Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, Volume 4 9781646021871

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Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 4

B2.31 three donkeys for Aqabya

C4.2 from the grinding of Marcheshvan

E4.1 the name Abišalam E1.5 list of thirteen names D2.5 a worker from clan of Baalrim

E3.11 list of five names F2.3 jar inscription for Yehoaqab

G4.1 letter to brother from Qoskahel

D2.9 a worker from clan of Baalrim

C5.5 Saadaniqos and a rooster

Ostraca from the montage on the cover; representative ostraca from the dossiers published in this volume are shown on the cover.

Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 4 Dossiers B–G: 375 Ostraca including 54 Payment Orders (B) 77 Accounts (C) 74 Workers Texts (D) 62 Names Lists (E) 85 Jar Inscriptions (F) 23 Letters (G)

Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni ‫ל‬′′‫ז‬ with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and drawings scanned by Eugen Han

E isenbrauns University Park, Pennsylvania

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Porten, Bezalel, editor.  |  Yardeni, Ada, editor. Title: Textbook of Aramaic ostraca from Idumea / [compiled, edited, and translated into English by] Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni ; with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han. Description: University Park, Pennsylvania : Eisenbrauns, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2014002596  |  ISBN 978-1-57506-734-6 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: 1.  Ostraka—Edom (Kingdom)  2.  Aramaic language—Texts. Classification: LCC PJ5208.A5T49 2020  |  892′.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/20140025960 Copyright © 2020 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802–1003 Eisenbrauns is an imprint of The Pennsylvania State University Press. The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ansi Z39.48–1992.

We deeply mourn the loss of Dr. Ada Yardeni, who passed away on July 27, 2018, shortly before the appearance of TAO vol. 3. While she had already prepared all the Aramaic texts and drawings for volume 4 before she passed away, in the preparation of this volume there arose many questions for which she was not with us to be consulted. In a word, she was sorely missed.

Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     xi Abbreviations and Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xiii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xx Explanation of Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xxv Grain Equivalencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xxv Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxvi Numeration Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Missing Photos and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Texts

B1.1–4.7 Payment Orders and Instructions Dossier (54 Texts, Tables B1–5) . . . . . . . . . . . .      1 B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      4 B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    13 B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     50 B4.1–7 Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    56 C1.1–9.9 Accounts Dossier (77 Texts, Tables C1–5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    72 C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     74 C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    88 C3.1 Account of Wheat and Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    113 C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    115 C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    124 C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    133 C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    149 C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    157 C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    164 D1.1–9.7 Workers Texts Dossier (74 Texts, Tables D1–5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    186 D1.1 Sacrifice and Workers from the Clans of Gur and Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    196 D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   198 D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    216 D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    233 D5.1–2 Worker(s) from the Clan of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    249 D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    252 D7.1–3 Workers from Miscellaneous Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   257 D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   261 D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   271 vii

viii

Contents

E1.1–5.2 Names Dossier (62 Texts, Tables E 1–5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    286 E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   287 E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   305 E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    311 E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    342 E5.1–2 Names in “Jewish” Cursive Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   357 F1.1–5.12 Jar Inscriptions Dossier (85 Texts, Table F 1–4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    375 F1.1 Jar Inscription with Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    376 F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   379 F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed . . . . . .    400 F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with Uncertain or Incomplete Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    436 F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    460 G1.1–5.1 Letters Dossier (23 Texts, Table G 1–4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    479 G1.1–6 Paleographically Early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    480 G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    487 G3.1 One-Sided Complete Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    499 G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present . . . . . . . . . . . .    500 G5.1 Paleographically Late Letter Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    510

Tables

Indexes of Names Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii Table 2a.  142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Table 2b.  142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered by Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xlii Table B1a.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    65 Table B1b.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered by Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   67 Table B2. 29 Names That Appear in Both the Payment Orders Dossier and Commodity Chit Dossiers (TAO B and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    69 Table B3.  4 Names That Appear Only in the Payment Orders Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO C, D, E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   70 Table B4.  24 Names That Appear Only in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B) . . . . .    70 Table B5a.  33 Names That Appear in the Arad Payment Orders (TAO B2) . . . . . . . . .   70 Table B5b.  15 Names That Appear Only in the Arad Payment Orders (TAO B2) . . . . . .   71

Contents

ix

Table C1.  142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Table C2.  109 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO C and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Table C3.  8 Names That Appear Only in the Accounts Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO C and E, H, and J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table C4.  25 Names That Appear Only in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) . . . . . . . . . . 183 Table C5.  56 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Table D1.  65 Names That Appear in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D), Arranged Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Table D2.  48 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts and Commodity Chit Dossiers (TAO D and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Table D3.  7 Names That Appear Only in the Workers’ Texts and Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D and E, F, G, H, and J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Table D4.  10 Names That Appear Only in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D) . . . . . . . 284 Table D5a.  24 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Table D5b.  12 Persons That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts Dossier and the Clans Dossiers (TAO D and A1–6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Table E2.  100 Names That Appear in the Names and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO E and A) 369 Table E3.  14 Names That Appear Only in the Names (TAO E) and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO B, C, F, H, and J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Table E4.  46 Names That Appear Only in the Names Dossier (TAO E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Table F1a.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Table F1b.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged by Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Table F2.  35 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO F and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Table F3.  3 Names That Appear Only in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D, E, and J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Table F4.  9 Names That Appear Only in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F) . . . . . . . . 478 Table G1.  21 Names That Appear in the Letters Dossier (TAO G), Arranged Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

x

Contents Table G2.  12 Names That Appear in the Letters and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO G and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Table G3.  1 Name That Appears Only in the Letters Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Table G4.  8 Names That Appear Only in the Letters Dossier (TAO G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Other Tables Table 3a.  35 (34) Payment Orders of Yaddu at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   14 Table 3b.  Comparing Products in Accounts and Commodity Chits . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15 Table 4.  The Workers Dossier at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Table 5.  Workers Listed according to Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Three Dossiers of Miscellaneous Products Table 6.  The Dossier of Jars (‫)חביה‬, Years 4 and 6 (355 and 353), 25 Entries (23 Chits) . . . 514 Table 7.  The Dossier of Flour (‫)קמח‬, 22 Chits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Table 8.  The Dossier of Gyd/r (‫)גיד\ר‬, 10 Chits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Figures Figure 1.  Breakdown of the 57 names in the Payment Orders Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   65 Figure 2.  Breakdown of the 141 names in the Accounts Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Figure 3.  Breakdown of the 65 names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Figure 4.  Breakdown of the 160 names in the Names Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Figure 5.  Breakdown of the 47 names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Figure 6.  Breakdown of the 21 names in the Letters Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Comparative List of Entries Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (B–G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (B–G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Acknowledgments I wish to extend special gratitude to Nael Siam of the Hebrew University Uprint Express for his capable technical support, always cheerfully rendered. I am deeply grateful to Matthew Williams, project manager for Penn State University Press, for his precise scheduling of the production of this volume. Special credit goes to Amy Becker, editor, who once more exercised exceptional skill in bringing together the many and diverse parts of this lengthy volume. Carefully following the contents, she showed great acuity in making sure that all the pieces fell into place. Working with her is indeed a pleasure.

xi

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography Abbreviations Freedman, D. N., ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York, 1992. Naveh, J., and Shaked, S. Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria (Fourth Century bce.) from the Khalili Collections. London, 2012. AECT Fales, F. M. Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Rome, 1986. AL (Lemaire2) Lemaire, A. Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée, Tome II. Transeuphratène Supplement 9. Paris, 2002. ANET Pritchard, J. B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1965. ARAB Luckenbill, D. D. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Chicago, 1926–27. B Dan Barag Collection BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BDB The New Brown—Driver—Briggs—Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Peabody, MA, 1979. BE 9 Hilprecht, H. V. Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur: Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 b.c.). Philadelphia, 1898. BLMJ Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem CAI Aufrecht, W. E. A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions. 2nd ed. University Park, 2019. CIIP Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae, I/1. Berlin, 2010. CUSAS Pearce, L. E., and Wunsch, C. Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer. Bethesda, 2014. DCH D. J. A. Clines, ed. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, 1995–2011. DJBA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 2002. DJDII Benoit, P., Milk, J. T., and de Vaux, R. Les Grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert II. Oxford, 1961. DJDXXVII Cotton, H., and Yardeni, A. Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Naḥal Ḥever and Other Sites. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 27. Oxford, 1997. DJPA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 1990. DNWSI Hoftijzer, J., and Jongeling, K. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden, 1995. DULAT Del Olmo Lete, G., and Sanmartín, G. A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, 2003. EN Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J. Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Jerusalem, 1996. IA Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University IM Israel Museum ISAP Institute for the Study of Aramaic Papyri (acquisition numbers for the Idumean ostraca) JA Yardeni, A. The Jeselsohn Collection of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea. Jerusalem, 2016. Jastrow Jastrow, M. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Philadelphia, 1903. KAI Donner, H., and Röllig, W. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1966–1969. L (Lemaire1) Lemaire, A. Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée au Musée d’Israel. Transeuphratène Supplement 3. Paris, 1996. ABD ADAP

xiii

xiv

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

LD (Lemaire5) Lemaire, A. “Trois nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Semitica 54 (2012) 65–70. Lj (Lemaire4) Lemaire, A. “Administration in Fourth-Century b.c.e. Judah in Light of Epigraphy and Numismatics.” Pp. 53–74 in Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century b.c.e., ed. O. Lipschits, G.  N. Knoppers, and R. Albertz. Winona Lake, 2007 [2 from Welch collection = nos. 1–2; 1 from David/Mona Sterling = no. 8; 1 from Yossi Uziel = no. 9; 1 from Jeselsohn collection = no. 10]. LH Laws of Hammurabi LL Lozachmeur, H., and Lemaire, A. “Nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée (Collection S. Mous­ saieff),” Semitica 46 (1996) 123–52. LW (Lemaire3) Lemaire, A. “New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation.” Pp. 413– 56 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, 2006. [6 ostraca from Welch collection = W1′–W6′; 6 from Moussaieff = Mo; 14 from Golan = P] LWo Lenny Wolfe M Shlomo Moussaieff Collection Maresha Kloner, A., Eshel, E., Korzakova, H. B., and Finkielsztejn, G. Maresha: Excavations Final Report. Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem, 2010. ML Langlois, M. “Un nouvel ostracon mentionnant la ville biblique de Maqqéda,” Semitica 54 (2012) 51–63. Mur Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux, R. Les grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Oxford, 1961. NTA Lemaire, A. Nouvelles tablettes araméennes. Geneva, 2001. PRU V Virolleaud, C. Le palais royal d’Ugarit. Paris, 1965. P. Yadin Lewis, N. The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri; Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions, ed. Y. Yadin and J. C. Greenfield. Jerusalem, 1989. [P. Yadin 5, 11–35, 37]. Yadin, Y., Greenfield, J. C., Yardeni, A., and Levine, B. A. The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri. Jerusalem, 2002. [P. Yadin, 1–10, 42–47, 49–63]. S David Sofer Collection SL (Lemaire6) Lemaire, A. “Quatre nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Transeuphratène 18 (1999) 71– 74 + pls. 14–15 [from the Schøyen Collection]. TAD A–D Porten, B., and Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt: Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English I–IV. Jerusalem, 1986–1999. TDT Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material A–B. Jerusalem. 2000. UT Gordon, C. Ugaritic Textbook. Rome, 1965. W′ Michael Welch Collection WDSP Gropp, D. M. Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 28. Oxford, 2001. WSS Avigad, N., and Sass, B. Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Jerusalem, 1997.

Select Bibliography Abbadi, S. 1983 Die Personennamen der Inschriften aus Hatra. Zürich. Aharoni, Y. 1981 Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem. Aḥituv, S. 1984 Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents. Jerusalem. 2008 Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period. Jerusalem. Albertz, R., and Schmitt, R. 2012 Family and Household Religion in Ancient Israel and the Levant. Winona Lake, IN.

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

xv

Arav, R., Freund R., and Schroder J. 2000 Bethsaida Rediscovered. Biblical Archaeology Review 26: 44–56. Astour, M. C. 1970 Maʾḫadu, the Harbor of Ugarit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13: 113–27. Aufrecht, W. E., and Shury, W.D. 1997 Three Iron Age Seals: Moabite, Aramaic and Hebrew. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 57–68. Azzoni, A. and Dusinberre, E. R. M. 2014 Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Tablet Seal 0002 and the Keeping of Horses. Pp. 1–16 in M. Kozuh, et al.,eds., Extraction and Control: Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper. Chicago. Barkay, G., and Vaughn, A.G. 1996 New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions. BASOR 304: 29–54. Benz, F. L. 1972 Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. Rome. Beyer, K. 1984 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Göttingen. 1994 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer Ergänzungsband. Göttingen. 1998 Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien. Göttingen. Boiy, T. 2006 Aspects chronologiques de la période de transition (350–300). Pp. 37–100 in P. Briant and F. Joannès, eds., La transition entre l’empire achéménide et les royaume hellénistique [vers 350 300 av. J.-C.]. Paris. Cantrell, D. O. 2011 The Horsemen of Israel: Horses and Chariotry in Monarchic Israel (Ninth–Eighth Centuries b.c.e.). Winona Lake, IN. Coogan, M. D. 1976 West Semitic Personal Names in the Murašû Documents. Missoula, MT. Cross, F. M. 2003 Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography. Winona Lake, IN. Danby, H. 1933 The Mishnah Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes. London. Dean, J. E. 1935 Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 11. Chicago. Depuydt, L. 2008 From Xerxes’ Murder (465) to Arridaios’ Execution (317): Updates to Achaemenid Chronology (including errata in past reports). Oxford. Deutsch, R. 1999 Messages from the Past: Hebrew Bullae from the time of Isaiah Through the Destruction of the First Temple. Tel Aviv. 2003 A Hoard of Fifty Hebrew Clay Bullae from the Time of Hezekiah. Pp. 45–98 in R. Deutsch, ed., Shlomo: Studies in Epigraphy, Iconography, History, and Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Deutsch, R., and Heltzer, M. 1995 New Epigraphic Evidence from the Biblical Period. Tel Aviv–Jaffa. Diakonoff, I. M., and Livshits, V. A. 1977–2001  Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa Texts I. London. Dorsey, D. A. 1980 The Location of Biblical Makkedah. Tel Aviv: 185–93. 1991 The Roads and Highways of Ancient Israel. Baltimore. Dougherty, R. P. 1923 The Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions: Archives from Erech, Time of Nebuchadrezzar and Nabonidus. 2 vols. New Haven, CT.

xvi

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Driver, G. R. 1957 Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century b.c. Abridged and revised edition. Oxford. Driver, G. R., and Miles, J. C. 1960 The Babylonian Laws. 2 vols. Oxford. Elitzur, Y. 2004 Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land. Winona Lake, IN. Eshel, E. 2010 Inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic and Phoenician Script. Pp. 35–88 in A. Kloner and E. Eshel et al., Maresha Excavations, Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem. Feliks, Y. 1968 Plant World of the Bible (Hebrew). Ramat-Gan. Fitzmyer, J. A. 2004 The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (1Q20): A Commentary. 3rd ed. Rome. Frankel, R. 1999 Wine and Oil Production in Antiquity in Israel and Other Mediterranean Countries. Sheffield. Fraser, P. M. 1972 Ptolemaic Egypt I–III. Oxford. Geraty, L. T. 1972 Third Century b.c. Ostraca from Khirbet el-Kom. Cambridge. Hardin, J. W., Rollston, C. A., and Blakley, J. A. 2012 Biblical Geography in Southwestern Judah. Near Eastern Archaeology 75: 20–35. Harding, G. L 1971 An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions. Toronto. Healey, J. F. 2009 Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Oxford. Holm, T. L. 2017 Nanay and Her Lover: An Aramaic Sacred Marriage Text from Egypt. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 76: 1–37. Huffmon, H. B. 1965 Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: Structural and Lexical Studies. Baltimore, MD. Ilan, T. 2002 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity, part 1: Palestine 330 bce–200 ce. Tübingen. Kang, S. T. 1973 Sumerian Economic Texts from the Umma Archive. Urbana, IL. Kaufman, S. 1974 The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago. Kornfeld, W. 1978 Onomastica aramaica aus Ãgypten. Vienna. Kraus, S. 1910 Talmudische Archäologie I. Leipzig (repr., 1966, Hildesheim). Kutscher, E. Y. 1977 Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem. Lemaire, A. 1977 Inscriptions hébraïques, vol. 1: Les ostraca. Paris. 2000 L’économie de L’Idumée d’après les nouveaux ostraca araméens. Transeuphratène 19: 131–43. 2001 Nouvelle tablettes araméennes. Droz. 2007 New Inscribed Hebrew Seals and Seal Impressions. Pp. 9–22 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. Lemaire, A., and Yardeni, A. 2006 New Hebrew Ostraca from the Shephelah. Pp. 196–222 in S. E. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz, eds., Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting. Winona Lake, IN. Lidzbarski, M. 1902–15  Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik I–III. Giessen.

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography 1912

xvii

Phönizisch und aramäische Krugaufschriften aus Elephantine. Anhang zu Abhandlungen der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philo-hist Klasse. Berlin. Lieberman, S. 1955 Tosefta Ki-fshuṭah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta; Order Zeraʿim, Part I. New York. Lindenberger, J. M. 1983 The Aramaic Proverbs of Aḥiqar. Baltimore. Lipiński, E. 1975 Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics I. Leuven. Löw, I. 1928 Die Flora der Juden I. Vienna. Lüddeckens, E. et al. 1980–2000  Demotisches Namenbuch. Wiesbaden. MacDonald, E., et al. 1932. Beth Pelet II. London. Maraqten, M. 1988 Die semitischen Personennamen in den alt- und reichsaramäischen Inschriften aus Vorderasien. Hildesheim. Mazar, E. 2009 The Palace of King David: Excavations at the Summit of the City of David; Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007. Jerusalem. McGeough, K. M., Smith, M. S., and Möller, G. 1927 Hieratische Paläographie: Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. 2nd ed. Leipzig. Moran, W. L. 1992 The Amarna Letters. Baltimore. Moritz, L. A. 1958 Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity. Oxford. Muraoka, T., and Porten, B. 2003 A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. 2nd ed. Leiden. Murray, M. A. 2000 Fruits, Vegetables, Pulses and Condiments. Pp. 609–55 in P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw, eds., Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge. Naveh, J. 1970 The Development of the Aramaic Script. Jerusalem. 1971 An Aramaic Ostracon from Ashdod. Pp. 270–73 in M. Dothan, Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963–1965. Jerusalem. 1972/73  ‫ פחלץ‬in a Recently Found Aramaic Ostracon. Lešonénu 37: 270–73 = Naveh 1985, no. 9. 1973 The Aramaic Ostraca. Pp. 79–82 in Y. Aharoni, ed., Beer-Sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer Sheba 1969–1971. [nos. 1–17, 18–26]. Tel Aviv. 1979 The Aramaic Ostraca from Tel Beer-Sheba (Seasons 1971–1976). Tel Aviv 6: 182–98 [nos. 27–54]. 1981 The Aramaic Ostraca from Tel Arad. Pp. 153–75 in Y. Aharoni, Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem. 1985 Published and Unpublished Aramaic Ostraca. ʿAtiqot 17: 114–21. 1992 Aramaic Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions from Tell Jemmeh. ʿAtiqot 21: 49–53. Negev, A. 1991 Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm. Jerusalem. Notarius, T. 2006 ʾq(n) ‘Wood’ in the Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea. Aramaic Studies 4: 101–9. Noth, M. 1928 Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung. Stuttgart. Parker, R. A., and Dubberstein, W. H. 1956 Babylonian Chronology 626 b.c.–a.d. 75. Providence, RI. Porten, B. 1968 Archives from Elephantine. Berkeley.

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1981 The Identity of King Adon. Biblical Archeologist 44: 36–52. 2005 Theophorous Names in Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 105*–29* in M. Mor, J. Pastor, I. Ronen, and Y. Ashkenazi, eds., For Uriel: Studies in the History of Israel in Antiquity Presented to Professor Uriel Rappaport. Jerusalem. 2011 The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change. 2nd ed. Atlanta Porten, B., and Lund, J. A. 2002 Aramaic Documents from Egypt. Winona Lake, IN. Porten, B., and Yardeni, A. 2003 In Preparation of a Corpus of Aramaic Ostraca from the Land of Israel: The House of Yehokal. Pp. 207–23 in R. Deutsch, ed., Shlomo: Studies in Epigraphy, Iconography, History and Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 2004 On Problems of Identity and Chronology in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 161*–83* in M. Heltzer and M. Malul, eds., Teshûrôt LaAvishur. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 2004–5  Two Aramaic Salt-Tax Receipts by the Scribe Joseph. Enchoria 29: 55–59. 2006 Social, Economic, and Onomastic Issues in the Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century b.c.e. Pp. 457– 88 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN. 2007a Makkedah and the Storehouse in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 125–70 in Y. Levin, ed., A Time of Change: Judah and its Neighbours in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods. London. 2007b Why the Unprovenanced Ostraca Should Be Published. Pp. 75–98 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. 2007c The House of Baalrim in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 99–147 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. 2008a The Chronology of the Idumean Ostraca in the Decade or So After the Death of Alexander the Great and Its Relevance for Historical Events. Pp. 237–48 in M. Cogan and D. Kahn, eds., Treasures on Camels’ Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Ephʿal. Jerusalem. 2008b Two Become One: A Unique Memorandum of Obligation. Pp. 733–51 in C. Cohen et al., eds., Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Winona Lake, IN. 2009 Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca: Six Commodity Dossiers Dating to the Transition Years from Artaxerxes II to Artaxerxes III. Eretz-Israel 29: 144*–83*. Jerusalem. 2012 Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca—The Intersection of Dossiers: Commodities and Persons. Pp. 333–60 in M. Gruber et al., eds., All the Wisdom of the East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 255. Fribourg. Ranke, H. 1952 Die Ägyptischen Personennamen. Glückstadt. Rizack, M.A. 1984 A Coin with the Aramaic Legend ŠHRW, a King-Governor of Liḥyân. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 29: 25–28. Rosenbaum, J. and Seger, J. D. 1986 Three Unpublished Ostraca from Gezer. BASOR 264: 51–60. Shaked, S. 2004 Le satrape de Bactriane et son gouverneur: Documents araméens du IVe s. avant notre ère provenant de Bactriane. Paris. Sokoloff, M. 1997 Review of EN. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 283–86. Stager, L. 1993 Ashkelon. Pp. 103–12 in E. Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. New York. Stark, J. K. 1971 Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Oxford.

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Steiner, R. C., and Moshavi, A. M. 1995 A Selective Glossary of Northwest Semitic Texts in Egyptian Script. Pp. 1249–56 in J. Hoftijzer and K. Jongeling, eds., Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Part 2. Leiden. Szubin, H. Z., and Porten, B. 1992 An Aramaic Joint Venture Agreement: A New Interpretation of the Bauer-Meissner Papyrus. BASOR 288: 67–84. Tawil, H. 2009 An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic. Jersey City. Torczyner, H. 1938 The Lachish Letters. London. Turkowski, L. 1969 Peasant Agriculture in the Judaean Hills. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 101: 21–33, 101–12. Vainstub, D., and Fabian, P. 2015 An Idumean Ostracon from Ḥorvat Naḥal Yatir. Israel Exploration Journal 65: 205–13. Way, K. C. 2011 Donkeys in the Biblical World: Ceremony and Symbol. Winona Lake, IN. Winnett, F. V., and Harding, G. L. 1978 Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns. Toronto. Yadin, Y., and Naveh, J. 1989 The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Pp. 1–68 in Masada I: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem. Yardeni, A. 1990 New Jewish Aramaic Ostraca. Israel Exploration Journal 40: 130–152. Yardeni, A., and Porten, B. 2008 Two Become One: A Unique Memorandum of Obligation. Pp. 733–51 in C. Cohen, V. A. Horowitz, A. Hurvitz, Y. Muffs, B. J. Schwartz, and J. H. Tigay, eds., Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Winona Lake, IN. Zadok, R. 1977 On West Semites in Babylonia. Jerusalem. 1987 Zur Struktur der nachbiblischen jüdischen Personennamen semitischen Ursprungs. Pp. 243–343 in M. Elat, M. S. Cohen, and T. Kwasman, eds., Trumah 1. Wiesbaden. 1988 The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography. Leuven.

Introduction The first three volumes of the Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea published a single dossier (A. Commodity Chits), 1,152 texts altogether, whose similar form and function enabled us to understand better the agriculture, economics, politics, onomastics, scribal, and other practices from 4th/3rd-century b.c.e. Idumea, and consequently also Judah (Yehud). There is no written historical witness from this time and place other than the Idumean Ostraca, and there remained more than 800 unpublished pieces. The remaining ostraca from dossiers B–K come from the same milieu as the commodity chits in dossier A, exhibiting similar onomastics and scribal practice. However, the information they provide about this society is entirely new and different, albeit complementary, to the witness of dossier A. This volume is thus devoted to six other dossiers, with 377 total texts: B. Payment Orders (54 texts) C. Accounts (77 texts) D. Workers Texts (74 texts) E. Names (62 texts) F. Jar Inscriptions (87 texts) G. Letters (23 texts) In volumes 1–3, the commodity chits showed goods in motion, whereas in volume 4, the jar inscriptions show vessels in motion, the accounts show how goods were inventoried, the workers texts show distribution and supply of workers, the names lists show people as individuals, and the payment orders show officially authorized transfer of goods, including comparison to payment orders from Arad. By comparing the unprovenanced with the provenanced pieces, we get an even better understanding of the former. There were more commodity chits in each of two of the first three volumes (401 in volume 1 and 488 in volume 3) than all the texts in the six dossiers in this volume. Taken together, these six range from only 23 to 87 texts each, small numbers when compared to the 1,152 commodity chits. We must attribute their relative paucity to chance—or perhaps these types of documents were also less commonly drawn up than the chits. The chits date from year 365 (A107.1) to some time after 302 (A97.2), that is, a more than 60-year span. Only two of the dossiers here provide more than random dates, and these are mostly day + month (D. Workers Texts) or simply day dates (B. Payment Orders). The four fully dated workers texts span a period of only 8 years, from 357 to 349, and three different scribes wrote these (D8.1 [earliest], 4.1 [latest]). Clearly, this 8-year period out of a stretch of 60 years provides but a chance selection of workers texts. Of the more than 50 payment orders, only one is fully dated, and that to the month of Tishri, year 20 (October/November, 339 [B4.6]). This date increases the span of the two dossiers from 8 to 18 years, still providing but a chance selection of payment orders. As it turns out, both the payment orders and the workers texts are not more than a snapshot of a very narrow period of time. The workers texts are most informative. Whereas the commodity chit was a malleable record of transaction that might include more or fewer items (e.g., date, payer, agent, source, destination, etc.), the workers text was a standard four-item piece (date, clan, PN, worker) describing the supply of workers. Almost 60 texts, dated by day + month, may be arranged in the same order as the half-dozen clans in the commodity chits, showing supply of workers from these same clans: Baalrim, Gur, Qoṣi, Al(i)baal, Yehokal, and miscellaneous clans (D2–7). They date from 5 Ab to 21 Shebat (D4.1, 2.12), with the months Marcheshvan and Kislev being the most represented (Table 5.23–29, 30–56). These 60-some texts (D2–6), none fully dated, were all written by a single scribe (Scribe 1 [see Table 4]). Two other scribes wrote fully dated texts, one for Qoṣi on 5 Ab, year 10 (August 2, 349 [D4.1]), and one for either Al(i)baal or Yehokal on 26 Ab, year 6 (September 6, 353 [D5.1]). If the 60-some texts by Scribe 1 constitute a complete set, we should conclude that also in each of years 7 and 10 there could have been a comparable set of 60-some texts, only waiting to see the light of day. xx

Introduction

xxi

The workers text differed from the chits like night and day. In a PowerPoint presentation delivered at the ASOR conference in fall 2013, entitled “Profiling Aramaic Ostraca: Commodity Chit Complexities,” we set forth the structure of the commodity chit as a “malleable three-tiered instrument of record.” It consists of: A.  3 Basic Items   1. Payer   2. Commodity/Product   3. Measure B.  7 Variables   4. Date   5. Payee   6. Agent    7. Date and Payee    8. Date and Agent    9. Payee and Agent   10. Date, Payee, and Agent C.  7 Supplements   11. Sealing Sign   12. Signatory   13. Source   14 Source: Grinding   15. Clan Affiliation   16. Verb   17. Depository Having these 17 options at his disposal, the scribe had 48 possible chit variations to choose from. In addition, he had some 40 products that fit into slot A2 above. The commodity chit was thus a freewheeling composition, depending on the needs and wish of the payer—not so the workers text. It had four basic items, and while their internal order might vary or ellipsis might cause one or more to be absent, the basic format was de rigeur. If we take Scribe 1, for example, we see that his preferred word order was date-personal name (PN)-clan-worker (d-n-c-w; D2.4–9), that is, “On 1 Kislev, Qosrim of the House of Baalrim showed up for duty as a single worker.” But he might also vary the word order from text to text, for example, also d-n-w-c (D3.11) or d-c-n-w (D2.2). Putting the date last, we get n-c-w-d (D4.3). Completely eliding the reference to “worker” (‫ )פעל‬yields three different formats—c-d-n (D2.1), n-d-c (D4.7 [adding a patronym]), and perhaps d-n-c (D2.2a [two PNs]). In fact, he might even eliminate the date and the PN altogether to get c-w (D7.2). Just as in the commodity chits, the scribe would alternate between ‫“( בית‬house of”) and ‫“( בני‬son of”). Thus, even within the narrow confines of the terse workers text, the scribe would display flexibility. For the most part, the names in the workers texts are the same in the commodity chits (Tables D1–3). Only 10 out of the 65 names in the workers texts do not appear among the commodity chits (Table D4). What is most surprising is that, although each of the five major clans was obligated to supply workers, only 12 names from the workers texts also appeared among the commodity clan dossiers (allowing us to identify particular indivuals), and then in only 4 of them (Table D5). Not every clan member was also a worker, and not every worker was payer in a chit. We list the workers according to family (Table 4) and according to date (Table 5). Workers texts are unique to the Idumean ostraca and are not to be found in the Beersheba or Arad texts. Payment orders are also entirely different from the commodity chits. Just as we classified the chits according to the name of the payer, be he individual or clan, so we classify the payment orders according to the name of the signatory. While the large number of unprovenanced Idumean ostraca yielded only a single small dossier of payment orders (that of Ḥor [B1]), the provenanced Arad ostraca yielded the largest dossier of payment orders (that of Yaddu [B2]). While the workers texts were a unique genre and the only real variability consisted in the number of workers, from 1 to 19 (D2.14), in the identity of PNs, whether with patronym (D4.7), with brother

xxii

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(D3.11–12), or just five named parties (D2.13), the payment orders at Arad varied according to recipients and product. But unlike the malleable chits, the Arad payment orders are rather homogeneous. They are consistently composed of five or six elements: recipient-(animal-)product-measure-signatory-day datesealing sign. They even might expand into a quasi-narrative or record of identification. When at their maximum contents, the payment orders follow an a-b-c-d-e-f pattern and (if not elliptical) are introduced by the imperative verb ‫“( הב‬give” [B2.5, 8, 34]), that is, “Give to PN (a) an animal (b) and such a measure of barley (c) (by authorization of) Yaddu (d) (on) day 6 (or so [e]), (stamped) archaic alef (f). Yaddu and the archaic alef sealing sign are constants. He is the official authorizing the payments to be made from the storeroom at Arad. Virtually every text has a human recipient, while some are merely designated horsemen (B2.19–20, 25). Eleven texts also mention animals (horses, donkeys, colts, camels), and four even mention two kinds of animals (e.g., 10 colts and 2 donkeys [but no PN] [B2.17]). Animals always get barley; some individuals get wheat, and horsemen and distinguished individuals get crushed/sifted grain (B2.18–20, 24–25). One cryptic text (B2.31) speaks of 13 donkeys from “the province” (‫)מדינתא‬, ten of which came from ‫“( דגל עבדנני‬the detachment of Abdnanai”). With ‫ דגל‬and horsemen, we are clearly dealing with a military detachment, and ‫ מדינתא‬must refer to what Diodorus called the “eparchy” of Idumea (96.5, 2). Thus, these humble payment orders enhance our knowledge of the political and economic situation in the territory south of Yehud. There are eight texts that do not follow the payment order model but that nonetheless appear to authorize a payment. We call these instructions (B4). Four of them are characterized by the infinitive—to send, to give, to pay, to add; two have the expression “you should sell/buy.” One is simply an authorization to supply “men,” and the last one speaks about logs “to be unloaded.” In contrast, the texts in the Accounts dossier (C) bear distinct similarities to the commodity chits, but each contains multiple entries and therefore provides a lot more information per piece than the typical commodity chit. Thus, instead of an opening date, a payer, a commodity, and measure, there is rarely a date, but many payers/recipients, each followed by the same commodity. As do the chits, so the accounts cover a variety of products. Frequently, however, we are unable to distinguish between accounts payable and accounts receivable. Interestingly, while the number of products in the accounts is far fewer than that in the commodity chits, the percentages are about the same (Table 3b). While most of the texts are for accounts or distributions or disbursement of wheat or barley, measured in kors or seahs, there is one unique text that is a register of debts of barley (C2.1). The only non-grain agricultural products are oil, flour, figs, and roosters (C5). There are no accounts for processed grains such as semolina + flour, resh, and crushed/sifted grain, but there are a few accounts for wooden products, such as joists, logs, grgrn, and for containers, such as jars, baskets, and loads (C7). The half-dozen currency accounts record amounts in shekels and maahs (C5). Most of the names that appear in the accounts dossiers already appeared in the commodity dossiers (Tables C1–3), showing that these pieces come from the same milieu. The other 25 names contain new onomastic witnesses (Tables C4–5). A large number of texts, which are entirely different in form and function from the commodity chits, or any other dossier for that matter, simply contain names—the dossiers of names (E) and jar inscriptions (F). The former has been divided into five groups: lists and single names with filiations (E1 and 2); lists and single names without filiations (E3 and 4); and names in Jewish cursive script (E5). While almost all of the material dates from the 4th century, there are four documents dating to the 5th or even to the late 6th century. Significantly, three of the four (E1.1–3) bear elaborate captions, like “List of Guarantors and Wine-Drinkers” or “List of Jewish Carriers and Egyptian Servants,” but most lack captions, and many of the names are Hebrew. The lists with filiations, both the early and the late, especially those with captions, reveal an easy intermixing of YH with Qos and Baal names (e.g., Qosyatib son of Ḥananyah [E1.5–6]) and Yedayah son of Baalghayr [E1.8]). In the nearly 30 lists of unaffiliated names, only one YH name shows up –Yirmiyah (Jeremiah [E3.20]). On the other hand, names with other deities are not infrequent: Baal (e.g., E1.8:4; 3.1:5, 13; 3.2:13; 3.3:7–8; 3.6:3), Il (e.g., E3.2:6, 8:7, 27:2), Osiris (e.g., E3.8:5), and Shamash (e.g., E3.6:10). Jewish names appeared again in two ostraca from the Spaer collection—a rare Benyason and Šimʿon (Simeon) son of Eliezer (5.1–2).

Introduction

xxiii

Unlike all the ostraca discussed so far, which were written on broken pieces, usually on the convex, the jar inscriptions were originally written on a complete jar, usually in lapidary script, to indicate its owner or contents. It was customary to write a prepositional lamed at the beginning of the name, to indicate ownership (”belonging to” [F2.1–21]), but most texts judged to be jar inscriptions lack it. Seven names occur twice or even thrice, though we cannot be certain that each refers to the same person—Abenaši (3×?), Ammiqos (3× [with lamed]), Wah(a)bi (once with lamed, twice without), Neṭina, Qosḥanan, Qoskahel, and Šimʿon (F1.1, 2.1, 14–15; 3.1, 6–7, 14–15, 25–28, 32–33; 4.1[?]). On the other hand, nine names do not appear elsewhere among the Idumean ostraca, and these cover a wide spectrum of languages (Table F4). This is the largest dossier in volume 4. If all our ascriptions are correct, this dossier indicates a substantial storage system. The smallest dossier is the last, letters (G). Ostraca were almost never written on both sides, but letters were, and the few letters we have show that they were started on the convex and continued on the concave (G2.1–6). We may assume that the scribes who wrote the texts in the other five dossiers in this volume also wrote the letters. If that is indeed so, we see that they were trained in epistolary style, for they use the same technical terms and formatting that are to be found in the Elephantine and Arsham letters. In fact, one appears to be a scribal exercise (G4.2). The two intact letters talk about “lighting the stove” and “giving one of the slave-girls” (G2.1–2). Makkedah figures prominently in the commodity chits (TAO, vol. 1, Tables 1–2), and here we have the beginning of a letter written by the “citizens (‫ )בעלי‬of Makkedah” (G2.6). Though most of the letters are fragmentary, each preserves a word or two that enable us to detect a subject. Thus, we have varied topics such as oil, oaths, building, and the release of a daughter of Ḥaggai (G2.3, 4.4–6). While we are able to put together dossiers of almost a half-dozen clans among the commodity chits, we were unfortunately unable to come upon any epistolary dossiers as that for the wharf scribe at Elephantine (Naveh 1970: 37–39; Porten 1968: 274–77). We have 375 texts and 322 names, that is, almost as many names as texts, but they are not distributed evenly. Texts

Names

B

54

57

C

77

141

D

74

65

E

62

160

F

85

47

G

23

21

In the payment orders (B) and letters (G), there are about as many names as texts. In the workers texts (D), the number of names is somewhat fewer than the number of texts. The names dossier (E), of course, has almost three times more names than texts, because so many texts include lists with multiple names (i.e., many with more than a dozen in one text). The jar inscriptions dossier (F), on the other hand, has almost twice the number of texts as names, since many names repeat themselves and many texts do not contain legible enough remains for us to discern the names. The burning question is how many names in these six dossiers already appeared in the commodity chit dossier (A). In Chits

Names

Percentage

B

29

57

51

C

108

141

76

D

48

65

74

E

100

160

62

F

35

47

74

G

12

21

57

xxiv

Introduction

As the payment orders (B) and letters (G) both had about as many names as texts, so both have only just over a half of the names that also occurred in the chits dossier. The names dossier (E), which had thrice the number of names as texts, had only 62% of names that also appeared in the Chits. Though the workers texts (D) dossier had somewhat fewer names than texts (65 out of 74), more than 74% of its names were already found in the chits. The jar inscriptions (F) had the same percentage even though it had almost half as many names as texts. So too, the accounts (C) had the same percentage, even though it had twice as many names as texts. Put differently, almost half of the names in the payment orders and letters are unique to the non-chit dossiers in this volume, as well as nearly 40% of those in the names dossier. The other three dossiers had much more overlap, with only about a quarter of the names in the accounts, workers texts, and jar inscriptions being unique. Of the 142 names not in the chits (Table 2), 119 appear but once in these six dossiers, and 23 appear more than once (Table 2b). Fourteen appear twice, whether in the same dossier or in two dossiers (nos. 120–133); four appear thrice (nos. 134–137); three appear four times, all in the workers texts (nos. 138– 140); one (Zabdimilk) appears five times, in three different dossiers (no. 141); and one (Ḥor) appears six times, all in the same dossier (no. 142). The case of Zabdimilk shows how fortuitous the names in the chits dossier is. Though the name does not appear there even once, it appears thrice as worker (‫ )פעל‬for the clan of Baalrim in the workers texts dossier (D2.4–5, 7). He also appears in the names dossier in a list that includes Baalrim, along with Qosmalak, Qosani, and Wah(a)bi (E3.3), all very active in the commodity chits (A11.1–24, 30.1–11, 97.1–2), as well as on a jar inscription, as did Wah(a)bi (F3.6–8). Similarly, four other workers (Dikri, Qosdalani, Ramel, and his brother [nos. 138–40]), while showing up for work on several days of the week (in Elul, Marcheshvan, and Kislev) and representing three different clans (Gur, Qoṣi, and Yehokal), are nowhere to be found among the commodity chits. Thus, if we want to know the population that underlies the Idumean ostraca, we must add more than 140 names to the ca. 500 names already attested in the commodity chits. What about the names in the provenanced ostraca, that is, those from Arad from which we selected 34 payment orders (B2.1–35)? Are they unique, or do we find the same names in the unprovenanced ostraca? The answer is half and half. Of the 33 names in the Arad Payment Orders (B5a), 17 do appear in the unprovenanced ostraca, while 15 do not (Table B5b). These latter are unique to the Arad ostraca and are quite informative. Among these names are five Jewish names. Šaul and Yehonatan go back to the founding of Israel’s kingdom, while Elyašib appeared prominently as garrison commander at Arad before its demise (Naveh 1981: 1–12, 14, 24). The name Yedanyah does not appear in the Bible but is borne by the head of the Jewish community at Elephantine (TAD B4). Two completely unknown names are Ḥisniya and Peniyah/ Waniya, while the most unusual is ‫יואכל‬. This name has five different spellings—‫→ יוכל → יהכל → יהוכל‬ ‫—יאכל‬and finally the spelling we find here (TAO vol. 1, 222). Abdnanai was an Aramean ‫ דגל‬commander in the province of Idumea or an Idumean with an Aramaic name. Šeila and Ṣidqa are Aramaic names, while the latter was the Philistine king of Ashkelon in 701 (ARAB II 239, 310). Taken together, the six dossiers in this collection add to our understanding of Idumea during the 4th/3rd centuries b.c.e. in a way that the commodity chits did not. They complement the data contained in volumes 1–3 regarding the economic, political, and social life in Idumea, as well as our knowledge of scribal practice and onomastics. That is not to say that all questions are answered. We started by saying that 800 non-chit ostraca remain to be published. This volume brings nearly half of those to light, but there are nearly 100 land description texts (TAO H, unpublished) with very complicated and fascinating contents and nearly 200 fragmentary texts (TAO J, unpublished) that we could not classify into the above categories, besides another 200 ostraca that lack discernable text (TAO K). At a later date, perhaps these will help to answer some of the outstanding questions. At the end of the day, however, the question remains—why do we have so many commodity chits and relatively so few of each of the six dossiers presented here in TAO vol. 4?

Explanation of Typographic Conventions

xxv

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation:

(i.e., or)

word of uncertain meaning

(ERASURE:) ... d/r

Marginal notation (e.g., Payer)

Line numbers of translation of text 1. 5 

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic raised type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript numeral number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (b. Erub. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (m. Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73.

Explanation of Typographic Conventions

xxv

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation:

(i.e., or)

word of uncertain meaning

(ERASURE:) ... d/r

Marginal notation (e.g., Payer)

Line numbers of translation of text 1. 5 

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic raised type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript numeral number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (b. Erub. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (m. Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73.

xxvi

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions All available chits have undergone a ceramic analysis by Alex Zuckerman on the basis of 22 parameters. He also translated Lemaire’s descriptions, and these have been marked by [L] or [AL]. Margins (no. 20) have been described by Jennifer Tullman. A translation of Lemaire with a description by Tullman is marked [LT]. Here are the ceramic parameters: 1.  Vessel part (body sherd, rim, base, handle, etc.) 2.  Vessel period/date (Persian, Iron Age, unidentifiable, etc.) 3.  Vessel type ( jar, jug, cooking pot, bowl, etc.) 4.  Sherd size (tiny [ca. 20 × 30mm and less], small [ca. 30 × 50 mm], medium [between 30 × 50 mm and 60 × 150 mm], large [more than ca. 60 × 150 mm]) 5.  Height and width (maximum values established according to the direction of the written lines) 6.  Thickness 7.  Shape (rectangular, square, trapezoid, etc.) 8.  Color of inscribed surface(s)—Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975 edition) name and code 9.  Levigation and grits (fine ware, coarse ware, amount and size of grits [mentioned only when tiny or unusually large]) 10.  Decoration and surface treatment (polished, burnished, slipped, painted decoration, etc.) 11.  Burned (yes/no) 12.  Eroded (yes/no) 13.  Number of fragments 14.  Number of fresh exterior breaks 15.  Patina covering the writing (yes/no) 16.  Patina extent (in percentage) 17.  Location of writing (sherd interior, exterior, both [based on the archaeological evaluation of the sherd shape in relation to the shape of the complete ceramic vessel from which the sherd originated]) 18.  Writing surface (concave, convex, flat, smooth, uneven [based exclusively on its visual appearance]) 19.  Writing parallel to straight upper edge (yes/no) 20.  Margins: no margin: writing (including upper tip of header [lamed] and low tip of stretcher [nun, kaf, pe]) reaches edge of ostracon; narrow: smallest possible amount of space creating a distinct margin; medium: a median width larger than narrow but smaller than wide; term borrowed from artifact description; wide considerably more space than needed to create a distinct margin; very wide margin larger than half the ostracon or wider than the height and/or width of writing; variable uneven left margin in a text of three or more lines; * suspected missing/illegible text, which may influence the classification of the margin. 21.  Angle of the writing/wheel-marks 22.  Notes (thick-walled, thin-walled, preservation of writing, special remarks)

xxvii

Numeration Legend

Numeration Legend TAO = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volumes 1, 2, and 3 A51.3-ISAP1852, A51.4-ISAP2541, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Sam[a]ku), document number (1–5), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, JA, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL1, 2 etc.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Jeselsohn [Yardeni ed.], Lemaire et al.) [BA, BLMJ, FCO, Funahashi, GD, HM, HW, IA, IM, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Baidun Aramaic; Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; James Charlesworth; Funahashi; Gil Davidovitz; Hecht Museum; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh, Zd et al.} = source (Gil Chaya, Shaya Zadok, et al.)

Missing Photos and Drawings The following table lists the photos and drawings currently missing from TAO. TAO # C2.18 C7.4 E3.16 E5.25 E5.1 E5.2 F2.10 F3.20 F3.21 F3.32 F4.10 F4.11 F4.20 F5.9 G5.1

ISAP # 1582 556 167 603 1164 2661 526 2087 1230 882 1314 1385a 554 1175 1462

Missing Photo × × × × × × ×

×

Missing Drawing × concave × ×

×

× × × ×

xxvii

Numeration Legend

Numeration Legend TAO = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volumes 1, 2, and 3 A51.3-ISAP1852, A51.4-ISAP2541, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Sam[a]ku), document number (1–5), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, JA, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL1, 2 etc.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Jeselsohn [Yardeni ed.], Lemaire et al.) [BA, BLMJ, FCO, Funahashi, GD, HM, HW, IA, IM, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Baidun Aramaic; Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; James Charlesworth; Funahashi; Gil Davidovitz; Hecht Museum; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh, Zd et al.} = source (Gil Chaya, Shaya Zadok, et al.)

Missing Photos and Drawings The following table lists the photos and drawings currently missing from TAO. TAO # C2.18 C7.4 E3.16 E5.25 E5.1 E5.2 F2.10 F3.20 F3.21 F3.32 F4.10 F4.11 F4.20 F5.9 G5.1

ISAP # 1582 556 167 603 1164 2661 526 2087 1230 882 1314 1385a 554 1175 1462

Missing Photo × × × × × × ×

×

Missing Drawing × concave × ×

×

× × × ×

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO B–G) Table 1.  323 names that appear in TAO vol. 4, ordered alphabetically Table 2a.  142 names that appear only in TAO vol. 4, ordered alphabetically Table 2b.  142 names that appear only in TAO vol. 4, ordered by frequency

Introduction There are 323 names in the non-chit dossiers (Table 1), 142 of which did not appear in the commodity chits and are thus exclusive to this volume (Table 2a–b). Fourteen of these appear twice (Table 2b.120– 133); four appear four times (Table 2b.134–137); three appear thrice (Table 2b.138–140); one appears five times (Table 2b.141); and one appears 6 times (Table 2b.142). The other 181 names are not exclusive to TAO vol. 4 because they appeared earlier in the chits. Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically Personal Name English ‫ אבאנשו‬Abenašu

TAO B ×

TAO C 8.1

TAO D 9.2

 2

‫ אבאנשי‬Abenaši

×

×

×

 3  4  5

× × 2.12

9.8 9.6 ×

× × ×

 6

‫אבבעל‬ ‫אבה‬ /‫אבימלך‬ ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אביתע‬

×

9.4

×

×

×

×

 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

‫אבשלם‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אחיו‬ ‫אחיקם‬ ‫אחמה‬ ‫איה‬ ‫אלבעל‬ ‫אלוהב‬ ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫אלנתן‬ ‫אלעדר‬ ‫אלעיר‬

× × × × × × × × × × × 2.19 × × ×

2.8 × × 2.1, 3.2 1.4 2.18 6.4 9.2 5.3 × × × 6.3? 2.18 ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × 9.2

4.1 × 1.2 × × × × × × 3.22 5.2 × × × 3.4, 9

× 3.2 × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

No.  1

Ab(i)baal Aba Abimelek/ Ab(i)me[lek] Ab(i)yatha Ab(i)šalam Aḥ(i)bar Aḥḥapi Aḥiyo Aḥiqam/yaqim Aḥimmeh Ayyah El(i)baal Ilwahab Elḥanan Eliezer Elyašib Elnatan Eladar Ilghayr

References in TAO E TAO F TAO G TAO A × × 2.2 1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2 × 1.1, 3.1, × 1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 4.3 (?) 11.18, 67.1, 71.3, 91.2–4, 152.2 3.14 × × 158.1 × × × × × 5.3 × ×

xxviii

7.40, 41.5, 57.2, 96.1, 224.1, 92.1–3 56.1–5 × × × 57.1–5 × × × × × × × × × ×

References Elsewhere ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 4

H2.9

2

× × ×

3 1 2

×

2

× × × × × × J8.12 × × × × × × × H5.12

3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xxix

Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 22 23 24 25 26

Personal Name ‫אסי‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫בדן‬ ‫בידאל‬

English Asi Eserešut Bgdmšrk Badan Beyadel

TAO C × × × 2.6 ×

TAO D × × × × ×

TAO E 3.6 1.2 1.12 × 1.6(?)

TAO F × × × × 3.4

× × × 3.1 3.2 2.20 × ×

2.5, 7.3 × 9.7 × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× 3.3 × × × 3.1 5.1 1.5–6

× × × × × × × ×

References Elsewhere H3.4 × × J1.15 ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 2 1 1 2 3

× H2.1 × × × H9.2 × ×

2 2 1 1 1 3 1 2

× × ×

1 1 2

H3.9

2

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

‫ביון‬ ‫בינו‬ ‫ביתבעל‬ ‫בלדלני‬ ‫בלפלטי‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעדו‬

35 36 37

‫ בעל‬Baal ‫ בעליתן‬Baalyaton ‫ בעלסמך‬Baalsamak

× × ×

× × 2.7

× × ×

× 3.19 ×

× × ×

38

‫ בעלעדר‬Baaladar/ Baalider ‫ בעלעות‬Baalghauth ‫ בעלעיר‬Baalghayr

×

9.1

×

×

×

× ×

5.2 1.5, 8

× ×

96.1–2 7.1–60

× H5.13, J12.4

2 3

3.1

×

2.4

1.1–55

H4.2, J11.1

5

3.6 × × × × × 1.8–9 × × 3.3 3.4 3.7, 13 1.2–3

× × × × 3.3 × × × × × × × ×

× × × 1.5 × × × × × × × × ×

× × 3.13, 59.5 × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × H4.9 H1.1, 2.5, 17, 4.1, 3, 6.3 × H3.4 ×

2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 2

39 40 41

Bayyun Bayyanu Baytbaal Beldalani Belpalṭi Bani Benyason Baadu

TAO B × × × × ×

References in TAO G TAO A × 167.1 × × × × × 94.1–3, 253.1 × 6.10–11, 300.1.7a × 95.1–3 × 169.1 × × × × × × × 6.2 × × × 15.13, 170.1, 281.1 1.6 × × × × 33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5 × 7.50, 93.2, 174.1

‫ בעלרם‬Baalrim (clan)

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

‫בעלרעי‬ ‫ברזל‬ ‫בריך‬ ‫ברכל‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫גברו‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫גדחתפי‬ ‫גדי‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫גורו‬ ‫גלגל‬

55 56 57

‫גמרת‬ ‫גני‬ /‫דומה‬ ‫רומה‬ ‫דכרו‬

× × ×

× × 1.3, 2.1, × 5.1 3.2, 6.4, 2.1–16 7.4, 9.5 × × 4.5 × × 5.1 × × × × 3.2 × 4.5 × 7.4 × × × × × × × 2.1 3.1–16 × ×

Baalrai Barzel Berik Barakel Bar(a)qat Gab(ba)ru Gaddul Gadḥotpe Gadi Gadner Gahimu Guru (clan) Galgul

3.4 × × × × × × × 4.1a × × × ×

Gam(a)rat Gani Duma/Ruma

2.27 × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× 1.1 2.3

× × ×

× × ×

× × 215.1

Dikru

×

×

×

×

×

2

‫ דכרי‬Dikri

×

×

×

×

×

1.24, 24a, 53, 75.1–4 ×

H4.13, 6.5

59

×

1

60

‫ דכרן‬Dakran

×

2.4

2.13, 9.1 4.4, 9–10, 6.4 ×

×

×

×

×

×

1

58

× × × 2.1–46 17.14

1 1 2

xxx

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Personal Name English ‫ דלאל‬Dalael

TAO B ×

TAO C 6.2

‫ דלוי‬Dallui

×

7.6

× 2.18 × × × × ×

× × 4.5 × 9.3 × ×

‫דניעיר‬ ‫רעוי‬/‫דעוי‬ ‫רדוע‬/‫דרוע‬ ‫הוברך‬ ‫ודו‬ ‫ודידאל‬ ‫והבאל‬

Danighayr Daui/Raui Darua/Radua Hubarek Widdu Waddidil Wahabil

× × × 5.2 × × 2.16, 9.4 × 4.2, 9.1 2.1, 5.2 ×

3.11 1.6 × × × × 3.2, 27

× 4.15 × × × 3.5 ×

× × × × × × ×

130.1–2, 300.4.22 × 8.18 × × 1.32 × 76.1–4

× 3.1, 5

× ×

300.3.13 97.1–2

J12.5 J1.18

2 4

4.7 × ×

× 53.1 7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26 8.46, 47.1–6

× × ×

2 2 3

J1.6

3

×

4

× × H2.15 H3.13

1 2 3 2

J1.16, 11.5 H2.13 × ×

3 2 2 5

× J12.6 ×

1 2 3

×

3

×

1

×

×

1.7, 3.3

×

×

× × × ×

× 1.6 6.2 ×

2.16 × 9.6 ×

× × × 3.15

× × × ×

× × × ×

Zabdimilk Zabbud Zubayd/Zebid Zabidu/ Zubaydu

× 4.7 × ×

× × × 2.10, 8.3

3.8 × × 4.7

× × × ×

‫ זבינא‬Zebina ‫ זידאל‬Zaydil ‫ זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu

1.4 × 2.33

× × 4.1

× × ×

× 3.8 ×

× × ×

× × ×

2.21

×

×

3.3

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

2.4

‫ זבדאדה‬Zabdadah

×

76

‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

77 78 79 80

‫זבדאלה‬ ‫זבדאלהי‬ ‫זבדו‬ ‫זבדי‬

81 82 83 84

‫זבדמלך‬ ‫זבוד‬ ‫זביד‬ ‫זבידו‬

85 86 87

×

×

75

Zabdilah Zabdilahi Zabdu Zabdi

88

‫ זידי‬Zaydi

89

‫ זידן‬Zaydan

1 4 1 1 2 1 3

×

×

× × ×

× × × × × × ×

×

2.12, 8.4 4.7, 8.2

‫ ועלו‬Waalu ‫ ותגן‬Watagan ‫ זבדא‬Zabda

2

TAO G ×

× × 3.10

72 73 74

J11.2

TAO F ×

9.2 × ×

× ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 3

TAO E ×

× 5.3 1.12, 2.5 2.5, 2.10 5.3

‫ והבו‬Wah(a)bu ‫ והבי‬Wah(a)bi

References Elsewhere J3.3

TAO D 2.3, 4.2, 5 ×

× 2.1, 3.6–7 × × ×

70 71

References in TAO A 131.1–2

2.4–5, 7 3.1 × × 2.13 × 3.10, 3.4, 10, 6.3 4.2–3

1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3 × 5.18–19 1.51–52, 41.1–7 4.2, 6, 8–10, 3.31, 7.9, 14, 42–46, 8.30, 9.18, 10.11–12, 14.5, 15.1–18, 47.6, 50.1, 109.3, 121.2, 300.2.26, 300.4.24 × 3.15, 6.4, 98.1–2 1.12, 43, 77.1–4 3.10, 4.27, 12.1– 24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1 × 99.1–3 1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5 1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6 ×

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xxxi

Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 90 91 92 93 94 95

Personal Name ‫זיתן‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫חביבו‬ ‫חביתו‬ ‫חגגו‬ ‫חגי‬

English Zetan Zakkur Ḥabibu Ḥubaytu Ḥaggagu Ḥaggai

TAO B × × × × 2.11 ×

TAO C TAO D × × × × × 6.2 9.2 × 1.1 9.1 2.10, × 4.2, 4.5, 9.1

96 97 98

‫ חגראור‬Ḥiggerur ‫ חור‬Ḥor ‫ חורי‬Ḥori (clan)

× 1.1–6 4.7

× × 2.12

99

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

4.3

100 101 102

‫ חזי‬Ḥezi ‫ חזיר‬Ḥezir ‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira

103 104 105 106 107

‫ חזירו‬Ḥuzayru/ Ḥaziru ‫ חטמו‬Ḥatamu ‫ חטמת‬Ḥaṭ(a)mat ‫ חיאל‬Ḥiel ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

108

‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

109

‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

×

110

×

111 112 113 114 115 116 117

‫ חמיו‬Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu ‫ חנינא‬Ḥanina ‫ חנן‬Ḥanan ‫ חנניה‬Ḥananyah ‫ חנניו‬Ḥananio ‫ חסניה‬Ḥisniya ‫ חשביו‬Ḥašabio ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

× × × × 2.22 × ×

118 119

‫ טוביה‬Tobiyah ‫ טפן‬Ṭpn

4.1 ×

References in References TAO G TAO A Elsewhere × × × × × × × 185.1 × × 290.4.8 × × 33.1–8 × 2.3 5.18–19, 18.6–8, J8.6 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1 × × × × × × × 6.3, 5–6, 7.3, H3.1, 16, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, J11.3 34.1–8 × 3.17–18, 15.18, H2.1, 4, 6 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1 × 188.1 × × 189.1 H4.1 × 2.11, 3.32, 9.14, × 10.12, 35.1–10, 50.4, 144.2 × 159.1 ×

TAO E 1.4 1.1 × 3.8 3.11 1.6

TAO F × × × × 2.2 5.1

× × ×

1.2 × ×

× × 3.9

7.1

×

×

3.10

× × ×

× × 1.3

× 4.8 ×

× × ×

3.11(?) 3.11 ×

×

2.9

×

3.8

×

× × × ×

2.4 × × 1.6, 3.8

× × × ×

× × × ×

×

3.7, 4.4

×

2.2

2.14

×

3.4

×

×

×

2.14

×

×

×

3.4 × 1.1 1.3 × 1.2–3 1.2, 3.17 × ×

× × × × × × 3.12

× × × × × × ×

× ×

× ×

× × × 2.2 × 1.3, 9.2 1.3, × 2.26, 30 × 7.6

1.3, 4.1 3.4, 13 2.2 × × × × × × × × × 1.3, 3.1, × 4.1, 5.3 × × 6.1 ×

79.1–4 × 4.36, 134.1–2 2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2 3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1 7.1–41, 60, 249a.1 1.33, 44.5, 99.2 195.1 61.5(?), 105.2 × × × × 1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9 × ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 1 1 2 3 6 5

1 1 4 4

2 3 2 3

× J5.1 × J4.2

2 1 2 3

×

4

H4.14, J1.4

3

×

2

× × × × × × J5.2

4 2 1 1 1 1 4

× ×

1 1

xxxii

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 120

Personal Name English ‫ יבנאל‬Yabneel

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

‫ידו‬ ‫ידיה‬ ‫ידיעא‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהוכל‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫יהוסף‬ ‫יהועז‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫יהשוע‬

131 132 133 134 135

‫יואכל‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ינקם‬ ‫חוקם‬/‫חיקם‬ ‫ירמיה‬

136 137

‫ישבי‬ ‫ישמעל‬

138 139

‫יתאבו‬ ‫יתאח‬

140

Yaddu Yedayah Yedia Yedanyah Yehokal (clan) Yehonatan Yehosef Yehoaz Yehoaqab Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yoakal Yanuš Yinqom Ḥiqam/Ḥuqam Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yašbi Yišmael (Ishmael) Yet(i)abu Yetiaḥ

‫יתוע‬/‫ יתעו‬Yathu

141 142 143 144 145 146 147

‫כחאל‬ ‫כיא‬ ‫כלחזה‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫כרמי‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫ליתע‬

148

‫ לעדאל‬Laadiel

149 150

Koaḥel Kaya Kol-ḥozeh Karaz Karmi (clan) Lubayu Laytha

References Elsewhere ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 3

TAO E ×

TAO F ×

TAO G ×

× × 2.3 × × × × × × ×

TAO D 2.8, 3.16 × × × × 6 × × × × ×

References in TAO A 47.1

× 1.8 × × 1.1–3 × × 1.2 × 1.1

× × × × × × × × 2.3 ×

× × × × × × 2.3 × × ×

4.33 × 1.49, 137.1–2 × 5 × × 6.1–2 × ×

× × × × × × × H5.3 × ×

2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1

2.2 2.23 × × ×

× × × 2.13 ×

× × × × ×

× × × × 3.20

× × 2.5 × ×

× × × × ×

× × 34.3 × ×

× × H1.1 × ×

1 1 2 1 1

2.8 ×

× ×

× ×

× 3.19

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

1 1

× ×

× ×

× ×

3.5 3.1

× ×

× ×

J9.5 ×

2 2

×

×

×

×

×

H3.6

2

× × × × × × ×

1.4, 2.10 9.7 2.11 × × × 1.1 ×

× × × × × × ×

× × 1.6 3.17 × 4.5 1.10

× × × × × × ×

× × × × 3.1 × ×

× × × × × × H1.3

1 1 2 1 1 3 2

×

1.2, 5.2

×

×

×

×

62.1–5 3.11, 80.1–4, 152.1, 3.25, 8.22, 42.1–7 × × 203.1 × × 8.6, 106.1–3 2.12, 81.1–4, 162.1 4.1, 4, 7–10, 13–16, 23, 26, 31a, 8.11, 10.40, 29.9, 25.1–11 × ×

H5.9, J1.1

2

× ×

1 1

× ×

1 3

×

5

TAO B ×

TAO C 2.4

2.1–35 × × 2.20 × 2.13 × × × ×

× ×

1.1 ×

× ×

× 1.2–3

× ×

× ×

151 152

‫ לעדראל‬Laadarel ‫ לצראל‬Laṣurel/ Laṣarel ‫ מגס‬Magas ‫ מטרן‬Maṭ(ṭ)aran

× ×

× 7.1

1.5 ×

× ×

× ×

153

‫ מלכו‬Malku

4.5

× 2.8, 2.18 7.3

8.1

3.9

×

×

× 24.8, 107.1–3, 290.2.15 1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xxxiii

Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161

Personal Name ‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫מרא‬ ‫מרצעת‬

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

162 163 164 165

‫משלם‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נהרו‬ ‫נהרי‬

166 167 168 169 170

‫נורי‬ ‫נחום‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫נמרו‬ ‫נעום‬

171 172 173 174 175 176

English Malkiel Menaḥem Menaḥemah Mannuki Mannukišamaš Mare Marṣaat

Mešullam Nabuyiṣdaq Nah(a)ru Nah(a)ri Nuri Naḥum Netira Nam(i)ru Naum

‫ נעמאל‬Naamel ‫נקרו‬/‫ נקדו‬Naqdu/Naqru ‫נקמו‬ ‫נשי‬ ‫נתון‬ ‫נתינא‬

Naqmu Nšy Nattun Netina

177 178

‫ נתינו‬Nutaynu ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

179 180 181 182

‫נתני‬ ‫נתנמרן‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫סמוך‬

183 184 185 186

187

Natn(a)i Natanmaran Natanṣidq Sammuk

‫ סמי‬Sami ‫ סמכו‬Sam(a)ku ‫ ססמי‬Sismai ‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

‫ עבדאל‬Abdel

No. of References in References Dossiers TAO B TAO C TAO D TAO E TAO F TAO G TAO A Elsewhere with PN × × × 1.5 × × × × 1 3.1 × × 1.5 × × × × 2 × × × 3.7 × × × × 1 × × × × 2.7 × × × 1 × × 9.1 × 2.7 × × × 2 × × × 3.13 × × × × 1 × × × 3.2 2.9 × 3.2, 18.5, 42.4– J9.6 3 5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21 × 2.14 8.3 × × × 2.17–18, 3.3, H4.5 3 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16 × × × 1.6, 12 × × × H2.20 1 × × × 3.21 × × × × 1 × × × 3.2 × × 63.6, 141.1–2 H6.2 2 × × × 4.6 × × 9.19, 10.24, × 2 108.1–3 × × 2.2 × × × × × 1 2.12 2.2 × × × × 1.52, 82.1–5 J1.4 3 × 2.1 × 3.18 × × × × 2 × × × 3.7 × × 4.4, 14, 109.1–3 × 2 × 2.12 × × × × 3.5, 36.1–8, × 2 48.4–5 × × 9.3 × × × × × 3 × 7.3 2.12–13 1.7, 3.26 3.16 × 8.45, 12.17, 21.1, J1.14, 12.16 5 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1 × 3.1 × × × × × × 1 × × × 1.8 × × × × 1 × 9.2 9.3 × × × 68.1, 208.1 × 3 × × × × 3.14–15 × 17.8, 110.1–3, × 2 290.1.3 × 5.4 8.3 × × × 50.1–6 × 3 × 9.3 × 3.3 × × 1.39, 7.3, × 3 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28 × 6.2 × × × × × × 1 × 8.2 × 1.9 × × 8.17, 300.1.59 × 3 × × 4.11 3.7, 15 × × 3.10, 20, 83.1–4 × 3 × × × 1.1, 1.5 × × 7.20a, 25, H4.4–5 2 142.1–3, 176.1 × × 2.11 × × × × × 1 4 × 2.7 2.9 3.2 × × 8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, J1.8, 9.3 51.1–5 × 6.2 × × × × × H2.1 1 × 1.2, 2.1, 7.1, 9.6 3.6–7 × × 2.2, 16, 4.7, H2.7, 5.12 4 2.6, 2.9, 19–20, 8.3–4, 2.18 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9 × × × 3.2, 16 × × 7.53, 214.1 × 2

xxxiv

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 188

Personal Name English ‫ עבדבעלי‬Abdbaali

TAO B ×

TAO C ×

TAO D ×

TAO E 3.3

TAO F ×

189

‫ עבדו‬Abdu

×

×

‫ עבדוסרי‬Abdosiri ‫ עבדי‬Abdi

4.6 4.5

× 9.2

1.11, 3.24 3.8 3.5

×

190 191

2.12, 4.5 × 9.6

192 193

‫ עבדלהי‬Abdilahi ‫ עבדמלך‬Abdmilk

× 2.9, 14

1.7 ×

× ×

3.2 ×

× 2.10, 3.17 × ×

× 2.31 × 2.11 4.1a × ×

× × × × × × 2.13

× × × 2.1 × 9.2 ×

× × 3.21 × × × ×

2.11 × × × × × 5.12

194 195 196 197 198 199 200

‫עבדמנותו‬ ‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדעזיז‬ ‫עבדקוס‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫עבדשמש‬ ‫עביד‬

Abdmanutu Abdnanai Abdaziz Abdqos Abdiram Abdšamaš Ubayd/Abid

References in TAO G TAO A × 1.2, 2.32, 3.2, 84.1–4 × 65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45 × 5.15–19 × 7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2 × × × 1.2, 2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.31, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24 × × × × × × × 30.6, 112.1–3 × × × 146.1–2 × 6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1 × 1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4 × 1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28 × × × 2.11, 114.1–3

201

‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu

×

6.1

3.1

3.4, 8, 4.7

×

202

/‫ עדירו‬Udaydu/ ‫ עדידו‬Udayru

×

7.2

×

4.8

×

203 204

‫ עדן‬Adan/Adin ‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel

× ×

× × × ×

× ×

205 206

× ×

5.3 ×

× ×

3.20 3.11, 4.9 × 4.9

No. of Dossiers with PN 2

×

3

J1.17 J3.2

3 6

× ×

2 2

× × × × × × ×

1 1 1 3 1 2 3

J1.12

4

J12.9

3

× ×

1 4

× J10.9

1 2

×

1

×

×

×

3.18

×

×

208

‫ עדרמראן‬Adarmaran/ Idrimaran (‫ עדרנ(י‬Ad(a)ran(i)

× 13.17, 14.2–4, 300.4.20 ×

×

×

3.5

×

×

16.15, 217.1

×

3

209 210 211 212 213

‫עוידאלהי‬ ‫עוידו‬ ‫עותו‬ ‫עותי‬ ‫עזגד‬

× × × × ×

1.1, 2.1, 2.4 × 2.18 × 4.2, 9.6 4.3

× × × × ×

3.4 × × × 1.10

× 3.18 3.19 × ×

× × × × ×

× 2.4, 148.1 218.1 3.5, 6.21 56.1

1 3 2 2 3

× × ×

× × ×

7.1 × ×

× 1.2–3 ×

× × 2.12

× × ×

× × 6.21, 29.1–9, 114.3

× × × × H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 × × H3.2

207

214 215 216

‫ עדרו‬Adru ‫ עדרי‬Adri

× × 1.7, 2.10 4.1–1a

References Elsewhere ×

Awidilahi Uwaydu Ghauthu Ghauthi Azgad

‫ עזה‬Uzzah (clan) ‫ עזור‬Azzur ‫ עזיזו‬Uzayzu

1 1 2

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xxxv

Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 217 218 219 220 221

Personal Name English ‫ עזראל‬Azriel/Azarel ‫ עזריקם‬Azriqam ‫עידו‬/‫ עירו‬Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru

222

‫ עינו‬Aynu ‫ עלבעל‬Al(i)baal (clan) ‫ עליאל‬Aliel

223 224

TAO B TAO C TAO D × × × × × × × 2.3, 2.4, 3.15, 2.11, 8.6–8 4.3, 4.6 × × × × × 5

TAO E × 1.1 3.5, 3.25

TAO F 3.20 × ×

TAO G × × ×

3.4 1.5

× ×

× ×

References in TAO A × × 1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1 × 5

References Elsewhere × × ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 1 1 4

× ×

1 3

H2.1

4

H2.1 J1.1

1 3

×

3

H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 ×

3 2

J12.11 ×

3 3

×

3

H6.2

2

× × H3.1 × × ×

2 1 3 2 3 1

× ×

1 3

× × × ×

1 1 1 2

× × H5.2 J3.9 ×

1 1 3 1 1

×

6.2, 6.10

3.14–15

×

3.21

×

‫ עליו‬Aliyu ‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos

× ×

5.3 2.6, 3.1

× ×

× 3.2

× ×

× ×

225

‫ עמו‬Ammu

×

×

3.2

×

×

226

‫ עמי‬Ammi

×

2.12, 3.1 ×

12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1 × 2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5, 158.1, 242.1 11.9, 65.3

×

1.8

×

2.2

222.1

227

‫ עמיאל‬Ammiel

×

3.1, 4.2

×

×

×

×

228 229

‫ עמיתע‬Ammiyatha ‫ עמקוס‬Ammiqos

× ×

9.7 1.2, 5.1

× ×

3.9 ×

× 2.14–16

× ×

1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2 116.1–3 1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3 2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5 3.16, 9.21, 16.5, 39.6, 41.4, 37.1–8 × × 7.48, 119.1–3 39.2 × ×

230

‫ ענאל‬Anael

×

9.6

×

1.6

×

×

231

‫ עני‬Ani

×

×

×

×

3.22

×

232 233 234 235 236 237

Aqabyah Aqban Othni Pedael Peṭes(e) Peniyah/ Waniyah

2.31 × × 2.5 2.4 2.4

3.2 × 1.3, 2.1 × × ×

× × × × 2.13 ×

× 3.2 2.2 × 1.2 ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

238 239

‫עקביה‬ ‫עקבן‬ ‫עתני‬ ‫פדאל‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫פניה‬ /‫וניה‬ ‫פסא‬ ‫פסי‬

Pasa Pasi

× 4.6

5.6 3.2

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

240 241 242 243

‫פרחה‬ ‫פרטא‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫צחרו‬

Parḥah Peraṭa Ṣidqa Ṣaḥ(a)ru

× × 2.24 1.5

× × × ×

× × × ×

2.2 × × ×

× 3.23 × ×

× × × ×

244 245 246 247 248

‫צחרי‬ ‫צרצרו‬ ‫קוסאח‬ ‫קוסאיתי‬ ‫קוסאלף‬

Ṣaḥ(a)ri Ṣarṣaru Qosaḥ Qosaiti Qosalaf

× × × × ×

5.6 × 2.13 × ×

× × 3.3 4.7 ×

× 3.7 × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × 2.2

× 1.29, 69.1, 229a.1 × × × 14.4–5, 105.4, 231.1 × × 233.1 × ×

xxxvi

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 249 250

Personal Name English ‫ קוסאתא‬Qosata ‫ קוסבין‬Qosbayan

251 252

‫ קוסברך‬Qosbarek ‫ קוסגד‬Qosgad

253

‫ קוסדכר‬Qosdakar

3.3

254

‫ קוסדלני‬Qosdalani

×

2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5 ×

255 256 257

‫ קוסהדה‬Qoshadah ‫ קוסוהב‬Qoswahab ‫ קוסחיר‬Qoskhair

× × 2.18

7.3 × ×

4.3, 13–14 × 2.15 ×

258

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

×

2.1

3.5

1.3 ×

× 4.4

7.2 ×

3.11 3.1

× ×

× ×

× 6.2, 6.9, 7.4 ×

4.2 ×

× 4.12

× 2.17

× ×

3.6–7

×

×

×

×

3.2

×

×

× ×

× ×

259 260

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan) ‫ קוסיד‬Qosyad

TAO B TAO C TAO D × × 4.13 × 2.16(?), × 4.2, 5.1 × 2.16(?) 7.3 × 6.2 × ×

References in TAO A × 69.2, 234.1

References Elsewhere × ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 1 3

J10.3 ×

4 3

H2.5

5

TAO E × 1.6,

TAO F × ×

TAO G × ×

× 1.10, 3.3 1.6, 3.9

× ×

4.7 ×

×

1.6

9.28, 67.1–5 3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1 42.4, 54.1–5

4.10

×

×

×

×

2

× × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× 154.2, 238.1 10.7, 68.1–5, 51.3, 300.4.31 1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31 6.7–9, 29.6 1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1 × 150.1–2

× × ×

1 2 2

H4.11

5

H3.3, J11.4 H4.4, 5.11

4 3

× J5.1

1 4

1.1, 3.6, 3.25–26 13

×

261 262

‫ קוסידלי‬Qosyidli ‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada

× ×

263

‫ קוסיהב‬Qosyahab

×

264

‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

2.6, 4.2, 5–6

5.4

265 266

‫ קוסיתב‬Qosyatib ‫ קוסיתע‬Qosyatha

× ×

× 1.3

267

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

3.1

4.4, 8.1

×

1.6, 3.23

3.27–28

4.1

268 269

‫ קוסכרז‬Qoskaraz ‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

× ×

× 1.3, 4.1

3.3 1.4, 3.6

× ×

× ×

270 271

‫ קוסלנהר‬Qoslanhar ‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

× ×

× 2.7

× 2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2 × ×

3.5 3.2

× ×

× ×

272

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath

×

2.12, 6.8

×

3.3, 24

×

×

× 1.1, 3.6 4.4, 9.1 ×

26.1–10, 154.2, × 300.6.5 1.16–17, 25–27, J1.4, 5.2 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32 152.1–2 × 1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, H5.10, J7.1 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10 × 2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5 × × 39.1–8 × × × 5.3–4, 9, 18.11, H9.1, J12.14 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4 9.34, 38.8, H4.1 122.1–5

2 4

2 3

6 1 4 1 3 3

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xxxvii

Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 273

Personal Name English ‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

TAO B ×

274

‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar

×

275

‫ קוסנקם‬Qosnaqam

×

TAO E 3.1, 3, 4.11

TAO F ×

×

3.14

×

×

1.5, 3.6

×

×

2.7, 3.5, 4.6 6.3(?), 9.3

2.11

1.2–3, 3.2, 5 3.18

×

2.2

×

×

×

×

4.14

×

5.6

8.5

×

×

×

×

2.2, 4.2

×

×

3.29

×

2.8 ×

× 2.1, 5.5, 9.4

× ×

× 1.6, 3.1

× 3.30

× ×

276

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

2.15

277

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

×

278 279

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/ider ‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

TAO C TAO D 5.2, 9.2 ×

References in TAO G TAO A 1.6, 2.3 1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2 × 10.37

2.1, 2.11 ×

4.8

3.3, 12, 3.24, 29 14

×

280

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

281 282

‫ קוסעם‬Qosam ‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

283

‫ קוסקם‬Qosqam

×

1.6

×

×

×

×

284

‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

×

4.5

2.6, 13

×

×

×

285

‫ קוסריע‬Qosrai

×

×

×

1.5

×

×

286 287

‫ קוסשמע‬Qosšama ‫ קניו‬Qanaio

× ×

× ×

1.10 ×

× ×

× ×

288 289 290

‫ קשת‬Qšt ‫ רבשעדני‬Rabsaadani ‫ רהנו‬Rah(a)nu

× 1.7 ×

× 2.13, 6.8 × × ×

× × ×

1.8–9 × 3.12

× × ×

× × ×

291

‫ רוי‬Rawi

×

9.1

×

×

×

×

292

‫דוס‬/‫ רוס‬Rus/Dos

×

×

×

1.3

×

×

2.14, 8.12, 15, 31, 27.1–10, 79.4, 270.1 1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4 1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10 2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3 3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1 1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9 × 1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15 10.23–24, 29.2, 154.1–2 1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1–12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47 × 49.2 4.5, 15–16, 17.9, 72.1–5 16.14 × 2.35, 8.7–8, 12, 46.1–7 1.6, 3.14, 6.12, 123.1–3 ×

References Elsewhere H6.3

No. of Dossiers with PN 4

×

3

×

2

J5.1

6

×

4

×

4

J3.8

3

J9.6

3

× H2.5, 4.6, J10.3

1 4

×

2

H1.3, 9.4

3

H3.4, 4.3, 5.3, 6.2, 3 × H4.10

1

× × ×

2 1 2

×

2

×

1

2 2

xxxviii

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 1.  323 Names That Appear in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

Personal Name English ‫ רמאל‬Ramel ‫רעצו‬ ‫רפו‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שבי‬ ‫שברו‬ ‫שכוי‬ ‫שלום‬

Raaṣu Rafu Šaul (Saul) Šeila Šobai Šabru/Sabru Sakkui Šallum

TAO B ×

TAO C ×

× × 2.29 2.10 1.1–2 × 2.20 2.8

× × × × × 3.1 × 2.8

TAO D 3.2, 8, 11–12 × × × × × × × ×

TAO E ×

TAO F ×

TAO G ×

3.13 × × × × × × 3.3

× × × × × × × ×

× 4.2 × × × × × ×

× ×

3.7 ×

× ×

× ×

References in TAO A ×

References Elsewhere ×

No. of Dossiers with PN 1

250.1, 290.2.17 × × × × 47.1 3.18, 254.1 3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5 × 9.3, 155.1–2

× × × × × × × ×

2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4

× ×

1 2

× 9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29 × × ×

× ×

1 3

× × ×

1 1 2

× × ×

1 2 2

×

3

302 303

‫ שליו‬Šalyu ‫ שלמו‬Šalmu

× ×

304 305

‫ שמו‬Šamou ‫ שמוע‬Šammu

× ×

× 3.1(?), 5.3 × 2.1, 6.8

‫ שמור‬Šammur ‫ שמעה‬Šimah ‫ שמעון‬Šim’on (Simeon) ‫ שמעיה‬Šemayah ‫ שמרו‬Šamru/Šimru ‫ שמרי‬Šamri/Šimri

× × ×

2.18 × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× 7.2, 8.6 ×

× × ×

1.2 × 2.3

× × ×

× × ×

×

2.18

×

3.6

×

×

313 314

‫ שמשדן‬Šamašdan/ iddin ‫ שמשי‬Šimšai ‫ שמתו‬Samitu

× 3.37, 126.1–4 255.1, 18.13, 158.1 255a.1

× ×

1.5 ×

× 3.31

× ×

× 8.1–46

× ×

1 3

315 316

‫ שעדאל‬Saadel ‫ שעדו‬Saadu

× ×

3.17 1.6

2.20 ×

× ×

J1.11 ×

5 3

317

‫ שעדי‬Saadi

10.1–42 2.10, 40, 156.1–2 14.21, 52.1–6, 290.3.1 212.1 22.1–12, 76.1, 154.2 × 4.36 × 185

J11.6

2

× ×

2 2

H6.2, J4.2 × × 85

1 2 1

306 307 308 309 310 311 312

× ×

× 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6 1.3–4, 7 8.2 × 5.3

× ×

1.2 × 1.8, 2.1, × 5, 3.6 × × 4.14 × 5.2 3.32–33

× × × × ×

×

×

×

3.22

×

×

318 319

‫ שעדניקוס‬Saadaniqos ‫ שעידו‬Suaydu

× ×

1.5, 5.5 ×

× 8.1

× ×

× ×

× ×

320 321 322

‫ תבנה‬Tibnah ‫ תימאל‬Taymil ‫ תימו‬Taymu TOTAL

× × × 57

× × × 141

× 4.1a × 65

1.2, 5 × × 160

× × × 47

× × 2.6 21

xxxix

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2a. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Personal Name ‫אבה‬ /‫אבימלך‬ ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אחיו‬ ‫אחמה‬ ‫איה‬ ‫אלבעל‬ ‫אלוהב‬ ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫אלנתן‬ ‫אלעדר‬ ‫אלעיר‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫ביתבעל‬ ‫בלדלני‬ ‫בלפלטי‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעל‬ ‫בעליתן‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫ברזל‬ ‫ברכל‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫גברו‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫גדחתפי‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫גני‬ ‫דכרי‬ ‫דכרן‬ ‫דניעיר‬ /‫דרוע‬ ‫רדוע‬ ‫הוברך‬ ‫ודידאל‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫זבדאלה‬ ‫זבדמלך‬ ‫זבינא‬ ‫זידן‬

English Aba Abimelek / Ab(i) me[lek] Aḥ(i)bar Aḥḥapi Aḥiyo Aḥimmeh Ayyah El(i)baal Ilwahab Elḥanan Eliezer Elyašib Elnatan Eladar Ilghayr Eserešut Bgdmšrk Baytbaal Beldalani Belpalṭi Benyason Baal Baalyaton Baalrai Barzel Barakel Bar(a)qat Gab(ba)ru Gaddul Gadḥotpe Gadner Gahimu Gam(a)rat Gani Dikri Dakran Danighayr Darua / Radua Hubarek Waddidil Waalu Zabdilah Zabdimilk Zebina Zaydan

TAO B × 2.12

TAO C 9.6 ×

TAO D × ×

TAO E × ×

TAO F × 5.3

TAO G × ×

Frequency in TAO B–G 1 2

× × × × × × × × × 2.19 × × × × × × 3.1 3.2 × × × 3.4 × × × × × × × × 2.27 × ×

× × 2.1, 3.2 2.18 6.4 9.2 5.3 × × × 6.3? 2.18 × × × 9.7 × × × × × × 4.5 × × 3.2 4.5 7.4 × × × × ×

× 1.2 × × × × × 3.22 5.2 × × × 3.4, 9 1.2 1.12 × × × 5.1 × 3.19 3.6 × × × × 1.8-9 × 3.3 3.4 × 1.1 ×

3.2 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 3.3 × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1.6 × × × 1.5 × × × × × × × × ×

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4

× × ×

2.4 × 4.5

× × × × × × × × × × × × 9.2 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 4.4, 9–10, 6.4 × × ×

× 3.11 ×

× × ×

× × ×

1 1 1

× × × × × 1.4 ×

× × × × × × ×

5.2 × 9.2 2.16 2.4–5, 7 × ×

× × × × 3.1 × ×

× 3.5 × × 3.8 × ×

× × 4.7 × × × 2.4

1 1 2 1 5 1 1

xl

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2a. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

Personal Name ‫זיתן‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫חגראור‬ ‫חור‬ ‫חטמת‬ ‫חנניה‬ ‫חנניו‬ ‫חסניה‬ ‫חשביו‬ ‫טוביה‬ ‫טפן‬ ‫ידיה‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫יהוסף‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫יהשוע‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫חו‬/‫חקם‬ ‫ירמיה‬ ‫ישבי‬ ‫ישמעל‬ ‫כחאל‬ ‫כיא‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫כרמי‬ ‫לעדראל‬ ‫לצראל‬ ‫מגס‬ ‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫מרי‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נורי‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫נעמאל‬ ‫נקמו‬ ‫נשי‬ ‫נתני‬ ‫סמי‬ ‫ססמי‬ ‫עבדלהי‬ ‫עבדמנותו‬

English Zetan Zakkur Ḥiggerur Ḥor Ḥaṭ(a)mat Ḥananyah Ḥananio Ḥisniya Ḥašabio Tobiyah Ṭpn Yedayah Yedanyah Yehonatan Yehosef Yehoaqab Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yoakal Yanuš Ḥiqam/Ḥuqam Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yašbi Yišmael Koaḥel Kaya Karaz Karmi (clan) Laadarel Laṣurel / Laṣarel Magas Malkiel Menaḥem Menaḥemah Mannuki Mannukišamaš Mari Mešullam Nabuyiṣdaq Nuri Netira Naamel Naqmu Nšy Natn(a)i Sami Sismai Abdilahi Abdmanutu

TAO B × × × 1.1–6 × × × 2.22 × 4.1 × × 2.20 2.13 × × × 2.2 2.23 × × 2.8 × × × × × × × × × 3.1 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

TAO C × × × × 2.2 × × × × × 6.1 × × × × × × × × 2.13 × × × 9.7 2.11 × × 1.1 × × × × × × × × × × × 2.1 × 3.1 × 6.2 × 6.2 1.7 ×

TAO D × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 9.1 × × × 2.2 × 9.3 × × × 2.11 × × ×

TAO E 1.4 1.1 1.2 × × 1.1 1.3 × 1.2–3 × × 1.8 × × × × 1.1 × × × 3.20 × 3.19 × × 3.17 × × 1.2–3 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.7 × × 3.13 1.6, 12 3.21 × 3.18 × × 1.8 × × × 3.2 ×

TAO F × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.3 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.7 2.7 × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.11

TAO G × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.3 × × × × × × × × × × × 3.1 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Frequency in TAO B–G 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

xli

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2a. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically No.  94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

Personal Name ‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדעזיז‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫עדן‬ ‫עדרו‬ ‫עדרמראן‬

English Abdnanai Abdaziz Abdiram Adan / Adin Adru Adarmaran / Idrimaran Awidilahi Uzzah (clan) Azzur Azriel / Azarel Azriqam Aynu Aliyu Aqabyah Aqban Peṭes(e) Peniyah/Waniyah

TAO B 2.31 × 4.1a × × ×

TAO C × × × × 5.3 ×

TAO D × × × × × ×

TAO E × 3.21 × 3.20 × 3.18

TAO F × × × × × ×

TAO G × × × × × ×

Frequency in TAO B–G 1 1 1 1 1 1

× × × × × × × 2.31 × 2.4 2.4

× × × × × × 5.3 3.2 × × ×

× 7.1 × × × × × × × 2.13 ×

3.4 × 1.2-3 × 1.1 3.4 × × 3.2 1.2 ×

× × × 3.20 × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1

× × × × × × 4.7 × 4.13 4.3, 13–14 × 4.2 × × × × × × 3.2, 8, 11–12 × × × × × × × × ×

× 2.2 × × × 3.7 × × × 4.10

× × 3.23 × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × 2.2 × ×

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

× × 3.3 3.5 × 1.5 × 1.3 ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

× × × × 3.7 1.2 × 4.14 5.2

× × × × × × × × 3.32–33

4.2 × × × × × × × ×

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

‫עוידאלהי‬ ‫עזה‬ ‫עזור‬ ‫עזראל‬ ‫עזריקם‬ ‫עינו‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫עקבן‬ ‫פטס‬ /‫פניה‬ ‫וניה‬ ‫פסא‬ ‫פרחה‬ ‫פרטא‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫צחרי‬ ‫צרצרו‬ ‫קוסאיתי‬ ‫קוסאלף‬ ‫קוסאתא‬ ‫קוסדלני‬

Pasa Parḥah Peraṭa Ṣidqa Ṣaḥ(a)ri Ṣarṣaru Qosaiti Qosalaf Qosata Qosdalani

× × × 2.24 × × × × × ×

5.6 × × × 5.6 × × × × ×

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129

‫קוסהדה‬ ‫קוסידלי‬ ‫קוסכרז‬ ‫קוסלנהר‬ ‫קוסעם‬ ‫קוסריע‬ ‫רבשעדני‬ ‫רוס‬ ‫רמאל‬

Qoshadah Qosyidli Qoskaraz Qoslanhar Qosam Qosrai Rabsaadani Rus / Dos Ramel

× × × × 2.8 × 1.7 × ×

7.3 × × × × × × × ×

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

‫רפו‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שבי‬ ‫שליו‬ ‫שמו‬ ‫שמור‬ ‫שמעה‬ ‫שמעון‬

× 2.29 2.10 1.1–2 × × × × ×

× × × × × × 2.18 × ×

Rafu Šaul (Saul) Šeila Šobai Šalyu Šamou Šammur Šimah Šim’on (Simeon)

xlii

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2a. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered Alphabetically

No. 139 140 141 142

Personal Name ‫שמעיה‬ ‫שמשי‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫תימו‬

English Šemayah Šimšai Tibnah Taymu TOTAL

TAO B × × × × 28

TAO C × × × × 33

TAO D × × × × 17

TAO E 1.2 1.5 1.2, 5 × 60

TAO F × × × × 12

TAO G × × × 2.6 9

Frequency in TAO B–G 1 1 2 1

Table 2b. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered by Frequency No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Personal Name ‫אבה‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אחמה‬ ‫איה‬ ‫אלבעל‬ ‫אלוהב‬ ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫אלנתן‬ ‫אלעדר‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫ביתבעל‬ ‫בלדלני‬ ‫בלפלטי‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעל‬ ‫בעליתן‬ ‫ברזל‬ ‫ברכל‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫גברו‬ ‫גדחתפי‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫גני‬ ‫דכרן‬ ‫דניעיר‬ ‫רדוע‬/‫דרוע‬ ‫הוברך‬ ‫ודידאל‬ ‫זבדאלה‬

English Aba Aḥ(i)bar Aḥḥapi Aḥimmeh Ayyah El(i)baal Ilwahab Elḥanan Eliezer Elyašib Elnatan Eladar Eserešut Bgdmšrk Baytbaal Beldalani Belpalṭi Benyason Baal Baalyaton Barzel Barakel Bar(a)qat Gab(ba)ru Gadḥotpe Gadner Gahimu Gam(a)rat Gani Dakran Danighayr Darua/Radua Hubarek Waddidil Zabdilah

TAO B × × × × × × × × × 2.19 × × × × × 3.1 3.2 × × × × × × × × × × 2.27 × × × × × × ×

TAO C 9.6 × × 2.18 6.4 9.2 5.3 × × × 6.3(?) 2.18 × × 9.7 × × × × × 4.5 × × 3.2 7.4 × × × × 2.4 × 4.5 × × ×

TAO D × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 5.2 × 2.16

TAO E × × 1.2 × × × × 3.22 5.2 × × × 1.2 1.12 × × × 5.1 × 3.19 × × × × × 3.3 3.4 × 1.1 × 3.11 × × × ×

TAO F × 3.2 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 3.3 × × × × × × × × × × 3.5 ×

TAO G × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1.6 × × 1.5 × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Frequency in TAO B-G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers

xliii

Table 2b. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered by Frequency No. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83

Personal Name ‫זבינא‬ ‫זידן‬ ‫זיתן‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫חגראור‬ ‫חטמת‬ ‫חנניה‬ ‫חנניו‬ ‫חסניה‬ ‫טוביה‬ ‫טפן‬ ‫ידיה‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫יהוסף‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫יהשוע‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫חוקם‬/‫חיקם‬ ‫ירמיה‬ ‫ישבי‬ ‫ישמעל‬ ‫כחאל‬ ‫כיא‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫כרמי‬ ‫לעדראל‬ ‫מגס‬ ‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫מרי‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נורי‬ ‫נעמאל‬ ‫נקמו‬ ‫נשי‬ ‫נתני‬ ‫סמי‬ ‫ססמי‬ ‫עבדמנותו‬ ‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדעזיז‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫עדן‬ ‫עדרו‬

English Zebina Zaydan Zetan Zakkur Ḥiggerur Ḥaṭ(a)mat Ḥananyah Ḥananio Ḥisniya Tobiyah Ṭpn Yedayah Yedanyah Yehonatan Yehosef Yehoaqab Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yoakal Yanuš Ḥiqam/Ḥuqam Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yašbi = Yašib Yišmael (Ishmael) Koaḥel Kaya Karaz Karmi (clan) Laadarel Magas Malkiel Menaḥem Menaḥemah Mannuki Mari Nabuyiṣdaq Nuri Naamel Naqmu Nšy Natn(a)i Sami Sismai Abdmanutu Abdnanai Abdaziz Abdiram Adan/Adin Adru

TAO B 1.4 × × × × × × × 2.22 4.1 × × 2.20 2.13 × × × 2.2 2.23 × × 2.8 × × × × × × × × 3.1 × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.31 × 4.1a × ×

TAO C × × × × × 2.2 × × × × 6.1 × × × × × × × × 2.13 × × × 9.7 2.11 × × 1.1 × × × × × × × × × 3.1 × 6.2 × 6.2 × × × × × 5.3

TAO D × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.2 9.3 × × × 2.11 × × × × × × ×

TAO E × × 1.4 1.1 1.2 × 1.1 1.3 × × × 1.8 × × × × 1.1 × × × 3.20 × 3.19 × × 3.17 × × 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.7 × 3.13 3.21 × × × 1.8 × × × × × 3.21 × 3.20 ×

TAO F × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.3 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.7 × × × × × × × × × 2.11 × × × × ×

TAO G × 2.4 × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.3 × × × × × × × × × × × 3.1 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Frequency in TAO B-G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

xliv

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2b. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered by Frequency

No.  84  85  86  87  88  89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129

Personal Name English ‫ עדרמראן‬Adarmaran/ Idrimaran ‫ עוידאלהי‬Awidilahi ‫ עזה‬Uzzah (clan) ‫ עזראל‬Azriel/Azarel ‫ עזריקם‬Azriqam ‫ עינו‬Aynu ‫ עליו‬Aliyu ‫ עקבן‬Aqban ‫וניה‬/‫ פניה‬Peniyah/Waniyah ‫ פסא‬Pasa ‫ פרחה‬Parḥah ‫ פרטא‬Peraṭa ‫ צדקא‬Ṣidqa ‫ צחרי‬Ṣaḥ(a)ri ‫ צרצרו‬Ṣarṣaru ‫ קוסאיתי‬Qosaiti ‫ קוסאלף‬Qosalaf ‫ קוסאתא‬Qosata ‫ קוסהדה‬Qoshadah ‫ קוסידלי‬Qosyidli ‫ קוסכרז‬Qoskaraz ‫ קוסלנהר‬Qoslanhar ‫ קוסעם‬Qosam ‫ קוסריע‬Qosrai ‫ רבשעדני‬Rabsaadani ‫ רוס‬Rus/Dos ‫ רפו‬Rafu ‫ שאול‬Šaul ‫ שאילא‬Šeila ‫ שליו‬Šalyu ‫ שמו‬Šamou ‫ שמור‬Šammur ‫ שמעה‬Šimah ‫ שמעיה‬Šemayah (Shemaiah) ‫ שמשי‬Šimšai ‫ תימו‬Taymu /‫אבימלך‬ ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אחיו‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫חשביו‬ ‫לצראל‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫עבדלהי‬

TAO B ×

TAO C ×

TAO D ×

TAO E 3.18

TAO F ×

TAO G ×

Frequency in TAO B-G 1

× × × × × × × 2.4 × × × 2.24 × × × × × × × × × 2.8 × 1.7 × × 2.29 2.10 × × × × × × ×

× × × × × 5.3 × × 5.6 × × × 5.6 × × × × 7.3 × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.18 × × × ×

× 7.1 × × × × × × × × × × × × 4.7 × 4.13 × 4.2 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

3.4 × × 1.1 3.4 × 3.2 × × 2.2 × × × 3.7 × × × × × 3.3 3.5 × 1.5 × 1.3 × × × 3.7 1.2 × 4.14 1.2 1.5 ×

× × 3.20 × × × × × × × 3.23 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2.2 × × × × × × × × × 4.2 × × × × × × × × 2.6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Abimelek/ Ab(i)me[lek]

2.12

×

×

×

5.3

×

2

Aḥiyo Baalrai Waalu Ḥašabio Laṣurel/Laṣarel Mannukišamaš Mešullam Netira Abdilahi

× 3.4 × × × × × × ×

2.1, 3.2 × × × × × × 2.1 1.7

× × 9.2 × × 9.1 × × ×

× 3.6 × 1.2–3 1.2–3 × 1.6, 12 3.18 3.2

× × × × × 2.7 × × ×

× × 4.7 × × × × × ×

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

xlv

Tables 1–2: Two Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Non-Chit Dossiers Table 2b. 142 Names That Appear Only in TAO Volume 4 (TAO B–G), Ordered by Frequency No. 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

Personal Name ‫עזור‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫שבי‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫אלעיר‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫שמעון‬

English Azzur Aqabyah Šobai Tibnah Ilghayr Gaddul Peṭes(e) Šim’on

TAO C × 3.2 × × × 4.5 × ×

TAO D × × × × 9.2 × 2.13 ×

TAO E 1.2–3 × × 1.2, 5 3.4, 9 1.8–9 1.2 5.2

TAO F × × × × × × × 3.32–33

TAO G × × × × × × × ×

Frequency in TAO B-G 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

×

×

×

×

×

4

4.10

×

×

4

×

×

×

4

3.1

3.8

×

5

× 60

× 12

× 9

6

139

‫ קוסדלני‬Qosdalani

×

×

140

‫ רמאל‬Ramel

×

×

×

×

4.4, 9–10, 6.4 4.3, 13–14 3.2, 8, 11–12 2.4–5, 7

1.1–6 28

× 33

× 17

141 142

‫ דכרי‬Dikri

TAO B × 2.31 1.1–2 × × × 2.4 ×

‫ זבדמלך‬Zabdimilk ‫ חור‬Ḥor TOTAL

B1.1–4.7 Payment Orders and Instructions Dossier (54 Texts, Table 3) B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor Ḥor appears in six of the seven payment orders for chaff, semolina, flour, and wood (B1.1–7). Several Arad ostraca (B2.1–35) parallel our texts and reveal a common bureaucratic practice. Some eight Hebrew texts are addressed to Elyashib (Aharoni 1981: nos. 1–2, 4, 7–8, 10–11, 14) with instructions to “give” (usually ‫ נתן‬but also ‫[ תן‬no. 4:1]) to the Kittim various commodities, such as oil, wine, flour, and bread. The Aramaic texts are terser and resemble ours more closely. An example will suffice: “Give (‫ )הב‬to Pedael b(arley), s(eah), 1. Yaddu. On the 5th” (B2.5; also see B2.8, 34). The format is virtually identical: imperative, recipient, commodity and amount, PN, day date (absent in B1.7). Yaddu of Arad is comparable to Ḥor here. The Kittim of the Hebrew ostraca parallel the Aqrabateans of our ostraca (B1.6). Finally, in both cases the dates are very close together and lack month—2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th in the Arad ostraca and 6th, 7th, and 15th in our texts. In addition, an open Aramaic papyrus instruction from Arsames authorizes payment of flour, fodder, and drink to Nakhtḥor and his animals, making the journey from the east to Egypt. It uses the same verb as here (TAD A6.9 [‫)]הב‬, which is also used in payment orders found in provenanced Idumean ostraca from Tel el-Farʿah (= Sharuhen ostraca [B3.3–5]). However, there are many differences. The ostraca here involve the place Makkedah and a second party, Saadel, raising the question, “What is the connection between him and Ḥor?” Four of the seven texts have unique additions indicating the source (Saadel [3×] and Makkedah [1×]): (1) bales to Šobai “from Makkedah” (B1.2); (2) loads to Ḥayyan “from Saadel” (B1.3); (3) semolina to Zebina “⟨from⟩ Saadel” (B1.4); and (4) bales that they acquired (‫“ )זי קנו‬from the hand of Saadel” (B1.7). Saadel had his own dossier of 42 chits—28 as payee, 7 as payer, 5 as signatory, 1 as agent, and one uncertain (A10). In one of his undated chits as payer, he dispatches 15 bales (A10.35), and in one dated 22 Elul (September 12, 362 b.c.e.) he dispatches 8 seahs of semolina to Makkedah (A10.32). bales usually appear in small numbers, such as 1 or 2, and only two other terse commodity chits surpass this with 15 and 16 bales (A10.35; 63.4). (For bales, see A1.2, 10 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2.) Yet here we have the unusual number of 21 given to Šobai the scribe (B1.1). Though Saadel did not sign off this payment order, another one that dispatches an unknown quantity of semolina looks at first glance as though he did (B1.4). However, it is more likely that Saadel’s name in that piece serves as the source, having omitted the “from” found in two others (B1.3, 7). On the other hand, as noted, one of our payment orders for bales concludes with the notation “from Makkedah” (B1.2). Among the commodity chits, as signatory Saadel signed off on August 8 and 21, 359, for two payments of bales for “female camels which are in Makkedah” (A10.39–40) and on September 10, 358, for a payment of semolina + flour (A10.41). However, two payment orders explicate the role of Saadel vis-à-vis Ḥor. One for loads concludes “from Saadel” (B1.3), while the other drops the name of Ḥor entirely and instead states that the bales had been acquired “from the hand of Saadel” (B1.7). It would seem, therefore, that Ḥor is the authorizing official, like Yaddu at Arad, and Saadel is the source, for bales, loads, and semolina, if not for flour, too. For more on Makkedah as a depository and source in the commodity chits, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1. Two texts have an omission—one lacks a date at the end (B1.7), and the other omits the verb and preposition (-‫ )הב ל‬at the beginning (B1.5). This latter omission matches more precisely the Arad ostraca, which begin simply with the name of the payee (see B2.1–35). Only thrice do we find the verbal imperative (B2.5, 8, 34). Six of the seven payments in our dossier go to different persons. Only Šobai appears twice, with a whopping 21 bales on day 6 and 3 more the next day, recorded as “from Makkedah” (B1.1–2). He is the 1

2

B1.1–4.7 Payment Orders and Instructions Dossier

only person in the whole corpus to be called a scribe (‫)ספרא‬, titles being exceedingly rare (cf. A150.1:3 for one other, “Maṭ(ṭ)aran our teacher”). The penultimate text is a payment order not to an individual but to a group, the Akrabateans, recorded only here in our texts (B1.6). Clearly, this is a unique dossier!

