '

ii~!!

i!e~

•

c ✓ 9pTJ

TT;-


W -+

D

w ,. ::, nr.iw _,.

il~f


*

X X

noun

in

is

the

~ZuraZ

X

the

suffix

X

is

that

of

the

Especially

in

Syriao

+ '1 • 1 ::::5her

x

sons

X X

looks

exactly

like

71"

X

xxxxxxx

3 fems.

X

"7'I

X X

x X

and

)(

X

X

xxxxxx

xxxxxx

xxxxxx

xxxxxx

xxxx

r>w his •• I

name

' '

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

X

X

-37
'O

I:)

:it t)

LI".

l

M r-i

t)

/~~

l ..-I

:it

•:z;

t)

:it ,:,

H

:it

::i::

I

a:;-

t. (d,.

ARAMAIC

Ol UJ

l

((,EMITI~ I

't)

t:l l

==-

~)

HEBREW

t)

t)

:it

:it

~

99

l:)

~

~

:it 'O

-'

ft-¾'

t)

r.. C>

'O

~

:)l

(Q

t:l

~ ~

:s

s.

:s

~

tJ

,}J-

t3'

b

r9

lP :l tJ

i

y

,,, 0

:it :it :it t)

/

0

I:)

?J

Tl;

y

1-

T

7~h1!

,,,

/

X

'O

J;~.,

ti! F!.

~

9

/

-,

~~

.. 1;, t

.)

t:>Y,

E--t

?J

l

I

,a'r.! •

'71

'* ,:ir _.,.

.,,-- ,,, b . .)

,t:ll

j-t'u

:it

l:)

j 5'

??t:>

,JI_

l

t)

:it




-'

Cons

sent

& p.30):

to

bring

8

silver

gold contribute NL ms+

voluntarily 3 ms:

dwelling-place,

abode

-40-

n::,w:,n . ...

- ·-

c ✓ n::>wJ 3H Imp

2 ms:

2T Inf

[/j,JJ

to

find

in the Cons,

Cons

to

. '.

1':l'Tlnr.> ;-

ni1

c ✓ ~il]

'?.~='~(cf.
O l . •• J: •

n mp+

3 mp:

libation

c ✓ ~ipJ

2 Imp

2 ms:

NL

ms det:

to

offer T1J -Till.... .

altar

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx X

X

X

X

MCMINA LOCI

X

X X

X

Their

X

Basic

Pattern

is:

X

X

+

X

+

X

X

n

-

X

x

For

the

Hebrew

~

GJ rJ • .

.,

J7

-

➔

....'5,-!)

X

X X X

&

X

this

misqaZ,

equivalent

of

of Joseph,

AMSSL N°l,

X X

,

X

X

cf.

my The Story

x X

p.60

X

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx~x

X X

-41,, . n~,. :l~'!

"that

c ✓ :i.~'J

1

[ I ,:iyJ

1 Inf

n fs

1~,~?~ •

l(;ll(~

which"

Imp 3 ms:

to

: to

(p.16):

will,

wish

1 Imp 2 mp:

to

n mp det:

the

Cons

,. ' ...

o,wn ..' - [ ✓ o1,wJ•

service,

1'1~~

n~n~n
~'l

n mp abs:

wheat

l '1b

n mp abs:

K.OI'

1'1~~

i7.)n -•1

l''l!

-: n,o -:

TIW?J

the +

Hebr

iliin), ....

religion

God

to ( monetary

ta.lent

unit)

Seg

n ms abs:

n mp abs:

-6· 4 • >,,,

(solid wine

bath

+

(liquid

measure) (det

....

ill!)

9 ~/o

...,-

t(iZ:,TI)

,.

'~

{ ~ua

?i

il~~

i3 0

/

..,-=A >

l'

?

~

......

iZ>n

ni

-

measure)

.

Seg

n ms abs:

oil

-+

(det

ttnvh::i)

i"1TITU7.) ,- ;

Seg

n ms abs:

salt

+

(det

ttTI?7.))

n ??J

...: Ki-'~

~n~

8

suffix

p.9

cf.

[Pers

give

2 ms:

pronoun

:'lJt(

, 3 Z)

to

without

stipulation

in

writing

...' . ...' .

.....

8

-43-

.

""l'-73... whatever
'!!

I :-

Nethinim

servants,

mighty,

(p.2):

1 Inf

powerful,

Cons

being

(p.11):

for

to

in

throw;

control;

to

impose

authorized

(taxes)

8

you

to

appoint

««a:««««a:««a:«««««««a:a:a:««a:a:««a:crcra:a:cra:«crcrcrcrcrcra:a:crcra:«««««« «

HEBREW

a:

a:

ARAMAIC

a:

a:

a:

a:

Qal

-+

;"i)Z)

Piel

-+

:uz:, .,.

a: er

a:

7't:>!:>W Clt:>!>U7J 1 PA • : TJ

.

''l"'T ' ,.._ NP l ·, i17 ···•v

mp abs:

Cli11ITT 1 Imp

.,..,.

+

.

+

mp abs:

to to

count

-+

illt> .,. I

+

appoint

-+

, sz:,

...

3 mp (p.4):

to

instead

7'~~:;r, C ✓ 7',J ,

''17,' ,. J -rt

Nota

Compound the

....

-+-+-+-+-+-+

Finite of

C✓ y, ,; ~, i*J

t t l , ~ K& 'If.,. 7 ·, r.i,2 , • •

Tense Verb

only

1 PA mp abs:

Accusativi,

a: a:

be t+

i.e.

2.

er

magistrates

tt

{ the

a:

judges

NOTE { { { {

·-

1

one to

(to be) + Participle, verb

in

the

Imp++

judge

corresponding 1 PA mp cons:

to those

Hebr

-nK. ,.

who know

+ ... + +-+

-45YJ~,

Cly,,fy,i*J

(Pata~

1 PA ms abs,

R 2 due

under

Ayin):he

to

a:

who knows

a:

cc

HEBREW

a:

Qal

a:

Perfect

y

a:

a:

Qal

a: a:

a:

,

a:

.,

y

Tf

·, l :!

ms

PA

:!

ARAMAIC

~

y

a:

.,

-

;

a:

a:

, ::! ...,

a: a:

a:

a:

7~y,;;,~ :

I

~, i1?

···--• •:

[/y,,/y,i*J

3H Imp 2 mp: to

let

C✓ i1 H1J 1 Imp 3 ms ( p. 4) : to

be

{ the

1n•••-1n

c/,~yJ

i.e.

the

instead

of

only

either

.•.....

or

[Pers

§189J:

corporal

.' .

CAkk §l88J

7'0:ll

Finite

l PA ms abs:

n ms abs:

I

Tense

Compound

Wl~ T

instruct

+-+

+-+

+-+-+

+

➔

➔

➔

➔

+

+

+

tt

+ { { { {

inform,

8

t+

NOTE

,at

know,

t

K!v_~'

"T3~

(to be)+

Verb one

to

verb do,

in

the

execute

Imp

+

"fetters"

....·- * +

"T!lY.,

(judgment)

}

} confiscation

7,,~cK • .."l n mp abs:

-+

punishment

.fine

n mp abs:

+ +

Participle,

property} -+

imprisonment

of property

+ +

+

+-

D

A

I

N

E

L

Q ,.?l'J ,- n ms det

used

lUI

T.,r.>',y',

• : T1'

mp abs:

0

Vocative

as

for

[/iPTIJ

l

Imv ms:

to

live

-,Z>K

[ /i7.)KJ

l

Imv ms:

to

say

-·.·,

:t'n:>i'I): ...•.•-

"-:_:;

0 King

ever

., 'TI

• ·.·a

§43 (Hebr

DD!tnJIUD~DDIJIDDDIIDDIDJIIJIIDDDnlDDIDDDIIIDIDIDIIIIDl'!JIDD~nD~~nDD~ I

:

?xt'J~

&

n XI

Nt'J'~

: ~

In

TA ,

final

is

often

dropped.

Zectionis

is

added

to

preceding

vowel:

i

An

mater

tc

1Z D D

I D

lend

support

to

the

n

D

lI

n n

lX

I Xi D JI D

D { { {

l

Perf

3 ms

-+

,Z)t(

ms

-+

,7.)tc >

1 PA

lI { {

l

Imp

cs

-+

~

D

{

1 Imv

ms

-+

xx

--,

(Cf.

J.N.

z:itc* >

>

zrn*

--.-,

,e,

~

>

Epstein,

>

>

r.>.,x* >

-~··

,7.)l(

I

:

7.).,

tc*

>

} } KZ>K } t(7.)t(

} } KZP l< } l(1.),

l(

said

he

1t l'!

saying I

shall

say

. f

{ms)

1X

se.y

JI JI l'.'!

n (ms)

...

n ms det:

interpretation

A Grammar of Babylonian

/

r ·····---S-E_M_I_,T_I_C___ I

ARAMAIC

v,

i Ji

Aramaic,:

D pp.61-62) D IJl~~!tD~Di~~DDDDDDDDDIIDDD~Diln~DIIIIIIIDIDIIIID!DDD~~~~~D~~1tDD tc ,izn, ,.

7.r

s

__, .> ,,

HEBREW VJ

I D

-47NjD{

c ✓ n,nJ

2 Imp cp:

to

tell,

inform

s.o.

abouts.th.,

let

know

NOTE: This

root

meanings

c ✓ ,~l(J

1 PA ms: -T;

Cs '~~~] AR/Gent [/??7.lJ

n fs

3

and

with

the

8

-+

ilJY

••TJ

+

say

j he spoke

up and

,

mp det:

det:

2

in

answer

to

:1J;sz •• T

,~l(l

both

above.

to

TA ,

In

- ...,

used

given

1 PA ms:

[/ilJVJ

,~~

is

the

Chaldeans

speech;

word,

said

matter

(

-+

Hebr

,:i'=T) T'T'

ttttttttttttttl;;ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttl;;ttttttt l;;

l;;

t

"DECLENSION"

OF THE NOUN

t

ii~~

l;;

l;;

t

HEBREW

ARAMAIC

l;;

l;;

l;;

t l;;

t

{f)s

abs

cons

i12~

-n,2~

abs (f)s

cons

-n~~

ii~~

det

.

Nf;l~~

l;; l;;

{

(m/f)p

l;;

D,

~7.)

··,=1~

l'!Z?

(m)p

-'!~

R;~Z?

t l;;

l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;tl;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;l;;

[Pers 7TI
1JJritten :l" n:J } .' - 4 ) 1 Perf Stative 3 ms (PZ.ene ,p@) : ', 1:):l it 1JJasvoid ','1:l ::l ..: - 5) 2 Perf 3 ms (PZ.ene): ,,::ip 'P:i2. he received , 1 ., ::i T } 7?.~ buy thou . (m) + - 6) 1 Imv ("E" type, p.41) ms: .... } .... : (m) .. -+ 7 , ::l T seZt thou ( Pl.ene) : } - 7) 2 Imv etc -----=~==============---------------------- ---------- - ---------~---➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

~

-

-

-

-

-

-

-53?~

all,

Cbi!J

any

magician

~w~.,..

-

[Akk

'~W~ -r :-

§188J:

AR/Gent

,

?RW ..... [/?RWJ

enchanter

ms abs:

Chaldean

1 PA ms:

to

8

ask

:::

::: :::

TA,

In

::: :::

7

➔

.,

~

Ill

could

be

➔

:::

::: :::

t

a)

,

?RIU ..... asking

1 PA ms 1 pp

b)

1 Perf

C )

Adj

[/ip'/ip1*J

fs

abs,

weighty,

used

..

predicatively:

important,

.)

honorable;

":.P,~J :

7 :;!.P.~ [ f

ni~n~ Hl~

c ✓~1nJ

but,

development other,

2 Imp

in

another

the

Hebrew

u

,,

/

)

difficult

( Hebr

-+

(ModaZ) 3 ms+

root

3 fs:

to

,~~

7°1,.q~)

tell,

let

know,

declare

except

c ✓,1,J

NL ms + 3 mp:

Basic

(their)

NL Pattern -+

+

-+

+

t

+

,.1 n ms det:

flesh,

1.uhose dwelling

p.40

➔

-+

-+

-+

➔

,j.

...

