Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, Volume 1: 401 Commodity Chits 9781575068985

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Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 1

A1.35 From the dossier of Baalrim

A9.1 From the dossier of Qoskahel

A3.17 From the dossier of Qoṣi

A10.7 From the dossier of Saadel

A7.4 From the dossier of Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr

A4.14 From the dossier of Al(i)baal A6.12 From the dossier of Awi A5.18 From the dossier of Yehokal

A2.24 From the dossier of Gur A8.39 From the dossier of Samitu

Ostraca from the montage on the cover; one representative ostracon from each dossier published in this volume is shown on the cover.

Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 1. Dossiers 1–10: 401 Commodity Chits

Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han

Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2014

© Copyright 2014 Eisenbrauns All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. www.eisenbrauns.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Textbook of Aramaic ostraca from Idumea / [compiled, edited, and translated into English by] Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni ; with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han.    pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-277-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.  Ostraka—Edom (Kingdom)  2.  Aramaic language—Texts.  I.  Porten, Bezalel, editor of compilation translator.  II.  Yardeni, Ada, editor of compilation translator.  III.  Kletzing, Matt. ​ IV.  Han, Eugen. PJ5208.A5T49 2014 892′.2—dc23 2014002596

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♾™

Contents Abbreviations and Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xv Explanation of Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxii Grain Equivalencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Terminology of Palaeographic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Numeration Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Texts A1–10 Commodity Chits A1–6  Dossiers of Clans Dossier of Baalrim �����������������������������������������������������������������   1 A1.1–55 (57 chits) 1 A2.1–47 Dossier of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   73 A3.1–40 (42 chits) Dossier of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 A4.1–37 (41 chits) Dossier of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 A5.1–20 Dossier of Yehokal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Genealogical Comparison of Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Profile Comparison of Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 A6.1–28 Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 A7–10  Dossiers of Prominent Individuals A7.1–60 (61 chits) Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 A8.1–46 (44 chits) Dossier of Samitu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 A9.1–34 (30 chits) Dossier of Qoskahel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 A10.1–42 (31 chits) Dossier of Saadel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Tables Introduction Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table 1.4 Table 2.1

Deliveries “To the Storehouse” (‫ )למסכנתא‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi Deliveries “To the Storehouse of Makkedah” (‫ )למסכנת מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . xxix Deliveries “From the Grain of the Storehouse” (‫ )מן עבור מסכנתא‬. . . . . . . xxx Deliveries “(To the) Storehouse of (‫ )ל‬Makkedah” (‫ )מסכנתה למנקדה‬. . . . . xxxi Deliveries “To . . . Who Are (Who Is) in Makkedah” (‫)ל־ זי מנקדה‬   and “To /Of the Citizens of Makkedah” (‫ )לבעלי מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Table 2.2 Deliveries (+ Payment Order) “To Makkedah” (‫ )למנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . xxxii Table 2.3 Deliveries (+ Payment Order and Workers Text) “From Makkedah”  (‫ )מן מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

1.  Some dossiers include items cross-referenced from previous dossiers, and others have additional items inserted as “a,” “b,” etc. The number in parentheses records the actual number of chits that appear for the first time in that dossier.

v

vi

Contents Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Dossiers Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15

Miscellaneous Ostraca with “Makkedah” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv The Dossier of Wheat Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi 43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers . . . . . . . . xxxviii Baalrim at a Glance (A1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5 Gur at a Glance (A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77 Qoṣi at a Glance (A3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Al(i)baal at a Glance (A4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Yehokal at a Glance (A5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Miscellaneous Clans at a Glance (A6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr at a Glance (A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Samitu at a Glance (A8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Qoskahel at a Glance (A9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Saadel at a Glance (A10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Figures Introduction Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27

Map of Provenanced Aramaic Ostraca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xl Lenny Wolfe’s Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xli Dispersion of 913 Published Aramaic Ostraca Photos in 14 Publications . .   xlii List of 2,004 Ostraca from 30 Different Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii An Ostracon Acquired in Rafiah (ISAP2034) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii el-Kom 8 and an Idumean Ostracon Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Maresha 6 (A38.9) and an Idumean Ostracon Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . xliv Four Grain Chits from the David Sofer Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliv Three Chits “To the Port” (Maḥoza) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlv Transporting the Goods in the Idumean Ostraca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlv Un faux (ISAP1161) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi Un faux (ISAP1162) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi An Apprentice’s Writing Exercise or a Forgery? (ISAP648/1381) . . . . . . xlvi Unintelligible Fake (ISAP1213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi Inscription on a Jar Handle? (ISAP1214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi A Forgery (ISAP343) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii A Forgery (ISAP341) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Unintelligible List of Names (ISAP342) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Authentic List of Names (ISAP1958) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Unintelligible Script (ISAP499) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Two-sided Scribal Exercise (ISAP2409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Two-sided Scribal Exercise (ISAP2440) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Circular Strokes (ISAP315) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Random Strokes (ISAP852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Horizontal and Vertical Strokes (ISAP146) . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Compact Diversity of Strokes (ISAP2442) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix Scattered Semicircles (ISAP659) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix

Contents Abbreviations and Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xv Explanation of Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxii Grain Equivalencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Terminology of Palaeographic Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Numeration Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Texts A1–10 Commodity Chits A1–6  Dossiers of Clans Dossier of Baalrim �����������������������������������������������������������������   1 A1.1–55 (57 chits) 1 A2.1–47 Dossier of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   73 A3.1–40 (42 chits) Dossier of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 A4.1–37 (41 chits) Dossier of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 A5.1–20 Dossier of Yehokal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Genealogical Comparison of Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Profile Comparison of Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 A6.1–28 Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 A7–10  Dossiers of Prominent Individuals A7.1–60 (61 chits) Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 A8.1–46 (44 chits) Dossier of Samitu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 A9.1–34 (30 chits) Dossier of Qoskahel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 A10.1–42 (31 chits) Dossier of Saadel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Tables Introduction Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table 1.4 Table 2.1

Deliveries “To the Storehouse” (‫ )למסכנתא‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi Deliveries “To the Storehouse of Makkedah” (‫ )למסכנת מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . xxix Deliveries “From the Grain of the Storehouse” (‫ )מן עבור מסכנתא‬. . . . . . . xxx Deliveries “(To the) Storehouse of (‫ )ל‬Makkedah” (‫ )מסכנתה למנקדה‬. . . . . xxxi Deliveries “To . . . Who Are (Who Is) in Makkedah” (‫)ל־ זי מנקדה‬   and “To /Of the Citizens of Makkedah” (‫ )לבעלי מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Table 2.2 Deliveries (+ Payment Order) “To Makkedah” (‫ )למנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . xxxii Table 2.3 Deliveries (+ Payment Order and Workers Text) “From Makkedah”  (‫ )מן מנקדה‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

1.  Some dossiers include items cross-referenced from previous dossiers, and others have additional items inserted as “a,” “b,” etc. The number in parentheses records the actual number of chits that appear for the first time in that dossier.

v

vi

Contents Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Dossiers Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15

Miscellaneous Ostraca with “Makkedah” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv The Dossier of Wheat Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi 43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers . . . . . . . . xxxviii Baalrim at a Glance (A1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5 Gur at a Glance (A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77 Qoṣi at a Glance (A3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Al(i)baal at a Glance (A4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Yehokal at a Glance (A5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Miscellaneous Clans at a Glance (A6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr at a Glance (A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Samitu at a Glance (A8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Qoskahel at a Glance (A9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Saadel at a Glance (A10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Figures Introduction Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27

Map of Provenanced Aramaic Ostraca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xl Lenny Wolfe’s Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xli Dispersion of 913 Published Aramaic Ostraca Photos in 14 Publications . .   xlii List of 2,004 Ostraca from 30 Different Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii An Ostracon Acquired in Rafiah (ISAP2034) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii el-Kom 8 and an Idumean Ostracon Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Maresha 6 (A38.9) and an Idumean Ostracon Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . xliv Four Grain Chits from the David Sofer Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliv Three Chits “To the Port” (Maḥoza) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlv Transporting the Goods in the Idumean Ostraca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlv Un faux (ISAP1161) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi Un faux (ISAP1162) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi An Apprentice’s Writing Exercise or a Forgery? (ISAP648/1381) . . . . . . xlvi Unintelligible Fake (ISAP1213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi Inscription on a Jar Handle? (ISAP1214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvi A Forgery (ISAP343) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii A Forgery (ISAP341) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Unintelligible List of Names (ISAP342) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Authentic List of Names (ISAP1958) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Unintelligible Script (ISAP499) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Two-sided Scribal Exercise (ISAP2409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Two-sided Scribal Exercise (ISAP2440) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Circular Strokes (ISAP315) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Random Strokes (ISAP852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Exercise in Horizontal and Vertical Strokes (ISAP146) . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Compact Diversity of Strokes (ISAP2442) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix Scattered Semicircles (ISAP659) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix

Contents Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41

vii

Compact Semicircles (ISAP1322) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix Two-sided Scribal Exercises at Elephantine (X31 and 197) . . . . . . . . .   l Exercise in Random Strokes at Elephantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l An Abecedary (ISAP1631) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l Un faux authentifié (A39.4 [ISAP1218]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Ruler in Year Date (A33.8 [ISAP1546]) . .   li Sample Clan Commodity Chit (A4.14 [ISAP1235]) . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Verb (A9.9 [ISAP1944]) . . . . . . . . . .   lii Sample Commodity Chit with Date at End (A47.2 [ISAP709]) . . . . . .   lii Terse Commodity Chit (A131.1 [ISAP73]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    lii Sample Unabbreviated Commodity Chit (A1.35 [ISAP1718]) . . . . . . .    lii Sample Land Description (H3.1 [ISAP1966] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii Land Description with Temples and Tombs (H1.1 [ISAP1283]) . . . . . . .   liii Sample Workers Text (D3.6 [ISAP260]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii

Genealogical Charts Figure 42a Four Generations of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 42b The Third Generation of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 43 Five Generations of the Clan of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   76 Figure 44 Five Generations of the Clan of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   129 Figure 45 Three Generations of the Clan of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   177 Figure 46a Four Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (first reconstruction) . . . . . . .   223 Figure 46b Five Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (second reconstruction) . . . . . .   224 Figure 47 Comparing Generations of the Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   248 Comparative Clan Profiles Figure 48 Comparison of Dating Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 49 Comparison of Commodity Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 50 Comparison of Payee Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 51 Comparison of Agent Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 52 Summary of Clan Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

249 249 250 250 251

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   469 Listed by ISAP Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  471

Supplementary Material on CD Complete Table of Contents for TAO A–K Complete ISAP-TAO Equivalency Chart Commodity Chit Dossiers Listed by Payer Name for A1–281 KWICs Personal Names KWIC Word KWIC Months KWIC

Contents Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41

vii

Compact Semicircles (ISAP1322) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix Two-sided Scribal Exercises at Elephantine (X31 and 197) . . . . . . . . .   l Exercise in Random Strokes at Elephantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l An Abecedary (ISAP1631) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l Un faux authentifié (A39.4 [ISAP1218]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Ruler in Year Date (A33.8 [ISAP1546]) . .   li Sample Clan Commodity Chit (A4.14 [ISAP1235]) . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Verb (A9.9 [ISAP1944]) . . . . . . . . . .   lii Sample Commodity Chit with Date at End (A47.2 [ISAP709]) . . . . . .   lii Terse Commodity Chit (A131.1 [ISAP73]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    lii Sample Unabbreviated Commodity Chit (A1.35 [ISAP1718]) . . . . . . .    lii Sample Land Description (H3.1 [ISAP1966] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii Land Description with Temples and Tombs (H1.1 [ISAP1283]) . . . . . . .   liii Sample Workers Text (D3.6 [ISAP260]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii

Genealogical Charts Figure 42a Four Generations of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 42b The Third Generation of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 43 Five Generations of the Clan of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   76 Figure 44 Five Generations of the Clan of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   129 Figure 45 Three Generations of the Clan of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   177 Figure 46a Four Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (first reconstruction) . . . . . . .   223 Figure 46b Five Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (second reconstruction) . . . . . .   224 Figure 47 Comparing Generations of the Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   248 Comparative Clan Profiles Figure 48 Comparison of Dating Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 49 Comparison of Commodity Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 50 Comparison of Payee Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 51 Comparison of Agent Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 52 Summary of Clan Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

249 249 250 250 251

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   469 Listed by ISAP Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  471

Supplementary Material on CD Complete Table of Contents for TAO A–K Complete ISAP-TAO Equivalency Chart Commodity Chit Dossiers Listed by Payer Name for A1–281 KWICs Personal Names KWIC Word KWIC Months KWIC

Contents Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41

vii

Compact Semicircles (ISAP1322) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlix Two-sided Scribal Exercises at Elephantine (X31 and 197) . . . . . . . . .   l Exercise in Random Strokes at Elephantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l An Abecedary (ISAP1631) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   l Un faux authentifié (A39.4 [ISAP1218]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Ruler in Year Date (A33.8 [ISAP1546]) . .   li Sample Clan Commodity Chit (A4.14 [ISAP1235]) . . . . . . . . . . . .   li Sample Commodity Chit with Verb (A9.9 [ISAP1944]) . . . . . . . . . .   lii Sample Commodity Chit with Date at End (A47.2 [ISAP709]) . . . . . .   lii Terse Commodity Chit (A131.1 [ISAP73]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    lii Sample Unabbreviated Commodity Chit (A1.35 [ISAP1718]) . . . . . . .    lii Sample Land Description (H3.1 [ISAP1966] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii Land Description with Temples and Tombs (H1.1 [ISAP1283]) . . . . . . .   liii Sample Workers Text (D3.6 [ISAP260]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   liii

Genealogical Charts Figure 42a Four Generations of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 42b The Third Generation of the Clan of Baalrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4 Figure 43 Five Generations of the Clan of Gur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   76 Figure 44 Five Generations of the Clan of Qoṣi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   129 Figure 45 Three Generations of the Clan of Al(i)baal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   177 Figure 46a Four Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (first reconstruction) . . . . . . .   223 Figure 46b Five Generations of the Clan of Yehokal (second reconstruction) . . . . . .   224 Figure 47 Comparing Generations of the Five Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   248 Comparative Clan Profiles Figure 48 Comparison of Dating Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 49 Comparison of Commodity Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 50 Comparison of Payee Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 51 Comparison of Agent Profiles for 5 Clans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 52 Summary of Clan Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

249 249 250 250 251

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   469 Listed by ISAP Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  471

Supplementary Material on CD Complete Table of Contents for TAO A–K Complete ISAP-TAO Equivalency Chart Commodity Chit Dossiers Listed by Payer Name for A1–281 KWICs Personal Names KWIC Word KWIC Months KWIC

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography Abbreviations ABD Freedman, D. N., ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York, 1992. AECT Fales, F. M. Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Rome, 1986. AL (Lemaire2) Lemaire, A., Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée, Tome II. Transeuphratène Supplement 9. Paris, 2002. ANET Pritchard, J. B., ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1965. ARAB Luckenbill, D. D., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Chicago, 1926–27. BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BDB The New Brown – Driver – Briggs – Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Peabody, Mass., 1979. B Dan Barag Collection BE 9 Hilprecht, H. V., Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur: Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 b.c.). Philadelphia, 1898. BLMJ Bible Lands Museum Jerualem CAI Aufrecht, W. E., A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions. Lewiston, NY, 1989. DJDII Benoit, P. Milk, J.T., and De Vaux, R. Les Grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert II. Oxford, 1961. DJDXXVII Cotton, H. and Yardeni, A. Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Naḥal Ḥever and Other Sites. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 27. Oxford, 1997. DCH D. J. A. Clines, ed., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, 1995–2011. DJBA Sokoloff, M., A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 2002 DJPA Sokoloff, M., A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 1990. DNWSI Hoftijzer, J. and Jongeling, K., Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden, 1995. DULAT Del Olmo Lete, G., and Sanmartín, G., A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, 2003. EB Encyclopaedia Biblica (Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1955–1988. EN Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J., Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Jerusalem, 1996. IA Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University IM Israel Museum ISAP Institute for the Study of Aramaic Papyri (acquisition numbers for the Idumean ostraca) JA David Jeselsohn Aramaic Collection Jastrow Jastrow, M., A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Philadelphia, 1903. KAI Donner, H., and Röllig, W., Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1966–1969. L (Lemaire1) Lemaire, A., Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée au Musée d’Israel. Transeuphratène Supplement 3. Paris, 1996. LW (Lemaire3) Lemaire, A., “New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation.” Pp. 413– 56 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, 2006. [6 ostraca from Welch collection = W1′–W6′; 6 from Moussaieff = Mo; 14 from Golan = P]

ix

x

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Lj (Lemaire4) Lemaire, A., “Administration in Fourth-Century b.c.e. Judah in Light of Epigraphy and Numismatics.” Pp. 53–74 in O. Lipschits, G. N. Knoppers, and R. Albertz, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century b.c.e. Winona Lake, 2007. [2 from Welch collection = Nos. 1–2; 1 from David/Mona Sterling = No. 8; 1 from Yossi Uziel = No. 9; 1 from Jeselsohn collection = No. 10]. LD (Lemaire6) Lemaire, A., “Trois nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Semitica 54 (2012) 65–70. LL Lozachmeur, H., and Lemaire, A., “Nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée (Collection S. Mous­ saieff),” Semitica 46 (1996) 123–52. LWo Lenny Wolfe M Shlomo Moussaieff Collection ML Langlois, M., “Un nouvel ostracon mentionnant la ville biblique de Maqqéda,” Semitica 54 (2012) 51–63. Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux, R., Les grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Mur Desert 2. Oxford, 1961. Lemaire, A., Nouvelles tablettes araméennes. Geneva, 2001. NTA P. Yadin Lewis, N., The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri; Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions, ed. Y. Yadin and J. C. Greenfield. Jerusalem, 1989. [P. Yadin 5, 11–35, 37]. Yadin, Y, Greenfield, J. C., Yardeni, A., and Levine, B. A., The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri. Jerusalem, 2002. [P. Yadin, 1–10, 42–47, 49–63]. PRU V Virolleaud, C., Le palais royal d’Ugarit. Paris, 1965. PTU Gröndahl, F., Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Rome, 1967. S David Sofer Collection SL (Lemaire5) Lemaire, A., “Quatre nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée.” Transeuphratène 18 (1999) 71– 74 + pls. 14–15 [from the Schøyen Collection]. TAD A–D Porten, B., and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt: Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English I–IV. Jerusalem, 1986–1999. TDT Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material A–B. Jerusalem. 2000. UT Gordon, C., Ugaritic Textbook. Rome, 1965. W′ Michael Welch Collection WDSP Gropp, D. M., Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 28. Oxford, 2001. WSS Avigad, N., and Sass, B., Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Jerusalem, 1997.

Bibliography Aharoni, Y. 1981 Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem. Aḥituv, S. 1984 Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents. Jerusalem 2008 Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period. Jerusalem. Arav, R., Freund R., and Schroder J. 2000 Bethsaida Rediscovered. Biblical Archaeology Review 26: 44–56. Astour, M. C. 1970 Maḫadu, the Harbor of Ugarit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13: 113–27. Barkay, G., and Vaughn, A. G. 1996 New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304: 29–54. Benz, F. L. 1972 Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. Rome.

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Beyer, K. 1984 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Göttingen. 1994 Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer Ergänzungsband. Göttingen. 1998 Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien. Göttingen. Boiy, T. 2006 Aspects chronologiques de la période de transition (350–300). Pp. 37–100 in P. Briant and F. Joannès (eds.), La transition entre l’empire achéménide et les royaume hellénistique [vers 350 300 av. J.-C.]. Paris. Coogan, M. D. 1976 West Semitic Personal Names in the Murašû Documents. Missoula. Cross, F. M. 2003 Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography. Winona Lake, IN. Dalman, G. H. 1938 Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handworterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch. Göttingen. Danby, H. 1933 The Mishnah Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes. London. Depuydt, L. 2008 From Xerxes’ Murder (465) to Arridaios’ Execution (317): Updates to Achaemenid Chronology (including errata in past reports). Oxford. Deutsch, R. 1999 Messages from the Past: Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Isaiah through the Destruction of the First Temple. Tel Aviv. 2003 A Hoard of Fifty Hebrew Clay Bullae from the Time of Hezekiah. Pp. 45–98 in R. Deutsch (ed.), Shlomo: Studies in Epigraphy, Iconography, History, and Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Deutsch, R., and Heltzer, M. 1995 New Epigraphic Evidence from the Biblical Period. Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Diakonoff, I. M., and Livshits, V. A. 2001 Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa, Texts I. London. Dorsey, D. A. 1980 The Location of Biblical Makkedah. Tel Aviv (1980) 185–93. 1991 The Roads and Highways of Ancient Israel. Baltimore Elitzur, Y. 2004 Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land. Jerusalem/Winona Lake. (Rev. Hebrew ed., 2012) Eshel, E. 2010 Inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic and Phoenician Script. Pp. 35–88 in A. Kloner and E. Eshel et al. Maresha Excavations, Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem. Feliks, Y. 1968 Plant World of the Bible. Ramat-Gan. [Hebrew] 1990 Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and Talmud. Jerusalem. [Hebrew] Fitzmyer, J. A. 2004 The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (1Q20): A Commentary. Rome. Fraser, P. M. 1972 Ptolemaic Egypt I–III. Oxford. Geraty, L. T. 1972 Third Century b.c. Ostraca from Khirbet el-Kom. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. Hardin, J. W., Rollston, C. A., and Blakley, J. A. 2012 Biblical Geography in Southwestern Judah. Near Eastern Archaeology 75: 20–35. Huffmon, H. B. 1965 Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: Structural and Lexical Studies. Baltimore, MD. Ilan, T. 2002 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity, Part I: Palestine 330 b.c.e. – 200 c.e. Tübingen.

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Kaufman, S. 1974 The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago. Kornfeld, W. 1978 Onomastica aramaica aus Ägypten. Vienna. Kraus, S. 1910 Talmudische Archäologie I. Leipzig. Reprint, Hildesheim, 1966. Kutscher, E. Y. 1977 Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem. Lemaire, A. 2000 L’économie de L’Idumée d’après les nouveaux ostraca araméens. Transeuphratène 19: 131–43. Lemaire, A. 2001 Nouvelle tablettes araméennes. Geneva. Lemaire, A. and Yardeni, A. 2006 New Hebrew Ostraca from the Shephelah. Pp. 196–222 in S. E. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz (eds.), Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting. Winona Lake, IN. Lemaire, A. 2007 New Inscribed Hebrew Seals and Seal Impressions. Pp. 9–22 in M. Lubetski (ed.), New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Sheffield. Lieberman, S. 1955 Tosefta Ki-fshuṭah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta, Order Zeraʾim, Part I. New York. Lidzbarski, M. 1902–15 Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik I–III. Giessen. Lidzbarski, M. 1912 Phönizisch und aramäische Krugaufschriften aus Elephantine. Anhang zu Abhandlungen der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philo-hist Klasse. Berlin. Lindenberger, J. M. 1983 The Aramaic Proverbs of Aḥiqar. Baltimore. Lipiński, E. 1975 Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics I. Leuven. Löw, I. 1928 Die Flora der Juden I. Vienna. Maraqten, M. 1988 Die semitischen Personennamen in den alt- und reichsaramäischen Inschriften aus Vorderasien. Hildesheim. Mazar, E. 2009 The Palace of King David: Excavations at the Summit of the City of David. Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007. Jerusalem. McGeough, K. M., and Smith, M. S. 2011 Ugaritic Economic Tablets: Text, Translationa and Notes. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Leuven. Möller, G. 1927 Hieratische Paläographie: Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Second Edition. Leipzig. Moran, W. L. 1992 The Amarna Letters. Baltimore. Moritz, L. A. 1958 Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity. Oxford. Muraoka, T., and Porten, B., 2003 A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. Second Edition. Leiden. Murray, M. A. 2000 Fruits, Vegetables, Pulses and Condiments. Pp. 609–55 in P. T. Nicholson and Shaw (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge. Naveh, J. 1971 An Aramaic Ostracon from Ashdod. Pp. 270–73 in M. Dothan, Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963–1965. Jerusalem.

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Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca—The Intersection of Dossiers: Commodities and Persons. Pp. 333–60 in M. Gruber et al. (eds.), All the Wisdom of the East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 255. Fribourg. Renz, J., and Röllig, W. 1995 Handbuch der althabräischen Epigraphik I. Darmstadt. Rizack, M. A. 1984 A Coin with the Aramaic Legend ŠHRW, a King-Governor of Liḥyân. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 29: 25–28. Ryckmans, G. 1934 Les noms propres Sud-Sémitiques, vol. 1. Louvain. Shaked, S. 2004 Le satrape de Bactriane et son gouverneur: Documents araméens du IV  e s. avant notre ère provenant de Bactriane. Paris. Sokoloff, M. 1997 Review of Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J., Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 283–86. Stager, L. 1993 Ashkelon. Pp. 103–12 in E. Stern (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. New York. Stark, J. K. 1971 Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Oxford. Stern, I. 2007 The Population of Persian-Period Idumea according to the Ostraca: A Study of Ethnic Boundaries and Ethnogenesis. Pp. 204–38 in Y. Levin (ed.), A Time of Change: Judah and its Neighbours in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods. London. Szubin, H. Z., and Porten, B. 1992 An Aramaic Joint Venture Agreement: A New Interpretation of the Bauer-Meissner Papyrus. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 288: 67–84. Tallqvist, K. 1905 Neubabylonisches Namenbuch. Helsinki. Tawil, H. 2009 An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic. Jersey City, NJ. Torczyner, H. 1938 The Lachish Letters. London. Tsukimoto, A., and Yamayoshi, T. 2011 Idumean Ostraca in Japan. Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute 37: 81–112. Turkowski, L. 1969 Peasant Agriculture in the Judaean Hills. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 101: 21–33, 101–12. Winnett, F. V., and Harding, G. L. 1978 Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns. Toronto. Yadin, Y., and Naveh, J. 1989 The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Pp. 1–68 in Masada I: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem. Yardeni, A. 1990 New Jewish Aramaic Ostraca. Israel Exploration Journal 40: 130–52. Zadok, R. 1977 On West Semites in Babylonia. Jerusalem. Zadok, R. 1987 Zur Struktur der nachbiblischen jüdischen Personennamen semitischen Ursprungs. Pp. 243–43 in M. Elat, M. S. Cohen, and T. Kwasman (eds.), Trumah 1. Wiesbaden. Zadok, R. 1988 The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography. Leuven.

Introduction Collections and Publications Some 350 Aramaic ostraca of the Persian and Hellenistic periods have been excavated at 33 sites, from Yokneam in the north to Eilat in the south, with Arad and Beersheba being the main contributors (fig. 1). The largest cache of texts, however, is unprovenanced and has come to be known as “the Idumean ostraca.” These began to see the light of day in 1991. In that year, Robert and Liane Feuer of Woodmere, New York, gave the Israel Museum some 200 pieces, and Lenny Wolfe provided 280 photos to Joseph Naveh. Both collections were published in 1996. The Israel Museum collection was increased by a grant of 8 more pieces from Marilyn Feuer in 1994, and 218 items were published by Andre Lemaire (= L). Still unpublished are 8 more pieces given to the Israel Museum by the Feuers in 1997 and 1 by Dan Barag in 2009 (A7.20a). Of the Lenny Wolfe collection, only 201 photos, considered to be “in a relatively good state of legibility,” were published by Israel Ephʿal and Joseph Naveh (= EN), who had never seen the original pieces. Nonetheless, although the location of all the pieces in the Lemaire publication was known, only 28 of those in Ephʿal and Naveh’s publication could be traced. Two were in the Reuven and Edith Hecht Museum in Haifa (EN97, 201), and there were 3 in the private collection of Arnold Spaer of Jerusalem (EN167–168, 185), acquired by him in 1992, and 23 in the Bible Lands Museum, also in Jerusalem, acquired by Elie Borowski. Further sleuthing revealed that there were 4 more collectors who had acquired 118 of the pieces published by Ephʿal and Naveh. The largest collector was David Jeselsohn of Jerusalem and Zurich, who had 91 pieces (94 photos [two ostraca, each with convex and concave sides, were published as separate pieces]), 49 acquired in 1994 and 42 pieces in 1998. Next came Shlomo Moussaieff of London and Herzliya, who had 15 of the Ephʿal-Naveh pieces. These were published a second time, one by Lozachmeur and Lemaire in 1996 (= LL) and the other 14 by Lemaire in 2002 (= AL). Seven were acquired by the Feuer family, who donated them to the Israel Museum. One of these was published a second time by Lemaire in 1996 (L). Five had been acquired by David Sofer in London. Thus, of the 201 photos and/or pieces published by Ephʿal and Naveh, 149 (146 pieces) had been located, but the whereabouts of 52 items remained unknown. Evidence points to the existence of at least a sixth collector. Ephʿal and Naveh reported that the photographs of the first 36 pieces, which they dubbed “the archive of Ḥalfat” (better: “dossier”), “were received together” (1996: 10). Strikingly, with two exceptions (EN8, 13 [A7.20, 26]), none of these pieces was acquired by any of the 5 collectors. It appears that this dossier was acquired intact by a single collector. Of the two missing pieces, one was acquired, perhaps at random, by Jeselsohn (A7.20), and the other by an anonymous person who donated it to the Bible Lands Museum (A7.26). It is especially valuable because it is one of only two ostraca that bear the name of King Artaxerxes III. The probability that these 34 pieces were in the hands of a single collector reduces the number still unaccounted for to 18. But what of the 79 photos supplied by Lenny Wolfe that Ephʿal and Naveh never published? We were able to locate 63 (62 pieces) of these. Eleven were in the hands of Jeselsohn, and 25 (24 pieces) were held by the Bible Lands Museum—all 36 still unpublished. But the 23 pieces held by Moussaieff were published by Lemaire in 2002 (AL), and two of the Feuer pieces were published by him in 1996 (L). Two still remain unpublished. Altogether, then, the location of 66 items (52 published, 14 unpublished) in Lenny Wolfe’s collection remains unknown (fig. 2). The past 17 years, from 1996 to 2013, have seen extensive publication of the ostraca, with the most active editor being André Lemaire. At the same time as publishing 218 pieces donated to the Israel Museum by Robert and Liane Feuer and their daughter Marilyn, he also published 9 pieces with Hélène Lozachmeur that were in the possession of Shlomo Moussaieff. Three years later, in 1999, he published 4 pieces belonging to Martin S. Schøyen of Norway. His largest publication came in 2002, with 403 pieces (410 photos) xv

xvi

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from three actual collections (Moussaieff [344 photos], Jeselsohn [8 pieces], and Michael Welch [7 pieces]) and one virtual collection (51 photos labeled J, in Jeselsohn’s possession). Four years later, in 2006, he published another 26 Aramaic pieces (Oded Golan [14+4 non-Aramaic], Welch [6], and Moussaieff [6]). A year later, in 2007, he published 5 pieces belonging to three different collectors: Welch (2), Jeselsohn (1), David/Mona Sterling (1), and Yosi Uziel (1). Finally, in 2012, he brought out 3 pieces from an anonymous source. Altogether, then, Lemaire has the publication of 682 pieces (689 photos) to his credit. Three smaller publications appeared in the years 1999, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Eighteen ostraca from the collection of Yigal Ronen were published in two articles, one in 1999 by Aḥituv and the rest by Aḥituv and Ada Yardeni in 2004. Sixteen pieces were published in 2011 by Akio Tsukimoto and Tomohisa Yamayoshi and a single ostracon owned by Jean-Guy Kauffmann was published by Michael Langlois in 2012 (fig. 3). Where are the known ostraca located? As noted, some are in museums and libraries, but most are in private collections. Altogether, 733 ostraca are to be found in 9 museums and libraries, 6 in Israel, one in the United States, one in Germany, and one in Japan. The Feuers were by far the largest benefactors. Liane and Robert Feuer and his brother Paul Forbes donated 412 Aramaic ostraca to the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University; Robert and Liane gave 226 pieces and Dan Barag gave one to the Israel Museum; and daughter Marilyn gave 23 pieces to the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. Elie Borowski had acquired 52 pieces that he deposited in the Bible Lands Museum. The Rockefeller Museum acquired 10 pieces, the Faculty of Humanities of Rikkyo University in Tokyo acquired 5 pieces, the Hecht Museum of the University of Haifa, 2 items, the Dagon Museum in Haifa, and the Arbeitsgruppe für Biblische Archäo­ logie in Schondorf, Germany, one item each. In addition to these 733 ostraca in public institutions, there are at least 1,166 in 21 private collections around the world. Just about half (571 pieces) are held by David Jeselsohn in Zurich, and slightly less than a third (354 ostraca) are in the hands of Shlomo Moussaieff in Herzliya, Israel. The third largest collector is Yigal Ronen of Beersheba (102 pieces). Although the majority of the other collectors are in Israel, at least 8 reside in Europe, Asia, or the United States. James Charlesworth of Princeton has 10 pieces, Michael Welch of Florida has 14 items, and the dealer Yutaka Funahashi in Tokyo has 11 ostraca. Smaller numbers are held by John Hoffman, David Sofer, and Martin S. Schøyen: 6, 5, and 4, respectively. One each is in the possession of Jim Joiner and Jean-Guy Kauffmann. With four exceptions (Oded Golan [35], Haim Weissman [15], Gil Davidovitz [12], and the dealer Alan Baidun [9]), 7 Israelis have no more than a handful each: Anonymous 1 has five; David A. J. Liebert, Arnold Spaer, and Y. H. have 3 pieces each; and one piece each is held by David Sterling and Yossi Uziel (fig. 4). Among museums, libraries, and private collections, there are 1,899 ostraca whose location is known. Still unlocated are 105 (66) ostraca known to us from published and unpublished photos. Although there are 913 published ostraca photos, the majority of the texts remain unpublished—1,091 in all.

Provenance Almost 20 years before the emergence of the first large batch of Idumean ostraca, a lone piece was published; it had been acquired by Danny Pincus, a dealer in Beer Sheba, from a resident of Raphia (Naveh 1972–73 = Naveh 1985: No. 7). It is now housed in the Dagon Museum in Haifa (fig. 5). It contained a previously unknown word (‫פחלץ‬, tentatively rendered bale), a term that has since turned up almost 50 times in the Idumean corpus (see A1.2). It is clear from both the script and the combination of this word with ‫“( תבן‬chaff ” [see A7.12]) that this ostracon belongs to our corpus. The place most-often cited in the ostraca (more than 70 times) is “Manqedah,” biblical Makkedah (Josh 10:10, 16–17, 28–29; 12:16; 15:41), identified as modern Khirbet el-Kom (Dorsey 1980). In fact, a single piece was acquired by Dan Barag on March 3 1997 from a dealer who reported that it came from Khirbet el-Kom (A5.15). In addition, 5 pieces acquired by Haim Weissman in October 2006 were reported to have come from el-Kom (C61; J10.2; A12.10, 13.1, 255.1), and word of pieces having been found at el-Kom continued to surface. Salvage excavations there in 1971 directed by John S. Holladay yielded seven Aramaic ostraca and one Greek-Aramaic loan document. They were published in 1972 by Lawrence T. Geraty in a Harvard dissertation (Geraty 1972). They bear a passing resemblance to our ostraca, a chit for (‫תבן משתל(ן‬, appearing in both (A201.1;

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Geraty 1972: no. 8 [fig. 6 here]), with neither a hint of a vast hoard that was yet to come nor any trace of “the storehouse” or “the storehouse of Makkedah,” which are places of delivery of barley and of wheat in our ostraca (Tables 1–3). Almost 60 chits record products going to and coming from Makkedah or the storehouse of Makkedah (Tables 1.2, 4; 2.2, 3), while another 35 simply record “to the storehouse” or “from the grain of the storehouse” (Table 1.1, 3). A definite pattern is observed in these payments. Only wheat and barley are recorded in the chits for the storehouse or the storehouse of Makkedah (Table 1). Deliveries earmarked simply “to,” however, contain nine different products (Table 2.2), but those sent “from Makkedah” have ten different products (Table 2.3). Another source seems to be Yatta, biblical Juttah (Josh 21:16). In 1985, Joseph Naveh published an ostracon “reported to have been found in the region of Yatta” (A42.5 [Naveh 1985: 117–18]). Strikingly, it contains a pair of unique names, Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu, which occur twice elsewhere (A55.5, 78.2; cf. A50.2). The Spaer ostraca, originally acquired in 1992 and published by Ephʿal and Naveh (EN167–68, 185), were reported to have come from Yatta. A single ostracon was acquired by Dan Barag in 1999, but the provenance was not recorded. Finally, 54 pieces acquired in March 2003 by the collector Gil Chaya were said to come from the bottom of a well, albeit site unknown (ISAP883–936). But the most remarkable discovery occurred on the eve of Passover, 2012, when it was noticed that an ostracon from Maresha (Eshel 2010: no. 6) was actually the first in a dossier of 20 other ostraca for wheat flour, all written by a single scribe within a span of seven months between February and August, 344 (Table 4; fig. 7). Furthermore, a mineralogical examination of four ostraca in the possession of David Sofer in London (A2.18, 3.17, 24.12, 51.3), conducted in February 2012 by the archaeologist Yuval Goren, indicated that these pieces also came from Maresha (fig. 8). One of them recorded payment of 20 seahs of wheat “to Makkedah” (A3.17), one of 16 of this type mentioned above (Table 2.2). David A. Dorsey plotted all the roads in ancient Israel, and his north–south route J18a from Maresha intersects with a west–east J14 leading to el-Kom (Dorsey 1991: Map 13; fig. 10, upper right here)—that is, to the storehouse of Makkedah. Following this route eastward a bit further leads us to Hebron and brings to mind the notation of the Chronicler, “and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron” (1 Chr 2:42). Another destination for grain, occurring but three times, is Maḥoza, and this may be identified with Ashdod-Yam (see A8.38; also 9.24, 36.4 [fig. 9]), linked through Lachish by route J15 (fig. 10, lower left).

Fakes, Forgeries, and Scribal Exercises Unprovenanced documents invariably raise the suspicion of inauthenticity. There is not a little irony in an ancient use to which the ostracon was put and the origin of the current corpus. In the century before the dates of our corpus, ancient Athens (487–417 b.c.e.) had a practice known as ostracism. To protect the fledgling democracy against the resurgence of tyranny, the citizens voted annually if they wanted to hold “an ostracism.” If the vote were affirmative, each citizen would scratch the name of the person he wished to see banished on an ostracon. The one receiving the most votes was ostracized from the city for ten years. A similar dynamic is occurring among scholarly circles in the case of the Idumean ostraca. Because they were not uncovered in supervised archeological excavations, our ostraca are labeled as deriving from an “unprovenanced” source. Some scholarly organizations will not accept publication of unprovenanced artifacts in their journals, and although they will not quite ostracize scholars who publish them elsewhere, they do not look upon their work with favor. Certainly, looting must be prevented by every possible means, but once an item or a collection has found its way to the antiquities market, it becomes a precious artifact, not a piece of broken clay to be abandoned or reinterred. In our case, we should be thankful to all of the collectors who viewed their collectibles not as art objects to be held in anonymity but as valuable documents to be made available for scholarly publication. Nonetheless, one may wonder whether the Idumean ostraca are indeed authentic. Among the more than 1,950 ostraca, some 10 texts clearly stand out as questionable by virtue of their distinct script. These are to be found in three of the above-mentioned collections. Five appeared in the collection of the Feuers, given to the Israel Museum and published by Lemaire (L161–162, 213–214, 218), and four were acquired by the

xviii

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Feuers and Paul Forbes and deposited in the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University (unpublished [IA11331, 11712, 11713, 11715]). One was found among the 79 photos of Lenny Wolfe that were not published by Ephʿal and Naveh but turned up in the Moussaieff collection and was subsequently also published by Lemaire (AL402). Although it is clear that more than 1,900 inscribed texts were written by knowledgeable and skilled scribes and are in varying degrees intelligible, the questionable texts are written in a script that may be described as “childish-modern” and convey no evident meaning. Three bear a striking resemblance to one another, each lacking word separation. Lemaire attempted a transcription of two of them in his first publication (L161–162 [see figs. 11–12]) but not for the third in his second publication (AL402 [see fig. 13]). He wavered between doubting their authenticity and viewing them as an apprentice’s writing exercise, though he did call the form of the letters “anomalous.” In his second publication, he included one piece that he clearly recognized as a scribal exercise (AL367 [fig. 28 below]), and the difference between it and these three is quite striking (for scribal exercises, see below). Regarding two other pieces, Lemaire is unequivocal. With regard to the first, which is written in a different hand but is totally unintelligible, he commented, “fragment of ostracon, apparently comprising the end of three upper lines difficult to read. Upon direct examination, il semble s’agir d’un faux” (L213 [fig. 14]). The French word faux can be translated both “fake” and “forgery.” The second piece is written beneath a jar handle, and of this, he wrote, “Letters quite large (RWMW?), qui font penser a un faux” (L214 [fig. 15). Were it to be authentic, Ada Yardeni would read ‫כרמו‬. Three of the four Feuer/Forbes pieces in the Institute of Archaeology (IA) of the Hebrew University appear to have been written by the same scribe as the three pieces published by Lemaire. Like the MoussaieffLemaire piece above (AL402), these three display an exceedingly irregular format. The former gives two lines of text, positioned in the middle of the ostracon, with wide margins on all four sides (fig. 13). The first line has 8 letters without word separation, and the second line has 7, also without word separation. Two of the IA ostraca have two and a half lines of writing, also without word separation, but by contrast, they have no margins (IA11713, 11715 [figs. 16–17). Both of these formats—with no lateral margins and with overly wide margins on all four sides—are anomalous. A normal ostracon has a moderate right and upper margin, almost no left margin, and a variable bottom margin. The third IA piece (IA11712) is meant to be a list of four names, written snugly against the right margin (fig. 18). Of the thirty-some lists of unaffiliated names, there is one in the Jeselsohn collection published by Ephʿal and Naveh that bears apparent resemblance to this format (EN178 = JA147 [fig. 19]). It has six names, also written close to the right edge, but the abundant blank space to the left may be explained by the addition of a second parallel column that fails to reach the bottom of the ostracon. The inability to decipher the names in the IA piece may be contrasted with the clear reading of those in the EN piece. Finally, there are 14 ostraca with single unaffiliated names, and the fourth IA piece is in clear imitation of these, but its script is totally unintelligible (IA11331 [fig. 20]). What Lemaire recognized as a scribal exercise in his second volume (AL367 = M22 [fig. 28 below]) is clearly illustrative of a group of 20 such texts, eight of which are reproduced here. They are scattered in four collections, three each in the Jeselsohn and Feuer/Forbes collections (JA118, 152, 154; IA11846, 12433, 11292 [figs. 21–26]) and one each in Moussaieff’s collection, published by Lemaire, and Lenny Wolfe’s photographs of unlocated pieces (Naveh640; AL367 = M22 [figs. 27–28]). The six pieces from the Jeselsohn and Feuer/Forbes collections were studied by the ceramicist Alex Zuckerman, and he concluded that at least five of them derived from Iron Age or Persian Period vessels and displayed no consistent line direction (JA118, 152, 154; IA11846, 12433). The Idumean scribes rarely wrote on both sides of the ostracon, yet two of our eight pieces, both belonging to the Jeselsohn collection, are inscribed on both the concave and convex sides (JA118, 152 [figs. 21–22). The exercises themselves consist of strokes and circles, and we have given each piece an appropriate caption [figs. 23–28]). Identical pieces have been found among the fifth-century b.c.e. Aramaic ostraca excavated at Elephantine, two of which were also written on both sides (figs. 29–30). If we may be permitted an analogy from the world of sport, these exercises resemble a player’s warm-up before a game. There is no attempt at writing a meaningful text. Clearly, the six pieces studied above as coming from the same scribal hand (L161, 162; AL402; IA11712, 11713, 11715 [figs. 11–13, 16–18) are not the exercise of an apprentice scribe, because their script stands in no relationship whatsoever to that of all the Idumean ostraca. It is neither a precursor nor a descendent. They are palpable fakes and

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xix

stand in stark contrast to that quintessential scribal exercise—the abecedary (fig. 31). Their presence only serves to bolster the authenticity of the corpus as a whole. The closest thing to an authentic forgery, instead of a mere fake, is the final item in Lemaire’s first volume, currently deposited in the Israel Museum (L218 = IM94.38.46 [fig. 32]). Here is his description of that piece: “Inscription possibly over patina, ce qui signifierait qu’il s’agit d’un faux. Nevertheless, one notes that the personal name ‘Qoslakin’ is attested in an unedited ostracon.” Lemaire appears to be of two minds regarding this piece, but there is no doubt that it is authentic. First, the script resembles that of the other Idumean ostraca. Second, the name “Qoslakin,” hitherto unattested, occurs altogether in our corpus some 16 times, including 8 times in his own personal commodity chit dossier (A39). Third, the chit should be read and understood differently than did Lemaire and belongs to a commodity dossier of 28 chits for crushed/ sifted grain (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 3). Lastly, the matter of patina has been explained in the following fashion by Dr. Ada Yardeni and the ceramicist, Alex Zuckerman: Writing on this sherd overlies patina layer. This layer is a result of post-depositional chemical processes that affected the sherd surface after the sherd was discarded. Therefore, it is clear that the sherd in question was inscribed after the patina layer was deposited on its surface. This fact (which is untenable on paleographic grounds) is based of the assumption that ancient scribes used exclusively sherds without patina to write on. Alternatively, it is possible that scribes utilized all suitable sherds, preferring those with flat and smooth surface, but also using slightly curved sherds with somewhat uneven surfaces, as attested by numerous ostraca from the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. There is no evidence that scribes of this period used only fragments of recently broken vessels without patina, and never used stray sherds decades or even centuries old. It follows that sherds covered with pre-existing patina may have been used for writing, at least occasionally, and our sherd represents such a case. An additional possibility is that the ostracon in question was inscribed prior to the accumulation of patina on the inscribed surface, and that patina, consisting of minerals that originated from inside the sherd itself, appeared underneath the ink layer after the ostracon was discarded. This possibility, too, is in agreement with our paleographic conclusions.

The Real Thing On the positive side, the Idumean ostraca are the product of a dynamic agricultural society with a developed scribal tradition and not the concoction of a presumed forger. They were written in a tongue and script known as Imperial Aramaic. This was the lingua franca of the Persian Empire that ruled from India to Nubia (‫)מהדו ועד כוש‬, as the opening of the book of Esther tells it (Esth 1:1). Indeed, official Aramaic letters have been found in Afghanistan at one end of that Empire (Shaked 2004) and in Egypt at the other. In fact, on the island of Elephantine, at the very border of ancient Kush, a hoard of Aramaic papyri and ostraca belonging to a Jewish military colony stationed on the island in the fifth century b.c.e. were unearthed (TAD A–D). It is evident from these documents that Aramaic was not only an official language of administration and legal proceedings but also of daily communication among family members. As already noted, some 30 excavated sites in the Land of Israel—from Yokneam in the north to Eilat in the south—have yielded several hundred Aramaic ostraca, with most coming from Arad and Beersheba (Naveh: 1973, 1979, 1981). Although the Elephantine material was written during the reigns of Darius I, Xerxes (biblical Ahasuerus), Artaxerxes II, and Darius II (495–399 b.c.e.), the Idumean material spanned the last seven years of Artaxerxes II (365–359 b.c.e.), all 21 years of Artaxerxes III (358–338), and two years of Arses (337–336), before reaching into the two decades of the Macedonian kings Philip III (322–316) and Alexander IV (son of Alexander the Great [315–312]), of the general Antigonus (317–312), and down into the rule of Ptolemy I (322–302 b.c.e.). Strangely, there are no dated texts from the time of Darius III (335–331) or Alexander the Great (330–323). All of this material reveals that, as in Egypt so in the Land of Israel, Aramaic was a language of daily economic activity, recorded by a whole bevy of skilled scribes. Much as the date formulas in the Elephantine contracts demonstrate uninterrupted Persian rule during the reigns of Xerxes and Artaxerxes I (Porten 1968: 26–27), so the date formulas in the Idumean chits enable us to trace the power shifts between Alexander IV and Antigonus in the years 315–312 (Porten-Yardeni 2008a [Table 5 here]).

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Introduction

Unlike the relative homogeneity of the 5th-century scribal hands in Egypt, the Idumean corpus gives way to a diversity indicative of scribal individuality. First of all, we should note that ostraca (singular: ostracon) were the scrap paper of the ancient world. In our case, the material they recorded may be divided into ten categories.



A. commodity chits (1,162 ostraca) B. payment orders (15 ostraca) C. accounts (79 ostraca) D. workers texts (76 ostraca) E. name lists (62 ostraca) F. jar inscriptions (88 ostraca) G. letters (23 ostraca) H. land descriptions (100 ostraca) J. uncertain (181 ostraca) K. no text (218 ostraca)

With one exception (G letters), these are the same categories we find in the Beersheba Aramaic ostraca (Naveh 1973, 1979). Perhaps the most fascinating topic to emerge from the Idumean ostraca is a robust onomasticon, which leads to the study of personal names. Whereas most of the theophorous names (those compounded with a deity and a verb or noun, such as Natanqos [“Qos gave”] or Qosrim [“Qos is exalted”]), have Hebrew counterparts (e.g., Natanel [“God gave”] or Yehoram [“YHW is exalted”]), a few display Arabian influence (cf., e.g., Qosghayr [“Qos is jealous”] or Qosḥair [“Qos is good”]). On the other hand, a large percentage of nicknames (or hypocoristica) and profane, non-theophorous names exhibit marked Arabian influence, ending in waw marking diminutives (e.g., Nutaynu [“little Nathan”] and Lubayu [“lion cub”]) or as case endings (e.g., Amru and Abdu). Furthermore, there are some 70 predicative elements that are shared by the Hebrew and Idumean theophorous names, which thus allows us to speak of a Judeo-Idumean piety, more than two centuries before the arrival of King Herod (Porten 2005; Porten-Yardeni 2007b: 78–79, figs. 14–15). We should remember that Nehemiah’s southern opponent in fifth-century Judah was Geshem the Arabian (Neh 2:19, 6:1), also known as Gashmu (Neh 6:6), and his son was known as Qainu king of Qedar (TAD D15.4:10). When Aramaic pronunciation diverged from Hebrew, the shading was represented in the names. For example, the verb for “remember” is ‫ זכר‬in Hebrew and ‫ דכר‬in Aramaic, yielding the Hebrew name Zechariah (“YH remembered”) and the Aramaic name Qosdakar (“Qos remembered”). Similarly, “help” is ‫ עזר‬in Hebrew and ‫ עדר‬in Aramaic, yielding Hebrew Eleazar (“El helped”) and Aramaic Qosadar (“Qos helped”). If the names are fascinating, the commodity chits are tantalizing. Many, though by no means all, documents recording the transfer of goods from one person to another or to the storehouse were wholly or partially dated by day, month, and year of the reigning monarch. The names of the Persian monarchs were only rarely recorded (A29.2, 7.26, 146.1), but those of the Macedonian rulers were regularly recorded (PortenYardeni 2008a [e.g., fig. 33 here]). The same Babylonian month-names that appear in the Elephantine contracts and in late biblical books (Nisan [Neh 2:1], Sivan [Esth 8:9], Tebeth [Esth 2:16], Elul [Neh 6:15], and Adar [Ezra 6:15]) appear in our ostraca. There even are several instances of a second Adar, indicating the practice of intercalation. Even though these examples exactly match those worked out by Richard A. Parker and Waldo H. Dubberstein (1956) in their chronological tables, there are cases in which particular months have 30 days although the two scholars above assigned them only 29 (e.g., A4.7, 13). It was not calculation but new moon sighting that determined the beginning of the month. The commodity chits pose a puzzle in the variety of their formulations. A chit would maximally consist of a date, a verb, the name of a payer, a commodity and measure, the name of a payee, and perhaps that of an agent, signatory, and sealing sign (A4.14, 9.9 [figs. 34–35]). Most have no payee, and those with an agent rarely have a payee (A47.2 [fig. 36]). Though some have the date at the beginning, others have it at the end; many omit the year, some even the month, and some have no date at all (fig. 37). We have organized

Introduction

xxi

the chits according to dossiers of the name of the person or clan appearing at the beginning of the chit, following the date. As default designations in our marginal captions, we have designated him as the payer; the second person, whose name is preceded by the preposition “to,” we have designated the payee; and the third person, introduced by the compound preposition ‫“( על יד‬by the hand of”) as the agent. Although the storehouse or the storehouse of Makkedah figure prominently in our documents as a depository (see below), what became of the commodities lacking a payee? Although the chits record a variety of commodities—several types of grain (wheat, barley, flour, semolina, sifted grain, resh) or other foodstuffs (wine and oil) measured in kors, seahs (30 to a kor), and qabs (6 to a seah); chaff and stalks (measured in bundles or bales); and various kinds of wood (measured in loads or individual units)—they fail to reveal, individually or in their entirety, their economic or legal function. Most abbreviate the names of the products, wheat (‫)ח‬ and barley (‫ )ש‬and their measures (kor [‫]כ‬, seah [‫]ס‬, qab [‫)]ק‬, but many times they are written out in full (A1.35 [fig. 38]). They were drawn up by a bevy of professional scribes, some with script more elegant than others, but to whom did they belong once written? It is noteworthy that they rarely deal with monetary payments and make no mention of government officials. Many of the payers, though apparently not the payees, were further designated by clan—that is, “sons of” or “of the house of” PN. We arranged our material in dossiers according to the name of the payer, with clan affiliates taking precedence. There are 6+ clans: Baalrim (A1 [57 chits]), Gur(u)/Gir (A2 [47 chits]), Qoṣi (A3 [42]), Al(i)baal (A4 [39]), Yehokal (A5 [20]), and miscellaneous clans (A6 [29 chits)]. Following the clans, there appear four dossiers of five prominent individuals: Ḥal(a)fat+Baalghayr (A7 [61 chits]), Samitu (A8 [44 chits]), Qoskahel (A9 [34 chits]), and Saadel (A10 [42 chits]). The 40 subsequent dossiers are arranged in descending order of frequency. Because most names lack patronyms, unlike those at Elephantine, it is not possible to produce a true prosopography beyond the clan members. The dossiers are thus composed of names, not individuals. Most of the 40 remaining dossiers contain names that appeared earlier, in the first 10 dossiers. Each of these is numbered, but with cross-reference to its original appearance for commentary. Summary tables accompany each of the first 10 dossiers (A1–10; Tables 6–15), and genealogical charts appear for the 5 clans (A1–5). Scribal identification was undertaken fully for the first dossier (A1) and sporadically for dossiers A3–5. Each physically available ostracon was provided with a ceramic description. Altogether, we bring together in this volume 401 commodity chit ostraca. There remain to be published in this category another 761, almost 200 of which are fragmentary. Texts in the other nine categories number 842 (B–K). The two most noteworthy categories are the land descriptions (100 texts [Category H]) and the worker texts (76 texts [Category D]). Not only do the former resemble the chits in that the purpose of their recording is not evident, but in addition their syntax eludes us and much of their vocabulary is otherwise unknown. We read of plots, plantations, marshes, groves, white land, trees, and fields, as well as many words of uncertain meaning, which we print in small caps: valley (‫)בקעתא‬, vale (‫)חלת‬, terrace (‫)רפיד‬, lot (‫)אׁשל‬, garden (‫)כפת‬, flat land, lowland (‫)אׁשפל‬, and stronghold (‫)חסינא‬. Many texts attach a measurement to each parcel in terms of seed capacity—that is, the parcel is measured by how many seahs of seed are sown in it. The texts record between 1 and 8 parcels. Sometimes, each parcel is inscribed on a separate line (fig. 39) but often they just run together . A most unique piece runs six lines and records “the ruin of the House of YHW” alongside “the mound beneath the Temple of Uzza” at the beginning and “the tomb of Yinqom” at the end. In the middle, we may have “the well of Maš(i)ku” and “a marsh” near another “tomb” (AL283 [fig. 40]). Since Jewish names are barely represented in the rich onomasticon, we can only wonder what happened to the Jews who had built that House and once worshiped there. The worker texts attest to a hitherto undocumented practice of hiring day laborers, mostly written by a single scribe. Each was recorded on an individually dated ostracon, almost all by the same scribe. Each chit is for one or more day laborers supplied by one of the seven clans mentioned in the earlier dossiers (A1–6) on a stated date, spanning more than seven months in the year, especially Tammuz, Marcheshvan, and Kislev (fig. 41 [Porten-Yardeni 2006: 473–85]). The relative paucity of letters—only 23 (G1.1–5.1), compared to the 57 ostraca from Elephantine a century earlier (TAD D7.1–57)—indicates that the find-spot of the Idumean ostraca probably did not include private dwellings. The presence of a preexilic Jewish community at our site is indicated by the discovery

xxii

Introduction

of a single Hebrew ostracon recording ‫סלת‬, the Hebrew equivalent of ‫“( נשיף‬semolina”), and ‫מקדה‬, the Hebrew spelling of our ‫( מנקדה‬Mankedah ⟩ Makkedah) [Aḥituv 2008: 180–81, also A4.27 here]). In addition, there are some 20 unpublished fragmentary 6th–7th-century Hebrew ostraca in the Jeselsohn collection, one of which contains the name ‫( מנקדה‬Jeselsohn Hebrew no. 1). Moreover, an ostracon letter from Ḥorvat ʾUzza sends greetings to one Makki son of Hiṣṣilyahu “from Makkedah” (Aḥituv 2008: 166). This community at the site of Makkedah was overrun, its Temple destroyed, some time during the Babylonian invasion and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the biblical prophets (Ezek 35:1–36:15; Joel 4:19; Obad), Psalmists (Ps 137:7), and elegists (Lam 4:21–22) excoriated Edom/Esau for the perfidy it wrought against its brother Jacob (Obad 10–12), it is left to these hundreds of ostraca to inform us of the daily life of those who displaced their brothers. As written in the High Holyday Netaneh Toqef prayer, man is to be “compared to a broken potsherd.”

Acknowledgments We are grateful to many scholars who gave of their time and energies to answer our questions and assist in clarifying many an obscure point: Profs. Moshe Bar-Asher, Marc Hirshman, Mordecai Kislev, Shlomo Naeh, Zeʾev Safrai, Shaul Shaked, and Dr. Tova Dickstein in matters of text and language; and Prof. Ran Zadok in onomastics. Most of the digital photography was done by Zev Radovan, who supplied us with three prints for each piece—one dry, one wet, and one enhanced—thus allowing optimal examination. Photography at the Israel Museum was done by Ardon Bar-Ḥama. Over the years, we had many student assistants whose contributions were invaluable. We single out Tania Notarius, Naomi Schneider, Dora Zsom, Jennifer Tullman, Jacqueline Vayntrub, Amos Wazana. and Richard Medina. Eugen Y. Han showed special devotion to this project from its earliest stages and performed many valuable tasks along the way, most recently scanning all the drawings and many photographs. Special gratitude is due Matthew Kletzing for his organizational and proofreading skills and uncanny facility with all that has to do with the computer. Last but not least, special thanks are due to Jim Eisenbraun and his expert staff for their skill and devotion in blending several discrete files into such an elegantly formatted volume. Jerusalem June 25, 2014

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probably restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation: (i.e., or) word of uncertain meaning (ERASURE):) ... d/r Marginal notation (e.g., Payer) 5  Line numbers of translation of text 1.

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

xxii

Introduction

of a single Hebrew ostracon recording ‫סלת‬, the Hebrew equivalent of ‫“( נשיף‬semolina”), and ‫מקדה‬, the Hebrew spelling of our ‫( מנקדה‬Mankedah ⟩ Makkedah) [Aḥituv 2008: 180–81, also A4.27 here]). In addition, there are some 20 unpublished fragmentary 6th–7th-century Hebrew ostraca in the Jeselsohn collection, one of which contains the name ‫( מנקדה‬Jeselsohn Hebrew no. 1). Moreover, an ostracon letter from Ḥorvat ʾUzza sends greetings to one Makki son of Hiṣṣilyahu “from Makkedah” (Aḥituv 2008: 166). This community at the site of Makkedah was overrun, its Temple destroyed, some time during the Babylonian invasion and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the biblical prophets (Ezek 35:1–36:15; Joel 4:19; Obad), Psalmists (Ps 137:7), and elegists (Lam 4:21–22) excoriated Edom/Esau for the perfidy it wrought against its brother Jacob (Obad 10–12), it is left to these hundreds of ostraca to inform us of the daily life of those who displaced their brothers. As written in the High Holyday Netaneh Toqef prayer, man is to be “compared to a broken potsherd.”

Acknowledgments We are grateful to many scholars who gave of their time and energies to answer our questions and assist in clarifying many an obscure point: Profs. Moshe Bar-Asher, Marc Hirshman, Mordecai Kislev, Shlomo Naeh, Zeʾev Safrai, Shaul Shaked, and Dr. Tova Dickstein in matters of text and language; and Prof. Ran Zadok in onomastics. Most of the digital photography was done by Zev Radovan, who supplied us with three prints for each piece—one dry, one wet, and one enhanced—thus allowing optimal examination. Photography at the Israel Museum was done by Ardon Bar-Ḥama. Over the years, we had many student assistants whose contributions were invaluable. We single out Tania Notarius, Naomi Schneider, Dora Zsom, Jennifer Tullman, Jacqueline Vayntrub, Amos Wazana. and Richard Medina. Eugen Y. Han showed special devotion to this project from its earliest stages and performed many valuable tasks along the way, most recently scanning all the drawings and many photographs. Special gratitude is due Matthew Kletzing for his organizational and proofreading skills and uncanny facility with all that has to do with the computer. Last but not least, special thanks are due to Jim Eisenbraun and his expert staff for their skill and devotion in blending several discrete files into such an elegantly formatted volume. Jerusalem June 25, 2014

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probably restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation: (i.e., or) word of uncertain meaning (ERASURE):) ... d/r Marginal notation (e.g., Payer) 5  Line numbers of translation of text 1.

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Introduction

xxiii

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (Eruv. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73.

xxiv

Introduction

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions All available chits have undergone a ceramic analysis by Alex Zuckerman on the basis of 22 parameters. He also translated Lemaire’s descriptions, and these have been marked by [L] or [AL]. Margins (no. 20) have been described by Jennifer Tullman. A translation of Lemaire with a description by Tullman is marked [LT]. Here are the ceramic parameters: 1. Vessel part (body sherd, rim, base, handle, etc.) 2. Vessel period/date (Persian, Iron Age, unidentifiable, etc.) 3. Vessel type ( jar, jug, cooking pot, bowl, etc.) 4. Sherd size (tiny [ca. 20 × 30mm and less], small [ca. 30 × 50 mm], medium [between 30 × 50 mm and 60 × 150 mm], large [more than ca. 60 × 150 mm]) 5. Height and width (maximum values established according to the direction of the written lines) 6. Thickness 7. Shape (rectangular, square, trapezoid, etc.) 8. Color of inscribed surface(s)—Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975 edition) name and code 9. Levigation and grits (fine ware, coarse ware, amount and size of grits [mentioned only when tiny or unusually large]) 10. Decoration and surface treatment (polished, burnished, slipped, painted decoration, etc.) 11. Burned (yes/no) 12. Eroded (yes/no) 13. Number of fragments 14. Number of fresh exterior breaks 15. Patina covering the writing (yes/no) 16. Patina extent (in percentage) 17. Location of writing (sherd interior, exterior, both [based on the archaeological evaluation of the sherd shape in relation to the shape of the complete ceramic vessel from which the sherd originated]) 18. Writing surface (concave, convex, flat, smooth, uneven [based exclusively on its visual appearance]) 19. Writing parallel to straight upper edge (yes/no) 20. Margins: no margin: writing (including upper tip of header [lamed] and low tip of stretcher [nun, kaf, pe]) reaches edge of ostracon; narrow: smallest possible amount of space creating a distinct margin; medium: a median width larger than narrow but smaller than wide; term borrowed from artifact description; wide considerably more space than needed to create a distinct margin; very wide margin larger than half the ostracon or wider than the height and/or width of writing; variable uneven left margin in a text of three or more lines; * suspected missing/illegible text, which may influence the classification of the margin. 21. Angle of the writing/wheel-marks 22. Notes (thick-walled, thin-walled, preservation of writing, special remarks)

Introduction

xxv

Terminology of Palaeographic Descriptions (with the assistance of Eugen Han)

A complete study was made of the scribal hands in the Baalrim dossier (A1) and a sporadic analysis in the dossiers of Qoṣi, Al(i)baal, and Yehokal (A3–5). All of the 57 chits of the Baalrim dossier were written by professional scribes, all but one in a cursive hand, and one in a lapidary script style. It is possible to identify 11 scribes who wrote more than one text each, for a total of 34 texts. Scribe 7 wrote 14 texts (A1.15–24 [except A1.24a], 2.7–8, 10.7); Scribe 9 wrote 11 (A1.33–37, 2.21–24a, 47.3); and eight more scribes wrote two texts each. Scribe 2 is represented by one text in this dossier, but his hand is easily recognizable in five other texts (A1.5, 10.25–26, 12.21, 73.5, 300.5.25). Studies in the dossiers of Qoṣi, Al(i)baal, and Yehokal reveal five more scribes: Scribe 12 (A4.1, 3–5, 15), Scribe 13 (A4.9, 49.4), Scribe 14 (A4.11, 13–14), Scribe 15 (A3.5, 4.17, 5.7), and Scribe 16 (A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3). A dozen criteria, both graphic and contextual, have been established to distinguish the main features of these sixteen scribes, though only a few will apply to each scribe. It is indeed striking that there remain 23 texts in the Baalrim dossier, no two of which seem to share common graphic features. The criteria are: A. Graphic:   1. Graphic appearance of key words and numerals   2. Angle of writing (upright, slanted down to left, mixed)   3. Line spacing   4. Size of letters   5. Letter- and word-spacing   6. Thickness of strokes   7. Unique letter shapes B. Contextual:   8. Date   9. Terms and formulas 10. Orthography (plene, defective spelling) 11. Non-abbreviation of commodities and measures and complete spelling of numbers 12. Layout

Numeration Legend TAO = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca A1.1-ISAP728, A1.2-ISAP1579, A1.3-ISAP5, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Baalrim), document number (1–55), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL 1, 2 et al.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Lemaire et al.) [BLMJ, HW, IA, IM, JA, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jeselsohn Aramaic; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh et al.} = source (Gil Chaya et al.)

Introduction

xxv

Terminology of Palaeographic Descriptions (with the assistance of Eugen Han)

A complete study was made of the scribal hands in the Baalrim dossier (A1) and a sporadic analysis in the dossiers of Qoṣi, Al(i)baal, and Yehokal (A3–5). All of the 57 chits of the Baalrim dossier were written by professional scribes, all but one in a cursive hand, and one in a lapidary script style. It is possible to identify 11 scribes who wrote more than one text each, for a total of 34 texts. Scribe 7 wrote 14 texts (A1.15–24 [except A1.24a], 2.7–8, 10.7); Scribe 9 wrote 11 (A1.33–37, 2.21–24a, 47.3); and eight more scribes wrote two texts each. Scribe 2 is represented by one text in this dossier, but his hand is easily recognizable in five other texts (A1.5, 10.25–26, 12.21, 73.5, 300.5.25). Studies in the dossiers of Qoṣi, Al(i)baal, and Yehokal reveal five more scribes: Scribe 12 (A4.1, 3–5, 15), Scribe 13 (A4.9, 49.4), Scribe 14 (A4.11, 13–14), Scribe 15 (A3.5, 4.17, 5.7), and Scribe 16 (A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3). A dozen criteria, both graphic and contextual, have been established to distinguish the main features of these sixteen scribes, though only a few will apply to each scribe. It is indeed striking that there remain 23 texts in the Baalrim dossier, no two of which seem to share common graphic features. The criteria are: A. Graphic:   1. Graphic appearance of key words and numerals   2. Angle of writing (upright, slanted down to left, mixed)   3. Line spacing   4. Size of letters   5. Letter- and word-spacing   6. Thickness of strokes   7. Unique letter shapes B. Contextual:   8. Date   9. Terms and formulas 10. Orthography (plene, defective spelling) 11. Non-abbreviation of commodities and measures and complete spelling of numbers 12. Layout

Numeration Legend TAO = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca A1.1-ISAP728, A1.2-ISAP1579, A1.3-ISAP5, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Baalrim), document number (1–55), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL 1, 2 et al.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Lemaire et al.) [BLMJ, HW, IA, IM, JA, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jeselsohn Aramaic; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh et al.} = source (Gil Chaya et al.)

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah and Its Storehouse (The following tables are revisions of those appearing in Porten and Yardeni 2007a. The original numbering has been preserved, even when non-sequential [e.g., in the case of Nos. 56–61, 68]. New entries have been indicated by the addition of a lowercase letter [e.g., a, b] to the original number [e.g., 2a, 2b].) Table 1.1.  Deliveries “To the storehouse” (‫ )למסכנתא‬ Table 1.2.  Deliveries “To the storehouse of Makkedah” (‫ )למסכנת מנקדה‬ Table 1.3.  Deliveries “From the grain of the storehouse” (‫ )מן עבור מסכנתא‬ Table 1.4.  Deliveries “(To the) storehouse of (‫ )ל‬Makkedah” (‫ )מסכנה למנקדה‬ Table 2.1.  Deliveries “To . . . who are (who is) in Makkedah” (‫ )ל־ זי במנקדה‬        and “To /Of the citizens of Makkedah” (‫ )לבעלי מנקדה‬ Table 2.2.  Deliveries (+ payment order) “To Makkedah” (‫ )למנקדה‬ Table 2.3.  Deliveries (+ payment order and workers text)       “From Makkedah” (‫ )מן מנקדה‬ Table 3.  Miscellaneous ostraca with “Makkedah”

– wheat and barley 32/33 – wheat and barley 16/18 – wheat 3 – wheat 4/5 – chaff and stalks 3 – wine and laurel 1 – nine products 16 (+1) – ten products – wheat, barley, oil

22 (+2) 6

Table 1.1.  Nos. 1–29a: 32/33 Deliveries “To the Storehouse” (‫)למסכנתא‬

No. 0. A89.1

ISAP 2603 =JA339

1. A17.2 2. A13.5

1249 =JA76 =AL16 2420 =JA131

2a. A1.10a

563 =LW

2b. A4.22

2452 =JA165

3. A8.32

2516 =JA235

4. A10.7

890 =GCh90

Babylonian Date x of y, 43 [Artaxerxes II] db 29 Tammuz, 1 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Tammuz, 2 [Artaxerxes III] db x Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db 24 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 26 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 29 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db

Julian Date 362/361

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

6 August, 358

Payee

Qosadar/ider

A(B)

Commodity [to the storehouse] barley: 1 kor to the storehouse wheat: 8 seahs wheat: 2 seahs to the storehouse wheat: 6 seahs, 3 qabs

from Zabdiel Abdadah

29 June, 357 5 August– 2 Sep, 355

Payer Qosrai

Malku [f/o ss] t h [Saadel] Baalrim

to the storehouse [. . .] to the storehouse wheat: 24 seahs, 4 qabs

21 June, 354 A(B)

Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru f ss [A]l(i)[ba]al Samitu

24 June, 354 A(B)

entry Samitu Qosḥair

19 June, 354

xxvi

t h Qosmalak

Saadel

to the storehouse wheat: [x] kor(s), [. . .] wheat: 9 seahs to the storehouse barley: 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

xxvii

Table 1.1.  Nos. 1–29a: 32/33 Deliveries “To the Storehouse” (‫)למסכנתא‬

No. 5. A1.16 6. A1.15 7. A1.18 8. A1.17 9. A1.19 10. A1.20 11. A4.23

ISAP 893 =GCh93 =YF 908 =GCh108 =Zd74 =JA474 889 =GCh89 =YF 924 =GCh124 =Zd88 =JA488 928 =GCh128 =Zd92 932 =GCh132 =Zd96 =JA493 1050 =IM91.16.14 =L50

Babylonian Date Julian Date 29 Sivan, 5 24 June, 354 ? [Artaxerxes III] db 29 Sivan, 5 24 June, 354 ? [Artaxerxes III]

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

db 1 Tammuz, 5 26 June, 354 A(B) [Artaxerxes III] db 1 Tammuz, 5 26 June, 354 A(B) [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tammuz, 5 30 June, 354 A(B) [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tammuz, 5 30 June, 354 A(B) Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tammuz, 5 30 June, 354 ?? [Artaxerxes III]

Payer Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

Payee

Adarbaal/ Idribaal and Zabdiel f ss Baalrim Ammiqos f ss Baalrim

to the storehouse wheat: 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs

Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

to the storehouse wheat: 17 seahs, 1 qab

Ani f ss Baalrim

to the storehouse wheat: 18 seahs, half a qab to the storehouse wheat: 18 seahs, half a qab

to the storehouse wheat: 17 seahs, 4 qabs

Zaydi f [ss Baalrim] Laadiel f ss Al(i)b[aa]l

to the storehous[e] wheat: 4 seahs, 5 qabs, en⟨try⟩ :wheat: 3 seahs, 2 qabs e barley: 6 seahs, 4 qabs to the storehouse wheat: 4 seahs

db 12. A1.21 13. A2.7 14. A12.9 15. A1.22 16. A1.23 17. A1.24

18. A1.25

927 =GCh127 =Zd91 2436 =JA148 13 =JTS13 159266 1766 =Zd38 =JA524a 904 =GCh104 =YF 914 =GCh114 =Zd79 =JA479 543 =FCO 6

1 July, 354 6 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Tammuz, 5 1 July, 354 [Artaxerxes III] db 9 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 14 Tammuz, ⟨⟨5⟩⟩ [Artaxerxes III] db 18 Tammuz, ⟨⟨5⟩⟩ [Artaxerxes III] db 18 Tammuz, [5 Artaxerxes III]

A(B)

Ammiel f ss Baalrim

A(B)

Qosyeypi f ss Gur

4 July, 354

A(B)

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

9 July, 354

A(B)

Aḥyaqim/ Aḥiqam f ss Baalrim Qosghayr f ss Baalrim

13 July, 354 A(B) 13 July, 354 A(B)

db 19 Tammuz, 5 14 July, 354 A(B) [Artaxerxes III] db

Commodity to the storehouse wheat: 8 seahs, 4 qabs

Dikru o ss Baalrim

Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

to the storehous[e] wheat: 1 seah entry: wheat: 10 seahs e barley: 20 seahs to the storehouse wheat: 16 seahs Palaqos to the storehouse [. . .] t h Saadel

to the storehouse wheat: 5 seahs

t h Saadel (supralinear)

to the storehouse wheat: 6 seahs, 1 qab; entry: wheat: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs e barley: 2 seahs, 3 qabs to the storehouse wheat: 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs

xxviii

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah Table 1.1.  Nos. 1–29a: 32/33 Deliveries “To the Storehouse” (‫)למסכנתא‬

No. 19. A2.8 19a. A255.1

ISAP 1532 =M247 =AL44 560 =HW

20. A13. 11

1857 =JA400 =EN58

21. A8.39

1237 =JA67 =AL54 See 2b. 2431 =JA142

22. 23. A8.40 24. A9.18 25. A3.17

1463 =M175 =AL55 1886 =EN92

Babylonian Date 27 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 23 Sivan, 6 [Artaxerxes III] db 7 Elul, ⟨⟨6⟩⟩ [Artaxerxes III]

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

Julian Date 22 July, 354 A(B)

Payer Qosrim o ss Gur

7 July, 353

[Š]imri

t h Zubaydu/ Zabidu

Abdadah

Ḥanniel

17 Sep, 353

?

db 10 Sivan, 7 13 June, 352 [Artaxerxes III] db 22 Elul, 7 [Artaxerxes III] db 28 Adar, 7 [Artaxerxes III] db 11 Ab, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

Samitu

27. A17.9 28. A89.4

1268 =JA94 =AL137 2601 =JA337

[x+]3 Tebeth, y

Samitu

23 March, 351

Zabdi

2 August, 351

Al(i)qos o ss Qoṣi

——

——

—— ——

Qosadar/ider and ʾ[. . .] s Qannui Qosrai

——

——

to the storehouse wheat: 22 seahs

Ḥazira s [. . .]

to the storehou[se?] . . .

db 2 [x] db ——

29. A300.5.5

906 =GCh106 =Zd72 =JA472 2507 =JA225

29a. (?) A35.4

19 =JTS19 =159272

10 Elul, [x]

nd —— nd —— db

Commodity to the storehouse wheat: 5 seahs e barley: 10 seahs to the storehouse wheat: 1⟨⟨4⟩⟩ seahs, 1.5 qabs to the storehouse barley: 12 seahs e wheat: 6 seahs entry: to the storehouse of [Mak]kedah barley: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs to the storehouse wheat: 1 kor, 7 seahs, 4 qabs

22 Sep, 352

db 26. A300.1.59

Payee

?

to the storehouse barley: 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs e wheat: 17 seahs, 5 qabs Qoskahel to the storehouse barley: 14 seahs ? t h Ḥazael from the ⟨grain of the⟩ loan wheat: 10 seahs to the storehouse wheat: 20 seahs t h Qosmalak to the storehouse [. . .]ʾ and Natanmaran [. . .] to the storehou[se] wheat: 1 kor, 7 seahs, [x] qabs to the storehouse barley: 2 kors, 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

xxix

Table 1.2.  Nos. 30–44c: 16/18 Deliveries “To the Storehouse of Makkedah” (‫)למסכנת מנקדה‬

No.

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

30. A22.1

ISAP 2445 =JA157

Babylonian Date Julian Date 29 [Marcheshvan], 17 Nov, 362 43 [Artaxerxes II] db 22 Iyyar, 1 1 June, 358 (A)B

30a. A4.16a

2667 = JA569

31. 32. 33. A2.2

See 44a. See 44b. 1275 =AL14

20 Tammuz, 1 [Artaxerxes III]

34. A13.8

542 =FCO5

16 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

35. A5.8

1604 =M406 =AL35 1875 =JA9 =EN81 903 =GCh103

18 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

db

28 July, 358

37. A1.7

19 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

db

Qosmalak o ss Al(i)baal

2 July, 356

(A)B

Abdadah s Ghayran/ Aydan

4 July, 356

(A)B

Qosner o ss Yehokal

5 July, 356

(A)B

Qoslanṣur o ss Yokal

db db

24 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

Payee

Al(i)qos o ss Gur

db

36. A5.9

Payer Suaydu

10 July, 356 (A)B

Saadel o ss Baalrim

10 July, 356 (A)B

Abdadah

to the storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 12 seahs, 2.25 qabs to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 12 seahs to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 9 kors, 10 seahs to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 21 seahs, 2 qabs

db 38. A13.9 39. A53.1

909 =GCh109 =Zd75 =JA475 2509 =JA227

24 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

db 28 Marcheshvan, 10 Dec, 356 3 [Artaxerxes III]

Anael/ Qanael

db 40. A1.8

899 =GCh99

26 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III]

41. A1.26

917 =GCh117

19 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III]

42. (?) A13.11

1857 =JA400 =EN58

42a. (?) A35.4

19 =JTS19 =159272

6 Jan, 355

(A)B

db 14 July, 354 A(B)

db 7 Elul, ⟨⟨6⟩⟩ [Arta- 17 Sep, 353 xerxes III]

Saadel f ss Baalrim Qosyinqom ⟨f ss Baalrim⟩

?

Abdadah

?

Ḥazira s [. . .]

db ——

10 Elul, [x] db

Commodity [to the storehouse of] Makkedah wheat: [x] seahs [. . .] to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 2 kors, 22 seahs

Ḥanniel

to the storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 1 kor, 1 seah, 3[+?] qabs Watagan brought to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 8 kors to the storehouse of Makkedah barley: 5.75 seahs to the storehouse barley: 12 seahs e wheat: 6 seahs entry: to the storehouse of [Mak]kedah barley: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs to the storehou[se of Makkedah?] . . .

xxx

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah Table 1.2.  Nos. 30–44c: 16/18 Deliveries “To the Storehouse of Makkedah” (‫)למסכנת מנקדה‬

No. 43. A244.1 44. A2.14

ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date —— ? 1027 21 Elul, [x] =IM91.16.143 =L27 db 1225 12 Tammuz, 8 4 July, 351 =SM11 [Artaxerxes III] =LL4

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

Payer Qoslaaqub

Payee

Qosnaqam o ss Gur

to the storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs for the buyer: wheat: 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs to the storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 5 seahs, 1.5 qabs to the storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 7 seahs, 1.5 qabs 15 [seahs] to the storehouse of [Makkedah] [. . .]

db 44a. A195.1 44b. A152.1 44c. A300.2.3

1032 =IM91.16.87 =L32 1263 =JA89 =AL63 632 =Naveh444 =BLMJ669

7 Tebeth, 14 [Artaxerxes III]

14 Jan, 344

Ḥanina

db [x] Kislev, 1⟨⟨6⟩⟩ Nov. 19– [Artaxerxes III] Dec. 17, 343 db

[Qos]yahab / [Qos]yatib

21 Iyya[r]

——

——

Commodity to the storehouse of M[akkedah] [. . .]

db

No. 45. A179.1 46. A8.37 47. A8.36

ISAP 1876 =JA10 =EN82 2532 =JA255 1589 =M305 =AL99

Babylonian Date 20 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db 23 Tebeth, 6 [Artaxerxes III] db 23 Elul db

Julian Date 24 Aug, 355

Scribe

Table 1.3.  Nos. 45–47: 3 Deliveries “From the Grain of the Storehouse” (‫)מן עבור מסכנתא‬ Payer Wani

29 Jan, 352

Samitu

——

Samit[u]

Payee

b h [PN]

Commodity from the grain of the storehouse wheat: 11 seahs from the grain of the storehouse wheat: 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs from the grain of the storehouse wheat: 5 seahs

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

xxxi

Table 1.4.  Nos. 48–51: 4/5 Idiosyncratic Deliveries “(To the) Storehouse of (‫ )ל‬Makkedah” (‫)מסכנתה למנקדה‬

No. 48. A124.2

ISAP 1267 =JA93 =AL84

48a. (?) A300.1.40

718 =YR4

49. A11.8

db 9 Tammuz, 18 9 July, 341 1034 =IM91.16.208 [Artaxerxes III]

=L34

50. A205.1

1578 =M294 =AL85

51. A35.3

2552 =JA277

Babylonian Date Julian Date ⟨⟨5⟩⟩ Sivan, 18 5 June, 341 C [Artaxerxes III]

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

db 15 Sivan, 18 [Ar- 15 June, 341 C? taxerxes III]

C

Payer [PN s] Rufayu

Payee

[. . .]

Qosmala[k] s Qayni[l]

db 20 Tammuz, 18 20 July, 341 C [Artaxerxes III]

Labiel

db 20 Tammuz, 18 20 July, 341 C [Artaxerxes III]

Ḥazira

db

Commodity brought in (to the) storehouse [of Makkedah] [. . .: x seahs], 1.5 qabs [brought in] (to the) storehouse [of Makkedah] [. . .] brought in (to the) storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 4 seahs brought in (to the) storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 19 seahs brought in (to the) storehouse of Makkedah wheat: 3 seahs

Table 2.1.  Nos. 52–55: 3 Deliveries “To . . . Who Are (Who Is) in Makkedah” (‫)ל־ זי מנקדה‬ and 1 Delivery “To /Of the Citizens of Makkedah (‫)לבעלי מנקדה‬

No.

52. A7.37 53. A10.40

ISAP 1802 =EN2 1853 =JA4 =EN54

Scribe

(pl = plene)

Babylonian Date Julian Date 20 Tammuz, 46 8 Aug, 359 D [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 21 Aug, 359 D 3 Ab, [4]6 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

Payer Ḥal(a)fat

Payee young female camels

Laadiel

young female camels

——

Qosḥanan f ss Baa⟨l⟩rim

——

B[aa]ni and Sammuk

who is/are in Makkedah (payer) chaff: 1 bundle pl of the citizens of b h Gar(a)pa Makkedah and Raimaran wine: 20 seahs; laurel: 2 qabs

db

54. A1.44

1244 =JA72 =AL127

2⟨⟨9⟩⟩ Elul

55. A142.2

1941 =BLMJ690 =EN150

1 Nisan

db

db

Commodity who are in Makkedah (payee) chaff: 1 bale Saa[de]l who are in Makkedah (payee) stalks (‫)עצה‬: 1 bale chaff (‫)תבן‬: [?+]1 [ba]l[es] Saadel

xxxii

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

Table 2.2.  Nos. 68 (57a)–70: 16 Deliveries and 1 Payment Order (70) “To Makkedah” (‫)למנקדה‬

No.

Babylonian Date Julian Date 22 Elul 12 Sep, 362

56. 59. A136.2

ISAP 920 + 1769 =GCh 120 =Zd84 =JA484 + Zd41 =JA527 921 =Gch121 =Zd85 =JA485 See 76a.