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu The payment orders from Arad constitute the largest numbers of such documents among the Aramaic ostraca, 34 in all (B2.7 = cancelled). They were written by at least three and perhaps as many as eight different scribes. The same signatory, Yaddu, signed off all the texts in this dossier much as Ḥor signed off on the earlier-mentioned payment orders (B1). These, like those, used the same verb ‫( הב‬though only explicitly in B2.5, 8, 34) and were dated simply by day (here, days 2 and 4–9). Their respective formats were similar, with two major additions (recipient-ANIMAL-product-measure-signatory-day date-SEALING SIGN [a-Bc-d-e-F]): the reference to one or more animals in a third of the texts (B2.10, 14–17, 21–23, 28, 30–31) and the occurrence of a sealing sign in virtually all of them. In this they are much like the Arsham and Beldalani orders cited above (TAD A6.9) and below (B3.1). Eight of the texts have more than one recipient: four have two recipients (B2.4, 11–12, 24); two have three (B2.8, 20); one has ten unnamed (B2.19); and one has an indeterminate number (B2.25). None of these has an animal, and the texts with animals have but a single recipient. Of the 11 animal texts, one includes 12 colts and another has 10 colts and 2 donkeys (B2.16–17); one includes 4 camels, a second has 2 camels and 3 donkeys, and a third has one camel and 2 donkeys (B2.23, 21, 30); two include a single horse each and a third has one horse and one donkey (B2.10, 14–15). Donkeys appear most often, five times in all. Thrice they appear together with other animals: one donkey with a horse, two donkeys with 10 colts, and two donkeys with a camel (B2.15, 17, 30). Appearing alone are one donkey (B2.22) and 3 donkeys, which were part of a larger group of 13 donkeys “from the province” (B2.31). The camel and the donkey were both riding and pack animals (Way 2011: 164–173), with the load of a camel being twice that of a donkey (m. B. Meṣiʿa 6:5; Dean 1935: 40–41). Only three products are to be delivered: small quantities of wheat (between 1 and 2 seahs) to only five or six men (B2.1–4, 13, 35[?]); much larger quantities of barley (up to more than 20 seahs) to some 20 men and 45 animals (B2.5–6, 9–10, 12, 14–17, 21–23, 26, 28–31, 33); and similar quantities of crushed/sifted grain to special individuals and three different groups of horsemen (B2.8, 18–20, 24–25). Clearly, the amounts delivered are meant to last for several days. Whereas the Arsham payment order distinguishes between food for the men and for the animals, our orders make no distinction: recipient, animal(s), barley, measure. One fragmentary text has been restored to indicate a supply of flour (B2.27). Two ostraca stand out as particularly informative. One speaks of 13 donkeys being “given” in the ‫מדינתא‬ (“the province”), ten of which belonged to the ‫“( דגל‬detachment”) of Abdnanai (B2.31), and a second has as the recipient a certain D/Raui of the ‫ דגל‬of Qosḥair (B2.18). Like ‫“( יהוד מדינתא‬Yehud the province” [Ezra 5:8]) we may posit an ‫“( אדום מדינתא‬Edom the province”). This designation would correspond to what Diodorus called the “eparchy” and once the “satrapy” of Idumea (96.5, 2, 98.11). The term ‫דגל‬, so familiar from Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 75), is indicative of a military colony, as are the references to horses and horsemen (B2.10, 14–15, 19–20, 25). Jeremiah depicted vividly the fear that invading horsemen from the north would strike in the hearts of the people (Jer 4:13, 29, 6:22–23, 8:16). His words were echoed by Ezekiel, who also spoke of horses in the double capacity of transporting high officials and of wrecking hazard in the city of Tyre (Ezek 23:23; 26:7, 11; Cantrell 2011:133, 136–141). We should thus conclude as follows. Yaddu is stationed outside Arad and issues payment orders, drawn up by perhaps as many as eight different scribes to eleven animal keepers and other traveling officials for provisions (wheat, barley, or crushed/sifted grain) to be provided from a storehouse at Arad. Once the provisions were supplied, the ostraca were filed away and all were found in the same spot, Locus 325, Square Hi5. Arad is clearly unique among the 33 provenanced sites that yielded Aramaic ostraca. Aside from the dossier of Yaddu, 17 other payment orders were uncovered at Arad (albeit some very fragmentary [Naveh 1981: 16, 21, 23, 29–32, 35, 55–57, 65, 68–69, 73, 84, and one unpublished]). However, in the nearly 350 provenanced Aramaic ostraca, barely four others—three from Tel el-Farʿah (B3.2–5 below) and one from

B1.1–4.7 Payment Orders and Instructions Dossier

3

Tel Beer-Sheba (Naveh 1979: no. 50)—may be counted as payment orders, a fact that clearly shows the importance not only of Arad itself but also of Makkedah in our texts, as well. The dossier of Yaddu from Arad is especially emphasized in this volume because it gives greater clarity to the form and function of our TAO payment orders (see for example on B4.6 where the translation is directly influenced by the evidence from Arad). There are a dozen Aramaic clay tablets from Persepolis stamped with the same seal (PFATS 0002) that are disbursing rations to individuals and pairs of horses (four tablets) and donkeys (two tablets [one for four donkeys]). We may assume that the seal serves as the same verification as do the signatory (Yaddu) and sealing sign (archaic alef) in our ostraca. The tablets are dated not by day but by month (Nisan, Iyyar, Sivan; Elul [twice]; Adar [twice]; Kislev) and year of a reigning monarch (20, 22, 23, 24, 26 [Darius I]). Just as the recipients in the Arad ostraca are of mixed ethnic background, both Jewish and Aramean, so are those in the Persepolis tablets (Babylonian, Persian, and Elamite). Yet two major differences stand out—each of the Arad ostraca indicates a specific grain and amount (barley, wheat, or crushed/sifted grain) and the operative verb is “give” (‫)הב‬, while the operative verb in the tablets is “take” (‫)לקח‬, the grain is never mentioned, and only once the amount is mentioned (Azzoni and Dusinberre: 2014).

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders While only a handful of the Aramaic ostraca contain an address (G1.5, 2.3, 4.1–2), here we have the only example outside the Letters Dossier (G). It is in a payment order (B3.1) that has near the beginning the message formula ‫“( בלדלני כן אמר‬Thus said Beldalani”; cf. G2.3 especially). Originally oral (cf. Gen 32:4), this construction became standard formula in Egyptian Aramaic letters (Porten-Lund 2002: 160 sub voce ‫)כן‬. The second text in this section begins with the very strange expression “may the camels increase” but continues in line 3 as a normal payment order (B3.2). The next two or three, from Tel el-Farʿah (south) are provenanced and were found together by Robert Levin from the nearby Kibbutz Urim in February, 1974, and published by Joseph Naveh (1985: 116–117). The first is a one-liner, beginning ‫“( לקוסדכר הב‬give to Qosdakar”), thereby immediately indicating its genre. The third word is illegible and the last word probably reads ‫“( תרעיא‬the gatemen”). If the third word contained the product, then the text would mean, “Give to PN such-and-such (for) the gatemen” (B3.3 [written communication of André Lemaire, September 12, 2018, who would read the third word as ‫)]סאן‬. The second ostracon, housed at Kibbutz Urim, also begins with a command, ‫הב לבעלרעי‬, followed by the familiar day date /// ‫“( ב‬on the 3rd”). The second and third lines are illegible (B3.4). The third ostracon was read by Naveh [ ]‫הב לבגז‬, assuming that the PN was Persian. Neither Ada Yardeni nor André Lemaire read the ‫הב‬, and each read the following letters differently. Staring at the photograph with a little imagination, it is possible to reconstruct the command. Like Naveh, both read a day date in line 2—either / /// /// ‫ ב‬or /// /// /// ‫“( ב‬on the 7th” or “on the 9th”). Certainly, this day date would accord with the pattern of the Arad payment orders. Unfortunately, in none of the three ostraca is the product visible. Similar orders were found in Aramaic ostraca from Masada (Yadin-Naveh 1989: nos. 557–584).

B4.1–7 Instructions (8 Ostraca) Eight ostraca are included that appear to be instructions. Three of these appear to be payment orders for workers rather than commodities (B4.1, 4.1a, 4.7; cf. TAO D), and the other five are commodity instructions, including one that, like some Arad texts, appears to be supplying barley for donkey feed (B4.6).

Additional Note TAO vols. 1–3 were published before the Arad texts were inserted into this dossier. As a result, any cross-references made in TAO vols. 1–3 to pieces listed as B2 or B3 are now numbered as B3 or B4, respectively.

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor Dated List of Texts B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 B1.5 B1.6 B1.7

Payment order for 21 bales of chaff Payment order for 3 bales of chaff Payment order for 2 loads of wood Payment order for x (measures) of semolina Payment order for 1 bale of chaff Payment order for x kors of flour Payment order for 3 bales of chaff

6 7 7 7 7 15 Undated

4

5

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Authorization Product Official Date

Give to Šobai the scribe: chaff, 2bales, 21. Ḥor. On the 6th. (Remains of ink) 1

‫לש ִבִי ִס ִפִרא ִת ִבן‬ ִ ‫ ִה ִב‬.1 6 ‫זר ִב‬/‫ו‬ ִ ‫ ִח‬21 ‫לצן‬ ִ ‫פח‬ ִ .2 (Remains of ink)

B1.1-ISAP1772 (JA530) 6th Payment order for 21 bales of chaff Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (77 × 76 × 5–8), rhomboid, light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware grayish brown (10YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, *wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The name Šobai (‫ )שבי‬appears on four or five seals (WSS 533), on the Meṣad Ḥashavyahu ostracon (Aḥituv 2008: 159, lines 7–8), on a seal as the grandfather of the official ‫ י[ה]וכל בן שלמיהו‬in the time of Jeremiah (Jer 37:3; 38:1; Mazar 2009: 66–67), as a family of gatekeepers in the postexilic period (Ezra 2:42; Neh 7:45), and on a 2nd- or 3rd-century Aramaic ostracon from Kom el-Aḥmar in Egypt (TAD D8.12:5). The name has been explained either as a hypocoristicon of names such as ‫ ש[ו]באל‬or ‫שבניהו‬ (“{Do} come back, O God!” [Albertz-Schmitt 2012: 583]) or with the meaning “captor,” related to the root ‫( שבה‬Zadok 1988: 106). ¶ An alternate but less likely reading of the name ‫ חור‬is ‫“( חזר‬Ḥezir”), a leading family in postexilic times (Neh 10:21; 1 Chr 24:15). The name appears in four other ostraca in our corpus, but it is spelled with medial yod, ‫חזיר‬, as well as final waw, ‫( חזירו‬A189.1, D4.8, H4.1, F3.11; see A2.11 for explanation and cf. F3.11). ¶ In the Aramaic papyri from Egypt, the scribe is well documented, both in upper echelons (such as Aḥiqar [TAD C1.1:1, etc.] and the scribe in the Arsames correspondence [TAD A6.8–13]) and in the lower levels (such as scribes of the province [TAD A6.1:1, 6] and scribes of the treasury [TAD B4.3:11–14]), to say nothing of the scribes of the legal contracts (Porten-Lund 2002: 244). They are also evidenced as writers of ordinary receipts on ostraca, such as “Joseph the scribe who wrote” a salt

6

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor

receipt (TAD D8.13:3; further Porten-Lund 2002: 242). Of the more than 1,000 commodity chits, fewer than half a dozen indicate the writer at the end with a notation such as “Qosyatha wrote” (A4.32, 8.27, 19.5), “Zabdadah wrote” (A9.31 = 8.46), or “Netina wrote” (A17.8). The latter also includes a highly stylized sealing sign. But none of these three figures is titled “scribe” (‫)ספרא‬, nor does this term appear elsewhere. For recognizable scribes that appear in the commodity chits, see the Dossier of Scribes in Table 10 of TAO vol. 2. ¶ The name ‫ חור‬occurs only once more outside this dossier, perhaps as an agent in the dossier of Al(i)baal (A4.36). However, there as here, the medial letter may be a waw or zayin, in which case the name would be “Ḥezir” (see A189.1). The name ‫ חור‬occurs as a lone name on an Aramaic seal (WSS 793), where the editors transcribe it Ḥur, thereby severing it from Egyptian Ḥor, which occurs frequently in the Aramaic papyri from Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 351–352). Vocalized as Ḥur and derived from the root for “free” (EB 3, 56), the name occurs half a dozen times in the Bible, from the time of the exodus through the postexilic period ([1] Exod 17:10, 12, 24:14; [2] Exod 31:2, etc.; [3] 1 Kgs 4:8; [4] Neh 3:9; [5] 1 Chr 4:1), including that of a Midianite king ([6] Num 31:8; Josh 13:21). For the product bales, see A1.2, 10 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2. cm

CONCAVE Give to Šobai the scribe: chaff, bales, 3. 3 Ḥor. On the 7th, 4 from Makkedah.

Authorization

1

Product

2

Official Date Source

‫ספִרא‬ ִ ‫הב לשבי‬ 3 ‫תבן פחלצן‬ 7 ‫זר ב‬/‫ו‬ ִ ‫ִח‬ ִ‫ִקדה‬ ִ ‫מןִ ִמנ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

B1.2-ISAP864 (JA450) 7th Payment order for 3 bales of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (39 × 51 × 6–8), trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR8/3), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware light gray (10YR6/1), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Just a day earlier, an order was issued, apparently by a different scribe, to give Šobai 21 bales. This one describes the payment as “from Makkedah.” Two commodity chits report payments of bales “from Makkedah” (A7.42, 3.3), though this is the only payment order to list that source. For the product, see A1.2, 10 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2, and for more on Makkedah as depository and source, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 3. For the names, see above (B1.1).

7

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Give to Ḥayyan son of Qosi: wood, loads, 2. Ḥor. 3 On the 7th, from Saadel.

Authorization

1

Product

2

Official Date Source

‫ הב לחִיןִ בר ִקוסי‬.1 ‫זר‬/‫חו‬ ִ 2 ‫ אקן מובלן‬. .2 ‫שעד ִאל‬ ִ ‫ ִמן‬7 ‫ ב‬.3

B1.3-ISAP895 {GCh 95} 7th Payment order for 2 loads of wood

The name Ḥayyan occurs five times as payer (A61.1–5), in two lists of names (E1.6, 3.8), as the source of oil (A30.6:2), perhaps as agent (A105.2), and as patronym in an uncertain workers text (J4.2). We clearly have multiple individuals, however, since the name is affiliated to the clan of Gur once (A2.31), twice given different patronyms (son of Baalpalaṭ/palṭ [A61.4] and son of Qosi [here; cf. A6.7–8 where Qosi is a clan head]), and once listed among the sons of Beyadel (E1.6 [where cf. A6.11]). On 6 Tebeth of an unknown year, one Ḥayyan pays out 2 logs (A61.3). ¶ A chit for three loads of wood drawn up by the threesome Ḥiel, Sakruel, and Taymil of the clan of Al(i)baal perhaps has Ḥor as agent (A4.36). See B1.1 above for more on the name. ¶ Saadel appears also in B1.4, 7 below and in his own extensive dossier in various functions (A10). Each formulation is different, and judging from our text, he was probably the source of the product. Wood occurs only a handful of times (see A1.54), but loads are more common (see A4.36 and Table 8 in TAO vol. 2), as well as many other wooden products (see Tables 1–5 in TAO vol. 3). Other products, such as grain (see A3.16, 8.38, 70.2) and oil (see A12.16), sometimes include a personal name as the source in the commodity chits, but payments of loads do not.

8

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Authorization Product Official Date Source

[ ? ]‫ִביִנא נשיף‬ ִ ‫ הב לז‬.1 7 ‫זר ב‬/‫חו‬ ִ .2 ‫[דא]ל‬ ִ ‫שע‬ ִ .3

Give to Zebina: semolina [. . .]. 2 Ḥor. On the 7th. 3 Saa[de]l. 1

B1.4-ISAP933 (JA494) 7th Payment order for x (measures) of semolina Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (69 × 51 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name ‫ זבינא‬interchanges with ‫ זמינא‬in Talmudic literature—noted is the name ‫( אבא בר זבינא‬y. Kil IX, 32d top; Jastrow 403)—but does not occur elsewhere in our corpus. Since the ostracon is cut off at the left edge, the measure is missing. Unlike the other two orders signing off with Saadel (B1.3, 7), this one has no preceding preposition (“from” or “from the hand of”) to indicate source. One would be forgiven for thinking Saadel was the signatory here, as he is in other chits (see in A10), but the other two orders with his name suggest otherwise. For the product semolina, which usually comes paired with flour, see A4.2 and Table 1 in TAO vol. 2.

9

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Authorization Product Official Date

1 ‫ ִצ ִחרו תבן פחלץ‬.1 [1+]6 ‫זר ב‬/‫ו‬ ִ ‫ ִח‬.2

(Give to) Ṣaḥ(a)ru: chaff, bale, 1. 2 Ḥor. On the 7th. 1

B1.5-ISAP935 (JA495) 7th Payment order for 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 65 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of large white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Wide top margin narrowing leftward, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The scribe omitted the customary introductory command and preposition, -‫“( הב ל‬Give to”), as did most of the Arad payment orders. Ṣaḥ(a)ru appears twice elsewhere as owner of wheat (A14.4–5), once as payer in a commodity chit (A231a.1), and once as agent (A105.4). See also references to Ṣaḥ(a)ra and Ṣaḥ(a)ri (A231.1). This is the fourth and final payment order of Ḥor that is dated on the 7th of an unknown month (B1.2–5) and the third for bales (also B1.1–2). For the product, see A1.2 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2.

10

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Authorization Product Official Date

Give to the Akrabateans: flour, kors [. . .]. 2 Ḥor. On the 15th. 1

‫ ] [ הב לעקרבתיא קמח כרן‬.1 15 ‫זר ב‬/‫ חו‬.2

B1.6-ISAP910 (JA476) 15th Payment order for x kors of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (63 × 90 × 6–8), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior white (10YR8/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Cut off at the left margin, the ostracon is missing the amount of kors to be paid. Assuming the same month, it is dated eight days after the last ones (B1.2–5). Akrabattene, apparently a border town at that time in Idumea (see Num 34:4; Josh 15:1–3; cf. Judg 1:36), was the place where Judas Maccabee dealt the “sons of Esau” a heavy blow (1 Macc 5:3). This is the final of six orders that record the official Ḥor (B1.1–6).

11

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor cm

CONVEX Authorization Product Source

Give to Rabsa[ada]ni: chaff, 2bales, 3, which they acquired 3from the hand of Saadel. 1

‫לרבש[עד] ִנִי תבן‬ ִ ‫ הב‬.1 (?)‫ זי קנו‬3 ‫ פחלצן‬.2 ‫ מן י ִִד שעדאל‬.3

B1.7-ISAP907 (JA473) Undated Payment order for 3 bales of chaff Body sherd of jar, medium sized (71 × 106 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior yellowish red (5YR5/6), interior reddish brown (5YR5/3), ware dark reddish gray (5YR4/2), many black and few very large white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on convex, somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This chit poses many problems. First, the name of the recipient is fractured. It may be restored to read Rabsa[ada]ni (‫ )רבש[עד]ני‬and compared to the name Saadaniqos (‫)שעדניקוס‬, “Qos supported me” (C1.5:2, 5.5; cf. A212.1 where the same name is spelled with an initial samek), but only here do we find a divine epithet ‫“( רב‬great one”). Other names utilizing the same root include Saadel (A10), who is the source here, Saadi (A52), and Saadu (A156). Second, here alone in this group is the name of the official Ḥor absent and instead we have an anonymous ‫“( זי קנו‬which they acquired”). The root ‫ קני‬does not occur elsewhere in this corpus, except in personal names, though it is present in Egyptian Aramaic (Porten-Lund 2002: 277). We were tempted to read the word as the name of the official ‫( חור‬Ḥor), but the first letter does not quite

12

B1.1–7 Payment Orders of Ḥor

resemble the ḥet in ‫ פחלצן‬at the beginning of the line. Moreover, a reading ‫ זי חור‬would imply that the bales belonged to Ḥor, which was not the case with the products in the other orders. Third, nowhere else do we have the pseudo-preposition ‫“( מן יד‬from the hand of”), and its precise nuance eludes us. There is considerable space between the preposition ‫ מן‬and the name. The word ‫ יד‬is written somewhat supralinearly and is squeezed up against ‫שעדאל‬. Finally, this is the only undated payment order in TAO. However, it is the fourth for bales (see also B1.1–2, 5), and Saadel appears as source in two other orders in this dossier (B1.3–4).

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) Dated List of Texts B2.1 B2.2 B2.3 B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 B2.7 B2.8 B2.9 B2.10 B2.11 B2.12 B2.13 B2.14 B2.15 B2.16 B2.17 B2.18 B2.19 B2.20 B2.21 B2.22 B2.23 B2.24 B2.25 B2.26 B2.27 B2.28 B2.29 B2.30 B2.31 B2.32 B2.33 B2.34 B2.35

Payment order for 3 x (measures) of unknown product and 2 seahs of wheat 2 Payment order for 1 seah, 2 qabs of wheat 4 Payment order for x seahs of wheat 4 Payment order for x seahs of wheat and 1 seah of unknown product 4 Payment order for 1 seah of barley 5 Payment order for 1 seah of barley 5 Cancelled Two payment orders for crushed/sifted grain: 10 seahs and 13 seahs 6 Payment order for 1 seah of barley 6 Payment order for 6 seahs of barley 6 Payment order for unknown product 6 Payment order for 4 seahs, 4 qabs of barley 6 Payment order for 1 seah of wheat 7 Payment order for 1 seah of barley 7 Payment order for 4 seahs, 3 qabs of barley 7 Payment order for 20 seahs, 3 qabs of barley 7 Payment order for 20 seahs, x qabs of barley and 2 x (measures) of unknown product 7 Payment order for 7 seahs of crushed/sifted grain 7 Payment order for 20 seahs of crushed/sifted grain 7 Payment order for 3 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain 7 Payment order for 4 seahs of barley 7 Payment order for 4 seahs of barley 8 Payment order for 4 seahs of barley 8 Payment order for 2 seahs crushed/sifted grain 9 Payment order for 3 seahs crushed/sifted grain and 13 seahs, x qabs of barley [x+]2 Payment order for 1 seah of barley 2[+x] Payment order for flour 3[+x] Payment order for 4 seahs, of barley and 1 x (measure) of unknown product [x+]3 Payment order for 1(+?) seahs of barley Date illegible Payment order for 3 seahs of barley Undated Payment order for 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Undated Payment order for 2 seahs, 4 qabs of unknown product Date illegible Payment order for 2 seahs of barley Date illegible Payment order for unknown product Date illegible Payment order for wheat Date illegible

13

14

Table 3a.  35 (34) Payment Orders of Yaddu at a Glance Table 3a.  35 (34) Payment Orders of Yaddu at a Glance

a = PN; b = animal; c = grain+measure; d = signatory; e = day date; f = sealing sign; ? = uncertain TAO No. B2.1–35 ISAP Recipient Animal Grain Signatory Date  1. 2171 [PN] ––––– 3x; wheat: 2 seahs [Yadd]u 2  2.

2136

Yoakal

–––––

wheat: 1 seah, 2 qabs

Yaddu

4

 3.

2162

[PN]

–––––

wheat: x seahs

Yaddu

4

 4.

2134

–––––

wheat: x seahs x:1 seah

Yaddu

4

 5.

2105

1. Peniyah/ Waniya 2. Peṭese Pedael

–––––

barley: 1 seah

Yaddu

5

 6.

2120

Qosyinqom

–––––

barley: 1 seah

[Yaddu]

5

 7.  8.

2153 2109

––––– ––––– –––––

wheat: 1 seah crushed/sifted grain: 10 seahs crushed/sifted grain: 23 seahs

[Yaddu] Yaddu

5 6

 9.

2104

–––––– 1. Yašbi [= Yašib], Šallum, Qosam 2. Šallum   ‫הב‬ Abdmilk

–––––

barley: 1 seah

Yaddu

6

10.

2115

Šeila

1 horse

barley: 6 seahs

Yaddu

6

11.

2158

–––––

[. . .]

Yaddu

6

12.

2122

–––––

barley: 4 seahs, 4 qabs

Yaddu

6

13.

2113

Ḥaggagu and [A]bdqo[s] Naḥum & Abimelek Yehonatan

–––––

wheat: 1 seah

Yaddu

7

14.

2103

Abdmilk

1 horse

barley: 1 seah

Yaddu

7

15.

2101

Qosner

barley: 4 seahs, 3 qabs

Yaddu

7

16.

2106

(no name)

1 horse 1 donkey 12 colts

barley: 20 seahs, 3 qabs

Yaddu

7

17.

2166

(no name)

7

2118

Yaddu

7

19.

2107

–––––

7

2108

crushed/sifted grain: 20[+?] seahs crushed/sifted grain: 3 seahs, 1 qab

Yaddu

20.

Yaddu

7

21.

2125

D/Raui from detachment of Qoskhair 10 horsemen of Elyašib the guardian horsemen: Sakkui, Yedanya, Bani Zaydi

1.  barley: 20 seahs, x qabs 2.  x crushed/sifted grain: 7 seahs

Yaddu

18.

10 colts 2 donkeys –––––

22.

2102

23. 24.

‫הב‬

–––––

barley: 4 seahs

Yaddu

7

Ḥisniya

3 donkeys 2 camels 1 donkey

barley: 4 seahs

Yaddu

8

2170

Yanuš

4 camels

barley: 4 seahs

[Y]addu

8

2110

1. Ṣidqa 2.  [. . .]qos

–––––

crushed/sifted grain: 2 seahs

Yaddu

9

Sealing Sign archaic alef d-e-f-c archaic alef a-c-d-e-f archaic alef c-?-?-d-e-f archaic alef a-c-a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-c-d-e-f [archaic alef] a-c-d-e-f archaic alef archaic alef a-a-a-c-a-c-d-e-f

archaic alef a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-a(?)-c(?)-d-e-f archaic alef a-a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-b-c-d-e-f archaic alef b-c-d-e-f archaic alef b-c-d-e-f-b archaic alef a-a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-a-a-a-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-b-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-c-d-e-f archaic alef a-b-c-d-e-f [archaic alef] a-a-c-d-e-[f]

15

Table 3a.  35 (34) Payment Orders of Yaddu at a Glance Table 3a.  35 (34) Payment Orders of Yaddu at a Glance TAO No. B2.1–35 25.

ISAP 2111

Recipient horsemen

Animal –––––

26. 27.

2119 2128

Ḥayyan Gam(a)rat

28.

2126

29.

––––– –––––

Grain crushed/sifted grain: 3 seahs barley: 13 seahs, x qabs barley: 1 seah flou[r: ]

Signatory Date [Yaddu] [x+]2

Sealing Sign archaic alef a-c-[d]-e-f a-c-d-e archaic alef a-c-d-e-f archaic alef [a]-b-c-[d]-e-f archaic alef a-c-d-e-f ––––– a-b-b-c-[d] ––––– a-b-c-d [archaic alef] c-d-e ? a-a-c-d

Yaddu Yaddu

2[+x] 3[+?]

[PN]

1 horse

barley: 4 seahs, 1 x

[Yaddu]

[x+]3

2117

Šaul

–––––

barley: 1 (+?) seah

Yaddu

x

30.

2124

Ḥayyan

barley: 3 seahs

[Yaddu]

?

31.

2112

Aqabya

1 camel 2 donkeys 3 donkeys

barley: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs

Yaddu

32.

2148

(name missing)

–––––

x: 2 [seahs], 4 qabs

Yaddu

No date ?

33.

2127

barley: 2 seahs

Yaddu

?

34.

2149

?

?

?

?

35.

2161

––––– Zaydu servant of B[. . .] servant of [PN] ? ‫הב‬ Š[. . .] –––––

w[heat](?]

Yaddu

?

archaic alef a-c-d

Table 3b. Comparing Products in Accounts and Commodity Chits Product wheat barley crushed/sifted grain resh semolina bundles oil figs roosters jars baskets joists loads grgrn logs money other

Accounts 14/79 = 18% 20/79 = 25% 1/79 = 1% 2/79 = 3% 2/79 = 3% 1/79 = 1% 4/79 = 5% 1/79 = 1% 1/79 = 1% 1/79 = 1% 1/79 = 1% 1/79 = 1% 2/79 = 3% 1/79 = 1% 1/79 = 1% 7/79 = 9% 18/79 = 24%

Chits 224/1152 = 19% 175/1152 = 15% 23/1152 = 2% 45/1152 = 4% 70/1152 = 6% 27/1152 = 2% 59/1152 = 5% 0/1152 = 0% 3/1152 = 0.2% 19/1152 = 2% 1/1152 = 0% 14/1152 = 1% 17/1152 = 1% 27/1152 = 2% 36/1152 = 3% 11/1152 = 1% 401/1152 = 35%

16

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Product

[Yadd]u. On the 2nd. (archaic alef) 2 [. . .] 3 l[. . .]. ., 3[. . .] w(heat), s(eahs), 2, 4 [?] [?] [. . .]l. 1

#2 ‫]ידו]ע ב‬ ?[ ]‫ת‬. .‫יא‬ 2 ‫ חס‬.] [.3 .] [‫ל‬ ‫[ל‬ ].[?]. . .[?]

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.1-ISAP2171 (Naveh Arad 71) 2nd Payment order for 3 x (measures) of unknown product and 2 seahs of wheat Sherd of storage jar (55 × 85 × 6–7); brown; white grits. Convex vertical to wheel line.

The earliest order, and the only one for day 2, is also deviant in its format. Though coming at the beginning, it is this d-e-f-?-c order (signatory, date, sealing sign, product [and measure]) that tags this ostracon as a payment order. The name ‫ ידוע‬in line 1 is virtually completely effaced, with only traces of the last letter visible. It could hardly have been read were it not known from its occurrences in all the other texts. It is a qattūl hypocoristicon, a frequent form in Jewish names, here deriving from the root ‫“( ידע‬know”). It occurs but once in the Idumean ostraca, as a member of the “house of Al(i)baal (A4.33), none of whose other thirty-some members has a Jewish name (A4.1–37). In Egypt, the name occurs only in an ostracon record of accounts from 3rd-century b.c.e. Edfu (TAD D8.3:14). In 5th-century Judah (Yehud) it is borne (papponymously) by the high priest, grandson of ‫( יוידע‬Neh 12:11, 22). As we shall see, the names in this dossier alternate between Jewish and non-Jewish, so Yaddu may have been Jewish.

17

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Yoakal: w(heat), s(eah), 1; 2q(abs), 2. 3 Yaddu. On the 4th. 4 (archaic alef) 1

1 ‫יואכל חס‬ 2‫ק‬ 4‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.2-ISAP2136 (Naveh Arad 36) 4th Payment order for 1 seah, 2 qabs of wheat Sherd of storage jar (31 × 48 × 8–10); orange; white grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This ostracon, drawn up on day 4, follows the regular five-fold pattern: a-c-d-e-f. As do all but three Arad texts (B2.5, 8, 34), this one omits the operative word ‫“( הב‬give”), which equates to ‫ נתן‬in the Arad Hebrew payment orders (Aharoni 1981: 1–4, 7–8, 7, 10–12, 14, 18, 60). The unprovenanced payment orders in this dossier frequently include this command (B1.1–4, 6–7, B3.1–2), as do those from Tel el-Farʿah (B3.3–5), giving broader evidence for this scribal practice beyond Arad. The name ‫ יואכל‬is quite peculiar and is probably a phonetic spelling of a name otherwise written ‫ יהוכל‬or ‫יוכל‬, which is a prominent clan in the Idumean ostraca (A5.1–20). Whether of wheat or barley, 1 seah was a regular amount for individuals appearing alone (see B2.5–6, 9, 13–14, 26, and perhaps 29), but the only other identifiable person to receive wheat was Yehonatan (B2.13). This piece was written on four lines, with the // ‫ ק‬appearing alone on line 2 and the sealing sign alone on line 4.

18

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Product

w(heat), s(eahs), . . . ḥ[. . .] 3 ḥ[. . .] 1 2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

CONCAVE

. . . . . . . .[ ]. . ‫ חס‬.1 3 [ ].[ ]. .2 . . . . . .[ ]‫] [ל‬. .3 4 ‫ ידוע ב‬.4 # .5

Yaddu. On the 4th. 4 (archaic alef) 3

B2.3-ISAP2162 (Naveh Arad 62) 4th Payment order for x seahs of wheat Sherd of storage jar (35 × 67 × 6–7); pink; white + gray grits. Convex + concave diagonal to wheel line.

Only two other payment orders were written on both sides (B2.26, 28). Here the convex is virtually illegible, except for the first few letters at the beginning of line 1, which seem to read ‫“( חס‬w[heat], s[eahs]”). The name of the recipient is illegible, and the word order would be the unusual c-?-?-d-e-f, with the signatory, date, and sealing sign appearing on the concave.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

19

cm

CONVEX Recipient I Product I Recipient II Product II Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Peniyah/Waniya: w(heat), s(eah . . .). 1

[ ]‫ פניה חס‬.1 ‫[ ]      קריאה מסופקת‬1 ‫ פטיסי [ ]ס‬.2 4 ‫ ידוע ב‬.3 # .4

Peṭese: . . ., s(eah), 1. 3 Yaddu. On the 4th. 4 (archaic alef) 2

B2.4-ISAP2134 (Naveh Arad 34) 4th Payment order for x seahs of wheat and 1 seah of unknown product Sherd of storage jar (56 × 63 × 4–5); pink; white + gray grits Convex diagonal to wheel line.

The name ‫“( פניה‬Yh has turned to face me” [Albertz 2012: 540]) is said to appear on the verso of the Gezer calendar (Renz 1995: 36). Three more orders have two men (B2.11–12, 24). From B2.24, it is clear that each recipient received 1 seah. So here, too, we should restore at the end of line 1 the numeral 1. We already have that numeral in line 2 for Peṭese, an Egyptian name meaning, “He whom Isis gave.” Usually spelled with a medial alef and not yod, as here, the name occurs 24 times in the Elephantine Aramaic papyri (Porten-Lund 2002: 395–396), but it is only once (spelled ‫ )פטיס‬in a contemporary Idumean ostracon (E1.3). The word order is a-c-a-c-d-e-f.

20

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Give to Pedael: b(arley), s(eah), 1. 2 Yaddu. On the 5th. 3 (archaic alef) 1

1 ‫לפדאל שס‬ ְ ‫ הב‬.1 [? ]5 ‫ ידוע ב‬.2 # .3

B2.5-ISAP2105 (Naveh Arad 5) 5th Payment order for 1 seah of barley Sherd of storage jar (45 × 67 × 15); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

There is a flaw in the left side of the ostracon that cuts into the end of line 2, so that the sealing sign is written on line 3. Only here and at the beginning of B2.8 and 2.34 does the imperative ‫“[ יהב√( הב‬give”]) appear (but see also B1.1–4, 6–7, B3.1–5). Otherwise, it is elliptical. Spelled ‫( פדהאל‬with the addition of a medial ‫)ה‬, the name is borne by one of Israel’s early chieftains (Num 34:28) and means “El redeemed.” As written here (‫)פדאל‬, it is found once in the Idumean ostraca as payee (A39.2), on an Ammonite seal dating ca. 701 b.c.e., probably referring to the king (WSS 857), and in Safaitic (Harding 1971: 463). The word order is a-c-d-e-f.

21

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONCAVE Qosyinqom: .q.[. . .] b(arley), s(eah), 1; q(abs), [x]. [Yaddu]. On the 5th. (archaic alef)

Recipient

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

[ ].‫ק‬. ‫ קוסינקם‬.1 [‫ידוע‬ [.‫ ק‬1 ‫ שס‬.2 [#] 5 ‫ ב‬.3

B2.6-ISAP2120 (Naveh Arad 20) 5th Payment order for 1 seah of barley Sherd of storage jar (53 × 60 × 3–6); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Concave parallel to wheel line.

There is a flaw in the ostracon that obscures the ends of each of the three lines. The letters in line 1 appear to be nun, qof, yod, which could yield the word ‫“( נקיה‬ewe” [see TAD A2.2:8]), but that would hardly be suitable. At the crack in the middle of line 2, there seems to be a qof for the measure ‫קב‬, and the bottom of the sealing sign is visible in the middle of line 3. Qosyinqom was a popular Idumean petition name (“May Qos vindicate”) that had a large commodity chit dossier as payer (A20), appeared prominently in the dossier of Baalrim (A1.16–17, 25–27, 31), and was attested as a son of Yehokal (A5.1). The root ‫ נקם‬was also popular in the name of thanksgiving ‫“( קוסנקם‬Qos vindicated” [A27]) and even appeared in the parallel ‫נקמיה‬ (“YH vindicated”), a rare Hebrew name to appear among the commodity chits (A207.1). Disregarding the fragmentary word at the end of line 1, we have the regular order a-c-d-e-f.

B2.7-ISAP2153 (Naveh Arad 53) Cancelled

22

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipients 1 Product Recipient 2 Product 2 Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Give to Yašbi, to Šallum, (and) Qosam: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 10; 2 to Šallum: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 23. 3 Yaddu. On the 6th. (archaic alef) 1

10 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫ הב לישבי לשלום קוסעם דקיר‬.1 23 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫ לשלום דקיר‬.2 # 6 ‫ ידוע ב‬.3

B2.8–2109 (Naveh Arad 9) 6th Two payment orders for crushed/sifted grain: 10 seahs and 13 seahs Sherd of storage jar (37 × 70 × 6); brown; white grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

The imperative ‫ הב‬appears twice more in the Arad orders (B2.5, 24; cf. B1.1–4, 6–7, B3.1–5). It is assumed that ‫ ישבי‬is a scribal metathesis for ‫ישיב‬, hypocoristic of the popular ‫אלישיב‬, which occurs below (B2.19). Only Šallum among the three recipients appears in the Idumean onomasticon (A73.1–5), a qattūl hypocoristicon from the root ‫“( שלם‬requite”). Though there also exists the hypocoristicon ‫( שלמו‬A9.3), there is no corresponding theophorous name. The name ‫ קוסעם‬is a nominal sentence name (“Qos is kinsman”), parallel to biblical ‫( אליעם‬2 Sam 11:3 [= ‫עמיאל‬, 1 Chr 3:5], 23:34) and Moabite ‫( כמשעם‬WSS nos. 1010, 1035). For the conflated reading ‫רקיד‬/‫דקיר‬, see A1.1 and Table 3.8–11 in TAO vol. 2. Six orders disburse this commodity (here, B2.18–20, 24–25), and it is thus evident that Idumean Arad, just like its preexilic forbearer, was not only a storehouse for wheat and barley but also a site for processing grain. The quantities here are quite considerable: Šallum, who shares 10 seahs with two other men, also receives 23 for himself. Why? The six recipients of the crushed/sifted grain differ from the other recipients in these texts. They are either (1) in groups of two or three persons (B2.8, 24); (2) horsemen (B2.19–20, 25); or (3) member of a ‫( דגל‬B2.18). We would format this as a-a-a-c-a-c-d-e-f.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

23

cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Abdmilk: b(arley), s(eah), 1. 2 Yaddu. On the 6th. (archaic alef) 1

1 ‫ עבדמלך שס‬.1 # 6 ‫ ידוע ב‬.2

B2.9-ISAP2104 (Naveh Arad 4) 6th Payment order for 1 seah of barley Sherd of storage jar (25 × 50 × 5–6); pink; white + brown grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This ostracon, drawn up on day 6, is small and the writing compact. Meaning “servant of the (divine) king,” ‫ עבדמלך‬was a popular name in the Idumean ostraca. Always in commodity chits, it was borne not only by payers but also by agents and signatories (see A145). The word order is standard, a-c-d-e-f. Another ostracon for Abdmilk, drawn up on day 7, also disburses 1 seah but adds reference to a horse (B2.14).

24

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Šeila: horse, 1: b(arley), s(eahs), 6. 2 Yaddu. On the 6th. (archaic alef) 1

6 ‫ שס‬1 ‫ שאילא סוסה‬.1 # 6 ‫ ידוע ב‬.2

B2.10-ISAP2115 (Naveh Arad 15) 6th Payment order for 6 seahs of barley Sherd of storage jar (47 × 110 × 9–10); pink (gray); white grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

Almost a dozen ostraca in this dossier record animals as well as persons (B2.10, 14–15, 21–23, 28, 30–31, 3.1, 4.6), and two have animals alone (B2.16–17). In our case, we may assume that Šeila was the rider of the horse. The name (‫ )שאילא‬is the Aramaic parallel of Hebrew ‫שאול‬, meaning “requested.” As patronym of Hebrew names, we find at least three times the form ‫( שאלה‬WSS 573, 622; WDSP 1:2). While some would see this as a nominal name, others would vocalize it Šeilah, thus equating it with its Aramaic plena counterpart (WSS 573, 622; WDSP 1:2). Whereas the amount of grain to be given in the payment orders for single individuals was generally a single seah, for those with animals, it amounted to four or more seahs—here six. We are told that Solomon’s prefects regularly provided barley and straw for his horses and “swift steeds” (‫רכש‬, 1 Kgs 5:8). The format for orders with animals is sixfold: a-b-c-d-e-f. Interestingly, orders for more than one recipient (see B2.11–12, 20, 24) never include an animal, and orders that include animals never have more than one recipient. The form SWSH, with -eh ending is “the abs. form of the Aram. sing. masc.” (Driver 1957: 73). The word is also found in an Arsham letter, in the Aḥiqar papyrus (TAD A6.12:2; C1.1:38), and in a Bactrian parchment (ADAB C1.4).

25

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Ḥaggagu and [A]bdqo[s]: (missing) 2 Yaddu. On the 6th. (archaic alef) 1

[

‫ חגגו ו[ע]בדקו[ס‬.1 # 6 ‫ ידוע ב‬.2

B2.11-ISAP2158 (Naveh Arad 58) 6th Payment order for unknown product Sherd of storage jar (34 × 57 × 4–5) cream; white + gray grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the beginning and end of the name of the second recipient and the commodity are missing. The name Ḥaggagu occurs eight times as payer in the Idumean corpus (A33.1–8) and was a popular Palmyrene name (Stark 1971: 20, 87). The second name is restored [‫]ע[בדקו]ס‬ (“Abdqos [Servant of Qos]”), which occurs as payer thrice in the Idumean corpus (A112.1–3) and also appears as a worker from the clan of Baalrim (D2.1) and as father of a certain Qosani (A30.6 [spelled elliptically ‫)]עבקוס‬. Yet the reading is not certain, for the letter read as waw looks more like a yod, which suggests the reading ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬found above and below (B2.8, 18–20, 24–25). Otherwise, the word order is the regular a-a?-[c?]-d-e-f. For orders with multiple recipients, see B2.12, 20, 24.

26

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Naḥum and Abimelek: b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), [2+]2 (= 4). [Yaddu.] 3 [On the] 6th. (archaic alef)

Recipients

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

‫נחום ואבימלך‬ ְ .1 [‫ [ידוע‬2]+2[ ‫ ק‬4 ‫ שס‬.2 # 6 ]‫ ]ב‬.3

B2.12-ISAP2122 (Naveh Arad 22) 6th Payment order for 4 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Sherd of storage jar (35 × 40 × 6–11); pink; white + black grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

Neither name occurs again among the Arad ostraca, but Naḥum (qattūl hypocoristicon from the root ‫נחם‬ [“comfort”]) has a dossier of five texts in the Idumean corpus (A82.1–5) and appears in an account (C2.2) and once as patronym in an uncertain chit fragment (J1.4). The name ‫“( אבימלך‬My {divine} father is king”) is borne by a priest in the time of David (1 Chr 18:16). The number of seahs would amount to just over 2 per recipient (cf. B2.33). For orders with multiple recipients, see B2.11, 20, 24. Further examination reveals the possibility of reading line 2 as “‫ ידוע‬3 ‫“( ”שס‬b[arley], s[eahs] 3, Yaddu”) instead of “2[+ 2] ‫ ק‬4 ‫”שס‬ (“barley, seahs 4, qabs 4”). In the former case, the word order would be a-a-c-d-e-f, whereas in the latter case it would be a-a-c-e-f, with the signatory Yaddu missing or perhaps cut off at the beginning of line 3.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

27

cm

CONCAVE Yehonatan: w(heat), s(eah), 1. 3 Yaddu. On the 7th. 2 (archaic alef)

Recipient

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

‫ ייהונתן‬.1 # 1 ‫ חס‬.2 7 ‫ ידוע ב‬.3

B2.13-ISAP2113 (Naveh Arad 13) 7th Payment order for 1 seah of wheat Sherd of bowl (42 × 54 × 4–6); gray; white grits. Concave parallel to wheel line.

This is the first of nine texts written on day 7 (B2.13–21). The scribe wrote the name of the recipient and the product each on a separate line. On line 3 he wrote the name of the signatory and the date. The sealing sign is written in the blank space above the date and appears next to the name of the recipient in line 1. The word order is the usual a-c-d-e-f. The name of the recipient is written unusually with two yods at the beginning, ‫ייהונתן‬. Meaning “Yhw gave,” Yehonatan was a popular name throughout preexilic times, from the son of Saul to the scribe of king Zedekiah (1 Sam 14:6, etc; Jer 37:15, etc.), appears twice in the Elephantine papyri (TAD B4.4:21 [spelled ‫]יהונתן‬, 6.4:10) and once more in the Arad ostraca (Naveh 1981: no. 14). The only other identifiable person to receive wheat was Yoakal above (B2.2).

28

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Abdmilk: horse, 1 2 b(arley), s(eah), 1. Yaddu. On the 7th. 3 (archaic alef) 1

1 ‫ עבדמלך סוסה‬.1 7 ‫ ידוע ב‬1 ‫ שס‬.2 # .3

B2.14-ISAP2103 (Naveh Arad 3) 7th Payment order for 1 seah of barley Sherd of storage jar (43 × 68 × 7–9); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

Abdmilk appeared alone on day 6 (B2.9). He appears a day later here, on day 7, with a horse. On both days, his allocation is 1 seah of barley. While that is an appropriate amount for a single person (see B2.5–6), animals always drew between 3 and 20 seahs (B2.10, 15–17, 21–23, 28, 30–31). Assuming there is but one Abdmilk, we should envision a scenario whereby he was issued an order on day 6 for 1 seah but did not depart until day 7. At that time, he rode a horse and was issued a second order, for 1 more seah of barley—thus 2 in all. This is less than the 4 or 6 seahs issued for PN and Šeila (B2.10, 28), but in line with the 4.5 seahs issued for Qosner who had 1 horse and 1 donkey (B2.15 below). For more on Abdmilk in the commodity chits, see A145. The word order is a full a-b-c-d-e-f.

29

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Qosner: horse, 1; 2donkey, 1 b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 3. 3 Yaddu. On the 7th. 4 (archaic alef) 1

1 ‫קוסנר סוסה‬ 3 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ שס‬1 ‫חמר‬ 7 ‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.15–2101 (Naveh Arad 1) 7th Payment order for 4 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Sherd of storage jar (35 × 50 × 5–6); pink; white + gray grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

This is the first of four orders that record two different animals (also B2.17, 21, 30). Three of these allocate only between 3 and 4 seahs (here, B2.21, 30). The standard grain is barley, as confirmed in an article by Diane Lindsay, “Donkey Feeding Guidelines” (Writing Wrongs, https://www.equinerescuefrance.org/ donkey-feeding-guidelines/ [accessed September 1, 2019]), “Barley straw should be available as the high fibre, low calorie primary forage throughout the day and constitute the majority of the donkey’s diet.” The name ‫ קוסנר‬is an Idumean nominal sentence name (“Qos is a lamp”), paralleled by biblical ‫( אבנר‬1 Sam 14:51, etc.) and Ammonite ‫( אדננר‬WSS 859) and was very popular in the Idumean corpus (see A88). The format is the expanded a-b-b-c-d-e-f.

30

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Colts, 12: b(arley), s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 3. 3 Yaddu. On the 7th. 4 (archaic alef)

Recipients

1

Product I

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

12 ‫בני רכש‬ 3 ‫ ק‬20 ‫שס‬ 7 ‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.16-ISAP2106 (Naveh Arad 6) 7th Payment order for 20 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Sherd of a bowl (62 × 54 × 10); cream (gray); white-gray grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This and the following order, also for colts, have no person. All the other animal orders are drawn up for between 1 and 5 animals (B2.10, 14–15, 21–23, 28, 30–31). Here we have 12 colts in one (here) and 10 colts plus 2 donkeys in the next (B2.17). To be sure, following the first two words is an illegible word, which may be the name of a person, but in all the other orders, the name of the person stands at the beginning of the line. More than 20 seahs for 12 colts would come to 1.7 seahs for each, about what the horse of Qosner got (see B2.15). In the Bible, the word ‫ רכש‬has different contexts: (1) as part of Solomon’s stable, it is paired with horses (‫ )סוסים‬and receives straw and barley (1 Kgs 5:8); (2) later in the monarchy it is paired with the chariotry stationed at Lachish (Mic 1:13); and (3) in the Persian empire it constitutes the royal steeds of the rapid postal system (Esth 8:10, 14) and the horses of a coterie of high officials heading from Susa to Egypt (TAD A6.9:4). These horses later appear in a fragmentary Aramaic papyrus from Egypt (TAD A3.11:2, 5). The Idumean ostraca feature three times the term ‫“( רשכת‬horse ranch”) in construct with a PN: (1) “the horse ranch of Qoskahel,” (2) “the horse ranch of Garapa,” and (3) “the horse ranch of Ḥinziru”(A9.34, 47.3, 245.1). None has a payee, and two convey large amounts of barley (A9.34, 47.3), the food of horses. Two are dated to the reign of Macedonian rulers: December 11, 317, and August 23, 319 (A47.3, 245.1). Modern Israel knows the alpaca farm in the Negev town of Mitzpe Ramon, which features horseback riding. ¶ Lacking the initial personal recipient, the format of the ostracon is b-c-d-e-f.

31

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Colts, 10[+?]: b(arley), s(eahs), 20; q(abs),[x]. 3 Yaddu. On the [3+]4 (= 7th). 4 (archaic alef). (On the left side) 5 donkeys, 2 6 [. . .], 2.

Recipient I

1

Product I

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign Recipient II Product II

[ ]10 ‫בני רכש‬ [ ]‫ ק‬20 ‫שס‬ 4]+ 3[ ‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

2 ‫ ‬חמר‬.5 2 [ ] .6

B2.17-ISAP2166 (Naveh Arad 66) 7th Payment order for 20 seahs, x qabs of barley and 2 x (measures) of unknown product Sherd of a storage jar (62 × 87 × 6–7); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

This order is just like the previous and was drawn up on the same day, except for an addition of // ‫חמר‬, written at the left edge, parallel to the break. Beneath it appear to be two numeral strokes. Although the number of colts is fewer, the amount of barley is the same as that above (B2.16), which would average as more than 2 seahs per colt, unless of course the donkeys are to be included in the 20+ seahs being distributed. The word order would be b-c-d-e-f-b-c.

32

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

D/Raui from the detachment of 2Qosḥair: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 3+4 (= 7). 3 Yaddu. On the 7th. 4+5 (illegible) (archaic alef) 1

4+3

‫רעוי מן דגל‬/‫דעוי‬ ‫רקיד ס‬/‫קוסחיר דקיד‬ 7 ‫ידוע ב‬ [ ] # ‫רע‬/‫ד‬.[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

B2.18-ISAP2118 (Naveh Arad 18) 7th Payment order for 7 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Sherd of storage jar (50 × 55 × 13); pink; gray + white grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

In the Elephantine Aramaic contracts, almost every party is assigned an origin and for most it is a ‫דגל‬ (“military detachment” [Porten-Lund 2002:75]). This is the only order where the recipient has an origin (although cf. B2.31), and we must assume that he is attached to a military unit whose head is the Arabian ‫( קוסחיר‬Qosḥair, meaning “Qos is good” [A10.7; A68:1–5 and references there]; see also the introduction). The recipient’s name may be read either ‫ דעוי‬or ‫( רעוי‬see A8.18 for discussion); alternatively, it might be adjectival, “the desired one” (A8.18, E1.6). This is one of six orders that allocate crushed/sifted grain (see B2.8 and the following pieces). The archaic alef at the end of line 5 is barely visible. The writing on lines 4 and 5 is unintelligible. Otherwise the word order is a-a-c-d-e-f.

33

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Horsemen of Elyašib: 2men, 10: crushed/sifted grain, 3s(eahs), 20. Yaddu. 4 On the 7th. (archaic alef) 1

‫‬פרשי אלישיב‬ ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיד‬10 ‫גברן‬ ‫ ידוע‬20 ‫ס‬ #7‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.19-ISAP2107 (Naveh Arad 7) 7th Payment order for 20 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Sherd of storage jar (42 × 51 × 4–5); gray; white + gray grits. Convex vertical to wheel line.

This is the first of three orders that list horsemen, an indication of military units (B2.19–20, 25). The name ‫( אלישיב‬Elyašib, meaning “May El restore”) appears prominently as garrison commander in the Hebrew Arad ostraca (Naveh 1981: 1–12, 14, 24). Rather than stating, “10 horsemen of Elyašib,” the scribe breaks his statement into two: “Horsemen of Elyašib; 10 men.” This is one of six orders that allocate crushed/sifted grain (see B2.8). Presumably, each horseman received 2 seahs. The word order remains traditional: a-a-c-d-e-f.

34

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONCAVE Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

The guardian horsemen: 2Sakkui, Yedanya, Bani: 3 . . . crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 3, q(ab), 1. 4 Yaddu. On the 7th. 5 (archaic alef) 1

‫פרשיא שמריא‬ ‫שכוי ידניה בני‬ 1 ‫ ק‬3 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫דקיד‬ 7 ‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

B2.20-ISAP2108 (Naveh Arad 8) 7th Payment order for 3 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain

Sherd of bowl (60 × 63 × 6–10); cream; white + gray grits. Concave parallel to wheel line. The Bible knows numerous guardians and gatemen appear in several Idumean ostraca (see commentary on A1.38), but only here do we find horsemen who are guardians. The construction is one of apposition: the horsemen, the guardians. The titles precede, not follow, the names of the men. All three names were known from postexilic texts. The name ‫ שכוי‬is a qattūl hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫שכאל‬, found at Elephantine (TAD B3.2:11; D2.25) and elsewhere (Lipiński 1975: 71–76). The name ‫ ידניה‬is well known from Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 357–358), while ‫ בני‬appears in a couple Idumean texts (see A6.2) and in several passages in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah (e.g., Ezra 2:10; Neh 3:17). Horsemen appear twice more (B2.19, 25). This is one of six orders that allocate crushed/sifted grain (see B2.8). Since the product is not easily divisible by three, we are left wondering about the additional qab. The word order would be a-a-a-a-c-d-e-f.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

35

cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Zaydi: donkeys, 3; 2camels, 2: b(arley), s(eahs), 4. 3 Yaddu. On the 7th. 4 (archaic alef) 1

??? 2 /    3 ‫זידי חמר‬ 4 ‫ שס‬2 ‫גמלן‬ 7 ‫ידוע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.21-ISAP2125 (Naveh Arad 25) 7th Payment order for 4 seahs of barley Sherd of storage jar (60 × 70 × 6–9); brown; white grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

The Arabian root ‫“( זיד‬prosperity, growth”) was very popular in the Idumean onomasticon, spawning the theophorous ‫( זידאל‬A99) and the hypocoristica ‫( זידו‬A28; see below B2.33), as well as the less common ‫( זידן‬G2.4), ‫( זידי‬A48), ‫( זידלהי‬A182.1), and ‫( זידתו‬A183.1). Donkeys and camels appear together once more (B2.30). Here the total is five animals and the allocation 4 seahs. There the total is three animals and the allocation 3 seahs. For other ostraca with animals in this dossier see B2.10, 14–17, 22–23, 28, 30–31, 3.1, 4.6. The order is a full a-b-b-c-d-e-f.

36

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Ḥisniya: donkey, 1: b(arley, s(eahs), 4. 2 Yaddu. On the 8th. 3 (archaic alef) 1

? ‫ פרסניה‬/    4 ‫ שק‬1 ‫ ְחסניה חמר‬.1 8 ‫ ידוע ב‬.2 # .3

B2.22-ISAP2102 (Naveh Arad 2) 8th Payment order for 4 seahs of barley Sherd of storage jar (44 × 79 × 6–9); brown (gray); white grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

The name ‫חסניה‬, if the reading is correct, occurs only here and is most strange. The root ‫ חסן‬in Hebrew means “wealth, treasure” (cf. Jer 20:5), and the name would parallel the Hebrew feminine name ‫אבעשר‬ (“My {divine} father is wealth” [TAD C3.15:107]). In Aramaic, the root means “strength” (cf. Dan 4:27), and the name would parallel the popular Hebrew ‫( חזקיהו‬e.g., 2 Kgs 16:20). For other ostraca with animals in this dossier, see B2.10, 14–17, 21, 23, 28, 30–31, 3.1, 4.6. This falls within the normal range of between 1 and 5 seahs in animal orders, although it is a lot for one donkey. The order is a full a-b-c-d-e-f.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

37

cm

CONVEX Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Yanuš: camels, 4: .[. . .] 2[. . .] b(arley), s(eahs), 4, Yaddu. 3 On the 8th. (archaic alef) 1

[ ].[ ]. 4 ‫ינוש גמלן‬/‫  מ‬.1 [ ]‫[ ] ידוע‬4 ‫ שס‬.2 # 8 ‫ ב‬.3

B2.23-ISAP2170 (Naveh Arad 70) 8th Payment order for 4 seahs of barley Sherd of storage jar; orange; white + brown grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

The reading of the name is most uncertain. The first letter may be a yod or an alef. The words at the end of line 1 and the beginning of line 2 are unintelligible. Noteworthy is the fact that, in the order above, one donkey receives 4 seahs and here four camels receive the same amount. For other ostraca with animals in this dossier, see B2.10, 14–17, 21–22, 28, 30–31; 3.1; 4.6. Except for the illegible sections, the word order is a full a-b-c-d-e-f.

38

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Ṣidqa, [. . .]qos: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2. 3 Yaddu. On the 9th. 4 [(archaic alef)]

Recipients

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

‫קן ְְס‬. . . ‫צדקא‬ 2 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫דקיר‬ 9 ‫ידוע ב‬ [#]

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.24-ISAP2110 (Naveh Arad 10) 9th Payment order for 2 seahs crushed/sifted grain Sherd of a bowl (48 × 82 × 7–9); brown; white grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

Like the other orders for crushed/sifted grain (B2.8, 18–20, 25), this one has more than one recipient. The name ‫( צדקא‬hypocoristic of a theophorous name compounded with the root ‫“[ צדק‬just”]) was borne by the Philistine king of Ashkelon in 701 (ARAB II 239, 310). The first half of the second name is unintelligible. The word order is a-a-c-d-e-f.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

39

cm

CONVEX Recipients Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Horsemen: 3 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫ ‬‬‬פרש דקיר‬.1 2 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 3; b(arley), s(eahs), 13, q(abs), [x]. [?]? ‫ק‬ ‬ְ 13 ‫ שס‬.2 3 [Yaddu. # 2] ‫ ]ידוע ב‬.3 On the x+]2. (archaic alef) 1

B2.25-ISAP2111 (Naveh Arad 11) [x+]2 Payment order for 3 seahs crushed/sifted grain and 13 seahs, x qabs of barley Sherd of a storage jar (42 × 63 × 6); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This ostracon has not been found in the storeroom in Bet Shemesh, and the only photo is that in Naveh’s publication, from which this handcopy was made. Were the drawing correct, it would be unusual in these texts to find the grain of barley in line 2 alongside crushed/sifted grain (absent from B2.8, 18–20, 24). Also strange is the single word at the beginning of line 1 ‫( פרש‬apparently the collective “horsemen”; cf. B2.19–20). For this word in Aramaic texts, clearly indicating its military nuance see prš2 in DNWSI II 945. The word order is a-c-[d]-e-f.

40

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient

1

Product

2

Signatory

3

[

Ḥayyan l[. . .]ʾº: b(arley), s(eah), 1. CONCAVE

Date Sealing Sign

Yaddu. On the 2[+x]. [(archaic alef)]

] ‫א‬.] [‫ חין ל‬.1 1 ‫ שס‬.2 [

]2 ‫ ידוע ב‬.3

B2.26-ISAP2119 (Naveh Arad 19) 2[+x] Payment order for 1 seah of barley Sherd of a bowl (26 × 50 × 9–11); dark gray; white + gray grits. Concave diagonal to wheel line.

Only two other payment orders were written on both sides, with the signatory, date and sealing sign being on the concave (B2.3, 28). The name ‫“( חין‬living”) occurs frequently in the Idumean corpus (see commentary on A2.31; A61.1–5) and appears again below (B2.30). In both cases, the full date is illegible. The word following the name is undecipherable, except for the initial lamed and the final alef. One seah is the usual allocation for a single recipient (B2.2, 5–6, 9, 13–14, 29[?]). The word order is the regular a-c-d-e-[f ], with the sealing sign assumed.

41

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product Signatory Date Sealing Sign

Gam(a)rat: fl[our, . . .]. 2 Yaddu]. On the 3[+x]. 3 (archaic alef)

[

1

‫ גמדת קמ[ח‬.1 3 ‫ ] [ידוע ב‬.2 # .3

B2.27-ISAP2128 (Naveh Arad 28) 3[+x] Payment order for flour Sherd of a storage jar (43 × 50 × 5); orange; white + gray grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

This is an unusual text, and unfortunately it is cut away at the left edge. The first word appears to be a PN (‫)גמרת‬, found already in Maresha 12.1. It may be related to biblical ‫“( גמר‬charcoal” [Hos 1:3]; Zadok 1988: 92; Stark: 1971: 82) and Arabian jamrat (Harding 1971: 167; Kloner 2010: 46). The second word should be restored [‫“( קמ]ח‬flour”), but the measure is missing. Although it only occurs here among Yaddu’s payment orders, Ḥor authorizes one for flour, in which it is measured in kors. Were there more numerals after the three strokes of the day date in line 2? The order is the regular a-c-d-e-f.

42

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient Product

[PN]: horse, 1; 2[. . .]: b(arley), s(eahs), 4 ; 3[. . .]◦◦◦◦◦ 1

1 ‫ן סוסה‬. . . .[ ] .1 4 ‫[ ]שס‬.‫ ] [ע‬.2

CONCAVE Signatory Date Sealing Sign

[Yaddu]. 4 [On the x+]3. (archaic alef)

[‫]ידוע‬. . . .[ ] .3 # 3]+ ‫ ] ב‬.4

B2.28-ISAP2126 (Naveh Arad 26) [x+]3 Payment order for 4 seahs, of barley and 1 x (measure) of unknown product Sherd of a storage jar (50 × 55 × 4–7); gray; white + gray grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

This is the only order mentioning an animal in which the name of the personal recipient is illegible, but the two texts for colts do not have a personal name at all (B2.16–17). Also totally effaced are the first words on line 2 preceding the measure and on line 3. Three texts have a single horse, and in each, the amount of barley differs: 1 seah (B2.14), 4 seahs (here), and 6 seahs (B2.10). For other ostraca with animals in this dossier, see B2.10, 14–17, 21–23, 30–31, 3.1, 4.6. It is one of three texts written on both sides (see also B2.3, 26). The order is [a]-b-c-[d]-e-f.

43

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient

Šaul .[. . .]:

b(arley), s(eah), 1[. . .]. Yaddu. Date On [the x]. (On the right side, sidewise:) Sealing Sign (archaic alef) Product

2

Signatory

3

]‬. ‫ שאול‬.1 ]1 ‫ ] [שס‬.2 ]‫[ידוע ב‬ ] .3 [

1

# .4

B2.29-ISAP2117 (Naveh Arad 17) Date illegible Payment order for 1(+?) seahs of barley Sherd of storage jar (35 × 51 × 6–7); pink outside, gray inside; white + gray grits. Concave parallel to wheel line.

This ostracon is cut away at the left edge, so we do not know whether an animal appeared at the end of line 1, the number of seahs in line 2, or the day date in line 3. The sealing sign appears sideways at the right edge. The name ‫“( שאול‬asked, borrowed”) was the name of the first king of Israel (1 Sam 9:2) and of a king of Edom, long before Saul reigned in Israel (Gen 36:31, 37–38). The order is a-c-d-e-f.

44

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Ḥayyan: camel, 1; donkey, 2: b(arley), s(eahs), 3.

Recipients

1

Product

2

(Lines missing?)

[?] 2 ‫ חמר‬1 ‫ חין גמל‬.1 3 ‫ שס‬.2

B2.30-ISAP2124 (Naveh Arad 24) Undated Payment order for 3 seahs of barley Sherd of a bowl (58 × 80 × 7–11); gray; white grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

Only line 1 and the beginning of line 2 are preserved. Ḥayyan occurred already above, but with no animals (B2.26, where see for name). Here, as there, the date is not available. Did each animal get 1 seah of barley? For other ostraca with animals in this dossier, see B2.10, 14–17, 21–23, 28, 31, 3.1, 4.6. The order of what is preserved is a-b-b-c.

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

45

cm

CONCAVE Recipients

Donkeys, 13, were given from the province: from them, 10 of the detachment of Abdnanai, 3 to Aqabya they gave 3 donkeys— 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). 5 Yaddu. 1 2

Product Signatory

‫ יהיבו מן מדינתא‬2]++1[10 ‫חמר‬ ‫ לדגל עבדנני‬10 ‫ְמנְהם‬ 3 ‫ְה ְבו חמר‬ ְ ‫לעקביה י‬ ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬4 ‫שס‬ ‫ידוע‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

B2.31-ISAP2112 (Naveh Arad 12) Undated Payment order for 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Sherd of a storage jar (44 × 87 × 5–6); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Concave diagonal to wheel line.

From an administrative point of view, this ostracon is the most significant because of its mention of two telltale words: ‫“( מדינתא‬province”) and ‫“( דגל‬military detachment”). A propos of TAD A6.9, C. Tuplin has gathered all the occurrences of ‫ מדינה‬in the Bible and the papyri and writes, “Outside of A6.9 mdynh (in Aramaic or Hebrew) designates the generality of imperial provinces in Ezra 5:8, Dan.3:2–3 and Esther (passim: there are 127 of them [1.1], so they are smaller than satrapies) and is applied more specifically to Thebes (TAD A4.2, C3.14, D3.19), Tshetres (TAD A4.5, C3.14; and A5.2, B3.13, D1.26, D4.17 are also likely to be Tshetres, given the provenance of the documents), Pamunpara (TAD A6.1), Samaria (WDSP 4.1 and 5.1), Judah (Ezra 2:1, 5:8, Neh.1:3, 7:6), Babylon (Ezra 7:16, Dan. 2:48–49, 3:1, 12:30), Elam (Dan. 8:2), [and] Media (Ezra 6:2. . . .). These are characteristically relatively or very large tracts of land” (letter dated April 24, 2018). Thus, just as there were ‫ יהוד מדינתא‬and ‫שמרין מדינתא‬, so was there ‫אדום מדינתא‬ (“Edom the province”), the province being called an eparchy in Greek (Diodorus 96.5,2). It had at least two military detachments, one headed by the Arabian-named Qosḥair (B2.18) and the other by the Aramaicnamed ‫( עבדנני‬Abdnanai). In Egypt, the deity Nanai alone appears as a personal name and in combination in the theophorous names ‫“( ננישורי‬Nanai is my wall”) and ‫( נניחם‬TAD A2.2:1.11, 15, 2.2:4; B1.1:16, 7:1). For a study of Nanai as she appeared in Papyrus Amherst 63, see Holm 2017. Though this text bears several features of the payment order, namely, recipient, animal, product + measure, and signatory (a-b-c-d), it

46

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6)

lacks a day date and a sealing sign (e-f). Indeed, the spacing on the ostracon left no room for either of these. Moreover, there is an obscure prehistory of the transaction; instead of the command ‫“( הב‬give”), there are the past-tense passive ‫“( יהיבו‬were given”) and the plain past ‫“( יהבו‬they gave”). We take all this to mean that of the 13 donkeys belonging to the provincial administration, 10 were assigned to the detachment of Abdnanai, and the remaining three were given to Aqabyah and allotted 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley. Presumably, that was to be meted out at Arad; otherwise, the ostracon would not have been found there. The Hebrew name ‫“( עקביה‬Yh protected”) and its derivatives were popular in the postexilic period. It appears in a cuneiform tablet dated to 528 (Aqabi-Yāma [CUSAS 28: 77]) and later in the Murashu documents (Coogan 1976: 32); in a 4th-century b.c.e. list of names from Tel Yokneam (Naveh 1985: no. 10); on a 3rd-/2ndcentury limestone tomb inscription from Alexandria (TAD D21.4); and in one of our very own commodity chits (A161a.1). For other ostraca with animals in this dossier, see B2.10, 14–17, 21–23, 28, 30, 3.1, 4.6. cm

CONVEX [. . . s(eahs)], 2; q(abs), 4 [?]. Yaddu. On the [x (day)].

Product

1

Signatory

2

Date

[?]4 ‫ ק‬2 ]‫ ] ס‬.1 [ ]‫ ] [ידוע ב‬.2

B2.32-ISAP2148 (Naveh Arad 48) Date illegible Payment order for 2 seahs, 4 qabs of unknown product Sherd of a jug (30 × 42 × 6–7); pink; white + black gray. Convex parallel to wheel line.

This text has the partial features of a payment order: product (missing), measure, signatory, beginning of date ([a-]c-d[-e]). Since the measure is 2 seahs, we would suspect that there were more than one recipient or an animal. Alternately, the allotment could be for crushed/sifted grain (see B2.8).

47

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Zaydu, servant of [PN?]: b(arley), s(eahs), 2. Yaddu. (not visible) (not visible)

Recipient

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

[? ]. .‫ זידו עלים ב‬.1 [# ‫ ידוע [ ב‬2 ‫ שס‬.2

B2.33-ISAP2127 (Naveh Arad 27) Date illegible Payment order for 2 seahs of barley Sherd of a storage jar (45 × 62 × 5–8); pink (gray); white + gray grits. Convex parallel to wheel line.

The left half and bottom of the ostracon are completely effaced, so that we know neither the name of Zaydu’s master nor the day date. For the name ‫זידו‬, see above (B2.21). Thrice an ‫ עלים‬appears in the Idumean ostraca as a payee (A16.5:2, 50.1:2; 55.4:2) and once perhaps as payer (A112.3:1; see also below B2.34). The term has a spectrum of meanings: servant, slave, lad (see Porten-Lund 2002: 258–259; and particularly its range of meanings in the Arsham letters [TAD A6]). The order is a-a-c-d. The date and sealing sign are either not present or not written.

48

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Recipient

Give to the servant of [PN]: (not intelligible) 1

[?]. .‫ס‬/‫למ‬. ‫ הב לעלים‬.1 [?]. .‫ל‬. ‫מן‬. . . . . .2

B2.34-ISAP2149 (Naveh Arad 49) Date illegible Payment order for unknown product Sherd of storage jar (58 × 92 × 5–8); orange; white grits. Convex diagonal to wheel line.

Only the first two words are preserved. Ironically, the first word is ‫“( הב‬give”), the word that stamps this text as a payment order and that appears only twice more in all these Arad texts (B2.5, 8). Like the text above (B2.33), the recipient is a “servant.” Yet it is not at all certain that this belongs to the Yaddu dossier. There is no clear evidence on the bottom for the necessary name, date, or archaic alef. Aside from these texts in the dossier of Yaddu, the Arad corpus included some seven or eight ostraca with other named individuals that bear the markings of payment orders (Naveh 1981: 21, 23, 31, 35; 65, 73, 84, 86 [photos only]) and another nine fragmentary pieces that may also be payment orders (Naveh 1981: 16, 29–30, 32; 55–57, 68–69 [photo only]).

49

B2.1–35 Payment Orders of Yaddu (Tables B5a, 6) cm

CONVEX Š[. . .]: w[(heat)]. 3 Yadd[u]. (not visible) 4 (archaic alef)

Recipient

1

Product

2

Signatory Date Sealing Sign

[

[ ]‫ש‬ [ ]‫ח‬ ‫ידו[ע ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

B2.35-ISAP2161 (Naveh Arad 61) Date illegible Payment order for wheat Sherd of storage jar (48 × 85 × 6–10); orange (gray); white + gray grits. Convex vertical to wheel line.

Only the first letter or so of the first three lines and the archaic alef are visible. The pattern is familiar, and so we are able to posit a payment order. The shin at the beginning of line 1 would be the first letter of the name of the recipient, while the ḥet at the beginning of line 2 would stand for ‫“( חנטן‬wheat”) and be followed by a samek for “seahs”. Line 3 records the first three letters of the signatory—yod, dalet, and, waw—for ‫ידוע‬, which would be followed by a day date. The order is a-c-d. The date and sealing sign are either not present or not written.

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders Dated List of Texts B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4 B3.5

Payment order for 1 kor of barley Undated Payment order for 1 seah, 0.5 qabs of wheat Undated Payment order for unknown product Undated Payment order for unknown product 3 Payment order for unknown product 9

50

51

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders cm

CONVEX [. . .]l Beldalani thus says: Give to Menaḥem for the rams of 3Qoskahel b(arley), k(or), 1, from the grain of 4the loan of mine ◦l◦◦◦.

Message

1

Authorization

2

Product Source Official?

‫בלדלני כן אמר‬ ִ ‫ל‬ ‫ִא זי‬ ִ ‫לדכרי‬ ִ ‫ִח ִם‬ ִ ‫למנ‬ ִ ‫הב‬ ‫ מן ִע ִבִוִר‬1 ‫קוסכהל שכ‬ . .‫ל‬. ִ ‫זפתא זילי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

B3.1-ISAP1710 (JA514) Undated Payment order for 1 kor of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 71 × 9–11), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 75º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Unfortunately, the first half of line 1 is effaced. What follows is the message formula (‫כן אמר בלדלני‬ [“Beldalani thus says”]; cf. G2.3). Originally oral (cf. Gen 32:4), it was the standard formula in the Arsames letters from Egypt, introducing both the quotation of a report, and, as here, the action to be taken (e.g., ‫אמר‬ ‫“[ ארשם כן‬Arsames thus says,” Porten-Lund 2002: 160 sub voce ‫)]כן‬. The divine name Bel appears also in the next ostracon (B3.2). Here it is a verbal sentence name with-first person pronominal suffix (“Bel drew me up”), identical with Qosdalani of the house of Qoṣi (D4.3, 12–13, E4.10) and may be restored in a provenanced jar inscription from Tel Beer-Sheba (Naveh 1979: no. 54). Below it appears in a nominal sentence name with a first-person possessive suffix (“Bel is my refuge”) parallel to Palṭiel (A228) with hypocoristic Palṭi/Pilṭi (A229). The form Bel (‫ )בל‬occurs in Palmyrene and Phoenician theophorous names (Stark 1971: 76–77; Benz 1972: 287). ¶ Elsewhere, barley and wheat are brought in for “fodder” (A72.2), and barley was particularly known as “animal food” (m. Soṭah 2:1 [reference supplied by Marc Hirshman]), while chaff was given to young camels (A10.39[= 7.39]–40). Of the eleven animal texts in the dossier of Yaddu above (B2.1–35) and the one instruction below, two include colts (B2.16–17), three include camels (B2.23, 21, 30; cf. also B3.2 below), three include a horse (B2.10, 14–15; cf. also B3.2 below), and six include donkeys (B2.15, 17, 22, 30–31 and B4.6 below), but none reference rams. A unique chit reports that on 13 Tebeth, Abdadah led out (to pasture) four animals belonging to Uzayzu and Laadiel, and among these was a ram (A29.9). ¶ Qoskahel was a prominent figure in our corpus (see A9), even recorded as owner of a horse-ranch (A9.34), and perhaps Menaḥem was to him what Abdadah was to the above pair. In a commodity chit of

52

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders

year 40, Begi(n)neh brought in to Qoskahel 15 seahs (i.e., half a kor) of barley, also from “the grain of the loan” (A9.1; see, further, on A4.16). Here, Beldalani defines the grain as “mine.” ¶ While the root ‫ נחם‬does not occur in other names in our corpus, the names Menaḥem (‫ )מנחם‬and Menaḥamah (‫ )מנחמה‬appear in lists of names (E1.5, 3.7), and it was a well-known name in Ugaritic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Ammonite, and perhaps also in Aramaic (WSS 514; Maraqten 1988: 179 for references). ¶ Might the unintelligible marks at the end of the last line record an official, like Ḥor, as in the first section above (B1)? cm

CONVEX May the camels increase ◦h tr◦[. . .] and horses immediately y◦◦h ḥb. . 3 Give to Be[l]palṭi w(heat), s(eah), 1; half a qa[b]. 4 bš◦y◦y 1 2

Authorization Product

[

].‫ה ִתִר‬. . ִ ‫ִא יִִר ִבִו‬ ִ ‫גמלי‬ . .‫ה חב‬. .‫וסוסין לעבק י‬ ִ ‫ פלג ק[ב‬1 ‫לב[ל]פלטי חס‬ ִ ‫]הב‬ ‫י‬.‫י‬.‫ִבש‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

B3.2-ISAP672 (JA54) Undated Payment order for 1 seah, 0.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium sized (44 × 81 × 8–11), roughly rectangular/trapezoid, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, possible traces of writing on interior, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, *no bottom margin, left margin broken/unclear.

The first two lines are obscure. The reading of the first two words in line 1 is clear—‫גמליא ירבו‬, which we tentatively render, “May the camels increase,” whatever that may mean. The rest of the line is unintelligible, but see A10.39–40 for two more references to camels, as well as B2.21, 23, 30 above. The beginning of line 2 appears to read ‫וסוסין לעבק‬, which means “and horses immediately,” with the rest of the unintelligible line presumably saying what it was that the horses would be doing (cf. A9.34 for reference to “the horse-ranch of Qoskahel”, as well as B2.10, 14–15 above). Neither the adverb ‫ לעבק‬nor the root ‫“( רבי‬increase”) appear in our corpus elsewhere, but both are found in the Elephantine papyri from Egypt (Porten-Lund 2002: 208, 281). ¶ For the name in line 3, see the ostracon above (B3.1). The root ‫ פלט‬occurs in both nominal sentence names, such as Palṭiel (“El is {my} refuge” [Num 34:26; 2 Sam 3:15 and in our corpus in A228.1]); verbal sentence names, such as Pelaṭyah (“Yh rescued” [Neh 10:23 and in our corpus in D4.7]); and the hypocoristicon Palṭi/Pilṭi (A229.1 and H2.3). The root occurs also in Phoenician, Aramaic, Ammonite, and Moabite names, but when it is compounded, the name of the deity comes at the end (Albertz-Schmitt 2012: 542). Here we have a nominal sentence name with deity at the beginning. A first-person possessive suffix is a regular feature in the nouns of non-Hebrew nominal sentence names. ¶ Line 4 is obscure.

53

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders cm

CONVEX Authorization

Give to Qosdakar . . . the gatemen 1

‫תר ִעיִא‬ ִ . .‫ב‬.  ִ

‫ הב לקוסדכר‬.1

B3.3-ISAP2022 (IAA 74–564) Undated Payment order for unknown product

This and the following two texts were found at Tel el-Farʿah by Robert Levin of Kibbutz Urim. The first two are certainly payment orders and the third may likewise be. This is a one-liner that begins with the operative word ‫“( הב‬give”), followed by the Aramaic name of the recipient ‫( קוסדכר‬Qosdakar, meaning, “Qos remembered”). It was a very popular name, appearing in six of the eight different types of texts in the Idumean corpus (see A54 in TAO vol. 3). The second word is illegible, and the third word seems to read ‫“( תרעיא‬the gatemen”), the recipients of the commodity to be given, a group who appeared multiple times in the commodity chits (see A1.38 for more). The product itself is not visible.

54

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders cm

CONVEX Authorization Date

3 ‫לב ִע ִלִר ִעי ב‬ ִ ‫ הב‬.1 [ ] .2

Give to Baalrai On the 3rd. 1

B3.4-ISAP2026 (IAA 74–559) 3 Payment order for unknown product

Like the previous text, this, too, begins with the command ‫“( הב‬give”) and is followed by a personal name that only appears once more in TAO (E3.6), ‫( בעלרעי‬Baalrai, meaning, “Qos satisfies”), and then by a day date (/// ‫“[ ב‬on the 3rd”]). The product is missing and must have appeared in the illegible lines 2 or 3.

55

B3.1–5 Other Payment Orders cm

CONVEX [?].[ ]. . 1 ‫רג‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫[ב‬ ִ ] .1 [?].[ ]9 ‫] ב‬ [ ‫על‬ ִ .2

Give to Bgz[ ] . . .On the 9th.

Authorization

1

Date

2

B3.5-ISAP2023 (IAA 74–561) 9 Payment order for unknown product

The third ostracon was read by Naveh [ ]‫הב לבגז‬, assuming that the PN was Persian. Neither Ada Yardeni nor Andre Lemaire read the ‫הב‬, and they also read the following letters differently. Staring at the photograph with a little imagination, it is possible to reconstruct the command. Like Naveh, Yardeni read a day date in line 2—/// /// /// ‫ב‬, (“on the 9th”).

B4.1–7 Instructions (8 Ostraca) Of the eight instructions, four are formulated through the infinitive—‫( למשלח‬B4.1), ‫( למנתן‬B4.5), ‫( לשלמה‬B4.6), and ‫( ליספה‬B4.7). In B4.1a the verb is implicit. Dated List of Texts B4.1 B4.1a B4.2 B4.3 B4.4 B4.5 B4.6 B4.7

Instruction to supply 2 men (or: to supply silver) Instruction to supply x men Instruction to unload 2 (or 4) shipments of logs Instruction to sell/buy 1 bale of chaff Instruction to sell/buy 4 qabs of oil Instruction to give 2 payments of seahs Instruction to pay barley and perhaps wheat Instruction to add 7 men

56

5th c. b.c.e.? 5th c. b.c.e.? Undated Undated 4 Shebat Undated Oct. 7–Nov. 4, 339 Undated

57

B4.1–7 Instructions cm

CONVEX Supplier Instruction Product

2 ‫טוביה גברן‬ ִ .1 . . .‫לח לאל‬ ִ ‫למ ִש‬ ִ .2 [. ‫ כסף‬.3

1. Ṭobiyah: men, 2 2. to send to El[. . .] 3. silver ◦[. . .]

B4.1-ISAP75 (JA434) 5th century b.c.e.? Instruction to supply 2 men (or: to supply silver) Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (62 × 79 × 12), roughly rectangular/roughly oval, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The syntax of this text is obscure. Is Ṭobiyah to send two men to El[. . .], or is he to send two men to bring silver to El[. . .]. Meaning “Yh is good,” the name is clearly Jewish and unique in the Idumean corpus. The designation of Ṭobiyah in Neh 2:10, 19 as an “Ammonite servant” should be considered a racist slur. ¶ See the next text for an interpretation. Unfortunately, the recipient’s name only preserves the theophorous element, which could make it any one of 9 names beginning with “El” in our corpus. For commodity chits dealing with money, see A151.2.

58

B4.1–7 Instructions cm

CONVEX Gadi: men, [. . .] to Abd(i)ram. 1 from Makkedah.

Supplier

1

Instruction

2

Source

[ ]‫מקדא גברן‬ ִ ‫ גדי מן‬.1 ‫ לעבדרם‬.2

B4.1a-ISAP837 [IA12445 {GCh3}] 5th century b.c.e.? Instruction to supply x men Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (77 × 97 × 8–10), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

59

B4.1–7 Instructions

This and the previous text were written in the 5th century b.c.e.. Though elliptical, this text follows the format of the one above (B4.1)—[1] PN-men-amount, [2] to PN. Omitting the infinitive command, our text adds the source Makkedah, found once in B1.2 above and again in the instruction below (B4.2). Of the 22 texts recording items sent “from Makkedah” this is the only one reporting men (‫ )גברן‬instead of a commodity (see TAO vol. 1 Table 2.3:71). Unfortunately, the number of men is cut away, but usually the presence of “men” in place of a commodity indicates a workers text (TAO D). It seems that this and one payment order below and perhaps the one above (B4.1, 4.1a, 4.7) were payment orders for workers rather than commodities. Only here is Makkedah written with a final alef rather than a he, and only here is the medial nun omitted, as well (for the dossiers of Makkedah, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1). ¶ Found once in the Bible (2 Kgs 15:14), the name Gadi (‫ )גדי‬is hypocoristic of a name such as ‫“( גדאל‬Gadd{i}el” [A177.1]), “Yw/El is fortune.” Two other names use the same element—Qosgad, “Qos is fortune” (A3.14, 120.1, 229.1), and Gadner (E3.3). Frequent as an attribute in nominal sentence names such as Ramiah (‫[ רמיה‬Ezra 10:25]), Yehoram (‫ יהורם‬1 Kgs 22:51)]), Baalrim (A1) and Qosr(i)m (A31), ‫“( רם‬Exalted”) became an epithet and is found already in the Amarna name Abdi-rama (Moran 1992: 202 [EA 123:36]). Although the element Abd- is very common in our texts, both of these names appear only here in the ostraca. cm

CONVEX To be unloaded at Makkedah: logs, 2; 3 Qosyinqom: logs, 2.

Instruction

1

Product

2

Product

‫למקדה‬ ִ ‫יתפִר ִק‬ ִ .1 2 ‫ גזירן‬.2 2 ‫גזרן‬ ִ ‫ קוסינקם‬.3

B4.2-ISAP915 (JA480) Undated Instruction to unload 2 (or 4) shipments of logs Body sherd Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (36 × 60 × 6–8), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pink (5YR8/3), interior reddish brown (2.5YR5/4), ware red (2.5YR5/8), few white grits. A small fragment chopped off and reattached at lower left corner. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Context here requires that the itpeel of ‫ פרק‬have the meaning “unload.” Since the verb is impersonal, we may conjecture that the ostracon was an instruction attached to the shipment of the logs, whether 2 or 4. ¶ In some 17 chits, various items are delivered “to Makkedah,” (see Table 2.1–2 in TAO vol. 1), but only thrice is the name of the payee recorded (A4.27, 10.5 [written supralinearly], 21.16 [gatemen]). In one of these, it is Saadel (A10.5), whom we encountered in 3 payment orders above (B1.3–4, 7). As opposed to Makkedah in the texts above (B1.2, 4.1a), Makkedah appears here without a nun, that is as ‫( מקדה‬see A4.27; also A2.15, 7.28, 240.1, 300.5.16). This is the only payment order with logs, but above we have one for loads of

60

B4.1–7 Instructions

wood (B1.3). For more on logs in the commodity chits, see A2.25 and 3.31. It is unclear who received the logs and what role Qosyinqom played in this instruction. If he plays the same role as in a second instruction below (B4.6), then perhaps he is the recipient of the two logs, in which case the scribe would have omitted the preposition lamed that we would expect to find. For the dossier of Qosyinqom, see A20. cm

CONVEX Instruction Product Recipient

You should sell/buy chaff, bale, 1, 2 to / for Ḥazael. 1

1 ‫תבן ִפחלץ‬ ִ ‫ תזבן‬.1 [ ? ]‫ִאל‬ ִ ‫לחז‬ ִ .2

B4.3-ISAP808 [IA12191 {GCh 8}] Undated Instruction to sell/buy 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (53 × 61 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90˚ to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin

The root ‫ זבן‬can mean either “buy” or “sell,” so we might translate, “You should sell . . . to Ḥazael” or “You should buy . . . for Ḥazael.” An argument on behalf of “buy” is a chit drawn up by Qosr(i)m for barley and wheat “to buy by the hand of” (‫)למזבן עליד‬, that is, to be bought by Zabdimaran and Zabdu for Zam(mu)ru (A1.51; see also A1.52). The unnamed addressee in our ‫תזבן‬, in this case to be translated as “you should buy,” would be the agent comparable to the pair in the above chit, while Ḥazael would parallel Zam(mu)ru. For the name Ḥazael, see the dossier in A133a. There is further evidence for trade in grain, as well as oil, in the recurring terms ‫“( עבור זבינתא‬grain of the purchase” [A3.15 with commentary, 4.25, 290.1.6]) and ‫“( משח זבינתא‬oil of the purchase” [A8.28; 30.6 was formerly read ‫ זבינתא‬but is now read ‫)חין‬. This is the only text in our corpus where chaff is traded in this way; for the sale of chaff in Mishnaic times, see A1.44. For more on bales, see A1.2, 10 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2. This is the fifth and final time this product appears in this dossier (see also B1.1–2, 5, 7).

61

B4.1–7 Instructions cm

CONVEX Date Instruction Recipient Product

On the 4th of Shebat, you should sell/buy to / for [PN] 2 oil, qabs, 4. 1

. . . ‫ לשבט תזִבןִ ל‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ִ‫קבן‬ ִ ‫ משח‬.2

B4.4-ISAP1408 (AL140 [M114]) 4 Shebat Instruction to sell/buy 4 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar (89 × 58 × 8), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Ostracon perhaps complete but partially erased. Written lines at 80º to wheel marks [AL].

This instruction is modeled on the same pattern as the one above (B4.3), except that it is dated. Here, too, we cannot tell whether the instruction is to sell to someone or to buy for someone. For “oil of the purchase,” see previous text (B4.3), and for more on oil in general in the commodity chits, see A2.13 and Table 6 and Figures 6a–c in TAO vol. 3.

62

B4.1–7 Instructions cm

CONVEX Witnesses

In the eyes of (= in the presence of) Abdi, Qosyinqom and Malku 3 to give . . . 4 s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1; entry: s(eahs), 7. 1 2

Instruction Product I Product II

‫לעיני עבדי‬ ‫קוסינקם ומלכו‬ ‫רו ִבא‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫למנתן [?]חליִם‬ 7 ‫בב ִס‬ ִ 1‫ק‬1‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

B4.5-ISAP1638 {OG?4} Undated Instruction to give 2 payments of seahs

This chit is in every way unique. It opens with an idiomatic expression describing an act performed in the presence of a body of witnesses (‫לעיני‬, Gen 23:11, 18 [the Hittites]; Jer 32:12 ]all the Jews in the courtyard]). Here, the witnesses number three persons. We might have expected them to be listed in the order of their seniority. Yet Abdi (‫ )עבדי‬has a dossier of but two items (A144.1–2) while Malku (‫ )מלכו‬has one of 11 (A23.1–11), and Qosyinqom has one of 13 (A20.1–13). ¶ The words at the end of line 3 are unintelligible. They must have described the product, for line 4 lists the measures. Two products are indicated, the second introduced by the accounting term ‫“( בב‬entry”), for which, see A1.24.

63

B4.1–7 Instructions cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of] Tishri, year 20◦[. . . PN] to Qosyinqom: donkey[. . .]; 3[. . .]b(arley), s(eahs), 20; to pay on the 30th 4[of x (month)]: [. . .]w(heat)/b(arley), k(ors), 2. Abdosiri son of Pasi[. . .].

Date

1

Supplier

2

Recipient Products I+II Due Date Product III Signatory?

].20 ‫ ]ב ל]תשרי שנת‬.1 [ ]‫חמר‬ ִ ‫[לקוסינק ִם‬ ִ ] .2 [?]30 ‫ לשלמה ב‬20 ‫[ש ִס‬ ִ ] .3 ]ִ‫ עבדוסרי בר ִפ ִסי‬2 ‫שכ‬/‫[ח‬ ִ ] .4 [

[

B4.6-ISAP1099 (L99 [IA91.16.152]) October 7–November 4, 339 Instruction to pay barley and perhaps wheat Body sherd of jar, rather thin (60 × 52 × 5.5), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin widening leftward, left edge broken.

This text is very problematic. In many respects, the ostracon looks like a commodity chit, but the instruction in the middle of line 3 (‫“[ לשלמה‬to pay”]) classifies it as a payment order. The preposition preceding a PN in line 2 (‫“[ לקוסינקום‬to Qosyinqom”]) indicates the person to be the recipient. The same name appeared in an instruction above, although his role there was uncertain (B4.2). Also, Qosyinqom had a dossier of more than a dozen chits (A20), one of which was drawn up for a certain “Qosyinqom son of Yaḥluf/Yaḥlif” in Marcheshvan, year 21 (October 25–November 23, 338), a year later than our instruction (A20.8). However, there is only one fragmentary chit for Qosyinqom as payee, drawn up by Maš(i)ku as payer (A21.15). The payer in our text would have come at the beginning of line 2. ¶ The day date of the instruction is lost at the beginning of line 1, but the due date for the payment is preserved at the end of line 3. The 30th could not have referred to Tishri because in year 20 that month had only 29 days. It might refer to Marcheshvan or Tebeth, both of which had 30 days that year (Parker-Dubberstein 1956:35). One of these months may have come at the beginning of line 4, where the text is cut off. ¶ We had been tempted to read ‫ חמר‬at the end of line 2 as “wine,” but given the close connection between donkeys and barley in the Arad payment orders (B2.15, 17, 21–22, 30–31), there is no doubt that it should be translated “donkey.” The rest of the text is obscure and leaves us with several questions: (1) What is the mark before the break at the left end of line 1? (2) What is the connection between the wheat/barley at the beginning of line 4 and the barley in line 3? (3) What is the function of Abdosiri, whose name is separated from the preceding product by extra

64

B4.1–7 Instructions

space? Linguistically, the name is Idumean with an Egyptian deity (“Servant of Osiris”), but the patronym is pure Egyptian (‫ = פסי‬Pa-sy [“He of Osiris”]) and was very popular in Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 402). Both names occur four more times—Abdosiri being spelled with a medial alef, (A5.18–19, E3.8, J1.17); Pasi (A69.1:3 [agent], 161a.1:2–3, 229a.1, C5.2cave [Pasa]). For more on animals in the payment orders, see A3.1 above and the introduction to the payment orders of Yaddu (B2.1–35) at the beginning of this dossier. cm

CONVEX Instruction Clan Tally

To add in the hand of Zabbud: 2 sons of Ḥori, men, 7. 1

‫ ליספה ביד זבוד‬.1 3[+1+]3 ‫ בני חורי גברן‬.2

B4.7-ISAP1598 (AL285 [M400]) Undated Instruction to add 7 men Body sherd of jar (79 × 76 × 9), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 30º to wheel marks [AL].

While this ostracon shows some semblance of a workers text (TAO D), the infinitive at the beginning gives away its classification as an instruction. Also, the term that appears is ‫“( גברן‬men”) rather than the more frequently used word in workers texts, ‫“( פעלן‬workers”). This is similar to two instructions above (B4.1, 4.1a). The preposition ‫“( ביד‬in the hand of”) could either mean “under the authority of, entrusted to” (TAD A6.2:7) or “through the agency of” (TAD A2.5:5). The idea behind the two meanings may be the same: the seven men from the clan of Ḥori were to be added to a work detail in the charge of Zabbud. For Ḥori as clan head, see A 6.3–6. For the name Zabbud, see A3.15 and his own dossier in A98. We restored Ḥori in a commodity chit (A6.4) on the basis of this text.

Table B: Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B) Table B1a.  57 names that appear in the Payment Orders Dossier, ordered alphabetically Table B1b.  57 names that appear in the Payment Orders Dossier, ordered by frequency Table B2.  29 names that appear in both the Payment Orders and Commodity Chit Dossiers Table B3.  4 names that appear only in the Payment Orders Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers Table B4.  24 names that appear only in the Payment Orders Dossier Table B5a.  33 names that appear in the Arad Payment Orders Table B5b.  15 names that appear only in the Arad Payment Orders

Introduction There are 57 names in the payment orders dossier (Tables B1a–b), which can be divided as follows: 29 also appear in commodity chits (Table B2), 4 also appear in non-chit dossiers (Table B3), and 24 do not appear elsewhere (Table B4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g., Malku [Table B1.26]), but there is just one name that appears only once elsewhere but multiple times here (Yaddu [Table B1.21]). Thirty-three names appear in the Arad payment orders (Table B5a): 4 more than once (Table B5.8, 11, 17, 26) and 15 never again in the Idumean ostraca (Table B5b). However, there are few identifiable persons because the payment orders do not contain clan affiliations.

Figure 1.  Breakdown of the 57 names in the Payment Orders Dossier.