,o :-

mankind

(wa

> a)

-+

,,.
••T

?ii~ ••T/

[/',;,:,] For

< . ,.:in:11,,n • - '\T

n,rn

•• •1

1 PA ms:

the

are

to

be

relationship

CIYi'/Yil*J

c ✓ ;,rnJ

n'~(p.54):

ii+

you

!!

8

you?

able

Cons

cs:

commandment

able?

between

3H Inf

l Perf

are

}

to

in

/1;,il:l

the

and ✓',:,,,

Cons

(p.23)

T

cf.

§171

cs:

to

let

know,

inform

about

see

NOTE: The

7"1TJ.

n mp abs:

7,,:,,

c/',:,,/1,:,i*J

il,,n;, T,-•1-

c ✓ ilinJ

•

: T

• i TJ

but,

'D'~ N?J. •• Tf

,:

Nota

2 ms would

have

a diphthong:~~!~

8

exorcizers 1 PA mp abs:

3H Inf

Cons

to

(p.12):

be to

able tell,

know,

let

there

is,

there

1 PA ms cons:

Aaausativi,

declare

Q

V

however

(p.54): Cli17l]

Perf

exists

revealer

corresponding

of ... to

, who Hebr

reveals

-nK?

-64n,:D,~

,'JIU~, p.16]

Cabs

,,rn •·:·•·

Cs det

i1FlJ N ~ :-

CasPen:

..-

K::> ,..'n.:> n ms
i1):

(Hebr

3 mp (p.13):

'.

0 King

to

go up,

come

up

'\,

VOCALICEPENTHESIS

'\,

"' In

TA, the Its

retention,

l)

(-u)

3 mp suffix

Perf

however,

displacing

the

tended was

vowel

of

to

made R 2 in

be

dropped.

possible

by:

TA~

2)

adding

~ in

nun

a final

:l •ln !I

3 ms

.,P"?~ .>

•

0 type

p-,,~ .

'\,




,-PT!"~

{ .,PJi~,~

> l"li'!l

2T Perf

3 ms
,1~!S

3 Perf *Other

c.>

examples

.

>

,,nm>

>

·1:>~~

3 ms


t?

.
?•lTJ,

'\,

,-

'\,

'\,


'!!*

+

Dissimilation/ Nasalization

'!'

'I' 'I' 'i'

neither

present

Gemination

lengthening of >

Y~'

'i'

,*j >':!< ,* • • +

+-+

+

1-J.iriq

-.
7tui1

many,

l Perf

3H Perf

[/t:>?~J

:

7'~i~JJ

mp abs

great

numerous

3 ms:

3 ms+

fp abs:

Adj

to

3 ms:

give to

give

power

to

7'~~~-:lJ Chief-Prefect 2:49 Cli1Y:lJ

KY:l T;

,~~

1 Perf

Cli1J7.IJ 2 Perr

= =

3 ms:

to

seek,

to

ask,

3 ms (p.61):

try, pray, to

V. -· i1Y::l ~

sear ch;

'TT

wish

appoint

= =

2 (Trans)

l (Intrans)

=

=

i1 J

=

i1::i, 'T •

T

=

:l~ •

•1

;

.

=

Kn,' T :

7.)

c ✓ ,::iyJ

to

count

to

be/become

1 PP fs

used

appoint

., !l,

to

make

·-

great

det

'~E

to

as !!.Q.fil!.= work,

S.

great

0,

service,administration; worship

.

7

Nota

- ..

Seg

y,Fl

Accusativi,

corresponding

n ms cons

(p.43):

K~~~ YJ~

jroyal

door, court

to gate

Hebr (royal)

-n~

court~

~

0

/

. ,. ,__

= = = = =

-79-

[/"T~YJ

..:

C?:l!:

..

rl'n9,.. ;

1 Perf

3 ms (p.7):

to

n ms abs:

statue

(det

N~1~)

Seg

(det

N~4~)

n ms abs:

3 ms:

n ms+

"its

8

make

gold

.,

breadth"

7 'l')ll? sixty

nu,

: > > ·,:,~ :l ll7l 7·,:, ~ t ti::,~ KU7l tD l * > ; T ; : ; : t ·1 i1, > > ::liP 7·1:,~ > ·, :, !l 7 i i1 ~ i1 "I * > Kil, t .,..: : : t ' , j!) > :l'i!> t . . : Final t t ,;,,K Final > t ZHt .,..., (~) --,* > K7JK t . > !1-rK * > K!>iK ,!liK t e.w * > KP.117 ?f!~ > ,T; t ' > 7TK t TK * > KTK --, --, Final n t t n,! > Final 0 "I !! t •

·,:,

.

-

: T

.

.

-

..

.,

.,

.... - .·-

-

T

,-

T•I

t

t t

Oj'~

.:.

o ., P ,

t t

>

n

>

!'~

*

.. .

> "l't"17J

.,p,n

.

.- •.

., l?Z)V7

e

t

-1-

I

t

t t t t t

t -1I

t t t t t t -1-

C

I

t 0 'ji'

>

-1-

:ip

-1-

'

.-

> n ":Vr.>V7 :

t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t

t O'~P.,. > '~~ (E...:il} t t ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt7ttttttttt

I

Cf.

EEstein,

Grammar.

E,18

.:.

'

t t t

-817., ,7.)l( • : Tj

[ / ,7.>K]

K ,-·" i')i') i y-

(p of

K•')!)K T-

\

K·"JW7 .,._,...

1 PA mp

TA ,,r.i?(:

-+-

. ' ...

c~.) n mp det:

n mp det:

nations

n mp det:

tongues;

n ms det:

time

say

to

peoples

languages

8 WHEN ALWAYS '} J

,.,.

n ms cons:

K~"(i,~?a

c·,,~., . P.. -r..

K::>!lC

sound,

Seg

n ms det:

(abs

'P.i,~~*)

,J--

zither

n ms det:

sambuke

det:

7"1!'!{E~

(4aATnpLovJ:

il'J97.:l•ic

(auµ~wvCaJ:

(musical

(Pers

n mp cons:

.,..:

:

.

"l1

7~! ,~c, \ ;

.

..: ' .

K7.>,n'

kind,

bagpipe

-+-

("E"

(lilCJ

1 Imp

3 ms:

that

(very)

c ✓ n~,J lT

the

Imp midst

(~}

species

8

1 Imp

into

instrument)

music

(/7g3J

at

G'r°~

pipe

who(ever)

(p.17):

u_;

psaltery

§189J

n ms det:

/ 0

u.r-9

n fs

[xL~apLsJ:

/

J .,--9

voice

horn

.

ti

type, to

moment 3 ms:

to

p.41)

3 ms:

prostrate

to

oneself

-+-

immediateZy

be

thrown

fall

,·, p

1 ~~..

-82CAkk §188J: Ni .,.:i .l

to,,,,, .,.. • r.,,.., • t

*** **

** ** ** * i1J'l'I T

:

n fs

n ms cons:

§59:

det

c ✓ ,p,;,p,*J

fire

1 PA fs

SEMITIC




koteb

,j.

,j.

.... ,

:in::> t

,P...;.

burn

> kateb

katib

+

,j.

,j.

:in!)

:in::> HTf

** ** ** ** ** *... ~

(p.50):

G

thereupon

§86):

when

to

hear

v.5

v.7

.:

c ✓ ::i,pJ

1 Perf

.

(s

i:J.A)

'1:::~ .

.,,.,.';./

i:

original

ARAMAIC

ARABIC

t/y?.:)WJ 1 PA mp abs: 7 'Y?.:)l!7 • ; T/

-,::i,p

with

QAL PARTICIPLE ACTIVE

,:::q~ ?!> •• T! T

of

det,

to

(TemporaZ/CausaZ

rest

furnace

-

abs

;

3 mp: to

Stative Seg

n mp abs:

7, ~:J~~ 7 "1~~

I

draw

near,

approach

8

man

certain

Chaldaeans ?I

'1 N!llP.. ~'2~ 7;:,,~i~ 1'(:.~•"li1~

Seg

(to

eat

n mp+

AR/Gent

(s

the

pieces/crumbs

3 mp anticipatory '~-,:,~)

mp det

or)

pronoun (p.4):

the

to

+

(p.24) Jews

sZander

:.:_;, ; ··:..o"\\~l".)

-83-

·, J y

-,

1 Perr

[ l,r.,NJ

1 PA mp:

c/;i,nJ

1 Imv ms:

• ''T'/

• ·.-a , '"

10-11

7'N,~il' ..,.

'

3 mp:

to

vv.

-+

up and said

live

8

2 ms (p.78):

n'/ni* T T

(p.52)

8

Jews

2 Perf

Particle

to

spoke

}

say

5-6

7,,~~ . ' .. certain c ✓ nJr.,J

to

A ·-

answer}

}they

7, ,r.,N

vv.

c ✓ ;,J9J

to

appoint

(_once in B.A.)

+ 3 mp:

them

(Direct

Object)

lllffflffffJJJJJJflffflfJJJJJfffflfffflfffflffflfflffffffflf!Jfff 1

n11J

~ f f

TA , the

particle

f

frequently

in

f f

";,

I

respectively:

In

ni (

n1l 'J

and -+

r

~ f f

-n·,N in ·,n.,N) appears

Hebr

r

J

f

l l i l I

in

the

combination

form

of

the

with

-nu.> and

-ni',

T;

T&

prepositions~

(+ Ezra

~

'lil:Il.?1

1 1 I

nn,,,-

.. .•

f f f f f

'tike 'tike

him them

to him

·,:i~n.?1to

1

f

4:12),

TAL.ARAMAIC

nn,?~

and

:,,n,,:::i

+

innni,::,

-+

i I

,..

I

I J

l~(

1 1

"---

I J

etc

Jffflflffffffffffflffflfflffflffffflllfllllfflllllfflflffffflflll c/~~YJ

1 PP fs

cons,

used

as~:

work,

administration, service,

1~~

FAR Demons

Pron

cp

(p.5):

those

~

' ,..,."f'l ...,. ~ " l OC\L}l~

5

iitnn,i',

+

f .

) a ,r-L' _a.....:?\

'-:_;

n,n,,,

-+

them

SYRIAC

---.P

worship

f

1

-84-

, :

'!:!

l, n• a,..,

to

pay

attention

Nota Accusativi, c ✓ n,~J

corresponding

1 PA mp:

to

serve,

to

Hebr -n~

worship

,.,,,,--·--, ...• I

(det n fs

[

abs:

✓ i7.)KJ

t/NnKJ ', :

n ms abs:

1 Perf

3 ms:

3H Inf

Cons

Nota Accusativi,

to

[/ilnNJ

(p.12

and

p.62):

corresponding

to

cause

to

come,

bring

Hebr -nN•,•

to

then man

Passive

3H Perfect

really

Particle

3 mp: to be brought

(§167)

(?),

is

it

true

c ✓ c,pJ

3H Perf

cs:

that

+ 2 mp:

O'K (p.54)

you
~J

1 Perf

"fit"

{p.11)

+ 3 ms §149:

corresponding

bis

to

to

heat

-nKV

command

say;

(p.10):

to

bind

corresponding

Cons

Hebr

to

army

3 ms: Cons

(-+ Hebr

appropriate

+

(p.11):

Passive

to

to

3 mp:

Hebr-nK •:

throw

to

be bound

it

'•11't:;!)

8

-87-

>< >< >< >< QALPERFECT PASSIVE >< >< >< >< Biblical Aramaic has a QAL Perfect Passive, character>< >< >< ized, as in Arabic, by the vowel i of R 2 • >< >< >< >< The QAL Perfect Passive occurs in the: >< >< )< >< >< >< >< 2 ms iln,r.n >< I & >< >< >< >< >< 3 ms :l' i1" > < : >< >< >< >< 3 fs n:l'i1" >< >< - ' >< >< >< >< >< 3 mp :in D ?> > < • l >< etc >< >< >( >< For the QAL Perfect Passive in Hebrew, + >< >< >< >< + cf. my The Story of Joseph, AMSSL N°l, p.109 >< >< >< >< T

9

. .

liil"?.~19

[Pers

§189)

.. .-

n mp -t 3 mp: their

(1 ii 'I '127'1 l:9!3 CPers .

? §189)

fi

§l89J

iln

,.n ,::i ,.,. ':, ., Z),

.:

[Pers

Clil~,J

il;1 '?.~: 7~ (p.50}: 1~

n2~

cons

+ 3 mp:

Passive

their

(the

shirts

(?)

hats

Active

would

be iZ),) '

thereupon

(Causative)

n fs

n mp -t 3 mp: their n fp

1 Perf

trousers

: on account

of ....

