Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volume 3 9781646020027

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Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 3

A60.1 From the dossier of Zabdibaal A141.2 From the dossier of Nah(a)ru

A79.4 From the dossier of Ḥatamu

A173.1 Baalḥanan chit

A55.5 From the dossier of Qosyatha

A280.7 From a dossier with no payer, Alexander the king

A114.2 From the dossier of Adarel

A73.5 concave From the dossier of Šallum

A167.1 Asi chit A90.4 From the dossier of Šammu

Ostraca from the montage on the cover; representative ostraca from the various dossiers published in this volume are shown on the cover.

Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 3 Dossiers 51–300.6: 488 Commodity Chits

Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and drawings scanned by Eugen Han

E isenbrauns University Park, Pennsylvania

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Textbook of Aramaic ostraca from Idumea / [compiled, edited, and translated into English by] Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni ; with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-984-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.  Ostraka—Edom (Kingdom)  2.  Aramaic language—Texts.  I.  Porten, Bezalel, editor of compilation translator.  II.  Yardeni, Ada, editor of compilation translator.  III.  Kletzing, Matt. ​IV.  Han, Eugen. PJ5208.A5T49 2014 892′.2—dc23 2014002596 Copyright © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802–1003 Eisenbrauns is an imprint of The Pennsylvania State University Press. The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ANSI Z39.48–1992.

For almost 40 years Dr. Ada Yardeni has been my partner in publishing scholarly editions of ancient Aramaic documents written on papyrus, clay, and stone. On June 29, 2018, on the eve of the publication of volume 3 of TAO, she passed away. Her absence is already keenly felt. May her memory be for a blessing. Bezalel Porten July, 2018

Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xv Abbreviations and Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xvii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxiii Explanation of Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxxii Grain Equivalencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxxii Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii Numeration Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv

Texts A51–90  Between 7 and 4 Entries (120 chits) A51.1–5 (2 chits)

Sam(a)ku Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1

A52.1–6 (5 chits)

Saadi Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4

A53.1–6 (4 chits)

Ammiel Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10

A54.1–5 (5 chits)

Qosdakar Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   16

A55.1–7 (3 chits)

Qosyatha Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22

A56.1–5 (4 chits)

Ab(i)šalam Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   26

A57.1–5 (2 chits)

Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   31

A58.1–5 (1 chit)

Baalsamak and Sons Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   35

A59.1–5 (3 chits)

Berik/Baruk Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38

A60.1–5 (3 chits)

Zabdibaal(i) Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   42

A61.1–5 (4 chits)

Ḥayyan Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   46

A62.1–5 (5 chits)

Yet(i)abu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   51

A63.1–6 (5 chits)

Naqru/Naqdu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   57

A64.1–5 (2 chits)

Abdṣidq Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   63

A65.1–5 (4 chits)

Ubayd/Abid Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   66

A66.1–5 (3 chits)

Anael Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   71

A67.1–5 (4 chits)

Qosbarek Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   75

A68.1–5 (4 chits)

Qoskhair Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   80

A69.1–5 (3 chits)

Qosnatan Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   85

A70.1–5 (2 chits)

Qosaz Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   89

A71.1–5 (3 chits)

Qanael Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   93

A72.1–5 (2 chits)

Qannui Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   97

A73.1–5 (4 chits)

Šallum Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

A74.1–4 (2 chits)

Baalmalak Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 vii

viii

Contents A75.1–4 (1 chit)

Dikru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

A76.1–4 (4 chits)

Wahabil Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A77.1–4 (1 chit)

Zubayd/Zebid Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

A78.1–4 (1 chit)

Ḥabutu/Ḥabut Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

A79.1–4 (3 chits)

Ḥaṭamu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

A80.1–4 (3 chits)

Yet(i)aḥ Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

A81.1–4 (2 chits)

Laytha Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

A82.1–5 (4 chits)

Naḥum Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

A83.1–4 (1 chit)

Natanṣidq Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

A84.1–4 (2 chits)

Abdbaal(i) Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

A85.1–5 (3 chits)

Awi/Rawi/Uzzi Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

A86.1–4 (3 chits)

Annui Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

A87.1–4 (2 chits)

Qoslanṣur Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

A88.1–4 (2 chits)

Qosner Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

A89.1–5 (5 chits)

Qosrai Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

A90.1–5 (4 chits)

Šammu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

A91–157  Between 4 and 2 Entries (93 chits) A91.1–4 (3 chits)

Abenaši Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

A92.1–3 (2 chits)

Ab(i)yatha Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

A93.1–3 (2 chits)

El(i)milk/malak Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

A94.1–3 (2 chits)

Badan Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

A95.1–3 (2 chits)

Bayyun Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

A96.1–2 (2 chits)

Baalghauth Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

A97.1–2 (1 chit)

Wah(a)bi and Son(s) Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

A98.1–3 (1 chit)

Zabbud Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

A99.1–3 (2 chits)

Zaydil Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

A100.1–3 (0 chits) Ḥauran Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A101.1–3 (3 chits) Ḥinziru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 A102.1–3 (1 chit)

Ṭobio / Ṭabyu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

A103.1–3 (1 chit)

Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

A104.1–3 (1 chit)

Yaafat Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

A105.1–4 (3 chits) Yet(i)ab Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 A106.1–3 (2 chits) Lubayu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 A107.1–3 (2 chits) Maṭ(ṭ)aran Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 A108.1–3 (1 chits) Nah(a)ri Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 A109.1–3 (1 chits) Nam(i)ru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 A110.1–3 (1 chits) Netina Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Contents

ix

A111.1–3 (2 chits) Natanbaal Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 A112.1–3 (3 chits) Abdqos Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 A113.1–3 (1 chit)

Adarbaal/Idribaal Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

A114.1–3 (2 chits) Adarel/Idriel Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 A115.1–3 (3 chits) Azbaal Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 A116.1–3 (3 chits) Ammiyatha Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 A117.1–3 (1 chit)

Ammiqos Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

A118.1–3 (3 chits) Ephai Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 A119.1–3 (2 chits) Othni Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 A120.1–3 (2 chits) Qosgad Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 A121.1–3 (2 chits) Qosyaqum/yaqim Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 A122.1–5 (3 chits) Qoslughath Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 A123.1–3 (0 chits) Rawi Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 A124.1–3 (1 chit)

Rufayu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

A125.1–3 (0 chits) Šimu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 A126.1–4 (3 chits) Šamru/a/Šimru/a Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 A127.1–2 (0 chits) Abenašu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 A128.1–2 (0 chits) Baanath Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 A129.1–2 (1 chit)

Dukayru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

A130.1–2 (2 chits) Dallui Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 A131.1–2 (1 chit)

Dalael Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

A132.1–2 (2 chits) Wašiqil Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 A133.1

Zabda Chit (Transferred to A179a)

A133a.1–2 (0 chits) Ḥazael Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 A134.1–2 (1 chit)

Ḥiel Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

A135.1–2 (0 chits) Ḥanniel Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A136.1–2 (0 chits) Ḥal(a)fu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 A137.1–2 (1 chit)

Yedia Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

A138.1–2 (0 chits) Yazidu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 A139.1–2 (2 chits) Laḥ(a)ṭu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 A140.1–2 (0 chits) Nugayu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 A141.1–2 (1 chit)

Nah(a)ru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

A142.1–3 (0 chits) Sammuk Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A143.1–2 (2 chits) Abda Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 A144.1–2 (1 chit)

Abdi Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

A145.1–2 (1 chit)

Abdmilk Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

A146.1–2 (2 chits) Abdšamaš Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

x

Contents A147.1–2 (0 chits) Uzzi Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 A148.1–2 (1 chit)

Uwaydu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

A149.1–2 (0 chits) Ghayran/Aydan Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 A150.1–2 (2 chits) Qosyada Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 A151.1–2 (2 chits) Palael Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 A151a.1–2 (1 chit) Qosab Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 A152.1–2 (2 chits) Qosyatib Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 A153.1–2 (1 chit)

Qosghauth Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

A154.1–2 (1 chit)

Qosqam Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

A155.1–2 (1 chit)

Šalmu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

A156.1–2 (0 chits) Saadu Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 A157.1–2 (1 chit)

Tayru Dossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

A158–255a  Dossiers of Single Payer Chits (73 Chits) A158.1

Abibaal Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  329

A159.1

Ab(i)ram Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  330

A160.1

Abyete Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  331

A161.1

Agra Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  332

A161a.1

Aḥiyo Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  334

A162.1

Aḥ(i)šalam Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  335

A163.1

Elibeer Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  336

A164.1

Elyarib Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  337

A165.1 (0 chits)

Amittu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  338

A166.1 (0 chits)

Amnat Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  338

A167.1

Asi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  339

A168.1 (0 chits)

Begin(n)eh Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  340

A169.1

Bayyanu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  340

A170.1 (0 chits)

Baadu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  341

A171.1

Baalbarek Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  343

A172.1

Baalzabad Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  344

A173.1

Baalḥanan Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  345

A174.1 (0 chits)

Baaladar/ider Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  345

A175.1

Cancelled

A176.1

Baani Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  346

A177.1

Gad(i)el Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  347

A178.1 (0 chits)

Gar(a)pi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  348

A179.1

Wani Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  348

A179a.1

Zabda Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  349

Contents

xi

A180.1

Zebidel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  349

A181.1

Transferred to 255a.1

A182.1

Zaydilahi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  351

A183.1

Zaydatu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  352

A184.1

Transferred to A250.1

A185.1

Ḥabibu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  352

A186.1

Ḥabšabu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  354

A187.1–2

Transferred to A133a.1–2

A188.1

Ḥazi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  355

A189.1

Ḥezir Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  356

A190.1

Ḥayru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  357

A191.1 (0 chits)

Ḥal(l)uf Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  358

A192.1 (0 chits)

Ḥulayfu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  358

A193.1

Ḥal(a)fuf Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  359

A194.1

Ḥalafta Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  360

A195.1

Ḥanina Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  361

A196.1 (0 chits)

Ḥat(i)ru/Ḥutayru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  362

A197.1

Ṭabran/Ṭibran Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  362

A198.1

Yirmiyahu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  363

A199.1

Yaadarel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  364

A200.1 (0 chits)

Yaddu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  365

A201.1

Yaqneel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  367

A202.1 (0 chits)

Yaatiabu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  367

A202a.1 (0 chits)

Yuthayu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  368

A203.1

Kolḥozeh Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  368

A204.1

Lubaat/Labiat Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  369

A205.1

Labiel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  370

A206.1

Nabubarek Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  371

A206a.1

Naṣ(i)ru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  373

A207.1

Neqamyah Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  374

A208.1 (0 chits)

Nattun Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  375

A209.1

Natanqos Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  375

A210.1 (0 chits)

Sakruel and Taymil Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  376

A211.1 (0 chits)

Salaath Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  378

A211a.1

Sani Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  378

A212.1

Saadaniqos Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  379

A213.1

Abdur Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  380

xii

Contents A214.1

Abdel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  381

A215.1

Abdes(e) Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  382

A216.1 (0 chits)

Adiel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  383

A217.1

Ad(a)ran Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  383

A218.1

Ghauthu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  384

A219.1 (0 chits)

Azgad Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  384

A220.1

Aliel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  385

A221.1

Al(i)ṣur Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  387

A222.1

Ammi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  388

A223.1 (0 chits)

Amru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  389

A224.1

Anani Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  389

A225.1 (0 chits)

Ananibaal Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  390

A226.1 (0 chits)

Ananiah Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  390

A227.1

Aqiba Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  391

A228.1

Palṭiel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  392

A229.1

Palṭi/Pilṭi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  393

A229a.1

Pasi Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  394

A230.1

Paqqos Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  395

A230a.1

Paṣri Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  396

A231.1 (0 chits)

Ṣaḥ(a)ra Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  398

A231a.1

Ṣaḥ(a)ru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  398

A232.1–2

Transferred to A151a.1–2

A233.1

Qosaḥ Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  399

A234.1 (0 chits)

Qosbayan Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  400

A235.1 (0 chits)

Qosgʿ Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  400

A236.1 (0 chits)

Qosa Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  400

A237.1

Qoshud Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  401

A238.1

Qoswahab Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  402

A239.1

Qosṭalal Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  403

A240.1

Qosyebarik Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  404

A241.1 (0 chits)

Qosyeypa Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  406

A242.1

Qosluaz Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  406

A243.1

Qoslaalaf Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  407

A244.1

Qoslaaqab Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  408

A245.1

Qossidri Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  409

A246.1 (0 chits)

Qosšama Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  410

A247.1 (0 chits)

Qoṣ Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  410

A248.1 (0 chits)

Qamṣa Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  410

Contents

xiii

A249.1

Qani Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  411

A249a.1

Qerabel Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  412

A250.1

Raaṣu Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  413

A251.1 (0 chits)

Šaadat/Šaarat Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  415

A252.1 (0 chits)

Sabru/Šabru Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  415

A253.1

Šaḥar Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  416

A254.1

Sakkui Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  416

A255.1

Šamri/Šimri Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  417

A255a.1

Šamašdan/Šamašiddin Chit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  418

A256.1–277.1

Transferred

A280.1–280.11  No Payer Dossier (11 chits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  420 A290.1.1–290.5.13  Dossiers of Illegible-Payer Chits (66 chits) A290.1.1–17

Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically . . . .  431

A290.2.1–17

Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date Arranged Chronologically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A290.3.1–9

Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   467

A290.4.1–10

Ten Illegible Payer Chits with Only Partially Legible Payer and/or Payee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   477

A290.5.1–13

Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product . . . . . . . . . . .   488

  449

A300.1.1–300.6.6  Dossiers of Fragmentary Chits (125 chits) A300.1.1–50

Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  502

A300.1.51–54, 57–60  Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent . . . . . .   535 A300.2.1–33

Twenty Fragmentary Chits with Only Month Date Arranged Chronologically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  544

A300.3.1–27

Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date Arranged Chronologically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  565

A300.4.1–35

Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits with Only Partially Legible Payer and/or Payee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   580

A300.5.1–42

Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product . . . . .

  600

A300.6.1–6

Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information . . . . . . .

  628

Tables Five Comparative Tables Table A.  Comparing TAO Dossiers A290 to A300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxiv Table B.  Ninety-Six Reordered Chits (as of May 30, 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxv Table C.  Outline according to Items, Entries, and Chits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxv Table D.  Comparative Table of the Four Wood Dossiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Table E.  Comparative Table of the Two Liquid Dossiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xxx

xiv

Contents

Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Numbers (87 Entries) Table 1.  The Dossier of Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxxv Table 1a.  Log Transactions by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxxviii Table 2.  The Dossier of grgrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xl Table 2a.  Grgrn Transactions by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlii Table 3.  The Dossier of Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xliii Table 3a.  Joist Transactions by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv Table 4.  The Dossier of Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlvi Table 4a.  Beam Transactions by Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlvii Table 5.  Master Chart for Wood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlviii Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity (75 Entries) Tables 6.  The Dossier of Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  l Table 6a.  Oil Transactions by Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lvi Table 6b.  Oil Transactions by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxi Table 7.  The Dossier of Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxiv Table 8.  Master Chart for Liquid Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxvi Table 9.  The Dossiers’ Scribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxix

Figures

Figure A.  Wood Products by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxviii Figure B.  Liquid Products by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxxi Figure 1.  Logs by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxxix Figure 2.  Grgrn by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlii Figure 3.  Joists by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv Figure 4.  Beams by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlvii Figure 5.  Comparing the Distribution of 4 Wood Products in 12 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xlix Figure 6a.  Oil by Size (seahs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lx Figure 6b.  Oil by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxii Figure 6c.  Oil by Grouped Months (in Descending Order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxii Figure 6d.  Number and Size (seahs) of Oil Transactions by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxiii Figure 7.  Wine by Month (seahs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxv Figure 8.  Comparing the Distribution of 2 Liquid Products in 12 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxvii Figure 9a.  Comparing the Formats of Wood and Liquid Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxviii Figure 9b.  Comparing Wood and Liquid Products by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  lxviii

Comparative List of Entries

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A51–A300) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 Commodity Chit Dossiers by Payer Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Acknowledgments I wish to extend special gratitude to Nael Siam of the Hebrew University's Uprint Express for his capable technical support, always cheerfully rendered. I am deeply grateful to Matthew Williams, Project Manager with Penn State University Press, for his precise scheduling of the production of this volume. Particular credit must also go to Amy Becker, Editor, who displayed exceptional skill in bringing together the various parts of this lengthy volume and showed great patience during its production, seeing it through to publication. It was a pleasure working with her.

xv

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography Abbreviations ABD Freedman, D. N., ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York, 1992. AECT Fales, F. M. Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Rome, 1986. AL (Lemaire2) Lemaire, A. Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée, Tome II. Transeuphratène Supplement 9. Paris, 2002. ANET Pritchard, J. B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1965. ARAB Luckenbill, D. D. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Chicago, 1926–27. BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BDB The New Brown—Driver—Briggs—Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Peabody, MA, 1979. B Dan Barag Collection BE 9 Hilprecht, H. V. Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur: Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 b.c.). Philadelphia, 1898. BLMJ Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem CAI Aufrecht, W. E. A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions. Lewiston, NY, 1989. DJDII Benoit, P., Milk, J. T., and de Vaux, R. Les Grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert II. Oxford, 1961. DJDXXVII Cotton, H., and Yardeni, A. Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Naḥal Ḥever and Other Sites. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 27. Oxford, 1997. DCH D. J. A. Clines, ed. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, 1995–2011. DJBA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 2002 DJPA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 1990. DNWSI Hoftijzer, J., and Jongeling, K. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden, 1995. DULAT Del Olmo Lete, G., and Sanmartín, G. A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, 2003. EB Encyclopaedia Biblica (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1955–1988. EN Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J. Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Jerusalem, 1996. IA Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University IM Israel Museum ISAP Institute for the Study of Aramaic Papyri (acquisition numbers for the Idumean ostraca) JA Yardeni, A. The Jeselsohn Collection of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea. Jerusalem, 2016. Jastrow Jastrow, M. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Philadelphia, 1903. KAI Donner, H., and Röllig, W. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1966–1969. L (Lemaire1) Lemaire, A. Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée au Musée d’Israel. Transeuphratène Supplement 3. Paris, 1996. LD (Lemaire5) Lemaire, A. “Trois nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Semitica 54 (2012) 65–70. LL Lozachmeur, H., and Lemaire, A. “Nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée (Collection S. Mous­ saieff),” Semitica 46 (1996) 123–52.

xvii

xviii

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

LW (Lemaire3) Lemaire, A. “New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation.” Pp. 413– 56 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, 2006. [6 ostraca from Welch collection = W1′–W6′; 6 from Moussaieff = Mo; 14 from Golan = P] LWo Lenny Wolfe M Shlomo Moussaieff Collection ML Langlois, M. “Un nouvel ostracon mentionnant la ville biblique de Maqqéda,” Semitica 54 (2012) 51–63. Mur Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux, R. Les grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Oxford, 1961. NTA Lemaire, A. Nouvelles tablettes araméennes. Geneva, 2001. P. Yadin Lewis, N. The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri; Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions, ed. Y. Yadin and J. C. Greenfield. Jerusalem, 1989. [P. Yadin 5, 11–35, 37]. Yadin, Y., Greenfield, J. C., Yardeni, A., and Levine, B. A. The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri. Jerusalem, 2002. [P. Yadin, 1–10, 42–47, 49–63]. PRU V Virolleaud, C. Le palais royal d’Ugarit. Paris, 1965. PTU Gröndahl, F. Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Rome, 1967. S David Sofer Collection SL (Lemaire6) Lemaire, A. “Quatre nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Transeuphratène 18 (1999) 71– 74 + pls. 14–15 [from the Schøyen Collection]. TAD A–D Porten, B., and Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt: Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English I–IV. Jerusalem, 1986–1999. TDT Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material A–B. Jerusalem. 2000. UT Gordon, C. Ugaritic Textbook. Rome, 1965. W′ Michael Welch Collection WDSP Gropp, D. M. Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 28. Oxford, 2001. WSS Avigad, N., and Sass, B. Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Jerusalem, 1997.

Select Bibliography Aharoni, Y. 1981 Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem. Aḥituv, S. 1984 Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents. Jerusalem. 2008 Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period. Jerusalem. Arav, R., Freund R., and Schroder J. 2000 Bethsaida Rediscovered. Biblical Archaeology Review 26: 44–56. Astour, M. C. 1970 Maʾḫadu, the Harbor of Ugarit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13: 113–27. Aufrecht, W. E., and Shury, W.D. 1997 Three Iron Age Seals: Moabite, Aramaic and Hebrew. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 57–68. Barkay, G., and Vaughn, A.G. 1996 New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions. BASOR 304: 29–54. Benz, F. L. 1972 Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. Rome. Beyer, K. 1984 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Göttingen. 1994 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer Ergänzungsband. Göttingen. 1998 Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien. Göttingen.

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

xix

Boiy, T. 2006 Aspects chronologiques de la période de transition (350–300). Pp. 37–100 in P. Briant and F. Joannès, eds., La transition entre l’empire achéménide et les royaume hellénistique [vers 350 300 av. J.-C.]. Paris. Coogan, M. D. 1976 West Semitic Personal Names in the Murašû Documents. Missoula, MT. Cross, F. M. 2003 Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography. Winona Lake, IN. Danby, H. 1933 The Mishnah Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes. London. Depuydt, L. 2008 From Xerxes’ Murder (465) to Arridaios’ Execution (317): Updates to Achaemenid Chronology (including errata in past reports). Oxford. Deutsch, R. 1999 Messages from the Past: Hebrew Bullae from the time of Isaiah Through the Destruction of the First Temple. Tel Aviv. 2003 A Hoard of Fifty Hebrew Clay Bullae from the Time of Hezekiah. Pp. 45–98 in R. Deutsch, ed., Shlomo: Studies in Epigraphy, Iconography, History, and Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Deutsch, R., and Heltzer, M. 1995 New Epigraphic Evidence from the Biblical Period. Tel Aviv–Jaffa. Diakonoff, I. M., and Livshits, V. A. 1977–2001  Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa Texts I. London. Dorsey, D. A. 1980 The Location of Biblical Makkedah. Tel Aviv: 185–93. 1991 The Roads and Highways of Ancient Israel. Baltimore. Elitzur, Y. 2004 Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land. Winona Lake, IN. Eshel, E. 2010 Inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic and Phoenician Script. Pp. 35–88 in A. Kloner and E. Eshel et al., Maresha Excavations, Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem. Feliks, Y. 1968 Plant World of the Bible (Hebrew). Ramat-Gan. 1990 Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and Talmud (Hebrew). Jerusalem. Fitzmyer, J. A. 2004 The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (1Q20): A Commentary. Rome. Frankel, R. 1999 Wine and Oil Production in Antiquity in Israel and Other Mediterranean Countries. Sheffield. Fraser, P. M. 1972 Ptolemaic Egypt I–III. Oxford. Geraty, L. T. 1972 Third Century b.c. Ostraca from Khirbet el-Kom. Cambridge. Hardin, J. W., Rollston, C. A., and Blakley, J. A. 2012 Biblical Geography in Southwestern Judah. Near Eastern Archaeology 75: 20–35. Huffmon, H. B. 1965 Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: Structural and Lexical Studies. Baltimore, MD. Ilan, T. 2002 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity, part 1: Palestine 330 bce–200 ce. Tübingen. Kaufman, S. 1974 The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago. Kornfeld, W. 1978 Onomastica aramaica aus Ãgypten. Vienna.

xx

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Kraus, S. 1910 Talmudische Archäologie I. Leipzig (repr., 1966, Hildesheim). Kutscher, E. Y. 1977 Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem. Lemaire, A. 1977 Inscriptions hébraïques, vol. 1: Les ostraca. Paris. 2000 L’économie de L’Idumée d’après les nouveaux ostraca araméens. Transeuphratène 19: 131–43. 2001 Nouvelle tablettes araméennes. Droz. 2007 New Inscribed Hebrew Seals and Seal Impressions. Pp. 9–22 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. Lemaire, A., and Yardeni, A. 2006 New Hebrew Ostraca from the Shephelah. Pp. 196–222 in S. E. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz, eds., Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting. Winona Lake, IN. Lidzbarski, M. 1902–15  Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik I–III. Giessen. 1912 Phönizisch und aramäische Krugaufschriften aus Elephantine. Anhang zu Abhandlungen der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philo-hist Klasse. Berlin. Lieberman, S. 1955 Tosefta Ki-fshuṭah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta; Order Zeraʿim, Part I. New York. Lindenberger, J. M. 1983 The Aramaic Proverbs of Aḥiqar. Baltimore. Lipiński, E. 1975 Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics I. Leuven. Löw, I. 1928 Die Flora der Juden I. Vienna. Maraqten, M. 1988 Die semitischen Personennamen in den alt- und reichsaramäischen Inschriften aus Vorderasien. Hildesheim. Mazar, E. 2009 The Palace of King David: Excavations at the Summit of the City of David; Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007. Jerusalem. McGeough, K. M., Smith, M. S., and Möller, G. 1927 Hieratische Paläographie: Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. 2nd ed. Leipzig. Moran, W. L. 1992 The Amarna Letters. Baltimore. Moritz, L. A. 1958 Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity. Oxford. Muraoka, T., and Porten, B., 2003 A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. 2nd ed. Leiden. Murray, M. A. 2000 Fruits, Vegetables, Pulses and Condiments. Pp. 609–55 in P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw, eds., Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge. Naveh, J. 1971 An Aramaic Ostracon from Ashdod. Pp. 270–73 in M. Dothan, Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963–1965. Jerusalem. 1972/73  ‫ פהלץ‬in a Recently Found Aramaic Ostracon. Lešonénu 37: 270–73 = Naveh 1985, No. 9. 1973 The Aramaic Ostraca. Pp. 79–82 in Y. Aharoni, ed., Beer-Sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer Sheba 1969–1971. [Nos. 1–17, 18–26]. Tel Aviv. 1979 The Aramaic Ostraca from Tel Beer-Sheba (Seasons 1971–1976). Tel Aviv 6: 182–98 [Nos. 27–54]. 1981 The Aramaic Ostraca from Tel Arad. Pp. 153–75 in Y. Aharoni, Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem. 1985 Published and Unpublished Aramaic Ostraca. ʿAtiqot 17: 114–21. 1992 Aramaic Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions from Tell Jemmeh. ʿAtiqot 21: 49–53.

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

xxi

Negev, A. 1991 Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm. Jerusalem. Notarius, T. 2006 ʾq(n) ‘Wood’ in the Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea. Aramaic Studies 4: 101–9. Noth, M. 1928 Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung. Stuttgart. Parker, R. A., and Dubberstein, W. H. 1956 Babylonian Chronology 626 b.c.–a.d. 75. Providence, RI. Porten, B. 1968 Archives from Elephantine. Berkeley. 1981 The Identity of King Adon. Biblical Archeologist 44: 36–52. 2005 Theophorous Names in Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 105*–29* in M. Mor, J. Pastor, I. Ronen, and Y. Ashkenazi, eds., For Uriel: Studies in the History of Israel in Antiquity Presented to Professor Uriel Rappaport. Jerusalem. 2011 The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change. 2nd ed. Atlanta Porten, B., and Lund, J. A. 2002 Aramaic Documents from Egypt. Winona Lake, IN. Porten, B., and Yardeni, A. 2003 In Preparation of a Corpus of Aramaic Ostraca from the Land of Israel: The House of Yehokal. Pp. 207–23 in R. Deutsch, ed., Shlomo: Studies in Epigraphy, Iconography, History and Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 2004 On Problems of Identity and Chronology in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 161*–83* in M. Heltzer and M. Malul, eds., Teshûrôt LaAvishur. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 2004–5  Two Aramaic Salt-Tax Receipts by the Scribe Joseph. Enchoria 29: 55–59. 2006 Social, Economic, and Onomastic Issues in the Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century b.c.e. Pp. 457– 88 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN. 2007a Makkedah and the Storehouse in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 125–70 in Y. Levin, ed., A Time of Change: Judah and its Neighbours in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods. London. 2007b Why the Unprovenanced Ostraca Should Be Published. Pp. 75–98 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. 2007c The House of Baalrim in the Idumean Ostraca. Pp. 99–147 in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. 2008a The Chronology of the Idumean Ostraca in the Decade or So After the Death of Alexander the Great and Its Relevance for Historical Events. Pp. 237–48 in M. Cogan and D. Kahn, eds., Treasures on Camels’ Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Ephʿal. Jerusalem. 2008b Two Become One: A Unique Memorandum of Obligation. Pp. 733–51 in C. Cohen et al., eds., Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Winona Lake, IN. 2009 Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca: Six Commodity Dossiers Dating to the Transition Years from Artaxerxes II to Artaxerxes III. Eretz-Israel 29: 144*–83*. Jerusalem. 2012 Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca—The Intersection of Dossiers: Commodities and Persons. Pp. 333–60 in M. Gruber et al., eds., All the Wisdom of the East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 255. Fribourg. Rizack, M.A. 1984 A Coin with the Aramaic Legend ŠHRW, a King-Governor of Liḥyân. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 29: 25–28. Shaked, S. 2004 Le satrape de Bactriane et son gouverneur: Documents araméens du IVe s. avant notre ère provenant de Bactriane. Paris.

xxii

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Sokoloff, M. 1997 Review of EN. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 283–86. Stager, L. 1993 Ashkelon. Pp. 103–12 in E. Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. New York. Stark, J. K. 1971 Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Oxford. Steiner, R. C., and Moshavi, A. M. 1995 A Selective Glossary of Northwest Semitic Texts in Egyptian Script. Pp. 1249–56 in J. Hoftijzer and K. Jongeling, eds., Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Part 2. Leiden. Stern, I. 2007 The Population of Persian-Period Idumea according to the Ostraca: A Study of Ethnic Boundaries and Ethnogenesis. Pp. 204–38 in Y. Levin, ed., A Time of Change: Judah and Its Neighbours in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods. London. Szubin, H. Z., and Porten, B. 1992 An Aramaic Joint Venture Agreement: A New Interpretation of the Bauer-Meissner Papyrus. BASOR 288: 67–84. Tawil, H. 2009 An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic. Jersey City. Torczyner, H. 1938 The Lachish Letters. London. Turkowski, L. 1969 Peasant Agriculture in the Judaean Hills. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 101: 21–33, 101–12. Vainstub, D., and Fabian, P. 2015 An Idumean Ostracon from Ḥorvat Naḥal Yatir. Israel Exploration Journal 65: 205–13. Winnett, F. V., and Harding, G. L. 1978 Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns. Toronto. Yadin, Y., and Naveh, J. 1989 The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Pp. 1–68 in Masada I: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem. Yardeni, A. 1990 New Jewish Aramaic Ostraca. Israel Exploration Journal 40: 130–152. Yardeni, A., and Porten, B. 2008 Two Become One: A Unique Memorandum of Obligation. Pp. 733–51 in C. Cohen, V. A. Horowitz, A. Hurvitz, Y. Muffs, B. J. Schwartz, and J. H. Tigay, eds., Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Winona Lake, IN. Zadok, R. 1977 On West Semites in Babylonia. Jerusalem. 1987 Zur Struktur der nachbiblischen jüdischen Personennamen semitischen Ursprungs. Pp. 243–343 in M. Elat, M. S. Cohen, and T. Kwasman, eds., Trumah 1. Wiesbaden. 1988 The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography. Leuven.

Introduction How We Put It Together (Tables A–C) Our original classification of the commodity chits allowed for only two categories: chits with and chits without payers. The former we divided up according to clans (A1–6) and by payer names (A7–255a), concluding with payers who only make a single payment (A158–255a). The clans and four dossiers of prominent persons appeared in TAO vol. 1 (A1–10). Forty dossiers appeared in TAO vol. 2, arranged by dossier size in descending order, the first dossiers containing between 15 and 14 chits (A11–14) and the last dossiers between 6 and 3 chits (A41–50). TAO vol. 3 now contains 233 numbered items (i.e., dossiers and single-chit entries) with 488 chits in 673 entries divided into two: personal name dossiers (A51–255a) and dossiers with payer missing or illegible (A280–300). Each item in the table of contents gives details about the number of entries and chits therein. For example, the first item in the table of contents, “A51.1–5 (2 chits),” is an item with five entries in which three of these are cross-references to a previous dossier, so that only 2 chits are there presented and discussed. The 211 items in the first group were arranged first in decreasing order of frequency (i.e., dossier size) and then alphabetically according to the name of the payer (using Hebrew alphabet, not English). The remaining items could not be ordered in the same way because the payers are missing or illegible. They went through a couple of rounds of classification before arriving at their final state. At first, they were divided into six groups, labeled A300.1–6, according to the other type of information that is present or legible on the chit: (1) fully dated chits (A300.1); (2) chits dated only by month (A300.2); (3) chits dated only by day (A300.3); (4) chits with partial payer and/or payee names (A300.4); (5) chits with only products (A300.5); and (6) chits with other miscellaneous information (A300.6). These six groups numbered a little more than 200 chits originally, and most of the commentaries (including the cross-references) were written at this stage. After writing the commentaries, however, careful reflection led us to the conclusion that all of these chits had to be further subdivided into three groups, the latter two of which parallel each other: (1) chits that are wholly intact and legible but omit a payer’s name (A280); (2) chits that are wholly intact in which the payer’s name is illegible (A290); and (3) chits that are fragmentary in which the payer’s name is cut off (A300). With newly enhanced photographic techniques, what is illegible today may be legible tomorrow, and the payer’s name may therefore emerge in the future. As a result of this second round of classification, we had to create a new subsection, which we labeled A290.1–5 in parallel to the existing A300.1–6, and all of the wholly intact chits that were previously classified in A300 were transferred to A290. Thus, nearly 70 chits were transferred from A300.1–6 to the newly created A290.1–5. (There is no parallel group for A300.6.) This new group now numbered 66 chits in total, and A300.1–6 was reduced from 201 to 125. (In the process, we discovered that 11 chits belonged to a dossier that lacked a payer’s name even though the chits themselves were wholly intact and legible, which led to creating A280.) Table A illustrates these two groupings side by side. As we began this reshuffling, we also discovered that 22 other chits (A256–277) had to be reordered. Thus, in the end, 96 chits were transferred to create a more harmonious arrangement (see Table B). Since this new arrangement took place after cross-referencing and writing the commentaries had already occurred, we then needed to edit the entire volume to ensure that any cross-references referred to the new numeration. However, we could not abandon the old numbers completely. Thus, each of the respective xxiii

xxiv

Introduction Table A. Comparing TAO Dossiers A290 to A300

Miscellaneous chits

TAO A290 Illegible Payer Chits A290.1.1–17 (17 chits) 359–315 A290.2.1–17 (17 chits) Nisan to Marcheshvan A290.3.1–9 (9 chits) From 1 to 28 A290.4.1–10 (10 chits) A290.5.1–13 (13 chits) N/A

Total

66 chits

Description Fully dated chits Arranged chronologically Chits with month date Chits with day date Chits with partial payer and/or payee names Chits with only product

TAO A300 Fragmentary Chits A300.1.1–60 (40 chits) 364–314 A300.2.1–33 (20 chits) Iyyar to Adar II A300.3.1–27 (14 chits) From 2 to 29 A300.4.1–33 (19 chits) A300.5.1–42 (26 chits) A300.6.1–6 (6 chits) 125 chits

entries for A300.1–6 that were transferred, as well as any other chits that were transferred to a new number, contains the original numeration with a notation to direct the reader to the new location of a transferred item (e.g., A300.1.8 transferred to A290.1.1). This is to ensure that an item can always be found by the reader. After all these revisions were made, we were left with a two-part book, each with three sections (Table C). Whereas the identities of the persons in volume 1 were clear, whether a member of a clan or a powerful individual, those of the persons in this volume are in no way certain. The problems raised in the introduction to volume 2 (p. xiii) apply here as well: it is usually impossible to discern whether a payer of the same name is the same individual or another individual with the same name. Of the 40 dossiers between A51 and A90, only seven (17.5%) contain payer names that have not appeared before—Qosdakar, Yet(i)abu, Naqdu/ ru, Anael, Qosbarek, Wahabil, and Qosrai (A54, 62, 63, 66, 67, 76, and 89). For example, three of the five chits in the dossier of Sam(a)ku appeared already in volume 1 in the dossier of Samitu (A51.1–2, 5 = A8.5, 12, 22). The percentage of new payer names is much higher in the second section between A91 and 157, yielding 20 payer names that have not appeared in previous volumes out of 68 dossiers (A91, 93, 96, 101, 112, 115, 116, 118, 120, 130, 132, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 157 [29%]). Then again, the size of the dossiers is also smaller, statistically reducing the likelihood of known payer names reappearing. In the third section between A158 and 255a, a whopping 79 new persons emerge who did not appear as payers in previous volumes (77%). A name may have more than one form, and it is difficult to discern whether a different form refers to a different individual or not. For example, while Yet(i)abu appears in a dossier of five chits as a new payer name (A62 [June–July, 357]), he may well be the same person as Yet(i)ab, whose name appears in a fourchit dossier (A105 [358–356 b.c.e.]). There, one of the chits already appeared earlier in the clan dossier of Yehokal (A5.5 [July 9, 358]). Furthermore, another son of Yehokal bore the name Yaatiabu (A5.6). There is no doubt that these two sons of Yehokal are one and the same person, with variant forms of the same name. With Aramaic root ‫אתה‬/‫“( אתי‬come”), the name ‫ יתאב‬may be interpreted on the basis of the parallel ‫יתיאח‬ (A80) as a name of petition, “May (divine) Father/Brother come.” The full form of the name is ‫יאתאבו‬, which has been abbreviated to ‫ יתאבו‬and then further to ‫יתאב‬. Here, however, we have listed the name as three separate items (A62, 105, 202). Like Yaatiabu, 30 other persons in the section “single payer chits” appeared in earlier dossiers and are listed as cross-references. We deliberated how to list two names that are identical except for the last letter—‫ אבאנשי‬and ‫אבאנשו‬. The former appears in some fourteen ostraca but only three times as payer in our volume, once in year 337

xxv

Introduction Table B. Ninety-Six Reordered Chits (as of May 30, 2016) A133.1 > 179a A138.1 > 140 A139.1 > 138 A140.1 > 141 A141.1 > 139 A181.1 > 255a A184.1 > 250 A256.1 > 206a.1 A257.1 > 249a.1 258.1 > 290.1.4 259.1 > 290.2.7 260.1 > 290.2.13 261.1 > 290.2.14 262.1 > 290.1.13 263.1 > 290.2.16 264.1 > 290.1.16 265.1 > 290.2.2 266.1 > 290.2.17 267.1 > 211a.1 268.1 > 202a.1 269.1 > 230a.1 270.1 > 290.1.12 271.1 > 290.1.10 272.1 > 290.1.6 273.1 > 290.1.17 274.1 > 231a.1 275.1 > 290.1.15 276.1 > 290.1.8 277.1 > 290.4.7 300.1.8 > 290.1.1 300.1.11 > 290.1.3 300.1.19 > 290.1.5 300.1.20 > 300.1.25 300.1.21 > 280.3 300.1.26 > 280.4

300.1.27 > 290.1.7 300.1.30 > C5.6 300.1.31 > C5.7 300.1.34 > 280.5 300.1.37 > 290.1.9 300.1.40 > 290.1.11 300.1.42 > 280.6 300.1.49 > 280.7 300.1.50 > 290.1.14 300.1.55 > 290.2.10 300.1.56 > 280.8

300.4.1 > 290.4.1 300.4.3 > 290.4.2 300.4.5 > 290.4.3 300.4.6 > 229a.1 300.4.10 > 290.4.4 300.4.12 > 290.4.5 300.4.15 > 290.4.6 300.4.25 > 290.4.8 300.4.26 > 290.4.9 300.4.30 > 280.9 300.4.33 > 290.4.10

300.2.1 > 290.2.1 300.2.2 > 290.2.3 300.2.6 > 290.2.4 300.2.9 > 290.2.5 300.2.11 > 290.2.6 300.2.14 >290.2.8 300.2.15 >290.2.9 300.2.16 > 290.2.11 300.2.20 > 290.2.12 300.2.24 > 300.1.18a 300.2.25 > 290.2.15

300.5.1 > 290.5.1 300.5.5 > 290.5.2 300.5.11 > J1.20 300.5.13 > 290.5.3 300.5.15 > 290.5.4 300.5.20 > 290.5.5 300.5.22 > 290.5.6 300.5.24 > F5.12 300.5.29 > A280.10 300.5.35 > 290.5.8 300.5.36 > 290.5.9 300.5.37 > 290.5.10 300.5.39 > 290.5.11 300.5.40 > 290.5.12 300.5.41 > 290.5.13

300.3.1 > 290.3.1 300.3.4 > 300.5.42 300.3.6 > 290.3.2 300.3.7 > 290.3.3 300.3.8 > C8.8 300.3.10 > 290.1.2 300.3.11 > 290.3.9 300.3.18 > 290.3.4 300.3.19 > 290.3.5 300.3.21 > 290.3.6 300.3.25 > 290.3.7 300.3.26 > 290.3.8 300.3.27 > J1.19

Table C. Outline according to Items, Entries, and Chits Personal Names A51–90 (40 items)

470 entries Between 7 and 4 entries (between 5 and 1 chits): 191 entries

286 chits 120 chits

A91–157 (68 items)

Between 4 and 2 entries (between 3 and 0 chits): 176 entries

93 chits

A158–255a (103 items)

Single payer chits:             103 entries

73 chits

Payer Absent A280 (11 items)

203 entries No Payer Dossiers:          11 entries

202 chits 11 chits

A290 (5 items)

Dossiers of Illegible Payer Chits      66 entries

66 chits

A300 (6 items)

Dossiers of Fragmentary Chits      126 entries

125 chits

Total: 233 items

673 entries

488 chits

(A91). The latter appears some five times in the ostraca but only twice as payer, both in previous dossiers, cross-referenced here (A127.1 [year 357], 2). Given the twenty-year gap between these two occurrences, we decided to list the names separately, assuming that they must belong to separate individuals. On the other hand, there was one five-chit dossier (A57) where the payer’s name was read ‫אחיקם‬, and we deliberated

xxvi

Introduction

whether it should be read as Aḥiqam (“Brother arose”; cf. the biblical name [Jer 26:24, etc.]) or Aḥyaqim (“May brother raise up”; cf. epigraphic ‫[ אליקם‬WSS: 482]). But careful examination of all five chits revealed that in one of them, the name should probably be read with a medial waw rather than a yod, that is, ‫( אחוקם‬Aḥuqam) on the model of the feminine name Aḥuṭab (“Brother is good”) at Elephantine (TAD D7.2–8, 10). In this case, this distinction did not lead to the establishment of a separate single chit dossier, and the name was kept in its original dossier, which was retitled “Dossier of Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam,” which actually also has a hypocoristicon in Ḥuqam (‫[ חוקם‬C2.13]). These two examples are given to illustrate the irregularities we had to overcome in classifying and ordering the dossiers: the reader will encounter other similar cases, as well.

Dossiers of Wood Products (Tables D, 1–5; Figures A, 1–5, 9) In TAO vol. 2 we brought together five dossiers of agricultural products (Tables 1–5) and three dossiers of containers measured by numbers (Tables 6–8). Here we bring together four dossiers of wood products, also measured by numbers (Tables 1–4) and two dossiers of liquids (Tables 6–7). We arrange the tables first by type (wood then liquid) and then in descending order by the number of items they contain: Table 1. The Dossier of Logs (‫ )גזירן‬34 entries Table 2. The Dossier of grgrn (‫ )גרגרן‬26 entries Table 3. The Dossier of Joists (‫ )מרישן‬17 entries Table 4. The Dossier of Beams (‫  )שרי‬10 entries Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫   )משח‬67 entries Table 7. The Dossier of Wine (‫   )חמר‬8 entries

between a half-log and 9 logs 22 > 1 log between 2 and 60 grgrn 4 > 10 grgrn between 1 and 4 joists 8 > 1 joist 1 beam 10 > 1 beam between 1/48 and 13 seahs between nearly 8 and 24.25 seahs

The Tables have been divided into twelve groups on the basis of their format and type (i.e., the information they contain, such as dates and persons): groups 1–4 are chits with dates, groups 5–9 are chits without dates, and groups 10–12 are non-chit ostraca, as follows: 1.  Group 1: Full Date 2.  Group 2: Day + Month, archaic alef 3.  Group 3: Day + Month 4.  Group 4: Day only 5.  Group 5: No Date, archaic alef 6.  Group 6: No Date, Payer and Payee 7.  Group 7: No Date, Payer only 8.  Group 8: No Date, Payee only 9.  Group 9: No Date, Commodity only 10.  Group 10: Accounts 11.  Group 11: Payment Orders 12.  Group 12: Letters Four facts are striking: (1) how few chits are dated or only partially dated (one-third in Tables 1 and 2; half in Table 4; three-fifths in Table 3); (2) how few chits have payees (18–27% in Tables 2–4; 50% in Table 1); (3) how few months have transactions taking place; and (4) how few individuals (some 10%) are involved in more than one commodity transaction, often as both payer and payee. Most active was Zabdiel, active as payer of 10 grgrn (to Samitu), 1 joist, and 8 beams (no payee [Nos. 2.2, 3.2, 4.5]). Samitu, on the other hand, was payer of a beam while Qosnaqam son of Samitu was payee of [2] bundles and 1 joist (Nos. 4.7, 3.8). Zabdi appeared twice as payer of grgrn and once Zabdi of the sons of Qoṣi is a payer of logs (Nos. 2.1 and 8, 1.2). Three individuals appeared both as payee (always of logs [Nos. 1.1, 8, 15]) and payer: Qoskahel of 27 grgrn, Udaydu of 3 joists, and Uzayzu of 2 joists (Nos. 3.1, 3). Exceptionally, two individuals

xxvii

Introduction Table D. Comparative Table of the Four Wood Dossiers Group 1

0

2. Dossier of grgrn Table 2.1–5; 2 payees

3. Dossier of Joists Table 3.1–8; 1 payee

0

Group 2

Table 1.1; 1 payee

0

0

Table 4.1; 0 payees

Group 3

Table 1.2–7; 1 payee

Table 2.6–9; 0 payees

Table 3.9–10; 0 payees

Table 4.2–4; 0 payees

Group 4

Table 1. 8–11; 3 payees

0

0

Table 4.5; 1 payee

Totals

11/34 (33) dated = 32%

9/26 dated = 35%

10/17 (16) dated = 59%

5/10 dated = 50%

Group 5

0

0

0

0

Group 6

Table 1.12–23; 13 payees

Table 2.10–13; 5 payees

Table 3.11–13; 2 payees

Table 4.6; 1 payee

Group 7

Table 1.24–33; 0 payees

Table 2.14–26; 0 payees

Table 3.14–16; 0 payees

Table 4.7–10; 0 payees

Group 8

0

0

0

0

Group 9

0

0

0

0

Group 10

0

0

Table 3.17

0

Group 11

Table 1.34

0

0

0

Group 12

0

0

0

0

Totals

18/35 (34) payees = 51%

7/26 payees = 27%

3/17 (16) payees = 18%

2/10 payees = 20%

1. Dossier of Logs

4. Dossier of Beams

recorded a double transaction in a single chit: Zabdu of the sons of Qoṣi paid 22 grgrn and 2 joists (No. 2.12), while Ubaydu of the sons of Gir actually had two chits—6 logs and 1 beam in one and 20 grgrn and 1 beam in another (Nos. 4.4, 9). In the four wood products, we were able to detect seven scribes for just over a quarter of the chits (28% [24/85])—four in the dossier of logs accounted for a total of twelve chits (36% [12/33]); one in the dossier of grgrn wrote three chits (8% [2/26]); two in the dossier of joists wrote six of its chits and one more for an outside product (38% [6/16]); and one chit in the dossier of beams was written by a scribe from the dossier of joists (10% [1/10]). The scribal numeration follows that of the last scribe for loads (‫ )מובלן‬in TAO vol. 2, Table 8.18–20, which was DD. We thus begin with EE, which characterized a scribe who wrote three documents dated by day+month (19 Kislev, 1 and 30 Shebat [Nos. 1.2, 5, 7]), all three with payers identified by clans (two are Qoṣi [Nos. 2, 5]) and two linking them by the term “of the house of” (‫[ לבית‬Nos. 5, 7]). Two of the three chits by Scribe FF (Nos. 1.3, 26) spell the clan name Gir and not the regular Gur, and all three send more than one log (2, 4, and 6 [Nos. 1.26, 25, 3]). All three chits by Scribe GG record only a day date—27 (Nos. 1.8, 10–11). Five of the six chits by Scribe HH have no payee and a single log, but all show a common connection between gimel and zayin and the shape of the yod (Nos. 17, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32). Scribe JJ for grgrn (2.25–26) is readily identifiable by his use of the opening verbal expression “which brought” (‫)זי איתי‬. For the dossier of joists, we isolate two scribes, one of whom also wrote another document. Scribe KK wrote five documents, two dated 15 Sivan, year 4 (Nos. 3.4–5); one dated 14 Ab, year 4 (No. 3.7); one dated 29 Ab (no year [No. 3.10]); and a fifth for a beam dated 28 Ab (also no year [No. 4.3]). This latter one, though omitting the year date, spelled the clan name “Baarim” (‫)בערים‬, rather than the usual Baalrim (‫)בעלרים‬, just like the chit dated 14 Ab, year 4. Writing a chit or two for products similar to, or identical with, one written two weeks earlier, the scribe did not have to add the year date. Finally, Scribe LL wrote two chits with neither date nor payee but with letters mem and yod in common (Nos. 3.15–16). Noteworthy is the fact that the former records the numeral as a word (‫ )תרין‬while the latter writes it as a cipher (///); cf. also Table 3.13. Unlike oil, where transactions take place in every month of the year, transactions of the individual wood products take place only between four and seven months of the year: four for logs (Marcheshvan, Kislev, Tebeth, and Shebat) and beams (Nisan, Ab, Tishri, and Kislev); six for grgrn (Nisan, Iyyar/Ab, Tammuz, Tishri, Marcheshvan, and Shebat); and seven for joists (Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Kislev, Shebat, and

xxviii

Introduction Figure A. Wood Products by Month

5

5

4

# of transactions

4

3

3

3

2

2

1

4

3

2

1

1

1

1

0

0

Joists

grgrn

Beams

Logs

Total

Adar); cf. Figure A. However, taking all of the wood products together, there is at least one transaction in every month except Adar II. In none of the twelve or thirteen months do all of the four commodities appear, but logs, beams, and joists all appear in Kislev, while logs, grgrn and joists all appear in Shebat. Beams, grgrn, and joists may all appear in Ab, as well, but this is uncertain because we equivocate in the month reading for one grgrn transaction (Iyyar/Ab [Table 2.8]). Each of the four tables (Tables 1–4) is accompanied by a companion table (Tables 1a–4a) that records the transactions by month and includes graphs to visualize the data. Each of these eight tables is preceded by an analytic introduction. Questions remain, however. What causes the difference in dating protocol between one chit and another, that one has a full date, another a partial date, and a third no date at all? Likewise, the presence or absence of payees seems to be independent of whether the chit is dated or not; for example, seven fully dated chits in the dossier of joists have no payee, just like three undated chits (Table 3.1–7, 14–16). There thus appears to be no correlation between date and payee. Furthermore, where do those pieces of wood go in the chits that have no payee? On thing, however, is clear: these chits record private individuals sending wooden objects to other private individuals, or to whomever, and the senders, or payers as we call them, never repeat themselves in these dossiers. So what do we know about these pieces? The largest dossier consists of logs (‫ )גזירן‬and has 33 chits and one payment order, 34 texts in all, with seven different amounts—a half log, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 logs. Two-thirds record but a single log. If a half-log could be dispatched, the logs must have been of a standard size. Perhaps the best way to define the log is to note that two logs were used for firewood for the daily whole-offering on the temple altar (m. Yoma 2:5). After much deliberation (see discussion in A1.28), we decided that grgrn (‫)גרגרן‬, never in the singular, had to be objects of wood, occurring as they did in chits together with beams (‫[ שרי‬A2.26]), joists (‫מרישן‬ [A3.33]), and loads (‫[ מובל‬A2.42]), and we took our cue from the one-time occurrence in Ugaritic of grgr (II), with the likely meaning of javelin, pointing to a meaning in our texts of something like poles, a meaning now recorded in the database of the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon (CAL). While we put this explanation in the commentary (A1.28), we chose not to extend it to the translation of the object, which remains obscure. The numbers are not modest, as in the other dossiers, and a dozen different amounts range diffusely between 9 and 60—10, 14, 15, 20, and 27 occurring more than once, and 2, 9, 16, 22, 25, 30, 36, 50, 53, and

Introduction

xxix

60 occurring but once. Given the multiplicity of items, the question arises whether the word could somehow be related to Aramaic ‫ גיר‬III, “arrow” (thought of Shlomo Naeh; see Jastrow 242). The two dossiers with fewer than twenty items each send very small amounts, between 1 and 4, but mostly 1, with one exception (8 [Table 4.5]). Both joists (‫ )מרישן‬and beams (‫ )שרי‬are well attested in both Talmudic and epigraphic literature as being significant elements in a building. We found the former in an Elephantine contract from 404 b.c.e. Granting his daughter right of ownership to half a courtyard, Anani specifies that she may “prop up (what is) knocked down and its beam (‫ ”)מרשה‬in that half (TAD B3.10:14). The word ‫ מרש‬here, written defectiva, must have special meaning because the usual word for “beams” in these papyri is ‫( גשורן‬TAD B3.4:5, 5:8, 7:4, 10:13, 11:4). It is also used in Papyrus Amherst 63 IX.9 in the sentence “The beams [gšwry] of your house, Bethel, are from Lebanon” (Hoftijzer-Jongeling 1995: 1255). The latter term is found in a sale contract from Kefar-BRYW from 135 c.e., where the seller grants the buyer control over “the stones and the beams ([‫ )שרית]א‬and the stairs” (Beyer 1984: 320–21, 719). The word ‫ מריש‬appears in Hebrew as a major beam built into a structure such that its removal would cause irreparable damage (m. Giṭ 5:5). Since a thief who confessed was obligated to return the stolen object (Lev 5:23), the question arose as to the fate of a stolen beam built into a structure. The House of Shammai said the building had to be torn down and the ‫ מריש‬returned to its owner, whereas the House of Hillel said the building need not be torn down and the thief only had to pay the value of the beam (t. B. Qam. 10.5). One Targumic text has ‫( מריש אעי ארזיא‬a course or row of “cedar beams” interlaced with three courses or rows of stone [1 Kgs 6:36, 7:12; cf. Ezra 6:4]), while a Talmudic text traces ‫ מריש‬through a change of names—it was formerly called ‫( כשורא‬cf. ‫ גשורן‬noted above [also Kaufman 1974: 53]), but it was now called ‫טללא‬ (cf. Elephantine ‫מטלל‬, “ceiling” [TAD A4.7:11]; b. B. Qam. 66b). Thus, the word ‫ מריש‬was both a beam in the wall and a joist supporting the ceiling. In the Targum of one of the Elisha stories, ‫ שרי‬is the log cut down in the Jordan Valley to build a shelter for the disciples of the prophets (2 Kgs 6:2–5). Two texts indicate that ‫ שריתא‬was quite a substantial beam. One tells that ten men were required to lift it up (b. ʿErub. 102a), and another has a woman reporting a dream in which the beam of her house is broken (Gen. Rab. 89:8), interpreted by the Soncino translators to mean “the loft of the upper story of my house was split open.” Another source of wood was the sycamore tree, whose wood might be used for roof timber. A mishnah states that, if a man leases a field for seven years, he has the right to cut down beams from the sycamore tree (m. B. Meṣiʿa 9:9). In our texts, we find ‫ שרי‬modified by ‫“( זית‬olive wood”), the only wood, in fact, specifically mentioned in our texts (cf. ‫אק זיתא‬ and ‫( זיתן‬A300.2.32; A3.8, 18.12). This is a wood not for roofing but for furniture or special small objects. (We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for his assistance.) However, the fact that ‫ שרי‬is only very rarely modified by ‫ זית‬probably indicates that when the word is left unmodified it refers to a standard type of beam from a different tree. We should not find it surprising that these wooden objects (logs, grgrn, joists, and beams) are being sent by one party to another. The search after and acquisition of beams is vividly illustrated in the Makkibanit family correspondence from Syene. In one letter, Makkibanit writes to his sister Tashi that she should give grain to Waḥpre that he may buy whatever beams (‫ )גשרן‬he finds. In another letter, he further instructs Psami that he should take barley from Tashi and give it in exchange for beams and leave every one he finds with Mama (TAD A2.2:14–16, 4:9–10). Perhaps some of the wooden pieces in our chits were freshly cut, like the logs from the Jordan Valley.

Dossiers of Liquid Products (Tables E, 6–8; Figures B, 6–9a–b) Unlike the countable wood products, the liquid products were measured by volume capacity. Together, the two dossiers of oil and wine number almost as many ostraca as the four dossiers of wood products (75 versus 87). Alone, the dossier of oil is almost twice the size as that of logs (67 versus 35). The large number of oil chits is not surprising given the numerous references to orchards in our corpus (H2.3, 3.13, 4.3, 4.5).

xxx

Introduction Table E. Comparative Table of the Two Liquid Dossiers

Group 1A

6. Dossier of Oil Table 6.1–22; 5 payees; 6 agents

7. Dossier of Wine Table 7.1–2; 0 payees; 2 agents

Group 1C

Table 6.23–24; 0 payees; 0 agents

0

Group 2

0

0

Group 3

Table 6.25–37; 3 payees; 5 agents

Table 7.3–5; 0 payees; 2 agents

Group 4

Table 6.38; 0 payees; 0 agents

0

Totals

41/67 (61) dated = 61%

6/8 (7) dated = 75%

Group 5

0

Table 7.6; 1 payee; 0 agents

Group 6

Table 6.39–45; 7 payees; 0 agents

Table 7.7; 1 payee (depository); 0 agents

Group 7

Table 6.46–59; 0 payees; 0 agents

0

Group 8

Table 6.60; 1 payee; 0 agents

0

Group 9

Table 6.61; 0 payees; 0 agents

0

Group 10

Table 6.62–65 (2 dated)

0

Group 11

Table 6.66; (dated); 1 payee

Table 7.8 (dated); 1 payee

Group 12

Table 6.67

0

Totals

17/67 (61) payees = 25%; 11/67 agents = 16%

3/8 (7) payees = 38%; 4/8 agents= 50%

We are able to identify with certainty only four scribes who together wrote 12 oil chits, that is, one-fifth of the total 61 chits. The two chits of Scribe MM (Nos. 8, 25) are characterized by the common form of the words ‫ משח ס‬and ‫לשבט‬. As restored, they would have been written on the same day (8 Shebat, year 3), but the scribe did not consider it necessary to include the year in the second chit (No. 25). Two chits were written by Scribe NN two years apart (Nos. 16, 19) and are also identifiable by the combination ‫משח ס‬ (compare the samek with that in the personal name Asi [‫ )]אסי‬and by the curvature of the lamed in the word ‫לשנת‬. Scribe OO wrote two identically formatted chits with Saadel as payee and Qosqam as signatory (Nos. 41–42). Outstanding are the six easily recognizable chits by Scribe PP because they are written in an exceptional lapidary script (Nos. 43–44, 47, 59–60, 62). Finally, there are the two fully dated wine chits written by Scribe QQ for the same person with the same double agent (Nos. 7.1–2). As with the dating practice of Scribe MM, here too there appears an ellipsis, not of the year but of the ruler. The first chit gives the year date as “year 3 Philip” and the second simply as “year 3.” Some 14 persons appear in more than one chit, sometimes in different capacities—(1) nine as payer (Ḥal[a]fat [Nos. 6 {s. Sammuk}, 10, 48], Al[i]qos [Nos. 7 {s Adri/Idri}, 9], Qosmalak [Nos. 11, 14 {o ss Al(i)baal}], Qosyad [Nos. 25, 44], Awi [Nos. 5, 36], Qanael [Nos. 31, 57], Zubaydu/Zabidu [Nos. 34, 47], Udaydu/ru [Nos. 18, 28, 38], and Saadi [Nos. 4, 12]), (2) two as payer and payee (Baalghayr [Nos. 31 {alternative reading: Baaladar/ider}, 52] and Samitu [Nos. 1, 35, 39]), (3) one as payee (Saadel [Nos. 41–44]), (4) one as agent (Natanbaal [Nos. 21, 33–34]), and (5) one as agent and payer (Ḥal(a)fan [Nos. 18, 20, 52]). Almost two-thirds of the chits are dated (Nos. 1–38), though only one-third are fully dated (Nos. 1–22); but only a quarter of the chits have payees (Nos. 1, 7, 12–13, 22, 27, 31, 39–45, 60). What is strange is that nine chits without payees have agents (Nos. 9, 17–18, 20–21, 26, 33–34, 37 [15%]). Comparing these figures to the four wood dossiers, we see that only joists are like oil in this regard, with almost as many as two-thirds dated. While the dossier of logs has almost half with payees, the other three wood dossiers have but a quarter or a fifth with payees, just like the oil dossier. Thus, the questions remain: whether wood or liquid chits, what was the difference between a fully dated, a partially dated, and an undated chit, and what happened to the wood or the oil in the three-quarters of chits that had no payees? The oil chits are sufficiently numerous to enable us to observe certain patterns. (1) The smaller the amount, the greater the number of chits; the larger the amount, the fewer the number of chits. The number of chits conveying only qabs is 13, while that conveying but 1+ seah is 15. Chits conveying 2+ and 3+ seahs, number 7 each; 4+ and 5+, 3 and 4, respectively; and 7+ and 10+, 2 chits and 3 chits, respectively. (2) These

xxxi

Introduction Figure B. Liquid Products by Month 7

7 6 5

# of transactions

5 4

5

4

4 3

3 2 1

2

2 1

2

2 1

1

0

Oil

Wine

Total

amounts also correlate with the dating. The most transactions occur in the months of Marcheshvan (4 or 5) and Kislev (7), and the number decreases in the following months; cf. Figure B. Table 6 for oil is accompanied by not one but two companion tables, one for size and the other for months. As with the eight tables for wood products, the three tables for oil are preceded by analytic introductions. The wine dossier is the smallest of all, with only eight entries, but it is the most variegated. It divides up into five groups (full date, day + month, no date but archaic alef, no date with a payee and payee, and a payment order). In many ways, it is most like oil. More than two-thirds of the chits are dated (Nos. 1–5), though fewer than one-third are fully dated (Nos. 1–2). The transactions occur in Adar, Nisan, and Tammuz (Nos. 1–4), thus completely unrelated to the grape harvest; cf. Figure B. In fact, the two in Adar are by the same payer, drawn up a week and a half apart, by the same scribe (Scribe K) with the same double agency. Only a little more than a quarter of the chits have payees, one of which is the depository of Makkedah (Nos. 6–7), but four of the five chits that have no payees have agents (Nos. 1–4).

The Dossiers’ Scribes (Table 9) Table 9 lists all 12 identifiable scribes and the dossiers in which they appeared: 7 scribes in the wood dossiers (Tables 1–4) and 5 scribes in the liquids dossiers (Tables 6–7). The number of identifiable scribes in each dossier is recorded. Whenever a particular product (wood or liquid) appears in this volume, the number of the scribe indicated in the table is reproduced in the commentary of the corresponding chit.

xxxii

Explanation of Typographic Conventions

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation:

(i.e., or)

word of uncertain meaning

(ERASURE:) ... d/r

Marginal notation (e.g., Payer)

Line numbers of translation of text 1. 5 

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (b. Erub. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (m. Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73.

xxxii

Explanation of Typographic Conventions

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation:

(i.e., or)

word of uncertain meaning

(ERASURE:) ... d/r

Marginal notation (e.g., Payer)

Line numbers of translation of text 1. 5 

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (b. Erub. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (m. Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73.

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions

xxxiii

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions All available chits have undergone a ceramic analysis by Alex Zuckerman on the basis of 22 parameters. He also translated Lemaire’s descriptions, and these have been marked by [L] or [AL]. Margins (no. 20) have been described by Jennifer Tullman. A translation of Lemaire with a description by Tullman is marked [LT]. Here are the ceramic parameters: 1.  Vessel part (body sherd, rim, base, handle, etc.) 2.  Vessel period/date (Persian, Iron Age, unidentifiable, etc.) 3.  Vessel type ( jar, jug, cooking pot, bowl, etc.) 4.  Sherd size (tiny [ca. 20 × 30mm and less], small [ca. 30 × 50 mm], medium [between 30 × 50 mm and 60 × 150 mm], large [more than ca. 60 × 150 mm]) 5.  Height and width (maximum values established according to the direction of the written lines) 6.  Thickness 7.  Shape (rectangular, square, trapezoid, etc.) 8.  Color of inscribed surface(s)—Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975 edition) name and code 9.  Levigation and grits (fine ware, coarse ware, amount and size of grits [mentioned only when tiny or unusually large]) 10.  Decoration and surface treatment (polished, burnished, slipped, painted decoration, etc.) 11.  Burned (yes/no) 12.  Eroded (yes/no) 13.  Number of fragments 14.  Number of fresh exterior breaks 15.  Patina covering the writing (yes/no) 16.  Patina extent (in percentage) 17.  Location of writing (sherd interior, exterior, both [based on the archaeological evaluation of the sherd shape in relation to the shape of the complete ceramic vessel from which the sherd originated]) 18.  Writing surface (concave, convex, flat, smooth, uneven [based exclusively on its visual appearance]) 19.  Writing parallel to straight upper edge (yes/no) 20.  Margins: no margin: writing (including upper tip of header [lamed] and low tip of stretcher [nun, kaf, pe]) reaches edge of ostracon; narrow: smallest possible amount of space creating a distinct margin; medium: a median width larger than narrow but smaller than wide; term borrowed from artifact description; wide considerably more space than needed to create a distinct margin; very wide margin larger than half the ostracon or wider than the height and/or width of writing; variable uneven left margin in a text of three or more lines; * suspected missing/illegible text, which may influence the classification of the margin. 21.  Angle of the writing/wheel-marks 22.  Notes (thick-walled, thin-walled, preservation of writing, special remarks)

xxxiv

Numeration Legend

Numeration Legend TAO = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volumes 1 and 2 A51.3-ISAP1852, A51.4-ISAP2541, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Sam[a]ku), document number (1–5), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, JA, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL1, 2 etc.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Jeselsohn [Yardeni ed.], Lemaire et al.) [BA, BLMJ, FCO, Funahashi, GD, HM, HW, IA, IM, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Baidun Aramaic; Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; James Charlesworth; Funahashi; Gil Davidovitz; Hecht Museum; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh, Zd et al.} = source (Gil Chaya, Shaya Zadok, et al.) (Tables 1–6) = Dossier Table No. and item {e.g., A52.2-ISAP885 [Funahashi 15] (GCh 85) (Table 6.4)}

xxxv

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number (88 Entries) Table 1. The Dossier of Logs (‫ )גזירן‬ 35 (34 chits) Table 2. The Dossier of grgrn (‫ )גרגרן‬26 Table 3. The Dossier of Joists (‫ )מרישן‬ 17 (16 chits) Table 4. The Dossier of Beams (‫ )שרי‬10 Table 5. Master Chart for Wood Products

Legend for Tables b h = by the hand of; db = date at the beginning; de = date at the end; f ss = from sons of; i h = in the hand of; nd = no date; o h = of the house of; o ss = of the sons of; s =son of; sc = scribe; t h = to the hand of

Table 1.  The Dossier of Logs (‫)גזירן‬ (no year date) 35 entries Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 5). 2: 1. day + month, archaic alef (db), 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee; 3: 2–7. day + month (5 db, 1 de), 6/6 payers, 1/6 payees. 4: 8–11. day only (3 db, 1 de), 4/4 payers, 3/4 payees; 6: 12–23. nd, 13/12 payers, 11/12 payees, 2/12 agents; 7: 24–33. nd, 11/10 payers, 0/10 payees; 11: 34. payment order, nd. Ten chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 2–3, 5–8, 15, 22, 25, 27), six chits appeared in TAO volume 2 (Nos. 12, 14, 26, 29, 31, 33), seventeen chits appear in this volume (Nos. 1, 4, 9–11, 13, 16–21, 23–24, 28, 30, 32), and one chit will appear in a coming volume (No. 34). The number of logs appears in a small range between half a log and nine logs, embracing five different amounts between these two numbers. Almost two-thirds of the chits contain but one log each (Nos. 5–13, 16, 18–21, 26, 28–32). The remaining fourteen chits divide up as follows: half a log (Nos. 1, 15), two logs (Nos. 4, 22 [2 transactions of 1 log each], 23, 25, 33–34), three logs (Nos. 14, 17, 27), four, six, and nine logs on a single chit each (Nos. 24, 3, 2 respectively). Logs must have had a standard size if one could deliver half a log. Two chits record a second commodity, one a beam (No. 3) and one a bundle (No. 33). One is sourced from Makkedah (No. 14). No chits are fully dated, and fewer than a third (11/34) are partially dated: seven with day and month (Nos. 1–7), including one with an archaic alef (No. 1), and four with only a day (Nos. 8–11). Transactions occur only in the four fall and winter months of Marcheshvan (1 [No.1]), Kislev (2 [Nos. 2–3]), Tebeth (1 [No. 4]), and Shebat (3 [Nos. 5–7]). More than half (6/11) of the partially dated chits have no payees (Nos. 2–5, 7, 9), and an almost equal percentage (11/23) of the non-dated chits have no payees (Nos. 20, 24–33). In total, more than half of the log chits have no payee (18/33). TAO No.

Babylonian Date

ISAP

Julian Date

Scribe

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 2. Day + Month, archaic alef 1. A114.3

2546 = JA270

17 Mar­cheshvan —— archaic alef db

Adarel/Idriel

Uzayzu

log: half

Group 3. Day + Month 2. A3.31 A15.14 3. A2.25 A24.5 4. A61.3

1061 = L61 = IM91.16.20 2513 = JA231 1753 = IA12421 = Zd30

19 Kislev

——

EE

——

logs: 9

db 25 Kislev

Zabdi o ss Qoṣi

——

FF

——

de 6 Tebeth

Ubaydu o ss Gir

logs: 6 beam: 1

——

Ḥayyan

——

logs: 2

db

xxxvi

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 1.  The Dossier of Logs (‫)גזירן‬ (no year date) 35 entries

TAO No.  5. A3.32 A35.7  6. A2.28 A19.9  7. A5.13 A70.3

Babylonian Date

ISAP 1494 = AL139 = M206 2591 = JA325

1 Shebat

2551 = JA276

30 Shebat

Julian Date ——

Scribe EE

db 13 Shebat

—— db ——

EE

db

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Ḥazira o h Qoṣi

——

log: 1

Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru o ss Guru Qosaz o h Yeh(o)kal

t h Y--n

log: 1

——

log: 1

Baaladar/ Baalider

Qoskahel

log: 1

Ab(i)yatha

log: 1

Group 4. Day Only  8. A9.20 A174.1  9. A92.1 10. A173.1 11. A79.4

405 = IA11355

27

550 = FCO13 1911 = EN120 = JA232 1864 = EN66 = BLMJ700

21

——

GG

db de

27

—— ——

GG

Baalḥanan

bringing in of Zayd[i] Qosr(i)m

——

GG

Ḥatamu

Qosnaqam

log: 1

log: 1

db 27 db

Group 6. No Date, Payer and Payee 12. A34.6

1928 = EN137 = JA37 13. 251 A300.4.35 = IA11795 14. 2430 A26.3 = JA141 15. 1512 A10.27 = M225 = AL182 16. 1933 A253.1 = EN142 17. 1285 A141.2 = JA100 = AL251 = J61 18. 760 A86.4 = YR116 19. 1375 A209.1 = M78 = AL226 20. 1461 A212.1 = M173 = AL193 21. 1711 A130.1 = ChM11 >EYH1 = JA15

——

——

Ḥori

Ḥaggai

log: 1

——

[PN]

log: 1

——

Qosyahab

Naṣ(i)r[u] b h [PN] Udaydu/ru

——

Qosab

Saadel

from Makkedah logs: 3 log: half

——

Šaḥar

Badan

log: 1

Nah(a)ru

Qoslanṣur

logs: 3

——

Annui

[A]bdi

log: 1

——

Natanqos

[PN]

brought log: 1

——

Saadaniqos

—— b h El◦ʿ[. . .]

log: 1

——

Dallui

Qosaz

log: 1

nd —— ——

nd nd

—— nd ——

nd

——

——

HH

nd ——

nd

—— nd —— nd —— nd

xxxvii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 1.  The Dossier of Logs (‫)גזירן‬ (no year date) 35 entries TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

21a A112.2 22. A9.30 A44.6

1773 =JAS531 74 = JA433

——

23. A290.4.8

1116 = L116 = IM91.16.50

——

Julian Date nd

——

Scribe

Payer

Payee

Commodity

——

Abdqo[s]

Bašan

log: 1

——

1. Qosyad 2. Qoskahel

1. Abid/Ubayd 2. him (=Abid/Ubayd)

1.  log: 1 2.  (log:) 1

——

[. . .]◦ʾ

Ḥubaytu

lo[gs]: 2

nd nd

Group 7. No Date, Payer Only 24. A190.1 25. A2.41 A11.20 26. A19.10 27. A2.47 28. A217.1 29. A28.8 30. A237.1 31. A16.12 32. A115.1 33. A18.10

1662 = OG28 = LW22 1405 = M111 = Naveh603 = AL188 1090 = L90 = IM91.16.106 1178 = L178 = IM91.16.34 1141 = L141 = IM91.16.157 1343 = M44 = AL323 1352 = M53 = AL357 1741 = IA12411 = Zd18 487 = IA11370 1434 = M144 = EN155 = AL227

——

——

FF

Ḥayru and companion

——

logs: 4

——

FF

Qosmalak o ss Gir

——

logs: 2

——

HH

Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru

——

log: 1

nd —— nd —— nd ——

——

[PN] o ss Guru ——

logs: 3

nd ——

——

HH

[A]d(a)ran

——

log: 1

——

HH

Zaydu/Ziyadu

——

log: 1

Qoshud

——

log: 1

nd —— nd ——

—— nd

——

——

HH

Q[o]sḥanan

——

log: 1

——

HH

Azbaal

——

log: 1

Ḥal(a)fan

——

logs: 2 bundle: 1

——

to be unloaded at Makkedah 1.  logs: 2; Qosyinqom 2.  logs: 2

nd ——

nd

——

—— nd

Group 11. Payment Order 34. B3.2

915 = JA480

——

——

nd

——

xxxviii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 1a.  Log Transactions by Month

The table and Figure 1 below chart log transactions by month. Unlike oil, which had transactions throughout the year, log transactions occurred only during four months (Marcheshvan through Shebat), while the remaining months had no transactions at all. The month of Kislev had the largest transactions, with six and nine logs respectively, while Shebat had the most transactions (3) but with only one log each. Perhaps logs only occur in these four months because agricultural production slowed during the winter season, allowing economic transactions to shift toward wood products. The numbers in parentheses, e.g., (1), (5), etc., refer to the numbers of the chits in column 1 of Table 1. Note that No. 35 in Table 1 has not been included below because it is a payment order and not a commodity chit.

Month

No. 1 Half a Log

No. 2 1 Log

No.3 2 Logs

No.4 3 Logs

No. 5 4 Logs

No. 6 6 Logs

No. 7 9 Logs

Number of Uncertain Transactions

Total Amount of Logs

Nisan Iyyar Sivan Tammuz Ab Elul Tishri Marcheshvan × (1) Kislev

× (3)

Tebeth

× (2)

× (4)

Shebat

1

0.5

2

15

1

2

× (5) × (6) × (7)

3

3

× (8) × (9) × (10) × (11)

4

4

22

34.5

33

59

Adar Adar II Day Only

Undated

Total

× (16)

× (12) × (13) × (16) × (18) × (19) × (20) × (21) × (26) × (28) × (29) × (30) × (31) × (32)

× (22) × (23) × (25) × (33)

2

20

5

× (14) × (17) × (27)

3

× (24)

1

1

1

0

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Figure 1. Logs by Month 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

No. of Trans.

Figure 1

Total Amount

xxxix

xl

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 2.  The Dossier of grgrn (‫)גרגרן‬ (362–342) 26 chits

No. TAO. No.

ISAP

Scribe

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), table number cross-reference (e.g., II 8.25), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 5). 1. 1–5. full date (4 db, 1 de), 6/5 payers, 2/5 payees, 2/5 agents. 3. 6–9. day+month (4 db), 5/4 payers, 0/4 payees. 6 .10–13. nd, 5/4 payers, 5/5 payees. 7. 14–26 nd, 13/13 payers, 0/13 payees, 1/13 agents. Thirteen chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 1–3, 6, 10, 14, 16–21, 23), five chits appeared in TAO volume 2 (Nos. 8, 11, 15, 22, 26), and eight chits appear in this volume (Nos. 4–5, 7, 9, 12–13, 24–25). The number of grgrn conveyed appears in a broad range between 2 and 60, embracing thirteen different amounts between these two numbers. Five amounts occur more than once: 10 (Nos. 2–3, 15, 25), 20 (Nos. 5, 12, 20), 14 (Nos. 1, 10), 15 (Nos. 4, 17), and 27 (Nos. 11, 23). Eleven occur once each: 2 (No. 12),7 (No. 26), 9 (No. 13), 16 (No. 18), 22 (No. 14), 25 (No. 22), 30 (No. 21), 36 (No. 16) 50 (No. 7), 53 (No. 6), and 60 (No. 8). Neither the same payer nor the same payee appears in more than one chit. Several chits record additional items—grain (Nos. 2, 8), unknown numbered items (Nos. 3, 9), and the three wooden items that argue for identifying grgrn as such ( joists, a load, and a beam [Nos. 14, 19, 20]). One is sourced from Makkedah (No. 16), and one concludes with the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬No. 7), found elsewhere only in late chits (see A230.1). Only a fifth are fully dated (Nos. 1–5), and fewer than that are partially dated (Nos. 6–9). Transactions take place in only six months of the year, with one or two transactions each month—Nisan (2 [Nos. 3, 6]), Iyyar or Ab (1 [No. 8]), Tammuz (1 [No. 7]), Tishri (2 [Nos. 4–5]), Marcheshvan (2 [Nos. 1–2]), and Shebat (1 [No. 9]). At least one but perhaps up to three of the fully dated chits has no payee (Nos. 3–5), and no partially dated chit has a payee (Nos. 6–8). Of the nondated chits, four have payees (Nos. 10–13), and thirteen do not (Nos. 14–26), including a chit with payer and no payee that has an agent (No. 14). Thus, more than half of the chits for grgrn have no payee. Where did the product go? Babylonian Date

Julian Date

30 Marcheshvan, [43 Arta­ xerxes II]

18 Nov, 362

Zabdi

29 Nov, 361

1. Zabdiel 1. Samitu (convex) 2. Abdadah (concave) Abenašu —— o ss Baalrim PN ——? b h [. . .]el

Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 1. Full Date  1. A7.44 A15.7

1822 =EN22

 2. A8.14 A32.2

813 =IA12196 =GCh13

 3. A1.28 A127.1  4. A290.1.9

809 =IA12192 =GCh9 2426 =JA137

 5. A290.1.15

1616 =SM15 =AL132

 6. A1.46 A30.4  7. A230.1

1945 =EN163

8 Nisan

51 =Rockefeller Shod 1? 1056 =L56 =IM91.16.100 1369 =EN157 =M70 =AL142

8 Tammuz

1468 =M180 =AL229

____

 8. A15.13 A170.1  9. A143.2

10. A8.11 A25.10

Baalghayr

grgrn: 14

de

23 Marcheshvan, 44 [Artaxerxes II]

db 8 Nisan, 7 13 Apr, [Artaxerxes III] 352 db 2 Tishri, 15 2 Oct, [Artaxerxes III] 344 db x Tishri, —— [Qos]yada year y db Group 3. Day + Month

——? bh [Q]osmalak

grgrn: 15 grgrn: 20

Qosani o ss —— Baalr(i)m

grgrn: 53

(late)

Paqqos

——

grgrn: 50 lšḥln

——

1. Zabdi 2. Baadu

——

1.  grgrn: 60 2.  wheat: 3 seahs

——

Abda

——

grgrn: x y: 4

Samitu

grgrn: 14

db db 29 Shebat

grgrn: 10 x: 13

—— db

17 Ab/Iyyar

1.  g[rgrn]: 10 2.  barley: 2 seahs; resh: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

db Group 6. No Date, Payer and Payee —— nd

Laadiel

xli

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number

No. TAO. No. 11. A19.14 12. A116.2 13. A300.4.29

ISAP 234 =EN156 =IA11801 1340 =M41 =AL228 2530 =JA253

Babylonian Date —— nd —— ——

616 =Naveh81

——

15. A46.5

——

24. A300.4.2

1577 =M293 =AL230 1429 =M137+140 =AL225 1870 =JA360 =EN76 1739 =IA12418 =Zd16 1740 =IA12416 =Zd17 202 =EN67 =IA11823 1712 =ChM12 >EYH1 =JA516 1153 =L153 =IM91.16.200 1984 =LW14 =W1′ 2581 =JA314

25. A90.4

2527 =JA250

——

26. A34.7 27. A300.5.28

2485 =JA201 1756 =IA12425 =Zd33

——

22. A26.7 23. A9.32

—— nd

14. 4.13 A3.33 A41.7

16. A9.33 A12.20 17. A4.33 A200.1 18. A1.45 A16.8 19.- II.8.25 A2.42 A136.1 20. A2.26 A24.6 21. A5.14 A40.7

Julian Date ——

Scribe

Table 2.  The Dossier of grgrn (‫)גרגרן‬ (362–342) 26 chits Payer Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru 1. Ammiyatha 2. [PN] ⟨PN⟩

—— nd Group 7. No Date, Payer Only

Commodity

Payee Malku

grgrn: 27

1. [PN] 2. [PN]

1.  grgrn: 20 2.  grgrn: 2

ʿk[. . .]

which he brought grgrn: 9

——

Zabdu o ss Qoṣi

—— bh Qosḥanan

grgrn: 22 joists: 2

——

Rahnu

——

grgrn: 10

——

Zubaydu/ Zabidu s Qoskahel Yaddu o h Al(i)baal

——

from Makkedah grgrn: 36

——

grgrn:15

——

Qosḥanan o —— h Baalr(i)m

grgrn: 16

——

Ḥalfu o ss Gur

——

grgrn: 1 load

——

Ubaydu o ss Gir

——

grgrn: 20; beam: 1

——

Qosghayr o ss Yehokal

——

grgrn: 30

——

Qosyahab/ Qosr(i)m

——

g[r]grn: 25

——

Qoskahel

——

grgrn: 27

——

Zab[. . .]

——

which brought grgrn: 10[+?]

nd

nd —— nd ——

—— nd

—— nd —— nd —— nd —— nd —— nd —— nd —— nd

——

JJ

Šammu

——

which brought Šammu who is from Makkedah: grgrn:10

——

JJ

Ḥori

——

——

——

which brought grgrn: 7 [gr]grn: x

nd

——

nd

——

xlii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 2a.  Grgrn Transactions by Month

The table and graph below chart grgrn transactions by month. Transactions occur in only six months of the year: Nisan, Iyyar (?), Tammuz, Ab (?), Tishri, Marcheshvan, and Shebat. (One chit has a partially legible date that could be either Iyyar or Ab.) Nisan, Tishri, and Marcheshvan have two transactions each, while the other months have but one. The largest number of grgrn was delivered in Nisan and Iyyar/Ab, while the smallest was also delivered in Nisan. Seven months—Iyyar/Ab, Sivan, Elul, Kislev, Tebeth, Adar and Adar II - have no transactions at all. The numbers in brackets refer to the number of products transacted in the chit, and the numbers in parentheses, e.g., (12), (13), etc., refer to the numbers of the chits in column 1 of Table 2.

Month Nisan Iyyar Sivan Tammuz

No. 1 1–10 × [10] (3)

Ab Elul Tishri Marcheshvan × [10] (2) Kislev Tebeth Shebat Adar Adar II Undated × [2] (12) × [9] (13) × [10] (15) × [1] (19) × [10] (24) × [10] (25) x [7] (26) Total 9

No. 2 11–20

No.3 21–30

No.4 31–40

No. 5 41–50

No. 6 51–60 Uncertain × [53] (6) × [60] (8?)

× [50] (7) × [60] (8?) × [15] (4) × [20] (5) × [14] (1)

× [x] (9)

× [14] (10) × [20] (12) × [15] (17) × [16] (18) × [20] (20) 8

× [27] (11) × [36] (16) × [22] (14) × [30] (21) × [25] (22) × [27] (23) 5

1

1

3

1

Total Number of Amount of Transactions grgrn 2 63 1 60(?) 1

50

1

60(?)

2

35

2

24

1

x

18

318

28

533

Figure 2. Grgrn by Month

Figure 2

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Total Amount

xliii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 3. The Dossier of Joists (‫)מרישן‬ (357–355) 17 entries (16 chits)

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), table number cross reference (e.g., 7.17), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 5). 1: 1–8. full date (1 db, 7 de), 8/8 payers, 1/8 payees, 1/8 agents; 3: 9–10. day + month (2 de), 2/2 payers, 0/2 payees, 0/2 agents; 6: 11–13. nd, 3/3 payers, 2/3 payees, 1/3 agents; 7: 14–16. nd, 3/3 payers, 0/3 payees; 10: 17. accounts (1 de). Nine chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 3, 6–8, 10–13, 15), three chits appeared in TAO volume 2 (Nos. 1–2, 5), four chits appear in this volume (Nos. 4, 9, 14, 16), and one non-chit ostracon will appear in a coming volume (17). The number of joists appears in a small range, between 1 and 4, embracing five different amounts between these two numbers: 1 (Nos. 2, 4–10 [8×]), 2 (Nos. 3, 13, 15 [3×]), 3 (Nos. 1, 12, 16 [3×]), 1.5 (No. 14), and 4 (No. 11). The joist must have had a fixed size if one could record a half (No. 14). Four entries in an accounts list give one joist each (No. 17). In two chits, joists appear as a second item, the first being bundles and grgrn respectively (Nos. 8, 13). Two chits are written by the same payer, albeit by two different scribes: Ḥal(a)fan of the sons of Qoṣi, in both a dated and an undated chit (Nos. 10–11). Alone among the four wood objects, the numbers are always written out as words and not as ciphers, with but two exceptions (Nos. 13, 16). Half of the chits are fully dated (Nos. 1–8), and two more are partially dated (Nos. 9–10). Transactions take place in seven months of the year, usually with a single transaction per month—Tammuz (No. 6), Elul (No. 1), Kislev (No. 2), Shebat (No. 8), and Adar (No. 9)—and twice with two transactions per month—Sivan (Nos. 4–5) and Ab (Nos. 7, 10). Once the month is cut off (No. 3). While only one of the eight fully dated chits has a payee, as well as an agent (No. 8), and neither of the two partially dated chits has a payee, two of the six non-dated chits do have a payee (Nos. 11–12), and one has an agent but no payee (No. 13). Thus, the large majority of the chits for joists have no payee. Where did the products go? Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 1.  Full Date  1. A38.1

767 = YR73

25 Elul, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

  2.

42 = GB?

26 Kislev, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

  3.

713 = YR40

[x of y], 2 [Artaxerxes III]

 4. A60.1

81 = Bn > EyH? = JA440

15 Sivan, 4 [Artaxerxes III]

  5.

1708 = ChM8 > EyH1 = JA512

15 Sivan, 4 [Artaxerxes III]

A32.3 A6.23 A29.3

A23.2   6.

A2.5 A64.2   7. A1.11 A55.2   8.-II6.8 A8.31 A145.2

de de

19 Sep, 357

Udayd/ru

——

joists: 3

19 Dec, 357

Zabdiel

——

joist: 1

Uzayzu o ss [PN]

——

joists: 2

31 Mar, 357 - 18 de Apr, 356 21 June, 355

KK

Zabdibaal

——

joist: 1

21 June, 355

KK

Malku

——

joist: 1

Abdṣidq o ss Gur

——

joist: 1

Qosyatha o ss Baarim

——

joist: 1

Abdmi[l]k

Qosnaqam [s] bundles: [2] Samitu [joist]: 1 b h [. . .]w

de

de 1008 2 Tammuz, 4 7 July, = L8 [Artaxerxes III] 355 = IM91.16.197 de 2499 = JA216

14 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III]

1269 = JA278 =J44 = AL100

24 Shebat, [y]

de

18 Aug, 355

KK

—— db

Group 3. Day + Month  9. A186.1

10. A3.30 A18.2

2506 = JA224 1660 = OG?26 = LW4

23 Adar

de

29 Ab

—— ——

de

KK

Ḥabšabu

——

joist: 1

Ḥal(a)fan o ss Qoṣi

——

joist: 1

xliv

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 3. The Dossier of Joists (‫)מרישן‬ (357–355) 17 entries (16 chits) Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 6. No Date, Payer and Payee 11. A3.29 A18.3

1257 = AL150 = J23 777 = YR109

——

——

Ḥal(a)fan o ss Qoṣi

Šallum

joists (‫)משישן‬: 4

——

Qos[i]

Qos[. . .]

j[oists]: 3

——

Zabdu o ss Qoṣi

—— b h Qosḥanan

grgrn: 22 joists: 2

Wahabil

——

joists: 1.5

nd

12. A6.7 13.- 2.12 616 = Naveh81 A3.33 A41.7

——

14. A76.4

1440 = M152 =AL208 = Naveh614

——

15. A4.35 A113.3

1982 = LW5 = W4′

——

16. A188.1

1985 = LW19 = W3′

——

nd

—— nd

Group 7. No Date, Payer only —— nd ——

LL

Adarbaal/ Idribaal f ss Al(i)baal

——

joists: 2

——

LL

Ḥazi f [. . .]

——

joists: 3 [?]

——

1. Qoshada  joist:1 2. Naqd/ru: 1 3. Bayyun: 1 4. Malku: 1

nd

nd

Group 10. Accounts 17. C7.3

61 = ZdIV > EyH? = JA422

ca. 355

28 Ab

de

——

xlv

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 3a. Joist Transactions by Month

This table and Figure 3 below chart joist transactions by month. Similar to grgrn, transactions of joists occurred in only seven months of the year–—Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Kislev, Shebat, and Adar. They did not take place in Nisan, Iyyar, Tishri, and Marcheshvan (four months that saw grgrn transactions), nor in Tebeth or Adar II. All but two of the dated transactions were for a single joist each. The six undated transactions varied between 1.5 and 4 joists. Sivan and Ab were the only months with multiple transactions, two in each. (Note that No. 17 in the table has been left out of Figure 3 because it is not a commodity chit.) The numbers in parentheses, e.g., (12), (13), etc., refer to the numbers of the chits in column 1 of Table 3. Month Nisan Iyyar Sivan

Tammuz Ab

No. 1 1 Joists

No. 2 1.5 Joists

No.3 2 Joists

Number of Transactions

Total Amount of Joists

No. 5 4 Joists

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

3

× (2)

1

1

× (8) × (9)

1

1

1

1

Uncertain

× (4) × (5) × (6) × (7) × (10)

Elul Tishri Marcheshvan Kislev

No.4 3 Joists

× (1)

Tebeth Shebat

Adar Adar II Year only

Figure 3

Undated Total

× (14) 8

1

× (3) × (13) × (15)

× (12) × (16)

× (11)

3

3

1

Figure 3. Joists by Month 3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

Total Amount

0

1

2

6

15.5

16

28.5

xlvi

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 4. The Dossier of Beams (‫)שרי‬ (no year date) 10 chits

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian date

Julian Date

Scribe

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3 etc.), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 5). 2.  1. day + month, archaic alef, (db) 1/1payer, 0/1 payee; 3.  2–4. day+month (1 db, 2 de), 3/3 payers, 0/3 payees, 1/3 agents; 4.  5. day only (de), 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee; 6.  6. nd, 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee; 7.  7–10. nd, 5/4 payers, 0/4 payees. Seven chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 1, 3–5, 7–9), zero chits appeared in TAO volume 2, three chits appear in this volume (Nos. 2, 6, 10), and zero chits will appear in a coming volume. Eight of the ten chits convey only one beam each (Nos. 1–4, 6–9). The readings in the other two chits are most problematic; one has the numeral 3 at a distance from its noun ‫( שרי‬No. 10), and the other has a word that may be read ‫“( תמונה‬eight”), which would assume that the preceding ‫ שרי‬is a collective (No. 5). In a partially dated chit with archaic alef, the beam is defined as “olive wood” (No. 1). Two chits record a second wooden product: one has 6 logs (No. 4) and the other 20 grgrn (No. 9), both of which are paid by the only payer that appears more than once in this dossier (Ubaydu of the sons of Gir). None of the chits has a full date. Five are partially dated: four with day and month (Nos. 1–4), one of which has an archaic alef (No. 1), and one with day only (No. 5). Transactions take place in only four months, with one transaction each month—Nisan, Ab, Tishri, and Kislev (Nos. 1–4). Only two of the ten chits for beams have payees, one in the partially dated group (No. 5) and one in the non-dated group (No. 6), and only one has an agent (No. 2). Thus, the overwhelming majority of chits for beams have no payee. Where did the products go? Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 2.  Day + Month, archaic alef  1. A2.19 A47.5

2542 = JA266

5 Tishri —— archaic alef db

Zabdadah o ss Gur

——

olive wood beam: 1

—— b h [. . .]

beam: 1

KK Zubayd/Zebid o ss Baarim

——

beam: 1

Ubaydu o ss Gir

——

logs: 6 beam: 1

i h Qoṣi

beam(s): 8

Group 3.  Day + Month  2. A290.2.1  3. A1.12 A77.1  4. A2.25 A24.5

1732 [x Ni]san —— = IA12404 = Zd9 db 1880 28 Ab —— = EN86 = BLMJ688 de 2513 25 Kislev —— = JA231 de

[PN]

Group 4.  Day Only  5. A3.1 A32.6

778 = YR10

20

——

Zabdiel

de

Group 6.  No Date, Payer and Payee  6. A65.3

1477 = M189 = AL163

——

——

Ubayd/Abid

Ammu

beam: 1

——

beam

nd

Group 7.  No Date, Payer Only  7. A8.44  8. A3.35 A69.5 A131.2

300 = IA11761 1957 = EN177 = JA42

——

 9. A2.26 A24.6

202 = EN67 = IA11823

——

10. A290.4.3

1363 = M64 = AL39

——

nd

——

——

Samitu

——

Qosnatan (and) —— Dalael s Ḥawlaf o h Qoṣi

beam: 1

——

Ubaydu o ss Gir

——

grgrn: 20 beam: 1

——

Natan[. . .]

?

beam(s): 3 (?)

nd

nd nd

xlvii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 4a.  Beam Transactions by Month

The table and graph below chart beam transactions by month. The smallest wood dossier, with only ten chits, also has the fewest months in which there were transactions, only four (like logs): Nisan, Ab, Tishri, and Kislev, with but one transaction each and for only one beam each, as well. The remaining nine months—Iyyar, Sivan, Tammuz, Elul, Marcheshvan, Tebeth, Shebat, Adar, and Adar II—have no beam transactions at all. While the largest number of joists (4) is completely undated, the largest number of beams (8) is dated only by day. The numbers in parentheses, e.g., (2), (3), etc., refer to the numbers of the chits in column 1 of Table 4.

Month

Nisan Iyyar Sivan Tammuz Ab

No. 1 1 Beam

No. 2 2 Beams

No.3 3 Beams

No.4 4 Beams

No. 5 5 Beams

No. 6 6 Beams

No. 7 7 Beams

No. 8 8 Beams

Uncertain

Number Total of Trans- Amount actions of Beams

× (2)

1

1

× (3)

1

1

× (1)

1

1

× (4)

1

1

1 5

7

10

19

Elul Tishri

Marcheshvan Kislev

Tebeth Shebat Adar Adar II Day only

Undated Total

× (5) × (6) × (8) × (9) 7

× (10) 0

1

× (7) 0

0

0

0

1

1

8

Figure 4. Beams by Month 1

Figure 4

0

Total Amount

xlviii

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 5. Master Chart for Wood Products

This is the master chart for Tables 1–4. It divides the documents according to twelve groups on the basis of dates and persons: 1–4 with dates and 5–9 without dates (No. 9: no persons). Furthermore, there are three additional groups that are not commodity chits (groups 10–12). The division follows a pattern set forth in TAO vol. 2, Table 9. (The maximum division is present only in Table 6 of vol. 2.). Groups 5, 8, and 9 are absent from all four tables. Group 1 is absent from tables 1 and 4, while group 2 is absent from tables 2 and 3. The same is true of group 4, which is absent from tables 2 and 3. Groups 3, 6, and 7 appear in all four tables. The numeration of the groups reflects the omission of the absent groups.

Format 1A.  Full date (day, month, year)   a. ——   b.  6 payers, 2 payees, 2 agents   c.  8 payers, 1 payee, 1 agent   d. —— 1B.  Semi-full date (month, year)   a. ——   b. ——   c. ——   d. —— 1C.  Minimal date (year only)   a. ——   b. ——   c. ——   d. —— 2. Day, month (archaic alef)   a.  1 payer, 1 payee, archaic alef   b. ——   c. ——   d.  1 payer, 0 payees, archaic alef 3. Day, month   a.  6 payers, 1 payees   b.  5 payers, 0 payees   c.  2 payers, 0 payees   d.  3 payers. 0 payees, 1 agent 4. Day only   a.  4 payers, 3 payees   b. ——   c. ——   d.  1 payer, 1 payee 5. No date (archaic alef)   a. ——   b. ——   c. ——   d. —— 6. No date (Payer and Payee)   a.  14 payers, 12 payees, 2 agents.   b.  5 payers, 5 payees   c.  3 payers, 2 payees, 1 agent   d.  1 payer, 1 payee 7. No date (Payer only)   a.  11 payers   b.  13 payers   c.  3 payers   d.  5 payers 8. No date (Payee only)   a. ——   b. ——   c. ——   d. ——

Table 1 a.  Logs

Table 2 b.  grgrn

Table 3 c. Joists

Table 4 d. Beams

Total 34

Total 26

Total 17

Total 10

0 ——

5 (1–5) 19%

8 (1–8) 47%

0 ——

1 (1) 3%

0 ——

0 ——

1 (1) 10%

6 (2–7) 18%

4 (6–9) 15%

2 (9–10) 12%

3 (2–4) 30%

4 (8–11) 12%

0 ——

0 ——

1 (5) 10%

Total 33% 0 ——

Total 34% 0 ——

Total 59% 0 ——

Total 50% 0 ——

12 (12–23) 35%

4 (10–13) 15%

3 (11–13) 18%

1 (6) 10%

10 (24–33) 29%

13 (14–26) 50%

3 (14–16) 18%

4 (7–10) 40%

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

xlix

Tables 1–5: Four Dossiers of Wood Products Measured by Number Table 5. Master Chart for Wood Products

Format

Table 1 a.  Logs

Table 2 b.  grgrn

Table 3 c. Joists

Table 4 d. Beams

Total 34

Total 26

Total 17

Total 10

  9.  No date (Commodity only)   a. ——   b. ——   c. ——   d. ——

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

Total 64%

Total 65%

Total 36%

Total 50%

10. Accounts

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

11.  Payment orders

1 (34) 3% 0 ——

0 ——

1 (17) 6% 0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

0 ——

12. Uncertain

Total 3%

0 ——

Total 6%

Figure 5. Comparing the Distribution of 4 Wood Products in 12 Formats 50%

40%

Figure 5

30%

20%

10%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

FORMAT Logs

Grgrn

Joists

Beams

9

10

11

12

l

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity (75 Entries) Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫ )משח‬ Table 7. The Dossier of Wine (‫ )חמר‬ Table 8. Master Chart for Liquid Products

67 (61chits) 8 (7 chits)

Legend for Tables db = date at the beginning; de = date at the end; nd = no date; s =son of; o ss = of the sons of; f ss = from sons of; o h = of the house of; f h = from the house of; b h = by the hand of; i h = in the hand of; t h = to the hand of; sc = scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits) Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 8). 1A: 1–22. full date (18 db, 3 de, 1 db/de), 23/22 payers, 5/22 payees, 6/22 agents; 1C: 23–24. year only (2 dm), 2/2 payers, 0/2 payees; 0/2 agents; 3: 25–37. day + month (11 db, 1 de, 1 dm), 13/13 payers, 3/13 payees, 5/13 agents; 4: 38. day only (1 db), 1/1 payer, 0/1 payee, 0/1 agent; 6: 39–45. nd, 7/7 payers, 7/7 payees, 0/7 agents; 7: 46–59. nd, 14/14 payers, 0/14 payees, 0/14 agents; 8: 60. nd, 0/1 payer, 1/1 payee, 0/1 agent; 9: 61. nd, 0/1 payer, 0/1 payee, 0/1 agent; 10: 62–65. accounts (3 db, 2 nd); 11: 66. payment orders (1 db); 12. 67. letter (nd). Twenty-two chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 1, 5–6, 10–11, 14, 16, 23–24, 31, 35, 39–44, 46, 48, 50–51, 60), eighteen chits appeared in TAO volume 2 (Nos. 2, 7, 9, 15, 18, 20–21, 25–28, 32, 33, 37–38, 47, 52, 56), twenty-one chits appear in this volume (Nos. 3–4, 8, 12–13, 17, 19, 22, 29–30, 34, 36, 45, 49, 53–55, 57–59, 61), and six will appear in a coming volume (62–67). Oil is the most fluid of commodities. It may be measured by five different measures: seah, qab, half, quarter, and eighth (1 seah = 6 qabs, and the qab may be subdivided into half a qab [‫ פלג קב‬or simply ‫]פ‬, a quarter [‫]ר‬, or an eighth [‫)]ת‬. Even the smallest measure, one-eighth, may be conveyed (No. 10). This would be 1/48 of a seah. As we have determined, the seah equals ca. 8 liters (TAO vol. 1, xxiii), so that 1/8 qab = 160 milliliters. The amounts conveyed were almost as diverse as the number of chits, with some thirteen numbers appearing more than once—1 qab (Nos. 23, 33, 37); 3 qabs (Nos. 41, 53); 4.75 qabs (Nos. 21, 43); 1 seah (Nos. 34, 61); 1 seah, 1.5 qabs (Nos. 5, 48); 1 seah, 3 qabs (Nos. 2, 26–27); 2 seahs (Nos. 31, 51, 56); 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs (Nos. 44, 57); 3 seahs (Nos. 7, 13, 17); 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs (Nos. 8, 58b); 4 seahs, 3 qabs (Nos. 4, 14); 5 seahs (Nos. 19, 39); and 13 seahs (Nos. 49, 59). In general, the smaller the quantity of oil, the larger the number of chits—qabs only: 13 chits; 1+ seah: 15 chits; 2+ seahs: 7 chits; 3+ seahs: 7 chits; 4+ seahs: 3 chits; 5+ seahs: 4 chits; 7+ seahs: 2 chits; and 10+ seahs: 3 chits. More than two dozen persons paid small amounts (between 1/8 qab and 1 seah, 4.5 qabs), and fewer than a handful paid large amounts (between 5 seahs and 13 seahs; see Table 6a). Fifteen chits report quantities of three measures (Nos. 3, 5–6, 8, 20, 25, 30, 35–36, 40, 42, 44, 48, 57, and 58), and one even has four measures—1 seah, 1 qab, one-quarter, one-eighth (= 1.23 seahs [No. 60]). Some fourteen persons appear in more than one chit, sometimes in different capacities. Saadel appears in four undated chits as payee (Nos. 41–44). Samitu appears twice as payee and once as payer (Nos. 1, 39; 35), while Ḥal(a)fan appears twice as agent and once as payer (Nos. 18, 20; 52). Natanbaal appears thrice as agent (Nos. 21, 33–34), while Ḥal(a)fat appears thrice as payer (Nos. 6, 10, 48). Baalghayr appears once as payer (No. 51) and once as payee (No. 31) while Udayd/ru appears thrice as payer (Nos. 18, 28, 38). Finally, Qosyad, Saadi, Al(i)qos, Qosmalak, Awi, Qanael, and Zubaydu/Zabidu appear twice each as payer (Nos. 25, 44; 4, 12; 7, 9; 11, 14; 5, 36; 31, 57; 34, 47). More than a dozen chits add special notations, such as (1) from the oil of PN (Marṣ[aat], Amru, Qosyinqom, Qosṣur, Ḥayyan, land of Nadabqos, and four unknowns [Nos. 1–2, 9, 13, 17, 19, 29, 32, 33, 36–37]); (2) the product of Samaku (No. 7); (3) from the oil of the purchase and from his purchase (Nos. 35, 39); and (4) [from] Makkedah (No. 45). A couple chits add signatories—Qoṣi, Qosqam, and Qosnatan(?) (Nos. 15, 26, 41–42). With one problematic exception (No.1), all the chits are exclusively for oil; no second product is included. Most striking is the fact that six chits were written by a single scribe in lapidary script (Nos. 43–44, 47, 58, 60–61). A large percentage of the chits are dated, almost two-thirds. Twenty-two chits are fully dated (Nos. 1–22), two have only a year date (Nos. 23–24), thirteen have day and month (Nos. 25–37), and one has simply a day (No. 38). Interestingly, there is almost half the percentage of payees among the dated chits than among the undated chits—18% vis-à-vis 36% (7/38 vis-à-vis 8/22 [Nos. 39–61]). Stated differently, just a quarter of the chits have payees (15/61). On top of all this, there is a chit with no payer and only a payee, and even one chit with neither payer nor payee (Nos. 60–61). Why were more than half of the chits dated but the rest not? Why did so few chits have payees? What function was served by those chits without payees? Most enigmatic is the fact that eleven chits have agents (Nos. 1, 9, 17–18, 20–21, 26, 31, 33–34, 37 [18%]), but only two of these eleven have payees (Nos. 1, 31). To whom did those nine other agents deliver the oil?

li

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits) Payer

Payee

Commodity

Group 1A.  Full Date  1. A8.17 A124.1  2. A29.2 A154.1  3. A90.2

257 = IA11748

2 Iyyar, 46 [Artaxerxes II]

229 = IA11779

28 Adar, 46 Arta[xerxes II]

1330 = AL27 = M31 885 = Gch85 = Funahashi15 1877 = EN83 = JA11

2 Nisan, 2[+?] [Artaxerxes III]

1811 = EN11

25 Adar II, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

 9. A14.6

1891 = EN98 = JA222 1065 = L65 = IM91.16.101 531 = Charlesworth4

10. A7.29

1817 = EN17

11. A4.26 A11.6 A25.6 12. A52.3

2419 = JA129

10 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III?] db 8 Shebat, 3 [Artaxerxes III?] de 14 Elul, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db/e 25 Shebat, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db 16 Sivan, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

 4. A52.2  5. A1.6 A85.1 A123.1  6. A7.25 A142.1  7. A14.3  8. A137.1

5 Adar, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

db db db

21 Adar, [2 Artaxerxes III]

Rufayu

9 Apr, 358

Uzayzu —— [s] Qosqam

1 Apr, 357

Šammu

——

1. brought from oil . . . 2. barley: 4 seahs 3. x: 2 qabs brought in from oil of Marṣ[aat]: oil: 1 seah, 3 qabs oil: 1 seah, 2.5 qabs

24 Feb, 356

Saadi

——

oil: 4 seahs, 3 qabs

(12 Mar, 356)

Ra/Awi o ss Baalrim

——

oil: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs

14 Apr, 356

Ḥal (a)fat s Sammuk

——

oil: 2.625 qabs

21 Dec, 356

Al(i)qos s Adri/Idri

t h Abdese ——

brought in the product of Sam(a)ku oil: 3 seahs oil: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs

db db

16 Feb, 355

MM [Yed]ia

1. Samitu b h [PN]

16 Sep, 355

Al(i)qos

—— b h T[. . .]

from the oil of [. . .] oil: x

22 Feb, 354

Ḥal(a)fat

——

oil: 0.125 qabs

8 June, 351

Laadiel and —— Qosmalak

oil: 4 seahs, 4

Saadi

[PN]

oil: 2 seahs, 0.5 qabs

Anael

Aliel

from the o[il of . . .] (?) oil: 3 seahs

Qosmalak o ss Al(i)baal Abdadah s Ghayraḥ

——

oil: 4 seahs, 3 qabs

——

oil: 5 seahs, 1 qab

Qosadar/ ider from the psd/r o ss Ḥori

——

Qoṣi oil: 2 seahs, 3 qabs

db 30 June– 28 July, db 349 6 Kislev, 10[+?] 30 Nov, [Artaxerxes III] 349

14. A4.29a

1538 = M253 = AL61 86 = Bn > EyH? = JA445 580 = GD

5 Tebeth, 10 [Artaxerxes III]

15. A13.12

2522 =JA244

17 Kislev, 13 [Artaxerxes III]

16. A6.3 A17.5

1238 =AL70 =J4

13. A66.2

db

23 May, 359

x Tammuz, 10 [Artaxerxes III]

db db

28 Dec, 349 8 Dec, 346

de 30 Marcheshvan, 9 Dec, 14 [Artaxerxes III] 345 db

NN

lii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No. 17. A69.1

ISAP 1336 = M37 = AL69

18. A38.3

2606 = JA342

19. A167.1

2416 = JA125

20. A48.5 A36.6

1365 = AL56 = M66 = NavehA9 709 = YR41 130 = IA11865

21. A47.2 22. A300.1.58

Babylonian Date 10 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 28 Marcheshvan/ Adar II, 16 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Kislev, 16 [Artaxerxes III] db 27 [Marcheshvan], 7 [Philip] db 21 Tebeth, x 27 Tishri, x

de db

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits) Payer

16 Feb, 344

Qosnatan

16 Nov, 343/ 13 Apr, 342

Udayd/ru

24 Nov, 343

NN Asi

Payee

Commodity

—— b h Pasi

brought in from the cultivated land of Nadabqos oil: 3 seahs —— from ··ʾ b h Ḥal(a)[fan] oil: 1 seah, 1 qab ——

from the oil of Amru oil: 5 seahs

27 Nov, 317

Zaydi s Naum

—— b h Ḥal(a)fan

oil: 10 seahs, 1.5 qabs

——

Zabdadah

oil: 4.75 qabs

——

[PN f] h [PN]

—— b h Natanbaal [Qos]kahel

Salaath s Anwa o ss Guru

——

oil: 1 qab

Qosadar/ ider o ss Al(i)baal

——

oil: 2.5 qabs

——

oil: 1 seah, 4.5 qabs

oil: 1 seah, 3 qabs

oil: 1 seah, x qab

Group 1C.  Minimal Date (Year Only) 23. A2.13 A211.1

114 = IA11886

24. A4.29 A17.4

1702 = JA506 = ChM2 > EYH1

Year 7 [Artaxerxes 6 Apr, III] 352 – 25 Mar, dm 351 Year 7 6 Apr, [Artaxerxes III] 352 – 25 Mar, dm 351

Group 3.  Day + Month 25. A44.1

30. A64.3

875 = Gch75 > EYH1 = JA461 1573 = AL135 = M289 2559 = JA284 46 = Haim Weissman 1040 = L40 = IM91.16.104 1 = JTS1 158970

31. A7.50 A71.4 32. A27.8

1122 = L122 = IM91.16.78 213 = IA11792

26. A16.10 27. A31.7 28. A38.4 29. A290.2.2

8 Shebat

——

MM Qosyad

de 6 Adar II

——

Qosḥanan

—— b h Qos[. . .]