Table B1a.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered Alphabetically No.  1  2  3

Personal Name

English

‫ אבימלך‬Abimelek ‫ אלישיב‬Elyašib ‫ בלדלני‬Beldalani

Reference(s) in TAO B

Frequency in TAO B

Reference(s) Elsewhere

B2.12 B2.19 B3.1

1 1 1

× × ×

65

66

Table B Table B1a.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered Alphabetically

No.  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11

‫בלפלטי‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫גדי‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫זבינא‬ ‫זבוד‬ ‫זידו‬

12 13 14 15

‫זידי‬ ‫חגגו‬ ‫חור‬ ‫חורי‬

16 17

Reference(s) in TAO B

Frequency in TAO B

Belpalṭi Bani Baalrai Gadi Gam(a)rat Zebina Zabbud Zaydu/Ziyadu

B3.2 B2.20 B3.4 B4.1a B2.27 B1.4 B4.7 B2.33

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Zaydi Ḥaggagu Ḥor Ḥori (clan)

B2.21 B2.11 B1.1–6 B4.7

1 1 6 1

B4.3

1

B1.3, 2.26, 30

3

B2.22 B4.1 B2.2 B2.1–35 B2.20 B2.13 B2.23 B2.8 B4.5

1 1 1 33 1 1 1 1 1

B3.1 B2.12 B1.5 B4.6 B4.5

1 1 1 1 1

B2.9, 14

2

B2.31 B2.11 B4.1a B2.31 B2.5 B2.4 B2.4 B4.6 B2.24 B3.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B2.18

1

Personal Name

English

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

‫חסניה‬ ‫טוביה‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ידו‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ישבי = ישיב‬ ‫מלכו‬

27 28 29 30 31

‫מנחם‬ ‫נחום‬ ‫צחרו‬ ‫עבדוסרי‬ ‫עבדי‬

32

‫ עבדמלך‬Abdmilk

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדקוס‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫פדאל‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫וניה‬/‫פניה‬ ‫פסי‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

Ḥisniya Tobiyah Yoakal Yaddu Yedanyah Yehonatan Yanuš Yašbi = Yašib Malku Menaḥem Naḥum Ṣaḥ(a)ru Abdosiri Abdi

Abdnanai Abdqos Abdram Aqabyah Pedael Peṭes(e) Peniyah/Waniya Pasi Ṣidqa Qosdakar

‫ קוסחיר‬Qosḥair

Reference(s) Elsewhere × A6.2, E3.1, H9.2 E3.6 × × × A3.15, 6.4, 98.1–2, H2.13 A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, C4.1 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, E3.3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, E3.11, F2.2 × A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, C2.12, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, C7.1, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, E1.6, 3.8, J4.2 × × × A4.33 × × × × A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, C7.3, D8.1, E3.9 E1.5 A1.52, 82.1–5, C2.2, J1.4 A14.4–5, 105.4, 231.1 A5.15–19, E3.8, J1.17 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A1.2, 2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.31, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24 × A30.6, 112.1–3, D2.1 × C3.2 A39.2 D2.13, E1.2 × A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, C3.2 × A42.4, 54.1–5, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, E1.6, 3.9, G1.6, H2.5 A10.7, 68.1–5, 51.3, 300.4.31

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Payment Orders Dossier

67

Table B1a.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered Alphabetically No. 44

Personal Name

English

Reference(s) in TAO B

Frequency in TAO B

B1.3

1

B2.6, 4.2, 5–6

4

‫ קוסי‬Qosi

45

‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

46

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

B3.1

2

47

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

B2.15

1

B1.3

1

B2.8 B1.7 B2.18 B2.29 B2.10 B1.1–2 B2.20 B2.8 B1.3–4, 7

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3

48

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan)

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

‫קוסעם‬ ‫רבשעדני‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שבי‬ ‫שכוי‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שעדאל‬

Qosam Rabsaadani Raui/Daui Šaul Šeila Šobai Sakkui Šallum Saadel

Reference(s) Elsewhere A6.7–9a, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, 3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, C5.4, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A6.7–9, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4 × × A8.18, E1.6, F4.15 × × × A3.18, 254.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, C2.8, E3.3 A10.1–42, C8.2, E3.17, F2.20, J1.11

Table B1b.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered by Frequency No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14

Personal Name ‫אבימלך‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫בלדלני‬ ‫בלפלטי‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫גדי‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫זבינא‬ ‫זבוד‬ ‫זידו‬

English Abimelek Elyašib Beldalani Belpalṭi Bani Baalrai Gadi Gam(a)rat Zebina Zabbud Zaydu/Ziyadu

‫ זידי‬Zaydi ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חורי‬Ḥori (clan)

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.12 B2.19 B3.1 B3.2 B2.20 B3.4 B4.1a B2.27 B1.4 B4.7 B2.33

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B2.21 B2.11 B4.7

1 1 1

15

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

B4.3

1

16 17 18 19

‫חסניה‬ ‫טוביה‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ידניה‬

B2.22 B4.1 B2.2 B2.20

1 1 1 1

Ḥisniya Tobiyah Yoakal Yedanyah

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × A6.2, E3.1, H9.2 E3.6 × × × A3.15, 6.4, 98.1–2, H2.13 A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, C4.1 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, E3.3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, E3.11 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, C2.12, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, C7.1, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6 × × × ×

68

Table B Table B1b.  57 Names That Appear in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B), Ordered by Frequency

No. 20 21 22 23

Personal Name ‫יהונתן‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ישבי = ישיב‬ ‫מלכו‬

English Yehonatan Yanuš Yašbi = Yašib Malku

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.13 B2.23 B2.8 B4.5

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1

24 25 26 27 28

‫מנחם‬ ‫נחום‬ ‫צחרו‬ ‫עבדוסרי‬ ‫עבדי‬

Menaḥem Naḥum Ṣaḥ(a)ru Abdosiri Abdi

B3.1 B2.12 B1.5 B4.6 B4.5

1 1 1 1 1

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדקוס‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫פדאל‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫וניה‬/‫פניה‬ ‫פסי‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

Abdnanai Abdqos Abdram Aqabyah Pedael Peṭes(e) Peniyah/Waniya Pasi Ṣidqa Qosdakar

B2.31 B2.11 B4.1a B2.31 B2.5 B2.4 B2.4 B4.6 B2.24 B3.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

39 40

‫ קוסחיר‬Qosḥair ‫ קוסי‬Qosi

B2.18 B1.3

1 1

41

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

B2.15

1

B1.3 B3.1

1 1

B2.8 B1.7 B2.18 B2.29 B2.10 B2.20 B2.8 B2.9, 14

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan) ‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel ‫קוסעם‬ ‫רבשעדני‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שכוי‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫עבדמלך‬

Qosam Rabsaadani Raui/Daui Šaul Šeila Sakkui Šallum Abdmilk

52 53

‫ שבי‬Šobai ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

B1.1–2 B1.3, 2.26, 30

2 3

54 55

‫ שעדאל‬Saadel ‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

B1.3–4, 7 B2.6, 4.2, 5–6

3 4

56 57

‫ חור‬Ḥor ‫ ידו‬Yaddu

B1.1–6 B2.1–35

6 33

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, C7.3, D8.1, E3.9 E1.5 A1.52, 82.1–5, C2.2, J1.4 A14.4–5, 105.4, 231.1 A5.15–19, E3.8, J1.17 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 × A30.6, 112.1–3, D2.1 × C3.2 A39.2 D2.13, E1.2 × A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, C3.2 × A42.4, 54.1–5, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, E1.6, 3.9, G1.6, H2.5 A10.7, 68.1–5, 51.3, 300.4.31 A6.7–9a, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, 3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A6.7–9, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 × × A8.18, E1.6, F4.15 × × A3.18, 254.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, C2.8, E3.3 A1.2, 2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.31, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24 × A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, E1.6, 3.8, J4.2 A10.1–42, C8.2, E3.17, F2.20, J1.11 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, C5.4, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 × A4.33

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Payment Orders Dossier

69

Table B2. 29 Names That Appear in Both the Payment Orders Dossier and Commodity Chit Dossiers (TAO B and A) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

Personal Name English ‫ בני‬Bani ‫ זבוד‬Zabbud ‫ זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu ‫ זידי‬Zaydi ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חורי‬Ḥori (clan) ‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan ‫ ידו‬Yaddu ‫ מלכו‬Malku

11 12 13 14

‫נחום‬ ‫צחרו‬ ‫עבדוסרי‬ ‫עבדי‬

Naḥum Ṣaḥ(a)ru Abdosiri Abdi

15

‫ עבדמלך‬Abdmilk

16 17 18 19

‫עבדקוס‬ ‫פדאל‬ ‫פסי‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

20 21

‫ קוסחיר‬Qosḥair ‫ קוסי‬Qosi

Abdqos Pedael Pasi Qosdakar

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.20 B4.7 B2.33

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1

B2.21 B2.11 B4.7

1 1 1

B4.3

1

B1.3, 2.26, 30

3

B2.1–35 B4.5

33 1

B2.12 B1.5 B4.6 B4.5

1 1 1 1

B2.9, 14

2

B2.11 B2.5 B4.6 B3.3

1 1 1 1

B2.18 B1.3

1 1

B2.6, 4.2, 5–6

4

22

‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

23

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

B3.1

1

24

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

B2.15

1

B1.3

1

B2.18 B2.20 B2.8 B1.3–4, 7

1 1 1 3

25 26 27 28 29

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan) ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫שכוי‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שעדאל‬

Raui/Daui Sakkui Šallum Saadel

Reference(s) Elsewhere A6.2, E3.1, H9.2 A3.15, 6.4, 98.1–2, H2.13 A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, C4.1 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, E3.3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, E3.11 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, C2.12, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, C7.1, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, E1.6, 3.8, J4.2 A4.33 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, C7.3, D8.1, E3.9 A1.52, 82.1–5, C2.2, J1.4 A14.4–5, 105.4, 231.1 A5.15–19, E3.8, J1.17 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A1.2, 2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.31, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24 A30.6, 112.1–3, D2.1 A39.2 A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, C3.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, E1.6, 3.9, G1.6, H2.5 A10.7, 68.1–5, 51.3, 300.4.31 A6.7–9a, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, 3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, C5.4, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A6.7–9, 29.6, D7.2, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A8.18, E1.6, F4.15 A3.18, 254.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, C2.8, E3.3 A10.1–42, C8.2, E3.17, F2.20, J1.11

70

Table B Table B3.  4 Names That Appear Only in the Payment Orders Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO C, D, E)

No.  1  2  3  4

Personal Name ‫יערלעב‬ ‫םחנמ‬ ‫היבקע‬ ‫סטפ‬

English Baalrai Menaḥem Aqabyah Peṭes(e)

Reference(s) in TAO B B3.4 B3.1 B2.31 B2.4

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere E3.6 E1.5 C3.2 D2.13, E1.2

Table B4.  24 Names That Appear Only in the Payment Orders Dossier (TAO B) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Personal Name ‫אבימלך‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫בלדלני‬ ‫בלפלטי‬ ‫גדי‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫זבינא‬ ‫חור‬ ‫חסניה‬ ‫טוביה‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ישבי = ישיב‬ ‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדרם‬ ‫וניה‬/‫פניה‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫קוסעם‬ ‫רבשעדני‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שבי‬

English Abimelek Elyašib Beldalani Belpalṭi Gadi Gam(a)rat Zebina Ḥor Ḥisniya Tobiyah Yoakal Yedanyah Yehonatan Yanuš Yašbi = Yašib Abdnanai Abdram Peniyah/Waniya Ṣidqa Qosam Rabsaadani Šaul Šeila Šobai

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.12 B2.19 B3.1 B3.2 B4.1a B2.27 B1.4 B1.1–6 B2.22 B4.1 B2.2 B2.20 B2.13 B2.23 B2.8 B2.31 B4.1a B2.4 B2.24 B2.8 B1.7 B2.29 B2.10 B1.1–2

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Reference(s) elsewhere × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Table B5a.  33 Names That Appear in the Arad Payment Orders (TAO B2) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

Personal Name ‫אבימלך‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫בני‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫זידו‬

English Abimelek Elyašib Bani Gam(a)rat Zaydu/Ziyadu

‫ זידי‬Zaydi ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.12 B2.19 B2.20 B2.27 B2.33

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1 1

B2.21 B2.11 B1.3, 2.26, 30

1 1 3

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × A6.2, E3.1, H9.2 × A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, C4.1 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, E3.3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, E3.11 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, E1.6, 3.8, J4.2

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Payment Orders Dossier

71

Table B5a.  33 Names That Appear in the Arad Payment Orders (TAO B2) No.  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Personal Name ‫חסניה‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ידוע‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ישבי = ישיב‬ ‫נחום‬ ‫עבדמלך‬ ‫עבדנני‬ ‫עבדקוס‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫פדאל‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫וניה‬/‫פניה‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫קוסחיר‬ ‫קוסינקם‬

English Ḥisniya Yoakal Yaddu Yedanyah Yehonatan Yanuš Yašbi = Yašib Naḥum Abdmilk

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.22 B2.2 B2.1–35 B2.20 B2.13 B2.23 B2.8 B2.12 B2.9, 14

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 2

Abdnanai Abdqos Aqabyah Pedael Peṭes(e) Peniyah/Waniya Ṣidqa Qosḥair Qosyinqom

B2.31 B2.11 B2.31 B2.5 B2.4 B2.4 B2.24 B2.18 B2.6, 4.2, 5–6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

B2.15

1

B2.8 B2.18 B2.29 B2.10 B2.20 B2.8

1 1 1 1 1 1

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner ‫קוסעם‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬ ‫שכוי‬ ‫שלום‬

Qosam Raui/Daui Šaul Šeila Sakkui Šallum

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × A4.33 × × × × A1.52, 82.1–5, C2.2, J1.4 A1.2, 2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.31, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24 × A30.6, 112.1–3, D2.1 C3.2 A39.2 D2.13, E1.2 × × A10.7, 68.1–5, 51.3, 300.4.31 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, C5.4, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 × A8.18, E1.6, F4.15 × × A3.18, 254.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, C2.8, E3.3

Table B5b.  15 Names That Appear Only in the Arad Payment Orders (TAO B2) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Personal Name ‫אבימלך‬ ‫אלישיב‬ ‫גמרת‬ ‫חסניה‬ ‫יואכל‬ ‫ידניה‬ ‫יהונתן‬ ‫ינוש‬ ‫ישיב = ישבי‬ ‫עבדנני‬ ‫וניה‬/‫פניה‬ ‫צדקא‬ ‫קוסעם‬ ‫שאול‬ ‫שאילא‬

English Abimelek Elyašib Gam(a)rat Ḥisniya Yoakal Yedanyah Yehonatan Yanuš Yašbi = Yašib Abdnanai Peniyah/Waniya Ṣidqa Qosam Šaul Šeila

Reference(s) in TAO B B2.12 B2.19 B2.27 B2.22 B2.2 B2.20 B2.13 B2.23 B2.8 B2.31 B2.4 B2.24 B2.8 B2.29 B2.10

Frequency in TAO B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

C1.1–9.9 Accounts Dossier (77 Texts, Tables C1–5) An account text is essentially a commodity chit (TAO A in vols. 1–3) with more than one entry. Thus, instead of an opening date, a payer, and a commodity and measure, there is rarely a date, but there are many payers/recipients, each followed by the same commodity. An account for joists illustrates this perfectly. There are eight chits, each for one joist (see A1.11, 2.5 for discussion; also Table 3 in TAO vol. 3), but one accounts text with four persons, each also for one joist (see C7.3 below). The format is identical, except that several persons are recorded and not just one, and so a chit becomes an account. There are 142 names that appear in the 77 accounts texts (Table C1). Of these names, 76% (108 names) also appear in the commodity chits (Table C2), and 5% (7 names) also appear in a handful of other non-chit texts (Table C3). In fact, 42 names (30%) even appear more than once in this dossier. Only 27 of the names that appear in the accounts dossier (19%) do not appear elsewhere (Table C4). Thus, for the most part, the persons in the accounts texts were the same persons who appeared in the commodity chits. This being the case, it is striking that there are so few accounts texts in comparison. There are nine categories of accounts: C1.1–12: Accounts of Wheat C2.1–18: Accounts of Barley C3.1: Account of Wheat and Barley C4.1–6: Accounts of Other Grains C5.1–6: Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities C6.1–12: Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities C7.1–7: Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities C8.1–6: Accounts of Currency C9.1–9: Accounts Lacking Commodity and/or Measure As the first six dossiers show, some 70% of all the texts concern agricultural products of one sort or another, but mostly wheat and barley (at least 40%). Non-agricultural products comprise a very small number, seven texts in all (C7.1–7), consisting of six different products ( jars, baskets, joists, loads [2 texts], logs, and perhaps grgrn). Accounts of currency appear in only six texts (C8.1–6). Finally, there are nine texts that lack a commodity and/or a measure (C9.1–9). Thus, while commodity chits in each of these 9 categories appear in abundance, their respective accounts texts are relatively sparse at first glance. However, comparing the ratio of products to their dossiers shows a more-similar profile. For example, while there are 224 chits for wheat (19% of all chits) and 70 for semolina (6% of all chits), there are 14 accounts for wheat (18% of all accounts) and 2 for semolina (3% of all accounts). In fact, the only large differences are: (1) barley has a greater ratio here (15% in the chits compared to 25% in the accounts), (2) figs and baskets appear as products here but not in the chits, and (3) money is 9 times more common here than the chits (1% in the chits compared to 9% in the accounts; Table C5). Most of the dozen accounts for wheat are fragmentary, and, where intact, their numbers include three, five, and twelve persons, respectively (C1.1–3). There are only two accounts for semolina, one almost completely fragmentary and the other yielding seven names, the last of which begins with the preposition “to,” indicating that this (text) is a disbursement (C4.4–5). Only nine of all these texts are certainly disbursements, bearing the telltale preposition “to” (-‫)ל‬ preceding a name: 1.  The first two are for wheat. One records “to Abdilahi” and “to yyt” (C1.7:2–3). 2.  The second is an opisthograph with seven lines on the convex and six on the concave. In the first text, the two opening lines of the concave read, “The donation which . . . for Qoslakin: q(abs), 5,” 72

C1.1–9.9 Accounts Dossier (77 Texts, Tables C1–5)

73

while the last two lines read, “that which Qosyatha will give to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu: w(heat), q(abs) 2 (and a) h(alf); and Ḥazira will give to him: q(abs), 3” (C1.3:8–9, 12–13). 3.  The third and fourth texts deal with barley. In the third, most lines begin with to (C2.4). 4.  In the fourth, the opening line reads “Qosnahar to Kaya: b(arley), s(eahs), 23” (C2.11:1). 5.  The fifth text is the only account for barley and wheat together. In it, Ammu gives 3 qabs of barley to Šabru, who in turn gives 2.5 seahs to Al(i)qos, who is then credited with 2.5 qabs of wheat (C3.1:5–7). All very strange! 6.  The sixth text is a seven-line fragmentary account for semolina in which the last line reads, “To / for Barzel: semolina” (C4.5:7). 7.  The seventh text is perhaps for figs and features Nutaynu as payer twice and recipient once (C5.4). 8.  The eigth account is very puzzling. It begins with an unknown commodity measured in seahs and qabs and ends with loads. In between, there is an inexplicable name preceded by “to” (C7.5). 9.  Finally, there is a fragmentary account with unknown commodities and three names, two of which are followed by a second name preceded by “to” (C9.6). A potential tenth disbursement may occur in one of the last entries in this dossier, but it is too fragmentary to be sure (C9.8). As regards the remaining 68 texts, we are unable to tell whether they record commodities paid out by the particular parties, that is, obligations, or paid in, that is, disbursements—payments made to their credit. For the most part, the accounts were not dated: only a couple bore a full date (C1.1, 4.6); some eight were partially dated, with day and month (C1.9, 2.11, 15; 5.1, 5–6; 7.3; 8.6); one mentions only a month (C4.2) and one only a year (C7.7). Only a handful have totals at the end (C1.2, 2.1–2, 12, 16; 4.6:5; 8.6:3). In addition to the many fragmentary texts, many stand out because of their special contents or formats: 1.  Unique in our dossier is a document captioned “For a memorandum (‫ )דכר]ו[ן‬of barley of Wah(a)bi” (C2.1). It contains 12 names, each person owing a sum of barley, in descending order from 15 to 2 seahs. The end of the document contains a tally of 3 kors, 12 seahs, 2 qabs of barley. 2.  Piquing our interest is an intact piece (C2.6) recording barley payments by or to Abdadah and Al(i)qos, both of whom have hefty commodity dossiers (A13.1–20, 14.1–23), and, surprisingly, three payments by Badan, whose dossier is quite small (A94.1–3). He does not appear again in this dossier, but the other two do (C1.2, 2.1, 9, 18, 3.1). 3.  Notable is a text with a double caption, “Grinding of Marcheshvan: Its income,” and then 5 names, 4 of which are followed by resh and 1 by crushed/sifted grain, and then by a seah amount (C4.2). 4.  An opisthograph with five lines on the convex and one on the concave records the amount of silver paid for oil held by three parties. The silver payments, in shekels and maahs, appear on the convex, and the total amount of oil, measured in seahs, qabs, and halves, appears on the concave. The scribe did not have enough room to complete that total in a single line, so he wrote the last three signs supralinearly (‫ פ‬1 ‫“[ ק‬1 qab and a half”]), rather than on a line below (C5.2). 5.  The only text with an archaic alef sealing sign is dated (17 Sivan) and records three roosters, the word being spelled ‫ תנגרל‬rather than ‫( תרנגל‬C5.5). One is attached to Saadaniqos (‫“[ שעדניקוס‬Qos supported me”]), an unusual and rare name, and the second to “the wife of Qosani,” also a rarity, since women almost never appear in the ostraca. The third follows enigmatic ‫בקפס אבי‬. We explained qps as an Egyptian loanword, meaning “basket,” and Abi as a feminine hypocoristicon of Abiyah (2 Kgs 18:2; 2 Chr 29:1). 6.  Uniquely written on stone is an account for one joist for each of four persons, written according to the same format as eight chits for a joist for single persons: PN—joist (‫—)מריש‬numeral (usually “one,” written out as word [‫ ]חד‬and not numeral)—date (C7.3). 7.  Qoskahel and Samitu, who appear together in the commodity chits (A8.46), appear together here on one of the accounts (C8.1), indicating the close relationship between these to ostraca categories. Striking is that most of the persons in the accounts also appear in the commodity chits (Table C2). Only 27 names appear here for the first time, and all but one of these appear but once (Table C4). Whatever specific purpose the practice of writing accounts had, it is certainly very closely related to the commodity chits.

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat Dated List of Texts C1.1 C1.2 C1.3 C1.4 C1.5 C1.6 C1.7 C1.8 C1.9 C1.10 C1.11 C1.12

Account of 51.33 (+ ?) seahs of wheat August 28, 356 Account of 13.5 qabs of wheat Undated Account of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat (of which at least 10.5 qabs are disbursement) Undated (ca. 356) Account of 19.17 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 4 kors, 27.17 seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 20 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 2 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 2 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 16.25 seahs of wheat 2 Ab Fragmentary account of 3.75 seahs Undated Fragmentary account of 6 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Undated Fragmentary account of 2 kors (+ ?) of wheat Undated

74

75

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Ab, year 1[+1+]1 (=3), Adarani: w(heat), s(eahs) [x+]2; q(abs), 2; 3 Ḥaggagu: w(heat), s(eahs), 14; 4 Laadarel: w(heat), s(seahs), 15; 5 Lubayu: w(heat), s(eahs), 10[+?]; 6 Samitu: w(heat), s(eahs), 10[+?].

Date

1

2.33[+?] seahs

2

14 seahs 15 seahs 10[+?] seahs 10[+?] seahs

1[+1+]1 ‫ לאב שנת‬14 ‫ב‬ 2 ‫ ִק‬2 . . . ‫עדרני חס‬ 14 ‫חגגו חס‬ 15 ‫לעדראל חס‬ [ ? ]10 ‫לביאו חס‬ [ ? ]10 ‫שמ ִתו חס‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C1.1-ISAP2540 (JA263) August 28, 356 Account of 51.33 (+ ?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (53 × 61 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin narrowing downward, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Only one other text in this dossier is fully dated (C4.6), but ten are partially dated (C1.9, 2.11, 15, 4.2, 5.1, 5–6, 7.3, 7, 8.6). ¶ It is not apparent whether the five payments were made, as in a payment, or received, as in a disbursement, by their respective parties. The full amount in line 2 is unclear. There is no total, as there is in the next text (C1.2), but we can presume the payments would have come to around 1.7 kors altogether. Wheat is the most common commodity in the accounts texts (Table C2). ¶ The name Adarani (‫)עדרני‬ appears only here and once more below in a barley account (C2.1:3; but cf. also Adaran in C2.4) and is probably hypocoristicon of a name such as Qosadarani or Adaraniqos (“Qos helped me”) on the model of other verbal names with first-person object suffixes, such as Beldalani (B3.1) or Saadaniqos (C1.5:2, 5.5:2; cf. A212). Other names from this prolific root in our corpus include Qosadar/ider (A17), Adarbaal/Idribaal (A113), Adarel/Idriel (A114), Adarqos (A31.7), Adri/Idri (e.g., A14.2), Adaran (e.g., C2.4), Adarmaran/ Idrimaran (E3.18), Udayru (A38), Baaladar/ider (A174), and Yaadarel (A199). From the same root, ‫עדר‬ (see A1.15, 14.2), meaning “help,” comes the precative name Laadarel (‫)לעדראל‬, “May El help,” which occurs only here. The other three names appear elsewhere in our corpus frequently: for Ḥaggagu, see A33; for Lubayu, see A106; and for Samitu, see A8.

76

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX Ammiqos: w(heat), q(abs), 4; q(uarters), 3; Abdadah: w(heat), s(eah), 1; (a) half (qab); 3 Laadiel: w(heat), q(abs), 2; q(uarter), 1. 4 All (told), w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf).

4.75 qabs

1

6.50 qabs

2

2.25 qabs Total: 13.5 qabs

3 ‫ ר‬4 ‫עמקוס חק‬ ‫ פל‬1 ‫עבדאדה חס‬ 1 ‫ ר‬2 ‫לעדאל חק‬ ִ ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ִכל ִח ִס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

C1.2-ISAP1959 (EN179 = JA43) Undated Account of 13.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (73 × 69 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR8/6), ware pink (7.5YR8/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Here, too, it is not apparent whether the three payments were made or received by their respective parties. This is one of the rare texts measuring not only in seahs and qabs (with 6 qabs to the seah) but also in quarters (of a qab; see also C1.3, 1.9, 6.2, 6.10). Converted into qabs, the three numbers add up neatly if we take the ‫ פלג‬at the end of line 2 to refer to a qab and not to the preceding seah: 4.75 + 6.5 + 2.25 = 13.5, which is exactly 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs. This is one of only a handful of accounts that have totals at the end (C1.12; 2.1–2, 4, 16; 4.6:5; 8.6:3). ¶ In a text in the dossier of Al(i)baal, Abdadah gives 1 seah, 1 qab of resh to Laadiel (A4.7). Are these the same persons as in our text? Ammiqos has his own dossier (A117) and occurs also in an account below (C5.1:4), as do Abdadah (A13; C2.1:6; 2.6:2, 9:2, 18:7) and Laadiel (A25; C5.2:5).

77

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX [. . .]a [. . .]a: w(heat), q(abs), 5; [. . .]h: q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf); 3 Baalghayr and Ḥiel: s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 3; q(uarters), 3; 4 Othni: s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3; 5 Ḥazira: q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf); 6 Qosyatha: s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1; q(uarters), 3. 7 [. . .] CONCAVE

5 qabs

1

4.5 qabs

2

27.75 qabs 39 qabs 4.5 qabs 7.75 qabs

The donation which [. . . . . . . . .] from L[. . .] for Qoslakin: q(abs), 5; 10 Ḥanina: q(abs), 5; 11 Ṭobio / Ṭabyu: q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf); 12 That which Qosyatha will give to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu: q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf); 13 and Ḥazira will give to him: q(abs), 3. 8

5 qabs 5 qabs 4.5 qabs 2.5 qabs 3 qabs

9

5 ‫א חק‬. . . . ‫א‬. . ‫ ף‬4 ‫ה ק‬. . ִ 3 ‫ ר‬3 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ר ִו ִחיאל ס‬/‫בעלעיִד‬ ִ 3 ‫ ק‬6 ‫עתני ס‬ ‫ ף‬4 ‫חזירא ק‬ 3 ‫ ר‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫קוסיתע ס‬ . . .[   ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

. . . ‫ מן ל‬. . . . . . . ‫ נ ִִד ִב ִא ִזִי‬.8 5 ‫ לקוסלכן ִק‬.9 5 ‫ חנִינִא ק‬.10 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ טביו ק‬.11 ‫ ִף‬2 ‫לטביִִו ק‬ ִ ‫ זי ינתן קוסיתע‬.12 3 ‫ וינתן לה חזירא ק‬.13

78

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat

C1.3-ISAP1954 (EN174 {Deutsch}) Undated (ca. 356) Account of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat (of which at least 10.5 qabs are disbursement)

The two sides appear to be related, but unfortunately the first line of both sides is partially illegible, so the relationship is unclear. On the convex side, the end of line 1 is legible, and it reads 5 ‫“( חק‬w{heat}, q{abs}, 5”). We may assume that the commodities in the succeeding lines, as well as the reverse side, were also wheat, which is the most common commodity in the accounts (Table C2). On the convex side, the amounts vary between 4.5 and 39 qabs (lines 2, 4); on the concave, amounts vary between 2.5 and 5 qabs (lines 9, 12). There are six or seven persons on the convex (barely the tops of letters are preserved in line 7), but only four are legible, There are five persons on the concave. Strikingly, two of the persons from the convex are said at the bottom of the concave to be giving specific sums to a person on the concave—Qosyatha and Ḥazira to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu. Qosyatha received 7.75 qabs on the convex and gave Ṭobio / Ṭabyu 2.5 qabs; Ḥazira received only 4.5 qabs but gave up 3 qabs. Whether or not the sums given derived from those received, clearly the 5.5 qabs given must be in addition to the 4.5 qabs already accorded Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, since the sums tally differently. ¶ The word ‫“( נדבא‬donation”) occurs once more in a land description text, as though a plot of land had been donated (H5.2). The Hebrew word ‫ נדבה‬can refer to donations of silver and gold (Ezr. 8:28), but here it appears with wheat. It is nice to think that the illegible words in line 8 contained a personal name and a verb, yielding something like “which PN received from L[. . .] for Qoslakin . . . (and for) Ḥanina . . . (and for) Ṭobio / Ṭabyu.” In that case, in addition to those donated amounts from lines 9–11, lines 12 and 13 would add additional amounts that Qosyatha and Ḥazira gave to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu. Ṭobio / Ṭabyu would thus end up with a total of 10 qabs in all. ¶ Only the first letter, a lamed, of the personal name at the end of line 8 is preserved, and this could be any of nine names beginning this way in our corpus. ¶ Baalghayr has a big dossier, both paying and receiving and interacting with several persons, in the years 362–350 (A7). In one chit dated only by day and month, he pays out 10 (+ ?) seahs of wheat (A7.56). Ḥiel has but a few chits in his dossier, and one is dated January 2, 356 (A134.1), allowing the two men to come together chronologically. Each of the other six persons has his own dossier, the small dossier of Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (A102) being undated, whereas that of Othni (A119 [357–355]) falls precisely in Baalghayr’s and Ḥiel’s timeframes. Three other dossiers span four decades altogether, including the year 356—Qoslakin (362–344 [A39]), Qosyatha (362–322 [A55]), and Ḥazira (358–341 [A35]). Only Ḥanina, with a single chit as payer, falls a dozen years after 356 (344 [A195.1]), but that chit is part of a group that spans 14 years between 360 and 346. ¶ In the order Qoslakin, Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, and Ḥanina, these three appear below in an account for crushed/sifted grain (C4.1:2–4), and Baalghayr and Othni appear together in one for barley (C2.1:4, 9) which makes it likely that we are reading about the same individuals in both pieces. In fact, five of the eight names here make repeat appearances in other accounts (Baalghayr [C2.1:4, 5.1:3], Ḥiel [C9.2:4], Othni [C2.1:9], Qoslakin [C4.1:2], and Ṭobio / Ṭabyu [C4.1:3, 5.3:6]).

79

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX The sons of Yathu: s(eahs), 10; q(abs), 2; Aḥiqam/yaqim: s(eahs), 8; q(abs), 2; 3 its/his plantings: the x of planting; 4 w(heat), q(abs), 3 [?].

10.33 seahs

1

8.33 seahs

2

0.5[+?] seahs

2 ‫ ק‬10 ‫יתו ִע ִס‬ ִ ‫בני‬ 2 ‫ ִק‬8 ‫אחיקם ִס‬ ‫ִב ִא‬ ִ ‫ִצי‬ ִ ‫ִצבוהי כפת נ‬ ִ ‫נ‬ [?]3 ‫ִח ִק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

C1.4-ISAP1569 (AL216 [M285]) Undated Account of 19.17 (+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (79 × 76 × 9), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 30º to wheel marks [AL].

Of the seven chits in the dossier of ‫( יתעו‬Yathu [years 357–344, 336]), five deal with grain (A42.1–4 [barley], 42.5 [wheat]). Again, we find the name Yathu in an account (C2.10:10), but only here do we encounter the spelling in the qattūl form ‫יתוע‬, as a clan head (cf. A6 for other miscellaneous clan heads). Of the five chits in the dossier of Aḥiqam/yaqim, one dated July 29, 352, deals with wheat from the grain of the purchase (A57.3); for the name, see A1.22. Unusually, the type of grain is not recorded for either party, but only the amount of seahs and qabs. Were it not for the appearance of wheat in line 4 (simply abbreviated to ḥet), we might think that this is a land registration text, with the seahs indicating the seed capacity of the field (appearing in TAO H [currently unpublished]). To be sure, line 3 contains two words found essentially in those texts—‫ כפת‬and ‫—נצב‬but these always occur as nomen regens in constructs where the nomen rectum is a personal name. Thus, ‫“( כפת‬garden”) is recorded with Ḥalafta (H5.3), Qoslughath (H4.1), and Ḥazael (H2.1, 6), and ‫“( נצב‬plantation/planting”) appears with Abdadah (H5.12) and Aliel (H2.1), the latter in the same text that has ‫כפת חזאל‬. The Aramaic root ‫ נצב‬means “plant,” and in a deed of gift from the Babatha archive written on July 13, 120 c.e. (P. Yadin 7:7, 39), we read of a ‫נציב תמרין‬, translated by the editors as “a planting of date palms,” that is, a date grove. While that text defines ‫ נצב‬by the product, our texts define it by the owner. The word ‫כפת‬, presumably ‫ כפה‬in the absolute, does not appear outside our corpus. Lemaire translated it “rock garden” (see AL258:5n and Jastrow 635, and cf. Hebrew ‫“[ כף‬rock, mountain top,” Jer 4:29; Job 30:6]). Without further comment. Ephʾal-Naveh suggested that it derived from Greek κήπος (“orchard, garden”), because that word appeared in two contracts regarding date crops written on September 11, 130 (P. Yadin 21:8, 13, 19, 22:8, 13, 21, 26), alongside the Aramaic word ‫גנת‬, which was transliterated there into Greek γανναθ (P. Yadin 21:9–10, 22:10–11). Stephen Kaufman (personal communication) argued that the Greek derived the word from the Semitic, where it means basically “dome.” But we read of grain from ‫ אנטיפטרוס [כיפת =] כופת‬and ‫הישוב [כיפת =] כופת‬, two place names where ‫כופת‬/‫כיפת‬

80

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat

is explained as “storeroom” (t. Demai 1.11 [Lieberman 64]). However, since the other terms in the ten or so texts in our corpus where the word ‫ כפת‬occurs all pertain to land (e.g., ‫[ כרם‬H2.1], ‫[ זיתא‬H4.1], and ‫פרדס‬ [H4.4]), we would expect a topographical term here as well. Perhaps we may think of “hillock,” a domed piece of land. ¶ Taken together, the three words in line 3 are a complete enigma. The antecedent of ‫נצבוהי‬ is not clear, and ‫ כפת‬is followed not by a personal name but rather by the same noun as at the beginning of the line in the determined state, ‫נציבא‬. A possible translation would be “the hillock of planting,” but what do the three words together mean? ¶ Line 4 is apparently a separate entry, defining the commodity (wheat). Altogether, nearly 20 seahs of wheat are distributed in this account. cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦qos: w(heat), k(ors), 3; s(eahs), 27; q(ab), 1; [. . .]t, 4; Saadaniqos: w(heat), k(or), 1.

117.17 seahs

1

4x

2

30 seahs

1 ‫ ק‬27 ‫ ס‬3 ‫קוס חכ‬.[ ] .1 1 ‫ שעדניקוס חכ‬4 ‫[ת‬ ִ ] .2

C1.5-ISAP2544 (JA268) Undated Fragmentary account of 4 kors, 27.17 seahs of wheat Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 61 × 3–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The text records two large accounts of wheat, one almost 4 kors, by or to a person whose name ends with “[. . .]qos,” a very popular element appearing in dozens of Idumean names, and the second of 1 kor by or to Saadaniqos (‫“[ שעדניקוס‬Qos supported me”], a name which appears again below in an account of roosters (C5.5:2; cf. also C1.1 above). The name is also written with a samek in a commodity chit (see A212.1), but its hypocoristicon “Saadi” occurs more frequently (A52.1–6), including twice making payments of wheat (A52.1 [July 5, 357] and A52.4 [September 4, 343]). The beginning of line 2 is obscure. This is by far the largest amount of wheat recorded in the accounts, the next closest being less than half the total amount (C1.12).

81

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX [?]l[. . .]tº[. . .] Qosqam: w(heat), s(eahs)[?]; 3 Zabdilahi: ◦◦[?]; 4 ◦◦◦◦ s(eahs), 20 ◦◦[?]. 1

x seahs x seahs 20 seahs

2

[ ]‫]תא‬ ִ [‫]?[ל‬ ִ [?]‫ִקִו ִס ִק ִם חס‬ [?]. . ‫ִב ִד ִא ִל ִהִי‬ ִ‫ז‬  . . . 20 ‫ ִס‬. .[?].

.1 .2 .3 .4

C1.6-ISAP2634 (JA378) Undated Fragmentary account of 20 (+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of closed vessel, medium sized (45 × 38 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware gray (7.5YR6/0), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), no right margin (possibly broken), no bottom margin, left edge broken.

Unfortunately, this account is too fragmentary to restore, but line 2 reveals that it is most likely an account for wheat. For the name Qosqam, which appears elsewhere as signatory as well as payer, see A10.23 and A154.1–2. For the name Zabdilahi (“Grant of god”), which appears as agent in two chits dated late (320 b.c.e.), see A5.18–19. Line 4 could have contained a third personal name with the record of 20 seahs.

82

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX Adarel/Idriel: w(heat), s(eah), 1 ◦[?]; to Abdilahi son of Ḥš[. . .]; 3 [to]◦yyt son of Mṭh◦[. . .]; 4 Adarel/Idriel by name, 1.

1 (+?) seah

1

x seahs

2

x seahs 1 seah

[?]. 1 ‫עדראל חס‬ [ ]‫לעבדלהי בר ִח ִש‬ ִ [  ]‫מט ִה‬ ִ ‫ִת בר‬ ִ ‫ִיי‬.]‫]ל‬ [ ]1 ‫שמה‬ ִ ‫עדראל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

C1.7-ISAP402 [IA11369] Undated Fragmentary account of 2 (+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (43 × 69 × 6–7), roughly trapezoid, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), few white grits. Covered with whitish dirt. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

There are three chits in the dossier of Adarel/Idriel, one dated to October 13, 353, and another to August 31, 315, almost 40 years later, both for payments of barley (A114.1–2). The name appears once below in an account for barley, as well (C2.10:1). ¶ The Arabian name Abdilahi (‫עבדאלהי‬, “Servant of [my] god”) was popular among the Nabateans in Sinai, Edom, and the Negev, occurring 38 times (Negev no. 793), and appearing once more in our corpus in a list of names (E3.2), with aphaeresis of the alef, Abd(i)lahi (‫)עבדלהי‬, as here. With full spelling (‫)עבדאלהי‬, the name appears in an Aramaic ostracon from Beersheba recording the supply of workers (Naveh 1979: no. 44:1; cf. a parallel construction in the name Zabdilahi above [C1.6:3]). The interpretation of the name in line 3 is uncertain. ¶ The reading “son of” (‫ )בר‬is uncertain, and \‫“( ב‬on the 1st” or “in exchange for 1”) is also possible (see A1.24 for explanation of the term “exchange”). Neither reading yields a clear meaning, but perhaps the first is more sensible if we assume a record of wheat missing at the end of lines 2 and 3. Usually a lamed of preposition (“to”) does not appear in accounts, as we have at the beginning of these lines, but here we can identify the account as a disbursement, as in only nine texts (C1.3, here; 2.4, 11; 3.1; 4.5; 5.4; 7.5; 9.6). The only two names in our corpus that begin with ḥet-šin are Ḥašabio (E1.3) and Ḥašabiah (H10.3). We have no evidence in our corpus for a name beginning mem-tet-heh. ¶ If correctly read, the word ‫( שמה‬literally “his name,” that is, “by name”) following the second appearance of Adarel/Idriel is puzzling. It occurs profusely in all different kinds of texts among the Elephantine papyri, following personal names and geographical names, but with rare exceptions (TAD A6.11:1, 2, 4) it occurs only with the first appearance of the name (Porten-Lund 2002: 297–298), not the second as here.

83

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX 2 seahs x seahs x seahs

. . . w(heat), s(eahs), 2; 2 . . .[?]; 3 . . . w(heat), . . ., . . .; [. . .], 1; 4 . . .l w(heat), s(eah), . . .; 5 . . . [?]; 6 . . . [?]; 7 . . . [?]. 1

2 ‫חס‬. . . . . . [?]. . . . . . . 1] [. . . . . . .‫ח‬. . . . . . .‫ל חס‬. . . . [?]. . . . . . . . . [?]. . . . . [?]. . . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

C1.8-ISAP1650 {OG?16} Undated Fragmentary account of 2 (+?) seahs of wheat

The writing is completely peeled away, and all that remains intelligible are the abbreviations for wheat and seahs (‫)חס‬, but the format gives it away as an account. We can assume a personal name would have appeared in each line, as well.

84

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX Date

On the 2nd of Ab, [. . .ya]tha from gbʾ/tax collector: w(heat), s(eahs), 13; q(abs), 3; q(uarters), 2, 3 [. . .] gbrʾ/the man/servant: w(heat), s(eahs), 2[?]; q(abs), 4. 1 2

13.58 seahs 2.67 seahs

2 ‫ ִר‬3 ‫ק‬

[ ? ] ‫ לאב‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 13 ‫ ] י]תע מן גב{ר}א חס‬.2 4 ‫[?]ק‬2 ‫ברא חס‬ ִ ‫]  [ג‬ ִ .3

C1.9-ISAP1612 (AL116 [M414]) 2 Ab Fragmentary account of 16.25 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (64 × 64 × 10), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This text is most peculiar. It is cut off at the right edge, while the notations at the end of lines 2 and 3 are written supralinearly. Line 1 has only the date, written without any space between the signs: there is no year. Another seven accounts are dated with day and month, as here (C2.11, 15, 5.1, 5–6, 7.3, 8.6). What appears to be the beginning of a personal name is cut off at the beginning of line 2; perhaps to be restored ‫ ]◦◦◦ית[ע‬for a name such as “Qosyatha” (cf. C1.3:6, 12 above). If the word ‫ גבא‬meant “tax-collector” (cf. H4.4), we would have expected it to be preceded by the preposition “to” rather than “from.” Alternatively, the scribe may have intended to write ‫“( גברא‬the man/servant”), as in line 3. The first letter at the beginning of line 3 is taken as a gimel (yielding something like the word ‫)גברא‬, but it could also be an ayin (yielding the word ‫“[ עבדא‬servant”] or the personal name Abda [A143:1–2]). Very few texts measure in quarters (of a qab; see also C1.2, 3, 6.2, 6.10).

85

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX [. . .]w(heat), s(eahs), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf); [. . .]w(heat), s(eahs), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf); 3 [. . .]gw w(heat), s(eahs), 1; q(ab), 1 [(and a) h(alf)].

1.25 seahs

1

1.25 seahs

2

1.25 seahs

‫ ִף‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫[חס‬ ִ ] .1 ‫ ִף‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ] [ ִחס‬.2 [? ]1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫גִוִ חס‬. .[ .3

C1.10-ISAP416 [IA11376] Undated Fragmentary account of 3.75 seahs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (42 × 48 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (5YR7/2), few white grits. Top edge broken, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, *no left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the top, bottom, and right edge, such that lines are missing above and below the extant portion and the names of the parties are missing at the right edge, much like in C1.8 above. The last two letters of the name are barely visible in line 3, but they do not lead to a likely name. The ‫ פ‬is cut off at the left edge of line 3. If restored, this is similar to other accounts in which each party gives or receives exactly the same amount (cf. C2.3, 9, 18, 5.1, 7.3–4, and nearly C2.5).

86

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX w(heat), s(eahs), 6; [. . .] . . . 3.

6 seahs

1

3x

2

6 ‫[ח ס‬ ִ 3 .[

] .1 ] .2

C1.11-ISAP634 (Naveh 448 [BLMJ701]) Undated Fragmentary account of 6 (+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, irregularly shaped, medium sized (68 × 63 × 10), exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks.

There is much blank space above line 1 and between lines 1 and 2. The right edge is cut off, and the top edge of a letter there probably belongs to a ḥet. Its distance from the samek indicates that it is the end of a word, either ‫“( משח‬oil”) or ‫“( קמח‬flour”), or as we have taken it, as the abbreviation for wheat. Though oil is usually measured in smaller amounts, even in qabs, there is one text that records more than 10 seahs of oil (A48.5). Six seahs would not be an unusual amount for flour, however. The product and measure for the “3” at the end of line 2 is missing. The wide space between the two lines suggests that this text is an account, in which case we can assume that a personal name would have appeared at the beginning of each line.

87

C1.1–12 Accounts of Wheat cm

CONVEX [. . .] . . . Zabda: w(heat), s(eahs) 6; [. . .], s(eahs), 26; All (told), kors 2, 3 [. . . s(eahs), x+]3.

6 seahs

1

26 seahs

2

Total: 60 seahs

6 ‫ִב ִד ִא ִח ִס‬ ִ ‫ ז‬. .[ ] .1 2 ‫כרן‬ ִ ‫ כל‬26 ‫[ס‬ ִ ] .2 3[ ] .3

C1.12-ISAP1305 (AL215 [M5]) Undated Fragmentary account of 2 kors (+?) of wheat Body sherd of jar (59 × 30 × 7), surface gray brown. Only lower left part of original ostracon preserved. Written lines almost parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This text is most perplexing. The first entry is complete with product and measure and comes in the middle of line 1, but illegible writing clearly precedes it. The name rendered here as Zabda appears as payer in one commodity chit (A179a.1). A personal name and the letter ‫“( ח‬w[heat]”) must have preceded the “s(eahs), 26” in line 2. That record is immediately followed by the total in line 3, which is 2 kors (= 60 seahs). This means that entries with some 31 seahs are missing above line 1, and letter spaces equivalent to those missing at the beginning of line 2 would also be missing here. Clearly, the 3 strokes at the beginning of line 3 cannot follow on the 2 kors at the end of line 2. This is one of only a few accounts that have totals at the end (C1.2, 2.1–2, 4, 16, 4.6:5, 8.6:3) and also the second largest amount of wheat recorded in an account (cf. C1.5 above).

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley Dated List of Texts C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4 C2.5 C2.6 C2.7 C2.8 C2.9 C2.10 C2.11 C2.12 C2.13 C2.14 C2.15 C2.16 C2.17 C2.18

List of 12 debtors for 3 kors, 12 seahs, 2 qab of barley Account of 6 kors, 26 seahs of barley Account of 2 qabs of barley Distribution of 10 (+ ?) kors (convex) and 9 (+ ?) kors (concave) of barley Account of 10 barley payments: 9 of 2 seahs each and 1 of 5 seahs Account of 2 (+ ?) kors, 15 (+?) seahs of barley Account of 18 (+ ?) seahs of barley Account of 41 (+ ?) seahs of barley Account of 6 (+ ?) kors of barley Two-column fragmentary account of 37 (+ ?) seahs of barley Fragmentary account of 23 (+ ?) seahs of barley (and olives?) Account of 20 (+ ?) seahs of barley Fragmentary account of x seahs of barley Account of 1 (+ ?) kor of barley Fragmentary account of 16 (+ ?) seahs of barley Fragmentary account of barley Fragmentary account of 25.67 (+ ?) or 23.16 (+ ?) seahs of barley Account of 3.5 (+ ?) qabs of barley

88

Undated (ca. 362–352) Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated 20 x and 23 x Undated Undated Undated 13 x Undated Undated Undated

89

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX Caption 15 seahs 15 seahs 15 seahs 15 seahs 8 seahs 4.33 seahs 5 seahs 10 seahs 3 seahs 5 seahs 2 seahs 2 seahs Total: 102.33 seahs

‫ לדכרון שערן זי והבי על קוסנהר‬.1 For a memorandum of barley of Wah(a)bi: (owed) by Qosnahar, 2b(arley), s(eahs), 15; 15 ‫ על קוסחנן ש‬15 ‫ שס‬.2 (owed) by Qosḥanan: b(arley), 15; ‫ על קוסדכר‬15 ‫ על עדרני ש‬.3 3(owed) by Adarani: b(arley), 15; ‫ על נטירא‬15 ‫ר ש‬/‫ ובעלעיד‬.4 4 [?]2 ‫ק‬4 ‫ִו שס‬ (owed) by Qosdakar and Baalghayr: b(arley), 15; ִ‫ על אחי‬8 ‫ שס‬.5 5 (owed) by Neṭira: b(arley), s(eahs), 8; ‫ על‬5 ‫ על עבדאדה שס‬.6 (owed) by Aḥiyo: b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 2; ‫ על קוסעני‬10 ‫ שמוע ש‬.7 6(owed) by Abdadah: b(arley), s(eahs), 5; ‫ בב אחרן קוסנהר‬3 ‫ ש‬.8 (owed) by 7Šammu: b(arley), 10; 2 ‫ על עתני שס‬5 ‫ ש‬.9 8 (owed) by Qosani: b(arley), 3. ‫ על קוסעני בר גורו‬.10 Another entry: Qosnahar: 9b(arley), 5; ‫שעריא‬ ִ ‫ כלל‬2 ‫ ש‬.11 (owed) by Othni, b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 12 ‫ ס‬3 ‫ שכ‬.12 10 [?]. . .[?]2 ‫ ק‬.13 (owed) by Qosani son of Guru: 11 b(arley), 2. All (told): 12barley, k(or) 3; s(eahs), 12; 13 q(ab)s, 2. 1

90

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

C2.1-ISAP1653+1623 (OG19+11) Undated (ca. 362–352) List of 12 debtors for 3 kors, 12 seahs, 2 qabs of barley This is one of only a very few pieces that were joined together from separate fragments. The combined piece is trapezoidal in shape; in height, 14 cm at the right edge and 12 cm at the left, while the upper width is 11 cm and the lower is 6.5 cm. The writing covers the entire surface, leaving no margins on either side or at the top. The scribe did not follow the usual practice for accounts of devoting a separate line for each name + commodity (e.g., C1.2–3 above; TAD C3.12–29). The ostracon broke at the bottom, effacing part of the last line. Three lines (1, 5, and 8) required supralinear additions at the left edge in order to complete the word or phrase. Altogether, the text numbers 13 lines, written, like most of the ostraca, on the convex. The letters are exceptionally large, written with a thick reed pen whose nib width must have been about 2 mm. Through to line 8, the average space between the lines measures about 0.5–0.6 mm, the approximate equivalent of a letter height. The line spacing narrows toward the bottom, leaving virtually no space between the lines. The piece cracked on a diagonal so that the right edge of the upper piece reaches down to line 6, whereas the left edge comes down only to line 4. The crack thus runs through lines 5 and 6. There is a fault toward the upper left edge of the lower shard so that the word that crosses the join at that point in line 5 is partly damaged. The crack also affects a supralinear addition at the end of line 5, which extends over both halves of the broken piece. The crack is so straight that one wonders whether the piece may not have been sawed in two by a finder or dealer. Unfortunately, we never had both pieces in hand to answer this question.

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

91

The script resembles that of the 5th-century b.c.e. Aramaic papyri from Egypt. The scribe used early forms of letters, namely, alef, bet, waw, lamed, nun, and samek, but not the typical lapidary forms zayin and yod. Since most of the names fit the period 362–352, it is apparent that the scribe used a formal script because of the official nature of the document. There are five other documents, all recording the payment of oil, which are written in a formal script with archaic forms of letters (A1.5, 10.25, 12.21, 44.2 (= 10.26), 300.5.25). Despite the large and clear handwriting, the document exhibits absolutely no formatting. It is written wall-to-wall, with no margin at either edge, measure following name followed by measure, and two final letters and a measure written supralinearly. The notations are not consistent—for seven of the twelve entries, the scribe omitted the letter for “seahs” (‫ )ס‬after the letter for “barley” (‫[ ש‬lines 2–4, 7–10]). One entry has two names (Qosdakar and Baalghayr [lines 3–4]), one carries a patronym (Qosani son of Guru, perhaps to distinguish him from the anonymous Qosani listed three entries earlier [lines 7–10]), and Qosnahar is introduced a second time with the regular accounting notation “another entry” (‫)בב אחרן‬. In both cases, his name appears at the end of the line, and the last letter (resh) is written supralinearly (lines 1, 8). The reference to a son of the clan head Guru (A2) is important also for dating this text earlier in the 4th century b.c.e. (see genealogy in A2 of TAO vol. 1). Finally, we should note that the stated totals in the last line (3 kors, 12 seahs, 2 qabs [= 102.33 seahs, line 11] are three seahs more than the total of the entries as added up (99 seahs, 2 qabs [= 99.33 seahs]). For the other accounts with totals in this dossier, see C1.2, 12, 4; 2.2, 16; 4.6:5; and 8.6:3. ¶ Memoranda are virtually nonexistent in our corpus (cf. H3.9), but they appeared frequently among the Egyptian Aramaic papyri (Porten-Lund 2002: 136) and twice in the Bible (Esth 6:1; Ezra 6:2). Here the word is written ‫דכר]ו[ן‬, whereas in the Egyptian papyri it is written ‫זכרן‬ (thrice, ‫ לזכרן‬as here [TAD C3.8IIIB:16, 28, 34]) and in the Bible ‫( דכרונה‬Ezra 6:2). Meaning literally “an item to be remembered,” it comes at the head of a document or before an item within the document. Our caption may alternately be translated, “As/for a memorandum. Barley of Wah(a)bi.” ¶ The Arabian name Wah(a)bi (‫ )והבי‬occurs in several different kinds of texts in our corpus—commodity chits (A97.1–2, where see for explanation of name), accounts (C5.2:3), lists (E3.1, 5), jar inscriptions (F2.1, 3.6–7), and in an uncertain chit (J1.18). The preposition ‫( על‬literally, “on, upon”) precedes each name, indicating that person’s debt obligation (cf. J9.4). Eight of the twelve debtors had their own dossiers—Qosḥanan (A16), Ad(a)ran (spelled without final yod [A217]), Qosdakar (A54), Abdadah (A13), Šammu (A90), Qosani (A30), Othni (A119), and Aḥiyo (A161a.1)—but in none of those is a payment made to Wah(a)bi. Eight of the names of the debtors also appear in other accounts—Qosnahar (C2.11, also A10.37:2; cf. A108), Adarani (C1.1:2 [see here for explanation of name]; 2.4 [without final yod]), Qosdakar (C2.4; 5.4:3), Baalghayr (C1.3:3; 5.1:3), Abdadah (C1.2:2; 2.6:2, 9:2, 18:7), Šammu (C6.8:4), Qosani (two different individuals in our piece) and his wife (C5.5:4, 9.4:1), and Othni (C1.3:4). In fact, a few of these names occur together in various configurations (e.g., Othni and Baalghayr [C1.3]). A ninth name, Neṭira (‫)נטירא‬, occurs only once more, in a short list (E3.18) and is a hypocoristicon of an Aramaic name like ‫“( קוסנטר‬Qos guarded” [agent in A20.8 and 151.1–2]). None is related to Wah(a)bi. On what basis, then, does he hold claim to payments of grain from these dozen persons? A definite answer eludes us. In any case, we wonder whether our text was a one-time record or whether it was incorporated into a papyrus scroll of memoranda (as in Ezra 6:2–5). If the latter, then we may turn for comparison to column 8 of the Edfu register, which bears the caption, “Documents in the possession of Jonathan and me,” and then lists several persons, many repeated (marked by bb, as in line 8 of our piece here), each having written a document of debt for a specific amount (TAD C3.28:90–103). At Elephantine, the Jew Anani drew up a loan document in December 402 for some emmer from the Aramean Pakhnum, which was to be repaid out of his government ration (TAD B3.13). In our corpus, four documents—three chits (A3.17, 4.16, 9.1) and one payment order (B2.1)—record payments of wheat and barley “from the grain of the loan” (‫)מן עבור זפתא‬. Like Pakhnum at Elephantine and Jonathan at Edfu, Wah(a)bi, near Makkedah, was a grain-lender. For full discussion, see Porten-Yardeni 2008b. This is the third-largest account of barley in this dossier, the next-largest being nearly twice the total amount (C2.2 below) and the largest more than 3 times the amount (C2.3 below).

92

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX 58 seahs 70 seahs 69 seahs «9» seahs Total: 206 seahs

Ḥaṭ(a)mat: ʿd/r barley, 2kor, 1; s(eahs), 28; 3 Qosghayr: barley, kors, 2; s(eahs), 10; 4 Ḥanan: ʿd/r b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 9; 5 Naḥum: ʿd/r s(eahs), 6 (+3? = 9). 6 All (told): . . . b(arley), k(ors), 6; 7s(eahs), 26. 1

‫ר שערן‬/‫חטמת עד‬ [?]28 ‫ ס‬1 ‫כר‬ [?]. 10 ‫ ס‬2 ‫קוסעיִר שערן כרן‬ 9 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ר שכ‬/‫חנן עד‬ [?]6 ‫ר ס‬/‫נחִום עד‬ ִ 6 ‫רו שכ‬/‫כל[ ]ד‬ 26 ‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

C2.2-ISAP947 [Robert Deutsch > Haim Weissman] Undated Account of 6 kors, 26 seahs of barley

The name ‫ חטמת‬appears once more in our corpus (J5.1) and on an Aramaic seal of the 6th century b .c.e. (WSS no. 794). Appearing some five times is the related ‫( חטמו‬Ḥaṭamu [A79.1–4; E2.4]). With the taw ending, the name may be compared to ‫( חלפת‬Ḥal{a}fat [A7]) and ‫( מרצעת‬Marṣaat [A43]). Both Qosghayr and Naḥum have their own dossiers (A7 and A82, respectively), while Ḥanan appears but once or twice more, perhaps as an agent (A105.2) and perhaps as a payer (A61.5). ¶ Only Qosghayr makes another appearance in the accounts (C4.2). ¶ The spelling is partially plena. The word ‫“( שערן‬barley”) is spelled out fully for the first two names, abbreviated (‫ )ש‬for the third and the tally, and omitted for the fourth name. Similarly, the word ‫“( כר‬kor”) is written plena for the first two names but abbreviated (‫ )כ‬for the third name and total. Three of the amounts are large, between 1.93 and 2.33 kors, but the fourth is small. In line 5, only 6 seahs are visible, but if the numbers are to match the total at the end, we must assume three more seah

93

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

strokes have been effaced, unless the scribe made a mistake in calculation as in the account above (C2.1). ¶ What is most perplexing is the word that follows the first, third, and fourth name. Is it ‫ עד‬or ‫ ?ער‬The latter means “laurel” (see A176.1) and would appear to be inappropriate here. The former has a range of meanings, but something like “until” (that is, “including”) might be intended here. As in a few other accounts, the scribe adds a total at the end (C1.2, 12, 2.1, 4, 16, 4.6:5, and 8.6:3). This text contains the second-largest record of barley in the accounts (see C2.3 below). cm

CONVEX Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: b(arley), q(ab), 1; Yedia: b(arley), q(ab), 1.

1 qab

1

1 qab

2

1 ‫רו שק‬/‫ עיד‬.1 1 ‫ ידיעא שק‬.2 (Faint remains of more lines?)

C2.3-ISAP1775 (JA533) Undated Account of 2 qabs of barley Body sherd near the base of Persian-period jar, medium sized (53 × 90 × 4–15), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior brown (7.5YR5/2), ware reddish brown (5YR5/3), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 30% of interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is a record of two names, for each of which is recorded the small sum of 1 qab of barley. For the name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, which also appears in four more accounts (C2.4, 11, 4.3, 6), see A2.28 and A19; for the hypocoristic Yedia (‫)ידיעא‬, from root ‫ידע‬, “know,” see A137. This is one of a very few accounts in which each party gives or receives exactly the same amount (cf. C1.10; 2.9, 18; 5.1; 7.3–4; and nearly C2.5).

94

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX To Qosdakar: b(arley), k(ors), 3; s(eahs), 1; To Dakran: b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 4; 3 to . .el b(arley), k(ors), 1; s(eahs), 10; 4 Another entry: b(arley), k(ors), 1; s(eahs), 20[+?]; 5 to Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: b(arley), k(ors), [1; s(eahs)], 6[+?]. 6 All as one: b(arley), k(ors), 10[+?].

91 seahs

1

64 seahs

2

40 seahs 50(+?) seahs 36(+?) seahs Total: 300 (+?) seahs

To Qosdakar: b(arley), k(ors), 3; [. . .]; To Ad(a)ran: b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 2[+?]; 3 to Yabneel: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), [. . .];-4 [. . .]. . .; b(arley), [k(or). . .]; 5 to . .d/r: b(arley), k(ors), 3; [. . .]; 6 to ◦◦h [. . .]. 1

62(+?) seahs

2

x seahs 90(+?) seahs x seahs

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

[?] 3 ‫לקוסדכר שכ‬ [?]2 ‫ ס‬2 ‫לע ִדרן שכ‬ ִ [ ]‫ ִס‬1 ‫ליִבנאל שכ‬ [ ‫ ש[כ‬. . . . . .[ ] [?] 3 ‫ר שכ‬/‫ד‬. .‫ל‬ [?]‫ה‬. .‫ל‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

CONCAVE

90(+?) seahs

30(+?) seahs

[?]1 ‫ ס‬3 ‫לקוסדכר שכ‬ 4 ‫ ס‬2 ‫לד ִכרן שכ‬ ִ 10 ‫ ס‬1 ‫שכ‬ ִ ‫אל‬. .‫ל‬ [?]20 ‫ ס‬1 ‫בב אחרן שכ‬ [?] 6 ]‫שכ [ ס‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫לעיד‬ ִ [ ]10 ‫כח ִד ִה שכ‬ ִ ‫כל‬

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

95

C2.4-ISAP1625 {OG4} Undated Distribution of 10 (+?) kors (convex) and 9 (+?) kors (concave)

This piece was written by two different scribes, one on the convex and one on the concave, turned bottom-up. Though most texts begin on the convex, the script on the concave displays an archaic samek and so may be earlier. Unfortunately, the ostracon is cut away at the left edge, blocking the full reading of the measures. The last line of the convex introduces the total with the unique phrase ‫“( כל כחדה‬all as one”), followed by “[. . .]10 ‫“( ”שכ‬b{arley}, k{ors}, 10[+?]”), which is equivalent to 300 (+ ?) seahs of barley, the largest such record of barley in these texts. Adding up the full numbers in lines 1–5 yields 281 seahs, with a possibility of as many as 61 seahs from the incomplete numbers in lines 1–5. This would more than make up the 300 (+?) seahs in the tabulated total. Only a handful of other accounts contain a total at the end (C1.2, 12; 2.1, 16; 4.6:5; and 8.6:3). ¶ The identical name in lines 1 of the convex and concave (Qosdakar) and the apparently identical amount in lines 1–3 suggest that the two texts are identical. However, concave line 2 reads clearly Ad(a)ran (‫)עדרן‬, while convex line 2 seems to read the otherwise unknown Dakran (‫)דכרן‬, and while concave line 3 reads clearly ‫( יבנאל‬Yabneel [“May El build”]), only the last two letters alef + lamed in convex line 3 are visible. Convex line 4–6 are fully legible, whereas the parallel lines on the concave are not. Convex line 4 has no name but the double accounting notation ‫“( בב אחרן‬entry, another” [see C2.1:8 above and A1.24]) credits the immediately preceding party (“[◦◦]el” here, but Yabneel in the parallel text on the other side) with a second payment. A fourth party appears in convex line 5. Neither this party nor the accounting notation can be matched in concave lines 4–5. On the other hand, concave line 5 has an illegible name with 3 kors that cannot be matched on the convex and a final line that is not a total. Qosdakar and Ad(a)ran appear together above as well (C2.1). ¶ For Qosdakar, see A54.1–5 and C2.1, 5.4; for Ad(a)ran see A217 and C1.1 and 2.1; for Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, see references in C2.3 above; and for Yabneel, see A47.1; D2.8; 3.16. Dakran is otherwise unknown but would be a hypocoristicon of a name like Qosdakar.

96

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX Zabdadah: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; Aḥišalam: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 3 [. . .]. . .[. . .]: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 4 ◦◦◦◦n: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 5 Bayyun: b(arley), s(eahs), 5; 6 Šumayru: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 7 Zabda: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 8 Aḥiyete: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 9 D/Rayni: b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 10 Aḥ(i)dan: b(arley), s(eahs), 2.

2 seahs

1

2 seahs

2

2 seahs 2 seahs 5 seahs 2 seahs 2 seahs 2 seahs 2 seahs 2 seahs

.1 .2 .3 .4 5 ‫ ביון שס‬.5 2 ‫ שמירו שס‬.6 2 ‫ זבדא ש ס‬.7 2 ‫ אחייתי שס‬.8 2 ‫ריני ש ס‬/‫ ד‬.9 2 ‫ אחדן שס‬.10

2 ‫זבדאדה שס‬ 2 ‫אחשל ִם שס‬ ִ 2 ‫[שס‬ ] 2 ‫ן שס‬. . . .

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

97

C2.5-ISAP60 [Rockefeller Shod 10?] + 714 [YR47] + 732 [YR13] Undated Account of 10 barley payments: 9 of 2 seahs each and 1 of 5 seahs ISAP 714: Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 49 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, lines at ca. 50º to wheel marks. ISAP 732: Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, large (100 × 100 × 11), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white and dark grits. Whitish patina and possibly dirt on ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks.

This account includes 10 names, 9 making or receiving payments of 2 seahs of barley each and one recorded with 5 seahs. It is unclear why this one entry in line 5 is uniquely more than every other entry. Eight of the 10 names are legible, and 4 have their own dossier—Zabdadah (A47.1–6), Aḥišalam (A162.1), Bayyun (A95.1–3), and Zabda (A179a.1). Šumayru is a payee (A81.3), and Aḥiyete (spelled plena ‫)אחייתי‬ appears several times with the elements in reverse order (‫ית]י[אח‬, Yet(i)aḥ [“May (divine) brother come,” A80.1–4]). The other 2 are unattested, both possibly related to the root ‫“( דין‬judge”). The first is ‫( דיני‬or

98

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

‫)ריני‬, and the second would be ‫“( אחדן‬Aḥ(i)dan {Divine} brother judged”). This would be the third ‫ אח‬name in this list (cf. lines 2, 8), and the verb ‫ דין‬appears in Ammonite (‫[ ננידן‬Nannai judged] and ‫[ אלידן‬Ilyadin; CAI 64–65]), Moabite (‫[ כמשדן‬Chemoshdan; Porten 2005: 130, no. 4]), Aramaic (‫[ אלידן‬Elyadin; Lemaire 2001: no. 2:14]), and possibly ‫[ שמשדן‬Šamašdan/iddin; [A255a.1]), as well as Hebrew ‫ אבידן‬and ‫דניאל‬ (Num 1:11; 1 Chr 3:1, etc.; Albertz-Schmitt 2012: 544–545). A less-likely reading of this last entry would be ‫“( אחרן‬another”), impling a second payment by the preceding obscure D/Rayni (see C2.1:8, 2.3:4). Three of the ten names here also appear in other accounts—Zabdadah (C2.10), Bayyun (C7.3), and Zabda (C1.12). cm

CONVEX Badan: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 13; q(abs), [3+]1 (= 4); 1ִ]+3 [‫ ק‬13 ‫ ס‬1 ‫שכ‬ ִ ‫בדן‬ 30(+?) seahs b Abdadah: b(arley), k(or)[. . .]; [ ]‫שכ‬ ִ ‫אדה‬ ִ ‫ב{ב?} ִע ִב ִד‬ 3 3.17(+?)seahs Al(i)qos: b(arley), s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1[+?]; [?]1 ‫ ִק‬3 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫עלקִו ִס‬ ִ 4 21(+?) seahs Badan: b(arley), s(eahs), 21 [+?]. [?]21 ‫בדן ִש ִס‬ (On the right side) 5 7.17 seahs Badan: b(arley), s(eahs), 7; q(ab), 1. 1 ‫ ק‬7 ‫בדן שס‬ 43.67 seahs

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C2.6-ISAP635 [BLMJ665 {Naveh451}) Undated Account of 2 (+ ?) kors, 15 (+ ?) seahs of barley Body sherd and handle attachment of jar, possibly of Persian period, roughly rectangular, medium sized (56 × 86 × 5–10), exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2). Writing on exterior, on somewhat irregular, slightly convex surface, writing lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks.

This is a very strange piece. The names Abdadah and Al(i)qos have very hefty dossiers (A13.1–20; 14.1–23), but Badan is sparsely represented (A94.1–3), and they never intersect. The left side is effaced, and the full measures are not legible. Badan appears three times, in lines 1, 4, and 5 (on the right side), with decreasing amounts—43 (+ ?), 21 (+ ?), and 7 (+ ?) seahs. With 30 (+ ?) seahs, Abdadah approaches Badan’s largest payment or disbursement, but Al(i)qos’s amount is quite small, with barely more than 3 seahs. Finally, the lone bet at the beginning of line 2 is enigmatic. Perhaps it abbreviates ‫“( בב‬entry” [see C2.1:8, 2.4:4 above, and A1.24]). Badan does not appear again in this dossier, but both Abdadah (C1.2, 2.1, 9, 18) and Al(i)qos (C3.1) are recorded in other accounts.

99

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX x seahs 13 seahs 1 seah x seahs 4 seahs

/ Baalsamak: b(arley), s(eahs) . . . [. . .]; 2 / Qosner: b(arley), s(eahs), 13; 3 / Qoslanṣur: b(arley), s(eah), 1; 4 / Yaa[tiabu: . . .]; 5 / Sam(a)ku: b(arley), s(eahs), 4. 1

[?]. ‫שס‬ ִ ‫בעלס ִמ ִך‬/ ִ 13 ‫קוסנר שס‬/ 1 ‫קוסלנצר ִש ִס‬/ ִ [? ].‫יא‬/ 4 ‫סמ ִכִו שס‬/ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C2.7-ISAP1603 (AL201 [M405]) Undated Account of 18 (+?) seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (70 × 55 × 6), exterior light brown, interior pink orange. Whitish deposit on interior. Writing very poorly preserved and almost illegible. Written lines almost parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Each entry is preceded by a diagonal line, which is rare in our texts but standard in the Elephantine papyri lists (TAD C3.15, 3.19:11–12, 15–16, 3.26:21–41, 3.28: passim). Baalsamak and his sons appear in a dossier of five chits (A58.1–5). Sam(a)ku, Qoslanṣur, and Qosner also have their own dossiers (A51.1–5, 87.1–4, 88.1–4, respectively). Of the name restored in line 4 (‫“[ יאתאבו‬May {divine} father come”]), only the first two letters are clear, and the third possibly so. The name appears in a one-man dossier (A202.1), and a parallel name occurs in another one-man dossier with the elements in reverse order (‫“[ אביתי‬Abyete” {A160.1; cf. also A24.7 as agent}]). Only Qosner appears in another account (C4.5). ¶ The payments that are legible are small—1, 4, and 13 seahs—which would lead us to believe that Baalsamak’s and Yaatiabu’s payments were probably also small. All the names except Yaatiabu are found in a list of names in E3.2.

100

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX 19 seahs 22 seahs x seahs

[?] Ab(i)šalam: b(arley), s(eahs), 12[+1]+6 (= 19); 2 Šallum: b(arley), s(eahs), 22 [?]; 3 Maṭ(ṭ)aran, b(arley), [s(eahs). . .]. 1

6]+ 1 +[2

‫בשלם שס‬ ִ ‫]?[א‬ ִ .1 [?]22 ‫ שלום שס‬.2 [  ‫ מטרן ש[ס‬.3

C2.8-ISAP1078 (L78 [IM91.16.154]) Undated Account of 41 (+?) seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, rather thick (59 × 58 × 11), exterior brown, interior gray. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, variable/broken left margin.

The final numeral stroke is cut off at the edge of line 1, and 6 more strokes are written supralinearly. In line 3, the measure and numeral are cut off at the bottom left edge. All three persons have their own dossiers—Ab(i)šalam (‫[ אבשלם‬A56.1–5]), Šallum (‫[ שלום‬A73.1–5]), and Maṭ(ṭ)aran (‫[ מטרן‬A107.1–3]). Maṭ(ṭ)aran appears once more below (C2.18). ¶ The legible payments are larger than in the preceding text—19 and 22 seahs.

101

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONCAVE 3 kors 3 kors Agent x kors

. . .[. . .]. . .bḥh: b(arley), k(ors)/s(eahs), 3; 2 Abdadah: . . . b(arley), k(ors)/s(eahs), 3; 3 by the hand of Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru: b(arley), k(ors). . . 1

3 ‫ס‬/‫שכ‬ ִ ‫בחה‬ ִ . . .[ ]. . . .1 3 ‫ס‬/‫שכ‬ ִ ]?[. . . . ‫ ִע ִב ִד ִא ִד ִה‬.2 . . ‫ס‬/‫שכ‬ ִ ‫ִד ִח ִזיִִרִו‬ ִ ‫ עלי‬.3

C2.9-ISAP2448 (JA160) Undated Account of 6 (+?) kors of barley Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium sized (63 × 88 × 10–13), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior light gray (2.5YR7/2), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many white, brown, and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The first two lines record payments of 3 kors of barley each, but the surviving letters in line 1 do not form part of any known name. Only line 2 reveals the well-known name Abdadah, followed by an illegible word. The name has appeared already thrice above, once in an account of wheat (C1.2:2) and twice in barley accounts (C2.1:6 [debt], 2.6:2), and it will appear again below (C2.18:7). There is also a big dossier for him (A13.1–20). ¶ It is not clear how these two lines relate to line 3, which records an agent, perhaps Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru, who also is accorded a payment of barley. In a chit drawn up by Ab(i)ram on June 19, 342, Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru is also the source of 3.33 kors of barley (A159.1). Otherwise, the name Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru occurs only once more in the corpus (E3.8, but cf. also J4.1). See A2.11 for explanation of the name. A very similar name, Ḥazira, occurs more often and has its own dossier (A35). The amount of barley for him in our text is effaced. This is the only reference to an agent in the accounts dossier.

102

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX 1 seah 1 seah 2 seahs x seahs x seahs x seahs x seahs x seahs 1 seah 11 seahs 11 seahs 10 seahs

Column A 1 Adarel/Idriel: s(eah), 1; 2 Zabdadah: s(eah), 1; 3 [. . .] s(eahs), 2; 4 Š. . . 5 . . .[. . .] 6 ◦[. . .]◦[. . .] 7 ◦◦[. . .] 8 [. . .] which/of Column B 9 Ḥaggai: product, s(eah), 1; 10 YAthu: s(eahs), 11; Zubaydu/Zabidu ◦◦: s(eah)s, 10+1 (= 11); b(arley), s(eahs), 10 ◦[?]. (Ink signs below?) 11 12

1 ‫עדראל ס‬ 1 ‫ִב ִד ִא ִד ִה ִס‬ ִ‫ז‬ 2 ‫ ִס‬.[ ] . . . . .‫ש‬. [ ? ?. . . . . [ ] [ ] [  ].  . ‫[זִי‬ ]ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

1 ‫ִס‬

‫אשכִר ִא‬ ִ ‫ חגי‬.9 11 ‫ יתעו ס‬.10 11 ‫ ִס‬. . ‫ זבידו‬.11 [ ? ].10 ‫שס‬ ִ .12 (Ink signs below?)

C2.10-ISAP1074 (L74 [IM91.16.42]) Undated Two-column fragmentary account of 37 (+ ?) seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (80 × 95 × 8–9), exterior yellowish, interior light gray. Written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Wide top margin narrowing to no margin at left, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

103

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

This is an unusual text of two columns. Only two of the eight lines in column A are legible. Column B has 5 visible lines, and all the names in the first four lines are legible. Only in the last line of Column B do we know that the product is barley (10 ‫“[ שס‬b{arley}, s{eahs}, 10 {+ ?}]). All the other legible lines have only samek for seahs. All five visible names have dossiers, with Zubaydu/Zabidu, the last name, having the largest (A12.1–24), followed by Yathu (A42.1–7), Zabdadah (A47.1–6), Ḥaggai (A49.1–4), and Adarel/ Idriel (A114.1–3). The names in column B are written right to the edge of the left margin and require a supralinear writing in two lines (9, 11). Following the name of Ḥaggai in line 9 is the Akkadian loanword ‫אשכרא‬, which in two chits is attached to a person and a product (see A14.3 for discussion; cf. also A94.2). ¶ The measures are small—1 (thrice), 2, 10, and 11 seahs (twice). Strangely, the last line does not have a name, but merely the barley measure, as discussed above. Interestingly, all five names that survive also appear in other accounts—Adarel/Idriel (C1.7), Zabdadah (C2.5), Ḥaggai (C4.2, 5, 9.1), Yathu (cf. C1.4 [‫)]יתוע‬, and Zubaydu/Zabidu (C8.3). cm

CONVEX Qosnahar to Kaya: b(arley), s(eahs), 23. On the 20th of [. . .]: the grove of nd/rb: [. . .]. 3 Ḥ◦y ◦y[. . .] 4 [. . .], 3[+1+]2 (= 6) [. . .]; 5 Ayd[u]/Iyad[u]/Ghayr[u]: 26 [. . .]; 6 Qos[. . .]. 7 On the 23rd of [. . .].

23 seahs

1

Date

2

6x 26 x Date

23 ‫לכיא ִש ִס‬ ִ ‫ִהִר‬ ִ ‫ קוסנ‬.1 . . . . . . [ ? ] ‫רב‬/‫ִת נד‬ ִ ‫[ ] זי‬. 20 ‫ ב‬.2 [

[ ]ִ‫י‬. ‫ִי‬.‫ח‬ ]2[+1+]3[ ]. . . . [ ]26 ]‫ר[ו‬/‫ִעיִד‬ [ ]‫קוס‬ [ ]23 ‫ב‬

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7

104

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

C2.11-ISAP863 [IA12450 {GCh63}] (Palimpsest?) 20 x and 23 x Fragmentary account (distribution) of 23 (+?) seahs of barley (and olives?) Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (67 × 100 × 4–6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first barley account to be dated, in the second and last lines (cf. also C1.1:1, 9:1 above), and one of three barley accounts that indicate recipients by the preposition “to” (cf. C2.4, 3.1:5–6), as in only nine texts in total (see also C1.3, 7, 4.5, 5.4, 7.5, 9.6). Other dated texts in this dossier can be found in C1.1, 4.6 (full date); 1.9, 2.15, 5.1, 5–6, 7.3, 8.6 (day and month); C4.2 (only month); and C7.7 (only year). Qosnahar has already occurred as a debtor for barley (C2.1:1, 8). Kaya (‫ )כיא‬as a personal name is strange. It is Egyptian and appears as a witness in Elephantine (TAD B4.4:19) but is very out of place in our corpus. The name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru occurs above in C2.3:1 and 2.4:5, as well as below in C4.3:2, 6:4, and already had a fairly large commodity chit dossier (A19.1–15). This piece is most strange and too fragmentary to elucidate clearly. In line 2, there is an elusive mark after the numeral “20,” perhaps a “10,” but what would be the meaning of “on the 20 + 10 = 30”? The appearance of ‫ זית‬here (if the reading is correct) is very strange, and we assume it means “grove” and not an individual olive tree, which is attested in the land description texts (TAO H).

105

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX Qoslughath: b(arley), s(eahs), 20; Ammu in the hand of [PN]: [. . .]; 3 Ḥori: [. . .]; 4 Q[os. . .: . . .], (and a) h(alf); 5 Naum: [. . .]; 6 Abdu: [. . .].

20 seahs

1

x seahs

2

x seahs x.5 seahs x seahs x seahs

20 ‫קוסל ִעת שס‬ ִ [ ? ].[ ]‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ִעמו בי‬ . . .[ ]‫חורי‬ ‫ ף‬.] ‫ק[וס‬ .[ ] ‫ִעִו ִם‬ ִ‫נ‬ [ ? ]‫ִע ִב ִדו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C2.12-ISAP254 [IA11782] Undated Account of 20 (+?) seahs of barley Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (53 × 58 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, *variable left margin.

The left side of the piece is effaced, and the commodity and measure are missing for all the entries after line 1. The pseudo-preposition ‫“( ביד‬in the hand of”) occurs twice more in our corpus, once in a commodity chit following the name of the payer (A3.1) and once in a fragmentary account (J10.9). Qoslughath, Ḥori, and Naum have their own dossiers (A122.1–4, 34.1–8, 36.1–8), and Ḥori is also a clan head (A6.4–6). Ammu occurs twice as payee (A11.9, 65.3), while Abdu occurs thrice as agent (A65.2, 70.2, 300.1.45). With medial yod, however, the name Ubaydu appears much more frequently (A24.1–13). We encounter three of the five names here in other accounts (Qoslughath [C6.8], Ammu [C3.1], Abdu [C4.5]).

106

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX x seahs

1

x seahs

2

x seahs x seahs

Ḥuqam: l/wš/‘q[. . .]; Qosaḥ: s(eah)[. . .]; 3 Abid/Ubayd son of [. . .]; 4 Qanaio: b(arley)[. . .]; 5 . . .24.

[ ].‫עק‬/‫וש‬/‫יקם ל‬/‫חו‬ ִ [ ]‫קוסא ִח ִס‬ ִ [ ]‫ִד ִבִר‬ ִ ‫עבי‬ ִ [ ]‫ק ִניִִו ִש‬ 24 . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C2.13-ISAP83 (JA442) Undated Fragmentary account of x seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 54 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin widening downward, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

The initial letters of the second word in the first four lines indicate no pattern and are uncertain. Line 5 appears to end with a numeral, but what precedes it is unclear. ¶ Although the first name is here written without an alef as we would expect, the name with an alef, Aḥiqam/yaqim, “(My divine) brother arose,” appears in several texts (A57.1–5), but the reading of the second letter in our text appears more like a waw than a yod, pointing to Aḥuqam, comparable in form to the feminine name Aḥutab in Elephantine (PortenLund 2002: 320). Compare this to the three ‫ אח‬names in C2.5, as well as, of course, to the one in line 2 here. The other three names appear elsewhere in our texts. Both Abid/Ubayd and Qosaḥ have their own dossiers, the latter with but one chit (A65.1–5, 233.1). Unfortunately, the name of Abid/Ubayd’s father is cut off here, but elsewhere we find him as “son of El(i)milk/malak” (A65.4). Patronyms are rare but not unheard of in the accounts (see C1.7, 2.1, 5.3–4, 9.6–7). Qanaio (‫)קניו‬, appearing also in C6.8 below, may be Hebrew (“Yw created” [cf. ‫ קניה‬in TAD B5.1:2]) with the divine yod-waw ending, like Ḥananio and Ḥašabio (E1.3:3–4). See also Qanael, Qannui, and Qani (A71–72, 249, respectively). Unfortunately, all of the measures are cut off.

107

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX

3x 1 kor

Column A 1 [. . .]ʿy 2 [. . .] 3. Column B 3 Maš(i)ku: b(arley), k(or), 1; 4 Ḥal(a)fat: b(arley), [. . .]; 5 [. . .] 6 [. . .]l[. . .].

‫[עִי‬ ִ .1 3[ .2 ]1 ‫משכו שכ‬ ]‫חלפת ש‬ ]. . . . ]‫][ ל‬. .

.3 .4 .5 .6

C2.14-ISAP115 [IA11891] Undated Account of 1 (+?) kor of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (54 × 50 × 4–6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light yellowish brown (10YR6/4), few dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Right edge broken, margin between columns, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

Like C2.10 above, this piece was written in two columns, but only the last couple strokes of two lines from column A are visible. Both Maš(i)ku and Ḥal(a)fat have their own dossiers (A21.1–16; A7, the latter together with Baalghayr). Although Baalghayr makes three appearances in the accounts dossier (C1.3, 2.1, 5.1), this is Ḥal(a)fat’s only appearance here, and the same goes for Maš(i)ku. Only line 3 gives a clear reading of the product and measure, and the names in lines 5 and 6 are effaced.

108

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX 12 seahs

[. . .] b(arley), s(eahs), 12; [. . .], 17; 3 On the 13th of [. . .]; 4 [. . .], s(eahs), 4[+?]. 5 [. . .]. 1 2

Date 4 (+?) seahs

12 ‫]?[ש ִס‬ ִ [?]17 [?] [ ? ]. .13 ‫ִב‬ [ ]4 ‫] [ס‬ . . .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C2.15-ISAP1564 (AL307+308 [M279+283]) 13 x Fragmentary account of 16 (+?) seahs of barley AL 307: Body sherd of jar, small (54 × 48 × 5), exterior light gray, interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL]. AL 308: Body sherd of jar (62 × 45 × 6), exterior and interior gray. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

No names, only measures, have been preserved in this text. The sin for barley appears only at the right edge of line 1 and is not repeated for the measures in lines 2–4. No text is missing at the beginning of line 3, and probably also line 4, but the ostracon is cut away at the beginning (right edge) of lines 1 and 2. Moreover, the letter at the beginning of line 3 that we have read as a bet introducing a date may just as well be samek as in line 4 below. Accounts rarely have dates (see C1.1, 4.6 [full date]; 1.9, 2.11, 5.1, 5–6, 7.3, 8.6 [day and month]; C4.2 [only month]; C7.7 [only year]). The text is too fragmentary to give a full interpretation.

109

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX 2 qabs

b(arley), q(abs), 2; Qosb[arek/ayan], 3 260 [. . .], 4 b(arley), [. . .]. 5 All (told), 200 [+?]. 1 2

260 x Total: 200[+?]

2 ‫ִש ִק‬ [ ? ]‫קוסב‬ ִ 60[?]200 . . . . . . ‫ִש‬ [ ? +]200 ‫ִכ ִל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C2.16-ISAP454 [IA11354] Undated Fragmentary account of barley Body sherd of jar, medium sized (124 × 56 × 4), roughly trapezoid, exterior dark reddish gray (5YR4/2), medium amount of white grits, thin-walled, exterior polished. Burned. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, top margin, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is a very confusing piece, and the readings are quite uncertain. Line 1 seems to contain a two-qab measure of barley, but lines 3 and 5 record measures of 260 and 200 (+ ?), respectively, with no commodity or measure/count listed. Since the latter, being a total, is less than the former, they must clearly are not connected. The writing in line 4 is visible but illegible. Only the first letter appears clearly—a sin for “barley.”

110

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

Line 2, on the other hand, appears to have a Qos name with the predicate mostly effaced—◦◦‫קוסב‬. This could be either ‫“( קוסברך‬Qosbarek”; see A67.1–4) or ‫“( קוסבין‬Qosbayan”; see A234). While the former does not appear again in the accounts, the latter occurs twice more (C4.2, 5.1). As with a few other accounts, a total appears at the bottom (C1.2; 2.1–2, 4; 4.6:5; 8.6:3). cm

CONVEX [?]◦◦l ◦◦[. . .]◦, b(arley), s(eahs)/q(abs), 3[+?]; [?]◦◦◦[. . .] s(eahs), 22, q(abs), 4.

3[+?] seahs/qabs

1

22.67 seahs

2

[?]3 ‫ק‬/‫שס‬ ִ .] [. . ‫ל‬. .[?] .1 [ ]4 ‫ ק‬22 ‫ס‬. . .[?] .2

C2.17-ISAP1771 (JA529) Undated Fragmentary account of 25.67 (+ ?) or 23.17 (+ ?) seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (55 × 100 × 8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 15º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The text contains two entries for barley with the initial names on the right side illegible; see C2.15 above.

111

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley cm

CONVEX [. . .]; Šammur: q(uarters), 2; 3 0.5 qab Aḥimmeh: q(uarters), 2; 4 0.5 qab Šamašdan/iddin: q(uarters), 2; 5 0.5 qab Maṭ(ṭ)taran: q(uarters), 2; 6 0.5 qab Eladar/ider: q(uarters), 2. (From bottom upward, on right side) 7 0.5 qab Abdadah: q(uarters), 2; (From bottom upward, on left side) 8 0.5 qab Uwaydu: q(uarters), 2; b(arley), s(eahs) [. . .]. CONCAVE 1

0.5 qab

2

(6 undeciphered lines)

.[   ]. . . . . 2 ‫שמור ר‬ ִ 2 ‫אחמה ר‬ 2 ‫כן ִר‬/‫שמשד‬ ִ [1+[1 ‫מטרן ר‬ 2 ‫אלעדר ר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

2 ‫ עבדאדה ר‬.7 [?]‫ ִש ִס‬2 ‫רו ר‬/‫ עויד‬.8

112

C2.1–18 Accounts of Barley

C2.18-ISAP1582 (EN184 = AL255 [M298]) Undated Account of 3.5 (+?) qabs of barley Body sherd of jar (72 × 38 × 5–6), exterior brown, interior gray. Top and bottom parts of ostracon missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Published as EN 184 [AL].

Line 1 is effaced. Whether or not there were any lines below, lines 7 and 8 were written laterally, encasing the horizontal text. Each line concludes with // ‫ר‬, which abbreviates // ‫“( רבע‬2 quarters”), but the last line has, after a blank space, ‫“( שס‬b{arley}, s{eahs}”). Indeed, the abbreviation ‫ ר‬invariably follows ‫ק‬ (“qab”), meaning a quarter of a qab. (e.g., A2.40; 4.13; C1.2, 3; 6.2, 10). We may assume, then, that the “2 quarters” at the end of each line refers to half a qab of barley. This is one of a very few accounts in which each party gives or receives exactly the same amount (cf. C1.10; 2.3, 9; 5.1; 7.3–4, and nearly C2.5).¶ Of the seven names, only three have their own dossiers—Maṭ(ṭ)aran (A107.1–3), Abdadah (A13.1–20), and Uwaydu (A148.1–2). Though occurring only here, ‫ שמור‬has many cognates—Šumayru (A81.3), Ša/imra (A3.37), Ša/imri (A255.1; cf. 1 Chr 4:37, etc.), and Ša/imru, which occurs in one of the accounts below (C7.2; also A126.1–4). There is no unabbreviated name with ‫“( שמר‬guard”) in our corpus, such as Hebrew ‫( שמריהו‬1 Chr 12:6). Also occurring only here, Aḥimmeh (‫“[ אחמה‬His mother’s brother”]) has an Aramaic/ Ammonite epigraphic parallel (WSS 1104; cf. too the Hebrew seals WSS 54, 429, 618). Though we have a dossier for Adarel/Idriel (‫[ עדראל‬A114.1–3]), the name Eladar/ider, with the elements reversed (‫“[ אלעדר‬El helped”]), occurs only here; but we do have Baaladar/ider (A174.1) and Qosadar/ider (A17.1–16). Finally, the name ‫ שמשדן‬could be either West Semitic Šamašdan (“Šamaš judged”) or Babylonian Šamašiddin (“Šamaš gave” [preferred by Lipiński 2004: 193]; see A255a.1; and cf. C2.5 above). Two of the names already occurred in accounts above—Abdadah (C1.2; 2.1, 6, 9) and Maṭ(ṭ)aran (C2.8).

C3.1 Account of Wheat and Barley Text C3.1 Account of 3 (+?) seahs of barley and 5.5 (+?) qabs of wheat

Undated

cm

CONVEX ◦[. . .]; Ammu . . .[. . .]; 3 Ammiel . . . [. . .]; 4 Šlm◦ ◦◦◦◦ʾ◦◦; 5 Ammu to Šabru/Sabru: b(arley), q(abs), 3; 6 Šabru/Sabru to Al(i)qos: b(arley), s(eahs), 1[+1] (= 2) (and a) h(alf); 7 Al(i)qos: w(heat), q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf); 8 Naqmu: w(heat), q(abs), 3. 1 2

3 qabs 15 qabs 2.5 qabs 3 qabs

113

[  ]. [ ]. . . ‫עמו‬ [ ]. . . . ‫עמאל‬ . .‫א‬. . . . .‫שלמ‬ ִ 3 ‫שק‬ ִ ‫לשברו‬ ִ ‫עמו‬ ‫] ִף‬+1[1 ‫שבִרו לעלקוס שס‬ ִ ‫ ִף‬2 ‫עלקוס חק‬ 3 ‫חק‬ ִ ‫נקמו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

114

C3.1 Account of Wheat and Barley

C3.1-ISAP1228 (LL7 [SM10]) Undated Account of 3 (+ ?) seahs of barley and 5.5 (+ ?) qabs of wheat Ostracon of irregular trapezoid shape, upper left part missing (91 × 83 × 8), concave face very burned, traces of groves, convex face with visible ribs, brown-gray (10YR6/2) to light grayish pink (7.5YR7/2). Two-colored pinkish section. Writing on convex face, at ca. 10º to wheel marks.

This is the only account that records both barley and wheat in the same document. This text is reminiscent of one of the wheat texts above, wherein Qosyatha and Ḥazira received quantities of wheat on the convex and Ṭobio / Ṭabyu received an amount on the concave. It is then recorded, on the concave, that Qosyatha, followed by Ḥazira, gave some wheat to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (C1.3). Here, Ammu gave 3 qabs of barley, or half a seah, to Šabru/Sabru, and Šabru/Sabru turned around and gave a full 2.5 seahs to Al(i)qos—five times more than the amount he just received from Ammu. Al(i)qos is then credited with 2.5 qabs of wheat, while Naqmu is credited with 3 qabs. Šabru/Sabru appeared once more in one of the earliest chits as a co-payer of wheat/wine on June 30, 363 (A47.1). Al(i)qos was a popular name, but his dossier began on August 31, 358 (A14.1), while that of Ammiel began on July 1, 354, or perhaps two years earlier (A1.21 [= A53.2], 53.1). The only other time Ammu appeared in a dated text was as payee on July 21, 315 (A11.9), clearly much too late to be our party. The name Naqmu (‫ )נקמו‬occurs only here. It is a hypocoristicon of a name like Qosnaqam, which has a substantial dossier (A27.1–10). The name in line 3 is incomplete but seems to begin shin-lamed-mem, which could produce a name like Šalmu (A155), which appears below in C5.3, or Šelomit (H5.1). Of the six names in this ostracon, half appear in other accounts as well (Ammu [C2.12], Ammiel [C4.2], and Al{i}qos [C2.6]).

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains Dated List of Texts C4.1 C4.2 C4.3 C4.4 C4.5 C4.6

Account of 23.59 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Account of income of 12.75 seahs of resh and 3 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Fragmentary account of x amount of resh and 3 seahs of barley Fragmentary account of 1 (+?) seah of semolina Fragmentary account of semolina and semolina Fragmentary account of 16 (+?) bundles

115

Undated (ca. 356?) Marcheshvan Undated Undated Undated 20 Kislev, year y

116

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX

Zaydu/Ziyadu: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 7; Qoslakin: s(eahs), 6; 3 Ṭobio /Ṭabyu: s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf); 4 Ḥanina: s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 4;

7 seahs

1

6 seahs

2

6.92 seahs 3.67 seahs (VACAT)

300.

7 ‫רקד ס‬/‫ִזיִדו דקר‬ 6 ‫קוסלכן ס‬ ‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬6 ‫טביו ס‬ 4 ‫ ק‬3 ‫חנינא ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

300 .5

5

C4.1-ISAP2453 (JA166) Undated (ca. 356?) Account of 23.59 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (66  ×  73  ×  10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first of two accounts that contain the commodity ‫רקד‬/‫דקר‬, which only appears after the name in line 1 and not in lines 2–4. For the conflated reading ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬and translation crushed/sifted grain, see A1.1 and Table 3 in TAO vol. 2. ¶ The names are all well known. For the dossier of Zaydu/Ziyadu, see A28; for Qoslakin, see A39; for Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, see A102; and for Ḥanina, see A195. The three persons in lines 2–4 appear above in an account of wheat, dated ca. 356, in the order Qoslakin, Ḥanina, and Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (C1.3:9–11), so perhaps we are dealing with the same individuals here, in which case we would also conjecture a date of ca. 356. There they are accounted the small amount 4.5–5 qabs of wheat. Here, the amount of crushed/sifted grain is many times that, between 3.67 and almost 7 seahs! A seventh numeral stroke in line 3 was somewhat erased and the sum of ‫ פ‬// /// ‫“( ק‬5 q{abs and a} h{alf}”) was added, reducing the original amount by 1 qab. The inexplicable sum of 300 appears at the very bottom, beneath a blank space. Finally, Ṭobio / Ṭabyu appears once more below (C5.3).

117

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX Caption I: Date Caption II 3.33 seahs 7.08 seahs 3 seahs 1.33 seahs 1[+?] seah

Grinding of Marcheshvan: Its income: 2 Ḥaggai—resh: s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 2; 3 Ammiel—resh: s(eahs), 7; and half a qab; 4 Qosbayan— crushed/sifted grain: s(eahs), 3; 5 Ghauthi—resh: s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; 6 Qosghayr—resh: s(eah), 1[+?]. 1

[?] ‫טחון מרחשון עלתה‬ 2 ‫ ק‬3 ‫חגי ראש ס‬ ִ‫ ופלג קב‬7 ‫ִמאל ראש ס‬ 3 ‫קוסבין דקיר ס‬ ִ 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ִעִותי ִר ִא ִש ִס‬ [ ? ]1 ‫קוסעיר ראש ס‬ ִ

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C4.2-ISAP944 (GCh144) Marcheshvan Account of income of 12.75 seahs of resh and 3 seahs of crushed/sifted grain

Both of the special grains, crushed/sifted grain and resh, appear in two accounts, but this is the only one where they are together (see C4.1 for crushed/sifted grain and C4.3 for resh). For the former, see A1.1 and Table 3 in TAO vol. 2, and for the latter, see A1.4 and Table 2 in TAO vol. 2. In the payment orders from Arad, we learn that crushed/sifted grain was a commodity reserved for important people (see B2). If this is a disbursement, should we assume the same here? The word ‫“( עלתה‬its income”) occurs once in a fragmentary accounts text from Elephantine (TAD C3.25:16). There are more than 25 dated chits (362–358) in which a major grain (resh, crushed/sifted grain, or semolina + flour) is qualified as coming from “the later grinding” or the grinding (‫ )טחון‬of a specific month (Nisan, Adar; Nisan, Iyyar and Sivan; and Tammuz; see A1.1 for discussion). Three of these chits are for resh “from the grinding of Marcheshvan,” one specifically adding “year 43” and one with no payee (A6.1; 8.3; 68.1 [October/November, 362]). Here, the four entries for resh vary between 1 and a little more than 7 seahs, whereas in the chits they were only 2–3 seahs each. However, none of the 5 names there matches the 5 names here. Three of these have substantial dossiers—Haggai (A49.1–4), Ammiel (A53.1–6), and Qosghayr (A40.1–9)—while Qosbayan appears once as payer (A234.1) and once as payee (A69.2). Ghauthi (‫ )עותי‬appears in different capacities: as source (A6.21), as patronym (C9.6), and as payee (A3.5). It is matched by biblical Uthai (also ‫[ עותי‬Ezra 8:14]), which appears to be a hypocoristicon of ‫( עתיה‬Athayah [Neh 11:4]), whereas our name would be a hypocoristicon of a name like ‫( קוסעות‬Qosghauth [A153.1–2]). ¶ A unique document, dated May 10, 358 (A49.1) has Ḥauran and Haggai each paying Qosani more than 2 shekels “from the price of the grinding (‫)מן דמי טחונא‬.” Here, the “income” is not cash but the grindings themselves. All 5 of the names here appear in other accounts—Ḥaggai (C2.10; 4.5; 9.1 [as a clan name]), Ammiel (C3.1), Qosbayan (C5.1; possibly C2.16), Ghauthi (C9.6), and Qosghayr (C2.2).

118

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX

[. . .]resh h◦◦◦l◦[?] [. . .]◦ ◦◦◦t, qab, 1 to Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: 3 [. . .].. 4 [. . .]Azgad, 5 [. . .]◦ b(arley), s(eahs), 3. 1

1 qab

3 seahs

2

‫ל‬... ִ ‫ראש ִה‬.[?] ‫ ִל ִעידו‬1 ‫קב‬ ִ ‫ת‬. . . .[ ] ..[ ] ‫] [עזגד‬ 3 ‫ שס‬.[ ]

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

C4.3-ISAP1132 (L132 [IM91.16.136]) Undated Fragmentary account of x amount of resh and 3 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (115 × 65 × 10,) exterior brown, interior gray. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Incisions made after firing on righthand part of ostracon. Medium top margin widening leftward, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is a very unusual piece. For the name Azgad, see A56.1. The name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A19) appears thrice above in the accounts dossiers with barley (C2.3, 4, 11) and once more below (C4.6) with bundles. However, the context of these names is inexplicable. Is Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru a payee, as the lamed of preposition would seem to imply, making this a disbursement? Furthermore, we do not have a text with resh followed by a word beginning with heh. This is in fact one of only two accounts with resh at all (see C4.2 above). For more on resh, see A1.4 and Table 2 in TAO vol. 2.

119

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX Qoska[hel . . .] [. . .] ◦t[. . .] 3 [. . .]◦◦t [. . .]◦ (and a) h(alf); 4 [. . .] 1, Qosyad: semolina, s(eah), 1, 5 [. . .]. 1 2

1 seah

[ ‫קוסכ[הל‬ [ ] ‫ת‬.[?] ִ . . . ‫ ִף‬. ‫ת‬. . . . . 1 1 ‫ִש ִף ִס‬ ִ ‫קוסיד נ‬ ִ . . . . . . . . [ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C4.4-ISAP1138 (L138 [IM91.16.153]) Undated Fragmentary account of 1 (+ ?) seah of semolina Jar fragment, large (76 × 68 × 8), writing on exterior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

Much of the writing is visible, but the text is unintelligible. The name Qoskahel, appearing at the beginning of line 1was a prominent individual in the corpus (see A9.1–34; see also C8.1), and Qosyad, appearing in the middle of line 4, also figured in a number of chits (A44.1–7). These two names even appear together as joint payers of logs in the dossier of Qoskahel (A9.30). Usually appearing together with flour, semolina (written defective here without the medial yod ‫ )נשף‬appears alone here (cf. A5.1). There is only one other account with semolina (C4.5 below). For more on this product, see A4.2 and Table 1 in TAO vol. 2.

120

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX Ḥaggai, Qosne[r . . .]; Gaddul: semolina [. . .]; 3 Abdu: semolina [. . .]; 4 š◦◦p: semolina ◦[. . .]; 5 Darua/Radua: semolina ◦[. . .]; 6 Qosrim: semolina [. . .]; 7 To / for Barzel: semolina [. . .]. 1 2

[

[ ] ‫קוסנר‬ ִ ‫חגי‬ [ ].‫גדול ִסמיד‬ [ ] ‫עבדו ִסמיד‬ [ ]. ‫נשיף‬ ִ ‫ף‬. .‫ש‬ ]. ‫דע נשיִף‬/‫רו‬/‫רד‬/‫ד‬ [ ] ‫קוסרים ִס ִמיד‬ [ ] ‫לברזל ִס ִמיד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

C4.5-ISAP1798 (LW25 [SM1/03:1]) Undated Fragmentary account of semolina and semolina Large brown sherd from the wall of a jar, broken in three pieces. It measures 137 × 157 × 8–10 mm. On the left side, it contains the remains of seven lines, partly covered by a calcareous deposit.

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains

121

With a wide right margin, the piece is cut off at the left edge, and the measures are all missing. Three of the seven names appear in other accounts—Ḥaggai (C2.10, 4.2, 9.1), Qosner (C2.7, 4.5), and Abdu (C2.12)—and three have their own dossiers—Ḥaggai (A49), Qosner (A88), and Qosrim (A31). Gaddul (‫ )גדול‬is a well-known Hebrew hypocoristicon at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2006: 335–336) and occurs but twice more in our corpus, both times in lists of names (E1.8–9). Abdu occurs thrice as agent (A65.2, 70.2, 300.1.45). Unfortunately, the name in line 4 is illegible, and we have no known names beginning with shin and ending with pe. Darua/Radua is also unknown elsewhere. The name Barzel (‫“[ ברזל‬iron”] should be compared to the cognate biblical name Barzilai (‫[ ברזלי‬2 Sam 19:35; 21:8; Ezra 2:61]); cf. also the female name Neḥušta (“copper, bronze” [2 Kgs 24:8]). Here he appears to be the recipient of the account. ¶ The word ‫ סמיד‬occurs only here in our corpus, and it translates ‫ סלת‬in Targum Jonathan (Gen 18:6). As discussed earlier (A4.2; Table 1 in TAO vol. 2), the word in the Peshitta and the Genesis Apocryphon that translates or corresponds to ‫ סלת‬is ‫נשיף‬, the word here in line 4. If the two words appear together, as here, in the same text, there must have been a difference between the products, but exactly what that difference is eludes us. We have thus translated ‫ סמיד‬with italic type—semolina. There is only one other account with semolina (C4.4 above).

122

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains cm

CONVEX .lq.š upon m.[?] ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 All (told) m[. . .] 6 ? 7 ?

[?].‫ש על מ‬.‫לק‬. ִ ? ? ? [ ]‫כל מ‬. ? ?

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

‫]לכ ִס ִלִו ִשנִ[ת‬ ִ ?[20 ‫ִב‬ [ ].‫] [ משתלן‬ [ ?]. . 10 ‫[ משתלן‬ ] [?]2 ‫רו משתלן‬/‫[ עיד‬ ] 4 ‫[משתלן‬ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

1 2

Total

On the 20th of Kislev, ye[ar y], [. . .] bundles◦[. . .]; 3 [. . .] bundles, 10 ◦◦[. . .]; 4 [. . .] Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: bundles, 2; 5 [. . .] bundles, 4.

1

x bundles 10 bundles 2 bundles 4 bundles

CONCAVE

2

[

.1

C4.1–6 Accounts of Other Grains

123

C4.6-ISAP1452 (AL239 [M164]) 20 Kislev, year y Fragmentary account of 16 (+?) bundles Body sherd of jar (52 × 73 × 6), exterior and interior orange/red orange. Written lines at 90º to wheel marks [AL].

Accounts are rarely dated, particularly with a full date (C1.1 [full date]; 1.9; 2.11, 15; 5.1, 5–6; 7.3; 8.6 [day and month]; C4.2 [only month]; and C7.7 [only year]). Unfortunately, the year date is effaced here. The convex is virtually effaced, and the connection between the two sides is unclear. The preposition ‫על‬ (“upon”) in line 1 suggests a debt, as in C2.1 and 5.3, and a total appears in line 5, as in C1.2, 2.1–2, 4, 16, and 8.6:3. There was a two-sided account for wheat and one for barley above (C1.3, 2.4). The concave reveals the only account for bundles, on which, see A1.44 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 2. ¶ The piece is cut away at the right edge, and nothing appears missing at the beginning of lines 1–3, but in line 5 the mem of ‫ משתלן‬is partially cut away. Only in line 4 is there an intact personal name, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, which appears four times above (C2.3, 4, 11, 4.3). Two chits in his large dossier (A19.1–15) convey bundles (A19.13, 15), as here.