I''! 7~ I

because

(p.47}:

word,

speech,

matter,

order

3 mp: to

be thrown

-88c ✓ 9~nJ

3 PP fs

The Active Context

....

:1Tt(

c ✓ nr~J

Adj

and

only

abs

Passive

the

-a,

ending

§88/4: 3H Perf

which

are

identical

in

be

preferred

(p.34).

unstressed,

the

is

to

form.

heated

an ancient

c ✓ p,oJ

Participles

determines

1 PP ms abs:

ms+

urgent

(p,57):

mostly

accusative

ending,

used

remnant

of

adverbially

excessively (with

progPessive

3 mp (p.13):

assimilation

to

bring

of,

by

O

,

co! 1

up

J ✓J ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ J ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ J ✓✓ ✓ J ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓J ✓J ✓ J ✓ J ✓✓ ✓ J ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ J ✓ J ✓✓ ✓ J ✓✓- ✓✓ ✓ J ✓J ✓

✓

AS S I MI L A T I O N

~ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

a)

PROGRESSIVE~

in

the

direction

In ENGLISH

J

✓

of

~ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

reading:

n

4

+

4

wonderful>

✓ ✓

wunnerful

J

J

✓

✓

J

In ARAMAIC

+

+

✓

J

'lpa__ i"I < '1p0

✓

J ✓

b)

REGRESSIVE

Oi"I

•

J

+

1-

< •ip'ii

n

•

✓

Cil ,-

J

✓

J +

opposite

to

direction

•

~

+

>

gimme

I J

+

J

n Y~~ ~~

✓ ✓

J

✓

In ENGLISH

0

J

✓

give

of

reading:

✓ ✓ ✓

the

✓

me

✓

✓

✓

J

In ARAMAIC+ (TA)

✓

✓✓

(y,p,o

+

written)

•

Y~~q

+


r.>

c ✓ n~:>J

2 PP mp abs

-:

c ✓ 1nn,

.

l'IHI

;,',n~nil TT

:

I •

[

lT

three

i1 '7J 1 Perf

Inf

of

(p.59):

11

real

✓ ?i1:lJ

3 ms:

to

kill

one by one

flame

(Hebr

. ,-

extension)

Cons

used

8

them to

be

bound

3 ms:

to

be

as

a Noun

A

,..._/PL

perturbed

OIO

vice

( or

versa):

haste, hurry

(Pers < l(J"r.>, T H:.

§189]

n mp+

3 ms:

companion "

/

C ✓ ;,z,-,J

1 Perf

cp:

to

I :

throw

/

/

_._.o ,;

Jffffffffffll/Jfllffllfflflffffffffffffffffffffffff/fffffffffffffff f

~J tJl

1

f f f f

f f f f f f f

1

In

TA, Kl'D~ 1)

As

in

type

forms

tt~"121

BA,

be

three

things:

1 Perf

cp:

we threuJ

can -+

f

/

However,

this

form

is

not

too

l /

a)

A shortened

f3)

A reinforced

form:

common.

Instead,

~l',121 -+

we find

f

;, f Ttc?a1 or 1121 ~;

f f

f f f

form:

P

~;!

711\ + 1"121-+ 1l"P-1

J J f f

2)

1 PA ms

ff

.,7.),

+ tc-rl~, cs Enc'litic:

I am throuJing

t''P. . : , ll:l"~ T i

also

D

"P. Htj

l T: ,_,

K ., i

"O''" . '~,

and

even

•1Z>"P.

i Tl

(p.90)

I

{ {

Thus,

the

1 PA ms+

7i~~i~

n ms+

2 mp: your

K!~!

c/tt.lW,

p.66J

cs t

enciitic

can

be

-+{or

{-

{ x.:m.,.,p

peace,

1 Imp Jussive

your

I

well-being

3 ms:

to

increase,be/become

great

-94-

n mp det:

sign,

(ms abs~~~) N., ~"'\ ..,. .,.

-.

., !) 127

n mp det:

wonder

(ms abs'~~*)

AR ms det:

c ✓ ,~i,J 1 Perf

3 ms:

to

most be

high

good;

be

pleasing}

} it Prep+

cs:

before

[/:,inJ

3H Inf

me

Cons

pleases

'ilinN .,.

(p.12):

to

tell,

let

•
J l

Imp

(Modal.)

. :-

I was having

a dream (p.66)

..

I

its

great

many,

to

3 ms: 3 ms:

be/become

to to

.- I :

a.ppearanc

to e

to

make

8

great

be/become reach,

(TA) cause

, , •, tl7.>N?

+ 3 ms:

8

of

3 ms (p.78}:

'tl?.l N

IKii

say

midst

much,

C✓ ripnJ l

1 Perf

to

world

'JP.Fl .:

n fs

mystery

vision,

the

t/il:l-i:J

..

secret,

8

know

!

i1;1

11n·n-, n

to

a dream)-+

behold

ii 3 ilJ:

-+

(Hebr

Kt>Z>" •-

say

(p.15):

ms (p.46):

seeing

.... ,ii

Adj

be

to

TnJ 1 P er f c s ( p • 9 5 ) : t o s e e

c ✓ ir.>NJ 1 Imv

C,

to

n mp cons:

-HQ~)

enter

name (p.15):

n"J~ ii!~,

IP.;~

to

cs

n ' ].!1, C✓

,~~.

3 ms:

(p.23):

§189J

8

last

strong

attain attain; us

reach-+

carry, to

bring grant

us

-98-

71'~:9

•• I -r

'~~~)

(abs

Adj

(p.2):

beautiful

ms abs

(abs

~~*) n ms+

nnn

Prep

(with

. K ••• - 'T'/

K7j?

•• T/


J

(Hebr

(p.26).

of

Superlative

..·,-,-:

r131;,n:,.,

c/,n:,.J

c ✓ ,n:iJ

to

this

set

up

1 PA ms:

see

(p.46):

to

tell

Cons in to

TK): .,.. then,

wi

sh

~_;.:J

.)

' §175

case

of men

8

the

Cons

be able + cs:

(p.23)

to

be able

(§157)

3 ms: to be perturbed

Perf

2 Imp (aontinuous

than action)

3 ms:

2 Imp Jussive

inform

8

(rather

to

to

thereupon

a while

to

3 ms,

"for 3 mp,

an

hour") impZiait

with

dages

disturb

implicit

with

dages

inn+

2 ms:

disturb

'Indicative'

form

would

be

-inn

element

+

§108

with

:,3',:,:,.,, • • "T" ···-

infized

this

(is) to

y,1*J 3H Inf

NOTE: The

to

infixed

(in

lowliest

(p.95):

inn+ n'7:,:,., T• t - :

with

the

/1,n:>J 1 PA ms:

cr.>iRw~ - ; •: c/cr.,wJ Ethpolal for

want,

as much as also

c/'7:>'/7:Ji*,

3 ms,

used

notion

3 Imp 3 ms (p.73):

n'in

to

give

of Inferiority):

C"P.' .:

3 ms:

t.;.,~

c ✓ 7nJJ 1 Imp

NOTE: For

action)

and

'

§175-

the

-102-

(abs

n ms+

K,r.>) HT

§54: my lord

cs,

1nnnnnnnDDDfnD!JDDDIXDDJ1~nn::111n:1DDIIXDDZIDIXDIIDDIDDJIDDD»:~!'l:D~nDD

I

D

1

NOUNS , WITH

I I : I

In

TA,

final

long

PRONOMINAL SUFFIX

vowels

were

often

dropped

in

Perf

3 cp,

p. 64 ) •

epenthesis

Jr

CS

the

(-+

D

JI D D D D JI !'l

voaaZic

I

Thus

D JI JI I IX JI ZI !J D JI xz J7 D

"I i!l

in

1 ) either

·=

my son,

the

dropped

altogether

pronominal

cs

or

was

I

~

L

2)

suffix

reinforced

with

i'.:l "lj:l~

____-{7

an K

JI D 7.X

• : ---c::,_.,K i::l

-·.

I JX

»: Similarlr:

IX

.- ..

my daughter

. .

my wife

-+

., ,r.,

my Z-ord

-+

myseZ-f

-+

'Fli!l

'nFIK :

n JI

•T

n

...-

n

my mother

X

il D D !X

L> .

n,n

'-'.P,

- =

--

'I01,:1

~

~it01.,

n!!~

,,., T

~r'>

111!)l

Ill ■ 9J

i

:

?X

X

12 JI

»;

X

>

.,ID!Jl

D D

-+

~

.,'?,n

my strength

.,~~

from

me

a-

-+

D~

-+

X

Cf.

!l

L..\6;

- =-

Il

:«

X

Z'!

'K2'!1

i'l: xx 1S

?)

l 7.:>

.,K1~

CII 1~

JX

Grammar.

Epstein,

»:

., KW!J l

~t

.

-+

n

n n

.

~

p.121

»:

DIXJXDJXDnDD!'lJIJIJIIJIIIIDJIIIDlllll~~JX~1l~~DDIIDIIIDIIIDIDlnD:i~~~~!'l~~D [/KJ~J

l PA mp+

2 ms (your

haters)

-+

your

enemies

====-------------------------------------------------------=-= = =

=

= = = =

FRIEND

= =

FOE

&

..

✓ on;

to

hDO

to hate

Z.ove

-+

1 PA det

-+

K7jn, T•1 T/

-+

FRIEND....

-+

1 PA det

-+

tP JO

-+

FOE

Ta Tl

..

(:i~fit~ -T

,,7~

.

o ms

K!,pJ:1) "T' : "'r

cs:

+ cs:

n ms cons:

that

is ....

C

s + 3 fs : t

O

as,

an Accusative:

p.76):

and

bu i 1 d

j

in

of,

terms

for

kingdom

royal

palace

strength

glory

mouth

PA mp

at

this

: honor

ChDKJ

vocabulary

?

power

(p,94):

c ✓ :i,yJ l

this ...

this

(p.3):

n ms cons:

n ms abs l

sureZy

Assertive:

{2)

~~1~ n'! ( det

isn't

Interrogative:

great

(p.16

'JP.n T:

8

{

+

LAMED-SUBSTITUTE for n fs

~oyaZ paZaae

about

{l) same

the

+

Perf

of

voice

(impersonal 3 fs:

this

(very)

pass

to

verse

fs,

1 Perf

3

c ✓ ,,oJ

l Perf

Passive

§181):

to

say

away

+

8 8

v.22

immediately

moment

c/ri10J

meaning-+

(p.35):

(p.87)

to

be

3 ms:

f;.;.lfilled

to

be

driven

out

-107-

..

[/7:>KJ

;ir.l'ah

Seg

-- .

CIY~~J

\

..' .

Y:lt>:i'

:

(continuous

1 Imp

1?:itP

3 ms:

n ms+

his

action)

to

body

(continuous

2T Imp

3 ms:

action)

3 ms:

be wetted,

to

be

,,drenched. /

0

. .

1 ",wl:

Seg

n mp abs:

n ms+

3 ms:

[/~~,]

1 Perf

.-.

eagles bis

_;--""--'

I For

n mp+

Aramaic~ n mp abs:

Semitic~

-4'

3 ms:

(p.78)

.

K_;~fi" ni~7

.... . 'Y'T Hl ... .-n??>l

~

.,n, .

.

at

[I

the

fingernail,

versus

Hebrew~

to

be/become

[/y,,j

I

I ....

of

Perf

the

cs:

simultaneous

to

TA , the

Hebrew

+ cs:

(p.100):

of

R 2 is

,>!w .....

grow

~ C\____1_ 7i

I ;--.-o

and

,u?

C.

Aramaic

8

to

knowledge,

reason,

(soundness

of)

return

mind,

mind

,,,.., ,.,.,,, ~L '--:-'t;/'--:-'t;.'.:?o

by

the

Imperfebt

to

Hebr

-n~

the

most

high

corresponding

to

)

J;

days/time

indicated

cs:

to

~

~

...·:

up

3 ms:

AR ms det

vowel

Therefore,

lift

•'•

,wJ

p.391

(appointed)

action

Nota Ac:cusativi,

'~f°)

in

n ms (p.65)

y,i*J

c: ✓ 7i:il 2 Perf

!In

unchanged

0

.)