——

Qosrim

——

Udayd/ru

Adar/Idriqos and Ubaydu ——

——

Zayd[. . .]

——

from the oil of Q[. . .] oil: 1 [+?] seah

——

Abdṣidq

——

oil: 1 seah, 2.75 qabs

——

Qanael

Baal[ghay]r b h [PN]

oil: 2 seahs

——

Qosnaqam

——

from the oil of . . .

db 20 Adar II

db

8 Nisan

Qosnatan [?] oil: 1 seah, 3 qabs oil: 4 qabs

db 20 Nisan db 6 Iyyar db 20 Ab dm 21 Ab

db

liii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No. 33. A12.16 34. A76.3 35. A8.42 36. A85.5 A147.2 37. A30.6

ISAP

Babylonian Date

1021 = L21 = IM94.38.47 523 = IA12127 = Feuer2 803 = GChF3 = IA12186 2505 = JA223

6 Marcheshvan

1946 = EN164

13 Kislev

1142 = L142 = IM91.16.160

14

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits)

——

Payer

—— b h Natanbaal

——

Samitu

——

from his purchase oil: 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs

——

Awi/Uzzi

——

from the oil of Qosṣur oil: 7 seahs, 3.5 qabs

——

Qosani s Ab(d)qos

—— b h [PN]

from the oil of Ḥayyan oil: 1 qab

——

oil: x seahs

db

—— b h Natanbaal

db 10 Kislev db db

Commodity

Zubaydu/ Zabidu s Aḥat Wahabil

db 25 Marcheshvan —— 7 Kislev

Payee

from the oil of Qosyinqom oil: 1 qab oil: 1 seah

Group 4.  Day Only 38. A38.5

——

Udayd/ru/ Uwaydu

db

Group 6.  No Date, Payer and Payee 39. A8.28 A99.3 40. A5.3 A21.3 41. A10.23 A251.1 42. A10.24 A108.3 43. A10.25 A129.2 44. A10.26 A44.2 45. A300.4.23

1093 = L93 = Naveh639 = IM94.38.40 1542 = M257 = AL232 866 = Gch66 > EYH1 = JA452 870 = Gch70 > EYH1 = JA456 929 = Gch129 = Zd93 > EYH2? = JA491 546 = FCO9

——

1915 = EN124 = JA28

——

——

Zaydil

Samitu

from the oil of the purchase oil: 5 seahs

——

Maš(i)ku

Qosanṣur

oil: 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs

nd —— nd ——

——

OO

Šaad/rat

Saadel

oil: 3 qabs

——

OO

Nah(a)ri

Saadel

Qosqam oil: 1 seah, 1.25(+?) qabs

——

PP

Dukayru

Saadel

Qosqam oil: 4.75 qabs

——

PP

Qosyad

Saadel

oil: 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs

[. . .]·wy

D/Rael/ D/Reuel

[from] Makkedah oil: [x seahs], 5.5 qabs

Yaatiabu s Yeho[kal]

——

oil: 3 seahs, 2 qabs

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

——

oil: 5(+?) seahs, 3(+?) qabs

nd —— nd ——

nd —— nd —— nd

Group 7.  No Date, Payer Only 46. A5.6 A202.1 47. A12.21

2613 = JA351

——

845 = Gch45 = IA12444

——

—— nd —— nd

PP

liv

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

48. A7.33 49. A255a.1

1832 —— = EN32 536 —— = Charlesworth9

50. A2.40 A156.2 51. A7.59

529 —— = Charlesworth2

56. A14.20 A242.1 57. A71.5 A63.5

817 = GCh17 = IA12200 818 = GCh18 = IA12201 1126 = L126 = IM91.16.107 1656 = OG?22 = LW18 1780 = Zd52 > EYH2 = JA537 1904 = EN113 = JA21 1906 = EN115 = JA22

58. A73.5

2439 = JA151

——

59. A300.5.26

1767 = Zd39 > EYH2 = JA525

——

52. A18.11 53. A300.4.11 54. A81.4 55. A61.5

nd

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits)

Ḥal(a)fat

——

Šamašdan/ —— Šamašiddin

oil: 13(+?) seahs

——

[Sa]adu o [s]s Gur

[o]il: 0.25 qabs

——

Baalghayr

——

oil: 2 seahs

——

Ḥal(a)fan

——

——

Qos[. . .]

——

gave oil: x Qoslanṣur? oil: 3 qabs

——

Laytha

——

oil

——

Ḥanan/ Ḥayyan

——

oil: x

——

Qosluaz s Al(i)qos

——

oil: 2 seahs

——

Qanael/ Ḥanniel s Naqdu/ Naqru 1. —— (convex) 2. Šallum (concave) [PN]

——

oil: 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs

——

1. oil: 1.5 qabs 2. oil: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs

——

oil: 13 [seahs]

Palaqos s Baalrim

oil: 1 seah, 1.375 qabs

——

[o]il: 1 seah

——

oil: 1. Qosbayun: 5 qabs 2. Baalghayr: 5 qabs 3. Ammiqos: 5 qabs

nd

——

nd —— nd ——

Commodity

Payee

——

nd

——

Payer

oil: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs

nd —— nd —— nd —— nd —— nd ——

PP

nd —— nd

Group 8.  No Date, Payee Only 60. A1.5

930 = GCh130 = Zd94

——

——

PP

——

nd

Group 9.  No Date, Commodity Only 61. A300.5.25

765 = YR99

——

nd

——

PP

——

Group 10.  Accounts 62. C5.1

877 = GCh77 > EYH1 = JA463

1 Tebeth

—— db

——

lv

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

63. C5.2

1929 = EN138+180 = JA44

——

64. C5.3

1644 = OG?10

——

65. C5.6

812 = GCh12 = IA12195

1. x Tammuz (convex)

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6. The Dossier of Oil (‫)משה‬ (359–343; 317) 67 entries (61 chits) Payer

Payee

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

1. (1) oil: 3x   (2) wheat: x seahs 2. oil: 5 seahs

——

[PN]

sell/buy oil: 4 qabs

——

——

1. [. . .] · they gave b[. . .] 2. [. . .] good; and if not · [. . .] 3. [. . .] oil: 7.5 seahs

nd

nd

2. Year 10 (concave)

Commodity

db

Silver (for) oil: 1. o ss Qosmalak: 2 shekels 2. Wah(a)bi: 4.391 shekels 3. Laadiel: 2 shekels (total) oil: 7.25 seahs 1. . . .nyʾ upon Ilwahab 2. oil: 4 seahs 3–7. names

db

Group 11.  Payment Orders 66. B3.4

1408 = M114 = AL140

4 Shebat

67. G4.4

2580 = JA313

——

—— db

Group 12.  Letters ——

nd

lvi

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6a. Oil Transactions by Size

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.), table 6 serial number/ISAP number (e.g., 10/1817), TAO No(s) (e.g., A7.29). The table and Figure 6a below chart oil transactions by size. The numeration below reflects a division into groups of amounts, beginning with the smallest amounts of less than one seah (1–13) and proceeding in order of rising amounts, each group defined by a range of one seah (e.g., 1+ seah, 2+ seahs, 3+ seahs, etc.). In general, the smaller the quantity of oil, the larger the number of chits and the larger the percentage of dated chits—qabs only: 13 chits (Nos. 1–13); 1+ seah: 15 chits (Nos. 14–28); 2+ seahs: 7 chits (Nos. 29–35); 3+ seahs: 7 chits (Nos. 36–42); 4+ seahs: 3 chits (Nos. 43–45); 5+ seahs: 4 chits (Nos. 46–49); 7+ seahs: 2 chits (Nos. 50–51); and 10+ seahs: 3 chits (Nos. 52–54). As noted, there is a strong tendency to date oil chits. This table shows the connection between date and amount of oil. Statistically significant figures emerge from the first two groups with 13 and 15 chits, respectively—62% dated in group 1 (8/13) and 73% dated in group 2 (11/15). The remaining groups with fewer than 10 chits each show a mixed picture—groups 3 and 4 have seven chits each, though the former has only 43% dated (3/7) while the latter has 71% dated (5/7). Of the twelve remaining chits wherein oil measures are legible (representing 4+, 5+, 6+, 7+, and 10+ seahs [7/12]), a full 58% are dated. Interestingly, only 50% of the chits in the group with unknown amounts (group 9) are dated (4/8). In sum, just over half the chits (28/54) send small amounts (between 1/8 qab and 1+ seah), and these tend to be dated, as do the fifth of the chits (12/54) that send large amounts (4+ to 10+ seahs [Nos. 43–54]). The smaller the amount, the greater the number of chits; the greater the amount, the fewer the number of chits. No./ISAP Julian Seahs Qabs Half Quarter Eighth TAO Babylonian Date Date ‫סאן‬/‫קבן סאה‬/‫פ קב‬/‫פלג‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ת‬ Source Total

1.  Qabs Only (13 Chits)  1. 10/1817 A7.29  2. 50/529 A2.40 A156.2  3. 23/114 A2.13 A211.1  4. 33/1021 A12.16  5. 37/1946 A30.6  6. 58a/2439 A73.5  7. 24/1702 A4.29 A17.4  8. 6/1811 A7.25 A142.1  9. 41/866 A10.23 A251.1 10. 53/1126 A300.4.11 11. 28/46 A38.4

25 Shebat, 22 Feb, 4 [Artaxerxes III] 354 db —— ——

——

——

——

——

1

——

0.125 qabs

——

——

——

1

——

——

0.25 qabs

——

1

——

——

——

——

1 qab

——

1

——

——

——

Qosyinqom 1 qab

——

——

1

——

——

——

Ḥayyan

1 qab

——

——

1

1

——

——

——

1.5 qabs

——

2

1

——

——

——

2.5 qabs

——

2

——

2

1

——

2.625 qabs

——

——

3

——

——

——

——

3 qabs

——

——

3

——

——

——

——

3 qabs

——

——

4

——

——

——

——

4 qabs

nd Year 7 6 Apr, [Artaxerxes III] 352 – 25 Mar, dm 351 6 Marcheshvan —— db 13 Kislev db ——

nd Year 7 6 Apr, [Artaxerxes III] 352 – 25 Mar, dm 351 25 Adar II, 14 Apr, 2 [Artaxerxes III] 356 db —— nd —— nd 8 Nisan db

lvii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6a. Oil Transactions by Size No./ISAP TAO

Seahs ‫סאן‬/‫סאה‬

Qabs ‫קבן‬/‫קב‬

——

——

4

——

3

——

——

4.75 qabs

——

——

4

——

3

——

——

4.75 qabs

——

1

——

——

——

——

——

1 seah

nd 20 Marcheshvan —— db

1

——

——

——

——

——

1 seah

16 Nov, 343/ 13 Apr, 342 ——

1

1

——

——

——

——

1 seah, 1 qab

1

1

——

1

——

——

1 seah, 1.25 qabs

——

1

1

——

1

1

——

1 seah, 1.375 qabs

(12 Mar, 1 356)

1

1

——

——

——

1 seah, 1.5 qabs

——

1

1

1

——

——

——

1 seah, 1.5 qabs

1

2

——

2

——

——

1 seah, 2.5 qabs

1

2

——

3

——

——

1 seah, 2.75 qabs

9 Apr, 358

1

3

——

——

——

Marṣ[aat]

1 seah, 3 qabs

——

1

3

——

——

——

——

1 seah, 3 qabs

——

1

3

——

——

——

——

1 seah, 3 qabs

——

1

4

1

——

——

——

1 seah, 4.5 qabs

——

1

x

——

——

——

——

1 seah, x qab

Babylonian Date

12. 21/709 A47.2 13. 43/929 A10.25 A129.2

21 Tebeth, x

14. 61/765 A300.5.25 15. 34/523 A76.3 16. 18/2606 A38.3

——

Julian Date

Half ‫פ‬/‫פלג‬

Quarter ‫ר‬

Eighth ‫ת‬

Source

Total

de —— nd

2.  1+ Seah (15 Chits)

17. 42/870 A10.24 A108.3 18. 60/930 A1.5 19. 5/1877 A1.6 A85.1 A123.1 20. 48/1832 A7.33 21. 3/1330 A90.2 22. 30/1 A64.3 23. 2/229 A29.2 A154.1 24. 26/1573 A16.10 25. 27/2559 A31.7 26. 25/875 A44.1 27. 22/130 A300.1.58

28 Marcheshvan/ Adar II, or 16 [Artaxerxes III] db —— nd —— nd 21 Adar, [2 Artaxerxes III] db ——

nd 2 Nisan, 2[+?] 1 Apr, [Artaxerxes III] 357 db 6 Iyyar —— db 28 Adar, 46 Arta[xerxes II] db 6 Adar II db 20 Adar II db 8 Shebat db 27 Tishri, x db

lviii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6a. Oil Transactions by Size

No./ISAP TAO 28. 29/1040 A290.2.2

Babylonian Date 20 Nisan

Julian Date ——

Seahs ‫סאן‬/‫סאה‬

Qabs ‫קבן‬/‫קב‬

1 [+?]

——

Half ‫פ‬/‫פלג‬ ——

Quarter ‫ר‬ ——

Eighth ‫ת‬

Source

Total

——

Q[. . .]

1 [+?] seah

db

3.  2+ Seahs (7 Chits) 29. 31/1122 A7.50 A71.4 30. 51/817 A7.59 31. 56/1904 A14.20 A242.1 32. 12/1538 A52.3 33. 16/1238 A6.3 A17.5 34. 44/546 A10.26 A44.2 35. 57/1906 A71.5 A63.5

20 Ab

——

2

——

——

——

——

——

2 seahs

——

2

——

——

——

——

——

2 seahs

——

2

——

——

——

——

——

2 seahs

——

1

——

——

——

2 seahs, 0.5 qabs

3

——

——

——

——

2 seahs, 3 qabs

3

——

3

——

——

2 seahs, 3.75 qabs

3

——

3

——

——

2 seahs, 3.75 qabs

dm —— nd ——

nd x Tammuz, 10 30 2 [Artaxerxes III] June–28 July, 349 db 30 Marcheshvan, 9 Dec, 2 14 345 [+?] [Artaxerxes III] db —— —— 2 nd ——

——

2

21 Dec, 356

3

——

——

——

——

——

3 seahs

30 Nov, 349

3

——

——

——

——

?

3 seahs

16 Feb, 344

3

——

——

——

——

Nadabqos

3 seahs

——

3

1

1

——

——

his purchase

3 seahs, 1.5 qabs

——

3

2

——

——

——

——

3 seahs, 2 qabs

3

3

1

——

——

——

3 seahs, 3.5 qabs

3

3

1

——

——

——

3 seahs, 3.5 qabs

nd

4.  3+ Seahs (7 Chits) 36. 7/1891 A14.3 37. 13/86 A66.2 38. 17/1336 A69.1 39. 35/803 A8.42 40. 46/2613 A5.6 A202.1 41. 8/1065 A137.1 42. 58b/2439 A73.5

10 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes II?] db 6 Kislev, 10[+?] [Artaxerxes III] db 10 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 7 Kislev db ——

nd 5 Shebat, 3 13 Feb, [Artaxerxes III?] 355 de —— —— nd

lix

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6a. Oil Transactions by Size No./ISAP TAO

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Seahs ‫סאן‬/‫סאה‬

Qabs ‫קבן‬/‫קב‬

Half ‫פ‬/‫פלג‬

Quarter ‫ר‬

Eighth ‫ת‬

Source

Total

5.  4+ Seahs (3 Chits) 43. 4/885 A52.2 44. 14/580 A4.29a 45. 11/2419 A4.26 A11.6 A25.6

5 Adar, 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tebeth, 10 [Artaxerxes III] db 16 Sivan, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

24 Feb, 356

4

3

——

——

——

——

4 seahs, 3 qabs

28 Dec, 349

4

3

——

——

——

——

4 seahs, 3 qabs

8 June, 351

4

4

——

——

——

——

4 seahs, 4 qabs

24 Nov, 343

5

——

——

——

——

Amru

5 seahs

——

5

——

——

——

——

purchase

5 seahs

8 Dec, 346

5

1

——

——

——

——

5 seahs, 1 qab

——

5

3

——

——

——

——

5(+?) seahs, 3(+?) qabs

——

7

2

1

——

——

——

7 seahs, 2.5 qabs

——

7

3

1

——

——

Qosṣur

7 seahs, 3.5 qabs

db

6.  5+ Seahs (4 Chits) 46. 6 Kislev, 16 19/2416 [Artaxerxes III] A167.1 db 47. —— 39/1093 A8.28 A99.3 nd 48. 17 Kislev, 13 15/2522 [Artaxerxes III] A13.12 de 49. —— 47/845 A12.21 nd 7. 7+ Seahs (2 chits) 50. —— 40/1542 A5.3 A21.3 nd 51. 10 Kislev 36/2505 A85.5 A147.2 db

8.  10+ Seahs (3 chits) 52. 20/1365 A48.5 A36.6 53. 59/1767 A300.5.26 54. 49/536 A255a.1

27 [Marcheshvan], 7 [Philip]

55. 38/1142 A38.5 56. 45/1915 A300.4.23

14

db

——

27 Nov, 317

10

1

——

2

——

——

10 seahs, 1.5 qabs

——

13

——

——

——

——

——

13 seahs

——

13

——

——

——

——

——

13(+?)

——

x

——

——

——

——

——

x seahs

——

x

5

1

——

——

Makkedah

x seahs, 5.5 qabs

nd —— nd

9.  Uncertain Amount (8 Chits) db —— nd

lx

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6a. Oil Transactions by Size

No./ISAP TAO 57. 1/257 A8.17 A124.1 58. 9/531 A14.6 59. 52/818 A18.11 60. 55/1780 A61.5 61. 32/213 A27.8 62. 54/1656 A81.4

Babylonian Date 2 Iyyar, 46 [Artaxerxes II]

Julian Date

Seahs ‫סאן‬/‫סאה‬

Qabs ‫קבן‬/‫קב‬

——

——

——

——

——

?

x

——

——

——

——

——

?

x

——

——

——

——

——

——

x

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

x

——

——

——

——

——

——

?

x

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

oil

23 May, 359

db 14 Elul, 4 16 Sep, [ArtaxerxesIII] 355 db/e —— ——

21 Ab

# of chits

Total

nd

Figure 6a. Oil by Size (seahs) 15

13

11

8 7

6

7

5

4

4 3

2 0

Source

db ——

10 8

Eighth ‫ת‬

nd

14

gure 6a

Quarter ‫ר‬

nd ——

16

12

Half ‫פ‬/‫פלג‬

3

3

3 2

2 1

Qabs only

1+ seah

2+ seah

3+ seah Amount Chits

4+ seah

5+ seah

7+ seah

1

10+ seah

lxi

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 6b.  Oil Transactions by Month

The table and Figures 6b–d below chart oil transactions by month. Oil transactions occurred in every calendar month. The season for the picking and pressing of olives began with the first rains around mid-October. The best quality oil (‫ )הזית הראשון‬is produced by those olives that are taken directly from the tree to the press. It is this oil that was sent in the peak periods of activity, namely, the two late fall months of (1) Kislev and (2) Marcheshvan, with seven and four or five transactions in each month, respectively. It would happen that the press could not work as fast as the olives were picked, and so they had to be stored, either on the roof or indoors. Second-quality oil would derive from the olives stored on the roof and from there taken to the press, while third-quality would stem from those olives that had been stored indoors, put on the roof, and then taken to the press (m. Menaḥ. 8:4 [Frankel 1999: 47, 194]). (I am grateful to Rafael Frankel for discussing this topic with me.) We may thus speculate that the extended pressing process was somehow related to transactions in subsequent months. The late winter months of (3) Shebat and Adar II yielded four and three or four transactions in each month, respectively, and the transitional months of (4) Adar and Nisan had three each. (5) Three months across three seasons have but two transactions each (Iyyar, Ab, and Tebeth), while (6) the four months of Sivan, Tammuz, Elul, and Tishri (late spring and summer) have but one transaction each (Figure 6c). Put differently, we may factor an average for each one of these periods. The transactions in (1) Kislev and (2) Marcheshvan averaged 3.9 seahs (27.167 seahs / 7 transactions) and about 3 seahs (13.917 seahs / 4 transactions or 15.083 seahs / 5 transactions), respectively. For (3) Shebat and Adar II the averages were 2.1 seahs (8.354 seahs / 4 transactions) and 1.1 seahs (3.438 seahs / 3 transactions or 4.604 seahs / 4 transactions), respectively, while for (4) Adar and Nisan they were 2.4 seahs (7.250 seahs / 3 transactions) and 1 seah (3.083 seahs / 3 transactions), respectively. The months of (5) Iyyar, Ab, and Tebeth averaged between 0.7 and 2.6 seahs. The amounts of oil in (6) Sivan, Tammuz, Elul, and Tishri, with only one transaction each, spiked at 4.7 seahs but otherwise rested at just 1 seah (and x seahs). In general, the more transactions a month has (e.g., Kislev with 7 transactions), the greater the amount of each transaction (e.g., between 3+ and 7+ seahs each), a fact that demonstrates the seasonality of oil as a commodity. Two chits have only a year date (year 7), and the amounts are a measly 1 and 2.5 qabs (Nos. 23–24). One chit has only a day date (day 14), but the amount is missing (No. 38). Legend.  A number in parentheses indicates the serial number in “Table 6. The Dossier of Oil.” The month in Table 6.18 may be either Marcheshvan or Adar II, thus the alternate totals in those month rows, but the overall totals have been adjusted to include only that transaction once. (In Figures 6b–d below, the transaction has been included with Marcheshvan, not Adar II.)

Month Nisan

No. 1 Qabs Only × (28)

Iyyar Sivan Tammuz Ab Elul Tishri Marcheshvan × (33) Kislev

× (37)

Tebeth Shebat

× (21) × (10)

Adar Adar II

× (6)

Year 7

× (23) × (24)

Day 14 Dated Totals Undated Full Totals

No. 2 1+ Seah

No. 3 2+ Seahs

No. 4 3+ Seahs

No. 5 4+ Seahs

No. 6 5+ Seahs

No. 7 6+ Seahs

No. 8 7+ Seahs

No. 9 10+ Seahs

No. of Transactions

Total Amount (Seahs)

3

3.083

2 1 1 2 1 1 4 or 5 7

1.458 4.667 2.083 2.000 x 1.000 13.917 or 15.083 27.167

× (14)

2 4

5.292 8.354

× (4)

3

7.250

3 or 4

3.438 or 4.604

2

0.583

× (3), × (29) × (30)

No. 10 Uncertain

× (1) × (11) × (12) × (31)

× (22) × (34), × (18?)

× (32) × (9)

× (16)

× (20) × (7), × (13), × (35)

× (25) × (2) × (5) × (26) × (27) × (18?)

8=62% 11=73% 3=43% 5 4 4 13 15 7

× (15), × (19)

× (36)

× (8), × (17)

5=71% 3=100% 2=50% 2 0 2 7 3 4

N/A 0 0

1=50% 1 2

× (38) 1 1=33% 4=50% 38=61% 2 4 24 3 8 62

x 81.458 67.896 149.354

lxii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

Figure 6b. Oil by Month

8

30

27.167

7

25

20

5 15.083

4

15

3

10

8.354

2 1 0

Amount (seahs)

# of Transcations

6

3.083 3

2

1.458

1

7.25

5.292

4.667 1

2.083

2

2

1

1

1

5

7

2

5

3.438 4

3

3

0

Month # of Trans. Amount

Figure 6b

Figure 6c. Oil by Grouped Months (in Descending Order) 8

Figure 6c

7

# of Transcactions

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1) Kislev

(2) Marcheshvan

(3) Shebat, Adar II

(4) Adar, Adar II, Nisan

Months by Group

(5) Iyyar, Ab, Tebeth

(6) Sivan, Tammuz, Elul, Tishri

lxiii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

Figure 6d. Number and Size (Seahs) of Oil Transactions by Month

>1 seah

1± seahs

2± seahs

3± seahs

4± seahs

5± seahs

7± seahs

10± seahs

Figure 6d

AMOUNT (SEAHS)

7.583

5.167

5 10.25 3.25 3.583 4.5

3 2.5 1 1.417 0.667

NISAN

4.667 2.083

1.458

IYYAR

SIVAN

TAMMUZ

1.167

2

AB

ELUL

4.5

3

0.792

1.75 0.021

1.25

TEBETH

SHEBAT

ADAR

1.5

3

1

1 0.167

0.167

TISHRI

MARCHESHVAN

KISLEV

1.5 1.5 0.438

ADAR II

lxiv

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 7.  The Dossier of Wine (‫)חמר‬ (362/361; 320) 8 Entries (7 Chits)

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Numbers in Col. 1: serial number (1, 2, 3 etc.), TAO No(s). The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 8). 1: 1–2. full date (2 db), 2/2 payers, 0/2 payees, 4/2 agents; 3: 3–5. day+month (2 db, 1 de), 4/3 payers, 0/3 payees, 3/3 agents; 5: 6. nd, archaic alef, 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee; 6: 7. nd, 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee (= depository); 11. 8. payment order (1 db), 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee. Three chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 1–2, 5); one chit appeared in TAO volume 2 (No. 6); three chits appear in this volume (Nos. 3–4, 7); and one will appear in a coming volume (No. 8). Each of the seven chits for wine shows a different amount, with nearly 8 seahs (No. 2) at the low end and more than three times that amount at the high end, namely, 24.25 seahs (No. 4). Five chits fall in between—8 seahs (No. 6), 8.5 seahs (No. 5), 14 seahs (No. 7), 16 seahs (No. 1), and 20.33 seahs (No. 3). As we have determined, the seah equals ca. 8 liters (TAO vol. 1, xxiii), so even the smallest payment conveyed 62.67 liters of wine while the largest conveyed 194 liters. Put another way, in today’s terms, the smallest transaction was for 47 bottles of wine and the largest for 145.5 bottles! Five of the seven chits are dated (Nos. 1–5), and none of these has a payee, but four have agents, three of whom are double agents (Nos. 1–3). Two are drawn up twelve days apart by the same scribe (Scribe K) for the same person with the same double agent (Nos. 1–2). A third, with two payers uniquely described as “of the citizens of Makkedah,” also has a double agent (No. 3). Both of the two undated chits have payees (Nos. 6–7, the latter’s payee being the depository of Makkedah), and one has an archaic alef (No. 6). One chit is clearly early (No. 5), and three are late (Nos. 1–3). One chit records the addition of laurel (No. 3). Though small, the wine dossier is unique: it has one repeat payer (Nos. 1–2), one double payer with a double agent (No. 3), one prominent individual (No. 5), only two payees (Nos. 6–7, one of which is Makkedah), and four agents (Nos. 1–4), one of whom is a pair appearing twice (Nos. 1–2). The three transaction months (Adar, Nisan, and Tammuz [Nos. 1–4]) are not at all related to the grape harvest, which is understandable considering the grape juice would need time for fermentation to become wine. Perhaps the timing of the transactions was related to the religious holiday schedule or other important occasions, but there are not enough chits in the dossier to make conclusive observations. Payer

Payee / Depository

Commodity

Group 1.  Full Date 1. A5.18

1889 = EN96 = JA86

2 Adar, 3 Philip

2. A5.19

1250 = JA77 = AL90 = J16

14 Adar, 1[+2] (= 3) [Philip]

3. A176.1 A142.3

1941 = EN150 = BLMJ690

1 Nisan

4. A121.2 5. A7.55

544 = FCO7 239 = IA11810

27 Tammuz

14 Mar, 320

QQ

Abdosiri o ss Yehokal

—— wine: 16 seahs bh Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi Ytw 2

26 Mar, 320

QQ

Abdosiri o ss Yehokal

—— wine: 7 seahs, 5 qabs bh Ḥaggai Ytw 2 and Zabdilahi

db

db

Group 3.  Day + Month (late?)

Ba[a]ni and Sammuk of the citizens of Makkedah

—— wine: 20 seahs b h Gar(a)pa laurel: 2 qabs and Raimaran

——

Qosyaqum/ yaqim Baalghayr

—— b h Zabdi ——

wine: 24 seahs, 1.5 qabs

Qoṣ

wine: 8 seahs

Makkedah (depository)

wine: 14 seahs

db

16 x

db de

(362/361)

wine: 8 seahs, 3 qabs

Group 5.  No Date, Archaic Alef 6. A18.8 A49.3

1606 = M408 = AL253

—— archaic alef

—— nd

Ḥal(a)fan s Ḥaggai

Group 6.  No Date, Payer and Payee 7. A52.6

919 = Gch119 = Zd83 > EyH2? = JA483

——

——

nd

Saadi

lxv

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity

No. TAO No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 7.  The Dossier of Wine (‫)חמר‬ (362/361; 320) 8 Entries (7 Chits) Payer

Payee / Depository

Commodity

Group 11.  Payment Orders 8. B3.6

1099 = L99 = IM91.16.152

[x] Tishri, 20

7 Oct– 4 Nov, 339

[PN]

db

Figure 7. Wine by Month (seahs) 30

25

Amount (seahs)

20

15

10

5

0

Qosyinqom

1. wine: x 2. barley: 20 seahs 3. wheat: 2 kors to pay on 30 x Abdosiri s Pasi

Figure 7

lxvi

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Table 8.  Master Chart for Liquid Products

This is the master chart for Tables 6–7. It divides the documents according to twelve groups, on the basis of dates and persons: 1–4 with dates, 5–9 without dates (No. 9: no persons). Furthermore, there are three additional groups that are not commodity chits (groups 10–12). The division follows a pattern set forth in TAO vol 2, Table 9. (The maximum division is present only in Table 6 of that volume). Group 2 is the only group absent from both Tables. Group 5 is the only other group absent from Table 6, while as many as six other groups are absent from Table 7 (groups 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12). Groups 1, 3, 6. and 11 appear in both Tables. The numeration of the groups reflects the omission of the absent groups. Table 6 a.  Oil (Total 67)

Format 1A.  Full date (day, month, year)   a.  23 payers, 5 payees, 6 agents   b.  2 payers, 0 payees, 4 agents 1B.  Semi-full date (month, year)   a. ——   b. —— 1C.  Minimal Date (year only)   a.  2 payers, 0 payees, 0 agents   b. ——   2.  Day, month (archaic alef)   a. ——   b. ——  3. Day, month   a.  13 payers, 3 payees, 5 agents   b.  4 payers, 0 payees, 3 agents  4. Day only   a.  1 payer, 0 payees, 0 agents   b. ——

22 (1–22)

Table 7 b.  Wine (Total 8) 2 (1–2) 25%

2 (23–24) 35.8% 0 ——

0 ——

13 (25–37) 19.4%

3 (3–5) 37.5%

1 (38) 1.5%

0 ——

Total: 56.7%

Total: 62.5%

  5.  No date (archaic alef)   a. ——   b.  1 payer, 1 payee   6.  No date (Payer and Payee)   a.  7 payers, 7 payees, 0 agents   b.  1 payer (= depository), 1 payee   7.  No date (Payer only)   a. 14 payers, 0 payees, 0 agents   b. ——   8.  No date (Payee only)   a.  0 payers, 1 payee, 0 agents   b. ——   9.  No date (Commodity only)   a. ——   b. ——

0 ——

1 (6) 12.5%

7 (39–45) 10.4%

1 (7) 12.5%

14 (46–59) 20.9%

0 ——

1 (60) 1.5%

0 ——

1 (61) 1.5%

0 ——

Total: 34.3%

Total: 25%

10. Accounts

4 (62–65) 6.0% 1 (66) 1.5% 1 (67) 1.5%

0 ——

11.  Payment orders 12. Uncertain

Total: 9.0%

1 (8) 12.5% 0 —— Total: 12.5%

lxvii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Figure 8. Comparing the Distribution of 2 Liquid Products in 12 Formats 50%

40%

Figure 8

30%

20%

10%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

FORMAT Oil

Wine

Comparing the Formats of Wood and Liquid Products Altogether, eighty-seven ostraca contain wood transactions (see Table 5), and seventy-five ostraca have liquid products (see Table 8). In general, these two types of products portray similar format profiles, with formats 1 (full date), 3 (day + month), 6 (nd, payer + payee), and 7 (nd, payer only) being the most common. However, a closer look reveals that liquid transactions are 50% more likely to be dated than wood transactions (grouped formats 1–4), and wood transactions are 75% more likely to be undated than liquid transactions (grouped formats 5–9). Moreover, when dated, liquid products are more likely to be fully dated (format 1), while wood products are more likely to be dated by day and month (format 3).

lxviii

Tables 6–8: Two Dossiers of Liquid Products Measured by Capacity Figure 9a. Comparing the Formats of Wood and Liquid Products

40%

Figure 9a

30%

Figure 9b 20%

10%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

FORMAT Wood

Liquid

Comparing Wood and Liquid Products by Month 8 7

# OF TRANSACTIONS

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Liquid

Wood

9

10

11

12

lxix

Table 9. The Dossiers’ Scribes Table 9. The Dossiers’ Scribes 12 Scribes in 6 Dossiers 7 Scribes (EE–LL) in Tables 1–4; 5 Scribes (MM–QQ) in Tables 6–7 Tables 1, 3, 6, and 7 have fewer chits than entries Total for Tables 1–4, 6–7: 153 chits; 38 with identifiable scribes (= 25%) Tables 1–4: 87 entries; 85 chits; 24 with identifiable scribes (= 28%)

Scribe 1. EE 2.  FF 3.  GG 4.  HH 5.  JJ 6.  KK 7.  LL Total scribes

Table 1 Logs (‫)גזירן‬ 33 Chits 4 Scribes with 15 Scribal Occurrences 3 3 3 6

Table 2 grgrn (‫)גרגרן‬ 26 Chits 1 Scribe with 2 Scribal Occurrences

Table 3 Joists (‫)מרישן‬ 16 Chits 2 Scribes with 6 Scribal Occurrences

Table 4 Beams (‫)שרי‬ 10 chits 1 Scribe with 1 Scribal Occurrence

4 2 2

1

2

4

1

1

Total 85 Chits 7 Scribes with 24 Scribal Occurrences 3 (no year date) 3 (no year date) 3 (no year date) 6 (undated) 2 (undated) 5 (355 b.c.e.) 2 (no year date) 7

Tables 6–7: 75 entries; 68 chits; 14 with identifiable scribes (= 21%)

Scribe  8-1. MM   9-2.  NN 10-3.  OO 11-4.  PP 12-5.  QQ Total scribes

Table 6 Oil (‫)משח‬ 61 Chits 4 Scribes with 12 Scribal occurrences 2 2 2 6 4

Table 7 Wine (‫)חמר‬ 7 Chits 1 Scribe with 2 Scribal Occurrences

2 1

Total 68 Chits 5 Scribes with 14 Scribal Occurrences (355 b.c.e.) (345–343 b.c.e.) (undated) (undated) (320 b.c.e.) 5

A51.1–5 Sam(a)ku Dossier (361–346) The name Sam(a)ku as payer appears in five chits, but only two of these appear for the first time. The other three appeared in the dossier of Samitu (A51.1, 2, 5 [A8.5, 12, 22]). All are fully dated, and all concern grain. Two were written by Scribe A (A51.1, 2), one by Scribe B (A51.3), one by Scribe E (A51.4), and one by an unknown scribe (A51.5). All but one use the archaic alef (A51.4) as a sealing sign. The same name also appears in six other ostraca: as the source of the product for a payment of oil from Al(i)qos to Abdese (A14.3), in an account of barley (C2.7), as the supply of a worker from the clan of Baalrim (D2.10), in a list of 14 names (E3.2), as supposed payer in an uncertain chit fragment (J1.8), and in an uncertain debt fragment with an unknown product (J9.3). Interestingly, the workers text and one of the chits below (A51.4) are dated 2 and 3 Kislev, respectively; however, the former lacks the year date. Moreover, one chit (A14.3), the barley account, and the list of names all demonstrate a remarkable overlap in the other names that appear with Sam(a)ku in these pieces. For example, all four of the names that appear in the barley account are also in the list of names. Are we to assume they all refer to the same Sam(a)ku? Dated List of Texts A51.1 A51.2 A51.3 A51.4 A51.5

Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of resh Three separate payments of resh Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour Payment of 5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour Two separate payments of barley

A51.1-ISAP2446 (JA158) (Palimpsest) February 21, 361 Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of resh (See A8.5 [to Samitu])

A51.2-ISAP203 [IA11786] May 12, 361 Three separate payments of resh: 3 seahs and 1 qab; 2 seahs and 4 qabs; 3 seahs and 2 qabs (See A8.12 [to Samitu with Qosnaqam and Rahnu])

1

February 21 ,361 May 12, 361 July 12, 359 December 14, 356 June 20, 346

2

A51.1–5 Sam(a)ku Dossier (361–346) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Sivan, year 46, Sam(a)ku to Qosḥanan: semolina, s(eahs), 2, q(abs)[, 2]; 3flour, s(eah)s, 2, q(ab)s, 2. (archaic alef) (illegible)

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Products Sealing Sign Signatory

46 ‫ לסיון שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 2‫ ק‬2 ‫ סמכו לקוסחנן נשיף ס‬.2 . . . # 2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A51.3-ISAP1852 (EN52) July 12, 359 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of semolina; 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour

For three other chits for semolina+flour written on the same day, see A7.5. ¶ For the name Sam(a)ku, see A8.5, and for the name Qosḥanan, see A1.44 and A16. This is the first of two payments for semolina+flour made by a Sam(a)ku (see entry below). Unfortunately, the chit is cut off at the left edge, requiring reconstruction of the numeral 2 after q(abs), and the signatory is illegible.

3

A51.1–5 Sam(a)ku Dossier (361–346) cm

CONVEX On the 3rd of [Kislev], year 3, Sam(a)ku: semolina, q(abs), 5; 3flour, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ ל[כסלו] שנת‬3 ‫ ב‬.1 5 ‫ סמכו נִשף ִק‬.2 1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A51.4-ISAP2541 (JA265) December 14, 356 Payment of 5 qabs of semolina; 1 seah, 1 qab of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54 × 66 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 30° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

Similar to the previous entry but separated by three years, this chit records a payment of semolina+flour. Here, semolina is written defectiva, without a yod (‫)נשף‬. It is the only payment in this dossier without a sealing sign. One week later, on December 21, 356, the name Sam(a)ku also appears as the source of the product in a payment of oil from Al(i)qos to Abdese (see A14.3). Also in Kislev but without a year date, a certain Sam(a)ku of the house of Baalrim is supplied as a worker (D2.9). For the product and name, refer to the references in the previous entry.

A51.5-ISAP1033 (L33 [IM91.16.112]) June 20, 346 Two separate payments of barley: 25 seahs and 10 seahs, 1 qab (See A8.22 [with Yathu to Samitu])

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) As payer, Saadi occurs six times. Only once did he appear in a previous dossier, along with two other payers (A52.5 [A14.21]), and once he has a patronym (A52.4). Four chits are fully dated (A52.1–4), one by day and month only (A52.5), and one is undated (A52.6). The products included twice wheat (A52.1, 4), twice oil (A52.2–3), once wood (A52.5), and once wine (A52.6). One chit had a signatory (A52.1), two a payee (A52.3 [unknown], 4), and one an agent (A52.5). Elsewhere, the name Saadi occurs once in a list of at least two names (E3.22), once in an unclassified fragment (J11.6), and even once with a samek in a chit fragment (A290.3.1). Dated List of Texts A52.1 A52.2 A52.3 A52.4 A52.5 A52.6

Payment of 11 seahs of wheat Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of oil Payment of 2 seahs, 0.5 qabs of oil Payment of 4 seahs of wheat Payment of 3 loads of wood Payment of 14 seahs of wine

July 5, 357 February 24, 356 June 30–July 28, 349 September 4, 343 27 Elul Undated

4

5

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Signatory

On the 8th of Tammuz, 2year 2, Saadi: w(heat), s(eahs), 11. 3 Zabdiel. 1

‫ לתמוז‬8 ‫ב‬ 2 ‫שנת‬ 11 ‫שעדי חס‬ ‫זבדאל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A52.1-ISAP1865 (EN71 = JA359) July 5, 357 Payment of 11 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (55 × 70 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware pale red (10R6/4), well-levigated, few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45o to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the name Saadi as hypocoristicon of Saadel, see A1.7. For Zabdiel as signatory in years 1–4, see A14.2. This is the first of 2 payments made by a Saadi for wheat (see A52.4 below).

6

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Adar, year 2, Saadi: oil, s(eahs), 4; 3q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לאדר שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ שעדי משח ס‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A52.2-ISAP885 [Funahashi15 {GCh85}] (Table 6.4) February 24, 356 Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of oil The corpus contains 61 chits for oil, most of which are dated, though many lack a year, and most lack a payee. Six chits are dated to the month of Adar, as follows: 21 Adar (A1.6); 6 Adar II (A16.10); 20 Adar II (A31.7); 28 Adar, year 46 (A29.2); 5 Adar, year 2 (our chit); 25 Adar II, year 2 (A7.25). Most payments are only for a few qabs. Four seahs is a relatively large amount. This is the first of 2 payments made for oil in this dossier (see entry below).

7

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

[On the x (day) of] Tammuz, year 10, Saadi 2 [to PN]: oil, s(eahs), 2; half a qab 3 (erased text: hwʾ mlbḥkm)

‫ שעדי‬10 ‫]ב ל]תמוז שנת‬

1

‫ פלג קב‬2 ‫ ]מ ִש ִח ִס‬ ִ ‫]ל‬

(Erased text:)   ‫מלבחכמ‬ ִ ‫] [הוא‬ ִ ‫] [ק‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A52.3-ISAP1538 (AL61 [M253]) (Table 6.12) (Palimpsest) June 30 to July 28, 349 Payment of 2 seahs, 0.5 qab of oil; another possible erased payment? Body sherd of jar (68 × 64 × 9–11), exterior and interior gray brown. Ostracon apparently incomplete, beginnings of written lines missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge with the day date missing at the beginning of line 1. The most obvious restoration below at the beginning of line 2 would be the name of the payee. Virtually none of the oil chits lists a payee, but four list Saadel, thrice the name of the payee following immediately the name of the payer (as here), rather than that of the product (A10.23–25; 10.26). ¶ This is the only oil chit both for year 10 and for Tammuz. ¶ The infrequent term “half a qab” (‫)פלג קב‬, rather than the usual abbreviation “h(alf) (‫)פ‬,” occurs twice with regard to oil, once in a letter fragment where it follows the large amount of 7 seahs (G4.4), and once in the dossier of Ḥal(a)fat, where the text records the relatively small amount of 1 seah, 1 qab, half a qab (A7.33).

8

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Elul, year 16, Saadi son of Ubaydu to Ḥal(a)fan: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

16 ‫ לאלול שנת‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ שעדי בר עבידו לחלפן‬.2 4 ‫ חס‬.3

A52.4-ISAP1898 (EN105) September 4, 343 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat

This is one of four chits written on 14 and 22 Elul, year 16, perhaps by the same scribe, for varying amounts of wheat (A2.20, 59.2, 290.1.10, and here). In A2.20 and 59.2, the final six numeral strokes of the date are written supralinearly at the left edge; in A290.1.10, the last three strokes are so written. More than half of the dozen chits written in year 16 were for wheat, the smallest amount being 2 seahs, 1 qab and a half (A1.30) and the largest being 13 seahs (A59.2). Our amount lies at the lower end. Interestingly, one of those who made a wheat payment on 14 Elul, year 16 (A2.20) bore the name Suaydu (‫)סעידו‬, a variant hypocoristicon of our Saadi. This is the only time Saadi is recorded with a patronym, but his father’s name, Ubaydu, appears twice more as a patronym (for Qosyatha [A1.30] and Al[i]qos [A14.5]). For the name Ubaydu, see A2.22 and A24. For Ḥal(a)fan, who appears as payer and patronym in fourteen chits, see A18.

A52.5-ISAP1949 (EN167 [Spaer]) 27 Elul Payment of 3 loads of wood (See A158.1 and 14.21 [with Abibaal and Al(i)qos])

9

A52.1–6 Saadi Dossier (357–343) cm

CONVEX 1

Depository

2

Product

‫ שעדי למנקדה‬.1

Saadi to Makkedah 3 wine, s(eahs), 14.

Payer

14 ‫ חמר ס‬.2

A52.6-ISAP919 (JA483 {GCh119 > Zd83> EYH2?}) (Table 7.7) Undated Payment of 14 seahs of wine Body sherd, unidentifiable, small (33 × 50 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

Wine occurs rarely in the chits (see Table 7.7; A5.18–19, 7.38), and this is the only one reporting it sent to Makkedah (Table 2.2.67 in TAO vol. 1). Sending to Makkedah, might this Saadi be a hypocoristicon for the Saadel who sends, receives, and signs for 5 products to and from Makkedah—semolina (A10.32), 2 roosters (A10.5), barley (A10.31–32 [storehouse of Makkedah]), wheat (A10.6–9), and female camels (A10.40)?

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353) The name Ammiel as payer appears in six commodity chits, four of which appear here for the first time (A53.1, 4–6). One was affiliated with the clan of Baalrim (A53.2 [A1.21]), and another partnered with Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim (A53.3 [A57.2]). Three are fully dated (A53.1–3) and three by day and month only (A53.4–6). One has a payee and a signatory (A53.1), and one has a double agent (A53.5). Two chits record wheat payments (A53.1–2), and two record payments of jars (A53.3–4). One chit forgot to record the product, and in the other it is illegible (A53.5–6). The name Ammiel appears three more times in the Idumean ostraca: twice in accounts, the first for wheat and barley (C3.1) and the second for resh and crushed/sifted grain (C4.2), and once in a fragmentary letter (G4.9). Dated List of Texts A53.1 A53.2 A53.3 A53.4 A53.5 A53.6

Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat Payment of 4 seahs of wheat Payment of 11 jars Payment of 20 jars Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of x Payment of unknown product

December 10, 356 July 1, 354 August 27, 353 8 Nisan; 23 Nisan 8 Nisan 10 Adar

10

11

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product Signatory

On the 28th of Marcheshvan, 2year 3, 3 A[mmi]el/A[nael/Qa[na]el) to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3··. 5 Watagan.

‫למרחשון‬

1

‫ִק ִד ִה‬ ִ ‫ִמנ‬

28 ‫ ב‬.1

3 ‫שנת‬ ‫מ]אל למסכנת‬/‫ק[נ‬/‫ִע‬ ··3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬ ‫ותגן‬

.2 .3 .4 .5

A53.1-ISAP2509 (JA227) December 10, 356 Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably Persian period, medium-sized (70 × 78 × 5–7), roughly square, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first of two payments of wheat made by an Ammiel (see next entry). See A5.8 and Tables 1–3 in TAO Volume 1 for “storehouse of Makkedah” chits. This is the only one for Marcheshvan, the last two letters of which (‫ )ון‬are written supralinearly, as is the final he of Makkedah. Only the year date is written on line 2. The name of the payer begins on line 3. The first letter is uncertain, either an ayin or a qof, and the second letter is missing; either mem or nun would yield known names: ‫עמאל‬, “My paternal uncle is El”; ‫ענהאל‬, “El answered” (A66.5); ‫קנאל‬, “El created” (A71). See A1.18 for a name with the same kinship epithet with the deity Qos. ¶ The amount of wheat, more than a kor, is quite large. There are two final, albeit illegible, strokes in the numeral after qab, which suggests a slightly larger amount than can be read. ¶ Of unclear etymology, the name Watagan appears once more as patronym of Saadu (C5.3 [ISAP1644]).

12

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353)

A53.2-ISAP927 {GCh127 = Zd91} July 1, 354 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat (See A1.21 [ss Baalrim])

A53.3-ISAP538 [FCO1] August 27, 353 Payment of 11 jars (See A57.2 [with Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim]) cm

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353)

13

CONVEX Date Payer Product Date

On the 8th of Nisan, Ammiel: jars, 20. (Erased:) 0 On the 23rd of Nisan, k[. . .]◦◦◦◦ ◦◦◦ʾl (Remains of more lines?) 1

(Erased:)  ‫ אל‬. . . . . . . . ]  [‫ִסן כ‬ ִ ‫ ל ִני‬23 ‫ ב‬.0

20 ‫ לניסן עמאל חביה‬8 ‫ ב‬.1

A53.4-ISAP1672 (AL103 [M417]) (Palimpsest) 8 Nisan; 23 Nisan Payment of 20 jars Probably palimpsest [AL].

Written over erased text, this is the second of two payments of jars made by an Ammiel (A53.3 above). Along with ‫אב‬, “father” and ‫אח‬, “brother” the element ‫ עם‬was formative of several theophorous names, both nominal sentence names, as here, such as Ammiqos (‫[ עמקוס‬e.g., A1.18]), and verbal sentence names, such as ‫“( עמברך‬Ammibarek” [J12.10]) and ‫“( עמיתע‬Ammiyatha” [A116]). ¶ For jars, see A3.11. Only one or two other chits for jars have the date at the beginning (A7.10, 290.3.5); at least half have no date. Interestingly, this chit has the same day and month date as the next entry (A53.5).

14

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353) cm

CONVEX On the 8th of Nisan, Ammiel: s(eahs), 3 (erasure); 3q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf), by the hand of 4Zaydu/Ziyadu and Saluath.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

‫ לניסן‬8 ‫ ב‬.1

3 ‫ עמאל ס‬.2 ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ף ִע ִלי‬5 ‫ ק‬.3 ‫לו ִאת‬ ִ ‫וס‬ ִ ‫ זידו‬.4

A53.5-ISAP2488 (JA204) 8 Nisan Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (81 × 75 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior white (10YR8/1), ware light gray (10YR7/2), few white and brown grits. Patina covers ca 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The previous chit was drawn up on the same day, though not by the same scribe, for twenty jars (A53.4). This scribe forgot to write the name of the product. ¶ For Zaydu/Ziyadu, see A1.10, 4.5. ¶ The name Saluath (‫ )סלואת‬was also written defective (‫[ סלאת‬A2.13]). It is a hypocoristicon, with the related names ‫סלוא‬ (Neh 11:7) and feminine ‫( סלואה‬TAD B5.1:1, etc.). Other masculine names in our collection with ‫ת‬- ending include Marṣaat (‫[ מרצעת‬A43]) and Yaafat (‫[ יעפת‬A104]). ¶ Most chits with double agents appear to have been written late (see A1.32), but both names in this chit appear earlier (years 43 and 7, respectively).

A53.1–6 Ammiel Dossier (356–353)

15

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product?

On the 10th of Adar, Ammiel/Anael: 2 . . ., . . . 1

‫מאל‬/‫לא ִדִר ענ‬ ִ 10 ‫ ִב‬.1

[?] . [?] .2

A53.6-ISAP472 [IA11417] 10 Adar Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 61 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, *wide bottom margin, narrow left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks .

The name is uncertain, and the writing in line 2 is illegible.

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown) Occurring five times here, the name Qosdakar as payer has not appeared before. Only one chit is fully dated (A54.1 [year missing]), one by day and month (A54.2), and three are undated (A54.3–5). Products are barley (A54.5), oil (A54.1), and bundles and bales (A54.2–4). Only one chit has a payee (A54.1). Nos. 54.3 and 4 are identical chits for a single bale. Noticeable is the small quantity of the products—2 bundles, 1 bale, and 1 qab of barley (A54.2–5). The name Qosdakar also occurs frequently in other texts, including in a provenanced fragmentary payment order from Tel el-Farʾah (5B1.1 [ISAP2022]), which is one of 7 Sharuhen ostraca. In addition to the chit below (A54.5), Qosdakar appears thrice with barley in other ostraca: as an agent for a payment by Yathu (A42.1) and in two barley accounts (C2.1 and 2.4). In another account, he is the father of Nutaynu, who distributes figs for the Ionians (C5.4), and in yet another he appears in an account for loads (C7.4). Twice the name occurs in lists of names (E1.6 and 3.9), once in an early letter fragment (G1.6), and once as the owner of a garden in a land description text (H2.5). In all, the name appears in six out of the eight different types of texts in the corpus of Idumean ostraca, only absent from worker texts (D) and jar inscriptions (F). Dated List of Texts A54.1 A54.2 A54.3 A54.4 A54.5

23 Sivan, year x 30 Tishri Undated Undated Undated

Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of oil Payment of 2 bundles Payment of 1 bale Payment of 1 bale Payment of 1 qab of barley

16

17

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan, [. . .], Qosdakar to Q[. . .]: 3 oil, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1. ?

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

[  ] ‫ לסיון‬2 ]+ 1+ [ 20 ‫ב‬ [  ]‫]?[קוסד ִכִר לק‬ ִ ‫ [ ]  קו‬1  ‫שח ִס‬ ִ ‫ִמ‬ ?

.1 .2 .3 .4

A54.1-ISAP1755 [IA12422 {Zd32}) (Palimpsest) 23 Sivan, year x Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of oil Body sherd of closed vessel, small (40 × 40 × 5), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many white grits, polished exterior. Three fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name Qosdakar (‫“[ קוסדכר‬Qos remembered”]) is Aramaic with a Hebrew counterpart in ‫אלדכר‬ (Elidakar [WSS No. 887]). ¶ For oil, see A52.2. Of the dated chits for oil, only one other falls in the month of Sivan, in year 8, the amount there being almost 5 seahs (A4.26), four times more than that here. Note that the qof for qab is written supralinearly. ¶ Mention of a payee, as here, is rare in oil chits (see A52.3).

18

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown) cm

CONVEX On the 30th of Tishri, Qosdakar: bundles, 2. 3 (archaic alef)

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

2

‫ לתשרי‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסדכר משתלן‬.2 (sign) .3

A54.2-ISAP2503 (JA220) 30 Tishri Payment of 2 bundles Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 74 × 11), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior gray (5YR6/1), ware reddish brown (5YR5/3), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef), no left margin.

Of the nearly twenty dated chits for bundles (see A1.48 and Table 6.9 in TAO vol. 2), only one other (A2.3) is dated to the month Tishri (14 Tishri, year 2 [October 8, 357]), and only three others have an archaic alef at the bottom (A4.9, 37.5, 49.4). For the word ‫משתל‬, see A1.43–44. ¶ The numeral 2 is written supralinearly at the left edge of the ostracon.

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown)

19

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫ קוסדכר פחלץ‬.1

Qosdakar: bale, 1. 1

A54.3-ISAP805 [IA12188 {GCh5}] Undated Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (42 × 51 × 5), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca 20° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The name, product, and numeral, eleven signs in all, are written as a single word, with no intervening space. For bale (‫)פחלץ‬, see A1.2. In nearly half of all chits for this product, the payment is for a single bale (see Tabl e 7 [7.36 for our chit ] in TAO Vol ume 2). This payment is identical to the chit below (A54.4).

20

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫ קוסדכר פחלץ‬.1

Qosdakar: bale, 1. 1

A54.4-ISAP822 [IA12204 {GCh22}] Undated Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (72 × 99 × 7–10), roughly triangular, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many white grits. Patina covers ca 40% of sherd surface. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

Written for the same product as the chit above (A54.3) but by a different scribe, with space between words. See Table 7.37 in TAO vol. 2.

A54.1–5 Qosdakar Dossier (Dates Unknown)

21

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫ קוסדכר שק‬.1

Qosdakar: b(arley), q(ab), 1. 1

A54.5-ISAP1916 (EN125 = JA407) Undated Payment of 1 qab of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 72 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

A terse ostracon for a very small amount of barley! For other ostraca in which Qosdakar appears with barley, see A42.1, C2.1, and C2.4.

A55.1–7 Qosyatha Dossier (362–322) Qosyatha was a very popular name, but it appeared only seven times as payer. Of these, three appeared earlier, all affiliated with Baalrim (A55.1–3), and one appears later (A55.6) in the dossier of Qosaz (A70). Four are fully dated (A55.2–3, 5–6), one lacks the day (A55.4), one records day and month without a year but can be placed between years 43 and 46 (A55.1), and one is undated (A55.7). The dossier spans 40 years, falling into two periods, one early (A55.1–3) and one late (A55.4–6). Assuming the first three chits all refer to the same individual, the earlier Qosyatha is active for 2 decades (see A1.30). Two have payees (A55.4 [a servant], 5), and two have a double agent (A55.5, 6). One is father of Qosaz, a payer with his own dossier (A55.6 [A70.1–5]), and one is son of Ubaydu, who also has his own dossier (A55.3 [A24]), and whom we saw above as father of Saadi as well (A52.4). Products are wheat (A55.1, 3, 6), barley (A55.5), flour (A55.7), a joist (A55.2), and a bale (A55.4). The name Qosyatha appears six times as a signatory for wheat and barley transactions (A4.32, 7.27, 8.27, 19.5, 59.3, and 211a.1) and as payee two times (A249.1 and 290.4.10). Outside the commodity chits, Qosyatha appears six more times: in accounts of wheat (C1.3) and of loads (C7.4), as one of five workers of the gate (D9.1), as the recipient of a worker (D9.4), as the owner of a plot of land (H5.10), and in an uncertain letter fragment (J7.1). In total, the name thus appears in 22 different texts. Dated List of Texts A55.1 A55.2 A55.3 A55.4 A55.5 A55.6 A55.7

Payment of 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat Payment of one joist Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 1 bale Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Payment of 16 seahs of wheat Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of flour

26 Tammuz, 362–358 August 18, 355 September 23, 343 July 16–August 14, 337 August 26, 336 July 6, 322 Undated

A55.1-ISAP5 [JTS5 159258] 26 Tammuz, between 362 and 358 Payment of 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.3 [ss Baalrim])

A55.2-ISAP2499 (JA216) August 18, 355 Payment of one joist (See A1.11 [ss Baalrim])

A55.3-ISAP62 (JA423 {ZdIV > EYH}) September 23, 343 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.30 and 24.13 [s Ubaydu ss Baalrim])

22

A55.1–7 Qosyatha Dossier (362–322)

23

cm

CONVEX In the month of Tammuz, year 1, Qosyatha to the servant of Zubaydu/Zabidu: 3 bale, 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

1 ‫ בירח תמוז שנת‬.1

‫זבידו‬ ִ ‫ קוסיתע לעלים‬.2 1 ‫ פחלץ‬.3

A55.4-ISAP723 [YR35] July 16–August 14, 337 Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of cooking pot, medium-sized (60 × 79 × 6–11), irregularly shaped, exterior brown (7.5YR5/2), many large white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex somewhat rough surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is one of three chits for bales by Scribe U. The first (A6.16) was written on 8 Ab, year 21 [Artaxerxes III] (= 4 August, 338).The second and third are simply dated “in the month of (‫ )בירח‬Tammuz, year 1” (A16.15 and here; Table 7.8–10 in TAO vol. 2). There are three texts similarly dated “in the month of MN, year 21” (A20.8, 151.1–2). Since year 21 would be 338/337, these two texts dated to “year 1” would have to fall in 337 (see also A17.11). Is it merely coincidence that the payer in the first of the three bales chits was Zubaydu/Zabidu, and the payee in our chit was the servant of Zubaydu/Zabidu? ¶ Qosyatha is father of Qosaz (A55.6, below), dated to July 6, 322, that is, fifteen years after our chit. ¶ For meaning of the name Qosyatha, see A1.3. ¶ This is one of three chits where the payment is made to the “servant” (‫ )עלים‬of the payee. In the other two chits, the name of the servant is also recorded (A16.5, 50.1). In lines 1 and 2, the thin upper layer of the ostracon is worn away at the left edge, and the numeral in line 1 and the letters ‫ ידו‬in line 2 are written over a rough edge. For the product, see A1.2 and for Zubaydu/Zabidu A12.

24

A55.1–7 Qosyatha Dossier (362–322) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Ab, year 2, Qosyatha to Waddad: 3 b(arley) 3s(eahs), 20, q(abs), 4 by the hand of 4Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Agents

2 ‫ לאב שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ קוסיתע לודד‬.2 ‫ עליד‬4 ‫ ק‬20 ‫ שס‬.3 ‫ צביחו ויתיעו‬.4

A55.5-ISAP565 (BA5 [Alan Baidun]) August 26, 336 Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (64 × 69 × 8), roughly squarish, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel marks.

For a discussion of this chit, see A42.2. For the name Waddad, see A249.1, wherein Qosyatha also appears, this time as payee.

A55.6-ISAP64 (JA425 {ZdIV > EYH}) July 6, 322 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat (See A70.2 [f Qosaz])

A55.1–7 Qosyatha Dossier (362–322)

25

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosyatha: flour, 2s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 3[+2] (= 5) (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ קוסיתע קמח‬.1 ‫]ף‬2+[3 ִ ‫ ִק‬5 ‫ ס‬.2

A55.7-ISAP751 [YR48] Undated Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of flour Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Early Bronze Age, medium-sized (58 × 59 × 14), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), handmade, many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, no wheel marks.

More than half of the nearly 25 chits for flour are undated, also lacking payee.

A56.1–5 Ab(i)šalam Dossier (359–358) The name Ab(i)šalam as payer appears five times, one having appeared before (A56.2 [A3.4 from the sons of Qoṣi]). Two chits are fully dated (A56.1–2), two by day (and month) (A56.3–4), and one was undated (A56.5). Two have patronyms (A56.1–2), and one has a signatory (A56.1). Three have payees (A56.1, 3–4), and one has a depository (A56.5 [Makkedah]). Two chits record grain (A56.1–2), one a bale (A56.4), and two products are unknown (A56.3, 5). The name Ab(i)šalam occurs in only two other texts—one an account for barley (C2.8) and the other a single name written on the concave (E4.1). Dated List of Texts A56.1 A56.2 A56.3 A56.4 A56.5

Payment of 1 seah of semolina and 1 seah of flour Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Payment of unknown product Payment of 1 bale Payment of 212 of unknown product

26

May 14, 359 August 18, 358 25 Tammuz 10 x Undated

27

A56.1–5 Ab(i)šalam Dossier (359–358) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Nisan, year 43+3 (= 46), Ab(i)šalam son of Azgad to Zubaydu/Zabidu: 3 semolina, s(eah), 1; flour, s(eah), 1. 4 (archaic alef) Yazidu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Sealing Sign Signatory

3+43

‫ לניסן שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִג ִד‬ ִ ‫ אבשלם בר עז‬.2 1 ‫ קמח ס‬1 ‫ נשיף ס‬.3 # ‫ יז ִִדִו‬.4

‫ִדו‬ ִ ‫לזִבי‬

A56.1-ISAP2638 (JA382) May 14, 359 Payments of 1 seah of semolina and 1 seah of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period, jar, medium-sized (39 × 70 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45o to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin (encasing alef), no left margin.

This chit was written by Scribe B (Table 1.3 in TAO, vol. 2). For semolina and flour, see A4.11. ¶ The text is written right up to the edge of the ostracon and the numeral strokes “3” in line 1 and the waw of Zubaydu/Zabidu in line 2 are written supralinearly. ¶ For the name Ab(i)šalam see A3.4; for Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A1.1 and A12. ¶ The element ‫ גד‬appears here as a divine epithet in Azgad (‫)עזגד‬, “Gad is strong”; cf. Azbaal, “Baal is strong” (A115). Elsewhere, ‫ גד‬is a noun as in Gadiel (‫גדאל‬, “El is fortune” [A177.1]; cf. Num. 13:10).

A56.2–1224 (EN 60 = LL3 [SM7]) August 18, 358 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat (See A3.4 [s Baruk ss Qoṣi])

28

A56.1–5 Ab(i)šalam Dossier (359–358) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee? Product? Date

[  ]. .‫לפ ִסלִיןִ ב‬ ִ ‫אב[ש]ל ִם‬ ִ .1

Ab(i)[š]alam to (the) stone-cutters b . . .[. . .] 2 On the 25th of Tammuz. 1

‫ לתמוז‬25 ‫ ב‬.2

A56.3-ISAP827 [IA12210 {GCh27}] 25 Tammuz Product unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 50 × 10), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The plural noun ‫ פסלין‬is unusually written plena—yod nun. The word ‫ מפסלין‬appears in the Targum (2 Chr 24:12) translating ‫“( חצבים‬masons” [cf. Deut 6:11]), while ‫ פסלא‬appears in numerous Nabatean tomb inscriptions with the meaning “sculptor” (DNWSI 922–23). The root appears in both Jewish Babylonian and Palestinian Aramaic with the meaning “hewn, cut stone” (DJBA 918; DJPA 440). The noun ‫ פסילה‬appears in four ostraca as an item that may be quantified and conveyed (e.g., “Qosmalak: psylh 3” [A11.21; also A4.24 and J10.3]) and in the Elephantine papyri with the meaning “hewn stone” in the temple building (TAD A4.7:10 = 4.8:9). We may assume that these stonecutters hewed standard size blocks of hewn stone, which may be conveyed by one person to another. Unfortunately, we do not know what it was that Ab(i)šalam conveyed to them here. The ostracon is broken off at the left edge, just after the letter bet.

29

A56.1–5 Ab(i)šalam Dossier (359–358) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Products Date

[  ]‫שלם ִל‬ ִ ‫ ִא ִב‬.1

Ab(i)šalam to [. . .]: 2 bale, 1 [?]. 3 On the 10th [. . .]. 1

[  ?]1 ‫ פחלץ‬.2 [  ‫ [ל‬10 ‫ ב‬.3

A56.4-ISAP1490 (AL149 [M202]) 10 x Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of jar (52 × 54 × 6–7), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Only a few of the fifteen dated ostraca for bales have the date at the bottom (A7.42–43; cf. also A6.2, 300.2.23). None of those dates has a year; here not even the month is visible. For the product, see A1.2 and Table 7.20 in TAO vol. 2.

30

A56.1–5 Ab(i)šalam Dossier (359–358) cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product

212 ‫ אבשלם למנקדה‬.1

Ab(i)šalam to Makkedah: 212. 1

A56.5-ISAP458 [IA11321] Undated Payment of 212 of an unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (69 × 97 × 9–11), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Products sent to Makkedah are most varied, including wheat, barley, loads, roosters, wine, semolina, goat hide (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: Table 6), etc., but only here do we have a number without a product. There are four more such texts (see A43.5). For Makkedah, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1.

A57.1–5 Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam Dossier (354–352) The name Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam as payer appears five times but only twice here for the first time (A57.2–3), and the second time the spelling is Aḥuqam. Several names in our corpus have double or triple spellings—Gur/Guru/Gir (A2); Ḥaggagu/Ḥaggu (A33); Baruk/Berik (A59). Once he was affiliated with Baalrim (A57.1 [A1.22]), and twice he was associated with Saadel (A57.4–5 [A10.15–16]). Three chits are fully dated (A57.1–3), and two are undated (A57.4–5). One has two payers and a payee (A57.2), and one lists the source of the product (A57.3). One chit has wheat (A57.3), another has jars (A57.2), two have plaster/coriander (A57.4–5), and the product in one is unknown (A57.1). The name appears only once more in the ostraca, in an account of wheat (C1.4). Dated List of Texts A57.1 A57.2 A57.3 A57.4 A57.5

Payment of unknown product July 9, 354 Payment of 11 jars August 27, 353 Payment of 5 seahs, 2.25 qabs of wheat July 29, 352 Payment of 1 kor of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated

31

32

A57.1–5 Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam Dossier (354–352)

A57.1-ISAP1766 (JA524 {Zd38}) July 9, 354 Product Unknown (See A1.22 [f s Baalrim]) cm

CONVEX Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim and Ammiel to Ab(i)yatha: jars, 11. 3 On the 16th of Ab, year 6.

Payers

1

Payee

2

Product Date

‫אל‬ ִ ‫ועמ‬ ִ ‫ אחיקם‬.1

11 ‫ לאביתע חביה‬.2 6 ‫ לאב שנת‬16 ‫ ב‬.3

A57.2-ISAP538 [FCO1] August 27, 353 Payment of 11 jars

For the name Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim, see A1.22, and for Ammiel, see A53.1. ¶ For jars and their dating, see A3.11. This is the only one with two payers. Ammiel alone paid out 20 jars on Nisan 8, unknown year (A53.4). Both Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim and the payee, Ab(i)yatha paid plaster/coriander to Saadel (A10.15–17).

A57.1–5 Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam Dossier (354–352)

33

cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Tammuz, year 3[+1+]3 (=7), Aḥuqam from the grain of the purchase: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 2; q(uarter), 1 [?]. 4 bqt. . .l[. . .].gd/ry 5 [. . .] (archaic alef?)

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Sealing sign?

3[+1+]3 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫ִבִינ‬ ִ ‫קם מן עבור ז‬ ִ ‫אחו‬ ִ 1 ‫ ִר‬2 ‫ ִק‬5 ‫חס‬ ‫רי‬/‫ ִגד‬. ]  [‫ ל‬. . ‫בק ִת‬ ִ # [  ]

.2 .3 .4 .5

A57.3-ISAP1576 (AL67 [M292]) July 29, 352 Payment of 5 seahs, 2.25 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period mortarium bowl (102 × 67 × 9–14), exterior and interior gray brown, exterior ribbed. Writing on interior, on almost flat surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

As a presumed variant spelling for Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim, the form Aḥuqam does not occur clsewhere, yet the name Aḥutab, also with medial waw, occurred at Elephantine (TAD D7.2–8, 10). Two more chits for “grain of the purchase” were written in the month of Tammuz (on the 18th), year 7, one for Qosyinqom and the other for Ani (A20.6, 37.4). Five other chits for “grain of the purchase” were written by a single scribe (Alal or Alilahi) over a year later, between November 9 and December 23, 353 (A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 290.1.6 [Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 5.1–5]). In two of these, Ab(i)yatha was the payee (A96.1, 224.1), just as in the previous chit (A57.2). The tantalizing word (‫רי‬/‫ )גד‬at the end of line 4 appears in one other chit (A44.5) as a possible misspelling of plaster/coriander (‫ר‬/‫)גיד‬. We note that both Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim and Ab(i)yatha make payments of ‫ר‬/‫ גיד‬to Saadel (see below, A57.4–5 [A10.15–17]). The reading of the beginning of line 4, however, remains unintelligible.

34

A57.1–5 Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam Dossier (354–352)

A57.4-ISAP868 (JA454) Undated Payment of 1 kor of plaster/coriander (See A10.15 [to Saadel])

A57.5-ISAP923 (JA487) Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander (See A10.16 [to Saadel])

A58.1–5 Baalsamak and Sons Dossier (355–354[?]; 316–315) As payer, Baalsamak occurs but once (A58.2), but four times he appears as patronym, of Ani (A58.3 [A37.7]) and Hag(ga)gu (A58.1, 4–5 [A33.3, 6–7]). The first three ostraca are undated, but the dates of two of them may be surmised (A58.1, 3). Though the last two ostraca are fully dated, the Ḥag(ga)gu there may not be identical with his namesake in the first chit (see explanation in A33.3). The products are barley and wheat, but the one ostracon for Baalsamak alone has only a number and omits reference to a product (A58.2). Baalsamak is also recorded in an account of barley (C2.7) and among a list of 14 names (E3.2). Dated List of Texts A58.1 A58.2 A58.3 A58.4 A58.5

Payment of 1 kor of barley Undated (355–354?) Payment of 14 x Undated Payment of 1 kor, 14 seahs of barley Undated (316/315) Payment of 18 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat June 30, 316 Payment of 16 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat June 20, 315

35

36

A58.1–5 Baalsamak and Sons Dossier (355–354[?]; 316–315)

A58.1-ISAP1544 (AL203 [M259]) Undated (355–354?) Payment of 1 kor of barley (See A33.3 [f Ḥaggagu]) cm

CONVEX 14 ‫ ב⟨ע⟩לסמך‬.1

Baalsamak: 14.

Payer

1

Product

2

A58.2-ISAP1376 (AL175 [M79]) Undated Payment of 14 x Sherd of jar (95 × 75 × 7), exterior yellow beige, interior light pinkish gray. Written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks [AL].

The name Baalsamak is Idumean, meaning “Baal supported,” with biblical parallels ‫{“( אחיסמך‬My} divine brother supported” [Exod 31:6]) and ‫“( סמכיהו‬YHW supported” [1 Chr 27:7]). The first three letters of the name (bet, ayin, lamed) are written cryptically and enigmatically, in one extended ligature. The name is followed by the numeral 14, without any mention of a product. There are five such commodity chits (see A43.5).

A58.1–5 Baalsamak and Sons Dossier (355–354[?]; 316–315)

A58.3-ISAP1553 (AL204 [M268]) Undated (316/315) Payment of 1 kor, 14 seahs of barley (See A37.7 [f Ani])

A58.4-ISAP 1530 (AL57 [M245]) June 30, 316 Payment of 18 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat (See A33.6 [f Ḥaggu])

A58.5-ISAP1535 (AL87 [M250]) June 20, 315 Payment of 16 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat (See A33.7 [f Ḥaggagu])

37

A59.1–5 Berik/Baruk Dossier (358, 343) The name Berik/Baruk as payer appeared five times, but two of these appeared already in the clan dossier of Qoṣi (A59.1, 4 [A3.4, 13]). Two are fully dated (A59.1–2), and three are undated (A59.3–5). One is a patronym (A59.1). Two have an identical payee (A59.2–3), and one has a signatory (A59.3). Three deal with wheat (A59.1–3), one with jars (A59.4), and one with loads (A59.5). A certain Berik of the sons of Al(i)baal is supplied as a worker (D5.1), and the name is written defectiva (‫ )ברך‬in a debt fragment (J9.4). Dated List of Texts A59.1 A59.2 A59.3 A59.4 A59.5

Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Payment of 13 seahs of wheat Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Payment of 8 jars Payment of 2 loads

August 18, 358 September 12, 343 Undated Undated Undated

38

39

A59.1–5 Berik/Baruk Dossier (358, 343)

A59.1–1224 (EN 60 = LL3 [SM7]) August 18, 358 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat (See A3.4 [Baruk f Ab(i)šalam o ss Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Elul, year 10+6 (= 16), Baruk: w(heat), s(eahs), 13, 3 to Udayd/ru.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Payee

(16 =) 6+10

‫ לאלול שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1

13 ‫ ברוך חס‬.2 ‫רו‬/‫לעדיד‬ ִ .3

A59.2-ISAP2521 (JA241) September 12, 343 Payment of 13 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (44 × 54 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish brown (5YR5/3), interior reddish gray (5YR5/2), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface, writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed but including supralinear text), narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of four chits written on 14 and 22 Elul, year 16, perhaps by the same scribe, for varying amounts of wheat (A2.20, 52.4, 290.1.10, and here). ¶ The name Baruk (‫ )ברוך‬is borne by three biblical persons in the late period (Jer 32:12, etc.; Neh 3:20, 11:5), and in the Idumean corpus it was a hypocoristicon for a name such as Qosbarak (see A67). Udayd/ru appears as payee also in the following undated chit (A59.3) and appears as one of three agents for a payment of wheat five years later (A1.32). For his dossier, see A38.

40

A59.1–5 Berik/Baruk Dossier (358, 343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Signatory

Baruk to Udayd/ru: 2 w(heat), seahs, five; 3[and] a qab. Qosyatha. 1

‫רו‬/‫ברִוך לעדיד‬ ִ .1 ‫חס ִאן חמש‬ ִ .2 ‫[ קב קוסיתע‬1] .3

A59.3-ISAP1086 (L86 [IM91.16.24]) Undated Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Jar fragment (58 × 42 × 8), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), no right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the second payment Baruk makes to Udayd/ru (see A59.2 above). A chit for the identical amount, also written out almost completely plena and with Udayd/ru as payee, was drawn up for Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru, also by Qosyatha (‫( )כתב קוסיתע‬A19.5 and with discussion; also A8.27).

A59.4-ISAP215 [IA11770] Undated Payment of 8 jars (See A3.13 [Berik f ss Qoṣi])

A59.1–5 Berik/Baruk Dossier (358, 343)

41

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Signatory

ִ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬2 ‫מובלן‬ ִ ‫בריך‬ .1

Berik: loads, 2 Yazidu. 1

A59.5-ISAP473 [IA11413] Undated Payment of 2 loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56 × 84 × 7), roughly triangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For loads, see A2.42 and Table 8.16 in TAO, vol. 2. ¶ Yazidu appears once more in a chit for loads, but as a payer for 6 seahs of wheat (A169.1 and Table 8.17 in ibid.), and as payer with Qosyahab of 2 bundles (A26.8 and Table 6.24 in ibid.). But his primary appearance in the chits is, like here, as signatory (PortenYardeni 2009: 148*, Table 7.1–17, 19).

A60.1–5 Zabdibaal(i) Dossier (355; 313) The name Zabdibaal(i) as payer occurs five times, but twice it appears earlier in the dossier of Gur/Gir (A60.2–3 [A2.44–45]). Three texts are fully dated, but the year date is missing in one (A60.1–2, 3). Two are dated by day and month, but the day is missing in one and the month in the other (A60.4–5). One chit has a second payer (A60.5), two have a payee (A60.3–4), one has an agent (A60.2), and one has a source (A60.5). One chit records a joist (A60.1), two have wheat (A60.3, 5), one has barley (A60.2), and in one, the grain is unknown (A60.4). Zabdibaal also receives wheat as payee (A4.16). Date List of Texts A60.1 A60.2 A60.3 A60.4 A60.5

Payment of 1 joist Payment of 3 seahs of barley Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Payment of 4.25 qabs (+?) [of wheat/barley] Payment of 23 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat

June 21, 355 November 18, 313 22 Elul, year x x of Iyyar 13 x

42

A60.1–5 Zabdibaal(i) Dossier (355; 313)

43

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Zabdibaal: joist, one. On the 13+1+1 (= 15th) 2of Sivan, year 4. 1

(15=) 1+14

‫ זבדבעל מריש חד ב‬.1

4 ‫ לסיון שנת‬.2

A60.1-ISAP81 (JA440 {Bn > EYH?}) (Table 3.4) June 21, 355 Payment of 1 joist Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47 × 83 × 5–7), roughly rectangular, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), interior red (10R5/6), ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For date and vocable “one” rather than numeral “1” with “joist,” see A1.11, 23.2, the latter of which was written on the same date as this chit. ¶ The name Zabdibaal (“Grant of Baal”) appears also among the sons of Guru/Gir (A2.44–45). This is one of five documents for joists written by Scribe KK. A second was written for Malku on the same day (A23.2), and three were written in Ab (A1.11–12, 3.30; see Tables 3.4–5, 7, 10 and 4.3; also the introduction for brief discussion.

A60.2-ISAP2510 (JA 228) November 18, 313 Payment of 3 seahs of barley (See A2.45 [ss Gir])

A60.3-ISAP232 (EN68 [IA11818]) 22 Elul, year x Payment of 3 seahs of wheat

(A2.44 [Zabdibaali ss Guru])

44

A60.1–5 Zabdibaal(i) Dossier (355; 313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee? Product

[On the x (day) of] Iyyar, Zabdibaal 2 [to . . .]: [w(heat)/b(arley) . . .], q(abs), 4; q(uarter), 1. 1

‫ ]ב ל[  ִאיר זבדבעל‬.1

1 ‫ ר‬4 ‫ ק‬ ִ [   ] .2

A60.4-ISAP1469 (AL256 [M181]) x of Iyyar Payment of 4.25 qabs (+?) [of wheat/barley] Body sherd of jar (45 × 75 × 6), exterior and interior beige. Written lines at 60° to wheel marks [AL].

The right hand side of the ostracon is cut away, and the day date is missing. If this comprised many strokes, there would be room for a payee in line 2. Alternately, we might imagine no payee and an amount in seahs preceding the 4.25 qabs. The product is cut off but would likely have been wheat or barley.

45

A60.1–5 Zabdibaal(i) Dossier (355; 313) cm

CONVEX Date Payers Source Product

On the 13th of [x]. . ., 2 Zabdibaal 3and Qosa 2brought in 4 from the wheat of Gomer 5 w(heat, seahs), 23; q(abs), 3[+1] (= 4). 1

. . . [

]13 ‫ב‬ ‫זב ִד ִב ִעל‬ ִ ‫הנעל‬ ‫וקוסה‬ ִ [?]‫מן חנטי גמר‬ [1+[3 ‫ ק‬23 ⟩‫ִח⟨ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A60.5-ISAP1747 [IA12419 {Zd24}] 13 x Payment of 23 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68 × 42 × 8–10), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Traces of black soot on interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The month name at the end of line 1 is illegible. Three other texts for wheat, written plena (‫)חנטן‬, lack a year date and have the verb “brought in” (‫ )הנעל‬at the beginning, as here (A1.3, 4.6, 120.1). ¶ At least eight chits state the source of a delivery of wheat or barley as “from the grain (‫ )עבור‬of PN” (see A3.16), and two record it as “from the grinding (‫ )טחון‬of PN” (A7.3, 8.15), but only here do we have a statement such as “from the wheat of PN.” The name Gomer, feminine in the Bible (Hos 1:3), occurs only here in our corpus, as does the name Qosa (hypocoristicon for one of the many names with the deity “Qos”).

A61.1–5 Ḥayyan Dossier (356) The name Ḥayyan as payer occurs five times, once already in an earlier dossier, belonging to the clan of Gur (A61.2 [A2.31]), while in one chit the name may be read Ḥanan (A61.5) Only one chit is fully dated (A61.1), two by day and month (A61.2–3), while two are undated (A62.4–5). Only one has an agent (A61.2). In another, he appears as son of Baalpalaṭ (A61.4), while in a payment order he appears as son of Qosi (B1.3 [see also A6.7]), and in a list of 12 names he is listed among the sons of Beyadel (E1.6 [see also A6.11]). The name is also recorded in two other chits, as the source of oil (A30.6) and perhaps as agent (A105.2). In addition, it occurs in a list of 7 names (E3.8) and as patronym in an uncertain workers text (J4.2). Ḥanan (‫)חנן‬, on the other hand, perhaps occurs in two other texts (A105.2; C2.2). Products recorded are grain (A61.1–2, 4), logs (A61.3), and oil (A61.5). Dated List of Texts A61.1 A61.2 A61.3 A61.4 A61.5

Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 3 qabs of flour Payment of 10 seahs of barley and (?) 2 seahs of wheat Payment of 2 logs Two payments of wheat: 7 seahs, 0.75 qabs and 10 seahs, 3 qabs Payment of x measures of oil

46

December 16, 356 20 Ab 6 Tebeth Undated Undated

47

A61.1–5 Ḥayyan Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, Ḥayyan: semolina, q(abs), 4; 3flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ חיִן נשף ק‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A61.1-ISAP888 (BA1 → Funahashi12 {GCh88}) December 16, 356 Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 3 qabs of flour

For this product pair, see A4.2, Table 1.29 in TAO, vol. 2, and Porten-Yardeni 2009: *148. This is one of fifteen chits for semolina+flour drawn up by Scribe E during five days between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13–17, 356). Six alone were drawn up on 5 Kislev (here, A15.11, 33.2, 48.1, 86.2, 101.1). Only one of the fifteen has a payee (A162.1), and only one has a patronym (A86.2). ¶ The name ‫“( חין‬Ḥayyan”) is West-Semitic, meaning something like “Lively One” (Ran Zadok, orally). The name also occurs in two payment orders for barley from Arad (1B1.22–23 [ISAP2119, 2124]; Naveh 1981: No. 19 convex [photo absent], 24:1 [so read]) and in Nabatean (Negev No 436a); see, further, A2.31.

A61.2-ISAP642 (Naveh 493 [BLMJ694]) 20 Ab Payment of 10 seahs of barley and (?) 2 seahs of wheat (See A2.31 [ss Gur])

48

A61.1–5 Ḥayyan Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX [On the 1+] 5 (= 6th) of Tebeth, [. . .] Ḥayyan: logs, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫לט ִב ִת‬ ִ 5[+1 ‫ ]ב‬.1 2 ‫ ]  [ חיִן ג ִזיִִרן‬.2

A61.3-ISAP1753 [IA12421 {Zd30}] (Table 1.4) 6 Tebeth Payment of 2 logs Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62 × 62 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Just under a third of the34 chits for logs are dated, but none with a year (see A2.25, 3.31; Table 1.1–11).

49

A61.1–5 Ḥayyan Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX Ḥayyan son of Baalpalaṭ/palṭ: w(heat), s(eahs), 7; q(uarters), 3; 3 wpryʾ (is?) on/upon Suay[du]◦ 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 10; q(abs), 3.

Payer I

1

Product I

2

Product II

‫חין בר בעלפלט‬ 3 ‫ ִר‬7 ‫חס‬ [  ‫ופִריִא ִעל ִש ִעִי [דו‬ ִ [?]3 ‫ ק‬10 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A61.4-ISAP1722 (AL190 [M432 {TM7}]) Undated Two payments of wheat: 7 seahs, 0.75 qabs and 10 seahs, 3 qabs Octagonal sherd, irregularly shaped, upper edge horizontal, lower part pointed, surface light brown, ca. 60 × 70. Complete ostracon. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The measure ‫ר‬, abbreviating ‫“( רבע‬quarter”), refers to the qab; see A1.26. ¶ The Idumean name ‫בעלפלט‬ occurs in only one other ostracon (H4.7) and may either be a nominal sentence name (“Baal is refuge”; cf. biblical ‫[ אליפלט‬2 Sam 23:34] and ‫[ פלטיאל‬Num 34:26]) or a verbal sentence name (“Baal delivered”; cf. biblical ‫[ פלטיה‬Neh 10:23]). The name ‫ פלטבעל‬occurs in Phoenician (KAI 11), and ‫ פלטיאל‬also occurs in our corpus (A228.1). Line 3 is obscure. The word ‫ פריא‬occurs once more in our corpus, with equally obscure meaning (A116.3). The word ‫ פרי‬appears in Palestinian Aramaic with the meaning “fruit” (DJPA 446), but it is not clear how that meaning would fit in here. Also unclear is the relationship between the payment in line 2 and that in line 4. For Suaydu, see A22.

50

A61.1–5 Ḥayyan Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ḥanan/Ḥayyan: oil ◦[. . .] 2 ◦◦ bny/sons of [. . .] 1

[ ]. ‫יןִ משח‬/‫ ִחנ‬.1 [  ]ִ‫ב ִני‬. . ִ .2

A61.5-ISAP1780 (JA537 {Zd52 > EYH2}) (Table 6.55) Undated Payment of x measures of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 93 × 6–9), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 60° to wheel marks.

The only fully legible word in this texts is ‫משח‬, “oil”, for which see A2.13. Another chit records a payment of 2 qabs of oil “from the oil of Ḥayyan” (‫ )מן משח חין‬by Qosani son of Ab(d)qos (A30.6). The alternate reading of Ḥanan appears only twice more (A105.2 [as agent], C2.2). It would be hypocoristicon for names such as Qosḥanan and Baalḥanan (A16 and 173, respectively). It may appear in a jar inscription from the City of David (14F2.1 [ISAP2047]), a likely hypocoristicon for the Hebrew name Ḥananyah.

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357) As payer, the name Yet(i)abu appears five times. All of the documents were written by the same scribe, and all were part of the Jesselsohn collection, the first seen but not acquired by him. The first four are dated, within the space of a month and a half (A62.1–4). Payments alternate between barley and wheat. The fifth chit is undated and is effaced on the left-hand side, but it is clear that a payee was mentioned and the product was grain (A62.5). None of the other documents records a payee, but one has a sealing sign (A62.3). The name may be an expanded form of Yet(i)ab (“May [divine] father come”), which has been assigned a separate dossier (A105) and appeared as son of Yehokal (A5.5) next to a chit with the similar name Yaat(i)abu (A5.6 and A202). Similar to Yet(i)abu, all of Yet(i)ab’s payments are for wheat, and he is active in the same timeframe (358–356). Could all these names refer to one and the same individual? The name Yet(i)abu also appears in a list of 11 names (E3.5) and in an uncertain debt fragment for some type of grain (J9.5). Dated List of Texts A62.1 A62.2 A62.3 A62.4 A62.5

Payment of 2 kors, 12 seahs, 3.5 qabs of barley Payment of 2 kors, 13 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of 7 seahs of barley Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Payments of 2 seahs, 3(+?) qabs of x and 1(+?) seah of barley

51

June 4, 357 July 2, 357 July 14, 357 July 22, 357 Undated

52

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357) cm

CONVEX On the 7th of Sivan, year 2, Yet(i)abu: b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 12; q(abs), 3, h(alf), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לסיון שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬12 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ יתאבו שכ‬.2

A62.1-ISAP1276 (AL21 {J52}) June 4, 357 Payment of 2 kors, 12 seahs, 3.5 qabs of barley Complete ostracon, irregularly shaped [AL].

For meaning of the name, see A3.11 and 5.5. There are four chits by Yet(i)abu written in the space of just over a month and a half (7 Sivan to 25 Tammuz). This chit is for just under 2 1/2 kors of barley. Almost a month later, one is drawn up for nearly an equal amount of wheat (A62.2). The following three chits (A62.3–5) likewise alternate between barley and wheat.

53

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tammuz, year 2, Yet(i)abu: w(heat), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 13; 3q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 13 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ יתאבו חכ‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A62.2-ISAP2592 (JA327) July 2, 357 Payment of 2 kors, 13 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 64 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), interior and ware gray (2.5Y6/0), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat) smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

See chit above (A62.1). Yet(i)abu makes another payment of wheat only 20 days later (A62.4).

54

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357) cm

CONVEX On the 17th of Tammuz, year 2, Yet(i)abu: b(arley), s(eahs), 7. 3 (archaic alef)

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬17 ‫ ב‬.1

7 ‫ יתאבו שס‬.2 # .3

A62.3-ISAP2549 (JA274) July 14, 357 Payment of 7 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (68 × 64 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin (encasing alef), narrow left margin.

Written almost two weeks after the previous chit, this one pays out barley in a much smaller amount than in the two previous chits (A62.1–2). ¶ The archaic alef is uncertain and unexpected.

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357)

55

cm

CONVEX [On] the 25th of Tammuz, year 2, Yet(i)abu: w(heat), s(eahs), 20, 3 [?]· yh

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬25 [ ‫ ]ב‬.1 20 ‫ יתאבו חס‬.2 ‫יִה‬.[ ? ] .3

A62.4-ISAP2618 (JA357) July 22, 357 Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Shoulder of jar, medium-sized (52 × 52 × 6–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

More than a week after the above chit, this one pays out wheat, double the amount of barley but much less than in the first two chits. This is the last of four dated chits for Yet(i)abu. ¶ The word or name in line 3 is partially illegible and unintelligible.

56

A62.1–5 Yet(i)abu Dossier (June–July, 357) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Products

Yet(i)abu to [PN: . . .] 2s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3; 3[?]b(arley), s(eah) 1[+?]. 1

[ ? ]‫ יתאבו ִל‬.1 [ ? ] 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ ס‬.2 [ ? ]1 ‫]?[שס‬ ִ .3

A62.5-ISAP2429 (JA140) Undated Payments of 2 seahs, 3(+?) qabs of x and 1(+?) seah of barley Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 81 × 5–11), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The ostracon is intact, but the writing on the left side is obliterated. Unlike the above ostraca, this one is undated, but it does appear to have a payee, whose name is now missing. Unlike the previous chits, which have only one product each, this one, although fragmentary, appears to have two products, the first unknown and the second, apparently, barley.

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313) The name Naqdu/Naqru as payer occurs four times (A63.1, 3–4, 6), once here as payee (A63.2) and once as father of Qanael (A63.5 [A71.5]). He is also father of Zabdadah in a workers text (D2.12 [h Baalrim]). Three texts are fully dated (A63.1–2, 6), and three are undated (A63.3–5). One has a payee (A63.3), and one records both depository and a second payment by another payer (A63.6). Three record grain (A63.1–2, 6), one has bundles (A63.3), one has bales (A63.4), and one has oil (A63.5). One is illegible in crucial places, and its restoration most problematic (A63.2). Elsewhere Naqru/Naqdu appears as payee six times, at least five of which are for various grains (A8.45 [wheat], J1.14 [uncertain chit fragment]), and see commentary on A63.2, below). His name is also recorded in an account for joists (C7.3), in two Baalrim workers texts (D2.12–13), in two lists of names (E1.7, 3.26), in a jar inscription (F3.16), and in a fragmentary piece (J12.16). In all, the name Naqru/Naqdu appears in 19 ostraca. Dated List of Texts A63.1 A63.2 A63.3 A63.4 A63.5 A63.6

Payment of 8 kors, 7 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat June 14, 363 / June 30, 359 Payment of 10[+?] seahs, 3 qabs of resh April 27, 362 Payment of 7 bundles of chaff Undated Payment of 16 bales Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil Undated Two separate payments of barley: 2 kors and 1 seah June 9, 313

57

58

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313) cm

CONVEX Date Payee Products

On the 10th of Sivan, year 42[+4?] Naq[ru/Naq[du brought/brought in?]: 2 w(heat), k(ors), 8; s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 5. 1

[? ‫ הנעל‬/ ?‫ ? היתי‬4+[42 ‫ לסיון שנת‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 5 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ ס‬8 ‫דו] ִח ִכ‬/‫ נק[ר‬.2

A63.1-ISAP1848 (EN48 [BLMJ693]) June 14, 363 or June 30, 359 Payment of 8 kors, 7 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, of Iron Age or Persian period, roughly rectangular, large (77 × 108 × 8), pale brown (10YR6/3). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

For the name Naqru/Naqdu, see A21.1 and 71.5. The end of line 1 is effaced. It probably contained a verb of conveyance such as ‫“( היתי‬brought” [see A1.8]) or ‫“( הנעל‬brought in” [see A1.3]) but could also have recorded 4 more year strokes. Naqru/Naqdu also receives wheat from Samitu (A8.45).

59

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Sealing sign

PN to Na]qdu/[Na]qru: of 2(the grinding of) Iyyar and Sivan, resh, 3s(eahs), 10[+?], q(abs), 3. 4 On the 1st of Iyyar, [year 43]. (archaic alef) 1

‫ נ]ק ִדו זי‬ ִ ]. . . . . . ‫ראש‬. . . . . .[  ִ ].[ ] 3 ‫ ִק‬.] [10 ‫ס‬ #[ ] ‫ ִל ִאיִִר‬1 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A63.2-ISAP1382 (AL123 [M86]) April 27, 362 Payment of 10[+?] seahs, 3 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar, quite thick (50 × 66 × 7–8), exterior and interior light brown. Unclear if ostracon is complete. Writing almost illegible. Written lines at ca. 75° to wheel marks [AL].

For date and sealing sign, see Table 2.2 in TAO, vol. 2 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*, 150*. For full discussion of resh, see A1.4. Unfortunately, the beginnings of lines 1 and 2 are much effaced. Were Naqru/ Naqdu the payer, line 1 could have begun with a verb of conveyance, such as ‫“( היתי‬brought”) or ‫הנעל‬ (“brought in”). Were Naqru/Naqdu the payee, the name of the payer would have appeared at the beginning of line 1, and the preposition lamed (“to”) would have preceded Naqru/Naqdu as payee. Since almost every other chit for resh has a payee, line 1 must have begun with the name of the payer, and the second name (Naqru/Naqdu) would have been the payee. This would be consistent with parallel constructions in four other chits where Naqru/Naqdu is the payee for the three processed grains (A12.17 and 41.2 [‫]ראש‬, 21.1 [‫רקיד‬/‫]דקיר‬, and 74.1 [‫ קמח‬+ ‫)]נשיף‬. Each of these and our chit record payer, payee, product, date, and sealing sign (archaic alef) in that order. All were written by Scribe A between the months of Nisan and Ab, spring and summer of year 362 (Tables 1.1; 21, 2, 20; 3. 1 in TAO vol. 2). Following ‫ זי‬in line 1, we may continue reading in line 2 ‫“( זי איר וסיון ראש‬of [the grinding of ] Iyyar and Sivan resh”) on the basis of the parallel in A7.52 (see also A7.51). We compare the formula in A12.17 cited above—‫מן טחון ירח ניסן ראש‬. Yet we need to note that the document was drawn up in Iyyar, the first of the two grinding months. This would be like the five documents drawn up on 13 Adar for the grinding of Nisan (Table 4.8–11a in TAO vol. 2); see, e.g., A82.1.

60

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫דו לאלעלי תבן‬/‫ נקר‬.1 7 ‫ משתלן‬.2

Naqru/Naqdu to Elali: chaff, 2bundles, 7. 1

A63.3-ISAP1927 (EN136 = JA36) Undated Payment of 7 bundles of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 68 × 7–9), rectangular, exterior and interior pink (5YR7/3), ware pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits, large air bubble inside the vessel wall. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

For the name Elali, see A14.4. For bundles see A1.43–44, 48 and Table 6.27 in TAO, vol. 2. The chit may have been written by Scribe M. ¶ Payees rarely appear in chits for bundles. Here, Elali is payee for seven bundles; in A65.4 he is agent for one bundle.

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313)

61

cm

CONVEX ‫דו‬/‫ נקר‬.1 16 ‫ פוחלצן‬.2

Naqru/Naqdu: 16.

Payer

1

Product

bales,

A63.4-ISAP1416 (AL235 [M123]) Undated Payment of 16 bales Body sherd of jar, close to shoulder (95 × 61 × 7), exterior pink brown, interior light brown. Composed of three fragments, deposit on interior.

For bales, see A1.2, 10 and Table 7.39 in TAO vol. 2. This is the largest payment for bales among the chits, only one other coming close (A10.35).

A63.5-ISAP1906 (EN115 = JA22) Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil (See A71.5 [f Qanael])

62

A63.1–6 Naqru/Naqdu Dossier (363–362 or 362–359; 313) cm

CONVEX Date I Payer I Depository Product I Agent Date II Payer II Product II

On the 18th of Sivan, year 5 of 2Antigonus, Naqdu/Naqru to Makkedah: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 2, by the hand of Pd/rtʿn in Malḥat. (On) that day, Qosmalak: b(arley), s(eah), 1. 1

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬18 ‫ב‬ ‫נקדו למנקדה‬ ִ ‫אתגן‬ ִ ‫רתעןִ במלחת‬/‫ עליד פד‬2 ‫שכ‬ 1 ‫יומא הו קוסמלך שס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A63.6-ISAP1900 (EN108) June 9, 313 Two separate payments of barley: 2 kors and 1 seah

This chit is unique in several respects: only here do we find what appears to be the place name ‫מלחת‬ (perhaps Malaatha, SW of Arad [Elitzur 2004: 50–54; rev. Hebrew ed., 2012: 58]); only here do we find the notation at the bottom of ‫[“( יומא הו‬on] that day”); and the unusual name of the agent occurs only here for certain but could be an alternate reading once or twice more, also in chit(s) for barley, dated four months later (November 18 [A2.45–46]). The chits were written by the same scribe and the name of the ruler in both is spelled simply ‫אתגן‬. ¶ All of the five fully dated chits addressed “to Makkedah” are late (336–313 [A1.33, 182.1, here, 249a.1, 300.1.48]; see Table 2.2 in TAO vol. 1). On July 21, 315, fewer than two weeks after our chit, a Qosmalak son of Qosḥanan made a payment of 6 seahs of barley to Ammu (A11.9). Ephʿal-Naveh (EN108) reads the name of the payer as ‫נהרו‬, “Nah(a)ru,” and we list this option in his dossier (A141.1).

A64.1–5 Abdṣidq Dossier (359–355) The name Abdṣidq as payer appears five times, but three appeared already in earlier dossiers, two as payer to Samitu (A64.1, 4 [A8.19–20]) and one affiliated to Gur (A64.2 [A2.5]). Two are fully dated (A64.1–2), two by day and month only (A64.3–4), and one is undated (A64.5). Products are grain (A64.1, 4), oil (A64.3), a joist (A64.2), and a bale (A64.5). One ostracon is only partially legible but parallels point to tempting restorations (A64.5). The name does not appear elsewhere among the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A 64.1 A 64.2 A64.3 A64.4 A64.5

Payment of x seahs of crushed/sifted wheat August 7, 359 Payment of 1 joist July 7, 355 Payment of 1 seah, 2.75 qabs of oil 6 Iyyar Payment of 9 seahs of semolina 27 Sivan Payment of 1 bale of chaff and 20 x Undated

63

64

A64.1–5 Abdṣidq Dossier (359–355)

A64.1-ISAP735 [YR37] August 7, 359 Payment of x seahs of crushed/sifted wheat (A8.20 [to Samitu])

A64.2–1008 (L8 [IM91.16.197]) July 7, 355 Payment of 1 joist (See A2.5 [ss Gur]) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Iyyar, Abdṣidq:

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

oil 3s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; q(uarters), 3.

‫ לאיר‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫משח‬ ִ ‫עבדצ ִדק‬ ִ .2 3 ‫ ר‬2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ס‬.3

A64.3-ISAP1 [JTS1 158970] (Table 6.30) 6 Iyyar Payment of 1 seah, 2.75 qabs of oil

For oil, see A1.6 and 2.13. Only one other chit for oil was dated in the month of Iyyar (A8.17). ¶ Abdṣidq is a construct name, “servant of Ṣidq.” The element ‫ צדק‬as divine epithet appears in the names of the Canaanite kings of (Jeru)salem Adoniṣedek (Josh 10:1) and Malkiṣedek (Gen 14:18) and in the Ugaritic name ʾdn dq (PTU 90).

A64.1–5 Abdṣidq Dossier (359–355)

65

A64.4-ISAP1233 (S[chøyen]L3 [S3 = MS 2060/3]) 27 Sivan Payment of 9 seahs of semolina (See A8.19 [to Samitu]) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[Abd/Natan]ṣidq to S[. . .]: [. . ., 2ba]le, 1; . . . 320. 1

[ ]‫ר ִמ‬/‫[ ]מד‬.‫לש‬ ִ ‫עבד]צדק‬/‫ ]נתנ‬.1 [ ].‫[ ]ט‬ ִ ‫קמ‬ ִ 1 ‫ ]פח]לץ‬.2 20 .3

A64.5-ISAP20 [JTS20 159273] Undated Payment of 1 bale of chaff and 20 x

Two texts here have Abdṣidq making a payment to Samitu (A64.1 and 4), and it would be tempting to restore the name ‫ שמתו‬in the middle of line 1 as payee, but while the letter shin is quite evident, the second letter cannot be read as a mem. The name of the payer at the beginning of the line might be restored either as ‫ עבדצדק‬or ‫נתנצדק‬, but the latter is thrice affilated with the sons of Qoṣi (A3.10, 20; D4.11). Since the fomer is unaffiliated, we have decided to restore that name here. The marks at the ends of lines 1 and 2 and the beginning of line 3 yield no intelligible text. For bales, see A1.2, 10, and Table 7.31 in TAO vol. 2.