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities Dated List of Texts C5.1 C5.2 C5.3 C5.4 C5.5 C5.6

Account of 15 qabs of oil 1 Tebeth Account of 8.33 (+?) shekels for 7.25 seahs of oil Undated Distribution of 4 seahs of oil Undated Disbursement of 2 kors, 1 seah of figs Undated Account of 2 roosters (meat) and 1.5 baskets of rooster (meat) 17 Sivan Account of 3 x of oil, x seahs of flour, 1 seah of unknown product, and 5 seahs of oil Tammuz (349)

124

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities

125

cm

CONVEX Date Caption 5 qabs 5 qabs 5 qabs

On the 1st of Tebeth, oil[. . .]: 2 Qosbayan: q(abs), 5; 3 Baalghayr: q(abs), 5; 4 ◦◦ š [?] Ammiqos: q(abs), 2[+2+]1 (= 5); 5 ? 1

[ ]. . ‫לט ִב ִת משח‬ ִ 1‫ב‬ [?]5 ‫קוסבין ק‬ 5 ‫ר ק‬/‫בעלעיד‬ . .[?] ‫ִש‬ [ 1+[1]+ 1 +[2 ‫עמקוס ק‬ ?

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C5.1-ISAP877 (JA463 {GCh77 > EYH1}) 1 Tebeth Account of 15 qabs of oil00 Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (60 × 78 × 8), roughly trapezoid, exterior and ware pink (5YR7/4), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white grits. Possible traces of black ash on ca. 30% of interior, patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

For references to the few dated accounts texts, see C4.6 above. Recorded only for the first entry, oil applied to the other three as well. A similar practice is found in C4.1 above and C7.3 below, where crushed/ sifted grain and joist are respectively attached only to the first names. ¶ Each of the three parties here has a dossier or single chit—Baalghayr (A7), Ammiqos (A117.1–3), and Qosbayan with but one entry (A234.1)—and each also appears in other accounts—Baalghayr (C1.3, 2.1), Ammiqos (1.2), and Qosbayan (C4.2 and possibly 2.16). ¶ There is an illegible supralinear notation (shin plus an illegible mark) at the beginning of line 4. ¶ This ostracon is the first of four accounts for oil (cf. C5.2–3 and 6). Oil was usually measured in seahs, but it was also measured in qabs (e.g., 4.75 qabs [A10.25]). For a full discussion of this product, see A1.5–6 . Here, each person gives or receives the same amount, as in a few other accounts (cf. C1.10, 2.3, 9, 18, 7.3–4, and nearly C2.5).

126

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX Caption 2 shekels 4.33 (+?) shekels 2 shekels

Silver (for) oil of the sons of 2Qosmalak: sh(ekels), 2; 3 Wah(a)bi: sh(ekels), 4; 4m(aahs), 4; [. . .]; 5 [?]Laadiel: sh(ekels), 2; 1

CONCAVE 7.25 seahs

for oil, s(eahs), 7, q(abs), 1 (and a) h(alf).

6

‫כסף משח בני‬ 2 ‫קוסמלך ש‬ 4 ‫והבי ש‬ . . . .4 ‫מ‬ 2 ‫לעדאל ש‬.[?] ‫ף‬1‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

7 ‫ במשח ס‬.6

C5.2-ISAP1929 (EN138+180 = JA44) Undated Account of 8.33 (+ ?) shekels for 7.25 seahs of oil Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (62 × 95 × 4–6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/6), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, and on interior, on slightly concave surface; written lines on exterior at 75º to wheel marks, written lines on

127

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities

interior at ca. 20º to those on exterior. Convex: Narrow top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin. Concave: Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Working only with photos, Ephʾal-Naveh did not know that their numbers 138 and 180 were concave and convex of the same ostracon. ¶ Recorded only for the first entry, oil applied to the other two as well. A similar practice is found in C4.1 above and C7.3 below, where crushed/sifted grain and joist are respectively attached only to the first names. ¶ The denominations here are the same as those on Egyptian Aramaic ostraca from the 3rd century b.c.e. (TAD D8.4–10)—shekel, maah (1/12 shekel), and quarter (of a maah). If the sum in line 6 on the concave is the amount of oil for which the payments were made, then we get 8.33 shekels ÷ 7.25 seahs = 1.149 shekels per seah, that is, a little more than 1 shekel, 1 maah, 1 quarter for a seah of oil. The sum ‫ פ‬1 ‫“( ק‬1 [and a] h[alf ] q[abs]”) is written supralinearly at the end of line 6. This is the largest record of oil among the account texts. For more on oil, see A1.5–6, and for a discussion of money within the chits, see A151.2. There are more accounts involving currency in C8.1–6 below. ¶ The three names are common in the corpus. In the dossier of Al(i)baal, Laadiel, and Qosmalak combine to supply 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil (A4.26). Wah(a)bi is a creditor for a dozen debtors of barley (C2.1 above), Laadiel appears in an account for wheat (C1.2), and the name Qosmalak occurs once more below (C9.2). For the dossier of Qosmalak, see A11; for Wah(a)bi and sons, see A97; and for Laadiel, see A25. cm

CONVEX . . .nyʾ upon Ilwahab: oil, s(eah), 4; 3 [. . .]ghauth son of Šalmu; 4 Zabdiel and Ḥ[. . .]; 5 of Saadu son of Watagan; 6 Ṭobio / Ṭabyu son of Aliyu; 7 Adru son of [PN]. 1

4 seahs

2

‫הב‬ ִ ‫אלו‬ ִ ‫ניא על‬. . . 4 ‫]?[משח ס‬ ִ ‫שלמִו‬ ִ ‫[עות בר‬ ִ ] . .‫זבד ִאל ִוח‬ ִ ‫שעדו בר ִותגן‬ ִ ‫ִזִי‬ ‫ בר ִעליו‬.‫טביו‬ . . . .‫ִע ִדִרו בר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

128

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities

C5.3-ISAP1644 {OG?10} Undated Distribution of 4 seahs of oil

The text is obscure. The first word is unintelligible. The following preposition ‫“( על‬upon”) suggests a debt, as in C2.1 and 4.6 above. If read correctly, the first word in line 2 is ‫“( משח‬oil”), meaning that the Arabian-named Ilwahab (“Il gave”) has a debt of 4 seahs of oil (compare the name to the hypocoristic Wah{a}bi in A97 and above in C2.1, a text that also happens to record debt. How that fits in with the names in the next five lines is not at all clear. Perhaps the following four separate parties were to receive one seah each: (1) [. . .]ghauth son of Šalmu, (2) Zabdiel and Ḥ[. . .] of Saadu son of Watagan, (3) Ṭobio / Ṭabyu son of Aliyu, and (4) Adru son of [PN]. The names in lines 3, 5–7 each has a patronym. The second name in line 4 is followed by a word introduced by the conjunction waw (“and”). The word is unintelligible but seems to lead into the ‫“( זי‬of”) in line 5, in which case a personal name would fit the context (thus “Zabdiel and Ḥ[. . .] of Saadu son of Watagan”). This probably indicates that both Zabdiel and Ḥ[. . .] were sons of Saadu, making Watagan in turn their grandfather. There are at least nine distinct names in this text, but only Ṭobio / Ṭabyu appears above (C1.3:11, 4.1:3), unless the letter traces in another account can be read Šalmu (C3.1:4). All the others appear in the account dossier for the first time but are known elsewhere. The name at the beginning of line 3 could be restored either ‫ ]בעל[עות‬or ‫( ]קוס[עות‬Baalghauth [see A96.1–3] or Qosghauth [see A153.1–2]). For Šalmu, Zabdiel, and Saadu, see A155.1–2, A32.1–8, and A156.1–2, respectively. A Saadu of the house of Gur pays a quarter (of a qab?) of oil (A2.40), and Watagan occurs once more as signatory at the end of a storehouse text (A53.1). Aliyu (‫ )עליו‬is probably a hypocoristicon of a name such as Aliel (‫[ עליאל‬A220.1]) and appears again in a land description document (H2.1), while Adru (‫עדרו‬ [cf. Negev no. 847]) would be a hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫עדראל‬, who is also affiliated to the clan of Gur (see A2.11 and C1.7:1, 4, 2.10:1 above). Unfortunately, his father’s name is illegible at the end of line 7, but perhaps we are dealing with the same Adarel/Idriel just mentioned, who appears as “son of Ḥazira of the sons of Gur” (A2.11). Elsewhere, a similar hypocoristicon, Adri/Idri, appears multiple times as father of various individuals (Al{i}qos [A14.2–4], Abdadah [A13.17], personal name unknown [A300.4.20, J10.9]). Oil appears once more below (C5.6).

129

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX The f[i]gs and myq[. . .] Nutaynu for the fullers: s(eah), 1

1

1 seah

2

30 seahs

3

30 seahs Witness

k(or), 1

To Nutaynu son of Qosdakar: 4 Nutaynu for the Ionians: k(or), 1. 5 before Qosyinqom.

[ ]‫ִק‬ ִ ‫ניא ִו ִמי‬.‫ ת‬.1 1 ‫לק ִצִריא ִס‬ ִ ‫ נתינו‬.2

1 ‫ כ‬ ִ

‫ִתינו ִבִר ִקִו ִסדכר‬ ִ ‫ לנ‬.3 1 ‫ִא כ‬ ִ ‫ נתינו ליִִו ִני‬.4 ‫ קדם קוסינקם‬.5

C5.4-ISAP607 (JA59) Undated Disbursement of 2 kors, 1 seah of figs Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (97 × 55 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior pinkish gray (5YR6/2), ware gray (5YR5/1), few white grits. Traces of black ash on two old exterior breaks and on ca. 10% of interior and exterior. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This ostracon is very enigmatic. The first word in line 1 may perhaps read ‫ת]א[ניא‬, “the f[i]gs,” but the second word defies explanation. Strikingly, figs do not appear in the commodity chits. How this caption relates to the next three lines is unclear. We take it as the product for the measures in lines 2–4. The name Nutaynu (“Little Nathan” [see A50.1–6]) occurs in each of these lines, twice as payer (1 seah for the fullers [‫ ]קצריא‬and 1 kor for the Ionians [lines 2, 4]) and once as payee (also of 1 kor, written supralinearly) with the patronymic Qosdakar (line 3; [for whom see A54.1–5 and C2.1:3, 2.4:1 [convex and concave], and 7.4 below). All this takes place in the presence of, or “before” (‫)קדם‬, Qosyinqom (see A20.1–13), who appears in line 5, presumably as the official or witness. The names Nutaynu and Qosyinqom do not appear in any other account texts.

130

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX On the 17th of Sivan, Saadaniqos: rooster, 1; 3 Abi in a basket: rooster, 1 (and) another half; 4 The wife of Qosani: rooster, 1; 5 (archaic alef). 1

1 rooster 1.5 roosters 1 rooster Sealing Sign

2

‫ לסיון‬17 ‫ב‬ 1 ‫ִקִו ִס תנרגל‬ ִ ‫שע ִדני‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִד ִח ִצי‬1 ‫אבי ִב ִק ִפ ִס תנרגל‬ 1 ‫אנִתת קוסעני תנרגל‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C5.5-ISAP 528 (Charlesworth1) 17 Sivan Account of 2 roosters (meat) and 1.5 baskets of rooster (meat)

Accounts are rarely dated (C1.1; 4.6 [full date]; 1.9; 2.11, 15, 6; 7.3; 8.6 [day and month]; C4.2 [month]; and C7.7 [year]). For Saadaniqos, see C1.5:2 above. Roosters are dispatched in a half dozen chits (A10.5 [see here for discussion]; 32.4; 40.1; 95.1; 300.4.14; 300.5.27; J10.5), where the word is always spelled ‫תרנגל‬. Here it is metathesized into ‫תנרגל‬. Qosani has his own dossier (A30.1–11), and the name appears in two other accounts (C2.1, 9.4). Here, a wife gives or receives a rooster. Only one other dossier possibly has a woman (A22.11 [as payer]), though women appear in three letters (G2.1, 3 [also wife]; 4.9). The presence here in line 4 of a woman raises the possibility that Abi in line 3 is also feminine (cf. 2 Kgs 18:2 [hypocoristicon of Abiyah; 2 Chr 29:1]). A conundrum is the second word in line 3—‫בקפס‬. It appears in a fragmentary papyrus letter from Elephantine, rendered conjecturally “in a bowl/basket” (TAD D1.30:2). Also, we have a communication from Günter Vittmann (September 14, 2014): “The ‘Berliner Wörterbuch’ by Erman/Grapow. vol. V, p. 119 lists a word kps . . . as a measure for meat, cake, beans, and says that it is ‘probably identical with kbs’, the latter noun being entered on p. 118 as . . . ‘twisted basket for grain and fruits.’ Anyway, I would not exclude that your qps . . . derives from Egyptian . . . . At least the q instead of k would not be a fundamental problem (cf. Aramaic place name pqrqptḥ [TAD 3.21:5] = Eg. pꜢ-grg-ptḥ).” Was Abi’s rooster conveyed in a basket, or was a basket the means of measuring the amount of rooster? ¶ Equally obscure is the end of line 3, which reads ‫ עד חצי‬and which we tentatively render “another half.” If basket is a measurement for meat, then Abi’s portion was 1.5 baskets, in which case we are dealing with rooster meat here rather than live roosters. This would help identify what “another half” means, for it would be impossible to give half a live rooster. So we would assume that Saadaniqos and Qosani’s wife also received dead roosters for meat. Finally, this is the only account with an archaic alef sealing sign, which makes it look like a commodity chit.

131

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX Date

[. . .] of Tammuz g/h. .[?] ? 3 [. . .] oi[l ], 3 [. . .] 4 [. . .] flour, seahs [. . .]. 2

3x x seahs

1

1 seah

2

x seahs 5 seahs

CONCAVE

[On the x (day) of y (month)], year 10, [. . .Qos]az to Pasa: s(eah), 1; 3 [. . .]Ṣaḥ(a)ri bmlt[. . .] 4 [. . . o]il, s(eahs), 5.

Date

] ? [ ]3] ‫] [מש[ח‬ [ ]ִ‫[ק ִמ ִח ִס ִאן‬ ִ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

10 ‫שנת‬.[ 1 ‫קוס]עז לפסא ס‬ ‫[צחרִי ִב ִמ ִל ִת‬ ִ 5 ‫מ]שח ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

[?]‫ה‬/‫לתמוז ִג‬. .[

1

] ] ] ]

132

C5.1–6 Accounts of Non-Grain Agricultural Commodities

C5.6-ISAP812 [IA12195 {GCh12}] Tammuz (349) Account of 3 x of oil, x seahs of flour, 1 seah of unknown product, and 5 seahs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (63 × 53 × 6), irregularly shaped, interior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Concave: No top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, medium left margin. Convex: Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

This is a rare opisthograph, and if it had been turned bottom-up, then the convex would have been written first. The piece is cut off at the right edge. The first lines on both sides have dates. Line 1 on the convex has blank space above it, and a day date is missing before ‫לתמוז‬. Line 1 on the concave is written right beneath the top edge, and the letter shin is partially cut off at the right edge. The word ‫ שנת‬must have been preceded by day and month, to match the spacing of ‫קוס‬, restored in line 2. Accounts are rarely dated, particularly with a full date (C1.1; 4.6 [full date]; 1.9; 2.11, 15, 5; 7.3; 8.6 [day and month]; C4.2 [only month]; and C7.7 [only year]). The name ‫ קוסעז‬has its own dossier (A70; see also A5.11 for explanation). The one-time-occurring ‫ פסא‬may be a variant of ‫ פסי‬Egyptian Pa-sy (“He of Osiris” [Dem. Nb. 412; with appreciation to Günter Vittmann]), which occurs four times in our texts (see A69.1, 161a.1, 229a.1; B4.6). The name ‫ צחרי‬appears only here but two parallels appear elsewhere—‫ צחרו‬four times (as payer in A231a.1, as agent in A105.4, as source in A14.4–5, and as recipient in a payment order in B1.5) and ‫צחרא‬ once (A231.1). ¶ Oil appears on both sides. On the convex, the number 3 is removed from the end of the word. The number on the concave, 5 seahs, is quite a large amount. The reading ‫ סאן קמח‬in line 4 (convex) is very faint; the plena reading for seahs is noteworthy and appears in a number of chits for the gatemen (see A1.38 for references). But what is the connection of this product to the oil? We have more questions than answers. For more on oil, see A1.5–6. Three other accounts record this product (C5.1–3 above).

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities List of Texts C6.1 C6.2 C6.3 C6.4 C6.5 C6.6 C6.7 C6.8 C6.9 C6.10 C6.11 C6.12

Account of 5.5 kors (?) of unknown commodity Account of 9.75 qabs of unknown commodity Account of 51 seahs (?) of unknown commodities Account of 5 kors, x seahs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 22 (?) seahs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 6.08 (+?) seahs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 13 (+?) seahs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 1 (+?) seah of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 3 kors, 3.6 qabs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 1.25 (+?) qabs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 30.5 (+?) qabs of unknown commodity Fragmentary account of 18.5 (+?) qabs of unknown commodity (barley?)

133

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

134

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX Samitu: k(ors), 2; Ubaydu: mg/ʾ, 1; 3 Ṭpn; k(ors), 2; 4 [. . .] ḥs/.g/y(a) h(alf).

2 kors

1

1 (kor?)

2

2 kors 0.5 (kor?)

[?]2 ‫שמתו כ‬ 1 ‫א‬/‫ִע ִבידו ִמג‬ [?]2 ‫ִטפן כ‬ ‫י ף‬/‫ג‬./‫]?[חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

C6.1-ISAP558 [HW] Undated Account of 5.5 kors (?) of unknown commodity Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (101 × 65 × 7–9), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white grits. Three edges possibly intentionally straightened, whitish dirt and patina on ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 85º to wheel marks.

Samitu and Ubaydu each has his own dossier (A8.1–46; 24.1–13, respectively), the former being a prominent individual in the commodity chits, but the name at the beginning of line 3 (‫)טפן‬, if indeed it is a name, is unknown. This is Ubaydu’s only appearance in the accounts dossier, but Samitu occurs thrice more (C1.1, 8.1, 9.6). Both lines 1 and 3 have a measure (“\\ ‫[ כ‬k{ors}, 2]”) with no commodity, and line 2 has an enigmatic mg/ʾ 1. Did the scribe forget to include the kaf for “k(or)” here? Either way, if this was the commodity, we cannot decipher it, although if we were to venture a guess, we would have to suggest either wheat or barley, since only these two commodities appear in such high measure in the accounts (see C1.5 [wheat], 2.2, 4, 9 [barley]). The beginning of line 4 is incomprehensible, but perhaps it was another personal name that is only accounted with half a kor (“kor” being assumed by comparison with lines 1 and 3).

135

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONCAVE [. . .] q.[. . .] Natn(a)i, Qosgad [?], 3 Qosyada: q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf); 4 Aliel: q(ab), 1; q(uarters), 3; 5 Zabdu: q(abs), 2; 6 Dalael: q(abs), 2; CONVEX 1 2

2.5 qabs 1.75 qabs 2 qabs 2 qabs

(Below jar handle, upward, toward handle:) 7 1.5 qabs Sismai: q(abs), 1 (and a) h(alf).

[ ]. ‫ק‬. .[ ] [?]‫קוסג ִד‬ ִ ‫נתני‬ ‫ ף‬2 ‫קוסידע ק‬ 3 ‫ ר‬1 ‫עליאל ק‬ 2 ‫זבדִו ִק‬ ִ 3 ‫לא ִל ק‬ ִ ‫ִד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

‫ ף‬1 ‫ססמִי ק‬ ִ .7

136

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities

C6.2-ISAP2404 (JA112) Undated Account of 9.75 qabs of unknown commodity Body sherd and small portion of the handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (body sherd 70 × 60 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), ware light red (10R6/8), medium amount of white grits, two careless finger impressions on the joint of the handle to the body. Writing on exterior, near the joint to the handle, on flat, very uneven surface, and on interior, on flat, slightly uneven surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Concave: No top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin (excluding lower tip of qof), variable left margin. Convex: Medium top margin, medium right margin, *very wide bottom margin, wide left margin. Below jar handle.

With six or seven names, this is an account of an unnamed commodity, measured by qabs, halves, and quarters (see C1.2 above). Line 1 is illegible. Line 2 contains two unlinked names, lacks a commodity, and is perhaps a caption, unless it leads into line 3, in which case we would have three unlinked names accorded 2.5 qabs. ¶ Occurring only here, the name Natn(a)i is a hypocoristicon of a name such as Qosnatan (A69.1–5), Natanbaal (A111.1–3), or Natanel (A28.4). The names in lines 2–6 have their own dossiers— Qosgad (A120.1–4), Qosyada (A150.1–2), Aliel (A220.1), Zabdu (A41.1–7), and Dalael (A131.1–2). Sismai and Aliel appear together as owners of fields (H2.1). The name Sismai originated as the name of a deity, believed to be Hurrian, and occurs in Ugaritic and Phoenician (KAI No 27.2); in Greek transcription (Sesmaiou [Benz 1972: 368]); and in a genealogical list in 1 Chr 2:40. Aliel (C6.10) and Qosyada (C6.9, 7.4) are the only names in this text that also appear in other accounts.

137

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦ s(eahs), 21; [. . . na]tan: s(eahs), 26; 3 [. . .]q(abs), 3; 4 [. . .]1.

21 seahs

1

26 seahs

2

3 qabs 1x

21 ‫ ס‬.[ 26 ‫נ]תן ס‬ 3 ‫[ק‬ ִ 1[

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

C6.3-ISAP1146 (L146 [IM91.16.178]) Undated Account of 51 seahs (?) of unknown commodities Body sherd of Iron Age II jar (LMLK-type?) (72 × 62 × 7.5), red-brown exterior, gray interior. Lefthand part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines almost parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Cut off at the right edge, only part of one name is preserved, in line 2. It may be restored as Qosnatan (A69.1–5; see C9.3 below) or less likely Elnatan (appearing in a Gezer ostracon [Rosenbaum-Seger 1986: 58]). Lines 1–3 preserve only the measure and numeral, not the commodity, while line 4 has only the numeral.

138

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX

5 kors x [+?] seahs

Column A 1 [. . .]3 2 [. . .]ºl Column B 3 The house of Baalrim: 4k(ors), 5; 5 the house of Ayyah: 6[. . .]; seahs, [. . .]; 7 [. . .]. .º.

3[ ] .1 [ ] .2 [

]‫ִם‬ ִ ‫בית ִב ִע ִלִרי‬ 5‫כ‬ [?]‫איה‬ ִ ‫ביִת‬ [ ] ִ‫ ִס ִאן‬. . . ‫א‬. . [ ]

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7

C6.4-ISAP737 [YR22] Undated Account of 5 kors, x seahs of unknown commodity Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (52 × 54 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many small white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks.

This piece had two columns, but only the last few signs of two lines of column A are preserved. A thin vertical line marks the right margin of column B. The end of line 3 curves downward, indicating that nothing was missing, and its continuation is line 4. The same applies for lines 5 and 6. In line 6, only the tops of the letters are preserved, and it is very tempting to read /// 3“( ‫ כ‬k[ors]”), corresponding to the kors in line 4, but we do not have an example of such an abbreviation of kor followed by a plena reading ‫סאן‬. The clan of Baalrim is well known (A1), but Ayyah appears elsewhere only once in a fragmentary and uncertain land description (J8.12; but cf. A6 for miscellaneous clan heads). The name means “hawk, falcon, kite” (Zadok 1988: 146) and was borne by two persons in the Bible (Gen 36:24; 2 Sam 3:7). In two other account texts, we read of the sons of Baalrim (C7.4, 9.5), but clan heads are rare in the accounts (see C1.4, 9.1). Again, we could infer that the commodity here is either wheat or barley, as suggested in C6.1 above.

139

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [. . .], s(eahs), 5; [. . .], s(eahs), 5; 3 [. . .], s(eahs), 6; 4 [. . .], s(eahs), 4; 5 [. . .], s(eah), 1; 6 [. . .], 1.

5 seahs

1

5 seahs

2

6 seahs 4 seahs 1 seah 1 (seah?)

5‫[ס‬ 5‫[ס‬ 6‫[ס‬ 4‫[ס‬ 1 ‫[ס‬ 1‫[ס‬

] ] ] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C6.5-ISAP66 (JA427) Undated Fragmentary account of 22 (?) seahs of unknown commodity Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (73 × 47 × 7), triangular, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), interior possible traces of black ash on ca. 70% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Only the left half of this ostracon is preserved, with amounts in seahs (between 1 and 6). The commodity (or, alternatively, plot, if this was a land description instead of an account [see H]) and the personal names are lost. The considerable blank space preceding the samek in line 1 precludes the possibility that wheat or barley were intended, because when abbreviated these commodities with their measures regularly appeared as two attached letters, that is heṭ-samek for “w(heat), s(eahs)” or shin-samek for “b(arley), s(eahs).” It is thus possible that we have here a land description text (cf. H3.1), in which case the samek would refer to seed capacity. In other respects, however, the piece is formatted like an account.

140

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [. . .], s(eahs), 3; [. . ., s(eahs), x; q(abs)], 1 (and a) h(alf); 3 [. . .], s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 5.

3 seahs

1

0.25 [+?] seahs

2

2.83 seahs

3 ‫[ ִס‬ ‫ ף‬1[ 5‫ק‬2‫[ס‬

] .1 ] .2 ] .3

C6.6-ISAP455 [IA11338] Undated Fragmentary account of 6.08 (+?) seahs of unknown commodity Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (110  ×  47  ×  5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Cut away at the right edge, the product is missing. Since the abbreviation ‫( פ‬for ‫“[ פלג‬half”]) regularly goes with ‫“( קב‬qab”), we should restore ‫ ס‬for seahs before the break.

141

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX . .l. . . .l. . .b. . .s(eahs), 3, . . . 3 s(eahs), 10[?].

3 seahs

1

x seahs

2

10 seahs

3 ‫ס‬. . . .‫ב‬. . . ִ ‫ל‬. . . ִ ‫ל‬. . ִ

.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 [ ?]10 ‫ ס‬.3

C6.7-ISAP90 (JA449) Undated Fragmentary account of 13 (+ ?) seahs of unknown commodity Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (32 × 66 × 6), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4) reddish yellow (5YR6/6), ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), medium amount of white grits. Interior pink (5YR7/3), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 70% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks.

Only amounts are legible in this account: 3 seahs, written supralinearly in line 1, and 10 seahs, at the beginning of line 3. Line 2 is virtually invisible but perhaps would have also contained a seah amount.

142

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX Qoslughath from [. . .]y◦◦sp 2 M[. . .] s(eah), 1; ml[. . .]; 3 Qanaio[. . .]; 4 Šammu[. . .]. 1

1 seah

[?]. ‫ס ִף‬. .ִ ִ ‫ י‬. . . ‫ִקִו ִס ִל ִע ִת ִמן‬ [ ]‫מל‬ ִ 1 ‫]ס‬ ִ [‫מ‬ [ ]‫ִיו‬ ִ ‫קנ‬ [ ]‫שמוע‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

C6.8-ISAP2471 (JA186) Undated Fragmentary account of 1 (+?) seah of unknown commodity Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (ca. 74 × 59 × 11–14), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, direction of writing unclear. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is an account with four names; the three preserved are well known. All three appear above (Qanaio [C2.13], Qoslughath [C2.12], and Šammu [C2.1]), while Qoslughath and Šammu have their own dossiers (A122.1–4 and 90.1–5, respectively). The name in line 2 is effaced, and the commodity is not preserved. The preposition ‫“( מן‬from”), following the personal name in line 1, usually introduces the source of the product (such as for grain [cf. A3.16, 8.38, 79.3] or oil [cf. A12.16] or even loads [cf. B1.3]), which is usually either a geographical name [e.g., Makkedah] or a personal name, but the letter traces do not yield a safe reading.

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

143

144

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities CONVEX [. . .] to qab 1; [. . .]th: k(ors), 3; 3 [. . .]◦mṭʾ [?]; 4 [. . .]◦◦lwʾ◦◦[?]; 5 [. . .]and Qosyada, 2; 6 [. . .]◦w◦ʿ◦◦ ◦◦[?]; 7 [. . . q(abs)], 3 (and a) h(alf), 8 [?] . . .

1 qab

1

3 kors

2

2x 3.5 qabs

1 ‫[ל ִקב‬ ִ ] 3 ‫[ת ִה ִכ‬ ִ ] [?] ‫מט ִא‬.[ ִ ] [?]. .‫לוא‬. .[ ִ ] 2 ‫] [וקוסידע‬ [?]. .‫ע‬. ִ ‫ו‬. . ִ . .[ ] 3 ‫] [ף‬ . . . [?]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

C6.9-ISAP1189 (L189 [IM91.16.124]) Undated Fragmentary account of 3 kors, 3.6 qabs of unknown commodity Body sherd of jar, large (150 × 103 × 12), surface light brown/gray. Ostracon apparently fragmentary. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks.

Only the single name Qosyada is visible (see A150.1–2 for his dossier and C6.2, 7.4). Two measures are legible—3 kors in line 2 and 3 and a half qabs in line 7. The number 2 in line 5 is probably qabs. The reading in line 1 is fragmentary, has no parallel, and is conjectural. Alternatively, the lamed-qof-bet may be the end of a personal name, but we have no evidence for such a name in the rest of the corpus. We could infer that the commodity here is either wheat or barley based on the amounts, as suggested in C6.1 above.

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

145

146

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities CONVEX

1.25 qabs

[. . .].d/r Aliel: q(ab), 1; q(uarter), 1; [. . .]ḥ l◦◦[. . .]◦ḥ◦ 2. (Illegible remains of 4 more lines) 1 2

1 ‫ ר‬1 ‫ר עליאל ק‬/‫ד‬.[ ] 2 .‫ח‬.] ִ [. .‫] [ח ל‬ (Illegible remains of 4 more lines)

C6.10-ISAP1181 (L181 [IM91.16.49] Undated Fragmentary account of 1.25 (+?) qabs of unknown commodity Body sherd of jar, large (180 × 110 × 7–11), exterior light brown, interior whitish gray. Writing on exterior, written lines at 45º to wheel marks.

Aliel has a single-chit dossier (A220.1) and already appeared in one account above (C6.2). Besides the 1.25 qabs of an unknown commodity accorded to or paid by Aliel, the rest of this account is too fragmentary to make out.

147

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦ [. . .bun]dles ◦◦◦◦◦ ◦◦[. . .]◦◦; 3 [. . .]◦◦ s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 1[?]; 4 [. . .]◦ 1[?]; 5 [. . .]q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf); 6 [. . .]q(abs), 3 [?]. 1 2

25 (+?) qabs 1x 2.5 qabs 3 (+?) qabs

. .[

.[ ]  . . . ]. . . . ‫מש]תלן‬ ִ [?] 1 ‫ ִק‬4 ‫ס‬. .[ ] [?] 1 .[ ] ‫ ף‬2 ‫] [ק‬ [?] 3 ‫] [ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C6.11-ISAP2475 (JA190) Undated Fragmentary account of 30.5 (+ ?) qabs of unknown commodity Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (76 × 85 × 6–9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5YR8/2), interior and ware gray (10YR5/1), many white grits, large air bubble inside sherd wall. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat) surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

If the restoration of ‫[“( ]מש[תלן‬bun]dles”) at the beginning of line 2 is correct, it would be strange since this object is always measured by numerals (see A1.43–44, 48 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 2) and not by seahs and qabs, as appear in lines 3, 5–6. If correct, perhaps this account included more than one type of product (cf. C4.2–3). None of the personal names has survived, but they would have appeared at the beginning of the lines. The only account for bundles appears in A4.6 above.

148

C6.1–12 Accounts of Unnamed Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [. . .]ṣur: s(eah), 1[?]; [. . .]w: s(eah), 1; 3 [. . .]l: q(abs), 3; 4 [. . .]: q(abs), 3; 5 [. . .]1, š ◦◦(and a) h(alf).

6 qabs

1

6 qabs

2

3 qabs 3 qabs 0.5 [+?] qabs

[?] 1 ‫[ ִצר ס‬ 1 ‫[ ִו ס‬ 3‫[לק‬ 3‫[ק‬ ‫ף‬. . ‫ ש‬1[

] ] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C6.12-ISAP1137 (L137 [IM91.16.150]) Undated Fragmentary account of 18.5 (+ ?) qabs of unknown commodity (barley?) Body sherd of jar (?), quite thin (47 × 62 × 5), exterior light brown, interior whitish pink. Fragment of ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, no bottom margin (possibly broken), variable left margin.

Lines 1–3 appear to have the ends of personal names, followed in each instance by a measure (1 seah in lines 1 and 2 and 3 qabs in line 3). Three names end with ṣade-resh that appears at the end of line 1, which could be restored as ‫( קוסצר‬A85.5, 91.4), ‫( קוסלנצר‬A87), or ‫( עלצר‬A221). Line 4 preserves only the measure 3 qabs. Only the initial letter shin is clearly legible in line 5, but the following letters are not decipherable. Perhaps it should be read as the abbreviation for “barley,” in which case this account would be similar to one above (C2.10), wherein the product is defined only in the last line even though the preceding lines contain the measures appropriate to each party.

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities List of Texts C7.1 C7.2 C7.3 C7.4 C7.5 C7.6 C7.7

Account of 12 (+?) jars Account of 14 baskets Account of 4 joists Account of 3 loads Account of 4 loads and 3.42 (+?) seahs of unknown commodity Account of 10 g⟨rgrn⟩ Fragmentary account of logs

149

Undated Undated 28 Ab (ca. 355) Undated Undated Undated 349/348

150

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX Ḥazael: jars, 3[+?]; Qosl◦◦: jars, 1[+?]; 3 Qos. . .: jars, 4; 4 [. . .]: jars, 4.

3 [+?] jars

1

1[+?] jars

2

4 jars 4 jars

[?] 3 ‫חזהאל חביה‬ [?]1 ‫ חביה‬. .‫קוסל‬ 4 ‫ִה‬ ִ ‫ ִח ִבי‬. .‫קוס‬ 4 ‫ִה‬ ִ ‫[ח ִבי‬ ִ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

C7.1-ISAP2565 (JA290) Undated Account of 12 (+ ?) jars Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (70 × 49 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pink (5YR7/4), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, no left margin (possibly broken).

Only the name in line 1 is fully legible, Ḥazael (“El saw”), spelled out with he—‫( חזהאל‬cf. A3.18 and his dossier in A133a.1–2 ). The names in lines 2 and 3 were both compounded with Qos, and the name in line 4 is missing. There are eight names in the corpus that would serve to restore the fragmentary name in line 2. The commodity in each of the four lines is “jars” (‫)חביה‬. The amount in lines 3 and 4 is “4,” and perhaps the numbers in lines 1 and 2, cut off at the left edges, should also be restored to “4.” For more on jars, see A1.13.

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities

151

cm

CONVEX Ša/imru: baskets, 6; Udaydu/Udayru: baskets, 7[+1] (=8).

6 baskets

1

8 baskets

2

6 ‫ שמרו סלן‬.1 8 ‫רו סלן‬/‫ עדיד‬.2

C7.2-ISAP1271 (AL186 = JA96 {J46}) Undated Account of 14 baskets Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (28 × 57 × 7), roughly trapezoid, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior and ware grayish brown (10YR5/2), well-levigated, few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is a small ostracon with but two entries for baskets, 6 and 8. The term ‫ סל‬is found only here in our corpus and does not appear among the Aramaic documents from Elephantine. Both personal names have their own dossiers—Ša/imru (A126.1–3; cf. also C2.18:2 above) and Udaydu/Udayru (A38.1–9). Neither name appears again in the accounts.

152

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities cm

STONE Qoshadah: joist, one; Naqdu/Naqru: one; 3 Bayyun: one; 4 Malku: one. On the 28th of Ab.

1 joist

1

1 joist

2

1 joist 1 joist Date

‫קוסהדה מריש חד‬ ִ ‫נקדו חד‬ ‫ביון חד‬ ‫ לאב‬28 ‫מלכו חד ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

C7.3-ISAP61 (JA422) 28 Ab (ca. 355) Account of 4 joists Flat stone, medium sized (52 × 87 × 2–14), roughly parallelogram-shaped, inscribed surface reddish brown (2.5YR5/4). Writing on flat, very uneven surface, on one side of the stone. Medium top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Attached only to the first entry, “joist” (‫ )מריש‬applies to the next four as well. A similar scribal practice is followed in an account for crushed/sifted grain (C4.1) and two for oil (C5.1–2). There are sixteen commodity chits for joists, with eight for a single joist, the number written out as a word (‫ )חד‬and not as a numeral and the date appearing at the bottom, both like here (see A1.11, 2.5 for discussion; also Table 3 in TAO vol. 3). In one dated 15 Sivan, year 4 (June 21, 355), Malku (see line 4 here) paid out one joist (A23.2). Besides Qoshadah (‫“[ קוסהדה‬Qos led” {with appreciation to Ran Zadok}]), which appears only here (but cf. Qoshud in A237), the other names are well known—Naqdu/Naqru, (A63.1–6), Bayyun, (A95.1–3), and Malku (A23.1–11). Only Bayyun, however, appears in another account (C2.5). ¶ For the few other accounts texts with dates, see C1.1; 4.6 (full date); 1.9; 2.11, 15, 5–6; 8.6 (day and month); C4.2 (only month); and C7.7 (only year).

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities

153

cm

CONVEX Qosyada of the sons of Baal[r(i)]m: load, 1; Gadḥotpe: load, 1; 3 Qosdakar: load, 1.

1 load

1

1 load

2

1 load

1 ‫בעל[ר]ם מובל‬ ִ ‫ קוסידע לבני‬.1 1 ‫רחתפי מובל‬/‫ גד‬.2 1 ‫ קוסדכר מובל‬.3

C7.4-ISAP556 (JoH5) Undated Account of 3 loads

In two other account texts, Baalrim is mentioned as a clan head (C6.4, 9.5), but clan heads are rare in the accounts (see C1.4, 9.1). No Qosyada appears in the Baalrim dossier of 57 documents (A1) or in the seventeen texts for Baalrim in the Workers Dossier (D2.1–16), but one does appear without clan name in two accounts above (A6.2, 9), in a late chit for white flour dated March 29, 320 (A150.1; see also 150.2), in a list of names (E4.12), in a jar inscription (F2.17), and in an unclassified fragment (J5.1). Qosdakar, on the other hand, was a more popular figure, with a dossier of five chits (A54.1–5) and three appearances in the accounts above (C2.1, 4; 5.4). The name we vocalize as Gadḥotpe is a puzzle. We had wanted to see it as an Egyptian hybrid (“Gad is gracious”), much like biblical ‫( פוטיאל‬Putiel < pꜢ-ṭy-El [“The {one}whom El gave” {Exod 6:25}]), but the element ‫“( חתפ‬gracious”) would appear in Egyptian with the pronunciation ḥot(e)p, as in Amenḥotep. Even if we would assume a pronunciation ḥotpe, the deity Gad (‫ )גד‬is a stumbling block. While it appears as deity in the frequently occurring name in our corpus Azgad (‫עזגד‬, “Gad is mighty” [C4.3:4 above; A219.1; E1.10; H3.1, 5.12 [as a clan head]), it does not appear in Egypt. It is thus hard to imagine how it would have crept into an Egyptian name. (We are grateful to Günter Vittmann for discussion.) ¶ There are some thirty commodity chits for loads (cf. A2.42, fem sing. ‫)מובל‬, but only half a dozen are dated (A14.15; 49.2; 38.7; 74.2; 134.1; 158.1). Amounts measured include 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and no measure at all (A214.1) Only occasionally are the contents listed, and these include (primarily) wood (A7.15; 49.2; 134.1?; 169:1; B1.3 [payment order]), fodder (A15.17;26.5), and grgrn (A2.42). This and the following text (C7.5) are the only accounts for loads.

154

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX? [. . .] ◦◦◦◦, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 4[. . .]; [. . .s(eahs), x+]◦1, q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf) ◦◦◦[◦◦◦]; 3 [. . .] to Qos[luyi]nten [. . .]; 4 [. . . l]oads, 3, t◦[. . .]; 5 [. . .]◦◦ a load [. . .].

1.67 seahs

1

1.75 (+?) seahs

2

3 loads 1 load

[

] 4 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ס‬. ִ . . .[ . . . [ ] ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬1.[ [ ]‫נתן‬. .‫וס‬ ִ ‫לק‬ ִ [ [ ].‫ ִת‬3 ‫מ]ובלן‬ [ ] ‫ מובל‬. .[

] ] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C7.5-ISAP1297 (AL214 {W4)} Undated Account of 4 loads and 3.42 (+ ?) seahs of unknown commodity Body sherd of jar, trapezoid (54 × 72 × 8), surface pink orange. Ostracon partially preserved, beginnings and perhaps ends of written lines missing. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

This piece is very hard to read and appears incongruent. The first two lines record seahs and qabs, measures that go with grain and oil, while the last two lines record loads (‫)מובלן‬, objects that are measured by numerals (see C7.4 above). Only one chit records such a combination, but a different payer is attached to each product (A169.1), and only a few other accounts combine different products (e.g., C4.2–3; 5.6; 6.11; etc.). Line 3 appears to contain a name acting as recipient, which may be restored as the precative ‫קוס]לי[נתן‬ (“May Qos give”). (We thank Steve Kaufman for discussing this name [in direct communication]). For more on loads see A2.42.

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities

155

cm

CONVEX 6g

1

4g

2

[?].‫ב‬/‫ ש‬6 ‫]?[דלוי ג‬ ִ .1 4 ‫חלפן ג‬ ִ .2

Dallui: g, 6 š/b[. . .]; Hal(a)fan: g, 4.

C7.6-ISAP1583 (AL231 [M299]) Undated Account of 10 g⟨rgrn⟩ Body sherd of jar (43 × 38 × 5–6), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon incomplete, at least right part missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Both Dallui and Ḥal(a)fan have their own dossiers (A130.1–2 and A18.1–14), and neither appears again in the accounts. ¶ In the two other chits where g appears as an abbreviation, the measure is 13 and 20 (+ ?), respectively (A12.18; 300.2.28). This would accord well with the untranslated grgrn, which invariably amounts to more than ten (see A1.28 for discussion), but not with our text, in which the numbers are 6 and 4. The word appearing exclusively with single digit numbers, as here, is ‫“( גזירן‬logs” [see A2.25, 3.31 for discussion]), but that product is never abbreviated with a gimel. Other words beginning with gimel and measured by units include ‫“( גלד‬hide” [A2.16; 7.34; 13.10) and two words that appear but once each—‫גשורן‬, also meaning “beams” (A3.36) and ‫“( גרב‬jar”) on a jar inscription (F1.1). Everything considered, the most likely candidate is grgrn, and if we take both entries together, we get a sufficient number (10).

156

C7.1–7 Accounts of Non-Agricultural Commodities cm

CONVEX [?] .[. . .]; [?] logs, 4, ◦◦ [. . .]; 3 [?] year 10 [. . .]; 4 [?]◦ 7 [. . .]. 1

4 logs Date

2

[

[  ].[?] ]. . 4 ‫]?[ ג ִזיִִרן‬ [ ] 10 ‫]?[שנת‬ [ ] 7. [?] [?]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C7.7-ISAP1447 (AL293 [M159]) 349/348 Fragmentary account of logs Body sherd of jar, small (53 × 35 × 6), exterior beige, interior pink orange. Written lines at 10º to wheel marks [AL].

This is the only text for logs in the accounts (‫)גזירן‬, but the product occurs some 35 times among the commodity chits (see A2.25; 3.31; and Table 1 in TAO vol. 3). Usually only a single log is transferred, but there is one chit for four logs, written by two persons (A190.1.). Fewer than a third are partially dated (day and month), but none has a year date. Year 10 here is thus unique for logs. For the few other accounts texts with dates, see C1.1, 4.6 (full date); 1.9; 2.11, 15, 5–6; 7.3; 8.6 (day and month); and C4.2 (only month).

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency List of Texts C8.1 C8.2 C8.3 C8.4 C8.5 C8.6

Account of 50.125 shekels Account of 4.5 maahs Account of 5 (+?) shekels Account of 16 (+?) shekels Fragmentary account of 13.5 (+?) maahs Fragmentary account

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated 10 x

157

158

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX Qoskahel: sh(ekels), 10; m(aahs), 1 (and a) h(alf); Samitu: sh(ekels), 30; 3 Q[. . .]: sh(ekels), 10.

10.125 shekels

1

30 shekels

2

10 shekels

‫ ף‬1 ‫ מ‬10 ‫ קוסכהל ש‬.1 30 ‫שמתו ש‬ ִ .2 10 ‫ ק[ ] ש‬.3

C8.1-ISAP1932 (EN141 [BLMJ677]) Undated Account of 50.125 shekels Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, roughly rectangular, small, (33 × 54 × 5), exterior pink (5YR7/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

While the prominent individuals Qoskahel and Samitu each have their own dossier (A9 and A8), they appeared together in one undated chit (A9.31 = 8.46) and had two separate chits drawn up on June 8, 352 (A9.24; 8.38), each for a payment of 16 seahs of grain from Ramata sent to Maḥoza (or: the port); see Porten-Yardeni 2012. Each also appears again in the accounts (Qoskahel [C4.4], Samitu [C1.1; 6.1; 9.6]). It is very likely we are dealing with the same prominent individuals in this account. The name in line 3 is effaced but probably began with the ever-popular “Qos.” ¶ At Elephantine, there were 12 maahs in a shekel (see C5.2 above). This is the largest record of shekels in any account, and if we follow the logic of one text above (C5.2), it would be enough to buy, for example, 57.59 seahs of oil—a huge amount. For more on money in the commodity chits, see A151.2.

159

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX Abenašu: m(aah), [1]; ◦◦w[?]: m(aah), 1; 3 Abd◦◦: m(aah), 1; 4 Natanmaran: m(aah), 1 (and a) h(alf). 5 Saadel.

1 maah

1

1 maah

2

1 maah 1.5 maahs Signatory (?)

[ 1 ] ‫אבאנשו מ‬ 1 ‫ ו[?] מ‬. . 1 ‫ מ‬. .‫עבד‬ ‫ ף‬1 ‫ִמרן מ‬ ִ ‫נִתנ‬ ‫אל‬ ִ ‫ִש ִע ִד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C8.2-ISAP1774 (JA532 {Zd46 > EYH2}) Undated Account of 4.5 maahs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (79 × 81 × 7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, wide left margin.

Two of the four names are intact—Abenašu (see A127.1–2) in line 1 and Natanmaran (see A8.17; 300.1.59; E1.9) in line 4—while that in line 3 is a partially legible construct name starting with -‫“( עבד‬Servant of DN”). The payments for all four names are legible, with small sums indeed—three with 1 maah each, (lines 1–3), and the fourth with 1.5 maahs (line 4). These are the smallest amounts for an account of currency. ¶ The prominent individual Saadel appears as signatory in several commodity chits (A10.37–42) and as a source in three payment orders (B1.3–4, 7). Notably, on 16 Tammuz (year unstated), he received a very large payment of wheat (3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs) from Abenašu by the hand of Zabdi (A10.11). Perhaps then we have here the very same Abenašu. Certainly, it is the same Saadel. None of the names in this account appear in any other account, and this is the only one with a signatory, but one above has a sealing sign (C5.5). For more on money in the commodity chits, see A151.2.

160

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX The si⟨l⟩ver ’[. . .] m[(aah) . . .]; silver, sh(ekels), 2[+x] [. . .] Zubaydu/Zabidu; 3 silver, sh(ekel)s, 3.

x maahs

1

2 [+?] shekels

2

3 shekels

[?]‫מ‬/.] [.‫א‬. ‫ כס⟨פ⟩א‬.1 ‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫[ ]ז‬2 ‫ כסף ש‬.2 3 ‫ ִכ ִס ִף ש‬.3

C8.3-ISAP125 [IA11877/1/2] Undated Account of 5 (+ ?) shekels Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (51 × 88 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), few white grits. Composed of two fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel marks. Top edge broken at left, medium, right margin widening downward, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is reconstructed from two fragments. The second half of line 1 is missing, as is the middle of line 2. The first words in lines 2 and 3 are ‫“( כסף‬silver”), and it is likely that ‫ כסא‬at the beginning of line 1 is a scribal error for ‫“( כספא‬the silver”; cf. C5.2 where silver [shekels] is traded for oil). The letter or so after that is illegible, but a mem may appear, which would indicate an amount of “maahs.” Since the middle of line 2 is missing, it is not clear what is the relation between the name Zubaydu/Zabidu at the end of the line and the two shekels recorded at its beginning. He appeared already in an account for barley above (C2.10) and had a large commodity chit dossier (A12.1–24). In most accounts, the personal names come before, not after, the product and measure. For more on money in the commodity chits, see A151.2.

161

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX sh(ekel), 1 lpl[. . .]; sh(ekels)], 3 lpl[. . .]; 3 sh(ekels), 3 lpl[. . .]; 4 sh(ekels), 4 lpl[. . .]; 5 sh(ekels), 5 lpl[. . .]; 6 [sh(ekels), x lp]l[. . .].

1 shekel

1

3 shekels

2

3 shekels 4 shekels 5 shekels x shekels

[ ]‫ לפל‬1 ‫ש‬ [ ]‫ לפל‬3 ‫ִש‬ [ ]‫ לפל‬3 ‫ִש‬ [ ].[ ]‫ לפל‬4 ‫ִש‬ [ ]‫ ִל ִפ ִל‬5 ‫ִש‬ [ ]‫]  [ל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C8.4-ISAP617 (JA62 {Naveh102}) Undated Account of 16 (+ ?) shekels Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (62 × 56 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Traces of black ash on three old breaks and on ca. 40% of interior and exterior. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50º to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, wide left margin.

This text is most enigmatic. Each line begins with the letter shin for “shekel,” followed by numerals, ascending from 1 to 5, and then by the three letters lamed-pe-lamed. It may be that the whole left half of the ostracon is effaced and that we should restore either one of several names beginning with pe-lamed to be one of three options: (1) the recipient, such as Palael (A151.1–2), Palaqos (A1.5, etc.), Paltiel (A228.1); (2) King Philip (e.g., A5.18); or (3) ‫“( פלג‬half”). None of these three options, however, yields a safe reading. For more on money in the commodity chits, see A151.2.

162

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX [. . .]m(aahs), 4; [. . .]◦ 4; 3 [?] 4 [. . .]5 (and a) h(alf).

4 maahs

1

4 maahs (?)

2

5.5 maahs (?)

4 ‫] [מ‬ 4 .[ ] [?] ‫ ִף‬5[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

C8.5-ISAP2621 (JA363) Undated Fragmentary account of 13.5 (+ ?) maahs Body sherd, possibly of closed vessel, small (53 × 27 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), many tiny white grits. Writing on interior, on flat surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. No top margin (possibly broken), right edge broken, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Only numerals are preserved, perhaps of maahs. For more on money in the commodity chits, see A151.2.

163

C8.1–6 Accounts of Currency cm

CONVEX On the 10th of . . .; [. . .]m(aah), 1; 3 All (told): 9 or: All (told) sh(ekels 6).

Date

1

1 maah (?)

2

Total: 6 shekels (?)

[   ]‫ ל‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 [    ]1 ‫ ִמ‬. .[ ] .2 [?]6 ‫ ִכ ִל ש‬.3

C8.6-ISAP1328 (AL277 [M29]) 10 x Fragmentary account of shekels and maahs Shoulder fragment of jar (115 × 54 × 11), exterior and interior whitish. Writing almost illegible. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is intact, but the writing in the left half is completely effaced. However, the text is strange because line 1 appears to have a date formula (“On the 10th of”), but two lines below in line 3 we have already a total (“All {told} 9”), as in a handful of other accounts (C1.2; 2.1–2, 4, 16; 4.6:5). For the few other accounts texts with dates, see C1.1; 4.6 (full date); 1.9; 2.11, 15, 5–6; 7.3, (day and month); C4.2 (only month); and C7.7 (only year). Line 2 has a single letter visible (a mem), which could stand for “maah,” in which case an alternative reading for line 3 could be “sh(ekels), 6,” since the first 3 numeral strokes could be rendered as a shin.

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure List of Texts C9.1 C9.2 C9.3 C9.4 C9.5 C9.6 C9.7 C9.8 C9.9

Fragmentary account of families/clans Fragmentary account of five names with numerals Account of three names with numerals Account of two names with numerals Account of four names with numerals Fragmentary disbursement Fragmentary account Fragmentary disbursement with the word “entry” Fragmentary account of numbers

164

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

165

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX Sons of Ba[a]lada[r]/Ba[a]lide[r] . . .; and half◦ š[. . . (or: and Palg[u] ◦[. . .])]; 3 House of Ḥaggai l[. . .]; 4 z◦d/r half (or: Palg[u])[. . .]; CONCAVE 1 2

House of Rawi[. . .]; Sons of El◦[. . .].

5 6

[  ‫י[ר‬/‫ִבנִי ִב[ע]לעד‬ [ ]‫ ש‬.‫ופלג‬ [ ]‫בית ִחגי ל‬ [ ]‫ר פלג‬/‫ד‬.ִ‫ז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

[ ]‫ִת רוי‬ ִ ‫ ִבי‬.5 [ ].‫ בנִי אל‬.6

C9.1-ISAP761 [YR120] Undated Fragmentary account of families/clans Body sherd of jar, small (39 × 29 × 8–9), rectangular, exterior pinkish white (5YR8/2), interior pinkish gray (5YR7/2), many tiny white grits, two straight edges. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, and on interior, on and slightly concave (almost flat), rough surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks, written lines on exterior are parallel to those on interior, writing starts from the upper straight edge on both sides. Convex: narrow top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken. Concave: medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This opisthograph is most elusive, and the readings are uncertain. On both sides it is cut away at the left edge, so that its purpose is lost. If the left edge did contain a product and measure, its format would fit that of an account. On the basis of lines 1, 3, 5–6, it appears to be a list of clans—“sons of (‫ )בני‬PN” in lines 1 and 6 and “house of (‫ )בית‬PN” in lines 3 and 5. However, while three of the names intact have dossiers— Baaladar/ider (A174.1; here called by Dr. Yardeni “a conjectural reading”), Ḥaggai (A49.1–4), and Rawi (A123.1–3)—none of these is known elsewhere as a clan head (cf. A6 for the dossier of miscellaneous clan heads). Nor are there any clan dossiers for a name beginning with El-. Lines 2 and 4 are obscure, the first word in line 4 being unintelligible. These lines may contain the name Palgu or the word “half.” Together with Qosr(i)m, he was an agent in three chits in year 312 (A31.8, 111.1, 300.1.47). Ḥaggai is the only name here that appears in other accounts (C2.10; 4.2, 5). Only a very few account texts ever make mention of clan heads (C1.4, 6.4, 9.5).

166

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX Ḥubaytu: . . .[?]; Qosmalak: 2[?]; 3 El(i)baal: 2[?]; 4 Ḥiel: 1; 5 Nattun: 1. 1

2x 2x 1x 1x

2

[?]. . ‫ותִו‬/ִ ִ ‫חבי‬ ִ ִ [?]2 ‫קוסמלך‬ [?]2 ‫אלב ִעל‬ ִ [?]1 ‫ִאל‬ ִ ‫ִחי‬ [?]1 ‫נתון‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C9.2- ISAP1560 (AL165 [M275]) Undated Account of five names with numerals Body sherd of jar (45 × 54 × 7), exterior and interior gray. Ostracon probably complete. Written lines at 45º to wheel marks [AL].

This is a list of five names, each followed by a numeral, 1 (lines 4–5) or 2 (lines 2–3). The numeral at the end of line 1 is effaced. The following text, with only three names, has the identical format (C9.3). Although the product is absent, the text is clearly accounting different amounts of something to or from each of the parties. Perhaps there are lines missing above, and the product was only included on the first line, a format followed in a few other accounts (see C4.1, 5.1–2, and 7.3). ¶ Ḥubaytu appears twice again, once as payee and once in a list of seven names (A290.4.8; E3.8). Three of the names have their own dossiers— Qosmalak with 25 chits (A11.1–24), Ḥiel with two (A134.1–2), and Nattun with only one (A208.1). Ḥiel appeared once in the Bible (1 Kgs 16:34), while Nattun was quite popular at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 382). The name ‫—אלבעל‬El(i)baal (“[My] god is Baal”; cf. biblical ‫אליהו‬, “[My] God is Yhw”)—is known from early Phoenician (KAI 6:1, 3, 7:2), but it does not occur elsewhere in our corpus. While Ḥiel (C1.3) and Qosmalak (C5.2) appeared already above, the other three names do not occur elsewhere in the accounts.

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure

167

cm

CONVEX 2x

1

2x

2

2x

2 ‫ קוסנתן‬.1 2 ‫ ִו ִדִו‬.2 2 ‫ נתנבעל‬.3

Qosnatan: 2; Widdu: 2; 3 Natanbaal: 2.

C9.3-ISAP1956 (EN176 = JA41) Undated Account of three names with numerals Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (52 × 59 × 6), roughly triangular, exterior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The handwriting of this ostracon exhibits features that appear in the earliest documents in Jewish script from the Dead Sea Scrolls (e.g., 4QSamb [TDT A, p. 261]). ¶ The contents are enigmatic. Having an identical format to the previous chit (C9.2), each name is followed by the numeral 2, without any indication of commodity. Two of the names are built from the same root but appended with different deities and have their own dossiers (Qosnatan [A69.1–5] and Natanbaal [A111.1–3]), while the third, Widdu, appears as one of three agents in a chit dated August 4, 338 (A1.32). The latter name is prominent in Nabatean inscriptions as well (Negev no. 330). The name Qosnatan was also one of two possible reconstructions for a name in another account (C6.3:2). A few other accounts also show each party giving or receiving exactly the same amount (cf. 1.10; C2.3, 9, 18; 5.1; 7.3–4; and nearly C2.5).

168

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX 17 x

Qosani: 17; Ab(i)yatha: [?].

1 2

[

17 ‫ קוסעני‬.1 ? ]‫ִתע‬ ִ ‫ ִא ִבי‬.2

C9.4-ISAP1748 [IA12426 {Zd25}] Undated Account of two names with numerals Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (44 × 70 × 5), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Much like the previous two accounts (C9.2–3) but with a larger numeral, this text appears to draw up an account for two individuals. The end of line 2 is effaced, so that no number is visible. There is no apparent reason that the product should be absent. Both parties have their own dossiers, Qosani being particularly prominent (A30.1–11) and Ab(i)yatha much less so (A92.1–3). In an account of barley, two different individuals named Qosani appeared (C2.1), and in another account we read about his wife (C5.5).

169

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX 2x

1

2x

2

1x

[. . . of the so]ns of Baalrim: 2[?]; [. . .]šbʿ, 2; 3 [. . .]ṣur, 1; 4 [?].

2 ‫] ב]ני בעלרים‬ 2 ‫]  [שבע‬ ִ 1 ‫]  [צִר‬ ִ [?].[? ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

C9.5-ISAP1437 (AL169 [M149]) Undated Account of four names with numerals Body sherd of jar, clearly Iron Age (61 × 53 × 9), exterior brown, interior gray. Ostracon incomplete, at least bottom right part missing. Written lines at 90º to wheel marks [AL].

Three of the four legible lines have a personal name, followed by the numeral 2 or 1, without any indication of a product, much like the previous three accounts (C9.2–4). The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, apparently effacing the name of the person who belonged to the popular clan of Baalrim (see A1). ¶ If we expect a clan name in lines 2 and 3 on the basis of line 1, we would be disappointed because the letters do not point to any known clan (cf. A6 for the dossier of miscellaneous clans). However, previously unknown clans seem to appear in C9.1 above. Only two other texts make mention of clan heads (C1.4, 6.4, 7.4). For the name in line 2, Biblical Hebrew yields the theophorous feminine names ‫ אלישבע‬and ‫יהושבע‬ (Exod 6:23; 2 Kgs 11:2) and the masculine hypocoristicon ‫( שבע‬2 Sam 20:1, etc.), the predicate meaning “satiety” (Zadok 1988: 47). While Lemaire already pointed to Nabatean ‫( שבע‬Negev 1099) and Arabian sbʿ, there is no parallel in our corpus. A contemporary of 2nd century Rabbi Akiba was ‫( בן כלבא שבוע‬Ilan 2002: 182). The trace of a letter and a stroke in line 3 might lead to one of the following names—‫קוסצר‬ (A85.5:3; 91.4:2), ‫( קוסלנצר‬A87), or ‫( עלצר‬A221); see C6.12 above. A bare smudge is visible in line 4, perhaps the numeral 1.

170

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX Aba son of Ghauthi: ḥṭ[. . .]; Abdi to Anael, 3[. . .]; 3 Anael to Samitu[. . .]; 4 [. . .]l[. . .]. 1

3x

2

[

[

].‫אבה בר עותי ִח ִט‬ ]3 ‫בדי לענאל‬ ִ ‫ִע‬ [ ]‫ענאל לשמתו‬ [ ]‫[ל‬ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

C9.6-ISAP1676 (AL207 [M424]) Undated Fragmentary disbursement Fragment of jar (80 × 55 × 4), surface light brown. Ostracon incomplete, left part missing. Written lines almost parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Cut off at the left edge, the piece eludes clear understanding but appears to be an account. Line 1 contains a name with patronym, followed by unintelligible letters. The praenomen Aba appears only here (but see TAD B2.2:16; D8.11:6; 20.3:1–2), while the patronym appears in the name of the payee Ghauthi son of Qoṣi (A3.5) and in an account above (C4.2). It is a hypocoristicon of a name like Baalghauth (A96) or Qosghauth (A153). Lines 2 and 3 follow a pattern found in an earlier account: A gives to B 3 qabs of barley and B gives to C 2.5 seahs (C3.1:5–6). Here, Abdi gives 3 measures of an unknown commodity to Anael, who turns around and gives to Samitu an amount cut off at the left edge. Abdi and Anael have their own dossiers (A144.1–2, 66.1–5), while Samitu was one of the most prominent individuals in our corpus (A8.1–48). He also appeared already in three other accounts (C1.1, 6.1, 8.1).

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure

171

cm

CONVEX Ammiyatha son of Koaḥel 3 Baytbaal borrowed [. . .] 1 2

[ ]‫ִתע ִבִר‬ ִ ‫עמי‬ ִ .1 [ ?]‫ כחאל‬.2 [ ]‫ף‬1/ִ ִ ‫סז‬/ִ‫בעל י‬ ִ ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ִבי‬.3

C9.7-ISAP2466 (JA181) Undated Fragmentary account Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (90 × 70 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior white (10YR8/2), ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white, brown, and black grits. Drips of reddish-brown color on exterior. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is a puzzling text. The Aramaic name Ammiyatha (‫)עמיתע‬, “(My) kinsman saved,” has its own dossier (A116.1–3). The two letters that follow, cut off at the left edge, may be bet-resh, “son of,” and perhaps the patronym would be the name in line 2, which appears to stand alone. That Idumean name, Koaḥel (‫)כחאל‬, “El is strength,” is unique in the WS onomasticon, but the root ‫“( כח‬strength”) appears not infrequently in all sections of the Bible in connection with deity, particularly in Exodus (9:16 , 15:6, 32:11). Line 3 is especially obscure. Baytbaal (‫ )ביתבעל‬would appear to be an otherwise unknown divine name, “House of Baal,” on the model of the well-known deity Bethel, “House of El” (Porten 1968: 167–170, 328–331). Does this divine name function here as a personal name? The verb “borrowed”(‫ )יזף‬appears in one other equally obscure text (J10.1). None of these names appear in other accounts.

172

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦[. . .] entry: to Ab(i)ba[al]. 3 entry: to º[. . .]. 4 entry: to [. . .]. 5 entry: [to . . .]. 6 ent[ry: to . . .]. 1 2

[

[ ].[ ] ‫לאבב[על‬ ִ ‫בב‬ [ ]‫בב לא‬ [ ]‫בב ל‬ [ ‫בב[ ל‬ ִ [ ‫ב[ב ל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C9.8-ISAP1763 (JA521) Undated Fragmentary disbursement with the word “entry” Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (55 × 49 × 4–6), roughly triangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

This ostracon is also enigmatic. The word “entry” (‫ )בב‬that appears at the beginning of each line is an accounting term introducing the repetition of an item already mentioned (see C2.1:8; 2.4:4; and A1.24 for full discussion). The first line of missing text at the beginning of the ostracon probably did not contain this term but rather a caption of some sort. What follows in line 2 of our preserved text suggests a restoration of something like “To Abib[aal]” ([‫)לאבב]על‬. Meaning “Baal is (divine) father,” this name occurred in Early Phoenician (KAI 5) and epigraphic Hebrew (Aḥituv 2008: 264) and was borne by one of the kinglets contemporaneous with King Manasseh (ARAB II, 690, 783, 848, 876). The name also appeared as one of three payers in a chit for loads (A158.1) and perhaps in a list of names (E3.14).

173

C9.1–9 Accounts Lacking Commodity or Measure cm

CONCAVE 70 x

1

80 x

2

90 x

] ‫ ל‬70 80 [ ]90[ ] [  ]. . .[  ]

70 for [. . .]. 80. 3 [. . .]90[. . .]. 4 [. . .]. . .[. . .].

[

.1 .2 .3 .4

C9.9-ISAP305 [IA11284] Undated Fragmentary account of numbers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (48 × 38 × 8), irregularly shaped, interior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is a most unusual text, with only multiple numerals for 20 and 10. The beginning of line 3 is broken at both edges. The end of line 1 seems to have a lamed (“for”), followed by blank space before the break. Nothing is visible at the end of line 2. No other text in our corpus has such large numbers—although there is one chit for 50 pegs (nails)—so the commodity cannot be ascertained.

Table C: Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) Table C1.  142 names that appear in the Accounts Dossier, arranged alphabetically Table C2.  109 names that appear in both the Accounts and Commodity Chit Dossiers Table C3.  8 names that appear only in the Accounts Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers Table C4.  25 names that appear only in the Accounts Dossier Table C5.  56 names that appear in both the Accounts and Clans Dossiers

Introduction There are 142 names in the Accounts Dossier (Table C1), which divides as follows: 109 also appear in commodity chits (Table C2), 8 also appear in non-chit dossiers (Table C3), and 25 do not appear elsewhere (Table C4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g., Qosmalak [Table C1.120]), but there are hardly any names that appear only once elsewhere but several times here (e.g., Saadaniqos [Table C1.141]). Fifty-six names appear in both the accounts and commodity chit clan dossiers (Table C5): 23 in more than one clan (Table C5.1–23), 12 in Baalrim (Table C5.24–35), 6 in Gur (Table C5.36–41), 7 in Qoṣi (Table C5.42–48), 3 in Al(i)baal (Table C5.48–50), 3 in Yehokal (Table C5.52–54), and 2 in the miscellaneous clans (Table C5.55–56). However, there are few identifiable persons among these names because the Accounts texts do not contain clan affiliations.

Figure 2.  Breakdown of the 141 names in the Accounts Dossier.

Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically No.  1  2  3  4

Personal Name ‫אבאנשו‬ ‫אבבעל‬ ‫אבה‬ ‫איה‬

English Abenašu Ab(i)baal Aba Ayyah

Reference(s) in TAO C C8.1 C9.8 C9.6 C6.4

174

Frequency in TAO C 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, D9.2, G2.2 A158.1, E3.14 × J8.12

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

175

Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically No.  5

Personal Name English ‫ אביתע‬Ab(i)yatha

 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

‫אבשלם‬ ‫אחיו‬ ‫אחיקם‬ ‫אחמה‬ ‫אלבעל‬ ‫אלוהב‬ ‫אלנתן‬ ‫אלעדר‬ ‫בדן‬ ‫ביון‬ ‫ביתבעל‬ ‫בעלסמך‬ ‫בעלעדר‬ ‫בעלעיר‬ ‫בעלרם‬ ‫ברזל‬ ‫דכרן‬ ‫דלאל‬ ‫דלוי‬ ‫רדוע‬/‫דרוע‬ ‫גברו‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫גדחתפי‬ ‫גורו‬ ‫ודו‬ ‫והבי‬

32 33 34 35

‫ותגן‬ ‫זבדא‬ ‫זבדאדה‬ ‫זבדאל‬

36 37 38

‫ זבדאלהי‬Zabdilahi ‫ זבדו‬Zabdu ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

39

Ab(i)šalam Aḥiyo Aḥiqam/yaqim Aḥimmeh El(i)baal Ilwahab Elnatan Eladar Badan Bayyun Baytbaal Baalsamak Baaladar/Baalider Baalghayr Baalrim Barzel Dakran Dalael Dallui Darua/Radua Gab(ba)ru Gaddul Gadḥotpe Guru (clan) Widdu Wah(a)bi Watagan Zabda Zabdadah Zabdiel

‫ זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu

Reference(s) in TAO C C9.4

Frequency in TAO C 1

C2.8 C2.1, 3.2 C1.4 C2.18 C9.2 C5.3 C6.3(?) C2.18 C2.6 C2.5, 7.3 C9.7 C2.7 C9.1 C1.3, 2.1, 5.1 C3.2, 6.4, 7.4, 9.5 C4.5 C2.4 C6.2 C7.6 C4.5 C3.2 C4.5 C7.4 C2.1 C9.3 C2.1, 5.2

1 2 1 1 1 1 0–1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

C5.3 C1.12, 2.5 C2.5, 2.10 C5.3

1 2 2 1

C1.6 C6.2 C2.10, 8.3

1 1 2

C4.1

1

40 41

‫ חביתו‬Ḥubaytu ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu

C9.2 C1.1

1 1

42

‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1

4

43

‫חוקם‬/‫ חיקם‬Ḥiqam/Ḥuqam

C2.13

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A7.40, 41.5, 57.2, 96.1, 224.1, 92.1–3 A56.1–5, E4.1 × A57.1–5 × × × × × A94.1–3, 253.1, J1.15 A95.1–3 × A33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5 A7.50, 93.2, 174.1, H3.9 A7.1–60, E1.5, 8, H5.13, J12.4 A1.1–55, D2.1–16, H4.2, J11.1 × × A131.1–2, D2.3, 4.2, 5, J3.3 A130.1–2, 300.4.22, J11.2 × × E1.8–9 × A2.1–46, D3.1–16, E3.7, 13, H4.9 A1.32 A97.1–2, E3.1, 5, F2.1, 3.6–7, J1.18 A53.1 A7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26, E3.10 A8.46, 47.1–6, D2.12, 8.4, J1.6 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, D4.7, 8.2, E1.7, 3.3 A5.18–19 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, D9.6, H2.15 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, B2.33 A290.4.8, E3.8 A33.1–8, D9.1, E3.11, F2.2, 1B1.10 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, E1.6, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 ×

176

Table C Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically

No. 44

Personal Name ‫ חורי‬Ḥori

English

Reference(s) in TAO C C2.12

Frequency in TAO C 1

45

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

C7.1

1

46

‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira

C1.3

1

47 48 49 50

‫חזירו‬ ‫חטמת‬ ‫חיאל‬ ‫חלפן‬

C2.9 C2.2 C1.3, 9.2 C7.6

1 1 2 1

51

‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

C2.14

1

52 53 54

‫ חנינא‬Ḥanina ‫ חנן‬Ḥanan ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

C1.3, 4.1 C2.2 C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3

2 1 4

C6.1 C2.4 C2.3 C1.4, 2.10 C9.7 C2.11 C1.1 C1.2, 5.2

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

‫טפן‬ ‫יבנאל‬ ‫ידיעא‬ ‫ יתוע‬/ ‫יתעו‬ ‫כחאל‬ ‫כיא‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫לעדאל‬

Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru Ḥaṭ(a)mat Ḥiel Ḥal(a)fan

Ṭpn Yabneel Yedia Yathu Koaḥel Kaya Lubayu Laadiel

63 64 65

‫ לעדראל‬Laadarel ‫ מטרן‬Maṭ(ṭ)aran ‫ מלכו‬Malku

C1.1 C2.8, 2.18 C7.3

1 2 1

66

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

C2.14

1

Naḥum Netira Naum Naqdu/Naqru

C2.2 C2.1 C2.12 C7.3

1 1 1 1

Naqmu Nattun Nutaynu Natanbaal

C3.1 C9.2 C5.4 C9.3

1 1 1 1

C6.2 C8.2 C2.7

1 1 1

C6.2

1

67 68 69 70

‫נחום‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫נעום‬ ‫נקרו‬/‫נקדו‬

71 72 73 74

‫נקמו‬ ‫נתון‬ ‫נתינו‬ ‫נתנבעל‬

75 76 77

‫ נתני‬Natn(a)i ‫ נתנמרן‬Natanmaran ‫ סמכו‬Sam(a)ku

78

‫ ססמי‬Sismai

Reference(s) Elsewhere A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B4.7, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6 A2.11, 3.32, 9.14, 10.12, 35.1–10, 50.4, 144.2, F3.11 A159.1, E3.8 J5.1 A4.36, 134.1–2 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, E3.7, 4.4, G2.2 A7.1–41, 60, 249a.1, E3.4, H4.14, J1.4 A195.1, D3.4, 13, E3.4 A61.5 (?), 105.2 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, E1.2, 3.17, F3.12, J5.2 × A47.1, D2.8, 3.16 A1.49, 137.1–2 A3.25, 8.22, 42.1–7, H3.6 × × A8.6, 106.1–3, E4.5 A4.1, 4, 7–10, 13–16, 23, 26, 31a, 8.11, 10.40, 29.9 25.1–11, H5.9, J1.1 × A24.8, 107.1–3, 290.2.15, D7.1 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, D8.1, E3.9 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, D8.3, H4.5 A1.52, 82.1–5, B2.12, J1.4 E3.18 A3.5, 36.1–8, 4 8.4–5 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, D2.12–13, E1.7, 3.26, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 × A68.1, 208.1, D9.3 A50.1–6, D8.3 A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, E3.3 × A8.17, 300.1.59, E1.9 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, D2.9, E3.2, J1.8, 9.3 H2.1

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

177

Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically Personal Name English ‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

Reference(s) in TAO C C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18

Frequency in TAO C 5

80

‫ עבדו‬Abdu

C2.12, 4.5

2

81

‫ עבדי‬Abdi

C9.6

1

C1.7 C2.13

1 1

C6.1

1

C7.2

1

C1.7, 2.10

2

C5.3 C1.1, 2.1, 2.4 C2.18 C4.2, 9.6 C4.3 C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6 C6.2, 6.10

1 3 1 2 1 5

C5.3 C2.6, 3.1

1 2

C3.1, 4.2 C2.12, 3.1 C9.7 C1.2, 5.1 C9.6 C3.2 C1.3, 2.1 C5.6 C3.2 C5.6 C2.13 C2.16(?), 4.2, 5.1 C2.16(?)

2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2–3 0–1

No. 79

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

‫ עבדלהי‬Abdilahi ‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu ‫עדירו‬/‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru ‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel ‫עדרו‬ (‫עדרנ)י‬ ‫עוידו‬ ‫עותי‬ ‫עזגד‬ ‫עידו‬/‫עירו‬

Adru Ad(a)ran(i) Uwaydu Ghauthi Azgad Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

93

‫ עליאל‬Aliel

94 95

‫ עליו‬Aliyu ‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos Ammiel Ammu Ammiyatha Ammiqos Anael Aqabyah Othni Pasa Pasi Ṣaḥ(a)ri Qosaḥ Qosbayan Qosbarek

2

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

‫עמיאל‬ ‫עמו‬ ‫עמיתע‬ ‫עמקוס‬ ‫ענאל‬ ‫עקביה‬ ‫עתני‬ ‫פסא‬ ‫פסי‬ ‫צחרי‬ ‫קוסאח‬ ‫קוסבין‬ ‫קוסברך‬

109 110

‫ קוסגד‬Qosgad ‫ קוסדכר‬Qosdakar

C6.2 C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5

1 4

111 112

‫ קוסהדה‬Qoshadah ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

C7.3 C2.1

1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, D7.1, 9.6, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12 A65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45, E1.11, 3.24 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, D9.2, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 E3.2 A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, F5.12 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, D3.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, J12.9 A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, E3.11, 4.9 × A16.15, 217.1, E3.5 A2.4, 148.1, F3.18 A3.5, 6.21 A56.1, E1.10, H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1– 15, 79.1, D3.15, 8.6–8, E3.5, 3.25 A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, D3.14–15, F3.21, H2.1 H2.1 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, E3.2, J1.1 A1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2, G4.9 A11.9, 65.3, E3.2 A116.1–3, J12.11, E3.9 A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, F2.14–16 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, E1.6 B2.31 A7.48, 119.1–3, E2.2, H3.1 × A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, B4.6 × A233.1, D3.3, H5.2 A69.2, 234.1, E1.6, A9.28, 67.1–5, D7.3, G4.7, J10.3, 2E1.2 A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, E1.10,3.3 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, E1.6, 3.9, 25, G1.6, H2.5 × A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25–26, H4.11

178

Table C Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically

No. 113

Personal Name English ‫ קוסיד‬Qosyad

Reference(s) in TAO C C4.4

Frequency in TAO C 1

C6.2, 6.9, 7.4 C5.4

3 1

114 115

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada ‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

116

‫ קוסיתע‬Qosyatha

C1.3

1

117

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

C4.4, 8.1

2

118

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

C1.3, 4.1

2

119

‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

C2.7

1

120

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath

C2.12, 6.8

2

121

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

C5.2, 9.2

2

122 123

‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar ‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

C2.1, 2.11 C2.7, 3.5, 4.6

2 3

124

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

C6.3(?), 9.3

1–2

C5.6

1

C2.2, 4.2

2

125

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

126

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

127

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

C2.1, 5.5, 9.4

3

128 129

‫ קוסקם‬Qosqam ‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

C1.6 C4.5

1 1

C2.13, 6.8 C9.1

2 1

C3.1 C2.8 C3.1(?), 5.3 C2.1, 6.8

1 1 1–2 2

C2.18 C7.2, 8.6 C2.18 C1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6

1 2 1 4

130 131

‫ קניו‬Qanaio ‫ רוי‬Rawi

132 133 134 135

‫שברו‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שלמו‬ ‫שמוע‬

136 137 138 139

‫שמור‬ ‫שמרו‬ ‫שמשדן‬ ‫שמתו‬

Šabru/Sabru Šallum Šalmu Šammu Šammur Šamru./ Šimru. Šamašdan/iddin Samitu

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, E3.1, H4.4, 5.11 A150.1–2, E4.12, F2.17, J5.1 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, D4.4, 9.1, H5.10, J7.1 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 A39.1–8, D2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2, E1.4, 3.6 A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, E3.2, H9.1, J12.14 A9.34, 38.8, 122.1–5, E3.3, 24, H4.1 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, E3.1, 3, 4.11, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3 A10.37, E3.14 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, D4.8, E3.18 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, D8.5, J3.8 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, F3.29, J9.6 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, E1.6, 3.1, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A10.23–24, 29.2, A154.1–2 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1–12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, D2.6, 13, H1.3, 9.4 A4.5, 15–16, 17.9, 72.1–5, H4.10 A1.6, 3.14, 6.12, 123.1–3, C9.1, 4H1.3 A47.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, E3.3 A9.3, 155.1–2 A9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29, E1.8, 2.1, 5, 3.6 × A3.37, 126.1–4 A255a.1, E3.6 A8.1–46, F3.31

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

179

Table C1. 142 Names That Appear in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C), Arranged Alphabetically No. 140 141 142

Personal Name English ‫ שעדאל‬Saadel ‫ שעדו‬Saadu ‫ שעדניקוס‬Saadaniqos

Reference(s) in TAO C C8.2

Frequency in TAO C 1

C5.3 C1.5, 5.5

1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, E3.17, F2.20, J1.11 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, E1.6 A212.1

Table C2. 109 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO C and A) No.  1  2  3

Personal Name English ‫ אבאנשו‬Abenašu ‫ אבבעל‬Ab(i)baal ‫ אביתע‬Ab(i)yatha

 4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

‫אבשלם‬ ‫אחיקם‬ ‫בדן‬ ‫ביון‬ ‫בעלסמך‬ ‫בעלעדר‬ ‫בעלעיר‬ ‫בעלרם‬ ‫דלאל‬ ‫דלוי‬ ‫גורו‬ ‫ודו‬ ‫והבי‬ ‫ותגן‬ ‫זבדא‬ ‫זבדאדה‬ ‫זבדאל‬

21 22 23

‫ זבדאלהי‬Zabdilahi ‫ זבדו‬Zabdu ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

24 25 26 27

Ab(i)šalam Aḥiqam/yaqim Badan Bayyun Baalsamak Baaladar/Baalider Baalghayr Baalrim Dalael Dallui Guru Widdu Wah(a)bi Watagan Zabda Zabdadah Zabdiel

‫ זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu ‫ חביתו‬Ḥubaytu ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

Reference(s) in TAO C C8.1 C9.8 C9.4

Frequency in TAO C 1 1 1

C2.8 C1.4 C2.6 C2.5, 7.3 C2.7 C9.1 C1.3, 2.1, 5.1 C3.2, 6.4, 7.4, 9.5 C6.2 C7.6 C2.1 C9.3 C2.1, 5.2 C5.3 C1.12, 2.5 C2.5, 2.10 C5.3

1 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1

C1.6 C6.2 C2.10, 8.3

1 1 2

C4.1

1

C9.2 C1.1 C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1

1 1 4

28

‫ חורי‬Ḥori

C2.12

1

29

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

C7.1

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, D9.2, G2.2 A158.1, E3.14 A7.40, 41.5, 57.2, 96.1, 224.1, 92.1–3 A56.1–5, E4.1 A57.1–5 A94.1–3, 253.1, J1.15 A95.1–3 A33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5 A7.50, 93.2, 174.1, H3.9 A7.1–60, E1.5, 8, H5.13, J12.4 A1.1–55, D2.1–16, H4.2, J11.1 A131.1–2, D2.3, 4.2, 5, J3.3 A130.1–2, 300.4.22, J11.2 A2.1–46, D3.1–16, E3.7, 13, H4.9 A1.32 A97.1–2, E3.1, 5, F2.1, 3.6–7, J1.18 A53.1 A7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26, E3.10 A8.46, 47.1–6, D2.12, 8.4, J1.6 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, D4.7, 8.2, E1.7, 3.3 A5.18–19 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, D9.6, H2.15 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, B2.33 A290.4.8, E3.8 A33.1–8, D9.1, E3.11, F2.2, 1B1.10 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, E1.6, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B4.7, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6

180

Table C

Table C2. 109 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO C and A) No. 30

Personal Name English ‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira

31 32 33

‫ חזירו‬Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru ‫ חיאל‬Ḥiel ‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

34

‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

35 36 37

‫ חנינא‬Ḥanina ‫ חנן‬Ḥanan ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

38 39 40 41 42

‫יבנאל‬ ‫ידיעא‬ ‫יתעו‬/‫יתוע‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫לעדאל‬

Yabneel Yedia Yathu Lubayu Laadiel

Reference(s) in TAO C C1.3

Frequency in TAO C 1

C2.9 C1.3, 9.2 C7.6

1 2 1

C2.14

1

C1.3, 4.1 C2.2 C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3

2 1 4

C2.4 C2.3 C1.4, 2.10 C1.1 C1.2, 5.2

1 1 2 1 2

C2.8, 2.18 C7.3

2 1

43 44

‫ מטרן‬Maṭ(ṭ)aran ‫ מלכו‬Malku

45

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

C2.14

1

46 47 48

‫ נחום‬Naḥum ‫ נעום‬Naum ‫נקדו‬/‫ נקרו‬Naqdu/Naqru

C2.2 C2.12 C7.3

1 1 1

49 50 51

‫ נתון‬Nattun ‫ נתינו‬Nutaynu ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

C9.2 C5.4 C9.3

1 1 1

52 53

‫ נתנמרן‬Natanmaran ‫ סמכו‬Sam(a)ku

C8.2 C2.7

1 1

54

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18

5

55

‫ עבדו‬Abdu

C2.12, 4.5

2

56

‫ עבדי‬Abdi

C9.6

1

57

‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid

C2.13

1

C6.1

1

C7.2

1

58 59

‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu ‫עדידו‬/‫ עדירו‬Udaydu/Udayru

Reference(s) Elsewhere A2.11, 3.32, 9.14, 10.12, 35.1–10, 50.4, 144.2, F3.11 A159.1, E3.8 A4.36, 134.1–2 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, E3.7, 4.4, G2.2 A7.1–41, 60, 249a.1, E3.4, H4.14, J1.4 A195.1, D3.4, 13, E3.4 A61.5 (?), 105.2 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, E1.2, 3.17, F3.12, J5.2 A47.1, D2.8, 3.16 A1.49, 137.1–2 A3.25, 8.22, 42.1–7, H3.6 A8.6, 106.1–3, E4.5 A4.1, 4, 7–10, 13–16, 23, 26, 31a, 8.11, 10.40, 29.9 25.1–11, H5.9, J1.1 A24.8, 107.1–3, 290.2.15, D7.1 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, D8.1, E3.9 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, D8.3, H4.5 A1.52, 82.1–5, B2.12, J1.4 A3.5, 36.1–8, 4 8.4–5 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, D2.12–13, E1.7, 3.26, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 A68.1, 208.1, D9.3 A50.1–6, D8.3 A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, E3.3 A8.17, 300.1.59, E1.9 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, D2.9, E3.2, J1.8, 9.3 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, D7.1, 9.6, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12 A65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45, E1.11, 3.24 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, D9.2, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, F5.12 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, D3.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, F3.18, J12.9

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

181

Table C2. 109 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO C and A) No. 60 61 62 63 64 65

Personal Name ‫עדראל‬ (‫עדרנ)י‬ ‫עוידו‬ ‫עותי‬ ‫עזגד‬ ‫עידו‬/‫עירו‬

English Adarel/Idriel Ad(a)ran(i) Uwaydu Ghauthi Azgad Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

66

‫ עליאל‬Aliel

67

‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos Ammiel Ammu Ammiyatha Ammiqos Anael Othni Pasi Qosaḥ Qosbayan Qosbarek

Reference(s) in TAO C C1.7, 2.10 C1.1, 2.1, 2.4 C2.18 C4.2, 9.6 C4.3 C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6 C6.2, 6.10

Frequency in TAO C 2 3 1 2 1 5

C2.6, 3.1

2

C3.1, 4.2 C2.12, 3.1 C9.7 C1.2, 5.1 C9.6 C1.3, 2.1 C3.2 C2.13 C2.16(?), 4.2, 5.1 C2.16(?)

2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2–3 0–1

2

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

‫עמיאל‬ ‫עמו‬ ‫עמיתע‬ ‫עמקוס‬ ‫ענאל‬ ‫עתני‬ ‫פסי‬ ‫קוסאח‬ ‫קוסבין‬ ‫קוסברך‬

78 79

‫ קוסגד‬Qosgad ‫ קוסדכר‬Qosdakar

C6.2 C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5

1 4

80

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

C2.1

1

81

‫ קוסיד‬Qosyad

C4.4

1

C6.2, 6.9, 7.4 C5.4

3 1

82 83

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada ‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

84

‫ קוסיתע‬Qosyatha

C1.3

1

85

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

C4.4, 8.1

2

86

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

C1.3, 4.1

2

87

‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

C2.7

1

88 89

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath ‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

C2.12, 6.8 C5.2, 9.2

2 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, E3.11, 4.9 A16.15, 217.1, E3.5 A2.4, 148.1, F3.18 A3.5, 6.21 A56.1, E1.10, H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, D3.15, 8.6–8, E3.5, 3.25 A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, D3.14–15, F3.21, H2.1 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, E3.2, J1.1 A1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2, G4.9 A11.9, 65.3, E3.2 A116.1–3, J12.11, E3.9 A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, F2.14–16 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, E1.6 A7.48, 119.1–3, E2.2, H3.1 A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, B4.6 A233.1, D3.3, H5.2 A69.2, 234.1, E1.6, A9.28, 67.1–5, D7.3, G4.7, J10.3, 2E1.2 A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, E1.10,3.3 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, E1.6, 3.9, 25, G1.6, H2.5 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25–26, H4.11 A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, E3.1, H4.4, 5.11 A150.1–2, E4.12, F2.17, J5.1 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, D4.4, 9.1, H5.10, J7.1 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 A39.1–8, D2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2, E1.4, 3.6 A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, E3.2, H9.1, J12.14 A9.34, 38.8, 122.1–5, E3.3, 24, H4.1 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, E3.1, 3, 4.11, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3

182

Table C

Table C2. 109 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO C and A) No. 90 91 92 93

Personal Name English ‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar ‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

Reference(s) in TAO C C2.1, 2.11 C2.7, 3.5, 4.6

Frequency in TAO C 2 3

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

C6.3(?), 9.3

1–2

C5.6

1

C2.2, 4.2

2

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

94

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

95

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

C2.1, 5.5, 9.4

3

96 97

‫ קוסקם‬Qosqam ‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

C1.6 C4.5

1 1

C2.13, 6.8 C9.1

2 1

C3.1 C2.8 C3.1(?), 5.3 C2.1, 6.8

1 1 1–2 2

C7.2, 8.6 C2.18 C1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6 C8.2

2 1 4 1

C5.3 C1.5, 5.5

1 2

98 99

‫ קניו‬Qanaio ‫ רוי‬Rawi

100 101 102 103

‫שברו‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שלמו‬ ‫שמוע‬

104 105 106 107

‫שמרו‬ ‫שמשדן‬ ‫שמתו‬ ‫שעדאל‬

108 109

Šabru/Sabru Šallum Šalmu Šammu Šamru./Šimru. Šamašdan/iddin Samitu Saadel

‫ שעדו‬Saadu ‫ שעדניקוס‬Saadaniqos

Reference(s) Elsewhere A10.37, E3.14 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, D4.8, E3.18 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, D8.5, J3.8 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, F3.29, J9.6 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, E1.6, 3.1, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A10.23–24, 29.2, A154.1–2 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1– 12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, D2.6, 13, H1.3, 9.4 A4.5, 15–16, 17.9, 72.1–5, H4.10 A1.6, 3.14, 6.12, 123.1–3, C9.1, 4H1.3 A47.1 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, E3.3 A9.3, 155.1–2 A9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29, E1.8, 2.1, 5, 3.6 A3.37, 126.1–4 A255a.1, E3.6 A8.1–46, F3.31 A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, E3.17, F2.20, J1.11 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, E1.6 A212.1

Table C3. 8 Names That Appear Only in the Accounts Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO C and E, H, and J) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

Personal Name ‫איה‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫חטמת‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫ססמי‬ ‫עבדלהי‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫עקביה‬

English Ayyah Gaddul Ḥaṭ(a)mat Netira Sismai Abdilahi Aliyu Aqabyah

Reference(s) in TAO C C6.4 C4.5 C2.2 C2.1 C6.2 C1.7 C5.3 C3.2

Frequency in TAO C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere J8.12 E1.8–9 J5.1 E3.18 H2.1 E3.2 H2.1 B2.31

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

183

Table C4. 25 Names That Appear Only in the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Personal Name ‫אבה‬ ‫אחיו‬ ‫אחמה‬ ‫אלבעל‬ ‫אלוהב‬ ‫אלנתן‬ ‫אלעדר‬ ‫ביתבעל‬ ‫ברזל‬ ‫דכרן‬ ‫רדוע‬/‫דרוע‬ ‫גברו‬ ‫גדחתפי‬ ‫חוקם‬/‫חיקם‬ ‫טפן‬ ‫כחאל‬ ‫כיא‬ ‫לעדראל‬ ‫נקמו‬ ‫נתני‬ ‫עדרו‬ ‫פסא‬ ‫צחרי‬ ‫קוסהדה‬ ‫שמור‬

English Aba Aḥiyo Aḥimmeh El(i)baal Ilwahab Elnatan Eladar Baytbaal Barzel Dakran Darua/Radua Gab(ba)ru Gadḥotpe Ḥiqam/Ḥuqam Ṭpn Koaḥel Kaya Laadarel Naqmu Natn(a)i Adru Pasa Ṣaḥ(a)ri Qoshadah Šammur

Reference(s) in TAO C C9.6 C2.1, 3.2 C2.18 C9.2 C5.3s C6.3(?) C2.18 C9.7 C4.5 C2.4 C4.5 C3.2 C7.4 C2.13 C6.1 C9.7 C2.11 C1.1 C3.1 C6.2 C5.3 C5.6 C5.6 C7.3 C2.18

Frequency in TAO C 1 2 1 1 1 0–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Table C5. 56 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) Clan Multiple clans

No.  1

Personal Name English ‫ זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu

Reference in TAO C C4.1

Frequency in TAO C 1

 2

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

C2.7, 3.5, 4.6

3

 3

‫ מלכו‬Malku

C7.3

1

 4

‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

C5.4

1

 5  6

‫ עמקוס‬Ammiqos ‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

C1.2, 5.1 C2.2, 4.2

2 2

 7

‫ קוסיתע‬Qosyatha

C1.3

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.10, 4.5, 18, 21, 6.8, 7.30–31, 28.1–9, 53.5, B2.33 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, D8.1, E3.9 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, E3.2, J1.4, 5.2 A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, F2.14–16 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, F3.29, J9.6 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, D4.4, 9.1, H5.10, J7.1

184

Table C Table C5. 56 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6)

Clan Multiple clans (cont.)

No.  8  9

Baalrim

Personal Name English ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu ‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru /‫עדירו‬

Reference in TAO C C6.1

Frequency in TAO C 1

C7.2

1

C5.2, 9.2

2

10

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

11

‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

C4.5

1

12

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

C2.1

1

13

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

C2.1, 5.5, 9.4

3

14

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

C6.3?, 9.3

1–2

15

‫עידו‬/‫ עירו‬Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6

5

16

‫ רוי‬Rawi

C9.1

1

17

‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira

C1.3

1

18

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

C2.14

1

19

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18

5

20

‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos

C2.6, 3.1

2

C2.10, 8.3

2

21

‫ זבידו‬Zabidu / Zubaydu

22

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

C5.6

1

23 24

‫ עותי‬Ghauthi ‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

C4.2, 9.6 C5.3

2 1

25

‫ בעלרם‬Baalrim

1

26 27

‫ עמיאל‬Ammiel ‫ אבאנשו‬Abenašu

C3.2, 6.4, 7.4, 9.5 C3.1, 4.2 C8.1

2 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, D3.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, F3.18, J12.9 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, E3.1, 3, 4.11, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1–12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, D2.6, 13, H1.3, 9.4 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25–26, H4.11 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, E1.6, 3.1, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, D4.8, E3.18 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, D3.15, 8.6–8, E3.5, 3.25 A1.6, 3.14, 6.12, 123.1–3, C9.1, 4H1.3 A2.11, 3.32, 9.14, 10.12, 35.1–10, 50.4, 144.2, F3.11 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, D8.3, H4.5 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, D7.1, 9.6, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, E3.2, J1.1 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, D8.5, J3.8 A3.5, 6.21 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, D4.7, 8.2, E1.7, 3.3 A1.1–55, D2.1–16, H4.2, J11.1 A1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2, G4.9 A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, D9.2, G2.2

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Accounts Dossier

185

Table C5. 56 Names That Appear in Both the Accounts Dossier (TAO C) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) Clan Baalrim (cont.)

No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Gur

Al(i)baal

Yehokal

Misc. Clans

‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu ‫ידיעא‬ ‫זבדו‬ ‫נחום‬ ‫קוסיד‬

Yedia Zabdu Naḥum Qosyad

Reference in TAO C C3.2 C9.3 C9.3

Frequency in TAO C 1 1 1

C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3 C2.3 C6.2 C2.2 C4.4

4 1 1 1 1

36

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

C4.4, 8.1

2

37 38

‫ שעדו‬Saadu ‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel

C5.3 C1.7, 2.10

1 2

C2.1

1

39

Qoṣi

Personal Name English ‫ פסי‬Pasi ‫ ודו‬Widdu ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

‫ גורו‬Guru

40 41 42

‫ ענאל‬Anael ‫ עוידו‬Uwaydu ‫ קוסגד‬Qosgad

C9.6 C2.18 C6.2

1 1 1

43

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

C7.1

1

44 45

‫יתוע‬/ ‫ יתעו‬Yathu ‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

C1.4, 2.10 C7.6

2 1

C2.8 C7.2, 8.6 C2.12 C1.2, 5.2

1 2 1 2

46 47 48 49

‫שלום‬ ‫שמרו‬ ‫נעום‬ ‫לעדאל‬

Šallum Šamru./ Šimru. Naum Laadiel

50 51

‫ חיאל‬Ḥiel ‫ קניו‬Qanaio

C1.3, 9.2 C2.13, 6.8

2 2

52 53

‫ זבדאלהי‬Zabdilahi ‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

C1.6 C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1

1 4

54

‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

C2.7

1

55

‫ חורי‬Ḥori

C2.12

1

56

‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid

C2.13

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.29, 69.1, 229a.1, B4.6 A1.32 A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, E3.3 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, E1.2, 3.17, F3.12, J5.2 A1.49, 137.1–2 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, D9.6, H2.15 A1.52, 82.1–5, B2.12, J1.4 A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, E3.1, H4.4, 5.11 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28, G4.1 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, E1.6 A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, E3.11, 4.9 A2.1–46, D3.1–16, E3.7, 13, H4.9 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, E1.6 A2.4, 148.1, F3.18 A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, E1.10, 3.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, F3.10, H2.1, 4, 6 A3.25, 8.22, 42.1–7, H3.6 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, E3.7, 4.4, G2.2 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, E3.3 A3.37, 126.1–4 A3.5, 36.1–8, 48.4–5 A4.1, 4, 7–10, 13–16, 23, 26, 31a, 8.11, 10.40, 29.9 25.1–11, H5.9, J1.1 A4.36, 134.1–2 A4.5, 15–16, 17.9, 72.1–5, H4.10 A5.18–19 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, E1.6, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, E3.2, H9.1, J12.14 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B4.7, F3.9, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, F5.12

D1.1–9.7 Workers Texts Dossier (74 Texts, Tables D1–5) The texts in this dossier come together because they all contain, explicitly or implicitly, the word /‫פעלין‬ ‫פעל‬/‫“( פעלן‬worker{s}”) or in a few cases the cognate ‫“( נשן‬men”). We divide the texts into nine sections: D1.1: Sacrifice and workers from the clans of Gur and Baalrim D2.1–16: Workers from the clan of Baalrim D3.1–16: Workers from the clan of Gur D4.1–14: Workers from the clan of Qoṣi D5.1–2: Worker(s) from the clan of Al(i)baal D6.1–4: Workers from the clan of Y(eh)okal D7.1–3: Workers from miscellaneous clans D8.1–9: Dated texts of workers unaffiliated with a clan D9.1–7: Undated texts of workers unaffiliated with a clan For whom or for what were these workers meant? For the workers from the clans, we note that Kislev is the month of December, and we may cite the standard study of Lucian Turkowski, “Peasant Agriculture in the Judean Hills,” where he says, “The first plowing [the shallow ploughing] takes place in the mountainous country in December. . . . The farmers know how to take advantage of the short breaks between the rains for the completion of the first and second plowing. The interval between these two lasts from three to four weeks” (Turkowski 1969: 27–28). In the Gezer calendar, this period would correspond to the first of the two months designated there as ‫זרע‬, “sowing” (Aḥituv 1992: 149–151). During these days, laborers would be the counterpart to the harvesters appearing in the book of Ruth (2:3–7, 14), though the latter may have slept in the field during the harvest period and not come and gone daily. In whose fields our Idumean workers may have worked is not indicated. How did the tasks of these individual day laborers differ from, say, the undated 19 workers of the sons of Baalrim (D2.14)? Were they, too, day laborers? Sumerian documents (called to our attention by Tania Notarius) provide some analogy. One reports, “16 male workers for 1 day at the weir of Dubla-Utu and the barla-basin of the orchard of Aʾabba, (and also) at the inlet of the Eduna canal filled up the earth. . . . 28 male workers for 1 day carried reed from the Endudu (field) to the Ganunkara (field). . . . 16 male workers for 1 day weeded out rush at the reed bank of Urabba (canal). 15 male workers were sick” (Kang 1973: 61–62). More recent documents from Erech from the time of Nebuchadnezzar (called to our attention by Alain-Paul Beaulieu) list groups of four, five, and eleven workers belonging to so-and-so (Dougherty 1923 1: no. 168 [December 26, 573 b.c.e.]) and at the disposal of someone else (Dougherty 1923 2:271). One document from the Feuer-Forbes collection is captioned “workers of the gate” and lists five names before breaking off (D9.1), so perhaps not all workers did field work. Ten ostraca conclude with the term ‫לתרען‬, “for (the) gatemen” (see discussion in A1.38–42; 3.23; 4.30; 6.24; 74.2; 83.3). Five of them appear to have been drawn up by the same scribe, three weeks apart, and a fragmentary sixth on an unknown date. Though the handwriting sports a certain variation, they are distinguished by the plena spelling of the measure and quantity and were doubtless drawn up by the same scribe, though his documents became scattered among three collections. As the clans supplied workers, so here they brought barley and flour for one class of workers, the gatemen (ordered chronologically by month): (1) 5 [+ ?] seahs and x qabs of an unknown product by Natanṣidq of unknown clan on 6 Nisan (A83.3); (2) 19 seahs, 2 qabs of barley on 7 Nisan by Qosmalak of Baalrim (A1.38); (3) 6 seahs, x qabs of unknown product on 10 Nisan by Natanbaal of Baalrim (A1.39); (4) 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour on 18 Nisan by Badan of Al(i)baal (A4.30); (5) 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour on 1 Iyyar by Qosmalak and Aydan of Baalrim (A1.40); (6) 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour on the same date by Al(i)qos of Qoṣi (A3.23); (7) x seahs, 1 qab of flour on 30 Sivan by Ṭobyo / Ṭabyo of Baalrim (A1.41); 186

D1.1–9.7 Workers Texts Dossier

187

and (8) x seahs, [1] qab of flour by Ammiqos of unknown clan (A6.24). If the wealth of the clan were to be judged by the amount brought, we would have to judge Baalrim as the most affluent. In a ninth ostraca, we find that, on 20 Shebat, year 4 (February 17, 354), someone from Baalrim brought 1 kor, 25 seahs of barley (A1.42). Not only flour and grain were delivered to the gatemen but also heavy goods. In a tenth text, on February 4, 339, Baalmalak transferred 6 loads (A74.2). An Aramaic ostracon from Tel el-Farah opens with “Give (‫ )הב‬to Qosdakar” and probably concludes with the word ‫תרעיא‬, “the gatemen” (B3.3). Gatekeepers (so translated) abound in the biblical sources, both the sacred gatekeepers of the sanctuary and temple and the profane gatekeepers of the city. The Chronicler reports that four chief gatekeepers, who were accounted Levites, were in charge of the temple chambers and treasuries, slept by the temple where they did guard duty, opened up the temple gates every morning, and were joined by their kinsmen on regular seven-day shifts (1 Chr 9:22–27). Nehemiah appointed officials to take charge of the stores of produce gathered in “from the fields of the towns” for the priests, Levites, singers, and gatekeepers. Furthermore, “in the time of Zerubbabel and in the time of Nehemiah, all Israel contributed daily portions for the singers and the gatekeepers” (Neh 12:47). Whether sacred or profane, the Idumean gatekeepers were receiving allotments from the major clans, and of course the gate, as again illustrated by the book of Ruth (4:1–12) and other sources (Gen 23:10, 18; Prov 31:23; Job 29:7), was a center of public life. However, were the workers at the gate the same as the gatemen? Our guess is that they were not, but rather comparable in status to the day laborers in the field. The Bible does not know the term ‫ פעל‬with the meaning “worker.” Instead, it has ׂ‫שכיר‬, “hired (worker),” and ‫ פעל‬is used to designate the wages he receives (Job 7:2). He is often paired with ‫תושב‬, “resident (alien)” (Exod 12:45; Lev 25:40). The standard service contract ran for three years (Deut 15:18; Isa 16:14), though one year (Isa 21:16) or annually renewable (Lev 25:50, 53) contracts were also known. Equally well known was the day laborer (Job 14:6), who might be either an Israelite or a resident alien. He is poor, and considerable solicitude is shown to him (Deut 24:14–15). He was to be paid at the end of each day, and it was expressly forbidden to hold over his wages even until the next morning (Lev 19:13). Hours of work, how early the worker had to come, how late he had to stay, and provision of meals varied from place to place, and mutual obligations in these matters are discussed in the Mishnah. It is clear from these discussions that the workers labored in fields of grain and vegetables, in vineyards, and among fruit trees, such as those attested in the Idumean ostraca concerning land descriptions (TAO H [currently unpublished]). They are envisioned as having not only wife and children but also slave and handmaiden (m. B. Meṣiʿa 7:1–7). However, the closest we come to conjecturing where our workers labored is based on one of three payment orders that appear to be for workers rather than commodities (B4.1, 1a, 7), and in one of these the source is Makkedah (B4.1a). In these payment orders, the operative word for “worker” is not ‫ פעל‬but ‫“( נשן‬men”), as we also have in a few workers texts below (D2.13, 3.15, 9.7). According to a New Testament parable, workers were hired daily in the market at about 6 am to work in a householder’s vineyard for a denarius, which was paid to them in the evening (Matt 20:1–16). Are the day laborers that the Idumean clans supply in the same category as these indigent workers? One text from the Feuer-Forbes collection reads, “Naamel son of Nattun: 2 silver for 15 workers” (D9.3). This is a puzzling piece. Is Naamel paying 2 shekels instead of supplying 15 workers, or is he paying wages for 15 workers? If we assume 2 shekels equals 24 maahs, then each worker would be worth 1.6 maahs per day or 0.133 shekels, which on the basis of equivalencies determined by one account (C5.2) would not even be enough for the worker to buy 3 quarters of a qab—or about a liter—of oil (based on the desert seah; cf. Grain Equivalencies in the preliminary material of this volume). A similar paltry wage may be attested in one account, if indeed it is a disbursement to workers, which would be completely conjectural (C8.2). Comparing this with the New Testament parable, if the denarius equals a half-shekel (or 6 maahs; cf. Yadin et al. 2002: P. Yadin 46:11–12), then 3.75 Idumean day laborers of the 4th century b.c.e. were worth the same as one of his Judean successors in the 1st century c.e. In an Aramaic ostracon of the 1st century b.c.e. from the vicinity of Jerusalem, two lines record payments to workers (‫—)פעליא‬1 denarius, 2 maahs to an unspecified number of workers, and 4 denarii, 3 maahs to 10 workers, that is, 2.7 maahs (or less than half a denarius) per worker (CIIP 620, pp. 621–625). In two separate passages, the Laws of Hammurabi stipulate the wages of a hired worker—the equivalent

188

D1.1–9.7 Workers Texts Dossier

of 240 seahs of grain a year (or 4 qabs per day) for an agricultural laborer (ikkaram = Heb./Aram. ‫ ;אכר‬LH 257) or 0.033 shekels a day for a hireling (agram; cf. Aram. ‫ )אגיר‬for the first five months of the agricultural year and 0.027 shekels for the next seven months (LH 273; Driver-Miles 1960 1:470–471). A Neo-Babylonian text from Erech dated January 24, 565, records 5 kors of barley for 10 workers (Dougherty 1923 1: no. 207). Averaged out, that would come to 15 seah (or 1/2 kor) per worker, presumably per month, paid at the beginning of the month (3 Shebat), amounting to only 180 seahs per year (or only 3 qabs a day). While these various sources differ in their precise wages, the evidence from the Aramaic ostraca’s workers dossier coheres well with this milieu.

Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance

189

Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance 1.  Re sacrifice and workers from the clans of Gur and Baalrim (1 undated) 2.  2–18 Workers from the clan of Baalrim (14 dated, 3 undated) 3.  19–34 Workers from the clan of Gur (13 dated, 3 undated) 4.  35–49 Workers from the clan of Qoṣi (14 dated, 1 undated) 5.  50–51 Workers from the clan of Al(i)baal (1 dated, 1 undated) 6.  52–55 Workers from the clan of Yehokal (4 dated) 7.  56–58 Miscellaneous clans (1 dated, 2 undated) 8.  59–67 Dated texts of workers unaffiliated to a clan (9 dated) 9.  68–74 Undated texts of workers unaffiliated to a clan (6 undated, 1 dated) 34 ostraca written by Scribe 1, 4 by Scribe 2 Abbreviations: d = date; n = PN; c = clan; w = worker; p = payee; x = item missing/absent ISAP/Collector/ No. Publication Julian Persons/Clan: Qosi, 1; Al(i)baal, 1/2; Yokal, 4/5; TAO Number Babylonian Date Date Workers Scribe Baalrim, 18; Qoṣi, 15; Gur, 16 1. Re Sacrifice and Workers from the Clans of Gur and Baalrim  1. D1.1

1909 = EN118

——

——

1; 3

the sons of Baalrim; the sons of Gur x-d-x-c

2. Clan of Baalrim (Nos. 2–18 = 17)  2. D2.1  3. D2.2  4. D2.2a  5. D2.3  6. D2.4  7. D2.5 8. D2.6  9. D2.7 10. D2.8 11. D2.9 12. D2.10 13. D2.11 14. D2.12 15. D2.13

1878 = EN84 671 = OG? 5 459 = IA11418 224 = IA11805 264 = IA11752 406 = IA11306 441 = IA11353 467 = IA11363 466 = IA11419 428 = IA11326 447 = IA11358 469 = IA11332 1881 = EN87 2496 = JA213

16. D2.14 17. D2.15 18. D2.16

201 = IA11804 1647 = OG? 13 763 = YR107

20 Ab

——

1

[x A]b

——

1

1

4 Elul

——

[2]

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

1

1

x Kislev

——

[3]

21 Shebat

——

2

20

——

5+1

——

——

19

——

——

2

——

——

[2]

Abdqos of the sons of Baalrim c-d-n-x PN of the sons of Baalr(i)m d-c-n-w Nuri and Dalael of the house of [Ba]l[r(i)]m d-n-c-w(?)/x PN of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-w-c Zabdimilk of the sons of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Zabdimilk of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Qosr(i)m of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Zabdimilk of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Yabneel of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Sam(a)ku of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Qos[. . .] of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-[w]-c Qosner, [. . .], and Sami of the sons of Baalr(i)m d-nnn-c-x Zabdadah son of Naqru/Naqdu of house of Baalrim d-nn-c-w Zubayd/Zebid, [Qo]slakin, [D]ikru, Qosr(i)m, Petes(e) [of the house of Baalrim] n-d-w-nnnnn-x Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu of the sons of Baalr(i)m x-n(19)-c-w Qoswahab to PN [from] the house of Baalrim x-n-p-c-w Wahabil and Zabdilahi of the sons of Baalrim x-nn-c-x

3. Clan of Gur (Nos. 19–34 = 16) 19. D3.1

2611 = JA349

26 Iyyar

——

3

1

Ubaydu of the sons of Gur d-n-c-w

190

Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance

No. TAO 20. D3.2 21. D3.3 22. D3.4 23. D3.5 24. D3.6 25. D3.7 26. D3.8 27. D3.9 28. D3.10 29. D3.11 30. D3.12 31. D3.13 32 D3.14 33. D3.15 34. D3.16

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number 443 = IA11319 2498 = JA215 216 = IA11421 432 = IA11340 260 = IA11766 448 = IA11311 457 = IA11407 479 = IA11361 452 = IA11396 209 = IA11771 417 = IA11342 225 = IA11808 236 = EN69 (IA11780) 1981 = JA63 1480 = AL313 =M192

Babylonian Date 4 Elul

Julian Date Workers Scribe —— 2 1

19 Elul

——

1

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

3

2 Kislev

——

2

1

5 Kislev

——

2

1

20 Kislev

——

1

——

——

——

——

——

——

1 1 5 Aydu [1]

Persons/Clan: Qosi, 1; Albaal, 1/2; Yokal, 3/4; Baalrim, 11; Qoṣi, 11; Gur, 13. Ramel and his brother of the house of Gur d-nn-x-c Qosaḥ of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Ḥanina of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Qosḥanan of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Qosyahab of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Qosyahab of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Ramel of the house of Gur d-n-c-w PN of the house of Gir d-n-c-w Zabidu/Zubaydu and his sons of the house of Gur d-nnn-w-c Ramel and his brother of the house of Gur d-nn-w-c Ramel and his brother of the sons of Gur d-nn-c-w Ḥanina of the house of Gir d-n-c-w Aliel of the sons of Gur x-n-c-w Aliel of the sons of Gir x-n-c-w-n Yabneel of the house of Gur n-c-x-x

4. Clan of Qoṣi (Nos. 35–49 = 15) 35. D4.1 36. D4.1a 37. D4.2 38. D4.3 39. D4.4 40. D4.5 41. D4.6 42. D4.7 43. D4.8 44. D4.9 45. D4.10

2602 5 Ab, 10 = JA338 1079 IM91.16.122 x Ab

Aug 4 2, 349 —— 3

4

1243 = AL130 (JA71) 446 = IA11341 425 = IA11383 269 = IA11751 495 = IA11384 522 = IA12126 (Feuer 1) 423 = IA11322 2415 = JA124 465 = IA11300

——

3

3

1

1

7 Tishri 25 Marcheshvan

3

1 Kislev

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

1

1

2 Kislev

——

2

2

2 Kislev

——

1

1

5 Kislev

——

9 Kislev

——

1:Ḥezir s 1 Abdilahi 1 1

11 Kislev

——

1

1

Adarel/Idriel of the house of Qoṣi d-c-n-w-d Taymil, Zabdu, Adarel/Idriel of the sons of Q[oṣii] d-c-nnn-x Qosyidli, Wah(a)bu, Dalael of house of Qoṣi d-c-nnn-w Qosdalani of the house of Qoṣi d-nn-w-c Dikri of the house of Qoṣi d-n-c-w Dalael of the sons of Qoṣi d-n-c-w Zabdiel and PN of the house of Qoṣi nn-w-c-d Qosaiti son of Pelatiah of the house of Qoṣi n-d-c-x Qosnatan of the sons of Qoṣi d-n-c-w-n Dikri from the house of Qoṣi d-n-c-x Dikri (of) the sons of Qoṣi d-c-n-w

Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance

191

Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance No. TAO 46. D4.11 47. D4.12 48. D4.13 49. D4.14

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number 861 = IA12453 470 = IA11397 460 = IA11323 1284 =AL185

Babylonian Date 23 Kislev

Julian Date Workers Scribe —— 1 1

[22+]2 (= 24) Kislev [1+]1(= 2) Kislev

——

3

3

——

2

2

——

——

2

2

Persons/Clan: Qosi, 1; Albaal, 1/2; Yokal, 3/4; Baalrim, 11; Qoṣi, 11; Gur, 13. Natanṣidq from the sons of Qoṣi d-c-n-x Qosdalani, {PN, and PN] of the house of Qo[ṣi] d-n-c-w Qosdalani and Qosata of the house of Qoṣi d-n-w-c [PN] (and) Qosadar/ider of the sons of Qoṣi x-n-c-w

5. Clan of Al(i)ibaal (Nos. 50–51 = 2) 50. D5.1 51. D5.2

259 = IA11749 109 = IA11871

26 Ab, year 6

52. D6.1

1872 = EN78 (JA326)

24 Ab

——

3

53. D6.2 54. D6.3 55. D6.4

408 = IA11386 424 = IA11387 429 = IA11402

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

1 Kislev

——

2

1

14 Kislev

——

1

1

——

Sep 6, 1 353 —— 5

Berik [of the sons of Al(i)baa]l/[Yehoka]l d-n-c-w Hubarek of the sons of Al(i)baal x-n-c-w

6. Clan of Yehokal (Nos. 52–55 = 4) Qoslakin, Qoslakin, Qoslakin the sons of Yehokal d-c-nnn-x Ḥabibu of the house of Yokal d-n-w-c Qoslakin and Zabidu/Zubaydu of the house of Yokal d-nn-w-c Dikri of the house of Yokal d-n-c-w

7. Miscellaneous Clans (Nos. 56–58 = 3) 56. D7.1 57. D7.2 58. D7.3

945 —— = Lj8 210 —— = EN95 (IA11821) 431 15 Sivan = IA11343

——

2

——

2

1

——

1

1

house of Uzzah c-n-x-x sons of Qosi c-w-x-x Qosbarek of the house of [PN] d-n-c-w

8. Dated, Unaffiliated with a Clan (Nos. 59–67 = 9) 59. D8.1 60. D8.2 61. D8.3 62. D8.4 63. D8.5 64. D8.6 65. D8.7 66. D8.8 67. D8.9

1114 = L114 (IM91.16.45) 221 = IA11773

23 Tammuz, 2

449 = IA11362 1044 = L44 IM91.16.23 1600 = AL114 = M402 1641 = OG? 7 1640 = OG? 6 1659 = OG? 25 243 = IA11811

1

Suaydu and Malku(?) nn-w-d

2

Zabdiel d-n-w

5 Nisan

July 20, 357 Feb 17, 352 ——

6

22 Sivan

——

1

Maš(i)ku of/to Nutaynu d-n-p-w Zabdadah n-w-d

20 Tammuz

——

8

2

Qosaz d-n-w

23 Tammuz

——

3

2

25 Tammuz

——

2

2

26 Tammuz

——

4

2

13 Elul

——

7

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d [PN] [n]-w-d

13 Shebat, 6

192

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date Table 4. The Workers Dossier at a Glance

No. TAO

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Workers

Persons/Clan: Qosi, 1; Albaal, 1/2; Yokal, 3/4; Baalrim, 11; Qoṣi, 11; Gur, 13.

Scribe

9. Undated, Unaffiliated with a Clan (68–74 = 6) 68. D9.1

110 = IA11869

——

——

5+

69. D9.2 70. D9.3 71. D9.4

2636 = JA380 451 = IA11313 1081 = L81 IM91.16.3 2647 = JA391 404 = IA11312 1520 = AL242 =M235

——

——

5

——

——

15 – 2 sheqels 1

Naamel son of Nattun n-w Wahabil to Qosyatha n-p-w

——

——

1

——

——

1

2 Kislev

——

5

[. . .]Qos n-w Abdadah n-w w-d

72. D9.5 73. D9.6 74. D9.7

——

Workers of the Gate: Ḥaggagu, Qosyatha, Dikru, Mannukišamaš, Wah(a)bu w-nnnnn Abdi, Abdšamaš, Abenaši, Ilghayr, Waalu

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date 1.  1–4 full date 2.  5–58 day+month. 1 Nisan (5) 1 Iyar (26) 2 Sivan (15, 22) 4 Tammuz (20, 23, 25, 26) 4 Ab (20, 24, x, x) 4 Elul (4, 4, 13, 19) 1 Tishri (7) 7 Marcheshvan (25 [7 × ]) 26 Kislev (1 [8 × ], 2 [9 × ], 5[2x], 9, 11, 14, 20, 23, x+2, x) 1 Shebat (21) 1 Unknown month (20) 3.  58–74 undated

No

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Workers

Scribe

Persons-Clan: 4 Elul 1; 25 Marḥeshvan 6; 1 Kislev 7; 2 Kislev 8; 5 Kislev 3; 11 Kislev 1; 14 Kislev 1; 20 Kislev 1

1. Full Date  1. D8.1  2. D5.1  3 D8.2  4. D4.1

1114 = L114 (IM91.16.45) 259 = IA11749 221 = IA11773 2602 = JA338

23 Tammuz, 2

July 20, 357

1

26 Ab, 6

Sep 6, 353 Feb 17, 352 Aug 2, 349

1

13 Shebat, 6 5 Ab, 10

1

2 4

Suaydu and Malku(?) c-nn-x Berik [of the sons of Al(i)baa]l/[Yehoka]l d-n-c-w Zabdiel d-n-w Adarel/Idriel of the house of Qoṣi d-c-n-w-d

2. Day + Month Nisan  5. D8.3

449 = IA11362

5 Nisan

——

6

Maš(i)ku of/to Nutaynu d-n-p-w

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date

193

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number

No

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Workers

Scribe

Persons-Clan: 4 Elul 1; 25 Marḥeshvan 6; 1 Kislev 7; 2 Kislev 8; 5 Kislev 3; 11 Kislev 1; 14 Kislev 1; 20 Kislev 1

Iyyar  6. D3.1

2611 = JA349

26 Iyar

——

3

1

Ubaydu of the sons of Gur d-n-c-w

431 = IA11343 1044 = L44 = IM91.16.23

15 Sivan

——

1

1

22 Sivan

——

1

Qosbarak of the house of [PN] d-n-c-w Zabdadah n-w-d

20 Tammuz

——

8

2

Qosaz d-n-w

23 Tammuz

——

3

2

25 Tammuz

——

2

2

26 Tammuz

——

4

2

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru n-w-d

5 Ab, 10

4

20 Ab

Aug 2, 349 ——

1

24 Ab

——

3

[x A]b

——

1

x Ab

——

[3]

4 Elul

——

2

1

4 Elul

——

[2]

1

13 Elul

——

7

2498 = JA215

19 Elul

——

1

1243 = AL130

7 Tishri

Sivan  7. D7.4  8. D8.4

Tammuz  9. D8.5 10. D8.6 11. D8.7 12. D8.8

1600 = AL114 = M402 1641 = OG? 7 1640 = OG? 6 1659 = OG? 25

Ab 13. D4.1 14. D2.1 15. D6.1 16. D2.2 17. D4.1a

2602 = JA338 1878 = EN84 1872 = EN78 = JA326 671 = OG? 5 1079 IM91.16.122

1

Adarel/Idriel of the house of Qoṣi d-c-n-w-d Abdqos of the sons of Baalrim c-d-n-x Qoslakin, Qoslakin, Qoslakin the sons of Yehokal d-c-n-x PN of the sons of Baalrim d-c-n-w Taymil, Zabdu, Adarel/Idriel of the sons of Q[oṣi] d-c-nnn-x

Elul 18. D3.2 19. D2.2a 20. D8.9 21. D3.3

443 = IA11319 459 = IA11418 243 = IA11811

1

Ramel and his brother of the house of Gur d-nn-x-c Nuri ands Dalael of the house of [Ba]l[r(i)]m d-n-c-x [PN] n-w-d Qosaḥ of the house of Gur d-n-c-w

Tishri 22. D4.2

3

Qosyidli, Wah(a)bu, Dalael of house of Qoṣi d-c-nnn-w

Marcheshvan 23. D2.3 24. D2.4 25. D3.4

224 = IA11805 264 = IA11752

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

216 = IA11421

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

1

PN of the house of Baalrim d-n-w-c Zabdimilk of the sons of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Ḥanina of the house of Gur d-n-c-w

194

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date

No 26. D3.5 27. D3.6 28. D4.3 29. D6.2

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number 432 = IA11340

Babylonian Date 25 Marcheshvan

Julian Date ——

1

Scribe 1

260 = IA11766

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

446 = IA11341

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

408 = IA11386

25 Marcheshvan

——

1

1

406 = IA11306

1 Kislev

——

1

1

441 = IA11353

1 Kislev

——

1

1

448 = IA11311

1 Kislev

——

1

1

457 = IA11407

1 Kislev

——

1

1

479 = IA11361

1 Kislev

——

1

1

425 = IA11383

1 Kislev

——

1

1

269 = IA11751

1 Kislev

——

[1]

1

424 = IA11387

1 Kislev

——

2

1

467 = IA11363

2 Kislev

——

1

1

466 = IA11419

2 Kislev

——

1

1

428 = IA11326

2 Kislev

——

1

1

447 = IA11358

2 Kislev

——

1

1

452 = IA11396

2 Kislev

——

3

1

209 = IA11809

2 Kislev

——

2

1

495 = IA11384

2 Kislev

——

2

522 = IA12126 (Feuer 1) 460 = IA11323

2 Kislev

——

1

1

[1+]1 (=2) Kislev 2 Kislev

——

2

1

——

5

5 Kislev

——

2

1

423 = IA11322

5 Kislev

——

1

2415 = JA124

9 Kislev

——

1 – Ḥezir son of Abdilahi 1

465 = IA11300

11 Kislev

——

1

1

Workers

Persons-Clan: 4 Elul 1; 25 Marḥeshvan 6; 1 Kislev 7; 2 Kislev 8; 5 Kislev 3; 11 Kislev 1; 14 Kislev 1; 20 Kislev 1 Qosḥanan of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Qosyahab of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Qosdalani of the house of Qoṣi n-c-w-d Ḥabibu of the house of Yokal d-n-w-c

Kislev 30. D2.5 31. D2.6 32. D3.7 33. D3.8 34. D3.9 35. D4.4 36. D4.5 37. D6.3 38. D2.7 39. D2.8 40. D2.9 41. D2.10 42. D3.10 43. D3.11 44. D4.6 45. D4.7 46. D4.13 47. D9.7 48. D3.12 49. D4.8 50. D4.9 51. D4.10

1520 =AL242 = M235 417 = IA11342

Zabdimilk of the house of Baalrim d-n-c-w Qosrim of the house of Baalr(i)m d-n-c-w Qosyahab of the house of Gur d-n-c-w Ramel of the house of Gur d-n-c-w PN of the house of Gir d-n-c-w Dikri of the house of QoṣI d-n-c-w Dalel of the sons of Qoṣi d-n-c-w Qoslakin and Zubaydu of the house of Yokal d-nn-w-c Zabdimilk of the house of Baalrim d-n-c-w Yabneel of the house of Baalrim d-n-c-w Sam(a)ku of the house of Baalrim d-n-c-w Qos[. . .] of the house of Baalrim d-n-[w]-c Zubaydu and his sons of the house of Gur d-nnn-w-c Ramel and his brother of the house of Gur d-nn-w-c Zabdiel and PN of the house of Qoṣi nn-w-c-d Qosaiti son of Pelatiah of the house of Qoṣi nn-d-c-x Qosdalani and Qosata of the house of Qoṣi d-n-w-c w-d Ramel and his brother of the sons of Gur d-nn-w-c Qosnatan of the sons of Qoṣi d-n-c-w-nn Dikri from the house of Qoṣi d-n-c-x Dikri (of) the sons of Qoṣi d-c-n-w

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date

195

Table 5. Workers Listed according to Date

No 52. D6.4 53. D3.13 54. D4.11 55. D4.12 56. D2.11

ISAP/Collector/ Publication Number 429 = IA11402

Persons-Clan: 4 Elul 1; 25 Marḥeshvan 6; 1 Kislev 7; 2 Kislev 8; 5 Kislev 3; 11 Kislev 1; 14 Kislev 1; 20 Kislev 1 Dikri of the house of Yokal d-n-c-w Ḥanina of the house of Gir d-n-c-w Natanṣidq from the sons of Qoṣi d-c-n-x Qosdalani, [PN, and PN] of the house of Qo[ṣi] d-n-c-w Qosner, [. . .], and Sami of the sons of Baalr(i)m d-nnn-c-x

Babylonian Date 14 Kislev

Julian Date ——

1

Scribe 1

225 = IA11808

20 Kislev

——

1

1

861 = IA12453

23 Kislev

——

(1)?

470 = IA11397

——

3

469 = IA11332

[22+]2 (= 24 Kislev x Kislev

——

[3]

1881 = EN87

21 Shebat

——

2

Zabdadah son of Naqru/Naqdu of the house of Baalrim d-nn-c-w

5

Zubayd/Zebid, [Qo]slakin, [D]ikru, Qosr(i)m, Petes(e) [of the house of Baalrim] n-d-w-nnnnn-x

Workers

1

Shebat 57. D2.12

Month Unknown 58. D2.13

2496 = JA213

20 x

——

59. D2.14 60. D2.15 61. D2.16 62. D3.14 63. D3.15 64. D3.16 65. D4.14 66. D5.2 67. D7.2 68. D7.3 69. D9.1

201 = IA11804

——

——

19

1647 = OG? 13

——

——

2

763 = YR107

——

——

[2]

236 = EN69 (IA11780) 1981 = JA63

——

——

1

——

——

1480 = AL313 = M192 1284 = AL185

——

——

5 Aydu [1]

——

——

2

109 = IA11871

——

——

5

945 = Lj8

——

——

2

210 = EN95 (IA11821) 110 = IA11869

——

——

2

——

——

5+

2636 = JA380

——

——

5

451 = IA11313

——

——

1081 = L81 IM91.16.3 2647 = JA391

——

——

15 – 2 sheqels 1

——

——

1

404 = IA11312

——

——

1

3. Undated

69. D9.2 70. D9.3 71. D9.4 72 D9.5 73. D9.6

1

Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu of the sons of Baalr(i)m x-n(19)-c-w Qoswahab to PN [from] the house of Baalrim x-n-p-c-w Wahabil and Zabdilahi of the sons of Baalrim x-nn-c-x Aliel of the sons of Gur x-n-c-w Aliel of the sons of Gir x-n-c-w-n Yabneel of the house of Gur n-c-x-x [PN] and Qosadar/ider of the sons of Qoṣi x-n-c--w Hubarek of the sons of Alibaal n-c-w-x house of Uzzah c-n-x-x sons of Qosi c-w-x-x Workers of the Gate: Ḥaggagu, Qosyatha, Dikru, Mannukišamaš, Wah(a)bu w-nnnnn Abdi, Abdšamaš, Abenaši, Ilghayr, Waalu Naamel son of Nattun n-w Wahabil to Qosyatha n-p-w [. . .]Qos n-w Abdadah n-w

D1.1 Sacrifice and Workers from the Clans of Gur and Baalrim Text D1.1 Re sacrifice and workers

Undated

196

197

D1.1 Sacrifice and Workers from the Clans of Gur and Baalrim cm

CONVEX Instruction Purpose

Workers

for us

The cow for the sacrifice you will provide (or: will reach) 2me for your expiation 3 [. . .]q l◦ly /for the night◦◦◦◦ 4 [?]◦wny workers: the sons of 5 [Gu]r, 3; the sons of Baalrim, 1. 1

[?]‫לנה‬

‫תורתא ִל ִעליִא תמטי‬ ִ ‫עלי לכפרא ִזי‬ ‫ִלך ִאף‬ . . . .ִ‫לללי‬ ִ ‫[ק‬ ִ ] .‫]?[וני ִפ ִעליִן בני‬ 1 ‫עלר ִם‬ ִ ‫ בנִי ִב‬3 ‫]גו]ר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

D1.1-ISAP1909 (EN118 = JA24; Table 4.1) (Palimpsest?) Undated Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (55 × 67 × 8), rectangular, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brown (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca 45% of the sherd surface and covers writing on interior almost completely. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, and on interior, on slightly concave surface. Writing lines on exterior are parallel to those on interior, at ca 80º to wheel marks. No top margin (due to supralinear text), medium right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is a unique text and has been placed here, even though it does not follow the same format as the rest of the workers texts, because of the mention in lines 4–5 of “workers” (‫ )פעלין‬from the clans of Gur and Baalrim. These clans are recorded as suppliers of workers in the following texts (D2 and 3; see A1 and 2 for their clan dossiers of commodity chits). The first half of the text seems to deal with the sacrifice of a cow (‫ ;תורתא‬see Targum to Num 19:2). The following word (‫ )לעליא‬would ordinarily mean “above” (e.g., TAD B3.12:8), but more suitable to our context would be “sacrifice” (cf. ‫[ עלוה‬TAD A4.7:21, 28]). The verb at the end of the line would be afel of root ‫“( מטא‬you will provide”) or, less likely, simply peal (“will reach”). The indirect object ‫לנה‬, “to / for us” was inserted supralinearly. The second and third words in line 2 would indicate the purpose of the sacrifice—‫לכפרא זילך‬, “for your expiation.” The word ‫ כפר‬appears elsewhere in our texts with the meaning “tomb” (e.g., H1.1). There is no evidence for a cow in a ceremony of expiation. Since line 3 and the beginning of line 4 are unintelligible, we do not know the connection between the sacrifice and the workers. In line 5, the clan of Gur provided three workers, and the clan of Baalrim supplied one. As described in the introduction above, the reference to “workers of the gate” in one text (D9.1) shows that not all workers are supplied for fieldwork. Could this be another example of workers supplied for different labor?

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim (17 Texts, Table 4.2–18) Dated List of Texts D2.1 D2.2 D2.2a D2.3 D2.4 D2.5 D2.6 D2.7 D2.8 D2.9 D2.10 D2.11 D2.12 D2.13 D2.14 D2.15 D2.16

Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 2 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 3 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 5 men Supply of 19 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 2 workers

20 Ab x Ab 4 Elul 25 Marcheshvan 25 Marcheshvan 1 Kislev 1 Kislev 2 Kislev 2 Kislev 2 Kislev 2 Kislev x Kislev 21 Shebat 20 x Undated Undated Undated

Scribe 1 (Tables 4–5) Just as in the commodity chits there were six clan dossiers, five named and one miscellaneous (A1–6), so here in the workers chapter we find the same six dossiers, partially in the same ratio. Whereas the commodity chit was a malleable record of transactions that might include more or fewer items (e.g., date, payee, agent, source, destination, etc.), the workers text was a standard four-item piece (date, personal name, clan, worker). Of the 74 total texts in this group, 34 (46%) are by the same scribe (Scribe 1), with four more written by a second scribe (Scribe 2 [D8.5–8]; 5%). With such a large number for Scribe 1, we are able to examine fixed and fluid features of composition. In a matter of orthography, he is fairly rigid—spelling of the clan name Baalrim is always defective, ‫ בעלרם‬and not ‫( בעלרים‬D2.2–3, 5–10). Varying degrees of flexibility, however, are exhibited when it comes to vocabulary and word order. For example, between the two words indicating clan attachment (‫ בני‬and ‫)בית‬, his word of preference is ‫“( בית‬house of”), but six times we find ‫“( בני‬sons of”; D2.2 [Baalrim]; 3.1, 12 [Gur]; 4.5, 8 [Qoṣi]; 7.2 [Qosi]). His preferred word order is datePN-clan-worker (d-n-c-w: D2.2a[?], 4–9 [Baalrim]; 3.4–9, 12–13 [Gur]; 4.4, 8 [Qoṣi]; 6.3–4 [Yehokal]; 7.4 [PN]). But we find several variants: (1) date-PN-worker-clan (d-n-w-c: D2.3, 10[?] [Baalrim]; 3.11 [Gur]; 4.13 [Qoṣi]; 6.2–3 [Yehokal]); (2) date-clan-PN-worker (d-c-n-w: D2.2 [Baalrim]); (3) PN-clan-workerdate (n-c-w-d: D4.3 [Qoṣi]); (4) three texts that omit reference to “worker,” so (4a) clan-date-PN (c-d-n: D2.1 [Baalrim]), (4b) PN-date-clan (n-d-c: D4.7 [Qoṣi]), and (4c) date-PN-clan (d-n-c: D2.2a [Baalrim], D3.2 [Gur]); and (5) one that also omits the date, so clan-worker (c-w D7.3 [Qosi]). Clearly, the contents are more important than the format for Scribe 1. The same five clans known to us from the commodity chits (A1–6) are recorded here supplying workers. Scribe 1 wrote only for the clans. He wrote 9 texts for Baalrim, 12 for Gur, 8 for Qoṣi, 3 for Yehokal, 1 for Qosi, and 1 for an unknown clan (PN). Moreover, his chits were usually for a single worker each, sometimes for a worker and his two sons or a worker and his brother (D3.2, 11–12 [Gur]), and occasionally for 198

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

199

two or more persons who perhaps were relatives or living in the same household (D2.2a, [Baalrim], 4.12–13 [Qoṣi], 6.3 [Yehokal]). His recorded activity was concentrated in nine or ten days: six within the space of a single month (x Ab; 4 and 19 Elul); 25 Marcheshvan; and 1, 2, 5, 14, 20, and 24 Kislev. He wrote fourteen chits for Baalrim and Gur on 25 Marcheshvan and 1 and 2 Kislev, never combining two persons on a single chit (D2.3, 5–10, 3.4–9, 11). His texts for Qoṣi covered four dates: 25 Marcheshvan and 1, 2, and 5 Kislev (D4.3–4, 7–8, 13). Those for Yokal (=Yehokal) covered three of those dates: 25 Marcheshvan and 1 and 14 Kislev (D6.2–4). We may assume that each clan had a daily quota. Some three workers from the clan of Gur were obliged to appear between two and three times each—Qosyahab and Ḥanina (twice each [D3.4, 6–7, 13]) and Ramel (three times with his brother [D3.2, 11–12]). In our formatting of the texts, we caption the clan head “Supplier.” Where only one personal name is recorded alongside several ‫פעלן‬, he is apparently the senior worker. The last six texts not written by Scribe 1 in the workers dossier of Baalrim record more than one worker each, and each is unique (D2.11–16; for discussion, see commentary on D2.11). Here, we only mention two more persons who appeared more than once—Zabdimilk on 25 Marcheshvan (D2.4 [not Scribe 1]) and 1 and 2 Kislev (D2.5, 7) and Aliel in two undated texts (D3.14–15 [not Scribe 1]). Two more texts not by Scribe 1 give the outer limits of the dossier of Baalrim—between 20 Ab and 21 Shebat (D2.1, 12), spanning half a year. ¶ The commodity chit dossier of Baalrim has close to 60 payers (A1). The workers text dossier of Baalrim here has 22 persons, but only five of them appeared in the earlier commodity chit dossier: Qosner, Zebid/Zubayd, Dikru, Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu [336 b.c.e.], and Qosr(i)m [late] (A1.10, 12, 24–24a, 33, 51). Thus, sixteen named men from the clan of Baalrim appeared as workers but were not recorded as payers, showing a new perspective on the clan and the breadth of its members and their duties. cm

CONVEX Supplier Date Worker

‫ לאב‬20 ‫ בני בעלרים ב‬.1 ⟨1 ‫ עבדקוס ⟨פעל‬.2

The sons of Baalrim, on the 20th of Ab: 2 Abdqos. 1

D2.1-ISAP1878 (EN84 = JA12) 20 Ab Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period vessel, medium sized (43 × 67 × 8–11), trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), almost no visible grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, and on interior (one sign), on slightly concave surface. Written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

200

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

Not written by Scribe 1, this and one other chit in the dossier of Baalrim (D2.16) omit mention of worker(s). In fact, several other chits here not by Scribe 1 are elliptical, with an item missing, marked by x (D2.2a, 11, 13–16), here c-d-n-x, while one of these also has the date in the second slot (D2.13). While all of the nine chits by Scribe 1 in this section are dated, only five of the eight not by him are dated (here, D2.4, 2.11–13). But unlike the chits for Scribe 1, which with one exception (D2.2a) were each written for a single person, six of these are written for several workers (D2.11–16). Moreover one uniquely adds a recipient (D2.15). ¶ Abdqos (“servant of Qos”) appears thrice in his own dossier (A112.1–3) but is not affiliated with Baalrim in the commodity chits (A1). In this and in three other chits not written by Scribe 1, the name Baalrim is written plena—‫( בעלרים‬D2.12, 15–16; and perhaps also in D2.14). Five other chits supplied workers in the month of Ab (D2.2 below; 4.1–1a; 5.1; and 6.1). cm

CONVEX Date Supplier Worker Tally

[On the x (day) of A]b, sons of Baalr(i)m: 2 [PN], worker, 1.

‫לא]ב בני בעלרם‬ 1 ‫פ ִע ִל‬.[ ִ

1

‫ ]ב‬.1 ] .2

D2.2-ISAP671 (JA53) x Ab Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (49 × 63 × 7), roughly trapezoid/triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior red (2.5YR5/8), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 25º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day date and name of the worker are missing. With the word order d-c-n-w, this is the only time wherein Scribe 1 uses this word order, departing from his regular word order of d-n-c-w. This is also one of the few texts where he opts for “sons of” instead of “house of” (see also D3.1, 12 [Gur]; 4.5, 8 [Qoṣi]; 7.2 [Qosi]). Here and in all the other chits written by this scribe, the name Baalr(i)m is written defectively—‫( בעלרם‬see also D2.2a-3, 5–10).

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

201

cm

CONVEX Date Workers Supplier Tally

On the 4th of Elul, Nuri 2and Dalael of the house of [Baalri]m: 3 [workers, 2]. 1

[ ]ִ‫ לאלול נִודי‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ודלאל לבית [בעלר]ם‬.2 [. . .‫ ]פעלן‬.3

D2.2a-ISAP459 [IA11418] 4 Elul Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (70 × 80 × 6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 20º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lameds), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The end of line 2 is virtually effaced, with a mem visible at the end, pointing to the clan name Baalrim. Line 3 is fully effaced but may have contained the vocables // ‫“( פעלן‬workers, 2”), yielding a word order d-n-c-w, the preferred word order for Scribe 1 (cf. D2.5–9). This was written by him on the same day as the text for Ramel and his brother from the clan of Gur (D3.2). Both record two workers, and both may lack the term ‫פעל‬, as in D2.1 above. Neither of these names appears as payers among Baalrim’s commodity chits, but the name Dalael has a small dossier of its own (A131; see there for explanation]), is twice affiliated to the clan of Qoṣi below (D4.2, 5; cf. A3.35), and appeared already in one account (C6.2:6; and perhaps in another uncertain fragmentary account [J3.3]). So we have evidence of at least two different Dalael’s from two different clans. The name Nuri appears only here and with a yod ending is a typical Aramaic hypocoristicon of known names such as ‫“( אחנורי‬My {divine} brother is my flame”) and ‫“( אלנורי‬El is my flame”) (WSS 762 and 772; see no. 1076 for discussion of a possible 7th-century hybrid ‫ )נוריה‬or even a nickname from the more common ‫( קוסנר‬A88.1–4), who does appear affiliated to Baalrim in a commodity chit (A1.10) and workers text below (D2.11). Could our Nuri here be the same Qosner in those texts? An actual hybrid (‫“[ יהונור‬Yhw is flame”]) appears in papyri from Wadi Daliyeh beginning March 19, 335 [WDSP 1:4, 6–7, 9; 4:4–5, 7, 9]. ¶ Scribe 1’s preference for ‫“( בית‬house of”) over ‫“( בני‬sons of”) appears here and in all his other texts for Baalrim (D2.2a-3, 5–10), except for that already presented above (D2.2).

202

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Worker Tally Supplier

[On the 20+]5 (= 25th) of Marcheshvan, A[. . .], [work]er[, 1], 2 of the house of Baalr(i)m. 1

[1 [‫פע]ל‬

[.‫ למרחשון א‬5]+20 ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ לבית בעלרם‬.2

D2.3-ISAP224 [IA11805] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (78 × 85 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks.

The very beginning of line 1 and its end are effaced; only the first letter alef is preserved for the name of the worker. Only the last letter of ‫ פעל‬is barely legible. The word order here is d-n-w-c, our scribe’s second favorite word order (see also D2.10[?] [Baalrim]; 3.11 [Gur]; 4.13 [Qoṣi]; 6.2–3 [Yehokal]). Scribe 1 wrote six texts on 25 Marcheshvan, one for Baalrim, three for Gur, one for Qoṣi, and one for Yehokal (D2.3; 3.4–6; 4.3; 6.2). Neither of the two texts for Al(i)baal was written by him (D5.1–2).

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

203

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 25th of Marcheshvan, Zabdimilk of the sons of 2Baalr(i)m: wo[rk]er, 1. 1

‫לבני‬ ִ ‫ למרחשון זבדמלך‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ בעלרם פ[ע]ל‬.2

D2.4-ISAP264 [IA11752] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd and beginning of handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 86 × 7–13), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Though this text is not by Scribe 1, the word order here (d-n-c-w) is standard in the five following texts by that scribe (D2.5–9). Six other workers texts were written on this date (see D2.3 above). The element ‫זבר‬ (“grant”) was onomastically most productive in theophorous construct names. To those discussed in A2.19, we may add ‫“( זבדמלך‬Grant of {the} king”), who appears twice more on 1 and 2 Kislev in texts written by Scribe 1 (D2.5, 7). The name occurred in four other texts as well: in a list of names (E3.1), a jar inscription (F3.8), an uncertain chit fragment (J1.16), and as head of a clan in another uncertain text (J11.5).

204

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 1st of Kislev, Zabdimilk of the house of 2Baalr(i)m: worker, 1. 1

ִ ‫זבד ִמ‬ ‫לך לבית‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ בעלרם פעל‬.2

D2.5-ISAP406 [IA11306] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (47 × 55 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin widening downward to the left, medium left margin.

As stated, the word order of Scribe 1 here is his most common d-n-c-w, the same as in the following few texts (D2.6–9). Interestingly, as Scribe 1 wrote six texts for four clans on 25 Marcheshvan, on 1 Kislev he wrote eight texts for the same clans—two for Baalrim, three for Gur, two for Qoṣi, and one for Yehokal (D2.5–6; 3.7–9; 4.4–5; and 6.3). This is the second of three texts for Zabdimilk (see D2.4 [not Scribe 1] and 2.7).

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

205

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 1st of Kislev, Qosr(i)m 2 of the house of Baalr(i)m: worker, 1. 1

‫קוסרם‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫לר ִם פעל‬ ִ ‫ִת ִב ִע‬ ִ ‫לבי‬ ִ .2

D2.6-ISAP441 [IA11353] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd, probably of Iron Age jar, medium sized (47 × 67 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks.

Written almost always defectively, without medial yod (‫)קוסרם‬, Qosr(i)m is parallel in meaning to Baalrim, namely, “Qos/Baal is exalted.” It was a popular name, appearing not only in the dossiers of Baalrim (here below in D2.13 and in A1.43, 51) but also in those of Gur and Al(i)baal (A2.2; 4.24–25), as well as elsewhere (A31) The word order is d-n-c.w, as in D2.4–9.

206

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 2nd of Kislev, Zabdimilk 2 of ⟨of ⟩ the house of Baalr(i)m: worker, 1. 1

‫ לכסלו זבדמלך‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫}ל}לבית בעלרם פעל‬ ִ .2

D2.7-ISAP467 [IA11363] 2 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (52 × 57 × 6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is the third time for Zabdimilk as worker (also see A2.4–5). The scribe mistakenly wrote the preposition lamed twice. For the third time, Scribe 1 wrote multiple texts on the same day. This time, there are seven texts for 2 Kislev: four times for Baalrim, once for Gur, and twice for Qoṣi (D2.7–10; 3.11; 4.7, 13). On this same date, anonymous scribes wrote two more texts, one for Gur and one for Qoṣi (D4.6). The word order is d-n-c-w, as D2.4–9.

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

207

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 2nd of Kislev, Yabneel 2 of the house of Baalr(i)m: worker, 1. 1

‫ לכסלו יבנאל‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ לבית בעלרם פעל‬.2

D2.8-ISAP466 [IA1141] 2 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (50  ×  53  ×  8), roughly trapezoid, exterior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The word order is the same as in D2.4–9, namely, d-n-c-w. The name Yabneel (‫ )יבנאל‬appears three other times in our corpus: (1) belonging to the clan of Gur in what may be a truncated workers text (D3.16); (2) as patronym in a commodity chit (A47.1); and (3) in an elaborate account (C2.4 concave). It is a name of petition, meaning “May El build,” and in the Bible, it is the name of two towns (Josh 15:11; 19:33). For other workers texts written on this date, see D2.7 above.

208

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 2nd of Kislev, Sam(a)ku of the house of Baalr(i)m: 2 worker, 1. 1

‫ לכסלו סמכו לבית בעלרם‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ פעל‬.2

D2.9-ISAP428 [IA11326] 2 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (46 × 77 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For the meaning of the name Sam(a)ku,(‫ )סמכו‬as a hypocoristicon of a name like Baalsamak, see A8.5. Whether or not coincidently, Sam(a)ku appeared in two proximately dated commodity chits in the month of Kislev, 3 and 10 Kislev, year 3 (December 14 and 21, 356 (A51.4; 14:3). The name also appeared in its own dossier (A51.1–5), in an account (C2.7), and in a list of names (E3.2). The word order is d-n-c-w, as in D2.4–8 above.

209

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Worker Tally Supplier

On the 2nd of Kislev, Qos[. . .], [worker, 1], 2 of the house of Baalr(i)m. 1

[1 ‫פעל‬

[‫ לכסלו קוס‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבית בעלרם‬.2

D2.10-ISAP447 [IA11358] 2 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (68 × 64 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Line 1 is cut away at the left edge, and the second half of a Qos name is missing, as well as the probable appearance of / ‫“( פעל‬1 worker”). Scribe 1 used an unusual word order of d-n-w-c, just like in D2.3; 3.11; 4.13; 6.2–3.

210

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Date Workers Supplier

[On the x (day) of] Kislev, Qosner/nur 2[. . .]nr (and) Sami of the sons of Baalr(i)m. 1

‫ ]ב ל]כסלו קוסנר‬.1 ‫סמי לבני בעלרם‬ ִ ‫ ] [נִר‬.2

D2.11-ISAP469 [IA11332] x Kislev Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (64 × 69 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel marks No top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The name ‫ קוסנר‬is either Idumean Qosner (“Qos is a lamp”) or Aramaic Qosnur (“Qos is light”). The name appears in the commodity dossier of Baalrim (A1.10) and in an account along with Sam(a)ku, who also appeared above (C2.7; D2.9). Could these workers be the same individuals as in that account? The name of the second worker is unfortunately cut off. The name of the third worker, Sami, appears only here and bears no ready explanation. ¶ From here through to D2.16, each of the texts is written by a different scribe, and the familiar format of Scribe 1 has disappeared completely. No two texts are alike: (1) three are dated (D2.11–13 [only day]), and three are not (D2.14–16); (2) the term of affiliation varies between ‫( בני‬as here and D2.14, 16) and ‫( בית‬D2.12–13, 15); (3) the number of workers fluctuates in each text between 2 (D2.12, 15–16), 3 (D2.11), 5 (D2.13), and 19 (D2.14); (4) one text has a recipient (D2.15); (5) the reference to ‫“( פעל‬worker”) is missing in three texts (D2.11, 13, 16), but in one it is replaced by the word ‫“( נשן‬men” [D2.13]); (6) the clan name is sometimes written plena (12, 15–16), sometimes defectiva (D2.11, 14), and once missing (D2.13); and (7) with so many variations, each text has its own format. Here we have the order d-nnn-c-x, with w omitted.

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

211

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

On the 21st of Shebat, Zabdadah 2son of Naqdu/Naqru of the house of Baalrim: 3 workers, 2. 1

‫ לשבט זבדאדה‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫רו לבית בעלרים‬/‫ בר נקד‬.2 2 ‫ פעלן‬.3

D2.12-ISAP1881 (EN87 = JA377) 21 Shebat Supply of 2 workers Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 68 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The word order d-nn-c-w is the same as that in six of the texts of Scribe 1 above (D2.2a, 5–9), as well as many other texts. Like those, this is dated, the only one in the month of Shebat. In fact, only one other workers text was drawn up in Shebat (D8.2). Only a few other workers texts have a patronym (D4.7–8, 9.3). Though the workers tally 2, only the name of Zabdadah appears. This name was popular (A47.1–6) and occurred twice in the accounts dossier (C2.5, 10). His father may be the supplier Naqru/Naqdu appearing below (D2.13). Altogether, the name appears in 19 ostraca (see A63.1–6 for full discussion).

212

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Supplier Date Tally Workers

Naqru/Naqdu ⟨of the house of Baalrim⟩, on the 20th, [m]en, 5: 2 Zebid/Zubayd, [Qo]slakin, [D]ikru, 3Qosr(i)m, Peṭes(e). 1

5 ‫ [נ]שן‬20 ‫ נקדו ִב‬.1 ‫ִד [קו]סלכן [ד]כרו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.2 ‫ ִקִו ִסִר ִם ִפ ִטס‬.3

D2.13-ISAP2496 (JA213) 20 x Supply of 5 men Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (44 × 85 × 6–8), roughly trapezoid, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin narrowing downward, narrow bottom margin, medium left margin.

Naqdu/Naqru is assigned to Baalrim on the basis of the previous text, where we find Zabdadah son of Naqdu/Naqru (D2.12). As a single individual, he must be the supplier, since the recorded names number five. The same must be the case in the following text, where we have a praenomen, with the clan name spelled out, and 19 workers, and where only a date is missing (D2.14). The word order here is: PN, (clan name missing), date (day only), and tally of men with names: n-d-w-nnnnn-x. Instead of the usual word “workers” (‫)פעלן‬, we find here the rare term “men” (‫)נשן‬, used only twice more below (D3.15, 9.7; cf. B4.7), both times also for 5 men. Three of the men here are affiliated elsewhere with Baalrim and also have their own dossiers—Zebid/Zubayd (A1.12; A77), Dikru (A1.24–24a; A75), and Qosr(i)m (A1.51; A31). Although not affiliated elsewhere with Baalrim, Qoslakin also has his own dossier (A39). Three of them appear elsewhere in the workers texts—Dikru (D9.1), Qoslakin (D6.1, 3), and Qosr(i)m (D2.6). In one of these, Qoslakin is recorded together with a certain Zubaydu (D6.3), the full name of our hypocoristic Zebid/Zubayd. The name Peṭes occurs once more in plena spelling (‫[ פטיס‬E1.2]) and may be explained as Egyptian pꜢ-dy=s (“He whom she [t he goddess} has given”) (Ranke 1952: 126:6; see al so Demotisches Namenbuch 344; we are grateful to Günter Vittmann for this explanation).

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

213

cm

CONVEX Worker Supplier Tally

Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu of the sons of Baalrim/Baalrum: 2 workers, 19. 1

‫ום‬/‫לב ִנִי בעלרי‬ ִ ‫ ִח ִמיִִו‬.1 19 ‫ פעלן‬.2

D2.14-ISAP201 [IA11804] Undated Supply of 19 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (63 × 64 × 6), square, regularly shaped, very pale brown (10YR8/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 30º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is the greatest supply of workers in any single text. Presumably, Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu is in charge of a work detail supplied by the clan of Baalrim. He appears already among the commodity chits of that clan (see A1.33), as payee in an undated text (A44.5) and as a second payer in another chit (A99.2). With a word order of x-n(19)-c-w, the text here lacks a date, as do the two following.

214

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim cm

CONVEX Worker Recipient? Supplier Tally

Qoswahab to Y◦wt◦: [from] 2the house of Baalrim, workers, ⟨1+⟩1 (= 2). 1

.‫ות‬.ִ‫ קוסוהב לי‬.1 1⟩+1⟨ ‫ בית בעלרים פעלן‬.2

D2.15-ISAP1647 [OG? 13] Undated Supply of 2 workers

Three other names are composed with the Arabian root ‫“( והב‬give”)—‫( והבאל‬D2.16 below, 9.4, and A76), ‫( אלוהב‬C5.3), and ‫ו‬/‫( והבי‬A97 [see here for discussion of all these names in the ostraca], C2.1; 5.2; etc.; A300.3.13). The latter, which occurs twice in this dossier (D4.2; 9.1), is hypocoristicon for the name in our text here (see A238.1). Compare also the related Aramaic root ‫ יהב‬in Qosyahab (D3.6–7 and A26). Only two other workers texts have recipients (D8.3, 9.4). Here, his name is illegible. We may assume that he was the person in whose field the workers labored. The end of line 1 is cut off at the left edge, and there is no prepositional lamed preceding ‫ בית‬at the beginning of line 2, so we may assume that that the prepositional ‫“( מן‬from”) was missing at the end of line 1 (cf. D4.9), unless it was not written at all, as in at least one other workers text (D7.1). Though plural ‫ פעלן‬requires two numeral strokes at the end of line 2, only one worker’s name is recorded, Qoswahab. The text lacks a date, thus, x-n-p-c-w

D2.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Baalrim

215

cm

CONVEX Workers Supplier

Wah(a)bil 2and Zabdilahi of the sons of Baalrim. 1

[ ? ] ‫ והבאל‬.1 [ ? ] ‫ִב ִדאלה לבני ִב ִע ִלִריִם‬ ִ ‫ ִוז‬.2

D2.16-ISAP763 [YR10] Undated Supply of 2 workers Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (43 × 95 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

The Arabian name Wah(a)bil (“Il gave”) appears alone in line 1 and again below (D9.4; cf. D2.15 above for further explanation). The Aramaic name ‫“( זבדאלה‬Grant of god”) appears as one of two agents in two late texts and in an account (A5.18–19; C1.6). With a word order of x-nn-c-x, if this is a workers text, the document is indeed terse, lacking date, the word ‫“( פעל‬worker”), and tally, as do two texts below (D3.16; 7.1).

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) Dated List of Texts D3.1 D3.2 D3.3 D3.4 D3.5 D3.6 D3.7 D3.8 D3.9 D3.10 D3.11 D3.12 D3.13 D3.14 D3.15 D3.16

Supply of 3 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 3 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 5 men Supply of 1 worker?

26 Iyyar 4 Elul 19 Elul 25 Marcheshvan 25 Marcheshvan 25 Marcheshvan 1 Kislev 1 Kislev 1 Kislev 2 Kislev 2 Kislev 5 Kislev 20 Kislev Undated Undated Undated

The Scribes For a discussion of Scribe 1 in the dossier of Gur, see the discussion about him in the introduction to D2. ¶ Just as the Baalrim texts not written by Scribe 1 differed one from another, so do those for Gur: (1) twelve of the thirteen dated texts are by Scribe 1 (D3.1–9; 11–13), while the three undated ones are by anonymous scribes (D3.14–16); (2) while Scribe 1 favors ‫( בית‬D3.2–9, 11, 13) over ‫( בני‬D3.1, 12), three texts by anonymous scribes favor ‫( בני‬D3.10, 14–15) over ‫( בית‬D3.16); (3) the number of workers varies between 1 (D3.3–9, 13–14, 16), 2 (D3.2, 11–12), 3 (D3.1, 10), and 5 (D3.15); (4) in ten of the twelve texts by Scribe 1, the word order is d-n-c-w (D3.1, 3–9, 12–13), while it differs in each of the four anonymous texts (D3.10, 14–16); and (5) one text by Scribe 1 omits the word ‫( פעל‬D3.2), while it is replaced by the word ‫“( נשן‬men”) in a text by an anonymous scribe (D3.15; cf. 2.13).¶ The dossier of Gur spans seven months, from 26 Iyyar to 20 Kislev (D3.1–13), while nine of the eleven texts by Scribe 1 were concentrated in less than a month—three on 25 Marcheshvan, three on 1 Kislev, and one each on 2, 5, and 20 Kislev (D3.4–9, 11–13). Four of Scribe 1’s eleven texts were written for Ramel, and three of these were for him and his brother (D3.2, 8, 11–12). ¶ The commodity chit dossier of Gur contained the names of some 37 payers (A2). Our dossier contains the names of 9 distinct workers, with four repeats (Ramel [D3.2, 8, 11–12], Ḥanina [D3.4, 13], Qosyahab [D3.6–7], and Aliel [D3.14–15]), but only three of these appeared in the earlier commodity chit dossier. One occurred twice (Zabidu/Zubaydu [D3.10; A2.38–39]); another appeared no fewer than six times (Ubaydu [D3.1; A2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46 {336–313}]); and a third appeared three times as agent (Qosḥanan [D3.5; A2.6, 11–12]). Thus, six named men from the clan of Gur appeared as workers but were not recorded as payers. This is almost one-third of the difference between workers and payers in the clan of Baalrim.

216

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

217

cm

CONVEX 1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ לאיר‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עבידו לבני גור‬.2 3 ‫ ִפ ִעלן‬.3

On the 26th of Iyyar, Ubaydu of the sons of Gur: 3 workers, 3.

Date

D3.1-ISAP2611 (JA349) 26 Iyyar Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (43 × 65 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior gray (5Y5/1), ware light gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is the first of 16 texts in which the clan of Gur supplies workers (D3.1–16). Written by Scribe 1, it follows his dominant word order, namely, d-n-c-w (D3.1, 3–9 12–13) and is the only workers text to have been written in the month of Iyyar. The number of workers is three, but only one name is recorded (cf. D2.12 and 14), namely, Ubaydu, probably the senior worker. He figures most prominently among the sons of Gur, thrice in year 2 (of Arses = 336 [A2.22–23, 30]), twice in texts lacking year date (A2.25–26), and once in year 5 of Antigonus (A2.46). Ubaydu also has a large dossier of commodity chits (A24.1–13) and appears in an account (C6.1). This is one of the few texts wherein Scribe 1 uses the affiliation “sons of” instead of “house of” (see also D2.2; 3.12; 4.5, 8; 7.2).

218

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX Date Workers Tally Supplier

‫ לאלול ִר ִמ ִאל‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לבי‬ ִ 2 ⟩‫ ואחוהי ⟨פעלן‬.2 ‫ גור‬.3

On the 4th of Elul, Ramel 2and his brother, ⟨workers,⟩ 2, of the house of 3Gur: 1

D3.2-ISAP 443 [IA11319] 4 Elul Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (45 × 51 × 7), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 20º to wheel marks.

Written by Scribe 1, the text is somewhat elliptical. It records the number 2 but omits the word ‫פעלן‬ (“workers”), thus d-nn-x-c. Ignoring the ellipsis, the word order is the same he will use on 2 Kislev, also for Ramel and his brother (D3.11), a word that occurs only twice in the commodity chits (A4.17, 39.8). With the meaning “El/Il is exalted,” ‫ רמאל‬is found only here in our corpus but appears in the Nabatean realm (Negev no. 1073). In Hebrew and Northwest Semitic, there is only ‫( אל)י(רם‬Renz-Röllig 2003: 145; WSS 864, etc.), which is similar in structure to our popular names Baalrim (A1) and Qosr(i)m (A31). This worker appears three more times below, twice more with his brother (D3.11–12 [2 and 5 Kislev]) and the third time alone (D3.8 [1 Kislev]). Though all four were written by Scribe 1, the last text is written with ‫“( בני‬sons of”) rather than the regular ‫( בית‬D3.12; cf. D2.2; 3.1, 12; 4.5, 8; 7.2). See D2.2a for another text written by Scribe 1 on 4 Elul.

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

219

cm

CONVEX 1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ לאלול‬19 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ִת גור פעל‬ ִ ‫לבי‬ ִ ‫ קוסאח‬.2 / .3

On the 19th of Elul, Qosaḥ of the house of Gur: worker, 1.

Date

D3.3-ISAP2498 (JA215) 19 Elul Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (71 × 70 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware light reddish brown (6YR6/3), medium amount of white grits and straw inclusions. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The order here (d-n-c-w) is regular for Scribe 1 (D3.1, 3–9, 12–13). Two other workers texts were written in Elul (D2.2a, 3.3). For the dossier of Qosaḥ (‫“[ קוסאח‬Qos is {divine} brother]), see A233.1. He also appears in an account (C2.13:2). There is a lone diagonal mark indented in line 3.

220

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Marcheshvan, Ḥanina of the house of Gur: 3 worker, 1.

Date

1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ חנינא לבית גור‬.2 1 ‫ פעל‬.3

D3.4-ISAP216 [IA11421] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd and beginning of handle of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (63 × 59 × 6–12), roughly triangular, interior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For the scribal format, see D3.3 above. A second text for Ḥanina was written less than a month later, on 20 Kislev (D3.13). See further in A195.1 and in two accounts (C1.3:10, 4.1:4). Scribe 1 wrote six texts on 25 Marcheshvan—one for Baalrim, three for Gur, one for Qoṣi, and one for Yehokal (D2.3, 3.4–6, 4.3, 6.2), while a seventh was written by an anonymous scribe (D2.4).

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

221

cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Marcheshvan, Qosḥanan of the house of Gur: 3 worker, 1.

Date

1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסחנן לבית גור‬.2 1 ‫ פעל‬.3

D3.5-ISAP432 [IA11340] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (45 × 66 × 6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to upper edge and at ca. 45º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

Qosḥanan was a popular name, with a dossier of sixteen chits (A16). Among the commodity chits, two were affiliated with Baalrim and one with Qoṣi (A1.44–45; 3.34), but none with Gur, so now we can be sure of at least 3 separate individuals with this name. For the date, see D3.4, and for the format, see D3.3.

222

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Marcheshvan Qosyahab of the house of Gur: 3 worker, 1.

Date

1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסיהב לבית גור‬.2 1 ‫ פעל‬.3

D3.6-ISAP260 [IA11766] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (46 × 75 × 7), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 90% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45º to wheel marks.

The Aramaic Qosyahab (‫“[ קוסיהב‬Qos gave”]) was a popular name (see A26; cf. D2.15) and is once associated with Baalrim in a commodity chit (A1.10) but never with Gur. Our Qosyahab appears again less than a week later, on 1 Kislev (D3.7 below). For date and format, see D3.3–4.

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

223

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

‫ לכסלו קוסיִהב לבית ִגִוִר‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ פעל‬.2

On the 1st of Kislev, Qosyahab of the house of Gur: 2 worker, 1. 1

D3.7-ISAP448 [IA11311] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (50 × 112 × 5–7), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina on interior, on ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 45º to wheel marks.

Except for the date, the text is identical with the one above (D3.6); only the spacing is different. Scribe 1 wrote eight texts on 1 Kislev, seven for single workers each and an eighth for a pair. Two were written for Baalrim, three for Gur, two for Qoṣi, and one for Yehokal (D2.5–6; 3.7–9; 4.4–5; and 6.3). For the format, see D3.3.

224

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

‫ לכסלו רמאל לבית גור‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ פעל‬.2

On the 1st of Kislev, Ramel of the house of Gur: 2 worker, 1. 1

D3.8-ISAP457 [IA11407] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (82  ×  101  ×  9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many small white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70º to wheel marks.

This is the second of 4 texts for Ramel, but it omits his brother (see D3.2 above), and its format is identical to the other chits in this section written on 1 Kislev by Scribe 1 (D3.7, 9), / ‫ פעל‬appearing alone on line 2. Two more texts for Ramel, with his brother, appear on the following day, 2 Kislev and 5 Kislev (D3.11–12).

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

225

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

[‫[ לבית‬. . . . . ‫ לכסלו‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ גיִִר פעל‬.2

On the 1st of Kislev, [PN] [of the house of] 2Gir: worker, 1. 1

D3.9-ISAP479 [IA11361] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (57 × 89 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks.

The word ‫ בית‬is restored; ‫“( גיר‬Gir”) rather than ‫ גור‬is barely visible; and the name of the worker is undecipherable. The form Gir occurs twice more here (D3.13 by Scribe 1 and D3.15 by another scribe). This is the third and last workers text written for the clan of Gur on 1 Kislev (see D3.7–8 above). For the format, see D3.3.

226

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX Date Workers Tally Supplier

On the 2nd of Kislev, Zubaydu/Zabidu and his sons: workers, 3, 2 of the house of Gur. 1

3 ‫ לכסלו זבידו ובנוהי פעלן‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבית גור‬.2

D3.10-ISAP452 [IA11396] 2 Kislev Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (62 × 99 × 6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white and black grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50º to wheel marks. Writing on brownish patina that covers ca. 60% of sherd surface, another layer of patina (whitish) covers some of the writing.

Zubaydu/Zabidu was a very popular name (A12) and appeared twice as payer in the commodity dossier of Gur (A2.38–39). Here, he uniquely appears as the senior worker with his two sons. Below, we find a Zubaydu/Zabidu supplied by the house of Yehokal (D6.3), and the name appears twice in accounts (C2.10:11; 8.3:2). Above, we encountered the similarly structured name Zebid/Zubayd from the clan of Baalrim (D2.13). ¶ Scribe 1 wrote seven texts on 2 Kislev (see D2.7 above), but an anonymous scribe wrote this text. The format also differs from those of Scribe 1 above but, interestingly, matches his text below (D3.11), namely, d-nn-w-c and not d-nnn-c-w, which reappears in D3.12–13.

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

227

cm

CONVEX Date Workers Tally Supplier

‫רמאל‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ ואחוהי פעלן‬.2 ‫ לבית גור‬.3

On the 2nd of Kislev, Ramel 2and his brother, workers, 2, 3 of the house of Gur. 1

D3.11-ISAP209 [IA11771] 2 Kislev Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 63 × 10), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

This format is identical with the one above (D3.10) and is the second favorite for Scribe 1 (D2.3, 10[?]; 4.13; 6.2–3). Ramel and his brother appear here for a second time (D3.2) and Ramel himself, a third (D3.8). Both appear again three days later, on 5 Kislev, and the format reverts to d-nn-w-c (D3.12). For texts written on 2 Kislev, see D2.7 above.

228

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX 1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ לכסלו‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫רמאל ואחוהי‬ ִ .2 2 ‫ לבני גור פעלן‬.3

On the 5th of Kislev, Ramel and his brother, 3 of the sons of Gur: workers, 2.

Date

D3.12-ISAP417 [IA11342] 5 Kislev Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (47  ×  45  ×  9), roughly rectangular, regular shape, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many white and red grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, bottom margin, written lines parallel to upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

Here is one of the six instances where Scribe 1 opts for ‫ בני‬over ‫בית‬, (also in D2.2; 3.1; 4.5, 8; 7.2). That is the term favored by others (D3.14; 4.5; and 5.2). Scribe 1 writes one other text on 5 Kislev, for Qoṣi (D4.8). The format is d-nn-c-w.

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

229

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

‫ לכסלו חנינא לבית‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 [1[ ‫ גיר ִפ ִע ִל‬.2

On the 20th of Kislev, Ḥanina of the house of 2Gir: worker, [1]. 1

D3.13-ISAP225 [IA11808] 20 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (75 × 41 × 8), irregularly shaped, white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, *medium bottom margin, no left margin.

Ḥanina appeared before on 25 Marcheshvan (D3.4; see there for discussion), but here his clan is called Gir instead of Gur, as in D3.9 above and 3.15 below. The format is d-n-c-w.

230

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX Worker Supplier Tally

‫ עליאל לבני‬.1 1 ‫ גור פעל‬.2

Aliel of the sons of 2Gur: worker, 1. 1

D3.14-ISAP236 (EN69 [IA11780]) Undated Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (38 × 40 × 6), roughly square, regularly shaped, light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits, possible hand burnishing on exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50º to wheel marks. No top margin, no right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Written by an anonymous scribe, this text resembles a fragmentary text in the commodity dossier for the clan of Gur (A2.27). Though lacking date, its word order is otherwise the same as several of the texts by Scribe 1 (d-n-c-w [see references in D3.3]), which is x-n-c-w. For the name Aliel, see A14.4. This and the following text (D3.15) are the only ones to affiliate him with a clan, but he appears in one chit as payer (see A220.1), in several as payee (A12.18; 14.4; 16.14), and twice in accounts (C6.2:4; 6.10).

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34)

231

cm

CONVEX ‫ עליאל לבני גיר‬.1 ‫ נשן חמשה‬.2 ‫רו‬/‫ עיד‬.3

Aliel of the sons of Gir: 2 Tally men, five. Worker/Signatory 3Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru. Worker

1

Supplier

D3.15-ISAP1981 (JA63) Undated Supply of 5 men Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (56  ×  111  ×  10–12), roughly trapezoid, exterior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), few white grits. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

Written by an anonymous scribe, the word order (and worker[?]) here is like that in the previous text, lacking date but with the addition of a personal name at the end, thus, x-n-c-w + n. There are several other unique features—use of the term ‫“( נשן‬men”) instead of the usual “workers” (‫[ )פעלן‬see D2.13; 9.7]), the numeral 5 written out as a word (‫)חמשה‬, and absence of the five names, unlike D2.13 but similar to D3.1. The function of Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru is unclear. Is he also a worker, a signatory, or something else (cf. D4.8)? He does appear among the sons of Guru in the commodity chits (A2.28–29), besides having his own dossier (A19), and he appears in numerous accounts (C2.3–4, 11; 4.3, 6). In three texts drawn up by Scribe 2 below on 23, 25, and 26 Tammuz, he supplies 3, 2, and 4 workers, respectively (D8.6–8). The clan is called Gir instead of Gur as in D3.9 and 13 above.

232

D3.1–16 Workers from the Clan of Gur (Table 4.19–34) cm

CONVEX ‫ יבנִאל‬.1 {1 ‫ על בית גור {פעל‬.2 (Lines missing?)

Yabneel upon the house of Gur

Worker?

1

Supplier?

2

D3.16-ISAP1480 (AL313 [M192]) Undated Supply of 1 worker? Shoulder (?) fragment of jar (57 × 25 × 6), exterior and interior beige. Written lines at 60º to wheel marks [AL].

A Yabneel from the clan of Baalrim also served as a worker (D2.8), and the name appears as patronym in a commodity chit and in an account (A47.1 and C2.4 concave). This text completely lacks the formatting of a workers text—no date and no ‫פעל‬. (as in D2.16 and 7.1)—while the preposition upon signifies a debt in accounts (e.g., C2.1), thus, n-c-x-x.

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) Dated List of Texts D4.1 D4.1a D4.2 D4.3 D4.4 D4.5 D4.6 D4.7 D4.8 D4.9 D4.10 D4.11 D4.12 D4.13 D4.14

Supply of 4 workers Supply of 3 workers Supply of 3 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 2 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 3 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 2 workers

August 2, 349 x Ab 7 Tishri 25 Marcheshvan 1 Kislev 1 Kislev 2 Kislev 2 Kislev 5 Kislev 9 Kislev 11 Kislev 23 Kislev 24 Kislev 2 Kislev Undated

The Scribes For a discussion of Scribe 1 in the dossier of Qoṣi, see the discussion in the introduction to D2. ¶ Just as the Baalrim and Gur texts that were not written by Scribe 1 differed one from another, so do those for Qoṣi. Of the fifteen texts for Qoṣi, only eight were written by Scribe 1 (D4.3–5, 7–8, 10, 12–13) and seven by anonymous scribes (D4.1–1a, 2, 6, 9, 11, 14). 1.  Two texts follow the same word order—d-c-n-w (D4.2, 10), and a third adds a year date at the end, d-c-n-w-d (D4.1). Two follow this word order but omit mention of “worker(s)” at the end, yielding d-c-n-x (D4.1a, 11), while another omits “worker” but follows the word order d-n-c-x (D4.9). Scribe 1 (D4.4–5, 8, 12) and an anonymous scribe (D4.14) follow the same word order, but the latter omits the date at the beginning, yielding x-n-c-w, and one of Scribe 1’s texts adds a name at the end (D4.8). 2.  All but one of the texts are dated (D4.14), and one also has a year date (5 Ab, year 10 = 2 August, 349 [D4.1]). 3.  While eleven of the fourteen dated texts for Qoṣi were written within a month, only eight were by Scribe 1, and the remaining three were by anonymous scribes—one on 25 Marcheshvan (Scribe 1 [D4.3]), two on 1 Kislev (Scribe 1 [D4.4–5]), three on 2 Kislev (anonymous and Scribe 1 [D4.6–7, 13]), and five on five separate days—5, 9, 11, 23, and 24 Kislev (anonymous and Scribe 1 [D4.8–12]). 4.  The term of affiliation varies between ‫( בני‬D4.1a, 5, 8, 10–11, 14) and ‫( בית‬D4.1, 2–4, 6–7, 9, 12–13). 5.  The number of the workers ranges between 1 and 4—eight of but 1 (D4.3–5, 7–11), six with 2 or 3 (D4.1a–2, 6, 12–14), and only one with 4 (D4.1). 6.  Four persons appear more than once, in some texts by the same scribe and others by different scribes. Qosdalani and Dikri were both recorded three times, the former by Scribe 1 on 25 Marcheshvan and 2 and 24 Kislev (D4.3, 12–13) and the latter twice by Scribe 1 on 1 and 11 Kislev (D4.4, 10) and then once by an anonymous scribe on 9 Kislev (D4.9). Dalael was recorded once by an anonymous scribe on 7 Tishri and 233

234

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

once by Scribe 1 on 1 Kislev (D4.2, 5). Adarel/Idriel was recorded twice by an anonymous scribe, on 5 Ab, year 10 (August 2, 349), and x Ab (D4.1, 1a). The chit dossier of Qoṣi contained 28 distinct payers (A3). His workers dossier contains some fourteen persons, but only four were found among his clan’s commodity chits—Zabdiel (A3.1; D4.6), Natanṣidq (A3.10, 20; D4.11), Dalael (with patronym in A3.35 but without it here in D4.2, 5), and Qosnatan (together with Dalael in A3.35; D4.8)—clearly not many repeats. Thus, ten named men from the clan of Qoṣi appeared as workers but were not recorded as payers. Sixteen such lone workers appeared in the clan of Baalrim and six in the clan of Gur. cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Ab, 2year 10, 1 Supplier house of Qoṣi, Worker Adarel/Idriel: 2 Tally workers, 4. (Remains of 2 or 3 letters written upward perpendicular at the lower edge:) ]ḥy/◦ṣy Date

1

‫אל‬ ִ ‫עדִר‬ ִ ‫ לאב בית קוצי‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 10 ‫ שנת‬4 ‫ פעלן‬.2

‫צי‬/‫[ח‬ ִ ]

D4.1-ISAP2602 (JA338) August 2, 349 Supply of 4 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (79 × 41 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin (excluding remains of 2–3 perpendicular letters at lower edge), no left margin.

This is one of only four workers texts that is fully dated (also D5.1, 8.1–2), and they fall several years apart—years 2, 6, and 10—and not in the months when Scribe 1 was active. They are thus of no help in fixing the date of his texts. Leaving aside the year date added at the end, the word order is d-c-n-w-d (as in D4.2, 10 [anonymous and Scribe 1]). Though the tally lists four workers, only one name is recorded, perhaps as the representative or senior worker (cf. D2.12 and 14, 3.1, etc.). While the name Adarel/Idriel occurs elsewhere in the corpus (A114.1–3; C1.7:1; 2.10:1), only here and in the next text (D4.1a) does it appear with the clan name Qoṣi. The remains of 2 or 3 vertical letters are visible, but unintelligible, at the lower edge.

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

235

cm

CONVEX Date Supplier Workers

[On the x (day) of] Ab, sons of Q[oṣi]: 2 Taymil, Zabdu, Adarel/Idriel. 1

[?]. . .‫אב ִב ִנִי ק‬ ִ ‫ ]ב ] ִל‬.1 ‫זבדו עדראל‬ ִ ‫ תימאל‬.2

D4.1a-ISAP1079 (L79 [IM91.16.122]) x Ab Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of jar (76 × 55 × 8), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

We restore Q[oṣi] here on the basis of D4.1 above, also written in the month of Ab but by a different scribe, yet containing the worker Adarel/Idriel. The tally there is four, whereas here it is three, but the word ‫ פעל‬is absent (cf. D2.11, 16). Otherwise, the word order is the same as above (D4.1). Zabdu was not an unpopular name (A41.1–7; C6.2:5–6, along with Dalael) and even appears in the clan dossier of Qoṣi once (A3.33), but Taymil (“Servant of Il”) occurs only once more as one of three payers in a chit of Al(i)baal (A4.36). The word order is d-c-nnn-x.

236

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX Date Supplier Workers Tally

On the 7th of Tishri, the house of 2Qoṣi: Qosyidli, 3Wah(a)bu, Dalael: all (told), workers, 4three. (archaic yod partially covering bet) 1

‫ לתשרי בית‬7 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסיד ִלי‬ ִ ‫קוצי‬ ‫והבו דלאל כל פעלן‬ ִ . .‫תלתא‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

D4.2-ISAP1243 (AL130 = JA71) 7 Tishri Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (40 × 68 × 5–6), roughly trapezoid, exterior, interior and ware pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 5º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The word order here is d-c-nnn-w (as in D4.1, 10). All three workers are recorded by name, two derived from the root ‫“( דלי‬draw up”): the precative Qosyidli (“May Qos draw up”) and the past tense name of thanksgiving Dalael (“El drew up”), a name affiliated with the house of Qoṣi in the commodity chits (A3.35; cf. his dossier in A131). A third name with the root ‫ דלי‬appears in this dossier below (D4.3, 12–13): Qosdalani (‫“[ קוסדלני‬Qos drew me up”]). Wah(a)bu (‫ )והבו‬is hypocoristicon of an Arabian-style name such as ‫“( והבאל‬Il gave” [A76.1–4]; similar to Wah{a}bi and sons in A97.1–2). The names Wah(a)bu and Dalael both appear in other workers texts (D2.2a, 9.1). Unique are the tally word ‫“( כל‬all”), usually associated with accounts (e.g., C1.2), and the vocable ‫“( תלתא‬three”) rather than the numeral 3. Most strange are the two signs following hard upon the final alef of ‫—תלתא‬an archaic yod followed without a space by the letter bet. ¶ This is the only text in the whole workers dossier for Tishri.

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

237

cm

CONVEX Worker Supplier Tally Date

Qosdalani of the house of 2Qoṣi: worker, 1, 3 on the 25th of Marcheshvan. 1

‫ קוסדלני לבית‬.1 1 ‫ ִקִו ִצי פעל‬.2 ‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ב‬

D4.3-ISAP446 [IA11341] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of jar, medium sized (63 × 66 × 7), roughly rectangular, regular shape, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, bottom margin, written lines parallel to upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Scribe 1 also wrote texts for Baalrim (D2.3), Gur (3.4–6), and Yehokal (6.2) on this date, 25 Marcheshvan. Only here does he follow the word order n-c-w-d. Appearing again twice below (D4.12–13), Qosdalani also appears in a name list (E4.10). See D4.2 above for an explanation of the name.

238

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

‫לבית קוצִי‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו דכרי‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ פעל‬.2

On the 1st of Kislev, Dikri of the house of Qoṣi: 2 worker, 1. 1

D4.4-ISAP425 [IA11383] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (35 × 84 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no visible wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Just as for 25 Marcheshvan, so for 1 Kislev Scribe 1 also wrote texts for Baalrim (D2.5–6), Gur (3.7–9), and Yehokal (6.3), as well as one more in this dossier (D4.5). All but one of these eight texts (D6.3) followed the word order d-n-c-w. In this piece, in the three words ‫ דכרי לבית קוצי‬there are three different forms of yod. ¶ A hypocoristicon of an Aramaic name like Qosdakar (‫קוסדכר‬, “Qos remembered” [A54.1–5]), the name Dikri appeared only in the workers texts, thrice here with Qoṣi (also on 9 and 11 Kislev [D4.9–10; anonymous and Scribe 1 again]) and once with Yehokal on 14 Kislev (with Scribe 1 [D6.4]), giving evidence of at least two separate individuals bearing this name. A similar name, Dikru, also appeared twice as a worker and in several commodity chits (D2.13; 9.1; cf. A75.1–4). This is the first of eight texts by Scribe 1 in this dossier (D4.3–5, 7–8, 10, 12–13).

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

239

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

‫לב ִנִי‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו ִד ִל ִא ִל‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ קוצי פעל‬.2

On the 1st of Kislev, Dalael of the sons of 2Qoṣi: worker, 1. 1

D4.5-ISAP269 [IA11751] 1 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (94 × 82 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior grayish brown (10YR5/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Like the text above (D4.4), this, too, was written by Scribe 1 on 1 Kislev and followed the same word order, namely, d-n-c-w, but using the clan affiliation “sons of” instead of “house of.” Dalael appeared previously on 7 Tishri (D4.2), and as son of Ḥawlaf he appears together with Qosnatan in the commodity dossier of Qoṣi (A3.35); another Dalael was supplied by Baalrim on 4 Elul (D2.2a).

240

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX Supplier Tally Supplier Date

2 ‫ ִפ ִע ִלן‬. . . . . .‫ִב ִד ִא ִל ִו‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.1 ‫לכסלו‬ ִ 2 ‫קו ִצי ב‬ ִ ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ִל ִבי‬.2

Zabdiel and [PN], workers, 2, 2 of the house of Qoṣi, on the 2nd of Kislev. 1

D4.6-ISAP495 [IA11384] 2 Kislev Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (71  ×  100  ×  5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The writing on this ostracon is very faint, and the second name is illegible. The name Zabdiel is one of the four workers here to appear in the commodity dossier of Qoṣi, (A3.1; see also A2.19 and A32, an account for oil [C5.3:4], and another workers text [D8.2]). On this same day, Scribe 1 wrote four texts for Baalrim, one for Gur, and two for Qoṣi (D2.7–10; 3.11; 4.7, 13), but here another scribe wrote this for Qoṣi with a unique word order, nn-w-c-d.

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

241

cm

CONVEX Qosaiti son of Pelaṭyah, on the 2nd of Kislev, of the house of Qoṣi.

Worker

1

Date

2

Supplier

[

[ ]‫פלטיִה‬ ִ ‫ קוסאיתי בר‬.1 ] ‫ לכסלו לבית קוצי‬2 ‫ ב‬.2

D4.7-ISAP522 [IA12126] [Feuer1] 2 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (76 × 68 × 14), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Patronyms are rare in workers texts (D2.12; 4.8; 9.3), and especially unique in our text is the Hebrew Pelaṭyah (‫“[ פלטיה‬Yh rescued”]) giving his son the pagan Aramaic name Qosaiti (‫“[ קוסאיתי‬Qos brought”]). We find the Aramaic aphel in the Nabatean and Palmyrene name ‫“( איתיבל‬Bel brought”; Negev no. 77; Stark 1971: 4, 67). For the related name Qosata, see D4.13 below, and for the likewise related Palaṭel/Palṭiel and Palṭi/Pilṭi, see A228–229. Though written by Scribe 1, the format is unique, with the date coming second and the word worker missing, nn-d-c-x. For other texts written on 2 Kislev by Scribe 1, see D4.6 above.

242

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX ִ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו קוסנ‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ לבני קוצי פעל‬.2 ‫ִר בר עבדאלהי‬ ִ‫ ח ִזי‬.3

On the 5th of Kislev, Worker Qosnatan 2 Supplier of the sons of Qoṣi: Tally worker, 1 Worker/Signatory 3Ḥezir son of Abdilahi. Date

1

D4.8-ISAP423 [IA11322] 5 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (58 × 63 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Scribe 1 wrote a text on this date also for the clan of Gur (D3.12). The text follows his usual word order (d-n-c-w) but adds a name + patronym at the end. Qosnatan from this text and Dalael from D4.2, 5 appear together in a commodity chit from the house of Qoṣi (A3.35). The name has its own dossier (A69) and appeared in the accounts and names dossiers (C9.3; E3.18). For discussion of the name ‫חזיר‬, see A2.11 and A189. ¶ The final yod of ‫ עבדאלהי‬is written supralinearly. The name appears twice more in our corpus and in a text from Beersheba (C1.7; E3.2; Naveh 1979: no. 44:1 [perhaps recording a supply of workers]). The relationship between Ḥezir and Qosnatan is not clear. Was the former also a worker, a signatory, or something else (cf. D3.15)?

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

243

cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier

‫כרי‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו ִד‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 {1 ‫ מן בית קוצי {פעל‬.2

On the 9th of Kislev, Dikri 2 from the house of Qoṣi. 1

D4.9-ISAP2415 (JA124) 9 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (52 × 80 × 15–18), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), fine ware, almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface. Direction of wheel marks unclear. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Dikri also appeared on 1 and 11 Kislev, both by Scribe 1 (D4.4 [where see for name], 10), while another Dikri appears on 14 Kislev from the house of Yehokal (D6.4). The text here is elliptical, omitting ‫( פעל‬cf. D2.11, 16) and substituting ‫“( מן‬from [the house of ]”) for -‫“( ל‬of [the house of ]”). Its word order would be d-n-c-x.

244

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX 1

Supplier

2

Worker Tally

‫ לכסלו‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ בני קוצי‬.2 1 ‫ דכרי פעל‬.3

On the 11th of Kislev, the sons of Qoṣi: 3 Dikri: worker, 1.

Date

D4.10-ISAP465 [IA11300] 11 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of closed vessel, medium sized (54 × 55 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 20º to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is the third text for Dikri (see D4.9 above) and the second by Scribe 1, though on 1 Kislev he wrote ‫“( לבית‬of the house of”; D4.4) whereas here he wrote ‫“( בני‬sons of”), omitting the prepositional lamed, and following the same word order as an anonymous scribe, namely, d-c-n-w (cf. D4.2).

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

245

cm

CONVEX Date Supplier Worker

⟨1 ‫לכס ִלו ִמן בני קוצי נתנצדק ⟨פעל‬ ִ 23 ‫ ב‬.1

On the 23rd of Kislev, from the sons of Qoṣi: Natanṣidq. 1

D4.11-ISAP861 [IA12453 {GCh61}] 23 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (46 × 105 × 8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

Reversing the word order and substituting ‫ מן‬for lamed, the anonymous scribe makes the corvée obligation explicit, that is, “from the sons of Qoṣi (is supplied) Natanṣidq” (“Ṣidq gave”), even though he omits ‫ פעל‬at the end (d-c-n-x) as in D4.9 above. This same Natanṣidq features in two commodity chits from the house/sons of Qoṣi, the first on 5 Elul, year 4, and the second 13 years later on 27 [Ab], year 17 (A3.10, 20; cf. A83.1–4). With the first text in our dossier for Qoṣi dated in the middle to 5 Ab, year 10, our text, not written by Scribe 1, could fall in any of those intermediate years.

246

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX Date Workers Supplier Tally

On the [22+]2 (= 24th) of Kislev, Qosdalani, 2[PN, and PN] 3 of the house of Qo[ṣi]: workers, 3. 1

‫ לכסלו קוסדלני‬2] [‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. . .2 3 ִ‫ לבית קו[צי] ִפ ִע ִלן‬.3

D4.12-ISAP470 [IA11397] 24 Kislev Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium sized (52 × 76 × 5), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Whitish patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the second of three texts by Scribe 1 for Qosdalani, and each has a different format and a different number of workers (D4.3, 12–13): (1) n-c-w-d on 25 Marcheshvan (1 worker); (2) d-n-w-c on 2 Kislev (2 workers); and (3) d-n-c-w here (3 workers). In two of these, he is joined by another worker or two (D4.12–13). See D4.2 for an explanation of the name. The date is partially damaged, and after the initial bet there is a blank space, allowing for the numeral 20 and two single strokes, joining up with the two visible strokes after the gap to make a total reconstruction of 24. In line 2, the text is illegible, but it must have contained the personal names of the other 2 workers. In line 3, the clan name requires restoration, as well. The last three texts in this section (D4.12–14) were written for more than one worker, each including the word ‫פעל‬, followed by the appropriate numeral.

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49)

247

cm

CONVEX Date Workers Tally Supplier

On the [1+]1 (= 2nd) of Kislev, Qosdalani and Qosata, 2 [worker]s, 2, of the house of Qoṣi. 1

‫וקוסאתא‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו קוסדלני‬1] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ לבית קוצי‬2 ‫ ]פעל]ן‬.2

D4.13-ISAP460 [IA11323] 2 Kislev Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (83 × 73 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is one of six texts by Scribe 1 that has the less common word order d-nn-w-c, the word ‫ פעל‬intervening between the personal name and the clan (D2.3, 10[?]; 3.11; 4.13; 6.2–3). There were two Aramaic names in this dossier, both coming from the same root ‫“( אתי‬come”): ‫“( קוסאיתי‬Qos brought” [D4.7]) and ‫“( קוסאתא‬Qos came”). This name occurs only here in our corpus. The root may also occur in the Hebrew name ‫“( אליאתה‬God came” [1 Chr 25:4]; see Zadok: 1977, 88, 291). This is the third and final occurrence of the name Qosdalani as a worker (D4.3, 12) and the final text by Scribe 1 in this section. The ostracon is cut off, forcing a restoration of the date in line 1 and the tally in line 2. For other texts written on 2 Kislev, see D2.7.

248

D4.1–14 Workers from the Clan of Qoṣi (15 Texts, Table 4.35–49) cm

CONVEX 1

Supplier

2

Tally

‫ ] [המתא קוסעדר‬.1 2 ‫ לבני קוצי פעלן‬.2

[. . .]hmtʾ, Qosadar/ider of the sons of Qoṣi: workers, 2.

Workers

D4.14-ISAP1284 (AL185 {J60}) Undated Supply of 2 workers Incomplete ostracon, upper right part missing [AL].

Cut off on a diagonal at the right edge, the first line begins with the unintelligible word (or name?) ‫המתא‬. Judging by the word ‫ לבני‬at the beginning of line 2, four letter spaces need to be restored before this. This would hardly suffice for a day and month, and no restoration presents itself. Qosadar/ider was a very popular name and appeared in other clans (see A17.1–16). With initial date presumably absent, the word order would be x-n-c-w, the same as D5.2; contrast D4.4–5, 12, 5.1, etc., which have d-n-c-w.

D5.1–2 Worker(s) from the Clan of Al(i)baal (Table 4.50–51) Dated List of Texts D5.1 D5.2

Supply of 1 worker Supply of 5 workers

September 6, 353 Undated

Only one or two texts are present for the clan of Al(i)baal, and neither is by Scribe 1. The first text follows the favored word order: d-n-c-w. The second text has only three items, with the date missing: x-n-c-w. The chit dossier of Al(i)baal was much smaller than the other dossiers and contained only 17 or so payers (A4). Neither of the one or two workers here appeared in the commodity dossier.

249

250

D5.1–2 Worker(s) from the Clan of Al(i)baal (Table 4.50–51) cm

CONVEX Date Worker Supplier Tally

+3

On the 26th of Ab, year 3 (= 6), 2 Berik [of the sons/house of Al(i)baa]l/[Yehoka]l: 3 worker, 1. 1

3+

3 ‫ לאב שנת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ ‫ִבִרי‬ ‫לבית עלבע]ל‬/‫ִך [לבני‬ .2 [?]1 ‫ ִפ ִע ִל‬.3

D5.1-ISAP259 [IA11749] September 6, 353 Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (50 × 56 × 6), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits, possible traces of red horizontal painted band on exterior. Patina on ca. 50% of sherd surface Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding lamed and supralinear 4 strokes), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The last three digits at the end of line 1 are written supralinearly. Though this text is by an anonymous scribe, the word order is that favored by Scribe 1, namely, d-n-c-w (e.g., D4.4, 12, etc.). The name Berik (‫[ בריך‬A59]) is an Aramaic hypocoristicon of a theophorous name such as Qosbarek (A67), parallel to ‫“( הוברך‬Qos/He blessed” [see D5.2 below]). Only the final lamed of the clan name is preserved, so the affiliation could be either “of the sons of” or “of the house of,” either “[Ali{i}baa]l” or “[Yehoka]l.” ¶ Only three other texts in the workers dossier are dated by year—years 2, 6 (2×), and 10 (see D4.1, 8.1–2). In the commodity chit dossier of Al(i)baal, we have one chit in year 6 (A4.25). The most proximate chit in the dossier of Yehokal is in year 3 (A5.8–9). Therefore, we have chosen to place this text with Al(i)baal.

D5.1–2 Worker(s) from the Clan of Al(i)baal (Table 4.50–51)

251

cm

CONVEX Supplier Workers

Hubarek of the sons of2 Al(i)baal: workers, 35. 1

‫בר ִך לבני‬ ִ ‫ ִהִו‬.1 ‫פעלן‬ ִ ‫ עלבעל‬.2 5 .3

D5.2-ISAP109 [IA11892] Undated Supply of 5 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (49x55x10), irregularly shaped, interior pink (5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on interior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no clear wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (including break), medium left margin.

The handwriting resembles a fragmentary commodity chit for Al(i)baal (A4.37). With initial date presumably absent, the word order would be x-n-c-w, the same as D4.14, also by an anonymous scribe; contrast D4.4–5, 12, and 5.1 above, which all have d-n-c-w. The second letter in the personal name at the beginning of line 2 appears much more like a zayin than a waw. Since a name ‫ הזברך‬is unintelligible, the name ‫הוברך‬, though unattested, may be posited. The pronominal predicate ‫ הוא‬in the nominal sentence name Elihu (‫“[ אליהוא‬My God is He,” Job 34:1]) has here become subject in the verbal sentence name (“He blessed”). The same root was present in the hypocoristicon above, ‫( בריך‬D5.1). For the construction of our name, we may compare the predicate ‫“( עזר‬help”) in the nominal sentence name Eliezer, which has become an epithet in ‫“( עזריקם‬Azriqam” [“My Help arose,” Neh 11:15, etc.; WSS 1167]); likewise, the predicate ‫צדק‬ (“justice/vindication”) in the nominal sentence name ‫“( צדקיהו‬Yhw is my justice/vindication”) has become an epithet in ‫“( נתנצדק‬Ṣidq gave” [D4.11]). ¶ Of the five workers recorded in the tally, Hubarek alone is mentioned by name (cf. D2.12,14; 3.1; 4.1; etc.). Only four other texts record 5 workers (D3.15; 9.1–2, 7).

D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal (Table 4.52–55) Dated List of Texts D6.1 D6.2 D6.3 D6.4

Supply of 3 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 2 workers Supply of 1 worker

24 Ab 5 Marcheshvan 1 Kislev 14 Kislev

Three of the four texts here were written by Scribe 1, all with ‫“( בית‬house of”) and the abbreviated spelling ‫“( יוכל‬Yokal”) but with two different word orders: d-n(n)-w-c (D6.2–3) and d-n-c-w (D6.4). The fourth text (D6.1), by an anonymous scribe, uses ‫“( בני‬sons of”), lacks the word “worker” (word order: dc-nnn-x), and spells the clan name ‫( יהוכל‬Yehokal), as it mostly appears in the chit dossier (A5 [exceptions A5.9, 17]). Like the workers dossiers of Baalrim, Qoṣi, and Al(i)baal (D2.1, 4.1, 5.1), this dossier, also by an anonymous scribe, opens with a text from the month of Ab. Documents are written by Scribe 1 on 25 Marcheshvan and 1 Kislev, as in the dossiers of Baalrim, Gur, and Qoṣi (D2.3, 5–6, 3.4–9, 4.3–5). The twenty chits of the Yehokal commodity dossier (A5.1–20) have some fourteen names, but none of them reappears among the four names in our workers dossier. It is as though they were two different clans.

252

D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal (Table 4.52–55)

253

cm

CONVEX Date Supplier Workers

On the 24th of Ab, sons of Yehokal: 2 Qoslakin, Qoslakin, 3Qoslakin[. . .]. 1

‫ לאב בני יהוכל‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסלכן קוסלכן‬.2 [ ]‫ קוסלכן‬.3

D6.1-ISAP1872 (EN78 = JA326) 24 Ab Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (46  ×  58  ×  6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), well-levigated, few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

At first glance, this ostracon does not appear to be a workers text. It has no single personal name, no numerical tally for “workers” or “men,” and repeats the name Qoslakin three times. We may conjecture that he represented the three workers. Less likely, three workers bore the same name, which appears again below, along with Zabidu/Zubaydu (D6.3), as one of two workers. The name was very popular (see A39.1–8, D2.13 above, and C1.3:9, 4.1:2 in the accounts dossier). The scribe wrote ‫“( בני‬sons of”), omitting the prepositional lamed, as in D4.10 above. The format is d-c-nnn-x.

254

D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal (Table 4.52–55) cm

CONVEX Date Worker Tally Supplier

On the 25th of Marcheshvan, Ḥabibu, worker, 1, 2 of the house of Yokal. 1

‫חביבו‬ ִ ‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבית יוכל‬1 ‫ פעל‬.2

D6.2-ISAP408 [IA11386] 25 Marcheshvan Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (43 × 77 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on exterior, on ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Though this and the following two texts were all written by Scribe 1, they do not follow the same format. This follows the same word order as D2.3, 10[?], 3.11, 4.13, and 6.3, namely, d-n(n)-w-c whereas D6.4 has the more frequent order d-n-c-w. Scribe 1 wrote six texts on 25 Marcheshvan, one for Baalrim, three for Gur, one for Qoṣi, and one for Yehokal (D2.3, 3.4–6, 4.3, 6.2). Names with the root ‫“( חבב‬beloved”) were popular in Aramaic (see TAD A2.1:9, D8.6:4; Stark 1971: 87; Abbadi 1983: 108) and Nabatean (Negev 407–408), though only one other appears in our corpus (A185.1). The clan name is written “Yokal” in this and the following two texts instead of the more frequent “Yehokal.”

D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal (Table 4.52–55)

255

cm

CONVEX Date Workers Tally Supplier

On the 1st of Kislev, Qoslakin and Zabidu/Zubaydu, 2 workers, 2, of the house of Yokal. 1

‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו קוסלכן וזבי‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבית יוכל‬2 ‫ פעלן‬.2

D6.3-ISAP424 [IA11387] 1 Kislev Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (40 × 80 × 8), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many white grits. Patina on ca. 10% of sherd surface, top edge straight and smoothed. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

See D6.2 above for the format and D6.1 for the name Qoslakin. For Zabidu/Zubaydu, see A12 and D3.10 above. This is a name that features in at least five different clans (A1.1–2, A2.38–39, A3.7–9, here, and A6.16–17). For other texts written on 1 Kislev, see D2.5. The word order is d-nn-w-c.

256

D6.1–4 Workers from the Clan of Y(eh)okal (Table 4.52–55) cm

CONVEX 1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

‫ לכסלו‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫כרי לבית יוכל ִפ ִע ִל‬ ִ ‫ ִד‬.2 1 .3

On the 14th of Kislev, Dikri of the house of Yokal: worker, 31.

Date

D6.4-ISAP429 [IA11402] 14 Kislev Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium sized (50 × 90 × 7), triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Upper edge possibly smoothed. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

As opposed to the above two texts, Scribe 1 used his favorite word order here, d-n-c-w. A Dikri appears thrice for the clan of Qoṣi on 1, 9, and 11 Kislev (D4.4 [see here for name], 9–10).

D7.1–3 Workers from Miscellaneous Clans (Table 4.56–58) Dated List of Texts D7.1 D7.2 D7.3

Supply of 2 workers Supply of 3 workers Supply of 1 worker

Undated Undated 15 Sivan

One of the three clans here appears in the Miscellaneous Clans commodity chit dossier—Qosi (D7.2; A6.7–9a). The filiation term here is ‫“( בני‬sons of”), whereas there it is both ‫“( בני‬sons of” [A6.8]) and ‫בית‬ (“house of” [A6.9]). The second clan, listed as ‫“( בית עזה‬house of Uzzah”) is otherwise unknown, unless it refers to the same clan as ‫ בית עזא‬in one of the land description texts (H1.1). Only the third text has all four components, following the pattern of Scribe 1 (d-n-c-w), with ‫ בית‬as the filiation marker. Only one other workers text is dated to Sivan (D8.4).

257

258

D7.1–3 Workers from Miscellaneous Clans (Table 4.56–58) cm

CONVEX House of Uzzah: Abdadah 3and Mat(ṭ)aran.

Clan

1

Workers

2

‫ בית עזה‬.1 ‫ עבדאדה‬.2 ‫ ומטרן‬.3

D7.1-ISAP945 (Robert Deutsch > DMS = Lj8) Undated Supply of 2 workers

Spelled with a final alef, the name Uzzah is a deity in a land description (H1.1). As spelled here, it has a biblical parallel (2 Sam 6:6–8) and is probably an abbreviation of a name such as ‫( עזאל‬Uzziel [“El is my strength,” A12.15]). See also the dossier of Uzzi (A147). Abdadah and Maṭ(ṭ)aran both have their own chit dossiers (A13.1–20; 107.1–3), and both appeared in accounts (C1.2:2; 2.1, 6; 6:2; 9:2; 18:7 [Abdadah] and C2.8:3; 18:5 [Maṭ{ṭ}aran]). In fact, the two of them appear in a single account together (C2.18:5, 7). For texts lacking both date and workers tally, see D2.16 and 3.16. However, the structure is similar to the next text, which is also elliptical and wherein the personal name is replaced with the worker tally (D7.2). The format is c-nn-x.

D7.1–3 Workers from Miscellaneous Clans (Table 4.56–58)

259

cm

CONVEX ‫ בני קוסי‬.1 2 ‫ פעלן‬.2

The sons of Qosi: workers, 3.

Clan

1

Tally

2

D7.2-ISAP210 (EN95 [IA11821]) Undated Supply of 3 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (68 × 64 × 6–8), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior and interior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior (2 lines), on slightly convex, smooth surface, and on interior (vague signs), on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Though written by Scribe 1, this text is most elliptical, omitting date and the workers’ names. The scribe wrote ‫“( בני‬sons of”), omitting the prepositional lamed, as in D4.10 and 6.1 above. The format is c-w-x-x.

260

D7.1–3 Workers from Miscellaneous Clans (Table 4.56–58) cm

CONVEX 1

Worker

2

Supplier Tally

ִ‫לסיִִון‬ ִ 15 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫קוסבִר ִך לבית‬ ִ .2 1 ‫[פ[ע]ל‬ ִ ] .3

On the 15th of Sivan, Qosbarek of the house of 3[. . .]: wor[k]er, 1.

Date

D7.3-ISAP431 [IA11343] 15 Sivan Supply of 1 worker Base of jar, probably of Persian period, medium sized (48 × 74 × 8–13), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits. Interior and edges covered with whitish dirt, prominent wheel marks on interior, lower edges retouched. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, bottom margin, writing parallel to upper edge. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

Written by Scribe 1, the text follows his usual pattern, d-n-c-w. The long form of the nickname Berik above (D5.1), the name Qosbarek had its own commodity chit dossier (A67.1–5), but no clan name is indicated, so we cannot restore the missing clan here. Only one other workers text is written in Sivan (D8.4).

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) Dated List of Texts D8.1 D8.2 D8.3 D8.4 D8.5 D8.6 D8.7 D8.8 D8.9

Supply of 1 worker and payment of 1 (+ ?) kor of unknown product Supply of 2 workers Supply of 6 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 8 workers Supply of 3 workers Supply of 2 workers Supply of 4 workers Supply of 7 workers

July 21, 357 February 17, 352 5 Nisan 22 Sivan 20 Tammuz 23 Tammuz 25 Tammuz 26 Tammuz 13 Elul

Unaffiliated with a clan in these accounts, every one of the eight names here has its own commodity dossier, and seven are affiliated with at least one clan: (1) Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru appears in Baalrim and Guru (A19.1–15; A1.55; 2.28); (2) Qosaz is a member of Yehokal (A70.1–5; A5.11); (3) Maš(i)ku appears in Guru and Qoṣi (A21.1–16; A2.17–18; 3.3); (4) Suaydu appears in Baalgur (= Gur) and Awi (A22.1–12; A2.20; 6.12); (5) Malku is a member of Baalrim (A23.1–11; A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37); (6) Zabdiel is a member of Baalrim (A32.1–8; A1.15); and (7) Zabdadah appears in Gur and Yehokal (A47.1–6; A2.19; 5.20). With a dossier, Nutaynu is the only one here without clan affiliation elsewhere (A50.1–6). Unlike the texts for the clan members, most of which supply but a single worker, all but two of these (D8.1, 4) supply several workers while listing only one or two personal names—2 (2×), 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. We may assume, then, that the personal name was the supplier, but it is also possible that he was the senior worker (e.g., D4.1; cf D2.1). Four texts were made out within the same week (20, 23, 25, and 26 Tammuz) by a single scribe, supplying 8, 3, 2, and 4 workers (D8.5–8 [Scribe 2]). Three of the four were in the possession of a single dealer, and they contained the same supplier (D8.6–8). Finally, only in this section do we find workers texts dated to the months of Tammuz and Nisan, and two of the four fully dated texts occur here (D8.1–2; cf. D4.1, 5.1).