~9

!I 9

c ✓ :iinJ l Imp (p.73)

(abs

claw

-+

.,,

great,

birds

end l

?'Ol]

For

1

3 ms:

remains

:'I

~

~- 1'

hair

0

Seg

(7

+

· :i:ii

§178

bless not

n::q; would

reduced appear

in

the

:_~~,~,j~

Perf

as -+ ___

(p.15)i

I

,:,•,:ii

-108-

N~1~ '~

the

living

eternaZZy 2 p . rf

TA,

In

the

vowel

Therefore,

the

''"IK'T

•• ;, -r I

i1?~ T ;

7,~,~~

praise

R 2 is

of

not

glorify

reduced

in

the

< .

as

(n)'l'J~!

(R3

) would

appear

as

(n)'1:!!t!

--

.,

verse

the

-+-

nothing,

tl:::L0nJ 1 PP mp:

to


4>4>4>4>t4>ttttt4>4>4>4>ttttt4>4>4>4>4>4>4>4>4>4>4>4> 4>

'[2J 'G [D

In

4>

TA , the

word

pattern

can

represent:

4>



1)

Adj

'~'~D (the)

mp abs/cons/det:

t

'Z)':>n

(of)+

2)

nm

s/p

3 ) 1 pp

5) 6)

+ cs:

( p . 71 ) :

4) 1 Perf 2 Perf 1 Imv

7 ) 2 Imv

Stative cs ("E"

+

+

':l''"IP. my relative(s) ..Y- - ,.

-+

,:i,,p

-+-

+

,~,,~

+

,:i,1vn

cs

(p.15/22):

(p.107):

-+

type,

( p. 5 0) :

+

fs:

thought

4>

+

-+

, ',, NW

,:,,,~
K]

[Pers

2 Imp

3 ms:

to

stay

Imp

3 ms:

to

say

l

1 Perf

§189]

2 ms:

n mp+

to

cs:

(his

hand)

do

my companions

8

-110(ms det

7 '~"1~.J great,

mp abs

t(?~J;

) "'7l ,

n.:ipn;, - : : ,..

·-

.,. n!lO~il .

Adj

-.

abs fs

(p.16):

abs

c ✓ ~o'/~o,*J




3H Inf

Cons

Nota Accusativi, n mp cons: c ✓ p~lJ

decree;

to

(p.12):

vessels 3 ·ms (p.27):

Hebr to

> ,i.)n

~

(of

Hebr

wine)

P

1

'-4rl(____ (~";fl)

-nK•:

..

_., ',:::i: )

take

out

< "i1•1:J.K

.

-, his father f, FIW" [/:,njJ 1

...

Imp

(ModaZ),

for

the

"-a"

ending+

3 mp:

p.9, to

7',ii~

InstrumentaZ

~

nn',.ij ..,. ...

. t

n fp

+ 3 ms:

king's

.. ..

n fp

+ 3 ms:

concubine

nn.3n', .,.. :

t

+ 3 mp (p.80):

+ t

wife

...•:

attention;

~I

bring to

(+

( .,0

G information;

corresponding

3H Perf

/•

>

drink

infZuenae

c ✓ :inKJ

O

aommand

say;

"~i

of

wine (p.18):

~

G

banquet

chief,

able

from

drink

-112-

?J~ D

P


i.w

*

t >

*

i

*

t

SYRIAC

ARABIC

* ,•:

,

0

/

+

)_.)

/

~-.)

D

p

/

/

/

+

aYu

> au

aY

+

+

a_:o·

~;

ARABIC

i

a

a

*

*

i

a

*

-.,•:

-,'r

ARAMAIC

*

*

**

*

THIRD WEAKPerf

the

(p.22).

HEBREW

~~

*

two

in

~

'

-+-

0-t.~

~;

~

-+-

iYu

>

iw

iY

>

i

iYu

t > ii

i

..

9

I .J_.; ~ /

-+-

*

-,': -.':

./

-+- ~~.) /

*

*

-,•:

*

*

* * **********************************************************************

-113-

r1a

il~i~


7 7.:).,

under

corresponding

1 Perf

human

-.

Pata~

moment

c ✓ pgJJ

n fp

with

-+ Egyptian

Y~

that

+

,n::>.

3 mp,

G

lamp

plaster,

N?n:;,) Seg T ; 1,

whitewash

n ms cons:

Waw of Situation+ For

[ ✓

whiZe/as

n ms det:

the

Waw of Situation

-+

my The Story

n ms cons:

wall

palm

( of

the

king

CircumstantiaZ

or

of Joseph,

Waw,

AMSSL N°l,

-+

p.4

a hand)

:in ~J 1 PA f s abs : t o wr it e -+ why

CasPen:

Then

the

king,-+

-+ -+ his

complexion

changed

-+well-+ 6-+

For

-+

.,:,. .

action)

n mp cons:

l'iK

,.t-

Seg

c ✓ ~pJJ

,.

v.9)

infra

(+

(continuous

2 Imp

1E~) Seg

[/;i,wJ r1nn:::,,K

-, i:iw;

read'ili?Y

sentence

1~K ,K~~O t t

t

"il"IJIU

"full"

§189]

n ms det:

tell,

let

purple

n ms det:

"one-third"

§175

{+

necklace

(ruler)

+

triumvir

&

know,

§176) + cs:

-115-

7, ', l;,. y..,., c ✓ '7'7YJ 1 PA mp (§162

...

1 , ',;,::, .,..,

[

✓ ';,;i:::,J

1 PA mp:

c ✓ ~,pJ

1 Inf

c ✓ y,,;y,i*J

to

& p.96): be

to

G

enter

able read

Cons

(p.11):

to

3H Inf

Cons

(p.12):

to

+

§88/3:

much,

let

know,

inform

(~ Adj

c ✓ ,:,~J
V77.l -+

• : -rJ

(p.39*)

+If

(p.44*)

.'

.-

it)E)l'.)

, n.:>wo

(p.49*)

* * * * :f:

-tit

1T

* *

3T

2T

(p.99*)

* * * *

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(p.56*)

'~~!2~-+

'l=>vno

* * * * * * * *

-/It

-II+

+II-

(p.99*)

(p.179*)

+f+

t

t

*Epstein,

Grammar; *Levias,

Grammar;

*Margolis,

Lehrbuoh

:f:

* * **~**~*****~**~**-llt**~**~**~**~**ffl**~**~****

-122~

lnstrumental

..

',

K~~


'J'Y

+ 2 ms

II 1l!J

1111

+ 3 ms

C!I

ir' "I'>'? 'Y

Ill

B

1111

+ 3 mp

Ill

•

"li1''l"l'?'V

lill

B

a 121

For

more

details

on the

Prep

'7Y,

-+

Epstein,

Grammar,

p.132

e

•

BB31!ll!llSIIIEIIIIIIIISIBBB8BBll'lBB ■ BBB ■ BBBBIIBBIBIB ■ B ■■ 8 ■■■ 111111!18111111'lllllll!IBBIBIBllll!ll!ll!lGBl!llll8BIIIII

-J.24-

Adj N"?'?~ "r : ••

iH1 ••

:

ms abs

on that

(p.2):

mighty,

in

control

night

(s~me)

[/?opJ

being

powerful,

3 ms (p.87):

Passive

1 Perf

to

be killed/

assassinated t,n'

[

✓ ilZ),J

(det (s

7y::) -; 0,

P.~

now,

used lT

K~;)\ il'

except

...,K) .-

as

Vocative,

Imp 3 ms:

to

(Hebr

~~~D ):

fp

0 King

den,

pit

Kn1,.,.

ending

.

UI

.P

.

~

(p.76):

lion

8

now therefore

c ✓ c,pJ

3 Imp (with

Jussive

force)

2 ms (p.73):

to to

tt,ott -r•.•a T

. ..

cU?,J'I .. .

n ms det: c ✓ cw,J

interdict,

1 Imp

(with

!

be thrown ,.t

n ms cons: n m with

§43

set

up,

issue

prohibition

Jussive

force)

2 ms:

to

draw

inscribe,

up, write

-128n ms det:

writing,

text,

document,

letter,

stip~l~tion

in writlng

t/ilJWJ

Cons

3H Inf

lil'J~il? .

.,. ,.. 1-

K?,..

l

.

(TA '.'.·n~!5):

'~I

which

•.

to

cannot

change be

changed/revoked

+It

THIRD WEAK INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT

* *

+It

:j:

TA,

In

the

*

THIRD WEAK verbs

to

+It

CONS misqal."[J)'ll})[I}(+

INF

* *

in

all

p.104) Derived

applies

*t

Stems:

+It

2*

-II+

:j:

* * *

+It

:j:

*

'JP.'~ • ✓l-\' n

-+

'1iP7.l ,

✓x

-+

'Tn'Zl ..... , ..

tn

fl'

.. ' .. '·, -,nK

-+

........

:j:

., ., •, t:,7.) R ;

✓K'7i

IK"ln

-+

-+

..

., , i '1£7

*

+It

0

".,

...1 n' ; R-

* *

:j:

*

:j:

-p.10

;',cf-+

p.11

*cf-+

p.12

*cf-+

-II+

+It

*

:j:

1T

*

-+

:j:

* * *

-+

+It

2T

.. ' : . .. : . *

3T IKt n

,.,·,o,n'K

-+

-II+

, , ·,,,,,

K

..

,,•,:v~'K* ; .

-+

..

··-.

,,•iTMJ:l'K

.. - .

-+

"'il!>ID'tt*

-+

.,.,•,,!.'K* •• 'r •

:j:

*

+It

:j:

* :j:

-+

:j:

*

*

*

+It

*

t

with

regressive

assimilation

of

n

+

p.88

& 104

*

t

*

-11+:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$~:j:$-11+f$-11+:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1+:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1t:j:$+1+;$-11+:j:$+1t:j:$-11tt$~:j:$+1t:j:$+1t

[

✓ ii,

l Imp

(continuous/habitual.)

3 fs:

to pass away, become invalid

-129-

,a~,'#

:iii

'1~

(p.50):

corresponding

to;

consequently

when

.

C'W1 ..

c ✓ow,J

Passive

1 Perf

3 ms (p.87):

to

draw

up,

inscribe, write

7~

[/77YJ

1 Perf

~

Waw of

Situation,

--

1 , :,::,

n f

, with

(f

< ,:,,:i,!!. ..

. . 1:;,~r., ··-: l(

mp ending:

+ 3 ms:

n,~, T

;_

c ✓7,~J

c ✓:i,~J

,~~ •• Tf

upper

T:

3 ms:

2 PA ms:

.,...

1 PA ms:

-.< •

:in::>tu:i ',

FAR Demons

§115:

to

bless

knee to

pray

to

to to,

laud just

as

do

previously

8

man

Pron

cp

(p.5):

those

c ✓w~iJ

3H Perf

3 mp: to

assemble

c ✓ n:>wJ

3H Perf

3 mp: to

FIND

Nota

with

chamber

3 PA ms:

Seg n mp det: :, ~ l(

as;

open

3 ms,

formerly,

:, J -=r

while,

window

corresponding

c ✓iJYJ

enter

m : three

2 Perf

c ✓:i,,;:i,i*J

,~'?.~,,~ (p.50):

to

p.31)

Seg n mp+

to

(p.113):

C✓nn!J J 1 PP fp: n fs

~,n ••TJ

3 ms (p.62):

Accusativi,

corresponding

(Intrans)

to

Hebr

·

-nN..•

-130-

KP.~, 7!~~~


NJ

1 Perf

3 ms:

to

c ✓ :inNJ

3H Perf

.

c/:,r.,,J

nm

-,.,

n,~

,.

~,,,n:l •

:, •

.

:1:1:lT''tU' •

. •

••

•

with

c/n1,gJ

Nota

save

him

8

to

(p.16):

it

Median-Persian

a law

is

Law .....

.

3 ms,

p.59):to

(with

set

up,

unusual issue

8 to

to to

.a

Hebr

bring

-nN...

throw

pit

N~i-

fp

State

& p.61):

3 mp (p.112):

den,

to

(Intrans)

corresponding

1 Perf

+ 3 ms:

command

say;

3 mp (p.62

Accusativi,

n ms det:

T

and

change

ir.,,

T

§141

Cons:

Nota

(p.23)

prohibition

3H Inf

', :

.. .

Cons,

according

c/:,JtuJ

--,

Nll7ZHO) T ; •

know

.

-r-r--

sun

1,·:rnw:, -:

assemble

to

the

efforts

(habituaZ/customary)

under ;, , J w:,

(of

a Construct

➔

Persia

,c~ -,..•.·1

c/cipJ

to

1 Imv ms:

LAMED-SUBSTITUTE Media

setting

1 PA ms:

Accusativi,

ending

to

(p.76):

serve,

lion

worship

corresponding

to

Hebr

constantly [Akk

§186,

/:lTVJ

38 Imp 3 ms,

with

infixed

),

§175

+ 2 ms: to

save

-132-


wJ lT

Causative:

. n,y,~ ...< • ., l:)";i~

.:

be brought

because

3H Perf

3 ms (p.55):

to

trust

ClilnKJ

3H Perf

3 mp (p.62):

to

bring

[/?:>KJ

1 Perf

Seg

n mp+

Clil~,J

3 mp:

Clilo~/No~J

. .--

,y,N)

c/o?wJ

Seg

antiaipatory

1 Perf Pron

(abs

up

FOUND

be

c ✓ 7~KJ

Pers ,~~

to

assimiZation

.

to

1 Perf n fs

1 Perf

n mp+

'--'~~

to

they,

denounce,

them

to

cons

Stative

3 mp: bone

(p.16):

to

( (K':rn)

piece "71

forms:

come to,

7',~;'J/ ·,~~) ~' arrive,

reach

bottom

3 mp: to

8

throw

(other

3 mp(p.112):

3 ms:

~

u;'¾t

slander

(p.24)

pronoun

3 mp (p.112):

3 mp:

=-

eat

+ ~~iv: .
J

1 Perf

Passive

3 mp:

to

be

plucked

c/,~)J

1 Perf

Passive

3 fs:

to

be

lifted

off,

be

torn

off

up

/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\I\/\I\/\/\I\I\/\/\/\/\/\I\I\/\/\/\

\

I

\I

n iJJ versus

:i 0 J and

\

/

Except

for

Hebraisms,

the

root

('?~J)

np~ does

)

\ I not

occur

in

\ /

in

Aramaic.

Instead

:ioJ

(sometimes

'?~J)

is

\ /

\

I used

with

the

following

\ /

{

\

{

/

\

\

I

{

:JOJ

( '?~J)

+

+

meanings:

to

Zift

up

\

I (also

'?~J)

+

TO TAKE

II

+

to take

marry

+

to carry

II

{

/

{

\

{

/

{

\ I \/\I\I\/\/\I\/\I\I\/\/\/\I\I\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\I\/\/\/\I\I\/\/\/

\

/ \

/

a wife,

(also

'?~J)

\ / \

I \

-139-

n~,2~

.

:l'il" ;

ill'lR 'TT

:

•

il"r.)'='I

T; "t"J

:i~

c ✓ :iil"/:iili*J

7~~~)

Ordinal

f:

n'rn T :

n ms abs:

7 ., Y... ?Y

.

abs:

(p.87):

-\

(p.18):

Cardinal

n f with

mp ending,

3 fs:

n fd + 3 fs:

< "'?~~

c ✓ ,~~J

~'~!

Adj

,DK#

Prep

f,

be

given

[

ms abs

to

resemble

(p.31): abs:

three y',~

rib

T"

attenuof V -+

fs

~,'R" ... .- Adj ms+

~ ~~­

the

many,

"in

Imv in

p.51):

to

7 ~.

eat

much

great,

the

Aramaic-+

u_;

trace

of ....

3 ms,

(p.87):

feared"

-+

"

panther

n ms + 3 f s :

1 Perf

1 PP fs

c ✓ o'~J Adj

Adj

(for

(p.2):

c ✓ 0 a,/oa,*J

c ✓ '7n,J

~

tooth

:i + n ms cons:

✓ :i J .l)

Q

C-)

mouth

1 Imv fs

n ms abs:

K~'P.n

to

,J

N'E~

"~O~'~

up

side

1 (m 1:tn ,. n1) ;

n ms+

set

other

with ation M~~

be

bear

abs: ~

fs

3 ms,

to

second

1 PA fs,

[/;11'.'.),J

ms

Adj

3 fs:

(Hophal)

Passive

1 Perf

(ms abs

,t>w -. n

Passive

3H Perf

[/oipJ

abs, the

fs

abs: abs,

(p.2): ending

si de

Passive

"to

be

§57: frightful,

to be given

frightful

8

terrifying

strong

-a,

mostly

unstressed,

the

remnant

of

-140an

ancient

accusative

ending,

used

adverbially

§88/4: exceedingly

n :, ?::>K ,-. : TJ

fd abs

§59:

two

[/?::>~J

1 PA fs:

c ✓ pp,J

3 Perf

(rows?

to

of)

eat

3 fs,

Metathesis

with

.

TT•

:, O!l .,..; i.,.., :"l':1'117!) T

; -

:

iKW) n ms det: T :

( abs

••

1 PA fs:

to

trample

c /ilJwJ

2 PP

to

be

Active

n fp

+

-- ...

:"li'YT ••

. •

T.•

n~',o

§164:

det:

to

.,,,,,

which

are

C ✓ ili:iJ

1 Perf

Adj

abs:

fs

[/p';,oJ

is

to

be

lT

[/';,';,oJ

2 PA ms:

7,0,:::, : T

[Akk

{to

§188)

-..-

in

preferred

(p.59).

forQ.

8

observe

(TA 'Ki:,--, ' ,,:,--,, p,95):

3 fs,

det,

c/,pyJ

fp

iu!l,

to

be

small

1 Perf fp

to

cs,

'J'

identical

animal

ms:

crush

~.)~;

upon

Participles

determines

2T Part

+

different

Passive

and

c ✓ ,::iwJ

Adj

:

fs:

only

Ordinal

,-

,

t

';,!>FlTJ77.)

T

i

rest

[/O!li]

Context T 'T

in

Gemination

/

The

Kn,,n

the

of

Dages

+ KiK',,

p • 112 )

4

Adj

ms cons,

n mp abs,

(p.33):

c ✓~n'/~n,*J

-

Seg

n ms abs,

, ., n

Adj

(pattern

(Stative,

( p. 28): of

ancient

day

1 Perf

.l ';, Fl ; -r -

old,

(p. 2):

p.22)

3 ms:

to

sit

snow

& Bodily

Colors

Defects) white

For

the

pattern

Seg

n ms abs,

~l{

Adj

ms abs

••

..

CAkk §188]

•

• T

,:i

J

flame

n ms abs:

fire

(det

..

rl :I •1127!l'.l7' ;- :

c/pgJJ

7 T, :l; ,•

c ✓ c,pJ

He sat


of

{p.87):

to

8 ~(i.ll)

-142-

Causative

(ms

abs

because

sound

det,

(p.47):

K~J) Adj

8

of

word

fp

det:

great

t

.:

n,,oi,

-

::iJ, fs

abs

of,

voice,

mp ending,

n f with

+ ••

account

(p.94):

n ms cons,

Kn::i,::i, TT••-

on

10:

- .. . n :i., i1.,

- .

;

.

nJP,_~

.... ..

, ., ..,.JI'i1

.-

;,:,,K

.,..

....

7''1:V

-, /·nK-,

•17K

c ✓ ,'ir.iJ

2 PA fs:

c ✓ ,opJ

1 Perf

c ✓ ,:i.KJ

3H Perf

Seg

c ms+

to

Passive

3 fs:

c ✓ ,p,;,p,*J

n fs

3H Perf abs:

n ms abs:

...

[ ,,;, ,. -+

Noun of

....

Passive cons:

(long)

be to

killed be

destroyed

3 fs,

(p.87t:

to

be

burning

(p.61):

H

'-- ·;

remove

to

(year)

season

Relation

8

!

(p.63)

ms cons,

not

to

be translated S/son

+

human

..

i1nK.,..,

c ✓ nnKJ

1 PA ms,

i1 '07.l

[

1 Perf

...;

< ,;,.,:i,f?:,

.

:

;

-

::i.,i1 .,

.:

,.

✓ i1'07.l]

c ✓ :i,pJ

c ✓ :in.,/:ini*J

Nota

Accusativi,

..

come

to

3 mp + 3 ms:

to

1 Perf

to

Fassive c~rresponding

as-+ of

man

being

(TA 'nK .,..,, p.126): 3 ms:

3H Perf

given

duration

behold

i1!1i1]:

to

3 ms:

(Hophal)

3 mp,

time,

(p.87):

body

1 Perf

n fs

3 fs,

Passive

c ✓ ::i;,,j::i;,1*J

c ✓ n,yJ

speak

to

come

bring

near

3 ms, to

(p.87):

to

Hebr

-l'HC

...

be

given

8

-143-

..... ..

;, 'I' y,

n -°,:::int( ..... . ..

c ✓ :i,yJ

1 Imp

c ✓ ,:1nJ

2T

Imp

c ✓ :i,~J lT

Perf


.

d~

1 Imp

the

(p,93):

to

c✓

70n

cs:

p.108): those

to

perturb

to

draw

standing

certain/true

g near,

approach

(-+ Hebr

(thing)-+

the

c,~~ti)

truth

ask

interpretation

fp,

holy

< ,~,J~•

the

cs:

n ms cons:

. ?.. 'J.. . '?.'~t

sheath 3 mp+

(TA

cs,

(p.2):

Pron

its

(continuous)

PA mp det,

ms det,

l ·, ,

..

be

;u,J -..,. : -+ Pers ' §190:

Demons

7.,Jqf!,!

away

to

~n,,n animal .,...,. .. n fp det: t + Adj fp det: great, t

7,

pass

midst

r>ead

·-\·•-:

to

/

Prep:

, J :l?i1:1'

3 ms:

8

big I)

used

ones

as

of

= power., mightJ

copula,

the

Most

(p.54):

which

to

(are)D

V

High

3 Imp 3 mp:

~1

possess,

to take possession

NOTE: The

semantic

parallel

between:

P!Q to be strong P'1~~ and

the

root

/7cn

(to in

exert the

power

on an

HAPHEL meaning

object)-+ also

to possess -+ to possess

a

-144-

il;~2

v,

ii T' l;-,..J

[/il:l~J

1 Perf

c ✓ ::i~"J

2 Inf