A65.1–5 Ubayd/Abid Dossier (348; 322) The name Ubayd/Abid as payer appears five times here, but it already occurred once earlier among the sons of Ḥori (A65.5 [A6.6]). Two chits are fully dated (A65.1–2), and three are undated (A65.3–5). One appears with patronym (El[i]milk/malak [A65.4]). Three have a payee (A65.2–4), one of which also has an agent (A65.4). Products included wheat (A65.1–2), a beam, a bundle, and loads (A65.3–5). While the name Ubayd/Abid appears only 3 more times in the ostraca (A9.30 [as payee for 1 log]), 68.1 [as payee for resh]), C2.13 [fragmentary account of barley]), the related name Ubaydu has a large dossier (A64). Dated List of Texts A65.1 A65.2 A65.3 A65.4 A65.5

Payment of 2 seahs of wheat August 11, 348 Payment of 22 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat April 17, 321 Payment of 1 beam Undated Payment of 1 bundle Undated Payment of 4 loads Undated

66

A65.1–5 Ubayd/Abid Dossier (348; 322)

67

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 25th of Tammuz, 2year 11[?], Ubayd/Abid/Uwayd 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 2. 1

‫ לתמוז‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ויִד‬/‫ ִע ִב‬11= ]1+[1 ‫ שנת‬.2 2 ‫ חס‬.3

A65.1-ISAP2562 (JA287) August 11, 348 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (44 × 53 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior reddish brown (5YR5/4), ware yellowish red (5YR5/6), coarse ware, many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel marks.

The name Abid/Ubayd (‫ )עביד‬is hypocoristicon for one of the many construct names compounded with ‫עבד‬, “servant of DN” (see A2.22 and the dossier of Ubaydu [A24]). The second letter in the name looks much like a waw, and the reading ‫ עויד‬should not be excluded. Uwayd would be hypocoristicon for a name such as Awidilahi (see E3.4). ¶ A numeral stroke in the year date is written supralinearly, and it is not clear whether another stroke preceded it.

68

A65.1–5 Ubayd/Abid Dossier (348; 322) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 25th of A[da]r I[I], [year] 2, Ubayd/Abid 2 to the hand of Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan: w(heat), s(eahs), 22, q(abs), 3. 1

‫ִד‬ ִ ‫עבי‬ ִ 2] ‫[ד]ר[ אחר]י [שנת‬ ִ ‫לא‬ ִ 25 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ִק‬22 ‫ִד ִע ִב ִדִו ִו ִחלפן חס‬ ִ ‫ לי‬.2

A65.2-ISAP1018 (L18 [IM91.16.33]) (Jar handle) April 17, 321 Payment of 22 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Part of jar handle (97 × 34 × 21), surface brown. Written lines on the upper face and along the handle. Wide top margin narrowing leftward, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

Two other texts dated to year 2 record Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan as agents (A70.2, 300.1.45). The month is very hard to read, but we should probably restore ‫א]ד[ר ]אחר[י‬, “second Adar,” which fits nicely with 2 Philip (see discussion in A70.2).

A65.1–5 Ubayd/Abid Dossier (348; 322)

69

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ubayd/Abid to Ammu: 2 beam, 1.

‫לעמִו‬ ִ ‫עביד‬ ִ .1 1 ‫ שרי‬.2

1

A65.3-ISAP1477 (AL163 [M189]) Undated Payment of 1 beam Body sherd of jar (63 × 49 × 8), exterior and interior orange red. Ostracon perhaps complete. Written lines at 5° to wheel marks [AL].

For ‫“( שרי‬beam”), see A1.12. This is the only one of some ten texts for beam that has a payee, but see A3.1. ¶ The name ‫“( עמו‬Ammu”) is hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫עמאל‬, “Ammiel” ({My} divine kinsman is El [A1.21]) or Ammiqos (A1.18). Ubayd/Abid is also payee for another wood product, one log (‫)גזיר‬, in an earlier chit (A9.30).

70

A65.1–5 Ubayd/Abid Dossier (348; 322) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Agent Product

Ubayd/Abid son of El(i)milk/malak to the hand of Qosani, 2 by the hand of Elali: bund⟨le⟩, 1. 1

‫וסעני‬ ִ ‫ִד בר אלמלך ליד ִק‬ ִ ‫ עבי‬.1 1 ⟩‫משת⟨ל‬ ִ ‫אלעלִי‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬.2

A65.4-ISAP871 (JA457 {GCh71 > EYH1}) Undated Payment of 1 bundle Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67 × 86 × 8), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

For the name El(i)milk/malak, see A17.14 and A93. For Qosani, see A1.46. For Elali see A14.4. Ubayd/ Abid is found among the sons of Ḥori (A6.6) and has an illegible patronym in one other text (C2.13). It is rare for a payee to be mentioned in a chit for bundles, but here we have not only the prefixed preposition lamed but also what has been called a “pseudo-preposition,” ‫ליד‬, “to the hand of” (for the terminology, see Murakoa-Porten 2003: 87). ¶ For bundles, see A1.43–44, 48 and Table 6.26 in TAO vol. 2. Here, Elali is agent for one bundle; in A63.3, he is payee for seven bundles of chaff.

A65.5-ISAP1148 (L148 [IM91.16.185]) Undated Payment of 4 loads (See A6.6 [ss Ḥori])

A66.1–5 Anael Dossier (356–349) The name Anael as payer occurs five times, two of which appeared earlier (A66.1, 4 [A53.1, 6; both, name uncertain]). Two chits are fully dated (A66.1–2), two by day and month only (A66.3–4), and one is undated (A66.5). Two concern large amounts of grain (A66.1, 3), one has bundles (A66.5), one perhaps records oil (A66.2), and one has an unknown product (A66.4). One is of uncertain reconstruction (A66.2), and one has a unique expression—something like spoiled grain (A66.3). Anael only appears in three other texts: as payee receiving olive wood (A300.2.32), in a fragmentary account (C9.6), and in a list of 12 names (E1.6). Dated List of Texts A66.1 A66.2 A66.3 A66.4 A66.5

Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat December 10, 356 Payment of 3 seahs of oil November 30, 349 Payment of 2 kors, 15 seahs of barley 20 Iyyar Payment of unknown product 10 Adar Payment of x bundles Undated

71

72

A66.1–5 Anael Dossier (356–349)

A66.1-ISAP2509 (JA227) December 10, 356 Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat (See A53.1 [Ammiel/Anael/Qanael] cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Kislev, year 10[+?], Anael to Aliel: from m[. . .], 3 [oi]l, s(eahs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product

[ ]10 ‫לכ ִס ִלִו שנת‬ ִ 6 ‫ ב‬.1 [  ]‫ ענאל לעליאל מן מ‬.2 3 ‫]מש]ח ס‬ ִ .3

A66.2-ISAP86 (JA445 {Bn > EYH?}) (Table 6.13) November 30, 349 Payment of 3 seahs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63 × 9 × 9–11), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, two possibly fresh breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, bottom edge broken, wide left margin.

This chit is most problematic. It is not clear whether there are any additional numerals after the 10 of the year date at the end of line 1. The het after the break in line 3 could either conclude ‫קמח‬,”flour,” or ‫משח‬, “oil.” If “flour,” then we might restore the word at the end of line 2 as [‫ מ]נקדה‬and read “from Ma[kkedah],” similar to the previous chit which records a payment “to the storehouse of Makkedah” (A66.1). See also A300.2.32 in which Anael is recipient for a payment “from Makkedah” (restored). If “oil,” then we would restore that word as [‫ מ]שח‬and read “from the o[il of PN]” (cf. A12.16, 30.6). However, neither oil nor flour is among the commodities sent from Makkedah, and the end of line 2 hardly has enough space for ‫משח‬ plus a PN. For oil, see A1.6 and 2.3. ¶ The name ‫ ענאל‬is once written with a he—‫( ענהאל‬E1.6 [ISP854]); it means “El answered,” similar to the Idumean Qosani (A30) or Ananibaal (A4.34). The hypocoristicon ‫ענני‬ was popular at Elephantine (Porten-Lund: 2000: 389–390), in Palmyra, and Hatra (Maraqten 1988: 200). For the name Aliel see A14.4.

73

A66.1–5 Anael Dossier (356–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product I Source Product II

On the 20th of Iyyar, Anael brought: 2 b(arley), kors, 2; s(eahs), 15; 3 from the spoiled grain: b(arley), s(eahs), 20. ——— 1

‫ִאל‬ ִ ‫ לאיר היתי ִענ‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 15 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ ש כרן‬.2 20 ‫רא ִש ִס‬/‫ מן עבור פסד‬.3 ———

A66.3-ISAP1543 (AL107 [M258]) 20 Iyyar Payment of 2 kors, 15 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (68 × 59 × 6–7), exterior and interior gray brown. Written lines at 5° to wheel marks [AL].

For the verb “brought,” see A1.2, 8. ¶ The partially unabbreviated spelling here, with “kors” written plena (‫)כרן‬, is paralled in another chit (A300.5.3), where it is “w(heat)” that is abbreviated (simply ‫)ח‬. For explanation of the word ‫פסדא‬, see A6.3. We may imagine that 20 seahs out of a total of 75 seahs of barley was “spoiled grain.” ¶ The horizontal line drawn at the end of the document is unusual.

74

A66.1–5 Anael Dossier (356–349)

A66.4-ISAP472 [IA11417] 10 Adar Payment of unknown product (See A53.6 [Ammiel/Anael]) cm

CONVEX [?]. ‫זאל‬/‫ ענ‬.1

Anael ·[?]: bundle[?].

Payer

1

Product

2

[? ]‫ משתל‬.2

A66.5-ISAP2607 (JA343) Undated Payment of x bundles Shoulder of jar, probably of Persian period, small (37 × 37 × 8), roughly rhomboid, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The reading Anael (“El answered”) here is certain. ¶ For TAO vol. 2.

bundle

see A1.43–44, 48 and Table 6.43 in

A67.1–5 (4) Qosbarek Dossier (346) The name Qosbarek as payer appears four times. Two chits are fully dated (A67.1–2), though the year is missing in one of them (A67.2), one is dated by day and month (A67.3), and one is undated (A67.5). One has a payee (A67.1), and one has a double payer and an agent (A67.2). The scribe wrote one with an archaic alef and verb of conveyance (A67.3). One is cut away at the left edge (A67.2), and one is sui generis in format (A67.5). Products include a bundle (A67.1) and grain (A67.3, 5). In one chit, the product is not preserved (A67.2). The name Qosbarek appeared once before in a fragmentary chit for Qoskahel (A9.25), elsewhere supplies 1 worker (D7.4), is affiliated to an unknown clan in an incomplete fragment (J10.3), is recorded in a letter fragment (G4.7), and even appears in a list of 5 names in a provenanced ostracon from Beer-sheba (2E1.2 [ISAP2233; Naveh 1979: No. 33]). Dated List of Texts A67.1 A67.2 A67.3 A67.4 A67.5

Payment of 1 bundle of chaff November 26, 346 Payment of unknown product 16 Ab, year x Payment of 22 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley 10 Tammuz Cancelled Deposit of 2 kors of x Undated

75

76

A67.1–5 (4) Qosbarek Dossier (346) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Qosbarek to Abenaši: 2 chaff, bundle, 1, on the 5th 3of Kislev, year 13. 1

‫קוסבִר ִך ִלאבאנִשי‬ ִ .1 5 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ תבן משתל‬.2 13 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬.3

A67.1-ISAP1533 (AL68 [M248]) (Palimpsest?) November 26, 346 Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Body sherd of jar (74 × 55 × 5–7), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks. [AL].

The element ‫ברך‬, “bless,” is popular in biblical names (e.g., Zech 1:1), but only in our ostraca do we find it as the second element of the name; see also Aḥ(i)barek and Nabubarek (A25.8, 206.1) as well as Baruk/Berik (A59). ¶ The name ‫ אבאנשי‬is paralleled by ‫( אבאנשו‬written once without the alef [A10.11]). It is apparently an Arabian nominal sentence name meaning “(Divine) father is friendly, intimate” (Arabic √ʾns > anisa [Shatnawi 2002: 641; reference supplied by Ran Zadok]). The name Abenaši appears in several contexts—thrice on a jar inscription (F1.1, 3.1, 4.3) and four times as payer (A91.1–4), including one time as payer of bundles (A91.2), whereas here he is recipient of bundles. One of the payer chits is dated to year 21 (A91.4), eight years after our chit. He appears as agent in four chits, likewise dated (seven and) eight years after ours (A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 71.3). Twice more he appears, in undated texts, as payee (A11.18, 152.2). Once he appears at the head of a geographical text as the owner of “a plot (‫ )חלק‬that is in front of the spring” (H2.9). ¶ Less than one-fifth of the 50 some chits for bundles have a payee (see A1.43–44, 48 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 2). The same scribe who wrote a chit for Abenaši as payer of 2.5 bundles may have written this one (Scribe O [Table 6.5, 42 in ibid.]). ¶ Of six texts dated to year 13 (A1.29, 8.22, 13.12, here, 163.1, J13.9), only one other has the date at the bottom (A13.12).

A67.1–5 (4) Qosbarek Dossier (346)

77

cm

CONVEX On the 16th of Ab, y[ear x], Qosbarek and Qos[. . . . . .] 3 by the hand of Qos[. . .].

Date

1

Payers

2

Product Agent

[  ‫ לאב ש[נת‬16 ‫ ב‬.1

[ ]‫קוסבִרך וקוס‬ ִ .2 [ ]‫ עליד קוס‬.3

A67.2-ISAP2635 (JA379) 16 Ab, year x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (50 × 46 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior brown (5YR5/4), few white grits. Composed of two fragments. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Cut off on the left edge are the year date (line 1), the second half of the name of the second payer, the product and measure (line 2), and the second half of the name of the agent (line 3). Interestingly, all three names begin with Qos.

78

A67.1–5 (4) Qosbarek Dossier (346) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Tammuz, Qosbaraek/Qosbayan 1brought in 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 22, 3q(abs), 5, (and a) h(alf). [. . .]w archaic alef

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory Sealing sign

‫הנע ִל‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 22 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫ קוסברך‬.2 # . . . . ‫ ִף‬5 ‫ ִק‬.3

A67.3-ISAP1425 (AL111 [M133]) 10 Tammuz Payment of 22 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar (56 × 43 × 6), exterior and interior whitish. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing almost illegible. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

For the verb ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”), see A1.3. The name of the payer may also be read ‫“( קוסבין‬Qos discerned”), a name not known outside our corpus; see A69.2.

A67.4-ISAP653 (Naveh 626) (Cancelled = ISAP1425 [A67.3 above])

A67.1–5 (4) Qosbarek Dossier (346)

79

cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Deposit Product

‫ עבור זי‬.1 ִ‫קס ִבִרך‬ ִ ‫ ִפקד‬.2 [ ] ‫ ִש‬2 ‫ ] [כ‬.3

Grain which Qosbarek deposited: [. . .]: 2 k(ors).

Product

A67.5-ISAP2655 (JA559) Undated Deposit of 2 kors of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (41 × 66 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks and to straight upper edge. Medium top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, variable left margin.

This ostracon is unique in its format, vocabulary, and orthography. It is the only one to begin “grain which,” the only one to contain the word “deposited” (‫)פקד‬, and one of the only ones to omit the waw in the spelling of ‫קוס‬. The grain itself is missing at the beginning of line 3. There appears to be the letter shin at the end of that line and somewhat below it, partly cut off at the left edge.

A68.1–5 Qoskhair Dossier (362–354) The name Qoskhair as payer appears four or five times (A68.5 is uncertain), but one of these appeared earlier as a payer to Saadel (A68.2 [A10.7]). Two chits are fully dated (A68.1–2), one with only a day and no month (A68.3), and two are undated (A68.4–5). One has both a patronym and a payee (A68.1), and another has a payee and depository (A68.2). The others here are laconic, obscure, or fragmentary (A68.3–5). Products include grain and an unknown grinding product (A68.1–3, 5) and something called ‫( כפיס‬A68.4). The name Qoskhair appears twice as payee—once for semolina and flour (A51.3) and once for a bale (A300.4.31). Dated List of Texts A68.1 A68.2 A68.3 A68.4 A68.5

Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of resh October 28, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley June 24, 354 Payment of 2 bundles 25 (no month) Payment of 12 girders Undated Payment of unknown product from the grinding Undated

80

81

A68.1–5 Qoskhair Dossier (362–354) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date

Qoskhair son of Nattun to Ubayd/Abid: 2 from the grinding of Marcheshvan: resh, 3s(eahs), 4; q(abs) 1(+3=4) (and a) h(alf). on the 9th 4of Marcheshvan. 1

‫קוסחיר בר נתון לעביד‬ ‫מן ִט ִחִוןִ מרחשון ִר ִא ִש‬ 9 ‫ ף ב‬3+1 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ִס‬ ‫למרחשון‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A68.1-ISAP2487 (JA203) October 28, 362 Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of resh Shoulder and beginning of the neck of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49 × 63 × 6–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

There are 28 chits for resh with date at the end (see Table 2.2–25 in TAO vol. 2). Six of these record the year as “43” (A8.3, 9.10–12, 207.1, 300.1.3). We have accordingly restored that year in all the other chits for resh with date at the end. For full discussion of resh, see A1.4, and for details on grindings and chits for resh, see A4.1. ¶ Another chit for resh “from the grinding of Marcheshvan” was drawn up less than a week earlier for nearly half the amount we have here (A6.1). Note also that the final three and a half strokes after the qab measure are written superlinearly. The name Qoskhair (‫ )קוסחיר‬is Arabian, “Qos is good.” The hypocoristic ‫( חירו‬A190.1) and ‫ חירי‬appear in Nabatean (Negev Nos. 437–438); see also Stark 1971: 88 for Palmyrene. ¶ Was this Qoskhair son of Nattun brother of Naamel son of Nattun (D9.3; see also C9.2)? The name Ubayd/Abid has its own dossier (A65).

A68.2-ISAP890 {GCh90} June 24, 354 Payment of 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley (See A10.7 [to Saadel])

82

A68.1–5 Qoskhair Dossier (362–354) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

‫קסחיִִר‬ ִ 25 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ משתלן‬.2

On the 25th, Qoskhair: 2 bundles, 2. 1

A68.3-ISAP872 (JA458 {GCh72 > EYH1}) 25 (no month) Payment of 2 bundles Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47 × 70 × 9), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior and ware yellowish red (5YR5/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Absence of a month name indicates the evanescent nature of this chit. Two other chits for bundles (A7.58, 222.1) also bear single day dates (24, 25, and 26), and all three were written by Scribe P (Table 6.18–20 in vol. 2). ¶ The name is spelled without the expected waw in ‫קוס‬. ¶ For bundles see A1.43–44, 48).

A68.1–5 Qoskhair Dossier (362–354)

83

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

12 ‫ קוסחיר‬.1

Qoskhair: 12, 2girder. 1

‫כפיס‬ ִ .2

A68.4-ISAP916 (JA481 {GCh116 > Zd81 > EYH2?}) Undated Payment of 12 girders Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period bowl, medium-sized (58 × 43 × 6), roughly rectangular, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits, sparse hand-burnishing on interior creating a web pattern. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 55° to wheel marks.

The word ‫ כפיס‬occurs only here in our corpus but does appear in the Talmud, variously translated as “girder, bond-lath; half-brick” (Jastrow 659 [b. Bab. Bat. 1:1]). The initial position and meaning of the numeral 12 are puzzling. Numbers usually follow items, which appear in plural when the number so requires.

84

A68.1–5 Qoskhair Dossier (362–354) cm

CONVEX [. . .]Qoskhair [. . . from the grind]ing of the month of (line[s] missing)

Payee?

1

Product?

2

[ ]‫ ִקִוסחיר‬.1 [ ‫ טח]ון ִירח‬.2

A68.5-ISAP733 [YR36] Undated Payment of unknown product from the grinding Body sherd, small (29 × 24 × 4), roughly rectangular, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 30° to wheel marks.

The restoration is plausible, but the spacing is tight. There is one other text that has the same combination as here, that is, ‫“( ירח טחון‬the grinding of the month of” A12.17]). This is part of a larger group for resh, all by Scribe A, which states the month but eliminates the words ‫ ירח‬or ‫טחון‬. If this text fell into that group, it would be the second payment of resh in the dossier (see A68.1 above). The missing line 3 at the right edge would have to contain the name of the month, the product, and the measure. The only thing missing in line 2 would be the five letter spaces for ‫]מן טח[ון‬, which also occurs in A68.1 above. Furthermore, we would have to assume that Qoskhair in line 1 was the payee, and the name of the payer would fall in the missing right edge. No other restoration presents itself.

A69.1–5 Qosnatan Dossier (344) The name Qosnatan as payer occurs five times, twice already in earlier documents, once in the clan of Baalrim (A69.3 [A1.50]) and once as co-payer in the clan of Qoṣi (A69.5 [A3.35]). As part of the clan of Qoṣi, he also appears in a workers text (D4.8). Two texts are fully dated, with the year missing in one (A69.1–2), two are dated by month and day (A69.3–4), and one is undated (A69.5). One is a unique oil text (A69.1). Other payments are barley and a beam (A69.3, 5). In two chits, the payments are unknown (A69.2, 4). One has a payee (A69.2), two have agents (A69.1, 3), one has a patronym (A69.5), and one has a source (A69.1). Aside from the workers text mentioned above (D4.8), the name Qosnatan occurs in two fragmentary accounts (C6.3 [restored], 9.3) and a list of 3 names (E3.18). Dated List of Texts A69.1 A69.2 A69.3 A69.4 A69.5

Payment of 3 seahs of oil Payment of unknown product Payment of x seahs of barley Payment of unknown product Payment of 1 beam

February 16, 344 16 Ab, year x 20 Sivan 5 Iyyar Undated

85

86

A69.1–5 Qosnatan Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Shebat, year 14, Qosnatan brought in by the hand of 3Pasi, from the cultivated land of Nadabqos:

Date

1

Payer

2

Agent Source

[? ]14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬10 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסנתן עליד‬ ִ ‫ִעל‬ ִ ‫הנ‬ ‫רת‬/‫ִפ ִסִי מן שבד‬ ‫נדבקִו ִס‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

CONCAVE Product

3 ‫ משח ס‬.5

oil, s(eahs), 3.

5

A69.1-ISAP1336 (AL69 [M37]) (Table 6.17) February 16, 344 Payment of 3 seahs of oil Body sherd of jar, small (45 × 41 × 8), almost square, exterior and interior pink/brown red. Ostracon complete. Text begins on exterior and continues on interior when sherd is turned upside down, written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

The name ‫ קוסנתן‬is an exemplary Idumean name, meaning “Qos gave,” with patent biblical parallels in ‫( יהונתן‬1 Sam 14:6, etc.) and ‫( אלנתן‬Jer 26:22, etc.; WSS 76, 440–42), the latter also in Ammonite (WSS 904). ¶ For oil, see A1.6 and 2.13. While the month of Shebat is recorded 37 times in the Idumean ostraca, only three other chits for oil were written in that month (A7.29, 44.1, 137.1). Aside from our chit, ten others record Shebat in year 14 for other products, including one transaction but 3 days before ours (A21.6). Less than a handful of chits for oil record a verb of conveyance (A8.17 [‫ ;]היתי‬14.3, 29.2 [‫)]הנעל‬, and only five have agents (A7.50, 14.6, 16.10, 48.5, 76.3). For the verbs of conveyance, see A1.2–3, 8. While many chits indicate the source of the oil as deriving from the “oil of the purchase” (‫[ זבינתא‬A8.28]) or of a private individual (‫[ חין‬A30.6]), none derives it from the field of a person, as here. The word ‫ שברת‬is said to derive from Akkadian šabburtu, “land made ready for cultivation” (Notarius 2004: 372) and occurs twice more, both times in land description texts (H1.2, 2.5). ¶ Occurring in our corpus only here, Nadabqos (‫“[ נדבקוס‬Qos is noble”]) has a parallel in biblical ‫( נדביה‬1 Chr 3:18) and in Ammonite ‫( נדבאל‬WSS 953–956). ¶ Pasi is a well-known Egyptian name occurring a handful of times in our corpus, once as father of Egyptian Abdosiri (A300.1.44) and numerous times in the Egyptian Aramaic documents (Porten-Lund 2002: 402). ¶ The ostracon is unusual in that the text, beginning on the convex side, concludes on the concave.

87

A69.1–5 Qosnatan Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Qosnatan to Qosbayan: [. . .], 2 on the 16th of Ab, year[. . .]. 1

[ ]. ‫קו ִסביִן‬ ִ ‫ קוסנתן ִל‬.1 [ ]‫ לאב שנת‬16 ‫ ב‬.2

A69.2-ISAP1607 (AL97 [M409]) 16 Ab, year x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (961 × 45 × 5), exterior and interior brown. Some of left part of ostracon missing. Written lines at 20° to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, omitting the product and measure in line 1 and the year in line 2. Qosbayan (‫ )קוסבין‬is an Idumean verbal sentence name meaning “Qos discerned.” The name appears in 2 accounts (C4.2, 5.1) and in a list of names (E1.6), as well as hypocoristicon in the qattūl ‫“( ביון‬Bayyun” [A95]) and as a name of petition in ‫“( יבין‬Yabin” [“May {DN} discern,” that is, “take notice of me”]), king of Hazor (Josh 11:1, etc.).

A69.3-ISAP721 [YR27] 20 Sivan Payment of x seahs of barley (See A1.50 [ss Baalrim])

88

A69.1–5 Qosnatan Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Iyyar . . . [Qos]natan: 3 . . ., . . ., [. . .]; 4. . ., [. . .], . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Payment

‫ לאיר‬5 ‫ ב‬. .1 ‫] קוס]נתן‬. ִ .2 .[  ].  .  . . . . .  . . . .3 .  .[   ]. .4

A69.4-ISAP830 [IA12213 {GCh30}] 5 Iyyar Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61 × 56 × 9), roughly rectangular, exterior white (5YR8/1), few white grits. Possible patina on exterior, treated with acid (?). Faint traces of writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The text is virtually illegible. The name of the payer is plausible—the verb ‫ נתן‬is clear, and the letter preceding shows traces of a samek, yielding the name ‫קוסנתן‬. A verb of conveyance, such as ‫ הנעל‬or ‫היתי‬, must have come at the beginning of line 2 (see A69.1 above).

A69.5-ISAP1957 (EN177 = JA42) Undated Payment of 1 beam (See A3.35 [with Dalael h Qoṣi])

A70.1–5 Qosaz Dossier (338–322) The name Qosaz as payer appears five times, three times already in previous dossiers, twice affiliated to the clan of Yehokal (A70.1, 3 [A5.11, 13]) and once associated with Ani (A70.4 [A37.6]). Two chits are fully dated (A70.1–2), one by day and month (A70.3), and two are undated (A70.4–5). One chit has a source, double agent, and patronym—Qosaz son of Qosyatha (A70.2). A second payer also appears in one chit (A70.4). Three chits deal with grain (A70.1–2, 4), one with a log (A70.3), and in one chit the product is unknown (A70.5). The name Qosaz appears as payee twice—once for a log (A130.1) and once affiliated to Qoṣi in a large payment for wheat (A3.39). It also appears in an account (C5.6), a workers text (D8.5), and an uncertain account fragment with wheat (J3.8). Dated List of Texts A70.1 A70.2 A70.3 A70.4 A70.5

Payment of 22 seahs, 2.5 qabs of flour Payment of 16 seahs of wheat Payment of 1 log Three payments: 10 seahs of wheat; 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat; 1 qab of x Payment of unknown product

89

June 29, 338 July 6, 322 30 Shebat Undated (late) Undated

90

A70.1–5 Qosaz Dossier (338–322)

A70.1-ISAP704 [YR39] June 29, 338 Payment of 22 seahs, 2.5 qabs of flour (See A5.11 [ss Yehokal]) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz, year 2, Qosaz son of Qosyatha, from the grain of 3Qosyinqom: w(heat), s(eahs), 16, by the hand of 4Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Agent

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסעז בר קוסיתע מן עבור‬ ‫ על יד‬16 ‫קוסינקם חס‬ ‫עבדו וחלפן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

0A70.2-ISAP64 (JA425 {ZdIV > EYH}) July 6, 322 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 101 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper lip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin (excluding lower tip of nun), variable left margin.

For the meaning of the name Qosaz and its numerous Northwest-Semitic parallels, see A3.39. ¶ Almost all the parties in this chit appear in texts dated late—Qosyinqom: 3 Philip (20A20.9 [320 b.c.e.]); “by the

A70.1–5 Qosaz Dossier (338–322)

91

hand of Ḥal(a)fan:” 7 Philip (A47.3 [317 b.c.e.]); Qosaz: 5 Alexander (A3.39 [311 b.c.e.]); Qosyatha: year 20 [Artaxerxes III {A249.1 (339 b.c.e.)}] and year 1 [Arses {A55.4 (337 b.c.e.)}]. The agents Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan appear in two more chits dated to year 2, also for wheat (A65.2, 300.1.45; possibly A96.2 [322 b.c.e.]). Ḥal(a)fan alone appears in two more chits dated to year 7 (without name of monarch [A48.5, 249a.1 {both 317 b.c.e.}]), and therefore it is likely that our chit should be dated to year 2 of Philip; see Table 5.2 in TAO vol.1. ¶ Double agents appeared primarily in texts dated late; see A1.32. For the names Qosyatha, Qosyinqom, and Ḥal(a)fan, see dossiers A55, 20, and 18, respectively. Unlike the others, Abdu never appeared as payer and so does not have his own dossier. ¶ The other names in this chit may also give a hint as to the clan of the payer Qosaz. On the one hand, the name Qosyatha, here Qosaz’s father, was affiliated to the clan of Baalrim 3 times between 362 and 343 b.c.e. (A1.3, 11, 30), two of which were payments of wheat, as here (A1.3, 30). This would be the appropriate time lapse between the 2 generations, in which case Qosaz could be assigned to the clan of Baalrim. On the other hand, a certain Qosaz appeared affiliated to the clan of Yehokal twice already, once in 338 b.c.e. (A5.11, 13 = 70.1, 3). If this is the same Qosaz as here, then he would be assigned to the clan of Yehokal, being active for at least 16 years (338–322 b.c.e.); see the genealogical table for the clan of Yehokal (Figs. 46a–b in TAO vol.1). To complicate the question further, a certain Qosaz “of the house of Qoṣi” received wheat from Ḥabutu in year 5 of Alexander (A3.39 [311 b.c.e.]). While we cannot rule out the possible connection to the clan of Qoṣi, there is more evidence for our Qosaz here being affiliated to Baalrim or Yehokal. One of the other names, Qosyinqom, the source of the grain here, does not help solve this dilemma: he was once affiliated to the clan of Yehokal in an earlier dated chit (A5.1 [362 b.c.e.]) and six times affiliated to the clan of Baalrim (A1.16–17, 25–27, 31), the first three of which are dated to year 5 (354 b.c.e.). Although the data are not conclusive, we tentatively suggest assigning our Qosaz here to the clan of Yehokal, like the chits above and below (A70.1, 3). ¶ At least 8 others chits state the source of a delivery of wheat or barley as “from the grain (‫ )עבור‬of PN,” the most frequent person being Ani (see A3.16, 14.4), who is also recorded below making a payment of wheat alongside Qosaz (A70.4).

A70.3-ISAP2551 (JA276) 30 Shebaṭ Payment of 1 log (See A5.13 [h Yehokal])

A70.4-ISAP1133 (L133 [IM91.16.141]) Undated (late) Three payments: 10 seahs of wheat; 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat; 1 qab of x (See A37.6 [with Ani])

92

A70.1–5 Qosaz Dossier (338–322) cm

CONVEX Payer

Qosaz son of ··[. . .] (illegible remains of 3 more lines) 1

[  ]. . ‫ ִקִו ִס ִע ִז ִבִר‬.1

A70.5-ISAP674 (JA56) Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64 × 44 × 4–5), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light red (10R6/6), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, direction of written lines unclear, letters very blurred. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only the first line of this chit is legible, and barely so.

A71.1–5 Qanael Dossier (356–338) The name Qanael as payer appears five times, though twice it has appeared in earlier dossiers, once as payer in the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier (A71.4 [A7.50]) and once in the dossier of Ammiel (A71.1 [A53.1]). In the latter case, it is an alternate spelling, and just as here, the spelling of the name in two chits may be Ḥanniel (A71.3, 5). Three are fully dated (A71.1–3), one by day and month (A71.4), and one is undated (A71.5). In one chit, there appears a patronym (Naqr/du [A71.5]), and two have agents (A71.3–4), one with a triple agent, a feature facilitating determination of the date (A71.3). One has payee (A71.4), one has signatory (A71.1), and two have depository (A71.1, 3). The products are grain (A71.1–2; possibly also 71.3) and oil (A71.4–5). Qanael does not appear elsewhere in the Aramaic ostraca from Idumea. Dated List of Texts A71.1 A71.2 A71.3 A71.4 A71.5

Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat Payment of 20 seahs of wheat flour Payment of unknown product Payment of 2 seahs of oil Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil

December 10, 356 February 28, 344 August 5, 338 20 Ab Undated

93

94

A71.1–5 Qanael Dossier (356–338)

A71.1-ISAP2509 (JA227) December 10, 356 Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs of wheat (See A53.1 [Ammiel/Anael/Qanael])

cm

CONCAVE On the 22nd of Shebat, year 14, Qanael: flour, wheat , 3s(eahs), 20.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קנאל קמח חנטן‬.2 [?] 20 ‫ ס‬.3

A71.2-ISAP1896 (EN103 = JA127) February 28, 344 Payment of 20 seahs of wheat flour Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (52 × 70 × 8–18), rectangular, exterior and interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), medium amount of white and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 40% of the interior and on two old breaks. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

From the root ‫קני‬, the name ‫ קנאל‬means “El created” and occurs also in Phoenician (Benz 1972: 178); for parallels in Ugaritic see PTU 39 (qnmlk). See also A4.5. ¶ This is the earliest of 17 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A12.10), and one of seven chits for the four days between 22 and 25 Shebat. The quantities of wheat in these chits vary between 2 seahs and 29 seahs, 4 qabs. See Table 4, especially 4.2 in TAO vol.1.

95

A71.1–5 Qanael Dossier (356–338) cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Ab, year 21, Qanael/Ḥanniel [. . . by] the hand of 3Abenaši, [Widdu], Udayd/ru: 5 the storehouse.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent Depository

21 ‫ לאב שנת‬9 ‫ב‬ ִ/‫[  ע]ליִד‬. . ‫חנאל‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ִשִי [ ודו ] ִע ִדי‬ ִ ‫ִא ִב ִאנ‬ [?] ‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫ִמ ִס ִכנ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A71.3-ISAP2483 (JA198) August 5, 338 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63 × 89 × 6–11), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (10R6/6), interior light gray (10YR7/1), ware light gray (10YR6/1), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The first letter in the name of the payer is uncertain; it may also be ḥet, yielding the name ‫חנאל‬, meaning “El is grace” (see A7.58, 13.11). ¶ The year date (21) is barely legible and may be restored with reference to A1.32, drawn up on 8 Ab, year 21 with three agents, two of whom are also here, namely, Abenaši and Udaydu/ru. The third is Widdu, to be restored in the middle of line 3. See A1.32 for explanation of these three names as well. The product may have been wheat, as in A1.32. ¶ The mention of ‫מסכנתא‬, “storehouse,” appears faintly at the bottom and is detached from the body of the text. Its role here is unclear. If the payer reads Qanael in the chit above (A71.1), then we have a record of Qanael paying wheat to “the storehouse of Makkedah” in 356. For the storehouse chits, see TAO vol. 1, Tables 1.1–4.

96

A71.1–5 Qanael Dossier (356–338)

A71.4-ISAP1122 (L122 [IM91.16.78]) 20 Ab Payment of 2 seahs of oil (See A7.50 [to Baalghayr]) cm

CONVEX Qanael/Ḥanniel son of Naqru/Naqdu: oil, s(eahs), 2; 3q(abs), 3; q(uarters), 3.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫דו‬/‫ר‬ ִ ‫נק‬ ִ ‫ ִקנאל בר‬.1 2 ‫ משח ִס‬.2 3 ‫ ר‬3 ‫ ק‬.3

A71.5-ISAP1906 (EN115 = JA22) (Table 6.57) Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (45 × 77 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light gray (10YR7/2), few white and gray grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

For oil measures, see A1.6, 2.13, and 4.29. A similarly undated chit for oil, listing payer with patronym, was apparently drawn up by the same scribe (A242.1). See also the chit above, where Qanael gives oil to Baalghayr on 20 Ab (A71.4 [A7.50]). ¶ The ostracon is broken at the upper right edge, and the first letter in line 1 may either be a ḥet or a qof. For the name Ḥanniel, see above (A71.3). For Nabatean cognates for Naqr/du, see Negev Nos. 749–750 with references. In all, the name Naqr/du appears in 19 ostraca (see A63).

A72.1–5 Qannui Dossier (362/1–359) The name Qannui appears three times in previous dossiers as father of a payer—Zaydu/Ziyadi, Laadiel, and PN (A72.1, 3, 5 [A4.5, 16, 17.9]), and twice here as payer, once with patronym (A72.2, 4). He also appears once as father of Laadiel in the payee position (A4.15). Two chits are fully dated, but in one the month and year dates are effaced (A72.1–2); two are dated by day and month, but the month is missing in one (A72.3–4); and one is undated (A72.5). All the products are grain. One chit has an enigmatic phrase at the end (A72.4). Qannui does not appear in any other ostraca. Dated List of Texts A72.1 A72.2 A72.3 A72.4 A72.5

Payment of x (amount) of resh 20[+? x, year 43] = 362/1 Payment of 6 seahs of barley and 3 qabs of wheat September 5, 359 Payment of 1 kor, 7 seahs, x qabs of wheat 2x Payment of 4 kors of barley and 2 maahs 1 Elul Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Undated

97

98

A72.1–5 Qannui Dossier (362/1–359)

A72.1-ISAP1868 (EN74 = JA6) 20[+? x, year 43] = 362/1 Payment of x (amount) of resh (See A4.5 [f Zaydu/Ziyadu, f s Al{i}baal]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Purpose Product

On the 18th of Ab, year 46, Qannui son of Amru brought in for fodder: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 6; w(heat), q(abs), 3. 1

2

46 ‫ לאב שנת‬18 ‫ב‬

‫לש ִחתא‬ ִ ‫בר ִע ִמִרִו‬ ִ ‫הנעל קנוי‬ 3 ‫ ִח ק‬6 ‫שס‬

.1 .2 .3

A72.2-ISAP1851 (EN51 = JA3) September 5, 359 Payment of 6 seahs of barley and 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53 × 64 × 6–9), rectangular, exterior pinkish gray (5YR7/3), interior dark gray (7.5YR4/0), ware gray (10YR5/1), very few white and black grits. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to the wheel marks.

For chits recording feed for animals in the summer months of year 46, see A7.37, 10.39–40. The word ‫ שחתא‬is rendered here “fodder” with an eye to the Mishnaic passage ‫קוצר לשחת ומאכיל לבהמה‬, “one who reaps for fodder and feeds to cattle” (m. Menaḥ. 10:8). Here we have a double payment of both barley and wheat. Qannui makes one other payment of the former (A72.4) and 2 more of wheat (A72.3, 5). ¶ Of uncertain reading here, the name Amru appears four more times: (1) in an uncertain reading as payer in the dossier of Saadel (see A10.13); (2) as payee for exactly the same amount of barley in the dossier of Ḥaggagu (A33.8); (3) as source of a payment of oil (A167.1 [‫( ;)]מן משח עמרו‬4) and in an uncertain fragment (J10.6). This is the only time Qannui is recorded with a patronym, but in four other chits he appears as patronym himself (A4.5, 15–16, 17.9). ¶ For use of the verb “brought in” see A1.3.

A72.1–5 Qannui Dossier (362/1–359)

99

A72.3-ISAP2601 (JA337) 2x Payment of 1 kor, 7 seahs, x qabs of wheat (See A17.9 [f PN]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 1st of Elul, Qannui: 2 b(arley), k(ors), 4; maahs, 2. 1

‫ לאלול קנוי‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ִ‫ מעון‬4 ‫ שכ‬.2

A72.4-ISAP1934 (EN143 [BLMJ676]) 1 Elul Payment of 4 kors of barley and 2 maahs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, roughly rectangular, medium-sized (52 × 62 × 6), exterior pink (5YR7/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

Almost thirty chits for barley appear without a year date. This one is particularly terse. Four kors of barley is a very large amount. ¶ The end of line 2 has a combination of letters that defies certainty of interpretation—‫מעצצ‬, ‫מעונת‬, ‫מעון‬. We opt here for the third possibility. As clearly as the first line is written with barely any word separation, this last phrase is separated from the beginning of the line by a large space. Qannui made one other payment of barley above (A72.2).

A72.5-ISAP1847 (EN47 = JA398) Undated Payment of 20 seahs of wheat (See A4.16 [f Laadiel])

A73.1–5 Šallum Dossier (355) The name Šallum as payer occured five times but already appeared once in the dossier of Qoskahel (A73.4 [A9.21]). Two texts are fully dated, being less than a month apart (A73.1–2), two are undated (A73.4–5), and in one the date is unknown (A73.3). Three chits record grain (A73.2–4), one records oil (A73.5), and in one the product is unknown (A73.1). Only one chit has anything more than payer, product and/or date (A73.4). Šallum appears once as payee for joists (A3.29), once in a fragmentary barley account (C2.8), and once in a list of 12 names (E3.3). Dated List of Texts A72.1 A72.2 A72.3 A72.4 A72.5

Payment of (x seahs?), 1 qab of unknown product Payment of 3 seahs, x qabs of wheat Payment of 1 seah of wheat and 1 qab of barley Three payments: 7.25 seahs of barley; 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley Payment of 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil

100

July 19, 355 August 5, 355 Date unknown Undated Undated

101

A73.1–5 Šallum Dossier (355) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On [the 10+]4 ( = 14) of Tammuz, year 4, 2 Šallum: . . .[. . .] 3q(ab), 1. 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬4]+ [‫ ִב‬.1 [ ? ]. .  . .‫ שלום‬.2 1 ‫ ִק‬.3

4

A73.1-ISAP1012 (L12 [IM91.16.80]) July 19, 355 Payment of (x seahs?), 1 qab of unknown product Body sherd of jar (59 × 42 × 9), exterior and interior pink brown. Ostracon almost complete. Partially preserved writing on exterior, written lines at ca 20° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding supralineal text at left), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

For the name Šallum, see A3.29. The 10 digit of the day date is uncertain, and the four digits of the year date are written supralinearly at the end of line 1. The product and measure are illegible at the end of line 2. Only 1 qab is preserved in line 3.

102

A73.1–5 Šallum Dossier (355) cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Ab, year 4, Šallum: w(heat), s(eahs), 3; q(ab), [x].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[

]4 ‫ לאב שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ ק‬3 ‫ שלום חס‬.2

A73.2-ISAP2604 (JA340) August 5, 355 Payment of 3 seahs, x qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, small (41 × 59 × 7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca 20° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The fourth stroke of the year date in line 1 is a concluding stroke. Missing in line 2 are the number of qabs. Šallum makes 2 more payments of wheat (A73.3–4).

103

A73.1–5 Šallum Dossier (355) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date?

Šallum: w(heat), s(eah), 1; 2b(arley), q(ab), 1. On ◦[. . .] 1

1 ‫ שלום חס‬.1 [ ].‫ ב‬1 ‫ ִש ִק‬.2

A73.3-ISAP810 [IA12193 {GCh10}] Date unknown Payment of 1 seah of wheat and 1 qab of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, small (26 × 51 × 7), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

The text is faint and the readings not fully certain. The bet in the middle of line 2 may be the beginning of the date formula (“On the x day of . . .”), or less likely, the bet of price/exchange (“in exchange for such and such”). Šallum makes 2 more payments of wheat (A73.2, 4) and one more of barley (A73.4).

A73.4-ISAP1930 [formerly 2405] (EN139 = JA113) Undated Three payments: 7.25 seahs of barley; 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley (See A9.21 [to Qoskahel])

104

A73.1–5 Šallum Dossier (355) cm

CONCAVE Šallum: oil, s(eahs), 3; 3q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Product II

2

‫ שלום‬.1 3 ‫ משח ס‬.2 ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬.3

CONVEX Product I

[. . .]oil, q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf) ·[. . .]

1

[

]. ‫ ף‬1 ‫[משח ק‬

] .1

A73.5-ISAP2439 (JA151) (Table 6.58) Undated (Lapidary script) Two payments of oil: 1.5 qabs and 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (76 × 71 × 5–7), roughly triangular, exterior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca 10% of sherd surface. Concave: Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), widening leftward, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin. Convex: Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written line at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is one of six chits concerning oil in a lapidary script by Scribe PP, all but one (A12.21) written on the concave (Table 6.43–44, 47, 58, 60–61; see A1.5). Our chit, also concerning oil, with the payer’s name at the right edge lost, was previously written on the usual convex by a previous scribe, and rewritten on the concave for Šallum.

A74.1–4 Baalmalak Dossier (362–339) The name Baalmalak as payer appears here twice (A74.1–2) and in two previous dossiers, one of Baalrim (A74.4 [A1.14]) and one in Miscellaneous Clans as father of the payer Qosadar/ider (A74.3 [A6.11]). Two are fully dated (A74.1–2), one by day and month (A74.3 [month missing]), and one is undated but can be placed between 362 and 353 (A74.4). Payments include grain (A74.1, probably also 74.3), loads (A74.2), and jars (A74.4). Two have payee (A74.1–2), two have clan affiliation (A74.3–4), and one has sealing sign (A74.1). The name Baalmalak does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A74.1 A74.2 A74.3 A74.4

Payment of 1 seah, 5.5 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour June 1, 362 Payment of 6 loads February 4, 339 Payments of 6 x; 20 seahs of y 20 x Payment of 4 jars Undated (362–353)

105

106

A74.1–4 Baalmalak Dossier (362–339) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Products Date Sealing Sign

Baalmalak to Naqru/Naqdu: 2 semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf); 3flour, s(eahs), 2. 4 On the 7th of Sivan. (archaic alef). 1

‫רו‬/‫ בעלמלך לנִקד‬.1 ‫ף‬ 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ נשיף ִס‬.2 2 ‫ ִק ִמ ִח ִס‬.3 # ‫ לסיון‬7 ‫ ִב‬.4

A74.1-ISAP1042 (L42 [IM94.38.45]) June 1, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 5.5 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour Body sherd of jar, 63 × 41 × 7, exterior red brown, interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

For the name ‫בעלמלך‬, see A1.14. For Naqru/du, see A63. ¶ This is the first of 38 chits for the pair semolina+flour and perhaps only the second one written by Scribe A (see A4.2, 11; Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*–148*; and Table 1.2 in TAO vol. 2. ¶ The letter pe for ‫“( פלג‬half”) is written supralinearly at the end of line 2. In total, Naqru/Naqdu appears as payee six times, at least five of which are for various grains (A8.45 [wheat], 12.17 and 41.2 [resh], 21.1 [crushed/sifted grain], here [semolina+flour], and J1.14 [uncertain chit fragment]).

107

A74.1–4 Baalmalak Dossier (362–339) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Tebeth, year 16+3 (=19), Baalmalak: loads, 6. 3 for (the) gatemen . . . . . . [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Payee

3+16

‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לטבת ִשנ‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫בעלמ ִל ִך מובלן‬ ִ .2 [ ? ]. . . . . ‫לתרען‬. .3

A74.2-ISAP1024 (L24 [IM91.16.116]) (Palimpsest?) February 4, 339 Payment of 6 loads Body sherd of jar (56 × 42 × 7), exterior and interior pinkish gray. Ostracon probably complete, traces of palimpsest near the end of line 3. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin narrowing leftward, narrow left margin [LT].

For full discussion of chits for the gatemen, see A1.38. ¶ One other chit, written by Uzayzu and undated, sends 1 load to the gatemen (A29.8). For loads, see A4.36 and Table 8.2 in TAO vol. 2.

A74.3-ISAP1194 (L194 [IM91.16.188]) 20 x (month) Payments of 6 x and 20 seahs of y (See A6.11 [f Qosadar/ider ss Beyadel])

A74.4-ISAP1420 (AL189 [M128]) Undated (362–353) Payment of 4 jars (See A1.14 [f s Baalrim])

A75.1–4 Dikru Dossier (354) Three of the four occurrences here of Dikru as payer appear already in the dossier of Baalrim (A75.1–3 [A1.24, 24a, 53]). One is fully dated (A75.1), and the others are undated (A75.2–4). The one known product is grain (A75.1). Two make payments to Saadel (A75.1, 3), and one has a depository (75.1). A certain Dukayru (‫ )דכירו‬also makes a payment to Saadel (A10.25) and makes an exchange of wheat for barley (A129.1), similar to one of our chits below (A75.1). Could these be alternate spellings for the same individual’s name? Once we also have the name Dakkur (‫ )דכור‬in a fragmentary record (J10.9). The spelling Dikru (‫ )דכרו‬occurs four more times in the ostraca: in two workers texts supplying 5 men (D2.13) and 5(+) workers of the gate (D9.1) and in two land description texts recording the field/hill of the house of Dikru in a record of 2 olive groves (H4.13) and the land of Dikru in a list of 6 parcels (H6.5). Dated List of Texts A75.1 A75.2 A75.3 A75.4

Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; Exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley July 13, 354 Payment of 1 seah of x Undated Payment of unknown product Undated Payment of unknown product Undated

A75.1-ISAP914 (JA479) July 13, 354 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; Exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A1.24 [ss Baalrim t h Saadel])

A75.2-ISAP1144 (L144 [IM91.16.165]) Undated Payment of 1 seah of x (See A1.53 [f PN f s Baalrim])

A75.3-ISAP879 (JA465) Undated Payment of unknown product (See A1.24a [to Saadel])

108

109

A75.1–4 Dikru Dossier (354) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Dikru: ʿšr/ʿšd, 1. (Palimpsest:) 1 On the 20th of ◦◦[?] ʿš[. . .] 1

1 ‫ר‬/‫ ִדכרו ִעשד‬.1 (Palimpsest?:) [ ?]. . 20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ? ]‫עש‬ ִ .2

A75.4-ISAP1157 (L157 [IM92.17.85]) Undated (Palimpsest) Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, thick (67 × 70 × 15), exterior yellowish, interior gray to brown. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

The product is unintelligible. If ʿšr, then it is related to the word “ten.”

A76.1–4 Wahabil Dossier (357) The name Wahabil as payer appears in four chits, two of which are fully dated (A76.1–2), one by day and month (A76.3), and one is undated (A76.4). None has a payee, but two have agents (A76.1, 3). Products are grain (A76.1–2), oil (A76.3), and joists (A76.4). The name Wahabil also appears as a worker (D2.26), a supplier of a worker (D9.4), in a list of 14 names (E3.2), and in a fragmentary list of 2 names (E3.27). Dated List of Texts A76.1 A76.2 A76.3 A76.4

Payment of 24 seahs, 1 qab of barley Payment of 4 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 1 seah of oil Payment of 1.5 joists

110

May 29–June 27, 357 October 25, 357 25 Marcheshvan Undated

111

A76.1–4 Wahabil Dossier (357) cm

CONVEX ? [On the x (day)] 3of Sivan, year 2 4 Wahabil: b(arley), s(eahs), 24, q(ab), 1, 5 by the hand of Suaydu [. . .] 6 [?] 23 ly◦[. . .]. 1

Date Payer Product Agent

2

? [    ].‫]  [ ִא‬ 2 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לסיִִוןִ ִשנ‬ ִ 1 ‫ ק‬24 ‫והבאל שס‬ [? ]‫רו‬/‫עליד ִשעיד‬ [?]ִ‫ ִלי‬. 23 [?]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A76.1-ISAP1455 (AL23 [M167]) May 29–June 27, 357 Payment of 24 seahs, 1 qab of barley Body sherd of jar (63 × 47 × 11–12), exterior and interior brown red. Sherd eroded. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

The day date must have had several numerals and stood alone on line 1 since there is no room for it at the beginning of line 2. The name Wahabil is Arabian (“Il gave”; alternatively, Wahbil, “gift of Il”). At the end of line 4, the scribe ran out of room and wrote the qab measure supralinearly. ¶ Suaydu was a popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A22), but only here does the name appear as agent. For meaning, see A1.7.

112

A76.1–4 Wahabil Dossier (357) cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Marcheshvan, year 2, Wahabil: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ק‬4 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫ והבאל דקיר‬.2

A76.2-ISAP2401 (JA108) October 25, 357 Payment of 4 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 55 × 89 × 10–13), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is one of four chits for crushed/sifted grain all written by the Scribe H, two on 1 Marcheshvan, year 2 (also A10.2), one a month later on 2 Kislev (A126.1), and one lacking day and month (A34.2). See A.1.1 for full dicsussion, as well as Table 3.8–11 in TAO vol. 2; also, Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148*.

113

A76.1–4 Wahabil Dossier (357) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Marcheshvan, Wahabil: oil, s(eah), 1, 3 by the hand of Natanbaal. 4 [?]lk.ʾ[?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

‫ למרחשון‬25 ‫ב‬ 1 ‫והבאל משח ס‬ ‫ִד נתנבעל‬ ִ ‫ִעלי‬ [?]‫א‬.‫]?[לכ‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A76.3-ISAP523 (IA12127 [Feuer 2]) (Table 6.34) 25 Marcheshvan Payment of 1 seah of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (72 × 84 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/1), medium amount of white grits. Three fresh exterior breaks, chalky patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For oil, see A1.6, 2.13. Five chits for oil are dated to the month of Marcheshvan (345–317): (1) 30 Marcheshvan, year 14 (December 9, 345 [A6.3]); (2) 28 Marcheshvan, year 16 (November 16, 343 [A38.3]); (3) 27 [Marcheshvan], year 7 (November 27, 317 [A48.5]); (4) 6 Marcheshvan (A12.16); and (5) 25 Marcheshvan (here). Only 19 days apart, the last two chits both had Natanbaal as agent. In the earlier chit (A12.16), the source of the oil is Qosyinqom, and its measure is a bare 1 qab. Once more, Natanbaal is agent for an oil payment, this time 4.75 qabs on 21 Tebet of an unknown year (A47.2). Our payment (6 qabs) is the largest of the three. For the name Natanbaal, see the dossier of the same name (A111).

114

A76.1–4 Wahabil Dossier (357) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[‫מריש ח[ד‬ ִ ‫אל‬ ִ ‫ ִו ִה ִב‬.1 ‫ ופלג‬.2

Wahabil: joist, on[e] 2and a half. 1

A76.4-ISAP1440 (AL208 = Naveh614 [M152]) Undated Payment of 1.5 joists Body sherd of jar (76 × 55 × 8), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 75° to wheel marks [AL].

Just over one-third of the chits for joists are not dated (Table 3.11–17). All but two (A3.33, 188.1) have the numeral written out as a word, but only here do we find the addition of ‫“( פלג‬half”). The joist (‫)מריש‬ must have had a standard length, so that half a joist was a known item. For more on joists, see A1.11, 2.5, and Table 3.14 here.

A77.1–4 Zubayd/Zebid Dossier (355, 322) The name Zubayd/Zebid as payer appears in four chits, three of which appeared already—once affiliated with the clan of Baalrim (A77.1 [A1.12]), once associated with a payer from the clan of Baalrim (A77.2 [A1.43]), and once an alternate reading for Ubayd (A77.3 [A65.2]). The lone chit appearing here for the first time is barely legible (A77.4). Two are fully dated, although the year date is missing in one (A77.2–3), one can be dated with reference to other pieces (A77.1), and one is undated (A77.4). Products include a beam, bundles, wheat, and an unknown product (A77.1–4). One has a second payer (A77.2), one has a payee (A77.3), and two have agents (A77.2, 4). The name Zubayd/Zebid appears only once more in the ostraca, in a workers text supplying 5 men (D2.13), but the related name Zubaydu/Zabidu was prolific (A12). Dated List of Texts A77.1 A77.2 A77.3 A77.4

Payment of 1 beam Two payments of stalks: 1[+?] bundles and 1 bundle Payment of 22 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of unknown product

115

(September 1, 355) 15 Tammuz, year x April 17, 321 Undated

116

A77.1–4 Zubayd/Zebid Dossier (355, 322)

A77.1-ISAP1880 (EN86 [BLMJ688]) (September 1, 355) Payment of 1 beam (See A1.12 [ss Baalrim])

A77.2-ISAP1058 (L58 [IM91.16.186]) 15 Tammuz, year x Two payments of stalks: 1[+?] bundles and 1 bundle (See A1.43 [with Qosmilk ss Baalrum])

A77.3-ISAP1018 (L18 [IM91.16.33]) (Jar handle) April 17, 321 Payment of 22 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat (See A65.2 [Ubayd/Abid/Zubayd/Zebid]) cm

CONCAVE Payer Agent

Zubay[d]/Zebi[d] by the hand of [PN]. (line[s] missing?) 1

[?] ‫עליד‬ ִ ]‫ זביִ[ד‬.1

(Line[s] missing?)

A77.4-ISAP1082 (L82 [IM91.16.11]) Undated Payment of unknown product Jar fragment (60 × 58 × 8), exterior and interior light pink. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on concave surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, very wide left marginm [LT].

The piece is but a snippet, and even the dalet in ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”) is uncertain.

A78.1–4 Ḥabutu/Ḥabut Dossier (336, 311) There are three chits for Ḥabutu and one for Ḥabut. All are fully dated. Three appeared earlier, each with a different affiliation—son of Uzayzu, of the clan of Guru, and of the clan of Qoṣi (A78.3–4 [2.24, 3.39]). Only the one that appears here has no filiation (A78.2). One has an agent (A78.1), and one has a payee (A78.2). While the other three chits record grain, a product is absent from our chit. The name ‫ חבתו‬does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca, but three times we have the related name Ḥubaytu (‫)חביתו‬, with a yod: once as payee receiving logs in a fragmentary chit (A290.4.8), once heading a list of 7 names (E3.8), and once in an account list appearing with Qosmalak (C9.2), who also appears in our chit here as payee. Dated List of Texts A78.1 A78.2 A78.3 A78.4

Payment of 27 seahs of barley/wheat Payment of unknown product Payment of 18 seahs, 1 qab of barley Payment of 1 kor of wheat

June 26, 336 July 15, 336 December 11, 336 February 22, 311

117

118

A78.1–4 Ḥabutu/Ḥabut Dossier (336, 311)

A78.1-ISAP2478 (JA193) June 26, 336 Payment of 27 seahs of barley/wheat (See A29.5 [s Uzayzu]) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Date

Ḥabutu to Qosmalak. 2 On the 10th of Tammuz, year 2. 1

‫ חבותו לקוסמלך‬.1 2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬10 ‫ ב‬.2

A78.2-ISAP668 (Naveh E44) July 15, 336 Payment of unknown product

Qosmalak was a very popular name (see A11), occurring from 359 through 315, where there is a chit dated 8 Tammuz, 2 Alexander [July 21, 315]), four years earlier than A78.4 below. That chit and ours are both dated at the bottom. Like ours, the other two chits here are dated to year 2 (A78.1, 3). With double agency (Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu), there is strong reason to attach year 2 to Arses, which is 336 b.c.e. (see A1.32). The product is missing here.

A78.3-ISAP1861 (EN 63 = JA401) December 11, 336 Payment of 18 seahs, 1 qab of barley (See A2.24 [ss Guru])

A78.4-ISAP1338 (EN111 = AL89 [M39]) February 22, 311 Payment of 1 kor of wheat (See A3.39 [Ḥabut h Qoṣi])

A79.1–4 Ḥaṭamu Dossier (353) The name Ḥaṭamu as payer appears in four chits, one of which appeared earlier (A79.2 [A10.14]) in the dossier of Saadel. Two chits are fully dated (A79.1–2), one by day and month (A79.3) and one only by day (A79.4). Three chits have payees (A79.1–2, 4), and one has both patronym and source (A79.3). Products include grain (A79.1, 3), jars (A79.2), and a log (A79.4). Ḥaṭamu appears only once more, in a terse record of a single name with an illegible patronym (E2.4). Dated List of Texts A79.1 A79.2 A79.3 A79.4

Payment of 2 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 4 jars Payment of 7 seahs of wheat Payment of 1 log

119

July 29, 353 September 30, 353 28 Ab 27 (no month)

120

A79.1–4 Ḥaṭamu Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Ḥaṭamu to Ghayru/Aydu/Iyadu: 2 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 5. 3 On the 16th of Tammuz, 4year 6. 1

‫רו‬/‫חטמו לעיד‬ 5 ‫ ק‬2 ‫רקיד ִס‬/‫דקיר‬ ‫ לתמוז‬16 ‫ב‬ 6 ‫שנת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A79.1-ISAP2545 (JA269) July 29, 353 Payment of 2 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain

Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58 × 67 × 7), roughly square, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior white (2.5Y8/2), ware light gray (10YR7/2), well-levigated, few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40o to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin. See A10.14 (= A79.2 below) for a chit by Ḥatamu for Saadel for four jars, written two months later, with date at the bottom, as here. It is one of only two chits out of twelve for crushed/sifted grain between July 29 and September 18, 353, mostly by Scribe J, to have a payee; the other is A7.11. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–47*, 175* and Table 3.13, 18 in TAO vol. 2. For crushed/sifted grain, see A1.1. ¶ For Ghayru/Aydu/ Iyadu, a name of uncertain meaning, see A2.28. It occurs frequently in our corpus (see A19).

A79.2-ISAP883 (JA468) September 30, 353 Payment of 4 jars (See A10.14 [to Saadel])

121

A79.1–4 Ḥaṭamu Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX On the 28th of Ab, Ḥaṭamu 1brought in 2(in exchange) for half of [. . .] 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 7 [. . .], 4 k [?]. . . from the grain of 5[. . .]lh 6 . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Source

[?] ‫ לאב הנעל‬28 ‫ב‬ [?]‫מו בפלגות‬/ ִ ‫חטר‬ ִ [ ]. . 7 ‫חס‬ ‫ִכ [?] ִמןִ ִע ִבִוִר‬ ‫לה‬. . . . ִ . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A79.3-ISAP1385 (AL121 [M90]) 28 Ab Payment of 7 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, thick and almost flat (77 × 57 × 13), exterior beige, interior pinkish/grayish orange. Written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks [AL].

Of the eighty-some chits dated to the month Ab, about thirty are dated only by day and month. For the verb ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”), see A1.3. ¶ The reading ‫ בפלגות‬occurs only here, though the noun without the preposition bet appears in several geographical texts (H2.9, 5.2, and 4, 7.3). If we take the preposition as the bet of exchange and bear in mind that two measures of barley equal one measure of wheat, it would be tempting to explain and restore the passage as “(in exchange) for half of [b(arley), s(eahs), 14 (14 ‫])בשס‬,” or the like. Unfortunately, the end of line 2 is unintelligible, and the second half of line 3 and the first half of line 4 are illegible. The letter traces of the source of the grain at the beginning of line 5 do not yield any of the known sources, such as Ani (e.g., A3.16), Ṣaḥaru (A14.4), Qosyinqom (A70.2), or Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru (A159.1). The name Ḥaṭamu appears once more with patronym, which unfortunately is illegible (E2.4).

122

A79.1–4 Ḥaṭamu Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

‫ ִח ִטמו‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לקוסנקם‬.2 1 ‫ גזר‬.3

On the 27th, Ḥaṭamu 2 to Qosnaqam: 3 log, 1. 1

A79.4-ISAP1864 (EN66 [BLMJ700]) (Table 1.11) 27 (no month) Payment of 1 log Body sherd of closed vessel, Iron Age or Persian period, roughly triangular, medium-sized (52 × 63 × 3–5), exterior light gray (10YR7/2), white patina on 100% of interior, composed of two fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is one of three chits, each for a single log (‫[ גזר‬defective spelling]), written on the 27th, without addition of month or year, apparently by the same scribe (A9.20, here, A173.1 [Scribe GG]). For Qosnaqam, see A27. For logs, see A2.25, 3.31.

A80.1–4 Yet(i)aḥ Dossier (343/342, 311) The name Yet(i)aḥ as payer appears four times, once already in the dossier of Qoṣi (A80.3 [A3.11]). Two chits are fully dated, though the day and month of the first are missing (A80.1–2), one has a day and month (A80.3), and one is undated (A80.4). One chit has a patronym, and one has a payee (A80.1–2). Three chits were written for wheat (A80.1–2, 4) and one for jars (A80.3). Yet(i)aḥ appears twice more, as agent or payee for wheat in year 343 (A152.1) and in a list of 15 names (E3.1). Dated List of Texts A80.1 A80.2 A80.3 A80.4

Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs and 1 seah, 0.5 qabs Payment of 1 kor of wheat Payment of 3 jars Payment of wheat

123

x of y, 343/342 February 22, 311 8 Elul Undated

124

A80.1–4 Yet(i)aḥ Dossier (343/342, 311) cm

CONVEX [On the x of y, ye]ar 16, [Yeti(i)aḥ son of . . .]·: w(heat), s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 3 Entry: Yeti(i)aḥ: w(heat), s(eah), 1 (and) hal⟨f ⟩ a qab. 4 ḥ

Date

1

Payer

2

Product I Payer Product II

16 ‫]ב ל שנ]ת‬ ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ חס‬.] ‫]יתאח בר‬ ‫ ִפל{ג}קב‬1 ‫בב יתאח חס‬ ‫ח‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A80.1-ISAP2639 (JA383) x of y, 343/342 Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs and 1 seah, 0.5 qabs

Body sherd, unidentifiable (cooking pot?), medium-sized (36 × 48 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6, light brown), coarse ware, many white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, no left margin. The ostracon is cut away on a diagonal, omitting the day and month at the right edge in line 1 and the payer in line 2 below. Judging by the spacing, the month must have had several digits and the payer, a patronym. Another chit written in 343 records Yet(i)aḥ serving as either agent or payee for wheat (A152.1). ¶ The word “entry” (‫ )בב‬marks the second notation for the first-named party, indicating that we should restore Yet(i)aḥ in line 2. Both entries were for wheat. In the second entry (line 3), the scribe wrote as one word ‫ פלקב‬for ‫פלג קב‬, “half a qab.” ¶ For the name Yet(i)aḥ, see A3.11. ¶ The ḥet at the bottom is strange. This is the first payment Yet(i)aḥ makes for wheat (see A80.2, 4 below).

A80.1–4 Yet(i)aḥ Dossier (343/342, 311)

125

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Yetiaḥ: to Ḥal(a)fan: w(heat), kor, 1. 2 On the 20th [19th erased] of Shebat, year 5 3 Alexander the King. 1

1 ‫חכוִר‬ ִ ִ‫לח ִל ִפן‬ ִ ‫ יתיאח‬.1 5 ‫{ לשבט שנת‬9} 20 {10} ‫ ב‬.2 ‫ אלכסנדר מלכא‬.3

A80.2-ISAP2470 (JA185) (Palimpsest?) February 22, 311 Payment of 1 kor of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68 × 77 × 8), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/40, many white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the last dated document for Alexander IV and argues for a spring date in 311 for the victory of Demetrius son of Antigonus over Cilles, general of Ptolemy (see Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 247). Given the 30+ year gap, it is unlikely that this Yetiaḥ is the same as the one in the previous chit. This is one of two chits by the same scribe dated at the bottom to 20 Shebat, Alexander, year 5 (see A3.39). In both chits, the reading ‫חכור‬, “w(heat), kor,” is conjectural; it would be the only case in the Idumean corpus of ‫ כור‬spelled with a waw. A third chit, like this one made out “to Ḥal(a)fan,” is dated 5 Kislev, year missing. With date at the bottom, it probably should likewise be restored to “year 5” (A280.7). The scribe originally wrote 19 Shebat but erased “19” after having completed the document and wrote “20” instead. This is the second of three payments Yet(i)aḥ makes for wheat (see A80.1, 3). For Ḥal(a)fan, see his dossier (A18).

126

A80.1–4 Yet(i)aḥ Dossier (343/342, 311)

A80.3-ISAP1888 (EN94 = JA15) 8 Elul Payment of 3 jars (See A3.11 [ss Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX Yet(i)aḥ [. . .] wheat [. . .] (illegible remains of 3 more lines)

Payer

1

Product

2

[  ] ‫ִתאח‬ ִ ‫ י‬.1 [  ] ִ‫ִטן‬ ִ ‫ חנ‬.2

A80.4-ISAP1077 (L77 [IM91.16.121]) Undated Payment of wheat Body sherd of jar (60 × 57 × 8), exterior beige, interior gray. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

The whole left side is completely effaced, and the last three lines of the right side are illegible. Only the name of the payer in line 1 and the commodity, written plena in line 2 (‫)חנטן‬, are preserved. This is the third payment Yet(i)aḥ makes for wheat (see A80.1–2 above).

A81.1–4 Laytha Dossier (353) The name Laytha as payer occurs in four chits, two of which appeared earlier in the clan of Gur and as a payer to Samitu (A81.1–2 [A2.12, 8.27]). Only one chit is fully dated (A81.1), and the other three are undated (A81.2–4). One chit has a patronym and agent (A81.1), two have a payee (A81.2–3), one has a signatory (A81.2), and one lacks a measure for the product (A81.4). The products are grain (A81.1–2), a bundle, and oil (A81.3–4). Laytha occurs three more times in the ostraca: once as payee in year 3 (A162.1 [356 b.c.e.]), which is only 3 years before his son’s chit below (A81.1), once in a fragmentary list of names with an illegible patronym (E1.10), and once as owner of a portion of land bordering the “garden of Baal” (H1.3). Dated List of Texts A81.1 A81.2 A81.3 A81.4

Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Payment of 17 seahs of wheat and x Payment of 1 bundle Payment of oil

October 14, 353 Undated Undated Undated

A81.1-ISAP113 [IA11878] October 14, 353 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A2.12 [f Baanath ss Gur/Gir])

A81.2-ISAP230 [IA11774 {Naveh 621}] Undated Payment of 17 seahs of wheat and x (See A8.27 [to Samitu])

127

128

A81.1–4 Laytha Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

1 ‫ ליתע משתל‬.1 ‫ לשמירו‬.2

Laytha: bundle, 1 2 to Šumayru. 1

A81.3-ISAP1760 (LW12 {SM11/02:4}) Undated Payment of 1 bundle Whitish gray sherd from the wall of a jar, (78 × 75 × 8 mm). The inscription is written at about 5–10° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces [AL].

The name Laytha is hypocoriston of a names such as Qoslaytha (see A2.12, 9.12; Table 6.53), and the dossier of the same name [A45]). ¶ For bundles see A1.48. Of the fifty-some chits for bundles, this is the only one that writes the name of the payee after the product and on a separate line; see Table 6.28 in TAO vol. 2. ¶ The root ‫“( שמר‬guard”) occurs in the Hebrew theophorous names ‫( שמריהו‬1 Chr 10:5; Aharoni 1981: No. 18:4; WSS 309, 375–77), ‫( שמריה‬Ezra 10:32, etc.), and ‫( שמריו‬Aḥituv 2008: 261, 273–74, 280 [Samaria ostraca], 317 [Kuntillet ʿAjrud]), as well as in the hypocoristca ‫( שמר‬1 Kgs 16:24) and ‫( שמרי‬1 Chr 4:37). The Idumean corpus, on the other hand, exhibits no theophorous names with the root ‫ שמר‬but contains no less than five hypocoristica—‫( שמור‬C8.6), ‫( שמרו‬A126), ‫( שמרי‬A49.2, 158.1), ‫( שמרא‬A3.37), and ‫שמירו‬ (here). Šumayru occurs in one more ostracon, in an account of ten barley payments of 2 seahs each (C2.5:6) only a few lines below Aḥišalam, who makes a payment of semolina+flour to Laytha in a different chit (A162.1). Might the three names in these three chits refer to the same three individuals?

129

A81.1–4 Laytha Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

‫ ] [ליתע משח‬.1 (Lines missing)

[. . .]Laytha: oil. (Lines missing) 1

A81.4-ISAP1656 [LW18 {OG?22}] (Table 6.54) Undated Payment of oil

There are some seventy chits for oil, but only this one lacks an amount (see A1.6, 2.13; Table 6.54). There is no space between the last letter of the name (ayin) and the first letter of ‫“( משח‬oil”) but ample room for a measure to have appeared after the final ḥet. The initial lamed of the name is written right up against the right edge. Were the divine name ‫ קוס‬cut away before ‫( ליתע‬see A45 for the dossier of Qoslaytha), there would be room beneath it for a measure. But the hypocoristic Laytha appears in its own right, and there is no need to assume a missing element.

A82.1–5 Naḥum Dossier (361) The name Naḥum as payer occurs five times, once before affiliated to Baalrim (A82.3 [A1.52]). None is fully dated explicitely, but one with date at the bottom may be assigned to year 43 (A82.1). One is dated according to day and month (A82.2), and three are undated (A82.3–5). Two have a payee (A82.1, 3), one has an agent (A82.3), one has a sealing sign (A82.1), and one may be an account (A82.5). All five deal with grain, three of which are for barley (A82.2–4). Naḥum appears twice more in the ostraca, once in an account of barley (C2.2) and once as patronym of an illegible payee in an uncertain chit fragment (J1.4). Dated List of Texts A82.1 A82.2 A82.3 A82.4 A82.5

Payment of 10 seahs, 1 qab of resh Payment of 6 seahs, 1.5 qabs of barley Payment of 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Payment of 2 kors of barley Payment or account of grain (?)

February 28, 361 20 Elul Undated Undated Undated

130

131

A82.1–5 Naḥum Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Sealing sign

Naḥum to Qosani: 2 (from the grinding) of Nisan resh, 3s(eahs), 10, q(ab), 1. On the 13th 4of Adar. (archaic alef) 1

‫נחום לקוסעני‬ ‫⟩מן טחון⟩ זי ניסן ראש‬ 13 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ ִק‬10 ‫ס‬ # ‫לאדר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A82.1- 564 (BA8) February 28, 361 Payment of 10 seahs, 1 qab of resh

This is the fifth chit by Scribe A drawn up on 13 Adar for the grinding of Nisan, which is here defined as resh (Tables 2:22a and 4:11a in TAO vol. 2). ¶ For the name Naḥum, see A1.52; for Qosani, see A30; for resh, see A1.4 and Table 2 in ibid. The scribe’s construction here is reflected in seven other chits, all but one for Nisan, two that omit “grinding” (A7.54, 8.6), four that omit “from the grinding” (A4.1, 7.52, 8.7, 9), and one that requires restoration (A63.2 [Iyyar for Iyyar and Sivan]). Only three of these seven include the product (A4.1, 7.52, 63.2 [all resh]), and our chit is the only one of the five Nisan chits that includes it (see also A7.54, 8.6–7, 9 [Table 4.8–11a inTAO vol. 2]). For more on “grinding” chits, see A1.1. For chits by Scribe A with date at the end assigned to year 43 (362/61), see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*.

132

A82.1–5 Naḥum Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Naḥum: b(arley), s(eahs), 6; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 2 On the 20th of Elul. 1

[?].‫ ף‬1 ‫ ִק‬6 ‫ נחום שס‬.1 ‫ ל̣א̣לו̣ל‬20 ‫ ב‬.2

A82.2-ISAP824 [IA12207 {GCh24}] 20 Elul Payment of 6 seahs, 1.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar, large (105 × 101 × 7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Some black soot/dirt on exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The date in the second line is tentatively read as Elul. This is the first and smallest of three payments of barley that Naḥum makes (see A82.3–4 below), but he also appears in an account of barley (C2.2).

133

A82.1–5 Naḥum Dossier (361)

A82.3- ISAP1721 (AL211 [M430]) Undated Payment of 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A1.52 [ss Baalrim]) cm

CONVEX [?]‫ נחום‬.1 [?] 2 ‫ שכ‬.2

Naḥum: b(arley), k(ors), 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

A82.4-ISAP263 [IA11735] Undated Payment of 2 kors of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73 × 42 × 7), irregularly shaped, very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The layout of this ostracon is unusual. The two lines appear at the very left edge, Naḥum alone on line 1 and just below it, the four signs \\‫שכ‬, abbreviating “barley, kors, 2.” This is the third and largest payment of barley that Naḥum makes (see A82.2–3 above).

134

A82.1–5 Naḥum Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX Naḥum: s(eahs), 8. Naḥum: s(eahs), 17.

1 2

8 ‫ נחום ס‬.1 17 ‫ נחום ס‬.2

A82.5-ISAP1088 (L88 [IM91.16.82]) Undated Payment or account of grain (?) Sherd, perhaps of jar (55 × 39 × 6), exterior and interior beige to whitish. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Medium top margin narrowing leftward, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is an unusual piece, listing the same name twice, in two successive lines, each followed by a measure, with omission of the product. It may be an account rather than a chit. See C2.2 for another account in which Naḥum appears.

A83.1–4 Natanṣidq Dossier (355–342) The name Natanṣidq as payer occurs four times, twice already in the dossier of Qoṣi (A83.1–2 [A3.10, 20]) and once as an alternative reading for Abdṣidq (A83.4 [A64.5]). Two are fully dated (A83.1–2), one by day and month (A83.3), and one is undated (A83.4). One, with gatekeepers as payee, is part of a “dossier” of a dozen such chits (A83.3). Two more have a payee (A83.1, 4), and two have a signatory (A83.1–2 [A3.10, 20]). Products are jars (A83.1), grain (A83.2–3), and a bale (A83.4). The “Natanṣidq of the sons of Qoṣi” who appears in A83.2 is probably the same “Natanṣidq of the sons of Qoṣi” that is supplied as a worker only two and a half weeks earlier (D4.12 [August 19, 342]). The name Natanṣidq is also recorded in two lists of names, one of 8 or 9 names and another of 3 or 4 names (E3.7, 15). Dated List of Texts A83.1 A83.2 A83.3 A83.4

Payment of 4 jars September 7, 355 Two payments of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley September 7, 342 Payment of 5 seahs, x qabs of barley/flour 6 Nisan Payment of 1 bale and 20 x Undated

A83.1-ISAP1028 (L28 [IM91.16.28]) September 7, 355 Payment of 4 jars (See A3.10 [h Qoṣi])

A83.2-ISAP1348 (AL82 [M49]) September 7, 342 Two payments of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley (See A3.20 [ss Qoṣi])

135

136

A83.1–4 Natanṣidq Dossier (355–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Natanṣidq [of the sons . . .]: [b(arley)/flour, seahs], 2five; qabs, [. . .]. 3 On the 6th of Nisan, for (the) g[atemen]. 1

[‫קמח סאן‬/‫נתנצדק [ ש‬ [  ] ‫חמש קבן‬ [  ‫ לניסן לת[רען‬6 ‫ב‬

A83.3-ISAP1402 (AL102 [M108]) 6 Nisan Payment of 5 seahs, x qabs of barley/flour Body sherd of jar (67 × 72 × 10), exterior brown, interior orange red. Whitish deposit on interior. Ostracon probably incomplete, ends of written lines missing. Written lines at 5° to wheel marks [AL].

The name here is a verbal sentence name—“Ṣidq gave” (see further A3.10). ¶ This is one of nine chits for the gatemen, all written in unabbreviated script with date at the bottom (no year), and all for flour, with one for barley (‫[ שסאן‬A1.38]). All but one are filiated to a clan—Baalrim (A1.38–41), Gur (A2.30), Qoṣi (A3.23), Al(i)baal (A4.30), and unknown (A6.24). The ninth has “to Makkedah” instead of a clan name (A21.16). Accordingly, a clan name probably appeared in the break in line 1, followed by ‫“( שסאן‬b[arley], seahs”) or ‫“( קמח סאן‬flour, seahs”), continued in line 2 with ‫“( חמש‬five”). The former reading of barley is based on the model of A1.38, the only one of the nine with the product ‫ שסאן‬at the end of line 1. Every other text has the product ‫“( קמח סאן‬flour, seahs”), or even once ‫קמח כר‬, at the beginning of line 2. ¶ Three more chits have date at the beginning, two for flour or barley (A1.42, 2.30) and one for loads (A74.2 [February 4, 339]). As usual, the word “gatemen,” as payees, is written at the very end, following the date. Four were written in the month of Nisan—on the 6th (here, and A21.16), the 7th (A1.38), the 10th (A1.39), and the 18th (A4.30). The phrase ‫“( לתרען‬for [the] gatemen”) appears only in the chits, but one workers text uses the phrase ‫“( פעלי תרעא‬workers of the gate” [D9.1]). For further discussion, see Porten-Yardeni 2006: 480–81.

A83.4-ISAP20 [JTS 20 159273] Undated Payment of 1 bale and 20 x (See A64.5 [Abd]ṣidq/[Natan]ṣidq])

A84.1–4 Abdbaal(i) Dossier (361–353) The name Abdbaal(i) as payer appears four times, twice already in earlier dossiers, in that of Qoṣi and Gur (A84.1, 3 [A3.2, 2.32]). Two chits are fully dated (A84.1–2), one or probably two by day and month (A84.3–4). One has a payee, source, signatory, and sealing sign (A84.1), but the rest are much simpler. Products include grain and chaff (A84.1, 3), one undecipherable (A84.2), and one missing (A83.4). The name Abdbaali also appears once as father of Abdmilk (A1.2 [agent]) and once in a list of names (E3.3). With a lamed, the name Abdelbaali appears once as agent as well (A7.48). Dated List of Texts A84.1 A84.2 A84.3 A84.4

Payment of 5 seahs of resh Payment of 4 sqy Payment of chaff Payment of unknown product

May 10, 361 September 11, 353 22 Kislev 9x

137

138

A84.1–4 Abdbaal(i) Dossier (361–353)

A84.1-ISAP1849 (EN49 = JA104) May 10, 361 Payment of 5 seahs of resh (See A3.2 [to Marṣaat s Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Abdbaali: sqy, 4. 2 On the 1st of Elul, year 6. 1

4 ‫ עבדבעלי ִס ִקי‬.1 6 ‫ לאלול שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.2

A84.2-ISAP869 (JA455 {GCh69 > EYH1}) September 11, 353 Payment of 4 sqy Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 84 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The final yod in the name Abdbaali (‫ )עבדבעלי‬is an Arabian genetive case ending in a construct name, “Servant of Baal.” ¶ This is one of some fifteen chits written between 9 Tammuz and 20 Elul, year 6 with date at the bottom. Four were written in the month of Elul, one on the 1st (here), two on the 8th (A2.10, 280.4), and one on the 20th (A10.14). ¶ The name of the product, measured by numerals, is both of uncertain reading and meaning. The first letter may also be a mem and the second letter, a ṣade or taw.

A84.1–4 Abdbaal(i) Dossier (361–353)

139

A84.3-ISAP1043 (L43 [IM91.16.46]) 22 Kislev Payment of chaff (See A2.32 [ss Gur]) cm

CONVEX [  ‫[ ל‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 [  ]. ‫ עבדבעל‬.2

On the 9th [of x], Abdbaal . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

A84.4-ISAP1940 (EN149 [BLMJ661]) 9x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, irregularly shaped, small (55 × 37 × 10), exterior pink (5YR7/3). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel marks.

Only the right edge of the ostracon is preserved, with the day date in line 1 and the name of the payer in line 2, followed immediately by a fragmentary letter.

A85.1–5 Awi/Rawi/Uzzi Dossier (356–340) The name Awi as payer appears three times (A85.1–3), once affiliated with Baalrim (A85.1 [although alternate reading could be Rawi {A1.6}]) and once as clan head (A85.2 [A6.12]). Twice more he appears with the alternate reading of Uzzi (A85.4–5). Two chits can be fully dated, but one lacks the year (A85.1–2), and three are dated by day and month (A85.3–5). One has a depository (A84.4), and one has a source (A85.5). Three record wheat (A85.2–4), and two are for oil (A85.1, 5). The name Awi may also appear once more in a fragmentary list of names (E1.10). Dated List of Texts A85.1 A85.2 A85.3 A85.4 A85.5

Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Two payments of 10 seahs and 28 seahs of wheat Payment of 13 seahs of wheat Payment of 7 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil

140

(March 12, 356) July 21, 340 23 Tammuz 23 Elul 10 Kislev

A85.1–5 Awi/Rawi/Uzzi Dossier (356–340)

141

A85.1-ISAP1877 (EN83 = JA11) (March 12, 356) Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil (See A1.6 [R/Awi ss Baalrim])

A85.2-ISAP1899 (EN107 = JA352) July 21, 340 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A6.12 [Suaydu ss Awi])

cm

CONVEX Date Payer I Product I Payer I Product II

On the 23rd of Tammuz, Awi: w(heat), s(eahs) 10; 2 entry: Awi w(heat), s(eahs) 18. 1

10 ‫ לתמוז ִעִוי ִח ִס‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 18 ‫ בב ִעִוי חס‬.2

A85.3-ISAP1353 (AL115 [M54]) 23 Tammuz Two payments of 10 seahs and 28 seahs of wheat Curved body sherd of jar (85 × 50 × 7–9), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at ca. 50–60° to wheel marks [AL].

For the term ‫“( בב‬entry”) see A1.24. Of the some 220 dated chits for wheat, only about 10% omit the year. This is the second of three payments for wheat in this dossier (see A85.2, 4).

142

A85.1–5 Awi/Rawi/Uzzi Dossier (356–340) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Elul Awi/Uzzi to [the store]house: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 13.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

‫לא ִלִו ִל‬ ִ 23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫̣נתא‬ ִ ̣‫למ ִסכ‬ ִ ‫זִי‬/‫ ִעו‬.2 13 ‫ חס‬.3

A85.4-ISAP717 (YR12) 23 Elul Payment of 13 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 61 × 12), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks.

The name of the month is uncertain. While the restoration of [‫“( ל]מס[כנת]א‬to [the store]house”) is pretty certain, it should be noted that this would be the only one of some thirty “storehouse” chits that does not have a year date (see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: Table 1 and Table 1.1 in TAO vol. 1). This is the third payment for wheat in this dossier (see A85.2–3 above). ¶ The reading of the name of the payer is uncertain. For Awi, see A1.6. Uzzi appears in the near contemporaneous biblical text Neh 11:22, 12:19 and is probably hypocoristicon for Uzziel (A12.15).

143

A85.1–5 Awi/Rawi/Uzzi Dossier (356–340) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Kislev, Awi/Uzzi, from the oil of 3Qosṣur: oil, 4s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product

‫ לכסלו‬10 ‫ב‬ ‫זי מן משח‬/‫עו‬ ‫ִקִו ִסצר משח‬ ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ִק‬7 ‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A85.5-ISAP2505 (JA223) (Table 6.36) 10 Kislev Payment of 7 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil

Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 87 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin. For Awi/Uzzi, see above (A85.4). ¶ Four times elsewhere, we have chits that record a personal name as the source of the oil, that is, “from the oil of Qosyinqom” (A12.16 and possibly A290.2.2), “from the oil of Marṣaat” (A29.2), “from the oil of Ḥayyan” (A30.6), or “from the oil of Amru” (A167.1). ¶ The reading ‫ קוסצר‬is conjectural, but the name does appear once more (A91.4). With the nominal element at the beginning, the name ‫צרבעל‬, Ṣuribaal (“My Rock is Baal”), appears twice (A89.5, 290.2.6). Moreover, the divine epithet ‫צור‬, “Rock,” does occur in a couple other Aramaic names—‫צורי‬, Ṣuri (WSS 840), and perhaps ‫צורהדד‬, Ṣurihadad (“My Rock is Hadad”) (Lemaire 2001: No.14:4). ¶ This is the second payment for oil in this dossier (see A85.1).

A86.1–4 Annui Dossier (357–356) The name Annui as payer appears twice (A86.1, 4) and twice as patronym (A86.2–3), once already in the dossier of Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A86.3 [A19.13]). Two chits are fully dated (A86.1–2), and two are undated (A86.3–4). Two are for grain (A86.1–2), one for a bundle, and one for a log (A86.3–4). Annui only appears once more in the ostraca, as owner of a grove (H3.5). Dated List of Texts A86.1 A86.2 A86.3 A86.4

Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Payment of 1 log

144

September 18, 357 December 16, 356 Undated Undated

145

A86.1–4 Annui Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Elul, year 2, Annui: w(heat), s(eahs), 14; 3q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לאלול שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 14 ‫ ענוי חס‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A86.1-ISAP539 [FCO2 > Rikkyo 4] September 18, 357 Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

For meaning of the name Annui, see A19.13. The numerals after the qof in line 3 may also be ‫\\פ‬, that is “2 q(abs and a) h(alf).”

146

A86.1–4 Annui Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, ʾ·b son of Annui: semolina q(abs), 4; 3flour, s(eah), 1, q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payee

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ב ִבִר ענוי נשף ק‬.‫א‬ ִ .2 1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A86.2-ISAP545 [FCO8 > Rikkyo 3] December 16, 356 Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour

For the product pair semolina+flour, see A4.2. Semolina is written defectiva (‫)נשף‬. This is one of six chits (the only one with patronym) for semolina+flour written on 5 Kislev, year 3 (Table 1.26–31 in TAO vol. 2) and one of fifteen written between 2 and 6 Kislev (December 13 and 17, 356; see Table 1.19–33 in ibid.), all by Scribe E (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 170*). ¶ Annui had another son, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A86.3 below). Whereas that son appeared first in his own dossier (A19.13), the name of the son here eludes us, and so we preferred to introduce his ostracon under the name of the father.

A86.3-ISAP2524 (JA246) Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff (See A19.13 [f Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru])

147

A86.1–4 Annui Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[?]. ‫ל[ע]בדִי‬ ִ ‫ ענוִי‬.1

Annui to [A]bdi: 2 log, 1. 1

1 ‫ גזיר‬.2

A86.4-ISAP760 [YR116] (Table 1.19) Undated Payment of 1 log Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 46 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, *wide left margin.

Just half of the 34 chits for logs list a payee, and just one-third are dated. The name ‫ עבדי‬is barely visible here but has a small dossier elsewhere (A144). The word ‫ גזיר‬is written plena, as usual. For more on this product see A2.25, 3.31.

A87.1–4 Qoslanṣur Dossier (358–356) The name Qoslanṣur as payer appears four times, twice already in the clan of Yehokal (A87.1–2 [A5.4, 9]). Three chits are fully dated (A87.1–3), and one is undated (A87.4). One has a depository (A87.2). Three chits record grain (A87.1–3), and one lacks a product (A87.4). The name Qoslanṣur appears in five other ostraca: as payee with the patronym “son of Yehokal” (A5.2), in a chit fragment (A18.11), in a barley account (C2.7), among a list of 14 names (E3.2), and owing a debt in a land description text (H9.1). A defectiva spelling also appears in two other ostraca: Qosnaṣar as payee for oil in the clan of Yehokal (A5.3) and in an unclassified fragment (J12.14). In all, the variant spellings of this name appear in 11 ostraca. Dated List of Texts A87.1 A87.2 A87.3 A87.4

Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs of barley Payment of 9 kors, 10 seahs of barley Payment of 2 seahs, 3.5 qabs of semolina and 7 seahs of flour Payment of 6 seahs of unknown product

148

June 14, 358 July 5, 356 December 13, 356 Undated

149

A87.1–4 Qoslanṣur Dossier (358–356)

A87.1-ISAP1601 (AL11 [M 403]) June 14, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs of barley (See A5.4 [h Yehokal])

A87.2-ISAP1875 (EN81 = JA9) July 5, 356 Payment of 9 kors, 10 seahs of barley (See A5.9 [ss Yokal])

cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 3, Qoslanṣur: semolina, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf);3flour, s(eahs), 7.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ף‬

3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קוסלנצר נשף ס‬.2 7 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A87.3-ISAP702 [YR2] December 13, 356 Payment of 2 seahs, 3.5 qabs of semolina and 7 seahs of flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (58 × 84 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), many white grits. Sherd edges eroded. Writing on exterior slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin widening leftward, wide right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For meaning of the name, see A5.2. This is one six chits written on 2 Kislev and one of fifteen chits written between 2 and 6 Kislev (December 13 and 17, 356), all by Scribe E (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 170* and Table 1.19–33). The pe for ‫“( פלג‬half”) is written sublinearly at the end of line 2. For this product pair, see A4.2.

150

A87.1–4 Qoslanṣur Dossier (358–356) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

6 ‫נצִר ס‬ ִ ‫קוסל‬ ִ .1

Qoslanṣur: s(eahs), 6. 1

A87.4-ISAP137 [IA11873] Undated Payment of 6 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63 × 82 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat-irregular surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Written on a single line, with wide separation between the name, the product, and the measure, this ostracon lacks the product.

A88.1–4 Qosner Dossier (356) The name Qosner as payer appears in four chits, two already in earlier dossiers—Yehokal and Baalrim (A88.1–2 [A5.8, 1.10]). Only one chit is fully dated (A88.1), and the other three are undated (A88.2–4). One has a depository (A88.1). Products include grain (A88.1, 4), bales (A88.2), and jars (A88.3). Qosner was not an uncommon name in the ostraca, appearing in no fewer than ten more texts. In two 5th-century b.c.e. lists, we have a “Qosner son of Galgul” (E1.2–3), the former text being a record of Jewish carriers and Egyptian servants. We also find two payments of wheat “from the Steppe of Qosner” (A15.18, 33.5) and reference to a “tomb of Qosner” in a letter of complaint and obligation (G2.2). Perhaps the same “Qosner of the sons of Baalrim” in A88.2 below was supplied in a workers text (D2.11). The name also appears in an account of barley (C2.7), in two lists of 14 names and 11 names, respectively (E3.2, 5), and in an uncertain fragmentary list (J5.1). In all, the name Qosner appears in 14 ostraca. Dated List of Texts A88.1 A88.2 A88.3 A88.4

Payment of 12 seahs of barley Payment of 2 bale(s) Payment of 12 jars Payment of x kor of wheat

July 4, 356 Undated Undated Undated

A88.1–1604 (AL35 [M406]) July 4, 356 Payment of 12 seahs of barley (See A5.8 [ss Yehokal])

A88.2-ISAP831 [IA12214] Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) (See A1.10 [ss Baalrim])

151

152

A88.1–4 Qosner Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX 12 ‫חביה‬ ִ ]‫ קוסנ[ר‬.1

Qosne[r]: jars, 12.

Payer

1

Product

2

A88.3-ISAP1377 (AL187 [M80]) Undated Payment of 12 jars Body sherd of jar (101 × 75 × 7–8), exterior beige, interior pink gray. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

Qosner (‫ )קוסנר‬is a nominal sentence name, “Qos is a lamp,” paralleled by biblical ‫( אבנר‬1 Sam 14:51, etc.) and Ammonite ‫( אדננר‬WSS No. 859). ¶ About half of the 25 chits for jars are undated, like this chit. None has a payee. Usually, payments of jars are small, and only one is greater than this (A53.4 [20 jars]).

153

A88.1–4 Qosner Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

. . . ‫ קוסנר חכ‬.1

Qosner/Qosyad: w(heat), k(or), . . . (One faded line) 1

A88.4-ISAP2563 (JA288) Undated Payment of x kor of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59 × 62 × 6), irregularly shaped, light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The last two letters of the name at the beginning of line 1 are uncertain, either nun-reš or yod-dalet. For the name Qosyad, see A44 for the dossier of the same name.

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) The name Qosrai as payer appears five times, all here. Three are fully dated, but only one has the full date legible (A89.1–2, 5); one is dated by day and month (A89.3); and one is undated (A89.4). Two send to the storehouse (A89.1 [restored], 4), and two have a payee (A89.3, 5). Three concern grain (A89.1, 3–4), and the product is unknown in two (A89.2, 5). Qosrai does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A89.1 A89.2 A89.3 A89.4 A89.5

Payment of 1 kor of barley Payment of unknown product Payment of 6 kors, 13 seahs, y qabs of unknown product Payment of 2 kors, 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Payment of unknown product

154

March 28, 362–April 14, 361 1 Tishri, year x x Marcheshvan/Sivan Undated December 29, 344

155

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) cm

CONVEX Date Payer (Depository?) Product

[On the x (day) of y (month)], year 43, Qosrai 2 [to the storehouse of Makkedah]: b(arley), k(or), 1. 1

‫קוסר ִעי‬ ִ 43 ‫ל ]שנת‬ 1 ‫[שכ‬

‫ ]ב‬.1 ] .2

A89.1-ISAP2603 (JA339) x (day) of y (month) 362/361 Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (37 × 75 × 5), roughly trapezoid, exterior, interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), well-levigated, few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

For the name Qosrai (‫ )קוסרעי‬see A2.33. ¶ The right edge of the ostracon is cut away, and the missing space for day and month in line 1 is great enough to allow for a restoration of ‫“( למסכנת מנקדה‬to the storehouse of Makkedah”) at the beginning of line 2. In A89.4, below, Qosrai does make a payment of barley to the storehouse. Payments to the “storehouse of Makkedah” began in year 43 with wheat (A22.1), but there were numerous chits for barley in subsequent years (see Table 1.2.34–38, 40–42 in TAO vol. 1).

156

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qosrai: [. . .]. 2 On the 1st of Tishri, yea[r x] 1

[ ]‫ קוסרעי‬.1 [ ‫ לתשרי שנ[ת‬1 ‫ ב‬.2

A89.2-ISAP89 (JA448 {Zd > EyH?}) 1 Tishri, year x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 56 × 6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (2.5YR6/8), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, and on interior (one sign), on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Missing at the left edge in this chit is the product in line 1and the year date in line 2.

157

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee? Product

[On x of Marcheshvan/Si]van, Qosrai, 2 [to . . .]malak: in/for the seah of 3[. . .] kors, 6; s(eahs), 13; q(ab) [y]. 1

[

‫ ]ב ל ]ון קוסרעי‬.1 ‫בסאת‬ ִ ‫[מלך‬ ] .2 ]‫ ִק‬13 ‫ ס‬6 ִ‫[כִרן‬ ִ ] .3

A89.3-ISAP2609 (JA345) x Marcheshvan/Sivan Payment of 6 kors, 13 seahs, y qabs of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47 × 38 × 5), roughly rhomboid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

The text is cut at the right edge. Missing in line 1 is the day and most of the month; in line 2, half of a PN and its preceding preposition; and in line 3, the commodity. Ending in a waw-nun, the month name may be restored as either ‫ סיון‬or ‫מרחשון‬. Names ending in ‫מלך‬- include Qosmalak (A11), Baalmalak (A74), and El(i)milk/malak (A93), and the preceding preposition could either be “to” (‫)ל‬, “to the hand of” (‫)ליד‬, or “by the hand of” (‫)עליד‬, although spacing would be tight for that last option. Of the three possible names, Qosmalak is the most likely, appearing in 49 texts, 4 times as agent (A4.28, 9.9, 94.2, 290.1.15) and 5 times as payee (A4.22, 300.1.59 [‫ ]ליד‬and A21.13, 78.1, 280.4 [‫)]ל‬. Baalmalak never appears as payee or agent and El(i)milk/malak only once, but with the unique phrase “for the quittance of” (A17.14 [‫ר‬/‫)]למאטד‬. Most perplexing is the four-letter word at the end of line 2 (‫)בסאת‬, which has no parallel. Six+ kors is a huge amount, and therefore must be a type of grain. The chit above (A89.1) delivered 1 kor of barley and that below (A89.4), 2 kors, 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs.

158

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product

Qosrai to the storehouse: 2 b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 13; q(abs), 4 (and) a h(alf). 1

‫ קוסרעי למסכנתא‬.1 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ִק‬13 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ שכ‬.2

A89.4-ISAP906 (JA472 {GCh106 > Zd72 > EYH2?}) Undated Payment of 2 kors, 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (77 × 86 × 3–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware gray (7.5YR5/0), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Most of the nearly thirty chits for “the storehouse” are dated and record deposits of wheat there (see A1.15–25 and Table 1.1 in TAO vol. 1). This is undated and records the deposit of barley, and not a small amount at that (Table 1.1.28). Qosrai made one other payment for barley above, possibly also to the storehouse (A89.1).

159

A89.1–5 Qosrai Dossier (362/361–344) cm

CONVEX [. . .]. . .t Qosrai [. . .]◦, 6. On the 1st of Tebe[th], 3year [10+]5 (=15), 4 to Ṣurbaal [. . .].

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Payee

[ ? ]. .ִ‫קוסר ִעי‬ ִ ‫]   [ת‬ ִ [‫  ל ִט ִב ] ת‬1  ‫  ִב‬6 .[ ] 5]+10[ ‫שנת‬ [ ? ]‫לצִר ִב ִעל‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A89.5-ISAP1393 (AL173 [M 99]) December 29, 344 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (65 × 68 × 9), exterior and interior brown. Writing quite erased and difficult to read. Written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks [AL].

The format of this chit is unusual. Rarely does the date appear not at the beginning or the end but in the middle. In such cases, the text opens with the name of the payer, followed by the product and measure, and concludes with the name of an agent or payee (cf. A1.38–41, 2.11–13). The letters preceding Qosrai (“Qos satisfies”; see A2.33) in line 1 are obscure, as are the product at the beginning of line 2 preceding the measure and the letter traces following the name of the payee in line 4. The reading Ṣurbaal (“Baal is a rock”) is uncertain and occurs in only one other place (A290.2.6). It would be a similar name to Qosṣur, which occurs twice (A85.5, 91.4).

A90.1–5 Šammu Dossier (362–359; 338–337) The name Šammu as payer appears five times, once before in the dossier of Qoskahel (A90.1 [A9.8]). Three chits are fully dated although one is missing the full year; in another the day is damaged; and the third is dated to year 43 only by virtue of the date appearing at the bottom (A90.1–2, 5). One is dated by month only, and one is undated (A90.3–4). Products are varied—twice resh (A90.1, 5), once oil (A90.2), once grgrn (A90.4), and once unknown (A90.3). The name Šammu also appears in four different lists of names (E1.8, 2.1, 2.5, 3.6) and two accounts (C2.1, 6.8) and may be the omitted payer in a fragmentary chit for grgrn (A300.4.29). Dated List of Texts A90.1 A90.2 A90.3 A90.4 A90.5

Payment of 10 seahs of resh September 20, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 2.5 qabs of oil April 1, 357 Payment of unknown product Shebat (338–337) Payment of 10 grgrn Undated x + 5 seahs, 3 qabs of resh September 20-October 17, 359

160

161

A90.1–5 Šammu Dossier (362–359; 338–337)

A90.1-ISAP706 [YR8] September 20, 362 Payment of 10 seahs of resh (See A9.8 [to Qoskahel]) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Nisan, year 2[+?], Šammu: oil, s(eah),1; q(abs), 2; q(uarters), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

.[ ]2 ‫ִסןִ שנת‬ ִ ‫ ִל ִני‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ ר‬2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫שמוע משח ס‬ ִ .2

A90.2-ISAP1330 (AL27 [M31]) (Table 6.2) April 1, 357 Payment of 1 seah, 2.5 qabs of oil Shoulder (?) of jar, possibly close to neck (100 × 74 × 9), exterior and interior beige gray. Most of writing erased. Written lines upside-down in relation to the top of the sherd and approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The numerals after the first two digits in the year date cannot be read. ¶ The name Šammu (guna) has parallels in the Bible (Num 13:4, etc.) and at Elephantine (TAD B3.11:19) and here is a hypocoristic for a name such as ‫קוסשמע‬, “Qos heard” (A49.2). The hypocoristicon Šimu (‫ )שמעו‬appears but once (A125). For oil chits, see A1.6. Two chits were drawn up in Nisan for oil (A38.4, 290.2.2).

162

A90.1–5 Šammu Dossier (362–359; 338–337) cm

CONVEX Šammu, in the month of Shebat.

Payer

1

Date

2

‫ שמוע‬.1 ‫ בירח שבט‬.2

A90.3-ISAP2615 (JA354) Shebat (338–337) Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, small (34 × 62 × 8), roughly trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin.

The date here is at the end, and it lacks a day and a year. The month appears simply ‫בירח‬. There are six texts that similarly record the date but put it at the beginning. Three add year 21 (Artaxerxes III), one with Tammuz (A151.1) and two with Marcheshvan (A20.8, 151.2), and two add year 1 (Arses), both with Tammuz (A16.15, 55.4). One, like ours, has no year date, with month Marcheshvan (A17.11). One final occurrence of ‫ בירח‬at the end of a text is too fragmentary to understand (A17.2). This date formula would place our chit in years 338–337. Unlike the other chits, however, it has no product.

A90.1–5 Šammu Dossier (362–359; 338–337)

163

cm

CONVEX That which Šammu, who is from Makkedah, 1 brought: 2 grgr[n], 310.

Payer

1

Origin

2

Product

‫ זי איתי שמוע‬.1

[‫ זי מן מנקדה גרגר[ן‬.2 10 .3

A90.4-ISAP2527 (JA250) Undated Payment of 10 grgrn Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (42 × 70 × 11), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior pinkish gray (5YR6/2), ware light red (10R6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin (encasing early alef), left edge broken.

For structure and contents see A34.7, written by Scribe JJ, who also wrote this text and A300.4.29, where, unfortunately, the name of the payer is unintelligible, only the first two letters being visible (‫)כע‬. All three chits began with the expression ‫“( יז איתי‬which ⟨PN⟩ brought”); see Table 2.14, 25–26. The alef at the beginning of ‫ איתי‬is early. This chit adds an unusual identity tag to the payer, “from Makkedah,” lacking in the other two. ¶ For more on the verb of conveyance, see A1.2, 8, and for more on Makkedah, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1. For ‫גרגרן‬, see A1.28.

164

A90.1–5 Šammu Dossier (362–359; 338–337) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Signatory? Sealing Sign?

[On the x +]3 of Elul, year 46, 2 [. . .]. . . Šammu: 3 [resh, s(eahs), x +]5, q(abs), 3. 4 [Yazidu] [archaic alef] 1

(46=)6+40 ‫ לאלול שנת‬3] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ שמוע‬. . . . [ ] .2 3 ‫ ק‬5[ ] .3

A90.5-ISAP571 [GD] September 20-October 17, 359 x+5 seahs, 3 qabs of resh

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge. The initial strokes of the day date are missing at the beginning of line 1, and the last six strokes of the year date are written supralinearly at the end of the line. It is not clear what is missing at the beginning of line 2, but we have taken Šammu as the payer. Unintelligible traces of letters appear immediately before the name Šammu, seemingly excluding a verb of conveyance, such as ‫( הנעל‬see A1.3) or ‫( היתי‬see A1.2, 8). The product is missing at the beginning of line 3, but contextual comparison argues for resh (cf. A4.7, 15–16, 7.3, [Table 2.29–30, 33–34]). As in those chits, the signatory Yazidu and/or the archaic alef sealing sign may have appeared here in line 4, which is completely cut away. Interestingly, Yazidu appears as signatory for both Scribes A and B (see Tables 1–4 in TAO vol. 2). If thus reconstructed, this would be the second payment for resh in this dossier (see A90.1 above). For more on resh, see A1.4 and Table 2.34a in ibid.