261

262

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Tally Date

Suay[d]u and Malku: . . ., k(or), 1[. . .]; 2 worker, 1, on the 23rd of Tammuz, year 2. (Remains of ink at the bottom) 1

[ ]1 ‫ ִכ‬. . ‫ומלכו‬ ִ ‫ שעיִ[ד]ו‬.1 2 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לת ִמִו ִז ִשנ‬ ִ 23 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ פעל‬.2 (Remains of ink at the bottom) .3

D8.1-ISAP1114 (L114 [IM91.16.45]) July 20, 357 Supply of 1 worker and payment of 1 (+ ?) kor of unknown product Body sherd of jar (70 × 57 × 10), yellowish slip on exterior, interior brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Poorly preserved writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel marks [L].

Year dates in workers texts are rare (see D4.1; 5.1; and 8.2). While the commodity dossier of Malku (A23) runs from 3 Artaxerxes III (356) to 2 Arses (336), that of Suaydu (A22) runs only from 43 Artaxerxes II (362) to 19 Artaxerxes III (340) (A22.1–5). Accordingly, the two could have come together only in the early years of Artaxerxes III, so our text must have been written on July 21, 357. Still, this text is most strange. The illegibility of the end of line 1 brings the whole text into question. If the reading 1 ‫“( כ‬1 k{or}”) is correct, our text would be a unique hybrid, part chit and part workers text. But how are we to explain two personal names in line 1 but only “1 worker” in line 2? No clan is indicated. Both names Suaydu and Malku appear only here in the workers dossier, but Malku was also in the accounts (C7.3). Four other workers texts occur in the month of Tammuz, all by the same scribe (D8.5–8 below). The format is nn-w-d.

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67)

263

cm

CONVEX [On] the 13th of Shebat, year 6 (+?), Zabdiel: [wor]kers, 2 [. . .].

Date

1

Worker/Supplier

2

Tally

6 ]+?[ ‫ לשבט שנת‬13 ]‫ ]ב‬.1 [ ]. . . . ִ‫לן‬. . ִ ‫ זבדאל‬.2

D8.2-ISAP221 [IA11773] February 17, 352 Supply of 2 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 71 × 10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Year dates in workers texts are rare (see D4.1; 5.1; and 8.1). Only one other text is dated to the month of Shebat (D2.12). The word order here is: d-n-w. Since there are two workers but only one personal name, we should assume that Zabdiel was either the senior worker (e.g., D4.1; cf. D2.1) or the supplier of both workers. Above, a Zabdiel is attached to the clan of Qoṣi (D4.6), while another Zabdiel appears in the clan of Baalrim (A1.15). For the dossier of Zabdiel, see A32. The name also appears in an account for oil (C5.3:4).

264

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) cm

CONVEX Date Worker/Supplier Payee/Recipient Tally

‫מש ִכִו‬ ִ ‫ לניסן‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫ לנתינו פעלן‬.2

On the 5th of Nisan, Maš(i)ku 2 to Nutaynu: workers, 6. 1

D8.3-ISAP449 [IA11362] 5 Nisan Supply of 6 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (80  ×  90  ×  9–10), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80º to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The order of items here is: date, personal name, payee/recipient, and workers tally (d-n-p-w). Only two more texts record a recipient (D2.15, 9.4). For the dossier of Maš(i)ku, a name that appears in three clans (Gur [A2.17–18], Qoṣi [A3.3], and Yehokal [A5.2–3]), see A21.1–16, and for that of Nutaynu, see A50.1–6. Both appear in the accounts, as well (C2.14:3, 5.4:2–4, respectively). This is the only workers text dated to the month of Nisan. The fourth and fifth numeral strokes are written so close together that they seem to meld into one.

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67)

265

cm

CONVEX Worker/Supplier Tally Date

1 ‫ זבדאדה פעל‬.1 ‫ לסיון‬22 ‫ ב‬.2

Zabdadah: worker, 1, 2 on the 22nd of Sivan. 1

D8.4 -ISAP1044 (L44 [IM91.16.23]) 22 Sivan Supply of 1 worker Jar fragment (64 × 64 × 8). Ostracon apparently complete. Rather erased writing on convex surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The word order here is n-w-d, the same as in the three texts by Scribe 2 below (D8.6–8, possibly also 8.9). Since there is but one personal name, it is possible that he was the worker rather than the supplier (but cf. D8.2 above). Only one other workers text was dated to Sivan (D7.3). For the name Zabdadah, see A47.1–6. A Zabdadah is attached to the clan of Baalrim above (D2.12), two more to the clans of Gur (A47.5) and Yehokal (A47.4), and a certain Zabdadah also appears in the accounts (C2.5:1, 10:2).

266

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tammuz, Qosaz: workers, 38.

Date

1

Worker/Supplier

2

Tally

‫ לתמוז‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫פעליִן‬ ִ ‫קוסעז‬ ִ .2 8 .3

D8.5-ISAP1600 (AL114 [M402]) 20 Tammuz Supply of 8 workers Body sherd of jar (67 × 61 × 10–12) exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at 80º to wheel marks [AL].

The same scribe (Scribe 2) wrote this and the next three texts (D8.5–8), which also have the same senior worker or supplier (D8.6–8). Only one other text besides these was written in Tammuz (D8.1). Here, Qosaz is either the senior worker (e.g., D4.1; cf. D2.1) or supplier, as in D8.2 and 8.4 above. They were written over a period of six days for 8, 3, 2, and 4 workers, respectively. In three of the four texts (D8.5, 7–8), the word for workers is written plena (‫)פעלין‬. The word order here is d-n-w, but in the next three texts it is n-wd. For the name Qosaz, which is also attached to the clan of Yehokal (A5.11, 13), see A70.1–5, but in a late commodity chit from the house of Qoṣi (February 22, 311 [A3.39]), the name appears as a payee. Only one text has more workers than this one (D2.14).

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67)

267

cm

CONVEX Worker/Supplier Workers Date

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: workers, 3, 2 on the 23rd of Tammuz. 1

3 ‫פעלן‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ עיד‬.1 ‫ לתמוז‬23 ‫ ב‬.2

D8.6-ISAP1641 {OG? 7} 23 Tammuz Supply of 3 workers

The word order in this and the next two texts differs from the other text by Scribe 2 (D8.5). It is the same as D8.4, namely, n-w-d. For the name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, see D3.15 above, and for its dossier, see A19.1–15. As with Zabdiel, Maš(i)ku, and Qosaz (D8.2–3, 5, respectively), Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru is either the senior worker in each of these texts (e.g., D4.1; cf. D2.1) or the supplier.

268

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) cm

CONVEX Worker/Supplier Workers Date

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: workers, 2, 2 on the 25th of Tammuz. 1

2 ‫פעליִן‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ עיד‬.1 ‫ לתמוז‬25 ‫ ב‬.2

D8.7-ISAP1640 {OG? 6} 25 Tammuz Supply of 2 workers

Two days later, Scribe 2 wrote another text for Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, this time for only 2 workers. See commentary in D8.6 above.

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67)

269

cm

CONVEX Worker/Supplier Workers Date

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: workers, 4, 2 on the 26th of Tammuz. 1

4 ִ‫רו פעלִין‬/‫ עיד‬.1 ‫ לתמוז‬26 ‫ ב‬.2

D8.8-ISAP1659 {OG? 25} 26 Tammuz Supply of 4 workers

The next day, Scribe 2 wrote the third and final text for Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, this time for 4 workers. See commentary in D8.6 above.

270

D8.1–9 Dated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.49–67) cm

CONVEX [PN]: [. . .] workers, 7, 3 [. . .]l on the 13th of Elul.

Worker/Supplier

1

Worker

2

Date

].[ ]‫ ] [ב‬.1 7 ‫ ] [ פעלן‬.2 ‫ לאלול‬13 ‫ ] [ל ב‬.3 [

D8.9-ISAP243 [IA11811] 13 Elul Supply of 7 workers Body sherd of closed vessel, medium sized (41 × 41 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Exterior slightly convex, smooth, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50º to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The first line is missing, and with it the name of the senior worker (e.g., D4.1; cf. D2.1) or supplier. The format is the same as the three texts above, namely, [n]-w-d, but this is not by Scribe 2. Only two other texts record more workers (D2.14, 8.5).

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) List of Texts D9.1 D9.2 D9.3 D9.4 D9.5 D9.6 D9.7

List of 5 workers of the gate Names of 5 workers Payment of 2 shekels for 15 workers Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 1 worker Supply of 5 men

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

271

272

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) cm

CONVEX Workers of the gate: Ḥaggagu, [?], 3 Qosyatha[?], 4 Dikru[?], 5 Mannukišamaš, 6 Wah(a)bu. (The rest is missing.)

Caption

1

Worker

2

Worker Worker Worker Worker

‫פעלי תרעא‬ [?]. ‫חגגו‬ [?]‫ִתע‬ ִ ‫קוסי‬ [?]‫דכרִו‬ ִ ‫נכשמש‬ ִ ‫ִמ‬ ‫והבו‬ (The rest is missing)

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

D9.1-ISAP110 [IA11869] Undated List of 5 workers of the gate Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (54 × 57 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. No top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, narrow left margin.

This is a unique text, and we wonder if these workers are at all related to the ‫ תרען‬that appear at the end of some dozen commodity chits, as recipients of grain, usually barley. For discussion of these “gatemen,” see A1.38–42; 3.23. ¶ The first three names have their own dossiers—Ḥaggagu (A33.1–8), Qosyatha (A55.1–7; also below D9.4), and Dikru (A75.1–4). The name Dikru appears among five workers in the clan of Baalrim (D2.13), while a Wah(a)bu is found among three workers in the clan of Qoṣi (D4.2). The Akkadian name ‫“( מנכשמש‬Who is like Shamash?”) appears only here but may be compared to the Aramaic name Abdšamaš (‫“[ עבדשמש‬Servant of Shamash”]) in the text below (D9.2:3). Two of the names also appear in accounts—Ḥaggagu (C1.1) and Qosyatha (C1.3). Four other texts record 5 workers each (D3.15, 5.2, 9.2, 7). The format is w-nnnnn.

273

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) cm

CONVEX Ilghayr Abdi 3 Abdšamaš 4 Abenašu 5 Waalu 6 in the hand of Qoslakin.

Worker

1

Worker

2

Worker Worker Worker Supplier

‫ר‬/‫לעיד‬ ִ ‫ִא‬ ‫עבדִי‬ ‫בדש ִמ ִש‬ ִ ‫ִע‬ ‫ִא ִבאנשו‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫ביד קוסלכן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

D9.2-ISAP2636 (JA380) Undated Names of 5 workers Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (69 × 54 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior, patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

If correctly interpreted, this list of five names is a work detail. In line 6, the preposition ‫ביד‬, “in the hand of,” could either mean “under the authority of, entrusted to” (TAD A6.2:7) or “through the agency of” (TAD A2.5:5). The idea behind the two meanings may be the same—the five listed men were in the charge of Qoslakin (cf. A39.1–8), who was supplying them as a work detail. The name is encountered above in the clans of Baalrim (D2.13) and Yehokal (D6.1, 3). The first four names occur elsewhere in the Idumean corpus. The first and the last are Arabian, ‫“( אלעיר‬Il is jealous”) and ‫( ועלו‬related to Hebrew ‫יעל‬ [“ibex”]). Waalu occurs only here, while Ilghayr appears also in two lists (E3.4:7, 9:3) and in a land description (H5.12) and is paralleled by Qosghayr (A40) and Baalghayr (A8). Abdi (A144) and Abdšamaš (A146) are “servant” names, the former a well-known hypocoristicon and the latter with the meaning “Servant of Šamaš” (compare to Mannukišamaš above [D9.1]). This originally Babylonian deity was popular among the Arameans and figured prominently in personal names (Porten 1968: 166; Porten-Lund 2002: 416). The names Abenašu (A127.1–2 [once affiliated to Baalrim]) and the more frequent Abenaši (A91.1–4) are unique to the Idumean corpus. Half of the names here also appeared in the accounts dossier—Qoslakin (C1.3:9), Abdi (C9.6:2), and Abenašu (C8.2:1). In the last account, Abenašu is accorded 1 maah, which the text below (D9.3) reveals is less than the cost of 1 worker for a day. Four other texts record 5 workers each (D3.15, 5.2, 9.1, 7). The format is nnnnn-n.

274

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) cm

CONVEX Payer Payment Tally

Naamel son of Nattun: silver, sh(ekels), 2, 2 for workers, 15. 1

2 ‫ נִעמאל בר נתון כסף ִש‬.1 15 ‫ ִבפעלן‬.2

D9.3-ISAP451 [IA11313] Undated Payment of 2 shekels for 15 workers Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (55 × 98 × 14–18), roughly triangular, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 10º to wheel marks. No top margin, no right margin, *medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

Whether Naamel is paying cash instead of supplying workers or is paying the workers’ wages, an individual worker, presumably for a day, is worth 0.133 shekels or 1.6 maahs (1 shekel = 12 maahs); see Porten-Yardeni 2006: 482. Either way, the preposition ‫ ב‬in line 2 represents an exchange (see discussion in A1.24). Naamel son of Nattun is probably an Idumean name. Meaning “El is pleasant,” ‫ נעמאל‬is found on a Hebrew seal (WSS 267) and has parallels in Phoenician and Ammonite (Benz 1972: 362; Aufrecht no. 1989; 80:3). With the elements reversed, we have ‫( אלנעם‬Elnaam) in the Bible (1 Chr 11.46). The name appears only here, but its hypocoristicon ‫“( נעום‬Naum”) has a sizable dossier (A36.1–8). The hypocoristic Nattun was popular at Elephantine (Porten-Lund: 2002: 382) and occurs twice more in our corpus—once in the accounts (C9.2:5) and once as father of Qosḥair in 362 b.c.e. (A68.1). If this is the same Nattun, then Naamel and Qosḥair, being brothers, were probably active around the same time. For a discussion of money in the commodity chits, see A151.2. The wages for workers are discussed in more detail based on this piece in the introduction to TAO D above. The format is n-2.

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74)

275

cm

CONVEX Worker/Supplier Recipient Tally

‫ והבאל ִלקוסיתע‬.1 1 ‫ פעל‬.2

Wah(a)bil to Qosyatha: 2 worker, 1. 1

D9.4-ISAP1081 (L81 [IM91.16.3]) Undated Supply of 1 worker Jar fragment (78 × 51 × 7), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 15º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Only two other texts record recipients (D2.15 and 8.3). The Arabian name ‫“( והבאל‬Il gave”) appeared above affiliated to Baalrim (D2.15) and had its own dossier (A76). Aramaic Qosyatha was one of the “workers of the gate” above (D9.1), and it, too, had its own dossier (A55). Could Wah(a)bu, who appears together with Qosyatha as one of the “workers of the gate” (D9.1) be a hypocoristicon of our Wahabil, who was probably the worker, rather than a supplier? The format is n-p-w.

276

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) cm

CONVEX [ ]‫ ִקִו ִס‬.1 [ ] 1 ‫ ִפ ִעל‬.2

[. . .]qos: [. . .] worker, 1.

Worker/Supplier

1

Tally

2

D9.5-ISAP2647 (JA391) Undated Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of closed vessel, tiny (33 × 37 × 9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior reddish brown (5YR5/30, ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white and brown grits. Traces of black ash on 100% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Missing at the beginning of the text are the (possible) date and clan name. Preserved are the second half of the name of the worker ([. . .]qos) and the tally (“1 worker”). The format is n-w.

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74)

277

cm

CONVEX [. . .]l [. . .] 3 Worker/Supplier? [. . .]Abdadah [. . .]: 4 Tally [. . .]worker, 1. 1 2

[

‫ ] [ל‬.1 [ ] .2 ]‫בדאדה‬ ִ ‫ ] [ ִע‬.3 1 ‫ ] [פעל‬.4

D9.6-ISAP404 [IA11312] Undated Supply of 1 worker Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (44 × 64 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/1), medium amount of white and red grits. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The remains are not symmetrical, and full restoration is thus thwarted. The ostracon is cut off at the right edge, and only a word ending in lamed appears in line 1 while line 2 is fully blank. Hugging the edge of line 3 is the popular name Abdadah (see A13.1–20) and immediately beneath it \ ‫“( פעל‬1 worker”). None of our texts provides a model for an opening line ending with a lamed in the middle, followed by a blank line beneath which are two lines of one word each. Appearing only here in the workers texts, the name Abdadah appears in two clan dossiers elsewhere—Gur (A2.16) and Al(i)baal (A4.19–20). As above, the format is n-w.

278

D9.1–7 Undated Texts of Workers Unaffiliated with a Clan (Table 4.68–74) cm

CONVEX ‫ִא‬ ִ ‫ ִג ִבִרי‬5 [?].ִ‫י‬. . . ‫לכ ִס ִלִו‬ ִ 2‫ב‬ . . . . ‫ ִלף ִג‬4 [?]. .‫ ה‬. . .[ ] [ ].[ ]

5(?) the men(?) On the 2nd of Kislev 3 4 thousand 4 [. . .] 5 [. . .]

Tally

1

Date

2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

D9.7-ISAP1520 (AL242 [M235]) 2 Kislev Supply of 5 men An ostracon with 4 lines written in black ink. Body sherd of a jar, irregularly shaped (56 × 49 × 8), exterior brown, interior brick pink. Writing on exterior on slightly convex surface, written lines about parallel to wheel marks.

The text appears to be intact, but the reading is very speculative, and no clear sense can be made of the meaning. In line 1, the numeral precedes the noun (w-d), not the usual word order, if indeed the two are related. The date in line 2 seems to be clear and is shared with 9 other workers texts (D2.7–10, 3.10–11, 4.6–7, 13), all but one written by Scribe 1 (D4.6). The number in line 3 is also clear, written part numeral (4 strokes) and part word (‫)לפ‬. Four other texts record 5 workers each (D3.15; 5.2; 9.1–2).

Table D: Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D) Table D1.  65 names that appear in the Workers’ Texts Dossier, arranged alphabetically Table D2.  48 names that appear in both the Workers’ Texts and Commodity Chit Dossiers Table D3.  7 names that appear only in the Workers’ Texts Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers Table D4.  10 names that appear only in the Workers’ Texts Dossier Table D5a.  24 names that appear in both the Workers Dossier and the Clans Dossiers Table D5b.  12 persons that appear in both the Workers’ Texts Dossier and the Clans Dossiers

Introduction There are 65 names in the workers’ texts (Table D1), which divide as follows: 48 also appear in commodity chits (Table D2); 7 also appear in non-chit dossiers (Table D3); and 10 do not appear elsewhere (Table D4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g., Qosḥanan [Table D1.52]), but there is just one name that appears only once elsewhere but several times here (Qosdalani [Table D1.50]). Twenty-four names appear in both the workers’ texts and commodity chit clan dossiers (Table D5a), and we can identify twelve individual persons from these (Table D5b): five in Baalrim (Table D5b.1–5), three in Gur (Table D5b.6–8), three in Qoṣi (Table D5b.9–11), and one in the miscellaneous clan of Qosi (Table D5b.12). There are no identifiable persons from the clans of Al(i)baal or Yehokal.

Figure 3.  Breakdown of the 65 names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier.

Table D1.  65 Names That Appear in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D), Arranged Alphabetically No.  1  2  3

Personal Name English ‫ אבנשו‬Abenašu

Reference(s) in TAO D D9.2

Frequency in TAO D 1

‫ אלעיר‬Ilghayr ‫ בריך‬Berik

D9.2 D5.1

1 1

279

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, C8.1, G2.2 E3.4, 9, H5.12 A3.13, 59.5

280

Table D

Table D1.  65 Names That Appear in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D), Arranged Alphabetically No.  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Personal Name ‫ דכרו‬Dikru ‫דכרי‬ ‫דלאל‬ ‫הוברך‬ ‫והבאל‬ ‫והבו‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫זבדאדה‬

English

Dikri Dalael Hubarek Wahabil Wah(a)bu Waalu Zabdadah

‫ זבדו‬Zabdu ‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

‫זבדאלה‬ ‫זבדמלך‬ ‫זביד‬ ‫זבידו‬

Zabdilah Zabdimilk Zubayd/Zebid Zabidu/Zubaydu

‫ חביבו‬Ḥabibu ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חזיר‬Ḥezir ‫חמיו‬ ‫חנינא‬ ‫יבנאל‬ ‫מטרן‬

Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu Ḥanina Yabneel Maṭ(ṭ)aran

‫ מלכו‬Malku

‫ מנכשמש‬Mannukišamaš ‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku ‫ נורי‬Nuri ‫ נעמאל‬Naamel ‫נקרו‬/‫ נקדו‬Naqdu/Naqru ‫נתון‬ ‫נתינו‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫סמי‬ ‫סמכו‬

Nattun Nutaynu Natanṣidq Sami Sam(a)ku

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

Reference(s) in TAO D D2.13, 9.1

Frequency in TAO D 2

D4.4, 9–10, 6.4 D2.2, 4.2, 5 D5.2 D2.16, 9.4 D4.2, 9.1 D9.2 D2.12 ( son of Naqru/Naqdu), 8.4 D4.1a D4.6, 8.2

4 3 1 2 2 1 2

D2.16 D2.4–5, 7 D2.13 D3.10, 6.3

1 3 1 2

D6.2 D9.1

1 1

D4.8 (son of Abdilahi) D2.14 D3.4, 13 D2.8, 3.16 D7.1

1

D8.1

1

D9.1 D8.3

1 1

D2.2 D9.3 (son of Nattun) D2.12–13

1 1 2

D9.3 D8.3 D4.11 D2.11 D2.9

1 1 1 1 1

D7.1, 9.6

2

1 2

1 2 2 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.24, 24a, 53, 75.1–4, H4.13, 6.5 × A131.1–2, C6.2, J3.3 × A76.1–4, E3.2, 27 A300.3.13, J12.5 G4.7 A8.46, 47.1–6, C2.5, 10, J1.6 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, C6.2, H2.15 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, E1.7, 3.3 × E3.1, F3.8, J1.16, 11.5 A1.12, 43, 77.1–4 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A185.1 A33.1–8, C1.1, E3.11, F2.2, B2.11 A189.1, H4.1 A1.33, 44.5, 99.2 A195.1, C1.3, 4.1, E3.4 A47.1, C2.4 A24.8, 107.1–3, 290.2.15, C2.8, 18 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, E3.9 F2.7 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, C2.14, H4.5 × × A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, E1.7, 3.26, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 A68.1, 208.1, C9.2 A50.1–6, C5.4 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, E3.7, 15 × A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, C2.7, E3.2, J1.8, 9.3 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier

281

Table D1.  65 Names That Appear in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D), Arranged Alphabetically No. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Personal Name ‫ עבדי‬Abdi

English

‫ עבדקוס‬Abdqos ‫ עבדשמש‬Abdšamaš ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu ‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel ‫ עזה‬Uzzah (clan) ‫עירו‬/ ‫ עידו‬Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

Reference(s) in TAO D D9.2

Frequency in TAO D 1

D2.1 D9.2 D3.1

1 1 1

D4.1–1a

2

D7.1 D3.15, 8.6–8

1 4

44

‫ עליאל‬Aliel

D3.14–15

2

45 46 47

‫ פטס‬Peṭes(e) ‫ קוסאח‬Qosaḥ ‫ קוסאיתי‬Qosaiti

1 1 1

48 49

‫ קוסאתא‬Qosata ‫ קןסברך‬Qosbarek

D2.13 D3.3 D4.7 (son of Pelaṭiah) D4.13 D7.3

50 51 52

‫ קוסדלני‬Qosdalani ‫ קוסוהב‬Qoswahab ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

D4.3, 13–14 D2.15 D3.5

3 1 1

53

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan)

D7.2

1

1 1

54 55 56

‫ קוסידלי‬Qosyidli ‫ קוסיהב‬Qosyahab ‫ קוסיתא‬Qosyatha

D4.2 D3.6–7 D9.1, 4

1 2 2

57

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

4

58

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

D2.13, 6.1 (3x), 3, 9.2 D2.11

59

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

D4.8

1

D4.14

1

60

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

1

61

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

D8.5

1

62

‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

D2.6, 13

2

63 64 65

‫ רמאל‬Ramel ‫ שעידו‬Suaydu ‫ תימאל‬Taymil

D3.2, 8, 11–12 D8.1 D4.1a

4 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A30.6, 112.1–3, B2.11 A146.1–2 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A2.11, 114.1–3, C1.7, 2.10, E3.11, 4.9 × A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, E3.5, 3.25 A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, C6.2, 10, F3.21, H2.1 E1.2 A233.1, C2.13, H5.2 J3.9 × A9.28, 67.1–5, C2.16, G4.7, J10.3, 2E1.2 E4.10 A154.2, 238.1 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25–26, H4.11 A6.7–9, 29.6, B1.3, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4 × A26.1–10, 154.2, 300.6.5 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, C1.3, H5.10, J7.1 A39.1–8, C1.3, 4.1, E1.4, 3.6 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3(?), 9.3, E3.18 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, E3.3, 12, 14, F3.24, 29 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, C5.6, J3.8 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1–12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, C4.5, H1.3, 9.4 × A22.1–12, 76.1, 154.2 A4.36

282

Table D Table D2.  48 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts and Commodity Chit Dossiers (TAO D and A)

No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9

Personal Name ‫אבנשו‬ ‫בריך‬ ‫דכרו‬ ‫דלאל‬ ‫והבאל‬ ‫והבו‬ ‫זבדאדה‬

English Abenašu Berik Dikru Dalael Wahabil Wah(a)bu Zabdadah

‫ זבדו‬Zabdu ‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

Reference(s) in TAO D D9.2 D5.1 D2.13, 9.1 D2.2, 4.2, 5 D2.16, 9.4 D4.2, 9.1 D2.12 ( son of Naqru/Naqdu), 8.4 D4.1a D4.6, 8.2

Frequency in TAO D 1 1 2 3 2 2 2

D2.13 D3.10, 6.3

1 2

D6.2 D9.1 D4.8 (son of Abdilahi) D2.14 D3.4, 13 D2.8, 3.16 D7.1 D8.1

1 1 1

1 2

10 11

‫ זביד‬Zubayd/Zebid ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

12 13 14

‫ חביבו‬Ḥabibu ‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu ‫ חזיר‬Ḥezir

15 16 17 18 19

‫חמיו‬ ‫חנינא‬ ‫יבנאל‬ ‫מטרן‬ ‫מלכו‬

20

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

D8.3

1

21

‫נקרו‬/‫ נקדו‬Naqdu/Naqru

D2.12–13

2

D9.3 D8.3 D4.11 D2.9

1 1 1 1

22 23 24 25

‫נתון‬ ‫נתינו‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫סמכו‬

Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu Ḥanina Yabneel Maṭ(ṭ)aran Malku

Nattun Nutaynu Natanṣidq Sam(a)ku

1 2 2 1 1

26

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

D7.1, 9.6

2

27

‫ עבדי‬Abdi

D9.2

1

28 29 30

‫ עבדקוס‬Abdqos ‫ עבדשמש‬Abdšamaš ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu

D2.1 D9.2 D3.1

1 1 1

D4.1–1a

2

D3.15, 8.6–8

4

31

‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel

32

‫עירו‬/ ‫ עידו‬Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, C8.1, G2.2 A3.13, 59.5 A1.24, 24a, 53, 75.1–4, H4.13, 6.5 A131.1–2, C6.2, J3.3 A76.1–4, E3.2, 27 A300.3.13, J12.5 A8.46, 47.1–6, C2.5, 10, J1.6 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, C6.2, H2.15 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, E1.7, 3.3 A1.12, 43, 77.1–4 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A185.1 A33.1–8, C1.1, E3.11, F2.2, B2.11 A189.1, H4.1 A1.33, 44.5, 99.2 A195.1, C1.3, 4.1, E3.4 A47.1, C2.4 A24.8, 107.1–3, 290.2.15, C2.8, 18 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, E3.9 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, C2.14, H4.5 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, E1.7, 3.26, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 A68.1, 208.1, C9.2 A50.1–6, C5.4 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, E3.7, 15 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, C2.7, E3.2, J1.8, 9.3 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, E3.5, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A30.6, 112.1–3, B2.11 A146.1–2 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A2.11, 114.1–3, C1.7, 2.10, E3.11, 4.9 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, E3.5, 3.25

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier

283

Table D2.  48 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts and Commodity Chit Dossiers (TAO D and A) No. 33

Personal Name English ‫ עליאל‬Aliel

Reference(s) in TAO D D3.14–15

Frequency in TAO D 2

34 35

‫ קוסאח‬Qosaḥ ‫ קןסברך‬Qosbarek

D3.3 D7.3

1 1

36 37

‫ קוסוהב‬Qoswahab ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

D2.15 D3.5

1 1

38

‫ קוסי‬Qosi (clan)

D7.2

1

39 40

‫ קוסיהב‬Qosyahab ‫ קוסיתא‬Qosyatha

D3.6–7 D9.1, 4

2 2

41

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

4

42

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

D2.13, 6.1 (3x), 3, 9.2 D2.11

43

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

D4.8

1

D4.14

1

44

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

1

45

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

D8.5

1

46

‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

D2.6, 13

2

47 48

‫ שעידו‬Suaydu ‫ תימאל‬Taymil

D8.1 D4.1a

1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, C6.2, 10, F3.21, H2.1 A233.1, C2.13, H5.2 A9.28, 67.1–5, C2.16, G4.7, J10.3, 2E1.2 A154.2, 238.1 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25– 26, H4.11 A6.7–9, 29.6, B1.3, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4 A26.1–10, 154.2, 300.6.5 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, C1.3, H5.10, J7.1 A39.1–8, C1.3, 4.1, E1.4, 3.6 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3?, 9.3, E3.18 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, E3.3, 12, 14, F3.24, 29 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, C5.6, J3.8 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1– 12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, C4.5, H1.3, 9.4 A22.1–12, 76.1, 154.2 A4.36

Table D3.  7 Names That Appear Only in the Workers’ Texts and Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D and E, F, G, H, and J) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7

Personal Name ‫אלעיר‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫זבדמלך‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫קוסאיתי‬ ‫קוסדלני‬

English Ilghayr Waalu Zabdimilk Mannukišamaš Peṭes(e) Qosaiti Qosdalani

Reference(s) in TAO D D9.2 D9.2 D2.4–5, 7 D9.1 D2.13 D4.7 (son of Pelaṭiah) D4.3, 13–14

Frequency in TAO C 1 1 3 1 1 1 3

Reference(s) Elsewhere E3.4, 9, H5.12 G4.7 E3.1, F3.8, J1.16, 11.5 F2.7 E1.2 J3.9 E4.10

284

Table D Table D4.  10 Names That Appear Only in the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D)

No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

Personal Name ‫דכרי‬ ‫הוברך‬ ‫זבדאלה‬ ‫נורי‬ ‫נעמאל‬ ‫סמי‬ ‫עזה‬ ‫קוסאתא‬ ‫קוסידלי‬ ‫רמאל‬

English Dikri Hubarek Zabdilah Nuri Naamel Sami Uzzah (clan) Qosata Qosyidli Ramel

Reference(s) in TAO D D4.4, 9–10, 6.4 D5.2 D2.16 D2.2 D9.3 (son of Nattun) D2.11 D7.1 D4.13 D4.2 D3.2, 8, 11–12

Frequency in TAO D 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × × × × × × ×

Table D5a.  24 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) Clan Multiple clans

No.  1

Reference(s) in TAO D D3.10, 6.3

Frequency in TAO D 2

 2

‫ מלכו‬Malku

D8.1

1

 3

‫ משכו‬Maš(i)ku

D8.3

1

 4

‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu

D3.1

1

D3.15, 8.6–8

4

 6

‫עירו‬/ ‫ עידו‬Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

D3.5

1

 7

‫ קוסיתא‬Qosyatha

D9.1, 4

2

 8

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

D2.11

1

 9

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

D4.8

1

D4.14

1

 5

10

Baalrim

Personal Name English ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/ Zubaydu

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

11

‫ קוסעז‬Qosaz

D8.5

1

12

‫ קוסרים‬Qosrim

D2.6, 13

2

13 14 15 16

‫אבנשו‬ ‫דכרו‬ ‫זבדו‬ ‫זבדאל‬

D9.2 D2.13, 9.1 D4.1a D4.6, 8.2

1 2 1 2

Abenašu Dikru Zabdu Zabdiel

Reference(s) elsewhere A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3, F4.7 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, E3.9 A2.17–18, 3.3, 5.2–3, 9.29, 21.1–16, C2.14, H4.5 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, E3.4, 8, 4.7, J1.12 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, E3.5, 3.25 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, E1.1, 3.6, 13, F3.25–26, H4.11 A1.3, 11, 30, 4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 55.1–7, 59.3, 70.2, 249.1, 290.4.10, C1.3, H5.10, J7.1 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3?, 9.3, E3.18 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, E3.3, 12, 14, F3.24, 29 A3.39, 5.11, 13, 37.6, 70.1–5, 130.1, C5.6, J3.8 A1.43, 51, 2.8, 4.24–25, 8.29, 31.1–12, 49.2, 111.1, 173.1, 300.1.47, C4.5, H1.3, 9.4 A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, C8.1, G2.2 A1.24, 24a, 53, 75.1–4, H4.13, 6.5 A1.51–52, 41.1–7, C6.2, H2.15 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, E1.7, 3.3

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Workers’ Texts Dossier

285

Table D5a.  24 Names That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts Dossier (TAO D) and the Clans Dossiers (TAO A1–6) Clan Baalrim (cont.)

No. 17 18

Gur

19

Qoṣi Al(i)baal Misc. Clans

20 21 22 23 24

Personal Name English ‫ זביד‬Zubayd/Zebid ‫ חמיו‬Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu ‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah ‫עדראל‬ ‫בריך‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫תימאל‬ ‫קוסי‬

Adarel/Idriel Berik Natanṣidq Taymil Qosi (clan)

Reference(s) in TAO D D2.13 D2.14

Frequency in TAO D 1 1

D7.1, 9.6

2

D4.1–1a D5.1 D4.11 D4.1a D7.2

2 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere A1.12, 43, 77.1–4 A1.33, 44.5, 99.2 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, E3.6–7, H2.7, 5.12 A2.11, 114.1–3, C1.7, 2.10, E3.11, 4.9 A3.13, 59.5 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, E3.7, 15 A4.36 A6.7–9, 29.6, B1.3, E3.11, H3.3, J11.4

Table D5b.  12 Persons That Appear in Both the Workers’ Texts Dossier and the Clans Dossiers (TAO D and A1–6) Clan Baalrim

No.  1  2  3  4  5

Gur

 6  7  8

Qoṣi

 9 10 11

Qosi

12

Personal Name English ‫ דכרו‬Dikru of the house of Baalrim ‫ זביד‬Zubayd/ Zebid of the house of Baalrim ‫ חמיו‬Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu of the sons of Baalrim ‫ קוסנר‬Qosner of the sons of Baalrim ‫ קוסרם‬Qosrim of the house of Baalrim ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/ Zubaydu and his sons of the house of Gur ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu of the sons of Gur ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan of the house of Gur ‫ דלאל‬Dalael ‫ נתנצדק‬Natanṣidq from the house of Qoṣi ‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan of the sons of Qoṣi ‫ קוסי‬The sons of Qosi

Reference(s) in TAO D D2.13

Frequency in TAO D 1

Reference(s) in TAO A1–6 A1.24, 24a, 53

D2.13

1

A1.12, 43

D2.14

1

A1.33

D2.11

1

A1.10

D2.6, 13

2

A1.43, 51

D3.10

1

A2.38–39

D3.1

1

A2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46

D3.5

1

A2.6, 11–12

D4.2, 5 D4.11

2 1

A3.35 A3.10, 20

D4.8

1

A3.35

D7.2

1

A6.7–9

E1.1–5.2 Names Dossier (62 Texts, Tables E 1–5) Containing some 62 texts, the names dossier is divided into five sections: E1.1–12: Lists of names with filiations E2.1–5: Single names with filiations E3.1–29: Lists of unaffiliated names E4.1–14: Single unaffiliated names E5.1–2: Names in “Jewish” cursive script There are some forty texts of lists (E1, 3), and half that number with just single names (E2, 4). Filiation was not common; more than twice the number of lists had unaffiliated names. The percentage was even greater in the single-name texts: more than thrice the number of texts had unaffiliated names. This yields some perplexing questions. Was a person’s patronym not part of his essential identity? For what purpose were lists drawn up, some shorter, some longer, such that a single name was sufficient? Rarely do we have informative identifiers. In one filiated list, we read the introductory statement, “The names of those who pledged the silver in Idnah:” followed by “(Those) who drank wine in Idnah” (E1.1:2–3, 7–8). A second such list has the subcaption “These carriers will give the provision of the servants of [. . .]:” (E1.2:5). Sometimes a filiated list is interested not only in the patronym but also in the brother (E1.3:4; 5:5, 9). Often a caption is totally obscure, as in, “To / for the vessels/censers (of) the sons of Beyadel” (E1.6:1). Are the twelve names that follow sons of the aforementioned? For the most part, unaffiliated lists appear without captions, numbering as many as fifteen individuals and as few as two (E3.1, 24–28). Only once do we find a date—“on 30 Tebeth”—on a list of three names written unusually on the concave side (E3.17). Altogether there are 160 names (Table E1a), with one appearing five times, 3 appearing four times, 5 appearing three time, 35 appearing twice, and the remaining 120 or so appearing but once. The fact that the names dossier consists mostly of names that appear only once, and the same people do not keep popping up again and again, indicates that it covers a broad population. For the most part, this is the same population we find in the commodity chits: more than 60% (100 out of 160) appear in both (Table E2). Still, there is a certain degree of exclusivity to this dossier, since 46 names (30%) do not appear elsewhere in the Idumean corpus (Table E4). A small number (only 14) appear in the names dossier and only in the other non-chit dossiers (Table E3). Noteworthy are the Hebrew names that appear in the filiated lists dated to the 6th and 5th centuries b.c.e. and t he 1st century c.e. Whil e sever al t heophorous names end in -yah (Ḥananyah, Ḥašabyah, Yedayah, Yirmiyah, Šemayah), a couple end in -yw (Ḥananio and Ḥašabio). Three names that appear only on the 1st-century ostraca (Benyason, Šimʿon son of Eliezer) were very popular in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (Ilan 2002: i, 71, 219–35, 288–90). Some names are particularly striking. While the biblical name Menaḥem was well known in Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 370–371) and occurred twice in our texts (B3.1, E1.1.5), the female form Menaḥemah, appearing among a group of masculine names (E3.7), is most unique, especially since we have at Elephantine several times the feminine name Menaḥemet (Porten-Lund 2002: 371–372). There are very few women at all mentioned in the Idumean ostraca. Biblical ‫ פרוח‬has already been related to postbiblical ‫ פרחיה‬as a qattūl hypocoristicon (Zadok 1988: 114); our unique Parḥah father of Othni (E2.2) should probably also be a caritative of Perahiah. The Babylonian god Nabu was adopted into the Aramaic onomasticon and several Nabu names appear at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 377–79), including the name of thanksgiving Nabuṣadak (TAD C3IIIB:28). Yet only in this dossier do we have the name of petition Nabuyiṣdaq (‫[ נבויצדק‬E3.21]). Still, the deity most incorporated into our theophorous names was Qos. Twenty-five of the 160 names in this dossier 286

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

287

(16%) are compounded with that deity. If we look at the lists, almost all have at least one Qos name, and in some there are several. Thus, a list of 14 names has three Qos names (E3.2); a list of 12 names has five (E3.3); a list of 10 names has four (E3.6); a list of 5 names has three (E3.11); and a list of 4 names has two (E3.14). In contrast to Qos, there are only eight Baal names (5%)—Ab(i)baal, Al(i)baal, Baalghayr, Baalsamak, Baalr(i)m, Baalrai, Natanbaal, and Baalyaton (respectively, E3.14; 1.5, 8; 3.2; 3.1; 3.6; 3.3; 3.19), the last of which is Phoenician—and there are only three Il names (2%—Ilghayr, Wahabil, Zaydil (respectively, E3.4, 9; 3.2, 27; 3.8). Three names are Egyptian, all appearing in the same list (2%)—Akhḥapi, Eserešut, and Peṭes(e) (E1.2). One is rather unique (Kol-ḥozeh [E1.6]) and also appears twice in the contemporaneous book of Nehemiah (3.15, 11:5), while another appears only here and is inexplicable (Ḥiggerur [E1.2]). Clearly, the evidence from this dossier shows a complex and varied onomastica in 4th-century b.c.e. Idumea.

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations List of Texts E1.1 E1.2 E1.3 E1.4 E1.5 E1.6 E1.7 E1.8 E1.9 E1.10 E1.11 E1.12

List of guarantors and wine-drinkers List of Jewish carriers and Egyptian servants Names with filiations Fragmentary list of 5 names List of names List of names Fragmentary list of 5 names List of names Two names List of names Fragmentary list of names Two names

Late 6th century? 5th century Late 5th century? 5th century? Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

288

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX (Later addition?) 1 ʾbgdhwzḥṭy (Earlier text?) 2 The names of those who pledged 3 the silver in Idnah: 4 Zakkur son of Yehokal, —— 5 Gani, (or: the gardens of) Qosyatib son of 6 Ḥananyah, Azriqam. 7 (Those) who drank wine

(Later addition?) ‫ אבגדהוזחטי‬.1 (Earlier text?) ‫ערבו‬ ִ ‫ שמהת זי‬.2 ‫רנה‬/‫באד‬ ִ ‫כספא‬ ִ .3 ‫יהו ִכ ִל‬ ִ ‫ זכור בר‬.4 ‫ גני קוסיתב בר‬.5 ‫ חנניה עזִריקם‬.6 ‫ זי שתיו חמרא‬.7

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

in Idnah: Qosḥanan, Qosḥanan, Qosi. . . . . . 10 An[. . .]◦ Sammuk son of[. . .], 11 [Qosya]tib son [of . . .], 12 Gani, (or: the gardens of) Ak[. . .], 13 Yeh(o)šama/Yeh(o)šua. (Later addition?) 14 ʾbgdh[. . .] 15 ʾbgdhwzḥṭ[. . .] 8 9

289

‫רנה קוסחנן‬/‫באד‬ ִ .8 . .‫ש‬. .‫ קוסחנן קוסי‬.9 [? ]‫ סמוך ִבִר‬.] [ִ‫ ִענ‬.10 [ ‫ ]קוסי]תב ִב[ר‬.11 [ ]‫עכ‬ ִ ‫ גני‬.12 [ ]‫מע‬/‫ו‬ ִ ‫יהש‬ ִ .13 (Later addition?) [ ]‫אבגדה‬ ִ .14 [ ]‫ אבגדהוזחט‬.15

290

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

E1.1-ISAP1407 (AL365 [M113+118+127+145]) Late 6th century? List of guarantors and wine-drinkers Body sherd of jar, large and thick (120.5 × 160 × 6–8,) exterior and interior light brown. Composed of four fragments. Incomplete ostracon. Written lines at 90º to wheel marks [AL].

Lines 1 and 14–15 are abecedaries and are written in a different script, apparently later than the main text. This seems to be composed of two parts, whose relation to one another is not immediately evident, the first listing five names of persons who pledged silver in Idnah (lines 2–6), the second listing the names of some nine persons who drank wine in Idnah (lines 7–13)! The answer to this puzzle may lie in a contemporaneous ostracon from Elephantine, in which an anonymous correspondent wrote to Ḥaggai that he spoke to Ashian about the silver for the marzeaḥ (TAD D7.29), a funerary association that held periodic banquets. In an admonitory passage, the Lord demands that the prophet Jeremiah (16:5, 8) not enter either a “house of a marzeaḥ” or a “house of feasting (‫)בית משתה‬.” When doom was impending, Jeremiah was to engage in neither mourning nor mirth. We may conjecture that just as there were dues to be a member of a marzeaḥ, so one had to pay to enjoy the festivities in a “house of feasting.” So, as Zakkur and others were pledging funds in Idnah, Qosḥanan and others were having a wine fest there. ¶ For an entirely different interpretation, see AL365, also p. 222. He noted that none of the names was Arabian, and he drew upon the statement of Diodorus that the Nabateans did not drink wine (XIX.94, 3), nor did the Nabatean god Shayʿ ʾalqawm (Healey 2009: no. 42:4–5]). ¶ Indeed, most of the names in our text are Hebrew, and three are Idumean (Qosḥanan, Qosyatib, and Qosi). Four have patronyms, two of which are illegible (Sammuk son of PN and [Qosya]tib son [of PN]), one is Hebrew (Zakkur son of Yehokal), and one is mixed, Idumean son of Hebrew (Qosyatib son of Ḥananyah). The root ‫“( חנן‬be gracious”), which appears in Hebrew Ḥananyah and in Idumean Qosḥanan (lines 6, 8–9), illustrates the affinity of the two onomastica. While one Hebrew name is written plena, here as well as in the Bible (‫“[ עזריקם‬My {divine} help arose”]), another seems to have been written defectiva (‫“[ יהשמע‬Yh{w} heard”]). Of course, the name ‫קוסיתב‬, which we analogize to biblical ‫“( אלישיב‬El will restore”) may also be read Qosyatub (“May Qos return”) on the model of biblical ‫( ישוב‬Num 26:24), and the name read ‫ יהשמע‬might also be read ‫“( יהשוע‬Yeh[o]šua,” or Joshua). It occurs only here in our texts, as does Zakkur (hypocoristicon of a theophorous name such as ‫)זכריה‬, Ḥananyah (“Yh pitied”), Azriqam, and Ak[. . .]. Yehokal is a prominent clan in the Idumean corpus (A5, D6), and the commodity chits know of at least four other sons (Yaatiabu [A5.6], Yetiab [A5.5], Qosyinqom [A5.1] Qoslanṣur [A5.2]), active between 362 and 358 b.c.e., aside from Azzur below (E1.2–3). Gani appears again in a land description (H3.4). The letter fragments at the beginning of line 10 may yield a name such as Ani (A31.1–8), Anael (A66.1–5), Annui (A86.1–4), Anani (A224.1), Ananibaal A225.1), or Ananiah (A226.1). Qosyatib (for which, see A152.1–2 and E3.6 below) and Qosḥanan (for which, see A16.1–16 and E3.4, 14 below) appear together in another names list (E3.6). For more on Sammuk, see E1.5 below. ¶ Lemaire also points out that the village Idnah is mentioned in the Onomasticon of Eusebius and is located 3 km north-northeast of Khirbet el-Kom, where the storehouse of Makkedah, so prominent in the commodity chits, is located.

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

291

cm

CONVEX [. . .]mh silver ª[. . .] son of ◦[. . .], Qosner son of Galgul, Ḥašabio son of Laṣure[l/Laṣare[l,

Caption?

1

Aramaic-Hebrew

2

Hebrew-Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew-Hebrew Hebrew-Hebrew Hebrew-Hebrew Caption Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian

3

PN son of] Yehokal, Azzur his son, 1, Šemayah son of Tibnah, 4 Jehoaz son of Ḥiggerur, Ṭobio / Ṭabyu son of Šemaya[h]. 5 These carriers will give the provision of the servants of [. . .]: 6 Petes(e) by name, 1, Akhḥapi by name, Esereshut [by name], 7 Šamou by name.

(Lines missing?) .[ ]. .‫[ ]ב‬. ‫] [מה כסף‬. ‫]קוסנר בר גלגל חשביו בר לצרא[ל‬ [?]‫ שמעיה בר תבנה‬1 ‫יהוכל עזור ברה‬ [? ‫יהועז בר חגראור טביו בר שמעי[ה‬ [ ]‫נשאן אלה ינתנן פתפה זי עלימי‬ [‫אסרשות[ שמה‬ ִ ‫ אחחפי שמה‬1 ‫פטיס שמה‬ ‫שמו שמה‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

292

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

E1.2-ISAP1979 (EN 201 [HM H-2580]) 5th century b.c.e. List of Jewish Carriers and Egyptian Servants

Substantial remnants of the last seven lines survive on two sherds, pieced together, that list Jewish carriers and Egyptian servants. Line 1 is mostly cut off but perhaps it began with a caption detailing an amount of silver that the carriers are to bring the servants as provision (line 5). One name with patronym appeared at the end of the line. The following 3 lines list six Hebrew carriers with patronym, split in the middle by Azzur “his son” and the inexplicable numeral 1. Is the antecedent for “his son” Yehokal himself or Yehokal’s son who is cut off at the end of line 2? Or perhaps nothing is cut off at the end of line 2, so that the beginning of line 3 is identical to line 5 in the next and clearly related text (“Yehokal, Azzur his son” [E1.3]). If true, this and the following piece glimpse actions of one of our five main clan heads, Yehokal (A5; D6). For the name Azzur, see below (E1.3). Two names had commodity chit dossiers: Qosner (A88.1–4) and Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (A102.1–3; 290.4.9 [payee]; cf. E4.5). The same “Qosner son of Galgul” appears again below (E1.3), and this name is an identifier for both a “steppe” (A15.18; 33.5) and “tomb” (G2.2). One Qosner belonged to the clan of Baalrim (A1.10, D2.11), but ours may be the same individual from the clan of Yehokal, who made a payment of barley to the storehouse of Makkedah in 356 b.c.e. (A5.8). Qosner’s brother Qosadar/ider appeared as payer (A17.14), and their father Galgul (here written without waw) was a landowner (H2.5, 17; 4.1, 3; 6.3) whose tomb (H1.1) is probably the family tomb where his son Qosner is also buried (G2.2). For the name Galgul, see A17.14. Ḥašabio (“Yw took into account” [cf. Gen 15:6]) and his father’s name Laṣurel/Laṣarel (perhaps precative from root ‫“[ נצר‬May El guard”]) appear only here and below, where we also find his brother Ḥananio (E1.3), and this is the only occurrence at Idumea of both Ḥiggerur (meaning uncertain) and Šemayah (“Yh heard”). Popular at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 415–416), the latter name appears in the Idumean corpus only through its hypocoristica—‫( שמוע‬A90), ‫( שמעו‬A125.1–3), and ‫( שמעה‬E4.14). A Šemayah was both son of Tibnah (line 3 [cf. biblical ‫תבני‬, 1 Kgs 16:21; see EB 8, 414, for discussion]) and father of Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (line 4), unless the same person is listed in E1.5 below (without elided lamed) together with his brothers Yahabbaal and Magas. Tibnah is also in a land description (H6.2) and an uncertain workers text (J4.2), while Jehoaz was a clan head (A6.1–2) and owner of a vineyard (H5.3). Thus, Qosner (“Qos is a lamp”) and Ṭobio / Ṭabyu (“Yw is good” or “gazelle”) are the only two Hebrew names from this piece that appear in many more texts (see A88 and 102 as well as E1.3; 3.2, 5; and 3.17, respectively [names lists]; C2.7 and C1.3; 4.1; 5.3, respectively [accounts]; F3.12, Ṭobio / Ṭabyu only [jar inscription]; J5.1 and 5.2, respectively [uncertain]). It is very rare for the Idumean ostraca to evidence social stratification along ethnic lines: what is the relationship between the Jewish carriers and Egyptian servants? Of the Egyptian servants, only Petes(e) (is referenced again, as worker from Baalrim (D2.13). The rest make no other appearance in our corpus. For the term “by name” (‫)שמה‬, see E1.3 below.

293

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX These are [. . .] who ◦[?] of Dos/Ros by name, K[. . .], 3 of Ḥašabio son of Laṣurel/Laṣarel[. . .], 4 Ḥananio, hi[s] brother, 5 [Yeh]okal, Azzur [his] son[. . .], 6 [. . .]◦z son of Mik[. . .], 7 [Qosner] son of Galgul[. . .], [. . .]◦ [. . .]. 1 2

[

[?]. ‫אלה [ ? ] זִי‬ [ ]‫רוס שמה כ‬/‫זי ד‬ ]‫לצראל‬ ִ ‫זי ִחשביו בר‬ [‫חנניו אחוה[י‬ [ ‫]יה]וכל עזור בר[ה‬ [ ]‫ז בר מכ‬.[ ] [ ]‫]קוסנר ]בר גלגל‬ [ ].[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

E1.3-ISAP1978 (EN200 = JA408) Late 5th century? Names with filiations Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (86 × 107 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of medium sized and large white and brown grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Medium top margin, wide right margin (first half), right edge broken (bottom half), bottom edge broken, left edge broken. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 5º to wheel marks.

294

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

The word “these” (‫ )אלה‬appears in Hebrew and Aramaic to introduce a series of persons or items (Gen 6:9; 10:1; 25:12–13 [“These are the generations”]; TAD B1.1:15 [“These are the witnesses”]; B2.7:13, 3.4:7; 3.7:5 [“These are the boundaries”]). Only two of the nine names are not Hebrew—one occurs only here (line 2), and both reading and meaning are uncertain (‫ דוס‬or ‫)רוס‬, and the other, restored from a parallel text, is Idumean Qosner (see E1.2 above). The term “by name” (‫)שמה‬, affixed to the former person, appears in the Elephantine papyri, regularly attached to the name of a slave, a royal servant, and even a communal leader (Porten 1996: 211 n. 13). But who was our person? Also not clear is the thrust of the particle “of” (‫)זי‬ before his name and of its marginal addition in the beginning of line 3. ¶ Four of the names are with patronyms (lines 3, 5–7), three of which follow the normal pattern of “PN son of PN” (lines 3, 6–7) and one the formula “PN, PN his son” (line 5). One lists “PN, his brother,” referring back to a name in the previous line (lines 3–4). Noteworthy is the divine element yw (‫ )יו‬instead of yh at the conclusion of the name Ḥašabio and his brother Ḥananio, (lines 3–4), who together with their father Laṣurel/Laṣarel appear only here and in the corresponding text above (E1.2, with commentary). Yehokal and Azzur (qattūl hypocoristicon of ‫עזריה‬ [“Yh helped”]) go back to the end of the First Temple (Jer 28:1; 37:3; 38:1); the former was a clan head in our ostraca (A5); the latter appeared in 5th century Yehud and Elephantine (Neh 10:18; TAD C4.6:8). See E1.2 above, as well as E1.1 for other sons of Yehokal and E1.2 again for more on Galgul, a name that is also well-known at Elephantine and later, in Greek transcription as well (Porten-Lund 2002: 336; Mur 42:2, 43:2, 44:2, 115:3ff. [Greek]; for various interpretations, see Kornfeld 1978: 45–46; apud Mur 42:2).

295

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX . . . son of P◦[. . .], Qoslakin son of [. . .], 3 Zetan son of [?]h[. . .], 4 ◦◦◦◦d/r son of K[. . .], 5 ◦n◦ ◦◦ son of[. . .]. 1 2

[ ].‫בִר פ‬. . . . . . ִ [ ]‫קוסלכן ִש‬ [ ]‫זיתן בר [?]ה‬ [ ]‫ר ִבִר ִכ‬/‫ד‬. . . . .‫ ִבר‬.‫] [ נ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E1.4-ISAP905 (JA471) 5th century? Fragmentary list of 5 names Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (ca. 68 × 76 × 10), rectangular, exterior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), few large white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, direction of written lines unclear. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is a fully intact list of five names and patronyms, the latter cut off at the left edge. Only two of the praenomina are legible—the well-known Qoslakin (A39.1–8; C1.3; 4.1; D2.13; 6.1 [3×]; 6.3; 9.2), who does not have patronym elsewhere but is affiliated to two clans (Gur [D2.13] and Yehokal [D6.1, 3]), and the name Zetan (‫זית‬, “olive,” known from the Bible [1 Chr 7:10]) but appearing only here in the Idumean corpus.

296

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX Baadu son of Sammuk [?], ◦m◦k◦◦ son of Al(i)baal, 3 Šimšai son of Qosrai, 4 Šlm◦◦ son of Tibnah, 5 Yahabbaal his brother, 6 Magas his brother, 7 ◦◦by son of Menaḥem, 8 [Qos]naqam son of Malkiel, 9 [. . .]lm his brother, 10 [. . .]◦ son of Baalghayr [?], 11 [. . .]◦[. . .]l[?]◦l◦[ʿ]bd [?], 12 [. . .]◦ son of Magas, 13 [. . .]l. 1 2

[?]‫עדִו ִבִר ִסמוך‬ ִ ‫ ִב‬.1 ‫ בר עלבעל‬. .‫כ‬.‫מ‬. ִ .2 ‫שמשִי בר קוסריע‬ ִ .3 ‫ בר תבנה‬. .‫של ִמ‬ ִ .4 ‫יהבב ִע ִל אחוהי‬ ִ .5 ‫ ִמ ִג ִס אחוהי‬.6 ‫ִח ִם‬ ִ ‫בי בר מנ‬. . ִ .7 ‫ִא ִל‬ ִ ‫ ]קוס]נקם בר מלכי‬.8 [?] ‫[לם אחוהי‬ ִ ] .9 [?] ‫ר‬/‫בעלעיִד‬ ִ ‫ בר‬.[ ] .10 [?]‫[ע]בד‬.‫ל‬.]?[‫] [ ל‬.[ ] .11 ‫בר ִמ ִג ִס‬.[ ] .12 ‫[ל‬ ִ ] .13

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

297

E1.5-ISAP1229 (LL8 = SM 6) Undated List of names Rectangular ostracon, all but half of bottom right part missing (90 × 126 × 6), concave face pink (5YR7/4), convex face lightly ribbed, bulging, with whitish patina, pink (5YR7/3–7/4). Two-colored section. Writing on convex face, at ca. 45º to wheel marks. [Semitica 46]

Originally rectangular, this piece is missing the personal names at the beginning of lines 8–13. This is an important text for its reference to members of the second generation of the clan of Al(i)baal (A4; D5)— and therefore must date to the early 4th century b.c.e. At least 8–9 families are listed here alongside this clan head, and with the exception of Baalghayr, a prominent individual at Makkedah (A7) and Sammuk (A176.1), none of the fathers make payments in the commodity chits, but the sons do (Baadu [A15.13; cf. A170 and 281.1 {payee}], Qosnaqam [A27.1–10]). Rather, the fathers, as contemporaries of our clan head (Al{i}baal [A2]), appear as patronym (Sammuk, father of the important Ḥal{a}fat [A7.20a, 25—see here for name]), landowners (Sammuk [H4.3, 5], Qosrai [H3.4; 4.3; 5.3; 6.2, 3], Malkiel = Malkiyah in H5.3]), recipients of payment orders (Menaḥem [B3.1]), above (Tibnah [E1.2]), or not at all (Magas). Perhaps Sammuk, Qosrai, Tibnah, Menaḥem, Malkiel, and Magas sired lesser clans who did not transact at Makkedah, as opposed to Al(i)baal and his sons. Baadu’s brother Ḥal(a)fat was a prominent individual, working often with Baalghayr (A7), making Sammuk an important genealogical head who must have originated around the same time as the other clans, which coheres with his position as landowner. He appears again in the lists (E1.1), as does Baadu his son (E1.6). It is likely that the Magas as patronym in line 12 is the same Magas who is brother to Yahabbaal and Šlm[. . .] in line 6, making the missing personal name in line 12 the grandson of Tibnah (see on E1.2:5). Magas appears nowhere else. Neither does Šimšai (“Sun[child]” [cf. Ezra 3:8; TAD D11.7:1]), Yahabbaal (“Baal gave”), or Malkiel (“El is my king”). Lines 4–6 record three brothers, sons of Tibnah, raising the possibility that we should restore the personal name in line 4 as Šelemyah with reference to Šemayah in E1.2 (in which lamed is there elided). A brother of Qosnaqam is cut off at the beginning of line 8. There is no name in the clan dossiers of Al(i)baal (A4; D5) that would allow us to restore the missing letter traces of the personal name in line 2. One is tempted to posit a connection between this list and two above (E1.2–3), given that six of the otherwise rare names appear together in various combinations in four texts delimiting land parcels (Jehoaz [E1.2], Qosrai, (“Qos thrives” [so Ran Zadok, orally] and Malkiel [both here] in H5.3; Qosrai [here] and Galgul [E1.2–3] in H6.3; and Qosrai [here] and Tibnah [E1.2] in H6.2; Sammuk and Qosrai [both here] and Galgul [E1.2] in H4.3). Qosrai is the linchpin in each of these connections and does not appear in the commodity chits. The purpose of this list is completely obscure.

298

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX Caption

To / for the vessels/censers (of) the sons of Beyadel: Column A 2 Ḥaggai, 3 Kol-ḥozeh, 4 Mešullam, 5 Anael, 6 Qosª◦, 7 Ḥayyan, Column B 8 Qosani, 9 Qosbayan, 10 Baadu, 11 Qoskahel, 12 Qosdakar, 13 Daui/Raui. 1

‫ִדאל‬ ִ ‫לבזִכיא בני בי‬ ‫ חגי‬.1 ‫ כלחזה‬.2 ‫ משלם‬.3 ‫ענהאל‬ ִ .4 ‫קוסע‬. .5 ‫ חין‬.6 ‫ קוסעני‬.7 ‫ קוסבין‬.8 ‫]ב]עדִו‬ ִ .9 ‫קוסכהל‬ ִ .10 ‫ קוסדכר‬.11 [?]‫ ִרעוי‬.12

E1.6-ISAP854 [IA12447 {GCh54}] Undated List of names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (64 × 51 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white and black grits. No top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, narrow left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The caption extends over both columns, and its meaning is obscure. The word ‫ בזך‬occurs in the Targum to designate sacred vessels (Jastrow 153). Does it have another meaning, indicating a profession or occupation, in which case “the sons of Beyadel” would be in apposition? For miscellaneous clans in the commodity chits, see A6. It is noteworthy that five of the fourteen names are Qos names, and the four complete names appear multiple times in other dossiers, including commodity chits and accounts for all four—Qosani (A1.46–47; 6.25; 8.15a, 33; 18.7; 30.1–11; 49.1, 4; 65.4; 82.1; 120.2; 290.2.15; C2.1; 5.5; 9.4; F3.30; H2.5; 4.6; J10.3), Qosbayan (A69.2; 234.1; C2.16?; 4.2; 5.1), Qoskahel (A2.1; 7.51, 53; 8.46; 9.1–34;

299

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

122.5; B3.1; C4.4; 8.1; F3.27–28; G4.1), and Qosdaker (A42.4; 54.1–5; B3.3; C2.1, 3; 5.4; 7.5; G1.6; H2.5). Qosani (E3.1), Qoskahel (E3.23), and Qosdakar (E3.9)—all make additional appearances below, as does Baadu (E1.5), Mešullam (E1.12), and Ḥayyan (E3.8). The only unique name is Kol-ḥozeh “Allseeing” (but see Zadok 1988: 44 for a different interpretation), found also in two nearly contemporaneous biblical passages (Neh 3:15; 11:5), but Mešullam is also rare, occurring in only one other text (H2.20). The remaining names can be found elsewhere in the corpus, Ḥaggai being the most popular by far (A5.18–19; 18.6–8; 34.6; 37.7; 47.1; 49.1–4; 203.1; 207.1; C2.10; 4.2, 5; 9.1; F5.1; G2.3; J8.6). Occurring more sporadically are Anael (A2.32; 53.1, 6; 66.1–5; C9.6), Ḥayyan (A2.31; 30.6; 61.1–5; 105.2; B1.3; J4.2), Baadu (A15.13; 170.1; 281.1), and Daui/Raui (A8.18; B2.18; F4.15). cm

CONVEX ◦blʾ the sons of Baal[. . .]h, Naqru/Naqdu, 3 Zab[. . .]h, 4 Zabdiel, 5 . . .[. . .]. 1 2

‫ה‬.‫ל‬ ִ ‫בע‬ ִ ‫בלא בני‬. ִ ‫רו‬/‫נקד‬ ‫ה‬. . ִ ‫זב‬ ִ ‫זב ִד ִאל‬ ִ [ ]. . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E1.7-ISAP1646 (OG? 12) Undated Fragmentary list of five names

The first line is apparently a caption having to do with the “sons of Baal[. . .]h,” wherein neither the first word nor the name at the end of the line is fully intelligible. See A6 for miscellaneous clans in the commodity chits. If indeed a caption, then the names in line 2–5 would be the sons of Baal[. . .]h. Only those in lines 2 and 4 are legible, Naqru/Naqdu and Zabdiel appearing again below (E3.26; 3.3, respectively). For both names, see their commodity chit dossiers (A63.1–6 for Naqdu/Naqru; and cf. A8.45; 12.17; 21.1; 41.2; 71.5; 74.1; C7.3; D2.12–13; F3.16; J1.14; 12.16; A32.1–8 for Zabdiel; and cf. A1.1, 7.19, 24; 13.6; 14.2; 17.2, 12; 35.8; 37.1; 45.4; 119.1; 146.2; 185.1; 280.3; C5.3; D4.7; 8.2). It is noteworthy that both appear at some point in the clan of Baalrim—Naqdu/Naqru as a worker (D2.12–13) and Zabdiel in the chits (A1.1). It would be tempting to read Baalrim at the end of line 1 but the letter traces do not support that reading. Likewise, the name in line 3, though only partially legible, entices a reading of Zabdadah, who interestingly comes together with Naqdu/Naqru in one Baalrim workers’ text (D2.12), besides having a chit dossier of his own (A47.1–6; and cf. A8.46; C2.5, 10; D8.4; J1.6). The connection between the two is all the more provocative in sequential chits from Samitu’s dossier (A8.45–46).

300

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Qšt — Gaddul son of ◦◦◦◦[?], Nšy, . . ., 3 Šammu, his brother, Nšy son of Z◦[. . .], 4 Yedayah son of Baalghayr son of [. . .], 5 Ammi ◦ ◦◦◦◦[. . .]. 1 2

[?] . . . .‫בר‬ ִ ‫לק ִשת ִג ִדִו ִל‬ ִ .‫ל‬.]?[. . . .‫ מן ע‬. . ִ‫נשי שתִין‬ [ ].ִ‫שמוע אחוהי נשי בר ז‬ [ ‫ר בר [חורי‬/‫יד ִעיה בר בעל עיד‬/‫א‬ ִ [ ]. . . . ‫ִע ִמִי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E1.8-ISAP1839 (EN39=JA130) Undated List of names Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (58  ×  62  ×  7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, variable left margin (left edge partially broken).

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

301

This ostracon is most puzzling. The first word occurs once or twice more (E1.9 below and in the remains of an erased line in a commodity chit [A16.14]) and is otherwise unknown elsewhere as a personal name. It has also been explained as an Akkadian loanword qištu, “forest, grove” (EN 39–40 note), which would identify this and the following ostracon as land descriptions, not names lists. ¶ Both Gaddul (also in E1.9 and C4.5 [accounts]) and Šammu (Šammua; see E2.1 below) are qattūl hypocoristica well-known at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 335–336, 414–415), while ‫ שמוע‬appears also in the Bible (Num 13:4, etc.). It is unusual to have a Hebrew theophorous name (‫ ;ידעיה‬only here) as son of a pagan Arabian name (‫;בעלעיר‬ see E1.5 above). The reading and meaning of the first word in line 2, the same as the third word in line 3, is uncertain. Ammi occurs as hypocoristicon five more times (A222.1; G2.2; H3.4; 4.9; 6.2), but the name here could also be Ammiqos (A117), Ammiel (A53), or even Ammiyatha (A116), with the second element cut off at the break. cm

CONVEX Qšt ◦◦◦◦[. . .?], Natanmaran son of Gaddu[l ?].

1 2

[ ]. . . . ‫ קשת ִס‬.1 [ ? ‫ נתנמרן בר ִגדו]ל‬.2

E1.9-ISAP1840 (EN40 = JA2) Undated Two names Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (93 × 72 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (5Y7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), very few white grits. Two fresh exterior breaks. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The letter traces in line 1 may in fact not be a name but rather the word ‫“( קשת‬forest”; see E1.8 above), followed by a samek of seed capacity (H2.1). The reading Natansin (so Naveh-Ephʾal) in line 2 is unlikely;

302

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations

the penultimate letter is schematic to a flaw. Usually written without an alef, the Aramaic divine name ‫מרן‬ (“our lord”) occurred in four theophorous names: Zabdmaran (A1.51–52; 18.6), Abdmaran (A290.4.7), Raimaran (A2.33–34), and Natanmaran (A300.1.59 [with alef]), the most likely reading here, since Natansin does not occur unequivocally elsewhere in our corpus, but Natanmaran does (A8.17, C8.2). Patronym here, Gaddul appeared above as praenomen (E1.8). cm

CONVEX [. . .]Laytha son of [ . . .], [Az/Qos]gad, Uzzi, Baal[. . .], 3 [. . .]◦šama [. . .], 4 [. . .]. 1 2

[ ] ‫[ ליתע ִבִר‬ [ ]‫[גד עזִי בעל‬ ִ [? ].‫[ שמע‬ [ ].[

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

E1.10-ISAP1355 (ALl164 [M56]) Undated List of names Sherd of jar, quite thick (46.5 × 42 × 8), exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks [AL].

There are remains of five names on this fragment, only two of which are intact. Laytha in line 1 is hypocoristicon of a name such as Qoslaytha (A45) and had its own commodity chit dossier (A81.1–4), besides serving as payee (A162.1) and landowner (H1.3) of an area bordering the garden of “Baal,” which appears tantalizingly cut off at the end of line 2 here. One Laytha belonged to the clan of Gur A2.12, but here the patronym is cut off. The name cut off in line 2, parallel to a name like Gad(i)el (A177), could be either Qosgad (A120) or Azgad (A219). Uzzi appeared in a few commodity chits (A85.1–5; A147). Although Qosšama appears only once (A49.2; cf. A246 for hypocoristica with this root), it is the most likely restoration for the name cut off in line 3.

303

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX [. . .]Abdu [. . .], [. . .]. . ., 3 [PN] son of Mnḥ[. . .], 4 PN [?]. 1 2

[ ]‫בדִו‬ ִ ‫[ע‬ ִ ] .[ ] [ ]. .‫בר מנִח‬ . .‫]?[ח‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

E1.11-ISAP630 (Naveh434 [BLMJ664]) Undated Fragmentary list of names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, triangular, small (39 × 46 × 6), exterior pink (5YR7/3). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Scant remains appear in 3 or 4 lines on this fragmentary text. Abdu is a hypocoristicon similar to Abda (A143) and Abdi (A144) and occurs eight times in the Idumean ostraca—as payee (A65.2; 70.2; 300.1.45), as agent (A117.3), in accounts (C2.12; 4.5), and in names lists (here, E3.24). Although cut off, the patronym in line 3 could be the same person identified in E1.5 above.

304

E1.1–12 Lists of Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX [?] to Bgdmšrk, [?] Mešullam son of Q[. . .].

1 2

[ ? ]‫רך‬/‫משד‬.‫בג‬ ִ ‫?[ל‬ ִ ] .1 [ ].‫ ]? [ משלם בר ק‬.2

E1.12-ISAP204 [IA11768] Undated Two names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (75 × 63 × 8), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), many large white grits. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

Two lines in stiff script are cut off at the break, and it is unclear if other text preceded it. Apparently, a personal name, the letters in line 1 do not yield explanation. The praenomen in line 2 is rare, appearing once above (E1.6) and again in a land description (H2.2), and the patronym is cut off.

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations List of Texts E2.1 E2.2 E2.3 E2.4 E2.5

One name with patronym One name with patronym One name with patronym One name with patronym One name with patronym

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

305

306

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX Othna son of Šammu [. . .].

1

[ ]‫שמוע‬ ִ ‫ עתנא בר‬.1

E2.1-ISAP1347 (AL178 [M48]) Undated One name with patronym Fragment of jar, thick (63 × 75 × 14), exterior and interior light brown/gray. Written lines at 90º to wheel marks [AL].

This and the following four ostraca each have a single name with patronym. The name ‫ עתנא‬occurs only here in our corpus but may be compared to ‫ עתני‬below (E2.2). The ayin of Šammu is cut off, but this name is well known from the commodity chits (A90.1–5; 300.4.29?), accounts (C2.1, 6.8), and other names lists (E1.8; 2.1, 5; 3.6). Father and son (Šammu and there Othni instead of Othna) already appeared together in a list of 12 debtors of barley (C2.1:7, 9).

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations

307

cm

CONVEX ‫רחה‬ ִ ‫ עתני בר ִפ‬.1

Othni son of Parḥah.

1

E2.2-ISAP1083 (L83 [IM91.16.12]) Undated One name with patronym Jar fragment (64 × 47 × 9), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Here we have a different Othni from above (E2.1), which name appeared in a small dossier (A119.1–3) and two accounts (C1.3; 2.1). A certain Othni is also owner of a grove (H3.1). This is the only occurrence of the name ‫פרחה‬, probably a hypocoristicon of the postbiblical ‫( פרחיה‬see Ilan 2002: 404).

308

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations cm

CONCAVE [. . .]◦ Šamri/Šimri son of Duma/Ruma.

1 2

‫ה‬/‫רומא‬ ִ ‫שמרי בר‬ ִ \ .[

] .1

E2.3-ISAP853 [IA12442 {GCh53}] Undated One name with patronym Body sherd of jar, small (30 × 68 × 7), irregularly shaped, interior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Top edge broken, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, *medium left margin. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge ant to wheel marks.

With writing on the concave, this cannot be a jar inscription, and letter traces can be discerned in the line cut off above. For the father’s name, see A215.1, and for his son, see A255.1. The only other two occurrences of the name are as agent (A18.13; 158.1).

309

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX Ḥaṭamu son of [. . .]

[

1

]. ‫ חטמו ִבִר‬.1

E2.4-ISAP2596 (JA331) Undated One name with patronym Body sherd of jar, medium sized (36 × 68 × 70, irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR6/60, interior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

A person named Ḥaṭamu appears as payer in four commodity chits, including three to different payees (A79.1–4). The patronym here is completely effaced.

310

E2.1–5 Single Names with Filiations cm

CONVEX [ ]. ‫ שמוע‬.1

Šammu son of[. . .].

1

E2.5-ISAP729 [YR31] Undated One name with patronym An ostracon, with the beginning of one line written in black ink on its convex side. Body sherd of Persian-period jar, close to base, medium sized (58 × 50 × 5–7), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The name Šammu with references is described above (E2.1). The patronym is cut off at the break.

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names List of Texts E3.1 E3.2 E3.3 E3.4 E3.5 E3.6 E3.7 E3.8 E3.9 E3.10 E3.11 E3.12 E3.13 E3.14 E3.15 E3.16 E3.17 E3.18 E3.19 E3.20 E3.21 E3.22 E3.23 E3.24 E3.25 E3.26 E3.27 E3.28 E3.29

List of 15 names List of 14 names List of 12 names List of [3+]9 (= 12) names Fragmentary list of names List of 10 names List of 9 names List of 7 names List of 7(?) names List of 6 names List of names Fragmentary list of 4 or 5 names List of 4 names List of 4 names List of 4 names List of 3 names List of 3 names List of 3 names List of 3 names List of 3 names List of 2/3 names List of 3(?) names Cancelled Two names Two names Two names Two names Two names Place name and personal name

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated 30 Tebeth Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

311

312

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

313

CONVEX Column A 1 ªy◦◦◦◦◦, 2 Qosmalak, 3 Zabdimilk, 4 Bani/sons of 5 Baalr(i)m 6 Qosani, 7 Wah(a)bi, 8 Yetiaḥ, Column B 9 Bani/sons of [. . .]◦◦, 10 [. . .], 11 Adarel/Idriel, 12 ◦w◦[?], 13 ◦◦[. . .]baal, 14 . . .el, 15 Q(o)syad, 16 k◦l. . .hn (or: they altogether).

. . . . ‫ ִעי‬.1 ‫ קוסמלך‬.2 ‫ זבדמלך‬.3 ‫ בני‬.4 ‫ בעלרם‬.5 ‫ קוסעני‬.6 ‫ והבי‬.7 ‫אח‬ ִ ‫ית‬ ִ .8 . .[ ].‫ בני‬.9 [ ] .10 ‫ עדראל‬.11 [?]. ‫ו‬. .12 ‫] [ בעל‬. . .13 ‫אל‬. . . 14 ‫ קסיד‬.15 ִ‫הן‬. . .‫ל‬.‫ ִכ‬.16

E3.1-ISAP1961 (EN181 = JA45) Undated List of 15 names Body sherd near the jar base, probably of Persian period, large (105 × 150 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Composed of 9 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide margin separating two columns, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is a list of fifteen names with a wide margin between column A (8 names) and column B (7 names). Only nine of the fifteen are fully legible (lines 2–8, 11, 15), and all are well-known elsewhere (see Qosmalak in A11 and references in E3.3; Zabdimilk in D2.4–5, 7; F3.8; J1.16; 11.5; Bani in A6.2; B2.20; H9.2; Baalr(i)m in A1, D2; Qosani in A30 and references in E1.6; Wah(a)bi in A76 and references in E3.5; Yetiaḥ in A80; Adarel/Idriel in A114 and references in E4.9 below; and Q(o)syad in A44 and C4.4; H4.4; 5.11). If Baalr(i)m here is our clan head, it represents his one personal cameo appearance in the ostraca! It is, however, uncertain whether ‫ בני‬in lines 4 (preceding Baalr{i}m) and 9 is a personal name or the clan affiliation “sons of.” We may have a total of some kind in the last line.

314

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONCAVE Column A 1 Qoslanṣur, 2 Marṣaat, 3 Abdel, 4 Qosyinqom, 5 Nah(a)ru, 6 Wahabil, 7 Al(i)qos, 8 Qosner, Column B 9 Aydan/Ayran, 10 Ammu, 11 Sam(a)ku, 12 Baalsamak, 13 Abdilahi, 14 Aqban.

‫ קוסלנצר‬.1 ‫ מרצעת‬.2 ‫ עבדאל‬.3 ‫ קוסינקם‬.4 ‫ נהרו‬.5 ‫ והבאל‬.6 ‫ עלקוס‬.7 ‫ קוסנר‬.8 ‫רן‬/‫ עיד‬.9 ‫ ִע ִמִו‬.10 ‫ ִס ִמכו‬.11 ‫ בעלסמך‬.12 ‫עבדלהי‬ ִ .13 ִ‫ ִע ִק ִבן‬.14

E3.2-ISAP1955 (EN175 = JA40) Undated List of 14 names Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (63  ×  87  ×  7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave uneven surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding

315

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

upper tip of lamed), medium right margin narrowing downward, narrow margin separating two columns, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

Unlike the previous ostracon, with a wide margin between the two columns, this ostracon has a narrow margin, but with almost the same number of names in each column—8 in column A and 6 in column B. All the names are legible, and all but three are frequent in our corpus. Only thrice elsewhere is Abdel (A7.53; 214.1; E3.16), and only once elsewhere is Abdilahi, written with the alef elided (C1.7). Otherwise, it is written ‫( עבדאלהי‬A45.1; D4.8). Only in our text here, the name Aqban (‫ )עקבן‬appears twice in the Elephantine texts, once as son of the Aramean Šamašnuri (TAD B4.2:12; D7.56:3). For the name Qoslanṣur, see A87 (cf. C2.7; H9.1; J12.14). For Marṣaat, see A43 (cf. F2.9; J9.6). For Qosyinqom, see A20 (cf. B2.7; 4.2, 5–6; C5.4; J1.4; 5.2). For Nah(a)ru, see A141 (cf. H6.2). For Wahabil, see A76 and references in E3.27. For Al(i)qos, see A14 (cf. J1.1). For Qosner, see A88 and references in E3.5. For Ammu, see A11.9 (cf. C2.12; 3.1). For Sam(a)ku, see A51 (cf. C2.7; D2.9; J1.8; 9.3). For Baalsamak, see A58 (cf. C2.7). cm

CONVEX Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic/Hebrew Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic Arabian Arabian Aramaic

Column A 1 Qosmalak, 2 Zabdiel, 3 Qoskaraz, 4 Qosgad, 5 Qosadar, 6 Šallum, 7 Abdbaali, Column B 8 Natanbaal, 9 Gadner, 10 Bayyanu, 11 Zaydi. 12 Qoslughath.

‫ קוסמלך‬.1 ‫ זבדאל‬.2 ‫ __קוסכרז‬.3 ‫ קוסגד‬.4 ‫ קוסעדר‬.5 ‫ שלום‬.6 ‫עבדבעלי‬ ִ .7 ‫נתנבעל‬ ‫גדנר‬ ִ ‫בינו‬ \ ‫ִדִי‬ ִ ‫ִזי‬ ‫קוסלעת‬

.8 .9 .10 .11 .12

316

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

E3.3-ISAP4 JTS 4 (159257) Second half of 4th century b.c.e. List of 12 names

This is a two-column list of names, without caption. Four of the twelve are Qos names, the most common being Qosadar/Qosider (see E3.25 for references) and Qosmalak, who appears twice more in the names dossier (E3.1 above and 4.11 below) and many times elsewhere (A1.38, 40, 43; 2.41; 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a; 6.13–15; 8.34; 9.9; 10.22; 11.1–24; 21.13; 22.7; 63.6; 78.2; 94.2; 275.1; 280.4; 300.1.59; 6.2; C5.2; 9.2; G1.6; 2.3; H6.3). Striking is the fact that ‫“( גד‬gad”) appears both as predicate in ‫“( קוסגד‬Qos is fortune” [see A120.1–3; A3.14; 229.1; C6.2; and possibly E1.10 above]) and as divine epithet subject in ‫“( גדנר‬Gad is a lamp” [only here]), if the reading is correct. Also appearing only here is ‫( קוסכרז‬Qoskaraz [“Qos summoned”]; cf. Karaz in E3.17). Striking is precative ‫“( קוסלעת‬May Qos assist” [see A122.1–5 and references in E3.24]). Two of the remaining names are Baal names—Abdbaali (A1.2; 2.32; 3.2; 84.1–4) and Natanbaal (A1.39; 7.3; 12.16; 47.2; 76.3; 111.1–3; 300.1.28; C9.3). The popular names Zabdiel (E1.7) and Qoslugath (E3.24) are referenced already, but Šallum (A3.29; 9.21; 73.1–5; B2.8; C2.8), Bayyanu (A169.1; H2.1), and Zaydi (A1.20; 5.12; 8.21; 48.1–6; B2.21) make cameo appearances in this dossier only here. cm

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

317

CONVEX Column A (Three lines missing?) 1 Ubaydu 2 Ḥanina 3 Qosḥanan 4 Awidilahi 5 Ḥal(a)fat, 6 Zubaydu/Zabidu, Column B 7 [. . .]Ilghayr, 8 [. . .]hy, 9 Gahimu, 10 Aynu.

(Three lines missing?) ‫ עבידו‬.1 ‫ חנִינִא‬.2 ‫ קוסחנן‬.3 ‫להִי‬ ִ ‫ִד ִא‬ ִ ‫ ִעִוי‬.4 ‫ חלפת‬.5 ‫ זבידו‬.6 ‫ר‬/‫ ] [אלעיד‬.7 ‫ ] [הי‬.8 ‫ ִגהמו‬.9 ‫עינו‬ ִ .10

E3.4-ISAP1958 (EN178 = JA147) Undated List of [3+]9 (= 12) names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (110  ×  84  ×  5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior light red (10YR7/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), many white, brown and black grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, variable bottom margin, variable left margin.

In this text of two columns, four or five names are apparently missing at the top of column A. Only the last two letters of the second name in column B are preserved. The intact position of the third and fourth names in column B suggests that the much-indented yet intact position of the first name in that column points to its being part of a caption that ran across the top of the two columns (cf. such a caption in TAD C3.15:1; also below E3.6). Thus, the original list would have consisted of a dozen names ([3+]6+3). Ilghayr (here line 7) would have appeared at the end of the caption (as do the personal names in E1.6; 3.6; etc.). The name has a few parallels in Baalghayr (A7), Qosghayr (A1.23; 4.27), and Danighayr (E3.12)—“Il/Baal/ Qos is jealous.” Of the eight other preserved names, three occur only here—Awidilahi, Gahimu, and Aynu (line 4, 9–10). Three others occur in the clan of Gur—Ubaydu (A2.22:2; cf. E3.8 for more references), Ḥanina (D3.4, 13; cf. A195.1; C1.3; 4.1), and Zubaydu/Zabidu (A2.38; cf. E3.10 for more references). For Qosḥanan, see A1.11 and references in E3.13; for Ḥal(a)fat, see A7 and references in E3.28.

318

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Qoslanha[r], Column A 2 Yet(i)abu, 3 Wah(a)bi, 4 Ad(a)ran(i),/ 5 Qosner, 6 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, 7 . . .l◦, (Lines missing) Column B 8 Zabd[. . .], 9 B[. . .], 10 [. . .], 11 [. . .]. 1

‫ִה[ר‬ ִ ‫קוסלנ‬ ִ ] .1 ‫בו‬ ִ ‫ִתא‬ ִ ‫ י‬.2 ‫ והבי‬.3 \‫עדרן‬. .4 ‫ קוסנִִר‬.5 ‫רו‬/‫עיד‬ ִ .6 .‫ל‬. . .7 (Lines missing) [ ]‫זבד‬ ִ .8 [ ]. . ‫ ִב‬.9 [ ? ]. . . .10 [ ? ]. . . .11

E3.5-ISAP1072 (L72 [IM91.16.40]) Undated Fragmentary list of names Body sherd of jar (68 × 47 × 8), exterior and interior light brown to pink. Ostracon probably incomplete. Writing on convex surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The name Yet(i)abu (“May [divine] father come”) occurs in a dossier of five names, four of which are by the same scribe and written in June/July, 357 (A62.1–5, J9.5). The precative name Qoslanha(r) (“May Qos shine”) was restored and occurs only here. Wah(a)bi is Arabian hypocoristicon (see E3.1 above and A97.1–2; C2.1; 5.2; F2.1; 3.6–7; J1.18), and Ad(a)ran(i) has five more occurrences (A16.15; 217.1; C1.1; 2.1, 4). Both Qosner (see E1.2–3; 3.2) and Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (see E3.25) were very prolific names. The seventh name in column A is cut away at the bottom. Only four names are visible in column B, and of these only the first half of the eighth name is legible, yielding a common element (‫)זבד‬.

319

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONCAVE By the hand of Qosnaqam: Column A 2 Aḥ(i)šalam, 3 Baalrai, 4 Qosyatib, 5 Abdadah, 6 Qoslakin, 7 Šammu, 8 Qosḥanan, Column B 9 Asi, 10 Šamašdan/Šamašiddin. 1

‫ עליד קוסנקם‬.1 ‫אחשלם‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫קוסיתב‬ ִ ‫עבדאדה‬ ‫קוסלכן‬ ‫שמוע‬ ‫קוסחנן‬

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

‫אסי‬ ִ .9 ‫ שמשדן‬.10

E3.6-ISAP1626 (OG 2) Undated List of ten names

This list has eight lines in column A, going down to the bottom edge of the ostracon, and two lines in column B. By content and position, line 1, however, appears to be a caption, indicating that the following nine names were somehow subject to Qosnaqam (“Qos vindicated”; see E1.5 above for references). Four names are rather common in our corpus: (1) Aḥ(i)šalam (A56.1–5; C2.8), (2) Abdadah (see E3.7 below), (3) Qoslakin (see E1.4 above), and (4) Qosḥanan (see E3.13 below). Baalrai (“Baal satisfies”) occurs only here and in one payment order (B3.4) and is parallel to Qosrai (A89). Qosyatib occurs perhaps only thrice more (E1.1 above and A152.1–2). Šamašdan/Šamašiddin may be either West Semitic or Akkadian and occurs twice more (A255a.1, C2.18), as does the profane name Asi (‫אסי‬, meaning “physician” [A167.1; H3.4]).

320

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONCAVE Ḥ◦◦◦tṭy, Guru, Menaḥemah, Ḥal(a)fan, 3 Abdadah, Ṣarṣaru, 4 Šalyu, Natanṣidq, 5 Nam(i)ru.

‫תטי גורו‬. . .‫ח‬ ִ ‫מנחמה חלפן‬ ‫עבדאדה ִצִר ִצִרו‬ ‫שליִִו נתנצדק‬ ‫נמִרו‬ ִ

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E3.7-ISAP56 (Rockefeller Shod 6?) Undated List of 9 names

Each of the first four lines has two names, perhaps father and son, with elision of the expected ‫“( בר‬son of”). Guru is known otherwise as a clan name (A2; D3) and could be our clan head himself (cf. E.3.13). Menaḥemah would appear to be a unique feminine form of Menaḥem (“Comforter”), while Šalyu may have the same meaning among the Nabatean names (cf. Negev 2002: 1938–39). For more on Natanṣidq, see E3.15 below; and for more on Ḥal(a)fan, see E3.28. Abdadah appeared immediately above (E3.6) and was very popular in our corpus (A2.2, 16; 4.7, 19–20; 8.3–4, 24; 10.18; 13.1–20; 29.9; C1.2; 2.1, 6, 9, 18; D7.1; 9.6; H2.7; 5.12), Nam(i)ru less so (A4.4, 14; 109.1–3), and Ṣarṣaru occurring only here.

321

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Ḥ[. . .]u/h, Ubaydu, 3 Ḥayyan, 4 Ḥaziru/Ḥuzayru, 5 Abdosiri, 6 Ḥubaytu, 7 Zaydil.

‫ו‬. . . ִ ‫ִח‬ ‫עבידו‬ ִ‫ִחִין‬ ‫חזיִִרו‬ ‫עבדאוסרי‬ ִ ‫חביִתו‬ ‫זיִדאל‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

E3.8-ISAP1962 (EN182 [BLMJ654]) Undated List of 7 names Body sherd of jar, roughly trapezoid, medium sized (86 × 47 × 7), exterior pinkish gray (5YR7/2), patina on entire surface, writing possibly over patina. Writing on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80º to wheel marks.

The names are written along the right edge, leaving little margin, with considerable margin on the left. EN182 read the first name as ‫חבותו‬, but the penultimate letter looks more like a he than a taw. For Ubaydu, see E3.4 and 4.7, as well as the commodity chit of the same name (A24.1–13) and the accounts (C6.1) and workers’ texts (D3.1). Ḥayyan also appeared above in E1.6 (see here for references) and Ḥaziru/ Ḥuzayru makes two more appearances in the corpus (A159.1; C2.9). Abdosiri can be found seven more times (A5.15–19, B4.6, J1.17), Ḥubaytu twice more (A290.4.8; C9.2), and Zaydil four more times (A99.1– 3; J12.6).

322

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Malku, Qosdakar, 3 Il. . .]r/El[. . .]r, 4 [. . .]yath[a . . .], 5 [. . .]. . . [?], 6 [. . .], 7 Šamm[u].

Aramaic

1

Aramaic

2

Arabian Aramaic

‫מלכו‬ ִ [?] ‫קוסדכר‬ ‫ר‬/‫[ ]ד‬.‫אל‬ [? ‫עמית[ע‬ ִ [ ? ]‫ר‬/‫] [וד‬ [ ? ]. . [ ]‫שמו‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

E3.9-ISAP1387 (AL158 [M93]) Undated List of 7 (?) names Thin body sherd of jar (70 × 60 × 5), exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at 40º to wheel marks [AL],

There is a slight right margin but no left margin. Of the seven names, only the first two are clearly intelligible, and both are common in Idumea (Malku: A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37; 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43; 10.20; 23.1–11; 24.8; 300.4.4; B4.5, C7.3; D8.1; Qosdakar: A42.4; 54.1–5; B3.3; C2.1; 2.3; 5.4; 7.5; G1.6; H2.5). In lines 3 and 4, two letters in each name are intelligible. The name in the last line may be the hypocoristicon [‫ שמו]ע‬appearing the most frequently of any name in this dossier (also E1.8; 2.1, 5; 3.6) and elsewhere (A9.8, 90.1–5; 300;4.29; C2.1; 6.8).

323

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX ‫נתי‬ ‫זבידו‬ ‫זבדא‬ [ ]. ‫מש‬. [ ]‫קוס‬ [ ]‫ר‬/‫הוד‬

K/Nty, Zubaydu/Zabidu, 3 Zabda, 4 ◦mš◦[. . .], 5 Qos[. . .], 6 Hod/r[. . .]. (Lines missing?) 1 2

(Lines missing?)

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

E3.10-ISAP1471 (AL156 [M183]) Undated List of 6 names Shoulder of jar, close to neck (73 × 55 × 6), exterior and interior brown/beige. Ostracon incomplete, at least the bottom part missing. Written lines at 20º to wheel marks [AL].

Cut away at the bottom, below the sixth line, this list has a wide right margin, while the left margin cuts off the last three names, each in the middle. The reading and explanation of the first and last three names are obscure. Only the second and third names are intact—Zubaydu/Zabidu, who appears four times in this dossier (also in E3.4; 4.2–3), in the commodity chits (A3.10; 4.27; 12.1–24; 55.4; 56.1; 94.1; 228.1; 255.1; 280.1), accounts (C2.10; 8.3), workers’ texts (D3.10; 6.3), and in a jar inscription (F4.7); and Zabda, who we also find in the chits (A7.9; 179a.1; 300.2.26,) and accounts (C1.12; 2.5).

324

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Qos[. . .], Qosy[. . .], 3 Ḥaggagu[. . .], 4 Danighayr[. . .], 5 [. . .]◦wn Qo[s. . .].

[  ]‫קוס‬ [ ]‫קוסי‬ [  ]‫חגגו‬ [ ] ‫ניעיר‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ [ ‫קו[ס‬ ִ ִ‫ון‬.[ ִ ]

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E3.11-ISAP730 (YR16) Undated List of names Body sherd of closed vessel, small (36 × 31 × 5), roughly triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel marks.

The list is cut off at the bottom after the fifth line. There is a slight right margin, but the left margin cuts away all the names except for ‫ חגגו‬in line 3 (see A33.1–8; C1.1; D9.1; F2.2; B2.11). Three are Qos names, cut off, and the name Danighayr in line 4 occurs only here but is parallel to the more popular names Baalghayr (A7 and E1.5, 8, above), Qosghayr.(A40.1–9), and the less common Ilghayr (D9.2; H5, 12; and E3.4, above). There seems to be a name that we cannot restore at the beginning of line 5.

325

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX An[ . . .], Qos[. . .], 3 Qosadar/Qosider[. . .], 4 [. . .] a half 5 Rahnu ◦[. . .]. 1 2

[ ]ִ‫ענ‬ [ ]‫קוס‬ ִ [ ] ‫קוסעדר‬ ‫ ִפ ִל ִג‬.[ ] [? ]. ‫רהנִִו‬/‫ד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E3.12-ISAP1451 (AL155[M163]) Undated Fragmentary list of four or five names Body sherd of jar (56 × 49 × 6), exterior and interior light beige. Composed of two fragments, very incomplete, reading very uncertain. Written lines at 90º to wheel marks [AL].

With a wide right margin, the ostracon cuts off at least two names on the left edge (lines 1 and 2). The name in line 1 could be restored to simply ‫( עני‬Ani [A37.1–8]), a hypocoristicon of a name such as [‫ענ]אל‬ in E1.6 (“El answered” [A66]) and the like. If translated “half,” the word ‫ פלג‬in the middle of line 4 is inexplicable. For references to Qosadar/Qosider here and elsewhere, see E3.29, below. Besides this occurrence, we find Rahnu only in the commodity chits (A2.35; 8.7–8, 12; 46.1–7).

326

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX That which four men of/who [. . .]: 3 Mare, 4 Raaṣu, 5 Gur, 6 Qosḥanan. 1 2

‫אר ִב ִעה גבריא זי‬ ִ ‫ִזִי‬ ‫ר‬/‫] [ הן תחד‬. . ‫מרא‬ ‫עצו‬ ִ ‫ִר‬ ‫גוִר‬ ִ ִ‫קוסח ִנן‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

E3.13-ISAP1304 (AL219+154 [M4+26]) Undated List of four names Body sherd of jar (65 × 49 × 8), exterior greenish gray-brown, interior red orange. Possibly right part of ostracon. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Lines 1 and 2 are the caption introducing the four men who appear in line 3–6. Unfortunately, line 2 is illegible. The name ‫“( מרא‬lord”) appears only here, once with the definite article (‫“[ מריא‬the lord” [see A151.2]) and with the first plural masculine suffix in theophorous names (e.g. ‫“[ זבדמרן‬grant of our lord” [A18.6]). Raaṣu can be found in A250.1 and 290.2.7. Gur is essentially a clan name (A2; D3); if this is our clan head, it is very significant indeed, appearing once more above (E3.7). The last name, Qosḥanan, was very prolific in Idumea (A1.44–45; 2.6, 11–12; 3.33–34; 9.7, 9–10; 11.9; 16.1–16; 51.3; 154.2; 300.2.31; C2.1; D3.5; F3.25–26; H4.11), including in the names dossier (see E1.1; 3.6, above).

327

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX A[b/ḥ](i)baal, Qosadar/Qosider, 3 Al(i)baal, 4 Qosnahar.

‫]ב ִעל‬ ִ [‫ִא‬ ‫קוסעדר‬ ‫עלבעל‬ ‫קוסנהר‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4

E3.14-ISAP839 [IA12432{GCh39}] Undated List of four names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (43 × 36 × 6), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, wide left margin.

There are slight margins on the top, right, and bottom, and a somewhat larger margin on the left. The second letter of the first name is completely faded and could be either a bet for ‫( אבבעל‬see A158.1; C9.8) or, less likely, a ḥet for ‫אחבעל‬. The name Al(i)baal was popular as a clan name (A4.1–37)—could this be a rare glimpse at our clan head himself? For occurrences of Qosadar/Qosider, see E3.25, below. Qosnahar occurs thrice more in the corpus (A10.37; C2.1, 11).

328

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Zabdi, Saad[i]/Saad[u]/Saad[el], Natanṣidq[. . .], 3 Alp[. . .]/Elp[. . .]. 1 2

[ ]‫שע ִד‬ ִ ‫ זבדי‬.1 [ ]‫ נתנצדק‬.2 [ ]‫ִי‬/‫אלפ‬ ִ .3

E3.15-ISAP85 (JA444) Undated List of four names Body sherd of jar, small (36 × 41 × 10), roughly triangular, exterior, interior, and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 20% of interior and exterior and on two old breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

With wide right margin, this ostracon is cut away at the left edge, obliterating the second half of the second name in line 1 and of the name in line 3. The first three names (including the options for the second) are well known, but the connection between the two in line 1 is not evident. For the name Zabdi, see A4.2, 6, 8–10; 3.31; 7.9, 14, 42–46; 8.30; 9.18; 10.11–12; 14.5; 15.1–18; 47.6; 50.1; 109.3; 121.2; 300.2.26; 300.4.24; H3.13; for Natanṣidq, see A3.10, 20; 83.1–4; D4.11. The latter name occurred once already in the names dossier (E3.7). For possible restoration of [. . .]‫ אלפ‬in line 3, we point to a possible ‫( אלפדה‬cf. possible ‫ פדאל‬in our corpus [A39.2], biblical ‫[ פדהאל‬Num 34:28], and Punic ‫[ בעלפדא‬Benz 1972: 97]).

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

329

CONVEX [ ].‫ קוס‬.1 [ ]‫עבדאל‬ ִ .2 [ ]. .‫ ִמשל‬.3

Qos.[. . .], Abdel, 3 Mšl. . . 1 2

E3.16-ISAP167 (DL1) Undated List of three names

Three names appear almost in the middle of the ostracon, with particularly wide margins on the sides. The second half of the first name is faded away. The last letter of the second name is besmirched but legible. The name Abdel (‫“[ עבדאל‬Servant of El”]) occurs three more times in our corpus (see E3.2 above; A7.53; and 214.1). We would like to read the third name as ‫( משלם‬E1.6, 12; H2.20), but there appear to be two letters at the end.

330

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONCAVE . . . On the 30 of Tebe[th], 3 Saadel, 4 Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, 5 Karaz.

[ ]‫ק‬ [ ‫לטב[ת‬ ִ 30 ‫ב‬ [? ]‫שעדאל‬ ‫ִט ִביִִו‬ ‫ִכִר ִז‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

E3.17-ISAP1357 [AL138 [M58]) 30 Tebeth List of 3 names Body sherd of jar (54 × 62 × 8), surface brown gray. Ostracon incomplete, upper right part apparently missing. Writing on interior, on concave surface, written lines at 30º to wheel marks [AL].

This piece is indeed unique. First, it is written on the concave and not on the convex, as are most pieces. Second, cut away at the left edge, line 1 retains only the first letter qof. Third, a blank line space follows line 1, after which there appears a date, formulated as in a commodity chit—“On the 30th of Tebet[h].” Fourth, the reading of the name at the bottom (‫)כרז‬, though it occurs in the theophorous name ‫“( קוסכרז‬Qos summoned” [E3.3]) above, is strange, appearing alone. For Saadel, see A10.1–42; B1.3–4, 7; C8.2; F2.20; and J1.11. For Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, see E1.2 above; A1.41; 10.21; 102.1–3; 290.4.9; C1.3; 3.1; 4.1; 5.3; F3.12; and J5.2.

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

331

cm

CONVEX ‫ ]קו]סנתן‬.1 ִ‫ ִע ִדִר ִמִראן‬.2 ‫ נִטיִִר ִא‬.3

[Qo]snatan, Adarmaran/Idrimaran, 3 Neṭira. 1 2

E3.18-ISAP2455 (JA168) Undated List of 3 names Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (73  ×  67  ×  7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/4), interior white (2.5Y8/2), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat rough surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, very wide left margin.

With a wide left margin, the first letter or so of the names is cut off at the right edge, but all are recognizable. Here, the divine name Maran is exceptionally written with an alef (‫)עדרמראן‬. The Aramaic hypocoristicon ‫ נטירא‬occurs once more in a memorandum of barley loans (C2.1; Porten-Yardeni 2008b). Qosnatan is well known (A69.1–5; cf. A1.50; 3.35; 16.10; 290.5.10; C6.3?; 9.3; D4.8).