[

✓ ii

l

~J

(Stative., Cons,

§145

(p.10):

to

p.112),

&

make

cs:

to

certain,

Q

want,

ascertain

( p • 18 ) : t o b e di ff e rent

1 PA f s ,

§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ §

§

QAL THIRD WEAK PA

§

§ § § § §

& pp

§ §

§ § §

ACTIVE

f s

m s

i1!lT ~~

:

abs

§ §

cons

-

§ §

d et

N T., l; !1 ,_,

i1,

l !1

l

~ ~-:, ..... ,

) .,, .! ·

~

i

:.

\

,I

~

( N n,.., ~

l~ J6

~ ,~~

____-v"" ( - n : ; ... :') ,

~

.

§

)

I:

'11. ~ :cl ( I_ \1......,__L--,1.. _ ___)_,

!I,.,)

r?

§

m

§

§ §

S

7~l~,

§

cons

(-' l~)

:

de t

§

.9 I --·

C

•• )'

, ,

(

L,:-. ~3

...-~

K ·" :i !1

§ §

"·

-n.!~~,

§ §

f> ,, ·,·~,

§ §

,

c:' :__)

,

1 '.::)

~

j

7",l!I. ,. ; ...

;1

)

( ,~

7

Kn......, l !l )

{'t....~:

..

j"

6 ~ § §

§

§

PASS

§ § §

§ §

abs

§ §

CODS

§

-

K

f

i1:J!1T G i1..~~' ~

-------~

de t

.! ~ ~

i ', I --S;

1--_;~-----

n;~~

____-V (n

~

'I

(K ~"

§

7 ~1 1

§

/ ••

~,

:

I C)"

:

~~

l !1 )

KFI \

the

;

[/itO~J

1 Perf

c ✓ 7cnJ

3H Perf

able

-+-

to prevail,

➔

I prevailed

T

Passive

1 Perf

holy

be

3 ms,

ones

of

the

3 ms:

to

come,

3 mp,

Most

over

(p.87):

(p.143):

to

possess,

the

AR pattern

fs

det:

fourth

Ordinal

of

the

AR pattern

fs

abs:

fourth

n fp det,

(p,76):

be

kingdom,

different reign

t cl,::iKJ

1 Imp 3 fs:

to

eat,

to

be giren

8

arrive

of

to

him)

High

Ordinal

ClitlWJ 1 Imp 3 fs:

over

consume

take

possession

8

-146•

rl,!~.,,~

rl1P.1n

1· c~~,,J

1 Imp

3 fs,

c ✓ pp,J 3 Imp

infi:z:ed)

with

3 fs,

, §175,

Metathesis

with

(fem

'1i~)

Adj

ms abs:

of

the

AR pattern

Ordinal

dageB in

..,!lo, -: .

~~:i, :

'? +

D

2 Imp

[/;,'7:::i]

c /,.:ioJ

l

mp det,

[Pers

to

3 ms:

Inf

§189]

"to

3 ms:

Imp

c ✓ ii JTDJ 3H "'

ms cons:

n fs

the

n mp abs:

time,

.

[/:li1'/:li11*J

lT

7~:::i~~~~

,__...,,...

appointed

time,

3 mp,

-.

c ✓ :in · ,/ ~n i*J

Auxiliary

:-

:1 ·, il TT

to

be

(p.65

( li!iYJ

3H Imp

3 mp ( impersona

C/,Z>wJ

3H Inf

.Cons,

c ✓ ,:u~J

3H Inf

Cons,

(p.12):

(p.55):

and i) : to to to

exte

§ 128)

under

given,

: to

remove ·minate

destroy

...

Pata~

be

(year)

3 ms,

ilJ)~),

C'iYi?J)

Hebr

0

~

1 Imp

--

Hebr

(+

~

:l FJ~

T

season

,:::ib

•

reZigion

+

,., I

one-half

i!,z:iw:;,;i ii,

time,

,. ?!l

7°PT~D: . . ,-

n ms abs:

the

festivals

with

".:).en

change (translating

+

TT

>

,.,J

to

LAW

8

/ ,_: ~ n · il,:n

intend

hope,

det:

against,.

+

ones, ones

i.r-/ • ~ _,,,,,,

(p.48):

l T'T >' •

e•h

first

previous

out

(p.128):

Imp

upon

+

§164:

'T,

the

of . . . ·11

later

7'q~1

trample

(p.137}:

side

wear

to

Cons,

to

LA;,w:,

other

the

Prep

3 fsU"'I_,

of Gemination

+

9.

/~

+

sit

/

o

R1 ,

placed

-147-

nin~ i n~,~~

..

1'~i'~l

Prep,

(p.98):

1 Perf

the

(§179)

people

i a..:.. L)

LI

underneath

c ✓ ~n'/~:i,*J

,~,~t Cf

~

of

3 fs,

Passive

the

holy

ones

(p.87):

of

the

.

7~Y~~~, :- :

.

n;

Nata [ly~wJ

Adv,

Accusativi,

corresponding

2T Imp 3 mp:

(p.94):

to




.,

;1-T

~&n~ . .

{?sl) +sf

I

'FlilO

• • •• I

I

I

I

3 ms

3 fs

t

:::i.n1>

i::l!>

-'

••T

C

;,~~~ "' il:;!~', rv ii;~~, (il~Q~) (il:;!~~) (ilio~)

nJ

I

.

lCq :

, ~~ 1 KJ:ln?> 1-

T

2 mp

I

T

' ••

I

lHli.lO

'.:

OFIHIP v:.,,

+ sf,~~!:!~

N

K)i.lO

. .

..... ..

lFli.lO

3 mp l!:ln!>

: ..,., (~:J.I;,~)

N

l!"1::l:!I

' .,,

(Iii?,~)

-




11

-

;

N


i

4.

Perf

2 f p

p!>l

6.

Perf

3 mp

Perf

2 f .s

Perf3fp

',t,p

7. Perf

2 ms

',~,

.

8.

9. Perf

3 f p

p 20

10.

Perf

2 m p ,~,

11.

Perf

c s

12.

Perf

c p

?TM

13.

Perf

c p

14.

Perf

2 m s

i:iy

15.

Perf

2 m s

:ittt:J

16.

Perf

c s

1 7. Perf

2 f p

n,2:>

1 B. Perf

3 m p

19. Perf

c p

n,w

2o.

Perf

3 m s

22.

Perf

3 f s

H.

Perf

..

3 m p

Aramaic

.

"T.lD

!3. Perf

3 f s

PZ0

24.

Perf

2 m s

:s.

Perf

3 m s

o,~ .

26.

Perf

c p

7. Perf

3 m s

,2:>K

28.

Perf

3 m s

cu,,

9. Perf

3 m s

t,',w

..

30.

Perf

3 m p

:in, •

:i.i,

i~:i

.

-~.,,,.,,_QAL Stem

Characteristic

Theme-Vowel Status

:

n

0

:

of Rl: combined syllable

Leve ls of Conjugation

n

0

e

0

•

Active

Imperfect

0

or

with the Preformative

it forms

a closed

with a . .........................

short

( 1) 8HORT

:

forms

where

unaccented vowel.

Theme-Vowel

figures

2 2) LCNG forms

NOTE:

when

R2

there

are traces

of a Jussive

• obtained

Forms

SHORT

1)

, it takes

bgdkft

is a

H

by adding

B

E

R

@

n

for the 2ms/ 3fs

,

:l fl

-

for the 3ms

No. 108)

®

::lFl :,t(

7?! JK : ·1

:l !.

~~

Hl

l Pl

'.

::l :l

~ l'J

H!

l,

::l 'l

~!

l~

l: l

::i,

-~ ~

:, fl

l!}'J

,~ '. Ii :u1.. '"

'.

,,, '.

1 i

!

\

l •••

:, Pl a•

~

'i

!

I

@

@

,~ ?N '•:

1 !l!

away'

a Preformative to the root, as follows ARAMAIC BIBLICAL w i

@ I

,E

'melts

Furthermore,

lene.

(cf.~

T!!~

::>,

Theme-Vowel

a dagesh

'•:

'.

:l Fl

E,

®

:in :,2(

-

for the cs

K

in B. A.

where

:l fl :, ~

,

I •

I •

i

2)

LC NG

Forms,

ll'll

'.

obtained

That s o m e t hi n g

... ,Z) - ?l

:>J

jFI

for the~

l

I •

on the basis

!l

j

i'

::lFl :::,l \

I •

of SHORT forms

.

-

+ s o me t h in g.

is:

IAT;a 5··-rn5'T'l 7'-for

.

--

the 2fs

>

> I

una un u 1 • J or the 2mp/ 3mp

iPJ

• ::ir

VI

::>,

~ ::i1'I

:

, •_j

@>E 2fp/3fp

XT R A

= 3fs +

7-

T

;n

T

;"'ll ,.

:iFI ;

.

1JJ1111::i~~'2 ~~ ,. 1711::i~ i

VI ..

l Fl., v,'1 ,

:•

7::1 ,, ,

:

PJr

{I']

V'I

1~::i.i ~P.!

V'I

7n~

l ,

VI

1~

'.

2 fp 7::lFl :HI V'I 7 l Fl ~f_! VI ---- - - - T a a• T : 3 fp_ ~-- _ ~::lfl 7.,., :,!,~P" :• .,., • VI (in .t1ebrew] j ~ _ "'_s7

for the

·!n, ~!

:>A i1:3Flfl '.

v,

•

i

;•

Forms

L ON G

n rJJv,lt,~

.,...

•

:'ll T

,z:i 7FI ,-

'.

! ·1·

::i: . P,!

I~, r7

~~

1~!• ~!

I

Hebrew

Union College-Jewish Cincinnati,

Name

of Religion

Ghio

_L

-----QAL

1. Imp c s

Imperf

"U"

, "E"

& "A

II

maj/ min mistakes

type

cw,

2.

Imp

2 f s (e) assim.'?!>l

, ::io

4.

Imp

3 f p (u)

6.

Imp

c p (e)

7nl

8. Imp

c p (u}

ow,

(u)

3 • I mp c s (a)

5 • I mp 2 f p ( e ) l n l

7. Imp 2 m s (e) assim.

9. I mp 3 f s (a)

11.

Institute

?!>l

w::i ',

Imp 2 m p (u) ,

13. Imp 2 m p (e)

p::iw

lo.

Imp 2 f p (a) n',w

lO

12.

Imp 3 m p (u) ,

7nl

14.

Imp c p (a}

16.

Imp

2 m s (u)

18.

Imp

2 m p (a) t,',w

I mp 2 f p (u) p ,

lO

r~w p,!>

15.

Imp c s (e) assim.

17.

Imp

19.

Imp 3 f p (a)

i!>w

2 0.

21. Imp 3 m s (i)

1nl

22. Imp 3 f p (e)

23. Imp 2 f s (a)

,!lw

24.

Imp

3 m s (u) ·uo

'n:1 l

3 fs (u) :in:>

!>

''1!::Jl

25.

Imp 2 m s (a) o',w

26.

Imp

3 m p (e) a3aio

27.

Imp 2 f s (u) p::iw

28.

Imp

3 m p (a) n,!>

29.

Imp 3 f s (e) 7nJ

30.

Imp 3 m s (a)

n'n,

-153QAL

Stem Characteristic

:

none

0

Theme-Vowel: Levels

of Conjugation:

1

NOTE : The Imperative

is obtained

from

the Imperfect

final

Nuns

by restoring these

from the Imperfect

JUSSIVE ,which itself

has already

precisely, dropped

all

forms

the Preformative the Theme-Vowel

of the Long Forms.

correspond

to the Hebrew

0

0

ms

::i.n:a

< , :in!!

f s

. '

Imperative

< , J Pl

...

'\




< i1 i?l

\

T

The Hebrew

ms f s

I

I

\

QAL Imperative

@)

7?!


• J

I I

'FIJ 'n!>

• z

• I

.

:l'n!> :

-

n:Pn::> • a

Kl:l'M!>

,. z

.:

. . ..

Pl'l:l'n::> .

.

..

JFll'n::!I :

3 m p

< II :l'nll

3 f p

ilJ'n!> T

;

.:

4:

QAL Imperfect - does not occur - a few

Red Pata})

3) shewa

of the reduced

theme-vowel

..

lT Irnv

:·•·

.

/.' I

., :in :z,

••-I•

• • I

'.

.. =- '~

,i::in!>

',··' n:,, .

"71::>n!I n:, •:,••, ;•

---· ...·-· ·.

.. . ~n::, .... n...

3 fs

:in::,; nn :

p

s

2 ms 2 fs

3 fs

I I

Ta••:

7,.. :in::, ni:, =-:.

n:i* ..

:i:inl> .... i

nn• fp

mp

'.

7 'fl:lMl'; •• : n:, a•

tn~n~n:,.. . ~

1T Part

:,:in::,

:·,

......: n:,

(l!::J.Q~ ~ry

ms

f s

1T InfCons/Cons (-n:in::,

*>

- ...,

-n:i:n;1

n;:-J*)

1 ~;:,

mp

,-, .

7 ;:: ..,_n!>nZ>

< :in!>

. .. n:,: . < ;,:in:?> ....' n:,' .

3 mp

3 fp

:•

C

p

I

I

I i

~:in,

• I

1T Inf Cons

! I

t-t.:i:in::, ,n:,

J

2 fp

C

3 ms

3 ms

C

E

Perf X

ms

ni1* fs I •

of R2

n:in:!> n •:

E

:in!I n:i*

p :in::, nn

element)

of the

lT

nt(

to a SHFWA,

1) shewa

E

C S

2 fs

Rl with

f p

2 mp 2 fp

3 mp

3 fo

I

!

Biblical

-161-

Hebrew

Union College-Jewish Cincinnati,

Name

Institute

1. 1T Perf

_l_

2 f s (a)

3.

1T Imv f p

5.

1T Imp cs

7.

lT

9.

1T Part

Perf

n:>w

p :::iw

',;,:::i.

2 ms

(a)

m s abs

1T Imp 2 f s (a)

13.

lT

Perf

3 m s

15.

lT lmv

(a) n:rw

17.

IT Part

mp

19.

1T Perf

2 f p (a)

1 T Imp

2 m s

25.

1T Part

2 7.

1 T Imp 3 m s

29.

lT

c p

:li1"

2.

1 T Imp

4.

l T Perf

6.

1T Inf Cons

8 • 1T Imp

1 O. 1T Perf

2 m p

i:lY

yn,

3 m p

in the Cons

3 f p

i Tl

2 m p

.:i i1 "

1T Imp 3 m p

16.

lT Perf

ipy

1 8.

1T Imp 3 f s

yr.,w

20.

1T Perf

22.

1T Inf Cons

24.

lT Imp c p (a)

ncl

2 6.

1 T Pe rf 3 f p

', op

28.

1T Part

30.

lT Imp 3 f p

1,op

f s cons

(IT)

14.

1,op

23.

all tenses

maj/ min mistakes

12. 1T Im v f s

,:::iy

det

2 1. 1T Im v m p

iTl

',;,:::i

11.

?erf

of Religion

Ghio

----HITP'EL

Aramaic

,:i:v

p :i u,

y n,

yn,

3 f s

:i i1 "

c s ?op

',i1::i

f p cons

ip:v

n:,w

?t>p

QAL

0 80 n::in!l

••&•

11::in!> I S-

I

,,

i.:..,

••,•

Fl'i .lC

I : •• I

•-;

• ' - a

"Fl'i.lC

. ' ..'

:l n ?> -

n:inJ>

- '.

-

/

L..

• I

C

n'i.lC

0

_

.__

I•

,,.

,,

1 \11:in?>

iU'i.lC ..,.., •• a

..

lH'n.:.O

i •

'- a

H!~!!~

-:

:i :in:.:,

:,::in?> ,-.- :

il:.lO -r

~

:

~.,,,,,,

'

E

9

,,.

,,

u

•1-T

0

•1-T

,

,,

.

,,

,,

,/

;,,

..

,

•

.. , ,.

L:~

(l '--.... · __....,., -~

✓

.

c:i~e1'"
j:' .,:,..,

DFl:ln:::> ,vCJ'\'i:lll ✓

,P

D

,

,,

u

0

,.

,,,

.

,,,

U

,,

---~l /

• J ,;

u~

;..

Perfect

'


K

\