A91.1–4 (3) Abenaši Dossier (337) The name Abenaši appears in fourteen ostraca (see A67.1) in multiple contexts—in jar inscriptions (F1.1, 3.1, 4.3), as payee (A11.18, 67.1, 152.2), as agent (A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 71.3), as property owner (H2.9), and as payer three times in this dossier (A91.2–4). One of the chits for payee is dated to 346 b.c.e., the four chits for agents are dated 339–338 b.c.e. (see A67.1), and one of the payer chits here is dated to 337 (A91.4). It is likely that a single person is represented in all these texts. One chit has a payee as well (A91.4). The products are diverse—bundles, hides, and stone (weight)s (A91.2–4). Aside from the fourteen occurences of Abenaši, the name Abenašu also appears five times—twice as payer (A1.28 [352 b.c.e.], 10.11), once in an account for maahs (C8.2), once in a workers list (D9.2), and once in a double-sided letter (G2.2). In all, these two names appear in 19 texts. Dated List of Texts A91.1 A91.2 A91.3 A91.4

Cancelled Payment of 2 1/2 bundles Payment of 4 hides Payment of 140 stone (weight)s

Undated Undated February 22, 337

165

166

A91.1–4 (3) Abenaši Dossier (337)

A91.1-ISAP217 [IA11807] Cancelled (moved to A300.2.27a) cm

CONVEX Abenaši: 2 (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Product

bundles,

‫ ף‬2 ‫ אבאנשי משתלן‬.1

A91.2-ISAP770 [YR117] Undated Payment of 2 1/2 bundles Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (32 × 62 × 6), trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few reddish grits. Small burned spot on edge, bottom edge cut straight and polished. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For bundles see A1.48. In a chit dated November 26, 346, Abenaši is a recipient of one bundle of chaff, and the same scribe who wrote that chit (A67.1), namely Scribe O, also wrote this chit (see Table 6.5, 42 in TAO vol. 2).

A91.1–4 (3) Abenaši Dossier (337)

167

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

4 ִ‫מושכן‬ ִ ‫אבאנִשי‬ ִ .1

Abenaši: hides, 4, 1

A91.3-ISAP1406 (AL122 {M112 = Naveh608}) Undated Payment of 4 hides Body sherd of jar (86 × 55 × 6), exterior and interior brown. Composed of two fragments. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

This is one of only three chits for hides, the other chits having only one each (see A22.9 [hide], 300.4.13 [skin of a she-goat]).

168

A91.1–4 (3) Abenaši Dossier (337) cm

CONCAVE On the 2nd of Adar, year 21, Abenaši to Qosṣur: stone (weight)s, 140.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

21 ‫ לאדר שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫לקוסצִר‬ ִ ‫ אבאנשי‬.2 140 ‫ אבנן‬.3

A91.4-ISAP569 [GD] February 22, 337 Payment of 140 stone (weight)s

A month afer our chit, on 5 Adar II (March 25), Zaydu/Ziyadu son of Ad(i)el will transfer 8 stone (weight)s to the silversmith (A28.7 [see for commentary]). There is only one other chit for stone (weight)s (A99.2). “Stone” (‫ )אבן‬is the usual word for “weight” in both Hebrew (e.g., Deut 25:13, 15) and Aramaic. Absalom’s hair was said to weigh 200 shekels by the “stone of the king” (‫[ אבן המלך‬2 Sam 14:26]). This same phrase, with “stone” in the plural (‫)אבני מלכא‬, is the regular complement to “shekel” in the Elephantine contracts (see Lund-Porten 2002:2). ¶ The nominal-sentence name Qosṣur (‫ )קוסצר‬occurs only once more in our corpus (see above, A85.5) but is paralleled by Hebrew Eliṣur (‫[ אליצור‬Num 1:5, etc.; perhaps, also, WSS No. 68]), “DN is a rock.” In our corpus, the epithet occurs also in first position—‫צרבעל‬ (“Ṣurbaal” [A89.5, 290.2.6]). See Porten 2005: 113*.

A92.1–3 Ab(i)yatha Dossier The name Ab(i)yatha as payer appears three times, once already in the dossier of Saadel (A92.3 [A10.17]). One text is dated only by day (A92.1), while the other two are undated (A92.2–3). Two chits have an agent (A92.1–2), and one has a payee (A92.3). Products are diverse—log, barley, and plaster/ coriander (A92.1–3). Ab(i)yatha also appears six times as payee (A7.40 [wheat], 41.5 [load], 57.2 [jars], 96.1 [wheat], 224.1 [wheat]), three of which are dated to year 6 (353 b.c.e. [A57.2, 96.1, 224.1), and once in an account (C9.4). Dated List of Texts A92.1 A92.2 A92.3

Payment of 1 log 21 (no month) Payment of 1 kor, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Undated Payment of 1 seah of plaster/coriander Undated

169

170

A92.1–3 Ab(i)yatha Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer (Agency?) Product Date

[?]‫ִיד‬ ִ ‫ אביתע מנִעל ז‬.1 1 ‫ גזיר‬.2 21 ‫ ב‬.3

Ab(i)yatha, bringing in of Zayd[i] 2 log, 1. 3 On the 21st. 1

A92.1-ISAP550 [FCO13] (Table 1.9) 21 (no month) Payment of 1 log

For the name, see A10.17. For discussion of “logs,” see A2.25, 28, 3.31. Of the 33 chits for logs, only eleven are dated and only one other at the bottom (A2.25). None has a year date, and this one lacks even a month. The words following Ab(i)yatha are most enigmatic. The reading of the first seems clear—‫מנעל‬ (“bringing in, import”), but it does not occur elsewhere. Instead, other chits use the verb of conveyance ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”; see A1.3). It seems to be followed, without clear word separation, by [◦]‫זיד‬. The personal name ‫“( זידי‬Zaydi”) appears several times (A48). Conjecturally, we interpret “the bringing in of Zaydi,” taking him as agent. Only two other chits for ‫ גזיר‬use agents (A212.1, 300.4.8), and one other has a verb of conveyance (A209.1 [‫)]היתי‬. Ab(i)yatha again uses an agent below (A92.2).

171

A92.1–3 Ab(i)yatha Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agent

Ab(i)yatha: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 2; q(ab), 3, by the hand of [PN]. 1

[

]. . ‫ עליד‬3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ִת ִע שכ‬ ִ ‫אבי‬ ִ .1

A92.2-ISAP223 [IA11790] Undated Payment of 1 kor, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73 × 97 × 7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The top half of the name of the payer is cut away, but the reading is certain. The reading of the agent is not legible.

A92.3-ISAP874 (JA460) Undated Payment of 1 seah of plaster/coriander (See A10.17 [to Saadel])

A93.1–3 El(i)milk/malak Dossier (353) The name El(i)milk/malak as payer occurs in three chits, one of which appeared in an earlier dossier as patronym (A93.3 [A65.4]). One chit is fully dated (A93.1), and two are undated (A93.2–3). One has an agent (A93.3), and two have a payee (A93.2–3). Products are varied—grain, bales and bundles (A93.1–3). The name also appears once as payee (A17.14) and once as signatory (A1.27). Dated List of Texts A93.1 A93.2 A93.3

Payment of 4 qab of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 7 bales Payment of 1 bundle

August 23, 353 Undated Undated

172

A93.1–3 El(i)milk/malak Dossier (353)

173

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

El(i)milk/malak: crushed/sifted grain, q(abs), 4. 2 On the 12th of Ab, year 6. 1

4 ‫רקיד ק‬/‫ אלמלך דקיר‬.1 6 ‫ לאב שנת‬12 ‫ ב‬.2

A93.1-ISAP1019 (L19 [IM91.16.139]) August 23, 353 Payment of 4 qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar (68 × 64 × 10), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Whitish patina on interior. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For explanation of the name see A17.14. This is one of ten chits for crushed/sifted grain written between 16 Tammuz and 28 Ab, year 6 (July 29–September 8, 353). See Porten-Yardeni 2009: *175, A1.1, and Table 3.20 in TAO vol. 2.

174

A93.1–3 El(i)milk/malak Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫דר‬ ִ ‫לע‬ ִ ‫ אלמלך ִל ִב ִע‬.1 7 ִ‫ ִפ ִח ִל ִצן‬.2

El(i)milk/malak to Baaladar/ider: 2 bales, 7. 1

A93.2-ISAP1431 (AL236 [M139]) Undated Payment of 7 bales Body sherd of jar (74 × 40 × 5), exterior and interior pink gray. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

For bales see A1.2, and for this chit, possibly by Scribe Y, see Table 7.30 in TAO vol. 2. More than half of the fifty-some chits for bales are undated. For explanation of the name Baaladar/ider, see A4.15. The name appears once more as payee (A7.50).

A93.3-ISAP871 (JA457 {GCh71 > EYH1}) Undated Payment of 1 bundle (See A65.4 [f Ubayd/Abid])

A94.1–3 Badan Dossier (359–357) The name Badan as payer appears in three chits, one previously affiliated to Al(i)baal (A94.3 [A4.30]). Two chits are fully dated (A94.1–2), and one by day and month only (A94.3). All three chits concern grain, two for flour (A94.1, 3) and one for barley (A94.2). The name Badan also appears twice as payee (A253.1, J1.15), although the latter is an uncertain chit fragment, and once in a distribution list of barley (C2.6). Dated List of Texts A94.1 A94.2 A94.3

Payment of 3 qabs of flour Two payments: 2 seahs of wheat and 2 kors, 13 seahs of barley Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour

175

July 20, 359 May 29, 357 18 Nisan

176

A94.1–3 Badan Dossier (359–357) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign Signatory

On the 30th of Sivan, year 20[+20+]6 (=46), 2 Badan to Zubaydu/Zabidu: flour, 3q(abs), 3. (archaic alef) Yazidu 1

6]+20+[20

‫ לסיון שנת‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ בדן לזבידו קמח‬.2 ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬# 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A94.1-ISAP1897 (EN104 = JA358) July 20, 359 Payment of 3 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (38 × 48 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, no right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For format, date, and scribe, see A4.10–11, 13. ¶ The name ‫ בדן‬appears twice in the Bible (1 Sam 12:11; 1 Chr 7:17); for explanation, see Zadok 1988: 97. For the name Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A2.19 and the dossier of the same name (A12). ¶ The last six numerals of the year date are written supralinearly at the left edge of the ostracon just as in another text written on the same day by the same scribe (A4.13). As with that text, this one also confronts another problem, that according to the Parker-Dubberstein tables, Sivan in year 46 has only 29, not 30, days, indicating a failure to observe the new moon on that date. The signatory Yazidu has this problem twice more (A4.7, 13). Interestingly, he appears as signatory for both Scribes A and B (see Tables 1–4 in TAO vol. 2).

177

A94.1–3 Badan Dossier (359–357) cm

CONVEX On the 30th of Iyyar, year 2, Badan brought his product: 3 w(heat), seahs, 2; b(arley), kors, 2; s(eahs), 13, 4 by the hand of Qosmalak.

Date

1

Payer

2

Purpose Product Agent

2 ‫ לאיר שנת‬30 ‫ב‬ ‫אשכרה‬ ִ ‫בדן‬ ִ ‫ִתִי‬ ִ ‫ִהי‬ 13 ‫ ִס‬2 ִ‫ ִש ִכִרן‬2 ִ‫ִח ִס ִאן‬ ‫ִד ִקִו ִס ִמ ִלך‬ ִ ‫ע ִלי‬. ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A94.2-ISAP1540 (AL20 [M255]) May 29, 357 Two payments: 2 seahs of wheat and 2 kors, 13 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (70 × 57 × 7–9), exterior and interior dark gray. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

For the only two other chits with the word ‫אשכר‬, see A14.3 (less than a year earlier, December 21, 356) and A300.5.6. There the product is oil, with a payee and without an agent. Elsewhere, it appears twice more (C2.10, J1.4). For the name Qosmalak, see A4.11 and A11. For the verb of conveyance, see A1.2, 8. As with the text above, this chit confronts the same dating problem because Iyyar in year 2, according to the Parker-Dubberstein tables, has only 29, not 30, days (see A94.1 above).

A94.3–1548 (AL104 [M263]) 18 Nisan Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour (A4.30 [ss Al{i}baal])

A95.1–3 Bayyun Dossier (357–356) The name Bayyum as payer occurs three times, once already as payer in the dossier of Saadel (A95.1 [A10.5]). One chit is fully dated (A95.2), one only by day and month (A95.3), and the third only by year (A95.1). One has payee, agent, and depository (A95.1). Of the three products, one is unique (a vessel [A95.2]), one is rare (roosters [A95.1]), and one is part of a thirteen-chit series (semolina+flour [A95.2]). The name Bayyun appears only twice more in the ostraca, once in an account list of barley (C2.5) and once in an account of joists (C7.3). Dated List of Texts A95.1 A95.2 A95.3

Payment of 2 roosters Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of semolina and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of flour Payment of 1 vessel

178

357/356 December 13, 356 21 Tammuz

179

A95.1–3 Bayyun Dossier (357–356)

A95.1-ISAP921 (JA485) 357/356 Payment of 2 roosters (See A10.5 [to Saadel]) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of of Kislev, year 3, Bayyun: semolina, s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 3; 3flour, s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ביון נשיף ס‬.2 3 ‫ק‬ 3 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A95.2-ISAP887 {GCh87 = Funahashi9} December 13, 356 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of semolina and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of flour

For this product pair, see A4.2 This is one of fifteen chits for semolina+flour written by Scribe E over a period of four days between 2 and 5 Kislev, year 3 (December 13–16, 356; Table 1.19–33 in TAO vol. 2), and one of six written on a single day (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 169*–70* and Table 1.19–24). The measure “q(abs) 3” for semolina is written sublinearly at the end of line 2. On this same day, a chit for semolina+flour drawn up by Zabdiel added a rooster at the end (A32.4; Table 1.20). A year earlier, Bayyun had given 2 roosters to Saadel (A95.1 above). ¶ For the name Bayyun as hypocoristicon, see A69.2.

180

A95.1–3 Bayyun Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX Bayyun: vessel, 1. 3 On the 21st of Tammuz.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ ביון‬.1 1 ‫ מאן‬.2 ‫ לתמוז‬21 ‫ ב‬.3

A95.3-ISAP540 [FCO3] 21 Tammuz Payment of 1 vessel

This is a unique and exceptionally elegant piece, with the writing beginning to the left of the middle of the ostracon. The name of the payer appears alone on line 1, that of the product and measure on line 2, and the date on line 3. Vessels could be either of metal or wood (cf. TAD B2.9:5) but were certainly distinct from the ubiquitous jars (see A1.13). The word ‫ מאן‬occurs only here in the whole corpus.

A96.1–2 Baalghauth Dossier (353; 322) The name Baalghauth as payer occurs twice. One is explicitly dated (A96.1), and one is undated (A96.2). Certain considerations, however, suggest that the latter is to be dated to the reign of Philip, that is, 322. The product in both is wheat. Each chit is one of a small group—“the grain of the purchase” (A96.1) and double agents (A96.2). The name Baalghauth appears only twice more in the ostraca, once in an oil account (C5.3) and once in a jar inscription that reads simply “vineyard of Baalghauth” (F5.2). Dated List of Texts A96.1 A96.2

Payment of 20 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Payment of 3 seahs, 4.25 qabs of wheat

November 12, 353 Undated (possibly ca. 322)

181

182

A96.1–2 Baalghauth Dossier (353; 322) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Payee Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

On the 4th of Marcheshvan, 2year 6, Baalghauth 3 to Ab(i)yatha, from the grain 4of the purchase: w(heat), s(eahs), 20[, q(ab] 5l Alal (archaic alef). 1

‫ למרחשון‬4 ‫ב‬ ‫בעלעות‬ ִ 6 ‫שנת‬ ‫לאביתע מן עבור‬ ִ 20 ‫]?[זבינִתא ִח ִס‬ # ‫ ִעלל‬1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

CONVEX [?]‫ ] [אל‬.1

[. . .] . . . [?]

1

“Scribe 16”—A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 290.1.6 A96.1-ISAP1575 (AL49 [M291]) November 12, 353 Payment of 20 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar (65 × 52 × 9), exterior dark brown, interior orange red. Writing on interior, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks [AL].

This is one of five chits by the same scribe (here; A3.15, 4.25, 224.1, 290.1.6) for wheat derived from the “grain of the purchase” (‫)עבור זבינתא‬, drawn up in year 6 in three days of Marcheshvan (1, 2, and two on 4 [November 9, 10, and 12, 353]) and one of 6 Kislev (December 23); see A4.25 for further discussion and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 5, 8:26–30. ¶ The root ‫ עות‬is Aramaization of Hebrew ‫( עוש‬see Zadok 1988: 24, 133). The name Baalghauth (‫ )בעלעות‬would mean “Baal assisted.” For Ab(i)yatha, see A10.17 and A92. This is the first of two payments Baalghauth makes for wheat (see A96.2 below).

A96.1–2 Baalghauth Dossier (353; 322)

183

cm

CONVEX Payer Agent Product

Baalghauth by the hand of Ḥalfu 2and Abdi: w(heat), s(eahs), 3, q(abs), 4 (and a) q(uarter). 1

‫בעלעות עליד חלפו‬ ִ .1 ‫ ר‬4 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ועב ִדי חס‬ ִ .2

A96.2-ISAP35 (JA418 {Zd65 > EYH2}) Undated (possibly ca. 322) Payment of 3 seahs, 4.25 qabs of wheat Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73 × 83 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR7/6), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), ware red (2.5YR5/6), many tiny white grits. Composed of 3 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Double agents appear primarily in texts dated late (see A1.32). Three other chits conveying wheat, as here, and dated to year 2 record the agents Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan, in that order (see 65.2 [321 b.c.e.], 70.2 [322 b.c.e.], 300.1.45 [322 b.c.e.]). It is possible that here we have the same agents, with variant names and reverse order—Ḥalfu and Abdi instead of Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan. For the name Ḥal(a)fan, see A18, and for the name Ḥalfu, see A2.42 and A136. While the former appears frequently, Ḥalfu occurs only twice (A2.42, 182.1). In contrast, Abdi appears in seven more ostraca (A7.49, 144.2, B3.5, C9.6, D9.2, F2.10, F3.17). This is the second of two payments Baalghauth makes for wheat (see A96.1 above).

A97.1–2 Wah(a)bi and Son(s) Dossier (315–post 302) Wah(a)bi appears as father of a payer in two unprovenanced chits (A97.1–2) and one chit from Tel Jemmeh (4A2.2 [found in west granary]). Both chits here are dated, the second being the latest chit in the Idumean ostraca (A97.2 [post 302 b.c.e.]). Although the product is preserved only in the first chit, it can be restored in the second—both for wheat. The name Wah(a)bi also appears in 2 accounts (C2.1 [barley], 5.2 [oil]), 2 lists of names (E3.1, 5), three jar inscriptions (F2.1, 3.6–7), and in an uncertain chit (J1.18). The similar name Wah(a)bu appears four times—once in a fragmentary chit (A300.3.13), in 2 workers texts (D4.3 [3 workers from the house of Qoṣi], 9.1 [workers of the gate]), and in an unclassified fragment with “wine of Wah(a)bu” (J12.5). Interestingly, the provenanced chit for Wah(a)bi was found at Tel Jemmeh along with 3 jar inscriptions (4F1.1–3 [ISAP 2019–2021]), the last labeling contents from a winepress, and 4 wine labels with Zubaydu/Zabidu, Qosyatha, and Raui, three names that appear frequently in our chits (4H1.1–4 [ISAP2014–2017]). It is possible that the hypocoristica Wah(a)bi and Wah(a)bu referred to the same individual, and that our chits originated from Tel Jemmeh. Both would be hypocoristica for a name such as Wahabil, who appears eight times—in 4 chits (A76.1–2 [357 b.c.e.], 76.3–4), 2 workers texts (D2.10 [with Zabdilah ss Baalrim], 9.4 [Wahabil to Qosyatha]), and in 2 lists of names (E3.2, 27). The Wah(a)bil that was active in 357 b.c.e. may very well be the father in our chits here, using hypocoristic Wah(a)bi: the timespan of 42 years between 357 b.c.e. and 315 b.c.e. (A97.1 below) fits a scenario in which the father would be 20 years or so older than his son(s). In all, the names Wah(a)bi, Wah(a)bu, and Wah(a)bil appear in over 20 ostraca. Dated List of Texts A97.1 A97.2

Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Payment of wheat [restored]

August 7, 315 6 Iyyar (July/August/September), post 302

184

185

A97.1–2 Wah(a)bi and Son(s) Dossier (315–post 302)

A97.1-ISAP1855 (EN56 = JA399) August 7, 315 Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat (See A13.14 [f Abdadah]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 6th of Iyyar, [year x] 2Ptolemy the king, [PN son of] 3Wah(a)bi [from the Steppe/property of] 4Ḥinziru: ◦[wheat . . .]. 1

[ ‫ לאיִִר[ שנת‬6 ‫ב‬ [ ]‫תלמיס מלכא‬ [  ]. ‫והבִי‬ [ ]. ‫ִרו‬ ִ ‫חנז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A97.2-ISAP710 [YR7] 6 Iyyar (July/August/September), post 302 Payment of wheat [restored] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55 × 41 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), few white grits. Composed of 2 joining fragments, whitish patina on ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel marks.

For meaning of the hypocoristicon Wah(a)bi, see A13.14. The name as patronym of payer appears twice more—as father of Abdadah (A97.1 above) in the reign of Antigonus (August 7, 315) and as father of Baalrai in a provenanced chit from Tel Jemmeh for semolina+flour (4A2.2 [ISAP210 {6 Marcheshvan}]), so it is plausible that a personal name should be restored here at the end of line 2 as a son of Wah(a)bi. This is the latest chit and the only chit dated to Ptolemy. Similary, the personal name Ḥinziru appears four times as a geographical designation in the construct state (‫רכשת חנזרו‬, “property of Ḥinziru” [A245.1 {319 b.c.e.}]; ‫ערבת חנזרו‬, “Steppe of” [A29.6 {314 b.c.e.}, 33.7 {315 b.c.e.}, 229.1 {315 b.c.e.}]) dated to the reigns of Philip and Alexander, and so we may restore one of these two words here at the end of line 3. Moreover, the phrase ‫ מן ערבת‬with PN (“Steppe of PN”) occurs a dozen times in the chits, three times with barley (A11.9, 37.7, 139.2), six times with wheat (A15.18, 17.8, 33.7, 37.6, here, 229.1), once with both barley and wheat (A33.5), and twice without a legible product (A15.18, 290.1.12). However, all of the ‫ חנזרו‬pieces are for wheat (A17.8, 29.6, 33.7, 37.6, 229.1), and so we may restore the product as wheat after the break at the end of line 4. For discussion of these terms, see A15.18, 17.8. ¶ For the name Ḥinziru, see A2.11.

A98.1–3 Zabbud Dossier (353) The name Zabbud as payer occurs three times, twice already in earlier dossiers (A98.1, 3 [A3.15, 6.4]). One text is fully dated (A98.1), one by day and month (A98.3), and one is undated (A98.2). One has source, signatory, and sealing sign (A98.1). The two known products are grain (A98.1–2), but the third is unknown (A98.3). The name Zabbud appears only thrice more—in an instruction to supply 7 men (B3.7 [ss Ḥori, cf. A98.3 below]), a two-sided account (C6.2), and as owner of a plot of land (H2.13). Dated List of Texts A98.1 A98.2 A98.3

Payment of 18 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Payment of unknown product

November 9, 353 Undated 12 Marcheshvan

186

187

A98.1–3 Zabbud Dossier (353)

A98.1-ISAP940 {GCh 140 >HW} November 9, 353 Payment of 18 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat (See A3.15 [ss Qoṣi])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Zabbud: b(arley), k(or), 1; 2s(eahs), 10[+1]+6 (=17), q(abs), 3. 1

1 ‫ זבוד שכ‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬6]+ 1 +[10 ‫ ס‬.2

A98.2-ISAP1759 (LP10 {SM11/02:3>LW10}) Undated Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Clear brown sherd from the wall of a jar. The inscription follows the potter’s wheel traces [AL].

For the name Zabbud, see A3.15. This is one of over forty chits for barley that lack a date. The three words “barley, kor, 1” are abbreviated in three strokes (\‫)שכ‬, but the rest of line 1 is left blank, and the thirteen strokes that continue the measure (\// ‫\ \ ק‬// \// 10 ‫ )ס‬are consigned to line 2, reaching almost to the left end of the ostracon.

A98.3-ISAP739 [YR42] 12 Marcheshvan Payment of unknown product (See A6.4 [ss Ḥori])

A99.1–3 Zaydil Dossier (316) The name Zaydil as payer occurs three times in the unprovenanced ostraca, once already earlier (A99.3), and once in a provenanced chit from Yatir, where we have Zaydil son of Qosani making a payment of nearly a kor of barley (34A1.1 [ISAP2098; Vainstub-Fabian: 2015]). One chit is fully dated (A99.1); one only by day and month, but its time period may be conjectured (A99.2); and one is undated (A99.3). One has a source and agent (A99.1), one a second payer (A99.2), and one a payee and signatory (A99.3). The products are grain, stone (weight)s, and oil. The name Zaydil appears only twice more, in a list of names (E3.8) and an unclassified fragment (J12.6). Dated List of Texts A99.1 A99.2 A99.3

Two payments of 1 seah of wheat plus 20 x Two payments of stone (weight)s, 2 each Payment of 5 seahs of oil

December 19, 316 1 Nisan (late?) Undated

188

189

A99.1–3 Zaydil Dossier (316) cm

CONVEX On the 30th of Kislev, year 4[+2+]2 (= 8), Zaydil 4 from the Steppe of Zam(mu)ru: 2 w(heat), s(eah), 1; by the hand of 3Aqiba . . ., 20; w(heat), s(eah), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Origin Product I Agent Product II

2[+2+]4 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬30 ‫ב‬ ‫ עליד‬1 ‫זידאל חס‬ 1 ‫חס‬ ִ 20 . . ‫ִבא‬ ִ ‫עקי‬ ִ ‫ִמִרִו‬ ִ ‫מן ע⟨ר⟩בת ז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A99.1-ISAP1654 (LW3 [OG?20]) December 19, 316 Two payments of 1 seah of wheat plus 20 x Quadrangular sherd from the wall of a jar of whitish/clear gray color. It measures 78 × 56 × 11–13 mm. The ostracon is probably complete and the inscription written at about -50° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces. Ink is partly faded and the inscription difficult to read [AL].

This chit poses several problems. First, the two other texts containing “from the Steppe of Nam(i)ru/ Zam(mu)ru” are late, dated to Alexander (July 21, 315, and July 5, 312 [A11.9, 139.2]). Thus, our text, dated to 30 Kislev, year 8, must fall in the reign of Philip, but according to the tables of Parker-Dubberstein, Kislev had only 29, not 30, days in 8 Philip (1956: 36), indicating that the new moon in Idumea was not observed until 30 Kislev. For more such chits with this discrepancy, see A94.1–2. Second, when translating we must transfer the origin from the end of line 4 to immediately after the name Zaydil, since in all the other comparable contexts it defines the name of the payer and not the source of the product (for references, see A15.18, 17.8, 97.2, etc.). ¶ For the name Zaydil, see A28.4, and for Zam(mu)ru, see A1.51–52. The name Aqiba occurs only once more (A227.1) and would be a hypocoristicon. Though our texts contain several of these abbreviated names with the root ‫עקב‬, the only fully theophorous form is the precative ‫( קוסלעקב‬Qoslaaqab [“May Qos protect” {A244.1}]). For the root, see Noth 1928: 177–78. The hypocoristicon occurs also in Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 73, 107); see, too, Ilan 2002: 203–4. The Aramaic hypocoristicon ‫ עקיבא‬has several formal parallels in our corpus—‫( חנינא‬A195.1), ‫( ידיעא‬A137), and ‫( נתינא‬A110). ¶ The marks following the name are unclear, perhaps a product and measure. Also unclear is the duplication of the product and measure from line 2 in line 3. The other two chits “from the Steppe of Zam(mu)ru” deliver barley, not wheat (A11.9, 139.2).

190

A99.1–3 Zaydil Dossier (316) cm

CONVEX Date Payer I Product I Payer II Product II

On the 1st of Nisan, Zaydil: stone (weight)s, 2 [?]; 2 Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu: stone (weight)s, 2 [?]; 1

[?]2 ‫אבנן‬ ִ ‫ לנסן זידאל‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]2 ‫חמיו אבנִן‬ ִ .2 (Remains of undeciphered writing running downward on the left side)

A99.2-ISAP1937 (EN146 [BLMJ655]) 1 Nisan (late?) Two payments of 2 stone (weight)s, 2 each Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, roughly parallelogram-shaped, medium-sized (38 × 68 × 8), exterior light gray (10YR7/1). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex irregular surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

There are two other chits for stone (weight)s, one dated to Adar and the other to Adar II, year 21 (February 22 and March 25, 337 [A28.7, 91.4]). Our chit lacks year date, but the chit above for Zaydil dates to 316. ¶ The second payer here, Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu, appears only four times in the ostraca (A1.33, 44.5, here, D2.14), but in two of these he belongs to the clan of Baalrim (A1.33, D2.14). Perhaps the payers here also belonged to Baalrim. For the name, see A1.33.

A99.3-ISAP1093 [IM94.38.40 {Naveh 639}] Undated Payment of 5 seahs of oil (See A8.28 [to Samitu])

A100.1–3 Ḥauran Dossier (358) The name Ḥauran as payer appears three times, all in previous dossiers (A100.1–3). One chit is fully dated (A100.1), one by day and month (A100.2), and one is undated (A100.3). One has a payee and source (A100.1), one is affiliated to a clan (A100.2), and one has a patronym (A100.3). Products are silver (payment of son to father), bales (A100.2), and loads (A100.3). The name does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A100.1 Two payments of silver: 2 shekels, 2 maahs and 2 shekels, 2.5 maahs A100.2 Payment of 2 bales A100.3 Payment of 3 loads

A100.1-ISAP58 [Rockefeller shod 8] May 10, 358 Two payments of silver: 2 shekels, 2 maahs and 2 shekels, 2.5 maahs (See A49.1 [with Ḥaggai])

A100.2-ISAP1053 (L53 [IM91.16.149]) 16 Tammuz Payment of 2 bales (See A6.10 [f s Badel/Barel])

A100.3-ISAP1415 (EN158 = AL246 [M122]) Undated Payment of 3 loads (See A30.8 [s Qosani])

191

May 10, 358 16 Tammuz Undated

A101.1–3 Ḥinziru Dossier (356, 315) Ḥinziru as payer occurs three times, once early (A101.1) and twice late (A101.2–3), unless the former was dated late as well. All texts are fully dated, the third even adding the name of the king. One has a source (A101.3). All three concern grain, the first being part of a series of semolina+flour (A101.1) and the latter two delivering barley five days apart (A101.2–3). The name Ḥinziru occurs in seven more chits (A17.8, 29.6, 33.7, 37.6, 97.2, 120.3, 245.1). Dated List of Texts A101.1 Payment of 5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 5 qabs of flour A101.2 Payment of 15 seahs, 5 qabs of barley A101.3 Payment 21 seahs of barley

192

December 16, 356 July 5, 315 July 10, 315

193

A101.1–3 Ḥinziru Dossier (356, 315) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, Ḥinziru: semolina, q(abs), 5; 3flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 5 ‫ חנ ִזיִִרו נשף ק‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A101.1-ISAP925 (JA489 {GCh 125 > Zd 89 > EYH 2?}) December 16, 356 Payment of 5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 5 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (51 × 62 × 9), roughly triangular, exterior and ware reddish brown (5YR5/4), interior grayish brown (10YR5/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For this product pair, see A4.2, 15.11. This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written by Scribe E between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13–17, 356), with six written on 5 Kislev alone (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 169*, 170*, and Table 1.19–33 [particularly 1.31] in TAO vol. 2). ¶ The name has three different spellings. Its only early occurrence is here, where it is spelled ‫( חנזירו‬Ḥanziru). With the yod placed between the first and second letters rather than between the third and fourth, the name is spelled ‫( חינזרו‬Ḥinziru) in an errant text (A29.6 [see Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 245]). Otherwise, it is spelled defectiva, without a yod, namely, ‫חנזרו‬. For its use as a place name preceded by ‫“( ערבת‬Steppe of”), see A97.2. See further A2.11.

194

A101.1–3 Ḥinziru Dossier (356, 315) cm

CONVEX On 21st of Sivan, year two, Ḥinziru: b(arley) s(eahs), 15, 3q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ לסיון שנת תרתין‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 15 ‫ חנִזרו שס‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬.3

A101.2-ISAP1252 (AL 86 = JA78 [J18]) July 5, 315 Payment of 15 seahs, 5 qabs of barley Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56 × 67 × 6–8), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish yellow 5YR6/6, medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is dated to Alexander on the basis of the dated chit below (A101.3), where, as here, the numeral “two” is written out in full (‫)תרתין‬. ¶ The numeral 15 is a correction of an originally written 6. Given the 41-year gap, Ḥinziru is probably not the same person as the one in the previous chit. This is the first of two payments for barley in this dossier, each being made only 5 days apart (see A101.3 below).

195

A101.1–3 Ḥinziru Dossier (356, 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 26th of Sivan, year 2two of Alexander the king 3 Ḥinziru from Makkedah: 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 21. 1

‫ לסיִון שנת‬26 ‫ב‬ ‫תרתין אלכסנדר מלכא‬ ‫מנקד ִה‬ ִ ‫חנזרו מן‬ 21 ‫שס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A101.3-ISAP1038 (L38 [IM91.16.142]) July 10, 315 Payment 21 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (63 × 54 × 7), exterior light brown, interior gray. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

Of the twenty-some ostraca with the expression “from Makkedah,” two include a verb, indicating clearly that the designation defines the source of the product, not the origin of the payer—“Ḥal(a)fat delivered (‫ )המתא‬from Makkedah semolina” (A7.21), and “Ḥal(a)fat brought in (‫ )הנעל‬from Makkedah . . . wheat . . . barley” (A7.40). See Table 2.3.77–78 in TAO vol. 1. Five days earlier, Ḥinziru delivered almost 16 seahs of barley to an unnamed payee (A101.2, above). Here, too, there is no payee. This is the only chit from the late period that defines a product as coming from Makkedah (see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 146–51 and Table 2.3.90 in ibid.).

A102.1–3 Ṭobio /Ṭabyu Dossier The name Ṭobio / Ṭabyu as payer occurs three times, twice already in previous dossiers, in one of which he is a co-payer (A102.1–2 [A1.41, 10.21]). One is dated by day and month (A102.1), and the other two are undated (A102.2–3). Two have payee (A102.1–2). In two, the product is flour (A102.1, 3), and in the third it is plaster/coriander (A102.2). The name Ṭobio / Ṭabyu makes 8 more appearances in the ostraca: as payee in a fragmentary chit (A290.4.9), in a ca. 5th century b.c.e. list of Jewish carriers and Egyptian servants (E1.2) and another fragmentary list of 3 names (E3.17), in 3 accounts for 3 different products (C1.3 [wheat], 4.1 [crushed/sifted grain], 5.3 [oil]), in a jar inscription (F3.12), and in an uncertain list fragment (J5.2). Dated List of Texts A102.1 Payment of 6 seahs and 1 qab of flour A102.2 Two payments of plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2[+?] qabs A102.3 Payment of 8.5 seahs of flour

196

30 Sivan Undated Undated

197

A102.1–3 Ṭobio /Ṭabyu Dossier

A102.1-ISAP731 [YR30] 30 Sivan Payment of 6 seahs and 1 qab of flour (See A1.41 [ss Baalrim])

A102.2-ISAP912 (BA4 {GCh112}) Undated Two payments of plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2[+?] qabs (See A10.21 [with Qamṣa to Saadel]) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu: flour, s(eahs), 8, (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ ף‬8 ‫ ִט ִביִִו ִק ִמ ִח ס‬.1

A102.3-ISAP1379 (AL304 [M82]) Undated Payment of 8.5 seahs of flour Body sherd of jar (68 × 61 × 6/7), exterior gray, interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The name may either be Hebrew or Aramaic theophorous Ṭobyo / Ṭabyo, with the divine element spelled -yo (‫( )יו‬cf. [‫[ טביו בר שמעי]ה‬E1.2] and biblical ‫[ טוביה‬Zech 6:10, etc.]), or profane Ṭabyu, “gazelle,” or the like. Fewer than half of the twenty-two chits for flour are not dated and, except for four or five (three are for the “gatemen” [see A1.41]), lack payee. Ṭobyo / Ṭabyo made another payment of flour above, in which he was affiliated to the clan of Baalrim (A102.1). It is not unlikely that we have the same individual here.

A103.1–3 Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf Dossier (343/42–338) The name Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf as payer appears only once (A103.1), but twice more it occurs as father of the brothers Palael and Qosyinqom in other dossiers (A103.2–3 [A151.1, 20.8]). One is fully dated, but the month is illegible (A103.1), and two are dated by month and year (A103.2–3). One has two payees and an agent (A103.3). The products are wheat, silver, and unknown. Probably the same person, Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf, appears as payee in the month of Marcheshvan (A17.11 [no year date but cf. A103.2–3, 151.2), and is omitted as patronym in a second chit for Palael (A105.2, cf. A103.2). Otherwise, the name does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A103.1 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat A103.2 Payment of unknown product A103.3 Two separate payments: 3 zuz, 3 maahs and 3 maahs

198

4 x, year 16 (March 30, 343–March 20, 342) June 28–July 27, 338 October 25–November 23, 338

199

A103.1–3 Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf Dossier (343/42–338) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

That which Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf son of [PN] brought: . . . w(heat), s(eahs), 7, 3 On the 4th of [. . .] 4year 16 [?]. 1

. .[ ]. ‫ִתִי יחלף בר‬ ִ ‫ִזִי ִהי‬ 7 ‫ ִחס‬.[ ? ] [   ]. 4 ‫ב‬ [?] 16 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ִשנ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A103.1-ISAP117 [IA11890] 4 x, year 16 (March 30, 343–March 20, 342) Payment of 7 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (61 × 84 × 4–6), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the substantive relative clause (‫)זי היתי‬, see A1.2. ¶ The month name at the end of line 3 is not visible. For the name Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf, see A3.35. This is the only payment Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf makes for wheat, but he receives barley and an exchange of barley for wheat from Qosadar/ider in another chit (A17.11).

A103.2-ISAP1002 (L2 [IM91.16.194]) June 28–July 27, 338 Payment of unknown product (See A151.1 [f Palael])

A103.3-ISAP1627 {OG5} October 25–November 23, 338 Two separate payments: 3 zuz, 3 maahs and 3 maahs (See A20.8 [f Qosyinqom])

A104.1–3 Yaafat Dossier (354–336) The name Yaafat as payer appears three times, twice already earlier, belonging to the clan of Gur (A104.1–2). At least the first two are fully dated, although the second has an illegible day (A104.1–2), and the third has only the day extant (A104.3). All three products are grain. The third chit is hardly legible and the name uncertain. The name Yaafat appears only once more, in a land description fragment recording the “vineyard of Yaafat” (H3.14). Dated List of Texts A104.1 Payment of 1 kor of barley A104.2 Payment of x kors of wheat A104.3 Payment of x seahs of barley

June 30, 354 October 3–31, 336 22 x (month)

A104.1-ISAP2589 (JA 322) June 30, 354 Payment of 1 kor of barley (See A2.6 [ss Gur])

A104.2-ISAP1478 (AL31 [M190]) October 3–31, 336 Payment of x kors of wheat (See A2.21 [ss Guru])

200

201

A104.1–3 Yaafat Dossier (354–336) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of [(month) y, . . .], [?]Yaafat: b(arley), s(eah)[. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[   ]. . . . . .[    ]‫ ִל‬22 ‫ ִב‬.1 [   ]‫שס‬ ִ ‫ִע ִפ ִת‬ ִ ‫ ]?[י‬.2

A104.3-ISAP1198 (L198 [IM91.16.209]) 22 x (month) Payment of x seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, large (117 × 77 × 13), exterior light brown, interior pink/brown. Writing mostly erased. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks [L].

Only a few signs at tbe beginning of lines 1 and 2 are legible. There is a very wide upper margin. For the name, see A2.6. This is the second payment Yaafat makes for barley (A104.1, above).

A105.1–4 Yet(i)ab Dossier (358–356) The name Yet(i)ab as payer occurs four times, once already earlier as son of Yehokal (A105.1 [A5.5]). He is probably the same individual as a certain “Yaat(i)abu son of Yehokal” appearing in another chit (A5.6) and Yet(i)abu who appears seven times in the ostraca, including in five chits (see A62). Two chits are fully dated, although the month is illegible in the second (A105.1–2), and two are dated by day and month (A105.3–4). Two list agents (A105.2, 4), and one cites Makkedah as source (A105.2). All four are substantial payments for wheat—totalling nearly 3 kors all together. If we add in the payments that Yet(i)abu makes for wheat (A62.2, 4), we get more than 6 kors! Dated List of Texts A105.1 A105.2 A105.3 A105.4

Payment of 1 kor, 9 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Payment of 9 seahs, 2.25 qabs of wheat Payment of 1 kor, x seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 12 seahs, 1 qab of wheat

July 9, 358 19 x, year 3 (356) 13 Ab 6 Tishri

202

203

A105.1–4 Yet(i)ab Dossier (358–356)

A105.1-ISAP1859 (EN61 = JA5) July 9, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 9 seahs, 1 qab of wheat (See A5.5 [s Yehokal]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product Agent

On the 19th of A[dar]/I[yyar]A[b]/E[lul],2year 3, Yet(i)ab from 3Makkedah: w(heat), s(eahs), 9; 4q(abs), 2; quarter, 1. by the hand of Ḥanan/Ḥayyan. 5 s. . .2 1

[ ]‫לא‬ ִ 19 ‫ב‬ ִ‫ִת ִא ִב ִמן‬ ִ ‫ י‬3 ‫שנת‬ 9 ‫מנקדה ִחס‬ [?]‫ין‬/ִ‫ִד ִחנ‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬1 ‫ ִר‬2 ‫ק‬ 2] [‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A105.2-ISAP1458 (AL36 [M170]) 19 x, year 3 (356) Payment of 9 seahs, 2.25 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (57 × 50 × 9), exterior and interior brown beige. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

Only the initial alef and the month name is preserved, yielding four possible restorations in line 1. ¶ The name ‫ יתאב‬is a shortened form of ‫( יתאבו‬see A62), who also makes 2 payments for wheat (A62.2, 4). For the meaning, see A3.11. ¶ For Makkedah as the source of the product and not the origin of the payer, see A3.2. See Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1 for other chits with Makkedah. ¶ The reading of the agent’s name is uncertain. For Ḥayyan, who appears ten times in the ostraca, see A61.1. Ḥanan, who only appears twice more (A61.5 and C2.2), would be a hypocoriston of a name such as Elḥanan (E3.22), Baalḥanan (A173.1), or the popular Qosḥanan (A16); for meaning, see A1.44. This is the smallest payment of wheat in this dossier.

204

A105.1–4 Yet(i)ab Dossier (358–356) cm

CONVEX On the 13th of Ab, Yet(i)ab: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), [x]; 3q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf); 4 . . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ לאב‬13 ‫]? [ב‬ [ ]‫ ִס‬1 ‫חכ‬ ִ ‫יתאב‬ ִ ‫ף‬4‫ק‬ . .  . .

.1 .2 .3 .4

A105.3-ISAP1068 (L68 [IM91.16.210]) 13 Ab Payment of 1 kor, x seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (50 × 48 × 7), exterior and interior pink to reddish orange. Ostracon probably fragmentary. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

The scribe apparently forgot to write in the number of seahs. The samekh appears at the end of line 2, with no numerals following. This is the second largest payment of wheat in this dossier.

A105.1–4 Yet(i)ab Dossier (358–356)

205

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agent Date

Yet(i)ab: w(heat), s(eahs), 12; q(ab), 1, [by the hand of] 2Ṣaḥaru. On the 6th of Tish[ri]. 1

[‫[ עליד‬1 ‫ ק‬12 ‫ יתאב חס‬.1 [  ‫לת ִש[רי‬ ִ 6 ‫חרִו ב‬ ִ ‫ ִצ‬.2

A105.4-ISAP1057 (L57 [IM91.16.184]) 6 Tishri Payment of 12 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar (62 × 70 × 6), exterior gray to light brown, interior gray to pinkish orange. Whitish patina on exterior, right (?) part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken [LT].

Of some 200 dated chits for wheat, a mere handful have the date at the bottom (A2.15, 7.23, 8.1, 21.4, 25.9, 3.39). Likewise, very few have agents. ¶ Ṣaḥaru (‫ )צחרו‬is a name of color, meaning “tawny”; cf. Hebrew Ṣoḥar (Gen 23:8, 25:9, 46:10; Exod 6:15; 1 Chr 4:7) and Ugaritic Ṣḥr (PTU 188). In the ostraca, we have ‫ צחרו‬four times (A14.4–5, here, B1.5), ‫ צחרא‬once (A32.7), and ‫ צחרי‬once (C5.6). We tentatively restore ‫ עליד‬at the end of line 1, but it could also be ‫“ מן נסח‬from the removal/uprooted” or ‫“ מן עבור‬from the grain of,” both of which occur once with ‫( צחרו‬A14.4–5). For more references to PNs used as the source of grain, see, e.g., A70.2, 79.3. This is the fourth payment for wheat in this dossier.

A106.1–3 Lubayu Dossier (361) The name Lubayu as payer occurs three times, once already as a payer to Samitu (A106.1 [A8.6]). One chit can be fully dated with date appearing at the end (A106.1), one by day and month (A106.2), and one is undated (A1067.3). All three chits appear to have payees, and the third also an agent, but none of the names is preserved, except for Samitu in the first chit. In two chits, the product is grain (A106.1–2), and in the third it is probably also a type of grain, although it appears to be missing (A106.3). One belongs to a unique group of grinding chits (A106.1). The name Lubayu appears only twice more—once in an account for wheat that is dated to 14 Ab, year 3 (August 28, 356), right next to Samitu (C1.1; cf. A106.1 below), and once as a single name on a small sherd (E4.5). Dated List of Texts A106.1 Payment of 2 seahs of the (grinding) of Nisan A106.2 Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat and 1 kor of barley A106.3 Payment of unknown product

206

February 28, 361 23 Ab Undated

207

A106.1–3 Lubayu Dossier (361)

A106.1-ISAP2547 (JA272) February 28, 361 Payment of 2 seahs of the (grinding) of Nisan (See A8.6 [to Samitu]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product I Product II

On the 23rd of Ab, Lubayu to [. . .]: 2 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 1[+1] (=2); 3 b(arley), kor, 1 [?]. 4 ? 1

[ ].‫ִאִו ִל‬ ִ ‫ לאב לבי‬23 ‫ב‬. [?]1]+1[ ‫ ִק‬20 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬ ִ [?].1 ‫ש כר‬ ?

.1 .2 .3 .4

A106.2-ISAP1444 (AL65 [M156]) 23 Ab Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat and 1 kor of barley Shoulder (?) of jar (75 × 64 × 8), exterior and interior gray. Written lines at 60° to wheel marks [AL].

For meaning of the name Lubayu, see A4.4. The name of the payee appears to have been cut off at the end of line 1. ¶ The spacing between the lines is unusally large. Lubayu appears again with wheat in an account (C1.1), in which Samitu is the following entry (see A106.1 above). Conjecturally, these three pieces may refer to the same individual (A106.1, C1.1, here).

208

A106.1–3 Lubayu Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Payee Agent

[? ]‫ ]?[לביאו מן מנקדה ל‬.1 ‫]?[א ִל עליד‬ ִ .2 (Lines missing) .3

[?]Lubayu from Makkedah to[? 2?]el by the hand of 3. . . (Lines missing) 1

A106.3-ISAP2533 (JA256) Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (52 × 70 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior reddish brown (5YR5/3), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper top of lamed), right edge broken/unclear, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For Makkedah as source of the product and not origin of the payer, see A3.2. See Table 2.3.89 in TAO vol. 1. Broken away after a lamed at the end of line 1 and broken at the beginning of line 2, the chit conceals either a recipient or, less likely, a clan head (whose name would ordinarily precede “from Makkedah”). No writing is visible after ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”) in line 2 nor in the space below. The product is missing, but most products from Makkedah are a type of grain.

A107.1–3 Maṭ(ṭ)aran Dossier (365) As payer the name Maṭ(ṭ)aran occurs three times, once in an earlier dossier (A107.3 [A24.8]). One chit is fully dated although the day is illegible (A107.1), and two have day and month (A107.2–3). Two have a payee (A107.1, 3), and one has a patronym (A107.2). One payment is for flour (A107.2), one is a load (A107.3), and one is unknown (A107.1). We have the name four more times—receiving wheat (A290.2.15), in one account for barley (C2.8) and another for shekels (C8.6), and being supplied as a worker from the clan of Uzzah (D7.1). Dated List of Texts A107.1 Payment of unknown product A107.2 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour A107.3 Payment of one load

May 28–June 25, 365 20 Ab 1 Shebat

209

210

A107.1–3 Maṭ(ṭ)aran Dossier (365) cm

CONVEX On the [x of] Sivan, year 40, . . . Maṭ(ṭ)aran to Ḥazae[l]: 3 [. . ., . . ., . . .]. 4 [. . .] [. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

40 ‫ִב[ ל]סיון שנת‬ [  ‫ִא[ל‬ ִ ‫לחז‬ ִ ‫מטרן‬. .  ִ . .[?] [ ]. .[ ] [ ] .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A107.1-ISAP842 [IA12435 {GCh42}] May 28–June 25, 365 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51 × 69 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, *wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The right side of the ostracon is wiped away. The day is missing in line 1 and perhaps a verb of conveyance at the beginning of line 2. Nothing is legible in lines 3 and 4. Only one other chit was drawn up in year 40, in Tammuz (A9.1), making this the oldest dated chit in the corpus. ¶ The name Maṭ(ṭ)aran appears also in Safaitic (Ryckmans 1934: 125) and may be compared to the Hebrew gentilic ‫( המטרי‬1 Sam 10:21), derived either from ‫“( מטר‬rain” [e.g., “Rainy, Born on a rainy day”]) or ‫“( נטר‬guard”); see S. E. Loewenstamm, EB 6:834; S.A. Reed, ABD 4:613. The name ‫ חזאל‬is not infrequent but appears as payer in only one late chit (A15.18 [316 b.c.e.]) and as patronym of the payer in an early chit (A37.8 [359 b.c.e.]). These must certainly be different individuals. As payee, he appears seven times (A3.17 [351 b.c.e.], where see for explanation of the name, 3.18 [349 b.c.e.], 36.8 [undated], 37.8 [359 b.c.e.], 39.1 [353 b.c.e.], here [365 b.c.e.], and 220.1 [359 b.c.e.]), receiving grain in all but one (A36.8 [load]) and spelled ‫ חזהאל‬with a medial heh twice (A3.18, 37.8). For other occurences and spellings of the name, see A187.1.

A107.1–3 Maṭ(ṭ)aran Dossier (365)

211

cm

CONVEX Maṭ(ṭ)aran son of Rau: f(lour), w(heat), s(eahs), 6. 3 On the 20th of Ab.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ מטרן בר ראו‬.1 6 ‫ קחס‬.2 ‫ לאב‬20 ‫ ב‬.3

A107.2-ISAP43 [GB?] 20 Ab Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour

This is a nicely written piece, with wide right, bottom and left margins. Name and patronym appear on line 1, product and measure on line 2, and day and month on line 3. Perhaps only once more (A31.4, cf. 153.2) do we get the unusual abbreviation ‫ קחס‬for ‫“( קמח חנטן סאן‬flour, wheat, seahs”). The name ‫ ראו‬occurs only here.

A107.3-ISAP2494 (JA211) 1 Shebat Payment of one load (See A24.8 [with Ubaydu to Malku])

A108.1–3 Nah(a)ri Dossier (359) The name Nah(a)ri as payer occurs three times, twice already in earlier dossiers (A108.2–3 [A9.19, 10.24]). One chit is fully dated (A108.1), one by day and month (A108.2), and one is undated (A108.3). Two have a payee (A108.2–3), and two have verbs of conveyance (A108.1–2). One is for barley (A108.1), one is for oil (A108.3), and in one the product is unknown (A108.2). The name Nah(a)ri appears only once more, as a single name on a sherd (E4.6). Dated List of Texts A108.1 Payment of 11 seahs, 3 qabs of barley A108.2 Payment of unknown product A108.3 Payment of 1 seah, 1.25(+?) qabs of oil

July 5, 359 7 Tishri Undated

212

213

A108.1–3 Nah(a)ri Dossier (359) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 15th of Sivan, year 246, Nah(a)ri 2brought in 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 11, q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf). 1

3

‫ לסיון שנת‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ הנעל‬46 .2 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬11 ‫ִהִרי שס‬ ִ ‫ נ‬.3

A108.1-ISAP1388 (AL2 [M94]) July 5, 359 Payment of 11 seahs, 2.5 qabs of barley Thin body sherd of jar (70 × 60 × 5), exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at 40° to wheel marks [AL].

Of seven chits drawn up in Sivan, year 46 for grain, this was the only one for barley. The others were for semolina+flour, all written by Scribe B (see Table 1:3–12). The name Nah(a)ri (‫ )נהרי‬is hypocoristicon of a name like Qosnahar, “Qos shined” (see A10.37), and is paralleled by the hypocoristic Nah(a)ru (‫נהרו‬ [A63.6 = 141.1, E3.2, H6.2]). For the verb of conveyance “brought in” (‫)הנעל‬, see A1.3. The shape of the letters in this word suggests that it was written by the same scribe as A29.2, a chit for oil. The chit below also has a verb of conveyance “brought” (‫[ היתי‬A108.2, cf. A1.2]). ¶ The mark in line 4 is unclear.

A108.2-ISAP1445 (AL131 [M157]) 7 Tishri Payment of unknown product (See A9.19 [f PN to Qoskahel])

A108.3-ISAP870 (JA456) Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1.25(+?) qabs of oil (See A10.24 [to Saadel])

A109.1–3 Nam(i)ru Dossier (362–349) The name Nam(i)ru as payer appears three times, twice already in previous dossiers (A109.1–2 [A4.4, 14]). All three chits are fully dated, all have payees, and all concern grain. One has the addition of source, sign and signatory (A109.2). Only once more do we encounter the name Nam(i)ru, in a string of names (E3.7). Dated List of Texts A109.1 Payment of 4 qabs of resh A109.2 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour A109.3 Payment of 20 seahs of barley

214

November 27, 362 August 8, 359 June 24, 349

A109.1–3 Nam(i)ru Dossier (362–349)

215

A109.1-ISAP1841 (EN41) November 27, 362 Payment of 4 qabs of resh (See A4.4 [f s Al{i}baal to Laadiel])

A109.2-ISAP1235 (AL9 = JA65) August 8, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour (See A4.14 [of Al{i}baal to hand of Laadiel]) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Sivan, year 10, Nam(i)ru to Zabdi: b(arley), s(eahs), 20.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

10 ‫ לסיון שנת‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 20 ‫ִב ִדי שס‬ ִ ‫ נמרו לז‬.2

A109.3-ISAP1894 (EN101 = JA17) (Written on jar handle) June 24, 349 Payment of 20 seahs of barley Handle of Persian-period basket handle jar, medium-sized (36 × 60 × 16), parallelogram-shaped, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), fine ware, almost no visible grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Two weeks earlier, on 11 Sivan, Nutaynu paid 22 seahs, 2 qabs of barley to a certain Zabdi identified as “servant (‫ )עלים‬of Mešez(a)ba” (A50.1). ¶ For the name Nam(i)ru, see A4.14; for the hypocoristicon Zabdi, see A2.19 and A15.

A110.1–3 Netina Dossier (351) Netina as payer appears three times, twice already in previous dossiers (A110.2–3 [A3.12, 5.16]). One chit is fully dated (A110.1), and the other two are undated (A110.2–3). One has a payee (A110.1). One is for grain, one for jars, and one for a bundle (A110.1–3). The name appears five more times—as signatory for a payment of wheat (A17.8), receiving shekels (A290.1.3 [358 b.c.e.]), in 2 jar inscriptions (F3.14–15), and in a provenanced chit from Yatir for barley (34A1.1 [ISAP2098]; Vainstub-Fabian: 2015). The similar name Nutaynu occurs just as frequently as Netina (see A50). Dated List of Texts A110.1 A110.2 A110.3

Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley July 16, 351 Payment of 3 jars Undated Payment of 1 bundle Undated

216

217

A110.1–3 Netina Dossier (351) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Tammuz, year 8, Netina to Rafu to / for ghnt br/d . . . : 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 5 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 10; 4 entry: w(heat), s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 4 . . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Exchange Entry

8 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 . . .‫ד‬/‫לרפו לגהנת בר‬ ִ ‫נתינא‬ ִ

.2 10 ‫ בשס‬5 ‫ חס‬.3  . . . . 4 ‫ ק‬20 ‫ בב חס‬.4

A110.1-ISAP759 [YR76] July 16, 351 Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (45 × 71 × 10–11), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Sherd eroded. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks, writing follows the edges of the break.

For the name Netina, see A3.12 and 195.1, where it is compared to ‫ חנינא‬and others and explained as a putative hypocoristicon of a theophorous passive participle name, meaning “Given by DN.” A name cognate to Rafu, which appears only here and in a letter fragment (G4.2), is Rufayu, from the root ‫רפא‬, “heal” (see A8.17–18, 124.2). The following words are inexplicable. ¶ For exchange and entry, see A1.24. It is unclear whether our Netina is identical with the one affiliated to Qoṣi (A110.2), the one associated with Yehokal (A110.3), or with neither.

A110.2-ISAP1910 (EN119) Undated Payment of 3 jars (See A3.12 [f s Qoṣi])

A110.3-ISAP63 (JA424 {Zd IV > EyH}) Undated Payment of 1 bundle (See A5.16 [ss Yehokal])

A111.1–3 Natanbaal Dossier (312) The name Natanbaal as payer appears three times, once already earlier (A111.2 [A1.39]). Only the first chit is fully dated (A111.1), the second has day and month (A111.2), and the third is undated (A111.3). One has a payee (A111.2), and another has two agents (A111.1). The payment in the first and probably in the second is grain (A111.1–2), but that in the third is unknown. The name Natanbaal appears six more times in the ostraca: once as the source of resh (A7.3), thrice as agent for oil (A12.16, 47.2, 76.3), once in an account of 3 entries (C9.3), and once in a list of 12 names (E3.3). Given the large time gap between the first dated appearance of the name (A7.3 [360 b.c.e.]) and the last (A111.1 [312 b.c.e.]), we are most certainly dealing with multiple individuals. Dated List of Texts A111.1 Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 2[+?] qabs of barley July 27, 312 A111.2 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of x 10 Nisan A111.3 Payment of 2 kors/quarters of x Undated

218

219

A111.1–3 Natanbaal Dossier (312) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents ?

On the 18th of Tammuz, year 6 (of) 2Antigonus, Natanbaal: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 16; 3q(abs), 2[+?], by the hand of Qosrim and Palgu. 4 to / for šḥln. 5 [. . .]. 1

6 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬18 ‫ב‬ 16 ‫ ס‬1 ‫נתנבעל ְשכ‬ ְ ‫אנתגנס‬ ְ ‫[?]עליד קוסרם ופלגו‬2 ‫ק‬ ‫ְלשחלן‬ [ ].[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A111.1-ISAP639+1439 [BLMJ683 {Naveh 476} + AL238 {EN154 = M151}] July 27, 312 Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 2[+?] qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, triangular, regularly shaped, medium-sized (53 × 66 × 6), exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks, random strokes on interior. This ceramic description describes only the right half of the ostracon (ISAP639).

This is one of nine chits for wheat or barley ending with the enigmatic term lšḥln (A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, A31.8, 50.3, here, 114.2, 290.1.13, 300.1.47; see Table 5.22, 25–30, 38–39 in TAO vol. 1). Six are dated to Tammuz or Ab, 3 Antigonus and have the agent Ḥanni (see A2.43), and three are dated to 6 Antigonus with the double agents Qosrim and Palgu, though two lack payer and one lacks the date (A31.8, 300.1.47). It may have been Tammuz, as here. For double agents as a feature of late texts, see A1.32. For the name Natanbaal, see A1.39. For the name Qosrim, see A1.43 and A31, and for Palgu see A31.8.

220

A111.1–3 Natanbaal Dossier (312)

A111.2-ISAP52 [Rockefeller Shod 2?] 10 Nisan Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of x (See A1.39 [ss Baalrim for gatemen]) cm

CONCAVE 1

Product

2

Natanbaal . . .: [a]ll (told), k(ors)/q(uarters), 2 . . .

Payer

[

[

]. .‫ב‬. ‫ נתנבעל‬.1 ]ִ‫נ‬.‫ ל‬2 ‫ר‬/‫ ]כ]ל ִכ‬.2

A111.3-ISAP21 [JTS21 159274] Undated Payment of 2 kors/quarters of x

This chit is most enigmatic. Only the name of the payer at the beginning of line 1 is certain. There is no parallel for the reconstruction of the beginning of line 2, except among some account fragments (e.g., C2.2). In fact, the chit appears cut off at the top. If this is so, the 2 lines that remain may be the end of a longer account that would have had other account entries in the preceding lines. Adding a total to the bottom of an account is not uncommon (cf. C2.2, 4, 16, 4.6, J3.3, 5, 11, 4.2, 6.2, 16.1) and even occurs in one workers text (D4.2). The first letter of the second word in the final line may be either qof for qab or resh for ‫רבע‬, “quarter,” but the product is illegible.

A112.1–3 Abdqos Dossier Abdqos as payer appears three times, all here for the first time. One chit was fully dated, but only the year is preserved (A112.1). The other two chits are undated (A112.2–3). One chit has a payee (A112.2). One concerns barley (A112.1), another is for a log (A112.2), and the third is obscure (A112.3). The name Abdqos appears twice more, supplied as a worker from the clan of Baalrim (D2.1) and as father of Qosani in a payment of oil (A30.6 [spelled elliptically ‫)]עבקוס‬. Dated List of Texts A112.1 Payment of 4[+?] seahs of barley Year 2[+?] A112.2 Payment of 1 log Undated A112.3 Payment of 300 ladles or 3 kors of x Undated

221

222

A112.1–3 Abdqos Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Payee? Product Date

Abdqos of ·[. . .]: (or: to ◦[. . .]:) 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 4 ·[. . . . On the x (day) of y (month)], 3year 2[+?]. 1

[ ].‫עבד ִקִו ִס ִל‬ ִ .1 [ ]. 4 ‫ ִש ִס‬.2 [ ]2 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ שנ‬.3

A112.1-ISAP2643 (JA387) Year 2[+?] Payment of 4[+?] seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (79 × 55 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name Abdqos (‫“[ עבדקוס‬Servant of Qos”]) is one of the many construct theophorous names in our corpus meaning “Servant of DN”; cf. Abdadah (A4.7), Abdel (A7.53), Abdmilk, and Abdbaali (both A1.2), etc. ¶ The fragmentary second word at the left edge may either introduce a clan or a payee; only a lamed is clearly legible at the end of the line. Since line 3 begins with “year 2[+?],” the end of line 2 must have contained the day and month.

223

A112.1–3 Abdqos Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

1 ‫גזר‬ ִ ‫לבשן‬ ִ ]‫ עבדקו[ס‬.1

Abdqo[s] to Bašan: log, 1. 1

A112.2-ISAP1773 (JA531) Undated Payment of 1 log Rounded base of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 89 × 4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name Bašan (‫ )בשן‬is otherwise unknown. There are just over a dozen chits for logs with payer and payee but no date (Table 1.12–23).

224

A112.1–3 Abdqos Dossier cm

CONVEX Abdqos, the servant of [. . .] ladles/kors: 300 (or: 3) . . .[. . .] 3 all . . · · · . · · · ·.

Payer

1

Product

2

[

[

]‫עלימ‬ ִ ‫ עבדקוס‬.1 ]‫י‬/‫ ה א‬1 . 3 ‫כפן‬ ִ .2  . . .  . . . . . . .‫ ִכ ִל ִל‬.3

A112.3-ISAP2423 (JA134); cancels A40.5 (ISAP609) Undated Payment of 300 ladles or 3 kors of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (90 × 65 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This ostracon is much effaced, and most of the text is uncertain. The second word in line 1 may be ‫עלים‬, “servant/lad of,” with the following PN illegible. For a similar identification (PN servant of Ani), see A16.5; also cf. A50.1, 55.4, E1.2, G2.3. The product in line 2 may be ‫כפן‬, “ladles,” and the following number “300.” Alternately, we may read ‫כרן‬, “kors,” followed by the numeral 3, with the product missing.

A113.1–3 Adarbaal/Idribaal Dossier (354) As payer, the name Adarbaal/Idribaal occurs three times, twice already in previous dossiers (A113.1, 3 [A1.15, 4.35]). One chit is fully dated (A113.1), one by day and month (A113.2), and one is undated (A113.3). One has a payee and depository (A113.1), and one has an agent (A113.2). The products are wheat, a bundle, and joists. The name does not appear elsewhere in the ostraca. Dated List of Texts A113.1 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat A113.2 Payment of 1 bundle A113.3 Payment of 2 joists

June 24, 354 20 Ab Undated

225

226

A113.1–3 Adarbaal/Idribaal Dossier (354)

A113.1-ISAP908 (JA474) June 24, 354 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.15 and A32.5 [f s Baalrim])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Agent

1 ‫ עדרבעל משתל‬.1 . . . . .  ‫ לאב עליד‬20 ]‫ ]ב‬.2

Adarbaal/Idribaal: bundle, 1. [On] the 20th of Ab, by the hand of Amittai. 1

A113.2-ISAP884 (JA469 {GCh84 > Bn > Zd102 > EYH2?}) 20 Ab Payment of 1 bundle Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (81 × 72 × 6–12), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior reddish yellow (5YR7/6), ware yellowish red (5YR5/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

For the name Adarbaal/Idribaal, see A1.15. ¶ For bundle, see A1.48 and Table 6.1, 12–13 in TAO vol. 2. For two other chits written by Scribe N for bundles on 20 Ab, see A7.49 and 41.5. In both of those chits, the agent was Amittai, and in the latter, his name follows the date, just as the agent does here, and so we may read his name here as well.

A113.3-ISAP1982 (LW5 [W4’]) Undated Payment of 2 joists (See A4.35 [f s Al{i}baal])

A114.1–3 Adarel/Idriel Dossier (353; 315) The name Adarel/Idriel as payer appears three times, once already earlier (A114.1 [A2.11]). Two chits are fully dated (A114.1–2), and one has day and month (A114.3). Two have a payee (A114.2–3), two have an agent (A114.1, 3), and one has a patronym (A114.1). Two chits concern barley (A114.1–2), and the third is for half a log (A114.3). The name occurs in six other ostraca: twice supplied as a worker from the clan of Qoṣi (D4.1a, 2 [349 b.c.e.]), twice in records of accounts for wheat and barley, respectively (C1.7, 2.10), and twice in lists of names (E3.1, 4.). Dated List of Texts A114.1 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley and 3.5 seahs of unknown product A114.2 Payment of 20 seahs of barley A114.3 Payment of half a log

227

October 13, 353 August 31, 315 17 Marcheshvan

228

A114.1–3 Adarel/Idriel Dossier (353; 315)

A114.1-ISAP2454 (JA167) October 13, 353 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley and 3.5 seahs of unknown product (See A2.11 [s Ḥazira ss Gur]) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Agent

On the 19th of A[b, year 3] 2Antigonus Adarel/Idriel[. . .] to[ . . .]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 20 ·[. . . by the hand of] 4Ḥanni lšḥln. 1

[3 ‫ לא [ שנת‬19 ‫ב‬ ]‫אתגנס עדראל‬ [‫[ עליד‬. 20 ‫]שס‬ [.‫ל‬ ‫ִח ִנִי ִלשחלן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A114.2-ISAP1919 (EN128 = JA30) August 31, 315 Payment of 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 47 × 7), roughly square, exterior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior grayish brown (10YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken. There are six texts in which the agent is Ḥanni, followed by the enigmatic ‫לשחלן‬. All are dated to Antigonus, five of which have intact “year 3,” and one more was written in Ab (A2.43; cf. also A3.38, 13.14, 50.3, 290.1.13). It is thus most likely that the alef at the left edge of our text introduces ‫אב‬, Ab, and the year to be restored is “3” (See PortenYardeni 2008a: 245–46 and Table 5.24–30). Three more chits record payments ‫לשחלן‬, but in those the agents are Qosrim and Palgu (A111.1, 31.8, 300.1.47). ¶ The name of the payee at the beginning of line 3 is not legible. For the name Adarel/Idriel, see A2.11. A certain Adarel/Idriel also makes a payment of barley above (A114.1), but the long time gap means that this is most certainly a different individual. Qosrim is also associated with barley in an account (C2.10). For the name Ḥanni, see A2.43. vol. 1.

229

A114.1–3 Adarel/Idriel Dossier (353; 315) cm

CONVEX On the 17th of Marcheshvan, Adarel/Idriel to Uzayzu: half a 3log. (archaic alef)

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Sealing Sign

‫ למרחשון‬17 ‫ב‬ ‫עדראל לע ִזִיזִו פלג‬ ‫ג ִזיִר‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A114.3-ISAP2546 (JA270) 17 Marcheshvan Payment of half a log Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 66 × 6), roughly oval, exterior and interior white (10YR8/2), ware pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For the name Uzayzu, see A2.30. For logs see A2.25, 3.31. There is only one other chit (A10.27) which reports a half log (‫)פלג גזיר‬, indicating that the “log” was of a standard size. Unexpected among the fortysome texts for logs, only here do we find an archaic alef as sealing sign (Table 1.1).

A115.1–3 Azbaal Dossier The name Azbaal as payer appears in three undated chits. The product in one is a log (A115.1) and is unknown in the other two (A115.2–3). Only once more do we encounter the name Azbaal, serving as agent in a chit for barley (A290.2.8). Dated List of Texts A115.1 Payment of 1 log A115.2 Payment of unknown product A115.3 Payments of unknown product

Undated Undated Undated

230

231

A115.1–3 Azbaal Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫ ִעזִבעל גזיר‬.1

Azbaal: log, 1. 1

A115.1-ISAP487 [IA11370] (Table 1.33) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (94 × 56 × 8), irregularly shaped, interior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name Azbaal (‫ )עזבעל‬is parallel to biblical Azgad (‫)עזגד‬, “Baal/Gad is strong” (Ezra 2:12, etc.) and may be compared to Qosaz, “Qos is strong” (A5.13 and A70) in our corpus. For “log” see A2.28 and 3.31.

232

A115.1–3 Azbaal Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer

[ ‫ִב[על‬ ִ ‫[עז‬ ִ ] .1 [ ]‫ש‬. . . .[ ] .2

[. . .]Azb[aal]: [. . .]š. . .[. . .]

1 2

A115.2-ISAP1302 (AL383 [M2]) Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (65 × 49 × 8), exterior greenish gray brown, interior red orange. Possibly right part of ostracon. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Only part of the personal name is preserved, and even that is uncertain, but its position leads us to believe that this is a commodity chit, although the product is not preserved.

233

A115.1–3 Azbaal Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer

Azbaal [. . .] and he purchased/sold it [. . .].

1 2

[

]‫ עזבעל‬.1 [ ]‫ וזבנה‬.2

A115.3-ISAP1310 (AL159 [M10]) Undated Payment of unknown product Small sherd (31 × 43 × 6), exterior and interior light brown. Upper right part of ostracon preserved. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Only a single word is preserved in each line. While we can detect the root ‫ זבן‬in line 2, it is not clear whether it means “buy” or “sell.” As verb it seems to mean “buy” in A1.51 and either “buy” or “sell” in A161.1. As noun, it appears to mean “a buy” in A8.42. In other contexts, we have the reading ‫ זבונא‬or ‫זבנתא‬, meaning “buyer” (A2.14) or “purchase” (see A3.15 etc.). None of those texts aids in reconstructing the context of our chit, if indeed it is a chit. Alternately, we could read the word as a personal name ‫→ חבנה‬ ‫בנה‬+‫[“( אח‬Divine] brother built”), but without a preceding lamed (“to”), the name could hardly be a payee.

A116.1–3 Ammiyatha Dossier (349/348) The name Ammiyatha as payer appears three times, once in a fully dated, albeit fragmentary, text (A116.1) and twice in undated texts (A116.2–3). Two have payee, but neither is legible (A116.2–3). The products are wheat, grgrn, and pryʾ. The name appears once more in a fragmentary account (C9.7), once in a list of names (E3.9), and once in an unclassified fragment (J12.11). Dated List of Texts A116.1 Payments of 20 seahs of wheat and 2 qabs of wheat April 6, 349–March 26, 348 A116.2 Two payments of 20 and 2 grgrn Undated A116.3 Payment of 200 pryʾ Undated

234

235

A116.1–3 Ammiyatha Dossier (349/348) cm

CONVEX Ammiyatha[. . .]: w(heat), s(eahs), 20[. . .]. 3 [On the 2+]3 (= 5th) of [x (month)],4year 10, 5 [. . .] . . w(heat), q(abs), 2 .[. . .].

Payer

1

Product I

2

Date Product II

[ ]‫ִתע‬ ִ ‫עמי‬ [ ] 20 ‫חס‬ [ ]‫ ִל‬3]+2 ‫]ב‬ [ ]. 10 ‫שנת‬ [ ]. 2 ‫ ִח ִק‬. .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A116.1-ISAP1499 (AL275 [M211 {Naveh 629}]) April 6, 349–March 26, 348 Payments of 20 seahs of wheat and 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (42 × 63 × 10), exterior dark brown, interior light gray with blackish spots. Ostracon incomplete. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge. Only a month name is missing in line 3. It is hard to know what could be missing at the end of line 2, and there does not seem to be enough room at the end of line 1 for either a patronym or a clan. The three signs for “w(heat), s(eahs), 20” are written as a single unit (20 ‫)חס‬. It is not clear how the amount in line 5 relates to that in line 2. ¶ Ammiyatha (‫ )עמיתע‬is Aramaic (‫= יתע‬ Hebrew ‫ ;)ישע‬see Porten 2005: 111*.

236

A116.1–3 Ammiyatha Dossier (349/348) cm

CONVEX Payer I Payee Product I Payer II Payee II Product II

Ammiyatha to [PN]: 2 grgrn, 20 . . . . [PN: 3 to PN]: grgrn, 2.

[

1

]. . . .‫ ]?[עמיִתע ל‬.1 .  . . . . . 20 ‫גרגרן‬ ִ .2 2 ִ‫ ִגִר ִגִרן‬. . .‫ ל‬.3

A116.2-ISAP1340 (AL228 [M41]) (Table 2.13) Undated Two payments of 20 and 2 grgrn Body sherd of jar, triangular, quite thin (75 × 52 × 6), exterior brown, interior light brown. Ostracon incomplete, at least upper right part missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The names of the payees in lines 1 and 3 are unintelligible. ¶ For full discussion of grgrn, see A1.28.

237

A116.1–3 Ammiyatha Dossier (349/348) cm

CONVEX [. . .], [A]mmiyatha to Š◦[. . .]: 3 from pryʾ, which/of ◦[. . .] 4200.

Date?

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

.[ ] [ ]‫]ע]מיתע לש‬ ִ [ ].ִ‫פריא ִזי‬ ִ ‫מן‬ 200

.1 .2 .3 .4

A116.3-ISAP1127 (L127 [IM91.16.108]) Undated Payment of 200 pryʾ Body sherd of jar (51 × 50 × 10), exterior and interior gray to light brown. Apparently right part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90o to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken [LT].

Letter traces in the upper edge suggest a missing line 1 with date. The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the name of the payee in line 2 is not accessible, while a word or so is missing at the end of line 3. ¶ For the word ‫פריא‬, which only occurs once more in the chits, see A61.4, but it may also occur in a twosided letter (G2.2). Might it mean “fruit” here?

A117.1–3 Ammiqos Dossier (354) The name Ammiqos as payer appears three times, twice already earlier (A117.1–2 [A1.18, 6.24]). Only the first is fully dated (A117.1), but internal considerations allow us to assign the other two undated ones to the late period (A117.2–3). One text has a depository (A117.1), one a payee (A117.2), and one a double agent (A117.3). In two, the products are wheat (A117.1, 3), and in the third it is flour (A117.2). The name also appears in accounts for oil and wheat, respectively (C1.2, 5.1), and in three jar inscriptions (F2.14–16). Dated List of Texts A117.1 Payment of 17 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A117.2 Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of flour A117.3 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat

June 26, 354 Undated (late) Undated (late)

A117.1-ISAP889 [Funahashi 7{GCh 89}] June 26, 354 Payment of 17 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A1.18 [f ss Baalrim])

A117.2-ISAP1935 (EN144 [BLMJ660]) Undated (late) Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of flour (See A6.24 [ss PN for (the) gatemen])

238

239

A117.1–3 Ammiqos Dossier (354) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agents?

‫שבע‬ ִ ‫ ע]מקוס חסאן‬.1 [?] ‫[ו]קִו ִסִי‬ ִ ‫עבדִו‬ ִ .2

[A]mmiqos: w(heat), seahs, seven. 2 Abdu [and] Qosi. 1

CONCAVE (Illegible remains of script)

A117.3-ISAP766 [YR75] Undated (late) Payment of 7 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (38 × 56 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. One fresh break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, and on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge, almost illegible on interior. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the letter ayin is missing. The divine element ‫“( עם‬kinsman”) appears as predicate in two other theophorous names—Ammiel (‫[ עמאל‬A1.21]) and Ammibaali (‫עמבעלי‬ [J9.1])—and as subject in two (Ammiyatha [A116] and Ammiṣidq [A290.1.3]); either “Qos/El/ Baali is (my) kinsman” or “(My) kinsman saved/was just.” ¶ The second name in line 2 is barely legible, but Abdu appears together with a second agent (Ḥal[a]fan) in three chits dated to year 2, presumably of Philip (A65.2, 70.2, 300.1.45 [322/321 b.c.e.]; Table 5.1–3 in TAO vol. 1). This late date accords both with the apparently late date for the gatemen ostraca, one of which appears for an Ammiqos above (A117.2 [A6.24]) and with the late date for chits with double agents (A1.32). Both display a plena spelling for seahs (‫)סאן‬. The name Qosi occurs elsewhere as a clan head (A6.7–9a). This is the second payment of wheat by an Ammiqos, but the first occurred much earlier (A117.1 [354 b.c.e.]).

A118.1–3 Ephai Dossier The name Ephai as payer appears in three undated chits, all apparently by the same scribe. All are undated. Two are identical, recording a bundle of untied chaff (A118.2–3), while the third records 20 bundles and then a single bundle (A118.1). Though these three chits appeared together in the publication of EphʿalNaveh, they were found in three different collections, those of Moussaief, Borowski and Feuer. The name Ephai appears once more, as signatory for a payment of wheat (A45.6). Dated List of Texts A118.1 Two payments: 20 bundles of untied chaff and a bundle of untied (chaff) A118.2 Payment of a bundle of untied chaff A118.3 Payment of a (+?) bundle of untied chaff

240

Undated Undated Undated

241

A118.1–3 Ephai Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Product I Payer Product II

Ephai: untied chaff, 2bun[d]les, 20; 3 Ephai: untied, 4a bundle. 1

‫רי‬/‫עפי תבן שד‬ ִ 20 ‫מש[ת]לן‬ ‫רי‬/‫עפִי שד‬ ִ ‫משתל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A118.1-ISAP1951 (EN169 [BLMJ667]) Undated Two payments: 20 bundles of untied chaff and a bundle of untied (chaff) Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, roughly trapezoid, medium-sized (54 × 56 × 5), exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks.

The personal name here occurs with three different spellings: defective ‫ עפי‬here and in two bullae (WSS No. 539; Deutsch and Heltzer 1995: 72); and in two plena biblical forms (Jer 40:8), qri ‫( עיפי‬Ephai) and ktiv ‫( עופי‬Ophai). The latter spelling is also found in a burial cave inscription from Khirbet el-Kom (Makkedah); see Aḥituv 2008: 224; Zadok 1988: 144 for the meaning. An Ephai appears as signatory in a chit of Qoslaytha (A45.6). The other chits in that dossier date to the years 359–357 (A45.1–4). If the signatory there is the same person as our payer, we may date our three chits to the transition years between Artaxerxes II and III. For the reading ‫“( שרי‬untied”) rather than ‫“( שדי‬cast”), we refer to an oral statement by the late S. Safrai “that chaff could either be packed loose into a large container for transport or packed first in smaller packages. Here we would have a case of lots of loose chaff packed into a bundle” (Porten-Yardeni 2004: 167* n. 15). For discussion of bundle, see A1.48 and Table 6 (especially 6.38–40 [all by Scribe M]) in TAO vol. 2. For the link between chaff and bundles, see TAO vol. 2, xiv.

242

A118.1–3 Ephai Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ephai: untied chaff, 2a bundle. 1

‫רי‬/‫ עפי ִת ִבן שד‬.1 ‫משתל‬ ִ .2

A118.2-ISAP1421 (EN170 = AL237+320 [M129+217]) Undated Payment of a bundle of untied chaff Body sherd of jar (65 × 67 × 5), exterior and interior light beige. Only lower right part of ostracon preserved. Written lines at 20° to wheel marks [AL].

This chit is an abridged version of the previous chit (A118.1), also by Scribe M.

243

A118.1–3 Ephai Dossier cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

Ephai: untied 1chaff, 2a (?) bundle.

Payer

‫עפי תבן‬ ִ .1 [ ? ]‫רי משתל‬/‫ שד‬.2

A118.3-ISAP218 (EN171 = AL218 [IA11803]) Undated Payment of a (+?) bundle of untied chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61 × 60 × 7), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), few white grits. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

This chit is a duplicate of the previous chit (A118.2) but with different spacing. Though there is sufficient room at the end of line 1, the adjective ‫“( שרי‬untied”) is relegated to line 2. It is not certain whether there is a single numeral stroke for 1 after ‫משתל‬. A fourth chit, perhaps by the same scribe, has the identical expression ‫תבן שרי‬, but without ‫( משתל‬A221.1).

A119.1–3 Othni Dossier (357–355) The name Othni as payer appears three times, once already earlier (A119.2 [A7.48]). Two chits are fully dated (A119.1–2), and one is undated (A119.3). Two have payees (A119.2–3), and two have agents (A119.1–2). One concerns barley, one chaff, and one wheat. Just as one of the chits here is for barley and another is for wheat, so too Othni appears in an account for barley (C2.1) and an account for wheat (C1.3). He is also owner of a grove (H3.1) and son of a certain Parḥah (E2.2). Dated List of Texts A119.1 Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of barley A119.2 Payment of 3 bales of chaff A119.3 Payment of 2 qabs of wheat

August 1, 357 October 8, 355 Undated

244

A119.1–3 Othni Dossier (357–355)

245

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Ab, year 2, Othni: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eah), 1; q(ab), 3 (and a) h(alf), 3 [(archaic alef)] Zabdiel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing sign? Signatory

. 2 ‫לא ִב שנת‬ ִ 6 ‫ ִב‬.1 ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ס‬1 ‫עת ִנִי שכ‬ ִ .2 ‫ [זבדאל‬#] .3

A119.1-ISAP1006 (L6 [IM91.16.111]) August 1, 357 Payment of 1 kor, 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar (64 × 54 × 6) exterior and interior brown. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing poorly preserved. Wide tip margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

For the name Othni, see A7.48. ¶ The right edge of line 3 is cut away, but it may have contained the sealing sign. Zabdiel appears as signatory a dozen times, sometimes with the sealing sign and sometimes without (see A1.1). One of these occurred only two and a half weeks after our chit here, on 24 Ab, year 2 (August 19, 357) and was also for barley (A7.24). Alternatively, but less likely, it may be possible to restore ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”) to make Zabdiel the agent. He appears as agent in two other chits, both for barley, as here, one written on 20 Ab (A185.1) and the other on 26 Tammuz (A50.4), both lacking year date. For the name Zabdiel, see A1.1.

A119.2-ISAP1236 (AL41 = JA66 {J2}) October 8, 355 Payment of 3 bales of chaff (See A7.48 [to Baalghayr])

246

A119.1–3 Othni Dossier (357–355) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[ ]‫לקו ִס‬ ִ ‫ עתני‬.1 [ ] 2 ‫ ִח ִק‬.2

Othni to Qos[. . .]: 2 w(heat), q(abs), 2. 1

A119.3-ISAP1551 (AL296 [M266]) Undated Payment of 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (47 × 52 × 12), exterior and interior red brown. Gray deposit on surface. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the second half of the name of the payee is missing. We do not hazard a guess, as the divine element “Qos” fronts 64 names in our corpus! Two qabs is an unusually small amount to be paid. The name Othni does appear in one account for wheat, however (C1.3).

A120.1–3 Qosgad Dossier (362–358; 315) The name Qosgad as payer appears once (A120.2) and twice more as patronym (A120.1, 3). Two chits are fully dated nearly 44 years apart (A120.2–3). The third chit has only day and month (A120.1), but internal evidence of a parallel chit (A1.4) provides a date range compatible with one of the fully dated chits (A120.2). The name Qosgad also appears as payee from the house of Qoṣi (A3.14), in an account (C6.2), and in two lists of names (E1.10, 3.3). Dated List of Texts A120.1 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat A120.2 Payment of 3 qabs (+?) of unknown product A120.3 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat

26 Tammuz, 362–358 July 31, 359 June 15–July 13, 315

247

248

A120.1–3 Qosgad Dossier (362–358; 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 26th of Tammuz, B[. . . son of] 2Qosgad 1brought in 2 wheat, seahs, two 3and qab, one and a half. 1

[‫[ בר‬.‫ לתמוז הנעל ִב‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ‫ קוסגד חנטן סאן ִתִר ִתִין‬.2 ‫ וקב חד ופלג‬.3

A120.1-ISAP1943 (EN152 [BLMJ680]) 26 Tammuz, 362–358 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, roughly trapezoid, medium-sized (52 × 88 × 7), exterior reddish brown (2.5YR5/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly irregular, slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks.

For the date, see A1.4. This is one of three pieces by the same scribe (the other two being A1.3–4) written on 26 Tammuz in plena script and with the verb of conveyance “brought in” (‫)הנעל‬. ¶ While the end of line 1 is difficult to read, it would have contained the name of the payer, “PN son of.” It is tempting to read the name of the payer as Bayyun (‫)ביון‬, who appears in the years 357–356 (A95.1–2), or Badan (‫)בדן‬, who appears in the years 359–357 (A94.1–2) and has two chits written plena, including one with a verb of conveyance, similar to ours (A94.2–3). Another son of Qosgad makes a second payment of wheat below (A120.3). For the name Qosgad, see A3.14 and 120.2 below.

A120.1–3 Qosgad Dossier (362–358; 315)

249

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 12th of Tammuz, year 246, Qosgad 3 to Qosani: . . . 4. . . q(abs), 3. 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬12 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִקִו ִסגד‬46 .2 . . . . . . . ‫ לקוסעני‬.3 3 ‫ ק‬. . . . . . .

A120.2-ISAP2665 (JA566) July 31, 359 Payment of 3 qabs (+?) of unknown product

The name Qosgad is Idumean, meaning “Qos is fortune,” and may be compared to Hebrew Gadiel, “El is fortune” (Num 13:10), and Gadiyahu (WSS No. 12). The name Qosani appears twelve times as payer and patronym (A30), but only six times as payee (A18.7 [resh], 49.1 [shekels], 49.4 [bundles], 65.4 [bundle], 82.1 [resh], here). It also occurs as patronym of Zaydil in an ostracon from Yatir (Vainstub-Fabian 2015: 207). ¶ The second half of line 3 and the first half of line 4 are illegible, and the product, therefore, unknown, but given that a measure survives (3 qabs), it is probably grain, and possibly resh, which is the only such measured product Qosani receives elsewhere (A18.7, 82.1).

A120.3-ISAP1039 (L39 [IM91.16.159]) June 15–July 13, 315 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat (See A229.1 [f Palṭi/Pilṭi])

A121.1–3 Qosyaqum/yaqim Dossier The name Qosyaqum/yaqim appears three times, once already in an earlier dossier (A121.1 [A3.16]). The first chit is dated by day only (A121.1), the second by month and day (A121.2), and the third is undated (A121.3). One chit has a source (A121.1), one has an agent (A121.2), and one has a payee (A121.3). The products are barley, wine, and unknown. The name may appear once more as an alternative reading for the payee Qosnaqam in a chit for a log, which is also only dated by day (A79.4). Dated List of Texts A121.1 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of barley A121.2 Payment of 24 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wine A121.3 Payment of 5 seahs of unknown product

20 (no month) 27 Tammuz Undated

250

251

A121.1–3 Qosyaqum/yaqim Dossier

A121.1-ISAP1094 (L94 [IM94.32.42]) 20 (no month) Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of barley (See A3.16 [f ss Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX On the 27th of Tammuz, Qosyaqum/yaqim: wine, 3s(eahs), 24, q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf), by the hand of 4Zabdi.

Date

1

Payee

2

Product Agent

‫לת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ 27 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסיקם חמר‬ ‫ ף עליד‬1 ‫ ִק‬24 ‫ִס‬ ‫זבדי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A121.2-ISAP544 {FCO7} (Table 7.4) 27 Tammuz Payment of 24 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wine

The verbal element in the name ‫ קוסיקם‬could either be qal (“May Qos arise”) or hiphil (“May Qos raise up”); see Hebrew parallels and discussion in WSS 529. Only eight texts appear in the wine dossier (Table 7; see also A7.38). ¶ Zabdi occurs as agent in five more chits, four of which are dated as here, by only day and month—16 Tammuz, 26 Elul, 26 x, x Marcheshvan (A7.14, 10.11–12, 14.5, 300.2.26). For more on Zabdi, see A2.19 and A15.

252

A121.1–3 Qosyaqum/yaqim Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Payee I Product Payee II?

Qosyaqum/yaqim to Š[. . .]: [. . .], 2seahs, five. 3 [?]l. .[. . .]. 1

[ ]‫לש‬ ִ ‫ קוסיקם‬.1 [ ]‫ ִסאיִן חמש‬.2 [ ]. .‫ ]?[ל‬.3

A121.3-ISAP255 [IA11776] Undated Payment of 5 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (43 × 41 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior brown (7.5YR5/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and two wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the name of the payee and product are missing. The only other chit with plena ‫ סאין‬was written for oil (A38.5), and that may be the product here (see A1.6 and 2.13 for discussion of oil chits). Perhaps the number of qabs was written at the end of line 2. The writing in line 3 is unintelligible but may include a payee.

A122.1–5 Qoslughath Dossier (362; 319–317) The name Qoslughath as payer and patronym appears five times, twice already earlier (A122.2, 4 [A9.34, 38.8 {as second payer}]). None of the five is dated, but the dates of the first two (A122.1–2) may be reasonably affirmed. One has a source (A122.2), and another has a payee (A122.5). The products include semolina+flour, barley, a bale, wheat, and unknown. The name appears four more times in the corpus, in one account for barley (C2.12) and another fragmentary account (C6.8), among a list of names (E3.3), and as owner of a garden (H4.1). In all, the name appears in 9 ostraca. Dated List of Texts A122.1 Payment of 1[+?] seahs, 2 qabs of semolina and 5 seahs, 2 qabs of flour A122.2 Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley A122.3 Payment of a bale A122.4 Two payments: x of unknown product and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat A122.5 Payment of unknown product

253

362 Undated (319–317?) Undated Undated Undated

254

A122.1–5 Qoslughath Dossier (362; 319–317) cm

CONVEX Payer Products Date?

[Qos]lughath: semolina, s(eahs), 1[+?], q(abs), 2, 2[flo]ur, s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 2 3 [. . .] . . . . . . 1

2‫ק‬

.]?[1 ‫ִף ִס‬ ִ ‫נשי‬ ִ ‫ ]קוס]לעת‬.1 2 ‫ ק‬5 ‫]קמ]ח ִס‬ ִ .2 . . . . . . . .[   ] .3

A122.1-ISAP1495 (AL300 [M207]) 362 Payment of 1[+?] seahs, 2 qabs of semolina and 5 seahs, 2 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar (42 × 42 × 9/15), exterior and interior light brown. Writing on interior, written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The name Qoslughath (‫ )קוסלעת‬is precative, “May Qos help.” ¶ If the traces of the upper strokes of letters in line 3 belong to the date, this would suggest year 43 (= 362); see discussion in Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*; Table 1.34. ¶ The ostracon is cut off at the right edge, and the beginning of the name of the payer (‫ )קוס‬is missing in line 1, as well as the first two letters of the product ‫ קמח‬in line 2. The sum // ‫“( ק‬2 qabs”) is written supralinearly at the end of line 1. For more on the semolina+flour pair, see A4.2 and Table 1 (particularly 1.34) in TAO vol. 2.

A122.2-ISAP2438 (JA150) Undated (319–317?) Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley (See A9.34 [horse-ranch of Qoskahel])

255

A122.1–5 Qoslughath Dossier (362; 319–317) cm

CONVEX Payer

Qoslughath[. . .]: [?] 3 a bal[e].

[

1 2

Product

]‫ קוסלעת‬.1 [?] .2 [ ‫ פחל[ץ‬.3

A122.3-ISAP753 [YR52] Undated Payment of a bale Body sherd of jar, small (51 × 47 × 8–10), roughly triangular, exterior pinkish gray (5YR7/2), many large white grits. Dark gray patina spot covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, very uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge. Only the name of the payer is preserved in line 1 and part of the name of the product in line 3. Line 2 is not legible. For bale, see A1.2 and Table 7 (especially 7.53) in TAO vol. 2.

A122.4-ISAP1112 (L112 [IM91.16.26]) Undated Two payments: x of unknown product and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat (See A38.8 [with Udayd/ru])

256

A122.1–5 Qoslughath Dossier (362; 319–317) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

Qoskahel [son of] 2Qoslughath: s(eahs), [. . .], 3 to Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru. 1

[?]‫קוסכהל‬ ִ .1 [ ] ‫לעת ס‬ ִ ‫קוס‬ ִ .2 ‫לעיִדו‬ ִ .3

A122.5-ISAP1594+1734 (AL161 [M310] + ZD11 [IA12406]) Undated Payment of unknown product

This small piece was put together from two fragments, the right-hand fragment having been in the Mousaieff collection and the left-hand fragment in the Institute of Archeology. The piece is apparently cut off at the left edge, and ‫“( בר‬son of”) seems to be missing in line 1, as well as the amount of seahs in line 2. Father Qoslugath is elsewhere depicted as supplying a large quantity of barley from the “horse-ranch” (‫ )תשכר‬of son Qoskahel (A9.34). This term is found only twice more, both times in chits dated to King Philip (319, 317 [A47.3, 245.1]). As payer, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru has a large dossier (A19.1–15), and he also makes an appearance in a few workers texts (D8.6–8), but he never appears elsewhere as payee.

A123.1–3 Rawi Dossier (356–340) The name Rawi as payer appears in at least one chit, already discussed (A123.3 [A3.14]). Twice it appears as an alternate reading to Awi, also previously discussed (A123.1–2 [A1.6, 6.12]). The second text is fully dated (A123.2), the first has day and month, (A123.1), while the third is undated (A123.3). One has a payee (A123.2). Products include, oil, wheat, and a load. The name Rawi appears once more in our corpus (C9.1 [“house of Rawi”]) and once in a provenanced ostracon from Tel Jemmeh, where a wine label signifies the contents being from “the vineyard of Rawi” (4H1.3 [ISAP2017]). Dated List of Texts A123.1 Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil A123.2 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A123.3 Payment of 1 load

(March 12, 356) July 21, 340 Undated

A123.1-ISAP1877 (EN83 = JA11]) (March 12, 356) Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil (See A1.6 and A85.1 [R/Awi; ss Baalrim])

A123.2-ISAP1899 (EN107 = JA352) July 21, 340 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A6.12, 22.6, 85.2 [R/Awi; Suaydu ss Awi])

A123.3-ISAP1256 (AL244 {J22}) Undated Payment of 1 load (See A3.14 [h Qoṣi])

257

A124.1–3 Rufayu Dossier (359–341) The name Rufayu as payer appears three times, twice already earlier in the dossier of Samitu (A124.1, 3 [A8.17–18]). Two of the three chits are fully dated (A124.1–2), while the third is undated (A124.3). Two have payee and source (A124.1, 3), one has an agent (A124.1), and one has a depository (A124.2). Products include oil and barley (A124.1) and wheat (A124.1–2). The name Rufayu appears only here in our corpus. Dated List of Texts A124.1 Unmeasured payment of oil; 4 seahs of barley; 2 qabs of x A124.2 Payment of x seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat A124.3 Payment of 1 kor of wheat

258

May 23, 359 June 5, 341 Undated

259

A124.1–3 Rufayu Dossier (359–341)

A124.1-ISAP257 [IA11748] May 23, 359 Unmeasured payment of oil; 4 seahs of barley; 2 qabs of x (See A8.17 [to Samitu])

cm

CONVEX [On the 1+]4 (= 5th) of Sivan, year 18, [PN son o]f Rufayu 1brought in 2 (to) the storehouse 3[of Makkedah]: [wheat, s(eahs), x], q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

‫הנע ִל‬ ִ 18 ‫ לסיון שנת‬4]+1 ‫]ב‬ ִ .1

‫ רפיאו מסכנה‬.[ ] .2 ‫ ִף‬1 ‫]ק‬ ִ ‫ ]למנקדה‬.3

A124.2-ISAP1267 (AL84 = JA93) June 5, 341 Payment of x seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62 × 81 × 10), roughly triangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior brown (7.5YR5/4), ware reddish yellow (5YR6/8), well-levigated, very few visible grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is one of four or five chits written by the same scribe between June 5 and July 20, 341; see A35.3 for restoration of the depository and the probable restoration of wheat (also A11.8, 205.1, and possibly A290.1.11); see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 141 for the unusual formulation. ¶ The ostracon is cut away at the right edge. The beginning of the day date is cut off in line 1, the praenomen of the payer in line 2, and ‫ למנקדה‬with ‫ חס‬+ measure in line 3. ¶ The name Rufayu is a qutayl hypocoristicon from the root ‫רפא‬ (“heal”), represented in biblical ‫( רפאל‬1 Chr 26:7) and ‫( רפיה‬Neh 3:9, etc.), as well as qattūl ‫( רפוא‬Num 13:9). ¶ For use of the verb ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”) see A1.3. For more on Makkedah as depository, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1. Rufayu makes one more payment of wheat below (A124.3).

A124.3-ISAP2484 (JA200) Undated Payment of 1 kor of wheat (See A8.18 [to Samitu])

A125.1–3 Šimu Dossier The name Šimu (‫ )שמעו‬as payer appears three times in previous dossiers, twice as members of an unknown clan (A125.1–2 [A6.18–19]) and once as a co-payer with Ḥal(a)fan (A125.3 [A18.9]). The first chit is dated only by day, without month (A125.1), and the other two are undated (A125.2–3). One has a payee (A125.1). Products include barley, jars, and flour. The name does not appear elsewhere among the ostraca. Instead, we find the hypocoristicon Šammu (‫)שמוע‬, which is quite frequent ([A90]). Dated List of Texts A125.1 Payment of 15 (+?) seahs of barley A125.2 Payment of x jars A125.3 Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of flour

20 (no month) Undated Undated

A125.1-ISAP2520 (JA240) 20 Payment of 15 (+?) seahs of barley (See A6.18 [ss PN])

A125.2-ISAP2622 (JA364) Undated Payment of x jars (See A6.19 [ss PN])

A125.3-ISAP1914 (EN123 = JA27) Undated Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of flour (See A18.9 [with Ḥal(a)fan])

260

A126.1–4 Šamru/a/Šimru/a Dossier (357–344) The name Šamru/a/Šimru/a as payer appears four times, once already in a previous dossier (A126.4 [A3.37]). Two of the chits are fully dated (A126.1–2), and two are undated (A126.3–4). Only one has a payee (A126.3). Products include crushed/sifted grain, wheat flour, resh, and unknown. The name Šamru/a/ Šimru/a appears once more, in this case for a baskets account (C7.2), but the related name Šamri/Šimri appears four times (A18.13 [agent], 158.1 [agent], 255.1 [payer], and E2.3). Dated List of Texts A126.1 A126.2 A126.3 A126.4

Payment of 1.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain November 25, 357 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat flour August 8, 344 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of resh Undated Payment of unknown product Undated

261

262

A126.1–4 Šamru/a/Šimru/a Dossier (357–344) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 2, Šamru/Šimru: crushed/sifted grain, s(eah), 1 (and) a h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִף‬1 ‫רקד ִס‬/‫ שמרו דקר‬.2

A126.1-ISAP876 (JA462 {GCh76 > EYH1}) November 25, 357 Payment of 1.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70 × 72 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior gray (10YR5/1), ware gray (2.5Y5/1), many tiny white grits. Possible traces of black ash on ca. 20% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is one of three chits for crushed/sifted grain written by the same scribe, two on 1 Marcheshvan, year 2 (A10.2, 76.2) and this one a month later. See A1.1 for full discussion of the product; also Table 3 in TAO vol. 2 and Porten-Yardeni 2009:148* and Table 3:8–10. ¶ For the name Šamru/Šimru, see A3.37.

A126.1–4 Šamru/a/Šimru/a Dossier (357–344)

263

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Ab, year 10[+5] (=15), Šamru/Šimru: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[5+[10 ‫ לאב שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ שמרו קמח חנטן‬.2 2 ‫ ס‬.3

A126.2-ISAP530 [Charlesworth 3] August 8, 344 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat flour

For full discussion, see A12.10 and 13.13, and add the chit in Eshel 2006: No. 6 (to be corrected appropriately). Two more chits were drawn up by the same scribe on this very day, 6 Ab, year 15 (A132.1, 280.5, and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b.15–16 and Table 4.14 in vol. 1). All three are for wheat flour, and one of them is for the exact same amount that we have here (A280.5).

264

A126.1–4 Šamru/a/Šimru/a Dossier (357–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Šamru/Šimru to Zeraḥ: resh, 2s(eah),1; q(abs), 2. 1

‫ראש‬ ִ ‫שמרִי לזִִרח‬ ִ .1 2 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ ס‬.2

A126.3-ISAP1329 (AL209 [M30]) Undated Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar (83 × 67 × 9), exterior and interior red brown. Writing almost illegible. Written lines apparently parallel to wheel marks [AL].

For discussion of resh, see A1.4 and Table 2 in TAO vol. 2. All the dated chits for this product fall between 362 and 358; Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2. Zeraḥ (‫“[ זרח‬rose, shined forth”]) is a known Edomite (Gen 36:17, 33) and Hebrew (Gen 356:30 etc.; WSS No. 505) name and is apparently a hypocoristicon. It occurs only here in our corpus.

A126.4-ISAP2568 (JA293) Undated Payment of unknown product (See A3.37 [f ss Qoṣi])

A127.1–2 Abenašu Dossier (352) The name Abenašu as payer appears in two previous dossiers (A127.1–2 [A1.28, 10.11]), the first fully dated, and the other only by day and month. One has an agent (A127.2). Products include grgrn and wheat. The name Abenašu appears three more times—once in an account for maahs (C8.2), once in a workers list (D9.2), and once in a double-sided letter (G2.2). Aside from the five occurrences of Abenašu, the name Abenaši appears in fourteen ostraca (see A67.1) in multiple contexts—in jar inscriptions (F1.1, 3.1, 4.3), as payee (A11.18, 67.1, 152.2), as agent (A1.32, 3.21, 6.16, 71.3), as property owner (H2.9), and as payer (A91.2–4). Multiple dated chits with the name Abenaši fall between the years 346 and 337 b.c.e. (see A91). It is likely that a single person is represented in all of these 19 texts that record the names Abenašu and Abenaši. Dated List of Texts A127.1 Payment of 10 grgrn and 13 x A127.2 Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

April 13, 352 16 Tammuz

A127.1-ISAP809 [IA12192] April 13, 352 Payment of 10 grgrn and 13 x (See A1.28 [ss Baalrim])

A127.2-ISAP900 [Funahashi10 {GCh100}] 16 Tammuz Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat (See A10.11 [to Saadel])

265

A128.1–2 Baanath Dossier (353) The name Baanath as payer appears once in a previous dossier (A128.1 [A2.12]) and once as patronym in that same dossier (A128.2 [A2.29]). The first is fully dated (A128.1) and the second by day and month (A128.2). Both have agents. Products include barley and wheat. These are the only two occurrences of the name in the Idumean ostraca. Dated List of Texts A128.1 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley A128.2 Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley for] 10 seahs of wheat

A128.1-ISAP113 [IA11878] October 14, 353 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A2.12 and A81.1 [s Laytha ss Gur])

A128.2-ISAP336 [IA 11716] 9 Marcheshvan Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley for] 10 seahs of wheat (See A2.39 and A12.12 [f Zubaydu/Zabidu ss Gur])

266

October 14, 353 16 Tammuz

A129.1–2 Dukayru Dossier The name Dukayru as payer appears twice, once already in a previous dossier (A129.2 [A10.25]). The first chit is dated probably only by day and month (A129.1), while the second chit is undated (A129.2). One has a payee (A129.2). The products are wheat exchanged for barley (A129.1) and oil (A129.2). The name Dukayru does not appear elsewhere in the corpus, but Dikru is recorded eight times and Dakkur once (see A75 for the occurrences of these names). It is possible that these represent alternative spellings for the same individual’s name, which would then appear, altogether, in no less than 11 ostraca (see A75 for explanation). Finally, four times in workers texts, we also have the name Dikri of the houses of Qoṣi (D4.4, 9–10) and Yehokal (D6.4). Dated List of Texts A129.1 Exchange of 9(?) seahs of wheat for 18(?) seahs of barley A129.2 Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil

267

27 x Undated

268

A129.1–2 Dukayru Dossier cm

CONVEX Date Payer Exchange

On the 27th [of x], Dukayru son of [. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 6[+3?] 4(in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 10[+8?]. 1 2

[ ]27 ‫ ב‬.1 [  ]‫ ִד ִכ ִירו ִבִר‬.2 [ ]6 ‫ חס‬.3 [ ]10 ‫ בשס‬.4

A129.1-ISAP1706 (JA510 {ChM6 > EYH1}) 27 x Exchange of 9(?) seahs of wheat for 18(?) seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (52 × 32 × 5–7), roughly rectangular, exterior reddish brown (5YR5/4), interior reddish yellow (5YR7/6), ware reddish brown (2.5YR4/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

For the name Dukayru, see A10.25. Missing at the left edge in line 1 is the month; in line 2, the patronym; and in lines 3 and 4, possible further numeral strokes. These should be supplied appropriately to restore the normal 1:2 wheat-to-barley exchange ratio. Were nothing missing in line 3, we should restore 2 strokes in line 4 to yield 6 seahs of wheat for 12 seahs of barley. However, to match the missing month at the end of line 1 and the patronym in line 2, we would have to add three strokes at the end of line 3 (to make a total of 9) and eight strokes at the end of line 4 (to make a total of 18). The transaction usually (e.g., A1.24, 2.7), but not always (e.g., A12.8, 16.6), took place in the storehouse. A certain Dikru of the sons of Baalrim made a similar exchange of wheat for barley (A1.24) and paid twice to Saadel (also A1.24a), like in the chit below (A129.2), so it is possible that the Dikru mentioned there is the same as the Dukayru here. If so, our Dukayru would belong to the clan of Baalrim (A1.24). This is not to be confused with the Dikri who belongs to the clan of Qoṣi (D4.4, 9–10) or that from the clan of Yehokal (D6.4). ¶ For an alternate reading ‫ תירו‬see A157.2.