332

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX ‫א‬. .[ ִ ] .1 ‫ ישמעל‬.2 .[ ]. ִ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫ בעלי‬.3

[. . .]◦◦ʾ, Yišma(e)l, 3 Baalyaton ◦[. . .]◦. 1 2

E3.19-ISAP2425 (JA136) Undated List of 3 names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (87 × 78 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks. *Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The alef is missing in ‫ישמעל‬, and if correctly read, ‫ בעליתן‬would be the popular Phoenician name Baalyaton (see Benz 1972: 94–95). Neither appears elsewhere in the Idumean corpus.

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

333

cm

CONVEX [ ]ִ‫רן‬/‫ עד‬.1 [ ‫ ירמיִ[ה‬.2 [ ]‫קו ִס‬ ִ ‫ ִו‬.3

Adan/Adin [. . .], Yirmiya[h . . .], 3 and Qos[. . .]. 1 2

E3.20-ISAP1745 [IA12413 {Zd 22}] Undated List of 3 names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (52 × 30 × 6), roughly triangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Written on a small triangular piece, the three lines are cut away at the left edge, with a slight margin on the right. The name in line 1 shows an ayin, a dalet/resh, and the bottom line of what should be a nun. For a name with the letters ayin, dalet, nun, see Harding 1971: 410; Negev 1991: no. 845. Hebrew names are rare in the Idumean ostraca, so it comes as a surprise to find what seems to be the biblical name [‫ירמי]ה‬ (Yirmiya[h]). The last name is cut away at the left edge, with the initial ‫ קוס‬preceded by the conjunction waw, implying that it was attached to the name at the end of the previous line. Both legible names occur only here in our corpus.

334

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX

Nabuyiṣdaq, Abdaziz, 3 [. . .]. 1

[?] ‫נבויצדק‬ ִ .1 [?] ‫ ִעבדעזִי ִז‬.2 . . . . . . . .3 (Erased?)

2

E3.21-ISAP1075 (L75 [IM91.16.94]) Undated List of 2/3 names Sherd (45 × 44 × 5), exterior beige to pink, interior gray to whitish. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin widening leftward, wide left margin.

Two of the three names on this ostracon are legible. The first is a rare name of petition, meaning “May Nabu act justly” (‫)נבויצדק‬, and is one of four Aramaic Nabu names in the Idumean corpus (see A206.1). The second name also appears only here: ‫“( עבדעזיז‬servant of Aziz”). The name ‫“( עזיזו‬Uzayzu”), however, was very popular in the Idumean corpus (see A29.1–9; also Stark 1971: 105 for explanation). The third name is completely illegible.

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

335

cm

CONVEX [ ]. .1 ‫שעדי‬ ִ .2 ִ‫לח ִנן‬ ִ ‫ ִא‬.3

◦[. . .], Saadi, 3 Elḥanan. 1 2

E3.22-ISAP1092 (L92 [IM91.16.148]) Undated List of 3 (?) names Jar fragment, small (34 × 42 × 7), exterior and interior gray brown. Writing on exterior, writing lines almost parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

A mark at the upper edge above the shin of ‫( שעדי‬cf. A14.21; 52.1–6; 290.3.1; J11.6) suggests that there may have been a name there. The name ‫ אלחנן‬occurs only here, but the near parallel ‫“( קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan”) was most popular (A1.44; 16.1–16; etc.).

E3.23 Cancelled

336

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Column A 1 ◦[. . .]. 2 Qosl[ughath] Column B 3 Abdu ◦[. . .]. (Illegible remains of 5 lines)

[ ]. .1 [ ].‫קו[ס]ל‬ ִ .2 [ ]. ‫עבדִו‬ ִ .3

E3.24-ISAP1076 (L76 [IM91.16.120]) Undated Two names Body sherd of jar (96 × 92 × 8), exterior light brown, interior gray. Whitish patina on interior, ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Only the last line in column A and the first line in column B are visible. The former should be restored [‫קוסל]עת‬, the precative meaning “May Qos help” (see A122.1–5 and E3.3, 3.29[?], above). The name also appears in accounts and a land description (C2.12; 6.8; H4.1). Abdu appeared already above (E1.11; cf. A65.2; 70.2; 117.3; 300.1.45; C2.12; 4.5).

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

337

cm

CONVEX

Qosadar/Qosider, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru.

1

‫רו‬/‫עיד‬ ִ ‫קוסע ִדר‬ ִ .1

E3.25-ISAP603 (Naveh A4) Undated Two names

This is a strange piece, with a single line of writing in the middle, leaving big margins above and below. May we assume that the element ‫“( בר‬son of”) was elided between the two names? Each one was very popular in its own right, with large commodity chit dossiers (A17.1–16 [Qosadar/Qosider]; 19.1–15 [Aydu/ Iyadu/Ghayru]) and multiple appearances in non-chit dossiers (D4.14; F3.24, 29 [Qosadar/Qosider]; C2.3, 4, 11; 4.3, 6; D3.15; 8.6–8 [Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru]). Qosadar/Qosider appears no fewer than four times in this dossier alone (also E3.3, 12, 14)! See E3.5 above for another instance of Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, as well. There is no drawing available.

338

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX 1 2

[. . .], Naqdu/Naqru.

[ ] ‫ ִפ‬.1 [?]‫רו‬/‫ נקד‬.2

E3.26-ISAP131 [IA11875] Undated Two names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (55 × 68 × 6), triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. *No top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

The ostracon is a triangle, with the pinnacle at the bottom and a single name visible just below the top. Above that name, there appears to be the letter pe. See E1.7 for more on Naqru/Naqdu.

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

339

cm

CONVEX [. . .]qos, [Waha]bil.

Aramaic

1

Arabian

2

‫[קִו ִס‬ ִ ] .1 ‫וה]באל‬ ִ ] .2

E3.27-ISAP283 [IA11762] Undated Two names Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (51 × 37 × 7), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Two names are visible at the right edge, each having the first half cut away. Fortunately, the second name has a long line under the alef, indicating a preceding bet. The name should thus be restored ‫]וה[באל‬ (Arabian “[Waha]bil” [Il gave; A76.1–4]), as we saw above (E3.2; cf. A76.1–4; D2.16; 9.4).

340

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX [ ]‫ ִח ִל ִפ‬.1 [ ]‫ חלפ‬.2

Ḥal(a)fa[t/n], Ḥal(a)fa[t/n].

1 2

E3.28-ISAP1303 (AL325 [M3]) Undated Two names Quite thick sherd (40 × 53 × 10–11), exterior brown, interior orange red. Ostracon probably incomplete. Written lines at ca. 40º to wheel marks [AL].

The two names appear at the top of the rectangular ostracon, each cut away after the first three letters. The two most popular restorations would be either [‫( חלפ]ת‬A7) or [‫( חלפ]ן‬A18.1–14). Both appear elsewhere in the names dossier: Ḥal(a)fan in E3.7 and 4.4 (cf. also A3.28–30; 17.16; 24.12; 33.5; 38.3; 48.5; 49.2; 55.6; 65.2; 80.2; 280.7; 290.5.10; 300.1.45; 300.6.1; C7.6; G2.2) and Ḥal(a)fat in E3.4 (cf. also A249a.1; C2.14; H4.14; J1.4).

E3.1–29 Lists of Unaffiliated Names

341

cm

CONVEX ‫ מנקד[ה‬.1 [ ]‫קוסלע‬ ִ .2

Makkeda[h . . .], Qoslʿ[. . .].

1 2

E3.29-ISAP1472 (AL289 [M184]) Undated Place name and personal name Body sherd of jar (36 × 57 × 7), exterior beige (spotted), interior orange brown. Written lines at 10º to wheel marks [AL].

Two lines, written below the top, are cut off at the left edge. The first line appears to be the place name [‫“( מקד]ה‬Makkedah”), the site of the storehouse in the commodity chits. The personal name in line 2 has three possible precative restorations: (1) [‫( קוסלע]ז‬Qosluaz [“May Qos be strong,” A242.1]), (2) [‫קוסלע]קב‬ (Qoslaaqab [“May Qos protect,” A244.1]), and (3) [‫( קוסלע]ת‬Qoslughath [“May Qos help,”A9.34]). The latter appeared already above (E3.3).

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names List of Texts E4.1 E4.2 E4.3 E4.4 E4.5 E4.6 E4.7 E4.8 E4.9 E4.10 E4.11 E4.12 E4.13 E4.14

One name on concave One name on concave One name One name One name One name One name One name One name One name One name One name One name One name

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

342

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

343

cm

CONVEX? CONCAVE? ‫ ]א]בשלם‬.1

[A]b(i)šalam

1

E4.1-ISAP1216 (L216 [IM92.17.82]) Undated One name on concave Body sherd of jar (60 × 52 × 7), exterior light brown/gray, interior brown. Perhaps jar inscription. Writing on concave (?) surface, therefore might be fake.

With writing that appears to be on the concave, this piece cannot be a jar inscription. The alef and part of the bet are cut off at the right edge, but the remaining letters require a restoration of ‫“( אבשלם‬Ab[i]šalam”), meaning “{My divine} father is peace.” It is one of two nominal sentence names with the root ‫ שלם‬in the Idumean ostraca, along with ‫( אחשלם‬A162), and one of three with the element ‫—אב‬Abenaši/šu (A1.32; A91; and A127), Ab(i)am (A7.41), and Ab(i)ram (A159.1), but see A151a.1 for more names with the element “father.” The name Ab(i)šalam had a commodity chit dossier making five payments (A56.1–5; see here for more on the name), including one “Ab(i)šalam son of Baruk of the sons of Qoṣi” in 358 b.c.e. (A3.4). The only other occurrence of this name in our corpus appears in an account for barley (C2.8).

344

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONCAVE ‫ זבידו‬.1

Zubaydu/Zabidu

1

E4.2-ISAP1614 (AL326 [M422 {SM 13}]) Undated One name on concave Small sherd, ca. (38 × 25) [AL].

Written on the concave, perhaps like the previous entry (E4.1), it is impossible to include this piece among the jar inscriptions (TAO F). Zubaydu/Zabidu was a popular name in Idumea, occurring more than three dozen times and associated with every major clan. He is a key figure in establishing the genealogy of Baalrim (A1.1–2), and other individuals with the same name were part of the clans of Gur (A2.38–39; D3.10), Qoṣi (A3.7–9), Yehokal (D6.3), and two unknown (A6.16–17), besides appearing as payee in the clan of Al(i)baal (A4.27). In one workers text, he is recorded along with “his sons” (D3.10), so perhaps his line formed a prominent offshoot in the clan of Gur (D3.10). At least one of these Zubaydu/Zabidu was perhaps an important person himself, being associated with Samitu (A8.1) and Saadel (A10.19), both prominent individuals in their own right. In fact, in one commodity chit it is his “servant” (‫ )עלים‬who receives a payment on his behalf (A55.4). The namesake’s dossier contains 24 chits (A12.1–24), and it also appears six times as payee (A3.10; 4.27; 56.1; 94.1; 228.1; 255.1; 280.1). Coincidentally, one of these was associated with an Ab(i)šalam, the name that occurred in the text above (A56.1; cf. E4.1). Outside the chits, we know of a Zubaydu/Zabidu in the accounts (C2.10; 8.3), workers’ texts (D3.10; 6.3), other names texts (E3.4, 10; 4. 3), and jar inscriptions (F4.7)—clearly a prolific name!

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

345

cm

CONVEX ‫ִדו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ז‬.[ ] .1

[. . .]◦Zubaydu/Zabidu

1

E4.3-ISAP1778 (JA535) Undated One name Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (49 × 31 × 11), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, direction of wheel marks unclear. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Cut-off at the right edge, we cannot discern what may have appeared before the name. This is the third text in this dossier with Zubaydu/Zabidu, for which, see E4.2, above.

346

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX ‫ חלפן‬.1 (Remains of ink)

Ḥal(a)fan (Remains of ink) 1

E4.4-ISAP1728 [IA12400 {Zd5}] Undated One name Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (69 × 55 × 7–9), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name Ḥal(a)fan also has a large dossier (A18.1–14) and serves as agent in the commodity chits at least eight times (A33.5; 38.3; 47.3; 48.5; 70.2; 290.5.10; 300.1.45; 300.6.1). At least one of these was a member of the clan of Qoṣi (A3.28–30), which may or may not be the same Ḥal(a)fan that appears as payer alongside his father Ḥaggai (A49.2, with reference to A18.8). The name also serves as payee four times (A52.4; 65.2; 80.2; 280.7) and appears in an account (C7.6), in a list of names above (E3.7), and in a twosided letter (G2.2). There are remains of ink underneath the name that cannot be deciphered.

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

347

cm

CONVEX [?] ‫לביאו‬ ִ .1

Lubayu

1

E4.5-ISAP34 (JA417) Undated One name Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (48 × 50 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

With wide righthand margin, the name Lubayu appears intact on the left side of the convex. It may be a profane diminutive meaning “lion cub” (similar to Nutaynu, meaning “little Nathan”; cf. A50), or more likely, a hypocoristicon meaning “{DN is} a lion.” For other Arabian-style animal names ending in waw, see Nam(i)ru (“leopard” [A4.4]), Ḥinziru (“pig” [A101]), Ṭabyu (“gazelle” [A102]), Gadyu (“kid” [A145.1]), Waalu (“ibex” [D9.2]), and Ṣarṣara/ru (“cricket” [E3.7]). We also have Akbor (“mouse” [A229.1]). The name Lubayu is borne by a prominent Canaanite chieftain from the Amarna period (Moran 1992: 382). As an uncommon name, it is possible that our Lubayu here is the same that makes a payment to Samitu in 361 b.c.e. (A8.6), t wo mor e payment s (A106.2–3), and appear s in an account of wheat in 356 b.c.e. (C1.1).

348

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX [?]‫ נהרי‬.1

Nah(a)ri

1

E4.6-ISAP1176 (L176 [IM91.16.41]) Undated One name (Palimpsest) Body sherd of jar (61 × 50 × 6), exterior beige, interior gray to orange. Writing on convex surface. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

A single name appears at the top of an over-sized sherd. It occurs only thrice more, always as payer (A108.1–3), and is paralleled by Nah(a)ru (A140), both hypocoristica of a name such as Qosnahar (“Qos shined/is light” [A10.37]). A son of Nah(a)ri and Nah(a)ri himself are respectively associated with two prominent individuals—Qoskahel (A9.19) and Saadel (A10.24). It is possible that more text appeared after the break.

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

349

cm

CONVEX [?].‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ ] [ ִע ִבי‬.1 ? .2

[. . .]Ubaydu ◦

1

E4.7-ISAP1190 (L190 [IM91.16.125]) Undated One name Jar fragment (66 × 65 × 7), surface yellowish. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

A single name can be discerned in the middle of this sherd, but it is unclear whether other writing originally existed. Ubaydu was a common name in the ostraca, with a commodity chit dossier of 13 chits (A24.1.13), besides appearing in the genealogies of both Baalrim (A1.30) and Gur (A2.22–23, 25–26, 30). Three sons of one or multiple individuals with this name are recorded in three different chits—Al(i)qos (A14.15), Saadi (A52.4), and Qosyatha (A1.30). The name also appeared as payee (A31.7), as worker in the clan of Gur (D3.1), in an account (C6.1 [together with Samitu]), in other names lists (E3.4, 8), and in an uncertain text resembling a commodity chit (J1.12). For the related name Ubayd/Abid, see A65.1–5.

350

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX [?]‫רו‬/‫ עדיד‬.1

Udaydu/Udayru

1

E4.8-ISAP1080 (L80 [IM91.16.127]) Undated One name Body sherd of jar (172 × 56 × 11), exterior light brown, interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

A single name written at the top of a large, triangular sherd, Udaydu/Udayru appeared in nine chits as payer (A38.1–9), never affiliated to a clan. However, the name does appear as agent in Baalrim (A1.31) and payee in Gur (A2.4), as well as payee for Qosmalak (A11.7), Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A19.5), Qosyahab (A26.3), Baruk (A59.2–3), Sani (A211a.1); an unknown payer (A300.4.28) and agent for Qanael (A71.3). Otherwise, we have the name in an account (C7.2) and an uncertain text (J12.9).

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

351

cm

CONVEX [ ‫י[ל‬/‫עדִרא‬ ִ .1 (Unidentified writing on concave)

Adar[el]/Idri[el]/Adri/Idri.

1

E4.9-ISAP1522 (AL319 [M237]) Undated One name Body sherd of jar, small (87 × 95 × 9), exterior and interior light beige. Writing on exterior and interior [AL].

Cut off on the left side, the name is either Adarel/Idriel (A114.1–3) or Adri/Idri (see A13.17). If the former, perhaps it is the same Adarel/Idriel who was supplied as worker twice from the clan of Qoṣi (D4.1a, 2). The name is also recorded in accounts (C1.7; 2.10) and above (E3.1). If the latter, then this is the only occurrence of the name alone rather than as a patronym (A13.17; 14.2–4; 300.4.20; J10.9).

352

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX ‫ קוסדלני‬.1

Qosdalani. (Erased text illegible) 1

E4.10-ISAP22 [JTS22 159275] Undated One name (Palimpsest)

Appearing in the middle of the ostracon, the name Qosdalani (“Qos drew me up”) occurs only here and thrice as worker from the clan of Qoṣi (D4.3, 13–14). Could it be the same person?

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

353

cm

CONVEX [?] ‫ קוסמלך‬.1

Qosmalak.

1

E4.11-ISAP1726 [IA12398 {Zd3}) Undated One name Body sherd of closed vessel, medium sized (36 × 58 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

Appearing alone below the top of an ostracon, Qosmalak was a popular name (A11.1–24), appearing in at least four different clans—Baalrim (A1.38, 40, 43), Gur (A2.4), Al{i}baal (A4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a), and an unknown clan (A6.13–15)—besides associations with Samitu (A8.3 4), Qoskahel (A9.9), and Saadel (A10.22). Elsewhere, he is second payer (A22.7; 63.6), payee (A21.13; 78.2; 280.4; 300.1.59), and agent (A94.2; 290.1.15; 300.6.2) and appeared in accounts (C5.2; 9.2), lists (E3.1, 3, above), letters (G1.6; 2.3), and a land description (H6.3).

354

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX Qosyada f[rom . . .]/o[il . . .]

1

[ ] ‫ קוסידע מ‬.1

E4.12-ISAP2620 (JA362) Undated One name Shoulder of jar, medium sized (58 × 45 × 10), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The text is written near the top of the ostracon. The mem at the left break may introduce ‫מן‬, “from,” which would be followed by “house of/sons of” or maybe ‫“( משח‬oil”). Qosyada is an attested name, appearing once (A150.1) in a chit from year 3 of Philip (March 29, 320) and again in an undated chit (A150.2). It also appears in three accounts (C6.2, 9; 7.4), a jar inscription (F2.17), and an unclassified fragment (J5.1).

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names

355

cm

CONVEX ]◦‫ קוס‬.1

Qos◦[. . .]

1

E4.13-ISAP1768 (JA526) Undated One name fragment Body sherd of closed vessel, tiny (40 × 27 × 5), roughly triangular, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Considerably indented from the right edge, the name breaks off at the left edge in the middle of the fourth letter of this Qos name

356

E4.1–14 Single Unaffiliated Names cm

CONVEX ‫ שמעה‬.1

Šimah

1

E4.14-ISAP72 (JA431) Undated One name Body sherd of closed vessel, small (43 × 49 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 25º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Written toward the top of the ostracon, with wide side and even wider bottom margins, the name ‫שמעה‬ appears only here in our corpus. It was borne by David’s brother, where it is vocalized as Shimah (2 Sam 13:3, 32; 21:21) and of the tribe of Benjamin during the time of David, where it is vocalized Shemaah, (1 Chr 12:3).

E5.1–2 Names in “Jewish” Cursive Script List of Texts E5.1 E5.2

One name in “Jewish” cursive script One name (written twice) in “Jewish” cursive script

357

1st century c.e.? 1st century c.e.?

358

E5.1–2 Names in “Jewish” Cursive Script

CONVEX [ ]‫ִסִון‬ ִ ‫ ִב ִני‬.1

Benyason

1

E5.1-ISAP1697 (Spaer o.22) 1st century c.e.? One name in “Jewish” cursive script

This and the following ostracon, both of unknown provenance, are much later than the rest of the ostraca and, strictly speaking, do not belong to the Idumean corpus. They are both written in “Jewish” cursive script from the 1st century c.e. Written with a wide righthand margin, the name ‫ בניסון‬is a Greek-influenced patronymic name, “son of Jason.” Both in Solomon’s administration and in Second Temple administration, many officials were known only by their patronymic, e.g., Ben-Geber, a name appearing early and late (1 Kgs 4:7–13; m. Šeqal. 5:1, 3; see also Ilan 2002: 288–89)

E5.1–2 Names in “Jewish” Cursive Script

359

CONVEX Šimʿon son of Elie[zer} Šimʿon son of Eliezer

1 2

‫ שמעון בר אליעזר‬.1 ‫ שמעון בר אליעזר‬.2

E5.2-ISAP1698 (Spaer o.1) 1st century c.e.? One name in “Jewish” cursive script

The name “Simon bar Eliezar” (‫ )שמעון בר אליעזר‬is written twice on this piece, although the last two letters in line 1 are partially cut off at the break. The names are very popular in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (see Ilan 2002: 71, 219–31).

Table E: Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier (TAO E) Table E1a.  160 names that appear in the Names Dossier, arranged alphabetically Table E1b.  160 names that appear in the Names Dossier, arranged by frequency Table E2.  100 names that appear in both the Names Dossier and Commodity Chits Dossiers Table E3.  14 names that appear only in the Names Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers Table E4.  46 names that appear only in the Names Dossier

Introduction There are 160 names in the names dossier (Tables E1a–1b), which divides as follows: 100 also appear in commodity chits (Table E2), 14 also appear in non-chit dossiers (Table E3), and 46 do not appear elsewhere (Table E4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g., Zabdi [Table E1a.31]), but there are no names that appear only once elsewhere but multiple times here.

Figure 4.  Breakdown of the 160 names in the Names Dossier.

Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

Personal Name ‫אבבעל‬ ‫אבשלם‬ ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אסי‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫אלעיר‬

English Ab(i)baal Ab(i)šalam Elḥanan Eliezer Aḥḥapi Asi Eserešut Ilghayr

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.14 E4.1 E3.22 E5.2 E1.2 E3.6 E1.2 E3.4, 9

360

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A158.1, C9.8 A56.1–5, C2.8 × × × A167.1, H3.4 × D9.2, H5.12

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

361

Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically No.  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Personal Name ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫בינו‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעדו‬ ‫בעליתן‬ ‫בעלעיר‬ ‫בעלסמך‬ ‫בעלרם‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫גורו‬ ‫גלגל‬ ‫גני‬ ‫דהנו‬ ‫דניעיר‬ ‫והבאל‬ ‫והבי‬

English Bgdmšrk Bayyanu Bani Benyason Baadu Baalyaton Baalghayr Baalsamak Baalr(i)m Baalrai Gaddul Gadner Gahimu Gur(u) Galgul Gani Dah(a)nu Danighayr Wahabil Wah(a)bi

Reference(s) in TAO E E1.12 E3.3 E3.1 E5.1 E1.5–6 E3.19 E1.5, 8

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

E3.2 E3.1 E3.6 E1.8–9 E3.3 E3.4 E3.7, 13 E1.2–3 E1.1 E3.12 E3.11 E3.2, 27 E3.1, 5

1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2

29 30

‫ זבדא‬Zabda ‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

E3.10 E1.7, 3.3

1 2

31

‫ זבדי‬Zabdi

E3.15

1

E3.1 E3.4, 10, 4.2–3

1 4

E3.8 E3.3 E1.1 E1.4 E3.8 E3.11 E1.6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E1.2 E3.8 E2.4 E1.6, 3.8

1 1 1 2

E3.7, 4.4, 3.28 (?)

3

32 33

‫ זבדמלך‬Zabdimilk ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

34 35 36 37 38 39 40

‫זידאל‬ ‫זידי‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫זיתן‬ ‫חביתו‬ ‫חגגו‬ ‫חגי‬

41 42 43 44

‫חגראור‬ ‫חזירו‬ ‫חטמו‬ ‫חין‬

45

Zaydil Zaydi Zakkur Zetan Ḥubaytu Ḥaggagu Ḥaggai Ḥiggerur Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru Ḥatamu Ḥayyan

‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

Reference(s) Elsewhere × A169.1, H2.1 A6.2, B2.20, H9.2 × A15.13, 170.1, 281.1 × A7.1–60, C1.3, 2.1, 5.1, H5.13, J12.4 A33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5, C2.7 A1, D2 B3.4 C4.5 × × A2.1–46, C2.1, D3.1–16, 13, H4.9 A17.14, H1.1, 2.5, 17, 4.1, 3, 6.3 H3.4 A2.35, 8.7–8, 12, 46.1–7 × A76.1–4, D2.16, 9.4 A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, F2.1, 3.6–7, J1.18 A7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26, C1.12, 2.5 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, D4.7, 8.2, A4.2, 6, 8–10, 3.31, 7.9, 14, 42–46, 8.30, 9.18, 10.11–12, 14.5, 15.1–18, 47.6, 50.1, 109.3, 121.2, 300.2.26, 300.4.24, H3.13 D2.4–5, 7, F3.8, J1.16, 11.5 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, F4.7 A99.1–3, J12.6 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, B2.21 × × A290.4.8, C9.2 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, B2.11 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 × A159.1, C2.9 A79.1–4 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, B1.3, J4.2 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, C7.6, G2.2

362

Table E Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically

No. 46

Personal Name English ‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

47 48 49 50 51

‫חנינא‬ ‫חנניה‬ ‫חנניו‬ ‫חשביו‬ ‫טביו‬

Ḥanina Ḥananyah Ḥananio Ḥašabio Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

‫ידיה‬ ‫יהוכל‬ ‫יהועז‬ ‫יהשוע‬ ‫ירמיה‬ ‫ישמעל‬ ‫יתאבו‬ ‫יתאח‬ ‫כלחזה‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫ליתע‬ ‫לצראל‬ ‫מגס‬ ‫מלכו‬

Yedayah Yehokal Yehoaz Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yišmael (Ishmael) Yet(i)abu Yetiaḥ Kol-ḥozeh Karaz Lubayu Laytha Laṣurel/Laṣarel Magas Malku

67 68 69 70

‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מרצעת‬

Malkiel Menaḥem Menaḥemah Marṣaat

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

‫מרי‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נהרי‬ ‫נהרו‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫נמרו‬ ‫נקרו‬/‫נקדו‬

Mari Mešullam Nabuyiṣdaq Nah(a)ri Nah(a)ru Netira Nam(i)ru Naqdu/Naqru

79 80

‫ נשי‬Nšy ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

81 82 83 84

‫נתנמרן‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫סמוך‬ ‫סמכו‬

85

Natanmaran Natanṣidq Sammuk Sam(a)ku

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.4, 3.28 (?)

Frequency in TAO E 2

E3.4 E1.1 E1.3 E1.2–3 E1.2, 3.17,

1 1 1 2 2

E1.8 E1.1–3 E1.2 E1.1 E3.20 E3.19 E3.5 E3.1 E1.6 E3.17 E4.5 E1.10 E1.2–3 E1.5 E3.9

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

E1.5 E1.5 E3.7 E3.2

1 1 1 1

E3.13 E1.6, 12 E3.21 E4.6 E3.2 E3.18 E3.7 E1.7, 3.26

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

E1.8 E3.3

1 1

E1.9 E3.7, 15 E1.1, 1.5 E3.2

1 2 2 1

E3.6–7

2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A7.1–41, 60, 249a.1, C2.14, H4.14, J1.4 A195.1, D3.4, 13, C1.3, 4.1 × × × A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3F3.12, J5.2 × A5, F3.13 A6.1–2, H5.3 × × × A62.1–5, J9.5 A3.11, 80.1–4, 152.1, A203.1 × A8.6, 106.1–3, C1.1 A2.12, 81.1–4, 162.1, H1.3 × × A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, D8.1 × B3.1 × A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, F2.9, J9.6 × H2.20 × A9.19, 10.24, 108.1–3 A63.6, 141.1–2, H6.2 C2.1 A4.4, 14, 109.1–3 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 × A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, C9.3 A8.17, 300.1.59, C8.2 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, D4.11 A7.20a, 25, 142.1–3, 176.1, H4.4–5 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, C2.7, D2.9, J1.8, 9.3 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, D7.1, 9.6, H2.7, 5.12

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

363

Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically No.  86  87  88  89

Personal Name ‫עבדאל‬ ‫עבדאוסרי‬ ‫עבדבעלי‬ ‫עבדו‬

English Abdel Abdosiri Abdbaali Abdu

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.2, 16 E3.8 E3.3 E1.11, 3.24

Frequency in TAO E 2 1 1 2

 90

‫ עבדי‬Abdi

E3.5

1

 91  92  93

‫ עבדלהי‬Abdilahi ‫ עבדעזיז‬Abdaziz ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu

E3.2 E3.21 E3.4, 8, 4.7

1 1 3

E4.8

1

E3.20 E3.11, 4.9 E4.9 E3.18 E3.5 E3.4 E1.10 E1.2–3 E1.1 E3.5, 3.25

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

E3.4 E1.5 E3.2

1 1 1

E3.2 E1.8 E3.9 E1.6 E3.2 E2.2 E1.2 E2.2 E3.7 E1.6 E1.10 (?), 3.3 E1.6, 3.9

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2

E4.10 E1.1, 3.6, 13

1 3

E3.11, 3.11

2

 94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102 103 104

‫עדירו‬/‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru ‫עדן‬ ‫עדראל‬ ‫עדרי‬ ‫עדרמראן‬ (‫עדרנ)י‬ ‫עוידאלהי‬ ‫עזגד‬ ‫עזור‬ ‫עזריקם‬ ‫עידו‬/‫עירו‬

Adan/Adin Adarel/Idriel Adri/Idri Adarmaran/Idrimaran Ad(a)ran(i) Awidilahi Azgad Azzur Azriqam Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

105 106 107

‫ עינו‬Aynu ‫ עלבעל‬Al(i)baal ‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119

‫עמו‬ ‫עמי‬ ‫עמיתע‬ ‫ענאל‬ ‫עקבן‬ ‫עתני‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫פרחה‬ ‫צרצרו‬ ‫קוסבין‬ ‫קוסגד‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

120 121

‫ קוסדלני‬Qosdalani ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

122

Ammu Ammi Ammiyatha Anael Aqban Othni Peṭes(e) Parḥah Ṣarṣaru Qosbayan Qosgad Qosdakar

‫ קוסי‬Qosi

Reference(s) Elsewhere A7.53, 214.1 A5.15–19, B4.6, J1.17 A1.2, 2.32, 3.2, 84.1–4 A65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45, C2.12, 4.5 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 C1.7 × A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, D3.1, J1.12 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, C7.2, F3.18, J12.9 × A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, C1.7, 2.10 A13.17, 14.2–4, 300.4.20, J10.9 × A16.15, 217.1, C1.1, 2.1, 2.4 × A56.1, 219, C4.3, H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 × × A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, D3.15, 8.6–8 × A5, D5 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, J1.1 A11.9, 65.3, C2.12, 3.1 A222.1, G2.2, H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 A116.1–3, J12.11, C9.7 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, C9.6 × A7.48, 119.1–3, C1.3, 2.1, H3.1 B2.4, D2.13 × × A69.2, 234.1, C2.16?, 4.2, 5.1 A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, C6.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, G1.6, H2.5 D4.3, 13–14 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, F3.25–26, H4.11 A6.7–9a, 29.6, B1.3, D7.2, H3.3, J11.4

364

Table E Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically

No. 123

Personal Name English ‫ קוסיד‬Qosyad

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.1

Frequency in TAO E 1

124 125

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada ‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

E4.12 E3.2

1 1

126 127

‫ קוסיתב‬Qosyatib ‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

E1.1, 3.6 E1.6, 3.23

2 2

128 129

‫ קוסכרז‬Qoskaraz ‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

E3.3 E1.4, 3.6

1 2

130 131

‫ קוסלנהר‬Qoslanhar ‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

E3.5 E3.2

1 1

132

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath

E3.3, 24

2

133

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

E3.1, 3, 4.11

3

134 135

‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar ‫ קוסנקם‬Qosnaqam

E3.14 E1.5, 3.6

1 2

136

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

E1.2–3, 3.2, 5

4

137

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

E3.18

1

E3.3, 12, 14, 25

4

E1.6, 3.1

2

E1.5 E1.10 E1.8–9 E1.3 E2.3 E1.6 E3.13 E3.3 E3.7 E1.2 E1.8, 2.1, 5, 3.6, 3.10 E4.14 E5.2 E1.2 E2.3

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, C4.4, H4.4, 5.11 A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, F2.17, J5.1 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, C5.4, J1.4, 5.2 A152.1–2 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, F3.27–28, G4.1 × A39.1–8, D2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2, C1.3, 4.1 × A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, C2.7, H9.1, J12.14 A9.34, 38.8, 122.1–5, C2.12, 6.8, H4.1 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, C5.2, 9.2, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3 A10.37, C2.1, 2.11 A2.14, 8.12, 15, 31, 27.1–10, 79.4, 270.1 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3?, 9.3, D4.8 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, F3.24, 29 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 H3.4, 4.3, 5.3, 6.2, 3 A49.2 A16.14 × A215.1 A8.18, B2.18, F4.15 A250.1, 290.2.17 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, C2.8 × × A9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29, C2.1, 6.8

1 1 1 1

× × × A255.1, 18.13, 158.1

138 139

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider ‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

‫קוסריע‬ ‫קוסשמע‬ ‫קשת‬ ‫דוס‬/‫רוס‬ ‫דומה‬/‫רומה‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫רעצו‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שליו‬ ‫שמו‬ ‫שמוע‬

151 152 153 154

‫שמעה‬ ‫שמעון‬ ‫שמעיה‬ ‫שמרי‬

Qosrai Qosšama Qšt Ros/Dos Ruma/Duma Raui/Daui Raaṣu Šallum Šalyu Šamou Šammu Šimah Simeon/Šimʿon Šemayah Šamri / Šimri

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

365

Table E1a.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged Alphabetically No. 155 156 157 158 159 160

Personal Name English ‫ שמשדן‬Šamašdan/iddin ‫ שמשי‬Šimšai ‫ שעדאל‬Saadel ‫ שעדי‬Saadi ‫ שעדו‬Saadu ‫ תבנה‬Tibnah

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.6 E1.5 E3.17

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1

E3.22 E1.6 E1.2, 5

1 1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A255a.1, C2.18 × A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, F2.20, J1.11 A14.21, 52.1–6, 290.3.1, J11.6 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, C5.3 H6.2, J4.2

Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Personal Name ‫אבבעל‬ ‫אבשלם‬ ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אסי‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫בינו‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעליתן‬ ‫בעלסמך‬ ‫בעלרם‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫גני‬ ‫דהנו‬ ‫דניעיר‬ ‫זבדא‬ ‫זבדי‬

English Ab(i)baal Ab(i)šalam Elḥanan Eliezer Aḥḥapi Asi Eserešut Bgdmšrk Bayyanu Bani Benyason Baalyaton Baalsamak Baalr(i)m Baalrai Gadner Gahimu Gani Dah(a)nu Danighayr Zabda Zabdi

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

‫זבדמלך‬ ‫זידאל‬ ‫זידי‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫זיתן‬ ‫חביתו‬ ‫חגגו‬ ‫חגי‬

Zabdimilk Zaydil Zaydi Zakkur Zetan Ḥubaytu Ḥaggagu Ḥaggai

31 32

‫ חגראור‬Ḥiggerur ‫ חזירו‬Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.14 E4.1 E3.22 E5.2 E1.2 E3.6 E1.2 E1.12 E3.3 E3.1 E5.1 E3.19 E3.2 E3.1 E3.6 E3.3 E3.4 E1.1 E3.12 E3.11 E3.10 E3.15

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E3.1 E3.8 E3.3 E1.1 E1.4 E3.8 E3.11 E1.6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E1.2 E3.8

1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A158.1, C9.8 A56.1–5, C2.8 × × × A167.1, H3.4 × × A169.1, H2.1 A6.2, B2.20 H9.2 × × A33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5, C2.7 A1, D2 B3.4 × × H3.4 A2.35, 8.7–8, 12, 46.1–7 × A7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26, C1.12, 2.5 A4.2, 6, 8–10, 3.31, 7.9, 14, 42–46, 8.30, 9.18, 10.11–12, 14.5, 15.1–18, 47.6, 50.1, 109.3, 121.2, 300.2.26, 300.4.24, H3.13 D2.4–5, 7, F3.8, J1.16, 11.5 A99.1–3, J12.6 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, B2.21 × × A290.4.8, C9.2 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, B2.11 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 × A159.1, C2.9

366

Table E Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency

No. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Personal Name ‫חטמו‬ ‫חנינא‬ ‫חנניה‬ ‫חנניו‬ ‫ידיה‬ ‫יהועז‬ ‫יהשוע‬ ‫ירמיה‬ ‫ישמעל‬ ‫יתאבו‬ ‫יתאח‬ ‫כלחזה‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫ליתע‬ ‫מגס‬ ‫מלכו‬

50 51 52 53

‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מרצעת‬

54 55 56 57 58 59 60

‫מרא‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נהרי‬ ‫נהרו‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫נמרו‬ ‫נקרו‬/‫נקדו‬

English Ḥatamu Ḥanina Ḥananyah Ḥananio Yedayah Yehoaz Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yišmael (Ishmael) Yet(i)abu Yetiaḥ Kol-ḥozeh Karaz Lubayu Laytha Magas Malku Malkiel Menaḥem Menaḥemah Marṣaat Mare Nabuyiṣdaq Nah(a)ri Nah(a)ru Netira Nam(i)ru Naqdu/Naqru

Reference(s) in TAO E E2.4 E3.4 E1.1 E1.3 E1.8 E1.2 E1.1 E3.20 E3.19 E3.5 E3.1 E1.6 E3.17 E4.5 E1.10 E1.5 E3.9

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E1.5 E1.5 E3.7 E3.2

1 1 1 1

E3.13 E3.21 E4.6 E3.2 E3.18 E3.7 E1.7, 3.26

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

61 62

‫ נשי‬Nšy ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

E1.8 E3.3

1 1

63 64

‫ נתנמרן‬Natanmaran ‫ סמכו‬Sam(a)ku

E1.9 E3.2

1 1

E3.8 E3.3 E3.5

1 1 1

E3.2 E3.21 E4.8

1 1 1

E3.20 E4.9 E3.18

1 1 1

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

‫ עבדאוסרי‬Abdosiri ‫ עבדבעלי‬Abdbaali ‫ עבדי‬Abdi ‫ עבדלהי‬Abdilahi ‫ עבדעזיז‬Abdaziz ‫עדירו‬/‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru ‫ עדן‬Adan/Adin ‫ עדרי‬Adri/Idri ‫ עדרמראן‬Adarmaran / Idrimaran

Reference(s) Elsewhere A79.1–4 A195.1, D3.4, 13, C1.3, 4.1 × × × A6.1–2, H5.3 × × × A62.1–5, J9.5 A3.11, 80.1–4, 152.1, A203.1 × A8.6, 106.1–3, C1.1 A2.12, 81.1–4, 162.1, H1.3 × A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, D8.1 × B3.1 × A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, F2.9, J9.6 × × A9.19, 10.24, 108.1–3 A63.6, 141.1–2, H6.2 C2.1 A4.4, 14, 109.1–3 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16 × A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, C9.3 A8.17, 300.1.59, C8.2 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, C2.7, D2.9, J1.8, 9.3 A5.15–19, B4.6, J1.17 A1.2, 2.32, 3.2, 84.1–4 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 C1.7 × A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, C7.2, F3.18, J12.9 × A13.17, 14.2–4, 300.4.20, J10.9 ×

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

367

Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency No.  74  75  76  77  78  79  80

Personal Name (‫עדרנ)י‬ ‫עוידאלהי‬ ‫עזגד‬ ‫עזריקם‬ ‫עינו‬ ‫עלבעל‬ ‫עלקוס‬

English Ad(a)ran(i) Awidilahi Azgad Azriqam Aynu Al(i)baal Al(i)qos

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.5 E3.4 E1.10 E1.1 E3.4 E1.5 E3.2

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89  90  91

‫עמו‬ ‫עמי‬ ‫עמיתע‬ ‫ענאל‬ ‫עקבן‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫פרחה‬ ‫צרצרו‬ ‫קוסבין‬ ‫קוסדלני‬ ‫קוסיד‬

Ammu Ammi Ammiyatha Anael Aqban Peṭes(e) Parḥah Ṣarṣaru Qosbayan Qosdalani Qosyad

E3.2 E1.8 E3.9 E1.6 E3.2 E1.2 E2.2 E3.7 E1.6 E4.10 E3.1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 92  93

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada ‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

E4.12 E3.2

1 1

 94  95  96

‫ קוסכרז‬Qoskaraz ‫ קוסלנהר‬Qoslanhar ‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

E3.3 E3.5 E3.2

1 1 1

 97  98

‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar ‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

E3.14 E3.18

1 1

E1.5 E1.10 E1.3 E2.3 E1.6 E3.13 E3.3 E3.7 E1.2 E4.14 E5.2 E1.2 E2.3 E3.6 E1.5 E3.17

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

‫קוסריע‬ ‫קוסשמע‬ ‫דוס‬/‫רוס‬ ‫דומה‬/‫רומה‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫רעצו‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שליו‬ ‫שמו‬ ‫שמעה‬ ‫שמעון‬ ‫שמעיה‬ ‫שמרי‬ ‫שמשדן‬ ‫שמשי‬ ‫שעדאל‬

Qosrai Qosšama Ros/Dos Ruma/Duma Raui/Daui Raaṣu Šallum Šalyu Šamou Šimah Šimʿon (Simeon) Šemayah Šamri/Šimri Šamašdan/iddin Šimšai Saadel

Reference(s) Elsewhere A16.15, 217.1, C1.1, 2.1, 2.4 × A56.1, 219, C4.3, H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 × × A5, D5 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, J1.1 A11.9, 65.3, C2.12, 3.1 A222.1, G2.2, H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 A116.1–3, J12.11, C9.7 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, C9.6 × B2.4, D2.13 × × A69.2, 234.1, C2.16?, 4.2, 5.1, D4.3, 13–14 A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, C4.4, H4.4, 5.11 A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, F2.17, J5.1 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, C5.4, J1.4, 5.2 × × A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, C2.7, H9.1, J12.14 A10.37, C2.1, 2.11 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3?, 9.3, D4.8 H3.4, 4.3, 5.3, 6.2, 3 A49.2 × A215.1 A8.18, B2.18, F4.15 A250.1, 290.2.17 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, C2.8 × × × × × A255.1, 18.13, 158.1 A255a.1, C2.18 × A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, F2.20, J1.11

368

Table E Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency

No. 115 116 117 118 119

Personal Name ‫שעדי‬ ‫שעדו‬ ‫אלעיר‬ ‫בעדו‬ ‫בעלעיר‬

Saadi Saadu Ilghayr Baadu Baalghayr

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.22 E1.6 E3.4, 9 E1.5–6 E1.5, 8

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 2 2 2

Gaddul Gur(u) Galgul Wahabil Wah(a)bi

E1.8–9 E3.7, 13 E1.2–3 E3.2, 27 E3.1, 5

2 2 2 2 2

English

120 121 122 123 124

‫גדול‬ ‫גורו‬ ‫גלגל‬ ‫והבאל‬ ‫והבי‬

125

‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

E1.7, 3.3

2

126

‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

E1.6, 3.8

2

127

‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

E3.4, 3.28 (?)

2

128 129

‫ חשביו‬Ḥašabio ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

E1.2–3 E1.2, 3.17,

2 2

E1.2–3 E1.6, 12 E3.7, 15 E1.1, 1.5 E3.6–7

2 2 2 2 2

E3.2, 16 E1.11, 3.24

2 2

E3.11, 4.9 E1.2–3 E3.5, 3.25

2 2 2

E2.2 E1.10 (?), 3.3 E1.6, 3.9

2 2 2

E3.11, 3.11

2

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

‫לצראל‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫נתנצדק‬ ‫סמוך‬ ‫עבדאדה‬

Laṣurel/Laṣarel Mešullam Natanṣidq Sammuk Abdadah

‫ עבדאל‬Abdel ‫ עבדו‬Abdu ‫ עדראל‬Adarel / Idriel ‫ עזור‬Azzur ‫ עירו‬/‫ עידו‬Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru ‫ עתני‬Othni ‫ קוסגד‬Qosgad ‫ קוסדכר‬Qosdakar ‫ קוסי‬Qosi

144 145

‫ קוסיתב‬Qosyatib ‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

E1.1, 3.6 E1.6, 3.23

2 2

146

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

E1.4, 3.6

2

147

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath

E3.3, 24

2

148

‫ קוסנקם‬Qosnaqam

E1.5, 3.6

2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A14.21, 52.1–6, 290.3.1, J11.6 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, C5.3 D9.2, H5.12 A15.13, 170.1, 281.1 A7.1–60, C1.3, 2.1, 5.1, H5.13, J12.4 C4.5 A2.1–46, C2.1, D3.1–16, 13, H4.9 A17.14, H1.1, 2.5, 17, 4.1, 3, 6.3 A76.1–4, D2.16, 9.4 A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, F2.1, 3.6–7, J1.18 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, D4.7, 8.2 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, B1.3, J4.2 A7.1–41, 60, 249a.1, C2.14, H4.14, J1.4 × A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3, F3.12, J5.2 × H2.20 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, D4.11 A7.20a, 25, 142.1–3, 176.1, H4.4–5 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, D7.1, 9.6, H2.7, 5.12 A7.53, 214.1 A65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45, C2.12, 4.5 A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, C1.7, 2.10 × A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, D3.15, 8.6–8 A7.48, 119.1–3, C1.3, 2.1, H3.1 A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, C6.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, G1.6, H2.5 A6.7–9a, 29.6, B1.3, D7.2, H3.3, J11.4 A152.1–2 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, F3.27–28, G4.1 A39.1–8, D2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2, C1.3, 4.1 A9.34, 38.8, 122.1–5, C2.12, 6.8, H4.1 A2.14, 8.12, 15, 31, 27.1–10, 79.4, 270.1

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

369

Table E1b.  160 Names That Appear in the Names Dossier (TAO E), Arranged by Frequency No. 149

Personal Name English ‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

Reference(s) in TAO E E1.6, 3.1

Frequency in TAO E 2

150 151 152

‫ קשת‬Qšt ‫ תבנה‬Tibnah ‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

E1.8–9 E1.2, 5 E3.7, 4.4, 3.28 (?)

2 2 3

153 154

‫ יהוכל‬Yehokal ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu

E1.1–3 E3.4, 8, 4.7

3 3

155

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

E1.1, 3.6, 13

3

156

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

E3.1, 3, 4.11

3

157

‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

E3.4, 10, 4.2–3

4

158

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

E1.2–3, 3.2, 5

4

E3.3, 12, 14, 25

4

E1.8, 2.1, 5, 3.6, 3.10

5

159 160

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider ‫ שמוע‬Šammu

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A16.14 H6.2, J4.2 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, C7.6, G2.2 A5, F3.13 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, D3.1, J1.12 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, F3.25–26, H4.11 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, C5.2, 9.2, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, F4.7 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, G2.2, J5.1 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, F3.24, 29 A9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29, C2.1, 6.8

Table E2.  100 Names That Appear in the Names and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO E and A) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13

Personal Name ‫אבבעל‬ ‫אבשלם‬ ‫אסי‬ ‫בינו‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בעדו‬ ‫בעלעיר‬

English Ab(i)baal Ab(i)šalam Asi Bayyanu Bani Baadu Baalghayr

‫ בעלסמך‬Baalsamak ‫ בעלרם‬Baalr(i)m ‫ גורו‬Gur(u) (clan) ‫ גלגל‬Galgul ‫ דהנו‬Dah(a)nu ‫ והבאל‬Wahabil

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.14 E4.1 E3.6 E3.3 E3.1 E1.5–6 E1.5, 8

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

E3.2 E3.1 E3.7, 13

1 1 2

E1.2–3 E3.12 E3.2, 27

2 1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere A158.1, C9.8 A56.1–5, C2.8 A167.1, H3.4 A169.1, H2.1 A6.2, B2.20 H9.2 A15.13, 170.1, 281.1 A7.1–60, C1.3, 2.1, 5.1, H5.13, J12.4 A33.3, 6–7, 7.7, 58.1–5, C2.7 A1, D2 A2.1–46, C2.1, D3.1–16, 13, H4.9 A17.14, H1.1, 2.5, 17, 4.1, 3, 6.3 A2.35, 8.7–8, 12, 46.1–7 A76.1–4, D2.16, 9.4

370

Table E Table E2.  100 Names That Appear in the Names and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO E and A) Personal Name English ‫ והבי‬Wah(a)bi

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.1, 5

Frequency in TAO E 2

15

‫ זבדא‬Zabda

E3.10

1

16

‫ זבדאל‬Zabdiel

E1.7, 3.3

2

17

‫ זבדי‬Zabdi

E3.15

1

E3.4, 10, 4.2–3

4

No. 14

18

‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

19 20 21 22 23

‫זידאל‬ ‫זידי‬ ‫חביתו‬ ‫חגגו‬ ‫חגי‬

Zaydil Zaydi Ḥubaytu Ḥaggagu Ḥaggai

E3.8 E3.3 E3.8 E3.11 E1.6

1 1 1 1 1

24 25 26

‫ חזירו‬Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru ‫ חטמו‬Ḥatamu ‫ חין‬Ḥayyan

E3.8 E2.4 E1.6, 3.8

1 1 2

27

‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

E3.7, 4.4, 3.28 (?)

3

28

‫ חלפת‬Ḥal(a)fat

E3.4, 3.28 (?)

2

29 30

‫ חנינא‬Ḥanina ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

E3.4 E1.2, 3.17,

1 2

E1.1–3 E1.2 E3.5 E3.1 E1.6 E4.5 E1.10 E3.9

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E3.2

1

E4.6 E3.2 E3.7 E1.7, 3.26

1 1 1 1

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

‫יהוכל‬ ‫יהועז‬ ‫יתאבו‬ ‫יתאח‬ ‫כלחזה‬ ‫לביאו‬ ‫ליתע‬ ‫מלכו‬

39

‫ מרצעת‬Marṣaat

40 41 42 43

‫נהרי‬ ‫נהרו‬ ‫נמרו‬ ‫נקרו‬/‫נקדו‬

Yehokal Yehoaz Yet(i)abu Yetiaḥ Kol-ḥozeh Lubayu Laytha Malku

Nah(a)ri Nah(a)ru Nam(i)ru Naqdu/Naqru

Reference(s) Elsewhere A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, F2.1, 3.6–7, J1.18 A7.9, 179a.1, 300.2.26, C1.12, 2.5 A1.1, 7.19, 24, 13.6, 14.2, 17.2, 12, 32.1–8, 35.8, 37.1, 45.4, 119.1, 146.2, 185.1, 280.3, C5.3, D4.7, 8.2, A4.2, 6, 8–10, 3.31, 7.9, 14, 42–46, 8.30, 9.18, 10.11–12, 14.5, 15.1–18, 47.6, 50.1, 109.3, 121.2, 300.2.26, 300.4.24, H3.13 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, F4.7 A99.1–3, J12.6 A1.20, 5.12, 8.21, 48.1–6, B2.21 A290.4.8, C9.2 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, F2.2, B2.11 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, F5.1, G2.3, J8.6 A159.1, C2.9 A79.1–4 A2.31, 30.6, 61.1–5, 105.2, B1.3, J4.2 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, C7.6, G2.2 A7.1–41, 60, 249a.1, C2.14, H4.14, J1.4 A195.1, D3.4, 13, C1.3, 4.1 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3F3.12, J5.2 A5, F3.13 A6.1–2, H5.3 A62.1–5, J9.5 A3.11, 80.1–4, 152.1 A203.1 A8.6, 106.1–3, C1.1 A2.12, 81.1–4, 162.1, H1.3 A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37, 2.6, 22–23, 25–26, 30, 43, 10.20, 23.1–11, 24.8, 300.4.4, B4.5, C7.3, D8.1 A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, F2.9, J9.6 A9.19, 10.24, 108.1–3 A63.6, 141.1–2, H6.2 A4.4, 14, 109.1–3 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, F3.16, J1.14, 12.16

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

371

Table E2.  100 Names That Appear in the Names and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO E and A) No. 44

Personal Name English ‫ נתנבעל‬Natanbaal

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.3

Frequency in TAO E 1

45 46 47

‫ נתנמרן‬Natanmaran ‫ נתנצדק‬Natanṣidq ‫ סמוך‬Sammuk

E1.9 E3.7, 15 E1.1, 1.5

1 2 2

48

‫ סמכו‬Sam(a)ku

E3.2

1

E3.6–7

2

E3.2, 16 E3.8 E3.3 E1.11, 3.24

2 1 1 2

E3.5

1

E3.4, 8, 4.7

3

E4.8

1

E3.11, 4.9

2

E4.9 E3.5 E1.10 E3.5, 3.25

1 1 1 2

E1.5 E3.2

1 1

E3.2 E1.8 E3.9 E1.6 E2.2 E1.6 E1.10 (?), 3.3 E1.6, 3.9

1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

E1.1, 3.6, 13

3

E3.11, 3.11

2

49

50 51 52 53 54 55 56

57 58 59 60 61

‫ עבדאדה‬Abdadah

‫עבדאל‬ ‫עבדאוסרי‬ ‫עבדבעלי‬ ‫עבדו‬

Abdel Abdosiri Abdbaali Abdu

‫ עבדי‬Abdi ‫ עבידו‬Ubaydu ‫עדירו‬/‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru

‫ עדראל‬Adarel/Idriel ‫עדרי‬ (‫עדרנ)י‬ ‫עזגד‬ ‫עידו‬/‫עירו‬

Adri Ad(a)ran(i) Azgad (?) Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru

62 63

‫ עלבעל‬Al(i)baal ‫ עלקוס‬Al(i)qos

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

‫עמו‬ ‫עמי‬ ‫עמיתע‬ ‫ענאל‬ ‫עתני‬ ‫קוסבין‬ ‫קוסגד‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

72

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

73

Ammu Ammi Ammiyatha Anael Othni Qosbayan Qosgad Qosdakar

‫ קוסי‬Qosi

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.39, 7.3, 12.16, 47.2, 76.3, 111.1–3, 300.1.28, C9.3 A8.17, 300.1.59, C8.2 A3.10, 20, 83.1–4, D4.11 A7.20a, 25, 142.1–3, 176.1, H4.4–5 A8.5, 12, 22, 14.3, 51.1–5, C2.7, D2.9, J1.8, 9.3 A2.2, 16, 4.7, 19–20, 8.3–4, 24, 10.18, 13.1–20, 29.9, C1.2, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.18, D7.1, 9.6, H2.7, 5.12 A7.53, 214.1 A5.15–19, B4.6, J1.17 A1.2, 2.32, 3.2, 84.1–4 A65.2, 70.2, 117.3, 300.1.45, C2.12, 4.5 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, F2.10, 3.17, J3.2 A1.30, 2.22–23, 25–26, 30, 46, 9.21, 14.5, 22.10, 24.1–13, 31.7, 52.4, C6.1, D3.1, J1.12 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, C7.2, F3.18, J12.9 A2.11, 114.1–3, D4.1–1a, C1.7, 2.10 A13.17, 14.2–4, 300.4.20, J10.9 A16.15, 217.1, C1.1, 2.1, 2.4 A56.1, 219, C4.3, H3.1, 5.2, 5.12 A1.55, 2.28–29, 4.22, 8.9, 19.1–15, 79.1, C2.3, 2.4, 2.11, 4.3, 4.6, D3.15, 8.6–8 A5, D5 A2.2, 3.17, 23–24, 40, 4.32, 6.22, 7.36, 14.1–23, 17.18, 52.5,158.1, 242.1, J1.1 A11.9, 65.3, C2.12, 3.1 A222.1, G2.2, H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 A116.1–3, J12.11, C9.7 A2.32, 53.1, 6, 66.1–5, C9.6 A7.48, 119.1–3, C1.3, 2.1, H3.1 A69.2, 234.1, C2.16?, 4.2, 5.1, A3.14, 120.1–3, 229.1, C6.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, G1.6, H2.5 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, F3.25–26, H4.11 A6.7–9a, 29.6, B1.3, D7.2, H3.3, J11.4

372

Table E Table E2.  100 Names That Appear in the Names and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO E and A)

No.  74

Personal Name English ‫ קוסיד‬Qosyad

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.1

Frequency in TAO E 1

 75

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada

E4.12

1

 76

‫ קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom

E3.2

1

 77  78

‫ קוסיתב‬Qosyatib ‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

E1.1, 3.6 E1.6, 3.23

2 2

 79

‫ קוסלכן‬Qoslakin

E1.4, 3.6

2

 80

‫ קוסלנצר‬Qoslanṣur

E3.2

1

 81

‫ קוסלעת‬Qoslughath

E3.3, 24

2

 82

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

E3.1, 3, 4.11

3

 83  84

‫ קוסנהר‬Qosnahar ‫ קוסנקם‬Qosnaqam

E3.14 E1.5, 3.6

1 2

 85

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

E1.2–3, 3.2, 5

4

 86

‫ קוסנתן‬Qosnatan

E3.18

1

E3.3, 12, 14, 25

4

E1.6, 3.1

2

E1.10 E1.8–9 E2.3 E1.6 E3.13 E3.3 E1.8, 2.1, 5, 3.6, 3.10 E2.3 E3.6 E3.17

1 2 1 1 1 1 5

E3.22 E1.6

1 1

 87  88

 89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider ‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

‫קוסשמע‬ ‫קשת‬ ‫דומה‬/‫רומה‬ ‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫רעצו‬ ‫שלום‬ ‫שמוע‬

Qosšama Qšt Ruma/Duma Raui/Daui Raaṣu Šallum Šammu

‫ שמרי‬Šamri / Šimri ‫ שמשדן‬Šamašdan/iddin ‫ שעדאל‬Saadel ‫ שעדי‬Saadi ‫ שעדו‬Saadu

1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.52, 9.30, 10.26, 44.1–7, 88.4, 161.1, C4.4, H4.4, 5.11 A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, F2.17, J5.1 A1.16–17, 25–27, 31, 5.1, 12.16, 20.1–13, 27.9, 70.2, 290.5.10, 300.4.32, B2.7, 4.2, 5–6, C5.4, J1.4, 5.2 A152.1–2 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, F3.27–28, G4.1 A39.1–8, D2.13, 6.1, 3, 9.2, C1.3, 4.1 A5.3–4, 9, 18.11, 87.1–4, 141.2, 300.1.4, C2.7, H9.1, J12.14 A9.34, 38.8, 122.1–5, C2.12, 6.8, H4.1 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, C5.2, 9.2, G1.6, 2.3, H6.3 A10.37, C2.1, 2.11 A2.14, 8.12, 15, 31, 27.1–10, 79.4, 270.1 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, G2.2, J5.1 A1.50, 3.35, 16.10, 69.1–5, 290.5.10, C6.3?, 9.3, D4.8 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, F3.24, 29 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, F3.30, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A49.2 A16.14 A215.1 A8.18, B2.18, F4.15 A250.1, 290.2.17 A3.29, 9.21, 73.1–5, B2.8, C2.8 A9.8, 90.1–5, 300.4.29, C2.1, 6.8 A255.1, 18.13, 158.1 A255a.1, C2.18 A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, F2.20, J1.11 A14.21, 52.1–6, 290.3.1, J11.6 A2.10, 40, 156.1–2, C5.3

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Names Dossier

373

Table E3.  14 Names That Appear Only in the Names (TAO E) and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO B, C, F, H, and J) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14

Personal Name ‫אלעיר‬ ‫בעלרעי‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫גני‬ ‫זבדמלך‬ ‫מנחם‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫נטירא‬ ‫עבדלהי‬ ‫פטס‬ ‫קוסדלני‬ ‫קוסריע‬ ‫שמעון‬ ‫תבנה‬

English Ilghayr Baalrai Gaddul Gani Zabdimilk Menaḥem Mešullam Netira Abdilahi Peṭes(e) Qosdalani Qosrai Šimʿon (Simeon) Tibnah

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.4, 9 E3.6 E1.8–9 E1.1 E3.1 E1.5 E1.6, 12 E3.18 E3.2 E1.2 E4.10 E1.5 E5.2 E1.2, 5

Frequency in TAO E 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere D9.2, H5.12 B3.4 C4.5 H3.4 D2.4–5, 7, F3.8, J1.16, 11.5 B3.1 H2.20 C2.1 C1.7 B2.4, D2.13 D4.3, 13–14 H3.4, 4.3, 5.3, 6.2, 3 F3.32–33 H6.2, J4.2

Table E4.  46 Names That Appear Only in the Names Dossier (TAO E) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Personal Name ‫אלחנן‬ ‫אליעזר‬ ‫אחחפי‬ ‫אסרשות‬ ‫בגדמשרך‬ ‫בניסון‬ ‫בעליתן‬ ‫גדנר‬ ‫גהמו‬ ‫דניעיר‬ ‫זכור‬ ‫זיתן‬ ‫חגראור‬ ‫חנניה‬ ‫חנניו‬ ‫ידיה‬ ‫יהשוע‬ ‫ירמיה‬ ‫ישמעל‬ ‫כרז‬ ‫מגס‬ ‫מלכיאל‬ ‫מנחמה‬ ‫מרי‬ ‫נבויצדק‬ ‫נשי‬ ‫עבדעזיז‬

English Elḥanan Eliezer Akḥḥapi Eserešut Bgdmšrk Benyason Baalyaton Gadner Gahimu Danighayr Zakkur Zetan Ḥiggerur Ḥananyah Ḥananio Yedayah Yeh(o)šua (Joshua) Yirmiyah (Jeremiah) Yišmael (Ishmael) Karaz Magas Malkiel Menaḥemah Mari Nabuyiṣdaq Nšy Abdaziz

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.22 E5.2 E1.2 E1.2 E1.12 E5.1 E3.19 E3.3 E3.4 E3.11 E1.1 E1.4 E1.2 E1.1 E1.3 E1.8 E1.1 E3.20 E3.19 E3.17 E1.5 E1.5 E3.7 E3.13 E3.21 E1.8 E3.21

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

374

Table E Table E4.  46 Names That Appear Only in the Names Dossier (TAO E)

No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Personal Name ‫עדן‬ ‫עדרמראן‬ ‫עוידאלהי‬ ‫עזריקם‬ ‫עינו‬ ‫עקבן‬ ‫פרחה‬ ‫צרצרו‬ ‫קוסכרז‬ ‫קוסלנהר‬ ‫דוס‬/‫רוס‬ ‫שליו‬ ‫שמו‬ ‫שמעה‬ ‫שמעיה‬ ‫שמשי‬ ‫חשביו‬ ‫לצראל‬ ‫עזור‬

English Adan / Adin Adarmaran / Idrimaran Awidilahi Azriqam Aynu Aqban Parḥah Ṣarṣaru Qoskaraz Qoslanhar Ros/Dos Šalyu Šamou Šimah Šemayah Šimšai Ḥašabio Laṣurel/Laṣarel Azzur

Reference(s) in TAO E E3.20 E3.18 E3.4 E1.1 E3.4 E3.2 E2.2 E3.7 E3.3 E3.5 E1.3 E3.7 E1.2 E4.14 E1.2 E1.5 E1.2–3 E1.2–3 E1.2–3

Frequency in TAO E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

F1.1–5.12 Jar Inscriptions Dossier (85 Texts, Table F 1–4) Containing some 87 texts, the jar inscriptions dossier is divided into five sections: F1.1: Jar Inscription with explanation F2.1–21 (20 texts): Jar inscriptions with lamed F3.1–33: Intact or mostly intact (and restored) jar inscriptions without lamed F4.1–22: Fragments without lamed with uncertain or incomplete readings F5.1–12: Miscellaneous other jar inscriptions A jar inscription is a word, or a few words, written usually at the top of an intact jar that describes its owner or its contents. The distinguishing mark of ownership is the preposition lamed preceding a personal name. Only a minority of the texts (20 out of 87 [23%]) falls into this category (F2). Over one-third of the texts (33 out of 87) are more or less intact but lack such a lamed (F3), while bearing other distinguishing features (e.g., a lapidary yod), which led their original editor to suggest that they were, nevertheless, jar inscriptions. A much smaller number (22 out of 87 [25%]) consists of fragments, most of which do not feature a full name (F4). The most informative section we have called “Miscellaneous” (F5), which consists of 11 texts variously bearing date, name, commodity, number, or title (once even with a lamed). Altogether, there are 47 names (Table F1a), 3 appearing three times, 4 twice, and the remaining 40 appearing once. That the jar inscriptions dossier consists mostly of names that occur only once, and the same people do not appear again and again, indicates that it covers a broad population. Mostly, this is the same population we find in the commodity chits; more than 77% (36 of 47) appear in both (Table F2). Still, there is a slight exclusivity to this dossier, since 9 names (19%) do not appear elsewhere in the Idumean corpus. While the personal name (often preceded by a lamed) was the most common jar inscription, there is one lapidary inscription running two lines, where the first line presents name and patronym and the second records that he is “owner (‫ )בעל‬of this jar,” using the unique word ‫ גרבא‬and not the usual word ‫( חבי‬F1.1). One jar inscription even takes the form of a commodity chit—date, personal name (no commodity), measure (seah-qab), signatory(?; F5.1). Another omits the date but frames the text a bit differently—commodity (‫ ;משח‬construct state), personal name, measure (seah-qab-half [F5.12]). A third (fragment) only contains the word “wine” (‫)חמר‬. A fourth tells where the wine came from—“vineyard (‫ )כרם‬of PN” (F5.2). On only one jar inscription do we have a year date—“year 17” (F5.7), with a bet clinging to the shin of ‫שנת‬. This could only be the second letter of the month ‫אב‬, and we do not know whether it was also preceded by a day date. In any case, it enables us to date this ostracon, and perhaps also the others: August 12—September 9, 342. The Arsham letters in Egypt tell of wine taken arbitrarily by the “official” (‫ )פקיד‬Nakhtḥor (TAD A6.15:5–6). Two inscriptions in our dossier record this term. One is preceded by the preposition lamed (F5.5) and the other bears the first letter remains of the person to whom the “official” was attached: thus, “official of Q[. . .]” (F5.6). The unique names cover a wide spectrum of languages: Hebrew (Azriel/Azarel, Yehoaqab), Idumean (Ab{i}me[lek], Aḥ{i}bar), Aramaic (Peraṭa), Akkadian (Abdmanutu, Mannuki), and Arabian (Waddidil). Only ‫ ברקת‬remains a puzzle. One datum should be carefully noted. There are 87 ostraca in the jar inscriptions dossier, but only 47 names. Yet the smaller names dossier (TAO E), with only 62 ostraca, has almost four times as many names (160). If we subtract the 22 fragments that yield no names and the 11 miscellaneous inscriptions from TAO F, we get 54 ostraca yielding 47 names, that is, almost one name for each ostracon. On the other hand, 41 texts in the names dossier (E1 and E3) consist of lists with as few as 2 names and as many as 15 (e.g., E3.1, 24–29). Simply put, the names dossier yields nearly four times as many names as the jar inscriptions dossier because a large proportion of its texts include lists with multiple names. 375

F1.1 Jar Inscription with Explanation Text F1.1 Abenaši

376

F1.1 Jar Inscription with Explanation

377

cm

CONVEX [. . .] [A]benaši son of [. . .] 3 [. . .] owner of this jug 1 2

[ ? ]. . .[ ] .1 [ ]‫ר‬/‫א]באנשי בד‬ ִ ] .2 ‫ ]? [בעל גרבא זנה‬.3

378

F1.1 Jar Inscription with Explanation

F1.1-ISAP138+139+140 [IA11861] Abenaši, owner of a jug Body sherd of Persian-period jar, large (107 × 125 × 5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), few white grits. Composed of 3 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Written in lapidary script, this is an unusual jar inscription for the inclusion of the explanation “owner of this jug” (line 3). The word ‫ גרב‬appears several times in a papyrus of the Hellenistic period (TAD C3.28:1, 22, 85–87, 114–116), and both ‫ נבל‬and ‫ נאד‬in the book of Samuel are translated in the Targum by ‫( גרב‬1 Sam 1:24; 16:26), but the term is not used elsewhere in our corpus, ‫ חבי‬being the usual word for jar in the commodity chits (see A1.13). Similarly, ‫ בעל‬occurs only as an element in personal names or twice in the plural construct meaning “citizens of” (A176.1; G4.10). The demonstrative article ‫ זנה‬appears twice more, both in letters (G1.4; 2.5). Abenaši occurs 14 times in our corpus—as payer (A91.2–4), payee (A11.18; 67.1; 152.2), agent (A1.32; 3.21; 6.16; 71.3), property owner (H2.9), and twice more below (F3.1; 4.3). It is likely but not certain that a single individual is represented in all these texts. For more on this name, see A91.

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed List of Texts F2.1 Wah(a)bi F2.2 Ḥaggagu F2.3 Yehoaqab F2.4 Yh[. . .] F2.5 Yinqom F2.6 Ks[. . .] F2.7 Mannuk[i] F2.8 Cancelled F2.9 Marṣaat F2.10 Abdi F2.11 Abdmanutu F2.12 Uzayzu F2.13 Ghayr[. . .] F2.14 Ammiqos F2.15 Ammiqos F2.16 Ammiqos F2.17 Qosyada F2.18 Qos[. . .] F2.19 Cancelled F2.20 Saadel F2.21 Šamaš[. . .]

379

380

F1.1 Jar Inscription with Explanation F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

381

CONVEX ‫לוהבי‬ ִ .1

(Belonging) to Wah(a)bi

1

F2.1-ISAP1527 (AL336 [M242]) Wah(a)bi Body sherd of jar with lower attachment of vertical handle, large (145 × 120 × 10–11), exterior and interior gray (with patina). Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Jar inscription [AL].

Every jar inscription in this section contains the lamed of ownership. Written below the handle, Wah(a)bi is hypocoristicon for Wah(a)bil, similar to Wah(a)bu, both of which are well-known names that appear in no fewer than 20 times in the Idumean ostraca, as well as a few times at Tell Jemmeh (see A97 for full explanation). One of these is the latest document in our corpus (post-302 b.c.e. [A97.2]). The name reoccurs twice below (F3.6–7).

382

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Ḥaggag[u]

[

1

] ‫ לחגג‬.1

F2.2-ISAP474 [IA11349] Ḥaggagu Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (72  ×  58  ×  9), irregularly shaped, exterior brown (10YR5/3), few white and black grits. Possible traces of black sooth or organic residue on interior, one possible fresh break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, top, bottom and left margins, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

With final waw cut off, the lamed identifies this as a jar inscription. The name Ḥaggagu appears in 8 chits (A1.1–8), in both early and late texts (from 361 to 315 b.c.e.), an account (C1.1), a worker’s text as one of the workers of the gate (D9.1), a names list (E3.11), and even one payment order from Arad (B2.11).

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

383

cm

CONVEX ‫ ליהועקב‬.1

(Belonging) to Yehoaqab

1

F2.3-ISAP849 [IA12437 {GCh49}] Yehoaqab Body sherd and handle of Persian-period jar, large (132 × 88 × 3–10), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, under handle, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

With lapidary yod and an early waw, this inscription is written below the handle. Yhwhistic names are rare in the Idumean ostraca. One structurally parallel to our name is ‫יהוענה‬, whom Ḥal(a)fat paid 8 maah for the price of wine (A7.38); EN16 conjectured that he was a “non-resident wine merchant.” It is tempting to surmise that Yehoaqab was also this, the jar bearing his name transporting the liquid. The root ‫עקב‬ goes back to the name of the patriarch Yaaqob (Jacob) and appeared as ‫ עקביה‬in Hellenistic Egypt (TAD D21.4:1). Our name ‫“( יהועקב‬Yhw protected”) simply reversed the word order. The name appeared only here.

384

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Yh[. . .]

[

1

].‫ ליה‬.1

F2.4-ISAP1167 (L167 [IM91.16.172]) Yh[. . .] Body sherd of jar (42 × 52 × 6), exterior gray, interior orange. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

This small fragment is cut off after only three letters, including lapidary yod. The script looks very much like that of the previous text (F2.3) and perhaps we have another Yhwhistic name.

Lamed F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

385

cm

CONVEX ‫ ִלינִקם‬.1

(Belonging) to Yinqom

1

F2.5-ISAP1511 (AL343 [M224]) Yinqom Body sherd of jar (113 × 70 × 8), exterior and interior light brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Probably jar inscription [AL].

Written with lapidary yod, the name Yinqom (‫ )ינקם‬appears twice more, once in a chit (A34.3) and once as identifier for a tomb (H1.1). It is hypocoristicon for a name like Qosyinqom (A20).

386

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Ks[. . .]

[

1

] ‫ ִל ִכ ִס‬.1

F2.6-ISAP1518 (AL364 [M231]) Ks[. . .] Body sherd of jar (79 × 41 × 6–8), exterior and interior orange brown. Written lines at 10º to wheel marks. Probably ends of written lines of jar inscription [AL].

This is a conjectural reading whose letters do not yield a known name for restoration; but cf. an alternate reading of [‫“( לכס]לו‬of Kis[lev]”).

Lamed F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

387

cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Mannuk[i. . .]

1

[  ] ‫ִכ‬ ִ ‫ למנ‬.1

F2.7-ISAP1517 (AL341 [M230]) Mannuk[i] Body sherd of jar (60 × 108 × 9–11), exterior pink orange, interior pink-gray. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Jar inscription, apparently incomplete [AL].

Cut off at the break, we tentatively restore the name Mannuki, very popular at Elephant (cf. Porten-Lund 2002: 372). The Idumean corpus knows only Mannukišamaš, one of the workers of the gate (D9.1).

F2.8-ISAP658 (Naveh 638) Cancelled

388

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX

‫ למרצעת‬.1

(Belonging) to Marṣaat

1

F2.9-ISAP1952 (EN172 = JA39) Marṣaat Body sherd and part of handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (76 × 93 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior of the body sherd, on slightly convex surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, medium left margin.

Marṣaat is a well-known name in the commodity chits as payer and patronym (A43.1–6) and payee (A3.2; 280.8; 300.2.21; 18.5; 50.5); in a names list (E3.2) and an uncertain debt fragment (J9.6). In one chit, he even transacts a jar (A43.6)—could this be our jar?

Lamed F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

389

CONVEX ‫ לעבדי‬.1

(Belonging) to Abdi

1

F2.10-ISAP526 [IA12130 {Feuer5}] Abdi

Written with lapidary yod, the name Abdi is written on the right side of this ostracon, so it is clear that no text is missing. Abdi is a hypocoristicon similar to Abdu (see E1.11) and Abda (A143) and occurs eight more times in our corpus—as payer (A144.1–2), agent (A96.2), witness (B4.5), worker (D9.2), in an account (C9.6), in another jar inscription (F3.17 below), and in one unclassified fragment (J3.2).

390

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Abdmanut[u]

1

[ ‫לעבדמנות[ו‬ ִ .1

F2.11-ISAP1587 (AL342 [M303]) Abdmanutu Body sherd of jar, probably located under the lower attachment of vertical handle (74 × 81 × 7–8), exterior brown, interior gray. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

Many Idumean names used the element ‫“( עבד‬servant”), but this is the only time it compounds with Manutu in our corpus (see Negev 1991: 809; Harding 1971: 400).

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

391

cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Uzayzu (End of another line near the bottom?) 1

‫ לעזיזו‬.1

F2.12-ISAP860 [IA12448 {GCh60}] Uzayzu Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (97  ×  78  ×  10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), medium amount of white and dark grits, grooves on some of the exterior. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

392

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

Written in lapidary script at the very top of the ostracon, Uzayzu has a dossier of 9 chits (A29.1–9), the earliest being in 363/362 b.c.e. and the latest being in 314 b.c.e. The name also appears as a minor clan head (A6.21), payee (A114.3), and in a land description (H3.2). cm

CONVEX [ ? ‫ר[ן‬/‫ לעיד‬.1

(Belonging) to Ghayr[. . .]

1

F2.13-ISAP1166 (L166 [IM91.16.161]) Ghayr[. . .] Body sherd of jar (110 × 65 × 10), exterior and interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Perhaps written in charcoal with lapidary yod, the name is cut off on the left edge but could be completed as Ghayraḥ (A1.1–2; 13.12; 204.1), Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (see A19.1–15), Ghayran/Aydan (see A149.1–2; E3.2), or simply Ghayr (H2.8; 9.2).

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

393

cm

CONVEX ‫ לעמקוס‬.1

(Belonging) to Ammiqos

1

F2.14-ISAP2459 (JA173) Ammiqos Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (54 × 102 × 6–10), triangular, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written line parallel to wheel marks; lapidary samek. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The scribe of this jar inscription wrote two more, identifiable by the lapidary samek and early waw (F2.15–16). Ammiqos has a dossier of three chits (A117.1–3) and accounts for oil and wheat (C1.2 and 5.1, respectively). Other names compounded with the divine element ‫ עם‬at the beginning include Ammiel (A153.1–6), Ammiyatha (A116.1–3), and hypocoristic Ammi (A222.1).

394

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX [. . .] (Belonging) to Ammiqos [. . .]

1

[ ] ‫מקוס‬ ִ ‫לע‬ ִ .1

F2.15-ISAP1503 (AL345 [M215]) Ammiqos Body sherd of jar (84 × 75 × 7), exterior and interior light beige. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

With lapidary samek and early waw, the same scribe wrote this piece for presumably the same owner as above (F2.14).

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

395

396

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed CONVEX ‫ ]לעמק]וס‬.1

[(Belonging) to Ammiq]os

1

F2.16-ISAP1675 (AL356 [M423]) Ammiqos Body sherd of jar, large. Very partial jar inscription [AL].

See F2.14–15 above for commentary. cm

Lamed F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed

397

CONVEX [?] ‫ לקוסידע‬.1

(Belonging) to Qosyada

1

F2.17-ISAP1165 (L165 [IM91.16.193] Qosyada Jar fragment, large (115 × 100 × 10), exterior brown to orange, interior covered with thick whitish patina. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, *medium left margin.

Qosyada is an attested name, appearing once (A150.1) in a chit from year 3 of Philip (March 29, 320) and again in an undated chit (A150.2). It also appears in three accounts (C6.2, 9; 7.4), a names list (4.12), and an unclassified fragment (J5.1). A smudge appears after the name. cm

CONVEX [. . .] (Belonging) to Qos[. . .]

1

[ ]‫ ] [לקוס‬.1

F2.18-ISAP1491 (AL344 [M203]) Qos[. . .] Body sherd of jar (52 × 64 × 7), exterior and interior light brown/gray. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Probably jar inscription [AL].

Written here with lapidary samek on a tiny fragment cut off on both sides, this could be any of more than 60 names in our corpus beginning with the divine element Qos.

F2.19-ISAP356 [IA11832?] Cancelled

398

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX [ ‫ לשעדא[ל‬.1

(Belonging) to Saade[l. . .]

1

F2.20-ISAP1339 (AL346 [M40]) Saadel Body sherd of jar (77 × 81 × 6), exterior and interior beige/light brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

Saadel served as a prominent individual in our commodity chits (A10), besides appearing in payment orders (B1.3–4, 7), an account (C8.2), and an unclassified fragment (J1.11). The lamed is missing after the break at the left edge.

399

F2.1–21 Jar Inscriptions with Lamed cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to Šamaš[. . .]

[

1

]‫ לשמש‬.1

F2.21-ISAP2462 (JA177) Šamaš[. . .] Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (94 × 55 × 8–14), roughly triangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex rough surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The divine element Šamaš (‫ )שמש‬also occurs in the name Abdšamaš (A146.1–2), but only the names Šamašdan/Šamašiddin (A255a.1; C2.18; E3.6) and Šimšai (E1.5) begin this way.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed List of Texts F3.1 Abenaši F3.2 Aḥ(i)bar F3.3 Bad/r(a)qat F3.4 Beyadel F3.5 Waddidil F3.6 Wah(a)bi F3.7 Wah(a)bi F3.8 Zabdimilk F3.9 Ḥori F3.10 Ḥazael F3.11 Ḥazira/Ḥazi son of [. . .] F3.12 Ṭobio /Ṭabyu F3.13 Yehokal F3.14 Netina F3.15 Netina F3.16 Naqdu/ru son of y[. . .] F3.17 Abdi F3.18 Udaydu/Udayru F3.19 Ghauthu F3.20 Azarel/Azriel F3.21 Aliel F3.22 Ani F3.23 Peraṭa F3.24 Qosadar/ider F3.25 Qosḥanan F3.26 Qosḥanan F3.27 Qoskahel F3.28 Qoskahel F3.29 Qosghayr/Qosadar/ider F3.30 Qosani son of [. . .] F3.31 Samitu F3.32 Šimon F3.33 Šimon

400

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

401

cm

CONVEX [ ‫ ] [אבאנִ[שי‬.1

Abena[ši]

1

F3.1-ISAP461 [IA11310] Abenaši Body sherd and handle of Persian-period jar, large (121  ×  91  ×  8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), many white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, chalky white patina on interior, on ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior (under handle), on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

All of the jar inscriptions in this section lack the lamed of ownership present above (F2). The last two letters are cut off in this lapidary script text, but the most likely restoration is Abenaši (for which, see F1.1 above). Abenašu (A127.1–2) is also possible. Coincidentally, another jar inscription for Abenaši is cut off at the beginning with only [. . .]ši remaining, but it does not seem that these two fragments fit together.

402

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Aḥ(i)bar k(o)r 1.

1 2

‫ אחבר‬.1 1 ‫ ִכ‬.2

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

403

F3.2-ISAP1168 (L168 [IM91.16.129]) Aḥ(i)bar Body sherd and beginning of handle of jar, large (105 × 140 × 8), exterior gray to brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name ‫ אחבר‬appears in a graffito from Ḥamat (KAI 203) and has been explained as “(Divine) brother purified/is pure” on the analogy of Ammonite ‫( אלבר‬CAI No. 7). The second line is written in charcoal, and the beginning may read \ ‫“( כ‬k{or} 1”).

404

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX ‫ברקת‬ ִ .1

Bad/r(a)qat

1

F3.3-ISAP794 [YR92] Bad/r(a)qat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, large (80 × 100 × 9), roughly rectangular, exterior white (5YR8/1), few white grits. Patina covering ca. 40% of sherd interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5º to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Fully intact, Bad/r(a)qat, occurring only here, is obscure, perhaps to be vocalized Bareket and related to the biblical name ‫“( ברק‬Lightening” [Judg 4:6]).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

405

cm

CONVEX [‫ִד ִא[ל‬ ִ ‫ ִבי‬.1

Beyade[l]

1

F3.4-ISAP2631 (JA375) Beyadel Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (ca. 41 × 47 × 6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware gray (5YR5/1), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 20% of interior. Faint traces of writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The reading is conjectural; with the meaning “In the hand of God,” the name is found as the head of a clan (A6.10, 11; perhaps E1.6) and in a fragmentary chit (A300.1.7a), aside from four Ammonite seals of the 7th and 6th centuries (WSS 914, 922–923, 931), in the contemporaneous Wadi Daliyeh papyrus (WDSP 1:2, 5), and in the Nimrud ostracon (CAI 47:3). For more, see A6.11.

406

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Waddidil (Remains of erased letters in one line) 1

‫יד ִאל‬ ִ ‫ ִו ִד‬.1

F3.5-ISAP1392 (AL351 [M98]) Waddidil Body sherd of jar (88 × 98 × 5), exterior and interior beige. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Apparently, jar inscription [AL].

Although this is the only occurrence of Waddidil in our corpus, two hypocoristica are attested (see A249.1), but see also Harding 1971: 637

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

407

cm

CONVEX [ ]‫ ] [והבי‬.1

[. . .]Wah(a)bi[. . .]

1

F3.6-ISAP1508 (AL337 [M221]) Wah(a)bi Body sherd and joint of handle of jar (87 × 62 × 6–7), exterior light brown, interior gray. Upper part of ostracon missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Jar inscription, probably almost complete [AL].

See F2.1 above for Wah(a)bi, here written under the handle with lapidary yod.

408

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [ ‫ וה[בי‬.1

Wah[(a)bi]

1

F3.7-ISAP1526 (AL338 [M241]) Wah(a)bi Body sherd of jar with traces of attachment of vertical handle, large (91 × 120 × 12–13), exterior crème, interior pinkorange (with patina). Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Jar inscription, apparently incomplete [AL].

Here, only the first two letters of Wah(a)bi appear before the break, so the name could likely be restored Wah(a)bu or Wah(a)bil (see F2.1 for explanation).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

409

cm

CONVEX [. . .]Zabdimilk

‫[זבדמלך‬

1

] .1

F3.8-ISAP1493 (AL350 [M205]) Zabdimilk Body sherd of jar with lower attachment of handle (60 × 84 × 7). Composed of two fragments. Written lines parallel to wheel marks, under handle attachment. Apparently, jar inscription [AL].

Zabdimilk, a name that occurs only outside the commodity chits (D2.4–5, 7 [workers texts]; E3.1 (names list); here, J1.16; 11.5 [clan head]), is clearly visible under the jar handle on this fragment.

410

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX ‫ חורי‬.1

Ḥori

1

F3.9-ISAP848 [IA12434 {GCh48}] Ḥori Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (83 × 87 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Written here with lapidary yod, the name Ḥori was a clan head with four different members (A6.3–6) and a payer himself with eight chits (A34.1–8), three of which are to the prominent individual Saadel (A10.2–4). He is also the father of Baalghayr (A7.3, 5–6, 15), another prominent individual; owner of a vineyard (H3.1, 15); instructed to add 7 men from his clan for an unknown purpose (B4.7); besides appearing in the accounts (C2.12) and in an unclassified fragment (J11.3).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

411

cm

CONVEX ‫ ִחזאל‬.1

Ḥazael

1

F3.10-ISAP625 (Naveh412 [BLMJ675]) Ḥazael Body sherd of Persian-period jar, rectangular, regularly shaped, medium sized (67 × 94 × 8), exterior white (10YR8/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks.

Ḥazael was a payer in 359 b.c.e. (A133a.1), and his son drew up a chit in 316 b.c.e. (A133a.2). Otherwise, the name appears a dozen times: six as payee for commodity chits (A3.16–18; 36.8; 39.1; 107.1; 220.1), once as recipient for a payment order (B4.3), once account jars (C7.1), thrice as landowner (H2.1, 4, 6), and here. See A133a for more on this name.

412

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Ḥazira/Ḥazi son of [. . .]

1

[ ] ‫ חזי בר‬/ ‫חזיר ִא‬ ִ .1

F3.11-ISAP2403 (JA111) Ḥazira/Ḥazi son of [. . .] Body sherd and a small portion of the handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (body sherd 75 × 87 × 9–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior gray (10YR5/1), ware gray (7.5YR5/0), medium amount of white and black grits, careless finger impression on the joint of handle to body. Writing on exterior, near the joint to the handle, on flat, very uneven surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The writing below the jar handle reads either ‫( חזירא‬Ḥazira) or, less likely, ‫( חזי בר‬Ḥazi son of [. . .]). The name Ḥazira had its own commodity chit dossier (A35.1–10) and served as payee (A144.2), but otherwise only appears twice outside the chits (C1.3, here), while Ḥazi is found only once more in our corpus (A188.1) and once in a provenanced Beersheba Aramaic ostracon no. 34:9 (Naveh 1979).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

413

414

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed CONVEX ‫ טביו‬.1

Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

1

F3.12-ISAP2653 (JA409) Ṭobio /Ṭabyu Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Persian-period jar, large (body sherd 121  ×  125  ×  5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), ware reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex uneven surface, written line parallel to wheel marks; lapidary yod. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

For the name Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, see the dossier of the same name (A102), as well as similar names compared in E4.5. The name could either be theophorous Ṭobio, with the divine element spelled -yo (‫ )יו‬or profane Ṭabyu, “gazelle,” or the like. The name is also payee (A290.4.9), in lists (E1.2; 3.17), in accounts (C1.3; 4.1; 5.3), and perhaps in another jar inscription, albeit uncertain (J5.2). Here, note the lapidary yod. cm

CONVEX [‫יהו ִכ[ל‬ ִ .1

Yehoka[l]

1

F3.13-ISAP2508 (JA226) Yehokal Body sherd of jar, medium sized (79 × 77 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written line parallel to wheel marks; lapidary yod. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left edge broken.

The name is borne by one of the clan heads (A5, D6, E1.1–3). Note the lapidary yod.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

415

cm

CONVEX ‫ נתינא‬.1

Netina

1

F3.14-ISAP1172 (L172 [IM91.16.140] Netina Body sherd of jar (70 × 90 × 6), exterior and interior whitish to yellowish. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

With lapidary script here, we encounter Netina as payer thrice (A110.1–3), signatory (A17.8), payee (A290.1.3); in another jar inscription (F3.15), and in a provenanced chit from Yatir (ISAP2098; VainstubFabian: 2015). Compare the name Nutaynu (A50).

416

F3.1–33 (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed F3.1–33Intact IntactororMostly MostlyIntact Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Netina

1

[

] ‫נתינא‬ ִ .1

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

417

F3.15-ISAP2408 (JA117) Netina Body sherd of Persian-period jar, large (112 × 189 × 5–6), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/4), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex slightly uneven surface, written line at ca. 30º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

The name is borne by a well-trained scribe in A17.8 and by a son of Yehokal in A5.16. It occurs in the 5th-century b.c.e. Murashu documents where it is explained as a qatïl hypocoristicon for “DN gave” (see Coogan 1976: 79). The suffix -å “is the most common suffix of West Semitic hypocorista from first-­ millennium Mesopotamia” (Zadok: 1977: 149–153). See F3.14 above for more references.

418

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [Na]qru/Naqdu son of y[. . .]

1

[ ]‫רו בר י‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫נ]ק‬ ִ ] .1

F3.16-ISAP1475 (AL322 [M187]) Naqdu/ru son of y[. . .] Body sherd of jar (91 × 85 × 7). Composed of two fragments. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Written across the top of a semi-triangular ostracon, both the beginning and ending are cut off at the edges. The lapidary yod is all that remains of the patronym, and the first letter of the personal name must be reconstructed with reference to the dossier of the same name, where all 19 occurrences of this name in various contexts in the Idumean ostraca (A63) appear.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

419

cm

CONVEX [ ] ‫ עבדי‬.1

Abdi

1

F3.17-ISAP1534 (AL353 [M249]) Abdi Body sherd of jar (58 × 119 × 7), exterior and interior red-orange. Written lines apparently parallel to wheel marks (which are unclear). Probably jar inscription [AL].

Again, written with lapidary yod, the name Abdi appeared above already (F2.10).

420

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Udayd[u]/Udayr[u]

1

[ ‫ר[ו‬/‫ עדיד‬.1

421

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

F3.18-ISAP1524 (AL354 [M239]) Udaydu/Udayru Body sherd and vertical handle of jar, large (94 × 19 × 6/7), exterior and interior light beige. Written lines at 5º to wheel marks, under handle. Possibly jar inscription, incomplete [AL].

Although the last letter is cut off at the break, the name is well-attested in our texts (A38.1–9) and is fully referenced in E4.8, where it occurs as a single name on a rather large sherd. Note the lapidary yod. cm

CONVEX [ ]. ‫ עות‬.1

Ghauthu

1

F3.19-ISAP1492 (AL355 [M204]) Ghauthu Body sherd of jar (67 × 117 × 9). Written lines parallel to wheel marks. Apparently, jar inscription [AL].

The person named Ghauthu (‫ )עותו‬made a payment in one chit, and the name also appears outside our corpus at Beersheba and in Nabatean (A218.1—see here for references). Compare it to the name Ghauthi (‫)עותי‬, which we have four times (A3.5; 6.21; C4.2; 9.6).

422

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [ ] ‫ עזראל‬.1

Azarel/Azriel

1

F3.20-ISAP2087 (Naveh 1985:12; IAA1968–518) Azarel/Azriel

This is a unique piece (8.5  ×  9.5), incised before firing, acquired by the Israel Antiquities Authority from a dealer and published by Joseph Naveh. Read by him as ‫חסדאל‬, it is better read ‫עזראל‬, which may be understood as a nominal name, Azriel (“My help is El”), on the model of Azriqam in E1.1 (cf. Jer 36:26 etc.) or as verbal Azarel (“El helped” [cf. Ezra 10:41 etc.]). Found only here in our corpus, it features the hypocoristicon ‫ עזור‬in two 5th-century lists described above (E1.2:3; 3:5).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

423

cm

CONVEX? ‫ עליאל‬.1

Aliel

1

F3.21-ISAP1230 (LL9) Aliel Jar inscription. Jar fragment from the level of the lower handle attachment, very smooth and well preserved (142 × 75 × 7), convex face pink to yellowish pink (5YR7/4–7/6), two-colored section, light brown to pink (5YR6/3– 6/4). Writing under handle attachment [Semitica 46].

Aliel is clearly visible below the jar handle and is a name that we know from the chits (12.18; 14.4; 16.14; 66.2 [payee]; 220.1 [payer]; cf. A4.1), Gur’s workers (D3.14–15), accounts (C6.2, 10), and land descriptions (H2.1).

424

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [ ? ] ‫ ענִי‬.1

Ani

1

F3.22-ISAP2538 (JA261) Ani (Palimpsest, upside down) Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (66 × 68 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, very wide left margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

Written at the lower left edge of a roughly square ostracon, Ani is hypocoristic of a name like Qosani (A30), a source of grain (A3.16; 9.21; 39.6; 41.4) and owner of a servant (A16.5) and a grove (H6.2). For its own dossier, see A37.1–8. For a possible reading of Uzzi, see A85.1.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

425

cm

CONVEX [ ]‫ פרט‬.1

Peraṭ[a]

1

F3.23-ISAP2650 (JA394) Peraṭa Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (51  ×  71  ×  7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex rough surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Written at the left edge of the ostracon, the final alef is cut off. Though unknown elsewhere in our corpus, the name ‫ פרטא‬occurred papponymously in Tannaitic times (b. Ketub. 100a): “Eleazar son of Peraṭa the grandson of Eleazar son of Peraṭa the elder” (‫)הגדול‬.

426

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [. . .] Qosadar/ider [. . .]

[ ]‫[קוסעדר‬

1

] .1

F3.24-ISAP275 [IA11728] Qosadar/ider Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (69 × 55 × 7–9), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Written in lapidary script across the middle of the ostracon, the name’s first and last letters were cut off. Restoration yields ‫קוסעדר‬, a common name in the commodity chits (A17.1–16) that also appears once as a worker from the clan of Qoṣi (D4.14), in three names lists (E3.3, 12, 14), and again below (F3.29).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

427 cm

CONVEX ‫ קוסחנן‬.1

Qosḥanan

1

F3.25-ISAP464 [IA11367] Qosḥanan Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (93 × 115 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), many white grits. Two fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. *No top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

We have two jar inscriptions for Qosḥanan, written by different scribes (F3.25–26), perhaps not surprising given the name’s large dossier with activity spanning 362–315 b.c.e. (A16.1–16). In this volume, it appears also in the accounts (C2.1), workers texts (D3.5), names lists (E1.1; 3.6, 13), and below (F3.26), aside from occurring in one unpublished land description (H4.11).

428

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX ‫ קוסחנן‬.1

Qosḥanan

1

F3.26-ISAP1953 (EN173 [BLMJ672]) Qosḥanan Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, irregularly shaped, medium sized (66 × 92 × 10), exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3). Composed of 2 fragments, 5 fresh breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written line at ca. 70º to wheel marks.

See F3.25 above for commentary.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

429 cm

CONVEX . ‫סכהל‬ ִ ‫קו‬ ִ .1

Qoskahel ◦[. . .]

1

F3.27-ISAP1476 (AL339 [M188]) Qoskahel Body sherd of jar, quite large (143 × 83 × 10), exterior brown, interior orange red. Written lines at 10º to wheel marks. Possibly jar inscription [AL].

There are two jar inscriptions for Qoskahel, although the second is a small fragment (F3.27–28). He was a very important person at Makkedah (A9.1–34) and also reported activity in the payment orders (B3.1), accounts (C4.4, 8.1), names lists (E1.6, 3.23), and letters (G4.1).

430

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX Qoskahe[l]

[

1

‫[קוסכה[ל‬ ִ

] .1

F3.28-ISAP1519 (AL340 [M233]) Qoskahel Body sherd of jar (52 × 58 × 8), exterior gray, interior pink orange. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

See F3.27 above for commentary.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

431

cm

CONVEX [. . .]Qosghayr / Qosadar/ider[. . .]

1

[

]‫ר‬/‫[קוסעיד‬

] .1

F3.29-ISAP2402 (JA109) Qosghayr/Qosadar/ider Body sherd and part of handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (111 × 60 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior of the body sherd, on flat smooth surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name written below the jar handle is either Qosghayr, which occurs among the clans of Baalrim (A1.23), Al(i)baal (A4.27–28), and Yehokal (A5.14–15), as well as in its own dossier (A40.1–9; cf. C2.2; 4.2; J9.6), or Qosadar/ider, discussed above (F3.24).

432

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed cm

CONVEX [ ] ‫ ] [ ִקִו ִס ִע ִנִי בר‬.1

Qosani son of [. . .]

1

F3.30-ISAP1528 (AL358 [M243]) Qosani Body sherd of jar with lower attachment of handle, large (130 × 113 × 7–10), exterior brown, interior pink orange. Whitish deposit on interior. Written lines under handle, parallel to wheel marks. Jar inscription [AL].

Although the patronym is cut off, the praenomen is written clearly below the handle with lapidary waw and samek. Above, we encountered the hypocoristicon for this name (F3.22 [Ani]), and here it is spelled out in full—Qosani, which had its own dossier (A30.1–11), once as Samitu’s son (A8.33); served as payee (A18.7; 49.1, 4; 65.4; 82.1; 120.2) and agent (A290.2.15), and surfaced in the accounts (C2.1; 5.5; 9.4) and names lists (E1.6; 3.1).

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

433

cm

CONVEX ‫ שמתו‬.1

Samitu

1

F3.31-ISAP356 [IA11833] Samitu Body sherd and part of handle of Persian-period jar, large (110 × 94 × 4–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior of body sherd, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, very wide left margin.

It is encouraging to find a jar inscription from Samitu, one of the most important individuals in our corpus (A8.1–46), because he rarely appears outside the chits (only here and C1.1; 6.1; 8.1; 9.6).

434

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

CONVEX ‫שמעון‬ ִ .1

[Šim]ʿon

1

F3.32-ISAP882 {GCh82} Šimʿon

As for Qoskahel and Qosḥanan, there were two jar inscriptions for ‫( שמעון‬biblical Simeon), who appears only here in our inscriptions. The name does not recur in the preexilic period and occurs only once in the postexilic period (Ezra 10:31). It is very popular in the Hellenistic period, including Egypt (Ilan 2002: 218–235; Porten-Lund 2002: 41–54). The script is early, with what appears to be a lapidary waw.

F3.1–33 Intact or Mostly Intact (and Restored) Jar Inscriptions without Lamed

435

cm

CONVEX ‫שמ]עון‬ ִ ] .1

[Šim]ʿon

1

F3.33-ISAP1173 (L173 [IM91.16.195]) Šimʿon Body sherd of jar (55 × 50 × 8,) exterior and interior pink to brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, wide left margin.

See F3.32 above for commentary.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with Uncertain or Incomplete Readings List of Texts F4.1 A[. . .] F4.2 A[. . .]h F4.3 [Abena]ši F4.4 [. . .] son of Ḥg[. . .] F4.5 Rʾy[. . .] F4.6 H[. . .] F4.7 [. . .] Zubaydu/Zabidu(?)[. . .] F4.8 Z..[. . .] F4.9 Mal[k. . .] F4.10 Sp..[. . .] F4.11 Am..[. . .] F4.12 Qos[. . .] F4.13 [. . .]..bt F4.14 [. . .]..b/r/dt F4.15 D/Rau[i] F4.16 [. . .]hw/r/d F4.17 [. . .]w son of Lh.[. . .] F4.18 [. . .]yizra F4.19 [. . .]lk/w F4.20 [. . .]kḥ/ṭ[. . .] F4.21 [. . .]md/r[. . .] F4.22 [. . .]sy[. . .]

436

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

437

cm

CONVEX [ ]. ‫ א‬.1

A[. . .]

1

F4.1-ISAP463 [IA11420] A[. . .] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, large (109 × 153 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few large white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, no clear written lines.

Cut off at the left edge, only a lapidary alef survives in this fragmentary jar inscription.

438

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX ‫ה‬. . .‫ א‬.1

A[. . .]h

1

F4.2-ISAP1346 (AL348 [M47]) A[. . .]h Jar fragment, apparently shoulder and close to neck (82 × 63 × 9), exterior beige-gray, interior light brown. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

Much effaced, a name beginning with alef and ending with heh appeared close to the jar’s neck. The only such name in our corpus is Aḥimmeh (‫“[ אחמה‬His mother’s brother”]) in C2.18, but the letter remains do not fully support such a reading.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

439

cm

CONVEX ‫ ]אבאנ]שי‬.1

[Abena]ši

1

F4.3-ISAP797 [YR61] [Abena]ši Body sherd of jar, medium sized (62 × 31 × 8–10), roughly triangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

See above in F1.1 and 3.1 for a likely restoration of [Abena]ši, although Šimšai (E1.5) and Nšy (E1.8) are orthographically possible.

440

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ] ‫חג‬ ִ ‫ ] [בר‬.1

[. . .] son of Ḥg[. . .]

1

F4.4-ISAP515 [IA11406] [. . .] son of Ḥg[. . .] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium sized (23 × 65 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), many small white grits. Thin white patina covers ca. 80% of sherd surface and all of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, direction of written lines unclear. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin widening at right, left edge broken.

Barely four letters remain on this small fragment. The personal name appeared before the break, and the patronym is cut off after it but must have been Ḥaggai (A49.1–45), Ḥaggagu (A33.1–8), or, less likely, Ḥiggerur (E1.2). We have record of two praenomina fitting these patronyms: Ḥal(a)fan son of Ḥaggai (A18.8) and Jehoaz son of Ḥiggerur (E1.8).

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

441

cm

CONVEX [ ]‫אי‬/‫ר‬/‫ ד‬.1

D/Rʾy[. . .]

1

F4.5-ISAP462 [IA11412] D/Rau[i] Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (53 × 120 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Only the first three letters are preserved before the break—resh, alef, yod.

442

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ]. ‫ ִה‬.1

H[. . .]

1

F4.6-ISAP142 [IA11835] H[. . .] Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium sized (108 × 69 × 3–6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only a heh can be read before the break in the middle of the left edge—and that tentatively so.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

443

cm

CONVEX [. . .] Zubaydu/Zabidu(?)[. . .]