1017

27 Elul, 5 [Artaxerxes III]

58. A1.27

1645 =OG?11

26 Tebeth

57. A1.33

1716 =TM2 =M427 =AL28

26 Elul, 2 [Arses] 28 Sep, 336

60. A257.1

53

61. A63.6

1900 =EN108

62. A300.1.48 63. A300.2.10 64. A14.15 64a. A240.1

227 =IA11802 240 =IA11817 2610 =JA346 637 =Naveh468 =BLMJ656 1409 =M115 =AL62 173 =Kauffmann See 57a. 458 =IA11321

68. A10.32

57a. A10.5

=IM91.16.190

=L17

de Year 2 357/356 [Artaxerxes III]

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

Payer Saadel

Bayyun

de

Payee

Saadel b h Ašmu/iel to [PN]

64c. A21.16 65. 66. A56.5

to Makkedah roosters: 2

19 Sep, 354

Zaydilahi s Ḥal(a)fu

to Makkedah barley: [x] qab

——

Qosyinqom o ss Baalrim

to Makkedah wheat: 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs Elimalak to Makkedah barley:14 kors, 22 seahs

db db

db

7 Tammuz, =Rockfeller3? 7 [Philip]

Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu o ss Baalrum

12 July, 317

Qe[ra]bel

b h Ḥal(a)fan

9 July, 313

Naqd/ru;

b h Pd/rtʿn in Malḥat(?)

db

64b. A2.15

Commodity to Makkedah semolina: 8 seahs

18 Tammuz, 5 Antigonu[s]

db 20 [x], [3] —— Antigonus db 22 Tammu[z] —— db 8 E[lul]/A[dar]/ —— I[yyar]/A[b] db 17 x, [. . .] ——

Qosmalak [PN o] ss [PN] [PN] Al(i)qos Qosyebarik

b [h] [PN]

db 24 x, [. . .]

——

[PN] o ss Gur

——

Maš(i)ku

——

Ab(i)šalam

de 6 Nisan

——

dm

nd

gatemen

to Makkedah barley: 26 seahs 3‫ג‬ ‫בשחלן‬ to Makkedah barley: 2 kors barley: 1 seah to Makkedah [. . .] 3 to Makkedah barley: [. . .] to Makkeda[h] loads: 4 to Makke[dah] wheat: 1 kor, 3 seahs, 1 qab to Makkedah [. . .]: 4 [. . .] e 5 [. . .] to Makkedah flour: 4 seahs, 2 qabs to Makkedah 212 [. . .]

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

xxxiii

Table 2.2.  Nos. 68 (57a)–70: 16 Deliveries and 1 Payment Order (70) “To Makkedah” (‫)למנקדה‬

No. 67. A52.6 69. A300.4.13 70. B3.2

ISAP

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

919 =GCh119 =Zd83 =JA483 1942 =BLMJ678 =EN151

——

——

Payer Saadi

——

[. . .]y

915 =GCh115 =JA480

——

——

nd nd

Payee

to Makkedah goat [hi]de: 1

——

let there be unloaded (‫)יתפרק‬ for Makkedah logs: 2; logs: 2

Qosyinqom

nd

Commodity to Makkedah wine:14 seahs

No. 71. D9.5 71a. A7.42 72. A3.2 72a. A8.12a 73. A8.15

74. A4.13

ISAP 837 =GCh37 =IA12445 1838 =EN38 1849 =JA104 =EN49 572 =GD 1286 =B1 =JA497 =AL6 2511 =JA229

Babylonian Date Julian Date —— (5th century b.c.e.?) nd 13 Si[van], [43 7 June, 362 Artaxerxes II] de 26 Nisan, 10 May, 44 [Artaxerxes II] 361 archaic alef de x Tammuz, 44 12 July– db 10 Aug, 361 26 Marcheshvan, 2 Dec, 361 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

Scribe

Table 2.3.  Nos. 71–91a: 22 Deliveries, 1 Payment Order (91a), and 1 Workers Text (71) “From Makkedah” (‫)מן מנקדה‬ Payer Gadi

Payee Abdram

Commodity from Makkedah men: [x]

Zabdi

Baalghayr

from Makkedah 2 bales

Abdbaal

Marṣaat s Qoṣi

PN

Samitu

Qosnaqam

Samitu

from Makkedah resh: 5 seahs Yazidu from Makkedah x from Makkedah from the grinding o ss Malka/the king resh: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Yazidu [brou]gh[t] from Makkedah semolina: 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs [f]lour: 2 seahs, 3 qabs Yazidu from Makkedah barley: 1 kor, 26 seahs, 5 qabs from Makkedah wheat: 9 seahs, 2.25 qabs 2[+?] seahs

db 30 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

20 July, 359

[Laad]iel f ss [A]l(i)[baal]

1 June, 357

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

6 Jun/2 Sep/ 1 Oct, 356/ 29 Mar, 355

Yetiab

b h Ḥanan

db 75. A7.8

1809 =EN9

75a. A105.2

1458 =M170 =AL36

4 Sivan, 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 19 E[lul]/A[dar]/ I[yyar]/A[b], 3 [Artaxerxes III db

xxxiv

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

No. 76. A7.28 76a. A4.27

ISAP 1815 =EN15

Babylonian Date 4 Shebat, 4 [Artaxerxes III db 18 Ab archaic alef db ——

77. A7.21

1723 =TM8 =M433 1826 =EN26

78. A7.40

1834 =EN34

79. 80. A3.3

See 71a. 1430 =M138 =AL184

81. A9.33

1429 =M137+140 =AL225

——

82. A90.4

2527 =JA250

——

83. 84. A26.3 85. A18.7

See 75a. 2430 =JA141 1608 =M410 =AL213 1563 =M278 =AL288

86. A300.5.16 87. A300.5.38 88. A199.1 89. A106.3 90. A101.3 91. A1.54 91a. B1.2

248 =IA11812 2418 =JA128 2533 =JA256 1038 =IM91.16. 142 =L38 867 + 781 =GCh67 =JA453 + YR123 864 =Gch64 =JA450

Julian Date 1 Feb., 354

Scribe

Table 2.3.  Nos. 71–91a: 22 Deliveries, 1 Payment Order (91a), and 1 Workers Text (71) “From Makkedah” (‫)מן מנקדה‬ Payer Ḥal(a)fat Qosghayr f h Al(i)baal

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

Ḥal(a)fat

delivered from Makkedah semolina: 1[+?] seahs flour: [. . .] Ab(i)yatha b h brought in from [PN] Makkedah wheat: 2 kors, 20[+?] seahs, 3 qabs barley: 6 kors

——

Maš(i)ku f ss Qoṣi

from [Mak]kedah chaff: 1 b[a]le

——

from Makkedah grgrn: 36

——

Zubaydu/ Zabidu s Qoskahel Íammu

——

Qosyahab

Udayd/ru

——

Ḥalfan

Ḥaggai, Qosani

——

[PN]

brought down from Makkedah [. . .] bundles

——

[PN]

——

Yaadarel

——

Lubayu

10 July, 315

Ḥinziru

[fr]om Makkedah [. . .]: 3 seahs from Makkedah 30 [. . .] from Makkedah [. . .] from Makkedah barley: 21 seahs

——

[PN f] ss Baalrim

——

——

nd

—— nd nd

who brought in, who is from Makkedah grgr[n]: 10

nd ——

nd

—— nd —— nd —— —— —— 26 Sivan, 2 Alexander

nd nd nd db

——

Commodity from Makkedah wheat: 12 seahs, 1 qab Qos[yatha wrote] ⟨from⟩ Makkedah wheat: 3 seahs, 4.5 seahs

——

nd ——

Payee

[PN] b h [PN]

from Makkedah 3 logs from Makkedah resh: 13 seahs, [. . .] qabs

from Makkedah 1 wood

nd 7x dm

Give to Šobai the scribe

from Makkedah chaff: 3 bales Ḥor

Tables 1–3: 106/110 Ostraca with Various References to Makkedah

xxxv

Table 3.  Nos. 92–96: 6 Miscellaneous Ostraca with Makkedah

No.

ISAP

Babylonian Date

92. A300.4.21 93. A300.2.18

445 =IA11314 1769 =Zd41 =JA527

——

93a. A300.5. 14a

282 =IA11756

——

94. 95. A300.4.23

Removed. 1915 =JA28 =EN124

95a. A6.9

1922 =JA33 =EN131

——

96. A259.1

17 =JTS17 =IA159270

9 Ab, y

[?+]2 Elul

nd de

Julian Date ——

Scribe

db date at the beginning dm date in the middle de date at end nd no date e in exchange for f from o of h house of ss sons of s son of t h to the hand of b h by the hand of A1.10a, 2.7, 4.23, etc. = text numbers in this volume; A89.1, A300.2.3, B3.2, etc. = projected text numbers to appear in forthcoming volumes

Payer [PN]

Payee to [PN]

——

——

[Mak]kedah

——

——

b h [PN]

[Mak]kedah barley: 1 kor, 26 seahs, 3 qabs barley: 20 seahs; wheat: 3 qabs

——

[. . .]wy

Dael/Rael

[to / from] Makkedah oil: [. . . seahs], 5.5 qabs barley: 5 seahs

——

[PN] o h Qos/ ṣi

[PN]

[. . .] Makkedah

——

Qo[s. . .]

nd —— nd nd db

Commodity [. . .] Makkedah

[to the storehouse of / from] Makkedah barley: [. . .]

Table 4.  The Dossier of Wheat Flour (‫ )קמח חנטן‬in Years 14 and 15 (February 28–August 8, 344) (This table is a revision of the table that appeared in Porten andYardeni 2009: Table 6b) Maresha No. 6 put at the head of a dossier of 20 other ostraca for wheat flour, all written by the same scribe between 22 Shebat, year 14 (Feb 28, 344) and 6 Ab, year 15 (Aug 8, 344), thereby demonstrating the authenticity and provenance of the other texts in this dossier. Did all the Idumean texts come from Maresha? Where did all the grain go? All of these texts will appear in forthcoming volumes.

0. A38.9

No.

ISAP 2314 =Maresha 6

1. A141.1

1629 =OG10

2. A71.2

1896 =JA127 =EN103 1231 =SL1

3. A27.7 4. A28.5 5. A26.2 6. A14.9 7. A42.3 8. A22.3 9. A43.2 9a. A12.10

77 =GCh⟩EyH? =JA436 1036 =IM94.38.41 =L36 2458 =JA172 1240 =JA68 =AL73 1265 =JA91 =AL74 841 =GCh41 =IA12446 559 = HW

Babylonian Date 22 Shebat, 10[+4 = 14] [Artaxerxes III] db 22 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 22 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 23 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 23 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 24 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 24 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 25 Shebat, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 4 Adar, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Adar, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 11 Adar, 10[+4 = 14] [Artaxerxes III] db

Scribe

Table 4.  The Dossier of Wheat Flour (‫ )קמח חנטן‬in Years 14 and 15 (February 28–August 8, 344)

Julian Date 28 Feb, 344 G

Payer Udayd/ru

Payee _____

Commodity wheat flour: 1 kor, 6 seahs, 3 qabs

28 Feb, 344

G

Laḥtu

_____

wheat flour: 4 seahs, 3 qabs

28 Feb, 344

G

Qanael/ Ḥanael

_____

wheat flour: 20 seahs

1 March, 344

G

Qosnaqam

_____

wheat flour: 22 seahs

1 March, 344

G

Zaydu/ Ziyadu

_____

whear flour: 13 seahs, 2 qabs

2 March, 344

G

Qosyahab

_____

wheat flour: 23 seahs, 2 qabs

2 March, 344

G

Al(i)qos

_____

wheat flour: 29 seahs, 4 qabs

3 March, 344

G

Yathu

_____

wheat flour: 6 seahs

12 March, 344

G

Suaydu

_____

wheat flour: 27 seahs, 2 qabs

13 March, 344

G

Marṣaat

_____

wheat flour: 26 seahs, 1 qab

19 March, 344

G

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

_____

wheat flour: 17 seahs

xxxvi

xxxvii

Table 4.  The Dossier of Wheat Flour

No.

10. A13.13 11. A39.7 12. A17.6

ISAP 1895 =JA18 =EN102 1266 =JA92 =AL75 725 =YR17

13. A19.3

1234 =MS2060/4 =SL4 530 14. =CharlesA126.2 worth3 1035 15. A300.1.34 =IM91.16.60 =L35 1242 16. =JA70 A132.1 =AL78 1561 17. A300.1.35 =M276 =AL79 43 18. =GB? A107.2

19. A153.2

411 =IA11316

Scribe

Table 4.  The Dossier of Wheat Flour (‫ )קמח חנטן‬in Years 14 and 15 (February 28–August 8, 344) Babylonian Date 16 Adar, 10[+4 = 14] [Artaxerxes III] db 17 Adar, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 26 Adar, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 27 Adar, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Ab, 15 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Ab, 15 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Ab, 15 [Artaxerxes III] db x Ab, 15 [Artaxerxes III] db 20 Ab de

Julian Date 24 March, G 344

Payer Abdadah

Payee _____

Commodity wheat flour: 6 seahs

25 March, 344

Qoslakin

_____

wheat flour: 13 seahs, 0.5 qabs

3 April, 344 G

Qos[a]dar/ Qos[i]der

_____

wheat flour: 7 seahs, 4 qabs

4 April, 344 G

_____

wheat flour: 6 seahs, 2 qabs

_____

wheat flour: 2 seahs

_____

nd

G

8 Aug, 344

G

Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru Íamru

8 Aug, 344

G

_____

_____

wheat flour: 2 seahs

8 Aug, 344

G

Wašiqil

_____

wheat flour: 5 seahs

3–31 Aug, 344

G

[. . .]

_____

wheat flour: [. . .]

_____

?

Mataran s Rau _____

_____

?

Q[◦◦]wt

_____

wheat flour: 6 seahs

wheat flour: 3.5 seahs

Table 5.  43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers (This table is a revision of the table that appeared in Porten and Yardeni 2008a. Seven entries appear in this volume [nos. 6–7, 30, 34–36, 42]. The rest will appear in subsequent volumes.) Table 5.  43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers No. 1. A65.2

ISAP 1018 = L18

Babylonian Date 25.xiii.2 [Philip]

Julian Date April 17, 321

2. A70.2

64 = JA425

6.iv.2 [Philip]

Jul 6, 322

3. A300.1.45

1251=AL25=JA79

[-.]v.2 [Philip]

4. A213.1

1003 = L3

5. A20.9 6. A5.18

1635 (privately owned) 1889 = EN96

3.iv.1[+1/2 (= 2/3)] Philip ‫פלס‬ 20.ix.3 Philip ‫פלפלס‬ 2.xii.3 Philip ‫פלפס‬

Jul 31–Aug 29, 322 Jul 3, 322/Jul 21, 321 Jan 3, 320 Mar 14, 320

7. A5.19

1250 = AL90

14.xii.[2+]1 (= 3) [Philip]

Mar 26, 320

8. A150.1 9. A245.1

2476 = JA191 1255 = AL91

17.xii.3 Philip ‫פלפס‬ 27.v.5 Philip ‫פלפס‬

Mar 29, 320 Aug 23, 319

10. A270.1 11. A257.1

1332 = AL45 53 = Rockefeller

2.iv.6 [Philip] 7.iv.7 [Philip]

Jul 19, 318 Jul 12, 317

12. A48.5 13. A48.4

1912 = EN121 1365 = AL56

Sep 20, 317 Nov 27, 317

14. A47.3

1890 = EN97

18.vi.[7 Philip] 27.[viii].7 [Philip]; spacing requires Marcheshvan 12.ix.7 Philip ‫פלפס‬

Dec 11, 317

15. A33.6

1530 = AL57; same scribe as 16, 18 2497 = JA214; same scribe as 15, 18 1654 (privately owned)

6.iv.8 [Philip]

Jun 30, 316

6.iv.8 [Philip]

Jun 30, 316?

16. A15.18 17. A99.1 18. A33.7 19. A101.2 20. A101.3

1535 = AL87; same scribe as 15, 16 1252 = AL86 1038 = L38

21. A229.1

1039 = L39

22. A33.8

1546 = AL50

xxxviii

Abdur Qosyinqom Abdosiri of ss Yehokal by Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi Abdosiri of ss Yehokal by Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi Qosyada Qossidri from the property of Ḥinziru PN from Steppe of PN Qe[rab]el to Makkedah by Ḥal(a)fan Zaydi s Naum Zaydi s Naum by Ḥal(a)fan Zabdadah s Qosadar/ider from the property of Garapa by Ḥal(a)fan Ḥaggu s Baalsamak

Jul 5, 315 Jul 10, 315

Ḥazael s Zabdi from Steppe of Qosner s Zabdi Zaydil by Akiba from Steppe of Zam(mu)ru Ḥaggagu s Baalsamak from Steppe of Ḥinziru to Akbor Ḥinziru Ḥinziru from Makkedah

Jun 15–Jul 13, 315? Jul 20, 315

Palṭi s Qosgad from Steppe of Ḥinziru to Akbor Ḥaggagu to Amru

30.ix.8 [Philip] Dec 19, 316 [!] PD: Kislev = only 29 days 6.iii.2 Alexander ‫ אלכסנדר‬Jun 20, 315 21.iii.2 [Alexander] 26.iii.2 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬ [-.iii?].2 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬ 7.iv.3 Artigonus ‫ארתגנס‬

Persons Zubayd/Zabid to Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan Qosaz s Qosyatha by Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan [. . .] by Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan

Table 5.  43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers

xxxix

Table 5.  43 Idumean Ostraca Dated according to Macedonian Rulers No. 23. A11.9

ISAP 1254=AL88=JA80

Babylonian Date 8.iv.2 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬

Julian Date Jul 21, 315

24. A13.14

1855 = EN56 same scribe as 25–27, 29–31 468 = IA11378 same scribe as 24, 26–27, 29–31 1278 = AL92 same scribe as 24–25, 27, 29–31 1464 = AL94 same scribe as 24–26, 29–31 1539 = AL93 1919 = EN128 same scribe as 24–27, 30–31 212 = IA11791 same scribe as 24–27, 29, 31 227 = IA11802 same scribe as 24–27, 29–30 2412 = JA121

25.iv.3 Antigonus ‫אתגנס‬

Aug 7, 315

Persons Qosmalak s Qosḥanan from Steppe of Zam(mu)ru/ Nimru Abdadah s Wah(a)bi by Ḥanni

25.iv.[3] Antigonus ‫אתגנס‬

Aug 7, [315]

Abd[. . .] by Ḥanni

[-].iv.3 Antig[onus] [‫אתג]נס‬

Jul 14–Aug 12, 315

Nutaynu s Qaynil by Ḥanni

25. A262.1 26. A50.3 27. A3.38 28. A31.10 29. A114.2 30. A2.43 31.A300.1.48 32. A29.6 33. A63.6 34. A5.20 35. A2.45 36. A2.46 37. A141.2 38. A111.1

1900 = EN108 same scribe as 34–36 1658 (privately owned); same scribe as 33, 35–36 2510 = JA228 same scribe as 33–34, 36 1059 = L59 same scribe as 33–35 2491 = JA207

[-.iv/v].3 Antigonus ‫ אתגנס‬Jul 14–Sep 11, 315

[PN of s]s Qoṣi by Ḥanni

7.v.3 Antigonus ‫אנתגנס‬ 19⟨⟨v⟩⟩.[3] Antigonus ‫אתגנס‬ 28.v.3 Antigonus ‫אתגנס‬

Aug 19, 315 Aug 31, 315

Qosrim by Laḥ(a)mu Adarel/Idriel by Ḥanni

Sep 9, 315

[PN] s Malku ss Gur by Ḥanni

20.[-].[3] Antigonus ‫אתגנס‬

315/314

[PN] of ss [PN] to Makkedah

6.i.3 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬

Apr 10, 314

18.iv.5 Antigonus ‫אתגן‬

Jul 9, 313

Uzayzu by Qosi of Steppe of Ḥinziru Naqdu/ru to Makkedah by Pd/rtʿn

21.iv.4[+1 (=5)] Antigonus ‫אתגן‬

Jul 12, 313

Zabdadah of ss Yehokal

2.viii.5 Antigonus ‫אתגן‬

Nov 18, 313

Zabdibaal of ss Gir by Pd/rtʿn

2.viii.[5] Antigonus ‫אתגן‬

Nov 18, 313

Ubaydu of s[s Gir] by [Pd/rtʿn]

25.iii.5 Alexander ‫ אלכסנדר‬Jul 5, 312

Laḥ(a)tu s Amnat from Steppe of Zam(mu)ru

18.iv.6 Antigonus ‫אנתגנס‬

Jul 27, 312

Natanbaal by Qosrim and Palgu

39.A300.1.47 40.A300.1.49 41. A80.2 42. A3.39

1439+639= AL238= EN154+ BLMJ683 772 = YR119* 1903 = EN112 2470 = JA185 1338=AL89=EN111

[-.-].6 Antigonus [‫אנתגנ]ס‬ 5.ix.[5] Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬ 20.xi.5 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬ 20.xi.5 Alexander ‫אלכסנדר‬

312 Dec 10, 312 Feb 22, 311 Feb 22, 311

[PN] by [Qo]srim and Palgu to Ḥal(a)fan Yetiaḥ to Ḥal(a)fan Ḥabut(u) to Qosaz

43. A97.2

710 = YR7

6.ii.[?] Ptolemy ‫תלמיס‬

post 302

[PN s] Wah(a)bi [from . . .] Ḥinziru

From just after July 20, 315 (No. 22) to July 27, 312 (No. 38) only Antigonus. But July 5, 312 (No. 37) marks the return of Alexander, and a spike of Alexander occurs already on April 10, 314 (No. 32). Double lines indicate a change of ruler.

Introduction xl

Introduction

Introduction

xli

xlii

Introduction

Introduction

xliii

xliv

Introduction

Introduction

xlv

xlvi

Introduction

Introduction

xlvii

xlviii

Introduction

Introduction

xlix

l

Introduction

Introduction

li

lii

Introduction

Introduction

liii

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Dated List of Texts A1.1 Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain July 20 - August 18, 359 A1.2 Payment of 1 bale Undated A1.3 Payment of 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat 26 Tammuz, 362–358 Payment of 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs of resh 26 Tammuz, 362–358 A1.4 A1.5 Payment of 1 seah, 1 3/8 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil (March 12, 356) A1.6 A1.7 Payment of 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs of barley July 10, 356 A1.8 Payment of 8 kors of barley January 6, 355 Payment of 8 seahs of flour Undated A1.9 A1.10 Payment of 2 bale(s) Undated A1.10a Payment of [x seahs of wheat] August 5-September 2, 355 A1.11 Payment of 1 joist August 18, 355 A1.12 Payment of 1 beam (September 1, 355) A1.13 Payment of 4 jars Undated (362–353) A1.14 Payment of 4 jars Undated (362–353) A1.15 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat June 24, 354 A1.16 Payment of 8 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat June 24, 354 A1.17 Payment of 17 seahs, 1 qab of wheat June 26, 354 A1.18 Payment of 17 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat June 26, 354 A1.19 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat June 30, 354 A1.20 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat June 30, 354 A1.21 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat July 1, 354 A1.22 Payment unknown July 9, 354 A1.23 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat July 13, 354 A1.24 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; July 13, 354 Exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley A1.24a Payment unknown Undated A1.25 Payment of 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat July 14, 354 A1.26 Payment of 5 seahs, 0.75 qabs of barley July 14, 354 26 Tebeth A1.27 Payment of 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat A1.28 Payment of 10 grgrn and 13 x April 13, 352 A1.29 Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain September 14, 346(+?) A1.30 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat September 23, 343 A1.31 Payment of 1 bunch of stalks Undated A1.32 Payment of 10 seahs of wheat August 4, 338 A1.33 Payment of 14 kors, 22 seahs of barley September 28, 336 A1.34 Payment of 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs of barley October 1, 336 A1.35 Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of barley October 8, 336 A1.36 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley November 28, 336 A1.37 Payment of 24 seahs of barley December 2, 336 A1.38 Payment of 19 seahs, 2 qabs of barley 7 Nisan A1.39 Payment of 6 seahs, x qabs of x 10 Nisan A1.40 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour 1 Iyyar A1.41 Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of flour 30 Sivan A1.42 Payment of 1 kor, 25 seahs of barley February 17, 354 A1.43 Two payments of stalks: 1[+?] bundles; 1 bundle 15 Tammuz, year y A1.44 Payment of 1 bundle of chaff 29 Elul A1.45 Payment of 16 grgrn Undated A1.46 Payment of 53 grgrn 8 Nisan A1.47 Payment unknown Undated

1

2 A1.48 A1.49 A1.50 A1.51 A1.52 A1.53 A1.54 A1.55

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Payment of x bundles 14 Elul Payment of 5 seahs of wheat 14 x Payment of x seahs of barley 20 Sivan Payment of 28 seahs of barley and 27 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Undated Payment of 1 seah of x Undated Payment of 1 (piece of) wood Undated Payment of 1 x Undated

Overview

(Figs. 42a, 42b) The clan of Baalrim is the largest of the Houses represented in the Idumean ostraca, and its presence can be traced (genealogy be reconstructed) for five generations, beginning with an assumed floruit of ca. 400 for the clan head and extending down through the year 322 for Qosaz son of Qosyatha. The name of the clan ancestor was theophorous and meant “Baal is Exalted.” There were four different spellings, two orthographic (plena ‫[ בעלרים‬31×] and defectiva ‫[ בעלרם‬11×]), and two phonetic, Baalrum (‫[ בעלרום‬6×; 5 by the same scribe {A1.33–37, 43}]) and Baarim with assimilation of the lamed (‫[ בערים‬A1.11–12] and ‫[ בערם‬A1.44]). In defectiva spelling the name appeared in Phoenician (KAI 34:4, 38:1, 39:2). The predicative element rwm/rym was extremely productive in the Biblical and West-Semitic onomasticon (Zadok 1977: 84–85; 1988; 24–25). In our corpus, we have the orthographical parallel ‫( קוסרים‬A51.7) and ‫קוסרם‬ (A1.51, 31.1–6, 8–9) as well as ‫( רמאל‬D3.2 [ISAP443]) and ‫( רמבעל‬H10.6 [ISAP134]). In the Bible and contemporary epigraphy it combines with epithets in all strata of name-giving (ʾb, ʾḥ, ʿm, mlk, ʾdwn, ʾl, and yhw) and appears at Elephantine in the Hebrew ‫ יההרם‬and ‫( יהורם‬TAD B4.2:13, C3.6:13) and the Aramaic ‫ אשמרם‬and ‫( שוהרם‬TAD B3.13:12). Yet only here is the element vocalized ‫רים‬, which points to an Aramaic origin (cf. Dan. 5:20 || Deut 8:14; Muraoka-Porten 2003: 130–131), with phonetic variant ‫רום‬, as in the clan names ‫ גיר‬and ‫( גור‬see A2). Commodity chits were written for almost 60 persons filiated to the clan of Baalrim. The filiation was usually expressed by the term “of the sons of” (‫[ לבני‬31×]), much less frequently by the term “from the sons of” (‫[ מן בני‬17×]), and only once “of the house of” (‫[ לבית‬A1.45]) or “from the house of” (‫[ מבית‬A1.2]). The scribe of the workers texts, on the other hand, preferred the designation “of the house of” (ISAP406, 428, 447, 466, 467, 1647 [Porten-Yardeni 2006: 474–76]). Reconstructing a genealogy is made possible by two references to Zubaydu b. Ghayraḥ, once in July/August, 359 bce as “son of” Baalrim (A1.1) and once in an undated text as singular “from the house of” Baalrim (A1.2). If Baalrim is the actual grandfather of Zubaydu, we may trace him back to ca. 400 bce. Palaqos son of Baalrim (A1.5) would be a contemporary of Ghayraḥ, and Ubaydu father of Qosyatha (A1.30) would be a contemporary of Zubaydu in the third generation. Active both as payer in 356–355 and as payee (July 13, 354) is Saadel (A1.7–8, 23–24). Plausibly appearing in 356 is Awi/Rawi (A1.6). By far the largest concentration are ten descendants, all of whom appear in the month of June/July, 354: Qosyinqom (6× [A1.16–17, 25–26; cf. 1.27, 31]), Adarbaal/Idribaal, Zabdiel, Ammiqos, Ani, Zaydi, Ammiel, Aḥiqam/yaqim, Qosghayr, and Dikru (A1.15, 18–24). Finally, we have Abenašu in 352 and Ḥal(l)uf ca. 346 (A1.28–29). To sum up, the second generation yielded two persons and the third, 16, from 359 to 352. Of these, two appear more than once—Qosyinqom a full six times (A1.16–17, 25–27, 31) and Saadel, five times (A1.7–8, 23–24, 24a). When we come to the fourth generation we find four or five persons. First to be mentioned is Malku, who appeared five times: in 355 (A1.10a), then at the end of the reign of Artaxerxes III (August 4, 338 [A1.32]), and finally thrice within two months in the second year of Arses (October 1, November 28, December 2, 336 [A1.34, 36–37]). Qosyatha spanned an even longer period: 362–358, 355, and 343 (A1.3, 11, 30). Next come Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu and Amittu, who appear less than two weeks apart (September 28 and October 8, 336 [A1.33, 35]); and perhaps Saadi son of Ubaydu in 343 (A52.4). One name may be restored in the fifth generation, albeit not part of the Baalrim dossier: Qosaz son of Qosyatha in the reign of Philip III (July 6, 322 [A55.6/70.2]). Excluding Saadi and Qosaz, we have 22 persons in 34 dated or datable chits, all from the Persian period. Another 15 persons appear in 17 chits with partial or no dates. Three of these

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

3

persons appeared two or three times: Qosḥanan (A1.44–45), Qosani (A1.46–47), and Qosmalak (A1.38, 40, 43); and the remaining 12 but once each: Qosner, Qosyahab, and Zaydu/Ziyadu (A1.10), Zubayd/Zebid (A1.12), Natanbaal (A1.39), Aydan/Ghayran (A1.40), Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu (A1.41), Yaddiya (A1.49), Qosnatan (A1.50), Qosr(i)m (A1.51), Naḥum (A1.52), and Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A1.55). Omitting a half-dozen fragmentary names (A1.4, 13, 42, 48, 53–54), we have 37 named persons filiated to the clan head Baalrim. Though his name was compounded with Baal, it is onomastically striking that almost a third of these names are compounded with Qos (A1.3, 5, 10 [2×], 11, 16–18, 23, 25–27, 30–31, 38, 40, 43–48, 50–51) and only one, with Baal (Natanbaal [A1.39]). Some dozen commodities constitute the payments. Agricultural products clearly dominate. Throughout the years, eleven payments of barley are evidenced in eight different months (Nisan, Sivan, Tammuz, Elul, Tishri, Marcheshvan, Kislev, and Shebat [A1.7–8, 26, 33–38, 42, 50; also A1.24 {as exchange for wheat}]) and sixteen of wheat in five months (Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, Tishri, and Tebeth [A1. 3, 15–21, 23–25, 27, 30, 32, 49 {unknown month}; also A1.10a {restored}]). In two months there follow crushed/sifted grain (Tammuz, Elul [A1.1, 29]) and flour (Iyyar, Sivan [A1.40–41]). In but one month five agricultural products were paid: stalks (Tammuz [A1.43]), chaff (Elul [A1.44]), bundles (Elul [A1.48]), oil (Adar [A1.6]), and resh (Tebeth [A1.4]); and three products of wood: grgrn (Nisan [A1.28, 46]), joists (Ab [A1.11]), and beams (Ab [A1.12]). Nine products appeared in an undated month: bales (A1.2, 10), oil (A1.5), flour (A1.9), jars (A1.13–14), stalks (A1.31), grgrn (A1.45), wood (A1.54), as well as wheat and barley (A1.51–52). Payments are made throughout the calendar year, the most popular months being Tammuz, with five different commodities: wheat dominant (9 times); and once each crushed/sifted grain, resh, barley, and stalks (A1.1, 3–4, 17–21, 23–25, 26, 43]); and Elul, with three: crushed/sifted grain once and barley and bundles twice each [A1.29, 33–34, 44, 48]).

4

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

5

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Table 6.  The Dossier of Baalrim at a Glance (359–336 [A1.1–55 {57}])

No. 1.1

1.2

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10

by the hand of son of of, i.e., belonging to of the sons of

ISAP 728 =YR5 1579 =M295 =EN162 =AL287 5 =JTS5 159258 208 =IA11769 930 =Gch130 =Zd94 1877 =JA11 =EN83 903 =GCh103 899 =BA3 1742 =IA12415 831 =IA12214

f ss f h o h t h

from the sons of from the house of of the house of to the hand of

Babylonian Date Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef _____

de

Julian Date 20 July 18 August, 359

e pl ppl db Scribe

bh s o o ss

Payee _____

Zubaydu s Ghayraḥ f h Baalrim

b h Abdmilk s Abdbaali

brought:

1 pl Qosyatha o ss Baalrim 1 pl Q[os]◦q◦ f [ss Baal]rim

_____

brought in:

Qos◦t

brought in:

2

Palaqos s Baalrim

oil: 1 seah, 1 qab, 1 quarter, 1 eighth

_____

db

26 Tammuz

(362–358) (362–358)

db _____

_____

nd 21 Adar, [2 Artaxerxes III] db 24 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 26 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db _____ nd _____

1.11

2499 =JA216

1.12

1880 =BLM688 =EN86 67 =JA428 1420 =M128 =AL189 908 =JA474

1.13 1.14 1.15

x Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db 14 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] de 28 Ab, [4 Artaxerxes III] de _____ nd _____

_____

Commodity from the grinding of Tammuz:

crushed/sifted grain: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs Zabdiel bale: 1 (‫)פחלץ‬

wheat: 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs resh: 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs,

[12 March, 356]

Awi/Rawi o ss _____ Baalrim

oil: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs

10 July, 356 3

Saadel o ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

6 January, 355

3

Saadel f ss Baalrim

_____

brought in to the storehouse of Makkedah:

_____

4

_____

flour: 8 seahs

_____

4

_____

bale:

5 Aug – 2 Sep, 355

7

Saadel o ss Baalrim Qosner o ss Baalrim, Zaydu/ Ziyadu, Qosyahab Malku o ss Baalrim

t h Saadel

to the storehouse:

18 August, 355

5

_____

joist (‫)מריש‬: 1

Zebid/ _____ Zubayd o ss Baarim Ab[◦◦]m f ss _____ Baalrim Baalmalak f ss _____ [Baa]lrim

beam (‫)שרי‬: 1

Adar/Idribaal and Zabdiel f ss Baalrim

to the storehouse:

nd 1.10a 563 =LW

de date at end dm date in middle nd no date

Payer Zubaydu s Ghayraḥ s Baalrim

nd 26 Tammuz

in exchange for unabbreviated writing partially unabbreviated writing date at beginning

(1 Sep, 355) 5 (362–353)

6

(362–353)

6

nd 29 Sivan, 5 24 June, 354 7 [Artaxerxes III] db

Qosyatha o ss Baarim

barley: 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs

barley: 8 kors

_____

2

[wheat: x seahs]

jars (‫)חביה‬: 4 jars : 4

wheat: 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs

6

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Table 6.  The Dossier of Baalrim at a Glance (359–336 [A1.1–55 {57}])

No. 1.16

by the hand of son of of, i.e., belonging to of the sons of

ISAP 893 =GCh93

1.17

924 =JA488

1.18

889 =Gch89

1.19

928 =Gch128 =Zd92 932 =JA493

1.20 1.21 1.22

927 =Gch127 =Zd91 1766 =JA524

1.23

904 =GCh104

1.24

914 =JA479

f ss f h o h t h

from the sons of from the house of of the house of to the hand of

Babylonian Date 29 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes II] db 1 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 1 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 14 Tammuz, «5» [Artaxerxes III] db 18 Tammuz, «5» [Artaxerxes III] db 18 Tammuz, [5 Artaxerxes III]

db 1.24a 879 _____ =GCh79 >EYH1 =JA465 nd 1.25 543 = 19 Tammuz, 5 Charlesworth6 [Artaxerxes III] db 1.26 917 19 Tammuz, 5 =Gch117 [Artaxerxes III] db 1.27 1645 26 Tebeth =OG11 1.28

809 =IA12192

1.29

1412 =M119 =AL80 62 =JA423

1.30

db 8 Nisan, 7 [Artaxerxes III] db 21 Elul, 13[+? Artaxerxes III] db 3 Tishri, 16 [Artaxerxes III] db

e pl ppl db Scribe

bh s o o ss

in exchange for unabbreviated writing partially unabbreviated writing date at beginning

de date at end dm date in middle nd no date

Julian Date 24 June, 354 7

Payer Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

Payee _____

to the storehouse:

26 June. 354 7

Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

26 June, 354 7

Ammiqos f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

30 June, 354 7

Ani f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

30 June, 354 7

Zaydi f [ss Baalrim]

_____

to the storehouse:

1 July, 354

7

Ammiel f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

9 July, 354

7

Aḥyaqim/ Aḥiqam f ss Baalrim Qosghayr f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

t h Saadel

to the storehouse:

13 July, 354 7

Dikru o ss Baalrim

t h Saadel [supralinear]

to the storehouse:

_____

Dikru [o ss Baalrim]

Saadel

_____

14 July, 354 7

Qosyinqom f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse:

14 July, 354

Qosyinqom

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

Qosyinqom o ss Baalrim

_____

to Makkedah:

13 April, 352

Abenašu o ss Baalr(i)m

_____

grgrn : 10 x: 13

14 Sep, 346[+?]

Ḥal(l)uf o ss Baalr(i)m

_____

Qosyatha s Ubaydu o ss Baalr(i)m

_____

crushed/sifted grain: 16 seahs, 5 qabs Pami wheat: 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs

13 July, 354 7

(December - January)

23 Sep, 343

ppl

8

Commodity wheat: 8 seahs, 4 qabs wheat: 17 seahs, 1 qab wheat: 17 seahs, 4 qabs wheat: 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs wheat: 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs wheat: 4 seahs . . .

wheat: 5 seahs

wheat: 6 seahs, 1 qab; entry: wheat: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs e barley: 2 seahs, 3 qabs

wheat: 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs barley: 5 seahs, 0.75 qabs wheat: 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs Elmalak

7

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Table 6.  The Dossier of Baalrim at a Glance (359–336 [A1.1–55 {57}])

No. 1.31

by the hand of son of of, i.e., belonging to of the sons of

ISAP 44

1.32

71 =JA430

1.33

1716 =M427 =AL28 1717 =M426 =AL29 1718 =M431 =AL30 1719 =M429 =AL32 1720 =M428 =AL33 12 =JTS12 159265 52 = Rockefeller2 1574 =M290 =AL197

1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40

1.41

731 =YR30

1.42

1223 =SM5 =LL2 1058 =IM 91.16.186 =L58

1.43

f ss f h o h t h

from the sons of from the house of of the house of to the hand of

Babylonian Date _____

b h Abenaši, Waddu, Udaydu/ru _____

brought in:

_____

barley: 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs

9 pl Amittu o ss Baalrum

_____

barley: 1 kor, 20 seahs

28 Nov, 336 9 pl Malku o ss Baalrum

_____

barley: 6 seahs, 3 qabs

2 Dec, 336

9 pl Malku o ss Baalrum

_____

barley: 24 seahs

_____

pl pl

_____

pl

for (the) gatemen for (the) gatemen for (the) gatemen

barley: 19 seahs, 2 qabs

_____

_____

pl

Qosmalak o ss Baalr(i)m Natanbaal o ss B[aalrim] Qosmalak, Aydan/ Ghayran o ss Baalrim Tobyo / Tabyu [o ss Baa]l[rim] [. . .] o ss Baalrim

for (the) gatemen

flour: x seahs, 1 qab

for (the) gatemen

barley: 1 kor, 25 seahs

1. Qosmalak o ss Baalrum 2. Zubayd/ Zebid Qosḥanan f ss Baarim who is/are in Makkedah Qosḥanan o h Baalr(i)m Qosani o ss Baalr(i)m Qosani o ss Baalr(i)m Qos[. . .] f ss Baalrim

b h Qosr(i)m

1. stalks : 1[+?] bundles

4 August, 338 28 Sep, 336 1 Oct, 336 8 Oct, 336

1739 =IA12418 1945 =EN163 1765 =JA523 1023 =IM 91.16.126 =L23

_____

_____ db

8 Nisan _____

nd db nd

_____ _____ _____ _____

14 Elul db

Payer Qosyinqom o ss Baalr(i)m Malku o ss Baalr(i)m

de date at end dm date in middle nd no date

Commodity stalks (fodder): 1 bunch (\ ‫)עצה מקצר‬

db

1.45

in exchange for unabbreviated writing partially unabbreviated writing date at beginning

Payee _____

dm 20 Shebat, year 4 17 Feb, 354 [Artaxerxes III] db 15 Tammuz, _____ y[ear y], 2«9» Elul

1.48

Julian Date _____ 8

9 pl Ḥamiyu/ Ḥumayu o ss Baalrum 9 pl Malku o ss Baalrum

dm 30 Sivan

1244 =JA72 =AL127

1.47

nd

8 Ab, 21 [Artaxerxes III] db 26 Elul, 2 [Arses] db 29 Elul, 2 [Arses] db 6 Tishri, 2 [Arses] db 28 Marcheshvan, 2 [Arses] db 2 Kislev, 2 [Arses] db 7 Nisan dm 10 Nisan dm 1 Iyyar

1.44

1.46

e pl ppl db Scribe

bh s o o ss

_____

wheat: 10 seahs to Makkedah:

barley: 14 kors, 22 seahs

[. . .]: 6 seahs, x qabs flour: 1 kor, 4 qabs

2. stalks: 1 bundle (\ ‫))עצה משתל‬ chaff: 1 bundle (\ ‫)תבן משתל‬

_____

grgrn : 16

_____

grgrn : 53

_____

. . .

_____

bundles:

[x ]

8

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Table 6.  The Dossier of Baalrim at a Glance (359–336 [A1.1–55 {57}])

No. 1.49 1.50 1.51

1.52

by the hand of son of of, i.e., belonging to of the sons of

ISAP 1069 = IM 91.16.29 =L69 721 =YR27 1879 =BLM663 =EN85 1721 =M430 =AL211

f ss f h o h t h

from the sons of from the house of of the house of to the hand of

Babylonian Date 14 x

Julian Date _____

e pl ppl db Scribe

bh s o o ss

db 20 Sivan

db

_____

_____ _____

10

_____

10

in exchange for unabbreviated writing partially unabbreviated writing date at beginning

Payer Yaddiya o ss Baalr(i)m

Payee _____

Commodity wheat: 5 seahs

Qosnatan o ss Baalrim Qosr(i)m o ss Baalrim

b h PN

barley: x seahs

bh Zabdimaran & Zabdu for Zam(mu)ru to Qosyad bh Zabdimaran & Zabdu for Zam(mu)ru _____

to buy:

_____

[from] Makkedah:

_____

[. . .]gn: 1

nd _____

Naḥum o ss Baalrim

nd 1.53 1.54 1.55

1144 = IM 91.16.165 =L144 867 =JA453 1643 =OG9

_____

_____

[...] s Dikru f ss Baalrim

nd _____

nd

_____ nd

_____

11

_____

11

de date at end dm date in middle nd no date

[. . . o s]s Baalr(i)m Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru o ss Baalr(i)m

barley: 28 seahs wheat: 27 seahs barley: 16 seahs, 3 qabs

x: seah, 1

wood: 1

9

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

Zubaydu/Zabidu son of Ghayraḥ 2son of Baalrim from the gr[inding of] 3Tammuz, year 46: 4 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). 5 Zabdiel 6 (archaic alef  ) 1

‫יראח‬ ִ ‫זבידו בר ִע‬ [‫בר בעלרים מן ִט ִח[ון‬ 46 ‫תמוז שנת‬ ‫ ף‬4 ‫{ ק‬1} 3 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫דקיר‬ ‫ִב ִד ִא ִל‬ ִ‫ז‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A1.1-ISAP728 [YR5] July 20 – August 18, 359 Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (77×61×5), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2), many white grits. Composed of 2 joining fragments, 1 fresh break on edge. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

The three-generation filiation here (Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ son of Baalrim) and, in modified form in the next chit (Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ “from the house of” Baalrim), are rare and provide the basis for our genealogy. Several dossiers record actual sons of their clan heads (see A2.1). The item that heads the Baalrim dossier stands as No. 21 of 26 chits that record grindings in years 43–46 (362–358) (see Table 4 in Porten-Yardeni 2009). These grindings are either identified by month, e.g., ‫ראש‬ in the spring months of Adar, Nisan, Iyyar, Sivan, and the winter month of Marcheshvan, or other grains “from the later grinding.” One chit records the “grinding of the month of Tammuz” (A300.1.1), without reference to the grain. Here the grain is named, as customary, and the year of the grinding is added, which is unusual (cf. A8.3 — “from the [lat]er [gr]inding of Marcheshvan, year 43”). The chit itself might be

10

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

dated in the actual month of the grinding (Marcheshvan [A6.1, 8.3, 68.1], Iyyar and Sivan [A7.51–52]), in the month before the grinding (Adar for Nisan [A8.6–7, 9–10]), in the month after the grinding (Sivan for Adar and Nisan [A4.1]), or several months after the grinding (Elul for Tammuz [A5.2; A300.1.1]). Grinding was considered a chore, performed by women (Isa 47:2; Judg 9:15 = 2 Sam 11:21; Job 31:10; m. Ket. 5:5), slaves (Exod 11:5), and prisoners (Judg 16:21; Lam 5:13). Although grinding stones were considered vital household items (Deut 24:6), grinding was also a commercial activity. One chit records two men paying some two shekels each to Qosani “from the price of grinding” (A49.1), and an account entitled “grinding of Marcheshvan, income” lists five persons with their respective grains and amounts (C 4.2 [ISAP944]). In Talmudic times, the miller was called ‫( טחון = טוחן‬m. Demai 3:4; DJPA 222; DJBA 499). The suggested date for our document assumes that it was drawn up in the month of Tammuz, the same month as the grinding. The word traditionally read ‫ דקיר‬appears in a half-dozen Arad payment orders (Naveh 1981: Nos. 7–11, 18), translated “crushed (barley),” and equated with Biblical ‫“( ר(י)פות‬barley groats”) = Targumic ‫( דקילן‬related to ‫“[ ? דקיר‬by no means impossible” {Stephan Kaufman orally}]) = Vulgate (p)tisana (Moritz 1958: 147) = Mishnaic ‫( טיסני‬m. Makš. 6:2). It was produced by (wetting and) drying and crushing in a mortar with a pestle (2 Sam 17:19; Prov 27:22). Naveh (1981: 156) cited further b. Šabb. 74a “ ‫עני אוכל פתו בלא כתישה‬, ‘A poor man eats his bread without pounding (the grain before grinding)’; i.e., the barley was not crushed in order to remove its husks.” Pliny reports the opinion of Mago that wheat should be wetted, hulled, dried in the sun and well pounded in a mortar. A similar process is reported for barley: “wet . . . mortar . . . wash . . . dry . . . pound it, clean it and grind it” (Natural History XVIII.23.98; 14.73). If the miller failed his client by not having wetted the wheat and the brans were not separated out, he was liable (b. B. Qam. 99b). ¶ But the word in question may also be read ‫ רקיד‬and translated “sifted grain” (oral suggestion of Zeʾev Safrai). Our chit is the last of seven chits recording ‫רקיד‬/‫ דקיר‬in years 43–46 (see Table 3 in Porten-Yardeni 2009) and the last four of these, all of year 46, as here, derive from a grinding (A7.6, 8.20, 300.5.18), an act performed with an upper and lower millstone, a common household object. Several passages in the Mishnah (m. Šeb. 5:9, m. Giṭ. 5:9, Šabb. 7:2) indicate a sequence of “grinding and sifting” (‫ )הטוחן והמרקד‬and so we posit the word ‫ ;רקיד‬cf. the statement “see how many sieves there are which sift flour (‫ )רקדן‬in Nehardea” (m. Beṣ. 29b; see DJBA 1093 2# ‫)רקד‬. The sieve (‫ )נפה‬was a regular household item that a woman might lend out to her neighbor (m. Giṭ. 5:9). After the initial grinding, the sifting process went through several stages, from an initial one that separated out the coarse and fine brans (‫ מורסן‬and ‫ )סובין‬to one that would deliver the finest flour possible (m. Menaḥ. 76b; Kraus 1910: 98, 456–57; Moritz 1958: 162). An intermediate stage is one that sifts out semolina and lets the flour drop to the bottom (m. ʾAbot 5:15 [see A4.2]). Leaving both options open, we preserve a conflated reading (‫רקיד‬/‫ )דקיר‬and translate crushed//sifted grain (actually “crushed grain/sifted flour”). (This section benefited from discussion with Tova Dickstein.) At least three of these chits bear a signatory, perhaps to be read Yazidu in two of them (A8.20, 300.5.18), but Zabdiel (“Grant of El”) in ours. The signatory Zabdiel appears in some ten chits as signatory in the successive years 46 (Artaxerxes II [A1.1]), 1–2, and 4 (Artaxerxes II [A7.19, 14.2, {year 1}, 7.24, 37.1, 45.4, 52.1, 119.1 {year 2}, 7.9, 300.1.21 {year 4}; cf. also 13.16 and 17.12 {undated}, as well as the possible restoration of Zabdiel as signatory in A7.2). ¶ The sealing sign (“archaic alef   ”) appears in only one other of these four chits from year 46 (A300.5.18). For full discussion of these two features see Porten-Yardeni 2009. ¶ The amount of grain paid, 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs, is slightly larger than that in two of the other chits: 2 seahs, 1[+?] qabs and 3.5 seahs (A8.20, 300.5.18). See also A1.29. ¶ Neither this, nor the following chit, records a payee. ¶ Zubaydu (cf. Zubayd [A1.12, 43]) is the first of three Arabian-style diminutive qutail names in this dossier; also ‫( עבידו‬Ubaydu [A1.30]) and ‫( חמיו‬Ḥumayu [A1.33]). Ghayraḥ (‫[ עיראח‬A13.12]) is Arabian (“Brother is jealous”). In the middle of line 4, the scribe originally wrote four strokes for the amount of seahs but immediately reduced it to three by writing a qof over the fourth stroke and continuing with four qab strokes and a pe (for “half”)—not 4 seahs but 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs.

11

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Agent Product

[That which] Zubaydu/  Zabidu 2son of Ghayraḥ from the house of 3Baalrim 1brought 3 by the hand of Abdmilk 4son of Abdbaali: bale, 1. 1

‫ִביִדו‬ ִ ‫]זי [היתי ז‬ ‫ראח מן בת‬/‫בר עיד‬ ‫ִד ִע ִב ִד ִמ ִלך‬ ִ ‫ִם ִע ִלי‬ ִ ‫בעלרי‬ ִ 1 ִ‫בר עבדבעלי פחלץ‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.2-ISAP1579 (EN162 = AL287 [M295]) Undated Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of jar (70×52×7) exterior light brown, interior gray brown. Ostracon seems to be complete. Writing partially erased. Written lines at 70° to wheel-marks. Published as EN 162 [AL].

This undated chit opens unusually with a substantive relative clause which appears seven more times in all our documents (‫זי היתי‬, “that which . . . brought” [A21.4, 90.4, 103.1, 300.4.2, 300.4.29 [same scribe]), an item measured by quantity and not capacity (see on A1.28). So too, here, the item paid, ‫פחלץ‬, is measured by quantity and appears at the very end of the text. The word ‫ פחלץ‬occurs 48 times among our texts. It is usually measured in small numbers, under five (here only 1); nineteen times it is qualified by chaff (‫)תבן‬ and once by stalks (‫[ עצה‬A10.40]; see on A1.31). Designating a camel-load of straw y. Šebu. III, 34d), ‫פחלץ‬ is variously translated as a “rope-bag” (EN p. 12), a “large wicker basket” (DJPA: 428), or a “bale, made of a net of ropes with wide meshes” (Jastrow 1152 [so m. Kelim 24:9, t. Kelim B. Meṣiʿa. 6:6]; so, too, Naveh 1985: 118 and Lemaire 2000: 132–33; for preliminary discussion, see Porten-Yardeni 2004: 166*–67*). After winnowing, Arab peasants packed the chaff “into sacks for transport to the farms” (Turkowski 1969: 108). See also A1.31 for ‫ מקצר‬and A1.43–44 for ‫משתל‬. ¶ Two of the other ‫ זי היתי‬chits bore a date at the end (A21.4, 103.1; cf. also A4.17), but just over half of the ‫ פחלץ‬chits, including ours and A1.10, were undated. ¶ Sixty-five percent of the total had payees but the two in our dossier did not. Somewhat exceptionally (cf. A6.16, 39.8), our chit had a fully named agent, introduced by ‫עליד‬, “by the hand of.” ¶ Both praenomen and patronym were compounded with the same construct, namely, “servant of”: Abdmilk (“Servant of the King”) and Abdbaali (“Servant of my Master”; alternately, “Servant of Baal” [see A84.2]). Strikingly, on 6 Tishri, year 4 (October 8, 365), Othni paid Baalghayr 3 bales of chaff “by the hand of Abd(e)lbaali” (A7.48). He was most likely identical with our Abdbaali, father of Abdmilk.

12

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 1:  A1.3–4; also A4.6, 120.3

A. Graphic: 1. same style of numeral writing. 2. upright angle of writing. 3. generous spacing between lines and between the letters within each word. 6. same fat, horizontal strokes in certain letters (i.e., bet, heh, qof, taw). 7. wavy lamed; similar form of gimel (‫ ;)ופלג‬bet. B. Contextual: 8. both written on 26 Tammuz. 9. both ‫ לבני‬and ‫ ;מן בני‬both ‫הנעל‬. 11. non-abbreviation of commodities and measures, and complete spelling of numbers. 12. last line somewhat indented.

CONVEX On the 26th of Tammuz, Qosyatha of the sons of Baalrim 1brought in 3 wheat, seahs, sixteen; 4qabs, five and a half.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ לתמוז הנעל‬26 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסיתע לבני בעלרם‬ ‫חנטן סאן עשרה ושתה‬ ‫קבן חמשה ופלג‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.3-ISAP5 [JTS5 159258] 26 Tammuz, between 362 and 358 Payment of 16 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat

Written by Scribe 1, this and the following chit open with the same date (26 Tammuz) and follow up with the verb ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”), found again in this dossier only in A1.32. Scribe 1 shuns abbreviations and spells out in full the commodity, the measure, and the numerals. What would usually be written 16 ‫חס‬ ‫ פ‬5 ‫ ק‬is here written: ‫חנטן סאן עשרה ושתה קבן חמשה ופלג‬ “wheat, sixteeen (ten and six) seahs, five qabs and a half”

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

13

Two more chits in this same style (“verb plus unabbreviated spelling”) were written by this same scribe — one on 4 Iyyar (A4.6) and the other on 26 Tammuz, as here (A120.3 [EN152]). Both here and in the former text, the scribe wrote the numeral for the feminine ‫ סאן‬in the masculine ‫ עשרה ושתה‬and ‫;עשרה ותלתה‬ so, too, in A1.38 [different scribe]). ¶ Occurring some fifteen times in the Egyptian Aramaic documents, the haphel verb ‫( הנעל‬root ‫ )עלל‬regularly records a person or place to whom or where the object is to be “brought in” (Porten-Lund 2002: 259). It regularly occurs in the Parthian wine texts from Nisa at the turn of the millennium alongside ‫( היתי‬Diakonoff-Livshits 1977–2001: 1), which in our texts alternates with ‫הנעל‬ (see above, A1.2). In our corpus, the latter verb occurs some 25 times (e.g., A1.32 below) but only in the case of four uniquely written documents by a single scribe in Sivan and Tammuz, year 18 (June 5 – July 20, 341) is the place indicated as Makkedah (‫[ מסכנה למנקדה‬A11.8, 35.3, 124.2, 205.1]; Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 141). The verb ‫ הנעל‬together with unabbreviated spelling and masculine numerals appears also in the following chit and in A4.6. ¶ Qosyatha is an Aramaic name meaning “Qos delivered,” wherein ‫ יתע‬is equivalent to Hebrew ‫ישע‬, as in the name Isaiah. The bearer of the name here spans two decades, 362–358, 355, and 343 (A1.11, 30 [where he is named “son of Ubaydu”]). ¶ This text is dated on the basis of the following one.

14

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 26th of Tammuz, Q[os]◦q◦ 2from [the sons of Baal]rim 1brought in 2 to Qos◦t: resh, 3kor, one; seahs, five; qabs, 4four and a half. 1

.‫ק‬.]‫ִעל ק[וס‬ ִ ‫לת ִמִו ִז הנ‬ ִ 26 ‫ב‬ ‫ראש‬ ִ ‫בעל]ריִם‬ ִ ‫ת ִמןִ[ בני‬.‫לקִו ִס‬ ִ ‫סאןִ חמשה קבן‬ ִ ‫כר ִח ִד‬ ‫ארבעה ופלג‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.4-ISAP208 [IA11769] 26 Tammuz, between 362 and 358 Payment of 1 kor, 5 seahs, and 4.5 qabs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian period closed vessel, medium-sized (53×81×5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many small white grits, horizontal hand-burnishing on exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Much damaged, the beginning of this chit, also written by Scribe 1, has been restored to read the same as the preceding one, with the verb ‫ הנעל‬and with only two letters of the payer (◦‫ )ק◦◦◦ק‬and all but one letter of the payee (‫)קוס◦ת‬, visible. The name of the commodity is also much effaced, but our best estimate is ‫ראש‬. There are 34/35 chits for ‫ ראש‬that are dated in years 43–46 and year 1 (362–358 [Table 2 in Porten-Yardeni 2009]), and this is the range we apply to this and the preceding chit. Supporting our reading is the presence of a payee, like most of the ‫ ראש‬chits but unlike most of the chits in our dossier. ¶ The hapax legomenon ‫ ראש‬was erroneously thought to have a variant ‫( רוש‬EN 117:2; see p. 11), which in Syriac rendered biblical ‫( הרפות‬1 Sam 17:19), translated “barley groats” (BDB: 937). Although the word in question should be read \ ‫מושך‬, “1 leather skin” (A22.9), out of inertia we continued to translate ‫ ראש‬as “barley groats,” signaling uncertainty by writing it in italic type. But, as noted above (A1.2), “barley groats” in English may apply to ‫דקיר‬, and we should look elsewhere for the meaning of ‫ראש‬. Two chits, written on the same day, record ‫קמח‬ ‫ראש‬, that is, “flour of ‫( ”ראש‬A13.1, 41.1). This is reminiscent of the term ‫“( הקמח הראשן‬the first flour”) in a Hebrew Arad payment order, where it has been explained as “flour from the earliest harvest, of top quality” (Num 15:20–21, 18:12) “or perhaps a thicker flour taken out of the hull first and suitable for baking bread” (Aharoni 1981: no. 1). Written ‫ ריש‬in the Targum, the word renders Hebrew ‫“ ראשית‬firstfruits” (Exod 23:19, 34:26, Lev 23:10, Num 15:20 [cited just above], Deut 18:4, 26:10), but this Hebrew word also has the meaning “choice, choicest,” whether of oils or of offerings (1 Sam 2:29, Ezek 20:40, Amos 6:6). So is ‫ ראש‬the “first” or the “finest”? Is it the flour produced with the first sifting or with the very last? Unable

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

15

to answer this question, we have opted to render its presumed pronunciation in italic type: resh. (We are grateful to Moshe Bar-Asher for discussion of this word). ¶ The amount paid here (more than 35 2/3 seahs) was unusually high. The thirty-some chits for this commodity record only a couple seahs each (see Table 2 in Porten-Yardeni 2009). ¶ As noted above, measures and numerals are unabbreviated.

16

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 2: A1.5, 10.25, 10.26, 12.21, 73.5, 300.5.25 only one Baalrim text, but five other texts by the same scribe

A. Graphic: 1. idiosyncratic handwriting. 2. upright angle of writing. 3. narrow spacing between lines. 4. extremely large letters; narrow and long letters. 7. archaic forms of letters; peculiar forms of alef, samekh, shin; very high serifs; large heads of bet, dalet/resh, kaf, mem; numeric units mostly written as identical, vertical strokes. B. Contextual: 9. all record delivery of oil cm

CONCAVE Payee Product

(line missing?) 1 to Palaqos 2son of Baalrim: 3 oil, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1; q(uarter), 1; e(ighth), 1.

‫ לפלאקוס‬.1 ‫ בר בעלרים‬.2 1‫ ת‬1 ‫ ר‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ משח ס‬.3

A1.5-ISAP930 {GCh130} Undated (Lapidary script?) Payment of 1 seah, 1 3/8 qabs of oil

As a son of Baalrim, Palaqos would be the brother of Ghayraḥ. ¶ Unlike most of the other chits in this chapter and in the corpus as a whole, this one was written not on the convex but on the concave surface. It is one of six undated, fragmentary chits, all for oil and all written by Scribe 2 in a lapidary script. In one, there remain only four signs (1 ‫]מ[שח ס‬, “[o]il, 1 s{eah}” [A300.5.25]). Two have both a payer and the same payee, Saadel (A10.25–26 [both concave]), and so our text may originally have had a payer in a nowmissing line. In one, lacking payee, the payer is Zubaydu (A12.21), the praenomen in A.1–A.2 above. The amount of oil here, measured down to an eighth of a qab (1 seah, 1 3/8 qabs), is just slightly less than that in the other chit for oil in this dossier (A1.6). ¶ The tractable characteristic of name-giving in a polytheistic society is evidenced by a father whose name is compounded with the divine element Baal giving his son a name compounded with Qos. The name ‫ פלאקוס‬occurs only here and has a roughly contemporary biblical parallel in ‫( פלאיה‬Pelaiah [Neh 8:7, 10:11]). A form without the alef occurs at the end of eight texts, only one dated (year 5 [A12.9]). In five of these, it appears in the unusual expression ‫ לפלקוס‬20‫“( ב‬on the 20th {of each month} to / for Palaqos” [A6.18, 7.39, 9.25, 32.7, 206.1]). How the name there may be related to our name is not clear.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

17

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 21st of Adar, R/Awi of the sons of 2Baalrim: o(il), s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ לאדר ִעוי לבני‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִף‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ בעלרים משח ס‬.2

A1.6-ISAP1877 (EN83 [JA11]) (March 12, 356) Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (61×82×8), roughly triangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior reddishyellow (5YR7/6), ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 5˚ to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The amount of oil here (1 seah, 1.5 qabs) is just 1/8 qab more than that in the other chit for oil in this dossier (A1.5). The corpus contains 70 chits for oil, most of which are dated, though many lack a year and most lack a payee. Five chits are dated to the month of Adar, as follows: 21 Adar (our chit); 6 Adar II (A16.10); 20 Adar II (A31.7); 5 Adar, year 2 (A52.2); 25 Adar II, year 2 (A7.25). Prosopographically (payer is Ḥal(a)fat son of Sammuk), we may date this last chit to year 2 of Artaxerxes III—that is, April 14, 356. If our chit also belonged to year 2, its date would be March 12, 356. ¶ The name of the payer in line 1 has two possible readings. If the first letter is more like the dalet/resh of ‫( אדר‬Adar), then we would read ‫רוי‬ (Rawi), a name attested in A3.14 and in Tell Jemmeh (ISAP2017). If, on the other hand, it is more like the ayin in ‫בעלרים‬, we would have ‫( עוי‬Awi), perhaps to be read in A6.12 and 85.5; cf. ISAP1355. This appears to abbreviate the possible occurrence of ‫( ]קו[סעוי‬A11.15).

18

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 3: A1.7–8, 5.8–9, 13.8–9; A1.26 (year 5) A. Graphic: 1. ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬. 4. large letters. 3. medium line spacing. 7. long kaf in ‫שך‬. B. Contextual: 8. year 3. 9. ‫ לבני‬and ‫מן בני‬. cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Sivan, year 3, Saadel of the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 Product b(arley), k(ors), 7; s(eahs), 18; 5q(abs), 2. Date

1

Payee

2

3 ‫ לסיון שנת‬24 ‫ב‬ ‫שעדאל לבני בעלרים‬ ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬ 18 ‫ ס‬7 ‫שכ‬ 2‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A1.7-ISAP903 {GCh103} July 10, 356 Payment of 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs of barley

Over a year later, there appear two dated chits (also A1.8) for Saadel. He delivered, six months apart and not at harvest time, large amounts of barley, specifically designated for “the storehouse of Makkedah.” These are the first of a large group of chits, said to have been found together at the bottom of a well, mostly dated to two months in year 5, which record payments either to “the storehouse” or “the storehouse of Makkedah” (A1.15–26 [excluding A1.24a]). The group begins here on 24 Sivan, year 3 (July 10, 356) with Saadel’s first payment being 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 135–39). Both this and the following chit are elegantly written by Scribe 3 (see also A1.26, 5.8–9, 13.8–9), leaving much blank space at the bottom. This one also has wide margins at the left and the next one has a wide margin at the right. ¶ The name ‫ שעדאל‬is most likely NWS, “El supported” (cf. the alternate spelling with samekh [‫סעדניקוס‬ {A212.1}] and sin [‫{ שעדניקוס‬ISAP528}] of the name “Qos supported me”) though it might also be Arabian, “Luck of El” (cf. Stark 1971: 115). The root produced several hypocoristica (Saadu, Saadi [A56.2, 156.1–2], and Suaydu [A22]).

19

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Kislev, year 3, Saadel from the sons of 3Baalrim 2brought 3 Depository to the storehouse of Makkedah 4 Product b(arley), k(ors), 8. Date

1

Payer

2

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬26 ‫ב‬ ‫היתי שעדאל מן בני‬ ‫בעלרים למסכנת מנקדה‬ 8 ‫שכ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.8-ISAP899 [BA3 {GCh99}] January 6, 355 Payment of 8 kors of barley

The second chit for payment of barley by Saadel was drawn up six months later on 26 Kislev, year 3 (January 6, 355), for 8 kors of barley and included the verb of conveyance ‫היתי‬, “brought,” which occurred some 20 times, mostly in dated texts, and was used a half-dozen times for Ḥal(a)fat (A7.3, 26, 30–32, 35 [Porten-Yardeni 2012: Table 12]); for an additional nine times with ‫( זי‬see A1.2). ¶ Taken together, these two payments amounted to 15 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs—still less by 3 kors, 8 seahs than the three payments of Malku made over a period of a month (A1.34, 36–37).¶ In the previous chit, our scribe wrote ‫לבני‬, “of the sons of”; here he wrote ‫מן בני‬, “from the sons of (Baalrim).” ¶ For payments of barley to the storehouse of Makkedah, see A5.8.

20

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 4: A1.9–10

Graphic: 1. ‫לבני בעלרים‬. 2. mixed angle of writing. 3. uneven line spacing increasing to left. 4. medium size of letters. 6. relatively thick strokes. cm

CONVEX Saadel of the sons of Baalrim: [fl]our, s(eahs), 8.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ שעדאל לבני בעלרים‬.1 8 ‫ ]ק[מח ס‬.2

A1.9-ISAP1742 [IA12415] Undated Payment of 8 seahs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×52×7), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many small white grits, two edges (top and left) intentionally straightened. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Seemingly unrelated to the two previous chits with their massive payments is a two-line text, partially cut off at the right edge and with much blank space at the bottom, for the payment of 8 seahs of flour. This and the following chit appear to have been written by Scribe 4. In Nos. A1.23–24, we twice encounter Saadel as payee for 5 and 6+ seahs of wheat, respectively. He also effects an exchange of a very small amount of wheat for barley.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

21

cm

CONVEX Payers Product

1

2

Qosner of the sons of Baalrim, Zaydu/Ziyadu, Qosyahab: bale(s), 2

3

‫ קוסנר לבני בעלרים‬.1 ‫ זידו קוסיהב‬.2 ]2 {‫פחלצ}ן‬ ִ .3

A1.10-ISAP831 [IA12214] Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (44×71×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR8/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, slightly uneven surface; writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, medium left margin.

Just over half of the 48 chits for bales (pl. ‫)פחלצן‬, including this chit, are undated. The amount is usually small, under a handful(?). Our text seems to call for 2, though the scribe wrote ‫ פחלץ‬in the singular. Both here and in A1.2 the scribe omitted the commodity packed in the bale, usually chaff (‫)תבן‬, rarely stalks (A10.40, 16.14 [‫“{ משתלן‬bundles”]). The piece is unique in that the first person is filiated to Baalrim and he is followed by two additional persons in line 2. Perhaps they all belong to Baalrim. All three names appear some dozen times each, and all are also filiated with clans other than Baalrim: Qosyahab with Gur (ISAP260, 448 [worker’s texts; Porten-Yardeni 2006: Tables 3a:34, 3b:16]), Qosner with Yehokal (A5.8), and Zaydu/Ziyadu with Al(i)baal (A4.5, 21). Furthermore, the three names reflect three different onomastic traditions. Qosner is Idumean (“Qos is a lamp”) and, as a son of Galgul, appears in a list of Hebrew names (ISAP1979 [EN201]). Were it Aramaic, it would have been Qosnur(i) ({‫“[ קוסנור}י‬Qos is a/ my flame”]) (for the 20 or so Aramaic nominal names ending in yod, see Zadok 1977: 96–101). Like Zaydi below (A1.20), Zaydu/Ziyadu here would abbreviate Arabian Zaydil (‫זידאל‬, “Il is prosperity, growth”). Finally, the verbal element in Qosyahab (‫קוסיהב‬, “Qos gave”) is clearly Aramaic.

22

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Depository Product ?

[On the x] of Ab, year 4, Malku 2[ of the sons of ]Baalrim 1 to the hand of 2[Saadel] to the storehouse: 3 [w(heat), s(eahs), x . . .]. 1

‫ מלכו ליד‬4 ‫ב[   ]לאב שנת‬ ִ .1 ‫]בעלריִם למסכנתא‬ ִ ‫ ]שעדאל לבני‬.2 (line missing)

A1.10a-ISAP563 (LWo) August 5–September 2, 355 Payment of [x seahs of wheat ] Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×7.3×7), roughly triangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks.

This piece was acquired after the commentary had already been written and is therefore labeled (A1.10a) so as not to have to renumber the entire list. The month Ab can be restored, but the day is missing, as is the name of the payee in line 2 and the product in line 3. The name of the payee has been restored as Saadel by comparison with A1.23 and A1.24 below, both of which have, as here, the pseudo-preposition ‫ליד‬, “to the hand of,” and both report the product being sent to the storehouse (‫)למסכנתא‬. Moreover, here and in A1.23 the name of the payee intervenes between the name of the payer and his clan, the word order being 1–3– 2–4 (payer–payee–clan–storehouse). In fact, eleven more payers to the storehouse stemmed from Baalrim (A1.15–25), and most of their chits were written by the same scribe in Sivan and Tammuz of year 5—that is, just over a year after our chit, which seems to have been written by the same scribe. The product may confidently be restored as wheat, since this is the one regularly dispatched to the storehouse (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 128–38 as modified by Porten-Yardeni 2009: 144*–  45*). ¶ As Qosyatha spanned two decades (see A1.3), so does Malku (of Baalrim/Baalrum), who appears later in years 338–336 (A1.32, 34, 36–37). A certain Malku, unaffiliated by clan, drew up a chit for a joist on 15 Sivan, year 4 (June 21, 355 [A23.2]), just two month before ours, while a Malku drew up one for semolina + flour on 2 Kislev, year 3 (December 13, 356 [A23.1]), eight months earlier. In all but one of his chits, the scribe wrote ‫“( מן בני‬from the sons of”) and not ‫“( לבני‬of the sons of”), and so we should probably restore accordingly here.

23

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 5 — A1.11–12 A. Graphic: 3. narrow line spacing. 4. small script. B. Contextual: 8. both writen in Ab. 9. both ‫ ;לבני בערים‬both wood products. 12. uneven lines cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qosyatha of the sons of 2Baarim: 3 one 2joist. 3 On the 14th of Ab, 4year 4. 1

‫קוסיתע לבני‬ ‫ִש‬ ִ ‫בע{ל}רים ִמִרי‬ ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 14 ‫ִח ִד ִב‬ 4 ‫שנת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.11-ISAP2499 [JA216] August 18, 355 Payment of one joist Rim of Persian period bowl, medium-sized (43×52×11–19), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Text written upside-down, ending at the rim. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

Since the lamed here assimilated to the resh, the clan head’s name is written Baarim (‫ )בערים‬rather than Baalrim (‫)בעלרים‬, as above. The word “joist” (‫ )מריש‬is regularly quantified by the vocable “one” (‫)חד‬, rather than the customary numeral “1”; see on A2.5, 4.35, 6.23. ¶ Four texts for joists were dated at the bottom in three successive months in year 4 (15 Sivan [A23.2, 60.1]), (2 Tammuz [A2.5]), and 14 Ab [here]; see also A186.1). In similar style (with date at the bottom and the lamed omitted in the name of Baalrim), our scribe (A1.12) wrote a chit for one beam, spelling the numeral out (‫)שרי חדה‬, on 28 Ab, probably in year 4, only 14 days later (September 1, 355). ¶ Qosyatha appeared first in A1.3 and 12 years later as son of Ubaydu (A1.30 below).

24

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Zubayd/Zebid of the sons of Baarim: one beam. 3 On the 28th of Ab.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ זביד לבני בערים‬.1 ‫ שרי חדה‬.2 ‫ לאב‬28 ‫ ב‬.3

A1.12-ISAP1880 (EN86 [BLMJ688]) (September 1, 355) Payment of one beam Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, roughly triangular, small (49×52×7), exterior pink (5YR7/4). Writing on smooth, slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks.

“This is the earliest occurrence” of ‫שרי‬, “beam” (Sokoloff 1997: 286), appearing in our texts about ten times, only three of which are dated, and none by year (also A2.19, 25). Written on 28 Ab for the payment of a beam by the same Scribe 5 who wrote a chit on 14 Ab, year 4 for the payment of a joist (A1.11), it, too, was probably written in year 4—that is, on September 1, 355 (corresponding with the Parker-Dubberstein tables [p. 35] which have 29 days for Ab, with Tishri beginning on September 3). The word ‫ שרי‬is tagged by the feminine numeral ‫ חדה‬only here; elsewhere by the numeral 1. ¶ The payer’s name may be understood either as NWS Zebid, hypocoristicon of Zebidel (‫זבידאל‬, “Given by El”) or Arabian Zubayd; for other -‫זבד‬ names here, see A1.1–2, 43, 51–52. We wonder if there is any link between clan, scribe, and near identity of product.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

25

Scribe 6 — A1.13–14 A. Graphic: 1. similar form of number 4; similiar form of ‫ חביה‬with long roof of final heh. 3. generous line spacing. 4. large letters. 6. fat strokes. B. Contextual: 9. both have ‫מן בני‬. cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ab◦◦m from the sons of 2Baalrim: jars, 34. 1

‫ם מן בני‬.. ִ ‫ ִא ִב‬.1 ‫ בעלרים חביה‬.2 4 .3

A1.13-ISAP67 [JA428] Undated (362–353) Payment of 4 jars Body sherd and shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (104×87×6–9), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), interior reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. One fresh break, traces of black ash on ca. 70% of exterior and interior and on 4 old breaks. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface; written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks.

This and the following chit, both for ‫“( חביה‬jars”), were written by Scribe 6. Over twenty such chits, half of which are dated between years 3 and 6, record the payment of jars. Two of these payments, one in year 4 and the other in year 6 (A7.10, 47), were made to Baalghayr, known to be active in years 362–353 (Table 12.1–12 in Porten-Yardeni 2012), and so we may surmise that the other dated ones belong to this same period. Associating our two undated chits with the dated ones, we place them following the beam and joist chits, the later of which is dated to 355. The amount delivered in the 20-some chits varied between 1 and 20. Like ‫ שרי‬in the previous text, a single jar (‫ )הבי‬is tagged by the feminine word ‫( חדה‬A43.6) rather than the numeral 1, whereas all other numbers are mostly recorded as ciphers, as here. Both our text and the following one record four jars, written “4 ‫חביה‬.” The payer in this chit is not fully legible and, as in most of the other “jar” chits, a payee is not recorded.

26

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Baalmalak from the sons of 2[Baa]lrim: jars, 4. 1

‫ בעלמלך מן בני‬.1 4 ‫ ]בע[לרים חביה‬.2

A1.14-ISAP1420 (AL189 [M128]) Undated (362–353) Payment of 4 jars Body sherd of jar (70×52×7–8), exterior light brown/gray, interior pinkish-orange gray. Ostracon incomplete, at least right part missing. Written lines at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

Like the previous chit for four jars, so this one for a similar amount was undated. The payer here is ‫בעלמלך‬, which may be either Baalmilk (“Baal is king”) or, more likely, Baalmalak (“Baal ruled”), parallel to Qosmalak (see A1.38 below and A4.11) The first two letters of Baalrim at the beginning of line 2 are missing (‫)]בע[לרים‬. In this chit, the scribe managed to squeeze in the numeral “4” at the end of line 2. In the previous chit, the scribe had left an exceptionally wide right margin and had to resort to a third line for the numeral.

27

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 7 — A1.10a, 15–25 [excluding A1.24a], 2.7–8, 10.7

A. Graphic: 1. similar form of ‫למסכנתא‬, ‫מן בני‬, ‫בעלרים‬, and ‫ שנת‬appearing in all these texts; similar shape of numbers. 3. height of line-spacing is comparable to the average height of lines. 6. thick strokes; dark impression of the writing. 7. at least two types of samekh within the same text; narrow kaf curving at the bottom to the left; the roof of qof usually slanting down to the right. B. Contextual: 8. one is year 4 (A1.10a) and the rest are year 5. 9. ‫( מן בני‬except A1.24, 2.8), ‫למסכנתא‬. 12. in three texts (A1.16, 18, 25) the last line, with the qab measure, is indented so as to appear at the end of the line beneath the seah measure; two ostraca, taken from the same vessel, as indicated by the wheel-marks (A1.23–24; also 1.24a), were written on the concave. cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Sivan, year 5, Adarbaal/Idribaal and Zabdiel from 3the sons of Baalrim Depository to the storehouse: 4 Product w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). Date

1

Payers

2

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬29 ‫ב‬ ‫עדרבעל וזבדאל מן‬ ‫בני בעלרים למסכנתא‬ ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.15-ISAP908 [JA474] June 24, 354 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73×83×10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior strong brown (7.5YR5/6), ware reddish-brown (5YR5/3), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

This is the first of a series of 11 chits written by Scribe 7 (A1.15–25 [excluding A1.24a]) for payments of wheat made to the storehouse (‫)מסכנתא‬, dated over a period of three weeks between 29 Sivan and 19 Tammuz, year 5 (June 24 to July 14, 354). They are part of a larger group of 17 chits, written during the month between 26 Sivan and 27 Tammuz, year 5 (June 21 to July 22, 354) for individuals (Qosḥair to

28

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

Saadel [A10.7] and Zubaydu [A12.9]) and members of two other clans (Alibaal [A4.23] and Gur [A2.7–8]), all making payments of wheat to the storehouse (Table 1, nos. 3–19). Ten chits were by a person “from the sons of Baalrim,” and only Dikru was marked “of the sons of Baalrim” (A1.24). The first chit in this series is the only one citing two payers (Adarbaal [“Baal helped”] or Idribaal [“Baal is a help”] and Zabdiel [“The grant of El”]), whose total payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs (= 33+ seahs) is equivalent to the individual payments in four other chits (A1.17–20). For a detailed discussion of the storehouse documents, see Porten-Yardeni 2007a. Documents dated there to the reign of Philip III should be dated, and have been dated here, to the reign of Artaxerxes III (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 144*–45*). ¶ The root ‫עדר‬, “help”(both as noun and verb), was one of the most productive in the Idumean onomastica, occurring in five or six different theophorous names — ‫( עדראל‬A2.11 [son of Ḥazira]; 114.2–3), ‫( עדרבעל‬here), ‫( עדרמראן‬ISAP2455 [E3.18]), ‫( עדרקוס‬A31.7), ‫( בעלעדר‬A9.20), and most frequently ‫( קוסעדר‬A17) — and various hypocoristica, such ‫( עדרי‬A14.2–4) and ‫( עדרן‬A16.15). In Hebrew names, the root is bivalent, both as noun (Azriel [Jer 36:26] and Azriqam [Neh 11:15, etc.], with hypocoristic Ezer [Neh 3:19, etc.] and Ezri [1 Chr 27:26]), and verb (Azarel [Ezra 10:41, etc.], Azariah [2 Kgs 14:21, etc.], with hypocoristic Ezra [cf. Ezra 7:1]). ¶ Zabdiel (“Grant of El”) appears also in Hebrew (Neh 11:14; 1 Chr 27:2).

29

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX (Palimpsest)

On the 29th of Sivan, year 5, Qosyinqom from the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 8, 4q(abs), 4. (Erased upside down:) 1. [. . .] . . . b(arley), q(abs), 5 2. [. . .] . . . b(arley), q(ab) . . . ; 3. [. . .] 1 [. . .] (Perhaps more lines) Date

1

Payer

2

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬29 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסינקם מן בני בעלרים‬ 8 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ 4‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

5 ‫ ִשק‬..[ .1 .. ‫ ִש ִק‬.. … ..[ .2 .[ ] [ .3

A1.16-ISAP893 [Funahashi13] {GCh93} June 24, 354 Payment of 8 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat

The second chit in this series is drawn up on the same day as the first, 29 Sivan, for Qosyinqom (‫קוסינקם‬ [“May Qos vindicate”] cf. Hebrew ‫[ נקמיה‬A207.1], though without Biblical parallel) for only 8 seahs, 4 qabs. It is the first of six chits for Qosyinqom. His second payment is two days later on 1 Tammuz; three further payments fall on 19 Tammuz (bis) and 26 Tebeth (no year date); with a sixth, undated payment of a bunch of stalks (A1.17, 25–27, 31). His first three payments total 1 kor, 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs (A1.16–17, 25); his fourth (without clan filiation) will be for barley “to the storehouse of Makkedah” (A1.26); and the fifth, for wheat “to Makkedah,” a whopping 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs (A1.27). While this is several times larger than any of the other eleven payments in this series, it is less than half of each of the payments made by Saadel (see A1.7–8). ¶ Both this chit and A1.18 have identical format: line 1. date; line 2. payer and clan; line 3. to the storehouse, wheat, seahs, amount; line 4. qabs and amount, written not at the beginning of the line but toward the end, so as to fall beneath the amount of seahs (see further A1.25) ¶ This ostracon appears to be a palimpsest, with not wholly legible writing on the concave.

30

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONCAVE On the 26th of [. . .], [. . .]. . . . . .[. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

[

[ ]‫ ל‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ] ‫רי‬/‫וד‬. ‫רן‬/‫ ] [שד‬.2

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

31

cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Tammuz, year 5, Qosyinqom 2from the sons of Baalrim Depository to the storehouse: 3 Product w(heat), s(eahs), 17; q(ab), 1. Date

1

Payer

‫ קוסינקם‬5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ מן בני בעלרים למסכנתא‬.2 1 ‫ ק‬17 ‫ חס‬.3

A1.17-ISAP924 [JA488] June 26, 354 Payment of 17 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×56×7–9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widening downward, right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Like the above ostracon, this is also for Qosyinqom, and together with the next three texts, the amount paid hovers between 17 seahs, 1 qab and 18 seahs, 1⁄2 qab (A1.17–20). All four are about the same small size, with barely any right or left edge margins.

32

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Tammuz, year 5, Ammiqos from the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 17, 4q(abs), 4. Date

1

Payer

2

5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬1 ‫ב‬ ‫עמקוס מן בני בעלרים‬ 17 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ 4‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.18-ISAP889 [Funahashi7] {GCh89} June 26, 354 Payment of 17 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat

Drawn up on 1 Tammuz, the same day as the preceding piece, this one has Ammiqos paying 3 more qabs than Qosyinqom—that is 17 seahs, 4 qabs. The kinship epithet ‫עם‬, “paternal uncle,” popular in Israelite names only in the early period (Noth 1928: 76–82), was quite current in Ammonite, Moabite, and Idumean names (Porten 2005: 123*–127*). The two occurrences in our series here appear as predicate in nominal sentence names with the deities Qos (‫ )עמקוס‬and El (‫[ עמאל‬A1.21]) — “Qos is my paternal uncle” and “El is my paternal uncle” — and as subject in the names ‫עמבעלי‬, “Paternal uncle is my master” (ISAP1371:1) and ‫עמיתי‬, “Paternal uncle saved” (ISAP2466:1 [C9.7]). For names here with the kinship epithets ‫אח‬, “brother” and ‫אב‬, “father,” see A1.22, 28.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

33

cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tammuz, year 4[+1] (= 5), Ani from the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 18 (and) half a qab. Date

1

Payer

2

[1+[4 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עני מן בני בעלרים‬.2 ‫פלג ִק ִב‬18 ‫ִת ִא חס‬ ִ ‫למס ִכנ‬ ִ .3

A1.19-ISAP928 {GCh128} June 30, 354 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat

This and the following chit were drawn up four days later, on 5 Tammuz for persons with hypocoristic names (Ani and Zaydi), for the exact amount, 18 seahs 1⁄2 qab. In both, the measure ‫פלג קב‬, “half a qab,” was squeezed in supralinearly at the end of the line. The Aramaic Ani (‫ )עני‬may very well be a hypocoristicon of the popular ‫ קוסעני‬Qosani (“Qos answered” [A30]).