A129.2-ISAP929 (JA491) (Lapidary script?) Undated Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil (See A10.25 [to Saadel])

A130.1–2 Dallui Dossier The name Dallui as payer occurs twice in undated texts, both with a payee. The payment of only one product is preserved—a log (A130.1). Thrice more, we encounter the name Dallui—as payee (A300.4.22), in an account for grgrn (C7.6), and in an unclassified fragment in which he belongs to the clan of Yehokal (J11.2). The name was particularly popular in third century (b.c.e.) Edfu in Egypt (Porten-Lund 2002: 337–38). List of Texts A130.1 Payment of 1 log Undated A130.2 Payment of 5 x Undated

269

270

A130.1–2 Dallui Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

1 ‫ דלוי לקוסעז גזיר‬.1

Dallui to Qosaz: log, 1. 1

A130.1-ISAP1711 (JA515 {ChM11 > EYH1}) (Table 1.22) Undated Payment of 1 log Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66 × 97 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 55° to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed) narrowing leftward, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For the name Dallui, see A3.35. In a chit dated to 30 Shebat, Qosaz of the house of Yehokal paid 1 log to an unnamed payee (A5.13). For more on Qosaz, see the dossier of the same name (A70). For an explanation of logs in the corpus, see A2.25 and 3.31.

271

A130.1–2 Dallui Dossier cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

Dallui to ◦[. . .: . . .], 25. 3 (archaic alef)

[

1

].‫ ִדלוי ל‬.1 [ ]. 5 .2 # .3

A130.2-ISAP1367 (AL200 [M68]) Undated Payment of 5 x Body sherd of jar (51 × 74 × 6), surface light beige. Writing very poorly preserved. Written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks [AL].

This ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the name of the payee is missing. The beginning of line 2 seems to contain five strokes for the numeral 5, implying that the product and measure came at the end of line 1. Line 3 is damaged and may contain the archaic alef sealing sign.

A131.1–2 Dalael Dossier (ca. 349?) The name Dalael as payer appears in two undated chits, one already appearing in a previous dossier, affiliated to the house of Qoṣi (A131.2 [A3.35]). The products are chaff and a beam. Probably the same “Dalael of the house of Qoṣi” is supplied as a worker twice, on 7 Tishri (D4.2) and 1 Kislev (D4.5), among 14 Qoṣi workers texts dated between 5 Ab and 23 Kislev (July–December). Rare for workers texts, the first in the group is dated to 5 Ab, year 10 (D4.1 [August 2, 349]), giving an indication of his years of activity if indeed the same Dalael is represented in our chits. Once more we have the name Dalael in a much-effaced text, perhaps from the clan of Baalrim (D2.3), in a two-sided account (C6.2), and in an uncertain account fragment (J3.3). In all, the name Dalael appears in seven texts. List of Texts A131.1 Payment of a bundle of chaff A131.2 Payment of 1 beam

Undated Undated

272

273

A131.1–2 Dalael Dossier (ca. 349?) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Dalael: chaff [erased?: ◦20◦◦◦], 2a bundle. 1

(Erased:? . . . 20.( ‫ דלאל תבןִי‬.1 ‫ משתל‬.2

A131.1-ISAP73 (JA432 {ZdIV > EyHIII}) Undated Payment of a bundle of chaff Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (35 × 66 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior, interior and ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lameds), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

For the half-dozen chits that follow the format PN, chaff, bundle, numeral, see A14.18. Here, the numeral is lacking. The erasure at the end of line 1 is indeed strange. For the name Dalael (‫)דלאל‬, see A3.35, and for more on the product, see A1.48 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 2.

A131.2-ISAP1957 (EN177 = JA42) Undated Payment of 1 beam (See A3.35, 69.5 [s Ḥawlaf h Qoṣi with Qosnatan])

A132.1–2 Wašiqil Dossier (344) The name Wašiqil as payer occurs twice. The first chit is fully dated, and the second is undated. The product in the first chit is wheat flour and just plain flour in the second one. The name appears only here. Dated List of Texts A132.1 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat flour A132.2 Payment of 8 seahs, 2 qabs of flour

August 8, 344 Undated

274

275

A132.1–2 Wašiqil Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Ab, year 15, Wašiqil: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

15 ‫ לאב שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ושיקאל קמח חנטן‬.2 5 ‫ ס‬.3

A132.1-ISAP1242 (AL78 = JA70 {J8}) August 8, 344 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (78 × 90 × 6–11), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits, large air bubble inside the vessel wall. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of three chits written on 6 Ab, year 15 (August 8, 344) by the same scribe for wheat flour (see A126.2, 280.5 and Table 4.16 in vol. 1). This payment is the largest of the three, the other two both recording but 2 seahs. In the following chit, Wašiqil pays 8 seahs, 2 qabs of plain flour (A132.2). The name is said to occur also in Liḥyanic (WSQʾL [AL78 with references]).

276

A132.1–2 Wašiqil Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Wašiqil: flour, 2s(eahs), 8; qabs, 2. 1

A132.2-ISAP6 [JTS6 159259] Undated Payment of 8 seahs, 2 qabs of flour

See chit above (A132.1).

‫קמח‬ ִ ‫ִקאל‬ ִ ‫ ושי‬.1 2 ‫ קבן‬8 ‫ ס‬.2

A133.1 Zabda Chit (Transferred to A179a.1)

A133a.1–2 Ḥazael Dossier (359, 316) The name Ḥazael occurs once as payer and a second time as patronym of a payer, both of whom have already appeared in previous dossiers (A133a.2 [A15.18], A133a.1 [A37.8]). Both chits are fully dated with grain products and the first has a source. Although Ḥazael appears only twice here, a dozen more ostraca attest to his name. In six of these, he serves as payee (A3.17–18, 36.8, 39.1, 107.1, 220.1). In the other half, he is variously the recipient of a payment order (B3.3), accounted jars (C7.1), owner of a garden and olive trees (H2.1, 4, 6), and in a jar inscription (F3.10). The name is written four times with a medial heh, ‫חזהאל‬ instead of ‫( חזאל‬A133a.1, C7.1, H2.1, 6). Twice he is affiliated to the clan of Gur (A3.17–18), but we are clearly dealing with multiple individuals due to the large time gap between the chits here. Dated List of Texts A133a.1  Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour A133a.2  Payment of 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat

A133a.1-ISAP573 [GD] July 12, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour (See 37.8 [f Ani])

A133a.2-ISAP2497 (JA214) June 30, 316 Payment of 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See 15.18 [s Zabdi])

277

July 12, 359 June 30, 316

A134.1–2 Ḥiel Dossier (356) The name Ḥiel as payer occurs twice, once already in an earlier dossier (A134.2 [A4.36]). The first chit is fully dated, while the second is undated. The first has a payee, while the second has an agent. Both concern loads of wood. In two accounts, we also encounter the name Ḥiel (C1.3, 9.2). Dated List of Texts A134.1 Payment of 2 loads of wood A134.2 Payment of 3 loads

January 2, 356 Undated

278

279

A134.1–2 Ḥiel Dossier (356) cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Tebeth, year 2, Ḥiel to Ubayd[u: wood], loads, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

2 ‫ לטבת שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 [‫ חיאל לעביִד[ו אקן‬.2 2 ‫ מובלן‬.3

A134.1-ISAP2468 (JA183) January 2, 356 Payment of 2 loads of wood Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 80 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), ware gray (10YR6/1), many tiny white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For the name Ḥiel, see A4.36 (A134.2]). In that undated text, Ḥiel and two other fellows, all sons of Al(i)baal, supplied 3 loads. The faint trace of a word at the end of line 2 appears to be ‫“( אקן‬wood”), which precedes ‫“( מובל‬load”) in four chits (A7.15; 49.2 and 158.1 [Scribe AA]; 169.1 [Table 8.1, 3–4, 10, 17 in TAO vol. 2]) and one payment order (B1.3 [Table 8.28 in ibid. {Scribe V}]). For more on loads, see A4.36. ¶ The name Ubaydu appears as patronym among the sons of Baalrim (A1.30), as praenomen among the sons of Gur (A2.22–23, 25, 30), and elsewhere, including the dossier of the same name (A24).

A134.2-ISAP1280 (AL245 = JA103) Undated Payment of 3 loads (See A4.36 [ss Al{i}baal with Sakruel and Taymil])

A135.1–2 Ḥanniel Dossier (338) The name Ḥanniel as payer occurs twice in previous dossiers (A135.1 [A71.3], A135.2 [A7.58]). One is fully dated (A135.1) and one by day only (A135.2). One has three agents and a depository (A135.1). Ḥanniel also received a payment coming to the storehouse of Makkedah in another chit (A13.11). Otherwise, the name appears only once more, in a land description delineating the boundaries of an olive grove (H4.1). The one known product here is bundles (A135.2). Dated List of Texts A135.1 Payment of unknown product A135.2 Two separate payments of 12 bundles and 8 bundles

A135.1-ISAP2483 (JA198) August 5, 338 Payment of unknown product (See A71.3 [Qanael/Ḥanniel])

A135.2-ISAP1824 (EN24) 25 and 26 (no month) Two separate payments of 12 bundles and 8 bundles (See A7.58 [with Baalghayr])

280

August 5, 338 25 and 26 x

A136.1–2 Ḥal(a)fu Dossier (354 or 313) The name Ḥal(a)fu as payer appears once, as well as once as patronym of a payer, both in other dossiers (A136.1 [A2.42], 136.1 [A182.1]). The second chit has a depository. Products are grgrn and barley. The name appears only once more, along with Abdi, as agent for wheat (A96.2 [ca. 322]), but in another chit, we find the similar name Ḥal(a)fuf making a payment of wheat only a month before the second chit below (see A193.1 [354 b.c.e.]). Dated List of Texts A136.1 Payment of 1 load of grgrn Undated A136.2 Payment of x qabs of barley September 19, 354

A136.1-ISAP1740 [IA12416 {Zd17}] Undated Payment of 1 load of grgrn (See A2.42 [ss Gur])

A136.2-ISAP1017 (L17 [IM91.16.190]) September 19, 354 Payment of x qabs of barley (See 182.1 [f Zaydilahi])

281

A137.1–2 Yedia Dossier (355) The name Yedia as payer occurs twice, once already in a previous dossier (A137.2 [A1.49]). The first chit was fully dated and the second chit by day and month, although the day is not fully present in the first, and the month is cut off in the second. Products were oil and wheat. Once more, we find the name Yedia in an account for barley (C2.3). Dated List of Texts February 13, 355 14 x (month)

A137.1 Payment of 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil A137.2 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat

282

283

A137.1–2 Yedia Dossier (355) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

[Yed]ia: oil, s(eahs), 2[+1] (= 3); q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf). 2 [On the 3+]5 (= 8th) of Shebat, [year 1+]2 (= 3). 3 [. . . . . .]. . . 1

‫ ִף‬3 ‫] ִק‬1+[2 ‫ִעא משח ס‬ ִ ‫ ]יד]י‬.1 2] ‫ ִל ִש ִב ִט [שנת‬5] +3  ‫ ]ב‬.2 . . .[  ] .3

A137.1-ISAP1065 (L65 [IM91.16.101]) (Table 6.8) February 16, 355 Payment of 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar (60 × 35 × 7), exterior and interior pinkish orange. At least right part of ostracon missing. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin [LT].

For the name Yedia, see A1.49. ¶ Another ostracon for oil, also with date at the bottom was written on 8 Shebat by the same scribe (Scribe MM), though without mention of a year (A44.1). The missing twoand-a-half letters at the beginning of line 1 require restoration. At the beginning of line 2, the full day date is cut off. Possibly three strokes are missing at the beginning of the line, yielding day 8, and one stroke toward the end of line 2, yielding year 3. Thus, both chits were written for oil on the same day, and the scribe simply­omitted the year date in the second chit. A similar situation occurred when Scribe KK wrote one chit for a joist on 14 Ab, year 4 and another for a beam two weeks later on 28 Ab, omitting mention of the year (A1.11–12; Tables 3.7, 4.3). ¶ For a discussion of oil in the corpus, see A1.6, 2.13, and Table 6 in this volume.

A137.2-ISAP1069 (L69 [IM91.16.29]) 14 x Payment of 5 seahs of wheat (See A1.49 [ss Baalrim])

A138.1–2 Yazidu Dossier (ca. 361–358?) The name Yazidu is one of the most frequent signatories, appearing in no fewer than 20 chits (see A3.2), most dated between years 44 and 46 (361–358 b.c.e.), but he is only recorded as payer in two undated chits, both appearing already (A138.1 [A26.8], A138.2 [A169.1]). In both, Yazidu appears with a second payer. Products are bundles and wood, along with wheat. The name does not appear elsewhere in our corpus. Dated List of Texts A138.1 Payment of 2 bundles Undated A138.2 Payment of 1 load of wood and 6 seahs of wheat Undated

A138.1-ISAP1923 (EN132 = JA243) Undated Payment of 2 bundles (See A26.8 [with Qosyahab])

A138.2-ISAP1764 (JA522 {Zd36 > EYH2}) Undated Payments of 1 load of wood and 6 seahs of wheat (See A169.1 [with Bayyanu])

284

A139.1–2 Laḥ(a)ṭu Dossier (344, 312) The name Laḥ(a)tu as payer occurs twice, both fully dated, the first for wheat flour and the second, with patronym and source, for barley. We do not encounter the name elsewhere. Dated List of Texts A139.1 Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat flour A139.2 Payment of 4 seahs of barley

February 28, 344 July 5, 312

285

286

A139.1–2 Laḥ(a)ṭu Dossier (344, 312)

cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Shebat, year 14, Laḥ(a)tu: 3 flour, wheat, s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ לחטו קמח חנטן ס‬.2

A139.1-ISAP1629 {OG10} February 28, 344 Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat flour

This is one of 20 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in fewer than six months between 22 Shebat, year 14, and 6 Ab, year 15 (February 28 and August 8, 344; see further A13.13). This chit stands at the head of the list along with one found at Maresha (see Eshel 2010: No. 6); see Table 4.0, 1 in TAO vol. 1. Perhaps this one also came from there.

287

A139.1–2 Laḥ(a)ṭu Dossier (344, 312) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 25th of Sivan, year 5 (of) 2Alexander the king, Laḥ(a)ṭu son of 3Amnat from the Steppe of Zamm(u)ru/Nam(i)ru: 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 4. 1

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬25 ‫ב‬ ‫אלכסנדר מלכא ִל ִח ִטִו ִבִר‬ ‫נמִרִו‬/‫ז‬ ִ ‫אמנת מן ערבת‬ ִ 4 ‫שס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A139.2-ISAP2491 (JA207) July 5, 312 Payment of 4 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (37 × 68 × 9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Dated to the summer of Alexander 5, this chit is of historical importance in that it provides support for a spring, rather than autumn, date for the battle of Gaza where Ptolemy (general for Alexander) defeated the son of Antigonus (see Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 246–47). See A11.9 for the “Steppe of Zamm(u)ru/ Nam(i)ru,” which occurs three times altogether (A11.9, 99.1, here). For other chits with “Steppe of PN” as the source, see A88 and 97.2 etc. The name Amnat occurs only here.

A140.1–2 Nugayu Dossier (355) The name Nugayu as payer appears in two dossiers, both previously discussed (A140.1 [A7.47], A140.2 [A8.24]). The first is fully dated, while the second is dated by day and month. Both have a payee, and the first has signatory and sealing sign as well. The first concerns jars, while the second records bales. These are the only two texts in the whole corpus that record the name Nugayu. Dated List of Texts A140.1 Payment of 5 jars A140.2 Payment of 4 bales

September 2, 355 16 Marcheshvan

A140.1-ISAP1856 (EN57 = JA85) September 2, 355 Payment of 5 jars (See A7.47 [to Baalghayr])

A140.2-ISAP1630 [OG32] 16 Marcheshvan Payment of 4 bales (See A8.24 [to Samitu])

288

A141.1–2 Nah(a)ru Dossier (313) The name Nah(a)ru as payer appears once (A141.2) and perhaps twice (A141.1 [already in A63.6]), once fully dated and once undated. The first is unusual in that it records a second payer (A141.1), as well as depository and agent. The second has a payee. The chits concern barley and logs. The name also appears in a list of 14 names (E3.2) and as owner of a lot (H6.2). A similar name, Nah(a)ri appears four times and has his own dossier (A108). Dated List of Texts A141.1 Two separate payments of barley: 2 kors and 1 seah A141.2 Payment of 3 logs

289

June 9, 313 Undated

290

A141.1–2 Nah(a)ru Dossier (313)

A141.1-ISAP1900 (EN108) June 9, 313 Two separate payments of barley: 2 kors and 1 seah (See A63.6) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫ נִהרו לקוסלנִצר‬.1 3 ‫ גזירן‬.2

Nah(a)ru to Qoslanṣur: 2 logs, 3. 1

A141.2-ISAP1285 (AL251 = JA100 {J61}) (Table 1.17) Undated Payment of 3 logs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54 × 59 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat) surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For logs, see A2.25. For Nah(a)ru, see A10.24; for Qoslanṣur, see A5.2. The scribe (HH) wrote five more documents for logs, all without payees (Table 1.26, 28–29, 31–32).

A142.1–3 Sammuk Dossier (358–356; late?) The name Sammuk as payer occurs once as praenomen and twice as patronym, all three times in previous dossiers (A142.1 [A7.25 {on which, see for meaning of name}], A142.2 [A7.20a], A142.3 [A176.1]). Two are fully dated and the third by day and month; the latter is probably late given that it has double agents, Gar[a]pa and Raimaran. The third chit has the unique expression “of the citizens of Makkedah” (see A176.1 for explanation). Products are oil, wheat, wine, and laurel. The name appears four more times—in a ca. 6th-century list of guarantors and wine drinkers (E1.1), as father of Baadu in a list of names (E1.5), and as owner of olive groves in two land description documents (H4.4–5). Dated List of Texts A142.1 Payment of 2.625 qabs of oil A142.2 Payment of 9 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat A142.3 Payment of 20 seahs of wine and 2 qabs of laurel

A142.1-ISAP1811 (EN11) April 14, 356 Payment of 2.625 qabs of oil (See A7.25 [f Ḥal(a)fat])

A142.2-ISAP578 [IM2009.26.29 {Barag}] October 1, 358 Payment of 9 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat (See A7.20a [f Ḥal(a)fat])

A142.3-ISAP1941 (EN150 [BLMJ690]) (Table 7.3) 1 Nisan (late?) Payment of 20 seahs of wine and 2 qabs of laurel (See A176.1 [with Baani])

291

April 14, 356 October 1, 358 1 Nisan (late?)

A143.1–2 Abda Dossier (353) The name Abda as payer occurs twice, at least once fully dated (A143.1). The second chit is cut away where a year date might have appeared (A143.2). These are the only two occurrences of this hypocoristic name in our corpus, but other related hypocoristica include Abdu and Abdi, which occur a total of 17 times in the ostraca altogether, playing many different roles—payer (A144.1–2 [Abdi]), payee (A65.2, 70.2, 300.1.45 [Abdu]), agent (A96.2 [Abdi], 117.3 [Abdu]), witness (B3.5 [Abdi]), and worker (D9.2 [Abdi]). Only three of these are dated, all late (A65.2 [321 b.c.e.], 70.2 [322 b.c.e.], 300.1.45 [322 b.c.e.]). The hypocoristica Abdu and Abdi also appear in three accounts (C2.12, 4.5 [Abdu], 9.6 [Abdi]), two lists of names (E1.11, 3.24 [Abdu]), two jar inscriptions (F2.10, 3.17 [Abdi]), and one unclassified fragment (J3.2 [Abdi]). With more than 20 names in the corpus beginning with the element ‫עבד‬, the proliferation of so many hypocoristica is understandable. Dated List of Texts A143.1 Payment of 2.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain A143.2 Payment of x grgrn and 4 x

August 2, 353 29 Shebat

292

293

A143.1–2 Abda Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Abda: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2, (and a) h(alf). 2 On the 20th of Tammuz, year 6. 1

‫ ף‬2 ‫רקד ס‬/‫ עבדא דקר‬.1 6 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.2

A143.1-ISAP107 [IA11871] August 2, 353 Payment of 2.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 68 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no clear wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is one of some ten chits for crushed/sifted grain, all by Scribe J, written in a five-week period between July 29 and September 7, 353 (Table 3.13–21 in TAO vol. 2). ¶ The name Abda (‫ )עבדא‬is a hypocoristicon of one of the many theophorous construct “servant” names, e.g., Abdṣidq (A2.5 and A64), Abdadah (A2.16 and A13), Abdrim (B3.1a), Abdqos (A112.1–3), Abdmilk (A145), and Abdšamaš (A146), to name but a few. For discussion of crushed/sifted grain, see A1.1.

294

A143.1–2 Abda Dossier (353) cm

CONVEX On the 20[+1+]8 (= 29th) of Shebat [. . .], Abda: grgrn, [. . .]; 3 . . ., 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[? ]‫ לשבט‬8]+1 +[20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ עבדא גרגרן‬.2 4 [ ] .3

A143.2-ISAP1369 (EN157 = AL142 [M70]) (Table 2.9) 29 Shebat Payment of x grgrn and 4 x Body sherd, small (36 × 41 × 5), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Ostracon incomplete, ends of written lines missing. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and it is unknown whether a year date appeared in line 1. A numeral for grgrn (on which, see A1.28) is missing at the end of line 2. Line 3 begins with illegible writing, followed by the numeral 4, which may be a second payment of an unknown product.

A144.1–2 Abdi Dossier The name Abdi as payer appears twice, once already earlier in the dossier of Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr (A144.1 [A7.49]). That chit is dated by day and month, but the one here is undated. Both have a payee, and one adds an agent (A144.1). The first concerns bundles and the second bales. The hypocoristic name Abdi appears seven more times in the corpus (see A143 above for discussion and references). Dated List of Texts A144.1 Payment of 1.5 bundles 20 Ab A144.2 Payment of 1 bale Undated

295

296

A144.1–2 Abdi Dossier

A144.1-ISAP1837 (EN37 = JA242) 20 Ab Payment of 1.5 bundles (See A7.49 [to Baalghayr]) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫ עבדי לחזירא‬.1 1 ‫ פחלץ‬.2

Abdi to Ḥazira: 2 bale, 1. 1

A144.2-ISAP1136 (L136 [IM91.16.147]) Undated Payment of 1 bale Fragment of bowl (?), quite thick (70 × 62 × 10), exterior light brown, interior brown and wheel burnished. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin [LT].

In a chit dated 20 Ab, an Abdi makes a payment of 1.5 bundles to Baalghayr (A144.1 [A7.49]). Half of the chits for bales are, like this one, undated, but about three-quarters have a payee, as does this one. See A1.2 and Table 7 (especially 7.29) in TAO vol. 2. ¶ Like Abda, Abdi (‫ )עבדי‬is a hypocoristicon (see A143 above). For Ḥazira, see A2.11 and A35.

A145.1–2 Abdmilk Dossier (344) The name Abdmilk as payer appears twice, once already earlier in the dossier of Samitu (A145.2 [A8.31]). Both chits are fully dated, but the year is missing in the second one. In both, Abdmilk makes payments to a named payee with patronym. Products are barley flour, bundles, and a joist or log. Abdmilk appears eight more times, always in commodity chits. In one of these, he serves as agent as the “son of Abdbaali” (A1.2; see A84 for Abdbaali’s dossier). In the other seven, he signs payment for jars (A2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 8.21, 194.1, 300.1.24, 300.2.24), four of which are dated to year 4 (355 b.c.e. [A2.4, 3.10, 8.21, 194.1]), a decade before our dated chit below. Dated List of Texts A145.1 Payment of 1 kor, 25 seahs, 4 qabs of barley flour A145.2 Payment of [2] bundles and 1 joist/log

297

January 16, 344 24 Shebat, year x

298

A145.1–2 Abdmilk Dossier (344) cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Tebeth, year 14, Abdmilk to Gadyu son of Ḥal(l)uf: 3 flour, barley, k(or), 1; s(eahs), 25; 4q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

14 ‫ לטבת שנת‬9 ‫ב‬ ‫חלו ִף‬ ִ ‫לג ִדיִִו בר‬ ִ ‫עבדמלך‬ 25 ‫ ס‬1 ‫קמח שערן כ‬ 4‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A145.1-ISAP2657 (JA561) January 16, 344 Payment of 1 kor, 25 seahs, 4 qabs of barley flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (78 × 62 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior and ware pinkish gray (5YR7/2), many white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks and parallel to straight upper edge. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For the name Abdmilk (‫)עבדמלך‬, see A1.2 and A143.1. ¶ This chit is part of a group of nine, all for barley flour, written by the same scribe between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and x + 3 Nisan, year 15 (see A21.5 for discussion [Table 5 {especially 5.1a} in TAO vol. 2]). The present chit was discovered subsequent to the publication of the eight chits referenced there, and it alone has a payee. It is also the largest payment in the group, almost two kors. ¶ The name ‫ גדיו‬is found only here in the ostraca and is amenable to three different interpretations: (1) the ‫יו‬- ending may be Hebrew, as in the late 5th-century b.c.e. names ‫חנניו‬, ‫חשביו‬, and ‫( טביו‬E1.2–3); (2) it may be a hypocoristic ending, as in the names ‫( עליו‬H2.1), ‫( חמיו‬A1.33, 44.5, 99.2, D2.14), ‫( עמיו‬A280.9), and ‫( קניו‬C2.13, H4.1); or (3) it may be the animal name Gadyu (“Kid” [cf. the PN Gadya {Jastrow 211}]), parallel to Ṭabyu (“Gazelle” [‫)]טביו‬. Here, and in the name “‫ טביו‬son of ‫”עליו‬ (C5.3), we prefer the animal interpretation of the respective names. ¶ The name ‫ חלוף‬may either be passive participle Ḥalūf (see Zadok 1988: 211–33) or hypocoristic Ḥallūf (Zadok 1988: 2123), abbreviating something like ‫“( חלפאלהי‬Replacement by (my) god”), a name attested in Nabatean documents and inscriptions (P. Yadin 1:14–15, ⸢58⸣ [drawn up in Moab]; Negev No. 451; TDT A 311, Euting 9:10). A person with this

A145.1–2 Abdmilk Dossier (344)

299

name appears among the sons of Baalrim in year 13 (A1.29), a year before the present chit. Interestingly, Abdmilk served as agent for another Baalrim clan member in an undated chit (A1.2). Perhaps he also belonged to this clan.

A145.2-ISAP1269 (AL100 = JA278) 24 Shebaṭ, year x Payments of [2] bundles and 1 joist/log (See A8.31 [to Qosnaqam s Samitu])

A146.1–2 Abdšamaš Dossier (358/357–352) The name Abdšamaš as payer appears twice, both in fully dated chits, five years apart. The first has an illegible patronym. Products include wheat and barley. Neither chit has a payee. The name appears only once more, in a supply of 5 men as workers (D9.2). Dated List of Texts A146.1 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat and 26 seahs of barley A146.2 Payment of 28 seahs of wheat

300

March 6, 357 or May 15, 358 September 9, 352

301

A146.1–2 Abdšamaš Dossier (358/357–352) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products

On the 5th of Iyyar/Adar, year 1 2Artaxerxes the king, 3 Abdšamaš son of PN: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 3; b(arley), s(eahs), 26. 1

1 ‫יר שנת‬/‫ לאד‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫ארתחשסש מלכא‬ . . . .‫עבדשמש ִבִר‬ 26 ‫ שס‬3 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A146.1-ISAP1262 (AL19 = JA175 {J37}) March 6, 357 or May 15, 358 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat and 26 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (48 × 49 × 5), roughly square, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, no right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Though numerous chits were dated in the reign of Artaxerxes III, his name appears only once more in a date formula (A7.26). Contrast the frequency of appearance of the names of the Macedonian rulers, Philip, Alexander IV, and Antigonus (Porten-Yardeni 2008a). For names compounded with Abd- (‫)עבד‬, “Servant of,” see A143.1. Shamash was a Babylonian deity adopted by the Arameans and attested elsewhere in the Idumean ostraca in the name Šamašdan, as well as at Elephantine in the names Šamašnuri (TAD B4.2:12; D18.16:1) and Šimšai (TAD D11.7.1; also Ezra 4:8). His patronym is illegible. Besides the following chit, the name appears also in a list (D9.2). ¶ Were the reading of the month name to be Iyyar (‫ )איר‬and not Adar (‫)אדר‬, the date would be May 15, 358.

302

A146.1–2 Abdšamaš Dossier (358/357–352) cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Elul, year 7, Abdšamaš: w(heat), s(eahs), 28.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

7 ‫ לאלול שנת‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 28 ‫ס‬/‫חכ‬ ִ ‫ עבדשמש‬.2

A146.2-ISAP1885 (EN91 = JA404) September 9, 352 Payment of 28 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (35 × 65 × 9), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, no left margin.

Given the brief time span of five years between this and the chit above, the payer could be the same person.

A147.1–2 Uzzi Dossier Previously, we listed this payer in the dossier of Awi (A85.1–5), with the alternate readings Awi/Uzzi (‫עוי‬/‫)עזי‬, reading the medial letter either as waw or zayin. Here, we list it as though the name were, indeed, Uzzi. Both chits are dated by day and month. The first chit deals with wheat and has a depository, and the second deals with oil and has a source. The name does not appear elsewhere in the Idumean ostraca. Dated List of Texts 23 Elul/Marcheshvan 10 Kislev

A147.1 Payment of 13 seahs of wheat A147.2 Payment of 7 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil

A147.1-ISAP717 [YR12] 23 Elul/Marcheshvan Payment of 13 seahs of wheat (See A85.4 [Awi/Uzzi])

A147.2-ISAP2505 (JA223) (Table 6.36) 10 Kislev Payment of 7 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil (See A85.5 [Awi/Uzzi])

303

A148.1–2 Uwaydu Dossier The name Uwaydu as payer occurs once in a fragment in which only the day is preserved and the product is missing (A148.1) and possibly a second time as an alternate reading for Udaydu/Udayru (A148.2 [A38.5]) in a similarly fragmentary chit that only preserves the day and product, which is oil. Once more it may be an alternative reading for Udaydu/Udayru “of the sons of Guru” in year 4 (A2.4 [355 b.c.e.]). Elsewhere in the ostraca, the name is attested twice, in a barley account (C8.6) and a jar inscription (F3.18). Dated List of Texts 10 x (month) 14

A148.1 Payment of unknown product A148.2 Payment of x seahs of oil

304

305

A148.1–2 Uwaydu Dossier cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Product

[ ]10 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫עוידו‬ ִ .2 [  ]. .3

On the 10th [of . . .], Uwaydu: 3 . . .

Date

A148.1-ISAP1938 (EN147 [BLMJ657]) 10 x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of closed vessel, roughly rectangular, small (36 × 45 × 5), exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2). Writing on exterior, on almost flat smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80o to wheel marks.

The month and possibly also the year are missing at the end of line 1, as is the product in line 2. A mark just above the lower edge indicates the presence of a third line.

A148.2-ISAP1142 (L142 [IM91.16.160])) 14 Payment of x seahs of oil (See A38.5 [Udaydu/Udayru])

A149.1–2 Ghayran/Aydan Dossier (356) The name Ghayran/Aydan occurs twice in previous dossiers, once as patronym in the dossier of Abdadah (A149.1 [A13.8]) and once with Qosmalak in the dossier of Baalrim (A149.2 [A1.40]). One is a part of the “gatemen” texts (A149.2), and the other has a depository (A149.1). Products include barley and flour. The name appears twice more, once in a list of 14 names (E3.2) and once in a jar inscription (F2.13). Dated List of Texts A149.1 Payment of 12 seahs, 2.25 qabs of barley A149.2 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour

July 2, 356 1 Iyyar

A149.1-ISAP542 {FCO5} July 2, 356 Payment of 12 seahs, 2.25 qabs of barley (See A13.8 [f Abdadah])

A149.2-ISAP1574 (AL197 [M290]) 1 Iyyar Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour (See A1.40 and A11.13 [with Qosmalak ss Baalrim])

306

A150.1–2 Qosyada Dossier The name Qosyada as payer appears twice, once fully dated (A150.1) and once by day and month (A150.2). Both texts are problematic. The formulary in the first is unusual, and the second is mostly unintelligible. Both have illegible agents. The products are uncertain but may be white flour and wheat. Six other ostraca in the corpus attest this name—three accounts (C6.2, 6.9, 7.4), a list of names (E4.12), a jar inscription (F2.17), and an unclassified fragment (J5.1). Dated List of Texts A150.1 Payment of 2 seahs, x qabs of white flour A150.2 Payment of 21 kors of wheat

March 29, 320 1 Nisan

307

308

A150.1–2 Qosyada Dossier cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Agent Product

On the 17th of Adar, year 3 (of) 2Philip the king, from Qosyada, 3 by the hand of Maṭ(ṭ)aran our teacher: 4 white flour, s(eahs), 2; q(ab), . . . 1

3 ‫ לאדר שנת‬17 ‫ב‬ ‫פלפס מלכא מן קוסידע‬ ‫טרןִ אלפנא‬ ִ ‫עליד ִמ‬ ‫ ק‬2 ‫מ‬/‫זר ס‬/‫חו‬.

.1 .2 .3 .4

A150.1-ISAP2476 (JA191) March 29, 320 Payment of 2 seahs, x qabs of white flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (80 × 83 × 12), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 25° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the third of three texts written in Adar, year 3 Philip (see A5.18–19). The other two were written by the same scribe, albeit two weeks apart. This one is written by a different scribe, uniquely prefacing “from” to the name of Qosyada (“Qos knew”), following this with the name of the agent, Maṭ(ṭ)aran (see A107), uniquely dubbed ‫“( אלפנא‬our teacher”), and concluding with the word ‫חור‬, “white (flour)” (see TAD A6.9:3 [‫ ;]חורי‬Shaked 2004: 278 sub voce ḥwr). The whole text is strange, and the translation is conjectural.

309

A150.1–2 Qosyada Dossier cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent Date II?

On the 1st of Nisan, Qosyada son of 2[. . .]d/rw, m/s 10[?], 3 . . . w(heat), k(ors), 21, 4 by the hand of [PN?], on the 10th[?]. . . . 1

[?]‫ לניסן קוסידע ִבִר‬1 ‫ב‬ [?]10 . .‫ס‬/‫מ‬. ‫רו‬/‫ד‬.  ִ . . . . . 21 ‫א ִח ִכ‬. ִ ]?[.‫א‬. ִ [?]10 ‫ ב‬. . . . . ‫עליד‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A150.2- ISAP608 (JA60) 1 Nisan Payment of 21 kors of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period vessel, medium-sized (62 × 58 × 8–12), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, and on interior, on slightly concave surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Unfortunately, the name of Qosyada’s father is not preserved in line 2. The reading of line 3 is very problematic. Twenty-one kors of wheat is a huge amount, not appearing elsewhere in our corpus, the largest amount being just over 7 kors (A2.23). The name of the agent in line 4 is unintelligible, as is an apparent reference to a date at the end of the line.

A151.1–2 Palael Dossier (338) As payer, Palael occurs twice, both texts fully dated a few months apart. Both appear to have payee and agent. The product is unknown in the first text and is money in the second. The two were written by the same scribe and the same agent figures in both. The name Palael does not appear elsewhere in the corpus of Idumean ostraca. Dated List of Texts A151.1 Payment of unknown product A151.2 Two separate payments: 6 zuz, 5 maah and 5 maah

310

June 28–July 27, 338 October 25–November 23, 338

311

A151.1–2 Palael Dossier (338) cm

CONVEX In the month of Tammuz, year 21, Pa]la[e]l son of Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf◦ 3 [?]. . . [. . .] to sḥd/r ʿlyk Qosl[. . .] 4 [?]by the hand of Qosnaṭar.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product? Payee? Agent

21 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫בירח תמו ִז ִשנ‬ . . . . . . .‫]פ]ל[א]ל בר יחלף‬ ִ . . . . ‫וס ִל‬ ִ ‫ר[?]עליך ִק‬/‫ד‬ ‫לס ִח‬ ִ [ ]. . .[?] ‫ִטִר‬ ִ ‫]?[עליד ִקִו ִסנ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A151.1-ISAP1002 (L2 [IM91.16.194]) June 28–July 27, 338 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (60 × 56 × 8), exterior light brown, interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin widening leftward, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

For chits in year 21 of Artaxerxes III dated simply “in the month of,” see A20.8. Three chits for sons of Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf were drawn up by the same scribe, one in the month of Tammuz (here) and two in the month of Marcheshvan (A20.8 and 151.2 below). In both chits here, the payer is Palael, and in the third he is the brother Qosyinqom (A20.8). The scribe added the patronym for Qosyinqom and for Palael here but omitted it in the Palael chit below (A151.2). Qosnaṭar is the agent in all three, but his name is not attested elsewhere in the ostraca (for meaning, see A20.8). Line 3 here is unintelligible but may have contained the product and the name of the payee. In the other two cases, both payments concern money, “zuz” being a unique transaction in our corpus that only occurs on these two occasions. Perhaps that is also the product here. Also in the other two cases, Mari and Koniya are the payees, but space does not allow for that reconstruction here. In line 3, there appears to be the beginning of a name “Qosl . . .,” which could be reconstructed as one of the following known names: Qoslakin (A39), Qoslaytha (A45), Qoslanṣur (A87), Qoslughath (A122), Qosluaz (A242), Qoslaalaf (A243), or Qoslaaqab (A244). With the root ‫“( פלא‬wonder”), ‫ פלאל‬has the Hebrew parallel ‫( פלאיהו‬WSS No. 20; Neh 8:7, 10:11 [‫ )]פלאיה‬and the Idumean parallel ‫פלאקוס‬/‫פלקוס‬/‫“( פקוס‬Palaqos” [see A1.5]), which occurs in 12 texts (see A1.5 for explanation and cf. A2.9, 6.18, 7.39, 9.26, 12.9, 30.1, 32.7, 172.1, 206.1, 230.1, 290.3.4). The name Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf (‫ )יחלף‬is hypocoristicon of a name of petition from the root ‫“( חלף‬exchange” [cf. A1.29, for example]) and appears five times in the ostraca (see A103).

312

A151.1–2 Palael Dossier (338) cm

CONVEX In the month of Marcheshvan, year 21, Palael by the hand of Qosnaṭar, 3 to Mari: zuz, six; m(aah), 5; to Koniya: 4 m(aah), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Agent Payee I Sum I Payee II Sum II

21 ‫בירח מרחשון שנת‬ ‫קוסנטר‬ ִ ‫עליד‬ ִ ‫ִפלאל‬ 5 ‫שתה מ‬ ִ ‫ִא זוזן‬ ִ ‫למִרי‬ ִ 5 ‫לכניִה מ‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A151.2-ISAP1628 [OG31] October 25–November 23, 338 Two separate payments: 6 zuz, 5 maah and 5 maah

This chit nearly replicates one with Palael’s brother Qosyinqom by the same scribe, the only differences being the name of the payer, the omission of a patronym here, the word order of the agent and first payee, and the amount being paid. For full discussion, including the meanings of the names Qosnaṭar and Koniya, see A20.8 and A151.1 above. The name ‫ מריא‬means, “The lord,” but it is probably hypocoristicon for a name such as ‫“( מרצדק‬Ṣidq is lord” [A280.8]); see further Coogan 1976: 77. The names Mari and Koniya make only these two appearances in the ostraca, as does the product “zuz.” However, maahs (appreviated ‫ )מ‬appear no fewer than 21 times (A7.38, 10.28, 16.13, 20.8, 49.1, here, 300.1.17, C8.1–2, 5, 8, 5.2, G2.1, 4, 4.1, H8.2, J3.6–7, 8.1, 9.4, 14.7) and silver (‫)כסף‬, often with the abbrieviation for shekels (‫)ש‬, no fewer than 16 times (A17.14, 49.1, 50.6, 290.1.3, B3.1, C5.2, 8.3, D9.3, E1.1–2, G2.1, H9.6, J3.4, 9.4, 14.2), so money is not a rare occurence in the corpus. A few times, we even have the abbreviation for shekels alone (cf. C8.4, 6, J3.5, etc.). Curiously, however, all but 12 of the dozens of references to money in the Idumean ostraca are not in commodity chits at all but rather factor in other types of texts, such as accounts and letters. The function of money in the Idumean ostraca remains an area requiring further inquiry.

A151a.1–2 Qosab Dossier (357) The name Qosab occurs only twice, both times as payer, one of which has appeared already in the dossier of Saadel (A151a.2 [A10.27]). The first is fully dated with a signatory, while the second is undated with a payee. Products include wheat and a log. The name Qosab does not appear again in the corpus. Dated List of Texts A151a.1  Payment of 3 seahs of wheat A151a.2  Payment of half a log

July 3(+?), 357 Undated

313

314

A151a.1–2 Qosab Dossier (357) cm

CONVEX [On the x+]6th of Tammuz, year 2, Qosab: w(heat), s(eahs), 3. 3 Baalgur

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6]‫ ]ב‬.1

3 ‫ קוסאב חס‬.2 [?]‫לגוִר‬ ִ ‫ ִב ִע‬.3

A151a.1-ISAP2550 (JA275) July 3(+?), 357 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43 × 79 × 9), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior white (2.5Y8/2), ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The initial strokes of the day date are blurred. They may be 1–3, 10, or 20. ¶ For the name Qosab, see Qosaḥ (A233.1). It has parallels in the names Abenaši (A91), Abenašu (A127), and Ab(i)baal (A158). Indeed, the element “father” was popular in Idumean names—Abba (A290.3.8), Abyete (A160), Ab(i)yatha (A92), Ab(i)am (A7.41), Ab(i)ram (A159), and Ab(i)šalam (A56). The name Baalgur (‫ )בעלגור‬is the likely reading in line 3. It occurs as the clan head of Suaydu in year 16 (A2.20), and we take it as the unabbreviated name of the clan chief Gur. This is the only time he appears as signatory.

A151a.2-ISAP1512 (AL182 [M225]) Undated Payment of half a log (See A10.27 [to Saadel])

A152.1–2 Qosyatib Dossier (343) As payer, the name Qosyatib appears twice, once in a fully dated text in which the day date has not survived (A152.1) and once in an undated chit (A152.2). The reading of the name in the first chit, however, is very problematic, and so we offer two reconstructions. Both have a payee, and the first also has a depository. Products include wheat and bale(s). The name Qosyatib appears only twice more, in two lists of names (E1.1, 3.6). In the first list, he is even recorded as clan head. Dated List of Texts A152.1 Payment of 7 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat and 15 x November 19–December 17, 343 A152.2 Payment of bale(s) Undated

315

316

A152.1–2 Qosyatib Dossier (343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product Payee Product II?

[On the x (day) of] Kislev, yea[r] 10[+5+]1 (=16), 2 [Qos]yatib 3gave 2 to the storehouse of Makkedah 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 1 (and a) (h)alf; 4 [to] Yet(i)aḥ: 15.

1[+5+]10 [‫לו שנ[ת‬ ִ ‫ל]כ ִס‬ ִ

1

‫ ]ב‬.1

‫ִתב \ [ה]יתִי למסכנת מנקדה‬ ִ ‫ ]קוס]י‬.2 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ ]קוס]יהב חס‬.3 15 ‫ִתאח‬ ִ ‫ ]ל]י‬.4

Alternate translation: [On the x (day) of] Kislev, yea[r] 10[+5+]1 (=16), [Qos]yahab 2brought to the storehouse of Makkedah 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 1 (and a) (h)alf; 4 [to] Yet(i)aḥ: 15.

Date

1

Payer

3

Depository Product Payee Product II?

A152.1-ISAP1263 (AL63 = JA89) November 19–December 17, 343 Payment of 7 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat and 15 x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 73 × 6–9), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of the sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right margin narrows downward, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Further study of this ostracon calls into question our initial transcription, which is the first translation offered above. Spacing will not allow for restoration of ‫ קוס‬at the beginning of line 2 or of ‫ עליד‬at the beginning of line 4. Accordingly, we tentatively propose a new transcription and translation, the second above. We suggest ‫היתי‬, “brought,” at the beginning of line 2 and the restoration of ‫ קוס‬at the beginning of line 3 to

317

A152.1–2 Qosyatib Dossier (343)

provide the name of the payer, [Qos]yahab. For his dossier, see A26. The word order, verb+subject, is also more suitable. For more on this verb of conveyance, see A1.2, 8. The role of Yet(i)aḥ remains obscure, but he may be payee. For the name, see his dossier in A80. Strangely, it seems that a second transaction of an unknown product is recorded at the end of line 4. Many chits make payments to the storehouse of Makkedah (see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1). cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[ ]‫ קוסיתב לאבאנשי ִפ‬.1

Qosyatib to Abenaši; b[ale . . .]. 1

A152.2-ISAP1727 [IA12399 {Zd4}] Undated Payment of bale(s) Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (57 × 59 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), few dark grits. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, left edge broken, very wide bottom margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 40o to wheel marks.

The words (names) are written together with hardly a break. Only the letter pe remains at the left edge. The product may have been ‫ פחלץ‬or plural ‫“( פחלצן‬bale{s}”). There are some half a dozen chits with the four-fold pattern payer-payee-bale-measure (A7.13, 45–46, 93.2, 144.2). ¶ The name ‫ קוסיתב‬is taken as an Aramaic parallel to Hebrew ‫“( אלישיב‬El will restore” [Ezra 10:6, etc.]). ¶ Abenaši appears twice more as payee, once in a chit dated November 26, 346 (A67.1, where see also for full discussion of the name; cf. also A3.21, 11.18, and A91 for the dossier of the same name). For more on the product, see A1.2 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2.

A153.1–2 Qosghauth Dossier As payer, the name Qosghauth appears twice, once earlier in the dossier of Samitu (A153.1 [A8.26]). Both chits are undated, and the first has a payee. The first deals with bales and follows the pattern attested in half a dozen other chits (see A152.2). The second is a transaction of wheat flour. The first writes the name defective without the waw in the theophorous element “Qos” (‫)קסעות‬. Apart from these two chits, the name is not recorded elsewhere. List of Texts A153.1 Payment of x bales of chaff A153.2 Payment of 3.5 seahs of wheat flour

Undated Undated

318

319

A153.1–2 Qosghauth Dossier

A153.1-ISAP1634 [OGx] Undated Payment of x bales of chaff (See A8.26 [to Samitu]) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosghauth: flour, 2w(heat), s(eahs), 3 (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ ִק ִס ִעִו ִת קמח‬.1 ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ִח ִס‬.2

A153.2-ISAP411 [IA11316] Undated Payment of 3.5 seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (45 × 52 × 8), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 10o to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (excluding lower tip of pay), medium left margin.

The root ‫ עות‬is Aramaization of Hebrew ‫( עוש‬see Zadok 1988: 24, 133). The name Qosghauth (‫)קסעות‬ would mean “Qos assisted.” ¶ When ‫“( קמח‬flour”) is defined by the word wheat, that word is never abbreviated, as here (‫)ח‬, although one other chit uniquely abbreviates both ‫ קמח‬and ‫ חנטן‬with ‫( קח‬A107.2). It is always written plena (‫ ;)חנטן‬see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b and Table 4 in TAO vol. 1.

A154.1–2 Qosqam Dossier (358) The name Qosqam as payer appears once (A154.2) and once again as father of a payer in an earlier dossier (A154.1 [A29.2]). Both are fully dated, although the year does not survive in the chit here. The chit for Qosqam here was also recycled to record a transaction on the concave by Ananiah (A154.2 [A226.1]). Only one product is known—oil in the first chit (A154.1). Thrice more, we encounter Qosqam, once in a fragmentary account for wheat (C1.6) and twice serving as signatory in oil transactions to Saadel (A10.23–24), which were very similar in quantity to the payment of oil his son makes (A154.1). Dated List of Texts A154.1 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil A154.2 Unrelated payments on two-sided chit: flour (convex) and 12 seahs, 1 qab; 6 seahs, 1 qab; and 6 seahs of unknown product (concave)

320

April 9, 358 24 Tebeth, year x

321

A154.1–2 Qosqam Dossier (358)

A154.1-ISAP229 [IA11779] April 9, 358 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil (See A29.2 [f Uzayzu]) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Tebeth, year ◦[?] Qosqam: flour . . .[?] 3[. . .] 3 [?].

Date

1

Payer I

2

Product I

[?]. ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לטבת ִשנ‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]. . . ‫קמ ִח‬ ִ ‫וסק ִם‬ ִ ‫ ִק‬.2 [ ? ] 3 [ ] .3

A154.2-ISAP2417 (JA126) 24 Tebeth, year x Unrelated payments on two-sided chit: (convex) x of flour; (concave) 12 seahs, 1 qab; 6 seahs, 1 qab; and 6 seahs of unknown products Body sherd of jar, probably of Iron Age II, medium-sized (78 × 79 × 8–15), trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex and somewhat uneven surface, and on interior, on slightly concave and somewhat uneven surface, written lines on interior parallel to wheel marks, written lines on exterior at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Convex: Wide top margin narrowing leftward, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, *variable left margin. Concave (following page): Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

It is unusual for a chit to be written on both sides (see A9.21). The convex being the preferred side, it is probable that this side was written first as a dated commodity chit for Qosqam and then reused by a second

322

A154.1–2 Qosqam Dossier (358) cm

CONCAVE Payer II Payee I Product II Payee II Product III Payee III Product IV

Ananiah to Qosḥanan: s(eahs) 12; q(ab) 1; 2 to Qosyahab/Qoswahab: s(eahs) 6; q(ab)1; 3 to Suayd[u ]: [. . .] s(eahs) 6. 1

1 ‫ ק‬12 ‫לקוסח ִנןִ ס‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִנ ִניִה‬.1 1 ‫ ק‬6 ‫והב ס‬/‫ לקוסי‬.2 6 ‫ לשעיד[ו ]ס‬.3

scribe to record three payments by Ananiah of a measured but unspecified commodity to three payees. Such a transaction is unusual. The year date at the end of line 1 is effaced, as is most of line 3. For the name Qosqam (“Qos arose”), see A1.22. Hebrew names in our corpus are rare, and the name Ananiah (‫)ענניה‬, “Yh answered me,” occurs only here. Frequent at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 389–91), the name finds an Idumean cognate in Ananibaal (‫)ענניבעל‬, “Baal answered me” (A4.34), as well as the hypocoristic Anani (‫[ ענני‬A224.1). ¶ Qosḥanan (A16), Qosyahab (A26), and Suaydu (A22) were all popular names in our corpus. See A1.10, 44, and 2.20 for their meanings. An alternate reading for Qosyahab would be Qoswahab (A238).

A155.1–2 Šalmu Dossier (362–356) The name Šalmu as payer appears twice, once already earlier in the dossier of Qoskahel (A155.1 [A9.3]). Both chits are fully dated, and both concern grain. The first has a payee. The name appears only once more, in a fragmentary account for oil (C5.3). Dated List of Texts A155.1 Payment of 25 seahs, 3 qabs of resh A155.2 Payment of 23 seahs of barley

June 24, 362 August 15–September 13, 356

323

324

A155.1–2 Šalmu Dossier (362–356)

A155.1-ISAP1497 (AL311 [M209]) June 24, 362 Payment of 25 seahs, 3 qabs of resh (See A9.3 [to Qoskahel]) cm

CONVEX [On the x] of Ab, year 3, [. . .]Šalmu: [b(arley)], s(eahs), 23.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3 ‫]לאב שנת‬

‫ ]ב‬.1

23 ‫[ש]ס‬ ִ ‫]  [שלמו‬ ִ .2

A155.2-ISAP1010 (L10 [IM91.16.204]) August 15–September 13, 356 Payment of 23 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (55 × 57 × 6), exterior light brown to pale gray, interior gray-brown. Left part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, leaving off the day date in line 1 and indicating the absence of a word at the beginning of line 2. Depending on the spacing, that word could be a verb of conveyance, such as ‫“( היתי‬brought”; see A1.2) or ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”; see A1.3), or less likely, the name of the payer with ‫ שלמו‬being the name of the payee, preceded by the preposition lamed (“to”). The faint writing of the commodity favors shin for ‫“( שערן‬barley”), but ḥet for ‫“( חנטן‬wheat”) should not be excluded. ¶ For the hypocoristicon Šalmu, see A9.21.

A156.1–2 Saadu Dossier (353) The name Saadu as payer occurs twice earlier in the dossier of Gur. One chit there is fully dated, and one is undated. The products there are bundles and oil. The name occurs at least once more in a fragmentary account for oil (C5.3) and perhaps again in a list of 12 names with clan affiliation (E1.6 [“sons of Baadel”]). Dated List of Texts A156.1 Payment of 4 bundles A156.2 Payment of 1 quarter (of a qab) of oil

September 18, 353 Undated

A156.1-ISAP667 {Naveh E43} September 18, 353 Payment of 4 bundles (See A2.10 [Saadu and Samitu f ss Gur])

A156.2-ISAP529 [Charlesworth 2] Undated Payment of 1 quarter (of a qab) of oil (See A2.40 [ss Gur])

325

A157.1–2 Tayru Dossier The name Tayru as payer may occur twice, once in a previous dossier (A157.2 [A129.1]). In neither case is the reading secure. The first is fully dated and the second by day and month, although the month did not survive. Products are wheat (A157.1) and barley (A157.2). The name does not make another appearance in the corpus of Idumean ostraca. Dated List of Texts A157.1 Payment of 1 kor, 10[+?] seahs of wheat A157.2 Exchange of 9(?) seahs of wheat for 18(?) seahs of barley

326

June 24, 362 or July 19, 356 27 x

327

A157.1–2 Tayru Dossier cm

CONVEX On the 3rd of Tammuz, year [?+]3, Tayru: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 10[+?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3]  [‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז ִשנ‬3 ‫ ב‬.1  . . . [?] . 10 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ ִתיִִרִו ִחכ‬.2

A157.1-ISAP1049 (L49 [IM91.16.212]) June 24, 362 or July 19, 356 Payment of 1 kor, 10[+?] seahs of wheat Jar fragment (72 × 54 × 14), exterior brown, interior gray brown. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

This chit is very problematic. While the name Tayru (‫ )תירו‬is known from the Nabatean realm (Negev 1991: No. 1227), its reading here is most uncertain. Also, part of the year date at the end of line 1 is effaced. If read as year 43, the date would be June 24, 362, but if read as year 3, then it would be July 19, 356. The end of line 3 is faded or unintelligible as well.

A157.2-ISAP1706 (JA510 {ChM6 > EYH1}) 27 x Exchange of 9(?) seahs of wheat for 18(?) seahs of barley (See A129.1 [Dukayru/Tayru])

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) A158–170 (11 Texts) (x = no chit)

Dated List of Texts A158.1 Payment of 3 loads A159.1 Payment of 3 kors, 10 seahs of barley A160.1 Payment of 2 quarters; 1 kor, 2 seahs of wheat A161.1 Re: 2 seahs of barley and 20 seahs of x A161a.1 Two payments: 6 seahs of barley and exchange of 11.5 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley A162.1 Payment of 1 seah of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of barley A163.1 Payment of 21 seahs of barley A164.1 Payment of 28(?) seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A165.1x Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of barley A166.1x Payment of 4 seahs of barley A167.1 Payment of 5 seahs of oil A168.1x Payment of 15 seahs of barley A169.1 Payments of 1 load of wood and 6 seahs of wheat A170.1 Two separate payments of 60 grgrn and 3 seahs of wheat

328

27 Elul June 19, 342 23 x April 15, 355 Undated December 17, 356 June 20, 346 29 Sivan October 8, 336 July 5, 312 November 24, 343 July 9, 365 Undated 17 Ab/Iyyar

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

329

cm

CONVEX Date Agent Payers Product

On the 27th of Elul, by the hand of Šimri, 2 Abibaal, Saadi and Al(i)qos: 3 loads, 3. 1

‫ לאלול עליד שמרי‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ אבבעל שעדי ועלקוס אקן‬.2 3 ‫ מובלן‬.3

A158.1 Abibaal Chit

A158.1-ISAP1949 (EN167 [Spaer]) 27 Elul Payment of 3 loads

On this very day, the scribe here drew up an ostracon for Ḥaggai and Ḥal(a)fan for two loads of wood, also to be delivered by Šimri (A49.2 [both chits by Scribe AA]). ¶ Strangely, the root ‫“( שמר‬guard”) appears in five hypocoristica—‫( שמרי‬A49.2, here, A255.1, E2.3), ‫( שמרו‬A126 etc.), ‫( שמרא‬A3.37), ‫( שמור‬C8.6), and ‫( שמירו‬A81.3)— but not in a single complete theophorous name. For a name such as Abibaal (“Baal is {my divine} father”), see A3.4. His name appears twice more, once in a fragmentary account (C9.8) and once in a list of names (E3.14). Both Al(i)qos and Saadi have their own dossiers (A14 and A52, respectively). It is rare to have multiple payers and rarer still to have three together. We may assume that each payer brought one of the three loads. See A138.1 for another chit with multiple payers, in this case each responsible for one of the two bundles recorded. For more on loads, refer to A4.36 and Table 8 (especially Table 8.4) in TAO vol. 2.

330

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) cm

CONVEX On the 7th of Sivan, year 17, Ab(i)ram brought from the grain of Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 3, s(eahs), 10.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product

17 ‫ לסיון שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ היתי אברם מן עבר ח ִזיִִרִו‬.2 10 ‫ ס‬3 ‫ שכ‬.3

A159.1 Ab(i)ram Chit (342) A159.1-ISAP670 (JA52)

June 19, 342 Payment of 3 kors, 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62 × 110 × 5–8), roughly trapezoid, exterior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/40, interior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel mark. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin (excluding lower tip of qaf), variable left margin.

For the nominal sentence name ‫אברם‬, “(Divine) father is exalted,” which appears only here in the ostraca, see A3.4 and 9.21. It also appears on a third-century b.c.e. ostracon from Edfu (TAD D8.4:23). In the Bible, it appears in the variant spellings ‫( אברם‬Gen 11:26, etc.), as here, and ‫אבירם‬, Abiram (Num 16.1, etc.). Parallels in the Idumean corpus include Baalrim (A1) and Qosr(i)m (A31). Though not readily identifiable, the alef at the beginning of this name is a known variant, with the diagonal curving at the

331

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

bottom to the left closing the letter and creating a base line. ¶ For the word “brought” (‫)היתי‬, see A1.2, 8. ¶ There are some seven different formulations indicating the source of the grain (see A8.38, 14.4). This is the only chit that uses the PN Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru as the source, but the formulation “from the grain of PN” occurs with a handful of other names as well (see A79.3). The name Ḥuzayru/Ḥaziru occurs only four times in the corpus (here, C2.9, E3.8, J4.1). In one of these, he is also associated with barley, serving as agent for an account (C2.9). See A2.11 for explanation of the name. A very similar name, Ḥazira, occurs more often and has its own dossier (A35). cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Abyete: q(uarters), 3; 2w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 2. 2 On the 23rd of [. . .]. 1

[

3 ‫ אביִתי ר‬.1 2 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ ִח ִכ‬.2 . . . ] ‫ ל‬23 ‫ ב‬.3

A160.1 Abyete Chit

A160.1-ISAP1129 (L129 [IM91.16.128]) 23 x Payment of 3 quarters; 1 kor, 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, small (45 × 40 × 8), exterior light brown to gray, interior beige to pink. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, narrow left margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

The name Abyete (“May {divine} father come”) occurs once more as an agent (A24.7). The name is followed by a resh and three strokes (cf. the chit below [A161.1]). The bottom line is partially cut away, and the letter traces after the lamed do not point to a recognizable month name. However, a significant number of texts dated at the end by day and month are assigned to year 43.

332

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) cm

CONVEX On the 7th of Nisan, year 4, Agra despaired of the purchase/sale which 3 we received . . .: b(arley), s(eahs), 2, [b]y [the hand of] 4Agra . . .·s(eahs), 20. Qosyad [?].

Date

1

?

2

Product Agent

4 ‫ לניסן שנת‬7 ‫ב‬ ‫מיאש אגרא ִלזִבנה זי‬ [‫ [ע]ל[יד‬2 ‫ שס‬. . .]?[‫ִק ִבלן‬ [?]‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִקִו ִסי‬20 ‫ס‬. ִ ‫אגרא‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A161.1 Agra Chit (358) A161.1-ISAP2556 (JA281)

April 15, 355 Re: 2 seahs of barley and 20 seahs of x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 85 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), ware reddish gray (5YR5/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This text is most puzzling. The numeral 1 is joined immediately to the word ‫שנת‬, and this is inexplicably followed by three strokes that seem to read //‫( ר‬cf. A160.1 above), though other combinations are also possible, such as taking each stroke as another year stroke, yielding year 4. The name Agra appears twice in this chit—in both the payer and the agent position, or so it seems. This is very peculiar. Thrice more, he appears as agent in three separate transactions on the same day in year 352 for payments of wheat from the grain of Ram(a)ta sent to Maḥoza/the port (A8.38 [where see for the name Agra], 9.24, 36.4). Otherwise, the name Agra does not appear again. Though the reading and translation of ‫“( קבלן‬received”) is very uncertain, our text seems to depict Agra as in despair (‫ )מיאש‬of a transaction, whether sale or purchase (‫)לזבנה‬. What is the relation of the 20 seahs in line 4 to the 2 seahs of barley in line 2? The name Qosyad (see A44) also seems to appear at the end of line 4, though his role is uncertain here as well.

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) cm

333

334

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) CONVEX

Payer

Aḥiyo gave by the hand of 2Aqabyah from the house of 3Pasi: b(arley), s(eahs), 6, q(abs ?). 4 Entry: Aḥiyo from Gab(ba)ru: b(arley), s(eahs), 8 5 he gave (wheat), s(eahs), 11 q(abs), 3, to exchange for barley 6 from the house of Baalrim: s(eahs) 12. 1

Agent Source I Product I Payer Source II Product II Exchange Source III

‫ִא ִחיִִו יהב עליד‬ [ ]. ‫ִע ִק ִביה מן בית‬ [?]6 ‫פסי שס‬ 8 ‫גברו שס‬ ִ ‫בב אחיִִו מן‬ 3  ‫  ק‬11 ‫בשע ִרן חס‬ ִ ‫יהב להחלפה‬ 12 ‫מן בית ִב ִע ִלִר ִם ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A161a.1 Aḥiyo Chit

A161a.1-ISAP1983 (LW6 [W5′]) Undated Two payments: 6 seahs of barley and exchange of 11.5 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley Fairly large sherd from the wall of a jar, cream outside, and clear brown inside. It measures 114 × 95 × 6 mm and is written at about +15° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces. The ink is sometimes blurred, and the reading uncertain [AL].

This is a unique piece, completely intact, though much is barely legible. It reports two acts of the Jew Aḥiyo, who appears only here among the commodity chits and then again in the accounts section, where he is found owing 4.33 seahs of barley (C2.1:5). Here, both of his acts are described by the rare conveyance of the word ‫“( יהב‬gave”), used for money, bales, and barley (A7.38, 16.5, 45.1), as well as being the operative word in payment orders (B1.1–7, 2.1–2). In the first act, he paid just under 6 seahs of barley (to whom?), aided by a Jewish agent, Aqabyah (‫“[ עקביה‬YH protected”]; the name may also be read ‫)שמעיה‬, whose name occurs only here (but cf. a 3rd/2nd century Alexandrian tombstone [TAD D21.4:1]). The source of the barley was the clan of an Egyptian named Pasi (‫“[ פסי‬The one of Osiris”]; cf. A6 for other miscellaneous clan heads), elsewhere known as father of the Egyptian Abdosiri (“Servant of Osiris” [B3.6]). The second act (introduced by the accounting word ‫“( בב‬entry” [cf. also above C2.1:8, 2.4:4, etc.]), if correctly interpreted, was an act of exchange in which Aḥiyo exchanges 11.5 seahs of wheat for a total of 20 seahs of barley. He receives 8 of the 20 seahs of barley from the Idumean Gab(ba)ru, which is hypocoristicon of a name like ‫“( קוסגבר‬Qos prevailed” [WSS Nos. 1048–1049]) and occurs only here. The remaining 12 seahs he received from the well-known clan of Baalrim (A1). The normal barley-wheat exchange rate was 2:1 (see A1.24), so Aḥiyo should have received 23 seahs of barley. Apparently, he paid a three-seah agio (13%) to make the exchange. The sum /// ‫“( ק‬q{abs}, 3”) was written supralinearly at the end of line 5 and may not have been originally intended. The preceding unit number 1 tilts to the right, indicating completion. ¶ There are three commodity chits, one each in the dossiers of Baalrim, Gur, and Al(i)baal (A1.24, 2.7, 4.23) that bear the format used in this chit, namely, an initial conveyance, followed by a wheat-barley exchange, introduced by the accounting word “entry.” Unique to this document, however, is the presence of an agent and a triple reference to a source of the grain.

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

335

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Kislev, year 3, Aḥ(i)šalam to Laytha: 3 semolina, s(eah), 1; b(arley), s(eahs), 2; 4q(abs), 3[+1] (= 4).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬6 ‫ִב‬ ‫אחשלם לליתע‬ ִ 2 ‫ שס‬1 ‫נשף ס‬ 4‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A162.1 Aḥ(i)šalam Chit

A162.1-ISAP838 [IA12441 {GCh38}] December 17, 356 Payment of 1 seah of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (47 × 69 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is the last of fifteen chits for semolina+flour drawn up by Scribe E in four days between December 13 and 17, 356 (see A4.2; Table 1.19–33 [especially Table 1.33 in TAO vol. 2]). All the others list “flour” (‫ )קמח‬with semolina, but this alone lists instead “(b)arley” (abbreviated simply ‫)ש‬. ¶ Aḥ(i)šalam (‫)אחשלם‬ is a nominal sentence name (“{My divine} brother/father is peace”) parallel to Ab(i)šalam (A56). It occurs twice more, once associated with barley in an account (C2.5) and once in a list of 10 names (E3.6). Laytha (‫ )ליתע‬is hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫“( קוסליתע‬May Qos save” [A9.12–13 and A45]) and has his own dossier (A81).

336

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan, year 10[+1+]2, Elibeer: b(arley), s(eahs), 21.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2[+1+]10 ‫ לסיון שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 21 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫ אלבאר‬.2

A163.1 Elibeer Chit (346)

A163.1-ISAP1026 (L26 [IM91.16.132]) June 20, 346 Payment of 21 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (92 × 82 × 7), exterior and interior yellowish brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

The theophorous nominal sentence name Elibeer (‫“[ אלבאר‬El is a well”]) appears only here in the Idumean ostraca and demonstrates that the names Beeri (‫[ בארי‬Gen 26:34; TAD C4.8:3]), Beera (‫[ בארא‬1 Chr 7:37 and H3.3]), and Beerah (‫[ בארה‬1 Chr 5:6]) are no doubt hypocoristica. God was a source of living waters (Jer 2:13, 17:13), as was a well (Gen 26:19). After a divine vision, Hagar named a well Beer-laḥairoi (“Well of the Living One Who Sees Me” [Gen 16:14]). ¶ The reading of the measure is uncertain. Abdadah makes a payment of 21 seahs, 3 qabs of barley a decade earlier (cf. also A280.3 [21 seahs, 3 qabs of barley]), and Ḥinziru makes a payment of 21 seahs of barley 30 years later (A101.3). Were it a kaf for ‫כור‬ (“kor”), we might find a possible parallel in A150.2, but this would be a huge amount of barley, nearly 50% more than the next largest payment (A1.33 [14 kors, 22 seahs of barley]).

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

337

cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Sivan [?], Elyarib: w(heat), s(eahs), 28 [?]; 3q(abs), [3+]1 (= 4).

Date

1

Product

2

Product

[ ? ] ‫ לסיון‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]28 ‫ ִאלירב חס‬.2 1]+3[‫ק‬ .3

A164.1 Elyarib Chit

A164.1-ISAP1047 (L47 [IM91.16.207]) 29 Sivan Payment of 28(?) seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd and part of handle of jar (71 × 58 × 8), exterior and interior brown. Writing on interior, on concave surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, variable left margin [LT].

It is possible, though not likely, that a year date originally appeared at the end of line 1. Likewise, a ninth stroke may have appeared at the end of line 2. Elyarib is a name of petition, “May El give justice” (‫)אלירב‬, found also in a Phoenician jar handle (Renz-Röllig 1995: 315) and parallel to Hebrew Yehoyarib (1 Chr 9:10, 24:7; Deutsch-Lemaire 2000: No. 123). This is the only occurrence of the name, however, in this corpus.

338

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

A165.1 Amittu Chit (336)

A165.1-ISAP1718 (AL30 [M431]) October 8, 336 Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of barley (See A1.35 [ss Baalrum])

This is the only occurrence of the name Amittu among the Idumean ostraca, but thrice a person named Amittai serves as agent for bundles, all dated simply “on the 20th” (A7.49, 41.5, 113.2).

A166.1 Amnat Chit (312) A166.1-ISAP2491 (JA207) July 5, 312 Payment of 4 seahs of barley (See A141.2 [f Laḥ(a)tu])

This is the only occurrence of the name Amnat in the Idumean ostraca.

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

339

cm

CONCAVE On the 6th of Kislev, year 14+2 (=16), Asi from the oil of Amru: 3 oil, s(eahs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product

(16=)2+14 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ אסי מן משח ִעמרו‬.2 5 ‫ משח ס‬.3

A167.1 Asi Chit (343)

A167.1-ISAP2416 (JA125) (Table 6.19) November 24, 343 Payment of 5 seahs of oil Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (53 × 94 × 10–16), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), many white and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The last two numerals of the date are written supralinearly at the end of line 1. ¶ The name ‫ אסי‬appears on two Neo-Assyrian Aramaic tablets (AECT 51:3; NTA 18:7), probably meaning “physician” (Lipiński 1978: 108–9). He appears again in a list of nine names (E3.6) and as owner of a lot measuring nearly 60 dunam (H3.4). An ostracon dated 10 Kislev, without year, records, like this one, the source of the oil— “from the oil of Qosṣur” (A85.5). For more on oil as a product, see A2.13, and for more examples of the construction “oil of PN,” refer to A12.16. For the name Amru, who serves as payer once and payee twice, see A10.13 and A223.1. ¶ At the end, the scribe originally wrote 4 seahs, 5 qabs and then changed it to read “5 ‫( ”ס‬s[eahs] 5”).

340

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

A168.1 Begin(n)eh Chit (365)

A168.1-ISAP806 [IA12189 {GCh6}] (Palimpsest?) July 9, 365 Payment of 15 seahs of barley (See A9.1 [to Qoskahel])

This is the only occurrence of the name Begin(n)eh in the commodity chits, but once he is recorded as owner of a grove (H3.5). cm

CONVEX Payer I Product I Payer II Product II

Bayyanu: wood, load, 1. 2 Yazidu: w(heat), s(eahs), 6 [?]. 1

1 ‫ בִינִִו אקן מובל‬.1 6 ‫[?]ח ִס‬ ִ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬.2

A169.1 Bayyanu Chit

A169.1-ISAP1764 (JA522 {Zd36 > EYH2}) Undated Payments of 1 load of wood and 6 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 70 × 3–5), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

There are 28 chits for loads, but only five chits and one payment order explicitly specify wood as the contents (A7.15, 49.2, 134.1 [restored], 158.1, here, B1.3; see A1.28, 54; 4.36; Table 8.1, 3–4, 10, 17, 28 in TAO vol. 2). Only once does wood occur without mention of load (A1.54). ¶ Qosbayan (‫)קוסבין‬, “Qos taught” (A234.1). Bayyanu is only found twice more, once in a list of 12 names (E3.3) and once as owner of a grove measuring 5 dunam (H2.1). While it is not unprecedented to record two payments with different payers (see A49.1), it is strange to find a second line recording a different payer and a different product, especially since the name of this payer regularly appears elsewhere as a signatory (see A3.2). However, Yazidu does have a small dossier, serving as payer twice (A138).

Dossiers of Single Payer Chits Divided into Ten Groups (73 Chits)

341

A170.1 Baadu Chit

A170.1-ISAP1056 (L56 [IM91.16.100]) 17 Ab/Iyyar Two separate payments of 60 grgrn and 3 seahs of wheat (See A15.13 [with Zabdi])

The name Baadu appears only three more times in the ostraca—receiving a payment of chaff (A281.1), among the sons of Beyadel in a list of names (E1.6), and as son of Sammuk in another list (E1.5). His brother, Ḥal(a)fat son of Sammuk, made a payment of wheat on October 1, 358 (A7.20a). His father, Sammuk, is recorded as owner of olive groves twice (H4.3, 5).

A171–180 (8 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A171.1 Payment of 21 seahs of barley x Tammuz A172.1 Payment of 26 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Undated A173.1 Payment of 1 log 27 (no month) A174.1x Payment of 1 log 27 x A175.1 Cancelled A176.1 Payment of 20 seahs of wine and 2 qabs of laurel 1 Nisan (late?) A177.1 Payment of 3 kors, x seahs of barley 13 (+?) x A178.1x Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh August 19, 362 A179.1 Payment of 11 seahs of wheat August 24, 355 A179a.1 Payment of unknown product Undated A180.1 Payment of 22 seahs of barley flour January 22, 344

342

343

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of] Tammuz, ··d/ru son of Baalbarek [?]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 21.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[?]ִ‫ל]ת ִמִוז‬ ִ ‫ ]ב‬.1 [?]‫בעלבִרך‬ ִ ‫רו בר‬/‫ד‬. . .2 21 ‫ שס‬.3

A171.1 Baalbarek Chit A171.1-ISAP2555 (JA280) x Tammuz Payment of 21 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71 × 63 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The day date is rubbed off at the beginning of line 1, and the initial letters of the payer are illegible at the beginning of line 2. The verb ‫“( ברך‬bless”), here in the name Baalbarek, occurs also in the names Nabubarek (A206.1), Aḥ(i)barek (A25.8), Hubarek (D5.2), Qosyebarik (A240.1), and the frequently occurring Qosbarek (A67), as well as the hypocoristicon Barik/Baruk (A59). A similar amount of barley is recorded in a chit for Elibeer (A163.1).

344

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

Baalzabad: b(arley), s(eahs), 26; 2q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf), to / for Palaqos. 1

26 ‫ בעלזבד שס‬.1 ‫לפלקוס‬ ִ ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬.2

A172.1 Baalzabad Chit A172.1-ISAP716 [YR24]

Undated Payment of 26 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 63 × 6–10), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Composed of 2 joining fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium left margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The root ‫“( זבד‬grant”) occurs with Baal (and other deities) in construct names, for example, ‫זבדבעלי‬ (A2.44) and ‫( זבדבעל‬A2.45), but only here does it occur in a verbal sentence name (“Baal granted”). The name does not occur elsewhere in the Idumean ostraca. Five chits for barley conclude with the notation ‫ לפלקוס‬20‫“ ב‬on the 20th to / for Palaqos” (see explanation in A6.18 and further in A151.1). His name is paralleled by Palael (A151). The present chit and one more omit the date (A2.9). Yet another is dated differently (A290.3.4), and another is for oil instead of barley (A1.5). In this last chit, Palaqos is the son of Baalrim.

345

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Payee Product

27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ בעלחנן לקוסרם‬.2 1 ‫ גזר‬.3

On the 27th, Baalḥanan to Qosr(i)m: 3 log, 1.

Date

A173.1 Baalḥanan Chit

A173.1-ISAP1911 (EN120 = JA232) (Table 1.10) 27 (no month) Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61 × 73 × 7–9), roughly trapezoid, exterior and ware light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior reddish gray (5YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For Baalḥanan, see A1.44, and for Qosr(i)m see A4.24 and A31. Baalḥanan is not attested again in the ostraca, but the name is paralleled by the more-common Qosḥanan (A16). This is one of three chits for logs, written on the 27th, without addition of month and year, by the same scribe (A9.20 [= A174.1, immediately below], 79.4 [Scribe GG]). Each has a payee. See A5.13 for further explanation, as well as A2.25 and 3.31.

A174.1 Baaladar/ider Chit A174.1-ISAP405 [IA11355] 27 x Payment of 1 log (See A9.20 [to Qoskahel])

The name Baaladar/ider appears three or perhaps four more times in the ostraca—once or twice as payee (A7.50 [alternate reading for Baalghayr], 93.2), once as a clan head in a fragmentary account (C9.1), and once as owner of a vineyard (H3.9). The parallel name Qosadar/ider is much more prolific (A17).

346

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text)

A175.1 Cancelled

A175.1-ISAP649 {Naveh 613} Cancelled = ISAP1378 (A9.17) cm

CONCAVE Date Payers Products Agent

On the 1st of Nisan, Ba[a]ni and Sammuk 2of the citizens of Makkedah: wine, 3seahs, twenty; laurel, q(abs), 2, 4 by the hand of Gar(a)pa and Raimaran. 1

‫ לניסן ִב[ע]נִי ִוסמוך‬1 ‫ב‬ ‫לבעלי מנקדה חמר‬ 2 ‫ר ק‬/‫סאן עשרן עד‬ ִ‫ורעימרן‬ ִ ‫עליד גרפא‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A176.1 Baani Chit

A176.1-ISAP1941 (EN150 [BLMJ690]) (Table 7.3) 1 Nisan (late?) Payment of 20 seahs of wine and 2 qabs of laurel Body sherd of Persian-period jar, almost square, medium-sized, regularly shaped (71 × 82 × 11), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), beige patina and some soot marks on exterior. Writing on interior, on concave, somewhat irregular surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is one of ten chits with double agents, six of which are dated late (338–312; see A1.32). Gar(a)pa appears as a property owner (‫“[ רכשת גרפא‬horse-ranch of Gar{a}pa”]) in a chit dated December 11, 317 (A47.3), and Raimaran appears as agent together with Qosadar/ider in six chits lacking year date (A2.33– 38). Two other chits for wine also contain double agents and are dated to March 14 and 26, 320 (A5.18–19). Almost all lack payees, like ours. ¶ A crack runs through the first name, but the second letter is most likely an ayin, and the name ‫ בעני‬would be a companion to ‫( בענת‬see A2.12, 39). For the name Sammuk, who has two sons in the ostraca (A7.20a, 15.13, 142.1–2) and olive groves (H4.3, 5), see A7.20a. ¶ Only here in our whole corpus do we encounter the designation ‫בעלי מנקדה‬, “citizens of Makkedah.” This expression, “citizens of GN,” was well known in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician (see references in Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 143 n. 29). For more on Makkedah, see Tables 1–3 in TAO vol. 1. ¶ For ‫ ער‬as “laurel” see Dalman 1938: 32. Laurel leaf would have been used to spice the wine. It may occur once more in the ostraca (C2.2). For more on wine, see A7.38.

347

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee? Product Agent Date

Gad(i)el of [. . .] (OR: to [. . .]): 2 b(arley), kors, 3; s[eahs . . .] [by the hand of] 3Zamri On the 13[th +?]. 1

[  ]‫גד ִאל ִל‬ ִ .1 [?‫ ִס[ עליד‬3 ‫ ש כרן‬.2 [ ]13 ‫ִמִרי ב‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.3

A177.1 Gad(i)el Chit

A177.1-ISAP2449 (JA161) 13(+?) x Payment of 3 kors, x seahs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (48 × 59 × 6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), interior light red (10R6/6), ware light red (10R6/8), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The reading alef in the name of the payer is uncertain. The name ‫ גדאל‬appears in the Bible as ‫“( גדיאל‬El is fortune” [Num 13:10]) but not elsewhere in the Idumean corpus. However, three other names use the same element—Qosgad, “Qos is fortune” (A3.14, 120.1, 229.1), Gadner (E3.3), and Gadi (B3.1a). Gadyu (A145.1) is a profane name meaning “kid.” The piece is cut off at the left edge, so it is not clear whether the lamed there introduces a clan head or a payee. We assume that Zamri at the beginning of line 3 was agent and that the pseudo-preposition ‫עליד‬, “by the hand of,” appeared at the end of line 2. This name does not appear elsewhere in our corpus but is paralleled by biblical Zimri (‫[ זמרי‬Num 25:14, etc.]). Zamri is hypocoristicon for a name such as ‫בעלזמר‬, “Baal is strength,” in the Samarian ostraca (No. 12). The parallel Zam(mu)ru appears twice as payee (A1.51–52) and thrice in the GN ‫( ערבת זמרו‬A11.9, 99.1, 139.2). The date is cut off in line 3. The numerals would most likely have been followed by a month date, which may give cause for dating the chit to year 43.

348

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text)

A178.1 Gar(a)pi Chit

A178.1-ISAP1001 (L1 [IM91.16.76]) August 19, 362 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh (See A7.53 [with Baalghayr])

The name Gar(a)pi appears only once more, as a property owner (H6.6). A similar name Gar(a)pa appears twice (AA47.3, 176.1 above). cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Ab, year 4, Wani, from the grain of the storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 11.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product

4 ‫ לאב שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִוני מן עבור מסכנתא‬.2 11 ‫ חס‬.3

A179.1 Wani Chit (355)

A179.1-ISAP1876 (EN82 = JA10) August 24, 355 Payment of 11 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (26 × 76 × 7), trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/8), many white grits. Four fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of three texts for wheat that is paid “from the grain of the storehouse” (see A8.36–37 and Table 1.3 [especially Table 1.3.45 in TAO vol. 1]). The name Wani (‫ )וני‬appears on an ostracon from Elephantine (TAD D9.10:3) and in a couple from first-century b.c.e. Judea (Yadin-Naveh 1989: Nos. 608– 9) but is not attested again in our corpus. Related names are ‫( ונה‬TAD C15:43 [Elephantine]) and ‫וניה‬. (TAD C4.2fragb:2; Ezra 10:36 [Saqqarah and postexilic Judah]). The meaning of all these forms is uncertain, though Iranian Vanya (“victorious”) has been suggested (S. Shaked apud TAD D9.10:3).

349

A171–180 (8 Texts)(x = no text)

A179a.1 Zabda Chit The name Zabdi is very prolific in the Idumean ostraca, occurring more than 30 times and having its own dossier (A15). However, three of these chits have a possible alternate reading of Zabda—serving as payee (A300.2.26), as signatory (A7.9), and here as payer in only one undated chit, already discussed (A8.30). Otherwise, the name Zabda appears in three more texts—an account for wheat (C1.12), an account for barley (C2.5), and a list of names (E3.10).

A179a.1-ISAP2573 (JA299) Undated Payment of unknown product (See A8.30; A15.16 [Zabda/Zabdi to Samitu]) cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Tebeth, year 14, Zebidel: flour, b(arley), s(eahs), 22.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לטבת שנת‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 22 ‫ִדאל קמח שס‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.2

A180.1 Zebidel Chit (344)

A180.1-ISAP1239 (AL71 [M420 {J5}]) January 22, 344 Payment of 22 seahs of barley flour Body sherd, roughly triangular (ca. 70 × 105) [AL].

This is one of nine chits written for barley flour between December 7, 345 and September 9, 344 (see A21.5–6, 145.1 [Table 5.2 in TAO vol. 2]). In all the other chits, both “flour” and “barley” are written plena (‫)קמח שערן‬. Here only “flour” is written plena, while “barley” is abbreviated, simply shin. This same unique abbreviation style appears once more with the similar product wheat flour (A153.1 [‫)]קמח ח‬. The name Zebidel (‫ )זבידאל‬is a construct with the verb as a passive participle, “Granted by El.” It occurs only here in our corpus, but see A32 for the much more prolific name Zabdiel.

A181–190 (7 Texts) Dated List of Texts A181.1 Transferred to A255a.1 A182.1 Payment of x qabs of barley September 19, 354 A183.1 Payment of half a bundle of chaff Undated A184.1 Transferred to A231b.1 A185.1 Two payments: 20 seahs (+5 [qabs?]) of barley 20 Ab and 22 seahs, x qabs of wheat A186.1 Payment of 1 joist 23 Adar A187.1 Transferred to A133a.2 A187.2 Transferred to A133a.1 A188.1 Payment of 3 joists Undated A189.1 Payment of 10 (+?) seahs of wheat 26 Tammuz A190.1 Payment of 4 logs Undated

350

351

A181–190 (7 Texts)

A181.1 Šamašdan/Šamašiddin Chit (Transferred to A255a.1)

cm

CONVEX On the 27th of Elul, year 5 Zaydilahi son of Ḥal(a)fu to Makkedah: 3 b(arley), q(ab) . . . tʾ[?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

[ ? ] 5 ‫ לאלול שנת‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫למנק ִדה‬ ִ ‫לפו‬ ִ ‫להִי בר ִח‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ זי‬.2 . . . [?]‫ִת ִא‬ ‫ ִש ִק‬.3

A182.1 Zaydilahi Chit (354)

A182.1-ISAP1017 (L17 [IM91.16.190]) September 19, 354 Payment of x qabs of barley Rather thick body sherd of jar (76 × 68 × 12), exterior light brown, interior brown. Traces of whitish-gray patina on interior. Writing partially erased. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Occurring frequently in Nabatean (Negev No. 383), the name Zaydilahi (‫ )זידלהי‬is a nominal sentence name compounded with the Arabic word ‫ זיד‬and meaning “My god is prosperity/growth.” It occurs only here in the corpus, but the same root is used to make the more common names Zaydu/Ziyadu (A28), Zaydi (A48), and Zaydil (A99). For Ḥal(a)fu, see A2.42, 3.35, and A136. Since he is elsewhere affiliated only with the clan of Gur, Zaydilahi may also be among the sons of Gur. For chits sending products to Makkedah, see Table 2.2 in TAO vol. 2. The end of line 3 is unintelligible.

352

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

‫ זידתו תבן פלג‬.1 ‫ משתל‬.2

Zaydatu: chaff, half a 2bundle. 1

A183.1 Zaydatu Chit

A183.1-ISAP1744 [IA12412 {Zd21}] Undated Payment of half a bundle of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 72 × 7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Of the fifty-some chits for bundles of chaff, this is the only one whose measure is a half. See A1.48 and Table 6 (especially Table 6.44) in TAO vol. 2 for more on this product. Only here do we encounter the name Zaydatu. Is it related to Arabian ‫( זיד‬see A182.1 above)?

A184.1 Raaṣu Chit (Transferred to A250.1)

353

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product I Agent Product II

On the 20th of Ab, Ḥabibu: b(arley), s(eahs), 20, [qabs,] 25 by the hand of Zabdiel. ——— 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 22; q(abs)[. . .]. 1

. .20 ‫ לאב חביבו שס‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫ִב ִד ִא ִל‬ ִ ‫ עליד ז‬5 ____ [ ]‫ ִק‬22 ‫ִח ִס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A185.1 Ḥabibu Chit

A185.1-ISAP1663 (LW7 [OG?29]) (Stone) 20 Ab Two payments: 20 seahs (+5 [qabs?]) of barley and 22 seahs, x qabs of wheat Chip off a flat, whitish/gray, calcareous stone, more-or-less triangular (83 × 77 × 4/18). It is apparently the first ostracon on stone among these ostraca. However, we may compare it with the stone ostraca found at Deir el-Medineh (Egypt). Another so-called Hebrew ostracon on stone, found on the surface at Lachish, was published by B. Rocco (1966; Rinaldi 1967; see Lemaire 1977]); however, the existence of an ink inscription on this small stone is doubtful (Lemaire 1977: 89; Renz 1995: 437 n. 3). Here, on this stone ostracon, there is clearly an Aramaic inscription [LW].

The name Ḥabibu (“Beloved”) occurs once more as a worker from the house of Yehokal (D6.2) and was a very popular Nabatean name (Negev No. 408). Palmyrene had ‫ חביבא‬and ‫( חביבי‬Stark 1971: 87). In Egypt, there is ‫ חבב‬in the 6th/5th century and ‫ חבוב‬in the 3rd century. On Zabdiel, see A50.4, the only other chit where he appears as agent, and A32. The number of seahs at the end of line 1 is uncertain, and it is unclear to what the five numerals at the beginning of line 2 refer. Are they an addition to the number at the end of line 1, or do they imply five qabs, with the qof missing? ¶ A dividing line separates line 2 from line 3, and the latter is barely legible but apparently includes a second product, this time more than 22 seahs of wheat.

354

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫חב ִש ִבִו‬ ִ ‫מריש חד‬ 23 ‫ב‬ ‫לאדִר‬ ִ

Ḥabšabu: joist, one. 3 On the 23rd 4of Adar.

.1 .2 .3 .4

A186.1 Ḥabšabu Chit

A186.1-ISAP2506 (JA224) 23 Adar Payment of 1 joist Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58 × 61 × 7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), interior light red (10R6/8), ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Occurring only here, the name of the payer (‫ )חבשבו‬is strange: it bears a certain resemblance to Palestinian Aramaic ‫“( חבשובה‬Sunday” [DJPA 186]). For the vocable “one” instead of the numeral “1” with “joist,” see A1.11. The resh of Adar in line 3 is barely visible, and the month may be Ab instead. Strangely, though there was sufficient room to write the full date on line 3, the scribe dropped the month down to a line 4. All but one of the 11 dated joist documents have the date at the bottom.

A187.1–2 Ḥazael Dossier (359, 316) (Transferred to A133a.1–2)

355

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[ ]ִ‫ חזי ִמן‬.1 [?]3 ‫ מרישן‬.2

Ḥazi from [. . .]: joists, 3 [?]. 1

A188.1 Ḥazi Chit (Table 3.16) A188.1-ISAP1985 (LW19 [W3′]) Undated Payment of 3 joists Small dark brown sherd (43 × 39 × 7). The inscription approximately follows the potter’s wheel traces [LW].

This is one of six chits for joists that is undated (A3.29, 3.33, 4.35, 6.7, 76.4, 188.1; see above, A186.1, for the dated chits). Only one other chit has the measure in numerals and not in words (A3.33). For another chit for joists with the preposition “from” (‫ )מן‬indicating a clan affiliation, see A4.35. ¶ Ḥazi (‫ )חזי‬is doubtless a hypocoristicon of the above Ḥazael (‫)חז]ה[אל‬, “El saw” (A187.1). The name may appear once more in a jar inscription as an alternate reading for Ḥezir (F3.11).

356

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 26th of Tammuz, Ḥezir 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 10[+?], 3 by the hand of [. . .]. 1

[?]‫ ִל ִת ִמִו ִז ִח ִזיִִר‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]10 ‫ חס‬.2 [?]. . ‫ עליד‬.3

A189.1 Ḥezir Chit

A189.1-ISAP2406 (JA114) 26 Tammuz Payment of 10 (+?) seahs of wheat (On jar handle) Body sherd of Persian-period basket handle jar, medium-sized (85 × 41 × 21–23), parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior very pale brown (10YR8/3), ware light reddish brown (5YR6/3), fine ware, very few visible inclusions. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, very smooth surface, written lines along the vertical handle. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

It is not certain whether the letter waw exists at the end of the letters ‫ חזיר‬in line 1. For the names, see A2.11. We encounter Ḥezir only thrice more in the ostraca, but one of these affiliates him to the clan of Qoṣi (D4.8 [house of Qoṣi], H4.1, F3.11). In lines 2 and 3, only the first word or so is visible, which unfortunately cuts off the name of the agent.

357

A181–190 (7 Texts) cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

Ḥayru and his companion: logs, 4.

Payers

‫ ִחיִִרִו ִו ִח ִבִר ִה‬.1 4 ‫ גזירן‬.2

A190.1 Ḥayru Chit

A190.1-ISAP1662 (LW13 [OG?28]) (Table 1.25) Undated Payment of 4 logs Gray sherd from the wall of a jar (120 × 45 × 7–8). The ostracon seems to be complete. The inscription is written at about +20° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces [LW].

The script is very cursive and the letters formed much like stick figures. A similar script is found in two other chits for logs (all three by Scribe FF), except that there the word is written defectiva, without a yod (‫[ גזרן‬A2.25, 41; Table 1.3, 26]). If the reading ‫ חירו‬is correct, it would be the only occurrence in the Idumean corpus, but the name may be found in Nabatean (Negev No. 437) and would be hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫( קוסחיר‬Qosḥair, “Qos is good” [A68]). The second word appears to read ‫“( וחברה‬and his companion”) and occurs only here in our corpus, but it is found in later Aramaic; see TAD C3.29:11; TDT A, 76 (12:2), 96 (7:12), 137 (15:2); DNWSI 346–47. ¶ In most of the chits, the number of logs is one or two (see A2.25, 28), and none has two payers.

A191–200 (6 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A191.1x Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain September 14, 346(+?) A192.1x Payment of 6 seahs of barley Undated A193.1 Payment of 14 seahs of wheat August 16, 354 A194.1 Payment of four jars September 7, 355 A195.1 Payment of 5 seahs 1.5 qabs of wheat January 14, 344 A196.1x Payment of unknown product Undated A197.1 Payment of 12 seahs of wheat 22 Tammuz A198.1 Two payments: 1 kor, 1 seah, 5 qabs of unknown product September 21, 360 and 4 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat A199.1 Payment of 30 Undated A200.1x Payment of of 15 grgrn Undated

A191.1 Ḥal(l)uf Chit

A191.1-ISAP1412 (AL80 [M119]) September 14, 346(+?) Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain (See A1.29 [ss Baalrim])

The name Ḥal(l)uf occurs only once more in the ostraca, as patronym to the payee Gadyu (A145.1). However, see A193.1 below for Ḥal(a)fuf and A136 for Ḥal(a)fu.

A192.1 Ḥulayfu Chit

A192.1-ISAP1258 (AL212 = JA81) Undated Payment of 6 seahs of barley (See A6.5 [ss Ḥori])

The name Ḥulayfu occurs only here. However, see A191.1 above, A193.1 below, and A136 for similar names.

358

359

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Ab, year 5[+?], Ḥal(a)fuf: w(heat), s(eahs), 14.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[?]5 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאב שנ‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 14 ‫חלפוף ִח ִס‬ ִ .2

A193.1 Ḥal(a)fuf Chit

A193.1-ISAP1014 (L14 [IM91.16.131]) August 16, 354 Payment of 14 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (74 × 99 × 9), exterior brown, interior gray. Ostracon apparently complete, at least two written lines almost completely erased. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 10o to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

The name Ḥal(a)fuf is very strange. It must be somehow related to Ḥal(l)uf (A191.1 above and A1.29) or to Ḥal(a)fu (A136). A patronym with the latter name occurs in a chit dated 27 Elul, year 5 (September 19, 354 [A145.1]), a month after our chit.

360

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing sign

[PN to Ḥala]fta 2 [jars], four 3 [On the 3?+]2 (=5th?) of Elul, 4[year 4] Abdmilk. 5 (bet) 1

‫]  חל]פתא‬ ִ ‫רב ִע‬ ִ ‫]א‬ ִ ‫] חביה‬ ‫לאלול‬ ִ 2 [   ] ‫]  [עבדמלך‬ ‫] [ב‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A194.1 Ḥalafta Chit

A194.1-ISAP1549 (AL129 [M264]) September 7, 355 Payment of four jars Body sherd of jar (58 × 54 × 10), exterior dark gray/brown, interior blackish gray. Only ends of lines survive. Written lines at 45o to wheel marks [AL].

This is one of seven chits for jars with Abdmilk as signatory and the letter bet as sealing sign. Two were drawn up on 29 Ab (A7.47, 8.21) and at least two on 5 Elul (A2.4, 3.10), all in year 4 (355). The day date is missing in one Elul text but may have been 5 Elul as well (A300.1.18a). The two legible strokes in our text could be strokes number 4 and 5. All have a payee, and in ours Ḥalafta appears to be in that position, with the payer missing. In each one, the commodity amount is written out as a word and not with strokes. The jars number four (here and A3.10), five (A7.47), and eleven (A2.4). The name Ḥalafta may be compared to the shorter form Ḥal(a)fat (see A3.35 and A7). For Abdmilk, see his dossier in A145. For more on jars, see A1.13.

361

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 7th of Tebeth, year 14, Ḥanina: to the storehouse of Makkedah: w(heat), s(eahs), 5; 3q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 1 2

14 ‫ לטבת שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 5 ‫ חנינִא למסכנת מנקדה ִח ִס‬.2 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬.3

A195.1 Ḥanina Chit

A195.1-ISAP1032 (L32 [IM91.16.87]) January 14, 344 Payment of 5 seahs 1.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (76 × 60 × 6). Whitish gray patina on exterior and interior, ostracon apparently complete. Partially erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

This is one of the last of seventeen chits spanning almost twenty years (362–343) that record the dispatch of wheat and barley to the storehouse of Makkedah (see Table 1.2.44a in TAO vol. 1). ¶ The name ‫ חנינא‬occurs five more times, in workers texts in which he belongs to the clan of Gur (D3.4, 13), accounts in which one is for wheat as here (C1.3, 4.1), and a list (E3.4). It is a putative hypocoristicon of a theo­ phorous passive participle name, meaning “Favored by DN,” comparable to ‫זבידאל‬, Zebidel (“Granted by El” [A180.1]), and was popular in Palmyrene and Jewish names in Talmudic times (Stark 1971: 89; Ilan 2002: 103–8 passim; Jastrow 483).

362

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text)

A196.1 Ḥaṭ(i)ru/Ḥuṭayru Chit A196.1-ISAP1665 [OG?31] (Palimpsest) Undated Payment of unknown product (See A6.20 [h PN])

The name Ḥaṭ(i)ru/Ḥuṭayru spelled without the medial yod occurs only once more, as payee from the clan of Uzayzu in 352 b.c.e. (A6.21). In addition, once we have the name written with the yod in a land description that records the “vale of Ḥaṭiru/Ḥuṭayru” (H9.1), and once more we encounter a payment “from the wine of Ḥaṭira” with both medial yod and final alef instead of waw (A47.1). cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Tammuz [. . .] Ṭabran/Ṭibran: 3 the grain [. . .], w(heat), s(eahs), 12 [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ]‫ לתמוז‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫עבורא‬ ִ ִ‫ ִט ִבִרן‬.2 [ ]12 ‫ חס‬.3

A197.1 Ṭabran/Ṭibran Chit

A197.1-ISAP1450 (AL96 [M162]) 22 Tammuz Payment of 12 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (47 × 49 × 7), exterior brown, interior gray. Whitish deposit on exterior. Ostracon incomplete, ends of written lines missing. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks. [AL]

This chit is most puzzling. The first word in line 2, presumably the payer, is unintelligible. The second word may be ‫עבורא‬, “the grain,” but such a word, following the name of the payer, is always preceded by the preposition ‫מן‬, “from” (see, e.g., A8.38, 79.3) and is usually in construct form, without the definite article (see A29.1, 41.4 for the only two exceptions). Needless to say, the name does not appear again.

363

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text) cm

CONVEX Date

On the 23rd of Elul, 2year 45, 3 [PN] [. . .] k(or), 1; s(eah), 1; q(abs), 5. 4 Yirmiyahu, Zabdi, ny/··p: 5 w(heat), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf). 1

Payer I Product I Payers II? Product II

‫ לאלול‬23 ‫ב‬ 45 ‫שנת‬ 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫כ‬. . . . . . ‫ף‬. .‫ע‬/‫ני‬ ִ ‫ירמיהו זִבדי‬ ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬4 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A198.1 Yirmiyahu Chit A198.1-ISAP2427 [JA138]

September 21, 360 Two payments: 1 kor, 1 seah, 5 qabs of unknown product and 4 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Persian-period, medium-sized (80 × 97 × 9–16), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish gray (5YR5/2), interior gray (7.5YR6/0), ware gray (7.5YR5/0), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Unusually written, day and month appear on line 1 and year on line 2, alone. The beginning of line 3 must have contained the name of the first payer and product. The two persons in line 4 were probably additional payers, but the word at the end of the line is unintelligible. When a chit has two payments by different payers, it is usually for the same product (e.g., A49.1) but not always (e.g., A169.1). This would support a restoration of wheat in line 3, which is also supported by the amount in the measure (1 kor, 1 seah,

364

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text)

5 qabs). Multiple payers for the same payment, such as we have in line 4, are also rare but not unheard of (cf. A176.1), and at least three other chits also have three payers in the same line (A4.36, 68.1, 158.1). ¶ In contrast to the almost 25 chits for year 46, there are just six for year 45, all except for the present one for resh (A4.7, 7.3–4, 8.15a, here, 220.1). ¶ Hebrew names are particularly rare in the Idumean corpus. Borne by the biblical prophet Jeremiah, the name ‫ ירמיהו‬appears perhaps once more in a fragmentary list of names (E3.20). Here and in one other Hebrew name in our corpus, perhaps in a fragmentary chit (‫עבדיהו‬ [A300.4.27]), the divine element at the end of the name is spelled with a waw, absent from all the Yhwhistic names at Elephantine and in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. ¶ Zabdi also has his own dossier (A15). cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product

Yaadarel from Makkedah: 30.

[?]30 ‫ יעדראל מן מנקדה‬.1

1

A199.1 Yaadarel Chit

A199.1-ISAP2418 (JA128) Undated Payment of 30 (Bottom of jar, upside down) Concave base of Persian-period bowl, medium-sized (61 × 97 × 8–14), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 40% of the interior and on one old break. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin (possibly broken).

A191–200 (6 Texts)(x = no text)

365

The text consists of a single line, and the number 30 appears at the very end, just before the break. Numbers of commodities always follow the product, so our number 30 remains elliptical. The product that lends itself most readily to be numbered by 30 is grgrn (see A1.28, 5.14). ¶ For Makkedah as the source of the unnamed product and not the origin of Yaadarel, see A3.2 and Tables 2.3.88 in TAO vol. 1. Yaadarel (‫ )יעדראל‬is an Aramaic name of petition, “May El help,” occurring only here. It may be compared to Adarel/ Idriel (A114), Adarbaal (A113), Adar/Idriqos (A31.7), Qosadar/ider (A17), Baaladar/ider (A174), Eladar/ ider (C8.6), Adarmaran (E3.18), and hypocoristic Adri/Idri (A14.2–4), Ad(a)ran (A16.15), and Ad(a)rani (C1.1, 2.1).

A200.1 Yaddu Chit

A200.1-ISAP1870 (EN76 = JA360) Undated Payment of 15 grgrn (See A4.33 [h Al{i}baal])

The name Yaddu occurs only here but is the constant signatory in the Arad payment orders (B2.1–35; for discussion, see A4.33); see also A137 for the related name Yedia.

A201–210 (8 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A201.1 Payment of 1 bundle of chaff A202.1 Payment of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of oil A202a.1x  Receipt of 13 shekels A203.1 Payment of 2 kors of barley A204.1 Payment of 3 seahs of resh A205.1 Payment of 19 seahs of wheat A206.1 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley A206a.1 Payment of 9 seahs, 3 qabs of barley flour A207.1 Payment of 6 seahs, 2.75(+?) qabs of resh A208.1x Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of resh A209.1 Payment of 1 log A210.1x Payment of 3 loads

Undated Undated Undated Undated February 21, 361 July 20, 341 20 (no month) April 15, 344 May 5, 362 or February 24, 361 October 28, 362 Undated Undated

366

367

A201–210 cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

‫ יקנאל‬.1 1 ‫ תבן משתל‬.2

Yaqneel: chaff, bundle, 1.

Payer

A201.1 Yaqneel Chit

A201.1-ISAP2600 (JA336) Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (52 × 70 × 5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

There are more than half a dozen undated chits by Scribe M that follow the format here: personal name, chaff, bundle, measure (A14.18, 17.15, 19.13, 131.1, here, 290.4.6; cf. A183.1; Table 6.30, 33–40 in TAO vol. 2). ¶ Occurring only here, the name ‫ יקנאל‬is an Idumean name of petition, “May El create.” It may have a parallel in the biblical place name Jokneam (‫[ יקנעם‬Josh 12:22, etc.]) and is related to another Idumean name, Qanael (A71).

A202.1 Yaatiabu Chit

A202.1-ISAP2613 (JA351) Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of oil (See A5.6 [s Yehokal])

The name Yaatiabu, spelled ‫יאתאבו‬, occurs only here, but variant spellings occur ten more times (see A105 for explanation).

368

A201–210

A202a.1 Yuthayu chit

A202a.1-ISAP776 [YR103] Undated Receipt of 13 shekels (See A50.6) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Kolḥozeh to Ḥaggai: b(arley), k(ors), 2. 1

2 ‫ כלחזה לחגי שכ‬.1

A203.1 Kolḥozeh Chit

A203.1-ISAP1729 [IA12401 {Zd6}] Undated Payment of 2 kors of barley Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (49 × 67 × 11–14), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR8/3), many dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is a nicely written chit in a single line. ¶ The name Kolḥozeh (‫ )כלחזה‬appears twice in the book of Nehemiah—Šallun son of Kolḥozeh (3:15) and PN b. PN b. Kolḥozeh son of Ḥazayah b. PN, etc. the Šilohite (11:5). The name has been variously interpreted as a professional title, “All-seeing” (ABD 1:1089) and as a theophorous participial name, “All sees” (Zadok 1988: 44). It is telling that the father, whose name ‫ חזיה‬meant “Yh saw,” gave his son a name with the same verb. We encounter Kolḥozeh once more in the ostraca, in a list of 12 names belonging to the clan of Beyadel (E1.6). Immediately prior to his name in that list, we find Ḥaggai. Assuming that the father would precede the son, if indeed that were their affiliation, our chit reports the payment by the son to the father. ¶ This is the only undated barley chit with a payee. For Ḥaggai, see A49.