~~~~ Fl??>K I I - \

-,

',!) K

:'l?:!>K ~

a\

'

,l7l!N

>

7~~~~

,< -~ ,,. .. • '< '. J ,,. u---....

.'

,11::in:::>"'"Fl'i::l!l

/

~

~:i,n!l

,,,

~._ ... .,,.._~: __,I

.. . '

• I

I

'

, I :,..

n:i,n::,

-

'i

E

,·,_; .... I u: < u----. --~) - t' ....,,_ ,.._... ,,___, u--- ~ ,,,,, ,; I , , ,.,~_s ,.,__ __,, ., _r--J;-' ,,

QAL

n:i, ni

I \

.s ~._...,.__-.JJ ,, ,,,

-r--·---~(

a

1n1;~ l!'i.lO .:

I


,. '

,

)

UJ

)

D':ln?>

.'

,;

_j

1~~~

:in::,

-

QAL

,I

,;'

i.::..

n·,:in::,

~,,,L.S

Participle

Passive

}~att~r.!1 Adjectiyii} ~-w••~w• .,:~ •

0'00 . Adj.

,,yy

..'

.

.)

e

X

X Pattern

Adjectival

,., .,

/

0.,_:,-->

;J :~ ( s .J,

.,,

~J

•

.,,

,,,

X

-0

0

-165QAL

Reflexive

HITP'EL

--~-..,..,

-(Passive)

-~-....,.-----c:::,..{in Hebrew the NIPHAL is used instead)

-VIII

Perfect M

,

n::i.n!In., ..

1-

.

Iii

.,..,,.

/

~

/

0

t...::.,..__.!a__,a

:>

.

0

n::i.n'.:lni1

.:

0

~--.,!;l~->I ,, ,,, ,,

.....

.,n:in:!)ni1

.

~

,,.

9

.I

'

,,,

~

~

;

p

' ~I~

~

7 ..

:in:!lni1 ..... ,-

1••:,

I•

.- ...

.

,,. 0

7 u,:i.n!>nil

: •• : I • ;

..' : ... :i.n:!>nFI ..: : . 7,:in::,nrt ...- ...

7 ::i.n::;ini:t

.

;-

'•

..- . .

7 ~ ::i.n::;in., -

/

,

,

"'

~--....;~,, .,

,

C

,;'

0

t

(cnn,~)

Imperative

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=:-_,

,,

0

/.'I•

~->, C: .. ;

0

,,

•

,,,

,,"

..,,, -.:--> ,. . ,,, "I

(I

, ,,, ,,, ~~~ , ,, • ,,, - ~_.; c~ , ,,,

*

::i.n:snn

..,, ,,, -. =-:-_;

•

;

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u-

,,,

d

,,,

..• ,,,,, ~~_; ,?

,,

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,,,,

" uJ., .. ~........>,,, . ., • " v=?, ... ~~~

l

occurs in

Moabite

~

ii

,,, •

.. ~---> , .I . ' . * 1_,_.._ ,, _;.. I .. ~ ,,

:in::>nn

~

;

0

~

,

,;

7::i.n:sn' T :I •

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9

0

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Q. •

0

~

7-·. ..•

.. .

_

. _;r-..> . ,. I

St-

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:in:::>n"

::i.n:::>n l : :

0

.- . -

, ,,, • I > , c-~· ,,, ,, ,,. If.

,,,

;

,.

u

;

t

, ... .

,,, 0

i p l e

C

~

"'

::i.n!lnK

d

7":ln!lnr.i : :

" ,,, ,,,

,

r

I m p e r f e

T

n:in:!lnr.i ,.

: •

7n:i.n:>ni1 .. : .. I I•

,, ,,

7-·. ...

1u :in?>ni1 T

.,.

::i.n:!>nr.>

n:in1>ni1 -

r t i

a

l

-166Stem with

DOUBLFD

SECOND RADICAL (Active)

PA"EL

Stem Characteristic

:

in

Rl

Corollary

~t

and can have only a

which guaranteesthe/ of SHORT

Nature

Theme-Vowel Pattern

:

□ [i] □

:

Imp

2 C

vowel:

s

-

E /.··--· ··-

:,, Ft:nt

2 ms

:iFl:>F'I ;

... - .

2 fs

7,:,,J:1:,T,1

3 ms 3 fs C

2

E

..- .

.~...... ..

.

A

and 'we 11-being'

of the dages

H

@

c@

when R3 is Guttural

Imv

2

E

:l Fl::,

m s


. ·-

( ~)

__...... .......-..-..

/{oscc.-tt' IG:

72..

....-

l't:. Fl:!)

. .

2 fs

•

3 ms

E

3 fs

n:in::, -:-

m p

2 mp.

1n~ne

f p

~


n:, * fs ·-- i •

J-'l .t

~--·-·······

- :-

tU :lFl?I "T'

:--

/6: n;i

( 'II

'77

,/o,V>,.I)

~




:i ?!;2

1,

A

Imperf

~ --· -·- ~ft

O!ic:.,..

z•

n:iri:a

A

:i ?!~ I •

.

nil

--

- ________ __.

; i}

. - nil: .

A

a SHORT vowel

2T

'n:in::, :-

3 fs C

-

Rl

V

lJ

T

n:,

(Fl) Fl:il'l::l

and

R2 must have a DAGES

n t{.,

n:i Fl:l

+ T

PA"AL

___.__a

V

□

A

Perf

2T C

[i]

RADICAL

(Reflexive-Passive)

formerly--t>)

~ Therefore

□

SECOND

:lFI:!>

p

2 mp

2 fp

3 mp 3 fp

Biblical

-169Union College-Jewish

Hebrew

Cincinnati,

Institute

_/_

1. 2T Perf

cp

3. 2T Imv

,,w

m s

,,TD

4.

2T Perf

3 m p

c s

,,w

6.

2T Part

m s abs ::i,y

:l '"I l

8.

2T Perf

2 m s

2T Imp 3 f s

9. 2T Inf Cons

2 f s

2T Perf

2 f p

15.

2T ?art

f s abs

1 7. 2T Imp

3 m s

1 9. 2 T Pe rf

2 f s

2T Imv

m p

23.

2T Imp

c p i:,y,

~ l ::,

12.

2T Part

';,::,iu

14.

2T Imp c s

16.

2T Perf

18.

2T Imv f s :l,y

20.

2T Imp

22.

2T Perf

24.

2T Inf Cons in the Cons

26.

2T Imp 2 f p

28.

2T Perf

3 f s

30.

2T Part

m p cons.

NWJ

,p:i

3 m s t>Y'

2 7. 2 T Im v f p

,,n

2T Imp 3 m p :i,y

71n

21.

,n::i

10.

7t>p

13.

2T Imp

(2T) 2T Imp 2 m s

7.

29.

Tenses 2.

2T Perf

25. · 2T Perf

all

maj/ min mistakes

y:ii

5.

1 1. 2 T Imp

of Religion

Chio

Name

HITPA'AL

Aramaic

',::in

2 m p ,op

f p det

7t>p

,:in

2 m p

3 f p

3 f p

,.:in

y.:ix

nx

l

ip::i

,p:i

Wl:::>

:i, l

-J.."f

Stem with OOtJBLED.

.....

PAEL ,._.,..,_

SECOND RADICAL

_ ___

- II _,(Active)

..

( Active)

PIEL

Perfect

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nw"lfn

"Hhr" •• - r.

(,i)raw,r" ,. I 1"'-

...,-r.

JU17"1'"

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Stem with DOUBLED SECOND RADICAL PAE ~

p

L (Passive) -~~-~~

w

r

e .,

f

0

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e

t

C

,

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For the few PU''AL formations cf. Ros. p. 62

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I

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Stem with DOUBLED SECOND RADICAL

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p

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with PRE FIXED )AF'EL

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(3) •

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s-

SAF'EL

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0

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I} /

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when

R2

is a

Pattern:

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ts /

Imp

-

:, i1H

[8

(or@> bgdkft

Rl

to

a dagesh

lene

□~; •

•

E

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3~1/ )/ S/S Perf

TD

cs

:i11

or

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/.

:-

n::iFI

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.. ,-

.:lFI

7 '::lll• l

3 ms

:>i1FI

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l -

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( 11) T

f s

I

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; -

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"

- -·-

:::lFI :J:1FI

p

3 fp

~

:, i1

I

I

:-

7::lFI

)/S/S

3 ms

:,:,

:;,: ,-

·n;a~ :p

.. ::>i1 :-

7llF1:lFI

: ••

p

2 mp

:Ji1

=-

2 fp 3 mp < i'l::lFI ::>i1

:::>i1.,

T

Inf Cons/Cons

Inf Cons i1:lFI

:,-

TT

;~

::lFl

3 fs C

f p

..- . .- .

~

S

2 fs

:::>i1.,

T:

3H/

m P

....

3 mp

:lFI

,.. ;

i1:lPI

C

2 ms

:, :, :-

KJ::lFI

:, i1 Fl

2 fp

0

. : .. ' -

··········~

:::lFI :>i1.J

2 mp

11::i Fl ;;n

\~

i

.. ..--.. .. ,- : .. ·-.

VJ

"Fl::lFI :,:,

:::lFI :>il"

E

i1

;~

E

E

Imv

:>i1FI

3 fs C

•.2 •.

or

:>Fl

:,-

•• :

3H/ )/~/S 2 ms

]

is a Guttural

R3

if

it takes

,

□□

3H/ )/S/S

.!2 prefixed

i'1

:,D

117_·

0

!*

.

3H/

: !S E i1

-n:lFI --.- :,-

-n:i:::is:i

i'1 :,-

w

ms

.

... '~ !2 ··-····· ··············----------------·· 3H Perf Passive (HUF'AL/HOF'AL) formations occur in a few instances. (cf. Ros. p. 62)

f s

· m p

f p

/'-~,--

:lFI

117_

... :15 E

>/s/S ?A

:,r.,

or

'!'

.-. ·g.

:>i17.>

3H/

EA

•

3 fp

:-

>/s/S PP

.

117

Biblical

-174Hebrew

Union College-Jewish Cincinnati,

Name

Institute Chio

_/_maj/ HAPHEL-APHEL-SAPHEL-SAPHEL

3. 3 Imp c s

?!lW

7. 3H Perf

:::i,

n

c s p!l l

3 Imv f s (a)

n,1

1 3. 3 H Imp 3 m s

mp

2 5. 3H Imp 3 f p

27.

8.