34

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tammu[z], year 5, Payer Zaydi from [the sons of Baalrim] Depository 3to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 18 (and) half a qab. Date

1 2

5 ‫ לתמו[ז] שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 [‫ זידי מן[ בני בעלרים‬.2 ‫ ִפ ִל ִג ִק ִב‬18 ‫למסכנתא ִח ִס‬ ִ .3

A1.20-ISAP932 [JA493] June 30, 354 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×73×6–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), well-levigated, almost no visible grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widening downward, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

The second half of line 2 is completely effaced, but we assume that it contained the words ‫בני בעלרים‬, “sons of Baalrim,” following, as it does, upon the preposition ‫מן‬, “from.” The name ‫( זידי‬Zaydi), like ‫( זידו‬Zaydu/Ziyadu) above (A1.10), is most likely an abbreviation of a theophorous name such as ‫זידאל‬ (Zaydil); together, they are a pair of the few Arabian names in this collection (see also A1.23, 40, 55, 5.12).

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

35

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz, year 5, Ammiel from the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 4. Date

1

Payer

2

5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עמאל מן בני בעלרים‬.2 4 ‫ למסכנתא חס‬.3

A1.21-ISAP927 {GCh127} July 1, 354 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat

Drawn up a day after the two previous chits, this one records the smallest delivery of wheat of the whole series, only 4 seahs. For the name Ammiel, see on A1.18. To sum up: four days in one week (29 Sivan, 1, 5, 6 Tammuz), seven chits, seven persons, together yielding 3 kors, 27 seahs, 2.5 qabs. This amount is much smaller than the 7–8 kors of Saadel or the 14–17 kors of Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu and Malku (A1.33–34), amounts paid in a single day each.

36

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Tammuz, year 1[+2+]2 (= 5), Aḥiqam/yaqim from the sons of Baalrim . . . Depository 3to the storehouse: Product . . . Date

1

Payer

2

2[+2+]1 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 … ‫ִק ִם ִמןִ ִב ִנִי בעלרים‬ ִ ‫ אחי‬.2 ………… ‫ למסכנתא ק‬.3

A1.22-ISAP1766 [JA524a] July 9, 354 Payment unknown Body sherd near the rounded base of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, large (48×156×5–10), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white, brown, and black grits, sparse wheel-burnishing on exterior. Composed of 3 fragments ( joined with JA524c and JA524b), patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

The strokes for the year date at the end of line 1 are partially blurred and we vacillated between reading year 4 and year 5. If year 4, it would stand alone. If year 5, its month date of 14 Tammuz would slip in naturally between the chits for 6 and 18 Tammuz. Line 3 is much damaged, and we refrained from any restoration of the transaction. ¶ The function of the yod in the PN ‫ אחיקם‬is unclear. Is it the connective (ḥiriq compaginis) so frequent in the biblical names compounded with ‫( אח‬cf. late ‫[ אחיקם‬Aḥiqam] in Jer 26:24, 39:14, etc.) or is it the third-person imperfect verbal prefix yielding Aḥyaqim (“May brother raise up” [cf. epigraphic ‫ ;אליקם‬WSS: 482])?

37

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONCAVE On the 18th of Tammuz, year 4[+1] (= 5), Qosghayr 3from the sons of Baalrim 2 Payee to the hand of Saadel Depository 3to the storehouse: 4 Product w(heat), s(eahs), 5. Date

1

Payer

2

[1+]4 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬18 ‫ב‬ ‫ר ליד שעדאל‬/‫קוסעיד‬ ‫מן בני בעלרים למסכנתא‬ 5 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.23-ISAP904 [Funahashi8] {GCh104} July 13, 354 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat

This and the following chit, both written on the concave on 18 Tammuz, according to the striations apparently on sherds from the same vessel, are unique in that they record the payee (“to the hand of Saadel”). He was omitted at first in the following chit and was added supralinearly. Here it intervenes between the name of the payer and of his clan, but it is clear from the word order of the following chit that the clan defines the payer and not the payee. The year date at the end of line 1 shows only four strokes, but the tilt of the fourth one suggests that a fifth stroke was cut off at the edge. Moreover, the contents otherwise conform to the other texts in this series, all of year 5. Saadel, who a year earlier had paid huge amounts into the storehouse of Makkedah, here receives small amounts paid “to the storehouse,” 5 seahs here and 6 seahs, 1 qab in the next chit. The name Qosghayr (‫“[ קוסעיר‬Qos is Jealous”]; cf. Κο[σ]γήρου [Lidzbarski II: 340–41]) illustrates the penetration of Arabian elements (in this case ‫עיר‬, ghayr) into Edomite names; cf. too Ghayraḥ (‫[ עיראח‬A1.1–2]) and Baalghayr (A7).

38

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONCAVE On the 18th of Tammuz, (year 5), Dikru of the sons of Baalrim Depository 3to the storehouse, Date

1

Payer

2

Payee

to the hand of Saadel:

Product

w(heat), s(eahs), 6; q(ab), 1; 4 entry: w(heat), s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf) 5 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3.

Exchange

‫ לתמוז‬18 ‫ב‬ ‫דכרו לבני בעלרים‬ 1 ‫ ק‬6 ‫למסכנתאליד שעדאל חס‬ ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ִבב חס‬ 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫בשס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A1.24-ISAP914 [JA479] July 13, 354 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; Exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (74×65×6), roughly rectangular, exterior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), interior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface; written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Having already dated a chit to 18 Tammuz, year 5, the scribe apparently felt it superfluous to add the year date in this one of the same day. Though he had at first omitted the name of the recipient, he felt that this could not be omitted and went back and added it between the lines (‫)ליד שעדאל‬. There are two variations from the other chits in this series: (1) the use of the prefix preposition lamed instead of the independent preposition ‫מן‬: “Dikru of (‫ )ל‬the sons of Baalrim to the hand of Saadel” points to the correct interpretation of the formula in the previous chit: “Qosghayr from (‫ )מן‬the sons of Baalrim to the hand of Saadel”; (2) and the addition of an exchange. ¶ According to scribal practice, a second related item was often introduced by the word ‫בב‬, “entry,” occurring some dozen times in our corpus and attested in papyrus accounts from thirdcentury Egypt (TAD C3.28:4, 8, 12). It occurs once in our texts in an account in an expanded form ‫בב אחרן‬, “another entry” (ISAP1625:4 [C2.4]). Later Aramaic texts used simply ‫אחרן‬, “another” (Yardeni 1990: Nos. 1:3, 5, 7, 11, 4:12; pp. 133–34). In our case, 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat were exchanged for 2 seahs, 3 qabs

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

39

of barley at the standard 1:2 rate (see m. Peʾah 8:5; m. Ketub. 5:8; Porten-Yardeni 2007a:134) . The term for “exchange” was the simple preposition bet, and the whole transaction was expressed in absolutely abbreviated terminology (/// ‫ ק‬// ‫ פ בשס‬/ ‫ ק‬/ ‫)חס‬. These wheat-for-barley exchange transactions were found in several other storehouse chits (A2.7 and 4.23 [both introduced by ‫]בב‬, A2.8, etc.), as were barley-for-wheat transactions (A8.40, 13.11, etc.). Only here and in A2.7 and 4.23 do we have both a deposit of wheat and an exchange of wheat-for-barley. ¶ With the Arabian-style ending waw, Dikru (‫ )דכרו‬was hypocoristicon of a name such as Aramaic Qosdakar (‫“[ קוסדכר‬Qos remembered”{A54}]). The name occurs again in the next chit without clan filiation (A1.24a), but see also A1.53 where Dikru is patronym.

cm

CONCAVE Payer Payee

Dikru to Saadel ◦[. . .] (Traces of more lines?)

]. ‫ דכרו לשעדאל‬.1

1

A1.24a-ISAP879 [JA465] Undated Payment unknown (Inner side of jar, opposite the handle) Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 62×77×6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior very pale brown (10YR8/3), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, *wide bottom margin, *wide left margin.

Only two words are legible in this fragmentary piece. The handwriting differs from the previous piece, but even though the gentilic Baalrim is absent, we include the piece here because, like the previous one, it lists Saadel as payee.

40

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 19th of Tammuz, 2year 5, Payer Qosyinqom 3from the sons of Baalrim Depository 4to the storehouse: Product w(heat), s(eahs), 13, 5q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). Date

1

‫ לתמוז‬19 ‫ב‬ ‫ קוסינקם‬5 ‫שנת‬ ‫מן בני בעלרים‬ 13 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ ‫ף‬4‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A1.25-ISAP543 {FCO6} July 14, 354 Payment of 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat

This and the following piece were written together for Qosyinqom on 19 Tammuz, year 5, the day following the two chits above (A1.23–24). While Scribe 7 recorded his clan filiation, the scribe of A1.26 did not. Three weeks earlier, on 29 Sivan, Qosyinqom had paid 8 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (A1.16). Here he paid 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs. As in A1.16 and A1.18 the qab notation, ‫ פ‬4 ‫ק‬, “4 q(abs and a) h(alf)” was not written at the beginning of the last line (line 5) but indented at the end, so that it fell just under the beginning of that notation 13 ‫חס‬, “w(heat), s(eahs), 13,” at the end of line 4.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

41

cm

CONVEX On the 19th of Tammuz, year 5, Qosyinqom (from the sons of Baalrim) Depository to the storehouse of Makkedah: 3 Product b(arley), s(eahs), 5; q(uarters of a qab), 3. Date

1

Payer

2

5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬19 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסינקם ⟨מן בני בעלרים⟩ למסכנת מנקדה‬.2 3 ‫ ר‬5 ‫ שס‬.3

A1.26-ISAP917 {GCh117} July 14, 354 Payment of 5 seahs, 0.75 qabs of barley

Unlike all the other ostraca in the series that deliver wheat to the “storehouse,” this one delivers barley to the “storehouse of Makkedah.” Though written on the same day as the previous chit (19 Tammuz), it was not penned by Scribe 7. The amount delivered is “5 s(eahs) and 3 q(uarters).” The letter resh, the abbreviation for ‫רבע‬, “quarter” invariably follows qab (e.g., A1.5, 13.8, 64.3, 96.2), so when it appears alone, as here, it must mean “a quarter of a qab” (cf. A61.4:2, [“7 s(eahs), 3 q(uarters”)]). Standing by itself in Talmudic texts, ‫ רבע‬refers to “one-fourth of a Kab” (Jastrow: 1445). ¶ Because the two grains went to distinct places, a single chit listing both grains would not have sufficed. This accords with a pattern found in six chits written by Scribe 3 in the week between 16 and 24 Sivan and 26 Kislev, year 3 (July 2–10, 356 and January 6, 355). They record payment of barley to the “storehouse of Makkedah” (see A1.7–8, 5.8–9, 13.8–9 and Table 2 nos. 34–38, 40). At least for these two scribes, wheat was deposited in the storehouse and barley in the storehouse of Makkedah.

42

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Tebeth Qosyinqom, of the sons of Baalrim Depository to Makkedah: 3 Product wheat, kors, 3; s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf). 4 Signatory Elmalak . . . Date

1

Payer

2

‫ לטבת קוסינקם‬26 ‫ב‬ ‫לבני בעלרים למנקדה‬ ‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ ס‬3 ‫חנטן כרן‬ …… ‫ִא ִל ִמ ִל ִך‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.27-ISAP1645 {OG?11} 26 Tebeth Payment of 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat

Drawn up in the winter (26 Tebeth) of an unknown year, this is the fifth of six chits for Qosyinqom. As intimated in A1.16, the amount of wheat paid here (3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs) is more than twice as much as that in his first three chits put together (A1.16–17, 25). Here alone do we have the designation “to Makkedah” (cf. A1.33), different from his earlier(?) delivery of a modest amount of barley “to the storehouse of Makkedah” (A1.26). And here alone do we find the otherwise unknown signatory(?) ‫אלמלך‬. The name appears in Biblical Hebrew (Ruth1:2–3; 2:1, 3; 4:3, 9) as a nominal sentence-name Elimelech (“El is king” [Ruth1:2–3; 2:1, 3; 4:3, 9]), but in first-century b.c.e. Egypt, the name appeared in Greek as a verbal sentence-name, “El ruled” (Ἐλμα[λὰ]χ[ου]: Lidzbarski II 1907: 340; for date, see Fraser 1972 II: 438 n. 751). ¶ The spelling, too, is somewhat irregular, partially plena (‫חנטן כרן‬, “wheat, kors”), but mostly defectiva (samekh, qof, and pe for seahs, qabs, and half), unlike the fully plena spelling of A1.3–4, 33–37; cf., however, A1.38.

43

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products

On the 8th of Nisan, 2year 7, 3 Abenašu of the sons of 4Baalr(i)m: grgrn, 10; . . . 5 ◦◦ 13 [?] 1

ִ‫ִסן‬ ִ ‫ ל ִני‬8 ‫ב‬ 7 ‫שנת‬ ‫נשו לבני‬ ִ ‫אבא‬ ִ 10 ‫גרן‬ ִ ‫גר‬ ִ ‫בעלרם‬ [?]13 .. ...

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A1.28-ISAP809 [IA12192] April 13, 352 Payment of 10 grgrn and 13 x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×65×5), irregularly shaped, exterior gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed ), wide right margin, no bottom margin, *no left margin.

After eleven texts from year 5, we have one from year 7, the first one where the clan name is written defectiva, ‫בעלרם‬, Baalr(i)m. This is the first of three chits in this dossier which deliver ‫( גרגרן‬see A1.45–46). There are more than 25 in the whole corpus, measured not by capacity but by quantity, in numbers from 2 (A116.2) to 60 (A15.13). The great majority, including the other two here, are undated. The word itself is of uncertain meaning. Ephʿal-Naveh left it untranslated; Lemaire found it in Isa 17:6 and translated it “ripe olives” (apud L56); M. Sokoloff thought it a loanword from Akkadian girgirû (see egingīru in CAD E [1958], 43), passing into Mishnaic ‫ גרגיר‬and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic ‫גרגירא‬, “garden-rocket” (Eruca sativa) (Sokoloff 1997: 284; see Löw 1928: 491–93). It is hard to imagine dispatching individual olives. It was tempting to relate the word to Mishnaic ‫( גרגרות‬m. Naz. 2:1) and epigraphic ‫( גרגר‬found on jar fragments at Masada [Yadin-Naveh 1989: 47, pl. 42]), both of which are parallel to ‫דבלה‬, and translate it dried figs. But these were regularly measured not by count but by capacity (e.g., a qab for a wife or a poor man [m. Peʾah 8:5; m. Ketub. 5:8]) and were stored in jars (m. Maʿaś. 1:8) or in any one of some seven other vessels (Feliks 1968: 37–38). To be sure, a lone text suggests that it was possible to offer terumah of dried figs by number (t. Ter. 4:3–4; Lieberman 1955: 338 [Shlomo Naeh, orally]), and a first-century ostracon from Judea records the delivery on each of four days, two of which were Sabbaths, of a single fig-cake (‫( )דבלה‬Yardeni 1990: 130–35). Supporting this explanation is a Hebrew ostracon from the end of the seventh or early sixth century b.c.e., believed to stem from the same reputed site as our ostraca, namely, elKom. It appears to be a tally of quantified foods, namely, bread (‫)לחם‬: 50; cakes (‫)חלת‬: 15; and vegetables

44

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

(‫)ירק‬: 12; with ‫ גרגרם‬as the second item, quantified as 11. But arguing against this explanation are three Idumean ostraca, one dispatching a beam (‫ )שרי‬along with the ‫( גרגרן‬A2.26), one combining them with joists (‫[ מרישן‬A3.33]), and the third dispatching the ‫ גרגרן‬in a load (‫[ מובל‬A2.42]), a term regularly used to transport wood (e.g., A14.21, 18.13, 134.1, 139.2, et al.). A one-time-occurring word in Ugaritic points us in an appropriate direction — grgr (II), with the likely meaning of “javelin” (DULAT 2003: 308; we are grateful to Shalom Paul for calling this passage to our attention). As a wooden object, we may think of the word pole to translate our ‫גרגר‬. ¶ For the name Abenašu, see A1.32. ¶ The beginning of line 5 is illegible; the item measured by 13 is unclear. cm

CONVEX On the 21st of Elul, year 13[+?], Ḥal(l)uf of the sons of Baalr(i)m: crushed/sifted grain, 3s(eahs), 16; q(abs), 5. [?]Pami [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

.[?] 13 ‫ לאלול שנת‬21 ‫ב‬ ‫רקיד‬/‫בע ִלִר ִם דקיר‬ ִ ‫חלו ִף לבני‬ ִ 5 ‫ ק‬16 ‫ִס‬ [?]‫[פ ִמי‬ ִ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.29-ISAP1412 (AL80 [M119]) September 14, 346(+?) Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar, thick-walled (81×60×12), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon probably complete (with possible exception of a small part of the upper left corner). Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Three of the following four texts (A1.29–30, 32) were dated to the later years of Artaxerxes III. In all four, the name Baalrim is written without the medial yod (‫)בעלרם‬, and each lacks a payee, though the fourth one appears to have three agents (A1.32). Unfortunately, the end of the first line in our text is cracked and it is not evident if any numeral strokes have disappeared. The amount of ‫רקיד‬/‫( דקיר‬see A1.1 for meaning) is four times larger than in the first chit and is the largest amount among all the 28 chits in the ‫רקיד‬/‫דקיר‬ group. Like the first chit (with Zabdiel as signatory), this, too, may bear a signatory, Pami (but there are letters missing before and after the name, rendering its reading uncertain).¶ The name ‫ חלוף‬may either be passive participle Ḥalūf (see Zadok 1988: ¶211233) or hypocoristic Ḥallūf (Zadok 1988: ¶2123), abbreviating something like ‫“( חלפאלהי‬His god exchanged/Exchange by his god”), a name attested in a Nabatean document drawn up in Moab (P. Yadin 1:2, 14–15, «58»).

45

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 8 — A1.30–31 A. Graphic: 1. similar form of ‫לבני‬. 3. generous line spacing. 4. very small script. B. Contextual: 10. defective spelling of ‫בעלרם‬. cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 3rd of Tishri, year 16, 2 Qosyatha son of Ubaydu 3of the sons of Baalr(i)m: w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). 1

16 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬3 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסיתע בר עבידו‬.2 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ לבני בעלרם חס‬.3

A1.30-ISAP62 [JA423] September 23, 343 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×56×7–9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (including supralinear numerals), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This and the following chit were written by Scribe 8. The six strokes of “16” were written supralinearly at the end of line 1. Like chits A1.1 and A1.2, this is the only other chit where the payer bears a patronym. Assuming that this Qosyatha son of Ubaydu is identical with the other two named Qosyatha but lacking patyronym (A1.3, 11), we have a span of two decades for him (362/358–343), while Ubaydu would appear in the third generation, alongside Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ son of Baalrim (A1.1–2). The wheat Qosyatha delivered with his first appearance (see on A1.3) was eight times greater than the 2+ seahs paid here on September 23, 343. Five years later (August 4, 338), Malku will pay 10 seahs of wheat (A1.32).

46

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Qosyinqom of the sons of Baalr(i)m: stalks, bunch, 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ קוסינקם לבני בעלרם‬.1 1 ‫ עצה מקצר‬.2

A1.31-ISAP44 {GB?} Undated Payment of 1 bunch of stalks

The sixth and final chit for Qosyinqom (see A1.16–17, 25–27), this introduces two infrequently encountered words. The word ‫“ עצה‬legume-stalks” (“pea-stalks” according to Jastrow: 1101; Danby 1933 on m. Šabb. 7:4; see b. Šabb. 76a ‫תבן של מיני קטניות‬, “chaff from various legumes”) occurs only four times in the whole corpus, two of which are here (also A1.43, 10.40, 16.14). As in the above Mishnah passage, so in our corpus (A10.40), these stalks were food for a camel (cf. m. ʾOhol. 18:2). As chaff served a cow’s “mouthful,” so stalks served a camel’s ”mouthful” (m. Šabb. 7:4). A Nabatean contract from Naḥal Ḥever from the end of the first century (P. Yadin 2:6, 26, 3:6–7, 29) includes in the sale of a ‫“ גנתא‬date palms and sycamores and all kinds of trees and wet and dry stalks (‫)עצה רטיבה ויבישה‬,” the wet rotting and serving as fertilizer and the dry as food for the camel (Zev Safrai, orally). The term ‫ מקצר‬occurs only here in our corpus and once in a Beersheba ostracon (ISAP2213 [Naveh: 1973: No. 13 {where read / ‫חלפן מקצר‬, “Ḥal(a)fan: 1 mqṣr}]); it goes along with ‫פחלץ‬, “bale” (see A1.2) and ‫משתל‬, “bundle” (see on A1.43–44) and is conjecturally rendered bunch. ¶ Baalr(i)m is spelled defectiva (‫)בעלרם‬.

47

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 8th of Ab, year 21, Malku of the sons of Baalr(i)m brought in 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 10 by the hand of Abenaši, 4Widdu, Udaydu/ru.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

21 ‫ לאב שנת‬8 ‫ב‬ ‫הנעל מלכו לבני בעלרם‬ ‫ עליד אבאנשי‬10 ‫חס‬ ‫עדידו‬/‫רו עדירו‬/‫וד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.32-ISAP71 [JA430] August 4, 338 Payment of 10 seahs of wheat Body sherd Persian-period jar, medium-sized (90×87×6), irregularly shaped, exterior brown (7.5YR5/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware red (2.5YR5/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat rough surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef  ), narrow left margin.

The latest cuneiform tablet for Artarxerxes III is 15 Tammuz, year 21 (July 12, 338 [TCL 6 56]). Our text is dated more than three weeks later, to 8 Ab, year 21 (August 4, 338), a month before the death of the monarch in Elul (Boiy 2006: 65). Here Malku pays wheat; two years later, when the scribe will write his filiation ‫( בעלרום‬Baalrum), he will make three deliveries of barley (A1.34, 36–37). ¶ Agents rarely appear in this Baalrim dossier (see A1.2), yet here we find not one but three agents in the same transaction, delivering together 10 seahs of wheat. Their names constitute an onomastic mix. Malku, Widdu (compare with A1.51), and Udaydu/Udayru have an Arabian ending waw, and all three could indeed be Arabian names, though Malku (‫ )מלכו‬may also be West Semitic, an abbreviation of such a name in our dossier as ‫קוסמלך‬ (A1.38 [see for explanation], 40, 43) — likewise, Udaydu/Udayru, the former from the root “count” and the latter from “help.” The name Abenašu (‫[ אבאנשו‬A1.28], written once with the alef elided ‫[ אבנשו‬A127.2]) is unknown outside our corpus. ¶ For some as yet unknown reason, beginning with this chit, double agents continue to appear sporadically through year 312, almost always in chits lacking a payee. Altogether, there

48

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

are three unambiguously dated (Nos. 1, 5–6); three fully dated pairs, lacking the name of the ruler (Nos. 2–4); three in partially dated ones (day and month [Nos. 7–9]), and two in undated ones (Nos. 10–11). Each pair has between one and six chits, dated close together: (1) Abenaši, Widdu, and Udaydu/ru (here and A71.3 [year 21]); (2) Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu (A42.2/43.2, 50.1, 55.5, 78.1 [June 19–August 26, 336 {daymonth-year 2-no ruler}]); (3) PN and Qosdakar (A42.1/43.1 [July 5, 336 {day-month-year 2-no ruler}]); (4) Abdu and Ḥal(a)fan (A70.2, 300.1.45, 65.2sic! [May 27–July/August 322 {day-month-year 2-no ruler}]; cf. Abdi and Ḥal(a)fu [A96.2]); (5) Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi (A5.18–19 [March 14–26, 320 {daymonth-year 3-Philip}]); (6) Qosrim and Palgu (A31.8; 111.1, 300.1.47 [April–June, 312 {day-month-year 6-Antigonus}]); (7) Raimaran and Qosadar/ider (A2.33–35, 37–38 [Tammuz through Adar]); (8) Gar(a)pa and Raimaran (A142.2/176.1 [Nisan]); (9) Zaydu/Ziyadu and Saluath (A53.5 [Nisan]); (10) Zabdimaran and Zabdu (A1.51–52 [undated]); and (11) Abdu and Qosi (A117.3). For exclusion from this list of the only agent pair that appears early, Qosḥanan and Malku (5 Tammuz year 5 = June 30, 354, see commentary on A2.6. ¶ For the verb of conveyance ‫הנעל‬, see A1.3.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

49

Scribe 9 — A1.33–37, 2.21–24a, 47.3 A. Graphic: 1. same form of ‫בעלרום‬, // ‫שנת‬. 2. upright angle of writing. 3. narrow spacing. 4. large letters; narrow and long letters. 5. narrow spacing between lines and between letters within each word. 6. thin writing implement. 7. typical lamed with a bending to the left at the right end of the curved mast, alongside wavy lamed; typical kaf very narrow with inwardly curved downstroke and a curved baseline; two forms of alef, crescent and looped. B. Contextual: 8. year 2. 9. always ‫לבני‬. 10. variant spelling ‫ בעלרום‬with waw. 11. non-abbreviation of commodities and measures and complete spelling of numbers. cm

CONCAVE On the 26th of Elul, year 2, Payer Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu 2of the sons of Baalrum Depository 1to Makkedah: 2 Product barley, kors, 3four2teen; 3seahs, twenty-two. Date

1

‫ חמיִִו למנקדה‬2 ‫ לאלול שנת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבני בעלרום שערן כרן עשרה‬.2 ‫ וארבעה סאן עשרן ותרתין‬.3

A1.33-ISAP1716 (AL28 [M427]) September 28, 336 Payment of 14 kors, 22 seahs of barley Complete ostracon (ca. 50×105), surface brown gray. Written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks [AL].

This and the next four barley chits (A1.34–37) came to us as a group from the collector Shlomo Moussaieff. This fact and the following details strongly suggest that they were records held by the scribe himself; it is otherwise hard to explain how they were all found together. Paleographically, they were all written by Scribe 9 within a two-month period (26 Elul to 2 Kislev, year 2). To achieve the closest chronological proximity between these texts and the previous one (A1.32) for Malku (8 Ab, 21 [Artaxerxes III]), we should date these to Arses (September 28 to December 2, 336). A similar case of chronological proximity occurs with the “gatemen” (‫ )לתרען‬texts. The five below (A1.38–42) are part of a larger group of eleven texts (see on A1.38), only two of which are fully dated: one to 22 Tebeth, year 19 (February 1, 339 [A74.2]) and the other to 30 Shebat, year 2 (A2.30), which on the basis of chronological proximity would be February 27, 335. A Wadi Daliyeh papyrus gives us a composite date of “20 Adar, year 2, the beginning of the reign of [Da]rius” (March 19, 335 [WDSP 1:1]). If our considerations are correct and if the Idumean scribes followed the same practice as their brethren in Samaria and Elephantine, Arses would have died between February 27 and March 19, 335. We should note further that there is striking paleographical resemblance between the five Baalrum texts (A1.33–37) and A47.3, dated 12 Kislev, 7 Philip (11 December, 317)

50

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

(Porten-Yardeni 2007c: 105), a gap of nineteen years. Yet, were we to date these five texts to Philip III (September 27 to October 4, 322), we would have a sixteen-year gap between the first and second occurrence of Malku. Better an aging scribe than to posit that Malku was idle for a decade and a half. See, further, our revised chronological treatment of the storehouse documents in Porten-Yardeni 2009: 144*–45*. ¶ The scribe spelled the clan name ‫( בעלרום‬Baalrum) rather than ‫( בעלרים‬Baalrim) (cf. the similar alternation in the name of another clan head, Gur and Gir), and wrote out fully (not abbreviated) the commodities, measures, and amounts (cf. A1.3–4).¶ This plena spelling is carried through in eight barley chits for year 2, between 26 Elul and 11 Kislev (September 28 to December 11, 336), five drawn up for Baalrim (A1.33–37) and three for Gur (A2.22, 24–24a). This chit, alone of all the five, gives a destination: to Makkedah. The word order is rather confusing — Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu to Makkedah of the sons of Baalrum. A more logical word order is found in A1.27: “Qosyinqom of the sons of Baalrim to Makkedah.” The amount transported here, 14 kors, 22 seahs, is unusually large, and it is not clear where in Makkedah it was to be deposited. Some of the amounts paid by the other two men in this group are also not small (see on A1.34–37). The months Elul, Tishri, Marcheshvan, and Kislev are not harvest months and the nature of these transactions, as of many others in our documents, is not clear. ¶ All three personal names in this small group of five chits bear the Arabian-style ending “w.” The name ‫ חמיו‬could be either NWS or Arabian, with the meaning “guard.” cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 29th of Elul, year 2, Malku of the sons of 2Baalrum: barley, kors, 3seven2teen; 3seahs, twenty-4five; qabs, three. 1

‫ מלכו לבני‬2 ‫ לאלול שנת‬29 ‫ב‬ ‫בעלרום שערן כרן עשרה‬ ‫ושבעה סאן עשרן‬ ‫וחמש קבן תלתה‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.34-ISAP1717 (AL29 [M426]) October 1, 336 Payment of 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Complete ostracon (ca. 50×10), surface brown. Written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks [AL].

As intimated above (on A1.33), just over two years expired between the first appearance of Malku at the end of the reign of Artaxerxes III (August 4, 338 [A1.32]) and this text (October 1, 336). Then, he paid 10 seahs of wheat. The present chit was the second by Scribe 9, written on October 1, three days after the one for Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu, and records an even larger delivery of barley — an amount measured precisely to 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs. Malku will make two more payments, a month or so later, bringing his total barley payments to 18 kors, 26 seahs (A1.36–37)!

51

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tishri, year 2, Amittu of the sons of Baalrum: 3 barley, kor, one; seahs, 4twenty.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫אמתו לבני בעלרום‬ ‫שערן כר חד סאן‬ ‫עשרן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.35-ISAP1718 (AL30 [M431]) October 8, 336 Payment of 1 kor, 20 seahs of barley Complete ostracon, square (ca. 55×70), surface brown-pink. Written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

A full week later, on October 8, 322, Amittu made a much smaller payment, but still sizable relative to other barley payments: 1 kor, 20 seahs. ¶ The non-theophorous name Amittu, “The true one” (with Arabianstyle waw ending), is reminiscent of Biblical Amittai, father of the prophet Jonah (Jonah 1:1).

52

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 28th of Marcheshvan, year 2, Malku of the sons of Baalrum: barley, 3seahs, six; qabs, three.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ למרחש[ו]ן שנת‬28 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ‫שערן‬ ִ ‫ מלכו לבני בעלרום‬.2 ‫ סאן שת קבן תלתה‬.3

A1.36-ISAP1719 (AL32 [M429]) November 28, 336 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Complete ostracon, roughly triangular (ca. 57×77), surface brown [AL].

More than eight weeks later, on November 28, Malku made a second payment, only 6 seahs, 3 qabs this time, but bringing his total to 18 kors, 2.5 seahs.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

53

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 2nd of Kislev, year 2, Malku of the sons of 2Baalrum: barley, seahs, twenty-3four. 1

‫ מלכו לבני‬2 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ בעלרום שערן סאן עשרן‬.2 ‫ וארבע‬.3

A1.37-ISAP1720 (AL33 [M428]) December 2, 336 Payment of 24 seahs of barley Complete ostracon, irregularly shaped (ca. 65×88), surface brown [AL].

Four days later, on December 2, 336 Malku paid 24 seahs of barley, thus bringing his payment for the week to slightly more than one kor and for the month to almost 19 kors.

54

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Qosmalak of the sons of Baalr(i)m: b(arley), seahs, 2nineteen; qabs, 3two. On the 2[+5 =] (7th) of Ni4san, for (the) gatemen. 1

‫קוסמלך לבני בעלרם ִשסאן‬ ‫עשרה ותשעה קבן‬ ‫ לני‬5]+2[‫תרין ב‬ ‫רען‬ ִ ‫לת‬ ִ ִ‫ִסן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.38-ISAP12 [JTS12 159265] 7 Nisan Payment of 19 seahs, 2 qabs of barley

This and the following four chits (A1.39–42) all made payments to the gatemen. The first four are part of a group of eight drawn up in just over two months, with date near the end (6 Nisan to 30 Sivan, no year), including the clans of Al(i)baal and Qoṣi, as follows: (1) 6 Nisan: Natanṣidq [possibly of Qoṣi {A83.3; ‫ לתרען‬restored; cf. A3.20:2; ISAP861:1 [D4.11]}], Maš(i)ku (A21.16); (2) 7 Nisan: Qosmalak of Baalrim (A1.38); (3) 10 Nisan: Natanbaal of Baalrim (A1.39); (4) 18 Nisan: Badan of Al(i)baal (A4.30); (5) 1 Iyyar: Al(i)qos of Qoṣi (A3.23); (6) 1 Iyyar: Qosmalak and Aydan/Ghayran of Baalrim (A1.40); (7) 30 Sivan: Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu of Baalrim (A1.41); (8) [date missing]: Ammiqos (possibly of Baalrim [cf. A1.18, 6.24]). In all, the commodities, measures, and amounts are written out and not abbreviated. Here, the gender of the measure is masculine (‫)עשרה ותשעה‬, even though the commodity is feminine (‫)סאן‬. In two, the commodity is missing (A1.39, 83.3); in one, it is barley (A1.38); and in five, it is flour (A1.40–41, 3.23, 4.30, 21.16 [cf. A6.24]). ¶ Four gatemen chits follow a very different pattern. Three are dated at the beginning (A1.42 below, 2.30, 74.2). The measures of flour and barley are abbreviated (A1.42, 2.30), while two convey not grain but loads (A29.8 74.2). Three are associated by date and person. The payer in the undated load chit is Uzayzu (A29.8) and one of the two payers in the flour chit is Uzayzu of the clan of Gur (A2.30). The dated load chit and the flour chit are just four years apart: 22 Tebeth, year 19, and 30 Shebat, year 2 (February 4, 339 and February 27, 335 [A74.2, 2.30]). But the fourth chit, with payer illegible, is dated 20 Shebat, year 4 (A1.42), which is probably February 17, 354. With two gatemen chits dated late and one early, how are we to date the other eight that have only day and month? Since these eight all have plena spelling, perhaps we may follow the pattern of the other plena spelling chits. Two such (undated) chits were deemed above to be early (A1.3–4), but nine more, dated to year 2, were shown to be late (A1.33–37, 2.21, 2.23–24a)). If we follow the majority, then, we would say that one gatemen chit was early (A1.42), while eleven others (referenced above) were late. ¶ The name Baalrim is spelled defectiva (‫ )בעלרם‬here but plena in A1.40; A1.39 is fragmentary. The script is inelegant, and despite common orthographic features, it is hard to confirm that a single scribe penned these three/five gatemen chits. ¶ The name ‫ קוסמלך‬is first attested in seventh-century Akkadian as king of Edom (Qosmalak [“Qos ruled” {ARAB I 801; ANET 282; Zadok 1977: 81, 315}]).

55

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

Qosmalak paid 19 1⁄3 seahs of barley here on 7 Nisan and, in just over three weeks, on 1 Iyyar, with Aydan/ Ghayran, he will pay 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour (A1.40). ¶ The name of the month is divided between the end of line 3 and the beginning of line 4 (‫סן‬-‫)לני‬. ¶ Near contemporary biblical sources recorded ‫שערים( תרעיא‬ in Hebrew) among the clergy, usually translated “gatemen,” who received daily allotments from the people and whose duties may have included care of the Temple stores (Neh 12:44–47; cf. 1 Chr 9:22–27; PortenYardeni 2006: 480–81). At Ugarit, we find a gateman of the palace and a gateman of a temple. A gateman appears in a list of payments of a “cauldronful (of grain),” alongside fullers and weavers. In addition, gatemen appear in lists as a group, together with other groups such as plowmen, artisans, and craftsmen; or with singers and shepherds, possessing fields (DULAT 2003: 901–2; K. M. McGeough and M. S. Smith 2011: 42 (lines 39, 41, 44), 196 (lines 8–9), 375–76 (lines 5–6, 11). cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Natanbaal of the sons of Ba[alrim: . . .] 2seahs, six and qab, [x]. 3 On the 10th of Nisan, for (the) gate[men]. 1

[

‫ נתנבעל לבני ב[עלרם‬.1 [ ]‫ סאן שת וקב‬.2 [‫לתר[ען‬ ִ ‫ לניסן‬10 ‫ ב‬.3

A1.39-ISAP52 [Rockefeller Shod 2?] 10 Nisan Payment of 6 seahs, x qabs of x

The left side of this text is missing, so we do not know the spelling of Baalrim, the commodity, or the number of qabs included. Judging from four other chits (A1.40. 3.23, 6.24; A4.30), we assume it was ‫קמח‬, “flour.” Fortunately, the date is preserved (10 Nisan), and this piece is the third in the series of seven or eight (see above on A1.38). ¶ The name Natanbaal appears altogether in nine texts in our corpus, possibly referring to more than one person. The element -‫נתנ‬, “gave,” combines with five deities in the formation of Idumean names: El (‫)נתנאל‬, Baal, as here (‫)נתנבעל‬, Maran, “Our Lord” (‫ נתנמרן‬and ‫)נתנמראן‬, Ṣidq (‫)נתנצדק‬, and Qos (‫)נתנקוס‬. It may be compared to the identical Hebrew word, which combines to form three theophorous names: Nathanmelech (2 Kgs 23:11), Nethaniah (whether ‫ נתניהו‬or ‫[ נתניה‬2 Kgs 25:23, etc.; Jer 36:14]), and Nethanel (Ezra 10:22, etc.).

56

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Qosmalak and Aydan/Ghayran of the [s]ons of Baalrim: flour, kor, one; qabs, four. 3 On the 1st of Iyyar, for (the) gatemen.

Payers

1

Product

2

Date Payee

‫לריִם‬ ִ ‫בע‬ ִ ‫רן ל[ב] ִנִי‬/‫ קוסמלך ִועיד‬.1 ‫קבן ִאִר ִב ִע ִה‬ ִ ‫ ִק ִמ ִח כר חד‬.2 ‫לתִר ִען‬ ִ ‫לאיִִר‬ ִ 1 ‫ ב‬.3

A1.40-ISAP1574 (AL197 [M290]) 1 Iyyar Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar (85×53×9), exterior and interior dark brown. Written lines almost parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

The date 1 Iyyar is just over three weeks after the first payment by Qosmalak, on 7 Nisan, of barley (A1.38). Here he is joined by Aydan/Ghayran in a very large payment of flour: 1 kor, 4 qabs. Payment of flour in the other three intact gatemen texts is relatively small (see A1.38): 6 seahs, 1 qab (Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu of Baalrim [A1.41]), 5 seahs, 3 qabs (Badan of Al(i)baal [A4.30]) and 3 seahs, 4 qabs (Al{i}qos of Qoṣi [A3.23]). ¶ The hypocoristic ‫( עירן‬Ghayran) could abbreviate ‫( עיראח‬Ghayraḥ) or ‫( קוסעיר‬Qosghayr), both of which appear in the Baalrim dossier (A1.1–2, 23). See also ‫( עירו‬Ghayru [A19]).

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

57

cm

CONVEX [. . .]◦[. .]◦[. . .] Ṭobyo / Ṭabyu of [the sons of Baa]l[rim]: 3 flour, seahs, . . . and a qab. 4 On the 30th of Sivan, for (the) gatemen. 1

Payer Product Date Payee

2

[‫ טביו ל]בני בע[ל]רים‬.2 ‫ ִו ִקב‬.. ‫קמח ִסאן‬ ִ .3 ‫לסִוןִ לתרען‬ ִ 30 ‫ ב‬.4

A1.41–731 (YR30) 30 Sivan Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (46×66×10), roughly rectangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

The text is much effaced, and a line appears to be missing at the beginning. The name could either be theophorous Ṭobyo, with the divine element spelled -yo (‫ )יו‬or profane Ṭabyu, “gazelle,” or the like.

58

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

On the 20th of Shebat, year 4, [PN] 2of the sons of Baalrim: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 25, 3 for (the) gatemen. 1

... 4 ‫ לשבט שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 25 ‫ ס‬1 ‫בעלריִם שכ‬ ִ ‫ לבני‬.2 ‫ לתרען‬.3

A1.42-ISAP1223 (LL2 [SM6]) February 17, 354 Payment of 1 kor, 25 seahs of barley Rectangular ostracon (88×61×8), concave face pale gray to light beige (10YR7/2–7/3), convex face pale gray (10YR7/1). Section two-colored. Writing on convex face [LL].

This gatemen text departs from the pattern of the other eight in the series in that it has a year-date, the month is in the winter (Shebat), and the commodity and measures are abbreviated. It recorded payment of 1 kor, 25 seahs of barley—almost three times the amount of Qosmalak on 7 Nisan (year unknown [A1.38]). It departs from the chronological order of the dossier because the date was apprehended only after it had been compiled; see A1.38 above for a full discussion. ¶ In sum, the fact that nine texts recorded payments of barley and flour to the gatemen by members of four clans points to a distinct communal organization. The largest amounts (more than a kor) came from Baalrim and Gur.

59

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Tammuz, y[ear y], Qosmalak of the sons of Baalrum by the hand of 3Qosr (i)m: stalks, bundles, [?+]1 4  Zubayd/Zebid: stalks, bundle, 1.

Date

1

Payer 1

2

Agent Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2

[ ‫לת ִמִו ִז ִש[נת‬15 ִ ‫ב‬ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ים ִע ִלי‬/‫קוסמלך לבני בעלרו‬ 1 ]?[ִ‫ש ִתלן‬ ִ ‫עצ ִה ִמ‬ ִ ‫קוסר ִם‬ ִ 1 ‫עצ ִה ִמ ִש ִתל‬ ִ ‫זביד‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.43-ISAP1058 (L58 [IM91.16.186]) 15 Tammuz, year y Two payments of stalks: 1[+?] bundles; 1 bundle Rather thin body sherd of jar (70×63×10), exterior light brown, interior gray. Ostracon perhaps incomplete, upper lefthand part probably missing. Writing on exterior. No visible wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed  ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the third chit for Qosmalak (see A1.38, 40). The day and month are legible (15 Tammuz), but the year is not. The clan name appears to have been written Baalrum (‫)בעלרום‬. The text is unusual in that it records an agent, Qosrim (written defectiva ‫)קוסרם‬, whose name bears the same Aramaic nominal element ‫רים‬ (“exalted”) as Baalrim. Is he the same as the homonymous payer, of the sons of Baalrim, in A1.51? ¶ The product paid in both cases is stalks (‫)עצה‬, the same as in the undated chit for Qosyinqom (A1.31). There, the container is the unique ‫מקצר‬, bunch; here, it is the familiar ‫משתל‬. The word appears at the end of line 3 and is blurred; we read ‫ משתלן‬in the plural, with a single numeral stroke written supralinearly and perhaps another one missing. It occurs 48 times in our texts, twice more in our dossier (A1.44, 48). No etymology for this word has yet been found. It has been compared to Mishnaic ‫משפלת‬, a “basket,” for dung or chaff (m. Kelim 24:9), and so translated by Ephʿal-Naveh (EN p. 12). Lemaire preferred “bundle,” as the load of an ass (see A1.44), and bale for ‫ פחלץ‬as a camel’s load (Lemaire 2000: 132–33; see on A1.2, 44). ¶ Line 4 opens with the clearly legible name ‫זביד‬, Zubayd/Zebid (see A1.12), as a second payer and apparently also proceeds with reference to “1 bundle of stalks.”

60

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 28[+1] (= 29th) of Elul, Qosḥanan from the sons of 3Baar(i)m, who is/are in Makkedah: 4 chaff, bundle, 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Origin Product

‫] לאלול‬1+[28 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסחנן מן בני‬ ‫בערם זי במנקדה‬ 1 ‫תבן משתל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.44-ISAP1244 (AL127 [JA72]) 29 Elul Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57×73×4–6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior white (2.5Y8/2), ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

The name Qosḥanan occurs more than thirty times in our corpus (see A16), borne by various persons but only here and in the following chit was the person filiated to Baalrim (here written both defectiva and with assimilated lamed [‫)]בערם‬. The name is Idumean and the verb ‫חנן‬, “favor,” was also compounded with Baal (‫[ בעלחנן‬A173.1]) and in Hebrew with ‫ אל‬and ‫ יהו‬to produce ‫( אלחנן‬2 Sam 21:19) and contemporary ‫( יהוחנן‬Ezra 10:6, etc.). The locus identification in line 3, with supralinear he at the end of the line (‫)במנקדה‬, is puzzlingly unique, and it is uncertain whether it refers to the sons of Baalrim “who are in Makkedah” or to Qosḥanan “who is in Makkedah.” Unlike the Elephantine contracts, where a person is said to be “of Elephantine” or “of Syene” (TAD B2.2:2, 4:2, etc.), no origio is attached to any person in our corpus. The twenty or so texts with the expression “from Makkedah” (‫ )מן מנקדה‬refer to the source of the commodity and not to the origin of the person. They are the opposite of texts wherein the product is being sent “to Makkedah” (‫)למנדקה‬. ¶ Whereas in the preceding chit (A1.43) a bundle (‫ )משתל‬was a container for stalks, here it transports chaff (‫)תבן‬. There are 39 chits for chaff and 48 for ‫משתל‬. Whereas chaff will always be further qualified, by either ‫( פחלץ‬bale [18/19]) or ‫( משתל‬17/18), three being fragmentary, ‫ משתל‬is qualified only 3⁄8 of the time. With rare exceptions (as in A1.43), we may assume that the load is chaff. Less than half of the ‫ משתל‬chits are dated and of these some 2⁄3 have only day and month, as here. ¶ A farmer might hire a laborer to help him in the field with the straw and chaff, and it was divided as equally as the grain between a landowner and a lessee (m. B. Meṣiʿa. 9:1, 10:5). Separated from the stalk during winnowing and sifting, the chaff was stored in stacks (‫)ערמה‬, heaps (‫[ מתבן‬Isa 25:10]; cf. ‫ מתבנה‬in Naveh 1981: Arad No.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

61

38 {ISAP2138}]), and trenches (‫)חריץ‬, often between two courtyards or in a shed (‫[ בעת תבן‬metathesized in Arad 38 {ISAP2138} to ‫{ בית תבן = בית תנבה‬so Naveh}]) and sifted again; placed on a window-sill alongside a jar of dried figs or high up so that the ‫ מוץ‬might fall away (m. Šabb. 20:3, ʿErub. 7:3, 5, 8:4, Beṣah 4:1, ʾOhal. 6:2). Tied in bundles (m. Kelim 17:1), it was carried in two kinds of baskets: ‫( קופה‬Šabb. 18:1) and ‫משפלת‬, the latter a refuse basket also used for dung. This basket ordinarily held a ‫ = לתך‬half a kor = 15 seahs—that is, a donkey load (m. B. Meṣiʿa. 6:5). Chaff served multiple functions, primarily as food for animals: camels (Gen 24:25, 32); donkeys (Judg 19:19); horses, mixed with barley (1 Kgs 5:8); and cattle, but also as temper for dung-cakes, plaster, and mud bricks (cf. Isa 25:10; Exod 5:7, 12; Targum to Ezek 13:10; m. B. Kam. 3:3); and as fuel, bedding and insulation. Chaff was known as a “cow’s mouthful” much as legume-stalks were known as a “camel’s mouthful” (m. Šabb. 7:4). The prophet Isaiah signaled as a sign of universal peace that the lion would eat chaff like the ox and as evidence of agricultural bounty that cattle and ass would partake of “salted” (‫ )חמיץ‬fodder that had been duly winnowed (Isa 11:7, 30:24, 65:25). In Mishnaic times, there were those who gathered chaff for sale, but income was meager. “Chaff and straw were neither numbered nor measured” (Num. Rabbah 1:4). (See Feliks 1990: 257–60.)

62

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Qosḥanan of the house of Baalr(i)m: grgrn, 16.

Date

1

Product

2

‫בעלר ִם‬ ִ ‫ קוסחנן לבית‬.1 16 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A1.45-ISAP1739 [IA12418] Undated Payment of 16 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (89×102×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), many small white grits, one edge (diagonal to writing) is intentionally straightened. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Most of the chits for ‫ גרגרן‬were not dated at all. The broad, blank space at the top and bottom of this second (2-line) chit for Qosḥanan indicates that it, too, was undated, and nothing is missing at the bottom. The name Baalr(i)m is written defectiva (‫ )בעלרם‬and only here is the payer’s filiation not “of/from the sons of,” as usual, but “of the house of” (‫ ;)לבית‬but cf. “from the house of” (‫( )מן בית‬A1.2). This and the following chit are the second and third in this dossier that deliver ‫( גרגרן‬see A1.28). The amount here (16) comes closer to that in the chit of Abenašu above (10 [A1.28]) than to the 53 of Qosani below (A1.46). For the name Qosḥanan, see above A1.44.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

63

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 8th of Nisan, Qosani of the sons of 2Baalr(i)m: grgrn, 53. 1

‫ לניסן קוסעני לבני‬12 ‫ ב‬.1 53 ‫גרגרן‬ ִ ‫לרם‬ ִ ‫בע‬ ִ .2

A1.46-ISAP1945 (EN163) 8 Nisan Payment of 53 grgrn

Only about ten out of twenty-seven chits for ‫ גרגרן‬were dated, some only by day and month as here (8 Nisan). The name Qosani (‫קוסעני‬, “Qos answered”) as payer appears in nine other chits (A30), apparently referring to more than one person, but only here and in the following chit was the person filiated to Baalr(i)m (spelled defectiva in both [‫)]בעלרם‬. The form ‫ עני‬indicates that the name was Aramaic and is parallel to contemporary ‫( יהועני‬A7.38:2), one of the few Hebrew names in our corpus. The hypocoristicon Ani (‫ )עני‬appeared above (A1.19). The 53 ‫ גרגרן‬paid here is the second largest quantity of this commodity, the largest being 60 (A15.13).

64

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Qosani 2of the sons of Baalr(i)m: [. . .]

Payer

1

Product

1

[

[

].... ‫ ִקִו ִס ִע ִנִי‬.1 ] ‫בעלר ִם‬ ִ ‫ לבני‬.2

A1.47-ISAP1765 [JA523] Undated Payment unknown Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (53×68×8–11), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior pale brown (10YR6/3), ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface; written lines at ca. 85° to wheel-marks. *Wide top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, *no left margin.

This second chit for Qosani is fragmentary, and only the name of the payer and his filiation to Baalr(i)m are legible. One thing is clear: the commodity intervened between Qosani and “sons of Baalr(i)m.”

65

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Elul, Qos[. . .] 3from the sons of Baalrim: 4 [bun]dle[s, x].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ ִל ִא ִלִו ִל‬14 ‫ב‬ [ ]‫ִקוס‬ ‫ִם‬ ִ ‫מנבני ִב ִע ִלִרי‬ [ ‫]מש]תליִ[ן‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.48-ISAP1023 (L23 [IM91.16.126]) 14 Elul Payment of x bundles Thick body sherd of jar (150×103×12), exterior and interior gray to light brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. (Lemaire’s measurements do not accord with those of the drawing.) Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

Of the almost twenty dated chits for ‫משתלן‬, most lack a year date, and the most popular month was Elul (A1.44, 2.10 [includes year date], 11.16), as here. The writing is very faded, and the most legible words are ‫“( מנבני‬from the sons of”), written exceptionally as one word (line 3). Baalrim is conjectural and ‫ משתלין‬is restored around the letters -‫תלי‬-. Of the twenty some chits for plural ‫משתלן‬, only five are written, like this one, plena (here, A4.28, 7.58, 8.31, and 300.5.16). The name of the payer at the beginning of line 2 appears to begin with ‫קוס‬. Completing that name would leave space for one word, perhaps a second PN.

66

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of [. . .], Yaddiya of the sons of Baalr(i)m: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

].‫ ל‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫בעלר ִם‬ ִ ‫ ידיעא לבני‬.2 5 ‫ חס‬.3

A1.49-ISAP1069 (L69 [IM91.16.29]) 14 x Payment of 5 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (65×64×11), exterior and interior pink. Upper left-hand part of ostracon missing. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks [L]. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

These four/five texts towards the end of our dossier (A1.49–53?) are for wheat and barley. Two are dated by day and month (A1.49–50), and three are not. Unfortunately, the month is cut off at the left edge of our document. Wheat is the commodity that appears most frequently in our dossier (sixteen times). Amounts vary from a couple seahs (A1.30) to more than a kor (A1.15). The amount paid here is at the lower end of the range at five seahs. ¶ The Aramaic style hypocoristic ‫ידיעא‬, Yaddiya (with alef ending), is rare, occurring only once more in a chit and once in a list (ISAP1775 [C2.3]; cf. A137.1), and abbreviates a name like ‫“( קוסידע‬Qos knew”), which occurs a half-dozen times (e.g., ISAP556 [C7.4], A150). ¶ Baalr(i)m is written defectiva with the resh and mem mostly cut off at the left edge of line 2.

67

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 20th of Sivan, Qosnatan 2of the sons of Baalrim: b(arley), s(eah)s, [. . .], 3 by the hand of . . . 4 . . . 1

ִ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫לסיִִוןִ קוסנ‬ ִ 20 ‫ִב‬ [? ]‫לבני בעלרים שס‬ .....‫עליד‬ .......

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.50-ISAP721 [YR27] 20 Sivan Payment of x seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61×67×5), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many small white grits. Composed of 2 joining fragments, one fresh break on edge, white patina on ca. 20% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Written on 20 Sivan for an unknown quantity of barley, this much-faded ostracon recorded the name of an agent, unfortunately no longer legible. Barley is second to wheat in frequency in this dossier (12 times), and the amounts paid are often huge: 1+, 7+, 8, 14+, and 17+ kors (A1.40, 7–8, 33–34), but amounts in the seahs, as here, also occur: 5+, 6+, 16+, 19+, 24, and 28 (A1.26, 36, 52, 38, 37, 51). ¶ Qosnatan (‫[ קוסנתן‬see A69]) is parallel to Qosyahab (‫[ קוסיהב‬see A26]); both mean “Qos gave,” but the former is Idumean and the latter is Aramaic. Baalrim is written plena (‫)בעלרים‬.

68

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) Scribe 10 — 1.51–52

A. Graphic: 1. similar appearance of 3 ‫לזמרו‬. uneven line spacing increasing toward lines 3 and line 4. 4. medium size of letters. 5. medium letter and word-spacing. 6. changing thickness of stroke. B. Contextual: 12. same layout — line 1: name and family; line 2: commodity and measures; line 3: agents; line 4: recipient; ‫ לזמרו‬slightly indented. cm

CONVEX Qosr(i)m of the sons of Baalrim: ‫קוסרם לבני בעלרים‬ b(arley), s(eahs), 28; w(heat), s(eahs), 27, 27 ‫ ִח ִס‬28 ‫שס‬ 3 to buy (= to be bought) by the hand of Zabdimaran and Zabdu ‫ִב ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִב ִד ִמִרןִ וז‬ ִ ‫ִד ז‬ ִ ‫למזִבןִ ִעלי‬ 4 for Zam(mu)ru. ‫לזִמרו‬

Payer

1

Products

2

Agent Payee

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.51-ISAP1879 (EN85 [BLM663]) Undated Payment of 28 seahs of barley and 27 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, roughly trapezoid, medium-sized (49×83×5), exterior light gray (10YR7/2). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks.

This and the following chit, both undated and written by Scribe 10, record an unusual transaction executed by a pair of agents (marked as the ‫ עליד‬persons), Zabdimaran and Zabdu. Qosrim sent the above pair “to buy” (‫[ למזבן‬the verb is absent in the next chit]) 28 seahs of barley and 27 seahs of wheat and deliver them to Zam(mu)ru, whose name appears highlighted in line 4. The language of the transaction is awkward; the infinitive ‫ למזבן‬means “to buy” and must be understood to mean “to be bought.” ¶ The names of the agents bear the same root, ‫זבד‬, “present, bestow”‫ ׃‬the Arabian style hypocoristic Zabdu (‫[ זבדו‬A41]) and the construct Zabdimaran, “Grant of our lord” (‫ ;)זבדמראן‬see Zabdiel in A1.1 and A32. For double agency, see A1.32 above. The name of the final recipient, Zam(mu)ru, likewise bears an Arabian style waw ending. For Qosr  (i)m see A1.43 and A31.

69

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee 1 Product Agents Payee 2

Naḥum of the sons of Baalrim to Qosyad: 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 16; q(abs), 3, 3 by the hand of Zabdimaran (and) Zabdu 4 for Zam(mu)ru. 1

‫נחום לקוסיד לבני‬ 3 ‫ ק‬16 ‫שס‬ ‫ִב ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִב ִד ִמִרןִ ז‬ ִ ‫עליד ז‬ ‫ִמרו‬ ִ ‫לז‬

‫ִם‬ ִ ‫ִב ִע ִלִרי‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A1.52- ISAP1721 (AL211 [M430]) Undated Payment of 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Rectangular sherd, with two trimmed corners, surface light brown. Upper left part of ostracon missing [AL].

The second ostracon is almost a spitting image of the previous one, with an additional payee and an omission (the infinitive “to buy”). Otherwise, the format is the same. Naḥum gave 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley to Qosyad through the agency of Zabdimaran and Zabdu to be made over to Zam(mu)ru. Baalrim appears to be written at the end of line 2. Actually, it is written sublinearly at the end of line 1; the last three letters, resh, yod, and mem are cut off at the top. In both texts, Zam(mu)ru is indented and written alone on line 4. ¶ Qosyad (‫ )קוסיד‬is apparently a nominal sentence name, “Qos is love” (cf. Arabian ‫[ ודו‬A1.32 and A44]), while Naḥum is a qattūl hypocoristicon familiar from the Bible (Nah 1:1; A82). Both names would be Idumean.

70

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Payer

[. . .]who is from the sons of Baalrim[. . .] [. . .]son of Dikru: 3 [. . .]s(eah),1. 1 2

Product

‫ִם‬ ִ ‫עלרי‬ ִ ‫ ]?[זי מןִ ִבני ִב‬.1 ‫דכרו‬ ִ ‫[בר‬ ִ .2 1 ‫[ס‬ ִ .3

A1.53-ISAP1144 (L144 [IM91.16.165]) Undated Payment of 1 seah of x Fragment of jug (?) (47×41×6), exterior yellow and wheel-burnished, interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks [L]. Medium top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This barely legible piece is cut off at the right edge, and the preserved text does not provide grammatical continuity. The missing part of line 1 assumes the presence of a PN, “who is from the sons of Baalrim” (written plena), an unusual turn of phrase in our texts. Furthermore, how does it fit with “son of Dikru” at the beginning of line 2? A person by this name appeared in A1.24. The beginning of line 3 with “1 s(eah)” assumes a missing commodity. A perplexing fragment.

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336)

71

Scribe 11 — A1.54–55 A. Graphic: 3. generous line spacing. 4. large letters. B. Contextual: 10. defective spelling of ‫בעלרם‬. cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product

[PN . . . 1from the] sons of Baalr(i)m, 2 from Makkedah: wood, 1.

‫ ]מן[ בני בעלרם‬.1 1 ‫אק‬ ִ ‫ מן ִמנקדה‬.2

A1.54-ISAP867 [JA453] + 781 [YR123] Undated Payment of 1 (piece of) wood Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44×55×8), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The name of the payer, perhaps with a patronym, must have come in a line missing at the top. This is one of ca. 20 chits sending goods, primarily agricultural products but also logs (three in one chit [A26.3]), “from Makkedah.” Here we have an anomalous commodity, “wood, 1.” This word, always written with an alef (‫ )אק‬and not an ayin (A7.15 notwithstanding; see Notarius 2006), occurs less than 10 times in our corpus, but only once more is it in the singular, in construct with “olive” (‫אק זיתא‬, “the olive wood” [A300.2.32]). Otherwise, it is in the plural (‫ )עקן‬and is followed by the measure “load” (‫)מובל‬, numbering one (A7.15, 139.4), two (A134.1; ISAP895), and three (A14.21). If our reading is correct, the reference could be to a single piece of wood. ¶ Here and in the next piece, both by Scribe 11, Baalr(i)m is written defectiva (‫)בעלרם‬.

72

A1.1–55 (57) Baalrim Dossier (359–336) cm

CONVEX Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru of the sons of Baalr(i)m: ◦gn, 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

. ‫רו לבני בעלרם‬/‫ עיד‬.1 1‫גן‬. .2

A1.55–1643 {OG?9} Undated Payment of 1 x

This piece is a puzzle of a different sort. The commodity, a three-letter word, is unintelligible. The last two letters appear to be gimel and then nun, but we cannot make out the first letter. The numeral stroke at the end denotes a single item, but no letter comes to mind to complete the enigmatic word. Perhaps our basic reading is flawed. ¶ The dalet and resh being indistiguishable in our script, we have here either root ‫עיד‬, yielding in our case a transcription of Aydu or Iyadu, or root ‫עיר‬, “jealous,” yielding Ghayru (see A19), a hypocoristicon for such names in our dossier as Ghayraḥ or Qosghayr (A1.1–2, 23 and A40).

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) Dated List of Texts A2.1 Payment of 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs of salt/oil Date missing? A2.2 Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat July 28, 358 Payment of 1 bundle A2.3 October 8, 357 A2.4 Payment of 11 jars September 7, 355 Payment of 1 joist July 7, 355 A2.5 A2.6 Payment of 1 kor of barley June 30, 354 Payment of 1 seah of wheat; exchange of 10 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley July 1, 354 A2.7 A2.8 Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley July 22, 354 A2.9 Payment unknown Undated A2.10 Payment of 4 bundles September 18, 353 A2.11 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley; 3.5 seahs of unknown product October 13, 353 A2.12 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley October 14, 353 A2.13 Payment of 1 qab of oil 352/351 A2.14 Two payments of wheat: 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs (twice) July 4, 351 A2.15 Exchange? 24 Adar/Iyyar/Elul A2.16 Payment of 1 hide; 1 seah of barley 2x A2.17 Payment of 2 pegs (nails) Undated A2.18 Payments of 3 seahs of flour 6 Iyyar A2.19 Payment of 1 olivewood beam 5 Tishri A2.20 Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat September 4, 343 A2.21 Payment of x kors of wheat October 3–31, 336 A2.22 Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley November 8, 336 A2.23 Payment of 7 kors, 2 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat November 1–30, 336 A2.24 Payment of 18 seahs, 1 qab of barley December 11, 336 A2.24a Payment of [1 kor  ], 19 seahs, [x qabs?] of barley 336/335 A2.25 Payment of 6 logs; 1 beam 25 Kislev A2.26 Payment of 20 grgrn; 1 beam Undated A2.27 Payment unknown 2 Shebat A2.28 Payment of 1 log 13 Shebat Undated A2.29 Payment unknown A2.30 Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and 19 seahs, 3 qabs February 27, 335 A2.31 Payment of 10 seahs of barley; 2 seahs of wheat 20 Ab A2.32 Payment of chaff 22 Kislev A2.33 Payment of 26 seahs of barley 10 [Ab] A2.34 Payment of 3 kors of barley 26 Tammuz A2.35 Payment of 25 seahs of barley 6 Ab A2.36 Canceled (= A2.33) A2.37 Payment of 8 seahs of barley 16 Marcheshvan A2.38 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of barley 24 Adar A2.39 Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley for] 10 seahs of wheat 9 Marcheshvan A2.40 Payment of 1 quarter (of a qab) of oil Undated A2.41 Payment of 2 logs Undated A2.42 Payment of 1 load of grgrn Undated A2.43 Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of barley September 9, 315 A2.44 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat 22 Elul, year x November 18, 313 A2.45 Payment of 3 seahs of barley A2.46 Payment of 25 seahs of barley November 18, 313 A2.47 Payment of 3 logs Undated

73

74

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313)

Overview (Fig. 43)

In the number of commodity chits, the clan of Gur was second to Baalrim. The name had three different spellings. The most frequent was Gur with medial waw (‫[ גור‬21×]), then Guru with final waw (‫גורו‬ [13×]), and finally Gir with medial yod (‫[ גיר‬5×]). Four times, the spelling is unclear. We may compare the ‫גיר‬/‫ גור‬variation here to the ‫בעלרים‬/ ‫ בעלרום‬variation above. The filiation was regularly expressed “by the sons of” (‫[ לבני‬38×]), accompanying all three forms of the name (‫[ לבני גור‬20×], ‫[ לבני גורו‬11×], and ‫לבני‬ ‫[ גיר‬5×], with two uncertain readings). The alternate formulation “from the sons of” (‫ )מן בני‬occurs but twice (‫ מן בני גור‬and ‫)מן בני גורו‬. Strikingly, we do not find ‫ לבית‬or ‫“ מן בית‬of/from the house of,” as we occasionally do with Baalrim, but we do have ‫ לבית‬some ten times with the workers texts, mostly written by a single scribe (ISAP209, 216, 225, 260, 432, 443, 448, 452, 457, 479 [Porten-Yardeni 2006: 477]). The name means “whelp”—specifically, of a lion (Gen 49:9; Deut 33:22; Nah 2:12–13)—and appears as a biblical toponym (“the ascent of Gur” [2 Kgs 9:27]). It serves as a divine epithet in the personal name ‫בעלגור‬ (A2.20:3, 232.1:3; ISAP1968:6 [land description]) and in the metathesized biblical toponym Gur-baal, an Arabian town, apparently in Edom (‫בעל‬-‫[ גור‬2 Chr 26:7]). This theophorous name would mean “Baal is a whelp” and may be compared to Ariel (‫[ אריאל‬Ezek 8:16]) with the meaning “God is a lion.” We suggest that Gur(u) is a hypocoristicon of Baalgur. The chits for Gur(u) cover a period of 45 years (358 through 313 [A2.2, 46]), and we can construct a five-generation genealogy parallel to that of Baalrim. As pivot, we take the three chits with patyronyms, dated to 13 and 14 October, 353 (year 6) and 352/351 (simply year 7). These are parallel to the chits in the third generation of Baalrim. The patronyms would fall in the second generation, and the clan ancestor Gur would be dated, like Baalrim, ca. 400 b.c.e. Persons of the second generation would be Ḥazira, Laytha, and Anwa, and their respective sons of the third generation are Adarel/Idriel, Baanath, and Salaath (A2.11–13). Three more persons may be added to this second generation. One is Qosani son of Guru, who appears in a memorandum of obligation (C2.1:10 [see Porten-Yardeni 2008b: 750]). Two other figures have their own dossiers (A8 and 9). One is Qoskahel son of Guru, in an undated chit (A2.1), and the other is Samitu,“from the sons of Guru,” in a chit dated September 18, 353 (A2.10). Both appear in parallel chits written on the same day (June 8, 352) and by the same scribe (A8.38, 9.24). They also appear together twice elsewhere in undated texts (A8.46 = 9.31; C8.1). Moreover, they are both active for well over a decade each: Qoskahel for fourteen years (365 to 351 [A9.1, 18]), and Samitu for nineteen years (362 to 343 [A8.1, 2.20/8.23]). Strangely, Qosani son of Samitu was active on August 3, 353 (A8.33), right in the middle of the period of his father, while the other son, Qosnaqam (A8.31 [and see the commentary]) was active during the first decade of his father’s activity (362–351). He made payments to Qoskahel on July 30, 362 (A9.5), to Samitu on May 12 and December 2, 361, and to the storehouse on July 4, 351 (A8.12, 15, 2.14). We may thus conjecture that Samitu sired Qosnaqam and Qosani in his youth, so that his later activity overlapped that of his sons’ early activity. Unfortunately, the chit for Zubaydu son of Qoskahel is undated (A9.33). Like the fifteen people who appeared in years 359–346 in the Baalrim genealogy (Qosyinqom, Ḥal{l}uf, Saadel, Zubaydu, Awi/Rawi, Abenašu, Adarbaal/Idribaal, Zabdiel, Ammiqos, Ani, Dikru, Zaydi, Ammiel, Aḥyaqim/Aḥiqam, and Qosghayr), there are more than seven additional names of payers with only prenomen who appear in ten fully dated chits between 358 and 351 (Al{i}qos, PN [3×], Abdṣidq, Yaafat [2×, 18 years apart], Qosyeypi, Qosr(i)m, and Saadu [A2.2–8, 10, 21]). In addition to Qosani, Qosnaqam, and Zubaydu/Zabidu, mentioned above, all these belong to the third generation, like their counterparts in the Baalrim dossier. Seven persons with eight chits would fall in the fourth generation, dating 343–335 (Suaydu [“of the sons of Baalgur”], Ubaydu [5×], Ḥabutu, PN, Uzayzu, Zabidu/Zubaydu son of third generation Baanath, and Malku father of PN [A2.20, 22–24, 24a, 30, 39, 43]). Finally, in the fifth generation, there appear on September 9, 315 a PN son of Malku and on November 18, 313 Zabdibaal(i) (A2.43, 45; cf. 2.44). There exists an undated chit for Ḥauran son of Qosani (A30.8/100.3), but since the latter was a popular name, we cannot affirm that the former was affiliated with the clan of Gur. Zubaydu is also a popular name (see A12), but he does not appear as patronym.

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313)

75

Over ten with only prenomen appear in 15 partially dated texts (Abdadah, Maš(i)ku, Zabdadah, PN [5×], Ubaydu, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, Ḥayyan [2×], Abdbaal, Rahnu, Zubaydu/Zabidu [2×] [A2.15–16, 18–19, 25, 27–28, 31–39]). At least eight with only praenomen appear in nine undated texts or texts with date missing (PN [2×], Maš{i}ku, Ubaydu, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, Baalghauth, Saadu, Qosmalak, and Ḥalfu [A2. 9, 17, 26, 29, 33, 40–42, 46]). Thus, we have more than 37 distinct names affiliated to Gur in 47 chits. Unique among the payers is Ubaydu, who appears five times, thrice in fully dated texts (A2.22–23, 30), once in a partially dated text (A2.25), and once in an undated text (A2.26). Some fifteen texts include agents: three for Qosḥanan (A2.6 [with Malku and PN], 11–12), five for the pair Raimaran and Qosadar/ider (A2.33–35, 37–38), all for barley; two for Pd/rtʿn (A2.45–46); one for Ḥanni (A2.43), and four for persons unknown (A2.9, 16, 31, 39). Only 6 of the 45 texts have payees (A2.4, 9, 20, 28, 30, 44), and only one has a legible signatory (A2.4 [cf. A2.18 where the signatory is illegible]). Onomastically, hypocoristica number twice as many as theophorous names. Among the latter, Qos clearly dominates (Qoskahel, Al(i)qos, Qosyeypi, Qosrim, Qosnaqam, and Qosmalak [A2.1–2, 7–8, 14, 41]). Just more than a dozen commodities constitute the payments, among which barley and wheat clearly dominate. Barley appears the most often, in fourteen payments from six dated months (Tammuz, Ab, Tishri, Marcheshvan, Kislev, Adar [A2.6+34, 31+33[Ab restored]+35+ 43[restored], 11+12+21, 22+37+39 [barley restored]+ 45+46, 24, 38)] and two from unknown months (A2.16, 33); and wheat frequently, eight payments in five dated months (Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Tishri, Marcheshvan [A2.2+7+14, 31, 20+ 44, 21, 23). Exchanges of wheat for barley occur twice in the month of Tammuz and of barley for wheat, once in the month of Marcheshvan (A2.7–8, 39; cf. also A2.15). The only other agricultural commodities are flour in Iyyar and Shebat (A2.18, 30) and oil in one or two unnamed months (A2.1, 13). Agricultural derivatives are bundles (presumably of chaff), sent in Elul and Tishri (A2.10, 3; cf. A2.32). Otherwise there are products of wood, ceramic, and skin. Logs are sent four times, in Kislev, Shebat, and twice in undated months (A1.25, 28, 41, 46); beams are sent thrice, in Tishri (an olivewood beam), Kislev, and an undated month (A2.19, 25–26); grgrn (perhaps poles) are dispatched in two undated months (A1.26, 42); joists in Tammuz (A1.5); and pegs (nails) in one undated month (A1.17). Jars are sent in Elul and a hide in an unknown month (A1.4, 16). In only three months are no commodities sent (Nisan, Sivan, Tebeth). The most popular months were Tammuz, with seven deliveries of three different commodities (wheat, joists, barley, and wheat in exchange for barley [A2.2, 14, 5, 6, 34, 7–8]); Tishri, with five deliveries of four commodities (bundles, barley, olive-wood beam, and wheat [A2.3, 11–12, 19, 21]); Marcheshvan, with six deliveries of barley (2.22+23+37+39+45); and Elul, with three deliveries ( jars, bundles, and wheat [A2.4, 10, 20+44]).

76

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313)

77

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) Table 7.  The Dossier of Gur at a Glance (358–313 [A2.1–47])

No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

2.8 2.9 2.10

ISAP 1531 =M 246 =AL220 1275 =J51 =AL14 1007 =IM 91.16.102 =L72 807 =GCh7 =IA12190 1008 =IM 91.16.197 =L8 2589 =JA322 2436 =JA148 see A1.15–27 1532 =M247 =AL44 1156 =IM 92.17.84 =L156 667 =NavehE43

2.11

2454 =JA167

2.12

113 =IA11878

2.13

114 =IA11886

2.14

1225 =SM11 =LL4

2.15 2.16 2.17

1409 =M115 =AL62 1121 =IM 91.16.71 =L121 9 = JTS9 159262

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning Babylonian Date _____

Julian Date _____

nd 20 Tammuz, 1 [Artaxerxes III] db 14 Tishri, 2 [Artaxerxes III] de 5 Elul, 4 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet de 2 Tammuz, 4 [Artaxerxes III] de 5 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III] db 6 Tammuz, 5 [Artaxerxes III]

f ss from the sons of pl unabbreviated writing de date at end Scribe

s son of e in exchange for nd no date

Payer Qoskahel s Guru

Payee _____

Commodity salt/oil: 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs

28 July, 358

Al(i)qos o ss Gur

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

8 October, 357

[PN o ss/f h] Gur

_____

bundle:

jars: 11

[PN o s]s Guru

[U]dayru/ [U]daydu

7 July, 355

pl

Abdṣidq o ss Gur

_____

30 June, 354

12

Yaafat o ss Gur

1 July, 354

7

Qosyeypi f ss Gur

b h Qosḥanan barley: 1 kor and Malku, Ḥ[. . .] to the storehouse: _____ wheat: 1 seah entry: wheat: 10 seahs e barley: 20 seahs _____

to the storehouse:

[PN] o ss Guru

Palaqos b h [x]

_____

18 Sep, 353

Saadu and Samitu f ss Guru 13 Oct, 353 12 Adarel/Idriel s Ḥazira o ss Gur 14 Oct, 353 12 Baanath s Laytha o ss Gur/Gir 352/351 Salaath s Anwa o ss Guru 4 July, 351 Qosnaqam o ss Gur

presented: bundles:

4

b h Qosḥanan barley: 27 seahs, 1 qab x: seahs: 3.5 b h Qosḥanan barley: 8 seahs, 3 qabs . . . _____

oil: 1 qab

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

wheat: 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs; for the purchase/buyer:

wheat: 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs _____

to Makkedah:

_____

Abdadah o ss Gu[r]

b h PN

hide: 1 barley: 1 seah

_____

Maš(i)ku o ss Gur

_____

pegs (nails): 2

pl

de

nd

wheat: 5 seahs e barley: 10 seahs

PN o ss Gur

_____

de _____

Abdmilk joist: 1

Qosrim o ss Gur

db

2x

1

pl

27 Tammuz, 5 22 July, 354 7 [Artaxerxes III] db _____ _____

24 A[dar]/ I[yyar]/E[lul]

wheat: 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs

7 Sep, 355

db

nd 8 Elul, 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 4 Tishri, 6 [Artaxerxes III] dm 5 Tishri, 6 [Artaxerxes III] dm Year 7 [Artaxerxes III] dm 12 Tammuz, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

f h from the house ppl partially unabbreviated writing dm date in middle

4 [. . .] [. . .] e 5 [. . .]

78

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) Table 7.  The Dossier of Gur at a Glance (358–313 [A2.1–47])

s son of e in exchange for nd no date 2.18 2.19 2.20

1863 =EN65 Sofer 2542 =JA266 2441 =JA153

2.21

1478 =M190 =AL31 2.22 1860 =JA271 =EN62 2.23 1862 =JA402 =EN64 2.24 1861 =JA401 =EN63 2.24a 1986 =LW20 2.25 2513 =JA231 2.26 202 =IA11823 =EN67 2.27 247 =IA11814 2.28 2591 =JA325 2.29 2.30

1309 =M9 =AL318 2531 =JA254

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning 6 Iyyar archaic alef db 5 Tishri archaic alef db 14 Elul, 16 [Artaxerxes III] db x Tishri, 2 [Arses] db 8 Marcheshvan, 2 [Arses] db [x Ma]rcheshvan, 2 [Arses] db 11 Kislev, 2 [Arses] db [. . .], 2 [Arses] db 25 Kislev de _____

_____

db

13 Shebat

flour: 3 seahs

3–31 Oct, 336

9 pl

Yaafat o ss Guru

wheat: [x] kors

8 Nov, 336

9 pl

Ubaydu [o ss] _____ Guru

barley: 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs

1–30 Nov, 336

9 pl

Ubaydu [o ss G]uru

_____

wheat: 7 kors, ⟨⟨ 2 ⟩⟩ [seahs], 0.5 qabs

11 Dec, 336 9 pl

Ḥabutu o ss Guru

_____

barley: 18 seahs, 1 qab

336/335

[PN o ss] Guru Ubaydu o ss Gir Ubaydu o ss Gir

_____

barley: [1 kor], 19 seahs. [x qabs?] logs: 6 beam: 1 grgrn: 20 beam: 1

[PN] o ss G[ur/ir] Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru o ss Guru Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru [. . .] o ss G[ur] 1. Ubaydu o ss Gur 2. Uzayzu o ss Gur Ḥayyan o ss Gur

_____

_____

t h of Y◦◦n

log: 1

_____

_____

for (the) gatemen

1. flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs 2. flour: 19 seahs, 3 qabs

b h [PN]

barley: 10 seahs; wheat: 2 seahs

_____

Abdbaal o ss Gur

_____

chaff

_____

Ḥ[ayyan] o ss Gu[r]

_____ 4 Sep, 343

_____ _____ _____ _____

db _____

_____ nd

30 Shebat, 2 [Arses]

27 Feb, 335 db

2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35

642 =Naveh493 =BLMJ3694 1043 =IM 91.16.46 =L43 1411 =M117 =AL312 1611 =M413 =AL15 2512 =JA230

20 Ab

_____ db

22 Kislev db 10 [Ab] sealing sign 26 Tammuz

nd

sealing sign 6 Ab

db

sealing sign

db

f h from the house ppl partially unabbreviated writing dm date in middle

ppl Mašiku o ss _____ Guru Zabdadah _____ o ss Gur Suaydu [o ss] Samitu Baalgur

nd 2 Sheba[t]

f ss from the sons of pl unabbreviated writing de date at end

_____ _____

9 pl

_____

_____ _____

olivewood beam: 1 wheat: 9 seahs, 5 qabs

b [h] Raimaran barley: 26 seahs + Qosa[dar/ ider in Šw]šm [PN o ss] Gur b h [Ra]imaran barley: 3 kors + Qosadar/ ider in Šwšm Rahnu o ss b h Raimaran barley: 25 seahs Gir + Qosadar/ ider in Šwšm

79

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) Table 7.  The Dossier of Gur at a Glance (358–313 [A2.1–47]) s son of e in exchange for nd no date 2.36 2.37 2.38

602 =NavehA3 =A2.33 1714 =ChM14 =JA518 104 =IA11882

2.39

336 =IA11716

2.40

529 = Charlesworth2 1405 =M111 =Naveh603 =AL188 1740 =Zd17 =IA12416 212 =IA11791 232 =IA11818 =EN68 2510 =JA228

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning Canceled

Canceled

16 Marcheshvan _____ sealing sign 24 Adar

db _____

[sealing sign?] db 9 Marcheshvan _____ db

2.41

2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47

1059 =IM92.17.87 =L59 1178 =IM 91.16.34 =L178

_____

nd

_____

_____ _____

f ss from the sons of pl unabbreviated writing de date at end

f h from the house ppl partially unabbreviated writing dm date in middle

Canceled

Canceled

Ab. . .w o ss Gir

b h Raimaran barley: 8 seahs + Qosadar/ ider in Šwšm b h Raimaran barley: 1 seah, 3 qabs + Qosadar/ ider in Šwšm b [h PN] [barley: 20 seahs] e wheat: 10 seahs

Zabidu/ Zubaydu o ss Guru Zabidu/ Zubaydu s Ba[a]nath o ss Gur [Sa]adu [o s]s Gur Qosmalak o ss Gir

Canceled

_____

[o]il: 1 quarter (of a qab)

_____

logs: 2

_____

grgrn: 1 load

nd _____

_____

nd 28 [Ab], 9 Sep, 315 3 Antigonus db 22 Elul, yea[r x] _____ db 2 Marcheshvan, 5 Antigonus db 2 Marcheshvan, [5] Antigonus db _____ nd

Ḥalfu o ss Gur

[PN] s Malku b [h] Ḥanni o ss Gur Zabdibaali Abd[. . .] o ss Guru

barley: 27 seahs, 2 qabs

18 Nov, 313

Zabdibaal o ss Gir

b h Pd/rtʿn

barley: 3 seahs

18 Nov, 313

Ubaydu, o s[s Gir]

b h Pd/rtʿn

barley: 25 seahs

_____

[PN] o ss Guru

wheat: 3 seahs

logs: 3

80

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX [. . .] [. . .], Qoskahel son of 3Guru: salt/oil, 4s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date ?

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ].[ ]. ‫ִקִו ִסכהל ִבִר‬ ‫גורו ִמ ִל ִח‬ ‫ף‬2‫ק‬5‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.1-ISAP1531 (AL220 [M246]) Date Missing? Payment of 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs of salt/oil Body sherd of jar (58×49×6–7), exterior red brown, interior lighter brown. Written lines at 30° to wheel-marks [AL].

This is the only chit for an actual son of Gur(u). Dossiers of four other clans sport individuals who are also actual sons of the clan head: Palaqos son of Baalrim (A1.5), Zabdi son of Al(i)baal (A4.2), Bani son of Yehoaz (A6.2), and three sons of Yehokal (Qosyinqom, Qoslanṣur, Yet{i}ab/Yaatiabu [A5.1–2, 5–6]). Baalrim has a grandson: Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ (A1.1–2). The name is Aramaic: Qoskahel, “Qos is able.” The date may have appeared in the missing first line. This is the only chit in the entire corpus for salt, for which the amount of more than 5 seahs is quite large. The middle letter is faint, and it may have been a shin, thus yielding ‫משח‬, “oil,” for which 5 seahs would not be unreasonable. The one chit for oil in this dossier is only 1 qab (A2.13).

81

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tammuz, year 1, Al(i)qos of the sons of Gur, 3 to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

1 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫עלקוס לבני גור‬ ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬ ‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬5 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.2-ISAP1275 (AL14 {J51}) July 28, 358 Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat Complete ostracon, trapezoid [AL]. [Ostracon not seen by Lemaire; current location unknown.]

This is one of seventeen chits recording the payment of grain to the “storehouse of Makkedah,” with two coming from Gur: here for almost 6 seahs and seven years later for more than 9 seahs (A2.14; also A1.7–8, 26, 5.8–9, 13.8–9, 11, 22.1, 35.4, 53.1, 152.1, 195.1, 244.1, and 300.2.3). While most of the payments were for barley, primarily in the month of Sivan, the two from Gur were for wheat in the month of Tammuz. Compared to the other payments, 5+ seahs is a relatively small amount. See Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 131; Table 1.2:30–44c here. The name Al(i)qos means “Qos is exalted.”

82

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX (Line(s) missing?) Payer Product Date

[. . . PN of the sons/of the house of ] 1Gur: [. . .] 2bundle, 1. On the 14th 3of Tishri, year 2. 0

[‫לבית‬/ ‫] לבני‬ [ ]‫ גור‬.1 14 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ משתל‬.2 2 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬.3

A2.3-ISAP1007 (L7 [IM91.16.102]) October 8, 357 Payment of 1 bundle Body sherd of jar (51×42×5) exterior and interior light brown. Writing on exterior, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks. Top edge broken, wide right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, no left margin.