369

A201–210 cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

‫לבאת לעיראח‬ ִ .1 6 ‫ ב‬3 ‫ ראש ס‬.2 # ‫ לאדר‬.3

Lubaat/Labiat to Ghayraḥ: 2 resh, s(eahs), 3. On the 6th 3of Adar. (archaic alef) 1

A204.1 Lubaat/Labiat Chit (361) A204.1-ISAP1289 (AL145 = JA500) February 21, 361 Payment of 3 seahs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (89 × 50 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior brown (7.5YR5/2), ware light red (10R6/8), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, 4 fresh exterior breaks, patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the date and format, see A4.1, and for the product, see A1.4 and Table 2.21 in TAO vol. 2. The name Lubaat/Lubiat (‫ )לבאת‬appears only here and is reminiscent of Lubayu (see A4.4 and A106), related to “lion.” Like ‫ חלפת‬is to ‫( חלפאלהי‬Negev Nos. 451, 454), so is our ‫ לבאת‬to ‫“( לביאל‬El is a lion” [A205.1 below]). For the name Ghayraḥ, see A1.1, where he is the son of Baalrim.

370

A201–210 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 20th of Tammuz, year 218, 3 Labiel 2brought in (to) the storehouse of Makkedah 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 19. 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫ִעל‬ ִ ‫ ִהנ‬18 ‫לביאל מסכנה למנקדה‬ 19 ‫חס‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A205.1 Labiel Chit (341)

A205.1-ISAP1578 (AL85 [M294]) July 20, 341 Payment of 19 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (72 × 82 × 5–7), exterior and interior yellowish. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This is one of five chits for wheat written by the same scribe within a six-week period (June 5 to July 20, 341 [A11.8, 35.3, 124.2, here, 290.1.11]). Each chit has the verb of conveyance ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”; see A1.3) and the unusual combination ‫( מסכנה למנקדה‬see Table 1.4, Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 141 and Table 1.4.50 in TAO vol. 1). The final he of ‫ למנקדה‬is written supralinearly at the left edge of the ostracon. ¶ The amounts in the other chits are small, between 1.5 qabs and 4 seahs, but here we have five times that. ¶ For the name Labiel, which appears only here in our corpus, see above (A204.1).

371

A201–210 cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Nabubarek: b(arley), s(eahs), 27; q(ab), 1. 2 On the 20th to Palaqos. 1

1‫ק‬

27 ‫ נבוברך שס‬.1 ‫ לפלקוס‬20 ‫ ב‬.2

A206.1 Nabubarek Chit A206.1-ISAP 1637 [OG?3]

20 (no month) Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley

There are five chits for barley, drawn up by five different persons, which conclude with the statement ‫ לפלקוס‬20‫“ ב‬on the 20th to Palaqos”; that is, on the 20th of the month the said amount of barley is to be given to Palaqos (A6.18, 7.39, 9.26, 32.7, here). See A1.5 for explanation of Palaqos and further in A151.1. A sixth chit implies that on the 20th of every month a certain amount of barley was to be paid to Amiyu (A280.9). See also A6.12 for another payment dated “on the 20th.” The measure /‫“( ק‬1 q[ab]”) is written supralinearly at the end of line 1. ¶ The name Nabubarek means “Nabu blessed” (see also TAD D11.12:1) and occurs only here in our corpus. It may be compared to half a dozen other names (see A171.1). There are three other Nabu names in our corpus—‫“( נבויצדק‬May Nabu act justly” [E3.21]), ‫( נבוזבד‬H1.1), and ‫( נבוא‬A22.5). The deity occurred frequently in Aramaic and Akkadian names in Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 377–79).

372

A201–210 cm

A201–210

373

CONVEX On the 9th of Nisan, year 15, Naṣ(i)ru: flour, barley, s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

15 ‫ לניסן שנת‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ִק‬9 ‫ נצרו קמח שערן ס‬.2

A206a.1 Naṣ(i)ru Chit (344) A206a.1-ISAP170 (LD)

April 15, 344 Payment of 9 seahs, 3 qabs of barley flour

This is the last of seven chits for barley flour written by at least two scribes in just over five months between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and probably 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345–April 15, 344)— A21.5–6, 22.2, 23.4, 27.6 (Scribe K); 145.1, here (Scribe L); see Table 5 in TAO vol. 2. Only Maš(i)ku appears twice, just over a week apart (A21.5–6). The amounts in three chits are between 9 and 6 seahs; in four chits, between 21 and 24 seahs; and in one it is 1 kor, 25 seahs, 4 qabs (A145.1). In all of these chits, the words “barley flour” are written plena (‫)קמח שערן‬. In an eighth chit, dated 15 Tebeth, year 14 (January 22, 344), however, it is partly abbreviated (‫[ קמח ש‬A180.1]). ¶ The name occurs once more as payee in a fragmentary chit (A300.4.8) and also in Nabatean (Negev No. 746) and is a hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫“( קוסנצר‬Qos guarded” [A5.3, J12.14]).

374

A201–210 cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Neqamyah to Ḥaggai: 2 resh, s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 2(+?);3q(uarters), 3. On the 9th 4of I[yya]r/A[da]r, y[ear 20]+ 23 (= 43). 1

‫נקמיה לחגי‬ [?]2 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ראש ס‬ 9‫ ב‬3 ‫ר‬ 23]+20 ‫ד]ר ש[נת‬/‫לא[י‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A207.1 Neqamyah Chit (362/361) A207.1-ISAP1752 [IA12428 {Zd29}] May 5, 362 or February 24, 361 Payment of 6 seahs, 2.75(+?) qabs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 50 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is one of twenty-five chits for resh in the thirteen months between April 27, 362, and May 12, 361, all characterized by the date being written at the bottom (Table 2.2–25 [especially Table 2.3]) in TAO vol. 2). The product is explained in A1.4. The middle letter in the month name is unclear, and so the month might be either ‫( איר‬Iyyar) or ‫( אדר‬Adar). If Iyyar, it would come between chits written on 1 and 30 Iyyar, and if Adar, it would follow two chits written on 6 Adar. All four of those chits have an archaic alef, but ours does not. ¶ The root ‫“( נקם‬avenge”) occurs also in three names in our corpus—the hypocoristicon ‫( נקמו‬C3.1) and two popular theophorous names, one of thanksgiving, ‫( קוסנקם‬Qosnaqam [see A2.14 and A27]), and the other of petition, ‫( קוסינקם‬Qosyinqom [“May Qos avenge” {see A1.16 and A20}]). The latter name is also found in Arad (Naveh 1981: No. 20 [1B1.5 {ISAP2120}]) and Beersheba (Naveh 1979: No. 33 [2E1.2 {ISAP2233}]). In addition, one land description text references the “tomb of Yinqom” (H1.1). The root appears in the Ugaritic, Amorite, Phoenician, and Old South Arabic onomastica (Renz 1995: 201) and in an apparent Hebrew hypocoristic name on an Ophel jar handle—[‫( נקם גדל]יהו‬Naqam {son of} Gedal[yahu]) (Renz 1995: 271–72; see also pp. 221–22). The Hebrew name as it appears in our ostracon does not occur in the Bible and has not turned up in epigraphic sources. For Ḥaggai, see A49.

375

A201–210

A208.1 Nattun Chit (362) A208.1-ISAP2487 (JA203)

October 28, 362 Payment of, 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of resh (See A68.1 [f Qosḥair])

The name Nattun appears once in an account (C9.2) and twice as a patronym (here and D9.3). His son Qoskhair here makes a payment of resh while his other son Naamel paid 2 shekels for 15 workers (D9.3). It was very popular at Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 382). cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Natanqos brought to [PN] 2 log, 1.

[ 

1

]‫ִתִי ִל‬ ִ ‫ִקִו ִס ִהי‬ ִ ‫ִתנ‬ ִ ‫ נ‬.1 1 ‫ ג ִזיִִר‬.2

A209.1 Natanqos Chit

A209.1-ISAP1375 (AL226 [M78]) (Table 1.19) Undated Payment of 1 log Fragment of bowl (?) (70 × 42 × 10), quite irregular brown burnishing on red brown surface. Written lines at 5° to wheel marks [AL].

While there are more than half a dozen undated chits for logs that have a payee (A34.6, 112.2, 130.1, 141.2, here, 253.1, 290.4.8), this is the only one that has a verb of conveyance (‫[ היתי‬see A1.2]). ¶ The name Natanqos (‫“[ נתנקוס‬Qos gave”]) is Idumean, reverses the elements in the much more common name Qosnatan (A69), and is paralleled by the name Natanbaal (A111). ¶ The name of the payee is cut off at the left edge.

376

A201–210

A210.1 Sakruel and Taymil Chit A210.1-ISAP1280 (AL245 = JA103) Undated Payment of 3 loads (See A4.36 and A134.2 [ss Al{i}baal with Ḥiel])

The name Sakruel does not make another appearance in our corpus, but Taymil shows up once more, filiated to the clan of Qoṣi and supplied as a worker (D4.1a). For more chits with three payers in the same transaction, see A4.36, 158.1, and 198.1.

A211–220 (8 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A211.1x Payment of 1 qab of oil A211a.1 Payment of 7 seahs of barley A212.1 Payment of 1 log A213.1 Payment of 26.5 seahs of barley A214.1 Payment of a load A215.1 Payment of 6 doors A216.1x Payment of 8 stone weights A217.1 Payment of 1 log A218.1 Payment of unknown product A219.1x Payment of 1 seah of semolina and 1 seah of flour A220.1 Payment of 1 seah, 5 qabs of resh

377

352/351 Undated Undated July 3, 322 Undated 4 Adar II March 25, 337 Undated 15 Elul May 14, 359 April 8, 359

378

A211–220

A211.1 Salaath Chit (352/351) A211.1-ISAP114 [IA11886] 352/351 Payment of 1 qab of oil (See A2.13 [s Anwa ss Guru])

The name Salaath spelled ‫ סלאת‬occurs only here, but we find the name spelled ‫ סלואת‬once, as well, in a double agent chit (A53.5). cm

CONVEX Sani to Udayd/ru: b(arley), seahs, seven. 3 Qosyatha wrote. Illegible writing on the concave

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product Signatory

‫ני לעדירו‬/‫ ספ‬.1 ‫ שסאן שבע‬.2 ‫ קוסיתע כתב‬.3

A211a.1 Sani Chit

A211a.1-ISAP577 [GD] Undated Payment of 7 seahs of barley

The name ‫ סני‬does not appear elsewhere in our corpus. It may be related to the name Sanya (‫)סניא‬, an epithet explained as “the hater” in a memorial inscription from Hatra (Beyer 1998: 57, No. 136). A similar epithet may be found in the late feminine Hebrew name ‫“( הסנ)ו(אה‬the hated one” [Neh 11:9; 1 Chr 9:7]; cf. Deut 21:15 [‫“{ ׂשנואה‬the hated wife”}]). ¶ Qosyatha signed off on three chits addressed to Udaydu/ru

379

A211–220

as payee by three different payers (here, A19.5, 59.3). Each of the other two was for five (‫ )חמש‬seahs and 1 qab of wheat; this one is for seven (‫ )שבע‬seahs of barley. In all three cases the numerals are written out as words and not ciphers, and the commodity and measure are partly plena—‫ חסאן‬and ‫שסאן‬. ¶ This and one of the other chits (A19.5) end with the word ‫כתב‬, that is, “Qosyatha wrote.” Three more chits by Qosyatha conclude with ‫( כתב‬A4.32, 8.27, 19.5), while two by him omit the verb (A7.27, 59.3). Altogether, seven chits were signed off by Qosyatha, with three explicitly stating “(he) wrote” (see A7.28 for the seventh). There are only two other chits in the whole corpus that have such a notarial statement—“Zabdadah wrote” (A9.31) and “Netina wrote” (A17.8). While the scribes of the Elephantine contracts always signed their names, in V-S order (Muraoka-Porten 2003: 296), the scribes of our chits remained anonymous. For the dossiers of Qosyatha and Udayd/ru, see A55 and A38, respectively. cm

CONVEX Payer ??? Agent Product

Saadaniqos ◦[. . .] 2 by the hand of Elʿ[. . .]: 3 log, 1.

[

1

]. ‫סעדניקו ִס‬ ִ .1 [?]. .‫ִד אלע‬ ִ ‫ עלי‬.2 1 ‫ ִג ִזיִִר‬.3

A212.1 Saadaniqos Chit

A212.1-ISAP1461 (AL193 [M173]) (Table 1.21) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar, small (44 × 38 × 8) exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

Meaning “Qos supported me,” this name is written both with initial samek as here and s(h)in (C5.1, 5). It is not clear what word followed his name at the end of line 1. The letter traces do not support a lamed, introducing a clan name or a payer. This is the only undated chit for logs with an agent, whose name remains obscure. Only three names in the corpus begin with alef lamed ayin: Eladar (C8.6), Ilghayr (D9.2, E3.4, 9, D9.2), and Elali (A63.3, 65.4), and only Elali appears in chits, once even as agent (A63.3). For logs, see A2.25.

380

A211–220 cm

CONVEX Date

On the 3rd of Tammuz, year 1[+1] (= 2) (of) Phil[i]p the king Abdur: 3 b(arley), s(eahs) 26, (and a) half. 1 2

Payer Product

[1+[1 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬3 ‫ ִב‬.1 ‫פלס מלכא עבדאור‬ ִ .2 ‫ פנג‬26 ‫ שס‬.3

A213.1 Abdur Chit (322)

A213.1-ISAP1003 (L3 [IM91.16.27]) July 3, 322 Payment of 26.5 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (67 × 53 × 8.5), exterior light brown, interior pinkish brown. Ostracon possibly complete, some thin whitish patina on exterior. Writing at 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

The year strokes at the end of line 1 are faded, but it seems that there were originally two. There are three different spellings for Philip—a normative ‫( פלפס‬A5.18, 150.1 [year 3], 245.1 [year 5], 47.3 [year 7]), an aberrant ‫( פלפלס‬A20.9), and our contracted ‫( פלס‬see Table 5.4 in TAO vol. 1). ¶ Abdur (‫ )עבדאור‬is a construct name, “Servant of Light.” While predicate in the nominal sentence names Uriyah (2 Sam 11:3, etc.), Uriel (1 Chr 6:9, etc.), and Yehour (TAD B2.11:16, etc.), “El/Yhw is light,” the noun “light” (‫ )אור‬becomes a divine epithet in the verbal sentence name Qerabur (‫[ קרבאור‬Aḥituv 2008: 28, 127, 140; WSS, p. 530]), as well as in our name. Although Abdur does not appear again in the ostraca, the element “light” is used once more in the name Ḥiggerur (E1.2). It seems the scribe had trouble spelling—aside from dropping the lamed in Philip, he spelled “half” (‫ )פלג‬with a nun instead of lamed!

381

A211–220 cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

‫ ִעבדאל‬.1 ‫ מובל‬.2

Abdel: load.

Payer

A214.1 Abdel Chit

A214.1-ISAP711 [YR6] Undated Payment of a load Body sherd of closed vessel, probably of Persian-period, medium-sized (50 × 55 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), few white grits. Dark-brown residue on ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Of the nearly thirty chits for loads, this is the only one with only two words—payer and product, no date, measure or payee. ¶ The name of the payer is a construct name, “Servant of El,” and is recorded thrice more—as payee for resh in year 362 (A7.53) and in two lists of names (E3.2, 16). Some twenty such compound names (Abd + DN) occur in our corpus (Porten 2005: 122*). For loads, see A4.36 and Table 8 in TAO vol. 2.

382

A211–220 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Depository

‫ִס‬ ִ ‫ לאדר אחרי עבדי‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לעזִה‬6 ‫לרִו ִמה דשן‬ ִ .2

On the 4th of Adar II, Abdes(e) 2 to D/Ruma: doors, 6 for Uzzah/Gaza(?). 1

A215.1 Abdes(e) Chit

A215.1-ISAP2457 (JA171) 4 Adar II Payment of 6 doors Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (42 × 64 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), many tiny white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

In the 24 years from 43 Artaxerxes II to 21 Artaxerxes III, there were nine II Adars, and three were from 2 Philip III to 5 Alexander IV (Parker-Dubberstein 1956: 35–36). ¶ Abdes(e) (‫עבדיס‬, also spelled ‫[ עבדאסי‬A14.3], “Servant of Isis”) is one of two construct names compounded with an Egyptian deity, the other being Abdosiri (see A5.18 for full discussion). D/Rumah, with readings disputed (cf. also E2.3), occur both as personal and place names (Gen 25:14 [son of Ishmael]; Josh 15:52 [place in Judah]; Isa 21:11 [related to Edom]); see ABD 2:239–40. ¶ Doors were a noteworthy feature of a structure, whether of a city wall, fortified with doors of bronze (Isa 45:2; Neh 7:1) or especially of a sanctuary (2 Kgs 18:16 and TAD A4.7:10–11), where we might find doors of olive or cypress wood (1 Kgs 6:31, 34). In our texts, however, though wood, beams, and especially logs occur frequently, only once do we find a specification, “olive wood” (‫)אק זיתא‬, and that in broken context (A300.2.32). Clearly, well-known standard items were intended. Only here in our corpus do we find doors (‫ )דשן‬in the plural, but we do have a payment for a single door once (A3.28). ¶ The last name on the chit is most perplexing and occurs but once more in the ostraca (H1.1 [“temple of Uzzah/Gaza”]). Both a personal name (2 Sam 6:6–8) and a place name, it has biblical parallels. It was from the gate of Gaza that Samson ripped off its doors and carried them as far as the hill overlooking Hebron (Jdg 16:1–3).

383

A211–220

A216.1 Adiel Chit (337) A216.1-ISAP1704 (JA508) March 25, 337 Payment of 8 stone weights (See A28.7 [f Zaydu/Ziyadu])

This is the only time we encounter the name Adiel in the corpus. cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫ע]דִרןִ גזיר‬ ִ ] .1

[A]d(a)ran: log, 1. 1

A217.1 Ad(a)ran Chit

A217.1-ISAP1141 (L141 [IM91.16.157]) (Table 1.29) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar (67 × 50 × 10), exterior and interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin [LT].

This is the only time the name Ad(a)ran (‫ )עדרן‬appears as payer, but it does appear as payee (A16.15) and as recipient in an account for barley (C2.4). The name appears to be an abbreviation of ‫“( עדרני‬He helped me” [C1.1, 2.1; Porten-Yardeni 2008b: 738, line 3]), which seems to be a hypocoristicon of a full name, “DN helped me.” While no such full name has emerged, we have a comparable verbal name with suffix in Qosdalani (‫)קוסדלני‬, “Qos has drawn me up (i.e., delivered me)” (D4.3, 4.12–13). For more names compounded with the element ‫עדר‬, see A199.1. ¶ For logs, see A2.25. Some ten other undated chits for logs lack a payee (Table 1.25–34); two of these were written by Scribe FF (A2.41, 190.1 [Table 1.25–26]), four by Scribe HH (A16.12, 19.10, 28.8 and this one [Table 1. 27, 29–30, 32]), and four by unknown scribes (A2.47, 18.10, 115.1, 237.1 [Table 1.28, 31, 33–34]).

384

A211–220 cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Elul [?], Ghauthu [and Q]oslaytha: 3 [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product?

[

[ ]. ‫ לאלול‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 ]. ‫ִת ִע‬ ִ ‫ק]וסלי‬ ִ [ ‫עותו‬ ִ .2 [?]. . . . . . . .[ ] .3

A218.1 Ghauthu Chit

A218.1-ISAP1481 (AL125 [M193]) 15 Elul Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (39 × 33 × 6–7), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 80o to wheel marks [AL].

Ghauthu (‫ )עותו‬appears in a Beersheba ostracon (Naveh 1979: No. 42 [2E2.5 {ISAP2242}]) and in Nabatean (Negev No. 862; Maraqten 1988: 196–97) and is hypocoristicon of a name such as Qosghauth (‫)קוסעות‬, “Qos helped” (A8.26 and A153). Note the late-biblical name ‫( עותי‬Ezra 8:14), which also occurs four times in our corpus (A3.5, 6.21, C4.2, 9.6) and Edomite ‫( יעוש‬Gen 36:18). ¶ For the name Qoslaytha, see A9.12 and A45. ¶ The ostracon is cut off at the left edge. It is uncertain whether there is a year date at the end of line 1; line 2 seems to be intact; line 3, supposedly containing the product, is illegible. For other examples of multiple payers appearing in a single transaction, see A198.1.

A219.1 Azgad Chit (359) A219.1-ISAP2638 (JA382)

May 14, 359 Payment of 1 seah of semolina and 1 seah of flour (See A56.1 [f Ab{i}šalam])

We find the name Azgad only once in the chits, but it appears in four other texts, as owner of a house (H5.12) and of 10 dunam of land (H3.1), in an account (C4.3), and in a name list (E1.10). A number of other names were compounded with the element ‫( גד‬see A177.1), with the meaning “fortune.” Here it is not the predicate but rather a divine epithet, and ‫ עז‬becomes predicate, parallel to the name Azbaal (A115), meaning “Baal/Gad is strong.”

385

A211–220 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

On the 16th of Ada[r] II, yea[r] 245, Aliel to Ḥazael: 3 resh, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 5. 4 (archaic alef) 1

[‫]א ִחִרִי שנִ[ת‬ ִ ‫לא ִד[ר‬ ִ 16 ‫ב‬ ‫ עליאל לחזאל‬45 5 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ִר ִא ִש ִס‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A220.1 Aliel Chit (359)

A220.1-ISAP37 (JA420 {Zd68 > EYH2}) April 8, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 5 qabs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68 × 102 × 10), roughly triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), ware dark gray (5YR4/1), many white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 65° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef), no left margin.

For resh, see A1. In contrast to the 22 chits for year 43, year 45, with five chits (A4.7, 7.3–4, 8.15a, here), is more like year 44, also with five (A3.2, 7.36, 8.12,14–15 [see Table 2.24–32a in TAO vol. 2]). For the name Aliel, see A4.1, 14.4. Although he only appears as payer in one commodity chit, we find the name Aliel in ten more texts, in four of which he is payee for four different products (A12.18 [grgrn], 14.4 [wheat], 16.14 [bundles], and 66.2 [oil]). In the other six texts, he is supplied as a worker from the clan of Gur/Gir (D3.14–15), is recorded in two accounts (C6.2, 10), is the owner of 1.25 dunam of land (H2.1), and appears on a jar inscription (F3.21). Ḥazael appears half a dozen times as payee (A3.17–18, 36.8, 39.1, 107.1, here) but only once as payer and once more as the father of a payer (A187).

A221–230 (9 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A221.1 Payment of untied chaff A222.1 Payment of 3 bundles A223.1x Payment of 8 seahs, x qabs of wheat A224.1 Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat A225.1x Payment of 2 seahs of wheat A226.1x Unrelated payments on two-sided chit: flour (convex) and 12 seahs, 1 qab; 6 seahs, 1 qab; and 6 seahs of unknown product (concave) A227.1 Payment of unknown product A228.1 Payment of unknown product A229.1 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat A229a.1 Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of barley A230.1 Payment of 50 grgrn A230a.1 Two payments: 21 seahs of wheat and 2.25 seahs (of wheat?)

386

Undated 24 (no month) Undated November 12, 353 Undated 24 Tebeth, year y x Marcheshvan Undated June 15–July 13, 315 Undated 8 Tammuz 358/357

387

A221–230 cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

ִ‫ עלצור תבן‬.1 . . . . . ‫רי‬/‫ שד‬.2

Al(i)ṣur: untied 1chaff [. . .].

Payer

A221.1 Al(i)ṣur Chit

A221.1-ISAP1398 (AL224 [M104]) Undated Payment of untied chaff Body sherd of jar (61 × 56 × 7), exterior light brown, interior pink orange. Written lines at 70° to wheel marks [AL].

This is one of four undated chits by the Scribe M for “untied” (‫ )שרי‬chaff (for discussion see A118.1–3 and Table 6.38–40 in TAO vol. 2). The other three all list the measure—bundle (‫)משתל‬. Here the second word in line 2 is effaced, and it is hard to visualize that word. ¶ The root ‫“( עלי‬exalted”) occurs in three other theophorous names, all of which occur frequently (‫[ עלקוס‬A14], ‫[ עלבעל‬A4], ‫[ עליאל‬A220]), and one name that occurs twice (‫[ עליו‬C5.3, H2.1]), but the name Al(i)ṣur occurs only here. As divine epithet, ‫צור‬ (“Rock”) occurs in the Hebrew name ‫“( פדהצור‬Ṣur redeemed” [Num 1:10]), and as predicate in Idumean ‫( קוסצר‬A85.5, 91.4) and ‫( צרבעל‬A89.5, 290.2.6), Qos/Baal is a rock.

388

A221–230 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

3 ‫ עמי משתלן‬24 ‫ ב‬.1

On the 24th, Ammi: bundles, 3. 1

A222.1 Ammi Chit

A222.1-ISAP922 (JA486 {GCh122 > Zd86 > EYH2}) 24 (no month) Payment of 3 bundles Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55 × 82 × 6), trapezoid, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware pink (5YR7/4), few brown grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

For bundles, see A1.48. Seven chits for bundles are fully dated (A1.43 [where see for discussion], 2.3, 2.10, 8.31, 22.8, 67.1, 290.1.7 [Table 6.2–8 in TAO vol. 2]); nine are partially dated, with only day and month (A1.44, 1.48, 8.34, 11.16, 22.7, 41.5, 54.3, 113.2, 300.2.21 [Table 6.9–17 in ibid.); and two others, like ours, have only the day, presumably the days after our chit (“on the 25th” and “on the 26th” [A7.58, 68.3 {Table 6.18–20; Scribe P}]). The name Ammi is hypocoristicon of a name such as Ammiel (‫עמאל‬ [A53]) or Ammiqos. (‫[ עמקוס‬A117]). ¶ It does not appear again in the commodity chits but does figure once in a two-sided letter (G2.2) and in three land description texts as the owner of a grove and a field/hill (H3.4, 4.9, 6.2).

389

A221–230

A223.1 Amru Chit

A223.1-ISAP873 (JA459 {GCh73 > EYH1}) Undated Payment of 8 seahs, x qabs of wheat (See A10.13 [to Saadel])

We find the name Amru as payer in only one commodity chit, but it also appears as payee of barley (A33.8) and is recorded as the source of oil (A167.1) and in an unclassified fragment (J10.6). cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Marcheshvan, year 6, Anani to Ab(i)yatha: from the grain 3of the purchase, w(heat), s(eahs), 24; q(abs), 2. 4 [Alal] (archaic alef)

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

6 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬4 ‫ב‬ ‫עננִי לאביתע מן עבור‬ 2 ‫ ק‬24 ‫זבינתא חס‬ # [‫]עלל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A224.1 Anani Chit (353)

A224.1-ISAP10 [JTS10 159263] November 12, 353 Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat

This is one of five chits by the same scribe (A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, here, 290.1.6) for wheat derived from the “grain of the purchase” (‫)עבור זבינתא‬, drawn up in year 6 in three days of Marcheshvan (1, 2, and two on 4 [November 9, 10, and 12, 353]) and one day of Kislev (16 [December 23, 353]; see Table 5 [especially Table 5.4] in Porten-Yardeni 2009: 178*). See A4.25 and 8.38 for further discussion. All the others have

390

A221–230

the signatory Alal/Alilahi as well as a sealing sign. Here the name of the signatory is missing. The other also drawn up on 4 Marcheshvan is for the same payee, Ab(i)yatha (A96.1). The others lack payee. ¶ Anani (‫ )ענני‬is attested only this once in our corpus and is a hypocoristicon of a very popular Hebrew theophorous name (‫ )ענניה‬at Elephantine (“Yah answered me” [Porten-Lund 2002: 389–91]), which is also found once in our corpus (A226.1 below). However, it might also abbreviate the Idumean name Ananibaal (‫ענניבעל‬ [“Baal answered me” {A4.34}]), also recorded below (A225.1).

A225.1 Ananibaal Chit

A225.1-ISAP1867 (EN73 = JA403) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat (See A4.34 [ss Al{i}baal])

This is the only occurrence of the name Ananibaal in the Idumean ostraca. See above for discussion (A224.1).

A226.1 Ananiah Chit

A226.1-ISAP2417 (JA126) 24 Tebeth, year y Unrelated payments on two-sided chit: (convex) x of flour (Concave) 12 seahs, 1 qab; 6 seahs, 1 qab; and 6 seahs of unknown product (See A154.2 [with Qosqam])

This is the only occurrence of the name Ananiah in the Idumean ostraca. See above for discussion (A224.1).

391

A221–230 cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of Marcheshvan, [A]qiba: 3 [. . .], . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product?

ִ‫[למִר ִח ִשִון‬ ִ ] .1 ‫ ] ע]קיִבא‬.2 .[ ] .3

A227.1 Aqiba Chit

A227.1-ISAP1565 (AL168 [M280]) x Marcheshvan Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (48 × 42 × 8), exterior crème/light brown, interior brown gray. Ostracon contains quite indistinct ends of written lines. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

For the name Aqiba, see its only other occurrence in A99.1. It should be noted that the ostracon is cut off at the right edge, and the day date is missing in line 1, as well as the first letter of the name (ayin) in line 2. A letter trace is visible at the edge of line 3, barely leaving any room for a product.

392

A221–230 cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Agent Sealing Sign

Palṭiel to Zubaydu/Zabidu: 2 ····· by the hand of 3[PN] 4 . . . . . . (archaic alef) 1

‫פלטאל לזבידו‬ ‫ עליד‬. . . . . ‫ל‬. . . .‫ ק‬. . #. . . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4

A228.1 Palṭiel Chit

A228.1-ISAP1907 (EN116 = JA249) Undated Payment of unknown product

Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58 × 51 × 5), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface. Written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), no right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

All that remains on this piece are the names of the payer and payee in line 1, the pseudo-preposition ‫ עליד‬in line 2, and the archaic alef sealing sign at the bottom. Unfortunately, the name of the agent and the product are missing. The name ‫ פלטאל‬is probably a nominal sentence name such as biblical ‫( פלטיאל‬Palṭiel [Num 34:26]), “El is refuge.” It has a parallel in the Hebrew name ‫( פלטיה‬D4.7) and a hypocoristicon in the name ‫( פלטי‬A229.1 below and H2.3). For the frequently occurring name Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A1.1 and A12.

393

A221–230 cm

CONVEX Date Source Payer Payee Product

[On the x (day) of Sivan] year 2 2[Alex]ander the king, from 3the Steppe of Ḥinziru, Palṭi/Pilṭi 4son of Qosgad to the hand of 5Akbor: 6 w(heat), s(eahs), 7. 1

2 ‫]ב ל ] שנת‬ ‫]אלכס]נדר מלכא מן‬ ‫]?[ערבת חנזירו פלטי‬ ‫ִבִר קוסגד ליד‬ ‫עכבור‬ 7 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A229.1 Palṭi/Pilṭi Chit (315)

A229.1-ISAP1039 (L39 [IM91.16.159]) June 15–July 13, 315 Payment of 7 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (67 × 53 × 8.5), exterior light brown, interior pinkish brown. Ostracon possibly complete, some thin whitish patina on exterior. Writing at 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

This is the fourth chit written in year 2 (written plena ‫ )תרתין‬of Alexander, two with Ḥinziru (A101.2–3 [for barley]) and two with the Steppe of Ḥinziru and Akbor (here and A33.7 [for wheat]). The other three were all written in the month of Sivan, and perhaps this one was so written as well. Unfortunately, the month name is cut off at the beginning of line 1. In one more text, the latest in the whole corpus, we restore Arvat Ḥinziru as well (A97.2 [post 302]; Table 5.18–21, 43 in TAO vol. 1). For the dozen or so occurrences of the phrase “from the Steppe of PN,” which occurs seven times with wheat, as here, see A97.2. ¶ The name ‫ פלטי‬is hypocoristicon, abbreviating either Palṭiel, as above (A228.1 [cf. biblical Palṭiel {2 Sam 3:15} and Palṭi {1 Sam 25:44}]) or Pelaṭiah as in a worker text (D4.7) and at Elephantine (TAD B3.3:13 = 3.7:12). ¶ The name Akbor (“Mouse”) was quite common and is one of a number of animal names in our corpus (see A4.4). It was borne by the father of an early Edomite king (Gen 36:38–39) and by an important official at the end of the monarchy (2 Kgs 22:12, 14; Jer 26:22, 36:12). It appeared on two ostraca (Aḥituv 2008: 186, line 11 [from Makkedah?]; 384 rev., line 5 [probably Ammonite]), on several Hebrew seals (WSS Nos. 133, 166, 312, 602), and on an Ammonite seal (WSS No. 963). It was most frequent in Phoenician (Benz 1972: 172, 377). In the Idumean corpus, it appears thrice, always as payee (A33.7, here, and 300.4.29). See, further, Zadok 1988: 153. For the name Qosgad, see A120, where he appears both as payer and patronym.

394

A221–230 cm

CONVEX [. . .] Pasi son [of PN] to PN son of [PN]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 20, q(abs), 4. 4 l[. . .].

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product ???

[ ]‫]  [פסִי ב‬ ִ [ ]‫י בר‬.‫ל‬. . . .‫ל‬ ִ . 4 ‫ ק‬20 ‫שס‬ [ ].‫ִל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A229a.1 Pasi Chit

A229a.1-ISAP744 [YR44] Undated Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (47 × 57 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), many white grits, exterior possibly polished. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The first word in line 1 is illegible. It may have been a verb of conveyance. Both payer and payee had patronyms, but they are cut off. Occurring half a dozen times in our texts (see A69.1), Pasi was an Egyptian hypocoristicon (“He whom Osiris has given”), popular in Elephantine (Porten-Lund 2002: 402). He does not appear elsewhere as payer.

395

A221–230 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 8th of Tammuz, Paqqos: 2 grgrn, fifty, lšḥln. 1

[

[?]‫פקו ִס‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז‬8 ‫ ב‬.1 ]ִ‫ גרגרן חמשן לשחלן‬.2

A230.1 Paqqos Chit

A230.1-ISAP51 [Rockefeller Shod 1?] (Table 2.7) 8 Tammuz Payment of 50 grgrn

This chit would seem to fall into a group of some ten chits all ending with the obscure designation ‫לשחלן‬. All those, however, have an agent or two—Ḥanni (A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, 50.3, 114.2, 290.1.13) and Qosrim and Palgu (A31.8, 111.1, 300.1.47), all in the reign of Antigonus—and one has a payee, Ḥal(a)fan (A280.7 [year 5, Alexander]). See also A249a.1 for the unique phrase ‫בשחלן‬. Ours has no agent or payee and no year date. Most of the others deliver grain. Ours alone conveys a huge amount of grgrn, with the numeral uniquely written out as a word—‫“( חמשן‬fifty”); see A1.28. ¶ Finally, the name ‫ פקוס‬is strange, though the final three letters contain the divine name Qos. It may be written defectiva without the lamed for Palaqos (see on A151 and 172.1).

396

A221–230 cm

CONCAVE Payer Date Product Payee Product

Paṣri, year 1, w(heat), s(eahs), 21. 2 To the hand of ◦ Ḥ·ytw s(eahs), 2; q(uarter), 1. 1

21 ‫ חס‬1 ‫ ְפצרי שנת‬.1 1 ‫ ר‬2 ‫יתו ס‬.‫ ליד ח‬.2

A230a.1 Paṣri Chit

A230.1a-ISAP1988 [Arbeitsgruppe für Biblische Archäologie, Schorndorf] 358/357 Two payments: 21 seahs of wheat and 2.25 seahs (of wheat?)

This is a very strange text. The date is the second item, not the first, and gives only the year (1 ‫שנת‬ [358/357]). The first item is an unusual hypocoristicon found on a Hebrew scaraboid stamp seal from the second half of the eighth century ‫( פצרי בן ידע‬Aufrecht-Shury 1997: 65–68). The root ‫ פצר‬is found some half-dozen times in the Bible with the meaning “urge” (Gen 19:3, 9, 33:11; Judg 19:7; 1 Sam 15:23; 2 Kgs 5:16), and a complete theophorous name would mean “[DN] urged” (see Albertz-Schmitt 2012: 272 for discussion). ¶ The preposition + noun ‫“( ליד‬to the hand of”) has been defined as a pseudo-preposition (Muraoka-Porten 2003: 87), and it appears some seventeen times in our corpus, primarily in three categories: (1) eight chits for the clans and prominent persons that we covered in TAO vol.1, namely, Baalrim (A1.23–24), Gur (A2.28), Qoṣi (A3.17), Al(i)baal (A.14–15, 22), and Qoskahel (A9.15); (2) four chits from the years 322 and 315 (A300.1.45, 65.2; 11.9, 33.7); (3) two chits with the words ‫“( אשכר‬product”) (A14.3, 300.5.6); and (4) A22.10 and 65.4. ¶ We would like to restore the name of the payee at the beginning of line 2 as Ḥubaytu (A300.4.25, C9.2, E3.8), but the second letter does not look like a bet. Though no payee is listed for the 21 seahs of wheat above, here the payee receives a small payment of 2.25 seahs.

A231–240 (6 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A231.1x Payment of 10 seahs of barley A231a.1 Payment of unknown product A232.1 Transferred to A151a.1 A232.2 Transferred to A151a.2 A233.1 Payment of 1 bale of chaff A234.1x Payment of 22 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley A235.1x Payment of 6 maahs A236.1x Payment of 23 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A237.1 Payment of 1 log A238.1 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat A239.1 Payment of 21 seahs of barley A240.1 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat

20 (no month) 15 Sivan, year y Undated 10 Tammuz Undated 13 x Undated 28 x 1 Elul, year y 17 x

397

398

A231–240

A231–231a Dossier of Ṣaḥ(a)ra/u A231.1-ISAP262 [IA11730] 20 (no month) Payment of 10 seahs of barley (See A32.7 [f Zabdiel])

The name Ṣaḥ(a)ra makes only this one appearance as payer in a chit, but once we find a certain Ṣaḥ(a)ri in year 10 (349/348 b.c.e.) in a fragmentary account (C5.6), and the name Ṣaḥ(a)ru appears five times (see A231a below). cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 15th of Sivan, 2year [. . .] [Ṣa]ḥaru 3 to [PN]: 4 š[. . .] 5[. . .]. 1

‫ לסיון‬15 ‫ב‬ ‫רו‬/‫חד‬.] [‫שנת‬ [ ].‫ל‬ [ ].‫ש‬ [ ? ]. . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A231a.1-ISAP768 [YR100] 15 Sivan, year y Payment of unknown product Body sherd, possibly of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58 × 68 × 10), rectangular, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Wide top margin, wide right margin narrowing downward, *narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The year number at the beginning of line 2 is effaced. The last three letters of the name of the payer are legible (ḥet-resh-waw), and the name may be restored as ‫צחרו‬, which appears four times in other capacities—once as agent (A105.4), twice as the product’s source (A14.4–5), and once as recipient in one of the payment orders of Ḥor (B1.5). None of these is dated with anything more than a day or month, like ours. ¶ At the beginning of line 3, the preposition ‫“( ל‬to”), introducing the name of the illegible payee, is preserved. The product is illegible.

399

A231–240

A232.1–2 Dossier of Qosab (357) (Transferred to A151a.1–2)

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫רו‬/‫לעדיד‬ ִ ‫ קוסאח‬.1 1 ‫ תבן פחלץ‬.2

Qosaḥ to Udayd/ru: 2 chaff, bale, 1. 1

A233.1 Qosaḥ Chit

A233.1-ISAP2608 (JA344) Undated Payment of 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian-period, medium-sized (43 × 78 × 6), triangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware reddish brown (5YR5/3), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name Qosaḥ (‫ )קוסאח‬is paralleled by biblical ‫“( יואח‬Yoaḥ” [2 Kgs 18:18, etc.]), “Qos/YW is brother” (cf. Qosab [“Qos is father” {A151a}]) and occurs three more times in the ostraca (C2.13, D2.13, H5.2). If our chit records the same individual as one of the workers texts (D2.13), then he belongs to the clan of Gur. Although most kinship names occur infrequently, we encounter some five different names using the element “brother”—Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam (A57), Aḥ(i)šalam (A162), Aḥiyete (C2.5), Aḥimmeh (C8.6), and Aḥ(i)barek (A25.8). Udayd/ru serves as payee eight times (A11.7, 19.5, 26.3, 59.2–3, here, 211a.1, and 300.4.28), but this is the only one for chaff. For the name Udayd/ru, see A1.32 and A38. For bale, see A1.2 and Table 7.28 in TAO vol. 2.

400

A231–240

A234.1 Qosbayan Chit

A234.1-ISAP1425 (AL111 [M133]) 10 Tammuz Payment of 22 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley (See A67.3 [Qosbarek/Qosbayan])

The name Qosbayan may occur as payer once, as an alternate reading for Qosbarek. He also occurs as payee (A69.2), in an oil account (C5.1), in an account for resh and crushed/sifted grain (C4.2), and in a long list of names (E1.6). The name’s hypocoristicon appears more frequently (Bayyun [A95]).

A235.1 Qosgʿ Chit

A235.1-ISAP551 {FCO14 = Funahashi14} Undated Payment of 6 maahs (See A10.28 [to Saadel])

The name Qosgʿ appears only here in the Idumean ostraca.

A236.1 Qosa Chit

A236.1-ISAP1747 [IA12419 {Zd24}] 13 x Payment of 23 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A60.5 [with Zabdibaal])

The name Qosa appears only here in the Idumean ostraca. It would be a hypocoristicon of a theophorous Qos name.

401

A231–240 cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[? ]1 ‫ ִקִו ִס ִהִו ִד ִגזיר‬.1

Qoshud: log, 1. 1

A237.1 Qoshud Chit

A237.1-ISAP1352 (AL357 [M53]) (Table 1.30) Cancels ISAP603 Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar (88 × 75 × 7–8), exterior light brown, interior light brown. Traces of gray residue on interior. Composed of two fragments. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

There is no reason to assume this to be a jar inscription. There are some four other chits like this one, simply personal name, log, numeral 1 (A16.12, 19.10, 115.1, 217.1). ¶ The Idumean name Qoshud (“Qos is splendor”) appears only here but has several biblical parallels from early times—Aḥihud (Num 34:27), Ammihud (Num 1:10, etc.; 2 Sam 13:37 [father of Talmai, king of Geshur]), and Ehud (‫“[ אהוד‬Where is splendor?” {Judg 3:15}]). For logs, see A2.25.

402

A231–240 cm

CONVEX On the 23[+1+]4 (= 28th) [of x (month)], Qoswahab to Qos[. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

[?] 4[+1+]23 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]‫לקִו ִס‬ ִ ‫קוסוהב‬ ִ .2 [?]3 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ חס‬.3

A238.1 Qoswahab Chit

A238.1-ISAP638 [BLMJ658 {Naveh 474}] 28 x Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, roughly rectangular, medium-sized (53 × 38 × 7), exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, and the month is missing in line 1, as well as the second half of the name of the payee in line 2. The verb ‫“( והב‬gave”) is one of half a dozen Arabian elements that penetrated the Idumean onomasticon; see Porten 2005: 111*–12*. This particular root also appeared in El names—‫( אלוהב‬C5.3) and ‫( והבאל‬A76 and a payment order from Arad [1B2.2 {2131}])—and has a few hypocoristica (‫ והבו‬and ‫[ והבי‬see A76 and A97]). The Qoswahab in our chit here may be the same as the one who is supplied as a worker from the clan of Baalrim (D2.15). Since scribes sometimes write the waw and yod similarly, it can be difficult to distinguish Qoswahab from the more common name Qosyahab (e.g., A154.2; cf. also the dossier of Qosyahab in A26).

403

A231–240 cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Elul, year [x], Qosṭalal: b(arley), s(eahs), 21[. . .] 3 . . .[?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

. . . ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאלול ִשנ‬1 ‫ ] [ב‬.1 ]21 ‫טלל שס‬ ִ ‫ ִקִו ִס‬.2 [?] . . . .3

A239.1 Qosṭalal Chit

A239.1-ISAP2567 (JA292) 1 Elul, year y Payment of 21 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (53 × 80 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior gray (10YR5/1), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

The second half of line 1 is effaced, and the year date is illegible. The name Qosṭalal, “Qos protected” occurs only here in our corpus, as does the root ‫טלל‬. A similar amount of barley is recorded in a few other chits (A163.1, 171.1).

404

A231–240 cm

CONVEX On the 17th [of x], Qosyebarik to Mak[kedah]: 3 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1, 4 by the [hand of PN].

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product Agent

[ ] 17 ‫ב‬ [  ‫למ ִק[דה‬ ִ ‫קוסיבִר ִך‬ ִ 1 ‫ ִק‬3 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬ [  ]. . .{  ‫על[יד‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A240.1 Qosyebarik Chit

A240.1-ISAP637 [BLMJ656 {Naveh 468}] 17 x Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, roughly trapezoid, medium-sized (53 × 48 × 4–6), exterior pink (7.5YR7/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex irregular surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

The name of the month is effaced at the end of line 1. The name of petition with the verb in the imperfect tense (‫“[ קוסיברך‬May Qos bless”]) has a biblical parallel in ‫( יברכיהו‬Isa 8:2) but appears only here in our corpus. For half a dozen other Idumean names compounded with the root ‫ברך‬, see A171.1. The second word in line 2 is unclear. If it is not [‫“( למק]דה‬to Mak[kedah]”), the depository, then it could be [. . .]‫לקוס‬ (“to Qos[. . .]”), a payee. For payments made to Makkedah, see Table 2.2 in TAO vol. 1. Unfortunately, the name of the agent is also cut off at the end of line 4, as is half of the pseudo-preposition ‫עליד‬.

A241–250 (7 Chits) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A241.1x Payment of 1 seah of wheat; Exchange of 10 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley A242.1 Payment of 2 seahs of oil A243.1 Payment of unknown product A244.1 Payment of unknown product A245.1 Payment of 9 seahs of wheat A246.1x Payment of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff A247.1x Payment of 16 seahs, 1.25 qabs of wheat A248.1x Two payments of plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2[+?] qabs A249.1 Payment of 10 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat A249a.1 Payment of 26 seahs of barley A250.1 Payment of 1 qab of barley

405

July 1, 354 Undated Undated 21 Elul August 23, 319 27 Elul January 20, 341 Undated August 30, 339 July 12, 317 Undated

406

A241–250

A241.1 Qosyeypa Chit A241.1-ISAP2436 (JA148)

July 1, 354 Payment of 1 seah of wheat; exchange of 10 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley (See A2.7 [f ss Gur])

The name Qosyeypa occurs only here in the Idumean ostraca. cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosluaz 2son of Al(i)qos: 3 oil, s(eahs), 2. 1

‫ קוסלעז‬.1 ‫ בר עלקוס‬.2 2 ‫ משח ס‬.3

A242.1 Qosluaz Chit (Table 6.56) A242.1-ISAP1904 (EN113 = JA21) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59 × 69 × 6–7), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior and ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

See A1.6, 2.13, 4.29 for oil texts. ¶ Appearing only here, the name Qosluaz (‫ )קוסלעז‬is precative, “May Qos be strong”; cf. the name of thanksgiving from the same root, Qosaz (‫)קוסעז‬, “Qos was strong” (see A70). The name Al(i)qos appears in nearly thirty ostraca, in more than twenty of which as payer (A14). It was a common name most certainly held by numerous individuals in the ostraca from 358–336 b.c.e.—for example, Al(i)qos son of Adri/Idri (A14.2–4), Al(i)qos son of Ubaydu/ru (A14.5), Al(i)qos of the sons of Gur (A14.1), Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi (A14.10–11, 22), and Al(i)qos of the sons of Al(i)baal (A14.16). Another son of Al(i)qos, Qosadar/ider, makes a payment of 10 seahs of wheat (A17.8), but we cannot assume this is the brother of our Qosluaz here. In the dossier of Al(i)qos, there are three payments of oil (A14.3 [356 b.c.e.], 6 [355 b.c.e.], 20 [undated]), the last being for exactly the same amount as here.

407

A241–250 cm

CONVEX Payer Payee?

. . .  . .‫מל‬. ִ ‫לף‬ ִ ‫לא‬ ִ ‫ ִקִו ִס‬.1 [ ]‫ת ִב‬. .‫]א‬ [‫ מ‬.2 [ ]. .[ ].[ ]. .3

Qoslaalaf [to] Mal[. . . . . . 2 m. . .a. .t b[. . .] 3 . . . 1

A243.1 Qoslaalaf Chit

A243.1-ISAP1394 (AL379 [M100]) Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (82 × 42 × 10–11), exterior and interior gray. Ostracon possibly complete, writing largely erased. Written lines at 85° to wheel marks. Possibly writing exercise [AL].

Only the name of the payer is preserved in this ostracon at the very beginning. Occurring only here, Qos­ laalaf (‫ )קוסלאלף‬is precative, meaning, “May Qos teach.” It has a single parallel in Qosalaf (‫“[ קוסאלף‬Qos taught”] in G2.2). The root ‫ אלף‬does not appear in Biblical Hebrew, neither in text nor in a personal name with deity as subject. One other chit uses the root to record the agent Maṭ(ṭ)aran, “Our teacher” (A150.1), and a fragmentary list of names seems to include a name that begins Alp/Elp[. . .] (. . . ‫ )אלפ‬but is then cut off (E3.15). Unfortunately, the name of the payee, if indeed that is his role, is not fully preserved. However, the only name that occurs more than once in our corpus and begins with mem, lamed is Malku (A23). With 19 texts recording his name, Mal[ku] is a likely restoration for the second personal name here.

408

A241–250 cm

CONVEX On the 21st of Elul, [. . .] Qoslaaqab: . . .[. . .]. . .[. . .] 3 to the storehouse of Ma[kkedah].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Depository

[ ]‫ לאלול‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . [ ] [ ]. . ‫קוסלע ִק ִב‬ ִ .2 [ ‫ למסכנת מ[נקדה‬.3

A244.1 Qoslaaqab Chit

A244.1-ISAP1027 (L27 [IM91.16.143]) 21 Elul Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (65 × 45 × 8), exterior light brown, interior brown to orange-red. Ostracon perhaps complete, writing quite erased. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin narrowing leftward, wide left margin [LT].

Here, too, we have a precative name with Qos that occurs only once—‫“( קוסלעקב‬May Qos protect”). Surprisingly, the root ‫ עקב‬also appears in two Hebrew names in our corpus (‫[ עקביה‬C3.2] and ‫[ יהועקב‬F2.3]) and in several hypocoristica—Aqban (‫[ עקבן‬E3.2]), Aqiba (‫[ עקיבא‬A99.1]), Aqabta (‫[ עקבתא‬H5.3]), and Aqqub (‫[ עקוב‬A300.1.2])—and was popular in the Aramaic name Betelaqab (‫ )ביתאלעקב‬at Elephantine (TAD C4.4:9; D5.37:8, 7.25:9, 9.13:4). ¶ For items sent to the storehouse of Makkedah, see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: Table 2 and Tables 1.2 in TAO vol. 1.

409

A241–250 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 27th of Ab, 2year 5 (of) Philip the king, 3 Qossidri, ⟨from⟩ the horse-ranch of 4Ḥinziru: w(heat), s(eahs), 9. 1

‫ לאב‬27 ‫ב‬ ‫ פלפס מלכא‬5 ‫שנת‬ ‫רכשת‬ ִ ⟩‫קוססדרי ⟨מן‬ 9 ‫חנזרו חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A245.1 Qossidri Chit (319) A245.1-ISAP1255 (AL91 {J21}) August 23, 319 Payment of 9 seahs of wheat Complete ostracon [AL].

The ‫ קוססדרי‬appears only here in the ostraca, “Qos is my order,” i.e., in harmony with me (so Ran Zadok), and it may be related to the Ammonite name samek-dalet/resh-dalet/resh, with alternate explanations (WSS No. 869 and pp. 517–18). ¶ For the name Ḥinziru, see A2.11 and A101. Grain payments from the “horse-ranch” or the “Steppe of Ḥinziru,” or simply “from Ḥinziru,” mostly wheat, span a period of at least seventeen years, from 5 Philip (here [319 b.c.e.]), through 2 and 3 Alexander (315–314 [A29.6, 33.7, 101.2–3, 229.1]) down to Ptolemy, attested in but a single ostracon, with year date missing (post 302 [A97.2]; Table 5.9, 18–21, 32, 43 in TAO vol. 1). The source appears with several variants—here ‫חנזרו‬ ‫ ;רכשת‬in the reign of Alexander at least three times ‫“( חנזרו ערבת‬Steppe of Ḥinziru” [A29.6, 33.7, 229.1; cf. A17.8]); twice simply ‫( חנזרו‬A101.2–3); and likewise in the reign of Ptolemy simply ‫( חנזרו‬A97.2). For more on “Steppe of PN” as the source, see A88, 17.8, and 97.2, etc. In the term “horse-ranch of PN,” ‫רכשה‬ is associated with Garapa (‫ )גרפא‬two and a half years later (A47.3) and Qoskahel (A9.34, where see for discussion).

410

A241–250

A246.1 Qosšama Chit A246.1-ISAP541 {FCO4}

27 Elul Payments of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff (See A49.2 [with Ḥaggai, Ḥal(a)fan, Qosr(i)m])

The name Qosšama occurs only here in the Idumean ostraca, but a few hypocoristica occur also— alongside ‫( שמעיה‬E1.2), there are ‫( שמוע‬A90), ‫( שמעה‬E4.14), ‫( שמעו‬A125), and the diminutive ‫שמעון‬ (F3.32–33).

A247.1 Qoṣ Chit (341)

A247.1-ISAP1586 (EN106 = AL83 [M302]) January 20, 341 Payment of 16 seahs, 1.25 qabs of wheat (See A5.10 [h Yehokal])

The name Qoṣ (“Thorn”) occurs as payer once and as payee once more (A18.8). The related name Qoṣi is of course one of our main clan heads (A3).

A248.1 Qamṣa Chit

A248.1-ISAP912 (BA4 {GCh112}) Undated Two payments of plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2[+?] qabs (See A10.21 [to Saadel] and A102.2 [with Ṭobio / Ṭabyu])

The name Qamṣa (“Locust”) occurs only here in the Idumean ostraca.

411

A241–250 cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Payee Product

On the 23rd of Ab, year 20, Qani 2 from (the grain of) Waddad to Qosyatha: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 10; q(abs), 2. 1

‫ קני‬20 ‫ לאב שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ו לקוסיתע‬/‫ ִמןִ ִו ִד ִד‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬10 ‫ חס‬.3

A249.1 Qani Chit (339) A249.1-ISAP2656 (JA560)

August 30, 339 Payment of 10 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (55 × 76 × 4–6), roughly triangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), few large white and gray grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks and parallel to straight upper edge. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of only five chits for year 20 (A3.21–22, 280.6, 300.1.44, and here). The beginning of line 2 shows an erasure of the two letters lamed and qof. The scribe had intended to write ‫לקוסיתע‬, “to Qosyatha,” but erased the two letters and wrote instead “from Waddad,” the source of the grain. One other chit has both a payer and a “from” party (A8.18, 17.2). This phrase was usually introduced by the word ‫עבור‬, that is, “(from) the grain of (PN).” For full discussion, see A3.16, 8.38, and 79.3. However, “from” also indicates the source in a number of payment orders (B1.3, 7 [“from Saadel”], B1.2, 3.1a [“from Makkedah”], and B2.1 [“from the grain of the loan of mine”]), and moreover it is not necessary to include the command “Give to” (-‫[ הב ל‬cf. B1.5]), so one could make an argument for reading this as a payment order. ¶ Occurring only here, the name Qani (‫ )קני‬is hypocoristicon for a name such as Qanael (A71). The Arabian ‫ ודד‬occurs only in one other chit, as payee almost exactly three years later (A55.5). It could be a hypocoristicon of a verbal sentence name, e.g., “El loved” (see Negev No. 329 and on a jar inscription in our corpus [F3.5]; alternatively, Widdad or Waddad [Michael Macdonald, oral communication]; see also Waddu [A1.32 {dated a year after this ostracon: August 4, 338}]). Interestingly, the names Waddu and Qanael appear together in a chit dated only 25 days before ours, making it possible that our Qani here is the hypocoristicon for the same individual as Qanael there, and our Waddad here is an alternate hypocoristicon for the same individual as Waddu there (A71.3). The name Qosyatha occurs among the sons of Baalrim (A1.3) and has its own dossier (A55). It is likely that we have here the same Qosyatha and Waddad who do business three years later (A55.5).

412

A241–250 cm

CONVEX On the 7th of Tammuz, year 7, Qe[ra]bel to Makkedah: b(arley), s(eahs), 26, 3 by the hand of Ḥal(a)fat; g 3 bšḥln 1[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product I Agent ???

[

7 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 26 ‫[ר]באל למנקדה שס‬ ִ ‫ ִק‬.2 ]1 ‫בשחלן‬ ִ 3 ‫חלפת ג‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִעלי‬.3

A249a.1 Qerabel Chit (317)

A249a.1-ISAP53 [Rockefeller Shod 3] July 12, 317 Payment of 26 seahs of barley

This is one of a dozen chits attributed to Philip even though his name does not appear (Table 5.1–3, 7, 10–13, 15–17 in TAO vol. 1). The determining factor is the appearance of the enigmatic word ‫ בשחלן‬at the end of line 3. The parallel term ‫ לשחלן‬appears in eight chits, all dated to the contemporaneous ruler Antigonus (A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, 50.3, 111.1, 114.2, 290.1.13, 300.1.47 [Table 5.24–27, 29–30, 38–39 in ibid.]). See below for further evidence. ¶ The second letter of the five-letter name in line 2 may be restored as reš on the basis of that in the name ‫“( קרבא)ו(ר‬The [divine] light drew nigh”), occurring in ostraca from Jerusalem and Arad and in a seal (Aḥituv 2008: 28, 127, 140; WSS No. 623). The name would thus be ‫“( ק]ר[באל‬El drew nigh”). It is found only here in our corpus. ¶ The name of the agent is difficult to read. The name Ḥal(a)fat, the preferential reading, was a prominent individual in our corpus (see A7). Alternatively, the agent Ḥal(a)fan appears in a chit dated 12 Kislev, 7 Philip, apparently five months after ours (A47.3 [December 11, 317]). ¶ The signs after the personal name are unintelligible. For the depository, see Table 2.2.60 in TAO vol. 1.

413

A241–250 cm

CONVEX ‫ ִר ִע ִצִו‬.1 1 ‫ ִשק‬.2

Raaṣu: b(arley), q(ab), 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

A250.1 Raaṣu Chit

A250.1-ISAP2619 (JA361 {formerly ISAP618}) Undated Payment of 1 qab of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 48 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

An otherwise unknown name, Raaṣu (‫ )רעצו‬occurs twice more in our corpus, as agent (A290.2.17) and in a list (E3.13), as well as once in a Beersheba Aramaic ostracon, also associated with barley (Naveh 1979: No. 45:5 [so read] = 2C1.1 [ISAP2245]). ¶ The amount of 1 qab is indeed small.

A251–255a (3 texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A251.1x Payment of 3 qabs of oil A252.1x Payment of wine A253.1 Payment of 1 log A254.1x Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley A255.1 Payment of 14 seahs, 1.5(+?) qabs of wheat A255a.1 Payment of 13 (+?) seahs of oil

Undated June 30, 363 Undated July 7, 349 July 7, 353 Undated

414

A251–255a

415

A251.1 Šaadat/Šaarat Chit

A251.1-ISAP866 (JA452 {GCh66 = EYH1}) Undated Payment of 3 qabs of oil (See A10.23 [to Saadel])

The name Šaadat/Šaarat occurs only here in the Idumean ostraca.

A252.1 Sabru/Šabru Chit A252.1-ISAP2450 (JA162) (Palimpsest) June 30, 363 Payment of wine (See A47.1 [with Zabdadah s Yabneel])

The name Sabru/Šabru occurs only once more in the Idumean ostraca, in an account of wheat and barley (C3.1).

416

A251–255a cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Šaḥar to Badan: log, 1.

(Line[s] missing?) 1 ‫לבדן גזיר‬ ִ ‫שחר‬ ִ .1

1

A253.1 Šaḥar Chit

A253.1-ISAP1933 (EN142) (Table 1.17) Undated Payment of 1 log

The name Šaḥar (‫ )שחר‬appears on numerous seals (WSS 108, 453–54, 548, 627–29, 672–73) and is probably hypocoristicon of a name like Šeḥaryah (1[ ‫ שחריה‬Chr 8:26]), “Yh seeks.” Alternately, it could be a profane name, meaning “dawn” or the like (Zadok 1988: 81–82). This is the only time we find the name in our corpus. For Badan, see A94, and for logs, see A2.25 and 3.31.

A254.1 Sakkui Chit (349) A254.1-ISAP2493 (JA209)

(Palimpsest) July 7, 349 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A3.18 [f ss Qoṣi])

The name ‫ שכוי‬occurs only here in the Idumean ostraca. It is hypocoristicon of a name like ‫“( שכאל‬El looks”), found at Elephantine (TADB3.2:11; D2.25:8).

417

A251–255a cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan, year 6, [. . .] [Š]amri/[Š]imri: to the hand of Zubaydu/Zabidu 3 to the storehouse: w(heat), s(eahs), 10[+1+]3 (= 14); q(ab), 1 (+?) (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Depository Product

. . . 6 ‫ לסיון שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ]ש]מרי ליד זבידו‬.2 ‫ ף‬1]?[ ‫ ק‬3[+1+]10 ‫ למסכנתא חס‬.3

A255.1 Šamri/Šimri Chit (353) A255.1-ISAP560 [HW]

July 7, 353 Payment of 14 seahs, 1.5(+?) qabs of wheat

Of the more than forty chits for the storehouse, seven add a personal payee introduced by the phrase “to the hand of” (‫( )ליד‬A1.10a [year 4]; 23–24, 4.22 [year 5]; here [year 6]; 3.17 [year 8]; 300.1.59 [year y]). See Table 1.2.2a–2b, 23–24, 19a, 25–26 in TAO vol. 1. ¶ Like the names ‫( שמרא‬A3.37) and ‫( שמרו‬A126), the name ‫ שמרי‬is doubtless a hypocoristicon, with biblical parallel (1 Chr 4:37, 11:45, 26:10; 2 Chr 29:13). It appears three more times in the ostraca, twice as agent (A18.13, 158.1) and once in a list of names (E2.3). Though a full theophorous name with the root ‫“( שמר‬guard”) does not occur in our corpus, the root occurs frequently in names in Hebrew (‫שמריהו‬, ‫[ שמריו‬Zadok 1988: 29; WSS No. 309, 375–76; Aḥituv 2008: 261]) and Phoenician (‫שמרבעל‬, etc. [Benz 1972: 421–22]). For the name Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A12. His name appears six more times as payee (A3.10, 4.27, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 280.1).

418

A251–255a

cm

CONVEX 1

Payer?

2

oil[. . .], Šamašdan, 13[+?] s(eahs).

Product?

[

[ ]‫ ִמ ִש ִח‬.1 ]13 ‫ שמשדןִ ס‬.2

A255a.1 Šamašdan/Šamašiddin Chit

A255a.1-ISAP536 {Charlesworth 9} (Table 6.49) Undated Payment of 13(+?) seahs of oil

Our text is cut away at the left edge, leaving only the right vertical stroke of the ḥet. The name ‫שמשדן‬ appears on the second line. The word order of this chit is unique among the seventy-some chits for oil (Table 6) but bears resemblance to a jar inscription (F5.12 [ISAP265]) that begins, like this piece, with the product and owner, all written in one line—‫ ף‬/// ‫ ק‬/ /// ‫“( משח עביד ס‬oil of Ubayd/Abid: s[eahs], 4; q[abs] 3 [and a] h[alf]”). Linking ‫ משח‬and ‫ שמשדן‬would give us the same construction as in this inscription— “oil of ‫שמשדן‬: 13 (+?) seahs.” The unusual construction in our text would thus suggest that it may not be a commodity chit but perhaps a label or jar inscription. With text missing in line 1, however, we cannot be sure. ¶ The DN Šamaš occurs in this name three times (C8.6, E3.6, F2.21 [cut off]) and is found in three other names in our corpus—hypocoristic Šimšai (E1.5), West-Semitic Abdšamaš (A146), and Akkadian Mannukišamaš (D9.1). Thus, our name may either be West-Semitic Šamašdan, “Shamash judged” (cf. Aramaic Šamašnuri at Elephantine [TAD B4.2:12; D18.16:1]), or Akkadian Šamašiddin, “Shamash gave” (cf. Tallqvist 1905: 190–91).

A256–277 (22 texts) List of Transferred Texts

A256.1 Transferred to A206a.1 A257.1 Transferred to A249a.1 A258.1 Transferred to A290.1.4 A259.1 Transferred to A290.2.7 A260.1 Transferred to A290.2.13 A261.1 Transferred to A290.2.14 A262.1 Transferred to A290.1.13 A263.1 Transferred to A290.2.16 A264.1 Transferred to A290.1.16 A265.1 Transferred to A290.2.2 A266.1 Transferred to A290.2.17 A267.1 Transferred to A211a.1 A268.1 Transferred to A202a.1 A269.1 Transferred to A230a.1 A270.1 Transferred to A290.1.12 A271.1 Transferred to A290.1.10 A272.1 Transferred to A290.1.6 A273.1 Transferred to A290.1.17 A274.1 Transferred to A231a.1 A275.1 Transferred to A290.1.15 A276.1 Transferred to A290.1.8 A277.1 Transferred to A290.4.7

419

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier: Eleven Chits without Payer (10 Texts) (x = no text)

Dated List of Texts A280.1 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat March 31, 357 A280.2 Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Undated A280.3 Payment of 21 seahs, 3 qabs of barley July 10, 355 A280.4 Payment of x seahs, 1[+?] qab of [crushed/sifted grain] September 18, 353 A280.5 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat flour August 8, 344 A280.6 Payment of 9 seahs 3.75 qabs of wheat June 11, 339 A280.7 Payment of wheat or barley December 10, 312 A280.8 Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat 22 Ab, year y A280.9 Payment of 1 kor, 20[+?] seahs, 4 qabs of barley Undated A280.10x  Transferred to A300.5.26a Undated A280.11 Two payments: x seahs, 1 qab of barley; 22 Elul 1 kor, 26 seahs, x qab of wheat

420

421

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Nisan, year 2, w(heat), s(eahs), 4, 3 to Zubaydu/Zabidu, 3, 4 to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu.

Date

1

Product I

2

Payee I Product II Payee II

2 ‫ ִלניסן שנת‬1 ‫ ִב‬.1 3 ‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ לזבי‬4 ‫ חס‬.2 ‫לטביִִו‬ ִ .3

A280.1-ISAP8 [JTS8 159261] March 31, 357 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat

Zubaydu/Zabidu appears as payee in two grain chits issued two years earlier, also in the month of Nisan (A56.1, 94.1), but unlike those, here there is no payer. ¶ If 4 seahs are paid, and 3 go to Zubaydu/Zabidu, are we to assume that the remaining 1 went to Ṭobio / Ṭabyu? He appears with a partner in another chit but apparently as payer (A10.21). For the name, see A1.41. For the name Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A12. His name appears six more times as payee (A3.10, 4.27, 56.1, 94.1, 228.1, 255.1). For the small dossier of Ṭobio / Ṭabyu, see A102.

422

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Payee Product

To Baadu: is presented chaff, 2bundles, 4. 1

‫ִב תבן‬ ִ ‫רו ִקרי‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫לב ִע‬ ִ .1 4 ‫ משתלן‬.2

A280.2-ISAP1101 (L101 [IM91.16.95]) Undated Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Body sherd of jar (81.5 × 51 × 8), exterior brown to light gray, interior pink to reddish orange. Ostracon perhaps complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, no right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

There exist only a few texts in which a payee appears without reference to a payer, with the transaction beginning abruptly with a lamed, as in our chit (see A280.4, 7, 9). ¶ The root ‫ קרב‬appears in Aramaic exclusively in a cultic context, presenting something to a deity (DNWSI 1028–30). Here it appears in the passive (‫ )קריב‬with no subject; thus, the payer is unknown, but the payee is. It appears once more, also for ‫משתלן‬, as a third person singular verb with two subjects, but the payee is unknown there (A2.10). However, that chit is dated to 8 Elul, year 6 (September 18, 353)—might our chit also come from that time? Elsewhere, Baadu pays out wheat as a second party in a chit (A15.13, A170 [where see for explanation of name]). For more on the product, see A1.48 and Table 6.48 in TAO vol. 2.

423

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Date Product Signatory

On the 5th of Tammuz, year 24, b(arley), s(eahs), 21; q(abs), 3. 3 Zabdiel. 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬21 ‫ שס‬4 .2 ‫ִב ִדאל‬ ִ ‫ ]? [ז‬.3

A280.3-ISAP931 (JA492) July 10, 355 Payment of 21 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68 × 75 × 4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Though the chit is fully intact, the name of the payer is omitted by the scribe. Zabdiel (“Grant of El”) appears as signatory in nearly a dozen chits for grain from year 1 to year 4 (358–355). See A1.1. For other occurrences of this name, see the dossier in A32.

424

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

To Qosmalak son of ◦◦◦: 2 [crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), x]; q(ab), 1[+?]. . . . 3 On the 8th of Elul, 4year 6. 5 (archaic alef) 1

. . . . ‫ִל ִקִו ִס ִמ ִל ִך ִבִר‬ . . .[ ]1 ‫[ִק‬ ]. ‫ לאלול‬8 ‫ב‬ 6 ‫שנת‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A280.4-ISAP1294 (AL48 {W1}) September 18, 353 Payment of x seahs, 1[+?] qab of [crushed/sifted grain] Body sherd (probably shoulder, close to neck) of jar (56 × 55 × 5–7), surface light brown. Ostracon possibly complete, first two lines almost completely erased. Written lines at ca. 30/45° to wheel marks [AL].

For crushed/sifted grain, see A1.1 The ostracon appears intact, and therefore the scribe must have omitted the payer entirely. For other texts beginning with a payee, see A280.2, 7, 9. Though written in the month of Elul, it belongs to the group of ten chits for ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬for Tammuz and Ab, year 6, with date at the end, by Scribe J (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 175 [Table 3.13–22 in TAO vol. 2]). Only two have a payee (A7.11, 79.1), and this would be the third. It is also the only one with a sealing sign and no payer. ¶ For the name Qosmalak, see A11. Although the name appears four dozen times in our corpus, it is recorded only once more with a patronym, as son of Qosḥanan, too long after our chit to be the same individual (A11.9 [July 21, 315]). It serves as payee four more times (A4.22, 21.13, 78.1, 300.1.59).

425

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

On the 6th of Ab, year [12+]3 (= 15), flour, wheat, s(eahs), 2.

Date

[? 2+]3[+10] ‫ ִל ִא ִב שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ קמח חנטן ס‬.2

A280.5-ISAP1035 (L35 [IM91.16.60]) August 8, 344 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat flour Sherd of jar, close to base (73 × 57 × 5), exterior and interior gray brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

This is one of 20 or 21 chits for wheat flour written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in fewer than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b, A27.7, and Table 4 [especially Table 4.15] in TAO vol. 1). Strangely, this is the only chit in which the name of the payer is missing. It is one of four or five such texts for year 15 (see discussion in A300.1.33 above). None has a payee.

426

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX On the 3rd of Sivan, year 20, from ʿk, year 10+8 (= 18): 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 9, q(abs); 3, q(uarters), 3.

Date

1

Source

2

Product

20

‫לסיִִון שנת‬ ִ 3 ‫ ב‬.1 (18 =)8+10 ‫ מן ִע ִך שנת‬.2 3 ‫ ִר‬3 ‫ ִק‬9 ‫ ִח ִס‬.3

A280.6-ISAP1022 (L22 [IM91.16.30]) June 11, 339 Payment of 9 seahs 3.75 qabs of wheat Part of jar handle (43 × 38 × 20), surface light gray-brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Written lines along the handle. Narrow top margin, medium right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

This is a very small ostracon, and the numerals at the ends of all three lines are written supralinearly. There is no payer, and the word ‫ עך‬is obscure. Apparently, the scribe felt this was sufficient detail to identify the payment. We may conjecture that on 3 Sivan, year 20, a payment of wheat was made from the ʿk of year 18. Alternatively, ʿk could be the name of the payer, although it would be unprecedented. However, once we do have the name Ak(a)nah (J9.2). There are only four other texts for year 20 (A3.21, 249.1, 300.1.43, B3.6), two of which also deal with wheat (A249.1, B3.6).

427

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Payee Date

To Ḥalafan: šḥln[. . .]. 2 On the 5th of Kislev, ye[ar 5 (of)] 3Alexander the king. 1

[ ]‫שחלן‬ ִ ‫ לחלפן‬.1 [5 ‫ לכסלו ש[נת‬5 ‫ ב‬.2 ‫ אלכסנדר מלכא‬.3

A280.7-ISAP1903 (EN112 = JA20) December 10, 312 Payment of wheat or barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70 × 68 × 6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pink (5YR7/4), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Two other Alexander-dated chits by the same scribe have the date at the bottom, both 20 Shebat, year 5 (A3.39, 80.2), while one of these records the payee as Ḥal(a)fan (A80.2), who stands at the beginning of our chit. Apparently written by the same scribe, it should likewise be dated to year 5 (see Table 5.40–41 in TAO vol. 1). Strangely, although the ostracon is intact, it lacks the name of the payer; see also A280.2, 4, 9. The second word in line 1 is the enigmatic ‫שחלן‬. With a prefixed lamed, this word stands at the end of six chits by a single scribe, dated three years earlier to year 3 of Antigonus (315 b.c.e. [see A111.1 and two chits below A300.1.47–8]). It only occurs once more, with a prefixed bet (A249a.1). The product was probably wheat or barley, as in all of the texts with this strange word. ¶ Perhaps because of the mention of Alexander the king, this chit appeared on the cover of the publication by Ephʿal and Naveh.

428

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 22nd of Ab, year x, ⟨PN⟩ 2brought in to Marṣaat/Marṣidq: 3 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 16; 4q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf). 1

[?]. ‫ לאב שנת‬22 ‫ב‬ ‫מרצ ִע ִת‬ ִ ‫ִעל ִל‬ ִ ‫ִהנ‬ 16 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬ ‫ ִף‬5 ‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A280.8-ISAP1713 (JA517 {ChM13 > EYH1}) 22 Ab, year y Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (65x83x7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware red (2.5YR5/6), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Unfortunately, the year date is completely effaced at the end of line 1. If the mark preceding the personal name in line 2 is indeed the preposition lamed (“to”), then the name of the payer was omitted by the scribe. Marṣaat, however, does appear as payee in four other chits, three of which are also for grain (A3.2, 18.5, 50.5; 300.2.21). One of them is dated to year 44 (A3.2), which would place our chit on September 1, 361, if it were for the same year. The name Marṣaat, however, also appears as payer from 356–336 (A43). For the verb of conveyance, see A1.3. For the name Marṣidq, the alternate reading here, see J1.4 (JA507).

429

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX Payee Product Date

To Ammiyu: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 20 [+?]; 2q(abs), 4. On every 20th. 1

[ ? ]20 ‫ ס‬1 ‫]?[לעמיו שכ‬ ִ .1 20 ‫ ִבכל‬4 ‫ ִק‬.2

A280.9-ISAP2482 (JA197) Undated Payment of 1 kor, 20[+?] seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66 × 103 × 7–10), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior light red (2.5Y6/6), few white grits, patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. *Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Presumably on the 20th of every month, Ammiyu is to be given the large amount of 1 kor, 20 seahs, 4 qabs of barley. The key to this interpretation is to be seen in five chits for barley that conclude with the statement ‫ לפלקוס‬20‫ב‬, “on the 20th to Palaqos” (see explanation in A6.18 and further in A151.1). ¶ The name ‫ עמיו‬appears in numerous Nabatean inscriptions (Negev No. 903; TDT B, p. 299) but does not occur again in the ostraca. For other texts without reference to a payer, in which the transaction begins abruptly with a lamed, see A280.2, 4, 7.

430

A280.1–280.11 No Payer Dossier cm

CONVEX On the 22nd [of] Elul [?], b(arley), [s(eahs), x,] q(ab), 1; 3w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 26; q(ab),·[. . .].

Date

1

Products

2

[?] ‫[ל]א ִלִו ִל‬ ִ 22 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ש‬. . . ‫ ק‬.2 [ ]. ‫ ק‬26 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ ִכִח‬.3

A280.11-ISAP2623 (JA365) 22 Elul Two payments: x seahs, 1 qab of barley; 1 kor, 26 seahs, x qab of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (35 × 49 × 6), trapezoid, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

The writing is very effaced and the reading uncertain. If line 3 followed directly on line 2, there would hardly have been room for a payer at the end of line 1.

A290.1.1–290.5.13 Sixty-Six Chits with Illegible Payers A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically (Seventeen fully dated chits with a payer whose name is illegible) 359–315 (+ four with year unknown)

Dated List of Texts A290.1.1  Payment of 1 bale of chaff and 2 kors of barley A290.1.2  Payment of 1 unknown fattened animal and 4 qabs of unknown product A290.1.3  Payment of 5 shekels of silver A290.1.4  Payment of 1 kor, 18 seahs of barley A290.1.5  Payment of 20 seahs, 2.5 qabs of barley A290.1.6  Payment of x seahs of wheat A290.1.7  Payment of 25 bundles and 3 qabs of unknown product A290.1.8  Payment of 9 seahs, 3 (+?) qabs of wheat A290.1.9  Payment of 15 grgrn A290.1.10  Payment of 5.5 (+?) qabs of unknown product A290.1.11  Payment of x seahs of wheat A290.1.12  Payment of 4 (+?) qabs of wheat or barley A290.1.13  Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A290.1.14  Payment of 10 seahs of unknown product A290.1.15  Payment of 20 grgrn A290.1.16  Payment of 2 kors, 2 seahs of flour A290.1.17  Payment of 10 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat

431

August 8, 359 April 27, 358 July 23, 358 June 21, 357 September 18 (+?), 356 December 23, 353 February 26, 352 October 15, 349 October 2, 344 September 4, 343 June 15, 341 July 19, 318 August 7, 315 28 Sivan, year y x Tishri, year y 28 Marcheshvan, year y 25 x, year y

432

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tammuz, year 46, [. . .] . . .h chaff, 3bal[e, 1]; b(arley), kors, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product I Product II

46 ‫ ִלתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ ִב‬.1 ‫ ִה תבן‬. . . . [    ]. . .2 2 ‫ שכרן‬1 ]‫ ִפ ִח ִל[ץ‬.3

A290.1.1 One Chit for Year 46 A290.1.1-ISAP1403 (AL8 [M109])

August 8, 359 Payment of 1 bale of chaff and 2 kors of barley Body sherd of jar (81 × 75 × 9–10), exterior beige, interior orange red. Ostracon probably complete. Writing poorly preserved, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks [AL].

For bales, see A1.2. The payment here was made on the same day as two other chits (A4.14, 7.37), the latter of which is also for 1 bale of chaff but includes the unique phrase “for the female camels that are in Makkedah.” This chit goes together with another for chaff, drawn up on 3 Ab, also “for the female camels that are in Makkedah” (A10.40 [Scribe S for the three chaff chits {Table 7.3–5 in TAO vol. 2}]). This is the only one of some fifty chits for bales that also records a payment of grain.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

433

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product(s?)

[On] the 16th of [Nisan, (year 1)], [. . .] 3 ‘l [. . .]: 1 fattened [. . . . . . .],4q(abs), 4; ḥ [. . .]. 1

2

(?1( ‫ לניסן שנת‬16 ]‫ ]ב‬.1 . . .[   ] .2 [?]1 ‫ ִע ִל[  ]פטים‬.3 [ ].‫ ִח‬4 ‫ ק‬.4

A290.1.2–3 Two Chits for Year 1 A290.1.2-ISAP749 [YR34]

April 27, 358 Payments of 1 unknown fattened animal and 4 qabs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (57 × 71 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks.

While the date is legible in line 1, the name of the payer in line 2 is not. At the end of line 3 we read nicely the joined adjective and numeral 1 ‫“( פטים‬1 fattened [. . .]”). This word appears once more in a fragment (J10.5) along with ‫“( תרנגל‬rooster”), but those letters cannot be made out here. The beginning of line 4 yields q ////, followed by a ḥet, possibly the abbreviation of “wheat.”

434

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX Date

On the 15th of Tammuz, ye[a]r 1[+?], [·]bd/rta 20 [. . .] 3 to Netina from ḥbl . 4Ammiṣidq:. . . silver, 5sh(ekels), 5. 1 2

Payee Source Product

[?+]1 ‫ש[נ]ת‬ ִ ‫ ִלתמוז‬15 ‫ב‬ . .  . . . . 20 ‫רת ִא‬/ ִ ‫[בד‬ ִ ] . . . ‫לנתינא ִמןִ ִח ִבל‬ ‫עמצדק ִכ ִס ִף‬ ִ 5 ‫ִש‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 5

A290.1.3-ISAP1005 (L5 [IM91.16.2]) July 23, 358 Payment of 5 shekels of silver Body sherd of jar (64 × 53 × 8), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon probably complete. Poorly preserved writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin narrowing downward, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The year may be either “1” or “2.” If dated to year 1, our chit would be the only one of six others also dated to Tammuz in year 1 that is not for wheat or barley (A2.2, 5.5, 17.2, here, 300.1.10, 300.1.12). Line 2 should contain the name of the payer, but it is unintelligible. The continuation of the text implies a payment of 5 shekels to Netina from the ‫ חבל‬of Ammiṣidq. There are four names with the element ‫“( עם‬paternal uncle”), two as predicate (Ammiel [A53] and Ammiqos [A117], meaning “El/Qos is my paternal uncle”) and two as divine epithet (Ammiyatha [“{Divine} paternal uncle saved” {A116}] and Ammiṣidq [“{Divine} paternal uncle is justice” {occurring only here}]). ¶ For Netina, see A110. For payments of money, see A151.2.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

435

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Sivan, year 2, Qos[. . .]: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 18.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫לסיִִוןִ שנת‬ ִ 24 ‫ ב‬.1 18 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ קוס[ ]שכ‬.2

A290.1.4 One Chit for year 2 A290.1.4-ISAP1657 {OG?23}

June 21, 357 Payment of 1 kor, 18 seahs of barley

The ostracon is completely legible, except for the second half of the payer’s name.

436

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX [On] the [?+]5th [of] Elul, year 3, PN: b(arley), s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3 ‫[ל]אלול שנת‬ ִ 5] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬20 ‫ שס‬. .[ ] .2

A290.1.5 One Chit for year 3

A290.1.5-ISAP843 [IA12439 {GCh43}] September 18 (+?), 356 Payment of 20 seahs, 2.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (35 × 49 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 60° to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Assuming no missing numeral strokes at the beginning of line 1, 5 Elul, year 3 would be September 18, 356. The name of the payer at the beginning of line 2 is illegible. A parallel chit, for 23 seahs of barley, was written in Ab, year 3 (A155.2), but this is the only one dated to the month of Elul (cf. A300.1.18 below). Most of the chits for year 3 were for semolina+flour (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1: 19–33).

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

437

cm

CONVEX Date

On the 16th of Kislev, year 3+3 (= 6), 2 PN from the grain of the purchase: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), [?]. 4 Alal (archaic alef) 1

Payer Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

(6 =)3+3‫ לכסלו שנת‬16 ‫ב‬ ‫ מן עבור זבינתא‬. . . . [?]‫ִח ִס‬ # ‫עלל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.6–7 Two Chits for Year 6

A290.1.6-ISAP782+918 (JA482 + YR124 {GCh118 > Zd82 > EYH2?}) December 23, 353 Payment of x seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43 × 78 × 10), roughly trapezoid, exterior, interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), few brown grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This ostracon had broken into two fragments, the main fragment going to the Jeselsohn collection and a small piece from the left edge to that of Ronen. The last three digits of the date are written supralinearly at the end of line 1. ¶ This is one of five or six chits written between November 9 and December 23, 353 by the same scribe and the same signatory (Alal or Alilahi) for wheat from the “grain of the purchase” (A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, here; cf. possibly A57.3). Five other chits record payments “from the grain of the purchase” (A16.6, 20.6, 37.4, 39.3, and 57.3), and one has “from the oil of the purchase” (A8.28). See also A2.14 and A300.1.60. ¶ The name of the payer is illegible at the beginning of line 2, as is the amount of the wheat at the beginning of line 3. The archaic alef is juxtaposed to the name of the signatory and is written with a flourish.

438

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Products

On the 22nd of Shebat, year 6, L[. . . to PN]: 2 [bu]ndles, 25; 3[. . .], q(abs), 3. 1

[

].‫ ל‬6 ‫ לשבט שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 25 ִ‫]מ]ש ִת ִלן‬ ִ . . . . . . . .2 3 ‫]  [ק‬ ִ .3 (Ink marks?)

A290.1.7-ISAP1016 (L16 [IM91.16.93]) February 26, 352 Payment of 25 bundles and 3 qabs of unknown product Thick body sherd of jar (63 × 58 × 14), exterior and interior gray. Ostracon probably complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For bundles, see A1.48 and Table 6 in TAO vol. 2. Unfortunately, the names of the payer and presumably the payee cannot be restored at the end of line 1 and beginning of line 2. Of the fifty chits for bundles, only eight are fully dated, three with date at the end (years 2, 6, and 13 respectively [A2.3, 8.35, 67.1]). Of the four with date at the beginning (A1.43, 8.31, 22.8, here), only here is the year preserved (Table 6.1–8 [especially Table 6.4] in TAO vol. 2]). Our chit contains the largest number of bundles in the whole collection. There is only one other text dated to Shebat of year 6, a workers text (D8.2).

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

439

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Signatory

On the 19th of Tishri, 2year 10(+?), l.š. .[. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 3(+?), 4 (archaic alef). 1

[

[

].ִ‫לתשִרי‬ ִ 19 ‫ב‬ ]. .‫ש‬.‫ ִל‬10 ‫שנת‬ . . 3 ‫ ק‬9 ‫חס‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.8 One Chit for Year 10

A290.1.8-ISAP1030 (L31 [IM91.16.37]) October 15, 349 Payment of 9 seahs, 3 (+?) qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (77 × 53 × 8), exterior and interior light pinkish brown. Poorly preserved writing on concave surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing sealing sign), wide left margin.

There may perhaps be another numeral stroke after the “10” in line 2. The name of the payer, following, is not legible. ¶ The archaic alef sealing sign appears in chits earlier than year 10 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149*–50* and Table 8:17) and in only two examples afterwards (A8.22 [year 13], 11.7 [year 16]).

440

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 2nd of Tishri, year 15, PN: 2 grgrn, 15, by the hand of [. . .]el. 1

[

]15 ‫לתשִרִי שנת‬ ִ 2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫]א ִל‬ ִ [ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬15 ‫גר ִגִרן‬ ִ .2

A290.1.9 One Chit for Year 15

A290.1.9-ISAP2426 (JA137) (Table 2.4) October 2, 344 Payment of 15 grgrn (Palimpsest) Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61 × 90 × 8–10), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Only one or possibly two chits for year 15 have a product other than wheat or barley flour (here [grgrn] and A89.5 [unknown {date at the bottom}]; cf. A300.1.33 below). Now illegible, the name(s) of the payer and possible filiation and/or payee appeared at the end of line 1. Only two other chits out of close to 30 for grgrn have an agent (A3.34, 290.1.15), but unfortunately we can only read the divine element “El” at the end of his name. For ‫גרגרן‬, see A1.28.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

441

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 14th of Elul, year 13+3 (= 16), 2 .qb[. . .] to [PN] who is [. . .]: 3 . . ., [q(abs)], 5 (and a) h(alf) 4 ?. 1

(16 =)3+13 ‫[?]לאלול שנת‬14 ‫ב‬ [ ]‫ זִי‬. . . .‫ל‬. .‫קב‬. ִ 5 ‫[ף‬ ]. . . . ?

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.10 One Chit for Year 16 A290.1.10-ISAP267 [IA11753]

September 4, 343 Payment of 5.5 (+?) qabs of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (69 × 73 × 9–13), irregularly shaped, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The final three strokes of the year date are written supralinearly at the end of the line. The second two letters of the payer at the beginning of line 2 (qof-bet) would yield names beginning with the root ‫עקב‬, such as Aqban (‫[ עקבן‬E3.2]), Aqiba (‫[ עקיבא‬A99.1]), Aqabta (‫[ עקבתא‬H5.3]), and Aqqub (‫[ עקוב‬A300.1.2]). See further A244.1 above. ¶ The name of the product is illegible at the beginning of line 3.

442

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 15th of Sivan, year 218, PN brought in, 3 (to the) storehouse of [Makkedah: w(heat), s(eahs). . .]. 1

‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לסיִִון שנ‬ ִ 15 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ] 18 .2 . . . .  . . . . . . ‫ִה‬ ִ ‫ ִמ ִס ִכנ‬.3

A290.1.11 One Chit for Year 18 A290.1.11-ISAP718 (YR4) June 15, 341 Payment of x seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (50 × 69 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), many small dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

This is one of five chits (also A11.8, 35.3, 124.2, 205.1, here [see Table 1.4 in TAO vol. 1]) for small to medium amounts of wheat written by the same scribe between 5 Sivan and 20 Tammuz, year 18 (June 5 to July 20, 341). They all employ the verb ‫ הנעל‬and use the formula ‫“( מסכנה למנקדה‬storehouse of Makkedah”), for the depository, both of which we restore here accordingly (see A11.8). Unfortunately, neither the name of the payer nor of the product is legible. For the verb of conveyance, see A1.3.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

443

cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of [T]ammuz, year [1+]5 (= 6), [. . .] . . .lp. from the Steppe of 3[. . .], [. . .]naqam: 4 [. . .] q(abs) 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Payee? Product

5[+1]‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ל[ת]מִו ִז ִשנ‬ ִ 2‫ב‬ ‫ מן ִערבת‬.‫לפ‬. . .[ ] [  ]. ‫ִק ִם‬ ִ ‫] [נ‬. . . . 4 ‫]?[ק‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.12 One Chit for Year 6 (Late) A290.1.12-ISAP1332 (AL45 [M33]) July 19, 318 Payment of 4 (+?) qabs of wheat or barley Body sherd of jar (103 × 80 × 6), gray brown exterior, brown interior. White/gray deposit on interior. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks [AL].

All the texts designating the source as “Steppe (‫ )ערבת‬of PN” are late, e.g., “Steppe of Zam(mu)ru/ Nam(i)ru” (A11.9) or “Steppe of Ḥiniziru” (A33.7, 229.1), both in Alexander, year 2 (315). It is thus likely that two ‫ ערבת‬texts, one dated to year 8 (A99.1) and this one dated to year 6, should be assigned to Philip. See Table 5.10, 16–18, 21, 23, 32, 37 in TAO vol. 1. ¶ The name of the payer must have stood at the beginning of line 2, and the name attached to the Steppe at the beginning of line 3. Thus, it would have been followed by the name of the payee, such as Qosnaqam, for example (see A27), if the letters nun-qof-mem reflect a personal name. In all of the “Steppe of PN” texts, the product is wheat or barley, so we can assume either of these would have stood at the beginning of line 4.

444

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 25th of Ta[mmuz, year 3] 2Antigonus, Abd[. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 4, 4 [b]y the hand of Ḥanni. lšḥln 1

[3 ‫ לת[מוז שנת‬25‫ב‬ [  ]‫עב ִד‬ ִ ‫ִס‬ ִ ‫ִא ִת ִגנ‬ 4 ‫ ק‬20 ‫חס‬ [‫]ע]ליד חני ל[שחלן‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.13 One Chit for Year 3 Antigonus A290.1.13-ISAP468 [IA11378]

August 7, 315 Payment of 20 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (55x50x8), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks.

This chit is cut off at the left edge, removing the year date in line 1 and the second syllable of the payer’s name in line 2. Year 3 can be restored on the basis of four other chits and thus dated to Antigonus, marked by the agency of Ḥanni, and concluding with the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, 50.3; see also A114.2 and 249a.1 above). Strangely, one of these chits was drawn up on the same day as this one by Abdadah son of Wah(a)bi for a comparable amount of wheat as here (24 seahs, 2 qabs [A13.14]). There does not appear to be enough room at the end of line 2 in our chit for a patronym, however.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

445

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 28th of S[iva]n, 2year[. . .] 3 PN: [. . .], 4s(eahs), 10[+?]. 1

ִ‫לס[יו]ן‬ ִ 28 ‫ב‬ [ ]‫שנת‬ ִ ‫יִל‬. .‫]ג‬ ִ [. . .‫ִב‬ . . .[ ]10 ‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.14–17 Four Chits with Year Illegible A290.1.14-ISAP775 [YR102]

28 Sivan, year y Payment of 10 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (66 × 65 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin widening downward, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The year date is missing toward the beginning of line 2. The name of the payer would have come at the beginning of line 3, and the product at the end.

446

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of Tishri, year [. . .], [. . .]yada: grgrn, 20, 3 [. . .] . . . by the hand of 4[Q]osmalak.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

[ ]. ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫]לתשרי ִשנ‬ ‫]ב‬ 20 ‫ִד ִע גרגרן‬ ִ ‫]  [י‬ ‫ עליד‬. . .[   ]   } ‫ק]וסמל ִך‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.1.15-ISAP1616 (AL132 [SM15 = LG2]) (Table 2.5) x Tishri, year y Payment of 20 grgrn Fragmentary ostracon (ca. 50 × 60), surface cream-colored. Ends of four written lines remain [AL].

The day is missing at the right edge of line 1, and the year is obscured at the end of the line. The letters after the break at the beginning of line 2 appear to be yod-dalet-ayin, allowing for restoration of the name ‫( קוסידע‬A150). The letters at the beginning of line 3 are undecipherable, and there is no parallel for a word that might have interceded between grgrn and ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”). Qosmalak is agent in three other chits, two of which were dated (A9.9, 94.2; cf. A4.28). That name also has a large dossier of its own (A11). ¶ For grgrn, see A1.28.

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically

447

cm

CONVEX On the 28th of Marcheshvan, year [x], Y[. . .]el: flour, kor⟨s⟩, 2; seahs, 3t[w]o [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ]‫ למרחשון שנת‬28 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ סאן‬2 ⟩‫אל קמח ִכִר⟨ן‬. . .ִ ִ ‫ י‬.2 [ ]‫ ִת[רתי]ן‬.3

A290.1.16-ISAP1064 (L64 [IM91.16.203]) 28 Marcheshvan, year y Payment of 2 kors, 2 seahs of flour Body sherd of jar (80 × 75 × 9), exterior gray brown, interior orange gray. Whitish patina on interior. Rather erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is the only chit with plena spelling for flour and measure that is not paid to the gatemen. There are five such chits for Baalrum (A1.33–37 [so spelled]) and another five for Gur (A2.21–24a), all for year 2 (Arses [see on A1.33]) but for wheat and barley. Five times, however, the product flour and its measure are spelled plena in payments to the gatemen (A1.41, 3.23, 4.30, 21.16, 83.3). Perhaps the phrase (‫)לתרען‬ originally appeared at the end of the now-effaced line 3. ¶ There are four possible names that begin with a yod and end with alef-lamed—‫( יתיעאל‬A4.10), ‫( יבנאל‬A47.1), ‫( יעדראל‬A199.1), and ‫( יקנאל‬A201.1).

448

A290.1.1–17 Illegible Payer Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically cm

CONVEX ◦◦◦◦◦◦ʾ◦[?], year 1, ◦[. . .+]5[?]3, 3 [?]◦n, 6.

Date

1

???

2

???

1 ‫[?] שנת‬.‫א‬. . . . . 3[?]5[ ]. 6 ִ‫ן‬.[?] ‫[ ] שנת‬. .‫ ל‬25 ‫] [ב‬ CONCAVE

On the 25th of ◦◦[. . .] year [. . .], PN: w(heat), s(eahs), 10; 3q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

.1 .2 .3 .4

[ ]‫[ ] שנת‬. .‫ ל‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 10 ‫רִי חס‬.[ ִ ] .2 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬.3

A290.1.17-ISAP1730 [IA12402 {Zd7}] 25 x, year y Payment of 10 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (43 × 74 × 9–12), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black soot on exterior, interior and some edges. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 30° to wheel marks. convex: Wide top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, no left margin.

The text on the convex side is very enigmatic. While line 1 ends with the phrase “year 1,” letter traces at the beginning of the line do not indicate a day and month. Only numerals are visible in lines 2 and 3. The text on the concave, on the other hand, conforms to the parameters of a chit: a date, albeit month and year effaced, in line 1; a payer, albeit effaced, and product in line 2; and a measure in lines 2 and 3.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date Arranged Chronologically (Seventeen chits dated only by month with a payer whose name is illegible) Nisan to Marcheshvan

Dated List of Texts A290.2.1  Payments of 1 beam and 20 of unknown product A290.2.2  Payment of 1 (+?) seah of oil A290.2.3  Payments of 1 seah of barley and 1 bale of chaff A290.2.4  Payment of 1 kor, 4 (+?) seahs of barley A290.2.5  Payment of 26 baskets A290.2.6  Payment of 2 (+?) seahs of wheat A290.2.7  Payment of x barley A290.2.8  Payment of 6 seahs of barley A290.2.9  Payment of unknown product A290.2.10  Payment of unknown product A290.2.11  Payment of 16 x of unknown product A290.2.12  Payment of unknown product A290.2.13  Payment of unknown product A290.2.14  Payment of 1 (+?) qab of unknown product A290.2.15  Payment of 1 kor, x seahs of wheat A290.2.16  Payment of 24 x of unknown product A290.2.17  Payment of x qabs of unknown product

449

x Nisan 20 Nisan 5 Iyyar 23 Sivan 8 Tammuz 30 Tammuz 9 Ab 17 Ab 20 Ab 21 Ab 29 Ab 13 Elul 25 Elul 25 Elul 9 Tishri 4 Marcheshvan 20 Marcheshvan

450

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products Agent

[On the x of Ni]san, ʿ[. . .]: beam, 1; 2 [?]◦m/s◦◦n, 20, by the hand of PN. 1

1 ‫ ִשרי‬. . . .‫לני]סןִ ע‬ ִ ‫ ]ב‬.1 . . . . ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬20 ‫ן‬. .‫ס‬/‫מ‬.[?] .2

A290.2.1–2 Two Chits for Nisan A290.2.1-ISAP1732 [IA12404 {Zd9}]

x Nisan Payments of 1 beam and 20 of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43 × 75 × 5), roughly rectangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no clear wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The ostracon appears complete, but the text is severely effaced. At the beginning of line 1, the day date would have appeared, followed by the payer, for whom only the first letter of his name, an ayin, is legible. This could be one of nearly 90 names in our corpus beginning thus. The first product, 1 beam (‫)שרי‬, is legible at the end of line 1 (see A1.12 for discussion), but a second product is unintelligible at the beginning of line 2. Most likely, it was not a grain but rather a countable product. An agent was recorded at the end of line 2, but his name is unfortunately illegible as well.

451

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 20th of Nisan, Zayd[. . .] 2 from the oil of Q[. . .]: 3 oil, s(eah), 1[+? . . .]. 1

[

]‫זיד‬ ִ ‫ לניסן‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ מן משח ִק‬.2 [?]1 ‫מש ִח ִס‬ ִ .3

A290.2.2-ISAP1040 (L40 [IM91.16.104]) (Table 6.29) 20 Nisan Payment of 1 (+?) seah of oil Body sherd of jar (50 × 45 × 6–7), exterior and interior gray to light brown. Right part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The chit is cut away at the left edge, and the second half of the payer’s name is missing at the end of line 1. There are six possible names that begin with zayin-yod-dalet—‫( זידאל‬A99), ‫( זידו‬A28), ‫( זידי‬A48), ‫זידלהי‬ (A182), ‫( זידן‬G2.4), and ‫( זידתו‬A183). Interestingly, a Zaydil pays Samitu “from the oil of the purchase” (A8.28) and a Zaydi son of Naum makes a payment of oil with Ḥal(a)fan as agent (A48.4). ¶ In line 2, only the first letter (qof) is preserved for the name of the source. This would suit the name Qosyinqom, a source of oil elsewhere (A12.16), but the three other source chits indicate a different person in each case—Marṣaat (A29.2), Qosṣur (A85.5), and Amru (A167.1). For more on oil, see A2.13.

452

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX (illegible) b(arley), s(eah), 1 On the 5th of Iyyar: chaff, bale, 1. 3 (illegible) 1

Product I Date Product II

. .[

2

]. .  . . . . . . ‫ל‬. . . . . . . . . .1 1 ‫ ִל ִאיִִר תבן פחלץ‬5 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ שס‬.2 [ ].  .  . . . .[ ].[ ] .3

A290.2.3 One Chit for Iyyar

A290.2.3-ISAP1521 (AL105 [M236]) 5 Iyyar Payments of 1 seah of barley and 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of jar (87 × 95 × 9), exterior and interior brown. Writing almost illegible. Written lines at 15° to wheel marks [AL].

The first and last lines are completely illegible. Line 2 appears to begin with “b(arley), s(eah), 1” and continues with a date, a second product, and number. For bale, see A1.2 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

453

cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan . . . [?], PN: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), [?+]4. (+ 2 illegible lines?)

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[?]. . ‫ לסיון‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 4] ? [‫ ִס‬1 ‫ ]  [שכ‬.2 (2 more illegible lines?)

A290.2.4 One Chit for Sivan

A290.2.4-ISAP1045 (L45 [IM91.16.66]) 23 Sivan Payment of 1 kor, 4 (+?) seahs of barley Rather thick body sherd of jar (77 × 55 × 14), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon possibly complete. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Although the ostracon is complete, it is much effaced. If the name of the payer occurred at the beginning of line 2, then a year date may have come at the end of line 1.

454

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 8th of Tammuz, [. . .]m· 2 baskets, 26 ·[. . .]. . .lrm 3 [. . .]. 1

.‫[ ]מ‬. ‫ לתמוז‬8 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . . ‫לרם‬. .] [. 26 ִ‫ סלן‬.2 . . . . . .3

A290.2.5–6 Two Chits for Tammuz A290.2.5-ISAP673 (JA55) 8 Tammuz Payment of 26 baskets Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62 × 91 × 4–6), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, *wide left margin.

The identical word ‫ סל‬appears in Hebrew (Gen 40:17 [also Targum Onqelos]), but it is found only once more, or perhaps twice, in our corpus (A2.22; C7.2). The name of the payer must have appeared after the date at the end of line 1. Line 3 is completely illegible.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

455

cm

CONVEX On the 30th of Tamm[uz, . . .], ◦ḥ◦[. . .]n: w(heat), s(eahs), [. . . ?+]2 3 Ṣurbaal[?] ◦◦◦[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ‫ לתמ[וז‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 .2] [‫[ ]ןִ ִח ִס‬.‫ ח‬.2 [ ]. . .[?]‫צר ִב ִע ִל‬ ִ .3

A290.2.6-ISAP1784 (JA541) 30 Tammuz Payment of 2 (+?) seahs of wheat Rim of Persian-period bowl, medium-sized (53 × 67 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits, vessel wall slightly warped. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Although the ostracon is complete, the left side is effaced. If the name of the payer is found at the beginning of line 2, then a year date would have come at the end of line 1. While the reading ‫צרבעל‬, Ṣurbaal (“Baal is a rock”) is uncertain and appears only in one other text in our corpus (A89.5), the epithet ‫צור‬, “rock,” does occur in one or two Aramaic names—‫צורי‬, Ṣuri (WSS 840) and perhaps ‫צורהדד‬, Ṣurihadad (“My Rock is Hadad”) (Lemaire 2001: No.14:4). It would be a similar name to Qosṣur, which occurs twice (A85.5, 91.4). The role of Ṣurbaal is not clear and could be agent, signatory, or even second payer. He could not have been payee, as he was previously, however, since there is no space for the prepositions “to” or “to the hand of.”

456

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Ab, [. . .], Qo[s. . . to the storehouse of] 3Makkedah: b(arley), [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

[ ]‫ ִל ִא ִב‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 [‫מן‬ ‫ ִקִו[ס‬.2 [ ].‫מנקדה ִש‬ ִ .3

A290.2.7–11 Five Chits for Ab A290.2.7-ISAP17 [JTS17 159270] 9 Ab Payment of x barley

Only the beginnings of the first three lines are legible. The end of line 1 probably had a year date. In the second part of line 2, there is room for the rest of the payer’s name, a payee, and the term ‫“( למסכנת‬to the storehouse of’), which would introduce Makkedah at the beginning of line 3. See Table 12.30–44c in TAO vol. 1 for payments made to the storehouse of Makkedah. The amount of barley is not visible following the single-letter abbreviation for barley (‫)ש‬.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

457

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 17th of Ab, PN: 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 6, by the hand of Azbaal 3 [. . .]. 1

. . .[ ] ‫לאב‬ ִ 17 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עליד ִעזבעל‬6 ‫ שס‬.2  . . .  . .  .  . .3

A290.2.8-ISAP2480 (JA195) 17 Ab Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, unidentifiable (Early Bronze Age?), medium-sized (ca. 65 × 79 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior dark gray (10YR4/1), ware grayish brown (10YR5/2), coarse ware, many large white grits, probably handmade. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The name of the payer in line 1 is illegible. The name Azbaal (“Baal is strong”) occurs in three more texts (A115). Line 3 is also illegible. The ostracon appears to be complete.

458

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Ab [. . .], ḥ··a [. . .] 3 b[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

[ ]‫לא ִב‬ ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ? ]. . .‫א‬.  ִ .‫ ִח‬.2 . . .[  ]‫ב‬. .3

A290.2.9-ISAP1327 (AL119 [M28]) 20 Ab Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, quite thick (68 × 56 × 11), exterior yellowish, interior brown, section brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing almost illegible. Written lines almost parallel to wheel marks.

Although the ostracon is complete, the letter traces in lines 2 and 3 are not intelligible. We assume that the first word in line 2 is the name of the payer.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

459

cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Product?

On the 21st of Ab, PN: 2 š[. . .]. .kl.