3 Imp

itlV)

m s

2 fp

10.

3 PP f s

12.

3 Perf

I(~'

pT l

n,:ir

c,w

2 m s

:lip

m s i:i:irn

18.

35 Perf

ni.:i.

20.

3 Perf

:i '

22.

3 PP

::i.ip

24.

3H Inf Cons in the Cons(nun

Tl i

26.

3 Perf

28.

3 Imv f p

det

3H P A f s

3S Imv

*

3H PP

2 1. 3 H Pe rf 2 f p

23.

6.

::i.n,/':lni

16.

3H Imv m p (nun assim)

3 PP

3 f s

14. 3 Imp 3 m p

T .l i

,n

1 7. 3H Imp 2 f s ::i.,p

19.

(A & P)

4. 3H Inf Cons

9. 3 Pe rf 3 f p (a) n :::lw

15.

min mistakes

all tenses

2. 3H Perf

T , :,

5. 3 P A f p cons

11.

of Religion

-----

1. 3 PA m s abs

Aramaic

,

3S P A m p abs

7':J.'j,:::i,

2 9. 3 H Pe rf c p (a) y; ., / Yi , *

l

2 m p ',',:,

2 f s (a)

f p abs

n,1

n,"'

,:n 3 mr

'n,w p Tl

3 o. 3H Inf Cons in the Cons

pT l

assim)

-175Stems

with

PREFIXED

HISTAPH

Stem

Characteristic

Theme-Vowe

1:

:

A

'AL

SA.l?H'EL

+

(H-) V

3ST

T

,

( ' -)

,

S- ,

(S-)

(Reflexive-Pass)

by Metathesis)

(followed

I A

Imperfect

3 m p

-··· --

··-··-·----------------------------

- -- -,

In Ta l. Aram.

The Ettaphal

3 Perf

3ms

3 Perf

3 ms

stem

occurs

in a few instances:

"TP.~~ versus P.!~

versus

3T

Perf 3 ms

3T

Perf

c s

etc

--------------------------------·----·-·'

'

-176Stems with PREFIXED H ~APHf

L

,s

-

H- ,

IV (Active)

:>- ,

§- , S-

(Active)

- HIPHIL

Perfect Participle

0

....~-

0

.,

0

"Jl:>'1ci1

,, lU ::>1'7.)il .,.. 1•• :-

.,

·-( . .,,. ,,.

' ..:-

7 u1:,'n,;,

(,..,

''7.)i"I I•

y ,-

I

,o

.,

l ;:.""l?Z)Z) I 1-

.,,.

.,,. "

(µA

V

Note: In Hebrew SAPH'EL forms such as "TllYW are Aramaic •• I • loan words •

I-' -'s: I ~I

.

/

u Imperfect ~?etc ;1 •• ' -

,

!

";•

,,, ,,

..,-

~Io..;,,

l!l~I

D

~?Z)iUI

;

• J

,,)0

,

- .,

II

..,- :

~?Z)iHI

y,,t:lilJ •• ,-

,

~

I .I'

111::>?CilFI I :-

I

Imperative

~

..,--.

O" ? ',c;, K

) ,0 .,,. •

,,I

,.

. &-"-

1

. -

•

,

I

,,

•

J

. ., 1Z>l"1 T 1•• ,-

Note: Arabic has a few SAPH'EL/ SAPH'EL formations such as:

" 1 ; ~ / ·.' , ; ;: / ~

.,_ /

Stems

with

PREFIXED

s-.

H- ,

-177-

s-

(Passive)

HS

) s p

r

e

f

e

.,

. ,- '

'Fl:J?Zli).

',.

~~

.,,

11:, 'n.:> n

,"

~ • ,,. ,_~·......J: l., ~I., .,, . •

: z- • .,..

It

~I

.,,.

,/

- ~•

:12~0 il:J ?Zlij .,. I I

►

s: l

,

I •QI .,,.

.,. • " •I "' u ' .{ ,,,"'° ~ l .J 's: l ~I .u ! I ~I-~

l\l:J?7.Jil

,- a.,.

011::,',z:,n

,ti'

'T

V :-

JI

..

,...

.,.,-

11::,',z,il

~~I .,,.

'

..,,-,...

p1::,';,7.Ji1

:a::,',z:,n ; IT

/

;'

I m p e r f e

, ,,, ," ,~LJ~I ,,,, , d l •

,;'

s: / ~

~

-a-.:

,:,',z:,FI

•

,,, • ., I ~.: ,,, ., II

Owe
' ,..

'21~~~

-

\:

I

. .)

1Z7!!f ~~ '

',, "Tl:'I

I

'Fi7"Tl:'I

;

HOPHAL

A/A

- ,.,.

?'lfl:'1

• I- i •

. :-

w'Tl?n, .. I•

'27'T i?,

I

I-A

E

, FllV'Tf n:i • ,a•

.

HIPHIL

HITPAEL

H

Passive

Active

Reflexive

PUAL

IE

Stem with Prefixed

Second Root

Passive

PIEL E-A

A/E -

Stem with DOUBLED

', "1J;),,

-

',"Tl' ; .,.

ARAMAIC

SIMPLE

Stertl

Refl-Passivt~ HITP'EL E

I

::i.n::>n:i •• I : •

E

Stem wi.fo DOUBLED Active PAEL

.

E/:E

..-

::lFl!I

Active HAPHEL

Reflexive HITPAAL

Passive (PUAL) A/

Stem with Prefixed

Second Root

A

E/E

A/A

-,

:l.Fl::>n:'1

::lA?I

--

I•

I

H etc.

Passive (HOPHA L ) A/A

::lFl:::l:,

..: -

::,.Fl:>:,

..,- :

:l Fl:,.,

-

l.,.

I

..... ..

::in::>n,

:u,,,

..- '

-

::lFl:::l, \:

-- .

::lFl::>n'

:

:lFl::1:1'

-

;T

DERIVED

STEM

====:::=::::::.:··-::::·· ·:::;; -..·=· ·----··

-160-

· ..

p

R

E

HITP'EL

..,-

(Fl)F1:lF1! -r

&;•

, F1:in21n:,

. '··-

:in?)n:, •• ' & • /.

NJ

:in:::,n:,

T

l

' ..: ' . 7F1:in:::,n:, ........ . .. Fl:ln::>nil

T

;

,--

~

-

-0

;1•·,-

T'

. : ..,-

I i

I

V

V

I

Kl::111::>Q ,. I••

1 ••-

:

,-

11:lFll)

lll1\::lF1:>i1

: ...

l F1:lF1l>ni'l •. :-i.

--'.

':lFl?Jni1

T--.••

..

il:l Fll>n:,

• •

M

HITP'EL

p

F

R

E

PAEL ,_.,...__,,_,..

E

..' .

----

••-

...- ...

:in::in11

. ...

:>i'Ht

;

·2

::i 11:::,:u1 •• : - I

:u1:,:iF1 • ; 1-

I

:lFl:!>O'

-- .

:u, :,:, ., 7,,- I

:iF1::>n11

:111::::,:,,i

:

I

.--·

.. -

::in:,tc or

l.,

':i11:!1nF1 • :- a •

:lr:t:>FI

..... ..

___..,__ ! HAPHEL

--'.

7- :

:in::>nJ

•

(Horizontally)

--..

:ir:,:,,

••-

•-

:lh:!lnFI

l

• a- :

7-' '. :in;;,n., ..... ..

s

:u:u,ntt ...

I

l':lFl:>FI

::in!ln,

T

•

,..,-.:w

::i F1:,,,

;

T

HITPAAL

..--·

:in::>nFI

il:lF1:::>:i

C

~Fl:>N

7 11:in:::,n11 .-

'0

( Fl) F1:l11:>i1

I•

1 •• -

I

1,

i1

•• I ZN

, 11:u,:,:,

:,:in:::,n:, •

n:iF1:i-

(Fl) Fl:lF1?1ni1

• J I •

•

li.~~-EJ:,

..: - ' .

11:in::>nil

T

(Horizontally)

Nl:lFll)

-r:••:1•

1,

s

n:i.11:::,n:,

1

I I•• -

"Fl:lFl:!1

·1··1,•

T

HITPAAL

n.:u,::i

(Fl) 11:in::in:, I: ..

C

E

PAEL

n::in::>n:i •• 1- : •

T

F

•-

I•

•• 1-

.. - '

::lFl':)l

:111::,:,J

··-'

;

711::iF1:>F1

a-

I

l :u,:, F1 T

,-

I

I

T~P1::1nF1 If ,-

'.

l

.. . .- . 7::111:,:,, ,. ....- . :ii ::lFl:>:'1 -

-181DERIVED

STEM

--------

-· ··-- ······· - ·········· -·-···· ·

I

lVI

P

R

E,

A

T

V

I

E

S

(horizontally)

-·-

--

HITP'EL

~

7.1'.

*

, ::in::inn

*

'~JJ~

.

*

~

::in::,nn

••

1 : •

:inDn:i

~

: I •

p ~

E

A

"""...~

?':.

..

:,

n:in::,nr., T

•-•a

7,:;in::,nr., • ; -

I •

7 ::in::>n7.l 1- ; • "'r'

·-

lt:lr1llni1

i1 ::lr1::,

:,:il'l::,n:,

7

Fl

p

L

--

HITPAAL ...-- ......

'

7.)

~

-- : .

::i

.

Fl :

2

7.)

l

::i T

R

2

z:>

•

::l Fl::> nz:i

. a

. :-

q :u1:,n

T

l

1-:

T

S

f!_~g

. .·- ...

7:l Fl:!> n 7.l I- : • T

•

(Horizontally)

L etc. ~ E ~

--

Passive

.

!'

- .-

::lFl:>i17.l

::lFl:>r.>or

7..- a ii

•

'::111:,nr.>

.-

:,::111:>il

E

:"1::lR::>nr.,

:

,

;

Active

a

2

.. -

':lFl:>:i

I•

I

0

./.·-

T-- *

::lFl:, r.,

:l T

• •• K

:

L ---

--

:lFI:>-

-- . *

:l Fl::,

!

:,

*

.--: . *

Passive

::l Fl:, r., ;✓.- •

~

':lFl:!lni1

IC

A~t1Ye :in:::,nr.,

-- ...

T•-

PART

HAPHEL

~

:::u1::,n:,

7--

' .*

-

,...,

:l Fl.!l

n::in::,nn T • :

HITP'EL_...,. -~...,.,

---...... -HITPAAL

-----PAEL

...

l

., l

::1 Fl :, T

a

'

~ Fl :> :

::i T

:, i17.)

:-0

iJ 7.):

•

l:!

F1

:> iJ 1:1 :

s

7.) J

.

'

182-

A

L

L

S

T

E

M

N

F

S

·========::::::::=====··:::: .... ·=..·::::--·:7·--··"""""'-• .·::

I

.I

N

I

T

I

E

V

s

(Horizontally)

INF CONS

SIMPLE

Active i Refl-Pass HITP'EL ~

- -

"A" type

Stem with DOUBLED 2nd R

Stem

,_

'

Active .PAEL

F,efl-Pass .HITPAAL ~ ...... ,..,

---- -

-

i1 ,:an

Stem with Prefixed A c HAPHEL! ........

TTI-

"U" type ( Syriac) INF CONS IN CONS

"A" type

-n :n, ?>•i

-'T-

i !

i :ir,:,Z)

- '.

"U" type

I

-n~:iA~•,· -n~:i~Jni1 -r,--,·

i i

-n,,nK -n"T.li1 -.,..-,_ '9 T

,-

/S/S

t i vV e APHEL ! SAPHEL ,,_,__ •rf'll:i...·- _,.., -

;,,r.>wil

T'T-

H/l

-

2

1 SIMPLE (QA Active

STEM L)

·,·,," H E B R E

..

:in:>"

·'

P

N i p

' •..

h a l

:in~

A

,;,.---/++/

V /. n~ ···

\. !l'

i

I

u

e

I

a

I

,

R

H

.

t t pp ..... \

A :in:,,

I

...:

C

.

/ Egyp. // Aram.

:in:;,

:l"n:>

I Act

I Pass

••"TJ

P

H

a

u a 1

i t p a a

e

\

ele 1 1

\ ..·•,,

H

i p h i l

0

I !

I

p h a

1

~ · v

PI

I

H

l

1

E

1

...... ./ \\ ././

a e

i--