On the dated chits for ‫“( משתלן‬bundles”), see A1.48. Only one other ‫ משתלן‬chit is dated to the month of Tishri, and it lacks a year (A54.2), as do most of the dated chits for this commodity. For another chit for bundles in this dossier, dated to Elul, see A2.10.

83

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONCAVE Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign

[PN 2of the so]ns of Guru 1 [to U]daydu/ru: 2 jars–3[j]ars, eleven 4 On the 5th of Elul, year 4. 5 Abdmilk (bet)

‫רו‬/‫] ע[דיד‬ ‫]לב[ני גורו חביה‬ ‫]ח[ביה עשר וחדה‬ 4 ‫ לאלול שנת‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫עבדמלך‬ ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A2.4-ISAP807 [IA12190 {GCh 7}] September 7, 355 Payment of 11 jars Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (58×70×4), irregularly shaped, interior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Traces of ash on interior and 3 edges. Writing on interior, on slightly concave uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of six or seven chits for jars (‫ חביה‬feminine plural), signed off by Abdmilk, and followed by the sealing sign bet (A3.10, 7.47, 8.21, 194.1, 300.2.24, and probably 300.1.24). All but one (A300.2.24) have the date at the bottom. Five are dated in year 4, three on 5 Elul (here, A3.10, 194.1), and two on 29 Ab (A7.47, 8.21). One other fragmnentary chit was also dated to Elul (A300.2.24). In all of them, the numeral is spelled out as a word and not written with ciphers, as usual; “eleven” is unusually written ‫“( עשר וחדה‬ten and one”). The word ‫ חביה‬is written twice, at the end of line 2 and the beginning of line 3. The right edge is cut away on a diagonal such that Udaydu/ru must be the payee and not the payer. All of the other chits in this group have a payee.

84

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Abdṣidq of the sons of Gur: joist, one. 2 On the 2nd of Tammuz, year 4. 1

‫ עבדצדק לבני ִגִוִר מריש חד‬.1 4 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז שנ‬2 ‫ ב‬.2

A2.5–ISAP1008 (L8 [IM91.16.197]) July 7, 355 Payment of 1 joist Body sherd of jar (100×85×10–15), exterior light brown, interior gray. Partially preserved writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

In all but one (A3.33) of the sixteen chits for ‫“( מריש‬joist”), the numeral is written out as a word, and in ten cases that word is “one,” as here. Four of the ten dated chits belong to year 4, with date at the bottom in the successive months of Sivan, Tammuz, and Ab (see A1.11). Meaning “justice, righteousness,” ‫ צדק‬is here a divine epithet, and the name means “Servant of Ṣidq” (see also A8.19–20 and A64).

85

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents

On the 5th of Tammuz, year 5, Yaafat 2of the sons of Gur: b(arley), k(or), 1, by the hand of 3Qosḥanan and Malku, ḥ[. . .]. 1

‫יעפת‬ ִ 5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עליד‬1 ‫ לבני גור שכ‬.2 ]‫לכִו ִח‬ ִ ‫ומ‬ ִ ִ‫ ִקִו ִס ִח ִנן‬.3

A2.6-ISAP2589 [JA322] June 30, 354 Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (37×60×6–9), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 70% of interior and exterior and on five old breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, *medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The name ‫ יעפת‬appears also below (A2.21) and in El-Kom ostracon No. 2 (Geraty 1972: 8–10). Is the root cognate with ‫ ?עיף‬Qosḥanan appears as agent in four chits, twice more in this dossier (A2.11–12) and once elsewhere (A300.2.31). A person with this name is also a member of the clan of Baalrim (A1.45). Altogether, agents appear (or originally appeared) in fourteen documents in this dossier (here, A2.9, 16, 31, 33–35, 37–39, 43, 45–46). Because the occurrence of two agents was essentially a late phenomenon (cf. commentary to A1.32), it was tempting to assign this text to year 5 of Philip (July 2, 319). This would yield a 17-year gap between Yaafat here and below (A2.21), one year less than the current arrangement. Our ostracon, however, is one of three written by the same scribe with Qosḥanan as agent (A2.11–12 below [4–5 Tishri, year 6]), and the latter two do not include a second agent. Moreover, their date of year 6 is written at the end, and this accords well with a string of other texts thus dated that are early—namely, 354/353; see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 3:13–22. The name Malku appears below as patronym (A2.43) and earlier as a member of the Baalrim clan (A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37; cf. A23). The letters following this name at the end of line 3 are not fully legible.

86

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz, year 5, Qosyeypi from the sons of Gur to [the] storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eah), 1; entry: w(heat), s(eahs), 10 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 20.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product Exchange

5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 [‫ִפ ִע מן בני גור למסכנת[א‬ ִ ‫ קוסִיי‬.2 20 ‫ בשס‬10 ‫ בב חס‬1 ‫חס‬ ִ .3

A2.7-ISAP2436 [JA148] July 1, 354 Payment of 1 seah of wheat; exchange of 10 seahs of wheat for 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Iron Age II, medium-sized (56×77×10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many white grits. Sherd surface eroded. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This document was drawn up a day after the previous one (A2.6) and is one of eighteen payments made to the storehouse in one month (24 Sivan [see A4.22] to 27 Tammuz [see A2.8], year 5), primarily by members of the clan of Baalrim (A1.15–25 [excluding A1.24a]), but also two by Gur (here and A2.8), and one by Al(i)baal (A4.23). Almost all were recorded by the same scribe (Table 1.1:2b–19). Twice elsewhere (A1.24, 4.23), there is recorded not only a payment but an exchange at the standard 1:2 wheat:barley rate. See, also, A2.39. The name ‫ קוסייפע‬is Northwest Semitic, “May Qos shine forth,” and the root is found already in Amorite names from Mari (Huffmon 1965: 212–13) and appears as a qatīl adjective name ‫יפיע‬, borne by a son of David (2 Sam 5:15). For the accounting term ‫“( בב‬entry”), see A1.24.

87

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 27th of Tammuz, year 5, Qosr(i)m of the sons of Gur to the storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 5 (in exchange) for b(arley), s(eahs), 10.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Exchange

5 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסרם לבני גור למסכנתא‬.2 10 ‫ בשס‬5 ‫ חס‬.3

A2.8-ISAP1532 (AL44 [M247]) July 22, 354 Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (82×61×5), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

This chit was written three weeks after the previous one; it records an exchange, but no payment. The adjectival element ‫( רים‬here written defectively ‫ )רם‬in the name Qosrim (see A31) is the same as that in Baalrim: “Qos/Baal is exalted.”

88

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX [PN] of the sons of Guru ◦[. . .] [. . .]to Palaqos by the ha[nd of ...]

Payer

1

Payee

2

Agent

[ ]. ‫ ] [ל בני גורו‬.1 ‫[ל ִפלקוס עלי[ד‬ ִ ] .2

A2.9-ISAP1156 (L156 [IM92.17.84]) Undated Payment Unknown Body sherd of jar (40×67×6) exterior brown, interior orange brown [L]. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This chit apears to have been undated. The payer, commodity, and agent are missing. Five chits, all for barley, record “on the 20th for Palaqos” (A6.18, 7.39, 9.26, 32.7, 206.1) None of these, however, records an agent. This is one of only six chits in our dossier that records a payee (also A2.4, 20, 28, 30, 44).

89

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX? Saadu (and) Samitu 2from the sons of Guru 1presented bund[les], 34. On the 8th of Elul, 4year 6.

Payers

1

Product

2

Date

‫רו שמתו‬/‫שעד‬ ִ ‫ִקִר ִב‬ [‫משת[לן‬ ִ ‫מן בני גורו‬ ‫ לאלול‬8 ‫ ב‬4 6 ‫שנת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.10-ISAP667 [Naveh E43] September 18, 353 Payment of 4 bundles

Samitu appears in some thirty chits as payee and in fifteen as payer (see A8), but only here is there a filiation to a clan. Saadu appears in one other chit affiliated to the clan of Gur (A2.40). In a third chit, dated ten years later (September 4, 343), Suaydu of the sons of Baalgur (probably the unabbreviated name of Gur/ Guru) gave wheat to Samitu (A2.20). Are Suaydu and Saadu the same person? There are three other chits for bundles in the month of Elul, all lacking year date (A1.44, 48, 11.16). The verb ‫“( קרב‬presented”) appears only here. The appearance of two payers is unusual.

90

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Adarel/Idriel son of Ḥazira of the sons of Gur: b(arley), s(eahs), 27; q(ab), 1. On the 4th of Tishri, 3year 6, by the hand of Qosḥanan: s(eahs), 3 (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Agent

‫עדִראל בר חזירא לבני גור‬ ִ .1 ‫ לתשרי‬4 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ ק‬27 ‫ שס‬.2 ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ִד קוסח ִנןִ ִס‬ ִ ‫ עלי‬6 ‫ שנת‬.3

A2.11-ISAP2454 [JA167] October 13, 353 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley and 3.5 seahs of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (72×83×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/30), many black and white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Is the Aramaic name ‫ עדראל‬a verbal-sentence name (Adarel [“El helped”]) or a nominal-sentence name (Idriel [“El is a help”])? Only six payers in this dossier appeared with patronym (A2.1, here, 12–13, 39, 43). Ḥazira (‫[ חזירא‬also A3.32, 9.14, 10.12; 35:1–9]), with the root meaning “pig,” is common Northwest Semitic. In the 5th century, in the form ‫ חזר‬it is found on an Aramaic seal (Maraqten 1988: 80) and as ‫חזיר‬ (Ḥezir) it appears in Judah (Neh 10:21). Both these forms are also present in the Idumean corpus (see A4.36 and ISAP423 [D4.8], respectively), along with ‫( חזירו‬Ḥaziru/Ḥuzayru [see A159.1; ISAP2448 {C2.9}]) and ‫( ח)י(נזרו‬Ḥinziru [see A101.1–3]). The same scribe drew up a chit for barley on 5 Tishri, year 6 with date at the bottom, also followed by the notation “by the hand of Qosḥanan” (A2.12 [the following chit]), and in our chit, followed further by mention of 3.5 seahs. Was this the only amount delivered by Qosḥanan?

91

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Agent

Baanath son of Laytha of the sons of 2Gur/Gir: b(arley), s(eahs), 8; q(abs), 3. 3 On the 5th of Tishri, year 6, 4 by the hand of Qosḥanan. . . . 1

‫בענת ִבִר ליִתע לבני‬ ִ 3 ‫ ק‬8 ‫יר שס‬/‫גו‬ 6 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫ם‬..‫בצ‬/‫עליד קוסחנִן ו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.12-ISAP113 [IA11878] October 14, 353 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×56×6–11), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

See above chit (A2.11). Laytha (‫[ ליתע‬see A81]) is hypocoristic of a name such as Qoslaytha (‫)קוסליתע‬ which is Aramaic precative, “May Qos deliver” (A9.12, A45). The name Baanath (‫ )בענת‬occurs once more in the corpus as the father of Zubaydu (A2.39 below). If it is the same Baanath, we would have a threegeneration genealogy: Zabidu/Zubaydu son of Baanath son of Laytha. The clan name at the beginning of line 2 may be read either ‫ גור‬or ‫גיר‬. The word at the end of line 4 is unintelligible.

92

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Date Product

Salaath son of Anwa 2of the sons of 3Guru: 2 in year 7, 3 oil, 4q(ab), 1. 1

‫לאת בר ענִִוא‬ ִ ‫ִס‬ ‫ לבני‬7 ‫בשנת‬ ‫ִגִוִרו משח‬ [?]1 ‫]?[ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.13-ISAP114 [IA11886] 352/351 Payment of 1 qab of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×63×5–7), almost square, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), very few brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, medium left margin.

The Idumean corpus contains 70 chits for oil, most of which are dated, though many lack a year. Quite puzzlingly, this one has a year but no day or month. With the year date 7 in the middle, it has one other exact parallel (A4.29), except that the latter chit has no preposition beth before ‫ שנת‬to yield “in the year of,” while our chit does. Oil is usually measured by a couple seahs (see A1.5–6), though not infrequently by qabs, as here.

93

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 12th of Tammuz, year 8[+?], Qosnaqam of the sons of Gur, 3 to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf); 5 for the purchase/buyer: w(heat), s(eahs), 9; 6q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product 1 Destination Product 2

[?]8 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬12 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסנקם לבני גור‬ ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬ ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ק‬9 ‫חס‬ 9 ‫לזבונִא? חס‬/? ִ ‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫ִבנ‬ ִ ‫לז‬ ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A2.14-ISAP1225 (LL4 [SM11]) July 4, 351 Two payments of 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat Square ostracon (62×58×7), concave face with fine grooves, pinkish-brown to reddish-brown (5YR6/2–6/4), convex face smoothed, pink (5YR7/3). Two-colored section, very fine fabric. Writing on convex face, written lines parallel to wheel-marks [LL].

Seven years earlier, also in the month of Tammuz, a payment of almost 6 seahs of wheat was made to the storehouse of Makkedah by Al(i)qos (A2.2). Apparently, an equal amount was paid either for “purchase” (‫ )זבנתא‬or for “the buyer” (‫)זבונא‬, whoever that may be. The root ‫ נקם‬appeared in both names of petition (Qosyinqom [‫]קוסינקם‬, “May Qos vindicate” {A1.16 and A20}) and thanksgiving, as here and in A8.12 (Qosnaqam [‫]קוסנקם‬, “Qos vindicated” {see also A27}).

94

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product Date

[PN] of the sons of Gur to Makkedah 2 [. . .], four [. . .], 3[. . .] for five […]. 4 On the 24th of A[dar]/I[yyar]/E[lul]. 1

‫גור‬ ִ ‫[?]למ ִקדה לבני‬..‫ל‬.[ ִ ]. [.]‫[ ארבעה‬ ] [?]‫[ ִבחמשה‬ ] [ ]..‫ לא‬24 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.15-ISAP1409 (AL62 [M115]) 24 Adar/Iyyar/Elul Exchange? Body sherd of jar (91×71×11), exterior and interior slightly grayish-brown. Ostracon possibly complete, writing partially erased. Written lines at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

Only the left edge of lines 1–4 is preserved. Missing at the beginning of line 1 would be the name of the payer, followed by the depository, written ‫למקדה‬, without medial nun, followed by the clan name. The masculine numeral ‫“( ארבעה‬four”) usually follows ‫“( קבן‬qabs”) in our corpus. The bet preceding the numeral ‫“( חמשה‬five”) suggests an exchange. But it would usually precede the commodity and not the numeral. Three Hebrew months begin with the letter alef : Adar, Iyyar, and Elul.

95

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Abdadah of the sons of Gu[r]: hide, 1, by the hand of [. . .]; 3 b(arley), s(eah), 1. On the 2nd of[. . .]

Payer

1

Product 1

2

Agent Product 2 Date

[‫עבדא ִדה לבני גו[ר‬ ִ .1 [ ? ] ‫ ִעליִד‬1 ‫ גלד‬.2 [ ? ]‫ ל‬2 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ שס‬.3

A2.16-ISAP1121 (L121 [IM91.16.71]) 2x Payment of 1 hide and 1 seah of barley Body sherd of jar, small (48×35×4.5), exterior pink, interior light brown. White patina on exterior and interior. Ostracon probably complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin [L].

The name Abdadah (‫“[ עבדאדה‬Servant of Adah”]) was well represented in the Idumean corpus (see A13) and also appears in contemporary ostraca from Beersheba, though hitherto unrecognized (Nos. 7:2 [Naveh 1973 = ISAP2207], 55:2 [ISAP2255; unpublished]). It shares the divine epithet with Zabdadah (see A2.19 below). Two other ostraca report payments of a hide, one by an Abdadah (A13.10) on 2 Tebeth, year 4(+?) (at least January 1, 354) and one by Ḥal(a)fat (A7.34), while three record skins (‫[ מושכן‬A22.9, 91.3, 300.4.13]). An Aḥiqar proverb records the two words in tandem: “The leopard met the goat and she was naked. The leopard answered and said to the goat, ‘Come and I will cover you (with) my skin (‫ ’)משכי‬The goat [answered] and said to the leopard, ‘Why do I (need) your covering? My hide (‫ )גלדי‬do not take from me’” (TAD C31.1:166–67). Lindenberger (1983: 108) rendered ‫“ משכי‬my pelt.” Whether translated “skin” or “hide,” both words also have the meaning “leather” (DJPA 334; DJBA 280). The writing is rubbed off at the left edge, and the name of the agent and the month date are missing in lines 2 and 3, respectively.

96

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Maš(i)ku of the sons of Gur: pegs (nails), 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫משכו לבני גור‬ ִ .1 2 ‫ ִמ ִס ִמִרן‬.2

A2.17- ISAP9 [JTS9 159262] Undated Payment of 2 pegs (nails)

Maš(i)ku (‫ )משכו‬was a popular name (see A21), said to be an Aramaic hypocoristicon (“DN took possession”), occurring in Nabatean (Negev No. 701) and Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 37, 97). It was also compounded as a place name ‫בית משכו‬, recorded in a Hebrew letter from the time of the Bar Kochba revolt (DJD II No. 42:1, 4). Ephʿal-Naveh (EN28 [A7.17]) preferred wooden pegs to metal nails. The number “2” is unusually small. In the two other chits for ‫מסמרן‬, the number is 50 and 33, respectively (A7.17, 9.25).

97

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Iyyar, Maš(i)ku of the sons of Guru: 3 f(lour), seahs, three. 4 . . . (archaic alef )

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory Sealing Sign

‫ לאיר‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫גורו‬ ִ ‫משכו לבני‬ ‫קסאן תלת‬ # ....

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.18-ISAP1863 (EN65 [David Sofer]) 6 Iyyar Payment of 3 seahs of flour

Four texts drawn up for the gatemen have the unabbreviated spelling ‫“( קמח סאן‬flour, seahs” [see A1.38]). Only here do we have a partially unabbreviated spelling, namely, ‫קסאן‬, “f(lour), seahs.” The signatory is illegible, though EN, pp. 44–45, read ‫יתוע‬, as in ISAP1569 (cf. ‫[ יתו‬A5.18–19]). For discussion of signatory and sealing sign, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149–50, Tables 7–8.

98

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tishri, Zabdadah of the sons of Gur: 3 olivewood beam, 1. (archaic alef )

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

‫ לתשרי‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫זבדא ִד ִה לבני גור‬ ִ 1 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫שרי ִזי‬ ִ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.19-ISAP2542 [JA266] 5 Tishri Payment of 1 olivewood beam Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×68×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin widening downward, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are some ten chits for a beam (‫[ שרי‬see A2.26 below]), but only here is it qualified by ‫זית‬, apparently with the meaning “olive wood.” Elsewhere, we have the expressions ‫( אק זיתא‬A300.2.32) and ‫זיתן‬ (A3.8, 18.12), both of which must mean “olive wood.” “The wood, which is richly grained, has been used in construction, for ornaments, and household utensils” (ABD 2:208). Zabdadah was a popular name, appearing in three different clans: Gur (here), Baalrim (ISAP1881 = EN87 [where he is son of Naqdu/ru]), and Yehokal (A5.20); see also A47. The spelling of the name is supported by a list in Greek of names of Idumean colonists in Hermopolis Magna, Egypt from January 25, 78 b.c.e.: Ἡρακλείδης Ζαβδάδου (Herakleides son of Zabdades); F. Zucker, Doppelinschrift spätptolemäischer Zeit aus der Garnison von Hermopolis Magna (APAW 1937, No. 6 [1938]), 16, 41R No. 42, 60). The epithet occurs already in the name ‫“( והבדה‬Adah gave”) in a seventh–sixth-century Aramaic seal (WSS No. 790). The element ‫זבד‬, “grant,” was onomastically most productive, both in theophorous names (Zabdadah, Zabdiel [A1.15, 3.1, 5.2, 5.20, A32], Zabdibaal(i) [A2.44–45 below, A60], Zabdilahi [A5.18–19], and Zabdimaran [A1.51–52]) and in hypocoristicons (Zubaydu [A1.1–2, A12], Zabdu [A1.51–52, A41], Zabdi/a [A15], Zabid/Zubayd [A1.12, 43, A77], Zabbud [A3.15, A98]). See Porten 2005: 122. For the archaic alef, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149*–50*.

99

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Payee Product

On the 14th of Elul, year 16, 2 Suaydu of the sons of 3Baalgur 2 to Samitu: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 5. 1

16 ‫ לאלול שנת‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ שעידו לשמתו ִבבני‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬9 ‫ בעלגור חס‬.3

A2.20-ISAP2441 [JA153] (Palimpsest) September 4, 343 Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat (Inner side of jar with handle) Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (51×60×6), roughly square, exterior and ware reddish-brown (5YR5/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on interior of body sherd, on flat surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

The six numerals of the number 16 in the date were written supralinearly. This is one of only six chits in our dossier with a recipient (also A2.4, 9, 28, 30, 44). Unusually here, the name of the payee (‫ )שמתו‬intervenes between that of the payer (‫ )שעידו‬and the clan name; see also A4.22 and discussion in Porten-Yardeni 2007:107. Also strange, if our reading is correct, is the use of the preposition ‫ ב‬instead of ‫ ל‬prefixed to the clan affiliation (‫)בני‬. We take the name Baalgur to be the unabbreviated name of Gur/Gir/Guru and note that Samitu was also from the sons of Guru (A2.10). Suaydu was a popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A22). Samitu was one of the most-attested persons in the Idumean corpus (see A8). The name occurs in Nabatean and appeared in Greek transcription as Samethos (Negev No. 1164).

100

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On [x (day)] of Tishri, year 2, Yaafat 2of the sons of Guru wheat, kors [. . .]. 1

[

]‫ִעפת‬ ִ ‫ י‬2 ‫ ב[ ]לתשרי שנת‬.1 ‫לב ִנִי גורו חנטן כרן‬ ִ .2 (Line missing?)

A2.21-ISAP1478 (AL31 [M190]) October 3–31, 336 Payment of x kors of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (80×32×7), exterior light brown, interior brown. Written lines at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

In this and the next four texts (A2.22–24a), the commodities and their measurements are written in unabbreviated spelling (see also A2.18 above). They are part of at least ten such texts written by the same scribe between 26 Elul and 11 Kislev, year 2, at least five of which were for Baalrum ([A1.33–37], variant of Baalrim) and the five here for Guru. The key to dating all these texts is Malku. He appears in three of the five Baalrum texts (29 Elul, 28 Marcheshvan, and 2 Kislev, all year 2) and in an earlier text dated to 8 Ab, year 21 (August 4, 338 [A1.32]). This was the last year of the reign of Artaxerxes III, and chronological proximity for Malku would require year 2 to refer to Arses—that is, 336; see, further, on A1.33.

101

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 8th of Marcheshvan, year 2, Ubaydu of the sons of Guru: barley, 3kor, one; seahs, twelve; 4qabs, four.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬8 ‫ב‬ ‫עבידו לבני גורו ִשערן‬ ‫כר חד סאן עשר ותרתין‬ ‫קבן ארבעה‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

(Palimpsest:) 1. On the 20th [. . .] (Vacat?) 2. s(eah), 1. . . m . . .[. . .] 3. and baskets.

[ ]20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ן‬/‫ם‬

]

[… ‫ם‬. …‫ ס‬.2 [?] ‫ ִו ִס ִלן‬.3

A2.22-ISAP1860 (EN62 [JA271]) (Palimpsest) November 8, 336 Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (50×91×7–10), rectangular, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of black and white grits. Composed of 2 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Ubaydu in A2.23, 25–26, 30 below is no doubt the same person. The name appears as patronym in the Baalrim dossier (A1.30; see also A24). It is a qutayl Arabian-style hypocoristicon, alongside ‫( עבדא‬e.g., A143), ‫( עבדו‬e.g., A65), and ‫( עבדי‬e.g., A7.49, A144), abbreviating a construct ‫“( עבד‬servant of”) in some twenty genitive-compound names, such as Abdbaal (A2.32, 3.2, A84), Abdbaali (A1.2, A84), Abdel (A9.6), Abdese (A14.3), Abdadah (A2.16, A13), Abdilahi (ISAP423), Abdmilk (A1.2, A145), Abdosiri (A5.18–19), Abdqos (A112), Abdšamaš (A146), and Abdur (A213.1); see Porten 2005: 122*.

102

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On the x of Ma]rcheshvan, year 2, Ubaydu 2[of the sons of G]uru: wheat, kors, seven; 3[seahs, tw]o; hal⟨f ⟩ a qab. 1

‫ עבידו‬2 ‫ ]ב    למ]רחשון שנת‬.1 ‫ ]לבני ג]ורו חנטן כרן שבעה‬.2 ‫ ]סאן תר]תין פל⟨ג⟩ ִקב‬.3

A2.23-ISAP1862 (EN64 [JA402]) November 1–30, 336 Payment of 7 kors, 2 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70×68×5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few large white grits. Wide top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, narrow left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

In the previous ostracon (A2.22), Ubaydu made a payment of almost one-and-a-half kors of wheat on 8 Marcheshvan. In the same month (unfortunately, the day is missing), he makes a very large payment of slightly more than seven kors of wheat. The scribe has written as one word ‫ פלקב‬for ‫פלג קב‬, “half a qab,” writing the final bet with a flourish.

103

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 11th of Kislev, year 2, Ḥabutu of the sons of 2Guru: barley, seahs, eigh[t]een; 3qab, one. 1

‫ חבותו לבני‬2 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ותמ[נ]ה‬ ִ ‫ גורו שערן סאן עשר‬.2 ‫ קב חד‬.3

A2.24-ISAP1861 (EN63 [JA401]) December 11, 336 Payment of 18 seahs, 1 qab of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×84×6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Two more persons named Ḥabutu appeared in year 2, one on 10 Tammuz (A78.2) and the other on 20 Sivan (A78.1), though neither was filiated to Guru, and the identity of year 2 in those texts is uncertain. The numeral “18” is written out as “ten and eight” (‫ )עשר ותמ]נ[ה‬and the numeral “1” as “one” (‫)חד‬.

104

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of (month) y], year 2, [PN of the sons of G]uru: barley 3[kor, one; seahs], nineteen; [qabs . . . ?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

2 ‫ שנת‬.] ‫ ]ב ל‬.1 ‫שעִרן‬ ִ ‫ג]ורו‬ ִ ‫ ] לבני‬.2 ‫ותש ִע‬ ִ ‫ ] סאן ]עשר‬.3

A2.24a-ISAP1986 (LW20 {W2′ })

336/335 Payment of [1 kor  ], 19 seahs, [x qabs?] of barley Small, clear, brown sherd (45×52×8). The inscription is perpendicular to the potter’s wheel traces. The ostracon is incomplete: we have only the ends of three lines [AL].

This chit is to be restored on the basis of A2.22 above. The date in line 1 ends with the numeral “2.” The last two words in line 2 above are ‫“( גורו שערן‬Guru, barley”); here are preserved only the last three letters of Guru (‫ )]ג[ורו‬and ‫“( שערן‬barley”). In line 3 above (A2.22), the last two words are the double digit ‫עשר‬ ‫“( ותרתין‬ten and two”). Here, the last two words are the double digit ‫“( עשר ותשע‬ten and nine”). Parallel spacing requires that the beginning of line 3 here include something like ‫“( כר חד‬one kor”), as in the text above. Any qab measure would have been lost in the break or come at the beginning of line 4, which is perhaps cut off.

105

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Products Date

Ubaydu of the sons of Gir: logs, 6; beam, 1. 2 On the 25th of Kislev. 1

1 ‫ שרי‬6 ‫ עבידו לבני גיר גזרן‬.1

‫ לכסלו‬25 ‫ ב‬.2

A2.25-ISAP2513 [JA 231] 25 Kislev Payments of 6 logs and 1 beam Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (79×89×6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Ubaydu is doubtless the same fellow as the one mentioned above (A2.22–23), but the scribe who drew up this chit chose to record the clan name as Gir, and not Guru, and wrote the date at the bottom and not the top. There are almost 40 chits for logs (‫)גזירן‬, but only about a dozen or so are dated, and this seems to be the only one that includes a second item, probably ‫“( שרי‬a beam” [the reading, nonetheless, is difficult, because the final yod is attached to the preceding reš ]); see A2.19 above and 2.26 below. The numeral “1” is written supralinearly. Most chits for logs number one or two (see A2.28 below); six is rather many; the largest number is nine in a chit for Zabdi of the sons of Qoṣi (A3.31). There are three more chits for logs in this dossier (A2.28, 41, 47).

106

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Ubaydu of the sons of Gir: grgrn, 20; beam, 1.

Payer

1

Products

2

‫ עבידו לבני גיר‬.1 1 ‫שרי‬ ִ 20 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A2.26–202 (EN67 [IA11823]) Undated Payment of 20 grgrn and 1 beam Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×73×5), almost square, regular shape, top and bottom edges straightened, exterior pinkish white (7.5YR8/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 10° to wheelmarks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

For full discussion of grgrn, see A1.28 and A2.42 below; for beam, see A2.19 and 25.

107

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer

On the 2nd of Sheba[t], [PN] 2of the sons of G[ur/ir]: 1

[ ‫לש ִב[ט‬ ִ 2 ‫ ב‬.1 (‫יר(ו‬/‫ לבני ג[ו‬.2

A2.27-ISAP247 [IA11814] 2 Shebat Payment Unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (38×39×8), irregularly shaped. Exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. White patina on ca. 50% of interior and on breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only a half-dozen or so letters are preserved in two lines at the right edge The prenomen must have appeared at the end of line 1 and the product at the end of line 2.

108

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Payee

On the 13th of Shebat, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru 2of the sons of Guru: log, 1, 3 to the hand of Y◦◦n. 1

‫רו‬/‫ לשבט עיד‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ לבני גורו גזיר‬.2 ‫ן‬...ִ‫ִד י‬ ִ ‫ לי‬.3

A2.28-ISAP2591 [JA325] 13 Shebat Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (40×56×7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin (excluding lower tip of nun), narrow left margin.

The name of the payer may either contain a reš and be read ‫( עירו‬Ghayru) or a dalet and be read ‫עידו‬, transcribed either as Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (see A1.55, A19). The former would be an Arabian hypocoristicon of a name such as the very popular Baalghayr (A7.1–16) or Qosghayr (A1.23), “Baal/Qos is jealous.” The latter appears also in Nabatean (Negev No. 879) and has the parallel form ‫( עידן‬see A1.40). Of the 40 or so chits for logs, less than one-quarter have payees (e.g., A9.20, 30; A130.1, 140.2), and some dozen are dated, of which two in addition to this one fall in the month of Shebat (A3.32, 5.13). One log is the usual amount paid. The pseudo-preposition (Muraoka-Porten 2003: 87) “to the hand of” (‫)ליד‬, indicating the payee, occurs infrequently, in contrast to the simple preposition lamed, “to,” and usually precedes the product, not as here (cf. A1.23–24).

109

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product? Filiation

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru [. . . . . .] 3 of the sons of G[ur/ir . . .] 1

[ ]‫רו‬/‫עיד‬ ִ .1 ? .2 [ ‫לב ִנִי ִג[ור‬ ִ .3

A2.29-ISAP1309 (AL318 [M9]) Undated Payment Unknown Small sherd (32×36×7/8), exterior and interior orange-red. Upper right part of original ostracon preserved. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Like A2.27, only the beginning of the first two lines is preserved. Since the clan filiation (“of the sons of G[ur/ir]”) usually belongs to the payer, we should assume that the end of line 1 contained the product.

110

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 30th of Shebat, year 2, Ubaydu of the sons of Gur: flour, 3s(eahs), 15; q(abs), 3; Uzayzu of the sons of 4Gur flour, s(eahs), 19; 5q(abs), 3, for (the) gatemen.

Date

1

Payer 1

2

Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2 Payee

2 ‫ לשבט שנת‬30 ‫ב‬ ‫לבני גור קמח‬ ִ ‫עבידו‬ ִ ‫ עזיזו לבני‬3 ‫ ק‬15 ‫ס‬ 19 ‫גור קמח ס‬ ִ‫[ל]תִר ִען‬ ִ 3‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A2.30-ISAP2531 [JA254] February 27, 335 Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and 19 seahs, 3 qabs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×63×10), roughly trapezoid, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is no doubt the same Ubaydu as the one above in A2.22–23 (both dated to year 2) and 25–26. This is one of almost a dozen texts making payments to the “gatemen,” mostly of flour (see A1.38–42), as here, and apparently mostly by members of the clans Baalrim (A1.38–42), Gur (here), Qoṣi (A3.23), and Al(i)baal (A4.30), but see also A6.24 and 83.3. Only here do two payers appear. Two chits, moreover, pay the gatemen “loads,” one undated, by Uzyazu (A29.8; also here in line 3), and one by Baalmalak, dated to 22 Tebeth, year 19 (A74.2) = February 4, 339. Assuming that all the “gatemen” texts were written within a compact period, we note that year 19 of Artaxerxes III would indicate that year 2 of our text must refer to Arses, as do the above Ubaydu texts. The name Uzayzu (‫ )עזיזו‬occurs also in Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 44, 105 [where see for explanation]) and Nabatean (Negev No. 869).

111

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product 1 Agent Product 2

On the 20th of Ab, Ḥayyan of the sons of Gur: b(arley), s(eahs), 10 2 by the hand of[ PN . . .]w(heat), s(eahs), 2. 1

10 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫לא ִב ִחיִן לבני גור‬ ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫]ח ִס‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִל[יד‬.2

A2.31-ISAP642 [BLMJ694 {Naveh493}] 20 Ab Payment of 10 seahs of barley and 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, roughly trapezoid, medium-sized (56×70×8), exterior light gray (10YR7/2), black residue (ash?) on ca. 90% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks.

The name Ḥayyan (‫ )חין‬occurs in over half a dozen texts in our corpus and should be read also in Arad No. 24 = ISAP2124 (Naveh 1981: 162). It occurs in Nabatean (Negev No. 436a) and in an Aramaic memorial inscription from Assur (Beyer 1998: No. A 11a), with parallels in Palmyrene and Phoenician (Stark 1971: 88). It doubtless means, “living” (with Beyer and Stark), though Negev has explained it otherwise. The name of the agent is effaced in line 2, and it is not clear why a second commodity appears at the end of that line.

112

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Kislev [?], Abdbaal of the sons of Gur [?]: 3 chaff . . .[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[?]‫לכסלִו‬ ִ 22 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]‫גור‬ ִ ‫ ִעבדבעל לבני‬.2 [ ].. ִ‫ ִת ִבן‬.3

A2.32-ISAP1043 (L43 [IM91.16.46]) 22 Kislev Payment of chaff Body sherd of jar (50×30×8), exterior and interior pink. Right part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior mostly erased; written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks [L]. Medium top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, no left margin.

The noun ‫“( עבד‬servant of”) occurs as initial element in some twenty genitive-compound names (see A2.22 above). The word ‫ תבן‬is regularly followed by either ‫“( פחלץ‬bale”) or ‫“( משתל‬bundle”); see A1.44.

113

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents Sealing Sign

On the 10th of [Ab, 26 ‫ ל]אב חי[ן לבני גור שס‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 Ḥayya]n of the sons of Gur: ‫ ]ע[לי]ד רעימרן וקוסעדר ב]שו[שם‬.2 b(arley), s(eahs), 26, .3 [∞] 2 by the hand of Raimaran and Qosadar/ider in Šwšm (figure 8) 1

A2.33-ISAP1411 (AL312 [M117 {Naveh A3}]) 10 [Ab] Payment of 26 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (88×76×6), exterior and interior grayish-brown. Ostracon perhaps complete but partially erased and quite illegible. Written lines at 15° to wheel-marks [AL].

Chronologically, this chit shold follow the two below, the order being 26 Tammuz, 6 Ab, 10 Ab (A2.34– 35). With the peculiar diagonal-like figure-8 as sealing sign, this and the following four texts (A2.34–35, 37–38) were drawn up by the same scribe for members of the clan of Gir/Gur for payments of barley delivered by the pair Raimaran and Qosadar/ider in Tammuz, Ab, Marcheshvan, and Adar. The first two letters of the name of the payer are missing, and restoration of ‫“( חין‬Ḥayyan”) is likely, because the name also appears above (A2.31). The last three digits of the commodity measure at the end of line 1 are written sublinearly. Raimaran (‫ )רעימרן‬is Aramaic (“Our lord satisfies”), with parallels for both elements: Abdmaran (A18.6) and Natanmaran (A300.1.59); Baalrai (ISAP1626 [E3.6]) and Qosrai (e.g., A89). The name ‫( קוסעדר‬A17) may either be a verbal-sentence name, like Eleazar, “El helped” (Exod 6:23) or a nominal-sentence name like Eliezer, “El is help” (Exod 18:4). ¶ The fully dated chits for pairs of agents are all late (336–312); see A1.32. Šwšm may be a place-name, thus far unidentified.

114

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents Sealing Sign

On the 26th of Tammuz, [PN of the sons of ] 2Gur: b(arley), k(ors), 3 by the hand of [Ra]imaran 3and Qosa[dar/ider in Šwšm]. [(figure 8)] 1

[‫ לתמוז ……[ לבני‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 [?] ‫ עליד [רע]ימרן‬3 ‫ גור שכ‬.2 [∞] ִ‫בשִושם‬ ִ ‫וסע ִדִר‬ ִ ‫וק‬ ִ .3

A2.34-ISAP1611 (AL15 [M 413]) 26 Tammuz Payment of 3 kors of barley Body sherd of jar (87×56×7), exterior and interior brown, ribbed interior. Written lines at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

At 3 kors, the payment of barley here is many times more than that in the other four chits in this group (A2.33, 35, 37–38). See chit above for further discussion.

115

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents Sealing Sign

On the 6th of Ab, Rahnu of the sons of Gir: 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 25, by the hand of Raimaran 3and Qosadar/ider in Šwšm 4 (figure 8) 1

‫רהנִִו לבני גי‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עליד רעימרן‬25 ‫ שס‬.2 ‫וקוסע ִדִר בשושם‬ ִ .3 .4 ∞

A2.35-ISAP2512 [JA230] 6 Ab Payment of 25 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (72×86×7), irregularly shaped, very pale brown (10YR8/3), many tiny white grits. Traces of ash on ca. 10% of exterior and on one old break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

See commentary to A2.33–34. Rahnu (‫ )רהנו‬derives from Aramaic/Arabian rhn (“to pledge”) and means something like “The Pledged One” (R. Zadok, written communication). See also A8.7–8, 12; 46. Here and in A2.37 the scribe wrote Gir rather than Gur. The amount of barley in this and the following chit are almost identical: 25 and 26 seahs.

116

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agents Sealing Sign

On the 16th of Marcheshvan, Ab[◦◦]w of the sons of 2Gir: b(arley), s(eahs), 8, by the hand of Raimaran 3and Qosadar/ider [in Š  ]wšm. (figure 8) 1

‫ו לבני‬.. ִ ‫אב‬ ִ ‫ למרחשון‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִמרן‬ ִ ‫ִד ִר ִעי‬ ִ ‫ ִעלי‬8 ‫ גיר שס‬.2 ∞ ‫סע ִדִר [בש]ושם‬ ִ ‫ ִו ִקִו‬.3

A2.37-ISAP1714 [JA518 {ChM14 > EYH1}] 16 Marcheshvan Payment of 8 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (72×97×7–11), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin broken at left edge, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

See the previous four chits for commentary. Unfortunately, the name of the payer is virtually illegible, except for the initial alef (perhaps read ‫)אב◦◦ו‬. The figure 8 is best preserved in this chit.

117

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONCAVE On the 24th of Adar Zubaydu/Zabidu of the sons of Guru: 3 b(arley), s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3, by the hand of Raimaran 4(and) Qosadar/ider in Šwšm. [(figure-8)]

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents Sealing Sign

[?] ‫דר‬/‫ לאי‬24 ‫ב‬ [?] ‫ִדִו לבנִי ִגִוִרִו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ‫ז‬ [?] ִ‫רעימִרן‬ ִ ‫ על יד‬3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫שס‬ [∞] ‫שושם‬ ִ ‫וסע ִדִר ִב‬ ִ ‫ִק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.38-ISAP104 [IA11882] 24 Adar Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of barley Body sherd and beginning of handle of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×90×10), roughly trapezoid, interior light red (2.5YR6/6), many large white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

See previous five chits for commentary. For Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A1.1 and A12. The contrast in payment between 1.5 seahs of barley here and 3 kors in A2.34 is most striking.

118

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Marcheshvan, Zubaydu/Zabidu son of Ba[a]nath of the sons of Gur, 3 [. . .]. . . by the han[d] of 4[PN . . .: b(arley), s(eahs), 20] (in exchange) for w(heat), s(eahs), 10 [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent Exchange

‫ו‬/‫ב‬

‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ למרחשון ז‬9 ‫ב‬ ‫ִת לבני גור‬ ִ ‫ִבִר ִב[ע]נ‬ [‫ִי עלי[ד‬..ִ‫[נ‬ ] [?]10 ‫ ִב ִח ִס‬.. .[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.39-ISAP336 [IA11716] 9 Marcheshvan Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley for ] 10 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44×75×5), roughly trapezoid, exterior pale red (2.5Y6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, on gray poorly preserved patina-like scum, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the names, see A2.12, where the possibility of a three-generation genealogy is raised. For Zubaydu/ Zabidu, see above (A2.38). The product must have stood at the beginning of line 3, followed perhaps by the name of a payee. The name of the agent must have stood at the beginning of line 4, followed by 20 ‫שס‬ (“b{arley}, s{eahs}, 20”), for that would be the equivalent of 10 seahs of wheat (see A2.7).

119

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX [Sa]adu of [the son]s of Gur: [o]il, q(uarter), 1

Payer

1

Product

2

‫רו ִל[בנ]ִי ִגִוִר‬/‫ד‬ ִ ‫]ש]ע‬ ִ .1 1 ‫ ]מ]שח ִר‬.2

A2.40-ISAP529 (Charlesworth2) Undated Payment of 1 quarter (of a qab) of oil

For Saadu see A2.10. The quarter measure is probably of a qab. One text for oil lists 2 q(abs), 2 q(uarters), 1 e(ighth) (A7.25).

120

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosmalak of the sons of Gir: logs, 2. 1

2 ‫ קוסמלך לבני גיר גזרן‬.1

A2.41-ISAP1405 (AL188 [M111 {Naveh 603}]) Undated Payment of 2 logs Body sherd of jar (85×71×13) exterior gray brown, interior gray. Written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks [AL].

Most of the forty chits for logs are undated; see A2.25 above. This is a beautifully written chit in a single-line arch following the upper contours of the ostracon. A2.46 below is also written in a single line but not with the same elegance.

121

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Ḥalfu of the sons of Gur: grgrn, load, 1

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ חלפו לבני גור‬.1 1 ‫ גרגרן מובל‬.2

A2.42–1740 [IA12416 {Zd 17}] Undated Payment of 1 load of grgrn Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (46×52×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits, traces of blackish substance (ash?) on interior. Writing on exterior, on flat smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The root ‫ חלף‬was used in many proper names—e.g., Ḥalafta (A194.1), Ḥal(a)fan (A18), Ḥal(a)fat (A7.1–41), Ḥal(l)uf (A1.29), Ḥulayfu (A6.5), all probably hypocoristica for ‫ ;חלפאלהי‬see A3.35. For grgrn, see A2.26 above and A1.28. They are regularly measured by numerals; only here as a load (‫)מובל‬. There are almost thirty chits for ‫“( מובל‬load”) and only a handful are dated. A few indicate contents: wood (A7.15, 158.1, 49.2, 134.1, 169.1), sheaves (‫[ עמיר‬A15.17, 26.5]), and only here grgrn.

122

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 28th of [Ab], year 3 2Antigonus, [PN] son of Malku 3of the sons of Gur: b(arley), s(eahs), 27; q(abs), 2; 4 by the [ha]nd of Ḥanni: to / for šḥln 1

3 ‫[ לאב] שנת‬28 ‫ב‬ ‫מלכו‬ ִ ‫[ ]בר‬.. ‫אתגנס‬ 2 ‫ ק‬27 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫לב ִנִי ִגִוִר‬ ִ ‫על[י]ד חני לשחלן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A2.43-ISAP212 (IA11791) September 9, 315 Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar medium-sized (68×73×5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is one of six chits drawn up by the same scribe in Tammuz and Ab, 3 Antigonus (August/September, 315) for wheat or barley, all through the agency of Ḥanni and all signed off by the enigmatic ‫לשחלן‬ (A3.38, 13.14, 50.4, 114.2, 262.1). For dates according to Macedonian rulers, see Porten-Yardeni 2008: 237–49; Table 5 here. The name Ḥanni (‫ )חני‬would be a hypocoristicon of a name such as Ḥanniel (‫)חניאל‬, “El is grace,” with a biblical parallel in Num 34:23. Malku was an agent for barley in A2.6 above. The name of the payer is effaced. // ‫ ק‬is written supralinearly at the end of line 3.

123

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Elul, yea[r x], Zabdibaali 3of the sons of Guru 2 to Abd[. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

‫ לאלול שנִ]ת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִבדבעלי לעבד]ײ‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.2 [?]3 ‫ לבני גורו חס‬.3

A2.44-ISAP232 (EN68 [IA11818]) 22 Elul, year x Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (40×52×9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, writing parallel to straight upper edge, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Assuming that Zabdibaali here is the same person as Zabdibaal of the sons of Gir in the next chit (A2.45), we must conclude that the scribe inserted the name of the payee (Abd[. . .]) before the clan name of the payer. See discussion in A1.23–24, demonstrating the occasionally errant practice of a scribe not juxtaposing the clan name to that of the payer. For the name itself (meaning “Grant of my Master,” less likely “Grant of my Baal”) see A2.19, A60. The name of the payee is cut off at the left edge. Unless we follow the unlikely assumption that he had a patronym, there would not be enough space at the end of line 1 for the name of Antigonus, as in the next chit (A2.45).

124

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 2nd of Marcheshvan, year 5 2Antigonus, Zabdibaal of the sons of Gir: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 3, by the hand of Pd/rtʿn. 1

5 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫בעל לבני גיר‬ ִ ‫ִב ִד‬ ִ ‫אתגן ז‬ ִ .2 ‫ר ִת ִען‬/ ִ ‫ עליד ִפ ִד‬3 ‫ שס‬.3

A2.45-ISAP2510 [JA228] November 18, 313 Payment of 3 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×91×7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Note that the clan of Gur is active for more than 40 years. There are four chits for barley written four months apart by the same scribe, with the ruler’s name abbreviated to ‫אתגן‬: July 9 and 12, November 18, 313 ([2×] A63.6, 5.20, here, and the next chit [A2.46]). The name Pd/rtʿn (‫רתען‬/‫ )פד‬as agent occurs here and once or twice more (A63.6 and probably A2.46).

125

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 2nd of Marcheshvan, [year 5] 2of Antigonus, Ubaydu of the s[ons of Gir]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 25, by the hand of [Pd/rtʿn]. 1

‫ למרחשון] שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִדִו לב[ני גיר‬ ִ ‫ אתגןִ עבי‬.2 ‫ר ִת ִען‬/ ִ ‫]פ ִד‬ ִ ‫ עליד‬25 ‫ שס‬.3

A2.46-ISAP1059 (L59 [IM92.17.87]) November 18, 313 Payment of 25 seahs of barley Sherd (55×60×6), exterior and interior pink to reddish-orange. Ostracon incomplete, top left part missing. Writing on exterior. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken [L].

Three more chits, all by the same scribe and all from year 5, abbreviate the ruler’s name to ‫( אתגן‬A2.45, 5.20 [year 4{+1} = 5; notice the alef looped at the bottom], 63.6). Like ours, one other was written on 2 Marcheshvan, by Zabdibaal of the sons of Gir (A2.45), and we may thus restore our date to “year 5” and suggest that Ubaydu was likewise from the same clan. Three of the five Ubaydus referred to above are dated to 336–335 (A2.22–23, 30; see A2.25–26). Two of the ‫ אתגן‬chits (A2.45, 63.6) have the same agent (the enigmatic ‫רתען‬/‫)פד‬, and we may thus restore that name here as well.

126

A2.1–47 Gur Dossier (358–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[PN] of the sons of Guru: logs, 3. 1

3 ִ‫גורִו ִג ִזיִִרִין‬ ִ ‫ לבני‬.[ ] .1

A2.47-ISAP1178 (L178 [IM91.16.34]) Undated Payment of 3 logs Body sherd of jar (82×74×6), exterior and interior light brown and covered with patina. Writing on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks [L].

The name of the payer is missing. Only ten or so of the forty-some chits for logs number more than one, and only this one has the word written with yod as part of the plural marker (‫ ;)גזירין‬see A2.28 above.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) Dated List of Texts A3.1 A3.1a. A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6 A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 A3.10 A3.11 A3.12 A3.13 A3.14 A3.15 A3.16 A3.17 A3.17a A3.18 A3.19 A3.20 A3.21 A3.22 A3.23 A3.24 A3.25 A3.26 A3.27 A3.28 A3.29 A3.30 A3.31 A3.32 A3.33 A3.34 A3.35 A3.36 A3.37 A3.38 A3.39 A3.40

Payment of 8 beams 20 x Payment of 1 log 22 Tebeth Payment of 5 seahs of resh May 10, 361 Payment of 1 bale of chaff Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat August 18, 358 Payment of 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley November 8, 358 Payment unknown December 5, 358 – January 2, 357 Payment of 22 seahs of barley October 26, 357 Payment of 5 (pieces of) olivewood 17 Adar Payment of 2 jars Undated Payment of 4 jars September 7, 355 Payment of 3 jars 8 Elul Payment of 3 jars Undated Payment of 8 jars Undated Payment of 1 load Undated Payment of 18 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat November 9, 353 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of barley 20 x Payments of wheat: 10 seahs and 20 seahs August 2, 351 Payment of 26 [+?] seahs of wheat x of y, year 9 (350/349) Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley July 7, 349 Payment of [x seahs?], 1.5 qabs of x August 28 – September 26, 349 Payment of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley September 7, 342 Payment unknown August 8 – September 6, 339 Payment of 1[+ ?] seah of x January 14 – February 11, 358 Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour 1 Iyyar Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat August 14, 336 Payment of 1 seah of x 28 x Payment of 1 seah, 5 qabs of x Undated Payment of 4(+ ?) of x Undated Payment of 1 door Undated Payment of 4 joists Undated Payment of 1 joist 29 Ab Payment of 9 logs 19 Kislev Payment of 1 log 1 Shebat Payment of 22 grgrn and 2 joists Undated Payment of 33 grgrn Undated Payment of 1 beam Undated Payment of 10 beams Undated Payment unknown Undated Payment of wheat or barley? July 14-September 11, 315 Payment of 1 kor of wheat February 22, 311 Payment of 17 seahs of flour Undated

127

128

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

Overview (Fig. 44)

With a total of 42 chits, the clan of Qoṣi is the third largest. It is attested over a full 50 years, from 361 to 311 (A3.2, 39). This is the only profane name among the five leading clans (Baalrim, Gur, Alibaal, and Yehokal). It is a diminutive, meaning “(My) thorn,” and appears without suffix, simply Qoṣ (‫)קוץ‬, as a payer in the house of Yehokal (A5.10). There is a biblical parallel in the priestly family name Hakkoz (‫[ הקוץ‬Ezra 2:61; Neh 3:4, 21, 7:64; 1 Chr 24:10)]). The filiation was mainly expressed by the term “of the sons of” (‫[ לבני‬21×]), less frequently by “from the sons of” (‫[ מן בני‬8×]), and a few times only by “of the house of” (‫[ לבית‬3×]) or “from the house of (‫[ מן בית‬1×]). Uniquely among the five clans, Qoṣi appears in two chits as a party to the transaction: once as payer and once, apparently, as payee (A3.1a, 1). His sons appear in the second generation as payees, Marṣaat on May 10, 361, and Ghauti on November 8, 358 (A3.2, 5), alongside Baruk father of Ab(i)šalam on August 18, 358 (A3.4). In addition to Ab(i)šalam, at least seven more persons appear in the third generation from 357 through 342: Al(i)qos (4× [15-year span]), PN (2×), Zubaydu/Zabidu (4×), Sakkui, Zabbud, Natanṣidq (2×), and M[. . .] (A3.6–10, 15, 17–20, 23–24, 40); two in the fourth generation (August/September, 339 and January/February, 338) whose names are missing (A3.21–22); and two in the fifth generation (July–September, 315 and February 22, 311): Ḥabutu and PN (A3.38–39). In addition to the 15 persons (both payers and payees) who are chronologically identifiable, there appear an almost-equal number of payers whose chits are only partially dated or not dated at all. Six persons appear in partially dated chits: Zabdi (19 Kislev), Ḥazira (1 Shebat), Ḥal(a)fan (29 Ab [and twice more in undated chits)], Yetiaḥ (8 Elul), Qosyaqum (20 x), and Yathu (28 x) (3.31–32, 30 [3.28–29], 11, 16, 25). Ten persons appear in undated chits: Maš(i)ku, Netina, Berik, Rawi, PN (2×), Qosḥanan (2×), Qosnatan, and Ša/imra (A3.3, 12–14, 26–27, 33–35, 37). Including the clan head Qoṣi, we have slightly more than 30 clan members in 42 chits. Striking is the fact that, among all these names, only two appear with patronyms (in addition to the two sons of Qoṣi himself discussed above): Ab(i)šalam son of Baruk and Dalael son of Ḥawlaf (A3.4 [dated], 35 [undated]). In addition to Qoṣi, his “house,” his two sons Marṣaat and Ghauti, and Zubaydu, all payees (A3.1–2, 5, 10, 36), there are five unaffiliated payees (Qosgad, Ḥazael [2×], gatemen, Šallum, and Qosaz [A3.14, 17–18, 23, 29, 39]), three unaffiliated agents (Abenaši, Qosḥanan, Hillel, and Ḥanni [A3.21, 33, 34, 38]), and four unaffiliated signatories (Yazidu, Abdmilk, Allal, and Saadel [A3.2, 10, 15, 20]). All totaled, more than 40 names in 42 chits in 50 years of activity (361–311) appear in this clan dossier. Onomastically, taking all the names together, there are more than twice as many hypocoristica as theophorous names. Among the latter, Qos dominates, with six names (Qosgad, Qosyaqum, Al{i}qos [4×], Qosḥanan [2×], Qosnatan, and Qosaz [A3.14, 16; 17, 23, 24, 40; 33–34; 35; 39]), followed by El, with four (Zabdiel, Ḥazael [2×], Saadel, and Dalael [A3.1, 17–18, 20, 35]), and Baal with one (Abdbaal [A3.2]). There are four epithets: Ab (Ab{i}šalam and Abenaši), Aḥ (Yetiaḥ), Milk (Abdmilk), and Ṣidq (Natanṣidq [2×]) (A3.4, 21; 11; 10, 20). More than a dozen commodities constitute the payments. Fifteen chits contain four agricultural products: seven for wheat in the months of Marcheshvan, Shebat, and Ab (4×) (A3.4, 15, 17, 17a, 20, 24, 39), five for barley in the months of Marcheshvan (2×), Tammuz, and Ab (A3.5, 7, 16, 18, 20), two for flour in Iyyar (3.23, 40), and one for resh in Nisan (A3.2). Seven different wooden products appear in 14 chits: beams (undated), joists (in Ab), and logs (in Kislev, Shebat, Tebeth) in three each (A3.1, 35–36; 29–30, 33; 1a, 31–32); grgrn in two undated (A3.33–34); olive wood (in Adar), a load, and a door in one each (A3.8, 14, 28). Five chits recorded jars (A3.9–13), with one fully dated, including payee and signatory (September 7, 355 [A3.10]). One undated chit recorded a bale of chaff (A3.3). Unknown commodities are sent in Elul and Tebeth (A3.19, 22). The most active months are Ab, with four payments of wheat and one each of barley and joists (A3.4, 17, 20, 24; 20; 30), and Marcheshvan, with two payments of barley and one of wheat (A3.5, 7; 15). The only two months in which there is no activity are Sivan and Tishri.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

129

130

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) Table 8.  The Dossier of Qoṣi at a Glance (361–311 [A3.1–42])

No. 3.1 3.1a 3.2 3.3 3.4

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15

3.16

son of of the house of unabbreviated spelling date in middle ISAP 778 =YR110 1905 =JA324 =EN114 1849 =JA104 =EN49 1430 =M138 =AL184 1224 =SM7 =EN60 =LL3 2460 =JA174 2645 =JA389 942 =GCh942 825 =GCh25 =IA12208 1390 =M96 =AL171 1028 = IM 91.16.28 =L28 1888 =JA15 =EN94 1910 =EN119 215 =IA11770 1256 =J22 =AL244 940 =GCh140 1094 =IM 94.32.42 =L94

o ss i h nd

of the sons of in the hand of no date

Julian Babylonian date Date 20 x _____ de 22 Tebeth _____

Scribe

s o h pl dm

f ss t h db

from the sons of to the hand of date at beginning

nd 11 Ab, 1 [Artaxerxes III]

18 August, 358

db 3 Marcheshvan, 1 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet de x Kislev, 1 db 2 Marcheshvan, 2 [Artaxerxes III] db+de 17 Adar

8 Nov, 358 5 Dec, 358 –2 Jan, 357 26 Oct, 357 _____

db _____

_____

nd 5 Elul, 4 7 Sep, 355 [Artaxerxes III] sealing bet de 8 Elul _____ de _____ _____

nd nd

_____

_____ _____ _____

archaic alef ? nd 1 Marcheshvan, 9 Nov, 353 4[+2 = 6] [Artaxerxes III] archaic alef db 20 x de

from the house of in exchange for date at end

Payer Zabdiel

Payee i h Qoṣi

beams: 8

Q(o)ṣi

_____

brought:

Abdbaal

Marṣaat s Qoṣi

from Makkedah:

Maš(i)ku f ss Qoṣi

_____

from Makkedah:

Ab(i)šalam s Baruk o ss Qoṣi

_____

wheat: 2 seahs, 2 qabs

db 26 Nisan, 44 10 May, [Artaxerxes II] 361 archaic alef de _____ _____

f h e de

15 Naum pl [PN o / f ss] Qoṣi Zubaydu/ Zabidu o ss Qoṣi Zubaydu/ Zabidu o ss Qoṣi Zubaydu f ss Q[oṣ]i

Commodity

log: 1

resh: 5 seahs Yazidu bale

of chaff: 1

Ghauti s Qoṣi barley: 12 seahs, 4 qabs _____

_____

_____

barley: 22 seahs

_____

olive wood: 5

_____

jars: 2

Zubaydu

jars: 4

Yetiaḥ o ss Q(o)ṣi

_____

Abdmilk jars: 3

Netina f ss Qoṣi Berik f ss Qoṣi Rawi o h Qoṣi

_____

jars: 3

_____

jars: 8

Qosgad

load: 1

16 Zabbud o ss Qoṣi

_____

from the grain of the purchase:

Qosyaqum/ yaqim f ss Qoṣi

_____

pl Natanṣidq f h Qoṣi

wheat: 18 seahs, 5.5 qabs Allal from the grain of Ani:

barley: 6 seahs, 1 qab

131

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) Table 8.  The Dossier of Qoṣi at a Glance (361–311 [A3.1–42]) s o h pl dm 3.17

son of of the house of unabbreviated spelling date in middle 1886 =S =EN92

3.17a 566 =BA6 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22

3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34

2493 =JA209 (Palimpsest) 252 =IA11796 1348 =M49 =AL82 2651 =JA395 292 =IA11743 1887 =JA14 =EN93 2501 =JA218 1386 =M92 =AL153 238 =IA11775 246 =IA11816 1636 =OG?2 1257 =J23 =AL150 1660 =OG?26 1061 =IM 91.16.20 =L61 1494 =M206 =AL139 616 =Naveh81 948 =Welch =Lj1

o ss i h nd

11 Ab, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

of the sons of in the hand of no date 2 August, 351

f ss t h db

from the sons of to the hand of date at beginning

Al(i)qos o ss Qoṣi

t h Ḥazael

db 8 Tammuz, 10 [Artaxerexes III] db x Elul, 10 [Artaxerxes III] db 27 Ab, 17 [Artaxerxes III] db x Ab, 20 [Artaxerxes III] db x Tebeth, 20[+26] = 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 1 Iyyar

M[. . .] o ss Qoṣi

[. . .]h

7 July, 349

Sakkui f ss Qoṣi

Ḥazael

wheat: x seahs barley: 2 seahs, 3 qabs

28 Aug – 26 Sep, 349

PN o ss Qoṣi

_____

x: [. . .], 1.5 qabs

7 Sep, 342

Natanṣidq f ss Qoṣi

_____

8 Aug – 6 Sep, 339 14 Jan – 11 Feb, 358

[PN] o ss b h Abenaši Qoṣi [PN] o ss _____ Q[oṣi]/Q[osi]

. . . wheat: 13 seahs barley: 3 seahs Saadel calculated _____

_____

_____ _____

nd nd

_____

_____

brought in:

_____

x: 1 seah

[PN o ss Q]oṣi [PN] o ss Qoṣ[i] Ḥal(a)fan o ss Qoṣi Ḥal(a)fan o ss Qoṣi

_____

x: 1 seah, 5 qabs

_____

4[+?] of x

_____

door: 1

Šallum

joists (‫)משישן‬: 4

Ḥal(a)fan o ss QoṣI Zabdi o ss Qoṣi

_____

joist: 1

_____

logs: 9

_____

Ḥazira o h Qoṣi

_____

log: 1

_____

Zabdu o ss Qoṣi Qosḥanan o ss Qoṣi

b h Qosḥanan 1. grgrn: 22 2. joists: 2 b h Hillel grgrn: 33

_____ _____ _____

nd 29 Ab

de

19 Kislev

_____ _____

db 1 Shebat db _____

nd

_____

_____ nd

x: 1[+?] seah

flour: 3 seahs, 4 qabs

_____

Al(i)qos o ss pl Qoṣi

wheat: 26 seahs

for the loan:

to (the) gatemen

14 August, db 336 _____

nd

wheat: 10 seahs

350/349

db _____

from the loan:

wheat: 20 seahs

dm 10 Ab, year 2 [Arses] 28 x

from the house of in exchange for date at end

to the storehouse:

db x of y, year 9

f h e de

Al(i)qos o ss Qoṣi Yathu o ss Q[o]ṣi

wheat: 3 seahs, 4 qabs

132

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) Table 8.  The Dossier of Qoṣi at a Glance (361–311 [A3.1–42])

s o h pl dm

son of of the house of unabbreviated spelling date in middle

3.35

1957 =JA42 =EN177

_____

3.36

409 =IA11324 2568 =JA293 1464 =M176 =AL94 1338 =M39 =EN111 =AL89 567 =BA7

_____

3.37 3.38 3.39

3.40

o ss i h nd

of the sons of in the hand of no date _____

nd

_____

nd nd

_____ _____

[x Tammuz/Ab, 14 July – yea]r 3 11 Sep, 315 Antigonus db 20 Shebat, 5 22 Alexander February, 311 de _____ _____ nd

f ss t h db

from the sons of to the hand of date at beginning

f h e de

from the house of in exchange for date at end

Qosnatan Dalael s Ḥawlaf o h Qoṣi Aqban o h Qoṣi Ša/imra f ss Qoṣ[i?] [PN o s]s Qoṣi

_____

beam: 1

_____

beams: 10

_____

. . .

[b] h Ḥanni

. . .

Ḥabut(u) f h Qoṣi

Qosaz

wheat: 1 kor

Al(i)qos o ss Qoṣi

_____

flour: 17 seahs

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

133

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Zabdiel in the hand of Qoṣi: 2 beams, eight. 3 On the 20th [?]

‫קוצִי‬ ִ ‫ִב ִדאל ִביִד‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.1 ‫ִה‬ ִ ‫שרִי ִת ִמִונ‬ ִ .2 [ ? ] 20 ‫ ב‬.3

1

A3.1-ISAP778 [YR110] 20 x Payment of 8 beams Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (35×41×9), roughly rectangular, exterior grayish-brown (10YR5/2), very few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, bottom edge broken, no left margin.

For the name Zabdiel (“Grant of El”), see A2.19, A32. Only here and in the following chit (A3.1a) is a clan head himself, in this case Qoṣi, a party to a transaction. Strange and unique is the construction ‫“( ביד‬in the hand of”). Here, Qoṣi apparently receives eight beams, and in the next chit (A3.1a) he pays out 1 log. Furthermore, we find a full ten beams paid out anonymously to the “house of Qoṣi” (A3.36). The feminine word ‫“( שרי‬beam”) always appears in the singular, as if a collective. Of the ten texts for beams, only three others contain a partial date, without year (A1.12, 2.19, 2.25); this one even lacks the month name, though the reading itself is uncertain. The usual number is “one” (e.g., see A2.19, 25, 26); the number (written out as word ‫ )תמונה‬here is an extremely large amount.

134

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX

On the 22nd of Tebeth, Q(o)ṣi brought: log, 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1

‫ לטבת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ היתי קצי גזיר‬.2

A3.1a-ISAP1905 (EN114 [JA324]) 22 Tebeth Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59×68×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The name Qoṣi is written without the waw. This is the only case where one of the five clan heads appears as a payer. For “brought” (‫)היתה‬, see A1.8. Verbs such as these are simply assumed in the majority of the chits. For “log,” see below, A3.31–32. Such chits were not usually dated, and if they are, they lack a year. The numeral 1 was written supralinearly at the very edge of the text.

135

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Signature Sign

Abdbaal to Marṣaat 2son of Qoṣi from 3Makkedah: resh, 4s(eahs), 5. On the 26th 5of Nisan, year 43[+1] = 44. 6 Yazidu [?] (archaic alef ) 1

‫עב ִדבעל למרצעת‬ ִ ‫בר קוצי מן‬ ‫מנקדה ראש‬ 26 ‫ ב‬5 ‫ס‬ [+1] 43 ‫לניסן שנת‬ # ‫ִיז ִִדִו‬

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A3.2-ISAP1849 (EN49 [JA104]) May 10, 361 Payment of 5 seahs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58×54×6), roughly rhomboid, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, *no bottom margin, no left margin.

This is one of 40 documents for ‫( ראש‬tentatively translated resh), for four years between 362 and 358. It comes at the end of a series of 24 chits for a single year (1 Iyyar, year 43 to 28 Nisan, year 44 [April 27, 362–May 12, 361]), all dated at the end and not the beginning, mostly by the same scribe, and sealed with a sealing sign. For the first time, there appears a signatory whose name may be read Yazidu (‫ )יזדו‬and is attested some 18 times. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: 145*–47* and Table 2:24. For the name Abdbaal, see A2.32. In only 9 out of the 40 chits in this dossier is a payee listed (here, A3.5, 10, 14, 17–18, 23, 29, 39). Here and in A3.5 he is son of the clan head Qoṣi. Marṣaat is Arabian (see A43). The word order in two chits (“Ḥal(a)fat delivered from Makkedah”; “Ḥal(a)fat brought in from Makkedah” [A7.21, 40]) demonstrates that the expression “from Makkedah” here refers to the resh and not to Marṣaat. The final stroke of the year date (44) is written supralinearly.

136

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

Payer Source Product

CONVEX Maš(i)ku from the sons of Qoṣi, 2 from [Mak]kedah: chaff, 3ba[l]e, 1. 1

‫קוצי‬ ִ ‫ משכו מן בני‬.1 ‫מנ]ק ִד ִה ִת ִבן‬ ִ [ִ‫ ִמן‬.2 1 ִ‫ פח[ל]ץ‬.3

A3.3-ISAP1430 (AL184 [M138]) Undated Payment of 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of jar (80×50×9), exterior brown, interior dark red/gray. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Maš(i)ku was a popular name (see A21) and appears already among the sons of Gur (see A2.17–18). For see A1.2; for chaff, see A1.44 and 2.32; for Makkedah, see previous chit (A3.2). Of the 20 chits recording items sent from Makkedah, only one other recorded bales, and it was dated to June 7, 362 (A7.42); see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: Table 7:79–80. bale,

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

137

cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Ab, year 1, Ab(i)šalam son of Baruk 3of the sons of Qoṣi: w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1 ‫ לאב שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ברִוך‬ ִ ‫ אבשלם בר‬.2 2 ‫ ִק‬2 ‫ ִל ִב ִנִי קוצי חס‬.3

A3.4–1224 (EN60 = LL3 [SM7]) August 18, 358 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Pentagonal ostracon (70×58×9), concave face with flat, wide ribs, pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), convex face lightly ribbed, pink (7.5YR7/4). Two-colored section, very fine fabric. Writing on convex face, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks.

The names of father and son have identical Hebrew parallels. The name ‫ אבשלם‬appears in the Bible with and without a yod: Abshalom and Abishalom (‫[ אבישלם‬1 Kgs 15:2, 10]). Similar alternate spellings/pronunciations were found with several other theophorous names compounded with the epithet ‫{“( אב‬divine} father”), such as Abram and Abiram (Num 16:1), Abner and Abiner (1 Sam 14:50), and Abishai and Abshai (2 Sam 10:10). Most of the other ‫ אב‬names included the yod. Though our name lacked the yod, it may have been pronounced Abišhalam. It was not unpopular in our corpus, where we also find an Ab(i)šalam son of Azgad (A56.1). Biblical ‫( ברוך‬Baruch [Jer 36:4, etc.]) is found a couple more times in the Idumean corpus (A59.2–3), but our dossier supplies an Aramaized form of the name: ‫( בריך‬Berik [see A3.13 below and A59.5]).

138

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) “Scribe 15”: A3.5, 4.17, 5.7

A.  Graphic: 2. varying. 3. medium line-spacing (1 line+). 4. less-than-medium-size letters. 5. normal letter- and word-spacing. 6. medium. B.  Contextual: 8. day and month (year?) end of text. 11. unabbreviated spelling. 12. name/commodity + amount/date (A4.17). 13. sealing bet. cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Naum to Ghauthi son of Qoṣi: 2 barley, seahs, twelve; 3qabs, four. On the 3rd of Marcheshvan, 4year 1. 5 (bet) 1

‫נעום לעותי בר קוצי‬ ‫שערן סאן עשר ותרתין‬ ‫ למרחשון‬3 ‫קבן ארבעה ב‬ 1 ‫שנת‬ ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A3.5-ISAP2460 [JA174] November 8, 358 Payment of 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×81×10–13), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), interior reddish-brown (2.5YR5/4), ware grayish-brown (10YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

With date at the bottom and commodity (barley) and measurements written out and not abbreviated, this chit was written by the same scribe and on the same day as one for a brother of Al(i)baal (A4.17). The name Naum (‫ )נעום‬would abbreviate a name such as Biblical Elnaam, “El is pleasant” (1 Chr 11:46). See A36. Like A3.2, payment is made to a son of the clan head. His name (‫ )עותי‬abbreviates a theophorous name such as Baalghauth (A96 [‫“{ בעלעות‬Baal assisted”}]), cognate with Hebrew Yoash (‫[ יועש‬1 Chr 7:8; Zadok 1988: 24, 142]). It appears in the Bible (Ezra 8:14), in a contemporary chit for wheat from Beersheba (Naveh 1973: No. 8 [ISAP2208]), and in Nabatean (Negev No. 863). The meaning of the sealing sign bet is unclear. It occurs some eight times, usually with Abdmilk as signatory (e.g., A2.4, 7.47, 8.21, and A3.10 below).

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

139

cm

CONVEX [On x (day)] of Kislev, year 1, [PN of/from the sons of ] Qoṣi

Payer

1

Date

2

(Line[s] missing?)

1 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ] [לכסלו ִשנ‬.1 ‫קו ִצי‬ ִ .[ ] .2

A3.6-ISAP2645 [JA389] December 5, 358–January 2, 357 Payment unknown Body sherd of closed vessel, small (28×50×4), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat) smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks.

Only the first two lines of the very left edge of the chit are preserved. The beginning of line 1 must have contained several numeral strokes for the day of the month, and the beginning of line 2, the name of the payer and something like ‫ לבני‬/ ‫“( מן‬of/from the sons of”).

140

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 2nd of Marcheshvan, 4year 2, 2 Zubaydu/  Zabidu of the sons of Qoṣi: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 22. 1

‫ למרחשון‬2 ‫ב‬ ‫זבידו לבני קוצי‬ 22 ‫שס‬ 2 ‫שנת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.7-ISAP942 {GCh942 >?} October 26, 357 Payment of 22 seahs of barley

This and the following two chits were drawn up for Zubaydu/Zabidu (see A1.1–2, A12 for the name). In the chit after that (A3.10), he is payee. The scribe had written the day and month in line 1, and then, perhaps as an afterthought, added “year 2” in the last line.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

141

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 17th of Adar, Zubaydu/Zabidu 2of the sons of Qoṣi: olive wood, 5. 1

‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ לאדר ז‬17 ‫ב‬. .1 5 ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫ לבני קוצי ִזי‬.2

A3.8-ISAP825 [IA12208 {GCh 25}] 17 Adar Payment of 5 (pieces of) olive wood Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (81×68×5), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The word ‫ זיתן‬most probably means “olive wood” and the number “5” refers to standard-sized pieces. Elsewhere, the word is followed by the numeral 4+ (A18.12). See further on A2.19.

142

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Zubaydu/Zabidu from the sons of Q[oṣ]i: jars, 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

[?] ‫ זבידו מן ב ִנִי ִק[וצ]ִי‬.1 [?] 2 ‫חביִה‬ ִ .2

A3.9-ISAP1390 (AL171 [M96]) Undated Payment of 2 jars Shoulder fragment of jar (99×66×6–7), surface light beige. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

This and the following four chits uniquely record the payment of jars (numbering 2, 3 [twice], 4, and 8) by five different persons (A3.10–13). Only two of the five are dated: one fully (A3.10), and one lacking a year (A3.11).

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

143

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign

Natanṣidq 2from the house of Qoṣi to Zubaydu/Zabidu: 3 jars, four. 4 On the 5th of Elul, 5year 4. (On the right side:) 6 Abdmilk. (bet) 1 1

‫נתנצדק לזִבידו‬ ‫מן בית ִקִו ִצִי‬ ‫חביה ארבע‬ ‫ לאלול‬5 ‫ב‬ 4 ‫שנת‬ On the right side: ‫עבדמלך‬ ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

A3.10-ISAP1028 (L28 [IM91.16.28]) September 7, 355 Payment of 4 jars Body sherd of jar (70×50×9) exterior pinkish-brown, interior light brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks [L].

The name Natanṣidq (‫ )נתנצדק‬is one of three names compounded with the epithet ‫“( צדק‬Justice”; Benz 1972: 399); see also Abdṣidq (“Servant of Ṣidq” [A8.19–20, A64]) and Marṣidq (“Ṣidq is master” [A300.1.56; ISAP1703]). Though the phrase “from the house of Qoṣi” follows the name of the payee, Zubaydu/Zabidu, and not that of the payer, Natanṣidq, we should associate it with the latter on the basis of A3.20, which records “Natanṣidq from the sons of Qoṣi” (see also A83). Clearly, “sons of” and “house of” are used interchangeably. Interestingly, both payer and payee belonged to Qoṣi (see previous 3 chits). For further discussion, see Porten-Yardeni 2007c: 107. There are eight chits by the same scribe, recording ‫חביה‬, “jars,” with numerals written out as words, in Ab and Elul, years 3 and 4 (date at end), with Abdmilk as signatory and the letter bet as sealing sign (A2.4, 7.47, 8.21, 194.1, 300.2.24; cf. A3.5 above and 300.1.24).

144

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Yet(i)aḥ of the sons of Q(o)ṣi: jars, 3. On the 8th 3of Elul. (erased: t)

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ יתאח לבני קצי‬.1 8 ‫ ב‬3 ‫ חביה‬.2 (Erased:) ‫ לאלול ת‬.3

A3.11-ISAP1888 (EN94 [JA15]) 8 Elul Payment of 3 jars Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62×78×8–9), roughly trapezoid; exterior, interior, and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Three fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are some 20 chits in the Idumean corpus for jars, and almost 10 have the date at the bottom, between years 3 and 6 (e.g., year 4 [A3.10], year 6 [A10.14]). Our text alone lacks a year date. The number of jars paid varies between 1 and 21, most being at the lower end. Interestingly, both divine epithets ‫אח‬ (“[Divine] brother”) and ‫[“( אב‬Divine] father”) are compounded with the Aramaic root ‫אתי‬/‫“ אתה‬come,” though this is hardly recognizable in the names as spelled here. Only once out of some half-dozen occurrences is the third radical, yod, in Yetiaḥ written out: ‫יתיאח‬, “May (divine) brother come” (A80.2). Although the regular form with ‫ אב‬is ‫( יתאבו‬A62.5) or ‫( יתאב‬A5.5), once we have the spelling ‫יאתאבו‬, which we must translate as a name of petition, “May (divine) Father come” (A5.6); cf. Qosyeta (‫)קוסיתא‬, “May Qos come” (A16.5; ISAP2641). The name Qoṣi is here written without the medial waw (‫)קצי‬.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

145

cm

CONVEX Netina 2from the sons of Qoṣi: jars, 3

Payer

1

Product

1

3 ‫ נתינא חביה‬.1 ‫ מן בני ִקִו ִצי‬.2

A3.12-ISAP1910 (EN119) Undated Payment of 3 jars

The name Netina (‫ )נתינא‬is an Aramaic hypocoristicon of a name compounded with ‫“( נתן‬gave”), such as Natanṣidq (A3.10 above) or Qosnatan (A3.35 below). The scribe wrote “3 jars” following the name of the payer on line 1 and then added on line 2 “from the sons of Qoṣi.” For a similar irregular word order, where the product follows the payer and precedes the clan name, see A3.33 below.

146

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Berik from the sons of Qoṣi: jars, 8. 1

8 ‫בריִך מן בני קוצי ִח ִביִה‬ ִ .1

A3.13-ISAP215 [IA11770] Undated Payment of 8 jars Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×91×12), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, light brown (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

The text is written in a single line close to the upper edge. For the name, see A3.4, A59. The number of jars paid varied between 1 and 21, with most in small quantites; see also A3.9, 11.

147

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Sealing sign (?)

Rawi who is of the 2house of Qoṣi 2 to Qosgad 3 load, 1. 4 (archaic alef   ?) 1

‫ִרִוי לקוסגד זי‬ ‫בית קוצי‬ 1 ‫מובל‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.14-ISAP1256 (AL244 {J22}) Undated Payment of 1 load Complete ostracon, pentagonal (ca. 69×72) [AL].

The attribute ‫ גד‬appears as first element in the biblical name Gadiel (Num 13:10); in Qosgad (‫ )קוסגד‬it is the second element; the name means “Qos is fortune” (see A120). Only here among all the texts does the relative pronoun ‫ זי‬introduce a clan. As in A3.10, the payee comes between the payer and his clan. For load, see A2.42. The current whereabouts of this ostracon is unknown, and it is not certain that the mark at the bottom is indeed a sealing sign. Only one other chit for loads has a sealing sign (A11.18).

148

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) “Scribe 16” — A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3 cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Marcheshvan, year 4[+2 = 6], Zabbud of the sons of Qoṣi from the gr[ain of] 3the purchase: w(heat), s(eahs), 18; 4q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf). 5 Alal (archaic alef   )

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

[2+]4 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬1 ‫ב‬ [‫זבוד לבני קוצי מן עב[ור‬ 18 ‫זבינתא חס‬ ‫ף‬5‫ק‬ # ‫עלל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A3.15-ISAP940 {GCh 140 >?} November 9, 353 Payment of 18 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat

This is one of five chits written between November 9 and December 23, 353 by the same scribe (“Scribe 16”) and the same signatory (Alal or Alilahi) for wheat from the “grain of the purchase.” One of these belongs to the clan of Al(i)baal (A4.25, 96.1; see also A224.1, 272.1; Porten-Yardeni 2009: 150*, Table 8:26–30). This is but one of seven different formulations indicating the source of the grain (see A8.38). In Talmudic times, it was considered a stigma to have to buy grain in the market. One obliged to do so was considered to be like an orphan who had to nurse at the breasts of strangers and would never be satisfied; he was considered as good as dead (Tanḥ Mikkeṣ 10; ʾAbot R. Nat. I 30). ¶ The name Zabbud (‫ )זבוד‬is a qattūl hypocoristicon of a theophorous name compounded with ‫“( זבד‬grant”); see A2.19, A98.

149

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Date

Qosyaqum/yaqim from the sons of 2Qoṣi from the grain of 3Ani: b(arley), s(eahs), 6; 4q(ab), 1. 5 On the 20th. 1

‫ִקם מן בני‬ ִ ‫קוסי‬ ‫עבִוִר‬ ִ ‫קוצי מן‬ 6 ‫ע ִנִי שס‬ 1‫ק‬ 20 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A3.16-ISAP1094 (L94 [IM94.32.42]) 20 x Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of barley Body sherd of jar (77×82×7), exterior beige to light brown, interior orange to reddish. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks.

The verbal element in the name ‫ קוסיקם‬could either be qal (“May Qos arise”) or hiphil (“May Qos raise up”); see Hebrew parallels and discussion in WSS 529 and A121. At least eight chits state the source of a delivery of wheat or barley as “from the grain (‫ )עבור‬of PN,” the most frequent person being Ani (here, 9.21, 39.6, and 41.4; other names include Qosyinqom [A70.2], Ḥazira [A159.1], Mani [A29.1], and Ṣ/Šaḥ(a)ru [A14.4]). Ani of the sons of Baalrim transfers slightly more than 18 seahs of wheat to the storehouse on June 30, 354 (A1.19). On July 31, 352 Ani paid 13.5 seahs of wheat from “the grain of the purchase” (A37.4) and two payments of wheat earlier in July and August, 357 (A37.1). All these chits involving an Ani in the summer months of 354–352 suggest that the same person is meant. Was he a dealer of some sort? There are five chits for barley, drawn up by five different persons, which conclude with the statement ‫ לפלקוס‬20‫“ ב‬on the 20th to Palaqos”—that is, on the 20th of the month, the said amount of barley is to be given to Palaqos (A6.18, 7.39, 9.26, 32.7, 206.1; cf. 172.1). A sixth chit implies that on the 20th of every month a certain amount of barley was to be paid to Amiyu (A300.4.30). Though our chit concludes with “on the 20th,” no payee is listed.

150

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Source Product 1 Depository Product 2

On the 11th of Ab, year 6+2 (= 8), 2 Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi to the hand of 3Ḥazael, from the loan: w(heat), s(eahs), 10. 4 to the storehouse: w(heat), s(eahs), 20. 1

6(+2) ‫ לאב שנת‬11 ‫ב‬ ‫עלקוס לבני קוצי ליד‬ 10 ‫חזִאל מן ⟨עבור⟩ זִפתא חס‬ 20 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.17-ISAP1886 (EN92 [David Sofer]) August 2, 351 Two payments of wheat: 10 seahs and 20 seahs

The last two strokes of the date are written supralinearly at the edge of the ostracon. Al(i)qos was a popular name and was borne by members of at least three clans: Qoṣi, Gur (A2.2), and Al(i)baal (A4.32), as well as others (see, further, A3.23–24, A14). Four chits characterize the payment of wheat or barley as coming from “the grain of the loan (‫ מן עבור זפתה‬in [see A4.16, 9.1; B2.1; see A3.17a and also ISAP477 {J8.3}]); the phrase here is elliptical, omitting ‫“( עבור‬grain of”). Included in our corpus is a unique “memorandum of barley of Wahabi” containing a list of the barley obligations of some dozen persons, ranging from 15 to 2 seahs (ISAP1653+1623; Yardeni-Porten 2008). Elephantine has yielded a loan document for emmer (TAD B3.13), further attesting to the practice of borrowing grain. For the expression “to the hand of,” see A2.28. The name Ḥazael, “El saw” (here spelled without third radical he ‫[ חזאל‬see also A15.18]; in A3.18 with he: ‫ )חזהאל‬was borne by a king of Aram (1 Kgs 19:15, etc.). The chit records a double transaction: 10 seahs to Ḥazael and 20 to the storehouse, totaling 1 kor. Did all of this come from the loan, or only the 10 seahs for Ḥazael?

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

151

cm

CONVEX On the[ x (day of) y (month), year 2+]5+[2] (= 9), M[. . . of the sons o]f Qoṣi . . .: to ◦◦◦◦ h: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 26. for the loan: w(heat), s(eahs), . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product 1 Product 2

2[+5+] 2 .........] [‫ ב‬.1 ‫ה‬....‫ [לבנ]י קוצי ל‬....‫ מ‬.2 ‫לזפתא חס‬ ִ 26 ‫ חס‬.. .3

A3.17a-ISAP566 [BA6] x (day) of y (month), year 9 (350/349) Payment of 26[+?] seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65×91×9), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few dark grits. Writing partially erased. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks.

Four or five chits define the payment of wheat or barley as “from the grain of the loan” (‫)מן עבור זפתא‬, or simply, “from the loan” (see A3.17 above). Here alone do we have grain for the loan. The ostracon above apparently has two payments: one to the storehouse and the other from the loan. Here, too, there are two payments: one to ◦◦◦◦ h and the other for the loan. This ostracon was written a year after A3.17 above.