[

1

]‫ לאב [ ? ] ִק‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]‫כל‬. . . . . . . . ִ ‫ ִש‬.2 (Lines missing?)

(Lines missing?)

A290.2.10-ISAP780 [YR86] 21 Ab Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (52 × 67 × 6), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white and many dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks, writing barely legible, starts from the upper straight edge. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Only the date at the beginning of line 1 is legible. It seems to be followed by the letter qof, but nothing more is visible of the name of the payer. Line 2 begins, perhaps, with the letter shin, and at the end there appear to be a kaf and a lamed.

460

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Ab, PN 1brought in 2 to PN: 3 [. . .], 16.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

‫ לאב הנעל‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . . . . ‫ל‬. . . . .[?] .2 16 . . .  . . . . .3

A290.2.11-ISAP1743 [IA12414 {Zd20}] 29 Ab Payment of 16 x of unknown product Rounded base of jar, medium-sized (39 × 63 × 10–13), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel marks. No top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

This chit is complete but hard to read. It appears to have date, payer, payee, and product. For the verb of conveyance “brought in,” see A1.3. There is more than ample space in the second half of line 2 and the beginning of line 3 for a product.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

461

cm

CONVEX Date

On the 13th of Elul, [. . .]3. 3.l.

1 2

‫ לאלול‬13 ‫ ב‬. . . . .1 [ ] .2 .‫ל‬. . 3 . .3

A290.2.12–14 Three Chits for Elul A290.2.12-ISAP2617 (JA356) 13 Elul Payment of unknown product Shoulder of closed vessel, medium-sized (33 × 46 × 5), trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior pink (5YR8/3), ware pink (5YR7/3), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The ostracon is apparently complete. The writing after Elul is illegible. Though the payer’s name should have existed in line 2, we cannot divine it. As indicated by the large space between the two lines, another line may have existed.

462

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product?

On the 20[+4+]1 (= 25th) of Elul, Qos.[. . .]: 2 16 . . . 1

[ ].‫ לאלול קוס‬1[+4+]20 ‫ ִב‬.1 . . . 16 . .2

A290.2.13-ISAP800A [YR121] 25 Elul Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47 × 85 × 10), triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), many reddish and white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks, writing barely legible, starts from the upper straight edge.

Line 1 contained a restorable day and a legible month, with no year. The end of the line appears to contain the letters ‫ קוס‬as the beginning of the payer’s name. The beginning of line 2 appears to have the numeral 16, followed by illegible marks. It is not clear where the product appeared.

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

463

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On 25 of Elul, Qosl[. . .: . . .] 2q(ab), 1 [?]. 1

[ ]‫לא ִלִו ִל ִקִו ִס ִל‬ ִ 25 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]1 ‫ ק‬.2

A290.2.14-ISAP1470 (AL128 [M182]) 25 Elul Payment of 1 (+?) qab of unknown product Body sherd of jar, quite thin (72 × 48 × 4), exterior brown, interior gray. Whitish deposit on exterior and interior. Written lines at 30° to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, after the first letter of the second syllable of the payer’s name. There are at least seven or eight precative Qos names wherein the lamed follows the initial divine element—‫( קוסלעז‬A242.1), ‫( קוסלאלף‬A243.1), ‫( קוסלעקב‬A244.1), ‫( קוסליתע‬A45), ‫( קוסלכן‬A39), ‫קוסלנצר‬ (A87), ‫( קוסלעת‬A122), and possibly ‫( קוס]לי[נתן‬C7.5). ¶ Line 2 has simply two signs for the measure. The commodity must have appeared at the end of line 1.

464

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Tishri, [. . .] PN: 3 wheat, kor, one; seahs, [x], 4 to Maṭ(ṭ)aran, by the hand of .l. .[?] 5 Qosani [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Payee Agent(s)

[

[ ]ִ‫לת ִשִרי‬ ִ 9‫ב‬ ]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ ]ִ‫חנטן כר ִח ִד ִס ִאן‬ [?]. .‫ל‬. ‫טרןִ עליד‬ ִ ‫למ‬ ִ [?]. ‫קוסע ִנִי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A290.2.15 One Chit for Tishri

A290.2.15-ISAP1067 (L67 [IM91.16.25]) 9 Tishri Payment of 1 kor, x seahs of wheat Fragment of jar (67 × 72 × 9–11), exterior blackened light brown, interior pink. Ostracon apparently complete. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin widening leftward, wide left margin.

Although this chit is complete, it is difficult to read. There are two other chits written in the month of Tishri, year 2 (October, 336 b.c.e.) for barley and wheat, respectively, the first for a member of the clan of Baalrim and the second for a member of the clan of Guru (A1.35, 2.21). In each, the spelling of the grain and the measures is plena, just as here. Also, there would be enough space in line 2 to include the name of a clan. Unfortunately, the line is too faded to discern the writing. If we restore year 2 at the end of line 1, the chit would be dated October 11, 336. On the other hand, neither of the above chits contains a payee or agent, as here. Unusually here, the name of the payee follows the product and not the payer. Maṭ(ṭ)aran, serves as payer a few times, but this is his only payee chit (see A107). The name of the agent is illegible in line 4, and the role of Qosani in line 5 is obscure. He may have been a second agent or perhaps signatory; however, in the many chits in which the name appears, it is only in the payer or payee position (see A30).

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date

465

cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Marcheshvan, . . . [. . .]qos: from d/r◦◦n 3 3 . . ., 24.

Date

1

Payer

2

Origin/Source Product

[   ]. . . ‫ ִל ִמִרחשון‬4 ‫ב‬ 3 ‫ן‬. .‫ר‬/‫ ִקוס ִמןִ ד‬. . . ‫א‬. . . . . ִ 24 . .[?]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.2.16–17 Two Chits for Marcheshvan A290.2.16-ISAP631 [BLMJ687 {Naveh 436}] 4 Marcheshvan Payment of 24 x of unknown product Body sherd of jar, unknown period, triangular, small (44 × 57 × 8), exterior pink (7.5YR7/4). Writing on exterior, on smooth slightly convex surface, direction of wheel marks unclear.

This chit is most enigmatic. It is not clear whether there was a year date at the end of line 1. The second syllable in the payer’s name in line 2 was ‫קוס‬, and the first syllable appears to be something like ‫( עבד‬Abd) or ‫( זבד‬Zabd). While Abdqos appears as payer a couple times (A112), Zabdiqos does not appear at all. The preposition ‫“( מן‬from”) in the middle of line 2, following the personal name, usually introduces the source of the commodity (see, e.g., A3.16, 8.38, 79.3), less frequently, the origin of the payer. The legible letters here (d/r◦◦n) are not productive. Three numeral strokes seem to appear supralinearly at the end of the line. A two-letter product and measure are obscure at the beginning of line 3 or 4.

466

A290.2.1–17 Seventeen Illegible Payer Chits with Month Date cm

CONVEX On 20th of Marcheshvan, [?], Ḥal[. . .]: 3 . . . q(ab) [. . .] (and a) h(alf), 4 by the hand of Raaṣu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

[?] ‫ למרחשון‬20 ‫ב‬ . . .  . .  .[ ] ‫ִחל‬ ‫ ִק[ ]ף‬. . . ‫עליד ִר ִע ִצו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.2.17-ISAP2523 (JA245) 20 Marcheshvan Payment of x qabs of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 67 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Nothing is visible after the month name in line 1. The name of the payer may be restored to something like ‫ חלפת‬or ‫( הלפן‬Ḥal(a)fat [A7] or Ḥal(a)fan [A18]). The product at the beginning of line 3 is not legible. The name of the agent, ‫רעצו‬, appeared already in A284.1.

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date (Eight chits with only day date preserved with a payer whose name is illegible and one chit with only day date) 1–28 (+ two with day unknown)

Dated List of Texts (9 texts) A290.3.1  Payment of unknown product A290.3.2  Payment of 20 seahs of barley A290.3.3  Payment of 3 kors, x seahs, 2 qabs of flour A290.3.4  Payment of x qab of barley A290.3.5  Payment of x jars A290.3.6  Two payments: 4.5 qabs of unknown product and 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of unknown product A290.3.7  Payment of 2 qabs of barley A290.3.8  Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of unknown product A290.3.9  Payment of 1 kor, 4 seahs of barley

467

1x 5x 6x 24 x 24 x 28 x Day unknown Day unknown 20 (without month)

468

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Source Product Origin

On the 1st of [x (month)] . . .yʾ 2 from [. . .] [. . .] (in (exchange) for w(heat), k(or), 1 3 of Saadi. 1

‫ִי ִא‬. . . 

. . . .‫ ל‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫בחכ‬ ִ .  .  . . . . ִ‫ ִמן‬.2 ‫ זי ִס ִע ִדִי‬.3

A290.3.1 One Chit for Day 1 A290.3.1-ISAP2444 (JA156) 1x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (ca. 45 × 58 × 14–16), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior and ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, no clear wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Most of the text is illegible, including the month in line 1. The name of the payer apparently appeared at the end of line 1, and the end of line 2 may be read as \‫בחכ‬, which would translate into “(in exchange) for w(heat), k(or), 1,” but such a text is always preceded by a reference to a quantity of barley that is being exchanged for the wheat (e.g., A13.11). The spacing does not seem to allow for such an expression. ¶ Written regularly with a sin (A52), Saadi is written only here with a samek (‫)סעדי‬. The full name Saadaniqos is written once with a samek (A212.1) but twice with a sin (5.1, 5).

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date

469

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee? Product Agent

On the 5 [of x (month)], PN. . . [to] PN: 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 20, by the hand of W[. . .] [. . .]wn. 1

‫ון‬. .]

[  ].5 ‫ב‬. .1 [. . .‫ִד ו‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬20 ‫שס‬ ִ .2

A290.3.2 One Chit for Day 5

A290.3.2-ISAP624 [BLMJ682 {Naveh408a}] 5x Payment of 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, irregularly shaped, medium-sized (75 × 74 × 9–12), exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks.

Most of the writing is effaced, obscuring the month name and the name of the payer and probably also a payee, as demanded by the spacing in line 1. Also illegible is the name of the agent, which seems to begin with a waw, followed by illegible text till the end of the line. There are 10 names in the ostraca that begin with a waw, but the only one that serves as an agent is Widdu (A1.32, 71.3), both times along with two other agents in late chits.

470

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX On the 6th [of x (month)], PN. . . [to] PN: 3 flour, k(ors), 3; s(eahs), [. . .]; 4q(ab)s, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee? Product

.[ [

].6 ‫ב‬ [ ]. . ]‫ ִס‬3 ‫ִק ִמ ִח כ‬ 2‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.3.3 One Chit for Day 6

A290.3.3-ISAP641 [BLMJ684 {Naveh491}] 6x Payment of 3 kors, x seahs, 2 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, roughly trapezoid/rectangular, irregularly shaped, medium-sized (54 × 80 × 5–8), exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4). Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks.

The left half of the ostracon is effaced, thus erasing the month name in line 1, the name of the payer (and perhaps payee, since spacing allows it) in line 2, and the amount of seahs in line 3.

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date

471

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of [x (month)], [. . .]u to Palaqos [?]: 3 b(arley), q(ab), [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

.[  ].[?].‫ ל‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 [?] ‫[ו ִלפלקוס‬ ִ ] .2 [ ]‫שק‬ ִ .3

A290.3.4–5 Two Chits for Day 24 A290.3.4-ISAP1066 (L68 [IM91.16.68]) 24 x Payment of x qab of barley Body sherd of jar (90 × 58 × 8), exterior light brown, interior whitish. Ostracon probably complete. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The piece is intact, but only the day date in line 1, the payee and the final waw of the payer in line 2, and the product in line 3 are preserved. There are five chits for barley that conclude with the notation ‫לפלקוס‬ 20‫ב‬, “on the 20th to Palaqos” (see explanation in A6.18 and further in A151.1); two others bear no date (A2.9, 172.1). This is the only dated one, with the amount of barley being extremely small. One fragmentary chit is for oil instead of barley (A1.5). The name Palaqos has a parallel in the name Palael (A151).

472

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 24th of [x (month)], PN: 2 jars, [. . .]. 1

[ ]. .‫ ל‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . . . . ‫ ִחביה‬.2

A290.3.5-ISAP279 [IA11754] 24 x Payment of x jars Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49 × 74 × 8), trapezoid, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin.

The left half of the ostracon is effaced, leaving visible only the day date in line 1 and the product in line 2. The name of the payer must have occurred at the end of line 1. For jars, see A1.13. Only one other chit for jars is dated at the beginning (A7.10).

473

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX Payer? Product? Date Measure

d/rw/zd/r. . m. . . [. . .] 2q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). 3 On the 28th, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). (Illegible remains of a line at the bottom of a different text?) 1

[

]. . . .‫ מ‬. .‫ר‬/‫זד‬/‫רו‬/‫ד‬ ‫ף‬4‫ק‬ ‫ ִף‬1 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ ִס‬28 ‫ב‬ (Illegible remains of a line at the bottom, of a different text?)

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.3.6 One Chit for Day 28 (without Month) A290.3.6-ISAP1777 (JA557 {Zd49 > Eyh2})

28 (without month) Two payments: 4.5 qabs of unknown product and 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70 × 76 × 5–8), roughly rectangular, exterior and ware reddish yellow (5YR7/6), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white grits, white (lime?) coating on exterior. Writing on exterior (on coating), on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The first line is largely illegible and may be concealing a payer and a product, since line 2 begins with a measure. Line 3 begins with a lone day date (see A290.3.9 below for other chits dated by day only) that is followed by a measure. It is very strange to find the date intervening in the middle like this.

474

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the◦[x (day) of y (month)], PN: 2 b(arley), q(abs), 2 [. . .]. 1

[ ]. .‫ ב‬.1 [ ]2 ‫ ִש ִק‬.2 ?

A290.3.7–8 Two Chits with Day Missing A290.3.7-ISAP492 [IA11365] Day unknown Payment of 2 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64 × 78 × 4–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Faint traces of writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, direction unclear. No drawing was made of this piece.

The first line begins with the preposition bet, “On (the x [day] of”), but the following strokes do not appear to be units or tens. If line 2 records the product, then the name of the payer must have come at the end of line 1.

475

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX On [the x (day) of y (month)], PN: [. . .] 3[s(eahs)], 3, q(ab), 3.

Date

1

Payer?

2

Product

[

[

]. . .‫ ב‬.1 ].  . . . . .2 3 ‫ ק‬3 ]‫ ]ס‬.3

A290.3.8-ISAP1670 (AL38 [M415]) Day unknown Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of unknown product Body sherd of jar (74 × 52 × 7), surface light brown. Most of writing erased. Written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. The ostracon is very effaced and the reading very conjectural [AL].

The original was not available for us to copy or photograph, and the photo in the publication is inadequate. Nonetheless, Lemaire transcribed line 1 as follows: ?/// ‫ לשבט שנת‬/ ///‫“( ב‬On the 4th of Shebat, year 3?”). In line 3, he reads a measure. The payer and product would have presumably appeared in the illegible line 2.

476

A290.3.1–9 Nine Illegible Payer Chits with Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 20th, [. . .]p: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 4. 1

4 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ף ִש ִכ‬. . . . ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.1

A290.3.9 One Chit for Day 20 (without Month) A290.3.9-ISAP815 [IA12198 {GCh15}] 20 (without month) Payment of 1 kor, 4 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (41 × 61 × 12), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits, smoothed. Writing on exterior, on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This payment was written with brevity all in one line. There are a few dates with day only “on the 25th” (A68.3), “on the 27th” (A173.1), and “on the 28th” (A290.3.6 above). The name of the payer is unintelligible.

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits with Only Partially Legible Payer and/or Payee (Ten undated chits with payer and/or payee whose name is partially preserved)

List of Texts A290.4.1  Payment of 2 seahs of wheat and 4 seahs, 5.5 qabs of flour Undated A290.4.2  Payment of unknown product Undated A290.4.3  Payment of 3 beams Undated A290.4.4  Payment of 3 seahs of unknown product Undated A290.4.5  Payment of 2 kors of barley and 18 seahs of wheat Undated A290.4.6  Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Undated A290.4.7  Payment of 6 bales Undated A290.4.8  Payment of 2 logs Undated A290.4.9  Payment of unknown product Undated A290.4.10  Payment of 1 kor, 5 seahs of wheat Undated

477

478

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Products

B. . .w: w(heat), s(eahs), 2; 2flour, s(eahs), 4; 3q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf). 1

2 ‫ו ִח ִס‬. . .‫ב‬ ִ .1 4 ‫ קמח ס‬.2 ‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬.3

A290.4.1–7 Seven Chits with Partially Legible Payer A290.4.1-ISAP750 [YR50]

Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat and 4 seahs, 5.5 qabs of flour Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (39 × 42 × 3), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This undated chit opens with the name of the payer, which unfortunately is partially effaced. The concluding letter waw indicates that it was an Arabian-type hypocoristicon. The only three names that begin with a bet and end with a waw in the Idumean ostraca are Bayyanu (A169), Baad/ru (A170), and Beriku (J10.2), although only the first two appear as payers. There are two products but no payee.

479

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Agent

Zy◦w to PN: . . . 2 by the hand of B[. . .]. 1

[

? ].[ ]‫ו ל‬.‫זי‬ ִ .1 [   ]‫ עליד ִב‬.2

A290.4.2-ISAP826 [IA12209 {GCh26}] Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (88 × 53 × 7–9), roughly triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Exterior is slightly convex and somewhat uneven. Medium top margin, wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The payer’s name may be restored ‫זי]ד[ו‬, Zaydu/Ziyadu (see A28), but the dalet is uncertain. The name of the payee and product must have appeared at the end of line 1. Only the first letter bet is preserved for the agent’s name in line 2.

480

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX 1

Product

2

???

. . . ‫מ‬.]?[ִ ִ ‫ִתנ‬ ִ ‫ נ‬.1 ‫ ִשרי‬. . . .2 ‫[כל‬ ִ ? ] .3

Natan[. . .] m. . . . . . beam, 33. [. . .]kl.

Payer

A290.4.3-ISAP1363 (AL39 [M64]) (Table 4.10) Undated Payment of 3 beams Body sherd of jar (63 × 55 × 6), exterior and interior light brown. Writing partially erased. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This chit is also very problematic. The only certain word is the product ‫שרי‬, “beam,” which occurs in our texts some ten times but almost always with a single numeral stroke (see A1.12). Yet, once it is tagged by the word ‫תמונה‬, which seems to mean “eight” (A3.1). Likewise, the numeral 3 in line 3 could modify ‫ שרי‬here. ¶ Although there are six names in the ostraca that begin with the element “Natan,” the name ‫ נתן‬as hypocoristicon does not appear in our corpus, yet there appears to be a space between it and the following word, which is illegible, as is the first word in line 2 and the end of line 3.

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits

481

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

Qos[. . .: . . .] 2s(eahs), 3[. . .] 3 to Š[. . .]. 1

[ ]‫ ִקִו ִס‬.1 [ ]3 ‫ ס‬.2 [ ].‫ לש‬.3

A290.4.4-ISAP427 [IA11334] Undated Payment of 3 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (50 × 26 × 5), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), polished exterior few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge. The rest of the name of the payer and the product are missing in line 1 and apparently the name of the payee in line 3. It is not clear what is missing in line 2. For other chits with Qos[. . .] as payer, see A258–60.

482

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer(?) Source Products

[. . .]bn, from the grain of the seeding: 2 barley: k(ors), 2; w(heat), s(eahs), 16+2 (= 18). 1

‫זר ִעא‬ ִ ‫[בן מן עבור‬ ִ ] .1 2+ 16 ‫ ִח ס‬2 ‫ שערן כ‬.2

A290.4.5-ISAP2490 (JA206) Undated Payment of 2 kors of barley and 18 seahs of wheat Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55 × 83 × 4–7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide right margin, no left margin.

If line 1 began with a personal name for the payer, we might think of ‫“( עקבן‬Aqban” [E3.14]). Alternately, we might have the word ‫“( חשבן‬account” [A8.45]). The following expression, “from the grain of the seeding,” is elliptical in A5.12, the term ‫ עבוד‬being omitted there. It does not occur elsewhere, but see A8.38 for other similar expressions indicating the source of the grain. The second product, wheat, is abbreviated, while the first product, barley, is not. The final two strokes of the wheat measure are written supralinearly.

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits

483

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

. . .y: cha[ff], 2bundles, 4. 1

[‫ ִת ִב[ן‬.‫ י‬. . . . .1 4 ‫ משתלן‬.2

A290.4.6-ISAP1341 (AL240 [M42]) Undated Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Body sherd of jar, thick-walled (87 × 56 × 12–13), exterior light brown, interior red brown. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is intact, but the payer’s name is illegible at the beginning of line 1. For bundles of chaff, see A1.43–44, 48. This one is among some dozen written by Scribe M (Table 6.17, 27, 30, 33–40, 48 in TAO vol. 2).

484

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer/Payee? Product Agent

[. . .]tʾ: chaff, bales, 2six, [by the hand of . . .]qd/r son of Abdmaran. 1

‫[תא תבן פחלצן‬ ] .1 ‫ד בר עבדמראן‬/‫]קר‬ [‫ שתה‬.2

A290.4.7-ISAP2034 (Naveh 1985: 118 [Dagon Museum R1001]) Undated Payment of 6 bales

Though purchased in Raphia around 1973, this piece comports well with the nearly fifty chits for bales (‫ )פחלצן‬in our corpus (see A1.2 and Table 7 in TAO vol. 2), though it is the only one wherein the numeral is written out as a word (‫ )שתה‬and not recorded as a numeral. Four chits record a larger number—7 bales (A4.12; 93.2), 15 (A10.35), and 16 (A63.4). The traces of letters at the beginning of line 1 do not support a day-month-year sequence. Perhaps we have a payer-payee sequence, as elsewhere, including the addition of ‫תבן‬, “chaff ” (A8.25–26, 144.2, 233.1). ¶ The compound preposition ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”) must have followed the numeral at the beginning of line 2. Agents appear in several of the chits for bales (A6.16, 7.48, 39.8, 49.2), even one with a patronym (A1.2). The patronym Abdmaran (“servant of our lord”) is here written out plena, with alef (‫)עבדמראן‬. The deity Maran appears in three other names in our corpus (Zabdmaran [A1.51–52, 18.6], Natanmaran [A300.1.59 {‫]}נתנמראן‬, and Raimaran [A2.33–38]) and was particularly popular at Hatra (Beyer 1998: 148).

485

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

]‫יתו ג ִזיִ[רן‬ ִ ‫לחב‬ ִ ‫א‬.[ ] .1

[. . .]◦ʾ: to Ḥubaytu: lo[gs], 2. 1

[?]2

A290.4.8–10 Three Chits with Legible Payee A290.4.8-ISAP1116 (L116 [IM91.16.50]) (Table 1.24) Undated Payment of 2 logs Body sherd of jar (70 × 50 × 7–9), exterior pink, interior gray. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding supralinear text at left), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon is intact, but the beginning of the payer’s name in line 1 is effaced, and only the last two letters are preserved. Similarly, the last two letters of the product are effaced (reading [‫)גזי]רן‬, and the numeral “2” is written supralinearly at the end of the line. On logs, see A2.25 and 3.31. The name Ḥubaytu is similar to the name Ḥabutu, which has its own dossier (A78) and also occurs in a list along with Abdosiri (E3.8). An Abdosiri son of Pasi appears in a payment order dated in Tishri, 339 (B3.6), and an Abdosiri of the clan of Yehokal appears in two chits dated to March, 320 (A5.18–19).

486

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product?

[. . .]···· to Tabyu/Tobyo [. . .]: 2 . .pt [. . .] 3 .q. [. . .] 1

[

]. . . . ‫[לט ִביִִו‬ ִ ] .1 [  ] . . ‫פ ִת‬. . ִ .2 [ ]. .  .‫ק‬. ִ .3

A290.4.9-ISAP1557 (AL22 [M272]) Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (76 × 54 × 8,) exterior brown, interior gray. Writing almost illegible. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

Only the name of the payee is preserved, which also has its own dossier (A102). For interpretation, see A1.41. We would expect the name of the payee to have appeared in line 1 and the product in lines 2 or 3.

A290.4.1–10 Ten Illegible Payer Chits

487

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

ʿn[. . .]: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 5 2 to Qosyatha, b. . .ʾ b 10 ḥ [?]. 1

5 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ חכ‬. .  . . . . . . . .‫ ִענ‬.1 [?]‫ ִח‬10 ‫א ב‬. . . ִ ‫לקוסיתע ִב‬ ִ .2

A290.4.10-ISAP108 [IA11870] Undated Payment of 1 kor, 5 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (69 × 88 × 11), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel marks. *Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The ostracon is intact at both lateral edges, but the name of the payer at the beginning of line 1 is obscure. It could be any of seven names beginning ayin-nun in our corpus. The name of the payee appears at the beginning of line 2, followed by an illegible word and then the letter bet and the “10” sign. ¶ Qosyatha was a very popular name, appearing seven times as payer (A55), a handful of times as signatory (A7.27–28, 8.27, 19.5, 59.3), once as payee in a worker’s text (D9.4), but only once more as payee in a commodity chit (A249.1).

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product (Thirteen chits without date and only a product legible)

List of Texts A290.5.1  Two payments: b kors, 1 seah, 5 qabs of wheat and loads A290.5.2  Payment of 22 seahs of wheat A290.5.3  Payment of 3 kors, x seahs of barley A290.5.4  Payment of 2.5 (+?) bundles of chaff A290.5.5  Two payments of flour and semolina A290.5.6  Payment of 6 seahs of flour A290.5.7  Payment of 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil A290.5.8  Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of unknown agricultural product A290.5.9  Payment of 3 (+?) seahs, 3.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product A290.5.10  Payment of 3 (+?) seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat, barley, or oil A290.5.11  Payment of 1 seah of unknown agricultural product A290.5.12  Payment of 5.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product A290.5.13  Payment of 1.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product

488

Undated Date illegible Undated Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated Undated Undated Undated (late) Undated Undated or date missing Date missing

489

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX PN š. .ʾ [. . .]: 3 w(heat), k(ors), b; s(eah), 1; q(abs), 5, 4 by the hand of PN loads 5 šk.’.

Payer

1

Payee?

2

Product I Agent Product II Signatory?

[ ]. .  . . . . [ ]. ‫א‬. .‫ש‬ 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫חכ ִב ס‬ ִ‫ ִמִו ִב ִלן‬. . . ‫עליד‬ ‫י‬.‫שכ‬.

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A290.5.1–7 Seven Chits for Agricultural Products A290.5.1–2 Two Chits for Wheat A290.5.1-ISAP1948 (EN166)

Undated Two payments: b kors, 1 seah, 5 qabs of wheat and loads

Only line 3 of this five-line text is fully legible. Line 4 indicates that an agent was present. We cannot make out any of the four personal names that are apparently recorded in this text: payer, payee, agent, and perhaps signatory. The products that appear are also problematic. First, the letter following the kaf for “kors” in line 3 looks like a bet instead of a numeral. Second, if the second commodity, loads, is a correct reading in line 4, there is apparently no mention of an amount.

490

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX (Illegible) ···to the storehouse: w(heat), s(eahs), 22, 3 ··yh which is in···, 4 ·q·[. . .]mgwylʾ/the parchment-maker/stone-cutter[?] 5 [. . .]. 1

Depository Product

2

(illegible) 22 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ ִ . . . . . .‫יה זי ב‬. . [?]‫יל ִא‬ ִ ‫גו‬ ִ ‫]מ‬ ִ [.‫ק‬. ִ . . . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A290.5.2-ISAP2507 (JA225) (Palimpsest?) Date illegible Payment of 22 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (64 × 77 × 6–9), roughly rectangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of some thirty texts that report wheat or barley being sent to the storehouse (see PortenYardeni 2009 and Table 1.1.29 in TAO vol. 1). Most of the text is illegible, and it is unclear where the payer would have appeared. If ‫ גוילא‬in line 4 means “parchment” or “rough, untrimmed stone” (Jastrow 221), we may conjecture that ‫( מגוילא‬line 4) might mean “parchment-maker” or “stone-cutter.” This would be the only occurrence of the word in our corpus, although there are a few payments for stone weights (see A28.7).

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product

491

cm

CONVEX That which hn◦◦◦[. . .]br[. . .]: b(arley), kors, 3; seahs, [. . .].

Payer

1

Product

2

[ ] ‫] [ בר‬. . .‫ קי הנ‬.1 [ ]‫ ִסאן‬3 ‫ ש כרן‬.2

A290.5.3 One Chit for Barley

A290.5.3-ISAP1130 (L130 [IM91.16.130]) Undated Payment of 3 kors, x seahs of barley Neck of jar (ca. 75 × 84 × 6–7), exterior and interior gray to brown. Traces of fire. Writing on interior, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

There are some half-dozen chits beginning with a substantive relative clause (‫ זי היתי‬or ‫“[ זי איתי‬that which PN brought” {see A1.2, 300.4.2, etc.}]) and one with ‫“( זי הנחת‬that which PN brought down” [A300.5.16 below]). Perhaps our text may be so restored in line 1—[‫הנ]חת‬. The payer, now unintelligible, would come at the end of the line. Both measures are written plena ‫ כרן‬and ‫סאן‬, but the amount of seahs is effaced.

492

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦ [. . .] ····, chaff, bundles, 3[x+]2 (and a) h(alf), 4 [. . .], 1.

Payer:

1

Product

2

.[ ‫ תבן משתלן‬. . . .[ 2 ‫ ף‬.[ ].[ 1[

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.5.4 One Chit for Chaff A290.5.4-ISAP936 (JA496)

Undated or Date Missing Payment of 2.5 (+?) bundles of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62 × 51 × 12), roughly rectangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white, brown, and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks.

For payments containing a half bundle, see A11.16, 41.5, 91.2, and Table 6.47 in TAO vol. 2. Perhaps the payer originally appeared in line 1. An additional commodity or a date may have appeared in line 4, given the legible stroke at the end, but we cannot be certain.

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product

493

cm

CONVEX Payer I Products I (vacat?) Payer II Products II

[. . .]w: flour, s(eahs), 9; q(ab)s, 4; 2[semo]lina, s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 1. 1

◦◦◦: flour, s(eahs), 3 [. . .]; 4semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2[+?]. 3

4 ‫ ק‬9 ‫ו ִק ִמ ִח ס‬. . .[?] 1 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ִף ס‬ ִ ‫]נש]י‬ [ ] 3 ‫קמח ִס‬ ִ . . . 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫נשיִף ִס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.5.5 One Chit for Flour and Semolina A290.5.5-ISAP1151 (L151 [IM91.16.192]) Undated or Date Missing Two payments of flour and semolina Body sherd of jar, large (124 × 84 × 7), exterior yellowish, interior whitish. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin narrowing leftward, right margin widening downward, bottom margin widening leftward, variable left margin.

There are some forty chits for semolina+flour (see Table 1 in TAO vol. 2), and this is the only one in which the order is reversed—flour+semolina (Table 1.13.36 in ibid.). In the chits dated to Artaxerxes III,

494

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product

the amount of flour is about double that of semolina. This is the only one with two payers as well, but unfortunately we cannot read the names. Given its uniqueness, it may be an account rather than a commodity chit. For more on semolina+flour, see A4.2 and Table 1 in TAO vol. 2. cm

CONVEX Payer? Product Agent

(line missing?) 1 PN flour, 2s(eahs), 6; by the hand of PN. (line missing?)

(Line missing?) ‫ קמח‬. . . .1 ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬6 ‫ ס‬.2 (Line missing?)

A290.5.6 One Chit for Flour A290.5.6-ISAP779 [YR101] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 6 seahs of flour Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73 × 88 × 5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), very few white grits. Traces of ash on ca. 70% of the interior. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is a big ostracon with much blank space all around the two lines of legible writing. The word preceding ‫“( קמח‬flour”) at the beginning of line 1 is illegible and may have been the payer. Assuming that the measure at the beginning of line 2 belongs to that commodity, the name of the agent must have come at the beginning of line 3, now effaced. This is the only text for flour with an agent.

495

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

oil of Ubayd/Abid, s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 3 (and) a h(alf).

1

4 ‫ ק‬2 ‫משח עביד ס‬

A290.5.7 One Chit for Oil A290.5.7-ISAP265 [IA11755] Undated Payment of 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63 × 80 × 10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (7.5YR7/6), no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

As nomen regens, ‫“( משח‬oil”) appears in construct with ‫[“( זבינתא‬oil of ] the purchase” {A8.28, 30.6}) or with a personal name, such as Qosyinqom (A12.16), Qosṣur (A85.5), or Amru (A167.1). In the latter cases, the payer is making a payment of oil deriving from the oil of the named person. The name Ubayd/ Abid has a dossier of five chits, including wheat, loads, a beam, and a bundle (A65) but no oil. Were he to have had oil as well, it would doubtless have been contained in a jar, whose contents would have been marked on the outside. It is thus likely that our text is a jar inscription rather than a commodity chit. For more on oil, see A2.13.

496

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Payer

s(eahs), 6; q(ab), 1.

1

1 ‫ ִק‬6 ‫ ִס‬.1

A290.5.8–13 Six Chits for Unknown Agricultural Products A290.5.8-ISAP605 [Naveh A6]

Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of unknown agricultural product

The text is virtually illegible, with only one line visible and much empty space beneath. If the empty space contained writing, the word order would be exceedingly strange. More likely, this may have been a jar inscription indicating the amount contained within. No drawing was made of this piece.

497

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX [. . .]. . . . . .l [. . ., s(eahs) x+]3; q(abs) 3, (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ל‬. . . . . . .  . .[?] .1 3 ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ]  [ק‬.2

A290.5.9-ISAP1380 (AL305 [M83]) Undated Payment of 3 (+?) seahs, 3.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd of jar (75 × 60 × 8), exterior and interior gray beige. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The writing in line 1 is illegible but presumably contained the name of the payer at least. Lemaire read the product at the beginning of line 2 as “/// /// ‫חס‬,” translated as “w(heat), s(eahs), 6,” including the 3 strokes that survive clearly.

498

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX [?]sw. . [. . .] by the hand of Ḥal(a)fan [from the grain/oil of] Qosyinqom: 3 [. . ., s(eahs), x+]3; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf).

Payer?

1

Agent

2

Product

. .‫[סו‬ ִ‫[עליד ִח ִל ִפן‬ ‫ִק ִם‬ ִ ‫[קִו ִסִינ‬ ִ ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬3[

?] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.5.10-ISAP755 [YR26] Undated (late) Payment of 3 (+?) seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat, barley, or oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 71 × 5–10), roughly trapezoid, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), many white grits. Whitish transparent patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The right half of the ostracon is wholly effaced, although it appears intact. Line 1 is unintelligible but probably contained the payer. It is unusual to have the agent in line 2 and the product in the last line, wherein only the measure is preserved. Ḥal(a)fan serves as agent at least seven more times in late chits for payments of barley, oil, and wheat (A33.5, 38.3, 47.3, 48.5, 70.2, 300.1.45, 300.6.1). Indeed, he seems to have specialized in products coming from various sources, being agent for barley “from the Steppe of Qosner” (A33.5) and “from the horse-ranch of Gar(a)pa” (A47.3), oil “from [. . .]” (A38.3), and wheat “from the grain of Qosyinqom” (A70.2). This gives a hint about the function of Qosyinqom in line 2, who is the source of both oil (A12.16 [wherein the word order is agent-source, as here]) and grain (A70.2 [wheat]). To give further credence to our restoration, the latter chit is for a payment of wheat “from the grain of Qosyinqom . . . by the hand of Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan” (A70.2), most likely the same Qosyinqom and Ḥal(a)fan that we have here. The product was thus probably oil or wheat but could have been barley. Both Ḥal(a)fan and Qosyinqom appear frequently as payers as well (A18 and A20, respectively). For more on payments “from the grain of PN,” see A3.16, 8.38, and 79.3, and for oil transactions “from the oil of PN,” see A12.16.

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product

499

cm

CONVEX Payer? Product

p/mny/ḥ. . . [. . .]ḥ, s(eah), 1 ◦[?] 2 [. . .]ʿl◦ ◦[. . .]. 1

[?]. 1 ‫]ח ס‬ ִ [ . . . .‫ח‬/‫מנִי‬/‫ ִפ‬.1 [ ]. . ‫[ִלִע‬ ] .2

A290.5.11-ISAP1781 (JA538) Undated Payment of 1 seah of unknown agricultural product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 65 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, no left margin, wide bottom margin.

A personal name must have appeared at the beginning of line 1, probably the payer, but the letter traces do not produce an intelligible name. After the payer, there are faint remains of a product and measure. The two legible letters ḥet-space-samek offer two options: the ending of either flour (‫ )קמח‬or oil (‫ )משח‬and the abbreviation of seah (‫)סאה‬, but the letters before the ḥet do not support either of those readings. There are remains in line 2 as well, but the few legible letters do not make an intelligible reading.

500

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

(Illegible remains of 3 lines?) 1 [?]l[. . .,]q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf).

(Illegible remains of 3 lines?) ‫ ף‬5 ‫]ק‬ ִ [‫ ]?[ל‬.1

A290.5.12-ISAP1184 (L184 [IM91.16.84]) Undated or date missing Payment of 5.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product Jar fragment (60 × 75 × 8), burned, dark brown/blackish gray. Ostracon probably fragmentary, upper left part missing. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

Apparently three lines are effaced at the top, and all that is left is half of the fourth line (here line 1), so that the product is unknown.

A290.5.1–13 Thirteen Illegible Payer Chits with Only Product

501

cm

CONVEX [. . .] qab, 1; half a q(ab) 3 [. . .]ls/qd/rd/ryʾ. (vacat) 4 (archaic alef) 1

Product

Sealing sign

2

. . . .[ ] ‫ ִפ ִל ִג ִק‬1 ‫קב‬ ‫ִא‬ ִ ‫רי‬/‫רד‬/‫קד‬/‫[לס‬ ִ ] (vacat) #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A290.5.13-ISAP553 [JoH2] Date missing Payment of 1.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product

This chit was copied only from a photo, and much remains obscure. The top and the bottom are effaced. Only three lines in the middle are legible, and only the middle line is intelligible. The reading is “1 qab” followed by “half a q(ab),” an unusual construction found once more (‫ פלג ק‬1 ‫ )קב‬in an undated chit for 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil (A7.33). It would thus work nicely if our chit was also for oil, but the legible writing does not allow us to confirm this. Moreover, none of the sixty-some chits for oil has an archaic alef, if indeed this is the mark at the bottom. For more on oil, see A2.13.

  A300.1.1–300.6.6 One Hundred Twenty-Five Fragmentary Chits A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date Arranged Chronologically (364–314) Dated List of Texts A300.1.1  Re: 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat or barley A300.1.2  Payment of 26 seahs of barley A300.1.3  Payment of 12 seahs, 1 (+?) qabs of resh A300.1.4  Payment of x seahs, 1.5 (+?) qabs of resh A300.1.5  Payment of unknown product A300.1.6  Payment of 23 of unknown product A300.1.7  Payment of x qabs of crushed/sifted grain A300.1.7a  Three (?) payments of unknown products A300.1.8  Transferred to A290.1.1 A300.1.9  Payment of unknown product A300.1.10  Payment of 2 (+?) seahs of barley A300.1.11  Transferred to A290.1.3 A300.1.12  Payment of unknown product A300.1.13  Payment of 2 qabs of semolina and 4 qabs of flour A300.1.14  See A290.1.17 convex A300.1.15  Payment of unknown product A300.1.16  Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat A300.1.17  Payments of maahs A300.1.18  Payment of 10 seahs of wheat A300.1.18a  Payment of x jars A300.1.19  Transferred to A290.1.5 A300.1.20  Transferred to A300.1.25 A300.1.21  Transferred to A280.3 A300.1.22  Payment of unknown product A300.1.23  Payment of unknown product A300.1.24  Payment of jars (?) A300.1.25  Payment of unknown product A300.1.26  Transferred to A280.4 A300.1.27  Transferred to A290.1.7 A300.1.28  Joined with ISAP639 = A111.1 A300.1.29  Payment of unknown product A300.1.30  Transferred to Accounts (C5.6) A300.1.31  Transferred to Accounts (C5.7) A300.1.32  Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley flour A300.1.33  Payment of 22 x of unknown product A300.1.34  Transferred to A280.5 A300.1.35  Payment of x seahs of wheat flour A300.1.36  Cancelled = A300.1.1 (ISAP2595 [JA330]) A300.1.37  Transferred to A290.1.9 A300.1.38  Transferred to A89.5 A300.1.39  Payment of unknown product A300.1.40  Transferred to A290.1.11 A300.1.41  Payment of 2 kors of emmer A300.1.42  Transferred to A280.6 A300.1.43  Payment of unknown product A300.1.44  Transferred to Payment Orders (B3.6) A300.1.45  Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat A300.1.46  Payment of unknown product A300.1.47  Payment of 7 x of wheat or barley A300.1.48  Payment of wheat or barley A300.1.49  Transferred to A280.7 A300.1.50  Transferred to A290.1.14

502

October 10, 364 July 24–August 21, 362 August 22–September 20, 362 February 7, 361 March 28, 362–April 14, 361 March 28, 362–April 14, 361 March 28, 362–April 14, 361 April 4, 360–April 22, 359 November 16–December 15, 359 July 13, 358 July 9–August 7, 358 September 8 (+?), 358 12 x, year 2 (357–356) March 31, 357–April 18, 356 March 31, 357–April 18, 356 November 17, 356 September 7, 355

December 22, 355 April 9, 355–March 29, 354 30 x, 355/354 March 30, 354–April 15, 353

December 28, 349 April 9–May 6, 344 July 11, 344 August 3–31, 344

October 13, 342 April 3, 341–April 21, 340 July 10, 339 July 31–August 29, 322 April 4, 315–April 5, 314 April 13, 312–April 2, 311 April 16, 315–April 5, 314

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

503

cm

CONVEX [On the 23+]6 (= 29th) of Elul, year 41[+?], when I calculated the grinding of the month of Tammuz, 3 which is the grinding of the Steppe of [PN] 4 [. . .] .‘wt. . . . .‘l .[?] 5 [?]ṣp. . . [. . .] 6 s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf),

Date

1

Source (time)

2

Source (place)

Product

7·· ·[. . .].

[?}41 ‫ לאלול שנת‬6]+23 ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫חשב ִת טחון יִִר ִח ִת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ ‫ ִכזי‬.2 [?]‫זי טחון ערבת‬ [?].‫על‬. . . . .‫עִו ִת‬. ִ . . . . [?]‫צ ִפ‬. . ִ  . . . . . . .[?] ‫ף‬4‫ק‬3‫ס‬ [ ].  . .

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7

A300.1.1 One Chit for Year 41 A300.1.1-ISAP2595 (JA330)

October 10, 364 Re: 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat or barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 61 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), right edge broken, bottom edge broken/ unclear, variable left margin.

Two other chits record “the grinding of the month of Tammuz,” one for crushed/sifted grain in an unknown month in year 46 and the other for ordinary flour in the month of Elul (as here), year 44 (A1.1, 5.2). At the conclusion of a chit for wheat (A10.42), it is written, “Saadel calculated” (‫)חשב‬. This term and the implied procedure occur only once more in our texts (A8.17). ¶ In most chits that include a source, the scribe records either a geographical name (e.g., “from Makkedah” [Table 2.3 in TAO vol. 1] and “from the Steppe of PN” [A17.8]), a timeframe using the word “grinding” (e.g., “from grinding of the month of” [A1.1]), a personal name using the word “grain” (e.g., “from the grain of PN” [see A3.16, 8.38, 79.3]), or the phrase “from the grain of the purchase” (A290.1.6). Uniquely, our chit records two sources: timeframe (“Tammuz”) and geographical name (“Steppe of PN”). Two other chits include a personal name as a source of grinding, instead of a month (A7.3, 8.15). In our chit, the text is effaced after the word ‫“( ערבת‬Steppe”), which otherwise occurs only in the late period and is always followed by a personal name such as Qosner, Zam(mu) ru/Nam(i)ru, Ḥinz(i)ru, or Ḥaggai, among others (see A17.8, 88, 97.2, etc. for full discussion). Though it is unknown which type of grain originated from our “Steppe” here, in all the others, it was either wheat or barley, and so we may assume the same. In any case, it is surprising to find such a text dated so early. In fact, this is the only chit from year 41, and only two other texts are dated earlier, both to year 40 (A9.1, 107.1).

504

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONCAVE [On x (day)] of Ab, year 43, [PN]: b(arley), s(eahs), 26, 3 [by the hand of] Aqqub.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

43 ‫ ]ב ]לאב שנת‬.1 26 ‫ [ש ִס‬ ִ ] .2 ‫]ע ִקִו ִב‬ ִ ‫ ]עליד‬.3

A300.1.2–7 Six Chits for Year 43 A300.1.2-ISAP1715 (JA519) July 24–August 21, 362 Payment of 26 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (46 × 48 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white and brown grits, horizontal line incised on exterior before firing. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The chit is cut off at the right edge, causing loss of the day date at the beginning of line 1 and of the payer at the beginning of line 2. Of the nearly four dozen chits dated to year 43, only four were for Ab, but this is the only one with date at the beginning (see A7.53, 9.5, 21.1). We assume that the agency formula (‫עליד‬ [“by the hand of”]) is missing at the beginning of line 3. The name Aqqub occurs several times in postexilic Yehud (Ez. 2:42, etc.). The qattūl hypocoristicon was favored in Hebrew names, and our corpus mentions an agent with the Hebrew name Aqabiah (C3.2), but the third letter may also be resh, yielding the name Aqrab (‫)עקרב‬. See A244.1 for a number of other names using the same root.

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

505

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

[PN to PN]: 2 [resh], s(eahs), 12, q(ab), 1[. . .] 3 [On the x (day) of Elu]l, year 43. 1

[ ].[ ] .1 [ ] 1 ‫ ק‬12 ‫ ] [ס‬.2 [?]43 ‫ אלו]ל שנת‬.3

A300.1.3-ISAP80 (JA439 {Zd > EyH?}) August 22–September 20, 362 Payment of 12 seahs, 1 (+?) qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (36 × 44 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior reddish yellow (5YR7/6), ware pink (5YR7/4), few white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name of the payer and possibly the payee were written in the missing line above. ¶ The product appeared in the missing text of line 2. Twenty-four chits for resh with date at the bottom, as here, were dated between 1 Iyyar, year 43, and 28 Nisan, year 44 (April 27, 362–May 12, 361), and so we may restore the product as resh with some certainty (see A3.2, 300.3.3 [Table 2.13a in TAO vol. 2]). Two other chits for resh were written in the month of Elul, year 43 (A9.7–8), and Qoskahel was the payee in both of them. Perhaps he was also the payee here. For more on resh, see A1.4 and Table 2 in TAO vol. 2. The ostracon is cut away at the bottom, so it is not evident whether the usual sealing sign appeared in a missing line 4.

506

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Product Date Sealing Sign

[resh, s(eahs), x; q(abs), y+]1 (and a) half. On the 22nd 2of Shebat. (archaic alef) (Line[s] missing?) 1

(Line[s] missing) 22 ‫ף ב‬.[ ִ ] .1 # ‫לשבט‬ ִ .2

A300.1.4-ISAP414 [IA11360] February 7, 361 Payment of x seahs, 1.5 (+?) qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (37 × 57 × 9), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), polished exterior, few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This chit belongs to the same group of 24 mentioned above (A300.1.3). The handwriting is identical with that of a chit for resh written by Zabdu on 3 Shebat. Both have the date at the bottom, and both are sealed with an archaic alef (A41.2 [Table 2.20–20a in TAO vol. 2]). The names of the payer and probably the payee were written in the missing line(s) above.

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

507

cm

CONVEX Date

[. . .]year 43. (Lines missing? [end of text]) 1

43 ‫ ] [שנת‬.1 (Lines missing? [end of text])

A300.1.5-ISAP2588 (JA321) March 28, 362–April 14, 361 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period vessel, medium-sized (40 × 48 × 80), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), many white grits. Identification of exterior/interior sides uncertain. Writing on exterior(?), on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

With the year 43 date at the end of the document, this transaction probably had to do with resh (see A300.1.3–4 above).

508

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[. . .], year 40+3(= 43) [+?] 2 [PN]: [. . .], 20[+1+]2 (= 23) [?]. 1

(43 =)3+40 ‫ ] [ שנת‬.1 [?]2[+1+]20 [ ] .2

A300.1.6-ISAP1733 [IA12405 {Zd10}] March 28, 362–April 14, 361 Payment of 23 x of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (40 × 33 × 5), triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, no left margin (or broken?).

The ostracon is cut off at the right edge, eliminating the day and month at the beginning of line 1, as well as the name of the payer and the product in line 2. Presumably only the measure or count survives. The last three digits of the date are written supralinearly at the end of line 1.

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

509

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of y (month)], year 43, [. . .] . . .natan: 3 [. . .] crushed/sifted grain, 4q(abs)[. . .] . . . .

Date

1

Payer/Payee

2

Product

[

43 ‫]ב ל  ]שנת‬ [ ]ִ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫נ‬. . . .[    ] ]‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬.[   ] .‫ִק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.7-ISAP1485 (AL5 [M197]) March 28, 362–April 14, 361 Payment of x qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of large Iron Age II bowl, close to base (90 × 69 × 7–12), exterior and interior red, wheel burnishing on interior. Ostracon possibly complete, most of writing erased. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The writing is preserved only at the end of lines 1–3 and the beginning of line 4. For ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬see A1.1 and Table 3.2 in TAO vol. 2. There is only one other chit for this grain for year 43, and that has the date at the end (A21.1). ¶ The second half of a personal name, ‫נתן‬, survives in line 2, apparently of the payee judging by the spacing. This could have been the popular name Qosnatan (A69) or, less likely, Ṣidqnatan, which occurs in a wine label from Tell Jemmeh (4H1.3 [ISAP2017] = Naveh 1992:8; IAA2003–238).

510

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX [. . .], year 45(+?), [. . .]zy. . . Beyadel 3 [. . .]l. .ṣ. . . 4 [. . .] . . . s(eahs), 11; 5 [. . . s{eahs}] 4, q(abs), 1 (and a) h(alf); 6 [. . .]q(abs), 2, q(uarters), 3.

Date

1

Payer?

2

Product I Product II Product III

[?]45 ‫[שנת‬ . . ‫ִדאל‬ ִ ‫ ִבי‬. .‫[זי‬ . . ‫צ‬. .‫ל‬. . .  ִ . . . .[ [?]. . . .11 ‫ ס‬. . . . [ ‫ף‬1‫ק‬4[ 3 ‫ ר‬2 ‫[ק‬

] ] ] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A300.1.7a One Chit for Year 45 A300.1.7a-ISAP2669 (JA571)

April 4, 360–April 22, 359 Three (?) payments of unknown products

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day and month of the date are missing at the beginning of line 1. There is also a crack in the ostracon after the fifth stroke of the year date, and it is not clear whether an additional stroke was present. Only seven chits in the whole corpus are dated to year 45 (A4.7, 7.3–4, 8.15a, 198.1, 220.1, here). Beyadel is a clan name (see on A6.11 and E1.6) and occurs once on a jar inscription (F3.4). The syntax preceding the name in line 2 is not clear. Line 3 produces no meaning, and perhaps three products are missing or effaced in lines 4–6. It is tempting to understand the last two lines as a transaction of exchange, since the measure that survives in the sixth line appears to be nearly double that in the fifth line, which would fit the 1:2 ratio of wheat for barley. If that is the case, we may also be missing the word “entry” (‫ )בב‬before this exchange takes place and after the product in line 4. At least four other chits include the sequence “product, entry, in exchange for” (A2.7, 4.23) or “product, in exchange for, entry” (A13.11, 98.1). If this is the case here, the products are wheat and barley. For a discussion of chits with “entry” and “exchange,” see A1.24.

A300.1.8-ISAP1403 (AL8 [M109]) (Transferred to A290.1.1)

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

511

cm

CONVEX Date

[On the x (day)] of Marcheshvan, 2[yea]r 46,

1

(Lines missing?) (Remains of ink on concave)

‫]למרחשון‬ ִ ‫ ]ב‬.1 46 ‫ ]שנ]ת‬.2 (Lines missing?) (Remains of ink on concave)

A300.1.9 One Chit for Year 46

A300.1.9-ISAP811 [IA12194 {GCh11}] November 16–December 15, 359 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (52 × 49 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, no left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day date is missing at the beginning of line 1, as well as the two letters shin-nun of ‫ שנת‬at the beginning of line 2. Given the smooth date formula from line 1 to line 2, there is apparently no text missing at the left edge. This must have been a very narrow chit. The “year 46” date formula always appeared at the beginning of the chit. Of the 25 or so chits dated to year 46, this is the only one for the month of Marcheshvan. Presumably, the product would have appeared in the missing lines.

512

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tammuz, year 1, . . .l. . . 3. . . b(arley), s(eahs) 2[+?].

Date

1

Payer/Payee

2

Product

[

1 ‫לת ִמִו ִז שנת‬ ִ 5 ‫ ב‬.1 . .[ ]‫ל‬. . . . . .2 ]2 ‫שס‬ ִ [ ]. . . . . ‫ ִק‬.3

A300.1.10, 12–14 Four Chits for Year 1 (Early) A300.1.10-ISAP1325 (AL12 [M25]) July 13, 358 Payment of 2 (+?) seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (56 × 56 × 8), exterior brown, interior gray. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

Only the first line with the date is fully legible, as is the product at the end of line 3. We assume a payer and/or payee in line 2. All but one (A290.1.3) of the six chits dated to Tammuz in year 1 are for wheat or barley (A2.2, 5.5, 17.2, here, 300.1.12 below).

A300.1.11-ISAP1005 (L5 [IM91.16.2]) (Transferred to A290.1.3)

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

513

cm

CONVEX Date

[On the x (day)] of Tammuz, year 1[+?], [. . .]kw[. . .].

1 2

[?+]1 ‫ ]ב ]לתמוז שנת‬.1 [ ]‫כִו‬.[  ] ִ .2

A300.1.12-ISAP1504 (AL17 [M216]) July 9–August 7, 358 Payment of unknown product Body sherd, possibly of thin-walled jar (44 × 28 × 4), exterior and interior pink brown. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day date is missing at the beginning of line 1. The break at the left edge comes immediately after the numeral stroke for “1.” If nothing is missing, the year is 358. ¶ The three letters in line 2 are unintelligible. All but one (A290.1.3) of the six chits dated to Tammuz in year 1 are for wheat or barley (A2.2, 5.5, 17.2, 300.1.10 above, here). Perhaps our chit was also for one of these grains.

514

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX [On the x]+2 of Elul, year 1, [PN]: semolina, q(abs), 2; 3[flour], q(ab)s, 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

1 ‫לול שנת‬ ִ ‫לא‬ ִ 2] ‫ ]ב‬.1 2 ‫ִף ִק‬ ִ ‫ ] [נִשי‬.2 4 ‫]ק‬ ִ ‫ ]קמח‬.3 (Lines missing?)

A300.1.13-ISAP740 [YR49] September 8 (+?), 358 Payment of 2 qabs of semolina and 4 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (48 × 55 × 5), triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many small white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

For semolina+flour, see A4.2, 11, and for this chit by Scribe C, see Table 1.16 in TAO vol. 2. For payments in Elul, year 1, see A7.18. Unfortunately, the payer is cut off at the beginning of line 2, as is the second product, flour, which we have restored.

A300.1.14-ISAP1730 Concave [IA12402 {Zd7}] April 12, 358–March 30, 357 Payment of unknown product (See A290.1.17 convex)

515

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date

On the 12th of [x (month)], 2year 2 l[. . .], 3 l. . . . 1

[

]. .[ ]‫ ִל‬12 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ ִל‬2 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ִשנ‬.2 [ ]. .[ ]‫ ל‬.3

A300.1.15–17 Three Chits for Year 2 (early) A300.1.15-ISAP481 [IA11394] 12 x, year 2 (357–356) Payment of unknown product Shoulder of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (72 × 62 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white and dark grits, 4 fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, faint traces of writing, direction of lines unclear. No top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, *medium left margin.

In line 1, only the day and not the month are preserved, and in line 2 only the year date is preserved.

516

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of y (month)], year 2, . . . w(heat), s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 4 3 . . . (archaic alef)

Date

1

Product

2

Sealing Sign

2 ‫[שנת‬ ] .1 . . . 4 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ ִח ִס‬.  [ ] .2 #. . . . .3

A300.1.16-ISAP793 [YR115] March 31, 357–April 18, 356 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49 × 56 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There is one other chit for grain (barley) drawn up in year 2 with an archaic alef sealing sign (A62.3). It was drawn up by Yet(i)abu on 17 Tammuz, year 2 (July 14, 357). We presume that the payer would have appeared at the beginning of line 2.

517

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date

On [x (day) of y (month)], year 2, 2 . . .l. . . m(aahs), 3 3 . . .pt m(aah), 1 4 ṭ.d/r[?]. . .l. 1

2 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ִשנ‬. . . . . . . . .‫ב‬ 3 ‫ ִמ‬. . .‫] [ל‬ 1 ‫פת ִמ‬ ִ . . .  . . .  . . . ‫ל‬. .  ִ . . .]?[‫ר‬/‫ד‬.‫ט‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.17-ISAP610 (JA61 {Naveh47}) March 31, 357–April 18, 356 Payments of maahs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71 × 89 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), ware pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin widening leftward, wide right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

The readings are conjectural. The day and month in line 1 are illegible. At the end of lines 2 and 3, we find the letter mem, an abbreviation of the monetary unit ‫מעה‬, the equivalent of 1/12 shekel. Line 4 may have contained a personal name. For payments of money, see A151.2.

518

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Product

On the 5th of M[archeshvan], 2year 3, [PN] 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 10, . . . . 1

[ ]‫ למ‬5 ‫ב‬ [ ]. 3 ‫שנת‬ [ ].[ ? ]/ [?]. . .[ ].10 ‫ ִח ִס‬.

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.18 One Chit for Year 3

A300.1.18-ISAP1011 (L11 [IM91.16.105]) November 17, 356 Payment of 10 seahs of wheat Small sherd (50 × 41 × 5), exterior and interior light brown. Right part of ostracon preserved. Black ash on exterior. Writing on interior, on concave surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, cutting into the tops of the last three or four strokes, but the month can be restored as Marcheshvan. Of the 40 chits for year 3, this is the only one dated to that month. ¶ The rest of line 2 is missing, and line 3 is illegible, as is the continuation of line 4. The names of the payer and possible payee are thus missing.

519

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing sign

[PN to PN]: [?] . . . jars, 2[. . . On the 5th] of Elul, 3[year 4]. Abdmilk 4 ⟨b⟩ 1

‫חביִה‬ ִ . .[?] ‫]?[ לאלול‬ ‫]?[ע ִב ִד ִמ ִל ִך‬ ִ {‫}ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.18a, 22–24 Four Chits for Year 4 A300.1.18a-ISAP756 [YR46] September 7, 355 Payment of x jars Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 74 × 8–11), irregularly shaped, exterior grayish brown (10YR5/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

Only a single word at the ends of three lines is legible. The right two-thirds is completely effaced, but we are able to reconstruct the text because of its formulaic nature. There are six or seven chits for jars with Abdmilk as signatory, all written by the same scribe. Each begins with the names of a payer (and sometimes a clan) and payee. All are dated to year 4, two in the month of Ab (A7.47, 8.21 [both on the 29th]), and four, as here, in the month of Elul (A2.4, 3.10 [both on the 5th], 194.1). Another fragmentary chit also belongs to this group, but the date is missing (A300.1.24). The beginning of line 1 in our chit would have contained the payer and payee; there is not enough room for a clan name. The beginning of line 2 would have contained the number of jars, written out as a word and not a numeral. The number of jars in the other chits is four (A3.10, 194.1), five (A7.47), and eleven (A2.4). Assuming that the date follows the same pattern as in the other two Elul chits (and possibly the third as well), we would restore the day as “5.” Line 3 would begin with “year 4.” None of the other chits contains any further text before the name Abdmilk. The bottom of each of the other texts contains the letter bet sealing sign. ¶ For more on jars, see A1.13. Abdmilk also has his own dossier (A145).

520

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

A300.1.19-ISAP843 [IA12439 {GCh43}] (Transferred to A290.1.5)

A300.1.20-ISAP1344 (AL43 [M45]) (Transferred to A300.1.25)

A300.1.21-ISAP931 (JA492) (Transferred to A280.3) cm

CONVEX Date

On the 22nd of Kislev, year 4, . . .[. . .]. . . 3 [. . .] . . . [. . .] 4 [. . .] . . . [. . .]. 1 2

4 ‫לו שנת‬ ִ ‫לכ ִס‬ ִ 22 ‫ב‬ . . . . . .  . . . . . .[ ]. . . . . . . . . . . . .[ ?] [?]. . .[  ]. .[   ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.22-ISAP1545 (AL40 [M260]) December 22, 355 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (57 × 53 × 5), exterior light brown, interior red orange. Ostracon possibly complete, most of writing erased. Written lines at 20° to wheel marks [AL].

Only the writing in line 1 is visible, which records the date. Of the 25 dated texts for year 4, no other is dated in the month of Kislev.

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

521

cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Product?

[On the x (day) of y (month)], year 4, M[. . .: . . .]. 1

[ ]‫ מ‬4 ‫[שנת‬ ] .1 (No lines missing!)

A300.1.23-ISAP844 [IA12443 {GCh44}] April 9, 355–March 29, 354 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (69 × 57 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Composed of 3 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The day and month would have appeared at the beginning of line 1. Before the break at the left edge of that line is the single letter mem. If this is the name of the payer, we should assume that the product and measure came at the beginning of a missing line 2, right underneath the day and month. However, the ostracon does not appear to have any missing lines!

522

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign

[PN to PN jars, x 2 On] the 30th of [y (month), year 4]. 3 Abdmilk b 1

(Text missing?) .‫ש‬. . . .[ ]. . . .[?] .1 [ ]. . . . . ‫ס‬/‫ למ‬30] ‫ ]ב‬.2 ‫עבדמ ִל ִך ִב‬ ִ .3

A300.1.24-ISAP2461 (JA176) 30 x, 355/354 Payment of jars (?) Shoulder and beginning of the neck of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59 × 54 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are five other chits, probably by the same scribe, recording payer, payee, ‫“( חביה‬jar”), Abdmilk as signatory, and the letter bet as a sealing sign, with date at the end, two on 29 Ab and two or three almost a week later on 5 Elul, both year 4 (September 2 and 7, 355 [A7.47, 8.21; A2.4, 3.10, probably 194.1]). A fragmentary chit also lists Elul (A300.1.18a [restored to the 5th]). If it were not for the fact that the first letter of the month in our text is visible and is either a mem (for Marcheshvan) or a samek (for Sivan), then it would be tempting to restore either 29 Ab or 5 Elul in our text as well. For more on jars, see A1.13. Abdmilk also has his own dossier (A145).

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

523

cm

CONVEX [On x (day), y (month)], year 5, [PN] gave: [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

5 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫[שנ‬ ִ ] .1 [?] . ‫ִהב‬ ִ ‫ ] [י‬.2 [ ? ] .3

A300.1.25 One Chit for Year 5

A300.1.25-ISAP1344 (AL43 [M45]); replaces ISAP646 March 30, 354–April 15, 353 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (65 × 68 × 7), exterior and interior light brown. Probably left part of the original ostracon. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

This chit is cut off at the right edge, and line 1 preserved only a year date, while right underneath it in line 2 is the verb ‫“( יהב‬gave”), which occurs infrequently as a verb of conveyance in the commodity chits (see A45.1). More than 30 chits are dated to year 5. The letter traces that follow would have recorded the name of the payer. The rest is illegible, including the product.

A300.1.26-ISAP1294 (AL48 {W1}) (Transferred to A280.4)

A300.1.27-ISAP1016 (L16 [IM91.16.93]) (Transferred to A290.1.7)

A300.1.28-ISAP1439 (EN154 = AL238 [M151]) (Joined with ISAP639 = A111.1)

524

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date

On the 5th of Tebeth, year 10[+?], . . .w· ·· . . . . . .[?].

1 2

[?]10 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לט ִב ִת ִשנ‬ ִ 5 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . . . . [?] . .  .‫ִו‬. . . .2

A300.1.29 One Chit for Year 10 A300.1.29-ISAP2590 (JA323) December 28, 349 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (39 × 66 × 5–8), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, *medium left margin.

Though illegible, line 2 probably contained the name of the payer (and perhaps also the payee) and the commodity. There may have been additional numeral strokes in the date as well. Thirteen texts are dated to year 10, but only one other is from the month of Tebeth, on precisely the same day, beginning exactly like our text here (A4.29a [a chit for wine]).

A300.1.30–31 (ISAP812 and ISAP1447) (Transferred to Accounts [C5.6–7])

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

525

cm

CONVEX [On the x+]3 of Nisan, year 15, [. . .]l: 3 flour, barley, s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3

15 ‫ לניסן שנת‬3] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ] [ל קמח שערן ס‬.2

A300.1.32–33, 35 Three Chits for Year 15 A300.1.32-ISAP1241 (AL76 = JA69 {J7}) April 9–May 6, 344 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 71 × 9–11), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish yellow (5YR6/6), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of nine chits for barley flour written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח שערן‬between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14, and 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345 to April 15, 344). See A206a.1 and Table 5.7 in TAO vol. 2. Unfortunately, it is cut away at the right edge, and the full day date is missing at the beginning of line 1, as is the name of the payer in line 2, except for the final letter lamed. Four of the nine chits for year 15 appear here and below (A300.1.33–35) because the names are missing. ¶ The numeral “3” for qabs is written supralinearly at the end of line 3.

526

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX [On] the 7th of Tammuz, year 15 [?], . . . 22 [. . .].

Date

1

Product

2

[ ?]15 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬7]‫ ]]ב‬.1 [ ]22 . . .  . . .[ ] .2

A300.1.33-ISAP1331 (AL77 [M32]) July 11, 344 Payment of 22 x of unknown product Body sherd of jar (61 × 50 × 5), exterior and interior gray brown [AL].

This chit is one of some seven chits for year 15 and the only one for Tammuz. It is much effaced in line 2, where we would expect to find the product and measure. Four of the five chits were written in the month of Ab for ‫“( קמח חנטן‬wheat flour” [A126.2, 132.1, 280.5, 300.1.35 below]), and the fifth was written in the month of Nisan for ‫“( קמח שערן‬barley flour” [A300.1.32 above]). Written in the month of Tammuz, our chit does not belong in either of these two groups because the preserved numeral measure is “22,” whereas all the measures in the other five chits are less than ten. The sixth chit was drawn up in the month of Tishri and is for 15 grgrn (A290.1.9).

A300.1.34-ISAP1035 (L35 [IM91.16.60]) (Transferred to A280.5)

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

527

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of Ab, year 15, [PN]: flour, wheat, 3[s(eahs). . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

15 ‫ ]ב ]לאב שנת‬.1 ‫ ] [קמח חנטן‬.2 (line missing)

A300.1.35-ISAP1561 (AL79 [M276]) August 3–31, 344 Payment of x seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of jar (40 × 49 × 9), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Beginnings of written lines prob-

ably missing. Written lines at 30° to wheel marks [AL].

The day date is missing at the beginning of line 1, but the month and year match three other chits (see A300.1.33 above for discussion). The name of the payer would have appeared at the beginning of line 2, unless it was omitted as in one or two other year-15 chits (A280.5 and 300.1.33 above). The quantity at the beginning of line 3 is also missing but was probably a certain amount of seahs, since this product is consistently measured thus. For more on wheat flour, see Table 4.17 in TAO vol. 1.

A300.1.36-ISAP615 (Cancelled = A300.1.1)

A300.1.37-ISAP2426 (JA137) (Transferred to A290.1.9)

A300.1.38-ISAP1393 (AL173 [M99]) (Transferred to A89.5)

528

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date

On the 4th of Tishri, year 17, (The rest is illegible.) 1

17 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1

A300.1.39 One Chit for Year 17 A300.1.39-ISAP1414 (AL81 [M21]) October 13, 342 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, close to base, perhaps Iron Age I (79 × 60 × 8–23), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon possibly complete, gray patina on exterior and interior. Lines 2 and 3 practically invisible [AL].

Only the first line with the date is legible. There are five more ostraca dated to year 17 (A3.20, 5.10, 19.4, 159.1, F5.7). All the chits are for wheat except one (A159.1), which is for barley. Perhaps one of these grains was also our product here.

A300.1.40-ISAP718 (YR4) (Transferred to A290.1.11)

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

529

cm

CONVEX [On x day, y (month], year 18, [PN]: emmer, kors, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

18 ‫ ] [שנת‬.1 2 ִ‫ ] [כנתן ִכִרן‬.2

A300.1.41 One Chit for Year 18 A300.1.41-ISAP736 (YR23) April 3, 341–April 21, 340 Payment of 2 kors of emmer Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (63 × 60 × 8), triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel marks.

This ostracon is cut away at the left edge, erasing the day and month of the date in line 1 and the name of the payer in line 2. Occurring only here in our corpus, ‫ כנתן‬was popular at Elephantine (see Porten-Lund 2002: 162 for references). This is the only payment in year 18 that is not for wheat (see A290.1.11).

A300.1.42-ISAP1022 (L22 [IM91.16.30]) (Transferred to A280.6)

530

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date

On the 2nd of Tammuz, year 20[?], (Illegible remains of 2 or 3 more lines) 1

[?]20 ‫לת ִמִו ִז שנִת‬ ִ 2 ‫ ב‬.1 (Illegible remains of 2 or 3 more lines)

A300.1.43 One Chit for Year 20

A300.1.43-ISAP1041 (L41 [IM91.16.85]) July 10, 339 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (79 × 57 × 7), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, *wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

As in A300.1.39 above, only the date in line 1 is legible. There are four other chits for year 20 (see A249.1).

A300.1.44-ISAP1099 (L99 [IM91.16.152]) (Transferred to Payment Orders [B3.6])

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

531

cm

CONCAVE [On x (day) of] Ab, year 2, [PN]: w(heat), s(eahs), 3, q(abs), 3, 3 [by the hand of A]bdu and Ḥal(a)fan.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

2 ‫ ]ב ל]אב שנת‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬3 ‫[חס‬ ] .2 ‫ ]עליד ע]בדו וחלפן‬.3

A300.1.45–46 Two Chits for Year 2 (late) A300.1.45-ISAP1251 (AL25 = JA79 {J17}) July 31–August 29, 322 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (67 × 47 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware gray (10YR6/1), medium amount of white grits. Writing on interior, on flat slightly uneven surface, on a possibly misshaped/warped vessel wall, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel marks. No top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This ostracon is cut away at the right edge. Missing in line 1 is the day date, in line 2 the name of the payer, and in line 3 the pseudo-preposition ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”). See A65.2 and 70.2 for Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan as agents, as well as the date. See A1.32 for double agency. Ḥal(a)fan also has his own dossier (A18), but Abdu does not.

532

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On the x (day), y (month)], year 2, 2[. . .] [Ḥ]aggagu. . .: 3 [. . .], 3 l. . . . 1

[?]2 ‫ [ שנת‬.1 ]. . ‫ן‬/‫מו‬/‫[גג‬ ִ .2 ]. 3 ‫ל‬.[ ִ .3

A300.1.46-ISAP121 [IA11879] April 4, 315–April 5, 314 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (38 × 32 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, *no left margin.

This ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day and month are missing in line 1, as well as the product in line 3. The letters in line 2 may point to the name ‫“( חגגו‬Ḥaggagu” [A33]). Such a person appears in several late chits, specifically one dated year 2 Alexander, that is, 315, making a payment of wheat (A33.7; cf. A33.8). The ruler is almost always specified in texts dated late, so “Alexander the King” may have once appeared at the beginning of line 2, making Ḥaggagu the payer. Alternatively, if the ruler were not included, the name would have to be the payer’s patronym or the name of the payee due to space. In any case, the dating is tenuous. See Table 5 in TAO vol. 1 for the dating.

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date

533

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents ?

[On the x (day) of y (month)], year 6 Antigonu[s], 2 [PN . . ., s(eahs)], 7 by the han[d] of 3[Qo]sr(i)m and Palgu to / for šḥln. 1

[‫ִת ִגנִ[ס‬ ִ ‫ ִאנ‬6 ‫איר? ]שנת‬/?‫ ]ב לניסן‬.1 [‫ ]עלי[ד‬1+[6 ‫[ס‬ ] .2 ‫ ]קו]סרם ופלגו לשחלן‬.3

A300.1.47–48 Two Chits in Rule of Antigonus A300.1.47-ISAP772 [YR119] April 13, 312–April 2, 311 Payment of 7 x of wheat or barley Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (63 × 71 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and black grits. Patina on ca. 10% of exterior, partially covering some letters. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Medium top margin widening downward, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of nine chits for wheat or barley ending with the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬see A111.1; cf. A249a.1). Unfortunately, our ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and the day and month are missing at the beginning of line 1, as well as the payer and product at the beginning of line 2. We presume it must also be wheat or barley. For double agents as a feature of late texts, see A1.32. For the name Qosr(i)m, see A1.43 and A31, and for Palgu see A31.8. See Table 5.39 in TAO vol. 1 for the dating.

534

A300.1.1–50 Thirty-Two Fragmentary Chits with Year Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Depository

On the 20th [of (month) x, (year) y], 2Antigonus, [PN of the] 3sons of [PN], [. . .] 4 to Makkedah [. . .: . . .], 3 [. . .] 5 [. . .]. 1

[?]. . . . .[ ]20 ‫ב‬ [ ]. . . ‫אתגנס‬ [ ]. ‫ִב ִנִי‬ [? ]3 .] [ ‫למנקדה‬ [? ]. . .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A300.1.48-ISAP227 [IA11802] April 16, 315–April 5, 314 Payment of wheat or barley Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (62 × 67 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Narrow top margin, *medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks.

This belongs to a group of six ostraca for Antigonus with the near full spelling (‫)אתגנס‬, all written in the summer months of year 3, 315 and all ending with the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, 50.3,114.2, 290.1.13; see A111.1 and cf. 280.7; Table 5.24–27, 29–31 in TAO vol. 1). None delivers to Makkedah (but cf. A63.6 and Table 2.2.61–62 in TAO vol. 1).

A300.1.49-ISAP1903 (EN112 = JA20) (Transferred to A280.7)

A300.1.50-ISAP775 [YR102] (Transferred to A290.1.14)

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent Dated List of Texts A300.1.51  A300.1.52  A300.1.53  A300.1.54  A300.1.55  A300.1.56  A300.1.57  A300.1.58  A300.1.59  A300.1.60 

Payment of 23 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat or barley 10 Tammuz; 20 Tammuz, year x (early) Payment of x seahs of wheat 22 Tishri/Tammuz Payment of money 26 Tammuz, year x Payment of unknown product Tammuz 30 Transferred to A290.2.10 Transferred to A280.8 Payment of 1 seah of wheat and 29 seahs of unknown product x Ab, year y Payment of 1 seah, x qab of oil 27 Tishri, year y Payment of unknown product x+3 Tebeth, year y Payment of either grain or oil of the purchase x of y, year z

535

536

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Tammuz, . . .l. .[. . .]; On the 20th of Tammuz, yea[r . . ., PN]: 3 [w(heat)/b(arley), s(eahs)], 23; q(abs), 3. 4 (archaic alef) [?].

Date I

1

Date II

2

Payer? Product Sealing Sign

[ 

[

]. .‫ל‬. . ‫לת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ 10 ‫ב‬ ‫ לתמוז שנ[ת‬20 ‫ב‬ 3 ‫ ק‬23 ]‫שס‬/‫]ח‬ ?#

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.1.51-ISAP1046 (L46 [IM91.16.181]) 10 Tammuz; 20 Tammuz, year x (early) Payment of 23 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat or barley Body sherd of jar (53 × 50 × 8), exterior light brown, interior orange. Apparently right part of ostracon preserved. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin (encasing sealing sign?), left edge broken.

The relationship between the date in line 1 (10 Tammuz) and that in line 2 (20 Tammuz, year unknown) is unclear. The word in the middle of line 1 is illegible. The name of the payer must have come at the end of line 2, with the abbreviation ‫ חס‬or ‫ שס‬for “w(heat), s(eahs)” or “b(arley), s(eahs)” at the beginning of line 3. The archaic alef occurs in early texts.

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent

537

cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Product

On the 22nd of T[ishri . . .]/T[ammuz . . ., PN]: 2 [. . .] w(heat), s(eahs) [. . .]. 1

[ ]‫ ִל ִת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ ] ? [ ִח ִס‬.2

A300.1.52-ISAP787 [YR128] 22 Tishri/Tammuz Payment of x seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (71 × 52 × 6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, slightly uneven surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only the day and beginning of the month are preserved at the beginning of line 1 and the abbreviation ‫חס‬, “w(heat), s(eahs)” in line 2, which is much indented. The letter taw could introduce either Tishri or Tammuz. With or without a preceding year date, the name of the payer would have come at the end of line 1.

538

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent cm

CONVEX Date

On the 26th of Tammuz, year [. . .], . . . š 1 ḥ 3 [+x], 3[. . .].

1 2

[ ]‫ לתמוז שנת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]3 ‫ ח‬1 ‫ ִש‬. . .‫ו ִמ‬/‫י‬.‫]?[ק‬ ִ .2 [?].  . . .[ ] .3

A300.1.53-ISAP126 [IA11889] 26 Tammuz, year y Payment of money Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51 × 62 × 4–6), roughly triangular, exterior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The ostracon is broken away at the left edge, cutting off the year date. The beginning of line 2 is unintelligible, and the end might indicate the abbreviations of 1 sh(ekel), 3 ḥ(allurs), but the abbreviation of ḥet for ḥallurs, occurring regularly in the Elephantine papyri (Porten-Lund 2002: 135–36), occurs nowhere else in this corpus. For payments of money, see A151.2.

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent

539

cm

CONVEX Date

On 30th of Tammuz [. . .], [. . .]. 3 ? 1 2

[

]. ‫ ִל ִת ִמִו ִז‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ל‬. . .‫ח‬/‫ג‬/. ִ .2 ? .3

A300.1.54-ISAPISAP1342 (AL106 [M43]) Tammuz 30 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (74 × 63 × 8), exterior light beige, interior beige/brown. Traces of at least three lines, practically illegible with possible exception of first line. Hard to establish if ostracon is complete. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, following a day and month in line 1. The few legible letters in line 2 are unintelligible.

A300.1.55-ISAP780 [YR86] (Transferred to A290.2.10)

A300.1.56-ISAP1713 (JA517 {ChM13 > EYH1}) (Transferred to A280.8)

540

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of Ab, y[ear y], [PN]: w(heat), s(eah), 1, by the hand of H. . .[. . .]; 3 [. . .], s(eahs), 29.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product I Agent Product II

[

[ ‫ ִל ִאב ִש[נת‬. .[   ] .1 ]. .  . .  . .‫ עליד ה‬1 ‫[ח ִס‬ ִ ] .2 29 ‫] [ס‬. . . . . . .  .[ ] .3

A300.1.57-ISAP628 [BLMJ674 {Naveh422}] x Ab, year y Payment of 1 seah of wheat and 29 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, irregularly shaped, medium-sized (73 × 79 × 8), exterior pinkish gray (5YR7/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at both edges. At the beginning of line 1, the day date is missing and at the end, the year date. Judging by the spacing in line 2, the day date would have had to contain as many as nine digits. ¶ The name of the agent, beginning with the letter heh is not intelligible. Only six names begin with heh in our corpus, each occurring but once: Hubarek (D5.2), Hod/r[. . .] (E3.10), Hillel (A3.34), Hamah (H6.2), Hamta (D4.15), and Halaui (H4.6). The only one who serves as agent is Hillel. The beginning of line 3 is also unintelligible, while the end of the line records a measure of 29 seahs, presumably from a second product.

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent

541

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 20[+5+]2 (= 27th) of Tishri, yea[r y, PN from the] 2house of [PN: to Qos]kahel l[. . . 3 . . .] oil, s(eah), 1, q(ab)[. . .]. 1

[ ‫ לתשרי שנ[ת‬2]+ 5 + [20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫]כ ִה ִל ל‬ ִ [‫ בית‬.2 [ ]‫ ִק‬1 ‫]מ ִש ִח ִס‬ ִ [‫ל‬.[ ] .3

A300.1.58-ISAP130 [IA11865] (Table 6.22) 27 Tishri, year y Payment of 1 seah, x qab of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46 × 85 × 11–13), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The year date is effaced at the end of line 1. If the reading ‫“( בית‬house of”) at the beginning of line 2 is correct, we would have to assume a missing numeral, personal name, and the preposition ‫מן‬, “from,” at the end of line 1. If the reading ‫כהל‬- is correct toward the end of line 2, we may restore as a personal name [Qos]kahel and assume that he is the payee, with a missing preposition “to.” See A9 for the large dossier of Qoskahel. ¶ The reading ‫משח‬, “oil,” in the middle of line 3 is uncertain. For more on oil, see A2.13. A horizontal line is drawn underneath the measure [x] ‫“—ס \ ק‬1 s(eah), [x] q(abs).” ¶ Alternatively, perhaps this is a workers text along the lines of D8.2 and D5.1, both of which have year dates at the beginning, and D4.1, which has ‫בית קוצי‬, “house of Qoṣi,” followed by a personal name.

542

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent cm

CONVEX [On the x+]3 of Tebeth, y[ear y], [. . . t]o the hand of Qosmalak [. . .] 3 [. . .]to the storehouse [. . .] 4 [. . .]ʾ and Natanmaran[. . .].

Date

1

Payee

2

Depository

[ ‫ לטבת ש[נת‬3] ‫ ]ב‬.1 [ ]‫[ליד קוסמלך‬ ] .2 [ ]‫[למסכנתא‬ ִ ] .3 [ ]ִ‫ ] [א ִונתנִמראן‬.4

A300.1.59-ISAP1268 (AL137 = JA94 {J43}) x+3 Tebeth, year y Payment of unknown product Incomplete ostracon, left and right sides (that is, beginnings and ends of written lines) are missing [AL].

Storehouse texts date to year 1 (A17.2), year 2 (A13.5), year 4 (A1.10a [Baalrim]), year 5 (17 texts including A1.15–25 [Baalrim], A2.7–8 [Gur], A4.22–23 [Al{i}baal], A8.32 [Samitu]), year 6 (A13.11), year 7 (A4.11 [Al{i}baal], A8.39–40 [Samitu]), and illegible dates (A290.5.2). Most storehouse texts record wheat. Of the thirty texts recording payments to the storehouse, only ten list a payee (e.g., A1.10a, 24–25; A4.22 [24 Sivan, year 5 = Table 1.1.2b in TAO vol. 1]). The latter records, like here, both “to the hand of Qosmalak” and “to the storehouse,” indicating that we should read here in line 2 ‫ליד‬, “to the hand of,” and not restore ‫]ע[ליד‬, “by the hand of.” None of the storehouse texts records an agent, so the function of the two individuals recorded in line 4 is not clear . Here written with an alef (‫)נתנמראן‬, the name Natanmaran (“Our master gave”) also appears without alef (C8.2). ¶ The grain in our fragmentary text would have been recorded at end of line 2 and beginning of line 3. For the storehouse texts, see further in Table 1.1 in TAO vol. 1, and for the dossier of Qosmalak, see A11.

A300.1.51–54, 57–60 Eight Fragmentary Chits with Year Illegible or Absent

543

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of [y (month)], year z, [grain/oil of] the purchase . . .n.l 3 . . . .

Date

1

Source

2

[?]. ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫[ ]שנ‬ ִ ‫ל‬.] ִ ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ל‬.ִ‫נ‬. ‫ ] [זִבנתא‬.2 [ ]. . .[ ] .3

A300.1.60-ISAP1326 (AL380 [M27]) x of y, year z Payment of either grain or oil of the purchase Body sherd of jar (58 × 36 × 5–6), exterior and interior gray. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This ostracon is cut away at both the right and left edges. The month date is missing at the right edge of line 1, and neither the month nor year are visible in that line. ¶ The quite-legible ‫זבנתא‬, “the purchase,” at the beginning of line 2 would have been preceded by either ‫עבור‬, “grain,” or ‫משח‬, “oil.” The combination “grain of the purchase” occurs some ten times (see A290.1.6), while “oil of the purchase” occurs only once (A8.28). Unfortunately, the payer is cut off, as is the product and measure.

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date Arranged Chronologically (Iyyar to Adar II) Dated List of Texts A300.2.1  Transferred to A290.2.1 A300.2.2  Transferred to A290.2.3 A300.2.3  Payment of wheat or barley 21 Iyyar A300.2.4  Payment of 10 seahs of resh 1 Sivan (early) and 1 Ab/Elul A300.2.5  Payment of wheat or barley 10 Sivan, year y (late) A300.2.6  Transferred to A290.2.4 A300.2.7  Payment of 1.5 qabs of unknown product 30 Sivan A300.2.8  Payment of unknown product 7 Tammuz A300.2.9  Transferred to A290.2.5 A300.2.10  Payment of x amount of barley 22 Tammuz A300.2.11  Transferred to A290.2.6 A300.2.12  Cancelled A300.2.13  Payment of 3 seahs of wheat 3 (+?) Ab A300.2.14  Transferred to A290.2.8 A300.2.15  Transferred to A290.2.9 A300.2.16  Transferred to A290.2.11 A300.2.17  Payment of 2 seahs of flour x Ab A300.2.18  Joined with A10.32 (ISAP920) A300.2.19  Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of grain 4 Elul A300.2.20  Transferred to A290.2.12 A300.2.21  Payment of unknown product 21 Elul A300.2.22  Transferred to A280.11 A300.2.23  Payment of 1 bale x Elul A300.2.24  Transferred to A300.1.18a A300.2.25  Transferred to A290.2.15 A300.2.26  Payment of 1 kor, 6 seahs, x qabs of wheat x Marcheshvan A300.2.27  Payment of unknown product 1 Kislev A300.2.27a  Payment of 2 seahs of barley 24 Kislev A300.2.28  Payment of 20 (+?) g⟨rgrn⟩ 26 Kislev A300.2.29  Payment of unknown product x Kislev A300.2.30  Payment of unknown product 20 Tebeth A300.2.31  Payments of 2 seahs of wheat and 1 qab of barley 15 or 25 Shebat A300.2.32  Payment of 1 piece of olive wood January 17–February 15, 361 A300.2.33  Payment of 1 kor of wheat x Adar II

544

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

545

A300.2.1-ISAP1732 [IA12404 {Zd9}] (Transferred to A290.2.1)

A300.2.2-ISAP1521 (AL105 [M236]) (Transferred to A290.2.3) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Depository

On the 21st of Iyy[ar . . ., . . .: . . .] 2 to the storehouse of [Makkedah]. 1

[ ‫לאי[ר‬ ִ 21 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ‫ למסכנת [מנקדה‬.2

A300.2.3 One Chit for Iyyar

A300.2.3-ISAP632 [BLMJ69 {Naveh444}] 21 Iyyar Payment of wheat or barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, irregularly shaped, small (50 × 42 × 10), exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2). Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The final resh of the month name Iyyar is cut off at the left edge of line 1. The name of the payer and product must have continued in the missing part of the line and the place name Makkedah in line 2 (see Table 1.2.44c in TAO vol. 1). Since all of the payments made “to the storehouse of Makkedah” are wheat or barley, we can assume one of those two grains here.

546

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date I Payer Product I Date II Product II? Sealing Sign

On the 1st of S(i)van, L[. . .]: 2 resh, s(eahs), 10[+?]. 3 On the 1st of A[b]/E[lul], [. . .]. 4 (archaic alef) 1

[ [

]‫לסִון ל‬ ִ 1‫ב‬ ]10 ‫ִר ִא ִש ִס‬ [ ]‫לא‬ ִ 1‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.2.4–5, 7 Three Chits for Sivan A300.2.4-ISAP296 [IA11744] 1 Sivan (early) and 1 A[b]/E[lul] Payment of 10 seahs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65 × 43 × 8), roughly rectangular, interior pale brown (10YR6/3), few white grits. Interior incrusted with chalky substance. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, direction of wheel marks unclear. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef), left edge broken.

For resh, see A1.4 and Table 2 (especially Table 2.36) in TAO vol. 2. This is one of the few nearly 50 chits for this commodity that does not have a year date. It is also the only one that seems to have a second date at the bottom, which could be either Ab or Elul since both of them begin with alef and follow Sivan, which itself is written defective, without a medial yod. The first letter of the payer, a lamed, seems to appear after the date, which could stand for any of 9 names in our corpus beginning with this letter. Only Laadiel, however, made a payment of resh, in another chit dated at the end without year date (also for Sivan), presumably from year 43 (A4.1 [362 b.c.e.]). Laadiel also received resh three times between years 43 and 46 (A4.4, 7, 15 [362–360 b.c.e.]). He was always affiliated to the clan of Al(i)baal, an affiliation that may have appeared in our chit at the end of line 1. The sealing sign is standard for this commodity.

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

547

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source

On the 10th of Sivan, [year y PN]: 2 from the Steppe of A[. . .] 3 Nt··[. . .]s·[. . .]. 1

[ ]‫ לסיון‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ].‫ מן ערבת א‬.2 [ ].‫[ ]ס‬. .‫ נת‬.3

A300.2.5-ISAP1921 (EN130 = JA32) 10 Sivan, year y (late) Payment of wheat or barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (83 × 53 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), ware pale brown (10YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The nearly dozen texts stemming from sites marked by ‫ערבת‬, “Steppe of PN,” are late (see, e.g., A229.1 and A17.8, 97.2 and A88 for discussion). Of the five personal names used elsewhere in this formula (Ḥinziru, Ḥaggai, Qosner, Zam[mu]ru/Nam[i]ru, [. . .]naqam), none begins with an alef. However, one land description text has, like ours, “Steppe of A[. . .],” that is, an illegible personal name beginning with alef. Perhaps both ostraca record the same site. Most of them have the addition of a year date, which is cut off in our text at the end of line 1, where presumably the payer’s name would have appeared as well. All of the chits with this phrase make payments of wheat or barley, so we can safely assume that our chit was also for one of these grains. Line 3 is completely illegible.

548

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

A300.2.6-ISAP1045 (L45 [IM91.16.66]) (Transferred to A290.2.4)

cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Product

On the 30th of S(i)van, [. . .]2[. . .] ◦ 5[. . .] [. . .] 3q(ab), 1 (and a) half ◦◦◦. 1

[

‫לסיִִו[ן‬ ִ 30 ‫ ב‬.1 5 . .2 . . . ‫ ִפ ִל ִג‬1 ‫ִק‬ .3

A300.2.7-ISAP1048 (L48 [IM91.16.145]) 30 Sivan Payment of 1.5 qabs of unknown product Rather thin body sherd of jar (44 × 58 × 5), exterior pinkish brown, interior brown to red-orange. Whitish patina on exterior, ostracon perhaps complete. Quite-erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, and Sivan is probably written without the medial yod, simply ‫סון‬. Since line 3 has a measure, the product must have come at the end of line 2. The beginning of the line is effaced, and five numeral strokes are visible before the break. Was the payer’s name at the beginning of line 2 or at the end of line 1?

549

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date

On the 7th of Tammu[z], [. . .]1 lm[. . .] 3 [?]wh[. . .]l 4 [. . .]. 1 2

[ ‫ לתמו[ז‬7 ‫ב‬ . . . .‫ למ‬1[ ]. ‫[ ]ל‬.] [‫]?[וה‬ ִ [?]. .  . . . .

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.2.8, 10 Two Chits for Tammuz

A300.2.8-ISAP1783+1789 (Zd55 = EYH > JA540+543 > JA524c+b) 7 Tammuz Payment of unknown product Body sherd near the rounded base of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, large (48 × 156 × 5–10), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish yellow (5YR7/6), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white, brown and black grits, sparse wheel burnishing on exterior. The right end of two fragments ( joined with JA543), patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Each fragment was a separate chit. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

Only the date on the first line is legible.

A300.2.9-ISAP673 (JA55) (Transferred to A290.2.5)

550

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 22nd of Tammu[z, PN:] 2 to Makkedah: b(arley), [. . .].

[

1

[

‫ לתמו[ז‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ]‫ למנקדה ש‬.2

A300.2.10-ISAP240 [IA11817] 22 Tammuz Payment of x amount of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (30 × 39 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, no right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, beyond which occurred the name of the payer in line 1 and the amount of barley in line 2. Spacing would suggest that there was no year date (cf. A1.27). Where this does occur, the name of the payer is found at the beginning of line 2 (A182.1, 249a.1). Of the dozen or so chits sending a product “to Makkedah,” one more was drawn up in the month of Tammuz for barley, as here (A249a.1). See Table 2.2.60, 63 in TAO vol. 1 and Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 146–49.

A300.2.11-ISAP1784 (JA541) (Transferred to A290.2.6)

A300.2.12 (Cancelled)

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

551

cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Date?

[. . .].l from the grain of 2[the purcha]se: 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 3, On the 3rd [+?] 3[. . .] of Ab [. . .] 4[. . .]. 1

[

‫עבוִר‬ ִ ‫ל מן‬.[ ] ]3 ‫ ִב‬3 ‫]זבינת]א חס‬ [?]‫] ? [ ִל ִא ִב‬ . . .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.2.13, 17 Two Chits for Ab A300.2.13-ISAP1318 (AL194 [M18]) 3 (+?) Ab Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, small (42 × 46 × 7), exterior and interior brown. Upper left part of ostracon preserved. Whitish deposit. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

Though the beginning of line 1 is cut off, we would expect to find the name of the payer there, which is followed by the source phrase “from the grain of.” If the reading of an alef is correct after the break in line 2, then this chit would fall into a group of payments “from the grain of the purchase” (see A290.1.6). There are seven different formulations indicating the source of the grain (see A8.38), and virtually all have the date at the beginning. Thus, the occurrence of Ab at the end, if the reading is correct, is most problematic.

A300.2.14-ISAP2480 (JA195) (Transferred to A290.2.8)

A300.2.15-ISAP1327 (AL119 [M28]) (Transferred to A290.2.9)

A300.2.16-ISAP1743 [IA12414 {Zd20}] (Transferred to A290.2.11)

552

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Product Source

[. . .]◦ Ab: flour, s(eahs), 2[. . .] 2 [. . .] from (Text missing?)

[

1

]2 ‫א ִב ִק ִמ ִח ִס‬.[ ִ ] .1 ִ‫[מן‬ ִ ] .2 (Text missing?)

A300.2.17-ISAP1770 (JA528) x Ab Payment of 2 seahs of flour Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (43 × 47 × 4), triangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

The reading of this text is very uncertain. The product does not usually follow the month name, unless it is “from the grinding of” a certain month, which may have been the case, since there is no evidence of the otherwise-expected lamed before Ab. For more on grindings, see A1.1. Line 2 is also unintelligible, and so we assume text must be missing below.

A300.2.18-ISAP1769 (JA527) (Joined with A10.32 [ISAP920])

553

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On the] 4th of Elul: [PN: 2 wheat/barley, s(eahs)], 24; q(abs), 2 3 [. . .]. 1

‫ לאלול‬4 [ 2 ‫ ק‬24 [ [?]. .[

] .1 ] .2 ] .3

A300.2.19, 21, 23–24 Four Chits for Elul A300.2.19-ISAP420 [IA11366]

4 Elul Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of grain Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (30 × 47 × 4), irregularly shaped, pink (5YR7/3), almost no visible grits. Transparent white patina on ca. 80% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut away at both lateral edges. At the beginning of line 1, the letter bet (“in”) is missing, while either a het-samek (“w[heat], s[eahs]”) or a shin-samek (“b[arley], s[eahs]”) is missing at the beginning of line 2. The name of the payer at the end of line 1 is illegible, as is line 3.

A300.2.20-ISAP2617 (JA356) (Transferred to A290.2.12)

554

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

[. . .]. . . to Marşaat: 2 [. . .]three [. . .] 3 [. . .] On the 21st of [E]lu[l]. 4 [. . .]. 1

[

] ‫למר ִצעת‬ ִ . . .[ [ ]. .[?]‫[תלת‬ ִ [ ‫ ִל[א]לו[ל‬21 ‫[ב‬ [?]. . . . . .[

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.2.21-ISAP1509 (AL181 [M222]) 21 Elul Payment of unknown product Sherd (36 × 41 × 10), exterior brown, interior gray brown. Ostracon incomplete, reading uncertain. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks. [AL]

The ostracon is cut away at both edges. In line 1, the name of the payee is preserved, and in line 3 we can reconstruct the date. Line 2 seems to have the numeral three, written out as a word. For the name Marşaat, see A43.

A300.2.22-ISAP2623 (JA365) (Transferred to A280.11)

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

555

cm

CONVEX 1

Product

bale,

Date

1 ִ‫ ] [תו פחלץ‬.1 ‫לול‬ ִ ‫ל]א‬ ִ ‫ ]ב‬.2

[. . .]tu: 1, 2 [On the x of] Elul.

Payer

A300.2.23-ISAP754 [YR51] x Elul Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 66 × 5), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge and the beginning of the name of the payer is missing in line 1, as well as the day date in line 2. There are at least six names that end in taw-waw: Amittu (A165), Zaydatu (A183), Ḥabutu (A78), Ḥabitu (E3.8), Ghautu (A218), and Samitu (A8). ¶ For bale, see A1.2, 10, and Table 7 (especially Table 7.18) in TAO vol. 2.

A300.2.24-ISAP756 [YR46] (Transferred to A300.1.18a)

A300.2.25-ISAP1067 (L67 [IM91.16.25]) (Transferred to A290.2.15)

556

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of Ma]rcheshvan, [PN]: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 6; 3[qabs, x b]y the hand of Zabdi/Zabda.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

‫מ]רחשון‬ ִ ] .1 6 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬.[ ] .2 ‫י‬/‫ע[ליד זבדא‬ ִ ] .3

A300.2.26 One Chit for Marcheshvan A300.2.26-ISAP401 [IA11301]

x Marcheshvan Payment of 1 kor, 6 seahs, x qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60 × 44 × 11), rectangular, very regularly shaped, all edges intentionally straightened, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, so that the day and the first letter and a half are missing in line 1, the name of the payer in line 2, and the number of qabs, apparently in line 3. There are five other texts wherein Zabdi appears as agent, four of which are for wheat, as here (A7.14, 10.11–12, 14.5), and the fifth for wine (A121.2). Four are dated without the year date, as here also—15 Tammuz, 26 Elul, 26 [. . .], and 27 Tammuz, that is, toward the end of the month (A7.14, 10.11–12). Three list a payee (Saadel [A10.11–12] and Š[. . .] [A121.2]). All include a qab measure, confirming the restoration here, which is also required by the spacing. For the dossier of Zabdi, see A15. For the alternate reading of Zabda as the agent, see A179a.1.

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

557

cm

CONVEX Date Payer

On the 1st of Kislev, [PN] delivered [. . .] 2 . . . 3 . . . 1

[ ]‫ לכסלו יב‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 . .  . . .  . .‫ ִב ִעלל‬.2 . . .3

A300.2–27–29 Four Chits for Kislev A300.2.27-ISAP419 [IA11395] 1 Kislev Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel medium-sized (52 × 62 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white and brown grits. White patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, bottom margin widening downward, left edge broken.

This ostracon is cut away at the left edge, obscuring the third letter of what may be a verb of conveyance, ‫“( יבל‬deliver”). While this verb is active in the Elephantine papyri (Porten-Lund 2002: 143–44), it does not appear in our texts. Moreover, the lamed is not at all certain. Perhaps more likely, these letters could be the beginning of the payer’s name, ‫( יבנאל‬Yabneel), which occurs four times in our corpus—once as patronym of a payer (A47.1 [where see for name]), twice in workers texts (D2.8, 3.16), and once in a barley account (C2.4). The letters at the beginning of line 2 appear to be ◦◦‫בעלל‬. The first three letters may indicate the deity Baal, while the following lamed could be the beginning of a precative verb, thus yielding a wish name, but the mark following the lamed does not suggest any known verb. The text is most obscure.

558

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

[. . .]bel: b(arley), s(eahs) 2 [. . .] 2 On the 24th of Kislev [. . .]. 1

[

]. 2 ‫ ] [באל שס‬.1 [ ]‫לכסלו‬ ִ 24 ‫ ִב‬.2

A300.2.27a-ISAP217 [IA11807] 24 Kislev Payment of 2 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (79 × 64 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

With the date at the bottom, this chit may be compared to one similarly dated, 5 Kislev, year 13 (November 26, 346 [A67.1]). Unfortunately, in our chit, neither the payer nor the year date is legible. The payer’s name could be one of two names ending in ‫ באל‬in our corpus—‫( והבאל‬A76) or ‫( שזבאל‬A17.3)—although only the former serves as payer elsewhere. The product is for a modest payment of barley.

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

559

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 26th of Kislev, [PN] 2 to Ḥṣbt: g, 20[+?]. 1

[ ]‫לו‬ ִ ‫לכס‬ ִ 26 ‫ ב‬.1 . . . 20 ‫לחצ ִבת ג‬ ִ

.2

A300.2.28-ISAP1749 [IA12424 {Zd26}] 26 Kislev Payment of 20 (+?) g⟨rgrn⟩ Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (46 × 83 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Three fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name of the payer is missing at the end of line 1, and the name of payee at the beginning of line 2 is inexplicable. With the addition of a date, this chit follows the pattern of A12.18–payer to payee, x amount of g. See there for discussion and suggestion that g abbreviates grgrn. For more on grgrn, see A1.28. There are unintelligible marks following the “20” sign.

560

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of Kis]lev, Qos[. . .]: [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

[

]‫לכס]לִו ִקִו ִס‬ ִ

‫ ]ב‬.1

A300.2.29-ISAP1514 (AL327 [M227]) x Kislev Payment of unknown product Body sherd or shoulder fragment of jar (42 × 80 × 6), exterior and interior gray brown. Written lines at 60° to wheel marks [AL].

Five letters are preserved at the lower edge of a long fragment, with much blank space at the top. The first two letters appear to conclude the month ‫כסלו‬, “Kislev,” suggesting that we have a date at the beginning of a chit. The last three letters are the beginning of a “Qos[. . .]” name, indicating a payer. Since it is highly unusual for so much blank space to be left at the top of a chit, other interpretations are possible.

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date

561

cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . .] On the 20th [of] Tebeth, 3 [PN]: [. . .].sr, s(eahs), 10. 1

Date Payer Product

2

. .[ ? ] .1 ‫[ל]ט ִב ִת‬ ִ 20 ‫[ב‬ ִ ? ] .2 10 ‫ ִס‬.‫שִר‬.[ ִ ]. . .3

A300.2.30 One Chit for Tebeth A300.2.30-ISAP800 [YR113] 20 Tebeth Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (28 × 54 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), few brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, narrow left margin.

This piece is perplexing. There appears to be writing on the right side, but the date appears to begin in the middle of the ostracon, and the day is hardly visible. In line 3, the script preceding the measure is unintelligible. The payer presumably appeared at the end of line 2 or beginning of line 3.

562

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer? Product I Agent Product II

[On the x+]5th [of] Shebat, [PN]: 2 [. . .]w(heat), s(eahs), 2, by the hand of 3[Q]osḥanan: b(arley), q(ab), 1. 1

[ ? ]‫ [ל]שבט‬5 ] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬2 ‫[חס‬ ִ ] .2 1 ‫]ק]ו ִס ִחנִן ִשק‬ ִ .3

A300.2.31–32 Two Chits for Shebat A300.2.31-ISAP2644 (JA388)

15 or 25 Shebat Payments of 2 seahs of wheat and 1 qab of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, small (41 × 41 × 5), roughly rhomboid, exterior, interior and ware white (2.5Y8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin narrows leftward, narrow left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge, with part of the day missing in line 1 and the first letter and a half of the agent’s name cut away in line 3. If a payer was present, his name must have come at the end of line 1, which would have been longer than line 2. Line 2 seems to lead directly into line 3 (‫)עליד ק]ו[וסחנן‬. The date would either be the 15th or the 25th. It is not clear what would precede the ḥet at the beginning of line 2. Qosḥanan appears thrice as agent for the clan of Gur in years 5 and 6 (A2.6, 11–12 [354–353 b.c.e.]). The name appears frequently as payer as well (see A16).

563

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Sealing Sign

[PN] to Anael 2 [from Makkedah]: olive wood, 3[1. On the x (day) of] Shebat. (archaic alef) 1

‫[לענאל‬ ִ ‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫[אק ִזי‬ ִ # ‫[ש ִב ִט‬ ִ

] .1 ] .2 ] .3

A300.2.32-ISAP1562 (AL282 [M277]) January 17–February 15, 361 Payment of 1 piece of olive wood Body sherd of jar (27 × 41 × 8), exterior and interior light brown. Only ends of lines preserved from original ostracon. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

Only the left half of the ostracon is preserved. The name of the payer is missing in line 1. Spacing requires a word or so at the beginning of line 2, and two parallel chits conveying wood suggest ‫מן מנקדה‬, “from Makkedah.” The first reads, “Qosyahab to Udaydu/ru from Makkedah, 3 logs” (A26.3). The second is fragmentary, with the preposition before Makkedah missing, but the singularity of the product is telling: \ ‫אק‬, “1 (piece of) wood,” which argues for the restoration of the numeral “1” at the beginning of line 3 (A1.54). Once more, olive is associated with wood in the expression \ ‫שרי זית‬, “1 olive wood beam” (A2.19). Strikingly, that chit ends with a sealing sign, just as ours does. There is one other chit—but with a different product—that ends with a sealing sign and a date of 3 Shebat at the end (A41.2). Perhaps we should date our chit to year 43, as we did there, which would make the date January 17–February 15, 361. Finally, two chits record the payment of olive wood simply with the word ‫ זיתן‬and a numeral (A3.8, 18.12). Presumably, pieces of olive wood had a standard size. For more on wood, see A1.28, 54.

564

A300.2.1–33 Twenty Fragmentary Chits with only Month Date cm

CONVEX 1 ‫ ִח כ‬. .‫[ל‬ ִ ] .1 ‫]?[א ִחרי‬ ִ .2 (Line missing?) .3

[. . .]l◦◦ w(heat), k(or), 1. 2 [x Adar] II. 1

Product Date

A300.2.33 One Chit for Second Adar A300.2.33-ISAP2652 (JA396) x Adar II Payment of 1 kor of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, tiny (28 × 38 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR6/1), interior and ware light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, wide left margin.