1

.‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫זבי‬. ִ .[ ]. .1

F4.7-ISAP270 [IA11745] [. . .] Zubaydu/Zabidu(?)[. . .] Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (68 × 96 × 9–12), roughly trapezoid, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, *very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Although the letters before and after the name are too effaced to read, Zabidu/Zubaydu appears clearly. See E4.2 for full commentary.

444

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [

Z. .[. . .]

1

]. . ‫ ז‬.1

F4.8-ISAP2624 (JA367) Z..[. . .] Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (38 × 46 × 6), trapezoid, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written line parallel to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only the first letter is certain, a lapidary zayin.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

445

cm

CONVEX Mal[k. . .]

1

[ ‫מל[כ‬ ִ .1

446

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

F4.9-ISAP2410 (JA119) Mal[k. . .] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, large (ca. 147 × 162 × 6–8), roughly rhomboid, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 45% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, direction of written line unclear. Narrow top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The two letters at the left edge would introduce a name such as Malku (‫[ מלכו‬A23.1–11]), Malka (‫מלכא‬ [A8.15]), Malkiel (‫[ מלכיאל‬E1.5]), or Malkiyah (‫[ מלכיה‬H5.2]).

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

447

cm

CONVEX [ ?]. . ‫ ִס ִפ‬.1

Sp. .[. . .]

1

F4.10-ISAP1314 (AL361 [M14]) Sp..[. . .] Sherd (65 × 64 × 5), exterior and interior brown, Whitish deposit on exterior and interior. Written lines at ca. 15º to wheel marks. Probably jar inscription [AL].

Conjecturally, a samek followed by a peh begin a name on this inscription, but no other name begins this way in our corpus.

448

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ]. . ‫ עמ‬.1

Am. .[. . .]

1

F4.11-ISAP1385a (AL386 [M91]) Am..[. . .]

An ayin followed by a mem could yield a name such as Ammiel (A53), Ammiyatha (A116), Ammiqos (A117), Amru (A167), Ammi (A221), Ammiyu (A280.9), Ammiṣidq (A290.1.3), Ammu (cf. C3.1), Ammibaali (J9.1), or Ammibarak (J12.10).

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

449

cm

CONVEX [ ]‫קוס‬ ִ .1 [ ]. . .2

Qos[. . .] . .[. . .]

1 2

F4.12-ISAP1170 (L170 [IM91.16.74]) Qos[. . .] Body sherd of jar, small (39 × 50 × 11), exterior light brown, interior red to orange. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Only the first three letters of the first line remain, which could be any of more than 60 names in our corpus beginning with the divine element Qos.

450

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX ‫בת‬. .[ ] .1

[. . .]. .bt

1

F4.13-ISAP1174 (L174 [IM91.16.198]) [. . .]..bt Body sherd of jar, large (85 × 105 × 7), exterior and interior light brown to whitish. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, very wide left margin.

This and the following jar inscription (F4.14) have more or less the same conjectural remains of the end of a name—here, a bet followed by a taw at the right edge of the middle of the ostracon.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

451

cm

CONVEX ‫בת‬.[ ] .1

[. . .]. .b/r/dt

1

F4.14-ISAP2578 (JA311) [. . .]..b/r/dt Body sherd of closed vessel, probably of Persian period, medium sized (49 × 53 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, written line at ca. 90º to wheel marks; large letters. Wide top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, wide left margin.

A personal name that ends with ‫בת‬- or ‫רת‬- or ‫דת‬-. The beginning of the name is missing.

452

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ]‫רעו‬/‫ד‬ ִ [ ] .1

Dau[i]/Rau[i]

1

F4.15-ISAP308 [IA11281] Daui/Raui Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 45 × 5), roughly trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, left edge broken. Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is another small fragment with only a few extant letters—a dalet or resh, ayin, and perhaps a waw cut off. If we restore a yod, we get the known D/Raui (see A8.18:1; E1.6).

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

453

cm

CONVEX [. . .] hw/r/d

‫ר‬/‫ד‬/‫[הו‬

1

] .1

F4.16-ISAP141 [IA11839] [. . .]hw/r/d Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (59 × 45 × 5), roughly trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

Here we have an early heh followed by a waw, resh, or dalet. It does not appear that any letters are missing at the end.

454

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ].‫ ] [ובר לה‬.1

[. . .]w son of Lh.[. . .]

1

F4.17-ISAP1947 (EN165) [. . .]w son of Lh.[. . .]

With the praenomen missing and the patronym cut off after lamed and heh, there are no names in our corpus that would aid restoration.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

455

cm

CONVEX ‫ ] [ִיזִִרע‬.1

[. . .]yizra

F4.18-ISAP2536 (JA259) [. . .]yizra Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (51 × 72 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior, and ware pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior, patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written line at ca. 10º to wheel mark; lapidary yod. Top margin widening leftward, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name was written toward the bottom of the right edge, where the first half is cut off. We may compare the biblical name Yizreel (‫)יזרעאל‬, “May God sow” (1 Chr 4:3; cf. Jer 31:26; Hos 2:25). A divine element such as Qos may have stood at the beginning of this fragmentary name, although no such name appears elsewhere. There are numerous names in our corpus with the pattern “Qos + imperfect verb”—Qos­ yinqom (A20), Qosyeypi (A2.7), and Qosyidli (D4.2). ¶ The script is lapidary.

456

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX ‫[לִו‬ ִ ] .1

[. . .]lk/w

1

F4.19-ISAP322 [IA11706] [. . .]lk/w Body sherd of Persian period, jar, large (72 × 165 × 10–18), irregularly shaped, pale brown (10YR6/3), many white grits, some air bubbles inside wall. Patina on ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, no clear written lines. Very wide top margin, very wide right margin, bottom edge broken, very wide left margin.

Written at the very bottom, the ending of the name here could be ‫לו‬-, as in Waalu (D9.2), for example.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

457

cm

CONVEX [?]‫ת‬/ ִ ‫כח‬ ִ .1

[. . .]kḥ/ṭ[. . .]

1

F4.20-ISAP554 (JoH3) [. . .]kḥ/ṭ[. . .]

This tiny sherd has two large medial letters—kaf and ḥet or ṭeṭ

458

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings cm

CONVEX [ ? ] ‫ ] [ ִמִר‬.1

[. . .]md/mr[. . .]

1

F4.21-ISAP1179 (L179 [IM91.16.39]) [. . .]md/r[. . .] Body sherd of jar (74 × 43 × 5), exterior light brown, interior gray. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks.

Only a mem and a dalet/resh are left intact at the top in this fragment.

F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments Lamed F4.1–22 Jar Inscription Fragments without Lamed with without Uncertain or Incomplete Readings

459

cm

CONVEX [ ]ִ‫[סי‬ ִ ] .1

[. . .]sy[. . .]

F4.22-ISAP2432 (JA143) [. . .]sy[. . .] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (ca. 72 × 87 × 7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior pale brown (10YR6/3), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, writing direction is unclear; very large letters, lapidary yod. Wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The letters are exceptionally large; the yod is lapidary. If no letters are missing at the left edge, the name might be restored as Asi (‫[ אסי‬A167]), Abdese ‫[ עבדאסי‬A14.3]), or Qosi (‫[ קוסי‬A6.7–9a]) or the like.

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions List of Texts F5.1 F5.2 F5.3 F5.4 F5.5 F5.6 F5.7 F5.8 F5.9 F5.10 F5.11 F5.12

Jar inscription with date, name, commodity, and signatory Jar inscription with origin of contents Cancelled Fragmentary jar inscription with title Fragmentary jar inscription with title and lamed Fragmentary jar inscription with title Fragmentary jar inscription with date Fragmentary jar inscription with commodity Fragmentary jar inscription with remains of one or two illegible letters Jar stamp Cancelled Jar inscription with name and commodity

460

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

461

cm

CONVEX 2 On the 2nd: Ḥaggai: s(eah), 1; q(ab), 4. Idri/Adarel/ Saadel

1 2

2 .1 . . . . .4 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ חגִי ס‬2 ‫ ב‬.2

462

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

F5.1-ISAP1164 (L164 [IM91.16.32)] Jar inscription with date, name, commodity, and signatory Apparently, jar inscription: on bottom righthand part of sherd, there is lower joint of handle to body.

For all intents and purposes, this appears exactly like a commodity chit; however, the jar handle provides evidence that the inscription was made on the jar before it shattered, whereas a commodity chit would be written on an already broken sherd. The inscription thus identifies the contents of the jar, perhaps for conveyance. Ḥaggai had a dossier of four chits (A49.1–2), including wine (A49.3), and also appeared as payee (A18.6–8; 34.6; 203.1; 207.1), agent (A5.18–19), signatory (A47.1), in accounts (C2.10; 4.5; 9.1 [as a clan name]), a list of names (E1.6), perhaps above (F4.4), in a letter (G2.3), and in an unclassified fragment (J8.6). Perhaps this product was wine (cf. F5.2, 8, below), even coming from the “Steppe of Ḥaggai” (A37.7). A name is effaced at the end, which may be Adarel/Idriel (A114) or Saadel, who does serve as signatory in his dossier (A10). Only two other jar inscriptions are dated (F5.7, 12), and two others contain commodities (F5.8, 12).

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

463 cm

CONVEX Vineyard of Baalghauth

1

‫ כרם בעלעות‬.1

464

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

F5.2-ISAP2661 (JA562) Jar inscription with origin of contents

The product must have been wine, conveyed from Baalghauth’s vineyard, a word that is common in the land description texts (TAO H [unpublished]) and appearing on a jar inscription below (F5.8). For Baal­ ghauth, see A96.1–2.

F5.3-ISAP525 [IA12129 {Feuer4}] Cancelled cm

CONVEX [ ] ‫ כמר‬.1

priest [. . .]

1

F5.4-ISAP273 [IA11763] Fragmentary jar inscription with title Body sherd and beginning of handle of Persian-period jar, medium sized (65  ×  74  ×  4–6), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, near handle, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, very wide right margin, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

It would appear that this inscription identified the owner of the jar—a priest (‫ )כמר‬whose name is cut off after the break at the very bottom. Although our corpus never speaks of priests, we do have at least one reference to sacred places, including the ruin of the temple of Yhw (H1.1).

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

465

cm

CONVEX (Belonging) to (the) officia[l]

1

[ ]. \ [ ‫ לפקי[ד‬.1

F5.5-ISAP2662 (JA563) Fragmentary jar inscription with title and lamed

Clearly, a jar inscription by virtue of the lamed of ownership, this belonged to an official—or to the official of a dignitary—whose name is lost after the break. See F5.6 below.

466

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions cm

CONVEX Official of Q[. . .]

1

[

]‫ פקיד ק‬.1

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

467

F5.6-ISAP2654 (JA410) Fragmentary jar inscription with title Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Persian-period jar, large (body sherd 107 × 98 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written line parallel to wheel marks; lapidary yod. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Not a personal name, the word ‫ פקיד‬designated the steward of Arsames, satrap, and of other Persian dignitaries in 5th-century Egypt (TAD A6.4:2 etc.). Note the lapidary yod. This and the above sherd (F5.5) are the only two texts to use the term in our corpus. Cut off after the break is the official’s name or master, beginning with qof. cm

CONVEX [x (day) of A]b, year 17

1

17 ‫ ] לא]ב שנת‬.1

F5.7-ISAP1163 (L163 [IM91.16.201]) Fragmentary jar inscription with date August 12 – September 9, 342 Jar fragment (93 × 93 × 8), exterior light brown, interior yellowish. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

All that remains is a date; Ab in year 17 of Artaxerxes III would have occurred between August 12 and September 9, 342. Only two other jar inscriptions are dated (F5.1, 12). Is the scribe dating the contents of the jar or the date of shipment—or something else altogether? The bet at the beginning of the text must be the end of the month name ‫אב‬, which preceded the word ‫ שנת‬with no intervening space. The preposition bet never precedes the year. A full day date would have read “x (number) (of) Ab, year y (number).”

468

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions cm

CONVEX [. . .]wine

‫[חמר‬ ִ

1

] .1

F5.8-ISAP1595 (AL328 [M311]) Fragmentary jar inscription with commodity Small sherd (31 × 31 × 7), exterior light brown, interior gray [AL].

With no measure following the product, this was probably an inscription identifying the contents of the jar as wine, which has a dossier of eight commodity chits (TAO vol. 3 Table 7; see also A7.38 and F5.1–2 above). Only two other jar inscriptions contain commodities (F5.1, 12).

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

469

cm

CONVEX . . .1

. . .

1

F5.9-ISAP1175 (L175 [IM91.16.202]) Fragmentary jar inscription with remains of one or two illegible letters Body sherd of jar (59 × 89 × 7), exterior light brown, interior pink. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Only two illegible letters appear on this sherd, only tentatively classed as a jar inscription.

470

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions cm

CONVEX clay vessel,

1

.‫ קלל‬.1

1

F5.10-ISAP1217 (L217 [IM92.17.88]) Jar stamp Handle with seal impression incised after firing. Apparently fake.

With the word “clay vessel” (‫ )קלל‬inside a frame, this jar stamp may in fact be a forgery.

F5.11-ISAP2097 (Dagon Museum) Cancelled

F5.1–12 Miscellaneous Other Jar Inscriptions

471

cm

CONVEX Product

oil of Ubayd/Abid, s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 3 (and) a h(alf).

1

‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ִד ס‬ ִ ‫ משח ִע ִבי‬.1

F5.12-ISAP265 [IA11755] Undated Payment of 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (63  ×  80  ×  10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca 80º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

As nomen regens, ‫“( משח‬oil”) appears in construct with ‫[“( זבינתא‬oil of ] the purchase” {A8.28, 30.6}) or with a personal name, such as Qosyinqom (A12.16 and possibly 290.2.2), Marṣaat (A29.2), Ḥayyan (A30.6), Qosṣur (A85.5), or Amru (A167.1). In the latter cases, the payer is making a payment of oil deriving from the “oil of PN.” The name Ubayd/Abid has a dossier of five chits, including wheat, loads, a beam and a bundle (A65) but no oil. Were he to have had oil, as well, it would doubtless have been contained in a jar, whose contents would have been marked on the outside. It is thus likely that our text, written on a single line, is a jar inscription rather than a commodity chit. For more on oil, see A1.5–6; 2.13.

Table F: Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F) Table F1a.  47 names that appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier, alphabetically arranged Table F1b.  47 names that appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier, arranged by frequency Table F2.  35 names that appear in both the Jar Inscriptions and Commodity Chits Dossiers Table F3.  3 names that appear only in the Jar Inscriptions and Non-Chit Dossiers Table F4.  9 names that appear only in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier

Introduction There are 47 names in the jar inscriptions dossier (Tables 1a–1b), which can be divided as follows: 35 also appear in commodity chits (Table F2), 3 also appear in non-chit dossiers (Table F3), and 9 do not appear elsewhere (Table F4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g., Qosani [Table F1.44]), but there are no names that appear only once elsewhere but multiple times here.

Figure 5.  Breakdown of the 47 names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier.

Table F1a.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged Alphabetically No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7

Personal Name English ‫ אבאנשי‬Abenaši ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫בעלעות‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫בידאל‬ ‫ודידאל‬

Ab(i)me[lek] Aḥ(i)bar Baalghauth Bar(a)qat Beyadel Waddidil

Reference(s) in TAO F F1.1, 3.1, 4.3(?)

Frequency in TAO F 2–3

F5.3 F3.2 F5.2 F3.3 F3.4 F3.5

1 1 1 1 1 1

472

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 11.18, 67.1, 71.3, 91.2–4, 152.2, H2.9 × × A96.1–2 × A6.10–11, 300.1.7a, E1.6 (?) ×

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier

473

Table F1a.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged Alphabetically No.  8  9 10

Personal Name English ‫ והבי‬Wah(a)bi ‫ זבדמלך‬Zabdimilk ‫ זבידו‬Zabidu/Zubaydu

Reference(s) in TAO F F2.1, 3.6–7

Frequency in TAO F 3

F3.8 F4.7

1 1

11

‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu

F2.2

1

12

‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

F5.1

1

13

‫ חורי‬Ḥori

F3.9

1

14

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

F3.10

1

15 16 17

‫ חזי‬Ḥezi ‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

F3.11 (?) F3.11 (?) F3.12

1 1 1

F3.13 F2.3 F2.5 F2.7 F2.7 F2.9

1 1 1 1 1 1

F3.16

1

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

‫יהוכל‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫ינקם‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫מרצעת‬

Yehokal Yehoaqab Yinqom Mannuki Mannukišamaš Marṣaat

‫נקרו‬/‫ נקדו‬Naqdu/Naqru

25 26

‫ נתינא‬Netina ‫ עבדי‬Abdi

F3.14–15 F2.10

2 1

27 28

‫ עבדמנותו‬Abdmanutu ‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid

F2.11 F5.12

1 1

29

‫עדידו‬/‫ עדירו‬Udaydu/Udayru

F3.18

1

F3.18 F3.19 F2.12 F3.20 F3.21

1 1 1 1 1

30 31 32 33 34

‫עוידו‬ ‫עותו‬ ‫עזיזו‬ ‫עזראל‬ ‫עליאל‬

Uwaydu Ghauthu Uzayzu Azriel / Azarel Aliel

Reference(s) Elsewhere A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, E3.1, 5, J1.18 D2.4–5, 7, E3.1, J1.16, 11.5 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, E3.11, 1B1.10 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, E1.6, G2.3, J8.6 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B3.7, C2.12, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, C7.1, H2.1, 4, 6 A188.1 A35.1–10, C1.3 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3, E1.2, 3.17, J5.2 A5, E1.1–3 × A34.3, H1.1 × D9.1 A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, E3.2, J9.6 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, E1.7, 3.26, J1.14, 12.16 A17.8, 110.1–3, 290.1.3 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, 3.17, J3.2 × A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, C2.13 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, C7.2, J12.9 A2.4, 148.1, C2.18 A218.1, G4.6 A6.21, 29.1–9, 114.3, H3.2 × A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, C6.2, 6.10, D3.14–15, H2.1

474

Table F

Table F1a.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged Alphabetically No. 35 36

Personal Name English ‫ עמקוס‬Ammiqos ‫ עני‬Ani

Reference(s) in TAO F F2.14–16

Frequency in TAO F 3

F3.22

1

F3.23 F3.25–26

1 2

37 38

‫ פרטא‬Peraṭa ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

39

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada

F2.17

1

40

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

F3.27–28

2

41

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

F3.24

1

42

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

F3.29

1

43

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

F3.30

1

F4.15 F3.32–33 F3.31 F2.20

1 2 1 1

44 45 46 47

‫דעוי‬/‫רעוי‬ ‫שמעון‬ ‫שמתו‬ ‫שעדאל‬

Raui/Daui Simeon/Šim’on Samitu Saadel

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, C1.2, 5.1 A3.16, 9.21, 16.5, 39.6, 41.4, 37.1–8, H6.2 × A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33– 34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, H4.11 A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, E4.12, J5.1 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, G4.1 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, E3.3, 12, 14, 25, 29 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, C2.2, 4.2, J9.6 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, E1.6, 3.1, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A8.18, B2.18, E1.6 × A8.1–46, C1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6 A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, E3.17, 5.1, J1.11

Table F1b.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged by Frequency No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

Personal Name ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫בעלעות‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫בידאל‬ ‫ודידאל‬ ‫זבדמלך‬ ‫זבידו‬

English Ab(i)me[lek] Aḥ(i)bar Baalghauth Bar(a)qat Beyadel Waddidil Zabdimilk Zabidu/Zubaydu

Reference(s) in TAO F F5.3 F3.2 F5.2 F3.3 F3.4 F3.5 F3.8 F4.7

Frequency in TAO F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 9

‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu

F2.2

1

10

‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

F5.1

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × A96.1–2 × A6.10–11, 300.1.7a, E1.6 (?) × D2.4–5, 7, E3.1, J1.16, 11.5 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, E3.11, 1B1.10 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, E1.6, G2.3, J8.6

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier

475

Table F1b.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged by Frequency No. 11

Personal Name ‫ חורי‬Ḥori

English

12

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

13 14 15

‫ חזי‬Ḥezi ‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23

‫יהוכל‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫ינקם‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫מנכשמש‬ ‫מרצעת‬

Yehokal Yehoaqab Yinqom Mannuki Mannukišamaš Marṣaat

‫נקדו‬/‫ נקרו‬Naqdu/Naqru

‫ עבדי‬Abdi

Reference(s) in TAO F F3.9

Frequency in TAO F 1

F3.10

1

F3.11 (?) F3.11 (?) F3.12

1 1 1

F3.13 F2.3 F2.5 F2.7 F2.7 F2.9

1 1 1 1 1 1

F3.16

1

F2.10

1

24 25

‫ עבדמנותו‬Abdmanutu ‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid

F2.11 F5.12

1 1

26

‫עדידו‬/‫ עדירו‬Udaydu/Udayru

F3.18

1

F3.18 F3.19 F2.12 F3.20 F3.21

1 1 1 1 1

27 28 29 30 31

‫עוידו‬ ‫עותו‬ ‫עזיזו‬ ‫עזראל‬ ‫עליאל‬

Uwaydu Ghauthu Uzayzu Azriel/Azarel Aliel

32

‫ עני‬Ani

F3.22

1

33 34

‫ פרטא‬Peraṭa ‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada

F3.23 F2.17

1 1

35

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

F3.24

1

36

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

F3.29

1

37

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

F3.30

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B3.7, C2.12, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, C7.1, H2.1, 4, 6 A188.1 A35.1–10, C1.3 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3, E1.2, 3.17, J5.2 A5, E1.1–3 × A34.3, H1.1 × D9.1 A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, E3.2, J9.6 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, E1.7, 3.26, J1.14, 12.16 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, 3.17, J3.2 × A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, C2.13 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, C7.2, J12.9 A2.4, 148.1, C2.18 A218.1, G4.6 A6.21, 29.1–9, 114.3, H3.2 × A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, C6.2, 6.10, D3.14–15, H2.1 A3.16, 9.21, 16.5, 39.6, 41.4, 37.1–8, H6.2 × A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, E4.12, J5.1 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, E3.3, 12, 14, 25, 29 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, C2.2, 4.2, J9.6 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, E1.6, 3.1, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3

476

Table F

Table F1b.  47 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F), Arranged by Frequency

38 39 40

Personal Name English ‫רעוי‬/‫ דעוי‬Raui/Daui ‫ שמתו‬Samitu ‫ שעדאל‬Saadel

Reference(s) in TAO F F4.15 F3.31 F2.20

Frequency in TAO F 1 1 1

41 42

‫ נתינא‬Netina ‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

F3.14–15 F3.25–26

2 2

43

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

F3.27–28

2

44 45

‫ שמעון‬Šim’on ‫ אבאנשי‬Abenaši

F3.32–33 F1.1, 3.1, 4.3(?)

2 2–3

No.

46

‫ והבי‬Wah(a)bi

F2.1, 3.6–7

3

47

‫ עמקוס‬Ammiqos

F2.14–16

3

Reference(s) Elsewhere A8.18, B2.18, E1.6 A8.1–46, C1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6 A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, E3.17, 5.1, J1.11 A17.8, 110.1–3, 290.1.3 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33– 34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, H4.11 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, G4.1 × A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 11.18, 67.1, 71.3, 91.2–4, 152.2, H2.9 A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, E3.1, 5, J1.18 A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, C1.2, 5.1

Table F2.  35 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO F and A) No.  1  2  3  4  5

Personal Name English ‫ אבאנשי‬Abenaši ‫בעלעות‬ ‫בידאל‬ ‫והבי‬ ‫זבידו‬

Baalghauth Beyadel Wah(a)bi Zabidu/Zubaydu

Reference(s) in TAO F F1.1, 3.1, 4.3(?)

Frequency in TAO F 2–3

F5.2 F3.4 F2.1, 3.6–7 F4.7

1 1 3 1

 6

‫ חגגו‬Ḥaggagu

F2.2

1

 7

‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai

F5.1

1

 8

‫ חורי‬Ḥori

F3.9

1

 9

‫ חזהאל‬Ḥazael

F3.10

1

10 11 12

‫ חזי‬Ḥazi ‫ חזירא‬Ḥazira ‫ טביו‬Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

F3.11 (?) F3.11 (?) F3.12

1 1 1

13 14

‫ יהוכל‬Yehokal ‫ ינקם‬Yinqom

F3.13 F2.5

1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 11.18, 67.1, 71.3, 91.2–4, 152.2, H2.9 A96.1–2 A6.10–11, 300.1.7a, E1.6 (?) A97.1–2, C2.1, 5.2, E3.1, 5, J1.18 A3.10, 4.27, 12.1–24, 55.4, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1, 280.1, C2.10, 8.3, D3.10, 6.3, E3.4, 10, 4.2–3 A33.1–8, C1.1, D9.1, E3.11, 1B1.10 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, E1.6, G2.3, J8.6 A6.3, 5–6, 7.3, 5–6, 15, 10.2–4, 34.1–8, B3.7, C2.12, H3.1, 16, J11.3 A3.17–18, 15.18, 36.8, 37.8, 39.1, 107.1, 133a.1–2, 220.1, B4.3, C7.1, H2.1, 4, 6 A188.1 A35.1–10, C1.3 A1.41, 10.21, 102.1–3, 290.4.9, C1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.3, E1.2, 3.17, J5.2 A5, E1.1–3 A34.3, H1.1

Five Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier

477

Table F2.  35 Names That Appear in the Jar Inscriptions and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO F and A) No. 15 16

Personal Name English ‫ מרצעת‬Marṣaat ‫נקרו‬/‫ נקדו‬Naqdu/Naqru

17 18

‫ נתינא‬Netina ‫ עבדי‬Abdi

19

‫ עביד‬Ubayd/Abid

20

‫עדירו‬/‫ עדידו‬Udaydu/Udayru

Uwaydu Ghauthu Uzayzu Aliel

Reference(s) in TAO F F2.9

Frequency in TAO F 1

F3.16

1

F3.14–15 F2.10

2 1

F5.12

1

F3.18

1

F3.18 F3.19 F2.12 F3.21

1 1 1 1

21 22 23 24

‫עוידו‬ ‫עותו‬ ‫עזיזו‬ ‫עליאל‬

25 26

‫ עמקוס‬Ammiqos ‫ עני‬Ani

F2.14–16 F3.22

3 1

27

‫ קוסחנן‬Qosḥanan

F3.25–26

2

28

‫ קוסידע‬Qosyada

F2.17

1

29

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

F3.27–28

2

30

‫ קוסעדר‬Qosadar/Qosider

F3.24

1

31

‫ קוסעיר‬Qosghayr

F3.29

1

32

‫ קוסעני‬Qosani

F3.30

1

33 34 35

‫דעוי‬/‫ רעוי‬Raui/Daui ‫ שמתו‬Samitu ‫ שעדאל‬Saadel

F4.15 F3.31 F2.20

1 1 1

Reference(s) elsewhere A3.2, 18.5, 42.4–5, 43.1–6, 50.5, 280.8, 300.2.21, E3.2, J9.6 A8.45, 12.17, 21.1, 41.2, 63.1–6, 71.5, 74.1, C7.3, D2.12–13, E1.7, 3.26, J1.14, 12.16 A17.8, 110.1–3, 290.1.3 A7.49, 96.2, 144.1–2, B4.5, C9.6, D9.2, E3.5, 3.17, J3.2 A6.6, 9.30, 65.1–5, 68.1, 134.1, C2.13 A1.32, 2.4, 11.7, 12.13, 19.5, 26.3, 29.8, 38.1–9, 59.2–3, 71.3, 211a.1, 300.4.28, E4.8, C7.2, J12.9 A2.4, 148.1, C2.18 A218.1, G4.6 A6.21, 29.1–9, 114.3, H3.2 A12.18, 14.4, 16.14, 66.2, 220.1, C6.2, 6.10, D3.14–15, H2.1 A1.18, 6.24, 117.1–3, C1.2, 5.1 A3.16, 9.21, 16.5, 39.6, 41.4, 37.1–8, H6.2 A1.44–45, 2.6, 11–12, 3.33–34, 9.7, 9–10, 11.9, 16.1–16, 51.3, 154.2, 300.2.31, C2.1, D3.5, E1.1, 3.6, 13, H4.11 A150.1–2, C6.2, 6.9, 7.4, E4.12, J5.1 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, G4.1 A2.33–35, 37–38, 6.11, 17.1–16, 59.3, D4.14, E3.3, 12, 14, 25, 29 A1.23, 4.27–28, 5.14, 18.14, 40.1–9, C2.2, 4.2, J9.6 A1.46–47, 6.25, 8.15a, 33, 18.7, 30.1–11, 49.1, 4, 65.4, 82.1, 120.2, 290.2.15, C2.1, 5.5, 9.4, E1.6, 3.1, H2.5, 4.6, J10.3 A8.18, B2.18, E1.6 A8.1–46, C1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.6 A10.1–42, B1.3–4, 7, C8.2, E3.17, 5.1, J1.11

Table F3.  3 Names That Appear Only in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D, E, and J) No.  1  2  3

Personal Name English ‫ זבדמלך‬Zabdimilk ‫ מנכשמש‬Mannukišamaš ‫ שמעון‬Simeon/Šim’on

Reference(s) in TAO F F3.8 F2.7 F3.32–33

Frequency in TAO F 1 1 2

Reference(s) Elsewhere D2.4–5, 7, E3.1, J1.16, 11.5 D9.1 E5.2

478

Table F Table F4. 9 Names That Appear Only in the Jar Inscriptions Dossier (TAO F)

No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9

Personal Name ‫אבמלך‬ ‫אחבר‬ ‫ברקת‬ ‫ודידאל‬ ‫יהועקב‬ ‫מנכי‬ ‫עבדמנותו‬ ‫עזראל‬ ‫פרטא‬

English Ab(i)me[lek] Aḥ(i)bar Bar(a)qat Waddidil Yehoaqab Mannuki Abdmanutu Azriel / Azarel Peraṭa

Reference(s) in TAO F F5.3 F3.2 F3.3 F3.5 F2.3 F2.7 F2.11 F3.20 F3.23

Frequency in TAO F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × × × × × ×

G1.1–5.1 Letters Dossier (23 Texts, Table G 1–4) In only three ostraca (G2.1–2, 3.1), two of which are opisthographs (G2.1–2), is the text fully intact. Two of them give instructions—“Give him one of the slave-girls” and “Let them heat the oven” (G2.1; 3.1)—while the third is obscure. A fourth text is a one-liner, written on a downward slant near the top of the ostracon with but the final word missing at the left edge. It appears to be a scribal exercise (G4.2): [‫ך‬. . .]‫“( אל אחי רפו אחו‬To my brother Raphu, your brother [. . .]”). The “my brother—your brother” address occurs in another fragmentary letter (G4.1) and appears to occur in a two-line scribal exercise that adds the blessing (G1.5). One small fragment has the preposition ‫ אל‬at the beginning of line 1 (G1.1). In 5th-century (b.c.e.) Elephantine, letters always began on the concave and continued on the convex (TAD D7.1–54), but in the three 3rd-century letters, probably from Edfu, they begin on the convex (TAD D7.55–57). Likewise do our opisthographs begin on the convex (G2.1–4 [but see commentary on G2.5], G4.1–9 [except G4.6]). Besides these opening greeting formulas, there are a couple expressions typical of letters: (1) ‫כן אמר‬ PN (G2.3, 6); (2) the word/phrase/paragraph divider ‫כען‬/‫{“( וכעת‬And} now”; G1.4; 4.8); (3) ‫“( שלח‬send”; G4.8); (4) ‫“( הן על מראי טב‬if to my lord it is good”; G2.3). Most of the letters are all fragmentary, but intelligible snippets speak of subjects as varied as oil, oaths, building, and the release of a daughter of Ḥaggai (G2.3). The dossier has been divided into 5 sections: G1.1–6: Paleographicaly early G2.1–6: Two-sided letters (Opisthographs) G3.1: One-sided letter G4.1–9: Letter fragments G5.1: Paleographically late Altogether, there are 21 persons appearing in the letters (Table G1a–1b), six of which have Qos names (G1.6; 2.2; 4.1, 7), with Qosmalak appearing twice (G1.6; 2.3). Twelve names appear also in the commodity chits dossier (Table G2) and one in another non-chit dossier (Table G3), whereas eight names appear only here (Table G4). The theophorous ones span a broad spectrum. One is simply Baal (G1.6). The others are verbal sentence names—El (‫[ ברכל‬G1.5]), Qos (‫[ קוסאלף‬G2.2]), and Yhw (‫[ יהוסף‬G2.3]). Two are Arabian (Zaydan and Taymu [G2.4, 6]), one may be a clan name (Karmi [G3.1]), and one is hypocoristicon of a ‫רפא‬ name (G4.2).

479

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early (6 Texts) List of Texts G1.1 Beginning of a letter G1.2 Letter fragment G1.3 Opisthograph G1.4 Opisthograph G1.5 Beginning of a letter G1.6 Letter fragment

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

480

481

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONVEX Address

[ ] ‫ אל‬.1 [ ].‫ א‬.2

To [. . .] ʾ◦[. . .]

1 2

G1.1-ISAP2648 (JA392) Early 6th century Beginning of a letter Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (42 × 48 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), ware red (2.5YR5/6), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 25º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is the earliest document in the whole Idumean collection. The word ‫ אל‬resembles that at the beginning of the Adon letter (early 6th century) found in Egypt (Porten 1981). This was the regular preposition used in letters to introduce the addressee (see letters in TAD A).

482

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONVEX [. . .] . [. . .] [. . .S]end to you silv[er. . .]

1 2

[ ].[ ] .1 [ ‫ ] ש]לח לך כס[פ‬.2

G1.2-ISAP1473 (AL254 [M185]) 6th or early 5th century Letter fragment Body sherd of jar (65 × 57 × 6–7), exterior beige, interior brown. Written lines at 10º to wheel marks [AL].

The early forms of the kaf and lamed provide an early date. The word ‫“( לך‬to you”), followed by a word we may restore as “silver” ([‫ )כס]ף‬suggest that this might be a letter.

483

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONVEX [. . .]. .t upon sʾ[. . .] [. . .]not/lʾ came/ʾth[. . .] 3 [. . .]º there is not/lyt[. . .]

[

1 2

].‫ת על ס‬. .[ ] .1 [ ]‫אתה‬ ִ ‫ ] [לא‬.2 [ ]‫ִת‬ ִ ‫[א לי‬ ִ ] .3

CONCAVE [ ].‫ בר‬.‫ ] [ ל‬.4 [ ]‫אה ִה‬.30[ ִ ] .5 [?] ‫ ִכ ִב‬.6

[. . .]l◦ son of ◦[. . .] [. . .]◦30 ʾhh[. . .] 6 wrote/letter [?] 4 5

‫ת‬

G1.3-ISAP1096 (L96 [IM91.16.21] Ca. 5th century Opisthograph Jar fragment (59 × 45 × 6.5), exterior and interior light brown. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, and on interior, on concave surface, written lines on exterior parallel to wheel marks, written lines on interior at 90º to wheel marks. Convex: Medium top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken. Concave: Wide top margin narrowing leftward, right edge broken/unclear, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

Cut away at both sides on the convex and concave equally, this ostracon yields no sense. The only certain signs are the two numerals indicating 30 in line 5. In line 6, the taw has been written sublinearly between the kaf and the beth to yield the word ‫“( כתב‬he wrote”).

484

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONVEX [. . .]š son of P[. . .] [. . .]º to me [. . .]

[

1

].‫ש בר ִפ‬.[ ] .1 [ ]ִ‫ ] [ ִא לי‬.2

2

CONCAVE [. . .]wn k◦[. . .] [. . .]this. Now[. . .]

3

[

4

[ ]‫ון כ‬.[ ִ ] .3 ]‫ ] [זִנה כען‬.4

G1.4-ISAP1097 (L97 [IM91.16.114]) Late 5th century Opisthograph Body sherd of jar (51 × 48 × 8.5), exterior and interior light beige. Writing on exterior and interior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Convex: Wide top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken. Concave: Top edge broken, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The telltale word indicating a letter is ‫ כען‬in line 6. Meaning “Now,” it always introduces a new paragraph or a new thought and occurs in a letter below (G2.1:6); it appears frequently in the Elephantine papyri and ostraca (Porten-Lund 2002: 169–170). The modifier ‫“( זנה‬this”) ended the preceding sentence.

485

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONCAVE [To] my [broth]er, to Barakel [your] brother, [PN]. [May] the [god]s, all of them, the welfare . . . [. . .].

Address

1

Salutation

2

[ ]‫לבר ִכ ִל ִא ִח‬ ִ ‫[חי‬ ִ ] .1 [ ]‫ ] [יא כלא שלמא ִה‬.2

G1.5-ISAP268 [IA11747] 5th century Beginning of a letter Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (80 × 82 × 10), irregularly shaped, interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

The four missing spaces at the beginning of line 1 match the almost equal number at the beginning of line 2. The first line should be restored ‫“[( ]אל א[חי‬To] my [bro]ther”), and the second line ‫“( ]אלה[יא‬the [god]s”). The lamed preceding the personal name in line 1 is redundant. The third word in line 1 should be restored [‫[“( אח]וך‬your] brother”). In line 2, the two words ‫ כלא‬and ‫ שלמא‬have been written as one word, while in fact the word ‫ כלא‬goes together with the preceding ‫ ]אלה[יא‬to yield “the gods, all of them,” or the like. The determined state of the noun (‫ )שלמא‬never appears in either the Elephantine papyrus or ostraca letters. In those, it appears in the construct state, preceding the title of the addressee, and the verb ‫ישאלו‬ (“may they inquire after”) follows it. Clearly, the construction here is unique. The name ‫ ברכל‬is elliptical for ‫“( ברכאל‬Il blessed” or “Blessed by Il” [Zadok 1977: 30–31, 108–109; Coogan 1977: 16–17, 43–46]) and appears nowhere else in the Idumean corpus. The piece may be a scribal exercise since there is no evidence of writing below the first two lines.

486

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONCAVE [. . .]◦ to Qosmalak from[. . . k◦[. . .] [. . .]wn Baal to Qosdakar ◦[. . .]

1 2

[ ? ] ‫ על קוסמלך מן‬.[ ] .1 [ ].‫וסדכר‬ ִ ‫לק‬ ִ ‫ ] [ וןִ בעל‬.2

G1.6-ISAP1145 (L145 [IM91.16.167]) Late 5th to early 4th century Letter fragment Body sherd of jar (32x15x7), exterior and interior orange brown. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on interior, on concave surface, written lines at ca 40º to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, left edge broken. The right edge has been lost.

The preposition ‫ על‬preceding a personal name could have the meaning of “to” in a letter (cf. TAD A4.7:18), in which case the following ‫ מן‬would mean “from.” The name Qosmalak was very popular in the Idumean corpus (A11.1–24), but Qosdakar was much less so (A54.1–5). Both also appeared in multiple nonchit dossiers, including payment orders (B3.3 [Qosdakar]), accounts (C5.2, 9.2 [Qosmalak]; 2.1, 3; 5.24; 7.5 [Qosdakar]), names lists (E3.1, 3; 4.11 [Qosmalak]; 1.6; 3.9 [Qosdakar]), and land descriptions (H6.3 [Qosmalak]; 2.5 [Qosdakar]). Qosmalak appears in another letter below (G2.3). Baal appears frequently as divine element in many theophorous names, the most popular being the clan leader Baalrim (A1.1–55; D2), but it is never found as a stand-alone personal name, except perhaps once in the phrase “garden of Baal” in H1.3. The king of Tyre during the reign of Esarhaddon was named Baalu (ARAB 586–591; ANET 291).

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) (6 Texts) List of Texts G2.1 G2.2 G2.3 G2.4 G2.5 G2.6

An obscure letter re money and a slave girl A complaint and an obligation A request Letter fragment Letter fragment? The beginning of a letter from the citizens of Makkedah

487

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

488

G1.1–6 Paleographically Early cm

CONVEX The buyer who promised to give me the money did not give (it). Thus he said to me, “Why do you 3 trade in my place? There is no money. And the troop 4 which is bringing money which remains on it, 1 2

‫זבינא זי הקים למנתן לי כספא‬ ‫לא יהב כן אמר לי למה מסחר‬ ‫אנת באתרי כסף לא איתי וחילא‬ ‫זי מהיתן כסף זי שאר עלוהי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

‫חזית לא‬ ִ ‫ מתאמר כזי‬1 ‫מ‬ ‫לגברא כען הן אתה‬ ִ ‫הקבלת‬ ‫א‬ ‫תמה הבו לה חדה מן עלימת‬ ‫ושאריתא בחב יהוי‬

.5 .6 .7 .8

CONCAVE m(aah), 1, it has been said, as you have seen, 6you did 5not pay respect (or: cause to give) to the man.” Now, if he comes 7 there, (you [pl.]) give him one of the slave girls 8 and the rest will be in debt. 5

6

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs)

489

G2.1-ISAP1977 (EN199 [BLMJ679]) Undated An obscure letter re money and a slave girl Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, parallelogram shaped, medium sized (57 × 87 × 8), exterior pale yellow (2.5Y7/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, and on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines on both sides at ca. 10º to wheel marks.

Written with four lines on each side, the letter lacks address, and due to a rugged syntax, its meaning is not wholly clear. The letter opens with a statement that the buyer (‫ )זבינא‬did not give him the money that he had promised (‫)הקים‬. Moreover, the buyer leveled a complaint at him: “Why do you trade (‫ )מסחר‬in my place?” It seems that commerce was regulated and each tradesman had his clearly defined territory. The letter then proceeds with a statement whose connection to the forgoing is unclear: “There is no money” (‫)כסף לא איתי‬. The following sentences are incomplete and obscure. The first seems to say that the reason for the buyer not giving the money is that the “troop” (‫ )חילא‬did not bring the remaining (‫ )שאר‬money that was due and that appears to have been but one maah (\‫)מ‬. The second sentence seems to introduce a rumor (‫“[ מתאמר‬it is said”]) that is already known (that is, “saw” [‫)]כזי חזית‬. The rumor consists of two obscure words: “you did not ‫הקבלת לגברא\גביא‬.” Taken literally, the verb means “cause to receive.” The noun may be read either as “man” or “collector.” As the letter began with the verb “give” (‫)יהב‬, so it ended with that verb, here a plural command (‫ )הבו‬to give “him” (whom? the man/collector?) one of the female slaves and hold the rest “in debt” (‫)בחב‬, to be paid later. This concluding sentence is introduced by the paragraph marker “now” (‫)כען‬, indicating a new subject—“If he comes there, give him,” etc. The letter began with a commercial transaction, wherein the buyer failed to pay the money he had promised, and it concludes with female slaves held in debt. The only monetary sum mentioned is the very small one maah.

490

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) cm

491

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) CONVEX Qosala[f . . .] your complaint against

1

his

Ḥal(a)fan, and against . . ., and against wife and her lads, and against nšbh 4 all of it [which] he put in his house, 5 . . .[ag]ainst yrsʾ, and against 6 Abenašu and against 7 his sons 8 . . . CONCAVE 2 3

the obligation of Ammi if I return in/for. . . and if he give me . . . 11 . . . and if I shall divide, 2.3 12 to / for the tomb of Qosner and if 13 to / for Egypt (or: an Egyptian Pamun . . . 14 to / for the tomb, q(uarters), 3. 9

10

‫תה‬

‫בלתך על‬.] ִ

‫ קוסאל[ף‬.1

‫ ועל אנת‬.] [‫ חלפן ועל ז[ ]א‬.2 ‫פה‬/ ִ ‫נשב‬ ִ ‫ ועלמיה ועל‬.3 ‫ביתה‬ ִ ‫ כלה[ זי ]יהב על‬.4 ‫[ ע]ל ִיר ִסא ועל‬. .‫ ִפר‬.5 ‫ אבאנשו ועל‬.6 ‫ בנוהי‬.7 ‫ליקים‬ ִ ]?[ִ‫ זִִר ִעי‬.8

[ ]. . ‫ר‬/‫חבות ִע ִמִי הן אתב בד‬ [ ]‫י‬/‫ ביא‬. .‫והן יהבלי ומנ‬ ‫אה והן אאפלג‬/‫לגביני‬ ִ [ ]‫לכפר קוסנר והנ‬ ִ‫פמן‬/‫ִן‬ ִ ‫מצרי‬ ִ ‫ִל‬ 3 ‫לכפרא ר‬

.9 .10 .`11 .12 .13 .14

G2.2-ISAP1260 (AL157 = JA83) Undated A complaint and an obligation Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (101  ×  84  ×  6–10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, and on interior, on concave somewhat rough surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel marks. Convex: Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin. Concave: Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Crucial letters are illegible, and the word division is not always certain. The only possible letter for the end of the opening personal name is pe, yielding ‫“( קוסאלף‬Qos taught”), related to precative ‫“( קוסלאלף‬May Qos teach” [A243.1]), both names occurring only once in the corpus (cf. however, the cognate root ‫בין‬, also with the meaning “teach,” in ‫ קוסבין‬and its hypocoristica [see A69.2:1; 169.1; and C4.2; 5.1, 7]). The last three letters of the penultimate word of line 1 are ‫לתך‬, and the letter before that is apparently a bet. We are tempted to read the first letter as qof, yielding the word ‫קבלתך‬, “your complaint” (see TAD A6.8:3). It is not certain whether a word intervened between this word and the first. The string of prepositions ‫( על‬lines 2–6) could then be taken to mean “against,” except in line 4 where ‫ יהב על ביתה‬must mean something like “put in his house.” Thus, the nšb (with possessive suffix he) at the end of line 3 must be some kind of property. The missing word in line 2 may be a relative or another personal name, and the word ynš in line 5 is inexplicable. In sum, we have a complaint, apparently by Qosalaf, against Ḥal(a)fan (see A18.1–14 for his dossier and C7.6; E3.7; 4.4) and his x (or PN), his wife and her lads, all the nšb that he put in his house, against ynš, and Abenašu (see A127.1–2; and C8.1; D9.2) and his sons. Line 8 is unintelligible. The blank space left below would imply that the matter is at an end, and the concave introduces a new subject. Indeed, there seems to be no connection between the two sides, and we fail to elicit a continuous text for the second side. The word ‫חבות‬, rendered “obligation,” would be an abstract noun in the construct state from root ‫חיב‬, “be obligated, liable” (see G2.3:13 below). The following word would be the name Ammi (see A222.1; and E1.8; H3.4; 4.9; 6.2). The word ‫ כפר‬in lines 12 and 14 means “tomb” and not “village” (see H1.1 for the tombs of Galgul and Yinqom), and the name Qosner is one of very few that appeared in nearly every dossier—in the chits (A1.10; 5.4; 15.18; 33.5; 88.1–4), payment orders (B2.15), accounts (C2.7; 3.5; 4.6) workers’ texts (D2.11), names lists (E1.2–3; 3.2), and uncertain texts (J5.1). Line 13 reads either ‫“( למצרין מן‬to / for Egypt from”) or ‫“( למצרי פמן‬to / for the Egyptian Pamun”), a name that does not occur elsewhere in our corpus.

492

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) cm

493

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) CONVEX Yehosef thus says: Until the words [. . .]◦ it was; the words 3 [. . .]said to you 4 [. . .]the daughter of Ḥaggai. 5 If to my lord 6 it is good (= If it please my lord), the daughter of Ḥaggai let them release. 7 (?) ◦[?] 1 2

‫ ] [יהוסף כן אמר עד מליִא‬.1 ‫ ] [ה הוה מליא‬.2 ‫ ] [אמר לך‬.3 ‫[ברת חגי‬ ִ ] .4 ‫ הן על מראי‬.5 ‫ טב ברת חגי ישבקו‬.6 [ ]. .7

CONCAVE and the servant in your hand . . .[. . .] to Qosmalak ◦[. . .] 10 if . . .[. . .] 11 . . .[. . .] 12 Qosmalak, you . . .[?] 13 which I am liable to ʾ◦◦. 8 9

[ ].‫ ועלים בידך א‬.8 [ ]‫ לקוסמלך א‬.9 [ ]. .‫ הןִ ִת ִש[ ] \ ִת‬.10 ]. . . .11 [ ? ]. . . ‫ קוסמלך אנת‬.12 . .‫ִב לא‬ ִ ‫ זי אנה חי‬.13

G2.3-ISAP1974–1976 (EN196–198 = JA50–51) Undated A request JA50: Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (32 × 61 × 9–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, and on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks, rows on exterior approximately parallel to those on interior. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin (possibly broken), variable left margin. JA51: Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (46 × 73 × 10), roughly trapezoid/triangular, exterior light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, and on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel marks, rows on exterior approximately parallel to those on interior. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, variable left margin. Lines 1–4 = EN198 convex; EN has only 198 concave. Lines 5–7 = EN196. Lines 8–11 = EN198. Lines 12–13 = EN197.

The form ‫ יהוסף‬is a hypocoristic jussive (“[May DN] add”), popularly contracted to ‫( יוסף‬Zadok 1988: 134, with references) and occurs only here in our corpus. It is found once in the Bible (Ps 81:6) and was very popular in Second Temple times (Ilan 2002: 153–157). The oral messenger formula “PN thus said” (‫[כן אמר‬cf. Gen 32:4]) became standard in official Aramaic letters of the 5th century b.c.e. and appears throughout the Arsham correspondence and the Bisitun inscription (Porten-Lund 2002: 18–19). Whereas the biblical example is in the perfect tense, the Aramaic must be participial (cf. the plural ‫[ אמרן‬TAD A4.7:4 etc.]). Between one and three words are missing or damaged at the beginning of lines 2–3. Reference is made to the “daughter of Ḥaggai,” and her release (‫[ ישבקו‬written supralinearly at the end of line 6]) is requested in lines 5–6. The standard formula introducing a request before a person of authority is used (lines 5–6)—‫( הן על מראי טב‬cf. Esth 5:8; 7:3; 8:5; TAD A4.5:19, 21–22; 6.3:5, 7:8, 13:2). The opening and closing formulas here occur together in the Aramaic request of Jedaniah to Bagavahya—“Your servants . . . thus say: if it please our lord” (TAD A4.7:22–23, 8:21–22). For the name Qosmalak, see A11.1–24 and G1.6 above, and for Ḥaggai, see A5.18–19; 18.6–8; 34.6; 37.7; 47.1; 49.1–4; 203.1; 207.1; C2.10; 4.2, 5; 9.1; E1.6; F5.1; and J8.6.

494

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) cm

495

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) CONVEX [. . .]. . . . . .y [?]. of the house of B[aa]lrim . . .ṣy. 3 [. . .]šmh. 4 [. . .].r/d r/d [. . .].byny: b(arley), s(eah), 1. 5 . . .[. . .]. . .[. . .]. 1 2

\ [?] ‫ י‬. . . .[ ] ‫צִי‬. . . ִ ‫ב[ע]לר ִם‬ ִ ‫]לבי]ת‬ ‫]ש ִמה‬ ִ [‫] [ב‬ 1 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫ר זִבִינִי‬/‫רד‬/‫ד‬.[ ] [ ]. . . .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

CONCAVE [. . .] thus says, I[. . .]. [. . .]. . . I know [. . .]. 3 [. . .] m(aah), 5, to Zaydan [. . .]. 4 [. . .]ly I to [. . .]. 5 [. . .]. . .[. . . (?)]. 1 2

[

]‫אנה‬ ִ ‫[כן אמר‬ [ ] ‫אנה‬ ִ ‫ידע‬.[ [ ]‫דן‬/‫ ל ִזיִר‬5 ‫[מ‬ [?]. [?]‫]לי אנה ל‬ [?]. .[

] ] ] [‫י‬ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

G2.4-ISAP211 [IA11806] Undated Letter fragment Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (54 × 95 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, and on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines on exterior at ca 80º to wheel marks on interior at ca. 10º to wheel marks. *No top margin, *wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The concave bears the distinct signs of a letter, ‫[ כן אמר‬. . .] (“[PN] thus says ”) in line 1, and ‫ידע אנה‬ (“I know”) in line 2, while the first-person pronoun appears for a third time in line 4. Line 3 seems to speak of “5 m(aahs) for Zaydan.” This name occurs only here; but cf. Zaydil, Zaydi, and Zaydu/Ziyadu. It is not clear whether the convex side with ‫“( בית בעלרם‬the house of Baalrim” [cf. A1; D2]) and the agricultural notation \ ‫“( שס‬b{arley}, s(eah), 1”) belongs to this letter.

496

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs) cm

CONVEX 3 . . . . . .11 ‫ ש‬.‫מ[?]עבד‬/‫ עם‬.1 [ ]‫ל‬. . . ‫ף ִע ִל‬. . . ִ .2 [?]. ‫ל‬. . . . . . . . . .3

. . . b(arley) 11 . . . 3, . . . upon 3 . . . 1 2

CONCAVE This is what . . . I bear . . . 3 . . . on the time that 4 . . .

[?]‫ביל‬.ִ‫קו ִסי‬ ִ ‫יִת‬.‫זנה זי א‬ .[?]. .[ ].[ ].‫נשא אנה‬ ‫בל‬. . . . . . ִ ‫ כ ִזִי ִע ִמ‬. .‫ִע ִל‬ [?].‫ל‬. .‫ל‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4

G2.5-ISAP105 [IA11897] Undated Letter fragment? Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (54 × 95 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, and on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines on exterior at ca. 80º to wheel marks and on interior at ca. 10º to wheel marks. *No top margin, *wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

497

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs)

Both sides appear to be intact, but neither yields a continuous meaning. We should follow the usual scribal practice and put the convex first. The blank space at the bottom would be the end not of the letter but of the particular matter, as in G2.2 above. The reading of line 1 on the convex is very uncertain. The beginning of the concave (‫זנה זי‬, meaning “This is what”) is reminiscent of the refrain in the Bisitun text, “This is what I did in Parthia / Persia / the shadow of” (TAD C2.1.1:2; 2.1.7:29; 2.1.8i:50). The rest of the line is unintelligible, but line 2 begins ‫“( נשא אנה‬I bear, carry”), the telltale ‫ אנה‬indicating that this is a letter. The same verb and pronoun (with the order reversed) are found in the letter below (G3.1:5). cm

CONVEX Taymu by name 2thus says to the men, 3most senior, from the citizens of 4Makkedah, saying: “You . . .”. 1

‫תימו שמה‬ ‫כן אמר לגברן‬ ‫אחמאן מן בעלי‬ ‫מקידה אנתם לם‬ [ ]. . . ‫ב‬.‫ה‬/‫ג‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

G2.6-ISAP579 (Robert Deutsch) Undated The beginning of a letter from the citizens of Makkedah

Beginning on the convex just under 2 cm from the top, this letter is cut away in the middle of line 5. There are ca. six lines of writing (only two or three letters) at the right edge of the concave. The letter begins with the standard message formula (see G2.3 above and B3.1). The noun + suffix ‫ שמה‬is frequently attached to a personal name, whether a person of lowly or high rank (see Porten 2011: 201 n. 13). In a commodity chit, two payers are identified as “of the citizens of Makkedah” (‫[ בעלי מנקדה‬A176.1—see here for commentary]), the location of the important storehouse in our commodity chits. Here, the geographical name is uniquely spelled ‫מקידה‬, whereas in the Bible it is simply ‫( מקדה‬Josh 10:10 etc). The word ‫ לם‬is enclitic and signifies the beginning of the quotation, “saying: ‘You . . .’.” The rest is cut off. As for the new word ‫אחמאן‬, Steve Kaufman commented (December 5, 2018): “In Arabic, and less so but also in Hebrew and

498

G2.1–6 Two-Sided Letters (Opisthographs)

Aramaic, the ‘causative’ looking prefix is used to express elative. But it would certainly be strange added to a noun. More likely it is simply a prothetic aleph. If indeed it is related to ‫מח‬, then it would be the plural of an adjective (“aXmay”) meaning “senior” or the like; thus: men of the senior generation. The only other alternative would mean ‘hotties’. Take your pick! (But of course it could be a simple gentilic.)” The concave side has the ends of six lines, all illegible.

G3.1 One-Sided Complete Letters (1 Text) cm

CONVEX The people of the house of Karmi who . . . 2 upon/to you, let them heat the oven 3 that it be well heated and let them fill it up 4 (with) a filling, whether 50 or more 5 than that until I carry up šʿd/rt 6 and come there. 1

‫אר ִז‬ ִ ‫]?[אנוש בית ִכִרמי זי‬ ‫עליך ִש ִקו אתונא‬ ‫יחמר טבא וימלאוהי‬ ‫יתיר‬ ִ ‫ והן‬50 ‫מלוי הן‬ ‫רת‬/‫ִמנִה עד אנה נשא שעד‬ ‫ִו ִאתה תמה‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

G3.1-ISAP1261 (AL284 = JA84 [J27]) Undated Letter about heating a stove Rectangular (almost square) ostracon, ca. (63 × 62), apparently complete [AL].

Though wholly intact, the script is not always legible, and several words are obscure. The letter seems to be an instruction to the people (‫ )אנוש‬of the house of Karmi “who . . . to you” (‫“ )עליך‬to light” (‫ )שקו‬the oven until it is “good and hot” (‫ )יחמר טבא‬and “fill it up real well” (‫)וימלאוהי מלוי‬, whether 50 or more than that, “until I transport Saadat” (‫[ אנה נשא שעדת‬so Lemaire, AL284; see Negev 1175]) “and come there.” As evident, the language is quite idiomatic, while the last word in line 1 is not fully legible, and the translation of the last two words in line 5 is conjectural. Even if correct, its connection to the context is obscure. While Karmi (‫ )כרמי‬is a well-known Hebrew name (“my vineyard” [Gen 46:9 etc.]), it is not certain whether in our letter it refers to a personal name, a clan, or a topographical site. Moreover, the reading of the last two letters is uncertain. Finally, to what does the 50 with regard to the oven refer? Perhaps to loaves of bread (ṭ Beṣeh 2:5).

499

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present (9 Texts) List of Texts G4.1 Letter re 1 maah G4.2 Letter address G4.3 Beginning of a letter fragment G4.4 Letter re oil G4.5 Letter re building G4.6 Letter re oath G4.7 Letter? G4.8 Letter fragment G4.9 Letter?

Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated Undated

500

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present

501

cm

CONVEX . . . [. . .] 2 To my brother ◦[. . .], 3 your brother Qoska[hel]. 4 m(aah), 1, . . .◦[. . .] 5 which is all that (he) carr[ies] 6 . . .l. . . Qoskahe[l]. 1

Address

[ ]. . . [ ]. ‫אל אחִי‬ [ ‫אחוך קוסכ[הל‬ [ ].‫ ִבאתִי ת‬1 ‫ִמ‬ [ ‫כלמה נש[א‬ ִ ‫זי‬ [ ‫קוסכ ִה[ל‬ ִ . . .‫ל‬. .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

G4.1-ISAP802 [IA12185 {GCh 2}] Undated Letter re 1 maah Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (64 × 40 × 5), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

This ostracon is strange. Lines 2 and 3 appear to be the address of a letter, “To my brother [PN], your brother Qoska[hel]” ([‫[ אחוך קוסכ]הל‬. . .]◦‫)אל אחי‬, yet the bottom of a letter is visible on the upper edge (line 1). The first two words on line 2 are written together, without a word break. Line 4 begins with \ ‫מ‬ (“m{aah}, 1”), but the continuation is unintelligible. It is not clear how we are to understand line 5, with ‫כלמה‬, meaning “whatever,” or the like. The last word may be restored to read [‫“( ]נשא‬bear, carry”), which appears twice more in this dossier (G2.5 concave: 2; 3.1:5)

502

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present cm

CONVEX To my brother Rpw, [your] brother [. . .].

1

[ ‫רפו אחו[ך‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫ אל אחי‬.1

G4.2-ISAP1169 (L169 [IM91.16.135]) Undated Letter address Body sherd of jar, exterior brown, interior gray. Whitish patina on exterior. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon has but a single line, written one-third down from the top. It is the address of a letter, “To my brother Rafu, [your] brother [PN},” using the same language as the text above (G4.1). The name is unique, probably a hypocoristicon of a ‫ רפא‬name (cf. ‫[ רפיאו‬Rufayu; cf. A124.1–3]). Could this be a scribal exercise?

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present

503

cm

CONVEX From . . . to . . . there is not (or: he did not bring). If . . . 3 they will return . . . 1 2

.ִ‫י‬.]?[. . .] [‫א[ ]אל‬/‫ מן י‬.1 [ ].‫ לא איתי הןִ ק‬.2 10 .‫ יתובו ִקִר ִב‬.3

G4.3-ISAP2481 (JA196) Undated Beginning of a letter fragment Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium sized (78 × 74 × 7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of the interior, patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Is the ‫ אל‬in the middle of line 1 the beginning or ending of a personal name (i.e., El[. . .] or [. . .]el) or the preposition “to?” If the latter, we have the familiar address formula of a letter from a superior to an inferior (cf. the letters in the Arsham collection [TAD A6]). The first two words in line 2 may either be read as an existential nominal clause (G2.1:3 above; Muraoka-Porten 2003: 290) or as afel of the verb ‫( אתא‬see A34.7:1; 90.4:1; 300.4.29:1 [all appearing as ‫)]זי איתי‬. The verb in line 3 is intransitive (‫)יתובו‬.

504

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦ they gave ◦[. . .] [. . .If . . . ] good; and if not ◦[. . .] 3 [. . .]◦oil, s(eahs), 7 (and a) half [qab] 1 2

[ ] ‫יהבו ִב‬.[ ] .1 [ ]. ‫ ] [ טב והן לא‬.2 [?.‫ פלג[ קב‬7 ‫ ] [משח ִס‬.3

G4.4-ISAP2580 (JA313) Undated Letter re oil Body sherd of closed vessel, tiny (35 × 45 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Composed of 2 fragments, patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (possibly broken), right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Line 2 contains a known epistolary expression: “If you did such-and-such, good; and if not, then do such-and-such” (see TAD A3.10:5–6). When ‫ פלג‬appears after a seah measurement, it usually introduces the word ‫קב‬, to yield “a half qab” (cf. A52.3). Oil is usually measured out in qabs or a couple seahs. It is unusual to find a measure of seven seahs (cf. A85.5 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 3).

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present

505

cm

CONVEX [. . .]. . . . .ʾ/yh then, 3 and if he build ʾbrt[. . .] 4 ◦š◦ we will build (Palimpsest:) 1 ?[. . .] 2 ◦◦ š[. . .] 3 w(heat), s(eah) [. . .]

. . .[ ] \ ‫ר‬/‫יה אחד‬/‫א‬. . [ ]‫רת‬/‫יבנה ִאבד‬ ִ ‫והן‬ ‫ נבנִה‬.‫ש‬. ִ (Palimpsest) [ ] ‫ִח ִס‬ [ ] ‫ש‬. . [ ] ‫חס‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

G4.5-ISAP1143 (L143 [IM91.16.163]) Undated (Palimpsest) Letter re building Body sherd of jar, small (45 × 32 × 6), exterior and interior pink. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, perhaps palimpsest, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, no left margin.

The word following the phrase ‫“( והן יבנה‬and if he build”) is ‫אברת‬. Always preceded by a lamed, it follows width-length house dimensions in the Elephantine deeds of transfer (TAD 3.5:7; 10:7; 12:8, 16) and seems to mean “area.” Its appearance here would be unique. The reading ‫“( נבנה‬we will build”) is very faint, and only the upper half of the letters are preserved. It seems to be a situation of “if he build, then we will build.” The palimpsest in line 3 seems to read ‫“( חס‬w{heat} s{eahs}”)

506

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present cm

CONCAVE [. . .]and you 2 [. . .] you/she will swear 3 [. . .] he came, he said (or: come! say!) 4 [. . .]Ghauthu. 1

‫[ואנת‬ ִ ‫[ תימִי‬ [?]. ‫[ אתה אמר‬ ‫[ עותו‬

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

G4.6-ISAP 9 (JA132) Undated Letter re oath Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium sized (61 × 75 × 8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware gray (7.5YR6/0), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on interior, on slightly concave surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This text is most peculiar. Lines 2–4 have a very wide margin with no traces of preceding words, and there is much blank space after the single word in line 2. The single word in line 1 is written right up against the right edge. It would be tempting to take it as a supralinear addition to the word in line 2, yielding ‫ואנת‬ ‫“( תימי‬and you shall swear”). We might then parse the next three words to mean “Ghauthu came, spoke.” But this translation defies the word order and yields no clear sense. The text remains a puzzle. For the name Ghauthu, see A218.1 and F3.19.

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present

507

cm

CONVEX [ ]‫ קוסברך‬.1 [ ‫ועלוה[י‬ ִ .2 [ ‫ וכן א[מר‬.3

Qosbarek[. . .] and upon it/him ◦[. . .] 3 and thus he s[ays . . .] 1 2

G4.7-ISAP1155 (L155 [IM92.17.83]) Undated Letter? Body sherd of jar (42 × 61 × 6), exterior and interior light brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90º to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin narrowing downward, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

If line 3 is correctly restored to read [‫“( וכן א]מר‬And thus he s[ays]”), this would be a letter (see G2.3 above), if not a payment order (see B3.1). For Qosbarek, see A67.1–5; C2.16; D7.3; and J10.3. The suffixed pronoun, restored [‫ועלוה]י‬, meant literally “upon him/it,” with the nuance of “in addition to it” or “(a debt rests) upon him.”

508

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present cm

CONVEX And now: send to. .[. . .] 3 ◦[. . .]º l[. . .]◦ 4 ◦q[. . .]◦ 5 l[. . .]◦[. . .]l [. . .]

‫ִו ִכעת‬ [ ]. .‫שלח ִל‬ .[ ]‫] [א ל‬. .[  ] ‫ק‬. ִ [ ] ‫[ ] ִל‬.] [‫ל‬

1 2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

G4.8-ISAP1115 (L115 [IM91.16.47]) Undated Letter fragment Body sherd of jar (69 × 53 × 6), exterior pink, interior gray. Patina on interior, ostracon perhaps incomplete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines almost parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin widening downward, *narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The two legible words in this text attest to it being a letter. The singular word in line 1 (‫“[ וכעת‬and now”]) regularly comes at the beginning of a paragraph or a new thought, whereas the one-and-a-half words in line 2 should be translated “send (word) to [. . .]”.

G4.1–9 Letter Fragments Arranged by Epistolary Formulas Present

509

cm

CONVEX [. . .] . . . [. . .] [. . .]◦[. . .]◦ [. . .] ◦b◦ [. . .] 3 [. . .]◦l to your daughter ◦[?]yth/her[. . .]nhb 4 [. . .]above s/20[. . .]h and ym . . .[. . .] 5 [?]. . . Ammiel. 1 2

‫ִהב‬ ִ ‫]נ‬

[ ]. . . . .[ ] [ ]. ‫ב‬.[ ].[ ].[ ] [‫[?]יתה‬. ‫ל ִל ִבִרתך‬.[ ] [ ]. .‫]ה וימ‬ ִ [‫[ע ִל ס‬ ִ ] ‫ ִע ִמאל‬. .[?]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

G4.9-ISAP741 (YR56) Undated (Palimpsest?) Letter? Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Persian period, medium sized (49 × 62 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits. Transparent patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel marks.

The text is mostly illegible, except for one word in the middle of line 3 and a name at the end of line 5. It is this word that suggests this is a letter—“to your daughter” (‫)לברתך‬. The name Ammiel (‫ )עמאל‬has its own dossier (A53.1–6; cf. also C3.1; 4.2).`

G5.1 Paleographically Late Letter Fragment (1 Text) cm

CONVEX Column A (Nabataen) 1st century b.c.e.? 1To brothers [. . .] 2. . . [. . .] 3and your brother .[. . .] Column B (Aramaic?) 1. . . . . . 2. . . (Marks on the side; direction unclear)

(Nabatean) [ ]. ִ‫אחין‬ ִ ‫אל‬. .1 [ ].‫א‬.‫ע‬. .2 ִ [ ]. ‫אחוך‬ ‫ ו‬.3

(Aramaic?) ‫אל‬. . .‫ל‬.‫ע‬. .1 . . . . .‫ ִט‬.2

G5.1-ISAP1462 (AL401 [M174]) Undated (Palimpsest?) Letter fragment Body sherd of jar, large (135 × 80 × 8), exterior and interior light brown [AL].

Since the script increases in size from line 1 to line 3, and both lines contain a form of the word ‫אחין‬ ‫את‬- (“brothers”) in line 1 and ‫“( ואחוך‬and your brother”) in line 2—this may be a scribal exercise. Below line 3 and to the right, as though forming a separate column, there appear to be two lines of undecipherable Aramaic. Finally, to the right of that there appear two lines written vertically. 510

Table G: Four Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Letters Dossier (TAO G) Table G1. 21 names that appear in the Letters Dossier, arranged alphabetically Table G2. 12 names that appear in both the Letters and Commodity Chits Dossiers Table G3. 1 name that appears only in the Letters Dossier and Non-Chit Dossiers Table G4. 8 names that appear only in the Letters Dossier

Introduction There are 21 names in the letters dossier (Tables 1a-1b), which divides as follows: 12 also appear in commodity chits (Table G2); 1 also appears in a non-chit dossier (Table G3); and 8 do not appear elsewhere (Table G4). There are many names that appear only once here but frequently elsewhere (e.g. Qoskahel [Table G1.17]), but there are no names that appear only once elsewhere but multiple times here. Only one name appears more than once in this dossier (Table G1.18 [Qosmalak]).

Figure 6.  Breakdown of the 21 names in the Letters Dossier.

Table G1. 21 Names That Appear in the Letters Dossier (TAO G), Arranged Alphabetically No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7

Personal Name ‫אבאנשו‬ ‫בעל‬ ‫בעלרם‬ ‫ברכל‬ ‫ועלו‬ ‫זידן‬ ‫חגי‬

English Abenašu Baal Baalr(i)m (clan) Barakel Waalu Zaydan Ḥaggai

Reference(s) in TAO G G2.2 G1.6 G2.4 G1.5 G4.7 G2.4 G2.3

511

Frequency in TAO G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, C8.1, D9.2 × A1, D2 × D9.2 × A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, E1.6, F5.1, J8.6

512

Table G Table G1. 21 Names That Appear in the Letters Dossier (TAO G), Arranged Alphabetically

No.  8

Personal Name English ‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

Yehosef Karmi (clan) Ghauthu Ammi Ammiel Qosalaf Qosbarek

Reference(s) in TAO G G2.2

Frequency in TAO G 1

G2.3 G3.1 G4.6 G2.2 G4.9 G2.2 G4.7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

‫יהוסף‬ ‫כרמי‬ ‫עותו‬ ‫עמי‬ ‫עמיאל‬ ‫קוסאלף‬ ‫קוסברך‬

16

‫ קוסדכר‬Qosdakar

G1.6

1

17

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

G4.1

1

18

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

G1.6, 2.3

2

19

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

G2.2

1

20 21

‫ רפו‬Rafu ‫ תימו‬Taymu

G4.2 G2.6

1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, C7.6, E3.7, 4.4, 3.28 (?) × × A218.1, F3.19 A222.1, E1.8, H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 A1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2, C3.1, 4.2 × A9.28, 67.1–5, C2.16?, D7.3, J10.3, 2E1.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, E1.6, 3.9, H2.5 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, C5.2, 9.2, E3.1, 3, 4.11, H6.3 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, J5.1 × ×

Table G2. 12 Names That Appear in the Letters and Commodity Chits Dossiers (TAO G and A) No.  1  2  3  4

Personal Name English ‫ אבאנשו‬Abenašu ‫ בעלרם‬Baalr(i)m (clan) ‫ חגי‬Ḥaggai ‫ חלפן‬Ḥal(a)fan

Reference(s) in TAO G G2.2 G2.4 G2.3

Frequency in TAO G 1 1 1

G2.2

1

 5  6  7  8  9

‫עותו‬ ‫עמי‬ ‫עמיאל‬ ‫קוסברך‬ ‫קוסדכר‬

Ghauthu Ammi Ammiel Qosbarek Qosdakar

G4.6 G2.2 G4.9 G4.7 G1.6

1 1 1 1 1

10

‫ קוסכהל‬Qoskahel

G4.1

1

11

‫ קוסמלך‬Qosmalak

G1.6, 2.3

2

12

‫ קוסנר‬Qosner

G2.2

1

Reference(s) Elsewhere A1.28, 10.11, 127.1–2, C8.1, D9.2 A1, D2 A5.18–19, 18.6–8, 34.6, 37.7, 47.1, 49.1–4, 203.1, 207.1, C2.10, 4.2, 4.5, 9.1, E1.6, F5.1, J8.6 A3.28–30, 17.16, 18.1–18, 24.12, 33.5, 38.3, 48.5, 49.2, 55.6, 65.2, 80.2, 280.7, 290.5.10, 300.1.45, 300.6.1, C7.6, E3.7, 4.4, 3.28 (?) A218.1, F3.19 A222.1, E1.8, H3.4, 4.9, 6.2 A1.21, 53.1–6, 57.2, C3.1, 4.2 A9.28, 67.1–5, C2.16?, D7.3, J10.3, 2E1.2 A42.4, 54.1–5, B3.3, C2.1, 2.3, 5.4, 7.5, E1.6, 3.9, H2.5 A2.1, 7.51, 53, 8.46, 9.1–34, 122.5, B3.1, C4.4, 8.1, E1.6, 3.23, F3.27–28 A1.38, 40, 43, 2.41, 4.11–12, 16a, 22, 26, 28, 29a, 6.13–15, 8.34, 9.9, 10.22, 11.1–24, 21.13, 22.7, 63.6, 78.2, 94.2, 275.1, 280.4, 300.1.59, 6.2, C5.2, 9.2, E3.1, 3, 4.11, H6.3 A1.10, 5.4, 15.18, 33.5, 88.1–4, B2.15, C2.7, 3.5, 4.6, D2.11, E1.2–3, 3.2, 5, J5.1

Four Tables Showing the Distribution of Names in the Letters Dossier

513

Table G3. 1 Name That Appears Only in the Letters Dossier and Other Non-Chit Dossiers (TAO D) No.  1

Personal Name English ‫ ועלו‬Waalu

Reference(s) in TAO G G4.7

Frequency in TAO G 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere D9.2

Table G4. 8 Names That Appear Only in the Letters Dossier (TAO G) No.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

Personal Name ‫בעל‬ ‫ברכל‬ ‫זידן‬ ‫יהוסף‬ ‫כרמי‬ ‫קוסאלף‬ ‫רפו‬ ‫תימו‬

English Baal Barakel Zaydan Yehosef Karmi (clan) Qosalaf Rafu Taymu

Reference(s) in TAO G G1.6 G1.5 G2.4 G2.3 G3.1 G2.2 G4.2 G2.6

Frequency in TAO G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reference(s) Elsewhere × × × × × × × ×

Tables 6–8: Three Dossiers of Miscellaneous Products, One by Number, Two by Measure (57 Entries) prepared by Maayan Rotem-Teper Table 6.  The Dossier of Jars (‫ )חביה‬ 25 (23 chits) Table 7.  The Dossier of Flour (‫ )קמח‬22 Table 8.  The Dossier of gyd/r (‫ גיר‬/ ‫ )גיד‬10

Legend for Tables db = date at beginning; de = date at end; dm = date in middle; nd = no date; s =son of; f ss = from sons of; f h = from the house of; o ss = of sons of; b h = by the hand of

Table 6.  The Dossier of Jars (‫)חביה‬ Years 4 and 6 (355 and 353) 25 Entries (23 Chits) Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), Table number cross reference (e.g., 7.39), TAO No(s). The division into groups below follows the divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (vol. 3, Table 8). 1.  1–10: Full date (5 dm, 5 de), sealing bet,10/10 payers, 9/10 payees. 2.  11–13: Day + month (1 db, 2 de), 3/3 payer, 0/3 payee. 3.  14–22: No date, payer only, 9/9 payers, 0/9 payees. 4.  2: No date, neither payer nor payee . 5.  24: Accounts, no date, 4/4 payers, 0/4 payee.6.  25: Uncertain. Thirteen chits appeared in TAO vol. 1 (nos. 1–2, 4–5, 8, 10, 11, 14–16, 19–20, 22 ), 2 chits appeared in volume 2 (nos. 18, 21 ), 8 chits appear in volume 3 (nos. 3, 6–7, 9, 12–13, 17, 23). One entry appears in volume 4 (no. 24). The number of jars appears in a range between one and twenty. But most are fewer than a dozen, while one is 20 and another is 29 (nos. 13, 23). Almost half of the chits are fully dated, seven to the months of Ab and Elul in year 4 (September, 355), all bearing the signatory of Abdmilk (nos. 1–7), and three to the same months in year 6 (August/September, 353 [nos.8–10]). Three chits bear only day and month and no payee (nos. 11–13). Twelve lack a payee (nos. 11–22), and the one with the greatest number of jars (29) also lacks a payer (no. 23). Thus, the breakdown of these chits, with more than a half lacking a payee, follows the same pattern as the wooden products, also measured by number (vol. 3, pp. xxv–xlii). No. TAO

ISAP

Julian Date

Babylonian Date

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 1.  Full Date 1. A7.47 A138.1 2. A8.21 A48.2 3. A300.1.18a

1856 = JA85 = EN57 862 = IA12449 = Gch62 756 = YR46

4. A2.4 A148.1 5. A3.10 A83.1

807 = IA12190 = GChF7 1028 = L28 = IM91.16.28

29 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet    29 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet   [5] Elul, [year 4 Artaxerxes III] sealing bet   5 Elul, 4 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet   5 Elul 4 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet  

2 Sep 355

Nugayu

Baalghayr

jars: 5

2 Sep 355

Zaydi

Samitu

Abdmilk jars: 4 Abdmilk jars: [?]

de de 7 Sep 355

[PN]

[PN]

7 Sep 355

[PN] [o] ss Guru

Udayd/ru

7 Sep, 355

Natanṣidq f h Qoṣi

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

dm de dm

514

Abdmilk jars: 11 Abdmilk jars: 4 Abdmilk

515

Three Dossiers of Miscellaneous Products Table 6.  The Dossier of Jars (‫)חביה‬ Years 4 and 6 (355 and 353) 25 Entries (23 Chits) No. TAO

ISAP

 6. A300.1.24

2461 = JA176

 7. A194.1

1549 = M264 = AL129

 8. A7.10

1292 = JA15 = AL46 = B7-Zd 538 = FCO1

 9. A53.3 A57.2 10. A10.14 A79.2

883 = JA468 = Gch83 = Zd101 > EYH

Babylonian Date 30 [y, year 4 Artaxerxes III] sealing bet   dm [3? +]2(= 5?) Elul [year 4, Artaxerxes III], sealing bet   dm 3 Ab 6 [Artaxerxes III] archaic alef   dm 16 Ab 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 20 Elul 6 [Artaxerxes III]

Julian Date ——

[PN]

[PN]

Commodity jars: x

7 Sep ?, 355 ?

[Ḥal]afta

——

Abdmilk jars: 4

14 Aug, 353

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

Abdmilk jars: 2

27 Aug, 353

1. Aḥiqam/ Aḥyaqim 2. Ammiel Ḥatamu

Ab(i)yatha

jars: 11

Saadel

jars: 4

PN

——

jars: x

——

Yet(i)aḥ o ss Qoṣi

——

jars: 3

——

Ammiel

——

jars: 20

30 Sep, 353

Payer

Payee

de Group 3. Day, Month

11. A290.3.5 12. A3.11 A80.3

279 = IA 11754 1888 = JA15 = EN94

24 x

13. A53.4

1672 = Palimpsest = AL103 = M417

8 Nissan

db

8 Elul de

de Group 7.  No Date, Payer Only

14. A1.13 15. A6.19 A125.2 16. A1.14 A74.4 17. A3.9 18. A88.3 19. A43.6 20. A3.13 A59.2

67 = JA428 = ZdIV >EYH 2622 = JA364 1420 = M128 = AL189 1390 = M96 = AL171 1377 = M80 = AL 187 1109 = L109 = IM91.16.10 215 = IA11770

——

A◦◦m f ss_ Baalrim

——

jars: 4

——

Šimu

——

jars: x

——

jars: 4

——

Zubaydu/ —— Zabidu f ss Qoṣi

jars: 2

——

Qosner

——

jars: 12

——

Marṣaat

——

jar: 1

——

Berik f ss Qoṣi

——

jars: 8

nd nd nd

(362–353) Baalmalak f ss Baalrim

nd nd nd nd

516

Tables 6–8 Table 6.  The Dossier of Jars (‫)חביה‬ Years 4 and 6 (355 and 353) 25 Entries (23 Chits) No. TAO

21. A3.12 A110.2 22. A46.7

ISAP 1910 = EN119 2473 = JA188

Babylonian Date

Julian Date ——

Payer Payee Netina f ss Qoṣi ——

Commodity jars: 3

——

Rahnu

——

jar: 1

——

jars: 29

——

jars: 3[+ ?] jar: 1 [+ ?] jars: 4 jars: 4

——

——

nd nd

Group 9.  No Date, Commodity Only 23. A300.5.26a

294 = IA11734

nd

——

——

Group 10.  Accounts 24 C7.1

2565 = JA290

—— nd

Ḥazael Qosl. . . Qos. . . [. . .]

Group 12.  Uncertain 25 J9.3

418 = IA11328

nd

——

——

517

Three Dossiers of Miscellaneous Products Table 7.  The Dossier of Flour (‫)קמח‬ 22 Chits

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), Table number cross reference (e.g., 6.32), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (vol. 3, Table 8). 1.  1–4: Full date, 4/4 payers, 2/4 payees; (2 has 2; 4 has 3; 1 and 3 have none); 2.  5–11: Day + month, 6/7 payers, 4/7 payees; 3.  12–15: Day, no month; 2/2 payers, 0/2 payees; 4.  14–22: No date, payer only, 8/9 payers; 0/9 payees. Five chits appeared in TAO vol. 1 (nos. 7, 9, 10, 19, 22), 10 chits appear in volume 2 (nos. 1, 3, 5–7, 11–12, 15 , 18, 20), and 11 chits appeared in volume 3 (nos. 2, 4, 8–10, 13–14, 16–18, 21). Only a small number is fully dated (nos. 1–4), one is two-sided with three payees on the concave (no. 4), and two lack payee (nos. 1, 3). Seven are dated by day and month (nos. 5–11), while two are dated only by day (nos. 12–13). The remaining eight have neither date nor payee (nos. 14–22), though one has an agent, even as it lacks a payer (no. 21). The amount of flour conveyed varied from three qabs to more than four kors (nos. 2–3). Members of three clans convey ca. five seahs to the gatemen in chits dated only by day and month (nos. 8–10). No. TAO

ISAP

Julian Date

Babylonian Date

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 1.  Full Date  1. A41.1   2.

A94.1   3.

A14.7   4.

A154.2

32 = Zd62 = EYH2 = JA415 1897 = JA358 = EN104 2477 = JA192 2417 = JA126

3 Marcheshvan, 43 22 Oct, [Artaxerxes III] 362

Zabdu

archaic alef de 30 Sivan, 46 20 July, Badan [Artaxerxes II] 359 db 6 Tishri, 4 8 Oct, 355 Al(i)qos [Artaxerxes III] de 1. Qosqam 24 Tebeth [?], [. . .] —— (vex) 2a. Ananiah (cave) db

——

flour of resh: 1 seah, 2 qabs

Zabidu/ Zubaydu

flour: 3 qabs

——

flour: 4 kors 4 seahs

_____ 2a. Qosḥanan 2b.Qosyahab/ Qoswahab 2c. Suaydu

flour: x 2a. flour: 12 seahs, 1 qab 2b.  flour: 6 seahs, 1 qab 2c.  flour: 6 seahs

Group 2.  Day, Month  5. A25.8   6.

A30.3   7.

A2.18 A21.8   8. A83.3   9.

A4.30 A94.3 10. A1.41 A102.1 11. A300.2.17

1844 = JA397 = EN44 1758 = Sm11/02:2 = LW17 1863 = DS = EN65

1 Marcheshvan

——

Laadiel

Aḥ(i)barek

flour: 5 seahs

——

Qosani

——

flour: 11 seahs , 4 qabs

——

Maš(i)ku o ss Guru

——

fl(our): 3 seahs

——

Natanṣidq [o ss PN]

gatemen

[barley/flour]: 5 [seahs], x qabs

——

Badan o ss Al(i)baal

gatemen

flour: 5 seahs, 3 qabs

——

Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu o[ ss] Baalrim

gatemen

flour: x seahs, 1 qab

——

——

——

flour: 2 [+ ?] seahs

de 6 Nisan db 6 Iyyar archaic alef

1402 6 Nisan = M108 = AL10 1548 18 Nisan = M263 = AL104 731 = YR30

30 Sivan

1770 = Zd42 = EYH>JA528

x Ab

db de de de db

Group 4.  Day, No Month 12. A19.11

1073 = L73 = IM91.16.182

1. no date 2. 29

—— dm

1.  Aydu/ Iyadu/ —— Ghayru 2.  Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru

1.  flour: 27 seahs 2.  flour: 20 seahs, 4 qabs

518

Tables 6–8 Table 7.  The Dossier of Flour (‫)קמח‬ 22 Chits No. TAO

13. A26.10 12. A19.11

13. A26.10

ISAP 1596 = M312 = AL117 1073 = L73 = IM91.16.182 1596 = M312 = AL117

Babylonian Date [. . .+3]

Julian Date ——

Payer [Qos]yahab

Payee ——

Commodity flour: x seahs

db 1. no date 2. 29

—— dm

[. . .+3]

——

1.  Aydu/ Iyadu/ —— Ghayru 2.  Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru [Qos]yahab ——

1.  flour: 27 seahs 2.  flour: 20 seahs, 4 qabs flour: x seahs

db Group 7.  No Date, Payer Only

14. A132.2

6 = JTS6 159259

——

15. A27.9

106 = IA11883

——

16. A290.4.1

750 = YR50

——

——

Wašiqil

——

flour: 8 seahs, 2 qabs

——

1. Qosnaqam 2. Qosyinqom

——

——

B . . . w

——

1. flour: 10.5+ seahs 2.  flour: 9 seahs, 5 qabs flour: 4 seahs, 5.5 qabs

——

Qosyatha

——

flour: 5 seahs, 3.5 [+ 2 (= 5.5)] qabs

——

Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu

——

flour: 8 seahs

——

Samitu

——

flour: 8 seahs

——

1. Ḥal(a)fan 2. Šimu

——

flour: 13 seahs, 3 qabs

——

——

b h [PN]

flour: 6 seahs

——

Saadel o ss Baalrim

——

[f]lour: 8 seahs

nd

nd

nd

17. A55.7

751 = YR48

——

18. A102.3

1379 = M82 = AL304 1613 = M421 = AL196 = SM12 1914 = JA27 = EN123

——

779 = YR101

——

1742 = IA12415 = Zd19

——

19. A8.43 20. A18.9 A.125.3 21. A290.5.6 22. A1.9

nd nd —— nd —— nd nd nd

519

Three Dossiers of Miscellaneous Products Table 8.  The Dossier of Gyd/r (‫)גיד\ר‬ 10 Chits

The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (vol. 3, Table 8). 1.  1–10: No date, 10/10 payers, 10/10 payees. Ten chits appeared in TAO vol. 1 (nos. 1–10). This table is unique in that it conveys an obscure product to a single person in undated chits. Two chits are drawn up by the same person (nos. 2–3; one records two persons, each with a separate quantity (no. 6); one records two persons for the same quantity (no. 10). The amounts vary from 1 seah to 1 kor (nos. 4, 2). No. TAO

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 6.  No Date, Payer and Payee  1. A10.18 A13.15

548 = FCO11 = Rikkyo2

——

  2.

868 = Gch68 = EYH = JA454 923 = Gch123 = Zd87 = EYH = JA487 874 = Gch74 = EYH = JA460 911 = Gch111 = Zd77 = EYH = JA477 912 = Gch112

——

913 = Gch113 = Zd78 = EYH = JA478 926 = Gch126 = Zd90 > EYH = JA490 764 = YR126

——

1762 = Zd34 = EYH = JA520

——

A10.15 A57.4   3.

A10..16 A57.5   4.

A10.17 A92.3   5.

A10.20 A23.11   6.

A10.21 A102.2 A248.1

——

Abdadah

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 25 seahs

——

Ahiqam/Ahyaqim

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 1 kor

——

Ahiqam/Ahyaqim

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 7 seahs

——

Ab(i)yatha

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 1 seah

——

Malku

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 4 seahs, 3 [qabs]

——

1. Qamṣa 2.  Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

Saadel

1.  plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs 2.  plaster/coriander: 4 seahs, 2(+ ?) qabs

——

Qosmalak

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 22 seahs

——

Ḥori

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 7 seahs

——

Ḥori

Saadel

plaster/coriander: 5 seahs

——

1.  Zubaydu/Zabidu Saadel 2.  Baa[l] . . .

plaster/coriander: 10 (+ ?) seahs

nd

nd ——

nd —— nd ——

nd ——

nd   7.

A10.22 A11.19   8.

A10.3 A34.4   9.

A10.4 A34.5 10. A10.19 A12.19

nd ——

nd —— nd

nd

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (B–G) ISAP 4 22 34 56 60+714+732 61 66 72 75 83 85 90 105 109 110 115 125+136 131 138+139+140 141 142 167 201 204 209 210 211 216 221 224 225 236 243 254 259 260 264 268 269 270 273 275 283 305 308 322

TAO E3.3 E4.10 E4.5 E3.7 C2.5 C7.3 C6.5 E4.14 B4.1 C2.13 E3.15 C6.7 G2.5 D5.2 D9.1 C2.14 C8.3 E3.26 F1.1 F4.16 F4.6 E3.16 D2.14 E1.12 D3.11 D7.2 G2.4 D3.4 D8.2 D2.3 D3.13 D3.14 D8.9 C2.12 D5.1 D3.6 D2.4 G1.5 D4.5 F4.7 F5.4 F3.24 E3.27 C9.9 F4.15 F4.19

ISAP 356 357 402 404 406 408 416 417 423 424 425 428 429 431 432 441 443 446 447 448 449 451 452 454 455 457 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 469 470 474 479 495 515 522 525 526 528 554

TAO F2.19 F3.31 C1.7 D9.6 D2.5 D6.2 C1.10 D3.12 D4.8 D6.3 D4.4 D2.9 D6.4 D7.3 D3.5 D2.6 D3.2 D4.3 D2.10 D3.7 D8.3 D9.3 D3.10 C2.16 C6.6 D3.8 D2.2a D4.13 F3.1 F4.5 F4.1 F3.25 D4.10 D2.8 D2.7 D2.11 D4.12 F2.2 D3.9 D4.6 F4.4 D4.7 F5.3 F2.10 C5.5 F4.20

ISAP 556 558 579 603 607 617 625 630 634 635 658 671 672 729 730 737 741 761 763 794 797 802 808 812 837 839 848 849 853 854 860 861 863 864 877 882 895 905 907 910 915 933 935 944 945 947

520

TAO C7.4 C6.1 G2.6 E3.25 C5.4 C8.4 F3.10 E1.11 C1.11 C2.6 F2.8 D2.2 B3.2 E2.5 E3.11 C6.4 G4.9 C9.1 D2.16 F3.3 F4.3 G4.1 B4.3 C5.6 B4.1a E3.14 F3.9 F2.3 E2.3 E1.6 F2.12 D4.11 C2.11 B1.2 C5.1 F3.32 B1.3 E1.4 B1.7 B1.6 B4.2 B1.4 B1.5 C4.2 D7.1 C2.2

ISAP 1044 1072 1074 1075 1076 1078 1079 1080 1081 1083 1092 1096 1097 1099 1114 1115 1132 1137 1138 1143 1145 1146 1155 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1179 1181 1189 1190 1216 1217 1228 1229 1230 1243

TAO D8.4 E3.5 C2.10 E3.21 E3.24 C2.8 D4.1a E4.8 D9.4 E2.2 E3.22 G1.3 G1.4 B4.6 D8.1 G4.8 C4.3 C6.12 C4.4 G4.5 G1.6 C6.3 G4.7 F5.7 F5.1 F2.17 F2.13 F2.4 F3.2 G4.2 F4.12 F3.14 F3.33 F4.13 F5.9 E4.6 F4.21 C6.10 C6.9 E4.7 E4.1 F5.10 C3.1 E1.5 F3.21 D4.2

521

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number ISAP 1260 1261 1271 1284 1297 1303 1304 1305 1314 1328 1339 1346 1347 1355 1357 1385a 1387 1392 1407 1408 1437 1447 1451 1452 1462 1471 1472 1473 1475 1476 1480 1491 1492 1493 1503 1508 1511 1517 1518 1519 1520 1522 1524 1526 1527 1528 1534 1560 1564

TAO G2.2 G3.1 C7.2 D4.14 C7.5 E3.28 E3.13 C1.12 F4.10 C8.6 F2.20 F4.2 E2.1 E1.10 E3.17 F4.11 E3.9 F3.5 E1.1 B4.4 C9.5 C7.7 E3.12 C4.6 G5.1 E3.10 E3.29 G1.2 F3.16 F3.27 D3.16 F2.18 F3.19 F3.8 F2.15 F3.6 F2.5 F2.7 F2.6 F3.28 D9.7 E4.9 F3.18 F3.7 F2.1 F3.30 F3.17 C9.2 C2.15

ISAP 1569 1582 1583 1587 1594+1734 1595 1598 1600 1603 1612 1614 1625 1626 1638 1640 1641 1644 1646 1647 1650 1653+1623 1659 1675 1676 1697 1698 1710 1726 1728 1745 1748 1763 1768 1771 1772 1774 1775 1778 1798 1839 1840 1872 1878 1881 1909 1929 1932 1947 1952

TAO C1.4 C2.18 C7.6 F2.11 E3.23 F5.8 B4.7 D8.5 C2.7 C1.9 E4.2 C2.4 E3.6 B4.5 D8.7 D8.6 C5.3 E1.7 D2.15 C1.8 C2.1 D8.8 F2.16 C9.6 E5.1 E5.2 B3.1 E4.11 E4.4 E3.20 C9.4 C9.8 E4.13 C2.17 B1.1 C8.2 C2.3 E4.3 C4.5 E1.8 E1.9 D6.1 D2.1 D2.12 D1.1 C5.2 C8.1 F4.17 F2.9

ISAP 1953 1954 1955 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1974-1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 2022 2023 2026 2087 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2115 2117 2118 2119 2120 2122 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2134 2136 2148 2149 2153 2158 2161 2162

TAO F3.26 C1.3 E3.2 C9.3 E3.4 C1.2 E3.1 E3.8 G2.3 G2.1 E1.3 E1.2 D3.15 B3.3 B3.5 B3.4 F3.20 B2.15 B2.22 B2.14 B2.9 B2.5 B2.16 B2.19 B2.20 B2.8 B2.24 B2.25 B2.31 B2.13 B2.10 B2.29 B2.18 B2.26 B2.6 B2.12 B2.30 B2.21 B2.28 B2.33 B2.27 B2.4 B2.2 B2.32 B2.34 B2.7 B2.11 B2.35 B2.3

ISAP 2166 2170 2171 2402 2403 2404 2408 2410 2415 2421 2425 2432 2448 2453 2455 2459 2462 2466 2471 2475 2481 2496 2498 2508 2536 2538 2540 2544 2565 2578 2580 2596 2602 2611 2620 2621 2624 2631 2634 2636 2647 2648 2650 2653 2654 2661 2662

TAO B2.17 B2.23 B2.1 F3.29 F3.11 C6.2 F3.15 F4.9 D4.9 G4.6 E3.19 F4.22 C2.9 C4.1 E3.18 F2.14 F2.21 C9.7 C6.8 C6.11 G4.3 D2.13 D3.3 F3.13 F4.18 F3.22 C1.1 C1.5 C7.1 F4.14 G4.4 E2.4 D4.1 D3.1 E4.12 C8.5 F4.8 F3.4 C1.6 D9.2 D9.5 G1.1 F3.23 F3.12 F5.6 F5.2 F5.5

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (B–G) TAO B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 B1.5 B1.6 B1.7 B2.1 B2.2 B2.3 B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 B2.7 B2.8 B2.9 B2.10 B2.11 B2.12 B2.13 B2.14 B2.15 B2.16 B2.17 B2.18 B2.19 B2.20 B2.21 B2.22 B2.23 B2.24 B2.25 B2.26 B2.27 B2.28 B2.29 B2.30 B2.31 B2.32 B2.33 B2.34 B2.35 B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4

ISAP 1772 864 895 933 935 910 907 2171 2136 2162 2134 2105 2120 2153 2109 2104 2115 2158 2122 2113 2103 2101 2106 2166 2118 2107 2108 2125 2102 2170 2110 2111 2119 2128 2126 2117 2124 2112 2148 2127 2149 2161 1710 672 2022 2026

TAO B3.5 B4.1 B4.1a B4.2 B4.3 B4.4 B4.5 B4.6 B4.7 C1.1 C1.2 C1.3 C1.4 C1.5 C1.6 C1.7 C1.8 C1.9 C1.10 C1.11 C1.12 C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4 C2.5 C2.6 C2.7 C2.8 C2.9 C2.10 C2.11 C2.12 C2.13 C2.14 C2.15 C2.16 C2.17 C2.18 C3.1 C4.1 C4.2 C4.3 C4.4 C4.5 C4.6

ISAP 2023 75 837 915 808 1408 1638 1099 1598 2540 1959 1954 1569 2544 2634 402 1650 1612 416 634 1305 1653+1623 947 1775 1625 60+714+732 635 1603 1078 2448 1074 863 254 83 115 1564 454 1771 1582 1228 2453 944 1132 1138 1798 1452

TAO C5.1 C5.2 C5.3 C5.4 C5.5 C5.6 C6.1 C6.2 C6.3 C6.4 C6.5 C6.6 C6.7 C6.8 C6.9 C6.10 C6.11 C6.12 C7.1 C7.2 C7.3 C7.4 C7.5 C7.6 C7.7 C8.1 C8.2 C8.3 C8.4 C8.5 C8.6 C9.1 C9.2 C9.3 C9.4 C9.5 C9.6 C9.7 C9.8 C9.9 D1.1 D2.1 D2.2 D2.2a D2.3 D2.4

522

ISAP 877 1929 1644 607 528 812 558 2404 1146 737 66 455 90 2471 1189 1181 2475 1137 2565 1271 61 556 1297 1583 1447 1932 1774 125+136 617 2621 1328 761 1560 1956 1748 1437 1676 2466 1763 305 1909 1878 671 459 224 264

TAO D2.5 D2.6 D2.7 D2.8 D2.9 D2.10 D2.11 D2.12 D2.13 D2.14 D2.15 D2.16 D3.1 D3.2 D3.3 D3.4 D3.5 D3.6 D3.7 D3.8 D3.9 D3.10 D3.11 D3.12 D3.13 D3.14 D3.15 D3.16 D4.1 D4.1a D4.2 D4.3 D4.4 D4.5 D4.6 D4.7 D4.8 D4.9 D4.10 D4.11 D4.12 D4.13 D4.14 D5.1 D5.2 D6.1

ISAP 406 441 467 466 428 447 469 1881 2496 201 1647 763 2611 443 2498 216 432 260 448 457 479 452 209 417 225 236 1981 1480 2602 1079 1243 446 425 269 495 522 423 2415 465 861 470 460 1284 259 109 1872

523

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number TAO D6.2 D6.3 D6.4 D7.1 D7.2 D7.3 D8.1 D8.2 D8.3 D8.4 D8.5 D8.6 D8.7 D8.8 D8.9 D9.1 D9.2 D9.3 D9.4 D9.5 D9.6 D9.7 E1.1 E1.2 E1.3 E1.4 E1.5 E1.6 E1.7 E1.8 E1.9 E1.10 E1.11 E1.12 E2.1 E2.2 E2.3 E2.4 E2.5 E3.1 E3.2 E3.3 E3.4 E3.5 E3.6 E3.7 E3.8 E3.9 E3.10

ISAP 408 424 429 945 210 431 1114 221 449 1044 1600 1641 1640 1659 243 110 2636 451 1081 2647 404 1520 1407 1979 1978 905 1229 854 1646 1839 1840 1355 630 204 1347 1083 853 2596 729 1961 1955 4 1958 1072 1626 56 1962 1387 1471

TAO E3.11 E3.12 E3.13 E3.14 E3.15 E3.16 E3.17 E3.18 E3.19 E3.20 E3.21 E3.22 E3.23 E3.24 E3.25 E3.26 E3.27 E3.28 E3.29 E4.1 E4.2 E4.3 E4.4 E4.5 E4.6 E4.7 E4.8 E4.9 E4.10 E4.11 E4.12 E4.13 E4.14 E5.1 E5.2 F1.1 F2.1 F2.2 F2.3 F2.4 F2.5 F2.6 F2.7 F2.8 F2.9 F2.10 F2.11 F2.12 F2.13

ISAP 730 1451 1304 839 85 167 1357 2455 2425 1745 1075 1092 1594+1734 1076 603 131 283 1303 1472 1216 1614 1778 1728 34 1176 1190 1080 1522 22 1726 2620 1768 72 1697 1698 138+139+140 1527 474 849 1167 1511 1518 1517 658 1952 526 1587 860 1166

TAO F2.14 F2.15 F2.16 F2.17 F2.18 F2.19 F2.20 F2.21 F3.1 F3.2 F3.3 F3.4 F3.5 F3.6 F3.7 F3.8 F3.9 F3.10 F3.11 F3.12 F3.13 F3.14 F3.15 F3.16 F3.17 F3.18 F3.19 F3.20 F3.21 F3.22 F3.23 F3.24 F3.25 F3.26 F3.27 F3.28 F3.29 F3.30 F3.31 F3.32 F3.33 F4.1 F4.2 F4.3 F4.4 F4.5 F4.6 F4.7 F4.8

ISAP 2459 1503 1675 1165 1491 356 1339 2462 461 1168 794 2631 1392 1508 1526 1493 848 625 2403 2653 2508 1172 2408 1475 1534 1524 1492 2087 1230 2538 2650 275 464 1953 1476 1519 2402 1528 357 882 1173 463 1346 797 515 462 142 270 2624

TAO F4.9 F4.10 F4.11 F4.12 F4.13 F4.14 F4.15 F4.16 F4.17 F4.18 F4.19 F4.20 F4.21 F4.22 F5.1 F5.2 F5.3 F5.4 F5.5 F5.6 F5.7 F5.8 F5.9 F5.10 G1.1 G1.2 G1.3 G1.4 G1.5 G1.6 G2.1 G2.2 G2.3 G2.4 G2.5 G2.6 G3.1 G4.1 G4.2 G4.3 G4.4 G4.5 G4.6 G4.7 G4.8 G4.9 G5.1

ISAP 2410 1314 1385a 1170 1174 2578 308 141 1947 2536 322 554 1179 2432 1164 2661 525 273 2662 2654 1163 1595 1175 1217 2648 1473 1096 1097 268 1145 1977 1260 1974-1976 211 105 579 1261 802 1169 2481 2580 1143 2421 1155 1115 741 1462