152

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX On the 8th of Tammuz, year 10, Sakkui from the sons of 3Qoṣi 2 to Ḥazael : 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

10 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬8 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫שכוי לחזהאל ִמןִ בני‬ ִ .2 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫קוצי שס‬ ִ .3

A3.18-ISAP2493 [JA209] (Palimpsest) July 7, 349 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×91×8–10), trapezoid, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Just under two years earlier, on 11 Ab, year 8 (August 2, 351), Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi delivered wheat to Ḥazael (see A3.17 above). Here Sakkui paid him barley. The name Sakkui (‫ )שכוי‬is probably an abbreviation of an Aramaic name such as Sakael, “El looked” (‫)שכאל‬, which appears in the Elephantine papyri (TAD B3.2:11; D2.25:8); see also Maraqten 1988: 217. For the name of the payer’s clan written after the name of the payee, see A3.10 above. The preposition ‫“ מן‬from” was written supralinearly, after the document had been completed.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

153

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of El]ul, year 10[+?], [PN of the s]ons of Qoṣi [?]: 3 [. . .], q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[?] 10 ‫ ]ב לאל]ול שנת‬.1 [?] ‫ ] לב]נִי ִקִו ִצִי‬.2 ‫ ף‬1 ‫[ק‬ ִ ] .3

A3.19-ISAP252 [IA11796] August 28–September 26, 349 Payment of [x seahs?], 1.5 qabs of x Body sherd, unidentifiable, small (44×27×6), roughly rectangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

Only the left edge of this three-line text is preserved. Missing in line 1 is the day and the first two letters of ‫ ;אלול‬missing in line 2 is the name of the payer and in line 3 the name of the product and perhaps a seah amount.

154

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX On 27th of [Ab], year 17, Natanṣidq from the sons of Qoṣi: 3 . . . w(heat), s(eahs), 13; b(arley), s(eahs), 3. 4 Saadel calculated.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products Signatory

17 ‫ ִל[אב ]שנת‬27 ‫ב‬ ‫נתנצדק מן בני קוצי‬ 3 ‫ ִש ִס‬13 ‫ִח ִס‬ ‫שע ִדאל‬ ִ ‫ִח ִש ִב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.20-ISAP1348 (AL82 [M49]) September 7, 342 Payments of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley Body sherd of mortarium bowl, trapezoid (91×74×9–13), exterior greenish-beige, interior beige-gray. Writing on exterior, on uneven surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

A chit written 13 years earlier reads “Natanṣidq to Zubaydu from the house of Qoṣi” (A3.10). The present chit requires us to understand that chit as meaning “Natanṣidq from the house of Qoṣi to Zubaydu.” With a dossier of 42 chits, Saadel was the most active party in our entire collection, both paying and receiving and serving variously as agent and signatory (A10). Only here do we find the notation ‫“( חשב‬calculated”). The first letters at the beginning of line 3 are unintelligible.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

155

cm

CONVEX [On x (day)] of Ab, year 20, [. . .]◦ of the sons of Qoṣi, 3 [. . .b]y the hand of Abenaši.

Date

1

Payer

2

Agent

[ ] 20 ‫ ]ב ]לאב שנת‬.1 ‫ לבני קוצ י‬.[ ] .2 ‫ע]ליִד אבאנשי‬ ִ ] .3

A3.21-ISAP2651 [JA395] August 8-September 6, 339 Payment unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×43×6–8), roughly triangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin narrowing to the left, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

Missing at the right edge is the day in line 1, the name of the payer in line 2, and the product in line 3. The final yod is written supralinearly at the end of line 2. Abenaši appears as an agent in three more texts, two of which, like this one, were drawn up in Ab (A1.32, A71.3 [year date missing]) and two of which were written a year later than our text, in year 21 (also A1.32; A6.16). Less frequently, the name also appears in the form ‫( אבאנשו‬e.g., A1.28) and once is spelled ‫( אבנשו‬A10.11). It means “Enash is (my) father.”

156

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONCAVE [On the x (day) of] Tebeth, year 20[+20+3+3 = 46], [PN] of the sons of Q[oṣi]/Q[osi]: 3 [. . .], s(eah), 1; . . .[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ]20 ‫ ]ב ל]טבת שנת‬.1 [ ‫ ] [לבני ק[וצי‬.2 [ ]. 1 ‫[ס‬ ִ ] .3

A3.22-ISAP292 [IA11743] January 14 – February 11, 358 Payment of 1[+ ?] seah of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (40×40×5), irregularly shaped, interior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheelmarks. Narrow top margin widens to the left, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Only the middle of this chit is preserved. The day is missing at the beginning of line 1, and it is likely that the year date at the end of the line should be restored to 20[+20+3+3] = 46. The shape of the samekh in line 3 distinctly resembles that in two chits from year 46 (see A7.6–7). If this restoration is correct, it would be the latest attested date for Artaxerxes II. Parker-Dubberstein write, “Artaxerxes II died and was succeeded by Artaxerxes III between late November, 359 and April, 358” (p. 19). The name of the payer is missing at the beginning of line 2, and it is possible that the name of the clan should be restored ‫קוסי‬ (A6.7–9) and not ‫קוצי‬. The product is missing at the beginning of line 3 and part of the measure at the end.

157

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi: flour, seahs, three; qabs, 3four. 4 On the 1st of Iyyar. for (the) gatemen.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Payee

‫עלקוס לבני קוצי‬ ‫קמח סאן תלת קבן‬ ‫ארבעה‬ ‫לתִר ִען‬ ִ ‫ לאיִִר‬1 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.23-ISAP1887 (EN93 [JA14]) 1 Iyyar Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×65×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 25° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

There are six or seven chits drawn up between 3 Nisan and 1 Iyyar (plus another on 30 Sivan [A1.41] and one more with date missing [A6.24]) with date at bottom and commodities and measurements written in unabbreviated words, mostly paying flour to gatemen (see A1.38). The amount here (3.67 seahs) is the smallest of the group. On the same day, Qosmalak and Ghayran of Baalrim (A1.40) sent ten times as much (30.67 seahs). In one other chit in this dossier, undated, Al(i)qos paid out 17 seahs of flour, there being no payee (A3.40). Al(i)qos was a very popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A14) and was paralleled by one or two other theophorous names: the clan head Al(i)baal (A4), Aliel (A220.1), and Elali (A63.3, 65.4). The theophorous element ‫“ עלי‬exalted” is found in the Elephantine feminine name ‫( יהועלי‬TAD C3.15:108) and is featured in the priestly name Eli (1 Sam 1:9). For some reason, the names Al(i)baal and Al(i)qos were never written with a yod. For a date at the end of the reign of Artaxerxes III or the beginning of the reign of Arses, see A2.30.

158

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Ab, year 2, Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi 1brought in 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1. 3 (Illegible)

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ הנעל‬2 ‫ לאב שנת‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ִק‬3 ‫ עלקוס לבני קוצי חס‬.2 (illegible) .3

A3.24-ISAP2501 [JA218] August 14, 336 Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (44×71×9), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware gray (10YR5/1), interior grayishbrown (10YR5/2), coarse ware, many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, *narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

If we are correct in our date for this and the chit above (A3.23), then Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi was active for at least 15 years (see comment on A3.17). If we date this chit to year 2 of Artaxerxes III (cf. A3.17 in year 8), we would arrive at September 5, 357—a 21-year gap. The amount of seahs and 1 qab are written supralinearly at the end of line 2. Line 3 is illegible. For use of the verb “brought in,” see A1.3.

159

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX On the 28th of [. . .], Yathu of the sons Q[o]ṣi: 3 [. . .], s(eah), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

]‫ ִל‬28 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]ִ‫[ו]צי‬ ִ ‫ לבני ִק‬.‫ יתעו‬.2 1 ‫[ס‬ ִ ] .3

A3.25-ISAP1386 (AL153 [M92]) 28 x Payment of 1 seah of x Body sherd of jar (67×57×8–9), exterior and interior light beige. Written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

The month name is cut off at the end of line 1, and lines 3 and 4 are virtually illegible. The name Yathu (‫[ יתעו‬see A42]) is hypocoristic of an Aramaic name such as Qosyatha (‫“[ קוסיתע‬Qos saved”] {see A1.3, A55}).

160

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX [PN of the sons of Q]oṣi: [. . ., s(eah)], 1; q(ab), 5.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ לבני ק]וצי‬.1 5 ‫ ק‬1] ‫ ס‬.2

A3.26-ISAP238 [IA11775] Undated Payment of 1 seah, 5 qabs of x Shoulder of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (61×60×3–8), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits, exterior smoothed. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The right half of this chit is missing. Given the usual line length, it is unlikely that the beginning of line 1 contained more than the name of the payer and something like ‫“( לבני‬of the sons of”), thus lacking a date. The product would have appeared at the beginning of line 2.

161

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[PN] of the sons of Qoṣ[i]: [. . . , . . . , ?+]4. 1

[

‫ ] [לבני קוצ[י‬.1 4 [ ] .2

A3.27-ISAP246 [IA11816] Undated Payment of 4(+?) of x Body sherd of Persian period closed vessel, small (30×32×5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR8/3), few white grits. Wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, no left margin. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

Cut away at both edges, the chit lacks the name of the payer in line 1 and of the product in line 2.

162

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fan of the sons of Qoṣi: door, 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ חלפן לבני קוצי‬.1 1 ‫ דש‬.2

A3.28-ISAP1636 {OG? 2} Undated Payment of 1 door

In this and the following two chits Ḥal(a)fan delivers wooden products, here a door and in the next two chits, joists. The door must have been of a standard size. Such an item appears but once more in the entire corpus (A215.1). The clan of Qoṣi has the largest number of wooden objects—10 in all (A3.1a, 28–36, 40). For Ḥal(a)fan, see A18; and for the meaning of the name, A3.35 below.

163

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥal(a)fan of the sons of 2Qoṣi (to) Šallum: joists, 3four 4. . . 1

‫חלפן שלום לבני‬ ‫קוצי משישן‬ ‫ארבעה‬ ...

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.29-ISAP1257 (AL150 {J23}) Undated Payment of 4 joists

Complete ostracon [AL]. The text here is peculiar. The word ‫ משישן‬is probably an error for ‫“( מרישן‬joists”), which almost always has the numeral written out as a word and not a cipher (e.g., A1.11, 2.5 and the following chit [A3.30]; see on A4.35 and 6.7). Šallum was probably the payee, though no preposition “to” precedes his name. The name Šallum (‫ )שלום‬is a qattūl hypocoristicon form the root ‫“( שלם‬requite”); cf. the hypocoristicon Šalmu (‫[ שלמו‬A9.3, A155]). It has no corresponding theophoric name in the Idumean corpus. The writing in line 4 is unintelligible.

164

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fan of the sons of Qoṣi: joist, one. On the 29th of Ab.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ חלפן לבני קוצי‬.1 ‫ מריש חד‬.2 ‫ לאב‬29 ‫ ב‬.3

A3.30-ISAP1660 {OG?26} 29 Ab Payment of 1 joist

Of the 16 chits for joists, 10 are dated, of which 9 are dated at the bottom, as is ours. Six of these 9 contain year dates, two in year 2 (A32.3, 38.1) and four in year 4 (A1.11, 2.5, 23.2, 60.1). One lacking year date was written on 28 Ab (ISAP61 [C7.3]). For an undated chit, see below (A3.33)

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

165

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 19th of Kislev, Zabdi 2of the sons of Qoṣi: logs, 9. 1

‫ִב ִדי‬ ִ ‫ לכסלו ז‬19 ‫ ב‬.1 9 ‫ לבני קוצי גזירן‬.2

A3.31-ISAP1061 (L61 [IM91.16.20]) 19 Kislev Payment of 9 logs Sherd, possibly of jar (65×65×5), exterior light yellowish-brown, interior pink. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks.

For the name Zabdi, see A4.2. This is one of the dozen out of 40 chits for logs that is dated (all at the beginning and none with year). The amount of 9 logs is the largest of all (see A2.25). Unlike joists, almost always numbered by word and not cipher (see A3.29), logs are invariably numbered only by cipher.

166

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 1st of Shebat, Ḥazira 2of the house of Qoṣi: 3 log, [1] 1

[?] ‫חזירא‬ ִ ‫ לשבט‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. ‫ לבית קוצי‬.2 [1] ‫ גזיר‬.3

A3.32-ISAP1494 (AL139 [M206]) 1 Shebat Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar (64×45×7), exterior and interior brown. Written lines 2 and 3 are practically illegible. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

For the name Ḥazira, see A2.11, A35. The usual number of logs dispatched is one, as here (see A2.25 and A3.31 above).

167

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Product 1 Product 2 Agent

Zabdu 3of the sons of Qoṣi: 1 grgrn, 22 4 joists, 2. 5. . . 2 by the hand of Qosḥanan. 1

22 ִ‫גר ִגִרן‬ ִ ‫ִבדו‬ ִ‫ז‬ ‫ִד קוסחנן‬ ִ ‫ִע ִלי‬ ‫לבני קוצי‬ 2 ִ‫מרישן‬ ..

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A3.33-ISAP616 {Naveh81} Undated Payment of 22 grgrn and 2 joists

For Zabdu, see A4.2. For popular Qosḥanan, see A1.44, A16. The combination here of grgrn with wooden joists argues for considering the former a wooden product (see A1.28). For this unusual word order, where the product intervenes between the name of the payer and his clan name, see A3.12 above. Though an agent is listed, there is no payee. The chit is irregularly written. Line 1 is written right up against the top edge, almost as if it were written after line 2. A line’s blank space intervenes between lines 2 and 3.

168

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agent

Qosḥanan 2of the sons of Qoṣi: 1 grgrn, 33, 3 by the hand of Hillel. 1

33 ‫ קוסחנן גרגרן‬.1 ‫ לבני קוצי עליד הלל‬.2

A3.34-ISAP948 (Lj1 [Welch]) Undated Payment of 33 grgrn A clear, brown sherd from the surface of a jar, measuring 77×54×8/9 mm. It is inscribed on the convex side at about -60° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

See reference in previous chit (A3.33). The name Hillel appears only once in the Idumean corpus and once in the Bible (Judg 12:13, 15) but was very popular during and after the Second Temple. The root ‫הלל‬ occurs twice more in the Bible, in the genitive compound name ‫“( מהללאל‬Praise of God” [Gen 5:12–17; Neh 11:4]) and in the name of petition ‫( יהללאל‬1 Chr 4:16; 2 Chr 29:12).

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

169

cm

CONVEX Payers Product

Qosnatan (and) Dalael 2son of Ḥawlaf of the house of 3Qoṣi: beam, 1. 1

‫לאל‬ ִ ‫ קוסנתן ִד‬.1 ‫ בר חולף לבית‬.2 1 ‫ קוצי שרי‬.3

A3.35-ISAP1957 (EN177 [JA42]) Undated Payment of 1 beam Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×49×6), roughly trapezoid; exterior, interior, and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

‫“ נתן‬gave” was the most popular element in the formation of theophorous names in our corpus. It compounded with El, Baal, Qos, Sin, and Ṣidq. The name Qosnatan appears in the clan of Baalrim (A1.50), in a 3-line account alongside Natanbaal (ISAP1956 [C9.3]), and in A69. The root ‫דלי‬, literally, “draw up” out of the water (cf. Ps 30:2 “lifted me up” [NJPS trans.]), was a favorite in personal names of the house of Qoṣi. Qosyadli (‫“[ קוסידלי‬May Qos draw {me} up”]) and Dalael (‫“[ דלאל‬El drew [me] up”]) appeared together in one worker’s text of the house of Qoṣi (ISAP1243), while Qosdalani (‫“[ קוסדלני‬Qos drew me up”]) was found in three other workers’ texts for Qoṣi (ISAP446, 460, 470]). The parallel Hebrew name was Delaiah (Jer 36:12; Ezra 2:60, etc.), borne, among others, by a son of Sanballat of Samaria (TAD A4.7:29, 4.9:1). The hypocoristicon was Dallui (‫[ דלוי‬e.g., A130; ISAP112), found also in an ostracon from Beersheba (Naveh 1973: No. 1 [ISAP2201]) and was particularly popular at Edfu (TAD D8.5:2, 6, etc.). One father there, named Yidleh (‫)ידלה‬, called his son Dallui (TAD D8.5:4). However we understand the patronym of Dalael, we should note that names compounded with the root ‫( חלף‬Arabic ḫalaf   ) were very popular in our corpus; alongside the non-theophorous names Ḥal(a)fat (A7 passim; cf. Greek Χαλάφαθος [Lidzbarski II 1907: 341]), Ḥal(a)fan (A3.28–30, A18; cf. Greek Χαλαφάνης [Lidzbarski II 1907: 338]) and the like (rendered as “Successor”). There was also (the hypocoristicon?) Ḥulayfu (‫[ חליפו‬A6.5]), as well as the Nabatean theophor ‫( חלפאלהי‬Ḥalafilahi [Negev No. 451; also 454]). For ‫ שרי‬as “beam,” see A1.12, 2.25–26. An unusual chit has Zabdiel giving eight(?) ‫“ שרי‬in the hand of (‫ )ביד‬Qoṣi” (A3.1). The distinction between ‫ שרי‬and ‫( גשור‬below A3.36), both translated “beam,” is not clear.

170

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

We gave to the house of 2the house of Qoṣi: 3 beams, 10. 1

[?] ‫ יהבן לבית‬.1 ‫קוצִי‬ ִ ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ בי‬.2 10 ‫ גשורן‬.3

A3.36-ISAP409 [IA11324] Undated Payment of 10 beams Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (48×59×6), roughly rectangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, medium left margin.

The root ‫“( יהב‬give”) is an infrequently used verb recording payment made (cf. A7.38, 16.5). In the imperative tense (‫)הב‬, it is the regular verb authorizing payment (see B1–3). Only here does it occur as a first-person plural verb without subject (‫)יהבן‬, and only here is the payee the clan itself and not an individual member thereof. Similarly occurring only here in our corpus is the Akkadian loanword ‫ < גשור‬gušūru (“beam”), a word regularly appearing in the Elephantine papyri to indicate a roofed dwelling (Porten-Lund 2002: 1974). The regular word here for beam is ‫ ;שרי‬see previous chit (A3.35), with references. In two chits above, Qoṣi himself is featured as paying and receiving wood products (A3.1, 1a). The recurrence of ‫ בית‬at the beginning of line 2 is redundant.

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311)

171

cm

CONVEX Ša/imra from 2the sons of Qoṣ[i?] ◦◦◦◦w [?]

Payer

1

Product?

3

‫ ִש ִמִר ִא מן‬.1 [? ‫ ִב ִנִי ִקִו ִצ[י‬.2 [?] ‫…ו‬. .3

A3.37-ISAP2568 [JA293] Undated Payment unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×60×7), irregularly shaped, exterior reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat rough surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The name ‫ שמרא‬is doubtless a hypocoristicon, as is Šamru/Šimru (A126), though a full theophorous name with the root ‫שמר‬, “guard,” does not occur in our corpus. Line 3 is virtually illegible.

172

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

Date Payer Product Agent

CONVEX [On the x (day) of Tammuz/Ab, yea]r 3 Antigonus, 2 [PN of the sons o]f Qoṣi: 3 [. . . b]y the hand of Ḥanni to / for šḥln 1

[ ?] ‫ אתגנס‬3 ‫ ]שנ]ת‬.1 ‫קו ִצי‬ ִ ‫ ] לבנ]ִי‬.2 [ ? ] ‫ ] ע]ליד חני לשחלן‬.3

A3.38-ISAP1464 (AL94 [M176]) July 14–September 11, 315 Payment of wheat or barley? Body sherd of jar, small (34×43×9), exterior and interior beige-gray. Ostracon incomplete, beginnings of written lines missing. Written lines at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

This is one of six chits drawn up by the same scribe in Tammuz and Ab, 3 Antigonus (July/August/September, 315) for wheat or barley (product missing here), all through the agency of Ḥanni and all signed off by the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬see A2.43). The right half of the ostracon is missing, including the day and month at the beginning of line 1; the name of the payer at the beginning of line 2; and the product and measure at the beginning of line 3. For dates according to Macedonian rulers, see Porten-Yardeni 2008: 237–49; Table 5:27 here.

173

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

Payer Payee Product Date

CONVEX Ḥabut(u) 2from the house of Qoṣi to Qosaz: w(heat), kor, 31. On the 20th of Shebat, year 5 4Alexander the king. 1

‫לקִו ִס ִע ִז‬ ִ ‫ִח ִבִו ִת‬ ‫מן ִביִת ִקִו ִצִי ִח ִכִור‬ 5 ‫ לשבט שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬1 ‫מלכ ִא‬ ִ ‫לכ ִסנ ִִדִר‬ ִ ‫ִא‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A3.39-ISAP1338 (EN111 = AL89 [M39]) February 22, 311 Payment of 1 kor of wheat Body sherd of jar, trapezoid, quite thick (71×82×8), exterior and interior gray-brown. Written lines almost parallel to wheel-marks. Partially published as EN 111 [AL].

This is one of two chits by the same scribe dated at the bottom to 20 Shebat, Alexander, year 5 (see A80.2 also). These are the latest dated documents for Alexander IV (Table 5:42) and suggest a spring date in 311 for the victory of Demetrius son of Antigonus over Cilles, general of Ptolemy (see Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 247). In both chits, the reading ‫חכור‬, “w(heat), kor,” is conjectural; it would be the only case in the Idumean corpus of ‫ כור‬spelled with a waw. A certain Ḥabutu appears among the sons of Guru in 336 (A2.24; cf. A78 also). Qosaz (‫“[ קוסעו‬Qos is strong”]) appears also attached to the house of Yehokal (see A5.13 for discussion; cf. A70 also).

174

A3.1–40 (42) Qoṣi Dossier (361–311) cm

CONVEX Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi: flour, s(eahs), 17.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ עלקוס לבני קוצי‬.1 .[?] 17 ‫ קמח ס‬.2

A3.40-ISAP567 [BA7] Undated Payment of 17 seahs of flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized, medium-sized (55×96×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), few white and dark grits. Ca. 50% of exterior covered with transparent whitish patina. Writing on exterior, on somewhat rough slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

In a chit above dated to 1 Iyyar, Al(i)qos paid 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour to the gatemen (A3.23).

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) Dated List of Texts A4.1 A4.2 A4.3 A4.4 A4.5 A4.6 A4.7 A4.8 A4.9 A4.10 A4.11 A4.12 A4.13 A4.14 A4.15 A4.16 A4.16a A4.17 A4.18 A4.19 A4.20 A4.21 A4.22 A4.23 A4.24 A4.25 A4.26 A4.27 A4.28 A4.29 A4.29a A4.30 A4.31 A4.31a A4.31b A4.32 A4.33 A4.34 A4.35 A4.36 A4.37

Payment of 12 seahs, 3 qabs of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of semolina September 6, 362 Payment of 7 [seahs], 5 qabs [of resh] September 21–October 19, 362 Payment of 4 qabs of resh November 27, 362 Payment of x (amount) of resh 362/361 Payment of 13 seahs of barley 4 Iyyar Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of resh January 24, 359 Payment of [?+]3.5 qabs of x Undated Payment of 2 bundles Undated Payment of unknown product July 13, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of flour July 14, 359 Payment of 7 bales Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 3 qabs of flour July 20, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour August 8, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of resh August 17, 359 Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 2 kors, 22 seahs, (+?) of barley June 1, 358 Payment of 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley November 8, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 13 seahs of barley May 10, 357 Payment of 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat January 11, 356 Payment of 6 seahs of barley Undated Payment of 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain and 3 qabs of wheat May 6, 356 Payment of 24 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat June 19, 354 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley June 30, 354 Payment of a hewn stone 22 Ab Payment of 19 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat November 10, 353 Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil June 8, 351 Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat 18 Ab Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Undated Payment of 2.5 qabs of oil Year 7 (352/351) Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of oil December 28, 349 Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour 18 Nisan Payment of 6[+?] seahs of wheat 2 Kislev Payment of unknown product 25 Kislev Payment of 4 qabs of resh? December 16, 359–January 13, 358 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 15 grgrn Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 2 joists Undated Payment of 3 loads Undated Payment unknown Undated

175

176

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

Overview (Fig. 45)

The clan of Al(i)baal (‫ )עליבעל‬was the fourth largest of the clans. Like Baalrim, the name is theophorous, and its nominal element was very popular in our onomasticon, appearing also in the names ‫עללהי‬, ‫עלמלך‬, ‫עלצור‬, and ‫עלקוס‬. Though none of these is written with medial yod, it is hard to disassociate them from Aliel, always written with medial yod (‫)עליאל‬, meaning “El/Baal/Ilahi/Milk/Ṣur/Qos is elevated”; cf., at Elephantine, Yehoeli, “YHW is Elevated” (‫[ יהועלי‬TAD C3.15:108]) and the hypocoristicon ‫עלי‬, Eli (1 Sam 1:3). The filiation was expressed almost equally by the term “of the sons of” (‫[ לבני‬15×]) and “from the sons of” (‫[ מן בני‬13×]) and only once (A4.33) by “of the house of” (‫)לבית‬. Most unusual is use of the preposition lamed, “of,” without addition of the term “sons of” (A4.11, 14). Three chits for Zabdi, son of Al(i)baal, one in 362 (A4.2, 6, 8; cf. 4.9–10), might suggest that Al(i)baal himself should be dated ca. 380. Nonetheless, three father-son pairs in two chits for “sons of Al(i)baal” for years 362/361 and 359 (Zaydu/Ziyadu and Laadiel, both sons of Qannui, and Qosadar/ider son of Zabdu [A4.5, 15]; cf. A4.16, 29) push Al(i)baal up another generation to at least 400 b.c.e. We resisted the temptation to identify Zabdu and Zabdi and suggest another link instead: Al(i)baal bore Zabdu in 400 at ca. age 20 and later bore Zabdi at age 40 ca. 380. The second generation would thus yield both Zabdu and Zabdi, perhaps brothers, as well as Qannui. Zabdu fathered Qosadar (see also A4.29) and Qannui fathered the brothers Zaydu/Ziyadu and Laadiel, all in the third generation (362/361, May 10, 357, and May 6, 356 [A4.5, 18, 21]), while Laadiel appears 13 times, 6 times as payer (June 16, 362, July 20, 359, June 30, 354, June 8, 351, and 25 Kislev [A4.1, 13, 16, 23, 26 and 31a [only partially dated]) and 7 times as payee (362–359 [A4.4, 7–10, 14–15]). A unique chit with faded script appears to have been written for “the brother of” (‫ )אחוהי זי‬Al(i)baal on 3 Marcheshvan, year 1 (November 8, 358 [A4.17])—that is, some 40 years after the conjectured date for Al(i)baal himself. The date of the chit finds confirmation in a second chit written on the same date by the same scribe in the same unabbreviated style: in this chit, the payee is Ghauti son of Qoṣi (A3.5). A third chit was written on 26 Nisan, 4 (May, 10, 361) for Marṣaat son of Qoṣi (A3.2). Like Al(i)baal, Qoṣi is a clan head, and these two chits for two of his sons (361 and 358) parallel chronologically the chit of 362 for Zabdi, son of our Al(i)baal. The third generation sports five or six more persons filiated to the clan of Al(i)baal dated in the ten-year period from 362 to 353 (A4.3 [year restored], 25) and four other persons whose filiations are not recorded. Qosmalak apparently appears five times, twice with filiation as payer (A4.11, 12 [undated]), twice without filiation, as payee and joint payer (A4.22, 26), and once as agent in an undated text (A4.28). Abdadah appears three times (A4.7, 19, 20 [undated]); three persons appear twice: Nam(i)ru (A4.4, 14), Qosr(i)m (A4.24 [no year date], 25), and Qosadar/ider son of Zabdu (A4.15, 29); and one or two appear but once: PN and Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru as payers (A4.3, 22). Three other persons appear in these chits unaffiliated to a clan: Yazidu (A4.7, 11, 14; also A4.13, 15) and Aḥilahi (A4.25) as signatories; and Yathiael as agent (A4.10). Two or three more members of the clan and one unaffiliated person appear in three chits that are dated only by day and month: Badan (18 Nisan [A4.30]), Qosghayr (18 Ab [A4.27; also 4.28 {undated}]), and PN (2 Kislev [A4.31]) as payers and Zubaydu, unaffiliated, as agent for Qosghayr (A4.27). (The gatemen appear as payee in one of these [A4.30].) Nine or ten other persons appear in undated chits. Seven or eight are filiated to Al(i)baal: Al(i)qos, Yaddu, Ananibaal, Adarbaal/Idribaal, Ḥiel, Sakruel, Taymil, and PN as payers (A4.32–37); and two are unaffiliated: Qosyatha as scribe/signatory and Ḥor/Ḥezir as agent (A4.32, 36). (Zabdibaal also appears unaffiliated as payee in an undated chit for Laadiel, who is in the third generation [A4.16].) Thus, we have 10 or 11 persons, not including two signatories, in 25 dated or datable chits and 12 to 14 other persons, not including one signatory or those who also appeared in dated or datable chits, in 18 partially dated or undated chits. Adding the two second generation persons who appear as patronyms, Qannui and Zabdu, as well as Al(i)baal himself to this count gives us an all inclusive total of 24 to 27 persons appearing in this dossier. No chits can be dated later than 349 (A4.29a). Theophorous names are proportionate to their overall occurrence in the corpus: five with Qos (Qosmalak, Qosadar/ider, Qosrim, Al(i)qos, Qosghayr), four with El (Laadiel, Ḥiel, Sakruel, and Yathiael), four

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

177

with Baal (Al{i}baal, Ananibaal, Zabdibaal, and Adarbaal/Idribaal), one with Il (Taymil), and one with Adah (Abdadah). More than a dozen commodities constitute the payments. Agricultural products clearly dominate. Wheat appears the most often, in seven different months (Nisan, Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, Marcheshvan, Kislev, Tebeth [A4.19, 21–23, 25, 27, 31) and three undated chits (A4.16, 32, 34). Resh appears in five different months (Sivan, Tammuz, Tishri, Kislev, Tebeth [A4.1, 3–4, 7, 15]) and one undated chit (A4.5). Semolina+flour appears three times in two months (Sivan, Tammuz [A4.11, 13–14]); barley three times in two months (Iyyar, Marcheshvan [A4.6, 17–18]), plus once in an undated chit (A4.20); oil three times in two months (Sivan, Tebeth [A4.26, 29a], year 7, month lacking [A4.29]). Once each are crushed/sifted grain and flour (Nisan [A4.21, 30]), semolina alone (Elul [A4.2]). Sent in only undated chits are bundles (of chaff) and bales (A4.9, 12, 28), grgrn, joists, and loads (A4.33, 35–36). Unique in our corpus is the dispatch of a hewn stone in Ab (A4.24). In four chits, the product is missing or unknown (A4.8, 19, 31a, 37). In only two months are commodities not sent (Shebat, Adar [but cf. A4.1]). The most popular month was Sivan, with six deliveries (resh, semolina+flour, wheat, oil, and an unknown payment [A4.1, 10–11, 13, 22, 26]). Three payments occur in Tammuz (resh, semolina+flour, and wheat [A4.14–15, 23]) and four payments occur in Kislev (resh, wheat, an unknown payment, and probably resh [A4.4, 31, 31a, 31b]). Nisan, Iyyar, Ab, Marcheshvan, and Tebeth received two payments each (A4.6–7, 17–19, 21, 24–25, 27, 30) while Elul and Tishri received but one each (semolina and resh [A4.2–3]). The remaining 14 chits are either completely undated or lack a month date.

178

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) Table 9.  The Dossier of Al(i)baal at a Glance (362–349 [A4.1–37 {41}]) by the hand of from the sons of in exchange for date at end

s f h pl dm

No 4.1

ISAP 1842 =JA347 =EN42 1128 =IM91.6.113 =L128 403 =IA11375

Babylonian Date 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 16 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II] de [x] Tishri, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 9 Kislev, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 20[+?] y, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 4 Iyyar db 30 Tebeth, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef (PD: Tebeth has only 29 days); cf. A7.1, db 94.1   _____

4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13

1841 =EN41 1868 =JA6 =EN74 1869 =EN75 1850 =JA237 =EN50

1459 =M171 =AL223 1845 =EN45 1843 =JA373 =EN43 2495 =JA212 1871 =JA7 =EN77 2511 =619 =JA229 =Naveh141

4.14

1235 =JA65 =AL9

4.15

1222 =SM9 =LL1 1847 =JA398 =EN47

4.16

son of from the house of unabbreviated writing date in middle

Julian Date June 16, 362

o of = belonging to o h of the house of nd no date Scribe

b h f ss e de

12

September 6, 362

24 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef _____

nd   db

of Adar and Nisan:

Zabdi s Al(i)baal

_____

semolina: 6 seahs, 1 qab [resh]: 7 [s(eahs)], 5 q(abs),

November 27, 362 362/361

12

Laadiel

resh: 4 qabs

12

——

resh: [x]

_____

pl

Nam(i)ru f ss Al(i)baal Zaydu/Ziyadu s Qannui f ss Al(i)baal Zabdi s Al(i)baal Abdadah

_____

brought in:

Laadiel

resh: 1 seah, 1 qab

Zabdi s Al(i)baal

Laadiel

Yazidu x: [x+]3.5 qabs

Zabdi

Laadiel

bundles:

Zabdi

Laadiel [b h] Yathiael ——

[. . .]

January 24, 359

_____ _____

13

July 13, 359 14

_____ 14

Qosmalak o Al(i)baal

August 17, 359 _____

barley: 13 seahs

2

Qosmalak o ss Al(i)baal

_____

semolina: 1 seah, 4.5 qabs flour: 1 seah, 4.5 qabs Yazidu bales: 7

Laadiel f ss [A]l(i)[baa]l

——

brought . . . from Makkedah:

semolina: 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs flour: 2 seahs, 3 qabs Yazidu from the later grinding:

14

Nam(i)ru o Al(i)baal

t h Laadiel

12

Qosadar/ider s Zabdu f ss Al(i)baal Laadiel s Qannui

t h Laadiel s resh: 3 seahs Qannui o ss Al(i)baal Yazidu from the grain of the loan: Zabdibaal wheat: 20 seahs

db

nd

resh: 12 seahs, 3 qabs

_____

de

  db

Commodity

[PN f  ] ss Al(i)baal

July 20, 359 30 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef (PD: Sivan has only 29 days); cf. A7.1, 94.1  db 20 Tammuz,46 August 8, [Artaxerxes II] 359 archaic alef 29 Tammuz,46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef _____

Payee ——

12

July 14, 359

nd

Payer [Laa]diel f ss Al(i)baal

Sep 21–Oct 19, 362

nd _____ archaic alef 23 Sivan, [46 Artaxerxes II]

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning

semolina: 2 seahs flour: 2 seahs Yazidu

179

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) Table 9.  The Dossier of Al(i)baal at a Glance (362–349 [A4.1–37 {41}]) b h f ss e de

by the hand of from the sons of in exchange for date at end

4.16a 2667 =JA56? 4.17 2489 =JA205 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23

4.24 4.25

4.26

s f h pl dm

son of from the house of unabbreviated writing date in middle

22 Iyyar, [1]

db

o of = belonging to o h of the house of nd no date

June 1, 358

3 Marcheshvan, 1 [Artaxerxes III] cf. A3.5  de 333 11 Iyyar, 2 =IA11705 [Artaxerxes III]   db 1854 20 Tebeth, 2 =JA332 [Artaxerxes III] =EN55 db 233 _____ =IA11809 nd 450 18 Nisan, 3 =IA11329 [Artaxerxes III] db 2452 24 Sivan, 5 =JA165 [Artaxerxes III] db 1050 5 Tammuz, 5 =IM91.16.14 [Artaxerxes III] =L50 db

November 8, pl 358 15

1924 =JA110 =EN133 1866 =EN72

20 (+2 = 22) Ab

_____

2419 =JA129

16 Sivan, 8 [Artaxerxes III]

4.27

January 11, 356 _____ May 6, 356 June 19, 354 June 30, 354

18 Ab archaic alef _____ Year 7

4.30

18 Nisan

nd

barley: 2 kors, 22 seahs, (+?)

_____

who brought:

barley: 6 seahs, 4 qabs

Zaydu/Ziyadu [PN] o [ss Al(i)baal] Abdadah o ss _____ Al(i)baal

barley: 1 kor, 13 seahs

Abdadah o ss [Al(i)baa]l Zaydu/Ziyadu o ss Al(i)ba[al] Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru f ss Al(i)baal Laadiel f ss Al(i)baal

_____

barley: 6 seahs

_____

crushed/sifted grain: 9 seahs wheat: 3 qabs

t h Qosmilk

to the storehouse:

_____

to the storehouse:

wheat: 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs

wheat: 24 seahs, 4 qabs wheat: 4 seahs, 5 qabs; en⟨try⟩: wheat: 3 seahs, 2 qabs e barley: 6 seahs, 4 qabs a hewn stone

_____

Qosr(i)m f ss Al(i)baal

_____

June 8, 351

Laadiel and Qosmalak

_____

wheat: 19 seahs, 5 qabs Alilahi oil: 4 seahs, 4 (qabs)

_____

Qosghayr f ss Al(i)baal Qosghayr f ss Al(i)baal Qosadar/ider o ss Al(i)baal

Zubaydu

(to) Makkedah:

bh Qosmalak _____

chaff: 4 bundles oil: 2.5 qabs

Qosmalak o ss Al(i)baal

_____

oil; 4 seahs, 3 qabs

Badan o ss Al(i)baal

for (the) gatemen

flour: 5 seahs, 3 qabs

[PN o ss A]l(i)baal Laadiel f [ss Al(i)baal]

_____

wheat: 6[+?] seahs

_____

_____

[PN] o ss Al(i)baal

_____

resh?: 4 qabs

16

db db

_____

Qosr(i)m o ss Al(i)baal

de 2 Marcheshvan, 6 November [Artaxerxes III] 10, 353 archaic alef   db

1723 =M433 4.28 1751 =IA12423 4.29 1702 =ChM2 >EYH1 =JA506 4.29a 580=GD 1548 =M263 =AL104 4.31 249 =IA11799 4.31a 1060 =IM91.16.151 =L60 4.31b 582=GD

May 10, 357

Qosmalak o ss Al(i)baal brother o Al(i)baal

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning

_____ 352/351

from the grain of the purchase:

wheat: 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs

dm 5 Tebeth, 10 [Artaxerxes III]

db

December 28, 349 _____

dm 2 Kislev

db

25 Kislev, [?]

_____ _____

db x Kislev, [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

(Dec. 16, 359–Jan. 13, db 358)

pl

180

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) Table 9.  The Dossier of Al(i)baal at a Glance (362–349 [A4.1–37 {41}])

b h f ss e de 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37

by the hand of from the sons of in exchange for date at end 436 =IA11346 1870 =JA360 =EN76 1867 =JA403 =EN73 1982 =W4′ =LW5 1280 =JA103 =AL245 801 =GCh1 =IA12184

s f h pl dm _____

son of from the house of unabbreviated writing date in middle nd

_____

_____

_____ _____

[. . .]bn; wheat: 2 seahs Qosyatha wrote grgrn: 15

_____

Ananibaal o ss Al(i)baal

_____

wheat: 2 seahs

_____

Adarbaal/ Idribaal f ss Al(i)baal Ḥiel,Sakruel, Taymil o ss Al(i)baal PN o ss Al(i)baal

_____

joists: 2

bh Ḥor/Ḥezir

loads: 3

_____

_____

nd nd _____ nd _____

_____ nd

_____

_____ nd

o ss of the sons of t h to the hand of db date at beginning

Al(i)qos o ss Al(i)baal Yaddu o h Al(i)baal

_____

_____

o of = belonging to o h of the house of nd no date

181

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) “Scribe 12”: A4.1, 3–5, 15

A. Graphic: 1. ‫( עלבעל‬A4.1, 15). 2. varying. 3. medium line-spacing (one line). 4. medium-to-small size letters. 5. generous letter and word-spacing. 6. medium thickness of strokes. 7. looped alef (A4.1), sealing alef with high right stroke. B. Contextual: 8. date at end (A4.1, 3–5). 9. ‫( מן בני עליבעל‬A4.1, 3–5, 15); all ‫ראש‬. See also A7.1–7, 36, 51–54; 8.2–3, 5–7, 9–12, 15; 9.2, 5–8, 13, 15 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2). cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Date

[Laa]diel from the sons of 2Al(i)baal: ⟨grinding⟩ of Adar and Nisan: 3 resh, s(eahs), 12; q(abs), 3. 4 On the 22nd of Sivan. 1

‫]לע]דאל מן בני‬ ‫עלבעל ⟨מן טחון⟩ זי אדר וניסן‬ 3 ‫ ק‬12 ‫ראש ס‬ ‫ לסיון‬22 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.1-ISAP1842 (EN42 [JA347]) June 16, 362 Payment of 12 seahs, 3 qabs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×61×7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This chit contains an abbreviation of the designation “⟨from the grinding⟩ of (‫ )מן טחון‬Adar and Nisan,” which appears at the head of more than a dozen chits recording the grindings of specific months (PortenYardeni 2009: Table 4). For the uncertain translation of ‫ ראש‬as resh, see A1.4. Some 25 chits for resh, with date at the end, were written in year 43 (through Nisan, year 44), mostly by the same scribe (see PortenYardeni 2009: Table 2). Our dossier has three or four of these written in the course of a five-month period (June 16 to November 27, 362 [here and A4.3–5]) and two more written later, with date at the beginning: January 24 and August 17, 359 (A4.7, 15). The payer in the first chit, Laadiel, was payee more than five months later (A4.1, 4). ¶ Of the six chits for resh in this dossier, 12.5 seahs delivered here is the largest amount; others are 7 5⁄6 seahs, 2⁄3 seahs, 1 1⁄6 seah, and 3 seahs (A4.3–4, 7, 15; amount missing in A4.5). ¶ Laadiel (‫ )לעדאל‬is the most popular person in this dossier. Altogether, he appears 13 times from June 16, 362 through June 8, 351, six times as payer (here and A4.13, 16, 23, 26, 31a) and seven times as payee (A4.4, 7–10, 14–15). As payee, he appears once with patronym (A4.15; cf. A4.16) as Laadiel son of Qannui (‫ )קנוי‬and is probably the brother of the payer Zaydu/Ziyadu son of Qannui, who appears with the same patronym (A4.5). The name is precative, “May El bedeck.” The verbal root appears also in a name of thanksgiving, Ad(i)el, ”El bedecked” (‫[ עדאל‬A28.7:3]), with Hebrew parallels ‫( עדיאל‬1 Chr 9:12) and ‫ עדיהו‬or ‫( עדיה‬2 Kgs 22:1; 2 Chr 23:1 et al.). Though written without a yod, the name ‫ עלבעל‬should be compared to ‫עליאל‬, “El/Baal is elevated” (A14.4).

182

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Zabdi son of Al(i)baal: semolina, s(eahs), 6; q(ab), 1. 3 On the 16th of Elul.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ זבדי בר עלבעל‬.1 1 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ נשיף ס‬.2 ‫ ִל ִא ִלול‬16 ‫ ב‬.3

A4.2-ISAP1128 (L128 [IM91.16.113]) September 6, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of semolina Body sherd of jar (79×66×9), exterior and interior orange. Ostracon perhaps complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

With five chits altogether, Zabdi stands near the beginning of the dossier (September 6, 362 [A4.2, 6, 8–10]) as the son of Al(i)baal (see “Overview” for dating). For other dossiers recording actual sons of clan heads, see A2.1. ¶ Two chits for Zabdi, conveying grain (here and A4.6), have no payee. A third chit conveys an unknown commodity to Laadiel (A4.8). Two more chits, with payments from Zabdi to Laadiel (A4.9–10), are presumed to belong to this dossier, even though Zabdi bears no filiation. ¶ The root ‫זבד‬ (“grant”) was very productive in the formation of personal names; see the Arabian-style Zabdu below (A4.15) and related names in A1.1–2, 12, 43, 51–52, and A4.27 below. Zabdi itself occurs almost 20 times (see A15); it is a hypocoristicon of a name such as Zabdimilk, Zabdimaran, Zabdilahi, Zabdibaal, Zabdi­ baali, or most likely the very popular Zabdiel (‫[ זבדאל‬A1.15, A32]). ¶ With date at the end, we assign this chit to year 43 and discern 16 strokes for the day date (with Lemaire L128). ¶ In the Peshitta, nšypʾ twice renders ‫( סלת‬Gen 18:6; 2 Kgs 7:1, 16), and in the Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20 10:16 [Fitzmyer 2004: 154]) the two words appear one after the other [‫]סולת נשיפא‬. On the basis of m. ʾAbot 5:15, it is clear that ‫ קמח‬is (fine) flour and ‫( סלת‬that is, ‫ )נשיף‬is grits, or semolina, “coarse like fine sand and fatter, sweeter and purer than flour” (as the 13th-century exegete and philologist Tanḥum b. Joseph ha-Yerushalmi put it). It is unusual to find semolina alone in our texts, with date at the bottom and no archaic alef (only A10.32–33). It regularly appears together with flour (‫( )קמח‬Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1).

183

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Sealing Sign

[PN from the] sons of Al(i)b[aal]: [resh, s(eahs)], 7; q(abs), 3+2 (= 5). 3 [On the x (day)] of Tishri. 4 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫עלב ִע ִל‬ ִ ‫] מן ]בני‬ 5 ‫ ק‬7 ]‫]ראש ס‬ ‫] ִל ִתשרי‬ ‫]ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.3-ISAP403 [IA11375] September 21–October 19, 362 Payment of 7 [seahs], 5 qabs [of resh] Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (77×47×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding long tip of lamed ), right edge broken, very wide bottom margin (encasing alef  ), no left margin.

With the date at the bottom and the archaic alef, we restore year 43. Spacing allows for restoration of ‫ראש‬, resh (as in A4.1, 4–5, 7, 15) or ‫דקיר‬/‫רקיד‬, “crushed/sifted grain” (as in A4.21). Most of the texts for year 43 have payees (cf. A4.4, 7.1–2, 8.1–10, 9.2–8 but not 4.1–3, 5; Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 2–3); it is uncertain whether or not our text did. For the restoration “from the sons of” (‫ )מן בני‬rather than “of the sons of” (‫)לבני‬, see A4.1, 5, 15, all by the same scribe. ¶ The fourth and fifth numeral strokes for qab were written supralinearly at the end of line 2.

184

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Nam(i)ru 2from the sons of Al(i)baal 1 to Laadie[l]: 3 resh, q(abs), 4. 4 On the 9th 5of Kislev, [ye]ar [43]. 1

[‫נמרו ללעדא[ל‬ ‫מן בני עלבעל‬ 4 ‫ראש ק‬ 9‫ב‬ [43[ ‫לכסלו [ש]נת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A4.4-ISAP1841 (EN41) November 27, 362 Payment of 4 qabs of resh

The date is written at end of the text, and therefore the year should be restored as 43. Quantities of resh usually measure in the seahs (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2). Four qabs is an unusually small amount. In the ten dated or datable texts for years 43 and 46 (362 and 359 [A4.1–5, 6, 10–11, 13–15]) in this dossier, Laadiel is the only named payee and appears four times (A4.4, 10, 14–15). He appears three more times as payee in other chits (A4.7–9). In addition to resh thrice (also A4.7, 15), he receives (1) semolina and flour, from Nam(i)ru (A4.14); (2) [x+]3.5 qabs of an unknown commodity (A4.8); (3) 2 bundles (A4.9); and (4) an unknown item (A4.10), all from Zabdi. ¶ The name Nam(i)ru (‫[ נמרי‬A109]), from the word for “leopard,” is one of five Arabian-style animal personal names ending in waw in our corpus: cf. Ḥinziru (‫[ חינזרו‬A17.8 et al.]), “pig,” Lubayu (‫[ לביאו‬A8.6, A106]), “lion,” Ṭabyu (‫[ טביו‬A1.41, A102]), “gazelle,” and Ṣarṣaru and Ṣarṣara (‫צרצרו‬/‫[ צרצרא‬ISAP56, 1281, 1967]), “cricket.” ¶ The word order is irregular, the payee (‫ )ללעדאל‬intervening between the payer (‫ )נמרו‬and his filiation (‫ ;)מן בני עלבעל‬see A1.23–24, 3.10 for further discussion. Though A4.14 below indicates that it is Nam(i)ru who is affiliate to Al(i)baal, A4.15 asserts that so is the payee Laadiel. For similar irregular structure, see A4.22, 27, 36.

185

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Sign

Zaydu/Ziyadu son of Qannui from the sons of 2Al(i)baal: resh[. . .]. 3 On the 20th [+?] of [(month) y, year 43]. 4 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫זידו בר קנוי מן בני‬ [ ]. ‫עלבעל ִר ִא ִש‬ ]‫ ִל‬.… 20 ‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.5-ISAP1868 (EN74 [JA6]) 20[+? y, year 43 = 362/361] Payment of x (amount) of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (63×80×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of brown and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of exterior and on one old break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef   ), medium left margin.

The year date is effaced, and the archaic alef is only partially visible but written at the end of the document. The year is restored to 43. ¶ For the name Zaydu/Ziyadu, see A1.10 and A28. Here, as payer, he is also the brother of the payee Laadiel son of Qannui (A4.15). He has two more chits in this dossier (A4.18 and 21 below). In addition to Zaydu/Ziyadu and Laadiel, only two other names in this dossier bear a patronym: Zabdi son of Al(i)baal (A4.2, 6, 8) and Qosadar/ider son of Zabdu (A4.15). The name Qannui (‫)קנוי‬, unknown elsewhere, is a qattūl hypocoristicon of a name such as Qanael (‫“[ קנאל‬El created” {see A71}]), with its biblical parallel in Elqanah (1 Sam 1:1). ¶ The commodity is much effaced, with ‫ראש‬, “resh,” being the best reading. There is no payee. For the archaic alef, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149*–50*.

186

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 4th of Iyyar, Zabdi son of 2Al(i)baal 1brought in 2 barley, seahs, 3thir2teen. 1

‫ לאיר הנעל זבדי בר‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עלבעל שערן סאן עשרה‬.2 ‫ ותלתה‬.3

A4.6-ISAP1869 (EN75) 4 Iyyar Payment of 13 seahs of barley

As in A4.2, Zabdi son of Al(i)baal delivers grain to an unknown payee. The payment of barley is made in Iyyar, shortly after the harvest, and measures 13 seahs, twice the amount in two other chits in this dossier (A4.17, 20) and less than a third of that in another (A4.18). ¶ The verb of conveyance (“brought in”) appears only here in this dossier; see on A1.3–4; both there and here, the commodities, measures, and numerals were unabbreviated and the scribe wrote the numeral for the feminine ‫ סאן‬in the masculine (‫עשרה‬ ‫)ותלתה‬. The verb ‫ הנעל‬here was followed immediately by ‫בר‬, “son of,” and the name ‫זבדי‬, “Zabdi,” was subsequently added supralinearly. For the name, see further on A4.2.

187

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Signatory Sealing Sign

On the 30th of Tebeth, year 45, 2 Abdadah to Laadiel: 3 resh, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1. 4 Yazidu. (archaic alef  ) 1

45 ‫ לטבת שנת‬30 ‫ב‬ ‫עבדאדה ללעדאל‬ 1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ראש ס‬ # ‫ִיז ִִדִו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.7-ISAP1850 (EN50 [JA237]) January 24, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (45×67×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior pinkish-gray (7.5YR6/2), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. No top margin, no right margin, narrow bottom margin (encasing alef  ), no left margin.

According to the Parker-Dubberstein conversion tables, Tebeth in year 45 has only 29 days. Here is a case where the new moon was not observed until the following day; thus, we get 30 Tebeth. For a similar problem, see below, A4.13, with further references. The numerals for “5” in the year date were written supralinearly. See, further, A198.1. ¶ The name Abdadah (‫“[ עבדאדה‬Servant of Adah”]) was well represented in the Idumean corpus and appears in contemporary ostraca from Beersheba (see A2.16). Our Abdadah appears twice again: once three years later, on 20 Tebeth (January 11, 356 [A4.19]), paying wheat; and once in an undated text, paying barley (A4.20), both times to an unnamed recipient. ¶ Here and in the next three chits, where he is featured as payee (A4.8–10), this Laadiel is probably the same as the payer Laadiel from the sons of Al(i)baal (A4.1, 13), recorded below as son of Qannui (A4.15). In an account text with three names, Abdadah is credited with 1.5 seahs and Laadiel with 2.25 qabs of wheat (ISAP1959 [EN179]). ¶ For further analysis, see A1.4 and 4.1 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2:26–36.

188

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

Zabdi son of Al(i)baal to Laadiel: 2 [. . .], q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf) [?] 1

]‫ללע ִד ִא ִל‬ ִ ‫ זִבדי ִבִר עלבעל‬.1 ? ] ‫ ִף‬3 ‫[ק‬ ִ ? ] .2

A4.8-ISAP1459 (AL223 [M171]) Undated Payment of [? +]3.5 qabs of x Base fragment of bowl (99×64×7–12), exterior and interior pinkish-brown. Written lines almost parallel to wheelmarks [AL].

This is the first of a group of three ostraca with Zabdi as payer and Laadiel as payee (A4.8–10). Only in this first one is the patronym Al(i)baal recorded. With the payee here being Laadiel, it would be too much of a coincidence in the following two ostraca were Zabdi there not the son of Al(i)baal. ¶ The commodity in this undated text appeared at the beginning of line 2, which is totally effaced. Remaining at the end of the line is the amount ‫ פ‬/// ‫ק‬, “3 q(abs and a) h(alf).”

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

189

“Scribe 13”: A4.9, 49.4 A. Graphic: 1. ‫ ;משתלן‬alef sign. 2. varying angle of writing. 3. narrow line-spacing. 4. large letters. 5. medium letter- and word-spacing. 6. thick strokes. 7. wavy lamed or with tail. B. Contextual: 12. names/commodity + amount/sealing sign. 13. kettle-shaped alef. cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Sealing Sign

Zabdi to Laadiel: 2 bundles, 2. 3 (hooked triangle)

‫ זבדי ללעדאל‬.1 2 ‫ משתלן‬.2 # .3

1

A4.9-ISAP1845 (EN45) Undated Payment of 2 bundles

This terse chit of three words and a numeral omits a patronym for Zabdi and delivers to Laadiel not grain but two bundles, probably of chaff (cf. A4.28 below). The same scribe wrote an identical chit for four bundles by Ḥaggai for Qosani (A49.4). Both chits contained a looped alef in the form of a triangle with a single slant stroke attached to the upper right side (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 8.20–21). ¶ For the word ‫משתל‬, see A1.43–44.

190

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan, y[ear 46 ], Zabdi to Laadiel [. . .]: [. . .] [by the hand of  ] 3Yathiael [. . .]. 4 . . . s ◦◦[. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Agent

‫ לסיון ש[נת‬23 ‫ב‬ [ ] ‫זבדי ללעדאל‬ [ ] ‫יתיעאל‬ [ ]..‫ב‬...

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.10-ISAP1843 (EN43 [JA373] July 13, 359 Payment of unknown product Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×55×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware gray (10YR6/1), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), narrow right margin widening downward, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is the first of three chits here, and four more elsewhere, all written during the last week of Sivan, year 46 (A4.11, 13, 7.5, 9.10, 51.3, 94.1). All but one are for semolina+flour (also A4.14 [20 Tammuz]) while A94.1 simply has flour. All are signed off by Yazidu with the same sealing sign (missing here). Evidence for the identity of the scribe is revealed by the distinctive samekh in ‫סיון‬, thus arguing for restoration here of year 46. Perhaps not coincidentally, three of the texts have the last three or all six of the strokes in the year date 46 written supralinearly (A4.11, 13, 94.1). ¶ The restoration of ‫עליד‬, “by the hand of” at the end of line 2 seems most likely. There are two other agents in this dossier (A4.28, 36). ¶ Yathiael (‫)יתיעאל‬, with passive participle (“Saved by El”), is a rare formation, occurring only here. The alef  has the same formation as the alef in ‫ ראש‬in A4.15 below. ¶ The last line is illegible.

191

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) “Scribe 14”— A4.11, 13–14

A. Graphic: 1. ‫( לעלבעל‬A4.10, 13); 46 ‫שנת‬, (?) ‫יזדו‬, ‫נשיף‬. 2. varying. 3. medium line-spacing (1 line). 4. medium-size letters. 5. generous letter- and word-spacing. 6 inconsistent, thick strokes. 7. sealing alef has protruding tail at right end of horizontal stroke. B. Contextual: 8. date at beginning, ‫ נשיף‬plena. cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products Sealing Sign Signatory

On the 24th of Sivan, year 43+3 (= 46), Qosmalak of Al(i)baal: semolina, 3s(eah), 1; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf); 4flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs) 4 (and a) h(alf). 5 (archaic alef  ) Yazidu 1 2

43+3 ‫ לסיון שנת‬24 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסמלך לעלבעל נשיף‬ ‫ף‬4‫ק‬1‫ס‬ ‫ ִף‬4 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫קמח ס‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A4.11-ISAP2495 [JA212] July 14, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of flour Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (76×111×6–13), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 25% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly

192

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is the first of three payments of semolina+flour in less than a month, from July 14 to August 8, 359 (also A4.13–14). Each bears an archaic alef and is signed off by Yazidu. While this one bears no further qualifiers, the next was said to be “brought . . . from Makkedah” and the third to be produced “from the later grinding.” The amounts of grain are small (1–2 seahs) and the ratio between the two grains almost identical. When Zabdi paid only semolina almost three years earlier, the amount was three to five times as much (6+ seahs [A4.2 above]). For full discussion of the meaning of this pair (‫ נשיף‬+ ‫)קמח‬, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*; also A4.2 above. ¶ In our dossier, Qosmalak appears in three different capacities: as payer, twice with the filiation “of the sons of Al(i)baal” (A4.11–12), and once as payer, with Laadiel without filiation (A4.26); without filiation as payee of wheat deposited in the storehouse by Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A4.22); and as agent for delivery of chaff from Qosghayr (A4.28). The name means “Qos ruled.” His filiation is elliptical, simply ‫לעלבעל‬, to be understood not as “to Al(i)baal” but as “(belonging) to Al(i)baal,” as is clear from the next ostracon (A4.12), where the filiation is spelled out ‫לבני עלבעל‬, “of the sons of Al(i)baal.” See also A4.14 below. ¶ The spacing is rather irregular. The last three strokes of the numeral “46” are written supralinearly at the end of line 1; considerable blank space is left after ‫ נשיף‬in line 2 and the quantities deferred to line 3; much space is left at the end of line 3; and ‫ קמח‬begins only in line 4. There is ample space at the bottom for the archaic alef and signatory, for which see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148*–50*.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

193

cm

CONCAVE Qosmalak of the sons of Al(i)baal: bales, 7.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ קוסמלך לבני עלבעל‬.1 7 ‫ פחלצן‬.2

A4.12-ISAP1871 (EN77 [JA7]) Undated Payment of 7 bales Body sherd and part of handle of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 64×80×8–12), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on interior of body sherd, on slightly concave surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin widening downward, narrow left margin.

This piece is written unusually on the concave, opposite what was the jar handle. For the word ‫פחלץ‬, see A1.2. bales mostly appear in numbers less than a handful. Once, we find the number “7,” as here (A93.2). Exceptionally, there appear quantities of 15, 16, and 21, the latter referring to a payment order rather than a commodity chit (A10.35, 63.4; ISAP1772). This commodity appears nowhere else in this dossier.

194

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product Sealing Sign Signatory

On the 30th of Sivan, year 45[+1] (= 46), 2 Laadiel from the sons of 3[A]l(i)[baa]l 2[brou]gh[t] 3 from Makkedah: 4 semolina, s(eahs) 2; q(abs), 2; q(uarter), 1; 5[f ]lour, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3. 6 (archaic alef  ) Yazidu 1

[1+]45 ‫ לסיון שנת‬30 ‫ב‬ ‫]ל ִע ִדאל מן בני‬ ִ ‫]הי]ת[י‬ ִ ‫]ע]ל[בעל] ִמןִ מנקדה‬ 1 ‫ ִר‬2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫נשיף ס‬ 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫]ק]מח ס‬ ִ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A4.13-ISAP2511 [JA229] July 20, 359 Payment of 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 3 qabs of flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64×65×7), square, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, no left margin.

This chit and the next two (A4.14–15) all bore the archaic alef and the signatory Yazidu (also A4.7, 11 above). The writing on this chit is partially effaced and may be restored by comparison with other pieces. The numeral strokes of the date are written supralinearly, and after the first three slanted from right to left, there are two visible strokes slanted from left to right. This seems to point to year “45.” Nonetheless, the nine other semolina+flour chits with Yazidu and archaic alef are all dated to year 46, with five more in the month of Sivan: three on 22 Sivan (A7.5, 9.10, 51.3), one on 24 Sivan (A4.11), and one, as here, on 30 Sivan (A94.1 [flour only]) (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:9). It is more than likely, then, that this tenth semolina+flour chit should also be dated to year 46 and the sixth numeral stroke restored. A further problem lies in the fact that, according to the Parker-Dubberstein tables, Sivan in year 46 has only 29, not 30, days (also a problem in A94.1), indicating a failure to observe the new moon on that date. Other discrepancies include 30 Iyyar, year 43 (A7.1) and 30 Tebeth, year 45 (A4.7 above). ¶ For use of the verb of conveyance ‫היתה‬, “brought,” see A1.2, 8. ¶ This is the only semolina+flour chit for year 46 that specifies the source as “from Makkedah,” but see undated A7.21. More than 20 chits record a commodity as coming “from Makkedah” (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 149–51; Table 2.3 here).

195

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tammuz, year 46, Nam(i)ru of Al(i)baal to the hand of Laadiel from 3the later grinding: semolina, s(eahs), 2; 4flour, s(eahs), 2. (archaic alef  ) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Products Sealing Sign Signatory

46 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ִ‫נמרו לעלבעל ליד לעדאל ִמן‬ 2 ‫טחונא אחריא נשיף ס‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬# 2 ‫קמח ס‬ (Remains of ink?)

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.14-ISAP1235 (AL9 [JA65]) August 8, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs of flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (118×81×7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding long tip of lamed ), medium right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Less than a month after Laadiel was payer, he is now payee. On 9 Kislev, [year 43] (November 27, 362), Nam(i)ru (‫ )נמרו‬supplied Laadiel with 4 qabs of resh (A4.4 above). Here he supplies him with equal amounts of semolina and flour (2 seahs each). Like A4.11, the construction here is irregular. Nam(i)ru’s filiation is elliptical, simply ‫לעלבעל‬, that is, “(belonging) to Al(i)baal.” The scribe explicates Laadiel as the payee by prefacing his name with the compound preposition “to the hand of” (‫ ;)ליד‬also in A4.15, 22. So we have the construction “Nam(i)ru of Al(i)baal to the hand of Laadiel.” Our chit is the latest of five written in Tammuz, year 46 (on the 5th, 6th, 19th, and 20th [July 24 to August 8, 359]) for the three grains resh (‫[ ראש‬A9.13]), crushed/sifted grain (‫רקיד‬/‫[ דקיר‬A7.6, 8.20]), and semolina+flour (here and A7.7), all derived from the “later grinding” (‫—)מן טחונא אחריא‬that is, either repeated grinding (Moritz 1958: 156–58) or deferred grinding, to get a better quality (Mordecai Kislev, orally). The amounts ground varied between one and four seahs. All are subscribed by Yazidu, and all contain the archaic alef (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 4:15–21).

196

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Tammuz, year 46, Qosadar/ider son of Zabdu from the sons of 3Al(i)baal to the hand of Laadiel son of Qannui 4of the sons of Al(i)baal: resh, s(eahs), 3. 5 (archaic alef) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Sealing Sign Signatory

46 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬29 ‫ב‬ ‫זבדו מן בני‬ ִ ‫קוסעדר בר‬ ‫לע ִדאל בר קנוי‬ ִ ‫ליד‬ ִ ‫עלבעל‬ 3 ‫אש ס‬ ִ ‫לבני עלבעל ִר‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A4.15-ISAP1222 (LL1 [SM9]) August 17, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of resh Triangular ostracon (113×86×8), concave face quite heavily ribbed, very light gray (10YR7/2), convex face with several light burnishing lines, pink-beige (7.5YR7/4). Two-colored section, very fine fabric. Writing on convex face, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks.

Nine days after Laadiel received semolina+flour from Nam(i)ru (above A4.14), he received resh from Qosadar/ider. Uniquely in this chit, both payer and payee appeared with their respective patronyms: Qos­ adar/ider son of Zabdu and Laadiel son of Qannui. As mentioned above, Laadiel emerges here as brother of the Zaydu/Ziyadu who delivered resh in year 43 to an unnamed payee (A4.5). In our chit, both payer and payee belong to the sons of Al(i)baal. Varying his text, the scribe wrote for the payer “from the sons of”(‫)מן בני‬, but for the payee he wrote “of the sons of”(‫)לבני‬. ¶ The Aramaic name Qosadar/ider (‫קוסעדר‬ [“Qos helped/is a help”]) occurs some 30 times in our corpus and once more in this dossier (A4.29, A17). The parallel name Baaladar/ider occurs only five times (cf., e.g., A9.20). With the same verbal root (‫)עדר‬, we have also Adarbaal/Idribaal below (A4.35). Hebrew parallels include the verbal sentence name ‫אלעזר‬ (Eleazar [Exod 6:23, etc.]) and the nominal sentence name ‫( אליעזר‬Eliezer [Gen 15:2, etc.]). ¶ For the name Zabdu, see A4.2, and for the quantity of resh, see A4.1.

197

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONCAVE Laadiel son of Qannui: w(heat), s(eahs), 20, from the grain of 3the loan, (as) payment 4to Zabdibaal.

Payer

1

Products

2

Source Payee?

‫לעדאל בר קנִִוִי‬ ‫ מן עבור‬20 ‫חס‬ ‫די‬/‫רר‬/‫ד‬/ ִ ‫מש ִכ‬ ִ ‫זפתא‬ ‫בע ִל‬ ִ ‫ִב ִד‬ ִ ‫ִלז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.16-ISAP1847 (EN47 [JA398]) Undated Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×64×11), roughly triangular, exterior and interior pink (5YR7/4), ware yellowish-red (5YR5/6), many white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave uneven surface, no visible wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Here, again, we find Laadiel’s patronym, Qannui. This makes him the brother of Zaydu/Ziyadu (A4.5 above). ¶ This is the first of ten chits in this dossier that records wheat (A4.19, 21–23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 34). In most, special circumstances characterize the payment: (1) 20 seahs from the grain of the loan (here); (2) 3 qabs of wheat together with 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain (A4.21); (3) 24 2⁄3 seahs to the storehouse (A4.22); (4) 4 5⁄6 seahs to the storehouse and the exchange of 3 1⁄3 seahs of wheat for 6 2⁄3 seahs of barley (A4.23); (5) 19+ seahs from the grain of the purchase (A4.25); (6) 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs (to) Makkedah (A4.27); (7) 2 seahs in a chit signed “Qosyatha wrote” (A4.32). In three chits, there are no special circumstances. The amounts are 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs, 6[+?] seahs, and 2 seahs (A4.19, 31, 34). ¶ This is one of four chits in the Idumean corpus that records payments of wheat or barley as coming “from the grain of the loan” (‫מן‬ ‫[ עבור זפתא‬see A3.17 [with discussion], 9.1; ISAP1710 (payment order); see also A3.17a; ISAP477 [uncertain fragment] and {Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 140}]). Elephantine has yielded a loan document for emmer (TAD B3.13), further attesting to the practice of borrowing grain. ¶ The second word in line 3 is partially damaged, and the reading (and the meaning) is uncertain. Perhaps ‫משכרי‬, which we conjecturally render as payment. ¶ For Zabdibaal, see A4.2 and A60.

198

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 22nd of Iyyar, year [1], Qosmalak 2of the sons of Al(i)baal to the storehouse of Maqqedah: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs) 22 . . . . 1

‫] קוסמלך‬1[‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאיר שנ‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ לבני על בעל למסכנת מנקדה‬.2 .... 22 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ שך‬.3

A4.16a-ISAP2667 (JA569) June 1, 358 Payment of 2 kors, 22 seahs (+?) of barley

This is the first of eleven chits for barley delivered to the storehouse of Maqqedah between 22 Iyyar, year 1 and 7 Elul, year 6 (June 1, 358 to September 17, 353), mostly by the same scribe. Four clans are represented: Baalrim (7+ and 8 kors), Gur (only 5+ seahs), Al(i)baal (2+ kors), and Yehokal (9+ kors); see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: Table 2 and Table 1.2 here [the present chit was discovered after publication of the article. For correction of dates, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 144*–45+]. The amount of barley is much larger than elsewhere in this dossier (cf. A4.6, 19), but much less than that sent by Baalrim (A1.7–8) and Yehokal (A5.9). The name of the clan head in line 2 is written in two halves, as it were, ‫ על‬and ‫בעל‬. On the other hand, the following two words are written as one, without separation.

199

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) “Scribe 15”: A3.5, 4.17, 5.7

A. Graphic: 2. varying. 3. medium line-spacing (1 line+). 4. less-than-medium-sized letters. 5. normal letter- and word-spacing. 6. medium. B. Contextual: 8. day and month (year?) end of text. 11. unabbreviated spelling. 12. name/commodity + amount/date (A4.17). 13 sealing bet. cm

CONVEX Payer Products Date

The brother of Al(i)baal who 2brought barley, s[ea]hs, 3six; qabs, four. 4 On the 3rd of Marcheshvan, 5year 1. 1

‫ִא ִחִו ִהִי ִזִי עלבעל זי‬ ‫היתי שערן ִס[א]ן‬ ‫שת קבן ארבעה‬ ‫למר ִחשון‬ ִ 3‫ב‬ 1 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ִשנ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A4.17-ISAP2489 [JA205] November 8, 358 Payment of 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×59×10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

The writing has been severely damaged, particularly in the first and last lines. If read correctly, the first line opens with a unique payer ‫אחוהי‬, “brother of,” without name. With date at the end, this chit was written on 3 Marcheshvan, year 1 (November 8, 358) by the same scribe as A3.5. Both pieces record barley, with commodity, measure, and amount written out unabbreviated. In both pieces the gender of measure and amount match, unlike A4.6 and 4.30. The amount of barley is about half that brought in by Zabdi (A4.6) and about the same as that paid by Abdadah (A4.19). ¶ For a more abbreviated construction of ‫זי היתי‬, see A1.2. ¶ Neither here nor in three chits following this one (A4.19–21) is a payee listed.

200

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Iyyar, year 2, Zaydu/Ziyadu of [the sons of Al(i)baal . . .]: 3 b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 13.

Payer

1

Products

2

Source Payee?

2 ‫ לאיר שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ...... ‫לה‬..] ִ [.‫ִדִו ל‬ ִ ‫ ִזי‬.2 13 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫שכ‬ ִ .3

A4.18-ISAP333 (IA11705) May 10, 357 Payment of 1 kor, 13 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47×93×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few small white grits. Patina on interior, on ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin widening downward, variable left margin.

This chit is much effaced and the name of the payee is illegible. We assume that the person here is the same one as the Zaydu/Ziyadu of the sons of Al(i)baal in A4.5 above and A4.21 below, but the restoration is very problematic. In all three cases, the payment is grain.

201

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tebeth, year 2, Abdadah of the sons of 3Al(i)baal: w(heat), s(eahs), 5; 4q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf). ...

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory?

2 ‫ לטבת שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫עבדאדה לבני‬ 5 ‫עלבעל חס‬ [?]... ‫ ף‬3 ‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.19-ISAP1854 (EN55 [JA332]) January 11, 356 Payment of 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (38×52×5), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tip of lamed ), medium right margin widening downward, cut off at bottom, variable left margin.

See commentary on A4.16 above. ¶ On Abdadah, see A4.7 above. ¶ A possible signatory follows at the end of line 4, but it is cut off at the bottom and thus illegible.

202

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Abdadah of the sons of 2[Al(i)baa]l: b(arley), s(eahs), 6. 1

‫ עבדאדה לבני‬.1 6 ‫ ]עלבע]ל שס‬.2

A4.20-ISAP233 [IA11809] Undated Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, small (32×56×8), roughly triangular, exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Wide top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, wide left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

Also by Abdadah, this fragmentary piece lacking date preserves the second lamed of Al(i)baal and the abbreviated commodity and measure, (\// \// ‫)שס‬, 6 seahs of barley. Unlike the ten chits for wheat, there are only four for barley in this dossier (also A4.6, 17–18).

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

203

cm

CONVEX On the 18th of Nisan, year 3, 3 ‫ לניסן שנת‬18 ‫ ב‬.1 Zaydu/Ziyadu of the sons of Al(i)ba[al]: 9 ‫רקיד ִס‬/‫עלב[על] דקיר‬ ִ ‫ִדִו ִל ִבנִי‬ ִ ‫ ִזי‬.2 3 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 9; w(heat), q(abs), 3. 3 ‫ ִח ִק‬.3

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

A4.21-ISAP450 [IA11329] May 6, 356 Payment of 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain and 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (74×105×7), rhomboid, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), medium amount of black grits. Black ash on ca. 5% of sherd surface and one edge. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin widening down to the right, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

In year 43 (362/361), Zaydu/Ziyadu is listed as son of Qannui (A4.5). There, he probably paid resh. A year prior to our chit, he paid 1 kor, 13 seahs of barley (A4.18). Here he pays 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain and, unusually, an additional payment, a nominal 3 qabs of wheat.

204

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Sivan, year 5, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru 3from the sons of [A]l(i)[baa]l 2 to the hand of Qosmalak, 3 to the storehouse: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 24; q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Depository Product

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬24 ‫ב‬ ִ‫קוסמלך‬ ִ ‫רו ליד‬/‫עיד‬ ‫[בע]ל למסכנתא‬ ִ ‫ע]ל‬ ִ [ִ‫מן ִב ִני‬ 4 ‫ ק‬24 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.22-ISAP2452 [JA165] June 19, 354 Payment of 24 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (78×73×8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first of a series of some 18 chits recording the payment of grain to the storehouse in year 5, 5 for the last week in Sivan (here, 24 Sivan [June 19, 354]), and 13 for Tammuz (e.g., 5 Tammuz [June 30, 354 {A4.23 below}]). Fourteen are by members of the clan of Baalrim (A1.15–25 [excluding 1.24a]; A1.7–8, 26 [storehouse of Makkedah]; see also A1.27 [to Makkedah]); two are by members of Gur (A2.7–8; see also A2.2, 14 [storehouse of Makkedah]); and two by Al(i)baal (here and A4.23). For discussion of the storehouse, see Porten-Yardeni 2007a and also Table 1:2b–19 here. ¶ The payer’s name may be written with either a resh or a dalet. The name is Arabian hypocoristic (either from ‫ עיר‬or ‫ )עיד‬and there are three possible transcriptions: Ghayru, Aydu, and Iyadu (see A19). ¶ As elsewhere, so here, the scribe inserted the name of the payee (‫ )ליד קוסמלך‬in between the name of the payer and his filiation (see A4.4, 27, 36), though it should be noted that Qosmalak was also a member of Al(i)baal (A4.11–12, 16a above). Only in one or two other storehouse texts do we have the addition of a “to the hand of” person, and he is Saadel (A1.23–24). Nonetheless, the compound preposition appears some 17 times in our corpus, twice elsewhere in our dossier (A4.14–15). ¶ For Qosmalak, see A4.11.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

205

cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tammuz, year 5, Laadiel from the sons of Al(i)b[aa]l to [the] storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 5. en⟨try⟩: w(heat), s(eahs), 3, q(abs), 2 4for b(arley), s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product Exchange

5 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫לת ִמִו ִז ִשנ‬ ִ 5‫ב‬ ‫עלב[ע]ל למסכנת‬ ִ ‫ִל ִע ִדאל מן בני‬ ִ 2 ‫ ק‬3 ‫חס‬ ִ ⟩‫ ב⟨ב‬5 ‫ ִק‬4 ‫חס‬ 4 ‫ ִק‬6 ‫בשס‬ ִ [?]

[‫[א‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.23-ISAP1050 (L50 [IM91.16.14]) June 30, 354 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Jar fragment (73×47×8), exterior and interior orange. Ostracon perhaps complete. Rather erased writing on convex surface, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing to no margin, medium bottom margin narrowing leftward, variable left margin.

Laadiel was encountered as payer at the beginning of the dossier, eight years earlier in 362 (A4.1). Since then, he has appeared twice more as payer, in 359 (A4.13) and in an undated chit (A4.16), and seven times as payee (A4.4, 7–10, 14–15). In the latter capacity, a full filiation appears for him: Laadiel son of Qannui of the sons of Al(i)baal. It is thus clear that all seven payments made to Laadiel were from one member of the clan of Al(i)baal to another. On the other hand, this is the only one of the six payments made by Laadiel (also A4.26, 31a below) that mentions the payee (unless Zabdibaal indeed serves as payee in A4.16), not a person here, but the storehouse (‫[ מסכנתא‬the final alef written supralinearly]). This was not just a depository but a place of exchange. Ours is one of three documents (also A1.24 and A2.7) that records a double transaction to the storehouse of specifically the deposit of wheat and the exchange of wheat for barley at the standard ratio of 1 for 2 (but cf. A8.40 and 13.11). Here the deposit was 4 5⁄6 seahs and the exchange was of 3 1⁄3 seahs of wheat for 6 2⁄3 seahs of barley. The term for exchange is the preposition beth, “(in exchange) for,” prefacing the abbreviated formula for barley-seahs (‫)בשס‬. As a second transaction on the ostracon, the exchange was introduced by the accounting notation “entry” (‫)בב‬. In our text, the scribe failed to write the second beth and, instead of reading “entry, wheat seahs” we have what looks like “for wheat, seahs” (‫)בחס‬. See A1.24 and Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 131–32. ¶ Given the subject matter and the certain reading “5 Tammuz,” we restore the year as “5” on the basis of the identically dated Baalrim ostracon (A1.19).

206

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Qosr(i)m of the sons of Al(i)baal: a hewn stone[. . .]◦◦[?] 3 On the 2«2»nd of Ab [?]

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ קוסרם ִלבנִי ִע ִל ִב ִע ִל‬.1 [?]..[ ]‫פסיל ִה‬ ִ .2 [?] ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 1[+1+]20 ‫ ִב‬.3

A4.24-ISAP1924 (EN133 [JA110]) 22 Ab Payment of a hewn stone Handle and a small portion of body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (handle 54×68×22–25), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on upper surface of the handle, on slightly convex/ concave, slightly uneven surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Written on the outside of a jar handle, this is a much effaced text with date at end, which seems to be 22 Ab. The payer’s name is clear, Qosr(i)m (‫)קוסרם‬, and his filiation to “the sons of Al(i)baal” is reasonably certain. If read correctly, the object paid is unique to these texts: “a hewn stone” (‫)פסילה‬. The pronunciation Qosrim rather than Qosram [suggested to us by Eugene Han] is affirmed by its appearance in plena spelling (‫[ קוסרים‬ISAP1798:6]). The name is an Aramaic parallel to Baalrim, meaning “Qos is exalted.” The person appears also in the next chit and has his own dossier (A31).

207

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) “Scribe 16”: A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3 cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Marcheshvan, year 6, Qosr(i)m from the sons of Al(i)baal, from 3the grain of [the] purchase: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 19; q(abs), 5. 5 (archaic alef  ) Alilahi.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Sealing Sign Signatory

6 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסרם מן בני עלבעל מן‬ [‫עבור זבינת[א‬ 5 ‫ ִק‬19 ‫חס‬ ‫ עללהִי‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A4.25-ISAP1866 (EN72) November 10, 353 Payment of 19 seahs, [5 qabs] of wheat

This is one of five chits by the same scribe (here; A3.15, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3) for wheat derived from the “grain of the purchase” (‫)עבור זבינתא‬, drawn up in year 6 in three days of Marcheshvan (1, 2, and two on 4 [November 9, 10 and 12, 353]) and one of Kislev (16 [December 23]), endorsed by a grandly inscribed sealing sign (a cross with a diagonal stroke on the right slanting toward the meeting point of the two strokes) and subscribed by Alal (‫)עלל‬, whose name is here fully spelled out, Alilahi (‫“[ עללהי‬Ilahi is exalted”]). The element (‫ על)י‬is the same found in the clan name Al(i)baal (see “Overview”). Three or four times, the name of the signatory appearing elsewhere as subscriber precedes the sealing sign (A3.15, 96.1, 270.3, and probably also in 224.1), but here it follows it. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 5, 8:26–30.

208

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 16th of Sivan, y⟨ear⟩ 8, Laadiel and Qosmalak: oil, s(eahs), 4, ⟨q(abs)⟩, 4[?].

Date

1

Payers

2

Product

8 }‫ לסיון ש{נת‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]4 }‫ {ק‬4 ‫וקוסמלך משח ִס‬ ִ ‫ לעדאל‬.2

A4.26-ISAP2419 [JA129] June 8, 351 Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44×91×10–11), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Though Al(i)baal is not mentioned, both Laadiel and Qosmalak are filiated to that clan head (A4.1, 11–13, 15, 23, 31a). ¶ The scribe omitted the last two letters of ‫ שנת‬in line 1 and the qof for ‫ קב‬in line 2.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

209

cm

CONVEX Date Depository Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

On the 18th of Ab, (to) Makkedah, 2 Qosghayr from the sons of Al(i)baal to Zubaydu: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 3, q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). (archaic alef  ) 1

‫מקדה‬ ִ ‫ לאב‬18 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ר לזבידו מן בני עלבעל‬/‫ קוסעיד‬.2 # ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ חס‬.3

A4.27-ISAP1723 [M433] 18 Ab Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat

Dated only partially, to 18 Ab, this chit is placed here because of the elegantly drawn sealing sign similar in style to the more freely drawn alef, with a shorter horizontal bar, in A4.25 above and its companions (A3.15, 224.1, 270.3, and especially A96.1). As in a Hebrew chit for ‫סלת‬, “semolina,” from an unknown site in the Judean hills dated paleographically to the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century (Aḥituv 2008: 180–81), Makkedah appears also here without a nun, as ‫מקדה‬, its regular spelling in the Bible (Josh 10:10, 16–17, 21, 28–29, 12:16, 15‫׃‬41; Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 147–48), and not as ‫מנקדה‬, its regular spelling in the Idumean ostraca. Moreover, if it is the place to which the 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat are to be sent, it is not prefixed by the expected lamed, “to.” Nor does that prefix appear in the Hebrew ostracon. ¶ Here, too (as in A4.4, 22, 36), we have an irregular word order. The payee (‫לזבידו‬, “to Zubaydu”) intervenes between the payer, Qosghayr, and his filiation, “from the sons of Al(i)baal.” ¶ As the name Qosrim is parallel to Baalrim, so Qosghayr is parallel to Baalghayr; for construction of these four names, see A1.23, 51. Both Baalrim and Al(i)baal sported persons named Qosghayr. So, too, Zubaydu appeared in both dossiers (A1.1–2). ¶ The designation ‫מן בני‬, “from the sons of,” appears also in following chit for Qosghayr (A4.28).

210

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agent

Qosghayr from the sons of 2Al(i)baal: chaff, 3bundles, 4 4 by the hand of Qosmalak. 1

‫ר מן בני‬/‫קוסעיד‬ ‫עלבעל תבן‬ 4 ‫משתלין‬ ‫עליד קוסמלך‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.28-ISAP1751 [IA12423] Undated Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Body sherd of jar, possibly Iron Age, medium-sized (57×56×6–12), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Lower right part diagonally broken in antiquity, original shape probably rectangular and regular. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Here we have a second chit for Qosghayr, this one undated, and the only other chit for ‫( משתלן‬bundles) in our dossier (see A4.9). For chaff, see A1.44; only in a handful of nearly 40 chits is the product bundles delivered by an agent (A1.43, 7.49, 8.31, 41.5, 65.4). Qosmalak appeared as agent (‫ )עליד‬also in A9.9 and elsewhere, as payer in A4.11–12, 26, and as payee in A4.22.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

211

cm

CONCAVE Qosadar/ider of the sons of Al(i)baal, year 7: oil, 3q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Date

2

Product

‫ קוסעדר לבני עלבעל‬.1 ‫ משח‬7 ‫ שנת‬.2 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬.3

A4.29-ISAP1702 [JA506] Year 7 (352/51) Payment of 2.5 qabs of oil Rim of Persian period mortarium, medium-sized (37×75×11–16), rectangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface; written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, narrow bottom margin (excluding lower tip of pe), variable left margin.