The second line contains the single word ‫“( אחרי‬another”), which follows on Adar to indicate Adar II, the date here apparently coming at the bottom. There are seven more occurrences of this additional month in our documents (A7.4, 17, 25; 16.10, 28.7, 31.7, 215.1), but this one alone records wheat.

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date Arranged Chronologically (2 to 29) Dated List of Texts A300.3.1  Transferred to A290.3.1 A300.3.2  Payment of unknown product A300.3.3  Payment of x seahs of resh A300.3.4  Transferred to A290.5.42 A300.3.5  Payment of unknown product A300.3.6  Transferred to A290.3.2 A300.3.7  Transferred to A290.3.3 A300.3.8  Transferred to Accounts (C8.7) A300.3.9  Payment of unknown product A300.3.10  Transferred to A290.1.2 A300.3.11  Transferred to A290.3.9 A300.3.12  Payment of 4 seahs of barley A300.3.13  Payment of unknown product A300.3.14  Payment of x seahs of wheat A300.3.15  Payment of unknown product A300.3.16  Payment of 1 seah of unknown product (and x of wheat?) A300.3.17  Payment of unknown product A300.3.18  Transferred to A290.3.4 A300.3.19  Transferred to A290.3.5 A300.3.20  Payment of unknown product A300.3.21  Transferred to A290.3.6 A300.3.22  Payment of unknown product A300.3.23  Payment of unknown product A300.3.24  Payment of 1 seah of unknown product A300.3.25  Transferred to A290.3.7 A300.3.26  Transferred to A290.3.8 A300.3.27  Transferred to J1.19

565

2 (no month) 3x 4 (+?) x

11 x 20 x 21 x (?) 21 x 21 x (Tishri?) 22 x 24 (+?) x 27 x (Marcheshvan or Tishri?) 29 x 3 (+?) x [1 +] 4 (= 5) x

566

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

A300.3.1 One Chit for Day 1 A300.3.1-ISAP2444 (JA156) (Transferred to A290.3.1)

cm

CONVEX Date

On the 2nd . . . q. 1

‫ק‬.[ ִ

2 ‫ ב‬.1 ] .2

A300.3.2 One Chit for Day 2 A300.3.2-ISAP413 [IA11371] 2 (no month) Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (56 × 55 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish white (5YR8/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The three strokes \\‫ ב‬appear alone in line 1. The marks in line 2 are unintelligible.

567

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX resh, s(eahs) [. . .]. On the 3rd·[of x (month). . .].

Product

1

Date

2

[

]‫ ראש ִס‬.1 [ ]. 3 ‫ ב‬.2

A300.3.3 One Chit for Day 3 A300.3.3-ISAP2598 (JA334) 3x Payment of x seahs of resh Body sherd of closed vessel, probably of Persian period, small (32 × 45 × 5), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken (other edges possibly also broken).

The ostracon is cut away after the first word or so, and the measure is missing in line 1, as well as the month in line 2. Twenty-four chits for resh with date at bottom, as here, date between 1 Iyyar, year 43, and 28 Nisan, year 44 (April 27, 362–May 12, 361 [see A1.4, Porten-Yardeni 2009: 171*–72*, Table 2.2–25 in TAO vol. 2]). Our text is unique in beginning with the commodity and not with the payer (Table 2.38 in ibid.). For more on this product, see A1.4.

A300.3.4-ISAP245 [IA11798] (Transferred to A300.5.42)

568

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product?

On the 4[+? of (month) x, PN:] 2 to Badel/Barel [. . . . . .]. 1

[

[ ]4 ‫ ב‬.1 ]‫דאל‬/‫ לבר‬.2

A300.3.5 One Chit for Day 4

A300.3.5-ISAP532 [Charlesworth 5] 4 (+?) x Payment of unknown product

This two-line chit is cut away at the left edge, excising (part of the day and) the month and the name of the payer. The product would appear in the missing part at the end of line 2. The name Badel/Barel, which stands as the head of a clan (A6.10), may occur once more as payee, as an alternate reading for Padael (A39.2). Otherwise, we do not encounter this name again in our corpus.

A300.3.6-ISAP624 [BLMJ682 {Naveh408a}] (Transferred to A290.3.2)

A300.3.7-ISAP641 [BLMJ684 {Naveh491}] (Transferred to A290.3.3)

A300.3.8 (Transferred to Accounts [C8.7])

569

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX On the 11th of [. . .], Qosa[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

[

]‫ ל‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ קוסע‬.2

A300.3.9 One Chit for Day 11 A300.3.9-ISAP295 [IA11758] 11 x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (50 × 40 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This chit is cut away at the left edge, eliminating the month name and the second half of the payer’s name. There are six names in our corpus wherein the second element in a Qos name begins with an ayin— Qosadar/ider (A17), Qosawi (A11.15), Qosghauth (A153), Qosaz (A70), Qosghayr (A40), and Qosani (A30).

A300.3.10-ISAP749 [YR34] (Transferred to A290.1.2)

A300.3.11-ISAP815 [IA12198 {GCh15}] (Transferred to A290.3.9)

570

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 20th of [x (month)], [PN]: 2 b(arley), s(eah), 3+1 (= 4). 1

[?] . . . . ‫ ל‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 1+3 ‫ שס‬.2

A300.3.12 One Chit for Day 20

A300.3.12-ISAP1593 (AL206 [M309]) 20 x Payment of 4 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (?), rectangular, small (30 × 40 × 9), exterior gray brown, interior orange [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge and the name of the payer is missing at the end of line 1. The reading of the month is uncertain, either Kislev (‫ )לכסלו‬or Elul ([‫)לאלו]ל‬. In line 2, the fourth stroke of the measure is unexpectedly written supralinearly. If this were the original edge of the ostracon, we would have to assume the absence of a payer in line 1.

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

571

cm

CONVEX 21 [of x (month)], Wah(a)bu,3from the son[s of PN]: 2 [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

(Line[s] missing) [ ]. 21 .1 [ ]‫והבִו‬ ִ .2 [ ‫ מן ִבנִ[י‬.3

A300.3.13–15 Three Chits for Day 21 A300.3.13-ISAP293 [IA11738] 21 x (?) Payment of unknown product Body sherd, unidentifiable, small (32 × 30 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits, hand burnishing on exterior. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. *Narrow top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

If line 1 is the date formula at the beginning of a chit, an introductory bet (“On the”) is missing. There are two or three cases where the product intervenes between the name of the payer and his clan: (1) Nutaynu—3 jars—from the sons of Qoṣi (A3.12); (2) Qosḥanan—33 grgrn—of the sons of Qoṣi—by the hand of Hillel (A3.34); and probably also (3) Zabdu—22 grgrn—by the hand of Qosḥanan—of the sons of Qoṣi—2 joists (A3.33). Though Qosḥanan in the second example is “of the sons of Qoṣi,” we never find an agent affiliated to a clan, so “of the sons of Qoṣi” in the third example must refer to Zabdu, with both the product and the agent intervening. In our chit, the word order is: date (absent from the other three chits)— Wah(a)bu—[product]—from the son[s of PN]. ¶ Curiously, the three other cases mentioned are all for the clan of Qoṣi, so perhaps we should restore Qoṣi as the clan affiliation in line 3. Perhaps this is the same Wah(a)bu from the clan of Qoṣi who serves as a worker with fellow clansmen elsewhere (D4.2). Wah(a)bu, like Wah(a)bi, is a hypocoristicon of a name like Wahabil (see A13.14). For the dossier of Wah(a)bi and sons, see A97.

572

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX On the 21st of [x (month)] k/pd/rns [. . .] 3 w(heat), s(eahs) [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ] 21 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ] ‫ִס‬ ִ ‫רנ‬/‫פד‬/‫ ִכ‬.2 [ ]‫חס‬ .3

A300.3.14-ISAP1361 (AL151 [M62]) 21 x Payment of x seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, small (35 × 35 × 6), exterior brown, interior gray brown. Only beginnings of written lines preserved. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Cut off at the left edge of line 1 is the month name. The word at the beginning of line 2 would appear to be the name of the payer, but it is unintelligible, nor is the reading certain. The first letter may be a kaf or pe, and the second letter could be a dalet or resh. It is unclear what would have come at the end of line 2, and the amount of wheat is missing in line 3.

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

573

cm

CONVEX On the 21st of T[ishri] b/d/rwny: [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

[  ]‫לת‬ ִ 21 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. ‫רונִי‬/‫ ]?[ד‬.2

A300.3.15-ISAP1482 (AL152 [M194]) 21 x (Tishri?) Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (39 × 22 × 5–6), exterior brown, interior gray. Written lines at 30° to wheel marks [AL].

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, in a diagonal slant from left to right. The first letter of the month in line 1 is only partially visible and may be a taw for Tishri. Strangely, the line appears to be indented since the word at the beginning of line 2 is several spaces to the right of the date in that line, and the first two letters are partially cut away. The first letter is either a dalet or resh, and the next three letters appear to be waw-nun-yod, making the name of the payer D/Runni, which is previously unattested. Alternatively, it may be a bet for Bunni (‫)בוני‬, which appears in the Bible (Neh 11:15) and in the Elephantine papyri (TAD B3.2:10) but not in our corpus. We would expect the product to have followed the name in line 2.

574

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX [. . .] On the 22nd of [x (month)], 3 s(eah), 1, [. . .] 4 w(heat) [. . .] 5 y/zh/m. . . 6 [. . .]. 1

Date Product Product?

2

[?]. . . .  . . ]. . .‫ ל‬22 ‫ב‬ [?] . . . . . 1 ‫ִס‬ [?] . . . . ‫ִח‬ ]. .  . . ./‫מ‬/‫זה‬/‫י‬ [?]. . .

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A300.3.16 One Chit for Day 22 A300.3.16-ISAP143 [IA11838]

22 x Payment of 1 seah of unknown product (and x of wheat?) Body sherd and handle joint of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48 × 48 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, no clear written lines. *No top margin, narrow right margin, bottom edge broken, wide left margin.

If indeed a chit, the structure of this piece is very strange. There may be letter traces at the upper edge. The month is not legible in line 2. It must have been followed by the name of the payer and a product since a 1-seah measure appears at the beginning of line 3. Unfortunately, the spacing is not conducive to such a restoration. The ḥet at the beginning of line 4 could abbreviate ‫ חנטן‬for “wheat.” The remains of 2 more lines do not yield a legible or intelligible reading.

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

575

cm

CONCAVE [. . .]w [?] [. . .]On the 24th [of x (month)].

1

Date

2

[?] ‫ ] [ ִו‬.1 [?]24 ‫[ב‬ ִ ] .2

A300.3.17 One Chit for Day 24 A300.3.17-ISAP2586 (JA319) 24 x Payment of unknown product Body sherd, unidentifiable, tiny (26 × 24 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), interior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

The date here is at the bottom. The tilt of the fourth stroke suggests that there were no more strokes. Only a single letter is preserved in line 1.

A300.3.18-ISAP1066 (L68 [IM91.16.68]) (Transferred to A290.3.4)

A300.3.19-ISAP279 [IA11754] (Transferred to A290.3.5)

576

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee

On the 27th of M[archeshvan]/T[ishri, PN] 2 to [Qo]spalṭ/palaṭ: 3 [. . .] š [. . .]. 1

[ ]. .‫ת‬/‫ ִל ִמ‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. .‫ל[קו]ספל ִט‬ ִ .2 [ ]. ‫ ִש‬. . . .3

A300.3.20 One Chit for Day 27

A300.3.20-ISAP1055 (L55 [IM91.16.75]) 27 x (Marcheshvan or Tishri?) Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (46 × 42 × 8), exterior and interior gray brown. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium right margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge, eliminating the names of the month and the payer. The one partially preserved letter of the month may be either a mem for Marcheshvan or a taw for Tishri. The name of the payee occurs only here in our corpus, but we have the Ammonite parallel ‫( אדנפלט‬CAI No. 17) and the Phoenician parallel ‫( פלטבעל‬KAI 11), the predicate being nominal -palṭ, “deliverer,” or verbal -palaṭ, “delivered.” In the Bible, we also have the parallels ‫( אליפלט‬2 Sam 23:34), ‫( פלטיאל‬Num 34:26), and ‫פלטיה‬ (Neh 10:23). In our corpus, we find the parallels ‫( בעלפלט‬A61.4, H4.7) and ‫( פלטיאל‬A228.1). The position of the product is unclear.

A300.3.21-ISAP1777 (JA557 {Zd49 > Eyh2}) (Transferred to A290.3.6)

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

577

cm

CONVEX [. . .].t q. .[. . .]. On the 29th [of x (month)].

???

1

Date

2

[ ? ]. .‫ת ִק‬.[ ִ ] .1 [ ] 29 ‫ ב‬.2

A300.3.22 One Chit for Day 29 A300.3.22-ISAP289 [IA11727] 29 x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52 × 40 × 9), trapezoid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, and only parts of the last two lines are preserved. The date in the last line is missing the month, and the text in the penultimate line is unintelligible.

578

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date cm

CONVEX Date

[On the x +] 3rd of ʾ[. . .], [. . .]l lb[. . .]. (Line missing?) 1 2

[ ].‫לא‬ ִ 3] ‫ ]ב‬.1 [ ]. .‫ ] [ל לב‬.2 (Line missing?)

A300.3.23 One Chit for Day 3 (+?) A300.3.23-ISAP438 [IA11364] 3 (+?) x Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period vessel, small (42 × 67 × 6), roughly rhomboid, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), many white grits. No top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, very wide left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

Only three strokes of the day and an initial alef of the month are preserved in line 1. Four months are possible—Adar, Iyyar, Ab, or Elul. The three letters preserved in line 2 yield no certain meaning.

A300.3.1–27 Fourteen Fragmentary Chits with Only Day Date

579

cm

CONVEX [On the 1 +] 4th (= 5th) [of x (month)], [. . .]y from ʿynʿyrn 3 [. . .]s(eah), 1 [. . .].

Date

1

Source

2

Product?

[ 1+]4 . .[ ].[ ] .1 [ ]‫ ] [ִי מן עינעירן‬.2 [ ]1 ‫ ס‬. . .[?] .3

A300.3.24 One Chit for an Uncertain Day A300.3.24-ISAP439 [IA11327]

[1 +] 4 (= 5) x Payment of 1 seah of unknown product Body sherd, unidentifiable, small (31 × 36 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), few white grits, possible traces of burnishing on exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, no clear wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

This text is very problematic. The first line, cut off in the middle, is restored as a day date, with the month missing. The word in line 2 may be broken down into component parts (‫“[ עין‬spring, well, eye”] and ‫“[ עיר‬jealous”]), but taken together it makes no sense as a source. Line 3 is obscure but presumably would have contained the product. It is unclear if the payer has been cut off at the beginning of line 2 or if the chit even had a payer at all.

A300.3.25-ISAP492 [IA11365] (Transferred to A290.3.7)

A300.3.26-ISAP1670 (AL38 [M415]) (Transferred to A290.3.8)

A300.3.27-ISAP328 [IA11296] (Transferred to J1.19)

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits with Only Partially Legible Payer and/or Payee List of Texts A300.4.1  Transferred to A290.4.1 A300.4.2  Payment of 10 (+?) grgrn Undated A300.4.3  Transferred to A290.4.2 A300.4.4  Transferred to A300.19a A300.4.5  Transferred to A290.4.3 A300.4.6  Transferred to A229a.1 A300.4.7  Cancelled [= A14.23] A300.4.8  Transferred to A300.4.35 A300.4.9  Cancelled [= A11.24] A300.4.10  Transferred to A290.4.4 A300.4.11  Payment of 3 qabs of oil Undated A300.4.12  Transferred to A290.4.5 A300.4.13  Payment of 1 she-goat hide Undated A300.4.14  Payment of 3 roosters and x loads Undated A300.4.15  Transferred to A290.4.6 A300.4.16  Payment of 2 qabs of barley Undated A300.4.17  Cancelled [= A102.3] A300.4.18  Transferred to A300.4.34 A300.4.19  Payment of 2 seahs of unknown product Undated A300.4.19a  Payment of 6 seahs of barley Undated A300.4.20  Payment of 1 kor of barley Undated A300.4.21  Payment of unknown product Undated A300.4.22  Payment of unknown product Undated A300.4.23  Payment of x seahs, 5.5 qabs of oil Undated A300.4.24  Payment of 9 seahs of wheat Date missing A300.4.25  Transferred to A290.4.8 A300.4.26  Transferred to A290.4.9 A300.4.27  Payment of 10 x of unknown product Undated A300.4.28  Payment of 13 seahs of unknown product Undated A300.4.29  Payment of 9 grgrn Undated A300.4.30  Transferred to A280.9 A300.4.31  Payment of 1 bale Undated A300.4.32  Payment of 1 kor, 4 seahs of unknown product Undated A300.4.33  Transferred to A290.4.10 A300.4.34  Payment of unknown grain from the later grinding Date missing (Tammuz, year 46?) A300.4.35  Payment of 1 log Undated

580

581

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits

A300.4.1-ISAP750 [YR50] (Transferred to A290.4.1) cm

CONVEX That which Zab[. . .] brought: grgrn, 10[+?].

Payer

1

Product

2

[ ]‫ִב‬ ִ ‫ זי היתי ז‬.1 [ ]10 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A300.4.2, 11, 13–14, 16, 18 Six Chits with Partially Legible Payer A300.4.2-ISAP2581 (JA314) (Table 2.24) Undated Payment of 10 (+?) grgrn Body sherd of closed vessel, tiny (32 × 41 × 5), roughly triangular, exterior reddish brown (2.5YR5/4), interior and ware pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), many white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is one of four chits for grgrn, all beginning with the relative clause “that which PN brought” (either ‫[ זי איתי‬A34.7, 90.4, 300.4.29 {all by Scribe JJ}] or ‫[ זי היתי‬as here]). For ‫גרגרן‬, see A1.28. One of the chits adds an unusual identity tag to the payer, “who is from Makkedah” (A90.4), which is lacking in the others. It is possible that this phrase may have come after the break in line 1. There are no fewer than fifteen names beginning with zayin-bet in our corpus, making it impossible to infer the payer’s name. For more on the verb of conveyance, see A1.2, 8, and for more on grgrn, see A1.28.

A300.4.3-ISAP826 [IA12209 {GCh26}] (Transferred to A290.4.2)

A300.4.4-ISAP1119 (L119 [IM91.16.61]) (Transferred to A300.4.19a)

A300.4.5-ISAP1363 (AL39 [M64]) (Transferred to A290.4.3)

A300.4.6-ISAP744 [YR44] (Transferred to A229a.1)

A300.4.7-ISAP222 [IA11783] (Cancelled [= A14.23])

582

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits

A300.4.8-ISAP251 [IA11795] (Transferred to A300.4.35)

A300.4.9-ISAP636 [BLMJ689] (Cancelled [= A11.24])

A300.4.10-ISAP427 [IA11334] (Transferred to A290.4.4) cm

CONVEX Qos[. . .]: oil, 3q(abs), 3.

Payer

1

Product

2

[

]‫ קוס‬.1 ‫ משח‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A300.4.11-ISAP1126 (L126 [IM91.16.107]) (Table 6.53) (Palimpsest?) Undated Payment of 3 qabs of oil Small sherd (42 × 48 × 6), exterior brown, interior pink to orange. Lower right-hand part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

In this three-line text, the name of the payer, here partly cut away, appears in line 1, the product in line 2, and the measure in line 3. For another chit with but three items—PN, oil, measure—concentrated in two lines, see A300.5.26. For oil, see A2.13.

A300.4.12-ISAP2490 (JA206) (Transferred to A290.4.5)

583

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product

[. . .]y to Makkedah s[. . .] 2 [she-goat hi]de, 1.

[

1

]‫ ] [י למנקדה ס‬.1 ִ 1 ‫מו]שך ִענז‬ ] .2

A300.4.13-ISAP1942 (EN151 [BLMJ678]) Undated Payment of 1 she-goat hide Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, roughly rectangular, medium-sized (71 × 52 × 7), exterior reddish yellow (5YR6/6), white patina on ca. 80% of exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks.

About seventeen chits, mostly dated, report products sent to Makkedah. Most of these are for grain, but we also find roosters, loads, wine, and logs (see Table 2.2 in TAO vol. 1). This is the only one where the name of the payer, ending in a yod, is unknown. Only twice more do we find mention of hides (‫מושכן‬ [A22.9 {a single hide}, 91.3 {four hides}]), and only here is it defined as coming from a she-goat (i.e., “goatskin”). Rebekah covered Jacob’s arms with goatskins to disguise him as Esau (Gen 27:16).

584

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Products

[ ]‫ מובל‬3 ִ‫רנגלן‬ ִ ‫י ִת‬/‫א‬. . . . .1 . . .‫ל‬.

◦◦◦◦ʾ/y: roosters, 3; load[. . .] 2 .l[. . .]. 1

.2

A300.4.14-ISAP1779 (JA536 {Zd51 > EYH}) Undated Payment of 3 roosters and x loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period bowl, small (25 × 58 × 10), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR7/4), interior dark reddish gray (5YR4/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white and black grits, possibly slipped on interior, polished on interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

For reference to roosters in our texts see A10.5, and for loads, see A4.36 and Table 8 (especially Table 8.26) in TAO vol. 2. The chit is cut off at the left edge, so we do not know what followed the word ‫מובל‬. Only the last letter of the payer’s name at the beginning of line 1 is legible, but its reading is uncertain. It is not clear how or why roosters and loads come together. There are illegible remains in a second line as well.

A300.4.15-ISAP1341 (AL240 [M42]) (Transferred to A290.4.6)

585

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Product

2 ‫[מ ִל ִך ִשק‬ ִ [ ]. .  . .[ [ ].  . .[

[. . .]malak: b(arley). q(abs), 2. 2 [. . .]. . .[. . .] 3 [. . .]. . .[. . .]. 1

] .1 ] .2 ] .3

A300.4.16-ISAP1591 (AL138 [M307]) Undated Payment of 2 qabs of barley Triangular sherd, large (85 × 59 × 11), practically illegible [AL].

The first half of the name of the payer is cut off at the beginning of line 1. It could have been any of the three major deities, Baal, El, or Qos, yielding [Baal]malak (see A74), [El(i)]milk/malak (see A93), or [Qos]malak (occurring most frequently of the three [see A11]). The amount of grain is unusually small, only 2 qabs of barley. Lines 2 and 3 are illegible.

A300.4.17-ISAP604 [NavehA5] (Cancelled [= A102.3])

A300.4.18-ISAP2492 (JA208) (Transferred to A300.4.34)

586

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer? Product

[. . .] the house of Umaynu: s(eahs), 2. 1

2 ‫אמינו ס‬ ִ ‫[בית‬ ִ ] .1

A300.4.19–20 Three Chits with Clan Affiliation or Patronym A300.4.19-ISAP712 [YR18]

Undated Payment of 2 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, large (86 × 88 × 8), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), many white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

A crack precedes the bet at the beginning of line 1, but it does not appear to contain the letter lamed, which would indicate the affiliation of a payer to a clan house (PN “of the house of”). The name Umaynu occurs in Nabatean (Negev No. 97) but only here in our corpus. The name of the product is absent. For the dossier of miscellaneous clans, see A6.

587

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX ??? Payer Product

ʿ. . [PN] of the son[s of] 2Malku: b(arley), s(eahs), 6 [. . .]. 1

[

‫] [ בנ]י‬.[ ]. .‫ ע‬.1 [ ] 6 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫ ִמ ִלכו‬.2

A300.4.19a-ISAP1119 (L119 [IM91.16.61]) Undated Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, exterior light brown, interior brown. Most of the writing erased. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel marks. Very wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, variable left margin.

This chit is very problematic. Line 1 appears to begin with the letter ayin. Even if that introduces a personal name with a patronym, the spacing would still fall short of leading into [‫“( בנ]י‬sons [of ]”) at the end of the line. Another possible interpretation would be to assume the affiliation was attached to a now illegible payee. The chit lacks date. For the dossier of Malku, see A23.

588

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[. . .] son of Adri/Idri: b(arley), k(or), 1. 1

1 ‫[ בר ִע ִדִרִי שכ‬

] .1

A300.4.20-ISAP2637 (JA381) Undated Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (76 × 29 × 7), triangular, exterior light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2), interior and ware light brownish gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is a one-line text broken at the top edge, with the payer’s praenomen completely missing. For full discussion of the patronym see A14.2. Six of the eight occurrences of this name are for his sons—thrice Al(i)qos (14.2–4), once Abdadah (A13.7), and once more, as here, missing (J10.9). Perhaps these chits were all drawn up for brothers. See also C5.3 and possibly E4.9.

589

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Filiation/Payee Depository

[?]. . ‫לב‬. . . . . .[ [ ] ‫נקד ִה‬ ִ ‫[מ‬ ִ

[. . .] of/to b[. . .] 2 Makkedah. 1

] .1 ] .2

A300.4.21–24, 27–29, 31–32, 34–35 Eleven Chits with Legible or Partially Legible Payee A300.4.21-ISAP445 [IA11314] Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (38 × 57 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/3), many tiny white grits. * Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed), right edge broken, wide bottom margin, *wide left margin.

The ostracon is cut off at the right edge, and the first word in line 1 is unintelligible. Perhaps it was the name of the payer. At the end of the line, we discern lamed-bet, which may be the beginning of a filiation or indicate a payee. Either way, the personal name is illegible. The left half of the ostracon is effaced. For Makkedah, see Table 3 in TAO vol. 1.

590

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX That which [PN] br[ought] to Dallui: [. . .].

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product

[ ‫ זי הי[תי‬.1 [ ] ‫לדלוי‬ ִ .2

A300.4.22-ISAP127 [IA11874] Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (37 × 32 × 7), roughly rhomboid, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), medium amount of white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, *no left margin.

A handful of chits begin in this awkward fashion, ‫“( זי היתי‬that which [PN] brought” [see A1.2 for full discussion; cf. also A300.4.2 above]). Only here do we have a payee, although see A300.4.29 below for an alternate spelling of the verb where a payee does occur. Presumably the payer is cut off in line 1 and the product in line 2. For Dallui, see A130.

591

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Depository Product

[. . .]·wy to D/Rael/D/Reuel: 2 [from] Makkedah: oil, 3[s(eahs), x]; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf). 4 (b[arley], s[eahs], 5: line erased) 1

‫רעאל‬/‫וִי לד‬.[ ִ ] ‫[מקדה‬ ִ ] ‫ ף‬5 ‫]ס ] ק‬ (Erased:) 5 ‫שס‬

‫משח‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.4.23-ISAP1915 (EN124 = JA28) (Table 6.45) Undated Payment of x seahs, 5.5 qabs of oil Shoulder of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (43 × 59 × 7–10), roughly triangular, exterior, interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white and black grits, decorated with reddish-brown horizontal painted band on exterior. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The name of the payer is partially cut off at the right edge and cannot be reconstructed. The payee’s name poses a real problem. The first letter may either be a resh or a dalet. Either way, the name is otherwise unparalleled. Were we to assume a defective spelling (waw omitted), we would have the well-known Deuel (“Recognize [pl. imp.] God” [Num 1:14, etc.]) or Reuel (Gen 26:4, etc. [“God is a friend/shepherd”]). Perhaps these same meanings may hold even were we not to consider the spelling defective. ¶ The pattern must be: payer-payee-from Makkedah, as in a few other chits (e.g., A3.2, 7.42, 8.15). ¶ The final ḥet of ‫משח‬ is written supralinearly, but this is the only chit that records oil being sent from Makkedah (see A2.13 and Table 3.95 in TAO vol. 1).

592

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX [. . .]b.[. . .] lt [?], [. . .] [. . .] 3 [. . .], w(heat), s(eahs), 9. 4 [. . .]. . . Zabdi [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Signatory?

[?]. ‫לת‬. . ] [.‫ ] [ ִב‬.1 [?]. . . . . . . . . . . . .[ ] .2 9 ‫ ] [חס‬.3 [ ] ‫ זבדִי‬.[ ] .4

A300.4.24-ISAP620 [Naveh148] Date missing Payment of 9 seahs of wheat

This ostracon is virtually illegible, but lines 2, 3 and 4 contain remains of names, probably the payer, payee and signatory, respectively, but only the signatory’s name is legible, Zabdi, which may perhaps be completed to Zabdiel, a frequent signatory (see A1.1; Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149*). For the dossier of Zabdi, see A15, and for Zabdiel see A32. It is unclear whether a date once existed in line 1.

A300.4.25-ISAP1116 (L116 [IM91.16.50]) (Transferred to A290.4.8)

A300.4.26-ISAP1557 (AL22 [M272]) (Transferred to A290.4.9)

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits

593

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[ ]. ‫ לעבדיהו‬.[ ] .1 10[ ] .2 . .[ ] .3

[. . .]◦ to Obadyahu: 2 [. . .], 10 3 [. . .]. 1

A300.4.27-ISAP1939 (EN148 [BLMJ686]) Undated Payment of 10 (+?) x of unknown product Body sherd of closed vessel, period unknown, roughly parallelogram-shaped, small (45 × 33 × 6), exterior pink (7.5YR8/4). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut off at the right edge, and the name of the payer is missing, except for traces of the last letter. There is wide space between lines 1 and 2, and it is possible that a line with the date was missing above. Hebrew names are quite rare in the Idumean corpus, and all Yhwhistic names in the post-exilic period, both in the Bible and at Elephantine lack the final waw. Yet the name ‫“( עבדיהו‬Servant of Yhw”) was an exception at Elephantine, where it appears in a late 6th to early 5th century papyrus with the spelling ‫( עבדיהה‬TAD C3.4:6), as well as with the spelling ‫עבדיהו‬, as here, in several occurrences in a 3rd century papyrus from Edfu (TAD C3.28:98–99, 117; cf. also D8.5:5, 8.6:1, 21.8:1). This is the only time it appears in the Idumean ostraca, but parallels like Abdosiri (A5.18–19), Abdbaal (A84), Abdqos (A112), Abdṣidq (A64), Abdur (A214), Abdel (A214), and Abdes(e) (A215) are common.

594

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

[. . .qo]s: to Udaydu/ru: s(eahs), 13. 1

[?]13 ‫רו ִס‬/‫ִד‬ ִ ‫לעדי‬ ִ ‫ ] קו]ס‬.1

A300.4.28-ISAP1117 (L117 [IM91.16.51]) Undated Payment of 13 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, small (40 × 35 × 7), exterior yellowish, interior grayish yellow. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, left edge broken.

The ostracon is cut off at the right edge and the name of the payer is unknown. While there are some seventy names whose initial element is Qos, only half a dozen or so have Qos as the final element (e.g., Al(i) qos [A14], Ammiqos [A117], Adar/Idriqos [A31.7], and Natanqos [A209.1]). ¶ Udaydu/ru appears mostly as payer (A38), but half a dozen times as payee, too (A11.7, 19.5, 26.3, 59.2–3. 233.1). ¶ If the reading samek (for seah) is correct, it is noteworthy that the product is omitted by the scribe.

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits

595

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

That which ⟨PN⟩ brought to ʿk[. . .]: 2 grgrn, 9. 1

[ ]‫ זי איתי {?} לעכ‬.1 9 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A300.4.29-ISAP2530 (JA253) (Table 2.14) Undated Payment of 9 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52 × 85 × 12), triangular, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of three chits written by Scribe JJ for grgrn (also A34.7 and 90.4), all beginning with the relative clause, “That which PN brought” (‫)זי איתי‬. A fourth chit begins the same with the relative clause spelled differently (A300.4.2 above [‫)]זי היתי‬. The other three list payers but no payee. This one records a payee whose name is damaged but no payer. Perhaps the payer was one of the same individuals in the other chits (Ḥori, Šammu, or Zab[. . .]). One of the chits adds an unusual identity tag to the payer, “from Makkedah,” lacking in the others. It is possible that this phrase may have come after the break in line 1. Two names beginning with ayin-kaf are the more common ‫עכבור‬, a recipient of wheat in the year 315 (A33.7, 229.1) and ‫עכנה‬, an obscure name in an elliptical debt obligation (J9.2). See also A280.6 where ‫ עך‬alone may appear as a name. ¶ For more on the verb of conveyance, see A1.2, 8, and for more on grgrn, see A1.28.

A300.4.30-ISAP2482 (JA197) (Transferred to A280.9)

596

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫לקוסחיִר‬ ִ . .[ ] .1 . . . 1 ִ‫חלץ‬ ִ ‫ ] [ ִפ‬,2

[. . .]◦◦ to Qoskhair: 2 [. . .]. . . bale 1. 1

A300.4.31-ISAP78 (JA437) Undated Payment of 1 bale Body sherd, Persian period, probably of closed vessel, medium-sized (36 × 64 × 4), roughly trapezoid, exterior and ware light red (10R6/6), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), well-levigated, few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat) smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), right edge broken/unclear, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

The ostracon is cut off at the right edge and the name of the payer is completely missing. The name ‫ קוסחיר‬appears five times as payer (see A68) and once again as payee, in July, 359 (A51.3). ¶ For ‫ פחלץ‬see A1.2, 10, but the reading is uncertain here. If it is correct, this chit should be added to Table 7.21–32 in TAO vol. 2.

597

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX [A/Za]bdam/[Ge]varam [to] Qosyinqom: 3 [. . .] q(ab), 1; q(uarters), 3; 4 [. . .], 1 [?].

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product

‫ז]בדעם‬/‫]ע‬ ִ ‫ִק ִם‬ ִ ‫] [קוסִינ‬ 3 ‫ ִר‬1 ‫[ק‬ ִ ] [?] 1.[

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.4.32-ISAP1610 (M412) Undated Payment of 1 kor, 4 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of jar (30 × 60 × 5), exterior light beige, interior dark beige. Ostracon incomplete. Written lines at 90˚ to wheel marks [AL].

This ostracon is cut off at the right edge, so the beginning of the name of the payer is missing in line 1, as are the preposition “to” in line 2 and the product in line 3. While the payee’s name is well known, yielding an ample dossier (A20), and serving as payee a few more times (A21.15, B3.6), the name of the payer remains a complete mystery. The last two letters suggest an ‫עם‬- name, but none exists—such as Abdam, Zabdam, or Gevaram—that would satisfy the preceding letters.

A300.4.33-ISAP108 [IA11870] (Transferred to A290.4.10)

598

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits cm

CONVEX [. . .], [PN] [to . . .]qos: [from] 3the later grinding [. . .]. 4 (archaic alef) Ya[zid]u.

Date?

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Sealing Sign Signatory

[ ]. [‫קו ִס[ מן‬ ִ . . . [ ‫ִא ִא ִחִריִ[א‬ ִ ‫טחונ‬ ‫י[זד]ו‬ ִ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.4.34-ISAP2492 (JA208) Date missing (Tammuz, year 46?) Payment of unknown grain from the later grinding Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50 × 63 × 10), roughly triangular, exterior light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

There are five other texts for “later grinding,” all with date at the beginning (in Tammuz, year 46 [July/ August, 359]), as apparently would have appeared in line 1 here if it were not cut off (see A4.14 for full discussion; cf. also A7.6–7, 8.20, 9.13; Table 4.23 in TAO vol. 2). All have a payee and a signatory (Yazidu partially legible here), and four have archaic alef, as here. They include three grains—resh (‫)ראש‬, crushed/ sifted grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬, and semolina+flour (‫קמח‬+‫)נשיף‬, all between one and four seahs (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 151*, Table 4.16–20, 23). One additional chit recording “the second grinding of Marcheshvan” has the date at the end (in Marcheshvan, year 43 [October/November, 362 {A8.3}]). ¶ Among the numerous names ending in “qos” in our corpus (see A300.4.28 for more), we suggest the payer’s name in line 2 may read ‫( עדרקוס‬Adar/Idriqos [see A31.7]). For more on grindings, see A1.1. For the dossier of Yazidu, see A139.

A300.4.1–35 Nineteen Fragmentary Undated Chits

599

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Agent

[ ]‫ִצ‬ ִ ‫]?[לנ‬. . . . .1 [ ]. ‫עליד‬ ִ 1 ‫ ִגזִִר‬.2

[PN] to Naṣ(i)r[u]: 2 log, 1, by the hand of [PN]. 1

A300.4.35-ISAP251 [IA11795] (Table 1.14) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (45 × 53 × 5), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, *narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The first word in line 1 is largely effaced, but presumably this was the payer. The second word, the payee’s name, is uncertain. The only name beginning with nun-tsade-resh is Naṣ(i)ru, which appears but once (A206a.1). The name of the agent is cut off at the end of line 2, which means there was probably a missing word at the end of line 1 as well. The piece is very enigmatic. For logs, see A2.25 and 3.31.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product List of Texts A300.5.1  Transferred to A290.5.1 A300.5.2  Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of wheat A300.5.3  Payment of 2 (+?) kors of wheat A300.5.4  Payment of 1 kor of wheat A300.5.5  Transferred to A290.5.2 A300.5.6  Payment of 20 seahs of wheat A300.5.7  Payment of 11 seahs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs of wheat for 6 seahs of barley A300.5.8  Payment of 6 (+?) seahs of wheat A300.5.9  Payment of 2 seahs of wheat A300.5.10  Transferred to Accounts [C1.10] A300.5.11  Transferred to J1.20 A300.5.12  Exchange of 1 seah of barley A300.5.13  Transferred to A290.5.3 A300.5.14  Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, x qabs of barley A300.5.14a  Three payments: 1 kor, 26 seahs, 3 qabs of barley; 20 seahs of barley; and 3 qabs of wheat A300.5.15  Transferred to A290.5.4 A300.5.16  Payment of x bundles A300.5.17  Payment of x bales of chaff A300.5.18  Two payments: 4 seahs, 3 (+?) qabs of unknown product and 2 seahs, 1 (+?) qab of crushed/sifted grain A300.5.19  Payment of 2 seahs of crushed/sifted grain A300.5.20  Transferred to A290.5.5 A300.5.21  Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 4 seahs of flour A300.5.22  Transferred to A290.5.6 A300.5.23  Transferred to Accounts [C1.11] A300.5.24  Transferred to Jar Inscriptions [F5.12] A300.5.25  Payment of 1 seah of oil A300.5.26  Payment of 13 seahs or qabs of oil A300.5.26a  Payment of 29 jars A300.5.27  Payment of 2 roosters and 1.5 qabs of unknown product A300.5.28  Payment of grgrn A300.5.29  Transferred to A280.10 A300.5.30  Payment of 1 load A300.5.31  Payment of 21 seahs, x.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product A300.5.32  Payment of 14 seahs of unknown agricultural product A300.5.33  Payment of 10 seahs, 2.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product A300.5.34  Payment of 7 seahs of resh, barley, or wheat A300.5.35  Transferred to A290.5.8 A300.5.36  Transferred to A290.5.9 A300.5.37  Transferred to A290.5.10 A300.5.38  Payment of 3 seahs of unknown agricultural product A300.5.39  Transferred to A290.5.11 A300.5.40  Transferred to A290.5.12 A300.5.41  Transferred to A290.5.13 A300.5.42  Payment of 2.5 (+?) of unknown product

600

Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Date missing Date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated or date missing Undated Undated or date missing Date missing Undated or date missing December 13–17, 356

Undated Undated Undated Date missing Undated Undated Undated Undated or date missing Undated Undated or date missing

Undated or date missing

Undated or date missing

601

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

A300.5.1-ISAP1948 (EN166) (Transferred to A290.5.1)

cm

CONVEX [. . .] . . . [. . .] w(heat), k(or), 1, s(eahs) 20.

1

Product

2

[

]. . . .[   ] .1 20 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ חכ‬.2

A300.5.2–4, 6–9, 12, 14, 14a, 16–19, 21 25–26 Seventeen Chits for Agricultural Products A300.5.2–4, 6–9, 12, 14, 14a Ten Chits for Grain A300.5.2–4, 6–9 Seven Chits for Wheat A300.5.2-ISAP1399 (AL306 [M105) Undated or date missing Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (51 × 61 × 9), exterior dark brown, interior gray. Written lines at 80° to wheel marks [AL].

The upper edge has preserved traces of writing, no doubt the parties, and the second line contains a rather large payment of wheat.

602

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX [. . .] w(heat), kors 2 (+?).

1

Product

2

[ ].[ ].[ ] .1 [ +}1 ‫חכרן‬ ִ .2

A300.5.3-ISAP1301 (AL316 [M1]) Undated or date missing Payment of 2 (+?) kors of wheat Body sherd of jar, small (29 × 24 × 5), exterior and interior light brown. Gray deposit on exterior and interior. Apparently includes beginnings of written lines. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks [AL].

The upper edge has preserved, faint traces of writing. Only one other chit has this abbreviated spelling, ḥet for ‫“( חנטן‬wheat”) and ‫“( כרן‬kors”) spelled out in full (A7.40). The amount there is 2 kors, followed by a samek, abbreviating ‫“( סאן‬seahs”). Here the numeral is cut off, but it would have to be at least two since kors is plural. The same abbreviation pattern is attested once for barley (A66.3). The exact opposite, wherein the product is written plena but the measure abbreviated, occurs at least once, (A290.4.5). Other awkward abbreviation patterns occur with barley and wheat flour (A107.2, 153.2, 180.1).

603

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

[. . .] w(heat), k(or), 1.

1

1 ‫[חכ‬ ִ

] .1

A300.5.4-ISAP1501 (AL352 [M213 {Naveh631}]) Undated or Date Missing Payment of 1 kor of wheat Body sherd of jar (43 × 47 × 8), exterior brown, interior gray. Gray deposit on surface. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Apparently jar inscription [AL].

No letter traces are visible at the upper edge, and there is no writing below this single line recording a payment of wheat. Perhaps this was a jar inscription rather than a commodity chit.

A300.5.5-ISAP2507 (JA225) (Transferred to A290.5.2)

604

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product Payee Source Signatory?

w(heat), s(eahs), 20, to the hand of [PN] 2 the product Zabd[iel]. (lines missing) 1

(Lines missing) .1 [ ]‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִלי‬20 ‫ חס‬.2 [ ]‫אשכרא זבד‬

A300.5.6-ISAP1950 (EN168 [Spaer]) Date Missing Payment of 20 seahs of wheat

For the meaning of ‫ אשכר‬see A14.3. Both that text and one other (A94.2) have a verb of conveyance plus subject (the payer). In our text, the verb may have appeared in the missing lines above the product. The noun ‫ אשכר‬precedes the product, which is once wheat (as here) and barley (A94.2) and once oil (A14.3). That latter chit introduces the payee with the compound preposition ‫“( ליד‬to the hand of”), as here, where unfortunately the payee’s name is cut off. Those two chits are dated to years 2 and 3, one of which may also have appeared in the missing lines above the product in our chit. That dating would favor a restoration of the name at the very left edge of our chit as Zabdiel, who functioned as signatory in years 1 and 2 (for discussion, see A1.1; cf. A7.19).

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

605

cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . .]d/rd/r[. . .] to the storehouse of Makke]dah: w(heat), s(eahs), 11; 3 [entry:] w(heat), s(eahs), 3 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 6.

Date?

0

Payer

1

Depository Product Exchange

[ ]‫ר‬/‫רד‬/‫ [ד‬ ] .1 11 ‫[דה חס‬ ִ ] .2 . 6 ‫בש ִס‬ ִ 3 ‫[ח ִס‬ ִ ] .3

A300.5.7-ISAP1466 (AL290 [M178]) Date Missing Payment of 11 seahs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs of wheat for 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar, small (46 × 53 × 8), exterior and interior beige. Ostracon incomplete. Written lines at 90° to wheel marks [AL].

We may restore this chit on the model of A13.11. It has two transactions, one a deposit of barley in the storehouse of Makkedah and the other an exchange of barley for wheat. The second transaction is introduced by the accounting term ‫“( בב‬entry” [see A1.24 for discussion of this term]). Here, we would have a deposit of wheat in the storehouse of Makkedah and an exchange of wheat for barley at the standard rate of 1:2. We would expect the payer’s name to have appeared in line 1 and perhaps the date above that. This chit should be added to Table 1.1.30–44c in TAO vol. 1.

606

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX ◦◦ 10 w(heat), s(eah), 6 [+?].

1

Product

2

[?] 10 . . .1 [? ]6 ‫ חס‬.2

A300.5.8-ISAP440 [IA11309] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 6 (+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (53 × 48 × 11–13), roughly trapezoid, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Traces of black soot on some of the interior and 2 edges. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. *Very wide top margin, *very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, *no left margin.

There is no visible writing above line 1, and there was definitely no writing below line 2. Two unintelligible letters appear at the beginning of line 1, followed by the numeral “10.” The fragment is enigmatic.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

607

cm

CONVEX .[ ] .1 2 ‫חס‬ ִ [?] .2

[. . .] [?] w(heat), s(eah)s, 2.

1

Product

2

A300.5.9-ISAP1150 (L150 [IM91.16.189]) Undated or Date Missing Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd and neck of jar (52 × 34 × 11), exterior and interior orange. Wide top margin narrowing leftward, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

There is no visible writing below line 2. Only a product appears.

A300.5.10-ISAP416 [IA11376] (Transferred to Accounts [C1.10])

A300.5.11-ISAP666 [NavehE42] (Transferred to J1.20)

608

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX [. . .] š[. . .] 3 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eah), 1. 1

.[

2

Exchange

]1] [1]

[‫ ] [י‬.1 1 ‫ בש ס‬.2

A300.5.12, 14–14a Three Chits for Barley A300.5.12-ISAP2465 (JA180) Undated or Date Missing Exchange of 1 seah of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52 × 92 × 12–14), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brownish gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This text is much effaced, and we can only read the record of an exchange in line 3. At the wheatbarley exchange rate of 1:2, the end of line 2 would have to read something like 3‫חק‬, “w(heat), q(abs), 3” (see A1.24). Though undecipherable, the writing at the end of line 2 does not seem to yield such a text, unfortunately.

A300.5.13-ISAP1130 (L130 [IM91.16.130]) (Transferred to A290.5.3)

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

609

cm

CONVEX [. . .]md/r[. . .] [. . .]b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 12; q(abs), [. . .].

Payer?

1

Product

2

[ ].‫ר‬/‫מד‬.[  ] .1 [ ]‫ ִק‬12 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ שכ‬.[ ] .2

A300.5.14-ISAP1479 (AL291 [M191]) Undated or Date Missing Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, x qabs of barley Body sherd of jar, small (45 × 35 × 6), exterior beige, interior gray. Ostracon quite incomplete, only lower right part remains. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

Only two or so letters are preserved at the end of line 1, which may be the remains of the payer’s name, and there is an unintelligible sign at the beginning of line 2, which contains the product. The ostracon was cut away at both edges.

610

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Source Product I Product II Product III Agent

[ . . .to Mak]kedah: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eah), 26 q(abs), 3; 2 [. . .] b(arley), s(eahs), 20; w(heat), q(abs), 3 by the hand of 3[. . .]. 1

3‫ק‬

26 ‫ ס‬1 ‫מנ]ק ִד ִה שכ‬ ִ ] .1 ‫ עליד‬3 ‫ ִחק‬20 ‫ ] [שס‬.2 [ ? ] .3

A300.5.14a-ISAP282 (IA11756) Undated or Date Missing Three payments: 1 kor, 26 seahs, 3 qabs of barley; 20 seahs of barley; and 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (41 × 59 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. No top margin (small break in upper edge), right edge broken, wide bottom margin (encasing alef), no left margin.

The piece is broken at the right edge, and line 1 begins with ‫קדה‬-, the last three letters of the depository ‫“( מנקדה‬Makkedah”). This may have been preceded by the preposition “to,” but the space above the first line is blank, and there is no evidence of a payer or verb of conveyance. Alternately, the last three letters may have been ‫קוס‬- for a personal name ending in “-qos.” ¶ It is unusual to have three payments in one chit without any separation. ¶ The measure “3 ‫ ”ק‬is written supralinearly at the end of line 1. Unfortunately, we cannot reconstruct the name of the agent in line 3.

A300.5.15-ISAP936 (JA496) (Transferred to A290.5.4)

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

611

cm

CONVEX That which [PN] brought down from Makkeda[h]: 3 bundles, [. . .].

Payer

1

Source

2

Product

[ ]. ‫ִחת‬ ִ ‫ זי הנ‬.1 [ ‫ מן ִמקד[ה‬.2 [ ]‫ משתלין‬.3

A300.5.16–17 Two Chits for bundles and bales A300.5.16-ISAP1563 (AL288 [M278]) Undated Payment of x bundles Body sherd of jar, small (38 × 53 × 5), exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Only right part of original ostracon preserved. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

For the construction of this chit, which is attested a handful of times, see A290.5.3, where we may perhaps restore the verb of conveyance ‫הנחת‬, which appears here. Strikingly, two chits in the Ḥal(a)fatBaalghayr dossier (A7.21, 40) have verbs of conveyance with products coming from Makkedah—‫המטא‬ (“delivered”) and ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”). The latter is much more frequent than the former (see A1.2–3, 8). Also in that dossier, we have Makkedah written without the medial nun, as here, ‫( מקדה‬A7.28). Yet we have here the plural for bundles written with a yod, ‫משתלין‬. Two ostraca record chaff coming from Makkedah, both measured in bales (A3.3; B1.2 [payment order]). See Table 2 in TAO vol. 1 for Makkedah and Table 6.45 in TAO vol. 2 for bundles.

612

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX . . .‫ ן‬.[ .1 ]. ‫פח ִל ִצ‬ ִ ‫ [ תבן‬.2

[. . .]◦n: chaff, bale, [x. . .].

Payer?

1

Product

2

A300.5.17-ISAP124 [IA11894] Undated or Date Missing Payment of x bales of chaff Body sherd of jar, small (41 × 37 × 7), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel marks. *Narrow top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

There appear to be remains of letters in the upper left-hand corner above line 1. The beginning of line 1, which may have contained the payer, is cut away, as is the end of line 2, which contained the number of bales. For this product, see A1.2, 10, and Table 7.42 in TAO vol. 2.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

613

cm

CONVEX [. . .] from [the later grin]ding: [. . . s(eahs)], 4; q(abs), 3[. . .]; 3 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2; q(ab), 1[+?]. 4 (archaic alef) Yazidu (lines missing?)

Source

1

Product I

2

Product II Sealing Sign Signatory

(Line[s] missing?) [ ‫טח[ונ‬ ִ ‫[מן‬ ִ ] [?].[ ]3 ‫ ק‬4 ]‫] ס‬ [?]1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫ןִ דקיר‬.[?] ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A300.5.18–19 Two Chits for crushed/sifted grain A300.5.18-ISAP1936 (EN145 [BLMJ699])

Date Missing Two payments: 4 seahs, 3 (+?) qabs of unknown product and 2 seahs, 1 (+?) qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, irregularly shaped, medium-sized (56 × 44 × 6), exterior light gray (10YR7/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel marks.

The ostracon is cut away at the top, right, and left edges. Of the half a dozen or so chits for ‫רקיד‬/‫דקיר‬ dated at the beginning (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 3.1–11), two list the source as “the later grinding” (A7.6, 8.20), one of which also has the signatory Yazidu (A8.20), but none has a second commodity, as here. One other chit recording the later grinding and Yazidu has resh as the commodity (A9.13), and that may have been the missing product here. An accounts text for the grinding of Marcheshvan lists four payments of resh and one of crushed/sifted grain (C4.2; cf. also A8.3). ¶ The date and the names of the payer and payee (as in A7.6) would have appeared in the two lines missing above. It would thus be one of five chits for the later grinding written by Scribe B in Tammuz, year 46 (Table 4.15–20 in TAO vol. 2). For a complete discussion of texts with “the later grinding,” see A4.14; cf. also A7.7 and 300.4.18, and for more on the enigmatic product crushed/sifted grain, refer to A1.1 and Table 3 in ibid. The signatory Yazidu also has his own dossier (A139).

614

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

[. . .] crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2 [. . .].

1

[

] 2 ‫רקיד ִס‬/‫[ דקיר‬

] .1

A300.5.19-ISAP442 [IA11333] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 2 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (45 × 51 × 7), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 20° to wheel marks.

No writing is visible either above or in the considerable space below line 1. For a discussion of the product, see A1.1 and Table 3.26 in TAO vol. 2.

A300.5.20-ISAP1151 (L151 [IM91.16.192]) (Transferred to A290.5.5)

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

615

cm

CONVEX [On the 2nd–6th of Kislev, year 3], [Abda]dah/[Zabda]dah 2 [. . .], semolina, s(eahs), 2; 3 [flou]r, seahs, 4.

Date

0

Payer

1

Product I Product II

(Line[s] missing.) ‫[ד ִה‬ ִ ] .1 2 ‫[נשף ס‬ ] .2 4 ‫ ]קמ]ח ס‬.3

A300.5.21 One Chit for Semolina and Flour A300.5.21-ISAP773 [YR111]

December 13–17, 356 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 4 seahs of flour Body sherd of jar, small (39x33x9), roughly square, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel marks.

This is one of sixteen texts for semolina+flour drawn up by Scribe E between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (= December 13–17, 356). Only the last two letters of the payer are barely visible at the end of line 1, enabling us to restore either [Abda]dah (see A13) or [Zabda]dah (see A47). The date above line 1 is completely missing. We note that semolina is written without the yod—‫( נשף‬see Table 1.19–33 and especially 35 in TAO vol. 2).

A300.5.22-ISAP779 [YR101] (Transferred to A290.5.6)

A300.5.23-ISAP634 (Naveh448 [BLMJ701]) (Transferred to Accounts [C1.11])

A300.5.24-ISAP265 [IA11755] (Transferred to Jar Inscriptions [F5.12])

616

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

[. . .o]il , s(eah), 1.

1 ‫מ]שח ס‬

1

] .1

A300.5.25–26 Two Chits for Oil

A300.5.25-ISAP765 [YR99] (Table 6.61) Undated Payment of 1 seah of oil Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (38x42x5), irregularly shaped, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks.

This is one of five chits for oil, all undated, written in lapidary script by the same scribe, and, with one exception (A12.21), all containing a payee (A1.5, 10.25–26). The four preserved letters are written as one word. For more on oil, see A2.13.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

617

cm

CONVEX Payer Products

‫ משח‬. . .[ ] .1 [?] 13 . .[?] .2

[PN]: oil, 2[s(eahs)], 13. 1

A300.5.26-ISAP1767 (JA525) (Table 6.59) Undated Payment of 13 seahs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59 × 62 × 8), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light gray (10YR7/1), ware gray (10YR6/1), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), somewhat rough surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin narrows leftward, no left margin.

Only the word ‫“( משח‬oil”) and the numeral “13” are clearly preserved. We may assume that the illegible word at the beginning of line 1 is the payer and that the letter samek for seahs stood at the beginning of line 2. For another chit for oil with but three items—personal name, oil, measure—see A300.4.11. For another chit with 13 seahs of oil, see A181.1.

618

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

29 ִ‫ ִח ִבן‬.1

jars, 29.

1

A300.5.26a-ISAP294 [IA11734] Undated Payment of 29 jars Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44 × 45 × 10), square, regularly shaped, reddish yellow (5YR6/6), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The singular noun ‫“( חבי‬jar”) occurs twice in our corpus (A43.6, 46.7), and the plural ‫ חביה‬occurs more than twenty times (see A1.13–14), but this is the largest amount by far. Only once more do we have a large payment of jars (A53.4 [20 jars]), but most of them are for only a few at a time. Here we have the plural form ‫חבן‬, which also appears in plena spelling ‫( חבין‬J9.3). If this is a commodity chit, it is very unusual not to have a payer.

619

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Date?

[. . .]◦ [. . .]◦◦ 3 [. . .]milk/malak: roosters, 2; 4 [. . .]q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 1 2

Payer Product I Product II

] .1 . .[ ] .2 2 ‫[מ ִל ִך תרנגלין‬ ִ ] .3 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ] [ק‬.4 .[

A300.5.27 One Chit for Roosters

A300.5.27-ISAP1107 (L107 [IM91.16.1]) Date Missing Payment of 2 roosters and 1.5 qabs of unknown product Body sherd of jar, 48 × 64 × 6, exterior and interior light brown. Writing on convex surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are some half a dozen ostraca recording roosters (see A10.5). One is a dated account for the dispatch of three roosters by three different persons (C5.5). Another is a dated chit that begins with the payment of semolina+flour and concludes with a rooster (A32.4), and yet another begins with the payment of 3 roosters and ends with an uncertain number of loads (A300.4.14). The word “roosters” here is written plena (‫)תרנגלין‬. In the other two occurrences (A10.5, 300.4.14), it is written defectiva (‫)תרנגלן‬. We even encounter a “stuffed rooster” in an unclassified fragment (J10.5). Cut away at the top of our text are two lines, one of which certainly contained a date. The beginning of line 3 contains the end of a name (‫מלך‬-), which could be Baalmalak (A74), El(i)milk/malak (A93), or Qosmalak (A11). The second product was agricultural and is cut away in line 4. ¶ The numeral 2, signifying the number of roosters, is written supralinearly at the end of line 3.

620

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX ]‫[ב‬ ִ ] .1 [?] ‫ ]גר]גרן‬.2 (Remains of ink?)

. . .]b[: [gr]grn. . . . (remains of ink?)

[

1

Product

2

A300.5.28, 30 Two Chits for Non-agricultural Products A300.5.28-ISAP1756 [IA12425 {Zd33}] Undated Payment of grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period vessel, medium-sized (39 × 43 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, no clear writing lines. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, *wide bottom margin, *very wide left margin.

Only the last three letters of the product ‫ גרגרן‬are preserved, for which see A1.28.

A300.5.29-ISAP 294 [IA11734] (Transferred to A280.10)

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

621

cm

CONVEX [?] ‫[ל ִה‬ ִ ] .1 ‫מוב]ל חדה‬ ִ ] .2 .[ ] .3

[. . .]lh [loa]d, one 3 [. . .].

Payer

1

Product

2

A300.5.30-ISAP791 [YR66] Undated Payment of 1 load Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (62 × 61 × 9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Only the product is partially preserved in line 2. We restore ‫]מוב[ל‬, (“load”) on the basis of A11.18 (‫מובל‬ ‫)חדה‬. As in that chit, the name of the payer and perhaps the payee would have appeared in line 1 in our chit, but the names are illegible. It is unclear what is missing in line 3. For more on loads, see A4.36. This chit should be added to Group 7 in Table 8 in TAO vol. 2.

622

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONCAVE Payer? Product

[. . .]: [. . .] 2s(eahs), 21; q(ab{s}), [. . .], 3its half. 1

[

[

]. . . . .1 ]‫ ִק‬21 ‫ ִס‬.2 ‫ פלגה‬.3

A300.5.31–34, 38, 42 Six Chits with Only Measurements A300.5.31-ISAP347 [IA11824]

(Jar Handle) Undated Payment of 21 seahs, x.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd and handle of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (30 × 40 × 5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish brown (5YR5/4), few white grits. Traces of black ash on handle and body sherd. Writing on interior of body sherd, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

Line 1 is effaced but may have contained the name of the payer and agricultural product. The suffixed noun ‫“( פלגה‬its half”) appears only here. However, see A79.3 for another unique use of this word in the commodity chits (‫)פלגות‬, which is attested four times in land description documents and once in an unclassified fragment as well (H2.9, 5.2, 5.4, 7.3, J8.12). The measure ‫ פלג‬comes regularly with ‫קב‬.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

623

cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . .] s(eahs), 14, 3 [. . .]. 1

Product

2

.[ ] [?]14 ‫] [ל[ ]ס‬ .[ ] (Lines missing?)

.1 .2 .3 .4

A300.5.32-ISAP774 [YR84] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 14 seahs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (74 × 51 × 6), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, 1 fresh break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Wide top margin (may be missing text), right edge broken, wide bottom margin (may be missing text), wide left margin.

The product was cut away at the beginning of line 2, and only the measurements are preserved.

624

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX Product

[?] s(eahs), 10; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

1

‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬10 ‫ ]?[ ס‬.1

A300.5.33-ISAP2569 (JA294) Undated Payment of 10 seahs, 2.5 qabs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49 × 55 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. One possible exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written line at ca. 15° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The measure is pertinent to a grain such as barley or wheat (cf. A80.1), but there is only blank space before the samek for seahs. There is no writing below this line. Perhaps this was a jar inscription and not a commodity chit.

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

625

cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . . s]eahs, seven [?].

1

Product

2

. .[ ] .1 [?]‫ס]אן שבע‬ ִ ] .2

A300.5.34-ISAP1334 (AL217 [M35]) Undated or Date Missing Payment of 7 seahs of resh, barley, or wheat Body sherd of jar (39 × 32 × 6), exterior and interior brown. Only upper left part of original ostracon preserved. Written lines parallel to wheel marks [AL].

This chit belongs to a large group that employs plena spelling for the product and the measure. The product here could have been resh, barley, or wheat, and the measure kors, seahs, and qabs, or simply seahs (cf. A1.3–4, 33–34). We must assume that at least the payer, perhaps also a date, and the product came in line 1 and the beginning of line 2.

A300.5.35-ISAP605 [NavehA6] (Transferred to A290.5.8)

A300.5.36-ISAP1380 (AL305 [M83]) (Transferred to A290.5.9)

A300.5.37-ISAP755 [YR26] (Transferred to A290.5.10)

626

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product cm

CONVEX ‫ ] מ]ן מנקדה‬.1 3 ִ‫[ס ִאן‬ ִ ] .2

[fro]m Makkedah: [. . .], seahs, 3.

Source

1

Product

2

A300.5.38-ISAP248 [IA11812] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 3 seahs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd, Iron Age or Persian period, closed vessel, medium-sized (46 × 39 × 4), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Some twenty ostraca record objects dispatched from Makkedah (see Table 2.3.87 in TAO vol. 1). The name of the payer (and possibly date and payee) would have appeared in the missing lines at the top and the name of the product in the missing text at the beginning of line 2. When written plena, as here, the seah measure (‫ )סאן‬is regularly followed, with rare exceptions (A25.9, 94.2; cf. H2.14), by the numeral as a word (A1.3, 36–37, 2.24–24a, 18.6, 121.3, 176.1), and not, as here, by ciphers.

A300.5.39-ISAP1781 (JA538) (Transferred to A290.5.11)

A300.5.40-ISAP1184 (L184 [IM91.16.84]) (Transferred to A290.5.12)

A300.5.41-ISAP553 [JoH2] (Transferred to A290.5.13)

A300.5.1–42 Twenty-Six Undated Fragmentary Chits with Only Product

627

cm

CONVEX [. . .] 3 . . . 2 [. . . +] 2 (and a) h(alf), by the hand of [PN]. (1 line or more missing) 1

Product Agent

‫א‬. . . . . ִ 3 [ ] .1 ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ף ִע ִלי‬2 [ ] .2 (One line or more missing.)

A300.5.42-ISAP245 [IA11798] Undated or Date Missing Payment of 2.5 (+?) of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (57 × 33 × 8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the right edge. The three strokes in line 1 do not support a date formula, and the rest of the line is unintelligible. A product and measure (e.g., ‫חס‬, “wheat, seahs”) must have appeared at the beginning of line 2, followed, as it is, by ‫ פ‬// (“2 [and a] h[alf ]”). The names of the payer and agent have been totally erased at the end of lines 1 and 2 (or perhaps in the missing line 3).

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information List of Texts A300.6.1  A300.6.2  A300.6.3  A300.6.4  A300.6.5  A300.6.6 

Payment of barley, wheat, or oil Payment of unknown product Payment of 1.5 seahs of unknown agricultural product Payment of unknown product Two payment of resh: x seahs and 10 (+?) seahs Payment of unknown product

628

Date missing Undated or date missing Date missing Date missing Undated (361–359) Undated

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information

629

cm

CONVEX Agent

by the hand of Ḥal(a)fan and [. . .] l[?] (lines missing?) 1 2

(Lines missing?) ]‫[עליד חלפן ִו‬ ִ ] .1 ‫ ]?[ל‬.2

A300.6.1-ISAP1140 (L140 [IM91.16.156]) (Palimpsest?) Date Missing Payment of barley, wheat, or oil Body sherd of jar, small (39 × 31 × 6), exterior and interior whitish. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

At least two lines are missing above, certainly containing date, payer, and product. About half a dozen chits end with the agent Ḥal(a)fan (see discussion in A290.5.10) and two or three chits with the double agency or payees Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan (A65.2 [Adar II], 70.2 [Tammuz], 300.1.45 [Ab]), all in year 2 (322 b.c.e.). The waw (“and”) at the end of the line in our chit could introduce Abdu, though that would reverse the attested order Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan. The lamed at the beginning of line 2 stands in isolation. In two of the three chits above, Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan come at the end of the text (A70.2, 300.1.45). In all of Ḥal(a)fan’s agent chits, the product is agricultural—barley, wheat, or oil—and so we assume one of those was also the product here. For the dossier of Ḥal(a)fan, see A18.

630

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information cm

CONVEX [PN of the sons of / of the house of ] Qoṣi m[. . .] [. . .]1 3 [. . .] Qosmalak.

Payer?

1

Product?

2

Agent

. . . . . ‫קו ִצִי ִמ‬ ִ .1 1[  ] .2 ‫קוסמ ִל ִך‬ ִ .3

A300.6.2-ISAP1427 (AL233 [M135]) Undated or Date Missing Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar (50 × 35 × 6), exterior and interior light brown/orange. Ostracon possibly complete, writing frequently conjectural. Written lines at 10° to wheel marks [AL].

If the reading at the beginning of line 1 is correct, it would be the clan head Qoṣi (see A3), and we should restore in front of it either ‫“( לבני‬of the sons of”) or ‫“( לבית‬of the house of”), but he has no known links to Qosmalak, who seems to appear as agent in line 3. Qosmalak appears four times as agent at the end of a chit (A4.28, 9.9, 94.2, 290.1.15), though he is attested much more often as payer (A11). In line 2, we would expect to find the product.

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information

631

cm

CONVEX Product

entry: s(eah), 1 (and a) h(alf).

1

[ ? ]‫ ִף‬1 ‫בב ִס‬ ִ .1

A300.6.3-ISAP788 [YR108] Date Missing Payment of 1.5 seahs of unknown agricultural product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57 × 75 × 7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, slightly uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, *very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

No writing is visible at the beginning of the single line on this chit or above the line. According to scribal practice, a second related item was often introduced by the word ‫בב‬, “entry,” occurring some dozen times in our corpus (see A1.24 for discussion). Usually, the second item repeated the party and/or the grain of the first item. Here, it did not (contrast the payment order in B3.5). ¶ Clearly, the missing lines above would have contained the date, payer, and first product. The marks at the bottom of the chit are unintelligible.

632

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information cm

CONVEX Sealing Sign Signatory

[. . .] (archaic alef) ◦◦[. . .]

(Lines missing?) [ ? ]. . #[ ] .1

1

A300.6.4-ISAP789 [YR97] Date Missing Payment of unknown product Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (89 × 46 × 6–13), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR6/2), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin (may be broken).

The archaic alef sealing sign occurred frequently at the end of grain contracts, where it was usually followed by a signatory (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148*-150*, Tables 7 and 8). In our chit, the two unintelligible marks after the sign must have been the initial letters of the signatory’s name. There is excessively large empty space at the bottom.

633

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . .]Qos◦[. . .] 3 [. . .]Qosyaha[b . . .] 4 [. . .]◦[. . .] 5 resh, s[(eahs), . . .] 6 resh, s(eahs), 10 ◦[. . .]. 7 (archaic alef) 8 Yazidi/u 1 2

Product I Product II Sealing sign Signatory

[

]. .[ ] [ ].‫[קוס‬ ] [ ‫[קוסיִה[ב‬ ִ ] [ ].[ ] [ ]‫] [ ראש ִס‬ [ ]. 10 ‫] [י ראש ס‬ ‫ו‬/‫ יזדי‬#.[ ?]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

A300.6.5-ISAP568 (BA9) Undated (361–359) Two payments of resh: x seahs and 10 (+?) seahs

This chit is broken off at the left edge and is partially effaced. It is unprecedentedly long compared to the other chits and may in fact better fit the format of an account for resh (cf. C4.2–3). Lines 1 and 4 are illegible. Lines 2 and 3 record personal names, Qos◦[. . .] and Qosyaha[b] (“Qos gave”), though it is not clear if any text followed each name. For the dossier of Qosyahab, see A26. Lines 5 and 6 both record resh, followed by a seah measure. The piece does not resemble the usual format of a commodity chit, namely, (date)-payer-(payee)-commodity-measure-(agent), but the appearance at the end of a sealing sign followed by a signatory are telltale indicators. The name Yazidu (‫ )יזדו‬appears some eighteen times in years 44, 45, and 46 Artaxerxes II (361–359) for three processed grains—semolina+flour, crushed/sifted grain, and resh (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148* and Table 7.1–17, 19). Yazidu also has a dossier (A139). The chit for resh most resembling ours is one drawn up on 28 Nisan, 44 [Artaxerxes II] (May 12, 361 [A8.12]). The word ‫ ראש‬is written with the left diagonal stroke of the alef curved at the bottom to the left. Our chit has two legible payers, one after the other, followed by two references to resh, also one right after the other. The comparable chit, on the other hand, has three self-enclosed items, each with a payer, payee, and resh, with a date at the bottom and an archaic alef. Our chit has no date but both an archaic alef and a signatory, with the name of the signatory following, not preceding, the sealing sign. For more on resh, see A1.4 and Table 2.43 in TAO vol. 2.

634

A300.6.1–6 Six Fragmentary Chits with Miscellaneous Information cm

CONVEX entry: Qosn[. . .].

[

1

]‫ בב קוסנ‬.1

A300.6.6-ISAP253 [IA11781] Undated Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (35 × 40 × 8), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

For discussion of ‫ בב‬as “entry,” see A300.6.3 above and A1.24. There is no writing beneath this line, so there must have been writing above, though it is not visible. No fewer than six different names could have filled in the letters following ‫—בב‬Qosn[ahar] (C2.1), Qosn[aṭar] (A20.8) Qos⟨la⟩n[ṣur] (A21.3, J12.14), Qosn[aqam] (A27), Qosn[er] (A88), and Qosn[atan] (A69).The notation indicates that he made a second payment (cf. A8.32, 16.15, 80.1, 85.3), making it even stranger that there is no writing below this line to give the details of such a payment.

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) prepared by Matthew Kletzing

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

A51.1 A51.2 A51.3 A51.4 A51.5 A52.1 A52.2 A52.3 A52.4 A52.5 A52.6 A53.1 A53.2 A53.3 A53.4 A53.5 A53.6 A54.1 A54.2 A54.3 A54.4 A54.5 A55.1 A55.2 A55.3 A55.4 A55.5 A55.6 A55.7 A56.1 A56.2 A56.3 A56.4 A56.5 A57.1 A57.2

2446 203 1852 2541 1033 1865 885 1538 1898 1949 919 2509 927 538 1672 2488 472 1755 2503 805 822 1916 5 2499 62 723 565 64 751 2638 1224 827 1490 458 1766 538

A57.3 A57.4 A57.5 A58.1 A58.2 A58.3 A58.4 A58.5 A59.1 A59.2 A59.3 A59.4 A59.5 A60.1 A60.2 A60.3 A60.4 A60.5 A61.1 A61.2 A61.3 A61.4 A61.5 A62.1 A62.2 A62.3 A62.4 A62.5 A63.1 A63.2 A63.3 A63.4 A63.5 A63.6 A64.1 A64.2

1576 868 923 1544 1376 1553 1530 1535 1224 2521 1086 215 473 81 2510 232 1469 1747 888 642 1753 1722 1780 1276 2592 2549 2618 2429 1848 1382 1927 1416 1906 1900 735 1008

A64.3 A64.4 A64.5 A65.1 A65.2 A65.3 A65.4 A65.5 A66.1 A66.2 A66.3 A66.4 A66.5 A67.1 A67.2 A67.3 A67.4 A67.5 A68.1 A68.2 A68.3 A68.4 A68.5 A69.1 A69.2 A69.3 A69.4 A69.5 A70.1 A70.2 A70.3 A70.4 A70.5 A71.1 A71.2 A71.3

1 1233 20 2562 1018 1477 871 1148 2509 86 1543 472 2607 1533 2635 1425 — 2655 2487 890 872 916 733 1336 1607 721 830 1957 704 64 2551 1133 674 2509 1896 2483

A71.4 A71.5 A72.1 A72.2 A72.3 A72.4 A72.5 A73.1 A73.2 A73.3 A73.4

1122 1906 1868 1851 2601 1934 1847 1012 2604 810 1930 (formerly 2405) 2439 1042 1024 1194 1420 914 1144 879 1157 1455 2401 523 1440 1880 1058 1018 1082 2478 668 1861 1338 2545 883 1385

635

A73.5 A74.1 A74.2 A74.3 A74.4 A75.1 A75.2 A75.3 A75.4 A76.1 A76.2 A76.3 A76.4 A77.1 A77.2 A77.3 A77.4 A78.1 A78.2 A78.3 A78.4 A79.1 A79.2 A79.3

636

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

A79.4 A80.1 A80.2 A80.3 A80.4 A81.1 A81.2 A81.3 A81.4 A82.1 A82.2 A82.3 A82.4 A82.5 A83.1 A83.2 A83.3 A83.4 A84.1 A84.2 A84.3 A84.4 A85.1 A85.2 A85.3 A85.4 A85.5 A86.1 A86.2 A86.3 A86.4 A87.1 A87.2 A87.3 A87.4 A88.1 A88.2 A88.3 A88.4 A89.1 A89.2 A89.3 A89.4 A89.5

1864 2639 2470 1888 1077 113 230 1760 1656 564 824 1721 263 1088 1028 1348 1402 20 1849 869 1043 1940 1877 1899 1353 717 2505 539 545 2524 760 1601 1875 702 137 1604 831 1377 2563 2603 89 2609 906 1393

A90.1 A90.2 A90.3 A90.4 A90.5 A91.1 A91.2 A91.3 A91.4 A92.1 A92.2 A92.3 A93.1 A93.2 A93.3 A94.1 A94.2 A94.3 A95.1 A95.2 A95.3 A96.1 A96.2 A97.1 A97.2 A98.1 A98.2 A98.3 A99.1 A99.2 A99.3 A100.1 A100.2 A100.3 A101.1 A101.2 A101.3 A102.1 A102.2 A102.3 A103.1 A103.2 A103.3 A104.1

706 1330 2615 2527 571 — 770 1406 569 550 223 874 1019 1431 871 1897 1540 1548 921 887 540 1575 35 1855 710 940 1759 739 1654 1937 1093 58 1053 1415 925 1252 1038 731 912 1379 117 1002 1627 2589

A104.2 A104.3 A105.1 A105.2 A105.3 A105.4 A106.1 A106.2 A106.3 A107.1 A107.2 A107.3 A108.1 A108.2 A108.3 A109.1 A109.2 A109.3 A110.1 A110.2 A110.3 A111.1 A111.2 A111.3 A112.1 A112.2 A112.3 A113.1 A113.2 A113.3 A114.1 A114.2 A114.3 A115.1 A115.2 A115.3 A116.1 A116.2 A116.3 A117.1 A117.2 A117.3 A118.1 A118.2

1478 1198 1859 1458 1068 1057 2547 1444 2533 842 43 2494 1388 1445 870 1841 1235 1894 759 1910 63 1439+639 52 21 2643 1773 2423 908 884 1982 2454 1919 2546 487 1302 1310 1499 1340 1127 889 1935 766 1951 1421

A118.3 A119.1 A119.2 A119.3 A120.1 A120.2 A120.3 A121.1 A121.2 A121.3 A122.1 A122.2 A122.3 A122.4 A122.5 A123.1 A123.2 A123.3 A124.1 A124.2 A124.3 A125.1 A125.2 A125.3 A126.1 A126.2 A126.3 A126.4 A127.1 A127.2 A128.1 A128.2 A129.1 A129.2 A130.1 A130.2 A131.1 A131.2 A132.1 A132.2 A133.1 A133a.1 A133a.2 A134.1

218 1006 1236 1551 1943 2665 1039 1094 544 255 1495 2438 753 1112 1594+1734 1877 1899 1256 257 1267 2484 2520 2622 1914 876 530 1329 2568 809 900 113 336 1706 929 1711 1367 73 1957 1242 6 — 573 2497 2468

637

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

A134.2 A135.1 A135.2 A136.1 A136.2 A137.1 A137.2 A138.1 A138.2 A139.1 A139.2 A140.1 A140.2 A141.1 A141.2 A142.1 A142.2 A142.3 A143.1 A143.2 A144.1 A144.2 A145.1 A145.2 A146.1 A146.2 A147.1 A147.2 A148.1 A148.2 A149.1 A149.2 A150.1 A150.2 A151.1 A151.2 A151a.1 A151a.2 A152.1 A152.2 A153.1 A153.2 A154.1 A154.2

1280 2483 1824 1740 1017 1065 1069 1923 1764 1629 2491 1856 1630 1900 1285 1811 578 1941 107 1369 1837 1136 2657 1269 1262 1885 717 2505 1938 1142 542 1574 2476 608 1002 1628 2550 1512 1263 1727 1634 411 229 2417

A155.1 A155.2 A156.1 A156.2 A157.1 A157.2 A158.1 A159.1 A160.1 A161.1 A161a.1 A162.1 A163.1 A164.1 A165.1 A166.1 A167.1 A168.1 A169.1 A170.1 A171.1 A172.1 A173.1 A174.1 A175.1 A176.1 A177.1 A178.1 A179.1 A179.1 A180.1 A181.1 A182.1 A183.1 A184.1 A185.1 A186.1 A187.1 A187.2 A188.1 A189.1 A190.1 A191.1 A192.1

1497 1010 667 529 1049 1706 1949 670 1129 2556 1983 838 1026 1047 1718 2491 2416 806 1764 1056 2555 716 1911 405 — 1941 2449 1001 1876 2573 1239 — 1017 1744 — 1663 2506 — — 1985 2406 1662 1412 1258

A193.1 A194.1 A195.1 A196.1 A197.1 A198.1 A199.1 A200.1 A201.1 A202.1 A202a.1 A203.1 A204.1 A205.1 A206.1 A206a.1 A207.1 A208.1 A209.1 A210.1 A211.1 A211a.1 A212.1 A213.1 A214.1 A215.1 A216.1 A217.1 A218.1 A219.1 A220.1 A221.1 A222.1 A223.1 A224.1 A225.1 A226.1 A227.1 A228.1 A229.1 A229a.1 A230.1 A230a.1 A231.1

1014 1549 1032 1665 1450 2427 2418 1870 2600 2613 776 1729 1289 1578 1637 170 1752 2487 1375 1280 114 577 1461 1003 711 2457 1704 1141 1481 2638 37 1398 922 873 10 1867 2417 1565 1907 1039 744 51 1988 262

A231a.1 A232.1 A232.2 A233.1 A234.1 A235.1 A236.1 A237.1 A238.1 A239.1 A240.1 A241.1 A242.1 A243.1 A244.1 A245.1 A246.1 A247.1 A248.1 A249.1 A249a.1 A250.1

768 — — 2608 1425 551 1747 1352 638 2567 637 2436 1904 1394 1027 1255 541 1586 912 2656 53 2619 (formerly 618) 866 2450 1933 2493 560 536 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

A251.1 A252.1 A253.1 A254.1 A255.1 A255a.1 A256.1 A257.1 A258.1 A259.1 A260.1 A261.1 A262.1 A263.1 A264.1 A265.1 A266.1 A267.1 A268.1 A269.1 A270.1

638

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

A271.1 A272.1 A273.1 A274.1 A275.1 A276.1 A277.1 A280.1 A280.2 A280.3 A280.4 A280.5 A280.6 A280.7 A280.8 A280.9 A280.10 A280.11 A290.1.1 A290.1.2 A290.1.3 A290.1.4 A290.1.5 A290.1.6 A290.1.7 A290.1.8 A290.1.9 A290.1.10 A290.1.11 A290.1.12 A290.1.13 A290.1.14 A290.1.15 A290.1.16 A290.1.17 A290.2.1 A290.2.2 A290.2.3 A290.2.4 A290.2.5 A290.2.6 A290.2.7 A290.2.8 A290.2.9

— — — — — — — 8 1101 931 1294 1035 1022 1903 1713 2482 294 2623 1403 749 1005 1657 843 782+918 1016 1030 2426 267 718 1332 468 775 1616 1064 1730 1732 1040 1521 1045 673 1784 17 2480 1327

A290.2.10 A290.2.11 A290.2.12 A290.2.13 A290.2.14 A290.2.15 A290.2.16 A290.2.17 A290.3.1 A290.3.2 A290.3.3 A290.3.4 A290.3.5 A290.3.6 A290.3.7 A290.3.8 A290.3.9 A290.4.1 A290.4.2 A290.4.3 A290.4.4 A290.4.5 A290.4.6 A290.4.7 A290.4.8 A290.4.9 A290.4.10 A290.5.1 A290.5.2 A290.5.3 A290.5.4 A290.5.5 A290.5.6 A290.5.7 A290.5.8 A290.5.9 A290.5.10 A290.5.11 A290.5.12 A290.5.13 A300.1.1 A300.1.2 A300.1.3 A300.1.4

780 1743 2617 800A 1470 1067 631 2523 2440 624 641 1066 279 1777 492 1670 815 750 826 1363 427 2490 1341 2034 1116 1557 108 1948 2507 1130 936 1151 779 265 605 1380 755 1781 1184 553 2595 1715 80 414

A300.1.5 A300.1.6 A300.1.7 A300.1.7a A300.1.8 A300.1.9 A300.1.10 A300.1.11 A300.1.12 A300.1.13 A300.1.14 A300.1.15 A300.1.16 A300.1.17 A300.1.18 A300.1.18a A300.1.19 A300.1.20 A300.1.21 A300.1.22 A300.1.23 A300.1.24 A300.1.25

2588 1733 1485 2669 — 811 1325 1005 1504 740 1730 481 793 610 1011 756 — — — 1545 844 2461 1344 (formerly 646) — — — 2590 — — 1241 1331 — 1561 — — — 1414 718 736 1022 1041 — 1251

A300.1.26 A300.1.27 A300.1.28 A300.1.29 A300.1.30 A300.1.31 A300.1.32 A300.1.33 A300.1.34 A300.1.35 A300.1.36 A300.1.37 A300.1.38 A300.1.39 A300.1.40 A300.1.41 A300.1.42 A300.1.43 A300.1.44 A300.1.45

TAO

ISAP

A300.1.46 121 A300.1.47 772 A300.1.48 227 A300.1.49 — A300.1.50 — A300.1.51 1046 A300.1.52 787 A300.1.53 126 A300.1.54 1342 A300.1.55 — A300.1.56 — A300.1.57 628 A300.1.58 130 A300.1.59 1268 A300.1.60 1326 A300.2.1 — A300.2.2 — A300.2.3 632 A300.2.4 296 A300.2.5 1921 A300.2.6 — A300.2.7 1048 A300.2.8 1783+1789 A300.2.9 — A300.2.10 240 A300.2.11 — A300.2.12 — A300.2.13 1318 A300.2.14 — A300.2.15 — A300.2.16 — A300.2.17 1770 A300.2.18 — A300.2.19 420 A300.2.20 — A300.2.21 1509 A300.2.22 — A300.2.23 754 A300.2.24 — A300.2.25 — A300.2.26 401 A300.2.27 419 A300.2.27a 217 A300.2.28 1749

639

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A51–A300) TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

A300.2.29 A300.2.30 A300.2.31 A300.2.32 A300.2.33 A300.3.1 A300.3.2 A300.3.3 A300.3.4 A300.3.5 A300.3.6 A300.3.7 A300.3.8 A300.3.9 A300.3.10 A300.3.11 A300.3.12 A300.3.13 A300.3.14 A300.3.15 A300.3.16 A300.3.17 A300.3.18 A300.3.19 A300.3.20 A300.3.21 A300.3.22 A300.3.23 A300.3.24

1514 800 2644 1562 2652 — 413 2598 — 532 — — — 295 749 815 1593 293 1361 1482 143 2586 — — 1055 — 289 438 439

A300.3.25 A300.3.26 A300.3.27 A300.4.1 A300.4.2 A300.4.3 A300.4.4 A300.4.5 A300.4.6 A300.4.7 A300.4.8 A300.4.9 A300.4.10 A300.4.11 A300.4.12 A300.4.13 A300.4.14 A300.4.15 A300.4.16 A300.4.17 A300.4.18 A300.4.19 A300.4.19a A300.4.20 A300.4.21 A300.4.22 A300.4.23 A300.4.24 A300.4.25

— — — — 2581 826 1119 — — — 251 — — 1126 — 1942 1779 — 1591 — 2492 712 1119 2637 445 127 1915 620 —

A300.4.26 A300.4.27 A300.4.28 A300.4.29 A300.4.30 A300.4.31 A300.4.32 A300.4.33 A300.5.1 A300.5.2 A300.5.3 A300.5.4 A300.5.5 A300.5.6 A300.5.7 A300.5.8 A300.5.9 A300.5.10 A300.5.11 A300.5.12 A300.5.13 A300.5.14 A300.5.14a A300.5.15 A300.5.16 A300.5.17 A300.5.18 A300.5.19 A300.5.20

— 1939 1117 2530 — 78 1610 — — 1399 1301 1501 — 1950 1466 440 1150 — — 2465 — 1479 282 — 1563 124 1936 442 —

A300.5.21 A300.5.22 A300.5.23 A300.5.24 A300.5.25 A300.5.26 A.300.5.26a A300.5.27 A300.5.28 A300.5.29 A300.5.30 A300.5.31 A300.5.32 A300.5.33 A300.5.34 A300.5.35 A300.5.36 A300.5.37 A300.5.38 A300.5.39 A300.5.40 A300.5.41 A300.5.42 A300.6.1 A300.6.2 A300.6.3 A300.6.4 A300.6.5 A300.6.6

773 — — — 765 1767 294 1107 1756 — 791 347 774 2569 1334 — — — 248 — — — 245 1140 1427 788 789 568 253

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A51–A300) prepared by Matthew Kletzing

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

1 5 6 8 10 17 20 20 21 35 37 43 51 52 53 58 62 63 64 64 73 78 80 81 86 89 107 108 113 113 114 117 121 124 126 127 130

A64.3 A55.1 A132.2 A280.1 A224.1 A290.2.7 A64.5 A83.4 A111.3 A96.2 A220.1 A107.2 A230.1 A111.2 A249a.1 A100.1 A55.3 A110.3 A55.6 A70.2 A131.1 A300.4.31 A300.1.3 A60.1 A66.2 A89.2 A143.1 A290.4.10 A81.1 A128.1 A211.1 A103.1 A300.1.46 A300.5.17 A300.1.53 A300.4.22 A300.1.58

137 143 170 203 215 217 218 223 227 229 230 232 240 245 248 251 253 255 257 262 263 265 267 279 282 289 293 294 295 296 336 347 401 405 411 413 414

A87.4 A300.3.16 A206a.1 A51.2 A59.4 A300.2.27a A118.3 A92.2 A300.1.48 A154.1 A81.2 A60.3 A300.2.10 A300.5.42 A300.5.38 A300.4.8 A300.6.6 A121.3 A124.1 A231.1 A82.4 A290.5.7 A290.1.10 A290.3.5 A300.5.14a A300.3.22 A300.3.13 A300.5.26 A300.3.9 A300.2.4 A128.2 A300.5.31 A300.2.26 A174.1 A153.2 A300.3.2 A300.1.4

419 420 427 438 439 440 442 445 458 468 472 472 473 481 487 492 523 529 530 532 536 538 538 539 540 541 542 544 545 550 551 553 560 564 565 568 569

A300.2.27 A300.2.19 A290.4.4 A300.3.23 A300.3.24 A300.5.8 A300.5.19 A300.4.21 A56.5 A290.1.13 A53.6 A66.4 A59.5 A300.1.15 A115.1 A290.3.7 A76.3 A156.2 A126.2 A300.3.5 A255a.1 A53.3 A57.2 A86.1 A95.3 A246.1 A149.1 A121.2 A86.2 A92.1 A235.1 A290.5.13 A255.1 A82.1 A55.5 A300.6.5 A91.4

571 573 577 578 605 608 610 620 624 628 631 632 637 638 1439+639 641 642 667 668 670 673 674 702 704 706 710 711 712 716 717 717 718 718 721 723 731 733

A90.5 A133a.1 A211a.1 A142.2 A290.5.8 A150.2 A300.1.17 A300.4.24 A290.3.2 A300.1.57 A290.2.16 A300.2.3 A240.1 A238.1 A111.1 A290.3.3 A61.2 A156.1 A78.2 A159.1 A290.2.5 A70.5 A87.3 A70.1 A90.1 A97.2 A214.1 A300.4.19 A172.1 A85.4 A147.1 A290.1.11 A300.1.40 A69.3 A55.4 A102.1 A68.5

640

641

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A51–A300) ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

735 736 739 740 744 749 749 750 751 753 754 755 756 759 760 765 766 768 770 772 773 774 775 776 779 780 782+918 787 788 789 791 793 800 800A 805 806 809 810 811 815 815 822 824 826 826

A64.1 A300.1.41 A98.3 A300.1.13 A229a.1 A290.1.2 A300.3.10 A290.4.1 A55.7 A122.3 A300.2.23 A290.5.10 A300.1.18a A110.1 A86.4 A300.5.25 A117.3 A231a.1 A91.2 A300.1.47 A300.5.21 A300.5.32 A290.1.14 A202a.1 A290.5.6 A290.2.10 A290.1.6 A300.1.52 A300.6.3 A300.6.4 A300.5.30 A300.1.16 A300.2.30 A290.2.13 A54.3 A168.1 A127.1 A73.3 A300.1.9 A290.3.9 A300.3.11 A54.4 A82.2 A290.4.2 A300.4.3

827 830 831 838 842 843 844 866 868 869 870 871 871 872 873 874 876 879 883 884 885 887 888 889 890 900 906 908 912 912 914 916 782+918 919 921 922 923 925 927 929 931 936 940 1001 1002

A56.3 A69.4 A88.2 A162.1 A107.1 A290.1.5 A300.1.23 A251.1 A57.4 A84.2 A108.3 A65.4 A93.3 A68.3 A223.1 A92.3 A126.1 A75.3 A79.2 A113.2 A52.2 A95.2 A61.1 A117.1 A68.2 A127.2 A89.4 A113.1 A102.2 A248.1 A75.1 A68.4 A290.1.6 A52.6 A95.1 A222.1 A57.5 A101.1 A53.2 A129.2 A280.3 A290.5.4 A98.1 A178.1 A103.2

1002 1003 1005 1005 1006 1008 1010 1011 1012 1014 1016 1017 1017 1018 1018 1019 1022 1022 1024 1026 1027 1028 1030 1032 1033 1035 1038 1039 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1053 1055 1056 1057 1058 1064 1065

A151.1 A213.1 A290.1.3 A300.1.11 A119.1 A64.2 A155.2 A300.1.18 A73.1 A193.1 A290.1.7 A136.2 A182.1 A65.2 A77.3 A93.1 A280.6 A300.1.42 A74.2 A163.1 A244.1 A83.1 A290.1.8 A195.1 A51.5 A280.5 A101.3 A120.3 A229.1 A290.2.2 A300.1.43 A74.1 A84.3 A290.2.4 A300.1.51 A164.1 A300.2.7 A157.1 A100.2 A300.3.20 A170.1 A105.4 A77.2 A290.1.16 A137.1

1066 1067 1068 1069 1077 1082 1086 1088 1093 1094 1101 1107 1112 1116 1117 1119 1122 1126 1127 1129 1130 1133 1136 1140 1141 1142 1144 1148 1150 1151 1157 1184 1194 1198 1224 1224 1233 1235 1236 1239 1241 1242 1251 1252 1255

A290.3.4 A290.2.15 A105.3 A137.2 A80.4 A77.4 A59.3 A82.5 A99.3 A121.1 A280.2 A300.5.27 A122.4 A290.4.8 A300.4.28 A3.4.19a A71.4 A300.4.11 A116.3 A160.1 A290.5.3 A70.4 A144.2 A300.6.1 A217.1 A148.2 A75.2 A65.5 A300.5.9 A290.5.5 A75.4 A290.5.12 A74.3 A104.3 A56.2 A59.1 A64.4 A109.2 A119.2 A180.1 A300.1.32 A132.1 A300.1.45 A101.2 A245.1

642

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A51–A300) ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

1256 1258 1262 1263 1267 1268 1269 1276 1280 1280 1285 1289 1294 1301 1302 1310 1318 1325 1326 1327 1329 1330 1331 1332 1334 1336 1338 1340 1341 1342 1344 (formerly 646) 1348 1352 1353 1361 1363 1367 1369 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1382

A123.3 A192.1 A146.1 A152.1 A124.2 A300.1.59 A145.2 A62.1 A134.2 A210.1 A141.2 A204.1 A280.4 A300.5.3 A115.2 A115.3 A300.2.13 A300.1.10 A300.1.60 A290.2.9 A126.3 A90.2 A300.1.33 A290.1.12 A300.5.34 A69.1 A78.4 A116.2 A290.4.6 A300.1.54 A300.1.25

1385 1388 1393 1394 1398 1399 1402 1403 1406 1412 1414 1415 1416 1420 1421 1425 1425 1427 1431 1439+639 1440 1444 1445 1450 1455 1458 1461 1466 1469 1470 1477 1478 1479 1481 1482 1485 1490 1495 1497 1499 1501 1504 1509 1512 1514

A79.3 A108.1 A89.5 A243.1 A221.1 A300.5.2 A83.3 A290.1.1 A91.3 A191.1 A300.1.39 A100.3 A63.4 A74.4 A118.2 A67.3 A234.1 A300.6.2 A93.2 A111.1 A76.4 A106.2 A108.2 A197.1 A76.1 A105.2 A212.1 A300.5.7 A60.4 A290.2.14 A65.3 A104.2 A300.5.14 A218.1 A300.3.15 A300.1.7 A56.4 A122.1 A155.1 A116.1 A300.5.4 A300.1.12 A300.2.21 A151a.2 A300.2.29

1521 1530 1533 1535 1538 1540 1543 1544 1545 1548 1549 1551 1553 1557 1561 1562 1563 1565 1574 1575 1576 1578 1586 1591 1593 1594+1734 1601 1604 1607 1610 1616 1627 1628 1629 1630 1634 1637 1654 1656 1657 1662 1663 1665 1670 1672

A290.2.3 A58.4 A67.1 A58.5 A52.3 A94.2 A66.3 A58.1 A300.1.22 A94.3 A194.1 A119.3 A58.3 A290.4.9 A300.1.35 A300.2.32 A300.5.16 A227.1 A149.2 A96.1 A57.3 A205.1 A247.1 A300.4.16 A300.3.12 A122.5 A87.1 A88.1 A69.2 A300.4.32 A290.1.15 A103.3 A151.2 A139.1 A140.2 A153.1 A206.1 A99.1 A81.4 A290.1.4 A190.1 A185.1 A196.1 A290.3.8 A53.4

1704 1706 1706 1711 1713 1715 1718 1721 1722 1727 1729 1730 1730 1732 1733 1594+1734 1740 1743 1744 1747 1747 1749 1752 1753 1755 1756 1759 1760 1764 1764 1766 1767 1770 1773 1777 1779 1780 1781 1783+1789 1784 1783+1789 1811 1824 1837 1841

A216.1 A129.1 A157.2 A130.1 A280.8 A300.1.2 A165.1 A82.3 A61.4 A152.2 A203.1 A290.1.17 A300.1.14 A290.2.1 A300.1.6 A122.5 A136.1 A290.2.11 A183.1 A60.5 A236.1 A300.2.28 A207.1 A61.3 A54.1 A300.5.28 A98.2 A81.3 A138.2 A169.1 A57.1 A300.5.26 A300.2.17 A112.2 A290.3.6 A300.4.14 A61.5 A290.5.11 A300.2.8 A290.2.6 A300.2.8 A142.1 A135.2 A144.1 A109.1

A83.2 A237.1 A85.3 A300.3.14 A290.4.3 A130.2 A143.2 A209.1 A58.2 A88.3 A102.3 A290.5.9 A63.2

643

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A51–A300) ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

ISAP

TAO

1847 1848 1849 1851 1852 1855 1856 1859 1861 1864 1865 1867 1868 1870 1875 1876 1877 1877 1880 1885 1888 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1899 1900 1900 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907 1910 1911 1914 1915 1916 1919 1921 1923 1927 1930 (formerly 2405)

A72.5 A63.1 A84.1 A72.2 A51.3 A97.1 A140.1 A105.1 A78.3 A79.4 A52.1 A225.1 A72.1 A200.1 A87.2 A179.1 A85.1 A123.1 A77.1 A146.2 A80.3 A109.3 A71.2 A94.1 A52.4 A85.2 A123.2 A63.6 A141.1 A280.7 A242.1 A63.5 A71.5 A228.1 A110.2 A173.1 A125.3 A300.4.23 A54.5 A114.2 A300.2.5 A138.1 A63.3 A73.4

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1941 1942 1943 1948 1949 1949 1950 1951 1957 1957 1982 1983 1985 1988 2034 2401 2406 2416 2417 2417 2418 2423 2426 2427 2429 2436 2438 2439 2440 2446 2449 2450 2454 2457 2461 2465

A253.1 A72.4 A117.2 A300.5.18 A99.2 A148.1 A300.4.27 A84.4 A142.3 A176.1 A300.4.13 A120.1 A290.5.1 A52.5 A158.1 A300.5.6 A118.1 A69.5 A131.2 A113.3 A161a.1 A188.1 A230a.1 A290.4.7 A76.2 A189.1 A167.1 A154.2 A226.1 A199.1 A112.3 A290.1.9 A198.1 A62.5 A241.1 A122.2 A73.5 A290.3.1 A51.1 A177.1 A252.1 A114.1 A215.1 A300.1.24 A300.5.12

2468 2470 2476 2478 2480 2482 2483 2483 2484 2487 2487 2488 2490 2491 2491 2492 2493 2494 2497 2499 2503 2505 2505 2506 2507 2509 2509 2509 2510 2520 2521 2523 2524 2527 2530 2533 2541 2545 2546 2547 2549 2550 2551 2555 2556

A134.1 A80.2 A150.1 A78.1 A290.2.8 A280.9 A71.3 A135.1 A124.3 A68.1 A208.1 A53.5 A290.4.5 A139.2 A166.1 A300.4.18 A254.1 A107.3 A133a.2 A55.2 A54.2 A85.5 A147.2 A186.1 A290.5.2 A53.1 A66.1 A71.1 A60.2 A125.1 A59.2 A290.2.17 A86.3 A90.4 A300.4.29 A106.3 A51.4 A79.1 A114.3 A106.1 A62.3 A151a.1 A70.3 A171.1 A161.1

2562 2563 2567 2568 2569 2573 2581 2586 2588 2589 2590 2592 2595 2598 2600 2601 2603 2604 2607 2608 2609 2613 2615 2617 2619 (formerly 618) 2618 2622 2623 2635 2637 2638 2638 2639 2643 2644 2652 2655 2656 2657 2665 2669

A65.1 A88.4 A239.1 A126.4 A300.5.33 A179.1 A300.4.2 A300.3.17 A300.1.5 A104.1 A300.1.29 A62.2 A300.1.1 A300.3.3 A201.1 A72.3 A89.1 A73.2 A66.5 A233.1 A89.3 A202.1 A90.3 A290.2.12 A250.1 A62.4 A125.2 A280.11 A67.2 A300.4.20 A56.1 A219.1 A80.1 A112.1 A300.2.31 A300.2.33 A67.5 A249.1 A145.1 A120.2 A300.1.7a

Commodity Chit Dossiers by Payer Name prepared by Matthew Kletzing

Payer Name

TAO

Payer Name

TAO

Abenaši

A91.1–4

Dikru

A75.1–4

Abenašu

A127.1–2

Dalael

A131.1–2

Abibaal

A158.1

Dallui

A130.1–2

Abyete

A160.1

Wahabil

A76.1–4

Ab(i)yatha

A92.1–3

Wah(a)bi

A97.1–2

Ab(i)ram

A159.1

Wani

A179.1

Ab(i)šalam

A56.1–5

Wašiqil

A132.1–2

Agra

A161.1

Zabda

A179a.1

Aḥiyo

A161a.1

Zabdibaal(i)

A60.1–5

Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim/Aḥuqam

A57.1–5

Zabbud

A98.1–3

Aḥ(i)šalam

A162.1

Zubayd/Zebid

A77.1–4

Elibeer

A163.1

Zebidel

A180.1

Elyarib

A164.1

Zaydil

A99.1–3

El(i)milk/malak

A93.1–3

Zaydilahi

A182.1

Amnat

A166.1

Zaydatu

A183.1

Amittu

A165.1

Ḥabutu/Ḥabut

A78.1–4

Asi

A167.1

Ḥabibu

A185.1

Begin(n)eh

A168.1

Ḥabšabu

A186.1

Badan

A94.1–3

Ḥauran

A100.1–3

Bayyun

A95.1–3

Ḥazael

A133a.1–2

Bayyanu

A169.1

Ḥazi

A188.1

Baadu

A170.1

Ḥezir

A189.1

Baalbarek

A171.1

Ḥatamu

A79.1–4

Baalzabad

A172.1

Ḥiel

A134.1–2

Baalḥanan

A173.1

Ḥayyan

A61.1–5

Baalmalak

A74.1–4

Ḥat(i)ru/Ḥutayru

A196.1

Baalsamak

A58.1–5

Ḥinziru

A101.1–3

Baaladar/ider

A174.1

Ḥayru

A190.1

Baalghauth

A96.1–2

Ḥal(l)uf

A191.1

Baani

A176.1

Ḥulayfu

A192.1

Baanath

A128.1–2

Ḥal(a)fu

A136.1–2

Berik/Baruk

A59.1–5

Ḥal(a)fuf

A193.1

Gad(i)el

A177.1

Ḥalafta

A194.1

Gar(a)pi

A178.1

Ḥanniel

A135.1–2

Dukayru

A129.1–2

Ḥanina

A195.1

644

645

Commodity Chit Dossiers by Payer Name Payer Name

TAO

Payer Name

TAO

Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

A102.1–3

Saadi

A52.1–6

Ṭabran/Ṭibran

A197.1

Saadaniqos

A212.1

Yaatiabu

A202.1

Abda

A143.1–2

Yaddu

A200.1

Abdur

A213.1

Yedia

A137.1–2

Abdel

A214.1

Yazidu

A138.1–2

Abdbaal(i)

A84.1–4

Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf

A103.1–3

Abdi

A144.1–2

Yaadarel

A199.1

Abdes(e)

A215.1

Yaafat

A104.1–3

Abdmilk

A145.1–2

Yaqneel

A201.1

Abdṣidq

A64.1–5

Yirmiyahu

A198.1

Abdqos

A112.1–3

Yet(i)ab

A105.1–4

Abdšamaš

A146.1–2

Yet(i)abu

A62.1–5

Ubayd/Abid

A65.1–5

Yet(i)aḥ

A80.1–4

Adiel

A216.1

Yuthayu

A202a.1

Adarel/Idriel

A114.1–3

Kolḥozeh

A203.1

Adarbaal/Idribaal

A113.1–3

Lubaat/Labiat

A204.1

Ad(a)ran

A217.1

Lubayu

A106.1–3

Awi/Rawi/Uzzi

A85.1–5

Labiel

A205.1

Uzzi

A147.1–2

Laḥ(a)ṭu

A139.1–2

Uwaydu

A148.1–2

Laytha

A81.1–4

Ghauthu

A218.1

Maṭ(ṭ)aran

A107.1–3

Azbaal

A115.1–3

Nabubarek

A206.1

Azgad

A219.1

Nugayu

A140.1–2

Ghayran/Aydan

A149.1–2

Nah(a)ru

A141.1–2

Aliel

A220.1

Nah(a)ri

A108.1–3

Al(i)ṣur

A221.1

Naḥum

A82.1–5

Ammiel

A53.1–6

Nam(i)ru

A109.1–3

Ammi

A222.1

Naṣ(i)ru

A206a.1

Ammiyatha

A116.1–3

Naqru/Naqdu

A63.1–6

Ammiqos

A117.1–3

Neqamyah

A207.1

Amru

A223.1

Nattun

A208.1

Anael

A66.1–5

Netina

A110.1–3

Annui

A86.1–4

Natanbaal

A111.1–3

Anani

A224.1

Natanqos

A209.1

Ananibaal

A225.1

Natanṣidq

A83.1–4

Ananiah

A226.1

Sakruel

A210.1

Ephai

A118.1–3

Salaath

A211.1

Aqiba

A227.1

Sammuk

A142.1–3

Othni

A119.1–3

Sam(a)ku

A51.1–5

Palael

A151.1–2

Sani

A211a.1

Palṭiel

A228.1

646

Commodity Chit Dossiers by Payer Name Payer Name

TAO

Payer Name

TAO

Palṭi/Pilṭi

A229.1

Qosnatan

A69.1–5

Pasi

A229a.1

Qossidri

A245.1

Paṣri

A230a.1

Qosghauth

A153.1–2

Paqqos

A230.1

Qosaz

A70.1–5

Ṣaḥ(a)ra

A231.1

Qosqam

A154.1–2

Ṣaḥ(a)ru

A231a.1

Qosrai

A89.1–5

Qosaḥ

A233.1

Qosšama

A246.1

Qosbayan

A234.1

Qoṣ

A247.1

Qosbarek

A67.1–5

Qamṣa

A248.1

Qosgad

A120.1–3

Qanael

A71.1–5

Qosgʿ

A235.1

Qannui

A72.1–5

Qosdakar

A54.1–5

Qani

A249.1

Qosa

A236.1

Qerabel

A249a.1

Qosab

A151a.1–2

Rawi

A123.1–3

Qoshud

A237.1

Raaṣu

A250.1

Qoswahab

A238.1

Rufayu

A124.1–3

Qoskhair

A68.1–5

Šaadat/Šaarat

A251.1

Qosṭalal

A239.1

Sabru/Šabru

A252.1

Qosyebarik

A240.1

Šaḥar

A253.1

Qosyada

A150.1–2

Sakkui

A254.1

Qosyeypa

A241.1

Šallum

A73.1–5

Qosyaqum/yaqim

A121.1–3

Šalmu

A155.1–2

Qosyatib

A152.1–2

Šammu

A90.1–5

Qosyatha

A55.1–7

Šimu

A125.1–3

Qoslaalaf

A243.1

Šamru/a/Šimru/a

A126.1–4

Qoslanṣur

A87.1–4

Šamri/Šimri

A255.1

Qosluaz

A242.1

Šamašdan/Šamašiddin

A255a.1

Qoslaaqab

A244.1

Saadu

A156.1–2

Qoslughath

A122.1–5

Tayru

A157.1–2

Qosner

A88.1–4