Our corpus contains 70 chits for oil, most of which are dated, though many lack a year (see A1.6). Quite puzzlingly, this one has a year but no day or month. With the year date 7 in the middle, it has one other exact parallel (A2.13), except that our chit has no preposition beth before ‫שנת‬, to yield “in the year of,” while the other chit does. Irregularly, the other chit inserts the date between the name of the payer (the unusual ‫סלאת‬ ‫“[ בר ענוא‬Salaat son of Anwa”]) and his filiation to the sons of Guru. In ours, the date follows both name and filiation, “Qosadar/ider of the sons of Al(i)baal.” For the name, see A4.15 above. ¶ The commodity comes at the end in both ostraca; here it is 2.5 qabs, and in the other one it is but 1 qab.

212

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Badan of the sons of Al(i)baal: flour, seahs, five; 3qabs, three. On the 18th 4of Nisan, to / for (the) gatemen.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Payee

‫בדן לבני עלבעל‬ ִ ‫קמח סאן ִח ִמ ִש‬ 18 ‫תלתה ִב‬ ִ ‫קבן‬ ‫רען‬ ִ ‫לת‬ ִ ‫לניסן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.30-ISAP1548 (AL104 [M263]) 18 Nisan Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar (79×63×8–9), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon probably complete. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

For full discussion of the dozen or so chits for the gatemen, see A1.38 and 2.30. Six of them are written between Nisan and Sivan, without year date, for members of the clans of Baalrim, Qoṣi, and Al(i)baal who are making payments of flour and barley. One is missing its clan affiliation (A6.24), and in another the clan should probably be restored (A83.3). In all of these chits, the commodities, measures, and amounts are unabbreviated. Unusually, the payee (“to / for the gatemen”) is written at the very end, following the date. ¶ Along with the brother of Al(i)baal (A4.17), Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru (A4.22), and an unknown person (A4.31), Badan is one of only four persons among the people appearing in the 26 dated chits who appears only once.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

213

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On] the 2nd of Kislev, [PN of the sons of 2A]l(i)baal: w(heat), s(eahs), 6[+?]. 1

[‫ לבית‬/

[‫לכ ִס ִלִו [ לבני‬ ִ 2]‫ ]ב‬.1 [ ?]6 ‫ ]ע]לבעל חס‬.2

A4.31-ISAP249 [IA11799] 2 Kislev Payment of 6[+?] seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×45×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few black grits. Right edge intentionally straightened. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

A fragmentary piece written on 2 Kislev, probably without any year date, the name of the payer is missing but the clan name ‫ ]ע[לבעל‬is quite evident. The commodity is 6[+?] seahs of wheat; see A4.16 for a summary of the wheat payments in this dossier.

214

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Kis[lev . . .?], Laadiel fr[om the sons of Al(i)baal]:

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫לכ ִס[לו‬ ִ 25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫לע ִדאל מ[ן בני עלבעל‬ ִ .2

A4.31a-ISAP1060 (L60 [IM91.16.151]) 25 Kislev Payment unknown Body sherd, possibly of jar, small (50×32×5), exterior and interior light brown. Small fragment of top right-hand part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

A year date may have been written on the missing left side of line 1. Laadiel, if the reading is correct, is thrice filiated “from the sons of Al(i)baal” (A4.1, 13, 23). We may thus restore the mem at the edge of line 2 to read ‫מן‬, “from (the sons of Al{i}baal”). The product is missing.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

215

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of]Kislev, [PN] of the sons of Al(i)baal: 3 [resh,] 4 q(abs). (archaic alef  )

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

‫ ]ב ל[כסלו‬.1 ‫ ] [לבני עלבעל‬.2 4 ‫ ק‬.[ ] .3 [?].. # .4

A4.31b-ISAP582 [GD] December 16, 359 – January 13, 358 Payment of 4 qabs [of resh ?]

The day of the month is missing at the beginning of line 1, and there clearly was no year date at the beginning of line 2 (cf. A4.31 above). The last dated document for Artaxerxes II in Babylon was 10 Mar­ chesh­van, year 46 (November 25, 359 [Parker-Dubberstein 1956: 19]). Could the unusual absence of the year date in our document be due to uncertainty regarding the ruler? But see A3.22, where we restore a date in the month of Tebeth, year 46 (= January 14 – February 11, 358). ¶ We restore resh at the beginning of line 3 because the sealing sign resembles that for resh in A4.15 above, dated 29 Tammuz, year 46, even though the scribes are different. The very small amount of 4 qabs is also found for resh above (A4.4).

216

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Signatory

Al(i)qos of the sons of 2Al(i)baal [. . .]bn: 3w(heat), s(eahs), 2. Qosyatha 4wrote. 1

‫עלקוס לבני‬ ‫בן‬.. ִ ‫עלבעל‬ ִ ‫ִת ִע‬ ִ ‫ ִקוסי‬2 ‫ִח ִס‬ [?] ‫כתב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.32-ISAP436 [IA11346] Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54×55×7), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface; written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of three or four chits signed off by a signatory, not necessarily the scribe himself, ‫קוסיתע כתב‬ “Qosyatha wrote” (also A8.27, 7.28 [possibly], 19.5). All four are for wheat, and the three besides ours have a partially unabbreviated spelling. In those three, “w(heat), seahs” is written as one word, ‫חסאן‬, but the numerals are written out as words, except for one, where “12” is written as “10 ‫( ”תרי‬A7.28:3). Ours, on the other hand, has the usual abbreviation // ‫“ חס‬w(heat), s(eahs), 2.” ¶ Two of the chits have a payee (Laytha to Samitu, Aydu to Udayru [A8.27, 19.5]) and two do not (ours and A7.28 [Ḥal(a)fat from Makkedah]). Ours is the only one with a clan filiation: Al(i)qos of the sons of Al(i)baal. Both Aramaic names follow the same pattern: “Baal/Qos is elevated.” ¶ Unfortunately, the word between Al(i)baal and “w(heat), s(eahs)” is illegible; perhaps ‫]חש[בן‬, “account” or ‫]ער[בן‬, “pledge.” ¶ The Ḥal(a)fat chit is dated to 4 Shebat, year 4 (February 1, 354). Should the others be dated to the same year? ¶ The next five ostraca (A4.33–37) were all undated, as well.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

217

cm

CONVEX Yaddu of the house of Al(i)baal: grgrn, 15.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ ידוע לבית עלבעל‬.1 15 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A4.33-ISAP1870 (EN76 [JA360]) Undated Payment of 15 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, small (35×55×80), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 60° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

This is the only chit in this dossier for ‫גרגרן‬. In the corpus as a whole, they number 25, and these are always measured by count, between 9 (A300.4.29) and 60 (A15.13), with one exception of 2 as a second delivery in a text recording the delivery of 20 ‫( גרגרן‬A116.2). Thus, our chit, with 15, is at the lower end of the scale. The great majority, including the one here, are undated (see A1.28 for a dated example). ¶ The name ‫( ידוע‬Yaddu, biblical Jaddua) is a qattūl hypocoristicon, and though it appears only here in the Idumean corpus, it was popular in late biblical and epigraphical texts: the name of a High Priest in fifthcentury Judah (papponymous grandson of Joiada {‫[ }יוידע‬Neh 12:11, 22 = Ant. XI, 302]); that of the signatory in 32 fourth-century Arad ostraca (Naveh 1981: Nos. 1–3, 5–9 [ISAP2101–2111 {restored}] 12–13, 15, 17, 19, 22 [ISAP2112–2115, 2117, 2119–2120, 2122 {restored}, 2125, 2126 {restored}], 28, 34, 36 [ISAP2127–2128, 2134, 2136, 2148, 2153 {restored} 2158, 2161–2162, 2166, and 2170]; [Naveh 1981: also pp. 153–54]); and of a person in a third-century b.c.e. Egyptian Aramaic ostracon (TAD D8.4:14).

218

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Ananibaal of the sons of Al(i)baal: w(heat), s(eahs), 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ ענניבעל לבני עלבעל‬.1 2 ‫ ִח ִס‬.2

A4.34-ISAP1867 (EN73 [JA403]) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70×53×11), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface; written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. No top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the last of nine chits in this dossier for wheat, and the second undated one (see A4.32 above). ¶ The first-person object suffix yod in the name ‫ ענניבעל‬is warranty for the explanation, “Baal answered me,” for this name and for a similar explanation for the Hebrew name ‫( ענניה‬Ananiah [“YH answered me”]), so popular at Elephantine (TAD B index, p. li). Unattested elsewhere in our corpus, it, too (like ‫)ידוע‬, became known in the late biblical period (Neh 3:23; 1 Chr 3:24 [abbreviated]).

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

219

cm

CONVEX Adarbaal/Idribaal from the sons of Al(i)baal: joists, two.

1Payer

1

Product

2

‫ עדרבעל מן בני עלבעל‬.1 ‫ מרישן תרין‬.2

A4.35-ISAP1982 (LW5 [W4’]) Undated Payment of 2 joists Sherd from the wall of a jar, brown on both sides (88×52×7). The ostracon seems complete; the inscription is written at about –60° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

There are some 16 chits for joists (‫)מרישן‬, mostly written plena, with the yod, whether in the singular or plural. The numbers are almost always written out as a word: ‫( חד‬A1.11, 2.5, 3.30, 8.31, 23.2, 32.3, 60.1, 76.4, 186.1; ISAP61), ‫( תרין‬here and A6.23), ‫( תלתה‬A6.7, 38.1), ‫( ארבעה‬A3.29); contrast A3.33.

220

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349) cm

CONVEX Payers Product Agent

Ḥiel, Sakruel 2and Taymil 3of the sons of 4Al(i)baal: 2 loads, 3, 3 by the hand of Ḥezir/Ḥor. 1

‫חיאל סכרואל‬ 3 ‫ותימאל מובלן‬ ‫עליד חזר לבני‬ ‫עלבעל‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A4.36-ISAP1280 (AL245 [JA103]) Undated Payment of 3 loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×68×3–6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior very pale brown (10YR8/3), ware brown (7.5YR5/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

The contents are unusual and the grammatical structure irregular. The word order is 1. three payers; 2. the commodity; 3. agent (the ‫ עליד‬person); 4. clan filiation. As always, we assume that the clan filiation belongs to the payer(s) and not, in this case, to the agent (see A4.4, 22, 27). ¶ There are some 30 chits for ‫מובלן‬, mostly numbering “1,” but, “2,” “3,” “4,” and “6” are also found. Some indicate the object conveyed, mostly wood (A7.15, 49.2, 134.1, 169.1; ISAP895 [B1.3]) but also fodder (A15.17, 26.5) and grgrn (A2.42). No object is indicated here, and we assume that each of the payers brought a single load, though they were reported together in a single chit. On 11 Tebeth, year 2 (January 2, 356), Ḥiel paid Ubayd[u] two loads of wood (A134.1). ¶ The names are all compounded with the deity El (Il in Arabian). Ḥiel (‫“[ חיאל‬El is (my) brother”]) is known from the Bible (1 Kgs 16:34); Sakruel is otherwise unknown; Taymil (‫תימאל‬, [“Servant of Il”) is an example of the penetration of an Arabian element (Porten 2005: 112). ¶ The name of the agent is uncertain, whether zayin to yield Ḥezir (cf. Neh 10:21; 1 Chr 24:15) or waw to yield Ḥor, perhaps Egyptian.

A4.1–37 (41) Al(i)baal Dossier (362–349)

221

cm

CONVEX [...]◦◦u of the sons of Al(i)baal

1

‫עלבעל‬ ִ ‫רו לבני‬/‫ד‬.[ .1

A4.37-ISAPISAP801 [IA12184] Undated Payment unknown Body sherd of jar, possibly Persian period, medium-sized (41×61×7), irregularly shaped. Exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and brown grits. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface; written line at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

With no writing above or below this single line, the missing right edge may have contained no more than a single name belonging to the “sons of Al(i)baal,” and thus this might not be a commodity chit at all.

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) Dated List of Texts A5.1 A5.2 A5.3 A5.4 A5.5 A5.6 A5.7 A5.8 A5.9 A5.10 A5.11 A5.12 A5.13 A5.14 A5.15 A5.16 A5.17 A5.18 A5.19 A5.20

Payment of 21 seahs, 1 qab of semolina July 18, 362 Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab and 2 qabs October 4, 361 Payment of 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs of barley June 14, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 9 seahs, 1 qab of wheat July 9, 358 Payment of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 10 seahs, x qabs of crushed/sifted grain 358/357 Payment of 12 seahs of barley July 4, 356 Payment of 9 kors, 10 seahs of barley July 5, 356 Payment of 16 seahs, 1.25 qabs of wheat January 20, 341 Payment of 22 seahs, 2.5 qabs of flour June 29, 338 Payment of 15 seahs of wheat 3 Ab Payment of 1 log 30 Shebat Payment of 30 grgrn Undated Payment of 1 clay vessel Undated Payment of 1 bundle Undated Payment of 3 bales and 1 bundle Undated Payment of 16 seahs of wine March 14, 320 Payment of 7 seahs, 5 qabs of wine March 26, 320 Payment of 1 seah of barley July 12, 313

Overview

(Figs. 46a, 46b) The clan of Yehokal is the smallest of the five main clans, and two possible genealogical reconstructions are offered, one for four generations and another for five, to parallel those for Baalrim, Gur, and Qoṣi. In either case, the clan extends down as far as the rule of Antigonus, with the latest of the clan being Zabdadah in 313 b.c.e. (A5.20). The name Yehokal has five spellings: a full one, ‫יהוכל‬, that appears most frequently (A5.1–2, 4–8, 10–11, 14–16, 18–20), a defective spelling ‫( יהכל‬A5.12–13), an abbreviated one ‫( יוכל‬A5.9), a phonetic variant ‫( יאכל‬A5.17), and the unique ‫( יואכל‬Naveh 1981 [Arad No. 36 {sic!} = ISAP2136]). The full and abbreviated forms are consonantally identical with biblical ‫יהוכל‬, variant ‫יוכל‬, son of Shelemiah (Jer 37:3, 38:1), except that the biblical names are vocalized, respectively, yĕhūkal and yūkal. The name appears on four Hebrew seals, bullae, and jar impressions and thrice is affiliated with a Yhwhistic theophorous name: father of ‫( מקניהו‬WSS No. 250), son of ‫( יהו]ח[י‬No. 524), (father of) ‫( רפאי‬No. 700 [less likely reading ‫{ בנאי‬Barkay-Vaughn 1996: 31–32]), and son of ‫( שלמיהו בן שבי‬Mazar 2009: 66–67). Some have disassociated it from theophorous ‫ יהו‬and related it to √ ‫יכל‬, while others parse the first element as the theophoric constituent ‫( יהו‬YHW), alternately ‫( יו‬YW), and understand the second as derived from the root ‫כול‬, “to sustain.” The reading of the Septuagint seems to support the theophorous interpretation. It renders the word Ἰωάχαλ (Jer 37:3, 38:1 [LXX 44:3, 45:1]), exactly as in the Arad ostracon. Three ostraca from the first half of the fifth century b.c.e. lend further support to this Jewish interpretation. In two of them, there appear, alongside such patently Hebrew names as Shemaiah, Ḥananio, and Jehoaz, the names ‫ יהוכל‬and his son ‫( עזור‬Azzur [ISAP1978, 1979{EN201}]). In the third ostracon, we have the Hebrew names Ḥananiah, Azriqam, and Joshua alongside ‫זכור בר יהוכל‬, Zaccur apparently being the brother of Azzur (ISAP1407). Both are well-known Biblical and epigraphical Hebrew hypocoristica (Azzur: Jer 28:1; Ezek 11:1; Neh 11:1; TAD C4.6:8; Zaccur: Num 13:4; Ezra 8:14; Neh 3:2, 10:13, 12:35, 13:13; et al.; TAD B2.3:32, 2.4:20, 222

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

223

et al.), and so the presumption is strong that their father’s name represents Hebrew Yehokal. On the other hand, all of the persons affiliated in these commodity chits with the Idumean ‫ יהוכל‬bear non-Hebrew names, starting with the three sons (358–362( )‫)בר‬: Qosyinqom (‫)קוסינקם‬, Qoslanṣur (‫)קוסלנצר‬, and Yaa/etiab(u) ({‫( )י}א{תאב}ו‬A5.1, 2, 3 [filiation missing], 4, 9; 5–6). The deity Qos was particularly popular: Qosner (‫[ קוסנר‬356 b.c.e. {A5.8}]) right alongside Qoslanṣur (A5.9 [a day apart {July 4–5, 356}, same scribe, both to storehouse]; A5.4 [June 14, 358]); Qosaz (‫ )קוסעז‬in the third generation on 30 Shebat (A5.13) and restored in a chit dated June 29, 338 (A5.11); and Qosghayr (‫ )קוסעיר‬in two undated chits (A5.14–15). The fourth generation knows Zabdadah (‫[ זבדאדה‬July 12, 313 {A5.20}] and even the Egyptian colored Abdosiri (‫[ עבדאוסירי‬March 14, 26, 320 {A5.18–19}]). Of the two hypocoristic names, one is Arabian Zaydi (‫[ זידי‬A5.12]) and the other is Aramaic Netina (‫[ נתינא‬A5.16]). Only the singular nonreligious name Qoṣ (‫[ קוץ‬A5.10]) in the third generation has a near biblical parallel: ‫( הקוץ‬Ezra 2:61; Neh 3:4, 21, 7:64; 1 Chr 24:10), and two chits are missing the payer’s name altogether (A5.7, 17). Is this an isolated case of a Jew settled among Idumeans who gave his children the names of his neighbors (see Stern 2007: 218), or must we understand the Idumean name differently from its Hebrew homonym? The above reconstructions assume a four-generation genealogy (fig. 44a). If we seek to match Yehokal’s genealogy with those of Baalrim, Gur, and Qoṣi, we would move the three sons (dated 362–356) up to the second generation and lower Qosner, dated July 4, 356 and affiliated only “of the sons of “(A5.8), to the third generation. This would parallel the situation in the clans of Gur and Qoṣi. In the former, the son Qoskahel was active in 365–351 and his colleague Samitu in 362–343. Qosnaqam, the probable son of Samitu,was active during the first decade of his father (362–351). We conjectured that Samitu sired Qosnaqam in his youth, so that his later activity overlapped that of his son’s early activity. Similarly, two sons of Qoṣi are active in 361–358 (A3.2, 5), extending into the period of Ab(i)šalem son of Baruk in 358 (A3.4). Thus, the

224

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

activity of the three sons of Yehokal would reach down into the time of third-generation Qosner in 356. Thus, Qosaz and Qoṣ would fall in the fourth generation and Abdosiri and Zabdadah in the fifth (fig. 44b). Of the twenty chits in this dossier, dated payments are made in 14, distributed over seven months of the year: Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Tebeth, Shebat, and Adar (A5.1–2, 4–5, 8–11, 12–13 [day and month only], 18–20). Tammuz records four different payments: semolina, wheat, flour, and barley (A5.1, 5, 11, 20); Sivan, three payments of barley (A5.4, 8–9); and Adar, two of wine (A5.18–19). It is evident that barley appears most frequently: four times; wheat appears in two more months, thrice in all (Tebeth and Ab [A5.10, 12]). Flour appears once more (Elul [A5.2]), and oil also appears twice in undated chits (A5.3, 6). A one-time grain payment includes crushed/sifted grain (month missing [A5.7]). Finally, we find payment of a log in Shebat (A5.13); and of a clay vessel, grgrn, bundles (2×), and bales in undated chits (A5.14–17).

225

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) Table 10.  The Dossier of Yehokal at a Glance (362–313 [A5.1–20])

No

5.1

5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14

5.15 5.16 5.17

son of of the house of date at beginning

o ss b h de

of the sons of by the hand of date at end

ISAP Babylonian Date 82 25 Tammuz, 43 =Bn>EyH? [+?] [Artaxerxes =JA441 II] db 31 =Zd61 26 Elul, 44 >EYH2 [Artaxerxes II] =JA414 archaic alef db 1542 _____ =M257 =AL232 nd 1601 5 Sivan, 1 =M403 [Artaxerxes III] =AL11 db 1859 1 Tammuz, 1 =JA5 [Artaxerxes III] =EN61 db 2613 _____ =JA351 nd 111 [x, y],1 =IA11885 [Artaxerxes III] de 1604 18 Sivan, 3 =M406 [Artaxerxes III] =AL35 db 1875 19 Sivan, 3 =JA9 [Artaxerxes III] =EN81 db 1586 15 Tebeth, 17 =M302 [Artaxerxes III] =EN106 =AL83 db 704 2 Tammuz, 21 =YR39 [Artaxerxes III] db 2502 3 Ab =JA219 db 2551 30 Shebat =JA276 nd 1712 _____ =ChM12 >EYH1 =JA516 nd 40 _____ =Barag nd 63 _____ =JA424 nd 1602 _____ =M404 =AL243 nd

Julian Date

f ss from the sons of pl unabbreviated writing Scribe

s o h db

f h nd

from the house of no date

18 July, 362

Payer Qosyinqom s Yehokal

Payee _____

Commodity semolina: 21 seahs, 1 qab

4 Oct, 361

Mašiku

Qoslanṣur s Yehokal

from the grinding of Tammuz:

_____

Mašiku

Qos⟨l⟩anṣur

oil: 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs

14 June, 358

Qoslanṣur o h Yehokal

_____

barley: 1 kor, 17 seahs

9 July, 358

Yet(i)ab s Yehokal

_____

wheat: 1 kor, 9 seahs, 1 qab

Yaatiabu s Yeho[kal] 15 [. . .]d/r o ss pl Yehokal

_____

oil: 3 seahs, 2 qabs

_____

crushed/sifted grain: 10 seahs, x qabs

4 July, 356

3

Qosner o ss Yehokal

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

5 July, 356

3

Qoslanṣur o ss Yokal

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

20 Jan, 341

Qoṣ o h Yehokal

_____

wheat: 16 seahs, 1.25 qabs

29 June, 338

[Qos]az o s[s] _____ Yehokal

[flou]r: 22 seahs, 2.5 qabs

_____

Zaydi o ss Yeh(o)kal Qosaz o h Yeh(o)kal Qosghayr o ss Yehokal

_____

from ⟨the grain⟩ of the seeding:

_____

log: 1

_____

grgrn: 30

Qosghayr o ss Yehokal Netina o ss Yehokal [PN o] h Yokal

_____

clay vessel:

_____

bundle:

_____

from [. . .]:

358/357

_____ _____

_____ _____ _____

ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab entry: Zabdiel: 2 qabs

barley: 12 seahs

barley: 9 kors, 10 seahs

wheat: 15 seahs

bales:

3

bundle:

1

1

1

226

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) Table 10.  The Dossier of Yehokal at a Glance (362–313 [A5.1–20])

s o h db

son of of the house of date at beginning

5.18 1889

=JA86 =EN96 5.19 1250 =JA77 =AL90 5.20 1658 =OG?24

o ss b h de

2 Adar, 3 Philip 14 Adar, «3» [Philip]

of the sons of by the hand of date at end

f ss from the sons of pl unabbreviated writing

14 March, db 320

?? Abdosiri o ss Yehokal

b h Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi

26 March, 320

?? Abdosiri o ss Yehokal

b h Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi

db 21 Tammuz, 4[+1 = 12 July, 313 5] Antigonus db

Zabdadah o ss _____ Yehokal

f h nd

from the house of no date

wine: 16 seahs Ytw 2 wine: 7 seahs, 5 qabs Ytw 2

barley: 1 seah

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

227

cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Tammuz, year 43[+?], Qosyinqom son of Yehokal: 3 semolina, s(eahs), 21, q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

? ]43 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסינקם בר יהוכל‬.2 1 ‫ ק‬21 ‫ִש ִף ִס‬ ִ ‫ נ‬.3

A5.1-ISAP82 [JA441 {Bn > EyH?}] July 18, 362 Payment of 21 seahs, 1 qab of semolina Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×66×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior, and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20º to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first of six chits for an actual son of Yehokal (A5.1–6), not simply one of the sons of or of the house of Yehokal. For other dossiers recording actual sons of the clan head, see A2.1. ¶ The name Qos­ yinqom was borne by a most active member of the clan of Baalrim (see A1.16). ¶ This chit is one of some ten that accompanied the delivery of semolina without the accompanying flour (for which see A4.2). Three have the date at the end, characteristic of year 43 (A4.2, 10.32–33); a fourth is undated (A9.12). ¶ Since our text has the date at the beginning, it may very well be that additional unit strokes were cut off at the left edge of line 1. Two other chits for only semolina with date at the beginning are dated to 27 Sivan (A8.19) and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 17, 356 [A162.1]). See also A9.12, 11.4; ISAP1138, 933, 1798.

228

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Date Source Payer 1 Payee Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2 Sealing Sign

On the 26th of Elul, year 44, 2 from the grinding of Tammuz, Ma(š)iku 3 to Qoslanṣur son of Yehokal: ordinary (flour), 4s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1; entry: Zabdiel: q(abs), 2. 5 (archaic alef  ) 1

44 ‫ לאלול שנת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1

‫מן טחון תמוז משכו‬ ‫ִהִו ִכ ִל ִד ִמִי‬ ִ ‫לקוסלנצר בר י‬ ִ 2 ‫ בב זבדאל ק‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ס‬ #

.2 .3 .4 .5

A5.2-ISAP31 [JA414 {Zd 61 > EYH 2}]) October 4, 361 Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab; and 2 qabs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×83×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60º to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing to the left, medium left margin.

The last four digits of the date are supralinear. ¶ This is one of two chits recording “the grinding of Tammuz” (‫)טחון תמוז‬. The other is probably for year 46 (A1.1). In the undated chit below (A5.3), Maš(i)ku gave Qoslanṣur a considerable amount of oil: 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs. ¶ Here a son of Yehokal is payee, and below he is a payer (A5.9): Qoslanṣur is filiated “to the sons of Yokal” or “of the house of Yehokal” (A5.4). Similar alternation was observed above: Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ son of Baalrim and Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ from the house of Baalrim (A1.1–2). The name Qoslanṣur is Aramaic precative, “May Qos guard” (see A87). The anonymous Qoslanṣur there may belong here. The date fits perfectly: 2 Kislev, year 3 (December 13, 356). It would be A5.9a if placed in this dossier. ¶ The word ‫ דמי‬means something like “ordinary (flour)” (Shaked ADAB: 35–36); also A13.18, A18.6. Three handfuls of ‫ קמח דמי‬appear as an item in the daily ration of a traveler from Babylonia to Egypt. It stands in contrast to ‫קמח חורי‬, “white flour” (TAD A6.9:3). ¶ Additional items in a chit are often introduced by the technical term ‫בב‬, “entry”; see A1.24. Here it is Zabdiel (see A7.19, A32) who is paying the small amount of 2 qabs, presumably of the same kind of flour. In the other chit “from the grinding of Tammuz” (A1.1), Zabdiel appears as signatory, and perhaps that was his function here, too. For Ma(š)iku, see A21.

229

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Maš(i)ku to Qos⟨l⟩anṣur: 2 oil, s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ משכו לקוס⟨ל⟩נצר‬.1 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ משח ס‬.2

A5.3-ISAP1542 (AL232 [M257]) Undated Payment of 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar (71×44×6–9), exterior light brown, interior brown. Written lines at 70° to wheel-marks [AL].

The ostracon is undated, and the scribe omitted the lamed in the name of Qoslanṣur, as well as his patronym. Oil appears once more in this dossier, also in an undated chit (A5.6; less likely in A5.11); for discussion, see A1.5–6 and A2.13.

230

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX [On] the 5th of Sivan, year 1, Qoslanṣur of the house of Yehokal: 3 b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 17.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1 ‫ לסיון שנת‬5[ ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ִהִו ִכל‬ ִ ‫ קוסלנצר לבית י‬.2 17 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ שכ‬.3

A5.4-ISAP1601 (AL11 [M 403]) June 14, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 17 seahs of barley Body sherd, possibly of jar (67×60×5), exterior and interior brown. Writing covered with thick patina. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

For the various formulation of Qoslanṣur’s name and filiation, see A5.2 above. Here he makes a payment of slightly more than 1.5 kors of barley to an unnamed payee. Two years later, also in Sivan, he will make a large payment of 91⁄3 kors of barley to the storehouse of Makkedah (A5.9). ¶ Twice more in this dossier we find the term “house of (‫ ”)בית‬instead of the usual “sons of (‫ ;”)בני‬see below A5.10, 17.

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

231

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 1st of Tammuz, year 1, from 2Yet(i)ab son of Yehokal: 3 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 9; q(ab), 1. 1

ִ‫ ִמן‬1 ‫לתמוז שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִתא ִב בר יהוכל‬ ִ ‫ י‬.2 1 ‫ ִק‬9 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ חכ‬.3

A5.5-ISAP1859 (EN61 [JA5]) July 9, 358 Payment of 1 kor, 9 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (48×74×10–13), roughly trapezoid, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior gray (10YR5/1), ware light gray (10YR6/1), many tiny white grits. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The payer’s name was variously spelled ‫יתאב‬, as here, and ‫( יאתאבו‬in the next chit [A5.6]); see discussion in A3.11. This chit was dated; the next one was not. Here, the scribe unusually prefaced the payer’s name with the preposition ‫מן‬, “from.”

232

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Yaatiabu son of Yeho[kal]: oil, s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

[‫ִהִו[כל‬ ִ ‫יאתאבִו ִבִר י‬ ִ .1 2 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ משח ִס‬.2

A5.6-ISAP2613 [JA351] Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (62×49×8), roughly trapezoid, exterior reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), interior reddishyellow (7.5YR6/6), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 75º to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For oil, see A1.5–6, 2.13, 5.3 (above). For Yaatiabu, see reference above (A5.5).

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

233

“Scribe 15”: A3.5, 4.17, 5.7 A. Graphic: 2. varying. 3. medium line-spacing (1 line+). 4. less-than-medium-size letters. 5. normal letter- and word-spacing. 6. medium. B. Contextual: 8. day and month (year?) end of text. 11. unabbreviated spelling. 12. name/commodity + amount/date (A4.17). 13. sealing bet (A3.5). cm

CONVEX [PN] of the sons Yehokal: [crushed/sifted grai]n, seahs, ten; qabs, 3[. . . , . . .] year 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ לבני יהוכל‬./‫ר‬/‫ ] [ד‬.1 ‫[ר סאן עשר קבן‬ ִ ] .2 1 ‫שנת‬.[ ] .3

A5.7-ISAP111 [IA11885] 358/357 Payment of 10 seahs, x qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (35×44×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Two fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90º to wheel-marks. *No top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, narrow left margin.

The right third of this ostracon is lost. Missing are the payer in line 1, the commodity in line 2, and the number of qabs and the day and month in line 3. Parallels for this ostracon are A3.5 and A4.17, apparently by the same scribe. Both were written in year 1 for clan members and both have unabbreviated spelling. In addition, both were written for barley, so a restoration of grain here would correspond: read ‫]רקי[ד‬/‫]דקי[ר‬, “[crushed/sifted grai]n” (see A1.1 for explanation of this product). Alternatively, we might restore ‫]חמ[ר‬, “[win]e;” cf. A142.2, which has the quantity for wine written out in unabbreviated spelling (‫סאן עשרן‬ [“twenty seahs”]), but with date at the beginning. See A5.18–19 below.

234

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) “Scribe 3”: A1.7–8, 5.8–9, 13.8–9, A1.26 (year 5)

A. Graphic: 1. ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬. 4. large letters. 3. medium line-spacing. 7. long kaf in ‫שך‬. B. Contextual: 8. year 3. 9. ‫ לבני‬and ‫מן בני‬. cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 18th of Sivan, 2year 3, Qosner of the sons of 3Yehokal to the storehouse of 4Makkedah: b(arley), s(eahs), 12. 1

‫ לסיון‬18 ‫ב‬ ‫ קוסנר לבני‬3 ‫שנת‬ ‫יהוכל למסכנת‬ 12 ‫מנקדה שס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A5.8-1604 (AL35 [M406]) July 4, 356 Payment of 12 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (74×51×10), exterior beige, interior brown-gray. Exterior possibly blackened by fire. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

The name Qosner was also found among the members of the Baalrim clan (A1.10). This is one of about 17 chits from 29 Marcheshvan, year 43 (A22.1) to Kislev, year 16 (A152.1) (November 17, 362 to November/December, 343) for wheat and barley being sent to the storehouse of Makkedah (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 138–39, Table 2; Table 1.2 here). More specifically, this is one of six chits for barley sent to the storehouse of Makkedah by the same scribe for the months of Sivan and Kislev, year 3 (see also A1.7–8, 5.9, 13.8–9). The payment is 12 seahs of barley, the same as that made by a certain Abdadah two days earlier (A13.8) and a small fraction of the 91⁄3 kors made by his fellow clansman a day later (A5.9 below). A similarly large payment (more than 7.5 kors) was made by Saadel of Baalrim six days later (A1.7).

235

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX On the 19th of Sivan, year 3, Qoslanṣur of the sons of Yokal, 3 to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 b(arley), k(ors), 9; s(eahs), 10.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

3 ‫ לסיון שנת‬19 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסלנצר לבני יוכל‬ ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬ 10 ‫ ס‬9 ‫שך‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A5.9-ISAP1875 (EN81 [JA9]) July 5, 356 Payment of 9 kors, 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (75×88×9–11), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin widening downward, medium bottom margin (excluding lower tip of kaf  ) widening to the left, variable left margin.

A day earlier, the scribe had written out the clan name in full: ‫( יהוכל‬Yehokal). On this day, he abbreviated it: ‫( יוכל‬Yokal). For further discussion, see above, A5.2–4, 8. Squeezed in between the upper edge of the ostracon and line 2, line 1, with date, appears to have been written supralinearly after the rest of the document was completed.

236

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Tebeth, year 17, Qoṣ of the house of Yehokal: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 16; q(ab), 1; q(uarter), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

17 ‫ לטבת שנת‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫קוץִ לבית יהוכל‬ ִ .2 1 ‫ ִר‬1 ‫ ק‬16 ‫חס‬ ִ .3

A5.10-ISAP1586 (EN 106 = AL83 [M302]) January 20, 341 Payment of 16 seahs, 1.25 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (92×70×8), exterior light brown, interior gray-brown. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Meaning “thorn,” the name ‫ קוץ‬appears once more in the Idumean corpus (A18.8), but the variant ‫קוצי‬ figures prominently as a clan name (see A3), and ‫ הקוץ‬appears as a disbarred priestly family in post-exilic Yehud (Ezra 2:61; Neh 3:4, 21, 7:63; 1 Chr 24:10). ¶ For two other chits in this dossier, where “house of” replaces the usual “sons of,” see A5.4 above and A5.17 below. ¶ The notation /‫ ר‬at the end of line 3 is written slightly above the line to avoid a depression in the ostracon.

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

237

cm

CONVEX [On] the 2nd of Tammuz, year 21, [Qos]az of [the son]s of Yehokal: 3 [flou]r, s(eahs), 22, q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

21 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬2[ ‫ ]ב‬.1 ‫ז ל[בנ]י יהוכל‬.[ ] .2 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬22 ‫[ח ִס‬ ִ ] .3

A5.11-ISAP704 [YR39] June 29, 338 Payment of 22 seahs, 2.5 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47×2×5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), many white grits. White patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 45º to wheel-marks.

This person appears again below in a chit drawn up on 30 Shebat in an unrecorded year (A5.13). The name appears almost ten times in the Idumean corpus (cf. A70), including in one of the latest dated chits (A3.39). It means “Qos was strong” and has Hebrew, Moabite, and Ammonite parallels, with the respective deities of those cultures: ‫יהועז‬, ‫כמשעז‬, and ‫( מלכמעז‬see Porten 2005: 113*, 126*–27*). ¶ The product at the beginning of line 3 has only the final ḥet of its name preserved. “Oil” (‫ )משח‬is excluded, because this usually appears in quantities of qabs; it is unusual to find an amount more than 7 seahs (A5.3 above; ISAP2580 [letter?]), and the highest amount is ten (A48.5). Twenty-two-plus seahs would not be an unusual amount for “flour” (‫)קמח‬, which is twice measured in kors (A14.7; ISAP910).

238

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Source

On the 3rd of Ab, Zaydi of the sons of 2Yeh(o)kal: w(heat), s(eahs), 15, 3 from ⟨the grain⟩ of the seeding. 1

‫ִדי לבני‬ ִ ‫ לאב ִזי‬3 ‫ ב‬.1 15 ‫ יהכל חס‬.2 ‫ מן {עבור} זרעא‬.3

A5.12-ISAP2502 [JA219] 3 Ab Payment of 15 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (41×72×9), rectangular, exterior reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), interior weak red (10R5/4), ware red (2.5YR5/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

We apparently encounter a Zaydi also among the sons of Baalrim (A1.20; cf. A48). The spelling of the clan name here and in the next chit is most abbreviated, lacking the waw (‫)יהכל‬. ¶ “From the seed” is elliptical for ‫מן עבור זרעא‬, “from the grain of the seeding” (see A300.4.12).

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

239

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 30th of Shebaṭ, Qosaz 2of the house of Yeh(o)kal: log, 1. 1

‫קוסע ִז‬ ִ ‫ לשבט‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ לבית יהכל גזיר‬.2

A5.13-ISAP2551 [JA276] 30 Shebat Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54×74×8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior pale red (10R6/4), ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/3), medium amount of white grits. White chalk-like residue on ca. 90% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin narrowing to the left, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, no left margin.

Of the 40 or so chits for logs, about one-quarter have payees, one being Qosaz in an undated chit (A130.1; cf. also A140.2). Some dozen are dated, of which two in addition to this one fall in the month of Shebat (A2.28, 3.32). One log is the usual amount paid. ¶ See above, A5.11, for our Qosaz and A300.3.7 for a chit for Qosaz son of Qosyatha. ¶ For the other chits in this dossier, where the filiation “house of” (‫)בית‬ replaces the usual “sons of,” see A5.4 and A5.10 above.

240

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Qosghayr of the sons of Yehokal: grgrn, 30.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ר לבני יהוכל‬/‫ קוסעיד‬.1 30 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A5.14-ISAP1712 [JA516 {ChM 12 > EYH}] Undated Payment of 30 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (82×77×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), well-levigated, few visible grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 20% of interior and on two old breaks. Patina on ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For the name Qosghayr, see A1.23 and A40. He also appears in the next ostracon. ¶ For grgrn, see A1.28. The amount of 30 is a mean figure between the lowest and highest amounts recorded—7 and 60 (A34.7 and 15.13).

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

241

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosghayr of the sons of 2Yehokal: clay vessel, 1. 1

‫ קוסעיִר לבני‬.1 1 ‫ יהוכל קלל‬.2

A5.15-ISAP40 [Dan Barag] Undated Payment of 1 clay vessel

This ostracon was acquired on March 3, 1997 from a dealer who reported that it came from Kh. el-Kom (see Porten-Yardeni 2003: 215, 223). ¶ Qosghayr appeared also above (A5.14). The product ‫ קלל‬appears in a hitherto unrecognized jar stamp (ISAP1217) and is attested in Targum Jonathan as the clay vessel that holds the ashes of the red heifer (Num. 19:9). An Egyptian Aramaic text lists ‫ קלול‬as a measure of wine (TAD C3.12:4, 8, etc.).

242

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Netina of the sons of Yehokal: 2 bundle, 1. 1

‫יהוכ ל‬

‫ נתינא לבני‬.1 1 ‫ משתל‬.2

A5.16-ISAP63 [JA424 {Zd IV > EyH}] Undated Payment of 1 bundle Shoulder of closed vessel, medium-sized (47×62×8–11), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior reddishyellow (5YR7/6), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), coarse ware, many large white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Top margin widens to the left, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

The name Netina (‫ )נתינא‬is an Aramaic hypocoristicon of a name compounded with ‫נתן‬, “gave” (see A3.12, 35, A110). The lamed of ‫ יהוכל‬is written supralinearly at the end of the line. ¶ The payment of bundles (‫ )משתלן‬is recorded in some 50 chits, half of which are dated. These usually transport chaff (see A1.44).

243

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Products

[PN of the] house of Yokal: from 2[. . .], 2 [b]ales, 3; [. . .]. . . 3bundle, 1 4[. . .]. . . 1

‫ בית יאכל מן‬.[ 3 ‫פ]חלצין‬ 1 ‫תל‬ ִ ‫מש‬ ִ .‫[ל‬ ..[

] ] ] ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A5.17-ISAP1602 (AL243 [M404]) Undated Payment of 3 bales and 1 bundle Body sherd of jar (44×48×10), exterior and interior brown. Only left(?) part of original ostracon preserved. Written lines at 30° to wheel-marks [AL].

The right edge is lost, and missing in line 1 is the name of the payer, while the name of the source is missing at the beginning of line 2. It is not clear what is missing at the beginning of line 3. This is the only chit that records both bale and bundle. See A1.10, 44. ¶ The clan name is spelled uniquely with an alef : ‫יאכל‬. See further in the overview above (p. 222).

244

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Adar, year 3 Philip the king, Abdosiri of the sons of Yehokal: 3 wine, s(eahs), 16 by the hand of 4Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi. 5 Ytw 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents Signatory?

‫ פלפס מלכא‬3 ‫ לאדר שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ ‫עבדאוסירי לבני יהוכל‬ ‫ עליד‬16 ‫חמר ס‬ ‫חגי וזבדאלהי‬ 2 ‫ִתִו‬ ִ‫י‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A5.18-ISAP1889 (EN96 [JA86]) March 14, 320 Payment of 16 seahs of wine Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (58×98×11–12), roughly triangular, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/3), interior and ware weak red (2.5YR5/2), well-levigated, almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, no bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Twice within two weeks, Abdosiri delivered wine, here 16 seahs and in the next chit (A5.19) 7 seahs, 5 qabs, both times through the double agency of Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi. In addition to these two chits, there are barely another half-dozen for wine (see A52.6), two of which also have agents (A121.2, 176.1). One fragmentary text for year 20[+?] (= 339+?) mentions wine and also an Abdosiri (written without medial alef and yod ), son of Pasi, though the connection is unclear (A300.1.44). ¶ West Semitic names compounded with ‫עבד‬, “servant of,” and an Egyptian deity were not at all unusual. In our corpus we have also ‫עבדאסי‬ and ‫עבדאס‬, “Servant of Isis” (A14.3, 215.1). Phoenician inscribed jar inscriptions found at Elephantine list several such names, compounded with Osiris as here (‫)עבדאסר‬, Amon (‫)עבדאמן‬, Bastet (‫)עבדאבסת‬, and Ptaḥ (‫ ;)עבדפתח‬see Lidzbarski 1912: 20. ¶ Ḥaggai was a very popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A49) and is also found in the Beersheba ostraca (ISAP2249) and, of course, in the Bible (Hag 1:1). It probably means “Born on the festival.” For Zabdilahi (“Grant of god”), see A2.19. For double agency, see A1.32. The signatory, if it is such, is strange. We were tempted to read the hypocoristicon ‫יתוע‬, Yathua, but the reading in the next chit does not allow for the last two strokes to be read as ayin.

245

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Adar, year [2+]1 (= 3), Abdosiri of the sons of 3Yehokal: wine, 4s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 5, by the hand of 4Ḥaggai and Zabdilahi, 5 Ytw 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents Signatory?

1[+2] ‫ לאדר שנת‬14 ‫ב‬ ‫לב ִנִי‬ ִ ‫עבדאוסירי‬ ‫יהוכל חמר‬ ‫עליד‬ ִ 5‫ק‬7‫ס‬ ‫חגי ִוזִבדאלהי‬ 2 ‫ִתִו‬ ִ‫י‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A5.19-ISAP1250 (AL90 [JA77 {J16}]) March 26, 320 Payment of 7 seahs, 5 qabs of wine Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70×78×7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/8), well-levigated, few black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30º to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, *variable left margin.

See commentary in previous chit (A5.18). This is a virtual repeat of the former, written by the same scribe less than two weeks later, and thus it was deemed unnecessary to add the name of the reigning monarch, Philip III. It is for just under half the quantity of wine in A5.18 but delivered by the same two agents and with the same enigmatic last line.

246

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 21st of Tammuz, year 4[+1] (= 5) 2Antigonus, Zabdadah 3of the sons of Yehokal: 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 1. 1

[1+]4 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬21 ‫ב‬ ‫ִב ִדאדה‬ ִ ‫אתגן ז‬ ‫יהוכ ִל‬ ִ ‫לב ִנִי‬ ִ [ ]1 ‫שס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A5.20-ISAP1658 (OG?24) July 12, 313 Payment of 1 seah of barley

The ruler’s name is abbreviated ‫אתגן‬, a spelling appearing three more times in our corpus (A2.45–46, 63.6), apparently by the same scribe (as evidenced by the alef looping at the bottom), and once in Akkadian as attugun (see Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 239). The first line is broken at the end, and only four strokes of the year date are preserved. But the tilt of the fourth stroke indicates that it is not a final stroke. The addition of but one stroke is indicated by the parallel texts cited above. This would yield a date just three days later than the first ‫ אתגן‬ostracon, written on July 9 (A63.6); see Table 5:33–36. ¶ For the name Zabdadah, see A2.19.

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

247

Genealogical Comparison of Five Clans (Fig. 47)

The payers in the commodity chits are often affiliated to a clan through alternate terminology: “of/from the sons of” or “of/from the house of.” A few times, we have simply “(belonging) to” = “of,” and sometimes clan affiliation can be conjectured through patronyms who are elsewhere expressly affiliated. The clan chits themselves span a maximum period of 50 years, from 361 to 311 (Qoṣi), with slight variations: 358–313 (Gur), 362–313 (Yehokal); 359–336 (Baalrim); 362–349 (Al{i}baal). The years 362 to 358 mark the last four years of the reign of Artaxerxes II and the first year of the reign of Artxertxes III. The key to establishing a genealogical chain for each clan lies in a few pivotal pieces. In the Baalrim dossier, two chits for Zubaydu/Zabidu sport a three-generation lineage: in 359, he is recorded as “son of Ghayraḥ son of Baalrim.” A parallel chit records him as “son of Ghayraḥ from the house of Baalrim” (A1.1–2). Thus, Baalrim is not only his grandfather but also his clan name. Allowing for two 20-year time spans between Zubaydu/ Zabidu and his father and his father and the clan head, we arrive at an approximate date of 400 b.c.e. for Baalrim. Three of the four other clans (Gur, Qoṣi, and Al{i}baal) have at least one person with patronym and clan affiliation in the years 359–353, which are years parallel to Zubaydu’s appearance in 359. We may thus reconstruct for each of these a three-generation genealogy and posit the year 400 for the floruit of each of those clan heads: Baanath son of Laytha (son of) Gur (A2.12), Ab(i)šalam son of Baruk (son of) Qoṣi (A3.4), and Qosadar/ider son of Zabdi (son of) Al(i)baal (A4.15). The situation of Yehokal is more complex. There is no single text that has a three-generation genealogy like those above but only texts with either praenomen and Yehokal as patronym or name and Yehokal as clan affiliation. In 361 and 356, the same time-frame as Zubaydu, Baanath, Ab(i)šalam, and Qosadar/ider, for instance, both Qoslanṣur son of (the clan head) Yehokal and Qosner of the sons of (the clan head) Yehokal (A5.2, 8, respectively) appear. We posited two situations, one in which Yehokal flourished ca. 380 (thus perhaps closer to the time of the other clans’ second generation) and the other wherein he, too, went back to ca. 400. In the first reconstruction, Qoslanṣur and Qosner both belonged to Yehokal’s second generation, even though the former has patronymic affiliation and the latter has clan affiliation. (For other instances in which clan affiliation is used in place of “son of,” see A1.2, 2.10 [cf. A8.1], and 5.4, 9.) In this case, Yehokal’s genealogy can be reconstructed to four generations, with his second, third, and fourth generations paralleling the other clans’ third, fourth, and fifth. In the second reconstruction, Yehokal was placed ca. 400 alongside the other clan heads, in which case his son Qoslanṣur belonged to the second generation and his would-be grandson Qosner belonged to the third. In this scenario, we can reconstruct five generations, while simply conjecturing that Yehokal’s son Qoslanṣur (like his other sons Yaatiabu/Yetiab [A5.5–6] and Qos­yinqom [A5.11]), though older, was still active during the period of the much younger Qosner. (For similar situations of active generational overlap, where a person’s activity begins in one generation but continues into the next, see Malku of the sons of Baalrim [A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37 {fig. 42a}], Samitu from the sons of Gur [A2.10, 20, 8.1, 41 {fig. 43}]; or where a person belongs in one generation but his activity dates to the next, see Marṣaat and Ghauti sons of Qoṣi [A3.2, 5 {fig. 44}], and Zabdi son of Al{i}baal [A4.2, 6, 8 {fig. 45}].) Assuming this second reconstruction for Yehokal, we have so far established a three-generation genealogy for all five clans, beginning with the five clan heads in ca. 400 and observing simultaneous economic activity, all in grain, around the same time (A1.1, 2.2, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1). The clan of Gur has a specific link to a fourth-generation member, albeit undated: Zubaydu/Zabidu son of Baanath (son of Laytha son of Gur) (A2.39). Chronologically, we have matching chits for three other clans: Ḥumayu/Ḥamiyu of the sons of Baalrim in 336 (A1.33), PN of the sons of Qoṣi in 339 (A3.21), and Qoṣ of the house of Yehokal in 341 (A5.10). Although it has 38 chits, the clan of Al(i)baal has no chit later than 349 (A4.29a), while Baalrim, with 57 chits, has none later than 336 (A1.33–37). So the clan of Baalrim ends in our documents in the fourth generation and that of Al(i)baal in the third. The three other clans, however, continue down into a fifth generation, during the years of the Macedonian rivals, Alexander IV and Antigonus. In year 313, Zabdibaal of the sons of Gir (Gur) and Zabdadah of the sons of Yehokal (A2.45, 5.20) appear, and Ḥabutu from the house of Qoṣi appears in 311 (A3.39). Surely it is fortuitous that Gur, Qoṣi, and Yehokal, who have between 10 and 37 fewer chits than Baalrim, each sported representatives in the fifth generation while

248

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

Baalrim did not. Likewise, it must have been mere chance that Al(i)baal, with 18 more chits than Yehokal, did not even reach past the third generation. We are fortunate that five major clans in Idumea gave us slightly more than 200 chits that allow us to trace economic activity for three, four, and five generations over a period of 50 years spanning the reigns of six rulers (Artaxerxes II and III, Arses, Philip III, Alexander IV, and Antigonus).

Profile Comparison of Five Clans (Figs. 48–52)

We come now to a summary of the clan profiles according to four criteria: dating, product, payee, and agent. The most active clan was Baalrim and the least active Yehokal. While most of the chits are dated (between 64% and 79% [fig. 48]), Gur has the largest percentage of such chits (79%) and Qoṣi has the largest percentage of undated chits (36%). Comparing transactions and products (fig. 49), we find Baalrim with 61 transactions in 57 chits for 17 products, wheat and barley constituting almost half, and wheat outweighing barley, 28 to 21%. There are only 1–3 transactions for each of the remaining products. Gur, with 55 transactions in 47 chits, pays out 16 products, again wheat and barley constituting almost half, but barley dominating wheat, 29% to 20%. Likewise, there are only 1–4 transactions for each of the remaining products. For Qoṣi, on the other hand, with 46 transactions in 42 chits, paying out 14 products, wheat and barley chits constitute almost a third of

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

249

the total, with jars and wood products making up over 40%. Al(i)baal is the only clan with 34% of its chits covering the four special grains: ‫( ראש‬resh), ‫ קמח‬+ ‫( נשיף‬semolina and flour) and ‫דקיר‬/‫( רקיד‬crushed/sifted grain), with wheat and barley making up only 36% of the total. Finally, Yehokal, with the fewest number of transactions (22), chits (20), and products (12), has the largest percentage of agricultural non-grain products (wine and oil)—namely, 18%, with wheat and barley only 32%, much like Qoṣi. In summary (fig. 52), we may first compare Baalrim, the clan with the largest number of chits, with Yehokal, the clan sporting the least number of chits. The latter has just over one-third the number of chits as the former, but over one-half

250

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

the number of products. Each of the five clans displays distinctive features. Although Baalrim and Gur have 50% wheat and barley chits, wheat dominates for Baalrim and barley for Gur. For the other three clans, wheat and barley drop to between 31% and 36%, and other products become more characteristic: jars and wood for Qoṣi, the four special grains for Al(i)baal, and wine and oil for Yehokal. One of the most remarkable features about these commodity chits is that, although every example has the name of a payer at the beginning, between 10% and 29% follow with the name of a personal payee, and between 5% and 26% record the storehouse as payee. This means that between 53% and 80% of the

A5.1–20 Yehokal Dossier (362–313)

251

chits (138 out of 207) have no payee. When we look at the five clans (fig. 50), we find this figure varying between 53% (Baalrim) and 80% (Yehokal). Concomitantly, the percentage of chits within each clan that sends goods to the storehouse varies between 5% for Al(i)baal and 26% for Baalrim, with Qoṣi sending no goods there at all. Put differently, Baalrim has the largest number of chits to the storehouse (15 out of 57), Qoṣi has none, and Al(i)baal has the largest number to personal payees (12 out of 41). Every clan has agents (fig. 51), with Gur having the most (15 chits, in contrast with 2–6 for the other clans). Three clans were most active in Tammuz, but Al(i)baal was most active in Sivan and Qoṣi in Ab (fig. 52).

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) Six new clan names emerge from the 29 chits recorded in this dossier. These clan names have between one and four persons each: Awi (1 [A6.12]), Yehoaz (2 [A6.1–2]), Beyadel/Badel (2 [A6.10–11]), Uzayzu (2 [A6.20?–21], Qosi (3/4 [A6.7–9a]), and Ḥori (4 [A6.3–6]). Three names appear more than once but their clan names are missing: Qosmalak (3× [A6.13–15]), Zubaydu/Zabidu (2× [A6.16–17]), and Šimu (2× [A6.18–19]). Four persons appear but once each, but the clan name is missing (Al{i}qos, Uzayzu, Ammiqos, Qosani [A6.22–25]), and for three chits both names are missing (A6.26–28). Dated List of Texts A6.1 A6.2 A6.3 A6.4 A6.5 A6.6 A6.7 A6.8 A6.9 A6.9a A6.10 A6.11 A6.12 A6.13 A6.14 A6.15 A6.16 A6.17 A6.18 A6.19 A6.20 A6.21 A6.22 A6.23 A6.24 A6.25 A6.26 A6.27 A6.28

Payment of 2(+?) [seahs], 3 qabs of resh October 22, 362 Payment of x bales 20 x, year y Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of oil December 9, 345 Payment unknown 12 Marcheshvan Payment of 6 seahs of barley Undated Payment of 4 loads Undated Payment of 3 joists Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of wheat September 27, 343 Payment unknown Undated Payment of 1(+ ?) seah of x January 14–February 11, 358 Payment of 2 bales 16 Tammuz Payment of 6 x; 20 seahs of y 20 x Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat July 21, 340 Payment unknown 17 Tammuz Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of barley 3x Payment of chaff Undated Payment of a bale August 4, 338 Payment unknown 16 Ab Payment of 15(+?) seahs of barley 20 x Payment of x jars Undated Payment of 21 x Undated Payment unknown August 18, 352 Payment of 3 qabs of x 15 Tammuz, y[ear y] Payment of 2 joists Probably 357 Payment of x seahs, a qab of flour Date missing Payment of 1 qab of barley 3 Tammuz Payment unknown 6 Elul Payment of x seahs of resh Date missing (362–361?) Payment unknown 4(+?) x

252

253

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) Table 11.  Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338 [A6.1–28 {29}])

No ISAP 6.1 1556 =M 271 =AL133 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9a 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14

415 =IA11345 1238 =J4 =AL70 739 =YR42 (see 1598) 1258 =J24 =JA81 =AL212 1148 =IM91.16.185 =L148 777 =YR109 1029 =IM91.16.164 =L29 1922 =JA33 =EN131 292 =IA11743 see A3.22 1053 = IM91.1.149 =L53 1194 =IM91.16.188 =L194 1899 =JA352 =EN107 2472 =JA187 2504 =JA221

6.15 555 =JoH4 6.16 2407 =JA116

o ss of the sons of o h of the house of de date at the end

Babylonian date 3 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 20 x, year y de 30 Marcheshvan, 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 12 Marcheshvan

Julian Date October 22, 362

f b h dm Scribe

s son of f h from the house of db date at the beginning

from by the hand of date in the middle

Payer [PN o] ss Jehoaz

f ss nd pl

from the sons of no date unabbreviated writing

Payee _____

Commodity from [the grinding] of Marcheshvan:

resh: 2+ seahs, 3 qabs

_____

Bani s Jehoaz

Mḥ[?]bh

bales:

December 9, 345

Qosadar/ider f psd/r o ss Ḥori

_____

oil: 2 seahs, 3 qabs

_____

Zabbud f [ss o Ḥori]

_____

_____

_____

Ḥulayfu o ss Ḥori

_____

barley: 6 seahs

_____

Abid/Ubayd o ss Ḥori

_____

loads: 4

_____

Qosi

Qos◦◦[. . .] joists: 3

September 27, 343

Zaydu/Ziyadu o ss Qosi

_____

wheat: 1 seah, 1 qab

_____

[PN] o h Qosi/Qoṣi

Q◦[. . .]

Makkedah:

January 14– February 11, 358 _____

[PN] o ss Q[oṣi]/Q[osi]

_____

x: 1(+?) seah

Ḥauran f ss Badel/Barel

_____

bales:

x

db _____ nd _____ nd _____ 7 Tishri, 16 [Artaxerxes III]

nd db

_____ nd x Tebeth, 20[+ 26] = 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 16 Tammuz archaic alef db 20 x

17 Tammuz

Qosadar/ider s Baalmalak _____ o ss Beyadel

x: 6 y: 20 seahs

July 21, 340

Suaydu o ss Awi

_____

_____

Qosmalak o ss . . . Qosmalak f ss . . .

_____

wheat: 5 seahs, 4 qabs on the 20th _____

3x

_____ 6 Ab, 21 [Artaxerxes III]

6.17 1054 16 Ab =IM91.16.158 =L54

db db de

[db]

_____

_____ Aug 4, 338

Qosmalak o h . . . Zubaydu/Zabidu o ss . . .

_____

Zubaydu/Zabidu f ss . . .

db db

2

_____

de 2 Tammuz, 19 [Artaxerxes III]

_____

_____

_____

from the grain of . . . :

barley: 4 seahs, 2 qabs chaff

bh Abenaši

a bale

_____

_____

254

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) Table 11.  Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338 [A6.1–28 {29}])

s son of f h from the house of db date at the beginning 6.18 2520 =JA240 6.19 2622 =JA364 6.20 1665 =OG?31 6.21 1025 =IM91.16.13 =L25 6.22 1052 =IM91.16.55 =L52 6.23 713 =YR40 6.24 1935 =BLM660 =EN144 6.25 426 =IA11318 6.26 1432 =M142 =AL124 6.27 2627 =JA370 6.28 652/1502 =M214 =Naveh625 =AL147

o ss of the sons of o h of the house of de date at the end

20 x _____ _____ 17 Ab, 7 [Artaxerxes III]

de nd nd db

15 Tammuz, y

f b h dm

from by the hand of date in the middle

f ss nd pl

from the sons of no date unabbreviated writing

_____

Šimu o ss ...

Palaqos

barley: 15(+) seahs

_____

Šimu o ss/h . . .

_____

Ḥat(i)ru o h . . .

_____

x: 21

August 18, 352

Ḥat(i)ru f h Uzayzu

_____

??? from Ghauti

_____

Al(i)qos o ss . . .

_____

[. . .], 3 qabs

Probably 357

Uzayzu o ss . . .

_____

joists: 2

Ammiqos o ss/h . . .

gatemen

flour: x seahs, a qab

_____

Qosani f ss . . .

b [h] . . .

barley: 1 qab

_____

[. . .]y f h . . .

_____

_____

362–361?

[. . .]y/ʾ f ss . . .

_____

resh: x seahs

_____

[. . .] o ss . . .

_____

_____

jars: x

db [x of y], 2

de

[. . .]

_____

pl

dm 3 Tammuz

de

6 Elul de _____

[db]

4[+?] x db

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

255

cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Date Sealing Sign

[PN of] the sons of Yehoaz, from 2[the grinding of] Marcheshvan: resh, 3[s(eahs), x+]2; q(abs), 3, on the 3rd 4[of] Marcheshvan. 5 (archaic alef  ) 1

ִ‫בני יהועז ִמן‬.[ ] [ ]‫] טחו]ן מרחשון ראש‬ 3 ‫ ב‬3 ‫ ק‬2[ ] ‫]ל]מרחשון‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A6.1-ISAP1556 (AL133 [M271]) October 22, 362 Payment of 2(+?) [seahs], 3 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar (59×56×5), exterior light brown, interior reddish-orange. Ostracon incomplete, beginnings of written lines missing. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

For details on grindings and chits for resh, see A4.1. Another chit “from the grinding of Marcheshvan” was drawn up less than a week later, on 9 Marcheshvan (A68.1), though apparently not by the same scribe (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 4:6, 7). ¶ Yehoaz (‫ )יהועז‬is clearly a Hebrew name (“YHW is strong/ strength” [Zadok 1988: 45, 49]) that appears in an early Aramaic list in our corpus of Hebrew names (ISAP1979:4 [EN201]) and in pre-exilic Hebrew seals and a bulla (WSS Nos. 178–179, 525). Alongside Yehokal, he would be the second clan head with a Hebrew name. He is mentioned as the owner of a vineyard in a land-description text (ISAP1624:2). See the next chit (A6.2).

256

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer

Bani son of Yehoaz : Mḥ[?]bh: ba[les, . . .]. 3 On the 20th of . . . y[ear. . .]. 1 2

Product Date

[ ] ‫בר יהוע ִז‬ ִ ‫ בני‬.1 ‫[?]ב ִה פחל[צן‬ ִ ‫ ִמ ִח‬.2 [ ] ‫ש‬... ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.3

A6.2-ISAP415 [IA11345] 20 x, year y Payment of x bales Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52×47×3), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, bottom margin, writing parallel to upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name Bani occurs only twice more in our corpus, in a list and in a fragmentary land description (ISAP1961, 2579), but was a popular hypocoristicon in post-exilic Judah both as a clan name (Ezra 2:10, etc.) and a personal name (Neh 3:17, etc.). The root ‫“( בני‬build”) was a common element in NorthwestSemitic theophorous names (Maraqten 1988: 114) but appears in only one other name in our corpus: ‫יבנאל‬ (A47.1 [as patronym]; ISAP466, 1625, 1480). The actual son of the clan head appears in chits in several other dossiers (see A2.1). ¶ The word at the beginning of line 2 is unintelligible, and missing at the left edge of line 2 is the number of bales; illegible in line 3 is the month and any possible strokes after the “20.” ¶ About one-half of the nearly 50 chits for bales are dated (see A1.2, 10 and A6.3 below). The date at the bottom points to 43 Artaxerxes (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*), which would suit the previous chit perfectly.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

257

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 30th of Marcheshvan, year 14, Qosadar/ider from the psd/r of the sons of Ḥori: 3 oil, s(eahs), 2, q(abs), 3. 1 2

14 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬30 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ר בני חורי‬/‫פסד‬ ִ ‫ קוסעדר מן‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ משח ס‬.3

A6.3-ISAP1238 (AL70 {J4}) December 9, 345 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of oil Complete ostracon; width much exceeds height [AL].

The next four ostraca belong to different persons “of the sons of Ḥori.” Two are dated (here, fully; the next one, only day and month), and two are undated (A6.5–6). Each brings a different commodity. Here, preceding the term of filiation (‫ )לבני‬is the inexplicable term ‫פסר‬/‫פסד‬. A chit for barley (A66.3) seems to contain the expression ‫מן עבור פסדא‬, if the final word is correctly read. Aramaic and Mandaic give meanings of “diminish, spoil” for the root ‫פסד‬, and something like “spoiled grain” would suit the other passage, but a generalized meaning “the spoiled stuff of the sons of Ḥori” is not quite apt. ¶ Ḥori was a pre-Edomite gentilic that became an Edomite and Israelite personal name (Gen 14:6, 36:21–22; Num 13:5). The term “sons of Ḥori” appears on a worker’s text (ISAP1598) and alone on a fragment (ISAP1158). As father of the payee Baalghayr, Ḥori appears prominently in the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier in years 360–359 (A7.3, 5–6, 15). Otherwise, we find him thrice in the Saadel dossier (A10.2 [October 25, 357], 3–4); delivering crushed/sifted grain, wheat, a log, grgrn, and an unnamed product (A34.2–3, 6–8); as owner of a vineyard (ISAP331, 1966:1); on a jar inscription (ISAP848); and in a fragmentary account of barley (ISAP254). Considered chronologically, he might be the same as the clan head in our documents. ¶ Three other chits record oil payments in Marcheshvan (A12.16, 38.3, 48.5). See further A4.29.

258

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX On the 12th of M[archeshvan], Zabbud from [the sons of Ḥori]: 3 . . . ,

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ למ[רחשון‬12 ‫ ִב‬.1 [ ] ִ‫ זבוד מן‬.2 [?].‫ ח‬.‫מ‬.. .3

A6.4-ISAP739 [YR42] 12 Marcheshvan Payment unknown Body sherd of closed vessel, small (47×31×6), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, and although the name of the month in line 1 can easily be restored, the name of the clan is missing in line 2, and the commodity is illegible in line 3. We restore here “the sons of Ḥori” on the basis of a unique ostracon that reads, elliptically, “To add in the hand of Zabbud, the sons of Ḥori, men, 7” (ISAP1598). The meaning may be double: Zabbud is “of the sons of Ḥori” and the men to be added are from “the sons of Zabbud.” ¶ For the name Zabbud, see A3.15 and A98.

259

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONCAVE Ḥulayfu of the sons of Ḥori: b(arley), s(eahs), 6.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ חליפו לבני חורי‬.1 6 ‫ שס‬.2

A6.5-ISAP1258 (AL212 [JA81]) Undated Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×45×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pale red (10R6/40), interior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

For the praenomen Ḥulayfu (‫ )חליפו‬and other similar names from the same root, see A2.42.

260

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX [?] Abid/Ubayd of the sons of Ḥori: [. . .]◦ loads, [3+]1 (= 4).

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ִד לבני ִחִוִרִי‬ ִ ‫עבי‬ ִ [? ] .1 1[+3]ִ‫מוב ִלן‬ ִ .[ ] .2

A6.6-ISAP1148 (L148 [IM91.16.185]) Undated Payment of 4 loads Body sherd of jar (56×46×6.5), exterior and interior pinkish-white. Ostracon perhaps complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [L].

The name Abid/Ubayd (‫ )עביד‬is hypocoristicon for one of the many construct names compounded with ‫עבד‬, “servant of DN” (see A2. 22) and has its own dossier (A65). ¶ For load (‫)מובל‬, see A2.42.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

261

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee? Product

Qos[i] to Qos◦◦[. . .]: 2 j[oists], three.

[?]..‫ קוס[י] לקוס‬.1 ‫]תלתה‬ ִ ‫ מ[רשן‬.2

1

A6.7-ISAP777 [YR109] Undated Payment of 3 joists Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (44×48×5–7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pinkish-white (5YR8/2), many white grits. Two fresh breaks, patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Two documents point to Qosi as a clan head, the following one (A6.8; cf. also A6.9) and a worker’s text (ISAP210 [Porten-Yardeni 2006: Table 3a:1]). Perhaps the Qosi here is that clan head. Twice, Qosi appears as patronym (ISAP895 [payment order], 1320 [land text]) and once as agent in a chit from the time of Alexander IV, dated April 10, 314 (A29.6). A very fragmentary chit preserves the reading [. . .]◦‫לבני קוס‬ (ISAP87), which might point to our clan head Qosi, since there are no other clan names beginning with Qos. ¶ Virtually all of the 16 chits for joists have numerals written out as words, not ciphers, mostly numbering one (e.g., A1.11), but also two (A4.35), three (also A38.1), and four (A3.29). Half of these are dated at the end, and none, except this one, has a payee (but see A8.31).

262

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On the 3+] 4 (= 7th) of Tishri, year 13+3 (=16), 2 Zaydu/Ziyadu of the sons of Qosi: w(heat), s(eah), 1; 3q(ab), 1. 1

13+3 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬4[+3 ‫ ]ב‬.1 1 ‫ זידו לבני ִקִו ִסי חס‬.2 1 ‫ ק‬.3

A6.8-ISAP1029 (L29 [IM91.16.164]) September 27, 343 Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar (61×41×6), exterior and interior dark gray. Sherd probably burned. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks [L].

Four days earlier, a chit was drawn up by a member of the clan of Baalrim, perhaps by the same scribe, for 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat (A1.30). In both, some of the digits of the year-date are written supralinearly: 6 in the former chit and 3 here. In our chit, the scribe wrote \ ‫“( ק‬1 q[ab]”) at the end of line 3, right beneath the notation \ ‫“( חס‬w{heat}, s{eahs}, 1”). ¶ For the name Zaydu/  Ziyadu, see A1.10

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

263

cm

CONVEX Payer Origin Filiation Payee Product

(Line missing?) 0 {That which PN, who is from} 1Makkedah, 2 of the house of Qoṣi/Qosi. 0 {brought} 1to Q◦[. . . . . .]

[ ]...‫מקדה ל‬ ִ .1 [? ]‫סי‬/‫קוצ‬ ִ ‫ לבית‬.2

A6.9-ISAP1922 (EN131 [JA33]) Undated Payment unknown Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (75×70×8), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Perhaps the missing first line should be restored on the model of A90.4 and the text restored to read something like “That which PN, who is from Makkedah, of the house of Qoṣi/Qosi, brought to PN: commodity.” The Hebrew spelling for the place name (‫ )מקדה‬is here employed (as in A2.15, 4.27, 7.28, 300.5.16); see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 147. ¶ Twice, we have recorded “the sons of Qosi” (A6.8 above; ISAP210), indicating possibly three texts for a clan for whom we did not set aside a dossier. Here, the third letter of the name is smudged, and we cannot decide whether the name is Qosi or Qoṣi, the well-known clan head (A3).

A6.9a- ISAP292 [IA11743] January 14–February 11, 358 Payment of 1(+ ?) seah of x (See A3.22)

264

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX On the 16th of Tammuz, Ḥauran from the sons of Badel/Barel: 3 bales, 2. 4 (archaic alef  ).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

‫ לתמוז‬16 ‫ב‬ ‫דאל‬/‫ר‬ ִ ‫חורן מן בני ִב‬ 2 ‫פחלצן‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A6.10-ISAP1053 (L53 [IM91.16.149]) 16 Tammuz Payment of 2 bales Body sherd of jar (83×65×6), exterior light brown, interior brown. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [L].

The name Ḥauran appears in Safaitic (Winnett-Harding 1978: 570 [reference thanks to Michael Macdonald]). It occurs in two more chits, once as son of Qosani and once making a payment to Qosani (A30.8, 100.1). Only here is he filiated to a clan, the reading of which is uncertain. The form Badel has a post-exilic Hebrew parallel in ‫“( בדיה‬In the care of DN” [Ezra 10:35 {Zadok 1988: 56}]). ¶ Of the almost 50 chits for bales, half of which are dated, only just over a half-dozen are dated by only day and month. The month of Tammuz occurs most frequently, seven times (20 Tammuz, year 46 [A7.37, 300.1.8]; x “in the month of” Tammuz, year 1 [A16.15, 55.4]; 25 Tammuz, year 6 [A16.5]; 4 Tammuz [A7.12]; 16 Tammuz [here]). The amount of bales is usually one or two, though once we find four (A7.12). ¶ For the form of the archaic alef, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 45 and Table 8:16.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

265

cm

CONVEX Payer Products Date

ִ ‫למ‬ Qosadar/ider son of Baalmalak of the sons of Beyadel ‫ִדאל‬ ִ ‫לב ִנִי ִבי‬ ִ ‫לך‬ ִ ‫קו ִס ִע ִדִר בר ִב ִע‬ ִ 2 3 [?]◦◦[. . .]6 ◦◦◦ ◦◦ q◦◦◦nh [. . .] s(eahs), 20[. . .]. ‫נה‬... ִ ‫ ִק‬.. ... 6[ ]..[?] 2 On the 20th of ◦◦◦◦y[?]◦◦◦◦[?]◦[?] [?]20 ‫[ס‬ ] [?].[?]....[?]‫י‬....‫ ל‬20 ‫ִב‬ 1

.1 .2 .3 .4

A6.11-ISAP1194 (L194 [IM91.16.188]) 20 x Payment of 6 x, 20 seahs of y Jar fragment, quite thick (92×53×12), exterior and interior brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheelmarks [L].

Qosadar/ider was a popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A4.15, A17); Baalmalak, less so (see A1.14, A74). ¶ The prepositional phrase name Beyadel (‫“[ בידאל‬In the hand of God”]) appears as a Hebrew name in a contemporary Wadi Daliyeh papyrus of March 19, 335 (WDSP 1:2, 5), on several Ammonite seals (WSS 857, 922–923, 931), and in the Nimrud ostracon (CAI 47:3). The phrase ‫ ביד‬has been taken as a parallel to the term ‫ בד‬found in numerous Phoenician personal names (Benz 1972: 283–286; WSS, p. 486) and in the name above, ‫( בדאל‬A6.10). We thus consider Badel and Beyadel as a single name having variant spellings.

266

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date 1 Payer Product Date 2?

On the 2nd of Tammuz, year 219, Suaydu 3of the sons of Awi: w(heat), s(eahs), 5; 4q(abs), 4, on the 20th. 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ ‫ שעידו‬19 5 ‫לב ִנִי ִעִוִי חס‬ 20 ‫ ב‬4 ‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A6.12-ISAP1899 (EN107 [JA352]) July 21, 340 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, small (34×45×7), parallelogram-shaped, exterior and interior pinkishgray (7.5YR7/2), ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

While the name Awi (‫ )עוי‬possibly appears among the sons of Baalrim (A1.6), only here does it appear as a clan head. A Suaydu appears among the sons of Baalgur (= Gur [A2.20]) and in the dossier of the same name (A22). ¶ The final notation, if correctly read, is puzzling. There are half a dozen chits reading, at the end, “on the 20th to Palaqos” (see A6.18 below), but these are all for barley and have no date at the beginning. One chit reads simply, “on every 20th” (A300.4.30). This chit thus has no exact parallel, and the meaning of the notation remains a mystery.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

267

cm

CONVEX Date Payer

On the 17th of Tamm[uz, ?] Qosmalak 3of the sons of [ . . . ]: (Line[s] missing?) 1

[? ‫לתמ[וז‬ ִ 17 ‫ ב‬.1 ..ִ‫ קוסמלך ִל ִב ִני‬.2 (Line[s] missing) .3

A6.13-ISAP 2472 [JA187] 17 Tammuz Product unknown Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68×50×5–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware grayish-brown (2.5Y5/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

In all but one of the remaining sixteen chits, the name of the clan head is missing (A6.13–28, excluding 6.21). ¶ The left half of this 2-line ostracon is missing; only day and month are preserved in line 1 and PN and “of the sons of” in line 2. ¶ The PN may be the familiar Qosmalak (‫[ קוסמלך‬see the following two chits and A11]). The person here and in the two chits below (A6.14–15) may belong to any of three different clans where the name is also to be found (Baalrim [A1.38, 40, 43], Gur/Gir [A2.41], and Al{i}baal [A4.11–12]). ¶ The product is not visible.

268

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Product Date

Qosmalak from the son[s of . . .] 2 from the grain of . . . . 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 2. 4 On the 3rd of ◦◦◦◦ 1

[

‫קוסמ ִל ִך ִמןִ בנ]י‬ ִ .... ‫מן עבור‬ 2 ‫ ק‬4 ‫שס‬ ....‫ ל‬3 ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A6.14-ISAP 2504 [JA221] 3x Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×63×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), interior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

In the previous chit, Qosmalak is filiated ‫“ לבני‬of the sons of” (A6.13); in this one, the filiation is apparently ‫מן‬, “from (the sons of);” and in the following, it is “of the hou[se of ]” ([‫)לבי]ת‬. ¶ None of 35 or so chits sporting the formula ‫מן עבור‬, “from the grain of,” have the date at the end, as apparently this one does. The word indicating the source of the grain is illegible.

269

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX [. . .] Qosmalak of the hou[se of . . .] 3 chaff . . . . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

...[ ]. .1 ִ ‫ל‬.[ ‫קוסמ ִלך לבי]ת‬ ִ .2 ‫ִי ִט ִח ִא‬..‫רח‬/‫תבן ד‬ ִ .3 (VACAT)

‫ב‬.. ִ .4

A6.15-ISAP555 [JoH4] Undated Payment of chaff

For Qosmalak, see the above two ostraca (A6.13–14). ¶ The whole first line, apparently with a long date (cf. the format in a Qosmalak chit from Al{i}baal [A4.11]), is illegible, as are the clan name in line 2 and all but the first word in line 3, “chaff ” (‫)תבן‬. This word is regularly followed by either bale (‫ )פחלץ‬or bundle (‫)מׁשתל‬, exceptionally by ‫“( ׁשרי‬untied straw” [A118.1–3, 221.1). But the partially visible letter traces do not support any of these three readings.

270

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Product Agent

On the 8th of Ab, 2year 21, 3 Zubaydu/Zabidu of the sons of ◦◦◦[?] 4 . . . a bal[e?] 5 by the hand of Abenaši 6 . . .[?].. 1

[?]....‫ ל‬8 ‫ב‬ [?] 21 ‫שנת‬ [?]... ‫זבידו לבני‬ [? ‫ם ִפ ִח ִל]צ‬.. ... ‫עליד אבאנשי‬ ..[ ? ]...

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A6.16-ISAP2407 [JA116] August 4, 338 Payment of a bale Ring base of Iron Age or Persian-period bowl, medium-sized (65×58×9–14), irregularly shaped, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), few white grits. Horizontal hand-burnish on interior, in widely spaced parallel lines. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, *narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Traces of the clan name in this chit would suppport ‫“( בעלרים‬Baalrim”). A Zubaydu son of Ghayraḥ son of Baalrim appears in A1.1, named “from the house of Baalrim” in A1.2 (July/August, 359). ¶ This is one of four texts where Abenaši is agent, once in year 20 and thrice in year 21 (of Artaxerxes III), all apparently in the month of Ab (see A3.21). One of these was drawn up by Malku of the sons of Baalrim on 8 Ab, year 21 (that is, two days after this one), with Abenaši as one of three agents (A1.32). He appears a fifth time, in year 21, as a payer (A91.4).

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

271

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 16th of Ab, Zubaydu/Zabidu from 2the sons of [PN: . . .] 1

‫ לאב זבידו מן‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫[ ]ל‬. ‫ ִב ִנִי‬.2

A6.17-ISAP1054 (L54 [IM91.16.158]) 16 Ab Payment unknown Body sherd of jar (69×69×8), exterior light brown, interior pink. Ostracon complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For the name, see A1.1. There we have “of the sons of” (‫)לבני‬, whereas here we have “from the sons of” (‫)מן בני‬. The name of the clan and the presumed product are illegible at the end of line 2.

272

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Šimu of the son[s of . . .]: b(arley), s(eahs), 15[. . .], 3 on the 20th to Palaqos

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Payee

[ [

‫לבנִ[י‬ ִ ‫ שמעו‬.1 [ ]15 ‫ שס‬.2 ‫לק]וס‬ ִ ‫לפ‬ ִ 20‫ ב‬.3

A6.18-ISAP2520 [JA240] 20 x Payment of 15(+?) seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59×56×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

Both this and the following chit (A6.19) for ‫ שמעו‬are cut off at the left edge so that the clan name is missing. There is a third chit where Ḥal(a)fan and Šimu supply flour (A18.9). With Arabian-style ending waw, the name Šimu is hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫קוסשמע‬, Qosšama, which appears but once in our corpus (A49.2). ¶ There are five chits for barley, drawn up by five different persons, which conclude with the statement ‫ לפלקוס‬20  ‫“ ב‬on the 20th to Palaqos”; that is, on the 20th of the month, the said amount of barley is to be given to Palaqos (A7.39, 9.26, 32.7, 206.1; see on A1.5). A sixth chit implies that on the 20th of every month a certain amount of barley was to be paid to Amiyu (A300.4.30). See A6.12 above as well.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

273

cm

CONVEX Šimu of the s[ons of x]/h[ouse of x]: jars [. . .].

Payer

1

Product

2

[ ]‫ שמעו לב‬.1 [ ] ‫ חביה‬.2

A6.19-ISAP2622 [JA364] Undated Payment of x jars Body sherd of closed vessel, small (34×43×4), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The letter bet at the end of line 1 may either introduce a clan (‫ בני‬or ‫ )בית‬or, less likely, the personal name of the payee. ¶ For jars (‫)חביה‬, see A1.13.

274

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer

Ḥaṭ(i)ru of the house of . . . . . . 3 . . . 21. 1 2

Product

‫ ִח ִטרו ִלבית‬.1 ..... .‫ ִחש‬.2 21 ‫]ש‬ ִ [‫ ל‬.3

A6.20-ISAP1665 [OG? 31] Undated 21 x (Palimpsest)

This piece is a palimpsest, and only the first two words in line 1 are intelligible. The letter traces of the third word yield no known clan name. Little can be made of the letters in line 2, and line 3 may yield a word beginning with lamed, ending with shin, and followed by the numeral “21.” ¶ The name appears four times in three different forms: ‫( חטירא‬A47.1), ‫( חטירו‬ISAP1913), and defective, without the yod, as here and below (A6.21).

275

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date Payee Payer Source Product

On the 17th of Ab, 2year 7, to Ḥaṭ(i)ru 3from the ho(u)se of Uzayzu 4 which he carried (or: let him carry) from Ghauthi: 5  lp 10 ◦ 2. 1

‫ לאב‬17 ‫ב‬ ‫ ִלחטרו‬7 ‫שנת‬ ‫בת עזיזו‬ ִ ‫מן‬ ‫זִינשא מןִ עותי‬ 2. 10 ‫ִל ִף‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A6.21-ISAP1025 (L25 [IM91.16.13]) August 18, 352 Payment unknown Jar sherd (50×48×8.5), exterior and interior light brown with traces of gray-white residue. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin [LT].

Though bearing the same praenomen as the above text, these two are placed together with not a little hesitation because the letter traces that follow ‫“( בית‬house of”) in the previous ostracon for Ḥaṭ(i)ru do not seem to indicate Uzayzu. Much is problematic in our text. For one, the word for “house” is written defective, lacking the medial yod (‫)בת‬. ¶ The mark preceding the ḥet in the name Ḥaṭ(i)ru slightly resembles the lamed preceding the month name Ab in line 1 but not at all the lamed at the beginning of line 5. Since it is usually the payer’s name that comes at the beginning and not the payee’s, it may be best to disregard the mark entirely. ¶ The mark at the beginning of line 4 is faint. If a letter, it would form, with the following letter, the word ‫“( זי‬which”). Otherwise, the following letter would introduce the verb: ‫“( ינשא‬let him carry”). ¶ Explanation of lp as the abbreviation for ‫אלף‬, “1000,” founders on the fact that this abbreviation is always preceded by a numeral such as “1” or the like (Porten-Lund 2002: 470). The text remains enigmatic. ¶ For the name Ghauti, see A3.5.

276

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONCAVE On the 15th of Tammuz, y[ear y], Al(i)qos of the sons of [PN: . . ., x s(eahs),] 3q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ....]‫ לתמוז ש‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. ‫ עלקוס לבני‬.2 3 ‫ ִק‬.3

A6.22-ISAP1052 (L52 [IM91.16.55]) 15 Tammuz, y[ear y] Payment of 3 qabs of x Body sherd of jar (73×57×7), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon incomplete; 1 fresh exterior break. Mostly erased writing on concave surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks [L].

The year date is missing at the end of line 1, as are the clan and commodity, at the end of line 2. Part of the first letter of the clan name is preserved before the break, and it may be a gimel. There exists an Al(i)qos of the sons of Gur (A2.2), three chits for an Al(i)qos of the sons of Qoṣi (A3.17, 23–24), and one an Al(i)qos of the sons of Al(i)baal (A4.32). See also A14.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

277

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Uzayzu of the sons of [. . .] joists, tw[o . . . ] [x (day) of (month) y], 3year 2[. . .]. 1

[ ]‫ ִע ִזִיזִו לבני‬.1 [ ‫ מרשן תר]ין‬.2 [ ] 2 ‫ שנת‬.3

A6.23-ISAP713 [YR40] Probably 357 2 joists Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (52×47×5), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex rough surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

Of the 17 or so chits for joists, 11 are dated and 10 of these have the date at the bottom. Like this one, two others were written in year 2, 25 Elul and 25 Kislev (A32.3, 38.1) and four in year 4 (see A1.11). The latter have been dated to 355, and so this one would have been written in 357. The word “joist” almost always appears with the numeral written as a noun and not a cipher.

278

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Ammiqos of [the sons/house of . . .] flour, seahs, [. . .]; 3and a qab. On [the x (day), y (month)], 4 for (the) gatemen.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Payee

[ ‫לב]ני‬ ִ ‫עמקוס‬ [ ]ִ‫סאן‬ ִ ‫קמח‬ [ ]‫וקב ִב‬ ‫לתרען‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A6.24-ISAP1935 (EN144 [BLMJ660]) Date missing Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of flour Body sherd of jar, close to base, of Iron Age or Persian period, irregularly shaped, medium-sized (72×72×7), exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), burn marks on ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

This is one of a group of seven, perhaps eight (with this one), chits drawn up in slightly more than two months, with date near the end (6 Nisan to 30 Sivan, no year) and payments made for the gatemen. Four were by members of the clan of Baalrim (A1.38–41; cf. 1.42); one by a member of Qoṣi (A3.23); one by a member of Al(i)baal (A4.30); and one unaffiliated to a clan (A83.3). In all the chits, the commodities and measures are written in unabbreviated, or partially unabbreviated, spelling.¶ The name Ammiqos is found among the sons of Baalrim (A1.18) and in A117.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

279

cm

CONVEX Qosani from the sons of [. . .]: šḥt/ṣ b(arley), q(ab), 1, by [the hand of . . .]. 3 On the 3rd of Tammuz . . .[. . .]

Payer

1

Product

2

Agent Date

[

[ ]‫ קוסעני מן בני‬1 (?)‫ ִעל]יד‬1 ‫ץ שק‬/‫קות‬/‫שח‬/‫ ט‬.2 [?].... ‫לתמו ִז‬ ִ 3 ‫ ב‬.3

A6.25-ISAP426 [IA11318] 3 Tammuz Payment of 1 qab of barley Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (40×50×6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Medium top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, medium left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

The writing of this text is effaced at the left edge, which also appears to have been cut away. The fairly common name of the payer in line 1, Qosani, also has its own dossier (A30). The word at the beginning of line 2 is unknown; the reading of the fourth letter is uncertain. There follows the abbreviation for “1 qab of barley (\ ‫)שק‬,” after which comes ‫על‬, which must be restored as ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”), but the name of the agent has been cut away. The last line has a date, 3 Tammuz, but what follows is uncertain.

280

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

[. . .]y from the house of 2[. . . . . .] On the 6th of Elul. 1

[ ?]‫ ] [י מן בית‬.1 [?]‫ לאלול‬6 ‫ ב‬..[ ] .2

A6.26-ISAP1432 (AL124 [M142]) 6 Elul Payment unknown Body sherd of jar (50×56×5–6), exterior gray-brown, interior pink. Ostracon incomplete. Written lines at 5–10° to wheel-marks [AL].

Only the final yod of the name of the payer (or, less likely, his patronym) is preserved at the beginning of line 1 and a final, illegible sign or two of the name or measure of the product at the beginning of line 2; missing in that line is the name of the clan. ¶ Only here and in one other place in this dossier do we find ‫מן‬ ‫“( בית‬from the house of”; cf. A6.21 [defectiva]), while ‫“( לבית‬of the house of”) occurs three times (A6.9, 15, 20; possibly also A6.19). ¶ The final lamed of ‫ אלול‬is squeezed in at the very left edge of the ostracon, and it is not likely that a year number appeared at the beginning of a missing line 3.

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338)

281

cm

CONVEX [. . .]y/ ʾ from the sons of [. . .]: resh, s(eahs)[. . .]

Payer

1

Product

2

[ ] ‫י מן בני‬/‫ ] [א‬.1 [ ]‫ ראש ִס‬.2

A6.27-ISAP2627 [JA370] Date missing (362–361?) Payment of x seahs of resh Body sherd of jar, probably Persian-period, small (35×52×7), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel marks. Medium top margin, *medium right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Only the final letter of the name of the payer is preserved at the beginning of line 1. ¶ For ‫ראש‬, see A1.4. ¶ It appears that the date, now missing, was originally at the bottom, in which case this chit would date to Artaxerxes 43 through Nisan, year 44 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2:1–25). ¶ The construction “from the sons of” (‫ )מן בני‬rather than the usual “of the sons of” (‫ )לבני‬occurs five more times (A6.4, 10, 14, 17, 25).

282

A6.1–28 (29) Dossier of Miscellaneous Clans (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 4[+? of (month) y . . . PN] 2of the sons of[ . . . . . .]. 1

[ ]4 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫ לבני‬.2

A6.28-ISAP1502 (AL147 [M214 {Naveh625}]) 4(+?) x Payment unknown Body sherd of jar (43×69×8), exterior light brown. Ostracon incomplete, beginnings of two lines preserved. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

In this, the smallest of all the fragments in the dossier, we are able to distinguish at the beginning of line 1 four numerals of a day date, and at the beginning of line 2 the sign of a clan (‫“[ לבני‬of the sons of”]). The rest of line 1 carried a month, perhaps a year, and the name of the payer. The rest of line 2 bore the clan name, product, and measure.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) The photographs of 36 of the ostraca in this dossier were received together (ISAP1801–1836), and the original editors dubbed it “the archive of Ḥal(a)fat,” noting that the recipient in most cases was Baalghayr. There have since come to light 24 additional related texts, and we have combined them all in what we call the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier. Each party appears sometimes as payer and other times as payee. Although Baalghayr received payments from five other parties (A7.42–50) and made payments four times to named (A7.51–54) and five times to unnamed parties (A7.55–59), he never received any payments from Ḥal(a)fat. We may thus divide the dossier into 8 groups: (1) Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr, years 43, 45–46, 2, 4, 6, undated (A7.1–16); (2) Ḥal(a)fat to unnamed payees, years 43, 1–2, 4, undated (A7.17–35); (3) Ḥal(a)fat to various payees, years 44, 46, undated (A7.36–41); (4) Zabdi to Baalghayr, year 43 and undated (A7.42–46); (5) various persons to Baalghayr (A7.47–50); (6) Baalghayr to Qoskahel and Samitu, year 43 (A7.51–54); (7) Baalghayr to unnamed payees, years 43, 6 (A7.55–59); (8) Ḥal(a)fat as agent, year 9 (A7.60). Altogether, the dossier spans 12 years (362–350). For full discussion of the dossier, see Porten-Yardeni 2006: 459–66; Porten-Yardeni 2012: 341–47. Dated List of Texts A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4 A7.5 A7.6 A7.7 A7.8 A7.9 A7.10 A7.11 A7.12 A7.13 A7.14 A7.15 A7.16 A7.17 A7.18 A7.19 A7.20 A7.20a A7.21 A7.22 A7.23 A7.24 A7.25 A7.26 A7.27 A7.28 A7.29 A7.30 A7.31 A7.32 A7.33

Payment of 4 seahs, 1 qab of resh May 26, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 5 qabs of flour June 1, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of resh May 4, 360 Payment of 3 seahs of resh April 7, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs, 1 qab of flour July 12, 359 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of crushed/sifted grain from the later grinding July 25, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour from the later grinding August 7, 359 Payment of 1 kor, 26 seahs, 5 qabs of barley June 1, 357 Payment of 15 seahs of barley July 27, 355 Payment of 2 jars August 14, 353 Payment of 2 seahs of crushed/sifted grain August 20, 353 Payment of 4 bales of chaff 4 Tammuz Payment of 2 bales Undated Payment of 16 seahs, 1 qab of wheat 26 x Payment of 1 load of wood Undated Payment unknown Undated Payment of 50 pegs (nails) March 30, 361 Payment of 5.75 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour September 10, 358 Payment of 5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour September 17, 358 Payment of 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat September 29, 358 Payment of 9 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat October 1, 358 Payment of 1(+?) seah of semolina and x measures of flour Undated Payment of 1.5 qabs of semolina and 2 qabs of flour Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat June 19, 357 Payment of 6 seahs, 0.5 qab of wheat August 19, 357 Payment of 2.625 qabs of oil April 14, 356 Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley and 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat July 21, 355 Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs of barley and 2 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 12 seahs, 1 qab of wheat February 1, 354 Payment of 0.125 (qabs) of oil February 22, 354 Payment of 2 kors, 4 seahs of barley 15 Sivan Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; and chaff 3 Tammuz Payment of 20 [seahs] of wheat and 29 seahs, 5 qabs of barley 4 Ab Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil Undated

283

284 A7.34 A7.35 A7.36 A7.37 A7.38 A7.39 A7.40 A7.41 A7.42 A7.43 A7.44 A7.45 A7.46 A7.47 A7.48 A7.49 A7.50 A7.51 A7.52 A7.53 A7.54 A7.55 A7.56 A7.57 A7.58 A7.59 A7.60

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) Payment of a hide Undated Payment unknown Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh October 12, 361 Payment of 1 bale of chaff August 8, 359 Payment of 8 maahs as the price of wine 28 Kislev Payment of 16 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley 20 x Payment of 2 kors, x seahs, 3 qabs of wheat and 6 kors of barley Undated (355/354?) Payment of 1 kor of barley Undated Payment of 1 bale June 7, 362 Payment of 1 bale August 31, 362 Payment of 14 grgrn November 18, 362 Payment of 1 bale Undated Payment of 2 bales Undated Payment of 5 jars September 2, 355 Payment of 3 bales of chaff October 8, 355 Payment of 1.5 bundles 20 Ab Payment of 2 seahs of oil 20 Ab Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 1 seah of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh August 19, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs from the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of wine 16 x, [362/361] Payment of 10(+?) seahs of wheat 17 Adar/Iyyar/Elul Payment of 4 kors, 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley July 13, 353 Two separate payments of 16 bundles and 8 bundles 25 and 26 x Payment of 2 seahs of oil Undated Payment of 23 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley August 5, 350

285

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) Table 12.  The Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr (362–350 [A7.1–60 {61}])

No 7.1

7.2 7.3

son of date at end

ISAP 1293 =B8 =JA504 =AL108 1290 =B5, Zd =JA501 1801 =EN1

7.4

57 = Rockefeller7

7.5

1803 =EN3

7.6

1804 =EN4

7.7

1805 =EN5

7.8

1809 =EN9

7.9

1814 =EN14

7.10

1292 =JA503 =AL46 1013 =IM91.16.17 =L13 59 = Rockefeller9 1818 =EN18 1366 =M67 =AL191 1825 =EN25 1821 =EN21 1828 =EN28

7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17

b h dm

by the hand of date in middle

Babylonian Date 30 Iyyar, [43 Artaxerxes II] (PD: Iyyar has only 29 days) archaic alef de 7 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 2 Iyyar, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 15 Adar II, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 22 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 6 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 19 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 4 Sivan, 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 22 Tammuz, 4 [Artaxerxes III] db 3 Ab, 6 [Artaxerxes III] archaic alef db 9 Ab, 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 4 Tammuz db —— nd 26 [. . .]

Julian Date May 25, 362

nd no date Scribe

s de

Payer 12 Ḥal(a)fat

Payee Baalghayr

Commodity resh: 4 seahs, 1 qab

June 1, 362 12 Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

semolina: [1 seah], 4 qabs flour: 1 seah, 5 qabs [. . .]l

May 4, 360 12 Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori for (the) animals Baalghayr

brought from the grinding of Mšby of Natanbaal:

—— 15 Adar II [43 Artaxerxes II] (illegible mark)

nd nd

de

resh: 2 seahs, 3 qabs Yazidu

April 7, 359

12 Ḥal(a)fat

July 12, 359

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori

semolina: 2 seahs flour: 2 seahs, 1 qab Yazidu

July 25, 359

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori

from the later grinding:

August 7, 359

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

from the later grinding:

June 1, 357

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

from Makkedah:

July 27, 355

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

barley: 15 seahs

August 14, 353

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

Zabdiel jars: 2

August 20, 353

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

crushed/sifted grain: 2 seahs

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

chaff: 4 bales

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

bales:

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr b h Zabdi

wheat: 16 seahs, 1 qab

——

Ḥal(a)fat

wood: 1 load

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori Baalghayr

March 30, 361

Ḥal(a)fat

——

pegs: 50

db ——

db date at beginning

resh: 3 seahs

crushed/sifted grain: 3 seahs, 3 qabs semolina: 1 seah, 2 qabs flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs Yazidu barley:1 kor, 26 seahs, 5 qabs

2

[. . .]

Saadel

286

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) Table 12.  The Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr (362–350 [A7.1–60 {61}])

s de

son of date at end

b h dm

by the hand of date in middle

7.18

1806 =EN6

4 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III]

7.19

1807 =EN7

11 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III]

7.20

1808 =JA1 =EN8 7.20a 578 =IM2009.26.29 7.21 1826 =EN26

23 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III]

7.22

1830 =EN30 1812 =EN12

——

7.24

1810 =EN10

24 Ab, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

7.25

1811 =EN11

25 Adar II, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

1813 =BLMJ3168 =EN13 1829 =EN29

16 Tammuz, 4 Artaxerxes [III]

7.23

7.26 7.27 7.28

nd

22 Sivan, 2 [Artaxerxes III]

25 Shebat, 4 Artaxerxes [III]

7.30

1833 =EN33

15 Sivan (illegible sign)

1835 =EN35

3 Tammuz

1831 =EN31

4 Ab

1832 =EN32 1316 =M16 =AL321 1827 =EN27

——

7.35

Ḥal(a)fat

——

September 17, 358

Ḥal(a)fat

——

September 29, 358

Ḥal(a)fat

——

semolina: 5.75 qabs flour: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Saadel semolina: 5 qabs flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs Zabdiel wheat: 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs

October 1, 358 ——

Ḥal(a)fat s Sammuk Ḥal(a)fat

——

wheat: 9 seahs, 1.5 qabs

——

delivered (‫ )המטא‬from Makkedah:

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

June 19, 357

Ḥal(a)fat

——

semolina: 1[+?] seahs flour: [. . .] semolina: 1.5 qab flour: 2 qabs wheat: 2 seahs, 2 qabs

August 19, 357

Ḥal(a)fat

——

wheat: 6 seahs, half a qab;

db

April 14, 356

Ḥal(a)fat s Sammuk

——

Zabdiel oil: 2 qabs, 2 quarters, 1 eighth

de

July 21, 355

Ḥal(a)fat

——

brought:

db

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

barley: 3 kors, 2 seahs wheat: 2 seahs Qosyatha

February 1, 354

Ḥal(a)fat

——

from Makkedah:

February 22, 354

Ḥal(a)fat

——

oil: 1 eighth

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

brought:

——

1. brought the wheat:

——

1. Ḥal(a)fat —— 2. Zubaydu/ Zabidu Ḥal(a)fat ——

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

oil: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

hide[. . .]

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

brought:

nd

1817 =EN17

7.34

de

——

7.29

7.33

db

db db

dm db db nd

——

db date at beginning

September 10, 358

nd

4 Shebat, 4 Artaxerxes [III]

7.32

db

25 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III] ——

1815 =EN15

7.31

db

nd no date

barley:1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs wheat: 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs

wheat: 12 seahs, 1 qab; Qos[yatha wrote]

barley: 2 kors, 4 seahs Zaydu/Ziyadu

wheat: 3 kors, 2 seahs, 1 qab 2. cha[ff] brought:

wheat: [20 seahs] barley: 29 seahs, 5 qabs

nd ——

nd

g[. . .]

287

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) Table 12.  The Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr (362–350 [A7.1–60 {61}]) s de

son of date at end

7.36

41 (GB?)

7.37

1802 =EN2

7.38

1816 =EN16 1288 =JA499 =AL202 1834 =EN34

7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55

1291 =B6 =JA502 =AL294 1838 =EN38 1819 =EN19 1822 =EN22 1820 =EN20 1823 =EN23 1856 =JA85 =EN57 1236 =JA66 =AL41 1837 =JA242 =EN37 1122 = IM 91.16.78 =L122 823 =GCh23 =IA12206 804 =GCh4 1001 =IM 91.16.76 =L1 2519 =JA239 239 =IA11810

b h dm

by the hand of date in middle

4 Tishri, 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 20 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 28 Kislev 20

October 12, 361

nd no date 12 Ḥal(a)fat

de

[year 4?]

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Palaqos

[355/354?]

Ḥal(a)fat

Ab(i)yatha b h PN

——

[Ḥal(a)]fat

Abiam

wheat: 2 kors, x seahs, 3 qabs barley: 6 kors barley: 1 kor

June 7, 362

Zabdi

Baalghayr

from Makkedah: bale:

1

August 31, 362 November 18, 362 ——

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bale:

1

Zabdi

Baalghayr

grgrn: 14

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bale:

——

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bales:

September 2, 355

Nugayu

Baalghayr

jars: 5

October 8, 355

Othni

——

Abdi

——

Qanael

dm 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 27 Ab, 43 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 16 x, [43 Artaxerxes II]

de de de de de

chaff: 1 bale

female camels which are in Makkedah Yehoanah

de 20 Ab

resh: 3 seahs, 4 qabs

Ḥal(a)fat

nd —— (diagonal stroke) nd 13 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 10 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 30 Mar-van, [43 Artaxerxes II] de —— nd —— nd 29 Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III] beth de 6 Tishri, 4 [Artaxerxes III db 20 Ab

Al(i)qos

August 8, 359

db db

db date at beginning

Baalghayr bh Abdelbaali Baalghayr b h Amittai

Saadel gave (‫)יהב‬: 8 maahs = price of wine barley: 16 seahs, 4.5 qabs, brought in (‫ )הנעל‬from Makkedah:

1 2

Abdmilk chaff: 3 bales (‫)פחלצן‬ bundles (‫)משתלן‬: 1.5

Baal[ghay]r b h PN

oil: 2 seahs

June 16, 362

12 Baalghayr

Qoskahel

grinding of Iyyar and Sivan:

June 16, 362

12 Baalghayr

Samitu

of Iyyar and Sivan:

resh: 1 seah, 3 qabs resh: 1 seah

August 19, 12 1. Gar(a)pi 1. Abdel 362 2. Baalghayr 2. Qoskahel

resh: 1 kor, 4 qabs

February 28, 361

12 Baalghayr

Samitu

from ⟨the grinding⟩ of Nisan:

362/361

Baalghayr

——

wine: 8 seahs, 3 qabs

1 seah, 3.5 qabs

288

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) Table 12.  The Dossier of Ḥal(a)fat and Baalghayr (362–350 [A7.1–60 {61}])

s de 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60

son of date at end 206 =IA11787 2443 =JA155 1824 =EN24 817 =GCh17 =IA12200 271 =IA11733

b h dm

by the hand of date in middle

17 A[dar]/ Iyy[ar]/ E[lul] 29 Sivan, 6 Artaxerxes II] 25 26 ——

db

——

July 13, db 353  db —— dm ——

nd no date

db date at beginning

Baalghayr

——

wheat: 10[+?] seahs

Baalghayr

——

barley: 4 kors, 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs

1. Ḥanniel —— 2. Baalghayr —— Baalghayr ——

1. bundles: 12 2. bundles: 8 oil: 2 seahs

nd 25 Tammuz, 9

August 5, db 350

Qo[s. . .]

Qos[. . .] barley: 23 seahs, 4.5 qabs b h Ḥal(a)fat

289

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) “Scribe 12” — A7.1–4, 36, 51–54

See also A4.1, 3–5, 15; 8.2–3, 5–7, 9–12, 15; 9.2, 5–8, 13, 15 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 1–2, 4). cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 2 resh, s(eahs), 4; q(ab), 1. 3 On the 30th of Iyyar. 4 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫ר‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ 1 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ראש ס‬ ‫ לאיר‬30 ‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.1-ISAP1293 (AL108 [JA504 {B8 > Zd}]) May 25, 362 Payment of 4 seahs, 1 qab of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62×61×10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/8), few white and black grits. Possible traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef  ), variable left margin.

The first two chits record payments of grain by Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr, written by the same scribe within the space of a week (A7.1–2). Both are sealed with the same archaic alef, though this one lacked a signatory, and only the final lamed of the signatory is preserved in the next chit. This is one of some 25 chits for resh, mostly written by the same scribe, with year-date 43 at the bottom (April 27, 362–May 12, 361), usually followed by archaic alef. Two of these were written at the beginning of the month (1 and 9 Iyyar [April 27 and May 4, 362 {A63.2, 207.1}]). See A4.1 for date and grain; also Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–47*, 171*–72*. In Tishri, year 44, Ḥal(a)fat will make a payment of resh to Al(i)qos (A7.36) and then two such payments at the beginning and ending of year 45, again to Baalghayr (A7.3–4). ¶ Only once in the more than 40 chits for Ḥal(a)fat is his patronym, Sammuk, recorded (A7.25), whereas the name of Baalghayr’s father, Ḥori, appears in four chits (A7.3, 5–6, 15). It is unclear whether or not this is the same Ḥori as the clan head (A6.3–6). For the name Ḥal(a)fat, see A3.35; for Baalghayr, see A2.28. ¶ This is the third chit for resh in the month of Iyyar, year 43 (also A63.2, 207.1); for further discussion, see A3.2, 4.1. ¶ According to the Parker-Dubberstein conversion tables, Iyyar, year 43 has only 29 days; see further A4.7.

290

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Products Date Sealing Sign Signatory

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: semolina, 2[s(eah), 1]; q(abs), 4; flour, s(eah), 1, q(abs), 5. 3 On the 7th of Sivan. 4 (archaic alef   ) [. . .]l 1

‫ר נשיף‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬4 ‫[ ק‬1 ‫]ס‬ ‫ לסיון‬7 ‫ב‬ ‫[ל‬ ]#

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.2-ISAP1290 (AL109 [JA501]) June 1, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 5 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63×97×7), triangular, exterior light red (2.5YR6/6), interior and ware red (2.5YR5/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widens at center, narrow right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin (encasing alef   ), variable left margin.

This is the first of 37 chits for semolina+flour (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1). Another one for almost the same amount was drawn up on the same day, perhaps by the same scribe (A74.1). Ḥal(a)fat will pay Baalghayr semolina+flour twice more, both chits with archaic alef sealing sign and signatory (A7.5, 7 below). In all three chits, the amount of the two grains is about the same and is rather small. The name of the signatory here is illegible except for the last letter, lamed. It may have been Zabdiel, who is attested as signatory in some 10 chits for various grains from year 46 through year 4 (359/358–355/354), three of which were drawn up by Ḥal(a)fat, one for semolina+flour (as here) and one for wheat (A7.9, 19, 24).

291

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Iyyar, year 43+2 (= 45), Ḥal(a)fat brought to Baalghayr 3son of Ḥori from the grinding of Mšby 4of Natanbaal for (the) animals: resh, 5s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3. (archaic alef  ) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Recipients Product Sealing Sign Signatory

43+2 ‫ לאיר שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ ‫ר‬/‫היתי חלפת לבעלעיד‬ ‫משבִי‬ ִ ‫בר חורי מן טחון‬ ‫זי נתנבעל לחיון ראש‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬# 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A7.3-ISAP1801 (EN1) May 4, 360 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of resh

In the next eight chits (years 45, 46, 2, 4, and 6), the date will appear at the beginning (A7.3–10); in the following chit, it appears again at the end (A7.11) in a text that belongs with nine others written in a little over a month in year 6 for crushed/sifted grain (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 3:13–22). Some 25 chits stipulate that the grain being paid, which was usually but not exclusively resh, came from a certain grinding (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 4). Mostly, it is the grinding of a specific month or two (see A4.1 [Adar and Nisan] and 6.1 [Marcheshvan]) or “the later grinding,” as below (A7.6–7). Here, it is inexplicably “the grinding of Mšby of Natanbaal” and is intended for (the) animals (‫)חיון‬. More than half a year earlier, in the heat of summer (20 Tammuz), Ḥal(a)fat sent a bale of chaff for “the female camels (‫ )ינקתא‬that are in Makkedah” (A7.37), and almost a month later (3 Ab) Laadiel did the same (A10.40), though no human recipient was mentioned in either case. Both of these were sealed by an archaic alef, with Saadel as signatory. In our text, Yazidu’s name follows the archaic alef (cf. A4.11, 13–15). For the supplying of animal fodder, see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 143–45. In six chits in this dossier, the verb “brought” (‫ )היתי‬appears (here, A7.26, 30–32, 35). Three other verbs appear once each: “delivered” (‫)המטא‬, “gave” (‫)יהב‬, and “brought in” (‫( )הנעל‬A7.21, 38, 40). ¶ The final two strokes of the date are written supralinearly at the edge of line 1. For Baalghayr’s patronym, see A7.1 above.

292

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

On the 15th of Adar II 2year 45, Ḥal(a)fat 3 to Baalghayr: resh, s(eahs), 3. 4 (archaic alef ) 1

‫ לאדר אחרי‬15 ‫ב‬ ‫ חלפת‬45 ‫שנת‬ 3 ‫ר ראש ס‬/‫לבעלעיד‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.4-ISAP57 [Rockefeller Shod 7] April 7, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of resh

Ḥal(a)fat’s four chits for resh (A7.1, 3–4, 36) were each for small amounts, between 2.5 and 4.17 seahs. Though no signatory is recorded here, the ostracon itself has some traces above the sealing sign that may have been a signatory. Yazidu appears as signatory in four chits for resh written in years 45 and 46 (A4.7, 4.15, 7.3 [above], 9.13 [restored?]), and two written in year 44 (A3.2 [date at end] and 8.15). Another chit (A220.1; Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2:32) for resh was written a day after this one (16 Adar II [April 8, 359]). Like this one, it contained an archaic alef, but it is not certain that a signatory appeared.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

293

cm

CONVEX On the 22nd ` of Sivan, year 46, Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr son of Ḥori: 3 semolina s(eahs), 2; flour, s(eahs), 2; q(ab), 1. 4 (archaic alef ) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Products Sealing Sign Signatory

46 ‫ לסיון שנת‬22 ‫ב‬ ‫ר בר חורי‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ 1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קמח ס‬2 ‫נשיף ס‬ ‫ יז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.5-ISAP1803 (EN3) July 12, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs, 1 qab of flour

There are 10 chits for semolina+flour spanning almost a three-month period between Nisan and Tammuz, year 46 (May 14–August 8, 359), written by the same scribe, almost all with identical signatory (Yazidu) and similar sealing sign (A4.11, 13–14, here, 7.7, 9.10–11, 37.8 [no sign and signatory?], and 51.3 [signatory restored?], 56.1; cf. 94.1 [flour only] and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:3–12). Four of these chits were written on the same day, two for one seah each (A9.10; 51.3 [Porten-Yardeni 2009: fig. 2b]), this one for 2 seahs, and a fourth for slightly more than 20 seahs (A37.8). For more on semolina+flour, see A4.2. Baalghayr’s patronym (cf. A7.1 for commentary) appears once above (A7.3) and twice below (A7.6, 15).

294

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz, year 46, Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr son of Ḥori from 3the later grinding, crushed/sifted grain, 4s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 3,

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product

46 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫ר בר חורי מן‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ ‫רקיד‬/‫טחונא אחריא דקיר‬ 3‫ק‬3‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.6-ISAP1804 (EN4) July 25, 359 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of crushed/sifted grain from the later grinding

There are probably five chits dated to Tammuz, year 46 for the later grinding (‫)טחונא אחריא‬, one or two for crushed/sifted grain (here and A8.20 [month and year date restored]; see A1.1 for discussion), one for resh (A9.13), and two for semolina+flour (A4.14, and 7.7 below); see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 151*, Table 4. A sixth fragmentary chit also contains the phrase (A300.4.18). A second payment of crushed/sifted grain in this dossier occurs six years later, also in the summer (A7.11). See A7.1 for commentary on Baalghayr’s patronym.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

295

cm

CONVEX On the 19th of Tammuz, year 43+3 (= 46), Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: from the 3later 2grinding, 3 semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; 4flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2. (archaic alef ) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product Sealing Sign Signatory

43+3 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬19 ‫ב‬ ‫ר מן טחונא‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫אחריא נשיף ס‬ 2 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫קמח ִס‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.7-ISAP1805 (EN5) August 7, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour from the later grinding

For “the later grinding,” see the previous chit (A7.6), and for a slightly larger payment of semolina+flour just three weeks earlier, see above (A7.5). Both chits were signed off by Yazidu with the same sealing sign. Apparently also on this same day, Abdṣidq paid Samitu crushed/sifted grain from the later [grinding], the chit being written by the same scribe (A8.20), endorsed by Yazidu, though apparently without the sealing sign. ¶ The last three digits of the date are written supralinearly at the end of line 1.

296

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Sivan, [yea]r 2, Ḥal(a)fat from Makkedah to Baalghayr: 3 b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 26; q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Payee Product

2 ‫ לסיון [שנ]ת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ר‬/‫ חלפת מן מנקדה לבעלעיד‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬26 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ שכ‬.3

A7.8-ISAP1809 (EN9) June 1, 357 Payment of 1 kor, 26 seahs, 5 qabs of barley

There are some 20 chits with the designation “from Makkedah,” of which five are in our dossier (PortenYardeni 2007a: 146–51; Table 2.3 here). Three of these, including the one here, are elliptical (A7.28, 42), but two supply a verb, indicating that Makkedah is not the origin of the payer but the source of the product: “Ḥal(a)fat delivered (‫ )המטא‬from Makkedah semolina . . . flour” (A7.21) and “Ḥal(a)fat brought in (‫)הנעל‬ from Makkedah to Ab(i)yatha . . . wheat . . . barley” (A7.40).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

297

cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Tammuz, year 4, Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghay[r]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 15. Zabdie[l].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Signatory

4 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ר‬/‫ חלפת לבעלעיד‬.2 [‫א[ל‬/‫ זבדי‬15 ‫ שס‬.3

A7.9-ISAP1814 (EN14) July 27, 355 Payment of 15 seahs of barley

The payment of barley in this chit is about one-quarter the amount of that in the previous chit drawn up some two years earlier. The letter traces at the end of line 3 on the published photo are unclear and may yield the signatory Zabdie[l]. He otherwise appears between year 46 and year 4 (here and A7.19, 24, and possibly A7.2 above).

298

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

On the 3rd of Ab, 2year 6, 3 Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 4 jars, 2. 5 (archaic alef ) 1

‫לא ִב‬ ִ 3‫ב‬ 6 ‫שנת‬ ‫ר‬/‫חלפת לבעלעיד‬ 2 ‫חביה‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A7.10-ISAP1292 (AL46 [JA503 {B7 > Zd}]) August 14, 353 Payment of 2 jars Rim of Iron Age jug, medium-sized (43×54×7), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior, and rim brown (7.5YR5/2), coarse ware, many white grits. Eroded. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheelmarks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin (encasing alef ), variable left margin.

Of the 11 fully dated chits by Ḥal(a)fat for Baalghayr, this is the only one not for grain. One dated only by month and day is for bales of chaff (A7.12); two undated are for bales and a load of wood (A7.13, 15). For jars, see A1.13.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

299

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 2 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 2. On the 9th 3of Ab, year 6. (marks?) 1

‫ר‬/‫ חלפת לבעלעיד‬.1 9 ‫ ב‬2 ‫רקד ס‬/‫ דקר‬.2 6 ‫ לאב שנת‬.3

A7.11-ISAP1013 (L13 [IM91.16.17]) August 20, 353 Payment of 2 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd, possibly of jar (62×87×5), exterior light brown, interior pink. Ostracon probably complete. Poorly preserved writing on convex surface, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

This chit marks the limit of fully dated texts by Ḥal(a)fat for Baalghayr, spanning slightly more than nine years. It is one of 10 or 11 chits for crushed/sifted grain written in a little more than five summer weeks in year 6 (July 29-September 8, 353), mostly by the same scribe (here, A8.33, 11.5, 24.1, 27.4, 35.2, 39.5, 79.1, 93.1, 143.1; cf. A39.4 for a possible eleventh). Only this and one other (A79.1) name a payee. All the amounts are small, as low as 4 qabs and no higher than 3.5 seahs (A93.1 and A11.5, respectively). See Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 3:13–22. A second chit for crushed/sifted grain in this dossier appears above (A7.6; see A1.1 for discussion).

300

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Date Payer Payee Product

On the 2nd ◦[(Erased?:)] (vacat) 1 On the 4th of Tammuz, Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 2 chaff, bales, 4. 0

(Erased?) [ ] ‫ ב‬.0 ‫ר‬/‫ לתמוז חלפת לבעלעיד‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ תבן פחלצן‬.2

A7.12-ISAP59 [Rockefeller Shod 9] 4 Tammuz Payment of 4 bales of chaff

Five out of 13 dated chits for chaff were written in Tammuz, of which three are in this dossier (also A7.31, 37; see further A8.24–26 [undated]; A300.1.8 [fragmentary]; A1.44 for discussion of product).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

301

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 2 bales, 2.

‫ר‬/‫ חלפת לבעלעיד‬.1 2 ‫ פחלצן‬.2

1

A7.13-ISAP1818 (EN18) Undated Payment of 2 bales

Ḥal(a)fat wrote two chits for bales to be paid to Baalghayr (here and above); Zabdi wrote four (A7.42– 43, 45–46), two undated (A7.45–46) and two dated at the end—that is, probably in year 43 (on 13 Sivan from Makkedah [June 7, 362 {A7.42}] and 10 Elul [August 31, 362 {A7.43}]); and Othni wrote one (A7.48) on 6 Tishri, year 4 (October 8, 355). In the next chit, Zabdi is agent. We may assume that these bales contained chaff, like the chit above (A7.12).

302

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 26th of[ x (month) . . .] Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 16; q(ab), 1. 4 [by the hand] of   Zabdi.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Agent

[ ] 26 ‫ב‬ ‫ר‬/‫פת לבעלעיד‬ ִ ‫ִח ִל‬ 1 ‫ ִק‬16 ‫ִח ִס‬ ‫]עלי]ד זבדי‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.14-ISAP1366 (AL191 [M67]) 26 x Payment of 16 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar (55×57×11.5), exterior pinkish-gray, interior light brown. Writing quite erased. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

Like the ten chits above for grain (A7.1–9, 11), this one is also dated, but the month and perhaps the year are illegible. ¶ This is the only chit by Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr with an agent.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

303

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr 2son of Ḥori: wood, load, 1. 1

‫ר‬/‫ חלפת לבעלעיד‬.1 1 ‫ בר חורי ִעקן מובל‬.2

A7.15-ISAP1825 (EN25) Undated Payment of 1 load of wood

This is one of only four chits that record Baalghayr’s patronym, Ḥori (see above A7.3, 5–6; cf. A7.1 for commentary). Of eight texts for wood, six record the measure as a “load” (‫)מובל‬, between 1 and 3 (here, A158.1 [which has three payers], 49.2, 134.1, 169.1; ISAP895 [payment order]). Only here is the word “wood” written with an ayin, not an alef (Notarius 2006).

304

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr: 2 bq[. . .]

[?] ‫ר‬/‫ חלפת לבעלעיד‬.1 [?]..‫ ִב ִק‬.2 ? .3

1

A7.16-ISAP1821 (EN21) Undated Payment unknown

This is the only one of 16 chits by Ḥal(a)fat for Baalghayr wherein the product is illegible.

305

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign (?)

Ḥal(a)fat: pegs (nails), 250. On the 15th of 3Adar II. 4 Saadel. (illegible mark) 1

‫חלפת מסמרן‬ 15 ‫ ב‬50 ‫לאדר אחרי‬ . ‫שעדאל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.17-ISAP1828 (EN28) March 30, 361 Payment of 50 pegs (nails)

Dates at the end belong to year 43 (362/361), which, indeed, was a leap year, with a second Adar (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*). ¶ Saadel appears four times in our commodity chits as signatory in the space of 31⁄2 years, thrice at the end of the reign of Artaxerxes II (here [March 30, 361], A7.37 [20 Tammuz, 46 {August 8, 359}], A10.40 [3 Ab, 46 {August 21, 359}]), and once at the beginning of the reign of Artaxerxes III (A7.18 below [4 Elul, 1 {September 10, 358}]). ¶ There are three chits for pegs, each formulated differently (see A2.17, 9.25).

306

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Elul, year 1, Ḥal(a)fat: semolina, q(abs), 5; q(uarters), 3; 3flour, s(eahs), 2, q(abs), 2. 4 Saadel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products Signatory

1 ‫ לאלול שנת‬4 ‫ב‬ 3 ‫ ר‬5 ‫חלפת נשיף ִק‬ 2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫קמח ס‬ ‫ שעדאל‬.

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.18-ISAP1806 (EN6) September 10, 358 Payment of 5.75 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour

There are four payments of semolina+flour in Elul, year 1: two by Ḥal(a)fat (here and A7.19 below [a week apart]), one by Zubaydu, and one by an unknown person (A12.4, 300.1.13). The two by Ḥal(a)fat are signed off by Saadel and Zabdiel, respectively. Two further payments of this pair by Ḥal(a)fat are undated (A7.21–22). ¶ Unlike the three payments made by Ḥal(a)fat to Baalghayr in year 43 and 46, where the quantities of semolina and flour were virtually identical (A7.2, 5, 7), here the semolina is (much) less than the flour. Ḥal(a)fat is not to be found at all among the 15 payers of semolina+flour in Kislev, year 3 (December 13–17, 356); see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:19–33. For more on semolina+flour, see A4.2.

307

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Elul, year 1, Ḥal(a)fat: semolina, q(abs), 5; 3flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2. 4 Zabdiel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products Signatory

1 ‫ לאלול שנת‬11 ‫ב‬ 5 ‫חלפת נשיף ק‬ 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫קמח ס‬ ‫זבדאל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.19-ISAP1807 (EN7) September 17, 358 Payment of 5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour See commentary to above chit (A7.18). ¶ Zabdiel appears as signatory with sealing sign in a chit for crushed/sifted grain in year 46 (A1.1 [359/58]), in six chits without sealing sign for wheat and barley in years 1 and 2 (358/57–357/56 [A7.24, 14.2, 37.1, 45.4, 52.1, 119.1]), and once or twice more in our dossier (A7.2 above [possible restoration], 7.9, and 7.24 below).

308

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Elul, year 1, Ḥal(a)fat: w(heat), s(eahs), 4; 3q(abs), 3; h(alf), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1 ‫ לאלול שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ ִח ִל ִפ ִת ִחס‬.2 1 ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ק‬.3

A7.20-ISAP1808 (EN8 [JA1]) September 29, 358 Payment of 4 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of closed vessel ( jug?), probably of Persian period, medium-sized (54×68×4–5), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), ware gray (5YR 5/1), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lamed  ), wide right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Of the 16 chits Ḥal(a)fat wrote for Baalghayr, only one was for wheat (A7.14) and two for barley (A7.8–9). In the 19 anonymous chits (A7.17–35), there are four for wheat (here, A7.23–24, 28), three for wheat and barley together (A7.26–27, 32), one for barley alone (A7.30), and one, with Zubaydu, for wheat and chaff (A7.31). ¶ This is the third chit by Ḥal(a)fat in Elul for grain (see A7.18–19).

309

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Elul, year 1, Ḥal(a)fat son of Sammuk: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 9; 4q(abs), 1 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1 ‫ לאלול שנת‬25 ‫ב‬ ‫חלפת בר סמוך‬ 9 ‫חס‬ ‫ף‬1‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.20a-ISAP578 [IM2009.26.29 {Barag}] October 1, 358 Payment of 9 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat

This chit was acquired in 2009 and came to our attention only recently (October, 2012). It was written two days after the chit above by the same scribe for slightly more than twice the amount.

310

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fat delivered from Makkedah semolina, 3s(eahs), 2[+ . . .]; 4flour[. . .].

Payer

1

Source

2

Products

‫המטא חלפת‬ ‫ִק ִד ִה נשיף‬ ִ ‫מן ִמנ‬ [ ]2‫ס‬ [ ]‫קמ ִח‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.21-ISAP1826 (EN26) Undated Payment of 2(+?) seahs of semolina and x measures of flour

Only here do we find the haphel verb ‫“( המטא‬delivered”). We find the aphel of the root ‫ מטי‬with this meaning in a second-century c.e. Bar Kochba letter (P. Yadin 57:4). ¶ One Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr chit records the source as Makkedah, and only one other chit in the anonymous group records the site, each for a different grain: barley (A7.8), semolina+flour (here), and wheat (A7.28). Reference to Makkedah also occurs in A7.37, 40, 42.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

311

cm

CONVEX Payer Products

Ḥal(a)fat: semolina, q(ab), 1 (and) a h(alf); 2f(lour), q(abs), 2. 1

‫ ף‬1 ‫ חלפת נשיף ק‬.1 2 ‫ קמח ק‬.2

A7.22-ISAP1830 (EN30) Undated Payment of 1.5 qabs of semolina and 2 qabs of flour

Of the 18 chits for semolina+flour in the years 43 and 46 Artaxerxes II and year 1 Artaxerxes III, only this and the preceding chit were undated (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:17–18). Among the 19 Ḥal(a)fatanonymous payee chits, six were undated (also A7.21, 27, 33–35). For more on semolina+flour, see A7.2 above and A4.2.

312

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Ḥal(a)fat: w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3. 2 On the 22nd of Sivan, year 2. 1

3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ חלפת חס‬.1 2 ‫ לסיון שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.2

A7.23-ISAP1812 (EN12) June 19, 357 Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

Written two months apart for wheat (see A7.20 above), this and the following chit differ in two features: in this chit, the date is at the end, and in A7.24, it is at the beginning; and the following chit has a signatory, whereas this chit does not.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

313

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Ab, year 2, Ḥal(a)fat: b(arley), s(eahs), 6 (and) half a qab. 3 Zabdiel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

2 ‫ לאב שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ פלג ִק ִב‬6 ‫ חלפת שס‬.2 ‫זבדאל‬ .3

A7.24-ISAP1810 (EN10) August 19, 357 Payment of 6 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat

This chit is witness to the supervision of the recording process. Two corrections were made: (1) the ḥet for ‫“( חנטיא‬wheat”) was overwritten by a šin for ‫“( שערן‬barley”). (2) After the six numerals for seah, the scribe had written a still visible qof for ‫“( קב‬qab”) but overwrote it with the letter pe and continued writing ‫קב‬ ‫“( פלג‬half a qab”). The amount was not 1 qab but a half qab. In either case, the amount here was almost three times that paid two months earlier (A7.23; cf. A7.20). ¶ For Zabdiel, see above, A7.19.

314

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 25th of Adar II 2year 2, Ḥal(a)fat son of Sammuk: 3 oil, q(abs), 2; q(uarters), 2; e(ighth), 1. 1

‫ לאדר אחרי‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ חלפת בר סמוך‬2 ‫ שנת‬.2 1 ‫ ת‬2 ‫ ר‬2 ‫ משח ק‬.3

A7.25-ISAP1811 (EN11) April 14, 356 Payment of 2.625 qabs of oil

Year 2 of Artaxerxes III was in fact a leap year, and 25 Adar II fell well into the beginning of spring.¶ This is the only text that records Ḥal(a)fat’s father. Sammuk is a hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫בעלסמך‬ (“Baalsamak” [Baal supported]), which occurred seven times in our corpus (A33.3, 6, 7, A58.2; ISAP1603, 1955). ¶ The smallest amount of measured oil was one-eighth (A7.29 below; ‫“[ תומנה = ת‬eighth”]). Often, the scribe had to measure an amount of oil down to a quarter of a qab, whether 1 (A2.40), 2 (A90.2), or 3 (A64.3) quarters. Here, the measurement is down to an eighth, and the scribe wrote 2 q(uarters) instead of half a qab (as in A7.33 below; see also A1.5).

315

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products

On the 16th of Tammuz, year 4 2Artaxerxes the king, Ḥal(a)fat 2brought 3 b(arley), kor, 1; s(eahs), 12; q(abs), 4; 4w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 4. 1 3

4 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬16 ‫ב‬ ‫ארתחשסש מלכא היתי‬ 4 ‫ ק‬12 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חלפת שכר‬ 4 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ ס‬1 ‫חכ‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.26-ISAP1813 (EN13 [BLMJ3168]) July 21, 355 Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley and 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, roughly rectangular (pentagonal), medium-sized (44×69×5), exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), composed of two fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks..

Only one other text in our corpus mentions Artaxerxes III in the date formula (A146.1). The product+measure are written as one word, with barley abbreviated (‫“[ שכר‬b{arley}, kor”]). The scribe had originally written “13 seahs” but wrote two thick strokes over the three strokes and added 4 qabs, yielding 12 seahs, 4 qabs—that is, 2 qabs less than the original 13 seahs. The amounts are rather large, there being seven more seahs of barley than wheat. For a similar difference, see A7.32, and for an even greater difference, A7.27. For the verb of conveyance, see A7.3.

316

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Products Signatory

Ḥal(a)fat: (b)arley, k(ors), 3; s(eahs), 2; w(heat), s(eahs), 2. 2 Qosyatha. 1

2 ‫ חס‬2 ‫ ס‬3 ‫ חלפת ִש ִכ‬.1 ‫קוסיתע‬ ִ .2

A7.27-ISAP1829 (EN29) Undated Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs of barley and 2 seahs of wheat

Qosyatha was a popular name, appearing thrice as payer among the sons of Baalrim (A1.3, 11, 30) and elsewhere (see A55). Five or six times, the name appears as signatory, three or four of which have the expression ‫“( קוסיתע כתב‬Qosyatha wrote”), as if he were the scribe (A4.32, 8.27, maybe A7.28 below; A19.5) and two of which have just the name as signatory (here, A59.3). ¶ The amount of wheat is minute compared to the large amount of barley. Were we to restore Qosyatha in the next chit, we might date this chit to year 4. There, he pays 12(+?) seahs of wheat.

317

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Shebat, year 4, Ḥal(a)fat from Makkedah: w(heat), seahs, twel(ve); qab, 1. 3 Qos[yatha wrote].

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Signatory

4 ‫ לשבט שנת‬4 ‫ב‬ ‫מקד ִה‬ ִ ‫חלפת מן‬ ‫קב‬ 10 ‫חסאן תרי‬ 1 … …‫קוס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.28-ISAP1815 (EN15) February 1, 354 Payment of 12 seahs, 1 qab of wheat

This chit has not been located and so was not hand-copied at the source. It is thus not possible to verify the restoration at the end. But comparing the first three letters of the name with those in the name in the chit above (A7.27) according to the published photographs (EN15 with EN29) shows a remarkable resemblance. Moreover, this chit contains a diagnostic feature found in three other Qosyatha chits, two ending with ‫כתב‬, indicating that it belongs to the same scribal tradition. This feature is a partially unabbreviated spelling of the commodity and measure (A8.27, 19.5, 59.3). Instead of the abbreviation ‫ חס‬for “w(heat) s(eahs)” we have ‫חסאן‬, “w(heat) seahs.” The numeral “1” is written sublinearly, beneath the bet. Peculiarly, the number 12 is written in mixed script: the word ‫ תרי‬for “two,” followed by the numeral for “10.” Qab (‫ )קב‬is written out plena and not abbreviated. ¶ On 4 Sivan, year 2, Ḥal(a)fat sent Baalghayr barley from Makkedah (A7.8; see also A7.21, 40, 42). Makkedah is written here without the nun—‫מקדה‬.

318

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 25th of Shebat, 2year 4, Ḥal(a)fat: 3 oil, e(igth), 1. 1

‫ לשבט‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ חלפת‬4 ‫ שנת‬.2 1 ‫ משח ת‬.3

A7.29-ISAP1817 (EN17) February 22, 354 Payment of 0.125 (qabs of) oil

This chit was written three weeks after the previous one and is just about the latest chit in the dossier (but see A7.60). An eigth of a qab of oil is also the smallest recorded amount (see A1.5 and A7.25 above).

319

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Date Product Signatory Sign?

Ḥal(a)fat brought on the 15th 2of Sivan b(arley), kors, 2; s(eahs), 4. 3 Zaydu/Ziyadu. (illegible sign) 1

15 ‫היתי חלפת ב‬ 4 ‫ ס‬2 ‫לסיון ש כרן‬ ‫זידו‬ ?

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.30-ISAP1833 (EN33) 15 Sivan Payment of 2 kors, 4 seahs of barley

Here, too (as above in A7.28 and below in 7.31; cf. A7.26), we have partially unabbreviated spelling: ‫כרן‬ ‫ש‬, “b(arley), kors,” as well as a signatory, Zaydu/Ziyadu, a person not found elsewhere in this capacity. ¶ For the name Zaydu/Ziyadu, see A1.10 and A28. This and the following two chits have only a day and month date, and all three include the verb “brought” (‫[ היתי‬see A7.3]). Uniquely, here the date does not come at the beginning of the text but after the sentence “Ḥal(a)fat brought.”

320

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 3rd of Tammuz, Ḥal(a)fat 1brought 2 the wheat, 3w(heat), kors, 4; s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2. 4 Zubaydu: cha[ff . . .].

Date

1

Payer 1

2

Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2

‫ לתמוז היתי‬3 ‫ב‬ ‫חלפת חנטיא‬ 2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ ס‬4 ‫ח כרן‬ [ ‫ִביִדו ִתב[ן‬ ִ‫ז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.31-ISAP1835 (EN35) 3 Tammuz Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; and chaff

Here, uniquely, we find a kind of duplication. First, a statement that Ḥal(a)fat brought “the wheat” (‫)חנטיא‬, the only time this word appears spelled out in our corpus, and then the usual notation, albeit in partially unabbreviated spelling, “w(heat) kors” (‫)ח כרן‬. In line 4, a second name appears, Zubaydu (see A12), followed by the commodity “chaff ” (see A7.12 above). Unfortunately, the ostracon breaks off at this point. Only two other chits in this dossier have two payers (A7.53, 58). ¶ For date and the verb “brought,” see above, A7.30.

321

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products

On the 4th of Ab, Ḥal(a)fat brought 2 w(heat), [s(eahs)], 20; and b(arley), s(eahs), 29; 3q(abs), 5. 1

‫ לאב היתי חלפת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 29 ‫ ושס‬20 ]‫ ח[ס‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬.3

A7.32-ISAP1831 (EN31) 4 Ab Payment of 20 [seahs] of wheat and 29 seahs, 5 qabs of barley

For date and the verb “brought,” see above, A7.30. As in the two chits above, where barley is paid along with wheat, in Tammuz and in an undated payment (A7.26–27), so here, too, in Ab, it out-measures wheat.

322

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ḥal(a)fat: oil, s(eah), 1; 2q(ab), 1; half a qab. 1

1 ‫ חלפת משח ס‬.1 ‫ פלג קב‬1 ‫ ק‬.2

A7.33-ISAP1832 (EN32) Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of oil

Two earlier payments of oil were made by Ḥal(a)fat to unnamed persons, both dated and both for amounts much smaller than here (A7.25, 29). The scribe originally wrote // ‫“( ק‬2 qabs”), immediately erased the numeral “2,” wrote a single stroke for “1,” and then added, in words, ‫“( פלג קב‬half a qab”). In a fragmentary chit below, Baalghayr pays out 2 seahs of oil (A7.59).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

323

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ḥal(a)fat: hide[. . .]

[ ]‫גלד‬ ִ ‫ חלפת‬.1

1

A7.34-1316 (AL321 [M16]) Undated Payment of a hide Body sherd of jar, small (60×48×5), exterior and interior gray brown. Written lines approximately parallel to wheelmarks [AL].

For the word “hide” (‫)גלד‬, see A2.16. In Babylonian Aramaic, a ‫ גילדאה‬is a leather-worker (Sokoloff 2002: 280). The left edge of the ostracon is cut off at the end of the word ‫גלד‬.

324

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fat brought . . .

Payer

1

Product

2

[?] ‫ היתי חלפת‬.1 [ ]... ‫ ג‬.2

A7.35-1827 (EN27) Undated Payment unknown

The word at the beginning of line 2, presumably the product, is illegible. The verb “brought” occurs in six chits in this dossier (see also A7.3, 26, 30–32).

325

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Tishri, year 44, Ḥal(a)fat to Al(i)qos: resh, 3s(eahs), 3; q(abs), [1+]2[+1]. 4 (archaic alef )

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Sealing Sign

44 ‫לתשרי שנת‬4 ‫ב‬ ‫לקו ִס ראש‬ ִ ‫לע‬ ִ ‫חלפת‬ [1+]2[+1] ‫ ק‬3 ‫ס‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.36-ISAP41 (GB?) October 12, 361 Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh

Here begins the first of six chits drawn up by Ḥal(a)fat for parties other than Baalghayr (A7.36–41). This is the first of a series of 11 chits for resh for years 44–46 and year 1, written by the same scribe and most with a sealing sign and a signatory (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2:26–36). Two are made out in year 45 to Baalghayr (A7.3–4 above). ¶ For the name Al(i)qos, see A3.17 and A14.

326

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Tammuz, year 46, Ḥal(a)fat for the female camels which are 3in Makkedah: chaff, bale, 1. 4 Saa[de]l. (archaic alef  )

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Origin Product Signatory Sealing Sign

46 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫ִקתא זי‬ ִ ‫חלפת לינ‬ 1 ִ‫במנקדה ִת ִבןִ ִפ ִח ִלץ‬ # ‫שע[דא]ל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.37-ISAP1802 (EN2) August 8, 359 Payment of 1 bale of chaff

As the grazing land dries up in the heat of summer, camels need food prepared by humans; also A10.40 (see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 143–45, for readings different from those in EN). A payment order from Maresha (Eshel 2010: No. 12) authorizes the allocation of one ‫( א‬possibly ardab) of wheat to each of five camelriders (‫)רכבי ינקתא‬. Known as qalūṣ in Arabic, the young female camel was long-legged, swift (cf. Jer 2:23) and good for short distances (oral conversation with Yitsḥaq Ḥasson). ¶ For chaff, see A7.12 above. ¶ Makkedah appears five times in this dossier (A7.8, 21, here, 40, 42). ¶ Twice in chits for animals, Saadel appears as signatory, alongside a sealing sign, among 21 such chits primarily for grain in the 21⁄4 year period between May 10, 361 and August 21, 359 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 7).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

327

cm

CONVEX On the 28th of Kislev, Ḥal(a)fat gave to Yehoanah 3 price of the wine, maahs, 6+2 (= 8).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Price

‫ לכסלו‬28 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ יהב חלפת ליהוענה‬.2

8 ‫ דמי חמרא מ‬.3

A7.38-ISAP1816 (EN16) 28 Kislev Payment of 8 maahs as the price of wine

Since Hebrew names are virtually absent from the Idumean onomasticon, Ephʾal-Naveh (apud EN16) suggested that Yehoanah (‫“[ יהוענה‬YHW answered”]) was a non-resident wine-merchant. There is explicit evidence for local vineyards: one memorandum reads, “1 s(eah) of wine from the wine of the vineyard of Baaladar/ider” (ISAP1395; cf. 1407). Nonetheless, wine occurs in only 10 to 15 documents in the Idumean corpus, only five of which have a year-date that is explicit or inferred (16 x, [year 43 = 362/361 {A7.55 below}]; Tishri, year 20 = October, 339 [A300.1.44]); and year 3 of Philip = March 14 and 26, 320 (A5.18– 19; cf. A142.2 with 176.1; but cf. A5.7 and 47.1). An ostracon from Maresha records “scented wine, year 7” (\ /// /// ‫ ;)חמר בסם שנת‬Eshel 2010: 40 (sic!). ¶ Abbreviated simply as mem, the maah occurs in some 20 texts in the Idumean corpus, but only four have year-dates, all late: Marcheshvan, year 21 (October/November, 338 [A20.8, 151.2]); 29 Nisan, year 1 (=?17 April, 337 [A49.1]); year 2 (= 336/335? [A300.1.17]). In Egyptian Aramaic documents, the maah first appears in Ptolemaic times; it was worth 1⁄12 shekel (PortenLund 2002: 224). ¶ The root ‫“( יהב‬gave”) was used primarily in the imperative (‫ )הב‬in payment orders dated at the end (ISAP864, 895, 907, 910, 933, 1772) and rarely in recording the transfer of commodities (e.g., A16.5, 45), but it was most suitable for recording the payment of money, as at Elephantine (e.g., TAD B3.1:3, 3.2:3, 3.13:8, 5.5:3, etc.). ¶ Eight maahs would be a rather small price for a “donkey,” so “wine” is a more suitable translation for the word ‫חמר‬, which can be rendered either way.

328

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Ḥal(a)fat: b(arley), s(eahs), 16; q(abs), 4 (and) a h(alf). 2 On the 20th to Palaqos. 1

‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬16 ‫ חלפת שס‬.1 ‫ לפלקוס‬20 ‫ ב‬.2

A7.39-ISAP1288 (AL202 [JA499 {B3 > Zd}]) 20 x Payment of 16 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×104×5), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light brownish-gray (2.5Y6/2), medium amount of white grits. Composed of 5 fragments, 2 fresh exterior breaks, patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

When first examined by Lemaire, this chit was intact, as evident on his photo (AL Pl. 35) and in our hand-copy. ¶ See A6.18 for the other chits mentioning barley to be given “on the 20th to Palaqos.” This no doubt meant “on the 20th of each month.”

329

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Payee Agent Products

Ḥal(a)fat brought in from Makkedah 2 to Ab(i)yatha by the hand of . . .: 3 w(heat), kors, 2; s(eahs), [. . .]; q(abs), 3; 4barley, kors, 6. 1

‫הנעל חלפת מן מנקדה‬ [ ]. ‫ ִנ‬.‫לאביתע עליד א‬ 3 ‫ ס [ ] ק‬2 ‫ח כרן‬ 6 ‫שערן כרן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.40-ISAP1834 (EN34) Undated (Perhaps 355/354) Payment of 2 kors, x seahs, 3 qabs of wheat and 6 kors of barley

Interestingly, this is the only one of 25 chits with the word ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”) that is undated. Certain features point to a year 4 date: a chit with partially unabbreviated spelling and shipment from Makkedah (A7.28 above) was dated to 4 Shebat, year 4 Artaxerxes III (February 1, 354), and a similarly written chit for both barley and wheat (A7.26 above) was written on 16 Tammuz, year 4 Artaxerxes III (July 21, 355). Three of five chits for Ab(i)yatha as payee support such a date, because they were written only two years later in Ab and Marcheshvan of year 6—that is, year 353 (A 96.1, 224.1, 572 [Porten-Yardeni 2009: 150*–*51; Table 5:3–4]). ¶ The verbal element in the name (‫[ יתע‬Hebrew ‫“{ ישע‬save”}]) appears also in Qosyatha (A1.3 and A55) and Amm(i)yatha (A116), and there are a few chits where Ab(i)yatha serves as payer (A92). ¶ Here, too, the amount of barley is more than that of wheat, almost three times more (see A7.26–27, 32). The amount of seahs in line 3 has been effaced, but the blank space implies as much as “9.” This is one of only six chits in this dossier with an agent (also A7.14, 48–50, 60), but the name is too effaced to decipher. ¶ A diagonal line, beginning in the margin and extending to under the first letter, separates line 3 from line 4, which mentions barley. ¶ Strangely, at the beginning of line 2, the scribe originaly wrote a mem and then overlaid it with a lamed for “to (Ab{i}yatha).” He had already written “from (in) Makkedah” at the end of line 1 (see also A7.8, 21, 37, 42 ).

330

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee Mark/Sign

[Ḥal]fat: b(arley), k(or), 1 (?) to Ab(i)am. 2 (diagonal stroke)

‫לא ִב ִע ִם‬ ִ ]?[ 1 ‫]חל]פת ש כ‬ ִ .1 \ .2

1

A7.41-ISAP1291 (AL294 [JA502 {B6 >}]) Undated Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63×65×5), roughly rhomboid, exterior pinkish-gray (5YR6/2), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The readings in this one-line ostracon are most problematic. Only two letters, taw and probably pe, are preserved from the first name, to which we restore ‫חל‬, yielding ‫הלפת‬, Ḥal(a)fat. The second letter of the payee is uncertain; we restore bet. With two theophorous elements (‫ אב‬and ‫)עם‬, the resulting name, Ab(i)am is otherwise unattested. ¶ The diagonal stroke is inexplicable. This is the last chit with Ḥal(a)fat as payer.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

331

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date

Zabdi to Baalghayr from 2Makkedah: bale, 1. 3 On the 13th of Si[van].

‫ר מן‬/‫ זבדי לבעלעיד‬.1 1 ‫ מנקדה פחלץ‬.2 [‫ לס[יון‬13 ‫ ב‬.3

1

A7.42-ISAP1838 (EN38) June 7, 362 Payment of 1 bale

A partially dated text for wheat written by Ḥal(a)fat for Baalghayr has Zabdi as agent (A7.14). Here and in the next four documents, Zabdi himself (A15) is the payer (A7.42–46). Four of these five documents are for bales, no doubt of chaff (as A7.12, 37 and 48). With date at the bottom, the three dated texts, written almost 51⁄2 months apart, may be assigned to year 43 (see A7.1 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*). Of the nearly 50 chits for ‫פחלץ‬, only one other lists Makkedah as source (see discussion in A3.3). On the other hand, there are two chits, one here by Ḥal(a)fat (A7.37), where bales of chaff are sent “to the female camels which are in Makkedah” (also A10.40).

332

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Zabdi to Baalghayr: 2 bale, 1. On the 10th of Elul.

‫ר‬/‫ זבדי לבעלעיד‬.1 ‫ לאלול‬10 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ פחלץ‬.2

1

A7.43-ISAP1819 (EN19) August 31, 362 Payment of 1 bale

Like the above chit for 1 bale by Zabdi for Baalghayr (A7.42), this one may have been written by the same scribe.

333

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Zabdi to Baalghayr: grgrn, 214. On the 30th of Marcheshvan. 1

‫ר גרגרן‬/‫ זבדי לבעלעיד‬.1 ‫ למרחשון‬30 ‫ ב‬14 .2

A7.44-ISAP1822 (EN22) November 18, 362 Payment of 14 grgrn

For grgrn. see A1.28. The other four chits by Zabdi for Baalghayr send bales.

334

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Zabdi to Baalghayr: bale, 1.

1 ‫ר פחלץ‬/‫ זבדי לבעלעיד‬.1

1

A7.45-ISAP1820 (EN20) Undated Payment of 1 bale

More than half of the chits for ‫ פחלץ‬were undated, like this one. See A7.42 above for discussion.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

335

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Zabdi to Baalghayr: 2 bales, 2.

‫ר‬/‫ זבדי לבעלעיד‬.1 2 ‫ פחלצן‬.2

1

A7.46-ISAP1823 (EN23) Undated Payment of 2 bales

The other three chits for ‫ פחלצן‬send only 1 bale, but here Zabdi transacts 2. See A7.42 above for discussion.

336

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign

Nugayu to Baalghayr: 2 jars, five. 3 On the 29th of Ab, 4year 4. Abdmilk 5 b 1

‫ר‬/‫נגיאו לבעלעיד‬ ‫חביה חמש‬ ‫ לאב‬29 ‫⟩ל⟨ב‬ ‫ עבדמלך‬4 ‫שנת‬ ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A7.47-ISAP1856 (EN57 [JA85]) September 2, 355 Payment of 5 jars Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (40×74×7–9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pale red (10R6/4), interior and ware gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

In years 4 and 6, Ḥal(a)fat sent grain and jars to Baalghayr (A7.9–11). Here and in the following chit (A7.48), in year 4, two individuals send jars and bales to Baalghayr, and in two other partially dated chits, two other individuals send bundles and oil (A7.49–50). Thus besides the five chits of Zabdi (A7.42–46 above), there are four more by different individuals sending objects to Baalghayr. ¶ There are four other chits by the same scribe, recording ‫חביה‬, “jars,” with date at end (here year 4), Abdmilk as signatory, and the letter bet as sealing sign. (A2.4, 3.10, 8.21, 194.1, 300.1.24; cf. 300.2.24). ¶ This and the next chit were written just over a month apart. ¶ For the name Abdmilk, see A1.2, 2.22. A Nugayu makes only one more payment in all of the commodity chits (A8.24).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

337

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tishri, year 4, Othni to Baalghayr: chaff, bales, 3, 3 by the hand of Abd(e)lbaali.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product Agent

4 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ר תבן פחלצן‬/‫ עתני לבעלעיד‬.2 ‫ עליד ִע ִב ִד ִלבעלי‬.3

A7.48-ISAP1236 (AL41 [JA66 {J2}]) October 8, 355 Payment of 3 bales of chaff Body sherd, Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (38×76×9–11), roughly trapezoid, exterior brown (7.5YR5/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), very few visible grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

A little over a month after Nugayu paid Baalghayr five jars (A7.47 above), Othni paid him three bales of chaff through the agency of Abd(e)lbaali (see also A7.12–13, 42–43, 45–46 above). This and the next two chits all have agents (A7.49–50; also 14, 60). Othni and Baalghayr appeared together, along with some ten other names in two accounts, one of wheat and one of barley (ISAP1653+1623, 1954). ¶ Appearing in the Bible as the nominal theophorous name Othniel, “El is (my)strength” (‫[ עתניאל‬Judg 1:13, etc.]), the name appears in the Idumean corpus only as hypocoristicon (‫[ עתני‬A119; ISAP1083, 1966] and ‫עתנא‬ [ISAP1347]). ¶ The Arabian name Abdelbaali (‫“[ עבדאלבעלי‬Servant of {my} master”]) was particularly popular among the Nabateans in Sinai, Edom, and the Negev, occurring 274 times (Negev No. 787) but appearing only here in the Idumean corpus, with apheresis of the alef, Abd(e)lbaali (‫)עבדלבעלי‬. The name does appear, however, in two Beersheba Aramaic ostraca (Naveh 1979: Nos 34:3, 35:1 [ISAP2234–35]) with elision of the lamed : ‫עבדאבעלי‬. The vocable ‫ אל‬is the Arabic definite article, very common in Nabatean names (see Negev, p. 218).

338

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Agent Date

Abdi to Baalghayr: 2 bundle, 1 (and) a h(alf), by the hand of 3Amittai. On the 20th of Ab. 1

‫ר‬/‫ עבדי לבעלעיד‬.1 ‫ ף עליד‬1 ‫ משתל‬.2 ‫ לאב‬20 ‫ אמתי ב‬.3

A7.49-ISAP1837 (EN37 [JA242]) 20 Ab Payment of 1.5 bundles Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×68×7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pinkish-white (7.5YR8/2), interior gray (10YR5/1), ware very pale brown (10YR7/4), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

Three chits were written on 20 Ab (year lacking) for bundles, two for 1.5 with Amittai as agent (also A41.5), and the third for a single bundle, with agent illegible (A113.2). Here, the date appears at the very end, and like A7.42–44 may be year 43. In the other two chits, the date precedes the agent. The other chit delivering bundles in this dossier is unique, with two day+month dates and two payers (A7.58). For discussion, see A1.43–44. ¶ The name Amittai, “Faithful” (‫ )אמתי‬is well-known as the father of the prophet Jonah (Jonah 1:1). A person named Abdi makes one more payment in our corpus (A144.2; but cf. Abda [A143]).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

339

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Agent

Qanael to Baal[ghay]r: oil, s(eahs), 2. 2 On the 20th of Ab, by the hand of ◦◦l◦[?]. 1

2 ‫שח ִס‬ ִ ‫ר ִמ‬/‫ קנאל לבעל[ ]ד‬.1 [?].‫ל‬.. ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫לא ִב עלי‬ ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.2

A7.50-ISAP1122 (L122 [IM91.16.78]) 20 Ab Payment of 2 seahs of oil Body sherd of jar (64×45×10), exterior gray brown, interior gray. Blackened by fire, ostracon perhaps complete, most of writing erased. Writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

In other chits in this dossier, the amount of oil is small, indeed: 25⁄8 qab, 1⁄8 qab, and 1 seah and 1.5 qabs (A7.25, 29, 33); against those amounts, 2 seahs is quite large. ¶ The two penultimate letters of the name of the payee are quite rubbed and rather than ‫בעלעיר‬, as herein adopted, the name may have been ‫בעלעדר‬ (“Baaladar”), as in A9.20. ¶ The initial qof of the name ‫“( קנאל‬El created”) is here quite clear but not so in other texts (see A71). One of these (A53.1) was dated to 28 Marcheshvan, year 3 (December 10, 356) and would fit nicely into the chronological framework for our dossier, but the first letter there may have been an ayin (for ‫“[ ענאל‬El answered”]; see A66). Another chit (A71.5), undated, paid out slightly more than 2.5 seahs of oil, somewhat like here, but there the initial letter may have been a ḥet (for ‫“[ חנאל‬Ḥanniel”], as in A7.58 below). This leaves only one other certain parallel for Qanael, and it is late, toward the end of year 14 (344 [A71.2]). Restoring Baaladar for the payee does not yield a better chronological link. ¶ For another chit where the name of the agent follows the date at the end, see A24.7.

340

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Sealing Sign

Baalghayr to Qoskahel 2 (from) the grinding of Iyyar and Sivan: 3 resh, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3. (an erased line?) 4 On the 22nd of Sivan. 5 (archaic alef ) 1

‫ר לקוסכהל‬/‫בעלעיד‬ ‫טחִוןִ ִאיִִר וסיון‬ ִ 3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ראש ס‬ (an erased line?) ‫ לסיון‬22 ‫ב‬ #

1. 2. 3. 4.

A7.51-ISAP823 [IA12206 {GCh23}] June 16, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (88×77×7–11), roughly rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef ), variable left margin.

In contrast to the 16 chits wherein Ḥal(a)fat made payments to Baalghayr (A7.1–16), 19 chits wherein he made payments to an unnamed payee (A7.17–35), and another 6 chits wherein he made payments to named persons (A7.36–41)—41 chits in all—Baalghayr never made a payment to Ḥal(a)fat, but he made four to named persons and five more to unnamed persons, the fifth being fragmentary (A7.51–54, 55–59). The former spans a period of only eight months in year 43, with date written at the end (362/361). Just three weeks after Ḥal(a)fat paid more than 4 seahs of resh to Baalghayr (May 26, 362 [see A7.1]), the later turned around (June 16) and made two separate payments of a seah or so to two prominent individuals (A7.51–52;

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

341

cf. A9 and A8, respectively). Whereas the payment of Ḥal(a)fat was not further defined, that of Baalghayr was labeled as of “the grinding of Iyyar and Sivan,” Iyyar being the month in which Ḥal(a)fat made his payment to Baalghayr. A constant recipient of all sorts of grain and other items from Ḥal(a)fat, Baalghayr turns up in four chits as a conduit, so to speak, of this specific grain for Samitu (A7.52, 54) and Qoskahel (here and A7.53). All the chits were drawn up by the same scribe and bore the same archaic alef sealing sign (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*, Table 2:4, 6–7, 11; Table 4:9). cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Date Sealing Sign

Baalghayr to Samitu: 2 of (the grinding of) Iyyar and Sivan, resh, 3s(eah), 1. On the 22nd of Sivan. (archaic alef ) 1

‫ר לשמתו‬/‫לעיד‬ ִ ‫בע‬ ִ [?]‫⟩טחון⟩ זי איר וסיון ִר ִאש‬ ‫ לסיון‬22 ‫ ב‬1 ‫ס‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.52-ISAP804 [IA>Forbes private {GCh4}] June 16, 362 Payment of 1 seah of resh

Both of these individuals, Qoskahel (A7.51 above and 7.53 below) and Samitu (here and A7.54), had his own dossier (A8–9), and each received on the same day from Baalghayr virtually the same amount of resh, from the grinding of Iyyar and Sivan, with Qoskahel getting half a seah more. Here the formula is elliptical, simply “of Iyyar and Sivan,” the scribe having already written (A7.51 above) the clarifying “of the grinding of.” See also A7.1.

342

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONCAVE Payer 1 Payee 1 Payer 2 Payee 2 Product Date Sealing Sign

Gar(a)pi to Abdel; Baalghayr 2 to Qoskahel: resh, 3k(or), 1; q(abs), 4. On the 26+1 (= 27th) 4of Ab, year 43. 5 (archaic alef ) 1

‫ר‬/‫גרפי לעבדאל בעלעיד‬ ‫לקוסכהל ראש‬ 26+1 ‫ ב‬4 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ִכ‬ 43 ‫לאב שנת‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A7.53-ISAP1001 (L1 [IM91.16.76]) August 19, 362 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar (67×50×7), exterior and interior whitish. Ostracon possibly complete. Partially preserved writing on concave surface. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin (encasing sealing sign), no left margin.

This chit was written two months after the previous two and is the only one of this group of four (A7.51–54) in which the year date was explicitly recorded. Strangely, there appear two pairs of names at the beginning, Gar(a)pi to Abdel and Baalghayr to Qoskahel. The connection between the two is not evident. Abdel appears but thrice more in the corpus, in a fragment, an undated chit, and a list (ISAP167, A214.1, ISAP1955, respectively), and Gar(a)pi appears but once in a land description (ISAP2435). Somehow, the grain must have been divided up, since resh usually came in small amounts of less than 10 seahs (PortenYardeni 2009: Table 2). ¶ The final numeral stroke of the day date is written supralinearly at the end of line 3. See above, A7.3, 7.

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

343

cm

CONVEX Baalghayr ‫ר לשמתו מן {טחון} זי‬/‫בעלעיד‬ to Samitu: ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ניסן ס‬ 3 Product from ⟨the grinding⟩ of Nisan, s(eah), 1; q(abs) 3 (and) a h(alf). ‫ לאדר‬13 ‫ב‬ Date On the 13th of Adar. # Sealing Sign 4(archaic alef ) Payer

1

Payee

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.54-ISAP2519 [JA239] February 28, 361 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs from the (grinding) of Nisan Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×109×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownishgray (10YR6/2), interior grayish-brown (10YR5/2), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef ), variable left margin.

This is the second chit by Baalghayr for Samitu, drawn up by the same scribe in just less than nine months after the earlier one (A7.52). The same scribe who drew up the two chits at the beginning of the dossier (A7.1–2) also drew up this one, nine months later, sealed with the same archaic alef. He drew up three more on the same day for Samitu, almost identically written ‫מן זי ניסן‬, “from (that) of Nisan” (A8.6–7, 9). The grain was probably resh, as in the previous three chits. Usually, the chits for “grindings” were drawn up in the month of the grinding or subsequently (see A4.1). It is strange to have a chit drawn up in the middle of Adar for grinding from the following month of Nisan.

344

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Date

Baalghayr: wine, 2s(eahs), 8; q(abs), 3. 3 On the 16th of [x (month)]. 1

‫ר ִח ִמִר‬/‫ בעל עיד‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬8 ‫ ס‬.2 ]‫ ל‬16 ‫ ב‬.3

A7.55-ISAP239 [IA11810] 16 x, [362/361] Payment of 8 seahs, 3 qabs of wine Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (31×61×6), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

The ostracon is cut away at the end of the second word in line 1. The remains point to ‫“( חמר‬wine”); see A7.38 above. The name of the month is missing at the end of line 3, but because the date is written at the end, the year is likely 43 (362/361).

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350)

345

cm

CONVEX On the 17th of ʾ  [.  .  .], Baalghayr: w(heat), s(eahs), 10[+?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

]‫ לא‬17 ‫ ב‬.1 ]10 ‫ר חס‬/‫ בעלעיד‬.2

A7.56-ISAP206 [IA11787] 17 Adar/Iyyar/Elul Payment of 10(+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60×90×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 10° to wheel-marks.

The month name is cut off after the first letter in line 1. Three months begin with alef : Adar, Iyyar, and Elul. One dated chit recorded that Ḥal(a)fat paid Baalghayr 16 seahs, 1 qab of wheat (A7.14). Here, Baalghayr may not be paying much more than that.

346

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Sivan, year 6, Baalghayr: b(arley), k(ors), 4; s(eahs), 3; 3q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

6 ‫ לסיון שנת‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ס‬4 ‫ר שכ‬/‫ ִב ִע ִל ִעיִד‬.2 ‫ ִף‬5 ‫ק‬ .3

A7.57-ISAP2443 [JA155] July 13, 353 Payment of 4 kors, 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley Base of Persian-period jar (?), small (45×60×6–16), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin widening downward, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

Four+ kors is a lot of grain. One other chit was drawn up in the month of Sivan, year 6 for grain — 9.5 seahs of barley (A28.4).

347

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Date 1 Payer 1 Product 1 Payer 2 Date 2 Product 2

On the 25th, Ḥanniel: 2 bundles, 16. 3 Baalghayr on the 26th: 4 bundles, 8.

‫ חנאל‬25 ‫ב‬ 16 ‫משתלן‬ 26 ‫ר ב‬/‫בעלעיד‬ 8 ִ‫משתלִין‬

1

.1 .2 .3 .4

A7.58-ISAP1824 (EN24) 25 and 26 x 2 separate payments of 16 bundles and 8 bundles

Lines 1 and 3 record successive days (no month) and two different payers, in reverse order; lines 2 and 4 record identical product. (a-b-c : b-a-c). The Idumean name Ḥanniel ‫חנאל‬, “El is grace,” has an exact biblical parallel (Num 34:23). Nowhere else do he and Baalghayr appear together (but cf. A7.50). In general, two payers rarely appear together. ¶ On 20 Ab (also no month), Abdi paid Baalghayr 1.5 bundles (A7.49). Sixteen and eight are rather large numbers for bundles. The numeral “16” was written over a smaller amount, either “8” or “9.” Unusually, a vocal yod is inserted between the lamed and final nun of ‫ משתלין‬in line 4.

348

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONVEX Payer

[?] Baalghayr[. . .], [. . .]. . . [. . .] 3 [. . .], oil, s(eahs), 2.

[?] ‫ בעלעיִִר‬.1 ].. .‫קו‬..[ ] .2 2 ‫ משח ִס‬.3

1 2

Product

A7.59-ISAP817 [IA12200 {GCh 17}]) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68×51×5), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken/unclear.

If no text is missing at the top, this chit lacked a date. Line 2 is virtually illegible, and it is uncertain if a payee was mentioned. Ḥal(a)fat made three payments of oil to unnamed parties (A7.25, 29, 33), and Baalghayr received one (A7.50).

349

A7.1–60 (61) Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr Dossier (362–350) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Payee Product Agent

On the 25th of Tammu[z], 2year 9, Qo[s. . .] to Qos[. . .]: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 23; q(abs), 4; h(alf), 1; 4 by the hand of Ḥal(a)fat: 5 š. . . . . . 6 . . . . . . 1

[‫לתמו[ז‬ ִ 25 ‫ב‬ [ ‫ ִקו]ס‬9 ‫שנת‬ 1 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬23 ‫ שס‬..‫לקוס‬ [ ? ] ‫חל ִפ ִת‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ִעלי‬ ... ...‫ש‬ .....

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A7.60-ISAP271 [IA11733] August 5, 350 Payment of 23 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Base of Iron Age or Persian-period vessel, medium-sized (68×78×8–15), irregularly shaped, interior brown (7.5YR5/2), many large white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no traces of wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, narrow bottom margin, left edge broken.

No less than ten chits record the payment of barley by Ḥal(a)fat, whether to Baalghayr (A7.8–9); to other parties (A7.39–41), once through an agent (A7.40); or to unnamed parties (A7.26–27, 30, 32). Only here is Ḥal(a)fat himself an agent for barley. This is his last appearance. ¶ The qab measurement is written supralinearly and contains four strokes and, at the very edge, / ‫פ‬, the abbreviation of “1 half,” the total thus being 4.5 qabs.

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) Four documents in this dossier have already appeared in two other dossiers and are here cross-referenced: two in Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr (A8.2, 10 [A7.52, 54]) and two in Gur (A8.23, 35 [A2.10, 20]). The dossier is divided into two parts: (1) Samitu as payee (A8.1–31) and (2) Samitu as payer (A8.32–46). For a full treatment of this dossier and its relationship to the dossier of Qoskahel (A9) and to the commodity dossiers, see Porten-Yardeni 2012: 338–41, 346–47, Table 11. Dated List of Texts A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4 A8.5 A8.6 A8.7 A8.8 A8.9 A8.10 A8.11 A8.12 A8.12a A8.13 A8.14 A8.15 A8.15a A8.16 A8.17 A8.18 A8.19 A8.20 A8.21 A8.22 A8.23 A8.24 A8.25 A8.26 A8.27 A8.28 A8.29 A8.30 A8.31 A8.32 A8.33 A8.34 A8.35 A8.36 A8.37 A8.38 A8.39 A8.40

Payment of 6 seahs of wheat May 31, 362 Payment of 1 seah of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of resh October 20–November 18, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of x Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of resh February 21, 361 Payment of 2 seahs of the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 1 unnamed item Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 14 grgrn Undated Three separate payments of resh: 3 seahs, 1 qab; 2 seahs, 4 qabs; 3 seahs, 2 qabs May 12, 361 Payment unknown July 12–Aug 10, 361 Payment of 20 pieces of olive-wood 14 Marcheshvan Payments of 10 grgrn; 2 seahs of barley and 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of resh November 29, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of resh December 2, 361 Payment of 8 seahs of resh 360/359 Payment of x seahs, 3.25 qabs of crushed/sifted grain 359/358 Unmeasured payment of oil; 4 seahs of barley; 2 qabs of x May 23, 359 Payment of 1 kor of wheat Undated Payment of 9 seahs of semolina 27 Sivan Payment of x seahs of crushed/sifted grain, wheat August 7, 359 Payment of 4 jars September 2, 355 Two separate payments of barley: 25 seahs and 10 seahs, 1 qab June 20, 346 Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat September 4, 343 Payment of 4 bales 16 Marcheshvan Payment of 1 bale [of chaff] Undated Payment of x bales of chaff Undated Payment of 17 seahs of wheat and x Undated Payment of 5 seahs of oil Undated Payment of 10[+?] mice Undated Payment unknown Undated Payments of [2] bundles and 1 joist/log 24 Shebat, year y Two payments of wheat: x kor and 9 seahs June 21, 354 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain August 3, 353 Payment of x bundle(s) of chaff 5 Tammuz Payment of 4 bundles September 18, 353 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat 23 Elul Payment of 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat January 29, 352 Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat June 8, 352 Payment of 1 kor, 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat; June 13, 352 Exchange of 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs of barley for 17 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat September 22, 352

350

351

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) A8.41 A8.42 A8.43 A8.44 A8.45 A8.46

Payment of 1 seah of barley Payment of 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil Payment of 8 seahs of flour Payment of a beam Payment of 1 kor of wheat Payment of 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs of barley

June 21, 349 7 Kislev Undated Undated Undated Undated

Table 13. The Dossier of Samitu at a Glance (362–343 [A8.1–46 {48}])

No. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

ISAP 2451 =JA163 804 =GCh4 see A7.52 7 =JTS 159260 1858 =JA264 =EN59 2446 =JA158

8.6

2547 =JA272

8.7

54 = Rockefeller4

8.8

1273 =JA98 =AL180 2413 =JA122

8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12

2519 =JA239 see A7.54 1468 =M180 =AL229 203 =IA11786

8.12a 572 =GD 8.13 8.14

1736 =IA12408 813 =GCh13 =IA12196

b h by the hand of db date beginning

Babylonian Date 6 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de x Marcheshvan, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de _____(early)

o ss of the sons of nd no date

Julian Date 31 May, 362

Scribe

s son of de date end

16 June, 362

Payer Zubaydu/ Zabidu

Payee Samitu

Commodity wheat: 6 seahs

12

Baalghayr

Samitu

of Iyyar and Sivan:

20 Oct–18 Nov 362

12

[Ab]dadah

Samitu

from [lat]er [gr]inding of Marcheshvan year 43:

_____

?

Abdadah

Samitu

x: 6 seahs, 3 qabs

12

Sam(a)ku

Samitu

resh: 3 seahs, 1 qab

12

Lubayu

Samitu

from (that) of Nisan:

12

Rahnu

Samitu

(that) of Nisan:

?

Rahnu

Samitu

1

Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru Baalghayr

Samitu

(that) of Nisan:

Samitu

from (that) of Nisan:

Laadiel

Samitu

grgrn: 14

1. Qosnaqam 2. Rahnu 3. Sam(a)ku [. . .]

1. Samitu 2. Samitu 3. Samitu Samitu

1. resh: 3 seahs, 1 qab 2. resh: 2 seahs, 4 qabs 3. resh: 3 seahs, 2 qabs

nd 6 Adar, [43 21 Feb, 361 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 28 Feb, 361 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 28 Feb, 361 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de _____ (early?) _____

nd 28 Nisan, 44 12 May, [Artaxerxes II] 361 archaic alef de x Tammuz, 44 12 July– [Artaxerxes II] 10 Aug, db 361 14 Marcheshvan _____ db 23 Marcheshvan 29 Nov, 44 [Artaxerxes II] 361

resh: 1 seah

resh: 2 seahs, 4 qabs

nd 13 Adar, [43 28 Feb, 361 12 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 28 Feb, 361 12 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de _____ _____ 12

db

e in exchange for f ss from the sons of

12 12

?

2 seahs

2 seahs, 2 qabs

6 seahs, 3 qabs 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

from Makkedah:

[. . .]

Qosadar/ ider Samitu

pieces of olive-wood: 20

1. Zabdiel (convex) 2. Abdadah (concave)

1. g[rgrn]: 10 2. barley: 2 seahs resh: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

Samitu

352

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) Table 13. The Dossier of Samitu at a Glance (362–343 [A8.1–46 {48}])

s son of de date end 8.15

b h by the hand of db date beginning

1286 =B1 =Zd =JA497 =AL6 8.15a 581 =GD

2 Dec, 361

8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20

8.21 8.22

8.23

8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28

8.29

8.30 8.31

26 Marcheshvan, 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 14 y, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef  db 2571 30 x, 43 [+3=46 =JA296 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef  db 257 2 Iyyar, 46 =IA11748 [Artaxerxes II] db 2484 _____ =JA200 nd 1233 27 Sivan =SL3 db 735 19 T[ammuz, 46 =YR37 Artaxerxes II] [archaic alef] db 862 29 Ab, 4 =IA12449 [Artaxerxes III] b de 1033 23 Sivan, 13 =IM91.16.122 [Artaxerxes III] =L33 archaic alef db 2441 14 Elul, 16 =JA153 [Artaxerxes III] palimpsest see A2.20 db 1630 16 Marcheshvan =OG32 db 1089 _____ =IM91.17.89 nd =L89 1634 _____ =OG x nd 230 _____ =Naveh621 =IA11774 nd 1093 _____ =IM 94.38.40 =Naveh639 =L93 nd 1422 =Naveh _____ 616, 654 =M130 =AL310 nd 2573 _____ =JA299 nd 1269 24 Shebat, [y] =JA278 =AL100 db

o ss of the sons of nd no date 12

Qosnaqam

e in exchange for f ss from the sons of Samitu

from Makkedah: from the grinding of sons of Malka (or: the king):

resh: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Yazidu x of y, 360–359

12

PN

Qoṣani s Samitu

resh: 8 seahs

359/358

[. . .]

Samitu

[Yazidu] crushed/sifted grain: [x seahs], 3.25 qabs

23 May, 359

Rufayu

Samitu

brought from the oil which . . . :

_____

Rufayu

Samitu

from D/Raui:

_____

Abdṣidq

Samitu

semolina: 9 seahs

7 August, 359

Abdṣidq

Samitu

from the later [grinding]:

2 Sep, 355

Zaydi

Samitu

jars: [4]

20 June, 346

1. Yathu 2. Sam(a)ku

Samitu

Abdmilk 1. barley: 25 seahs 2. barley: 10 seahs, 1 qab

4 Sep, 343

Suaydu o ss Baalgur

Samitu

wheat: 9 seahs, 5 qabs

_____

Nugayu

Samitu

bales:

_____

Qosa

Samitu

[chaff]: 1 bale

_____

Qosghauth

Samitu

chaff: x bale(s)

_____

Laytha

Samitu

wheat: 17 seahs and a large . . .

_____

Zaydil

Samitu

from the oil of the purchase:

_____

Qosrim

Samitu

mice: 10[+?]

_____

Zabdi/a

Samitu

_____

_____

Abdmilk

Qosnaqam [s] Samitu b h [. . .]w

bundles: [2] [joist/log]: 1

barley: 4 seahs x: 2 qabs wheat: 1 kor

crushed/sifted grain, wheat: seahs, [x] Yazidu

4

Qosyatha wrote oil: 5 seahs

353

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) Table 13. The Dossier of Samitu at a Glance (362–343 [A8.1–46 {48}]) s son of de date end 8.32

b h by the hand of db date beginning

2516 =JA235

26 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes III]

8.33

2558 =JA283

21 Tammuz, 6 [Artaxerxes III]

8.34

2479 =JA194 667 =NavehE43 see A2.10 1589 =M305 =AL99 2532 =JA255

5 Tammuz

8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41

8.42 8.43

8.44 8.45 8.46

8 Elul, 6 [Artaxerxes III]

db de db

e in exchange for f ss from the sons of _____

to the storehouse:

3 August, 353

1. Samitu 2. entry: Samitu Qosani s Samitu

——

crushed/sifted grain: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

_____

Samitu

_____

chaff: x bundles Qosmalak

18 Sep, 353

Saadu/Šamru _____ and Samitu f ss Guru Samitu ____

presented:

29 January, 352

Samitu

b h PN

from the grain of the storehouse:

8 June, 352

Samitu

brought from the grain of Ramata:

13 June, 352

Samitu

Maḥoza/ the port b h Agra _____

22 Sept, 352

Samitu

_____

to the storehouse:

21 June, 349

Samitu

_____

barley: 1 seah

_____

Samitu

_____

Samitu

_____

oil: 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs flour: 8 seahs

_____

Samitu

_____

beam (‫)שרי‬

_____

from the account of: Samitu Qoskahel and Samitu

Naqru/ Naqdu

wheat: 1 kor

_____

barley: 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs

June 21, 354

de

23 Elul

o ss of the sons of nd no date

_____ db

23 Tebeth, 6 [Artaxerxes III]

1253 =J19 =AL52 1237 =JA67 =AL54 2431 =JA142

5 Sivan, 7 [Artaxerxes III]

1435 =M147 =EN70 =AL59 803 =GCh3 =IA12186 1613 =M421 =SM12 =AL196 300 =IA11761 1457 =M169 =AL179 1306 =M6 =AL205

22 Sivan, 10 [Artaxerxes III]

10 Sivan, 7 [Artaxerxes III] 22 Elul, 7 [Artaxerxes III]

db db db db

1. wheat: x kor(s) 2. wheat: 9 seahs

bundles:

4

from the grain of the storehouse:

wheat: 5 seahs

wheat: 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs wheat: 16 seahs, 5 qabs to the storehouse:

wheat: 1 kor, 7 seahs, 4 qabs barley: 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs e: wheat: 17 seahs, 5 qabs

db 7 Kislev

from m[. . .] from his buy:

db _____ nd _____

nd

_____ nd _____

_____ nd

Zabdadah wrote

354

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONCAVE Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign?

Zubaydu/Zabidu to Samitu: 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 6. 3 On the 6th of Sivan. (unrecognizable smeared marks) 1

‫לש ִמ ִתִו‬ ִ ‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ‫ז‬ 6 ‫חס‬ ‫ לסיון‬6 ‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.1-ISAP2451 [JA163] May 31, 362 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat (Upside-down jar rim) Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (53×63×7–15), roughly trapezoid, exterior, interior, and core light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white, brown, and black grits. Black residue or ash covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

With date at the bottom, we assign this chit to year 43 (see A8.3 below and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*). Samitu is an Arabian name, found among the Nabateans; Samethos in Greek (Negev No. 1164). Ḥal(a) fat and Zubaydu/Zabidu appear together as payers in a chit dated to 3 Tammuz (A7.31). For the name Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A1.1. There are four other chits for wheat among the 31 listing Samitu as payee (A8.18, 20, 23, 27), one dated to the last year of the dossier, 16 Artaxerxes III (A8.23). In six other chits for wheat, however, Samitu becomes payer (A8.32, 36–39, 45). “Scribe 12”: 8.2–3, 5–7, 9–12a, 15, 15a See also A4.1, 3–5, 15; A7.1–4, 36, 51–54; 9.2, 5–8, 13, 15 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 2, 4).

A8.2-ISAP804 [IA>Forbes private {GCh4}] June 16, 362 Payment of 1 seah of resh

(See A7.52 [Baalghayr to Samitu])

355

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Date Product Date

[Ab]dadah to Samitu, from 3the [la]ter 2[g]rinding of Marcheshvan, 3year 43, 4 [res]h, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4. 5 [On the x (day)] of Marcheshvan, 6[year] 43. 1

‫]עב[דאדה לשמתו מן‬ ‫]ט[חון מרחשון‬ ִ 43 ‫]אח[ריא שנת‬ ִ 4 ‫ ק‬2 ‫]רא[ש ס‬ ‫ למרחשון‬.[ ‫]ב‬ 43[ ‫]שנת‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A8.3-ISAP7 [JTS7 159260] October 20–November18, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of resh

Samitu receives 20 payments in the years 43–46 (A8.1–20; but 4, 8, 11, and 18 are undated and the rest have partial or complete dates). Eight of these are for grindings (cf. A4.1): of Iyyar and Sivan (A8.2 = A7.52), from the later grinding of Marcheshvan (here), of Nisan (A8.6–7, 9–10), from the grinding of the sons of Malka/the king (A8.15), and from the later grinding (A8.20). Thrice in these eight, the grain is specified as resh (here and A8.2 above and 8.15 below); thrice resh appears without the grinding specification (A8.5, 12, 14); once the grinding is of crushed/sifted grain, wheat (A8.20); and once that grain appears without grinding or wheat specification (A8.16). With two chits for wheat (A8.1, 18) and one each for barley (A8.17) and semolina (A8.19), at least 16 of the 20 payments are for grain. The number may increase to 17 because one is fragmentary or illegible (A8.4). For resh, see A4.1 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*. Eleven documents (A8.2–3, 5–7, 9–12, 15, 15a) at the beginning of the dossier in the course of slightly more than a year and a half, mostly for resh, were drawn up by the same scribe (Scribe 12; see information before A4.1). For the name Abdadah, which appears again below (A8.4, 14), see A2.16.

356

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONCAVE Payer Payee Product

Abdadah to Sa[m]itu: 2 [. . .] s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3. 1

‫[מ]תו‬ ִ ‫לש‬ ִ ‫ עבדאדה‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ] [ס‬.2

A8.4-ISAP1858 (EN59 [JA264]) Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of x Body sherd of Persian period, probably of jar, medium-sized (47×86×5), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), interior reddish-yellow (7.5YR8/6), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, wide left margin.

An Abdadah appears among the sons of Gur (A2.16) and Al(i)baal (A4.7, 19–20), twice more in this dossier (A8.3 above and 8.14 below) and in many other chits (A13). The right edge of the second line is missing and with it the commodity, but the extant measure points to some type of grain.

357

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Sam(a)ku to Samitu: 2 resh, s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1. 3 On the 6th of Adar. 4 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫סמכו לשמתו‬ 1 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ראש ס‬ ‫ לאדר‬6 ‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.5-ISAP2446 [JA158] (Palimpsest) February 21, 361 Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57×73×11), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef   ), narrow left margin widening to the left.

For dating these end-dated documents to year 43, see A4.1, 7.1. Five payments of grain were made to Samitu in the month of Adar, one here on 6 Adar and four others below on 13 Adar (A8.6–7, 9–10 [PortenYardeni 2009: Table 4:8–11]). All were written by the same scribe (Scribe 12 [see preface to A4.1 and 8.3 above]) with the same archaic alef sealing-sign. A chit for 3 seahs of resh, also with archaic alef, was drawn up on this same day by Lubaat/Labiat for Ghayraḥ (A204.1). Two and one-half months later (May 12, 361), this same scribe drew up a chit (A8.12), also sealed with archaic alef, for payments of resh to Samitu by three parties, including Sam(a)ku (here) and Rahnu (see below in A8.7–8). Sam(a)ku (‫ )סמכו‬is a hypocoristicon for a name such as ‫בעלסמך‬, Baalsamak (“Baal supported” [ISAP1955, where the two names are juxtaposed]). He will appear twice more in this dossier, 21⁄2 months later (A8.12) and 15 years later (A8.22). See also A51.

358

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Lubayu to Samitu: 2 from ⟨the grinding⟩ of Nisan, 3s(eahs), 2. On the 13th 4of Adar. (archaic alef   ) 1

‫לשמתִו‬ ִ ‫לביאו‬ ִ ִ‫ִסן‬ ִ ‫מן {טחון} ִזִי ִני‬ 13 ‫ ב‬2 ‫ס‬ # ‫לאדר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.6-ISAP2547 [JA272]) February 28, 361 Payment of 2 seahs from (the grinding) of Nisan Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54×72×6–11), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), ware light gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Black residue on ca. 30% of exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the name Lubayu, see A4.4 and A106. The grinding is probably resh (see A8.2 above and A8.15 below). For full discussion, see A7.3. This and three other chits (A8.7, 9–10) by the same scribe (see A8.3 above) were all written on the same day in the middle of Adar as a promise to deliver flour from the grinding to take place more than two weeks later in the beginning of Nisan. Futures transactions of this kind were prohibited in Mishnaic times in Judea because of the taint of usury (m. B. Meṣiʿa 5:7 [reference supplied by Zeʾev Safrai]).

359

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Rahnu to Samitu 2 that of Nisan, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2. 3 On the 13th of Adar. 4 (archaic alef   ). 1

‫ִעהנו לשמתו‬ 2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫}מן טחון} זי ִניִסן ס‬ ‫לאדר‬ ִ 13 ‫ב‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.7-ISAP54 [Rockefeller Shod4] February 28, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs from (the grinding) of Nisan

Rahnu is one of the four payers of grain from the grinding of Nisan on 28 February, 361 (see A8.6, 9–10). He appears again in a laconic chit with Samitu (A8.8 below) and along with Sam(a)ku (see A8.12) in a chit written May 12, 361 for resh paid to Samitu. The name also appears among the sons of Gir (A2.35 [which see for explanation]) and has its own dossier (A46). The first letter of the name at the beginning of line 1 looks more like an ayin than a resh, but no such name as ‫ עהנו‬is known to us.

360

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

Rahnu to Samitu: 1. —–

1 ‫רהנו לשמתו‬/‫ ד‬.1 ——

1

A8.8-ISAP1273 (AL180 [JA98]) Undated Payment of 1 unnamed item Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (41×56×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Undated and lacking the name of the product, this chit is placed here because the parties are identical to those in the previous chit (A8.7).

361

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru to Samitu: 2 ⟨from the grinding⟩ of Nisan: s(eahs) 6; 3q(abs), 3. On the 13th of Adar. 4 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫עידו לשמתו‬ 6 ‫}טחון} זי ניסן ס‬ ‫לאדר‬ ִ 13 ‫ ב‬3 ‫ק‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.9-ISAP2413 [JA122] February 28, 361 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs from (the grinding) of Nisan Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (80×124×4–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light red, interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware light red (10R6/6), many black and white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef   ), narrow left margin.

For the name of the payer, see A2.28 and A19. For commentary on the product, see A7.3.

362

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

A8.10-ISAP2519 [JA239] February 28, 361 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan (See A7.54 [Baalghayr to Samitu])

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Laadiel to Samitu: 2 grgrn, 12+2 (= 14)

‫לשמתו‬ ִ ‫דאל‬ ִ ‫לע‬ ִ .1 14 ‫גרגִרן‬ ִ .2

1

A8.11-ISAP1468 (AL229 [M180]) Undated Payment of 14 grgrn Shoulder (?) fragment of jar (54×43×9), exterior pink-orange/gray, interior pink-orange. Written lines at 10° to wheelmarks [AL].

The name Laadiel was particularly popular in the Al(i)baal dossier (A4.1. 4, 7–10, 13–16, 23, 26, 31a; cf. A25). For grgrn, see A1.28. They appear once more in this dossier (A8.14). The final two numerals were written supralinearly.

363

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer 1 Payee 1 Product 1 Payer 2 Payee 1 Product 2 Payer 3 Payee 1 Product 3 Date Sealing Sign

Qosnaqam to Samitu: resh, 2s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1; 3 Rahnu to Samitu: resh, 4s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4; 5 Sam(a)ku to Samitu: resh, s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 2. 6 On the 28th of Nisan, 7year 44. 8 (archaic alef   ) 1

‫קוסנקם לשמתו ראש‬ 1‫ק‬3‫ס‬ ‫דהנִו לשמתו ראש‬/‫ר‬ 4‫ק‬2‫ס‬ 2 ‫ ק‬3 ‫סמכו לשמתו ראש ס‬ ‫ לניסן‬28 ‫ב‬ 44 ‫שנת‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

A8.12-ISAP203 [IA11786] May 12, 361 3 separate payments of resh : 3 seahs, 1 qab; 2 seahs, 4 qabs; 3 seahs, 2 qabs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (86×88×5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many large white grits. Traces of black soot on ca. 10% of interior, composed of 3 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, medium bottom margin (encasing alef   ), variable left margin.

Written at the beginning of year 44, this is the last of some 24 chits for resh with date at the bottom (see A4.1 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2:2–25). The shape of the archaic alef sealing sign differs from that

364

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

of the others in this series and takes on the form of that to be found in the chits for semolina+flour of year 46 (cf. Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:3–12). One other chit in this series has two payers (A7.53); this one is unique, having three. Qosnaqam delivered resh less than a year earlier to Qoskahel (A9.5 [July 30, 362]), who operated in tandem with Samitu (cf. A8.46), and almost seven months later again to Samitu (A8.15 below). For the name Qosnaqam, see A2.14 and A27. Could this Qosnaqam be the same as the one whom we conjecture below to be the son of Samitu (A8.31)? The other two payers here had also made payments to Samitu a year earlier in Adar (A8.5, 7 above).

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of Tam]muz, year 44, [PN to] Samitu from Makkedah:

Date

1

Payer

2

Source

44 ‫ ]ב לת]מוז שנת‬.1 ‫ל[שמתו מן מנקדה‬ ] .2 (line[s] missing)

A8.12a-ISAP572 [GD] July 12–August 10, 361 Payment unknown Measurements: ca. 4.2×5.3.

This fragmentary piece is cut away at the right edge and below line 2. Missing are the day at the beginning of line 1, the name of the payer at the beginning of line 2, and the product and measure in what would have been line 3. An ostracon drawn up several months later records grinding of resh from Makkedah, with sealing sign and signatory (A8.15 below). Perhaps the same were included in the missing part of our piece.

365

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 14th 2of Marcheshvan, 3 Qosadar/ider to Samitu: 4 pieces of olive-wood, 20. 1

14 ‫ב‬ ‫למרחשון‬ ‫לשמתִו‬ ִ ‫סעדר‬ ִ ‫קו‬ ִ 20 ‫ן‬..‫ז‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.13-ISAP1736 [IA12408 {Zd13}] 14 Marcheshvan Payment of 20 pieces of olive-wood Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (96×76×15), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Some traces of soot. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Though lacking year-date, this chit has been inserted here because the day is slightly more than a week earlier than that in the following chit. Qosadar/ider was a very popular name; see A4.15 and A17. The product in line 4 may be ‫זיתן‬, which might mean “pieces of olive-wood”; cf. ‫“( שרי זית‬olive-wood beam”) (A2.19).

366

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Marcheshvan, 2year 44, Zabdiel to Samitu 4 g[rgrn ], 10 (or: l[og], 1).

Date

1

Payer

3

Payee Product

‫ למרחשון‬23 ‫ב‬ 44 ‫שנת‬ ‫ִב ִדאל לשמתו‬ ִ‫ז‬ [ ]10] ‫ג[רגרן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

[ ].[ ] ‫עבדאדה‬ ‫ ִר ִא ִש‬2 ‫ ִש ִס‬/ ‫ף‬3‫ק‬1‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

CONCAVE Payer Products

[. . .]◦[. . .] 2 Abdadah: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 2; resh, 4s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf   ).

A8.14-ISAP813 [IA12196 {GCh13}] November 29, 361 Payments of 10 grgrn; 2 seahs of barley and 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (46×56×10), roughly triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge, no clear wheel-marks.

Uniquely, this chit was written on both sides, recording two different payers. The name Zabdiel appeared among the sons of Baalrim and elsewhere (A1.15, 3.1, 5.2, and A32). Abdadah appeared in two chits above, besides elsewhere (see A4.7, 19–20). An alternate reading of the product in convex line 4 is [‫ג]זיר‬, “log” (see A2.28).

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

367

cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Marcheshvan, year 44, 44 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬26 ‫ב‬ Qosnaqam ‫קוסנקם לשמתו ִמןִ ִמנקדה‬ to Samitu, ‫מלכא ראש‬ ִ ‫ִמן ִט ִחוןִ בני‬ from Makkedah: ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬2 ‫ ִק‬2 ‫ִס‬ 3 4 from the grinding of the sons of Malka/the king: resh, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2.     # Yazidu 5 (archaic alef   )

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product Signatory Sealing Sign

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A8.15-ISAP1286 (AL6 [JA497]) December 2, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (63×88×7), roughly triangular, exterior white (10YR8/1), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right margin narrows downward, wide bottom margin (encasing alef   ), variable left margin.

For texts of “grindings,” see A4.1, 7.54. This one is particularly different, in that it recorded Makkedah as the source and attached the grinding not to a month, as usual, but to (a) person(s). The name Malka (‫ )מלכא‬appears in line 2 of the problematic Marzeaḥ papyrus (Aḥituv 2008: 427–31) but is otherwise unknown among the Idumean ostraca; the Persian kings appear only in date formulas. Yazidu appeared for the first time on May 10, 361, also in a chit for resh (see A3.2); this is his second appearance of many. For Qosnaqam and resh, see A8.12 above. Could this Qosnaqam be the same as the one whom we conjecture below to be the son of Samitu (A8.31)? For Makkedah as source of the product and not origin of the payer or payee, see A3.2.

368

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

On the 30th of [x (month)], 2y[ear ]43[+?, [ ]‫ ל‬30 ‫ב‬ PN] [ ]43] ‫ש[נת‬ 3 to Samitu: [ ‫רק]יד‬/‫לשמתו דק[יר‬ ִ 4 crush[ed]/sift[ed grain, seahs, x ], q(abs), 3; q(uarter), 1; l[. . .] [ ]‫ ל‬1 ‫ ר‬3 ‫ק‬ 5 [. . .]. . .[. . .] [ ]…[ ] 6 [. . .] (archaic alef   ) [. . .] [? ]#[ ] 1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A8.16-ISAP2571 [JA296] 359/358 Payment of x seahs, 3.25 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel ( jug?), small (48×43×3–5), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), fine ware, almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Unfortunately, only the right upper edge of this ostracon is preserved. The name of the month is missing at the end of line 1 (perhaps Marcheshvan, judging by the spacing). The end of line 2 might have had additional numeral strokes for the date; missing is the name of the payer. The end of line 3 presumably had a quantity of seahs. Traces of the archaic alef are visible in line 6. There are unintelligible letter traces in line 5. If these conceal Yazidu, then we would have to date this ostracon to year 44, 45, or 46, adding one, two, or three strokes at the end of line 2, because only in those years did he appear. He is completely absent in year 43 from the 22 chits for resh, the two chits for semolina+flour and the one intact chit for crushed/sifted grain, but he is present for all those grains in some 18 chits for year 46. Moreover, chits with date at the beginning are more suitable to years 44, 45, and 46, not 43 (Porten-Yardeni 2009a: 147*–49*, Tables 1–3, 7). We tentatively date this chit to year 46. The two preserved letters of the commodity may be read either -‫ דק‬or -‫רק‬. The former would yield ‫דקיר‬, which has been rendered “crushed grain”; while the latter would yield ‫רקיד‬, which might be rendered “sifted grain” (see A1.1 for full discussion).

369

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Iyyar, year 46, Rufayu brought to Samitu fr[om] 3the oil [wh]ich yḥyṭ upon it, 4. . . they calculated to Natanmaran: 5 [. . .]. . .[?] b(arley), s(eahs), 4, 6 by the hand of [. . .]malak[?]: q(abs), 2 [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee 1 Product 1 Payee 2 Product 2 Agent Product 3

46 ‫ לאיר שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ [ ‫ִתי ִר ִפיאו לשמתו ִמ[ן‬ ִ ‫ִהי‬ ‫ִמ ִשחא [ז]י[?] יִחיט עלוהי‬ ִ‫ין‬/‫סר‬/ ִ ‫ִמ‬ ִ ‫שבו לנתנ‬ ִ ‫מנִה ִח‬... ִ 4 ‫ ] ? [ שס‬...[ ? ] [ ? ]‫מ ִל ִך‬.... ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ִע ִלי‬ [?] 2 ‫ִק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

A8.17-ISAP257 [IA11748] May 23, 359 Unmeasured payment of oil; 4 seahs of barley; 2 qabs of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (76×112×10), irregularly shaped, exterior pale brown (10YR6/3), few white grits. Traces of brown residue on interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin narrowing downward, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

370

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

Written in a nice, bold hand, this chit is mostly illegible after line 4 (lines 5–7). For the use of the verb “brought” (‫)היתי‬, see A1.8. The name Rufayu (‫ )רפיאו‬is a qutayl hypocoristicon of a theophorous name from the root ‫“( רפא‬heal”) and occurs again as payer in the next chit and in A124; cf. Hebrew Rapael (Rephael [1 Chr 26:7]), Rapayahu (‫[ רפאיהו‬WSS Nos. 347, 560, 626]), and Rapayah (Rephaiah [Neh 3:9]). For oil, see A1.6. Oil is occasionally qualified by a personal name, such as “the oil of Qosyinqom” (A12.16) and “the oil of Marṣaat” (A29.2); or as the result of a transaction, for example, “the oil of the purchase” (A8.28 below, A30.6; cf. also A8.42). The qualification here is obscure. The verb ‫ יחט‬occurs four times in the Elephantine texts (TAD C1.1:133, 8IV:7; D7.16:6, 27:13) and seems to mean something like “set up,” but it is not clear how this meaning would apply here. Also strange is the enigmatic “they calculated (‫)חשבו‬ to Natanmaran.” The verb occurs at the end of a chit for wheat from the dossier of Qoṣi, where it was translated “Saadel calculated” (A3.20), and the noun ‫“( חשבן‬account”) occurs in construct with Samitu below in our dossier (A8.45). We had hesitated between Natansin (“Sin gave”) and Natanmaran (“Our lord gave”), but Natansin does not occur unequivocally elsewhere in our corpus and Natanmaran does (A300.1.59, ISAP1774). Nor does the deity Sin appear in Aramaic names elsewhere. In the following undated ostracon (A8.18), Rufayu paid Samitu a large quantity of wheat. Should we restore the agent in line 6 to read, “[Qos] malak,” who appears as agent some four times (A4.28, 9.9 [to Qoskahel]; A94.2, 275.1)?

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

371

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product

Rufayu to Samitu from R/Daui: 2 w(heat), k(or), 1.

‫רעוִי‬/‫ד‬ ִ ִ‫ רפיאו לשמתו ִמן‬.1 1 ‫ חכ‬.2

1

A8.18-ISAP2484 [JA200]) Undated Payment of 1 kor of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44×64×8), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), interior grayish-brown (10YR5/2), few large white grits. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

The dalet and resh being indistinguishable, it is not possible to determine whether we are to read ‫ דעוי‬or ‫רעוי‬. In any case, Daui/Raui are hypocoristica (cf. also ‫דעו‬/‫[ רעו‬ISAP1287]), without a theophorous counterpart in the Idumean onomasticon. The name ‫ דעוי‬occurs also in a name list (ISAP854:13) and in an Arad Aramaic ostracon (Naveh 1981: No. 18 = ISAP2118) and finds its counterpart in the Elephantine name of encouragement ‫דעויה‬, “Know YH” or ‫רעויה‬, “YH is a friend” (TAD B2.3:33, etc.). The latter would have a biblical parallel in ‫רעואל‬, Reuel (Gen 36:4 [Edomite]; Exod 2:18 [Midianite]; Num 2:14 and 1 Chr 9:8 [Israelite]), and the former in ‫( דעואל‬Num 1:14). Some dozen chits for wheat or barley, mostly dated, list a personal source of the grain, e.g., “from the grain of Ani” (e.g., A3.16, 9.21) or “from the grain of Qos­ yinqom” (A70.2). Our chit is elliptical, omitting “the grain of.” In the dated chit above (A8.17), Rufayu brought (‫ )היתי‬to Samitu “from the oil . . .” (the rest being unclear).

372

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX ? Date Payer Payee Product

On the 27th of Sivan, Abdṣidq 2 to Samitu: semolina, s(eahs), 9. 3 . . .. 1

‫ לסיון עבדצדק‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 9 ‫ לשמתו נשף ס‬.2 ‫ ִמ ִנִי‬... .3

A8.19-ISAP1233 (S[chøyen] L3 [S3 = MS2060/3]) 27 Sivan Payment of 9 seahs of semolina Body sherd of jar, reddish-brown exterior, gray interior, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. This ostracon, apparently complete but with some of the writing perhaps obliterated, measures 73×59×9 mm. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For the name Abdṣidq, see A2.5 and A64. There are seven chits drawn up in Sivan, year 46, but all of them are combined with flour, are endorsed by Yazidu, and have the sealing sign (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:4–10); semolina is always written plena (‫)נשיף‬, whereas here it is written defectively (‫)נשף‬, as it is in two other chits having date at the beginning (A162.1; A5.1). Ours is one of some ten chits wherein semolina appears alone (see A5.1 for further discussion). Although the writing in line 3 is legible, the text is unintelligible. The original editor, Lemaire, wanted to read // ‫“ זבד ס‬Zabad, 2 s(eahs),” comparing the somewhat cursive writing of the PN in EN7:4 (A7.19).

373

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 19th of T[ammuz], Abdṣidq to Samitu, [from the ] 3later 2[grinding]: 3 crushed/sifted grain, w(heat), s(eahs), [x]. Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Source Product Signatory

[ ]‫ לת‬19 ‫ב‬ [‫לשמתו ִמןִ [ טחונא‬ ִ ‫עבדצדק‬ [ ]‫אחריא דקיר חס‬ ‫[יזדִו‬ ִ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.20-ISAP735 [YR37] August 7, 359 Payment of x seahs of crushed/sifted grain, wheat Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (40×50×3), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), many small white grits. Preserved in two fragments, one fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks.

The end of lines 1 and 2 are restored on the basis of A7.7, written on the same day, by the same scribe, with the same signatory (Yazidu), though apparently without the sealing sign. There, however, the grain is semolina+flour. There are two other texts wherein crushed/sifted grain comes from the later grinding (A7.6, A300.5.18 [restored]) and one where it stems from the grinding of Tammuz (A1.1), but in none is the grain designated as wheat. For Abdṣidq, see above (A8.19).

374

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory Sealing Sign

Zaydi to Samitu: 2 jars, 4. 3 On the 29th of Ab, 4year 4. Abdmilk 5 b 1

[?]‫לשמ ִתִו‬ ִ ‫זידי‬ 4 ‫חביה‬ ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 29 ‫ב‬ ִ‫עבדמ ִלך‬ ִ 4 ‫ִשנִת‬ ‫ב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A8.21-ISAP862 [IA12449 {GCh62}] September 2, 355 Payment of 4 jars Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (50×54×5), roughly rectangular, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 45° to wheelmarks. No top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, no left margin.

This is one of five chits for jars written, with date at the end, in Ab and Elul of years 3 and 4, with the numerals spelled out as words and not written as ciphers, all endorsed by Abdmilk, and most with the unique bet sealing sign (see A2.4, 7.47). Might Zaydi be a hypocoriston of Zaydil, who paid Samitu oil in an undated chit below (A8.28)? Jars and oil would go well together.

375

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Sivan, year 13, Yathu to Samitu: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 25; 4 Sam(a)ku: b(arley), s(eahs), 10; 5q(ab), 1. 6 (archaic alef   ).

Date

1

Payer 1

2

Payee Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2 Sealing Sign

13 ‫ לסיון שנת‬23 ‫ב‬ ‫לשמתִו‬ ִ ‫יתעו‬ 25 ‫שס‬ 10 ‫סמכו שס‬ 1 ‫ִק‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A8.22-ISAP1033 (L33 [IM91.16.122]) June 20, 346 Two separate payments of barley: 25 seahs and 10 seahs, 1 qab Jar sherd, possibly shoulder fragment, exterior and interior gray. Whitish-gray patina, ostracon perhaps complete. Quite erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing leg of sealing sign), variable left margin.

Chits recording two payers occurred infrequently, mostly without payees (see A1.15, 40, 43, 2.10, 3.33, 35, 7.31, 53 [with payee]). But some 15 years earlier, Sam(a)ku appeared alone in a payment of resh (A8.5) and then again alongside Qosnaqam and Rahnu in a single chit delivering resh: both times to Samitu (whose name appears thrice in A8.12). Attached to Yathu at the beginning of our text, the payee is assumed for Sam(a)ku at the end. On this same day, a certain El(i)beer apparently paid the large sum of 100 kors of barley to an unnamed recipient (A163.1). For Yathu, see A3.25 and A42. An archaic alef for a document as late as year 13 is unusual.

A8.23-ISAP2441 [JA153]) September 4, 343 Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat (See A2.20 [ss Baalgur = Gur])

376

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 16th of Marcheshvan, 2 Nugayu to Samitu: 3 bales, 4. 1

‫ למרחשון‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ נגיאו לשמתו‬.2

4 ‫ פחלצן‬.3

A8.24-ISAP1630 [OG32] 16 Marcheshvan Payment of 4 bales

The name Nugayu appears once more in a chit dated 29 Ab, 4 (September 2, 355). There, he paid five jars to Baalghayr (A7.47). In one, and perhaps two, undated chit(s) below, it is spelled out that the bales contained chaff (A8.25–26). Written supralinearly at the end of line 1 are the last three letters of the month name (‫ )שון‬and the last letter (waw) of Samitu at the end of line 2.

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

377

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosa to Samitu: [chaff], 2bale, 1 [?].

[‫לשמתו [תבן‬ ִ ‫קוסא‬ ִ .1 [?]1 ִ‫ ִפ ִח ִלץ‬.2

1

A8.25-ISAP1089 (L89 [IM91.17.89]) Undated Payment of 1 bale [of chaff] Sherd (66×42×8), exterior and interior orange. Ostracon perhaps complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks [L]. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The name Qosa is rare, occurring perhaps once more (ISAP660). It consists of the divine name Qos (‫)קוס‬ with the addition of a hypocoristic alef. More frequent is Qosi ‫[ קוסי‬with addition of yod ]), which occurs a couple of times as clan name (A6.7–9a). No writing is visible at the end of line 1, but there is definitely room for ‫“( תבן‬chaff ”), which occurs twice below (A8.26, 34).

378

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosghauth to Samitu: 2 chaff, bale[s, . . .].

‫ קוסעות לשמתו‬.1 [ ‫תבן ִפ ִח ִל ִצ]ן‬ ִ .2

1

A8.26-ISAP1634 [OGx] Undated Payment of x bales of chaff

This is the third chit in this dossier recording the payment of bales or bundles of chaff to Samitu (see A8.25, 34; cf. 8.24). Because the ostracon is cut off at the left edge of line 2, it cannot be determined whether ‫ פחלץ‬was in the plural, with a final nun.

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

379

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Signatory

Laytha to Samitu: w(heat), seahs, 2seventeen; and s◦t 3rbʾ. Qosyatha wrote. 1

‫ ליתע לשמתו חסאן‬.1 [?]‫ת‬.‫וס‬ ִ ‫עשר וש[ב]ע‬ ִ .2 ‫קוסיתע ִכ ִת ִב‬ ִ ‫ ִר ִבא‬.3

A8.27-ISAP230 [IA11774 {Naveh 621}] Undated Payment of 17 seahs of wheat and x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (42×55×7–9), roughly parallelogram-shaped, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Narrow top margin, *medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef  ), narrow left margin. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat irregular surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

For Laytha, see A2.12 and A81. This is one of four or five chits signed off with the signature Qosyatha (wrote) (‫) כתב‬, where the measures and numbers are partially or fully written out and not abbreviated (here, A19.5, and 59.5 without the word ‫ ;כתב‬and perhaps a fourth [A7.28 {the only one dated: 3 Shebat, year 4 = February 1, 354}]). A fifth chit bears abbreviated text (A14.16). Here we have partially abbreviated spelling for the commodity (‫“[ חסאן‬w{heat}, seahs”]), while the numerals are written out as words (‫וש]ב[ע‬ ‫עשר‬ [lit., “ten and seven”). The word at the end of line 2 cannot be made out; the word at the beginning of line 3 seems to be ‫“( רבא‬large”).

380

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Source Payee Product

Zaydil from the oil 2of the purchase to Samitu: 3 oil, s(eahs), 5. 1

‫ זידאל מן ִמ ִש ִח‬.1 ‫תו‬ ִ ‫לשמ‬ ִ ‫ זבינתא‬.2 5 ‫ משח ִס‬.3

A8.28-ISAP1093 (L93 [IM94.38.40 {Naveh 639}]) Undated Payment of 5 seahs of oil Jar fragment (81×77×12), exterior and interior brown, whitish patina on interior and especially on exterior. Writing on exterior. No visible traces of wheel-marks [L]. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

For an earlier chit for oil, see A8.17 above. Might Zaydil be the full name of Zaydi, who pays jars above (A8.21)? Here, Zaydil paid Samitu 5 seahs “from the oil of the purchase”; below, Samitu will pay 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil from an elusive purchase (A8.42). Of nearly 70 chits for oil, only one other chit seems to record “oil of the purchase” (A30.6). On the other hand, there are some ten chits, almost all dated, for “grain of the purchase” (four signed off by Alal [or Alilahi] [A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 272.1] and five without signatory [A16.6, 20.6, 37.4, 39.3, 57.3]; see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 5).

381

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosrim to Samitu [. . .]: 2 mice, 10[+?] . . .

[ ] ‫לש ִמתו‬ ִ ‫קו ִסִרם‬ ִ .1 10 . . . ‫ עכברן‬.2

1

A8.29-ISAP1422 (AL310 [M130 {Naveh 616, 654}]) Undated Payment of 10[+?] mice Body sherd of jar (62×53×9), exterior and interior light brown. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Qosrim was a popular name that appeared first among the sons of Gur (A2.8; see also A31). Unfortunately, the marks after ‫“( עכברן‬mice”) are illegible. The item appears in one other chit, in which Qosyad gave to Qos[ . . . ] 30 mice (A44.7). Perhaps the illegible marks concealed a number. The mouse was an unclean animal, forbidden to be eaten (Lev 11:29). Deutero-Isaiah condemns those who eat “the flesh of the swine, the reptile, and the mouse” (Isa 66:17). When the Philistines captured the ark of the covenant, mice devastated their fields, so they returned the ark, along with five golden mice as reparation (1 Sam 6:1 [so LXX], 3–4, 11, 18). The word transformed into a very popular personal name in Israel, Ammon, Edom, and Phoenicia. Written plena, with medial waw (‫)עכבור‬, the word appears as patronym of an Edomite king (Gen 36:38), as an officer in Josiah’s court (2 Kgs 22:12; Jer 26:22, 36:12), and as a commodity recipient in three of our ostraca (A58.5, 120.4, 300.4.29). Written defectively, the name appears on Hebrew and Ammonite seals (WSS Nos. 133, 166, 312, 602, 963 [Ammonite]), on an Ammonite ostracon (Aḥituv 2008: 384), on a Phoenician jar inscription with an Egyptian prenomen, Aḥmen son of Akbar (‫ )אחמן בן עכבר‬at Elephantine (TAD D11.5:3), and on numerous Punic inscriptions (Benz 1972: 171, 377). In Babylonia, from earliest times, the ušummu-rodent (presumably a mouse) was a food delicacy and was included in sacrifices to the gods alongside large and small cattle, fish, and fowl. In a Neo-Babylonian tablet dated September 23, 549, a father apprentices his son for two years to a mouse-hunter, with annual payments of 50 mice going to the temple of Shamash and penalty for breach of contract of 1,000 mice (CAD U/W, s.v. ušummu [Chicago, 2010] 331–32]; references courtesy of personal communication from James Eisenbraun and Shalom Paul). Nonetheless, the use to which mice were put in Idumean society eludes us.

382

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Zabdi/a[. . .] to Sami[tu . . .]

Payer

1

Payee

2

]‫א‬/‫ִב ִדי‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.1 ‫לש ִמ[תו‬ ִ .2

A8.30-ISAP2573 [JA299] Undated Payment unknown Body sherd of closed vessel, tiny (28×30×6), triangular, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/20, interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only a few letters in the first two lines are preserved, and the payment is missing. For Zabdi, see A2.19 and A15.

383

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Shebat, year [y], Abdmi[l]k to Qosnaqam [son of   ] 3Samitu: bundles, [2; joist], 4one, by the hand of ◦◦◦◦ w[?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product 1 Product 2 Agent

[ ]‫ לשבט שנת‬24 ‫ב‬ ִ ‫ִע ִב ִד ִמ‬ [‫ִקם[ בר‬ ִ ‫[ל]ך לקוסנ‬ [‫ מריש‬2 [ִ‫מש ִת ִלין‬ ִ ‫שמתו‬ [?]‫ו‬.... ִ ‫חד עליד‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.31-ISAP1269 (AL100 [JA278]) 24 Shebat, year y Payments of [2] bundles and 1 joist/log Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (89×57×4), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Missing on the left edge are the year (line 1), the relationship between Qosnaqam and Samitu (line 2), the number of bundles (line 3), and the object in that line whose number “one” is mentioned in line 4. Also, the name of the agent is blurred at the end of line 4. The name Abdmilk (see A145) is best known as the signatory(?) in some seven chits for jars (see A8.21 above and discussions in A2.4 and 7.47). We restored ‫בר‬, “son,” at the end of line 2 as the most plausible word linking the two names. For bundles, which appear again below (A8.34–35), see A1.44. We conjecturally restore the numeral “2” and offer ‫מריש‬, “joist” (less likely, ‫גזיר‬, “log”) whose numbers are recorded by the word ‫חד‬, “one,” not just by the numeral “1” (see A1.11). Chits for bundles rarely record agents, but see A7.49.

384

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONCAVE On the 26th of Sivan, year 5, Samitu [… …]w to the storehouse: 3 w(heat), k(or) […]; entry: Samitu: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 9.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product 1 Payer Product 2

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬26 ‫ב‬ ] ‫שמתו‬ ‫[ ִב ִב שמתו‬ ] ‫חכ‬ 9 ‫חס‬

‫ִתא‬ ִ ‫למסכנ‬ ִ ‫[ו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.32-ISAP2516 [JA235]) June 21, 354 Two payments of wheat: x kor and 9 seahs Body sherd of Persian period vessel, medium-sized (50×78×8–13), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior light gray (2.5Y7/2), ware grayish-brown (10YR5/2), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 20% of exterior and interior and on three old breaks. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin widening downward, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of five chits for the last seven days of Sivan, year 5, dispatching wheat (or barley) to the storehouse (A1.15–16 [Baalrim]; A4.22 [Al(i)baal]; A10.7 [Saadel]; Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 128–38, Table 1:3–6, 22, corrected by Porten-Yardeni 2009: 144*–45*; Table 1.1:2b–6 here). Once more, two years later, Samitu brought wheat to the storehouse, and once he exchanged barley for wheat there (A8.39–40). Twice he paid wheat from the grain of the storehouse and once from the grain of Ramata (A8.36–38). Unfortunately, the middle of lines 2 and 3 is illegible. A second party seems to be present in line 2, which would account for the large amount of wheat recorded in line 3 (x kors and probably an unknown amount of seahs). Unique among the above five chits is the double entry here for Samitu, introduced by the technical term ‫בב‬ (see A1.24). See further A8.35, below. ¶ The final alef of ‫ למסכנתא‬is written supralinearly.

385

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Qosani son of Samitu: crushed/sifted grain, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf). 3 On the 21st of Tammuz, 4year 6.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫קוסע ִנִי בר שמתו‬ ִ ‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫רקיד ס‬/‫דקיר‬ ‫לת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ 21 ‫ב‬ 6 ‫שנת‬ .[ ].

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A8.33-ISAP2558 [JA283]) (Palimpsest?) August 3, 353 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (76×63×7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior light brownish-gray (2.5Y6/2), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of ten or eleven chits for small amounts of crushed/sifted grain (A7.11 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 175* No. 13–22), mostly by the same scribe with date at the bottom, covering slightly more than five weeks between 16 Tammuz and 28 Ab, year 6 (July 29 to September 8, 353). A half-dozen years earlier, two persons had made payments of crushed/sifted grain to Samitu (A8.16, 20). Assuming the father of Qosani in our document to be the same Samitu, we find the son active at the same time as his father. A Qosani was also of the sons of Baalrim (see A1.46 [also for the name] and A30), but our Samitu belonged to the clan of Gur (see A8.35 below). .

386

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Sealing Sign ? Signatory ?

On the 5th of Tammuz, Samitu: 2 chaff, bu[nd]le ◦◦ bet 3 . . . Qosmalak[?] 1

‫ לתמוז ִש ִמ ִתִו‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]‫ ִב ִב‬. ‫ תבן ִמ[שת]ל‬.2 [ ] ‫ קוסמלך‬...[ ] .3

A8.34-ISAP2479 [JA194]) 5 Tammuz Payment of x bundle(s) of chaff Body sherd, Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×86×7), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, no bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is a much-effaced ostracon. The reading of ‫ סמתו‬at the end of line 1 is problematic, as is the restoration of ‫ מ]שת[ל‬in the middle of line 2; nor is the quantity evident. The word preceding the name Qosmalak in line 3 is enigmatic. For bundles of chaff, see A1.43–44. Here, Samitu is perhaps delivering a bundle or so; above, Abdmilk delivered bundles to the son(?) of Samitu (A8.31). Chaff is delivered above in bales (A8.25–26). For Qosmalak, see A4.11 and A11.

A8.35-ISAP667 [Naveh E43] September 18, 353 Payment of 4 bundles (See A2.10 [ss Guru])

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

387

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 23rd of Elul, Samit[u] 2 from the grain of the storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 5. 1

[‫שמת[ו‬ ִ ‫לאלִו ִל‬ ִ 23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ מן עבור מסכנתא‬.2 5 ‫ ִח ִס‬.3

A8.36-ISAP1589 (AL99 [M305]) 23 Elul Payment of 5 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (75×110×9), light brown exterior, gray-brown interior. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Though lacking year, this chit for 23 Elul has been placed here to follow the chit above for 8 Elul (A8.35). For summary, see A8.32. There are several different formulations indicating the source of the grain: for example, “from the grain of the purchase” (e.g., A3.15, 4.25), “from the grain of the loan” (A4.16), “from the grain of Ani” (A3.16), or, as here, “from the grain of the storehouse [‫)]מן עבור מסכנתא‬.” Two of the three chits recording payment of “storehouse” wheat were drawn up for Samitu (here and the next one [A8.37]). The third chit was dated 20 Ab, 4 (August 24, 355), and delivered twice the amount of wheat as in each of the chits here. (A179.1). See Table 1.3.

388

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Tebeth, year 6, Samitu: w(heat), s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf), 3 from the grain of the storehouse ◦◦◦◦ 4 by the hand of . . .m/s◦◦◦◦[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Source Agent

6 ‫בת שנת‬ ִ ‫לט‬ ִ 23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ שמתו חס‬2 .... ‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫מסכנ‬ ִ ‫עבִוִר‬ ִ ‫ מן‬.3 ]....‫ִמ‬... ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬.4

A8.37-ISAP2532 [JA255] January 29, 352 Payment of 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×61×7–9), parallelogram-shaped, exterior, interior and ware light brownish-gray. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheelmarks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin widening downward, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Of the three chits for grain from the storehouse, only this one has an agent, whose name is illegible, as is the end of line 3, which may contain the name of the payee. See further A8.32 and 36, above.

389

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Sivan, year 7, Samitu 1brought 2 from the grain of Ramata, by the hand of 3Agra, to Maḥoza/the port 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 16; q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Agent Depository Product

‫ היתי‬7 ‫ לסיון שנת‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫שמתו מן עבור רמתא עליד‬ ‫למחוזִא‬ ִ ‫אגרא‬ 5 ‫ ק‬16 ‫חס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.38-ISAP1253 (AL52 {J19}) June 8, 352 Payment of 16 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Complete ostracon, irregularly shaped [AL].

Three chits were written on the same day by the same scribe for nearly identical transactions of wheat (here [16 seahs plus 5 qabs]; A9.24 [restored; by Qoskahel]; A36.4 [16 seahs by Naum, where the word ‫עבור‬, “grain,” is to be understood]). The verb “brought” (‫ )היתה‬also appears above (A8.17; see A1.8). There are some seven different formulations indicating the source of the grain: “from the grain of the purchase” (e.g., A3.15, 4.25), “from the grain of the loan” (e.g., A4.16), “from the grain of PN” (see on A14.4), “from the grain of Ram(a)ta” (e.g., here), “from the grain of the seeding” (e.g., A5.12), “from the grain of the loss/ spoil” (A66.3), and “from the grain of the storehouse” (e.g., A8.36). Is Ram(a)ta here a toponym or simply a geograpical designation meaning “the height?” Several biblical sites bore the name Ramah (written ‫הרמה‬, “The Height” [Josh 18:25, 19:29, 36; Judg 4:5]). The name ‫( מחוזה‬Maḥoza) means, literally, “the port, harbor” (see Kutscher 1977: 367–92 [Hebrew section; articles from 1937 and 1969]; Kaufman 1974: 68; Beyer 1994: 372). In Hebrew, it appears as ‫מחוז‬, and in construct form, it is used of sites on the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. As for the former, it appears as Maḥoz ʾEglatain (‫)מחוז עגלתין‬, abbreviated simply as Maḥoza (Maoza in Greek) in documents of the first and second centuries c.e. (discussion in P. Yadin, ed. Yadin, 8–9). Furthermore, located on the Dead Sea is ‫“( מחוז‬the port”), with reference to Ein Gedi (P. Yadin 49:8). Written māḫazu or māḫadu, the meaning “port” appears clearly in a quadrilingual Ugaritic vocabulary list (Ugaritica V [1968] p. 24, line 21). Four other Ugaritic texts record miḫd ships (UT 319) and Maḫd/Miḫd people (UT 1059, 2016–17), referring apparently to the harbor of Ugarit (Astour 1970). In

390

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

another Ugaritic list, however, we find in sequence the gentilics aḏddy (= the Ashdodite) and mḫdy (PRU V no. 14:15–16), and in Egyptian texts from the time of Thutmose III and Ramses II, Muḫāzi has been identified as Tell es-Sultan, east of Yavneh-yam (Aḥituv 1984: 143–44). Similarly, in the Mishnah and Tosefta ‫ מחוז‬is Yavneh (m. ʿArak. 3:2 = t. ʿArak. 2:8; Makš. 3:4), and in Amarna letter 298:25, Muḫāzu in the territory of the kingdom of Gezer (Moran 1992: 340) has been identified with Tell es-Sultan or Yavneh-yam. These citations accord well with the reference by the medieval Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to the māḥūz of Yavneh and the māḥūz of Ashdod. This māḥūz is reflected already in the name of the site Ashdod-Yam (asdudimmu) conquered in 713 by Sargon II along with Ashdod (ANET 286), and the two names appear again in the sixth-century-c.e. Madaba map as, respectively, Asdod and Azotus paralo[s], that is, “Ashdod by the Sea.” (We are grateful to Yoel Elitzur for discussion of these texts; see Elitzur 2004: 103–6.) During the time of Nehemiah, the Ashdodites sported a distinct ethnic and linguistic identity (Neh 4:1, 13:23–24), and the city itself yielded an Aramaic ostracon, reading in part ‫“( כרם זבדיה‬the vineyard of Zebadyah” [Naveh 1971]). It is thus possible that our ‫ מחוזא‬referred to the port of the city of Ashdod, namely, Ashdod-yam. ¶ The personal name Agra (‫“[ אגרא‬Loan”]) occurs twice in the Talmud as the father-in-law of R. Abba (Ḥul. 104b; Men. 29b [Zadok 1987: 259; 1988: 111]). Our Agra was the agent entrusted with the delivery on the same day of three loads of wheat, each weighing 16 some seahs. ¶ Both el-Kom and Maresha have road connections to Lachish, which leads to Ashdod via Dorsey’s route J15 (Dorsey 1991: Map 14, p. 196; see fig. 9 in the Introduction above).

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

391

cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Sivan, year 7, Samitu to the storehouse: 3 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 7, q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

7 ‫ לסיון שנת‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ שמתו למסכנתא‬.2 4 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ חכ‬.3

A8.39-ISAP1237 (AL54 [JA67]) June 13, 352 Payment of 1 kor, 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (82×90×8–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheelmarks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Some 25 payments to the storehouse, primarily of wheat, were recorded between August 6, 358 and July 30, 351, most in two summer months of 354 (see A4.22). Two of the three payments recorded in Artaxerxes III, year 7 (352/351) were by Samitu. This one is particularly large (1 kor, 7.67 seahs), while the next one (A8.40) will be the exchange of almost the same amount of barley for wheat at the standard 2:1 rate. See A8.32 above.

392

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Depository Exchange

1

On the 22nd of Elul, year 7, Samitu to the storehouse: 3 b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 4, 4(in exchange) for w(heat), s(eahs), 17; q(abs), 5. 2

7 ‫ לאלול שנת‬22 ‫ב‬ ‫שמתו למסכנתא‬ 4 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ ס‬1 ‫שכ‬ 5 ‫ ק‬17 ‫בחס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.40-ISAP2431 [JA142]) September 22, 352 Exchange of 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4 qabs of barley for 17 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Shoulder and lower neck of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (77×83×4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), well-levigated, few white grits. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin. Writing on exterior, on flat/ slightly convex surface, faint traces of writing on interior, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks.

See the previous chit (A8.39).

393

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 22nd of Sivan, year 10, Samitu: 2 b(arley), s(eah), 1. 1

10 ‫ לסיון שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ שמתו שס‬.2

A8.41-ISAP1435 (AL59 = EN70 [M147]) June 21, 349 Payment of 1 seah of barley Body sherd of jar (72×47×6), exterior brown, interior red-orange. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Three years earlier, in the month of Elul (A8.40), Samitu exchanged 35.67 seahs of barley for 17.83 seahs of wheat. Here, he made a payment of only 1 seah to an unnamed payee. Samitu received barley in three other payments above (A8.14, 17, 22) and will make a larger payment of barley below (A8.46).

394

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product

On the 7th of Kislev, Samitu from m[...] 3from his buy: oil, 4s(eahs), 3; q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf).

‫ לכסלו‬7 ‫ב‬ [?]‫שמתו מן ִמ‬ ‫מן זבנהי משח‬ ‫ף‬1‫ק‬3‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.42-ISAP803 [IA12186 {GCh 3}] 7 Kislev Payment of 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (87×33×7), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black soot on interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

Above, in an undated chit, Zaydil paid Samitu 5 seahs ‫“( מן משח זבינתא‬from the oil of the purchase” [A8.28; cf. A8.17, as well]). Here, likewise in a partially dated chit, Samitu paid to an unnamed payee 3 seahs, 1.5 qabs from “his [whose?] purchase” (‫ ;)מן זבנהי‬for ‫ זבן‬as a noun meaning “buy” or “sell,” see Beyer 1984: 567. The mem in the middle of line 2 might introduce ‫“( משח‬oil”), but there would not be room for a following personal name. It probably does not introduce ‫“( מנקדה‬Makkedah”), because that site was never a source of oil (Table 2.3). On the other hand, the preposition ‫“( מן‬from”) appears above (A8.18) introducing a personal name as source. Maš(i)ku (‫ )משכו‬would be a possible candidate, because he paid more than 7 seahs of oil in an undated chit to Qoslanṣur (A5.3). Alternately, perhaps we should restore [‫מן מ]שחה‬, (“from [his] o[il]”), continuing with “from his buy,” a roundabout way of saying “from the oil of his buy.”

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

395

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Samitu: flour, 2s(eahs), 8.

‫ שמתו קמח‬.1 8 ‫ ס‬.2

1

A8.43–1613 (AL196 [M421 {SM 12}]) Undated Payment of 8 seahs of flour Approximately rectangular sherd, ca. 6.5×6 [AL].

Almost half of the nearly 25 chits for flour lack a date (e.g., A1.9).

396

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Samitu. a beam.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ שמתו‬.1 ‫ שרי‬.2

A8.44-ISAP300 [IA11761] Undated Payment of a beam Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian period bowl, medium-sized (58×67×9), roughly square, regularly shaped, pale brown (10YR6/3), many white grits, hand-burnishing on interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, very wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

More than half of the chits for beams lack a date (e.g., A3.35).

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343)

397

cm

CONVEX From the account of Samitu ◦◦ to Naqru/Naqdu: w(heat), k(or), 1.

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product

[?].. ‫חשבן ִשמתו‬ ִ ‫ מן‬.1 1 ‫רו חכ‬/‫ לנקד‬.2

A8.45-ISAP1457 (AL179 [M169]) Undated Payment of 1 kor of wheat Fragment of jar, approximately triangular (78×70×8), exterior light brown, interior brownish-red/orange. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

In a third century b.c.e. account from Egypt, the word ‫ חשבן‬is an accounting term in a caption: “Account of the grain which I wrote . . .” (TAD C28:79). Here it appears to be a banking term. Samitu has an account somewhere, perhaps in the storehouse, which may be drawn upon or which may be charged to pay Naqdu/ru 1 kor of wheat, a not inconsiderable amount. A parallel expression comes to mind in the Arsham correspondence, wherein the satrap authorizes a ration for a traveling official to be paid “out of my house (‫ )מן ביתא זילי‬which is in your province” (TAD A6.9:2). The payment was to be debited to Arsham’s accounts along the route. The verb ‫ חשב‬occurs above (A8.17) and twice elsewhere (A3.20, A300.1.1)

398

A8.1–46 (48) Samitu Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Qoskahel and Samitu: b(arley), k(ors) 3; s(eahs), 28; 3q(abs), 4. Zabdadah 4wrote.

Payer

1

Product

2

Signatory

‫קוסכהל ושמתו‬ 28 ‫ ס‬3 ‫שכ‬ ‫דא ִדה‬ ִ ‫זב‬ ִ 4‫ק‬ ‫כתב‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A8.46-ISAP1306 (AL205 [M6]) Undated Payment of 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar(?), small and quite thin (45×34×4), exterior beige, interior pink-orange. Ostracon probably complete. Writing on exterior, on flat surface. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks.

There were three chits above in which two or three people combined to make payments to Samitu (A8.12, 14, 22). Here, Qoskahel combines with Samitu to make a payment of almost 4 kors of barley to an unstated payee. No doubt each party contributed half of the amount. In separate chits drawn up by the same scribe on June 8, 352, each made a payment of wheat from the grain of Ramata: Samitu, 16 seahs, 5 qabs (A8.38 above) and Qoskahel perhaps the same (A9.24). Qoskahel and Samitu also appear together, one after the other, on an account of shekels (ISAP1932). The name Zabdadah was borne by a worker in the clan of Baalrim (ISAP1881) and payers in the clans of Gur (A2.19 [which see for name]) and Yehokal (A5.20), as well as in almost ten other texts (see A47). Only here do we have the notation “Zabdadah wrote.” In this, he might be compared to Qosyatha, for whom we have four or five chits (see A8.27 above), or possibly, to Netina, for whom we have but one chit (A17.8).

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) Four documents in this dossier have already appeared in three other dossiers and are cross-referenced here: two in Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr (A9.2, 6 [A7.51, 53), one in Gur (A9.27 [A2.1]), and one in Samitu (A9.31 [A8.46]). For a full discussion of this dossier and its relationship with that of Samitu and with the commodity dossiers, see Porten-Yardeni 2012: 335–38, 346–47, Tables 9–10. The dossier is divided into three parts: Qoskahel as payee (A9.1–22); Qoskahel as payer (A9.23–33); Qoskahel as source (A9.34). Dated List of Texts A9.1 A9.2 A9.3 A9.4 A9.5 A9.6 A9.7 A9.8 A9.9 A9.10 A9.11 A9.12 A9.13 A9.14 A9.15 A9.16 A9.17 A9.18 A9.19 A9.20 A9.21 A9.22 A9.23 A9.24 A9.25 A9.26 A9.27 A9.28 A9.29 A9.30 A9.31 A9.32 A9.33 A9.34

Payment of 15 seahs of barley July 9, 365 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 25 seahs, 3 qabs of resh June 24, 362 Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of resh July 23, 362 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of resh July 30, 362 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh August 19, 362 Payment of 5 seahs of resh August 25, 362 Payment of 10 seahs of resh September 20, 362 Payment of 20 seahs of barley June 10, 359? Payment of 1 seah of semolina of wheat and 1 seah of flour July 12, 359 Payment of x seahs, 1.5 qabs of semolina and y seahs, z+  0.5 qabs of flour June 21–July 19, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh July 24, 359 Payment unknown August 9+, 358 Payment of 5 seahs, 5 qabs of resh October 12, 358 Payment of 2(+?) seahs, 2.5 qabs of x 356/355 Payment of 1 kor, 15 seahs of wheat 355/354 Payment of 14 seahs of barley March 23, 351 Payment unknown 7 Tishri Payment of 1 log 27 x Three payments: 7.25 seahs of barley; 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 19 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat/barley August 26–September 24, 357 Payment [of 16 seahs of wheat ] June [8], 352 Payments of 33 pegs 8 Tebeth Payment of 2 kors, 12 seahs of barley 20 x Payment of 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs of salt /oil Date Missing Illegible Date missing? Payment of 3 loads Undated Two payments of 1 log each Undated Payment of 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Undated Payment of 27 grgrn Undated Payment of 36 grgrn Undated Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley Undated (319–317?)

399

400

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) Table 14.  The Dossier of Qoskahel at a Glance (365–351, 319–317? [A9.1–34]) son of date beginning

No ISAP 9.1 806 =GCh6 =IA12189 9.2 823 =GCh23 =IA12206 see A7.51 9.3 1497 =M209 =AL311 9.4 410 =IA11405 9.5 9.6

9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

9.12

456 =IA11415 1001 =IM  91.16.76 =L1 see A7.53 1248 =JA75 =AL4 706 =YR8 1944 =BLMJ668 =EN153 1419 =M126 =AL10 1433 =M143 =EN53 =AL7 2561 =JA286 703 =YR14

b h nd

by the hand of no date

Babylonian Date 14 Tammuz, 40 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 1 Tammuz [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 30 Tammuz, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 7 Ab, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 27 Ab, 43 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 4 Elul, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 30 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 20 Iyyar, [46 Artaxerxes II] db 22 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db x Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II]

t h sc

to the hand of scribe

de

date end

Julian Date July 9, 365

?

Payer Begin(n)eh

Payee Qoskahel

from the grain of the loan:

June 16, 362

12

Baalghayr

Qoskahel

grinding of Iyyar and Sivan:

June 24, 362

?

Šalmu

Qoskahel

resh: 25 seahs, 3 qabs

July 23, 362

?

[PN]

Qoskahel

resh: [x seahs], 1 qab

July 30, 362

12

Qosnaqam

Qoskahel

resh: 5 seahs, 4 qabs

August 19, 362 12

1. Gar(a)pi 2. Baalghayr

1. Abdel 2. Qoskahel

resh: 1 kor, 4 qabs

August 25, 362 12

Qosḥanan

Qoskahel

resh: 5 seahs

September 20, 362

12

Šammu

Qoskahel

resh: 10 seahs

June 10, 359

?

Qosḥanan

brought: Qoskahel b h Qosmalak barley: 20 seahs

July 12, 359

Qosḥanan

Qoskahel

June 21– July 19, 359

[PN]

Qoskahel

?

Qoslaytha

Qoskahel

semolina: 2 seahs

12

Qoslaytha

Qoskahel

from the later grinding:

?

Ḥazira

Qos[kahel]

[. . .]

12

Qoslaytha

t h Qoskah[el] resh: 5 seahs, 5 qabs

?

[PN]

[Q]oskahel

x: 2 seahs, 2.5 qabs

?

[PN]

[Qo]skahe[l]

wheat: 1 kor, 15 seahs

Commodity barley: 15 seahs

resh: 1 seah, 3 qabs

semolina, w(heat): 1 seah flour: 1 seah Yazidu [semolina: x seahs], 1.5 qabs flour: [x seahs, y]+0.5 qabs

db _____

nd

——

July 24, 359 5 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II]  db archaic alef 9.14 1389 x+2 Ab, 1 August 9+, 358 =M95 [Artaxerxes III] =AL18 de 9.15 1652 6 Tishri, 1 Oct 12, 358 =OG?18 [Artaxerxes III] db 9.16 1149 x, y, 3 356/355 =IM91.16.187 [Artaxerxes III] =L149 db 9.17 1378 20 x, 4 355/354 =M81 [Artaxerxes III] =AL303 db 9.13

Scribe

s db

resh: 3 seahs, 4 qabs Yazidu

401

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) Table 14.  The Dossier of Qoskahel at a Glance (365–351, 319–317? [A9.1–34]) s db

son of date beginning

9.18 146 =M175 =AL55 9.19 1445 =M157 =AL131 9.20 405 =IA11355 9.21 1930 =JA113 =EN139 9.22 266 =IA11750 9.23 726 =YR29 9.24 1307 =M7 =AL53 9.25 727 =YR20 9.26 816 =GCh16 =IA12199 9.27 1531 =M246 =AL220 see A2.1 9.28 132+135 =IA11844+ 11893 9.29 2628 =JA371 9.30 74 =ZdIV >EyHIII =JA433 9.31 1306 =M6 =AL205 see A8.46 9.32 1984 =W1′ =LW14 9.33 1429 =M137+140 =AL225 9.34 2438 =JA150

b h nd

by the hand of no date

28 Adar, 7 [Artaxerxes III]

t h sc

db

_____

Zabdi

Qoskahel

to the storehouse:

——

[PN] s Nah(a)ri

Qoskahel

broug[ht]:

——

?

——

?

——

?

x Elul, 2 db [5] Sivan, 7

Baaladar/ider Qoskahel

de

20

[. . .]

log: 1 from the grain of Ani:

Q[os. . .]

Qoskahe[l]

oil: 2 seahs, 4 qabs

Aug 26– Sep 24, 357

Qoskahel

_____

[broug]ht in:

[8] June, 352

[Qoska]hel

brought from the grain of Ramata:

pegs (nails): 33

1. Šallum 2. Ubaydu

barley: 7 seahs, 1.5 qabs wheat: 10 seahs; barley: 4 seahs

wheat/barley: 19 seahs, 5 qabs

——

Qoskahel

Maḥoza/ the port b h Agra _____

——

Qoskahel

Palaqos

barley: 2 kors, 12 seahs

——

Qoskahel s Guru

_____

oil/salt: 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs

——

Qoskahel s [. . .]

_____

[. . .]

——

Qoskahel

b h Maš(i)ku

loads: 3

——

1. Qosyad 2. Qoskahel

log: 1 (log:) 1

——

Qoskahel and Samitu

Abid/Ubayd (Abid/ Ubayd) _____

——

Qoskahel

_____

barley: 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs Zabdadah wrote grgrn: 27

——

Zubaydu s Qoskahel

_____

from Makkedah:

319–317?

Qoslaghath

_____

of the horse-ranch of Qoskahel:

db 8 Tebeth

barley: 14 seahs

Qoskahel

nd nd

date end

March 23, 351

db

_____

de

db

7 Tishri 27 x

to the hand of scribe

[wheat: 16 seahs, 5 qabs]

de _____ nd _____ nd _____

nd

_____ nd _____ nd _____ nd _____ nd _____ nd

grgrn: 36

barley: 2 kors, 20 seahs

402

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Source Product Sealing Sign

On the 14th of Tammuz, year 40, 2 Begin(n)eh brought to Qoskahel 3 from the grain of the loan: 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 15. (archaic alef  ) 1

40 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬14 ‫ ב‬.1

‫היתי בגנה לקוסכהל‬ ‫מן עבור זפתא‬ 15 ‫שס‬ #

.2 .3 .4 .5

A9.1-ISAP806 [IA12189 {GCh6}] (Palimpsest?) July 9, 365 Payment of 15 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×77×5), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheelmarks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed and supralinear numerals), wide right margin narrowing downward, bottom edge broken, variable left margin.

The two ciphers for 40 are written supralinearly at the end of line 1. ¶ For the verb “brought,” see A1.8. ¶ The Aramaic name Qoskahel (‫ )קוסכהל‬means “Qos is able”; the verb ‫ כהל‬appears prominently in the Elephantine Aramaic contracts with the technical meaning “entitled (to do something)” (Porten-Lund 2002: 154). The Hebrew equivalent is Jecoliah (‫[ יכליהו‬2 Kgs 15:2]). ¶ For “grain of the loan,” see A3.17. This is the second earliest chit in the Idumean corpus (cf. A107.1), and it already has a sealing sign, which is partly cut off at the bottom. Qoskahel receives three more payments of barley (A9.9, 18, 21), pays two (A9.26, 31), plays an uncertain role in one (A9.23), and is noted as the owner of the product’s source in a final example (A9.34).

403

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) “Scribe 12”: 9.2, 5–8, 13, 15 See also A4.1, 3–5, 15; A7.1–4, 36, 51–54; 8.2–3, 5–7, 9–12, 15 (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 2).

A9.2-ISAP823 [IA12206 {GCh23}] June 16, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of resh (See A7.51 [Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr])

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product? Date Sealing Sign

Šalmu to Qoskahel: 2 resh, s(eahs), 25; q(abs), 3. 3 On the 1st of Tammuz. (archaic alef  ) 1

‫שלמִו לקוסכהל‬ ִ .1 3 ‫ ק‬25 ‫ ראש ס‬.2 # ‫לת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ 1 ‫ ב‬.3

A9.3-ISAP1497 (AL311 [M209]) June 24, 362 Payment of 25 seahs, 3 qabs of resh Body sherd of jar (68×53×8), exterior and interior gray-brown. Ostracon perhaps complete but quite illegible. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

For resh, see A1.4. This is the second of seven chits for resh paid to Qoskahel in the three months between 22 Sivan and 30 Elul, 43 (June 16–September 20, 362 [A9.2–8]). Almost all were written by the same scribe (Scribe 12 [see note before A4.1]) with archaic alef and date at the bottom (Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147*, Table 2:7–13). The amounts varied between 1.5 and slightly more than 30 seahs (A9.2, 6). Two additional payments were made (A9.13, 15) almost three years later (July 24, 359) and 14 months after that (October 12, 358) ¶ For the name Šalmu, see A3.29 and A155 ( and cf. A9.21 below).

404

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

[PN] to Qoskahel: resh, 2[s(eahs), x]; q(ab), 1. On the 30th of Tammuz, 3[?]. (archaic alef  ), 1. 1

‫ ]? [לקוסכהל ִר ִאש‬.1 ‫ לתמוז‬30 ‫ ִב‬1 ‫[ק‬ ִ ?] .2 1. #[ ?] .3

A9.4-ISAP410 [IA11405] July 23, 362 Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of resh Rounded base of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43×59×6), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, bottom?, variable left margin.

This ostracon is cut away at the right edge, and missing are the name of the payer in line 1, the amount of seahs in line 2, and possibly the year date in line 3. Such a date is present in three chits for resh (A9.5–7) but absent in three (A9.2–3, 8). It is not clear whether it was present in our chit or not.

405

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Qosnaqam to Qoskahel: 2 resh, s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 4. 3 On the 7th of Ab, year 43. 1

‫ קוסנקם לקוסכהל‬.1 4 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ ראש ס‬.2 3[+40] ‫ ל[אב] שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.3

A9.5-ISAP456 [IA11415] July 30, 362 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71×79×4), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/1), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 80% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed  ), narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

See A9.3 above. Nine months later Qosnaqam will give resh to Samitu (for discussion, see A8.12).

A9.6-ISAP1001 (L1 [IM91.16.76]) August 19, 362 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of resh (See A7.53 [Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr])

406

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Qosḥanan to Qoskahel: 2 resh, s(eahs), 5. On the 4th 3of Elul, year 43. 1

‫ קוסחנן לקוסכהל‬.1 4 ‫ ב‬5 ‫ ראש ס‬.2 43 ‫ לאלול שנת‬.3

A9.7-ISAP1248 (AL4 [JA75]) August 25, 362 Payment of 5 seahs of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (42×69×6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware very pale brown (10YR8/3), few brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks, inscription continues on one old break. Medium top margin narrowing to the left, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the name Qosḥanan, see A1.44 and A16. The lamed of Qoskahel is written on the edge of the ostracon. ¶ For resh, with references, see A9.3. ¶ There will be two further payments to Qoskahel by Qosḥanan (A9.9–10), one for barley on 20 Iyyar (=June 10, 359? though lacking year date) and the other for semolina+flour on 22 Sivan, 46 (July 12, 359).

407

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Šammu to Qoskahel: 2 resh, s(eahs), 10. 3 On the 30th of Elul. 4 (archaic alef  )

‫שמוע לקוסכהל‬ 10 ‫ראש ס‬ ‫ לאלול‬30 ‫ב‬ #

1

.1 .2 .3 .4

A9.8-ISAP706 [YR8] September 20, 362 Payment of 10 seahs of resh Base of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (53×65×8), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few dark grits. Whitish patina on ca. 90% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, orientation of written lines unrelated to circular wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing sealing sign), wide left margin.

The name Šammu (‫ ;שמוע‬cf. A90) has parallels in the Bible (Num 13:4, etc.) and at Elephantine (TAD B3.11:19), and here it is a hypocoristic for a name such as ‫קוסשמע‬, “Qos heard” (A49.2). ¶ For resh, see A9.3.

408

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Agent

[On the] 20th of Iyyar, Qosḥanan brought 2 [to] Qoskahel b(arley), s(eahs), 20, 3 by the hand of Qosmalak. 1

‫לאיִר היתי קוסחנן‬ ִ 20 ] ‫ ]ב‬.1 20 ‫ ]ל]קוסכהל שס‬.2 ‫קוסמ ִל ִך‬ ִ ‫ עליד‬.3

A9.9-ISAP1944 (EN153 [BLMJ668]) June 10, 359? Payment of 20 seahs of barley Flat base fragment of Persian-period jar (?), roughly triangular, medium-sized (48×58×4–6), exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4). Writing on exterior, on flat surface, wheel-marks curved.

A chit drawn up on 2 Iyyar, 46 by Rufayu for Samitu (A8.17), also with date at the beginning and with the verb “brought,” may have recorded Qosmalak as agent. If so, it would be tempting to date this chit likewise to year 46, yielding June 10, 359. It would thus be a month before Qosḥanan made another grain payment to Qoskahel (A9.10 below; cf. A9.7 above). That chit is the warrant for restoring lamed (“to”) at the beginning of line 2, not ‫“( בר‬son of”) with Ephʿal-Naveh. We see also that the prepositions -‫ ל‬and ‫עליד‬ have two distinct meanings.

409

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Sivan, year 46, Qosḥanan to Qoskahel: 3 semolina, w(heat), s(eah), 1; flour, s(eah), 1. 4 (archaic alef  ) Yazidu

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Products Sealing Sign Signatory

46 ‫לסיִִון שנת‬ ִ 22 ‫ב‬ ‫לקִו ִס ִכהל‬ ִ ִ‫קוסח ִנן‬ 1 ‫ ִק ִמח ס‬1 ‫נשיף ִח ִס‬ ‫ ִיז ִִדִו‬#

.1 .2 .3 .4

A9.10-ISAP1419 (AL10 [M126]) July 12, 359 Payment of 1 seah of semolina of wheat and 1 seah of flour Body sherd of jar (84×59×7), exterior gray-brown, interior gray. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

There are seven chits for semolina+flour drawn up in the last week of the month of Sivan, 46 by the same scribe (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1:4–10). Two are in the Al(i)baal dossier (A4.11, 13), one is in the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier (A7.5), one is in our dossier here, one is in the Ani dossier (A37.8), one is in Aḥ(i)šalam’s dossier (A56), and one is in Sam(a)ku’s dossier (A51.3). At least six had the archaic alef and were signed off by Yazidu. A9.11 is broken off at the bottom. The seventh chit was for Sam(a)ku, who paid Qosḥanan 2 seahs, 2 qabs of semolina and the same amount of flour on 22 Sivan (A51.3). On the same day, Qosḥanan here turned around and paid Qoskahel 1 seah of the semolina, leaving 1 seah, 2 qabs for himself, and 1 seah of flour, leaving 1 seah, 2 qabs for himself. What prompted these payments? ¶ Only here out of a total of 37 chits for semolina+flour is the former specifically marked as wheat. ¶ See further A4.2 and 7.2. Qosḥanan had already made two other payments to Qoskahel, one of resh (A9.7) and one of barley (A9.9).

410

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX [On the x (day) of Si]van, year 46, 46 ‫]ב לס]יון שנת‬ [PN] ‫] [לקוסכהל‬ Payee to Qoskahel: ‫מח‬ ִ ‫ ִף ִק‬1 ‫]נשיף ס ]ק‬ 3 Products [semolina, s(eahs), x], q(ab),1 (and a) h(alf); flour, 4[. . .] (a) h(alf  ).  ‫] [ִף‬ [Sealing Sign?] [(archaic alef  )] [Signatory?] [Yazidu] Date

1

Payer

2

.1 .2 .3 .4

A9.11-ISAP1433 (EN53 = AL7 [M143]) June 21-July 19, 359 Payment of x seahs, 1.5 qabs of semolina and y seahs, z+0.5 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar (67×38×5–6), exterior light brown, interior orange-pink. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

Missing at the right edge is the day in line 1, the payer in line 2, reference to semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and its seah measure in line 3, and reference to the seah flour measure in line 4. ¶ Doubtless, the signatory Yazidu and the archaic alef sealing sign would have appeared in the lost text at the bottom. See above (A9.10).

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

411

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qoslaytha to Qoskahel: 2 semolina, s(eahs), 2. in/for . . . 1

‫לקוסכ ִה ִל‬ ִ ‫קוסליתע‬ ִ .1 ִ‫ין‬..ִ‫בסי‬ ִ 2 ‫ נשיף ס‬.2

A9.12-ISAP2561 [JA286] Undated Payment of 2 seahs of semolina Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52×79×4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior very dark gray (10YR3/1), ware light gray (10YR7/1), few black grits. Patina covers ca. 90% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing to the left, no left margin.

This is one of some ten chits in the Idumean corpus that records semolina without the addition of flour. See A5.1 for discussion. ¶ The writing at the end of line 2 of our text defies decipherment. ¶ Qoslaytha (‫ )קוסליתע‬is Aramaic precative, “May Qos deliver” (see A45; cf. A2.12 for the hypocoristic “Laytha”). There are two more payments by Qoslaytha, both of resh (A9.13, 15 below).

412

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Source Product Sealing Sign Signatory

On the 5th of Tammuz, year 246, Qoslaytha 3 to Qoskahel, from the 4later 3grinding: 4 resh, s(eahs), 3; 5q(abs), 4. (archaic alef  ) 6 Yazidu 1

‫ לתמוז שנת‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסליתע‬ ִ 46 ‫לקוסכהל ִמןִ טחונא‬ 3 ‫אחריא ִר ִאש ס‬ 4‫ק‬ # ‫ִיז ִִדִו‬

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

A9.13-ISAP703 [YR14] July 24, 359 Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×69×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are five or so chits (four by the same scribe) for the later grinding during two weeks of Tammuz, year 46 (July 24–August 8, 359), all presumably sealed by the archaic alef and subscribed by Yazidu. One is in the dossier of Al(i)baal (semolina+flour [A4.14]), a second is in that of Samitu (crushed/sifted grain [A8.20]), and two in the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier (crushed/sifted grain and semolina+flour [A7.6–7]). See Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 4:16–20. Fifteen months later, Qoslaytha makes a second payment of resh (A9.15; cf. A9.3 above), in addition to his payment of semolina above (A9.12).

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

413

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Ḥazira to Qoska[he]l: 2 [. . .] [On the x+]2 of Ab, 3year 1. 1

‫לקִו ִס ִכ[ה]ל‬ ִ ‫ חזירא‬.1 ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 2 ] [‫י‬/‫קא‬/ ִ ‫סיִִר‬/‫ ִג‬.2 1 ‫ שנת‬.3

A9.14-ISAP1389 (AL18 [M95]) August 9+, 358 Payment Unknown Body sherd of jar (76×88×7), surface light beige. Most of writing erased. Written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks [AL].

The name Ḥazira appears some ten times (see A35) and was held by a member of the clan of Qoṣi (A3.32). Adarel/Idriel son of Ḥazira of the sons of Gur appears in a chit of 4 Tishri, 6 (October 13, 353 [A2.11, also for the name]). ¶ The product cannot be read.

414

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tishri, year 1, Qoslaytha to the hand of Qoskah[el]: 3 resh, s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

[

1 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫קוסכ ִה]ל‬ ִ ‫ קוסליתע ליד‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬5 ‫ ִר ִאש ס‬.3

A9.15-ISAP1652 {OG?18} October 12, 358 Payment of 5 seahs, 5 qabs of resh A payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh to Qoskahel was made 15 months previously by Qoslaytha (A9.13), and he also made a payment of semolina (A9.12). For more payments of resh in this dossier, see A9.3.

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

415

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

[On the x (day) of y (month)], year, 3, [PN 2 to Q]oskahel: 3 [ . . . s(eahs), ?+] 2; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf). 1

3 ‫ ] [שנת‬.1 ‫לק]ו ִסכהל‬ ִ ] .2 ‫ ִף‬2 ‫ ק‬2 ]‫ ] ס‬.3

A9.16-ISAP1149 (L149 [IM91.16.187]) 356/355 Payment of 2(+?) seahs, 2.5 qabs of x Body sherd of jar, small (47×32×6.5), exterior and interior gray-brown and burned. Left-hand part of ostracon preserved. Writing on exterior, written lines almost parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, no bottom margin, wide left margin.

Missing at the right edge in line 1 is the day and month, in line 2 the name of the payer, and in line 3 the product and possibly part of the seah quantity.

416

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX On the 20[+? of (month) y, year] 4, [PN to Qo]skahe[l] 3 . . . w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 15.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

4.....[

]..[ ]20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫קו]סכהל‬ ִ ]... .2 15 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ ִחכ‬..... .3

A9.17-ISAP1378 (AL303 [M81]) 355/354 Payment of 1 kor, 15 seahs of wheat Body sherd (66×57×10), exterior and interior light brown. Writing largely erased. Written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Another chit that may have been written in year 4 (A7.40) brought in from Makkedah to Ab(i)yatha over 2 kors of wheat and 6 kors of barley. In our chit, the month and perhaps part of the day are illegible in line 1, the name of the payer cannot be read in line 2, and the first half of line 3 is also not legible.

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

417

cm

CONVEX On the 28th of Adar, year 6+1 (= 7), Zabdi to Qoskahel to the storehouse: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 14 4?

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Depository Product

6+1 ‫ לאדר שנת‬28 ‫ ב‬.1

‫למסכנתא‬ ִ ‫לקוסכהל‬ ִ ‫ זבדי‬.2

14 ‫ שס‬.3 ? .4

A9.18-ISAP1463 (AL55 [M175]) March 23, 351 Payment of 14 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (72×62×50), thin-walled, exterior beige gray, interior gray. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Both the seventh stroke of the numeral in line 1 and the alef of ‫ מסכנתא‬in line 2 were written supralinearly at the end of their respective lines. ¶ Zabdi was a very popular name, occurring more than 30 times (see, for example, A7.42–46 and A15), and so it is not possible to assign our payer to any of the others by that name. Of the 30-some payments made to the storehouse over a period of seven years (29 Tammuz, 1 to 11 Ab, 8 [August 6, 358 to August 2, 351]) all were wheat, except this and two others, which were all for barley (A10.7, 89.4); Table 1.1. For occurrences of barley in this dossier, see A9.1.

418

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 7th of Tishri, [PN] 2son of Nah(a)ri 1broug[ht] 2 to Qoskahel: [. . .]. 1

[ ‫ לתשרי הית]י‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫לקוסכהל‬ ִ ‫ בר נהרי‬.2

A9.19-ISAP1445 (AL131 [M157]) 7 Tishri Payment unknown Body sherd, close to base (83×85×4–5), exterior light brown, interior light brown/gray. Unclear if ostracon complete. Written lines at 5° to wheel-marks [AL].

Missing at the end of line 1 are the final yod of ‫“( היתי‬brought”; see A1.8) and the praenomen of the payer and, at the end of line 2, the product and amount. ¶ Nah(a)ri (‫ ;נהרי‬see A108) is a hypocoristicon of an Aramaic name such as ‫( קוסנהר‬Qosnahar, “Qos is light” [A10.37]) and is paralleled by ‫( נהרו‬A140).

419

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX On the 27th, Baaladar/ider 3 to Qoskahe[l]: 4 log, 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

[ ]27 ‫ב‬ [ ? ] ‫לע ִדִר‬ ִ ‫ִב ִע‬ [ ‫לקו ִס ִכ ִה]ל‬ ִ [ ]1 ‫גזר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A9.20-ISAP405 [IA11355] 27 x Payment of 1 log Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (48×43×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), polished, few white grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is one of three chits, all by the same scribe, written on day 27 without a month name for 1 log (written defectiva [‫)]גזר‬. The other two are by Baalḥanan for Qosrim (A173.1) and Ḥaṭamu for Qosnaqam (A79.4). Interestingly, each one found its way into a different collection. ¶ In an undated chit drawn up for Qoskahel and a second payer, Qoskahel delivered a log (written plena [‫ )]גזיר‬to Abid (A9.30 below). ¶ For the name Baaladar/ider, see A4.15.

420

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONCAVE (Opposite jar handle) Payer 1 Payee Source Product 1

Payer 2 Products 2

Šallum to Qoskahel 2 from the grain of Ani: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 1 (and) a h(alf). CONVEX (Below jar handle, upward, toward handle) 1

Ubaydu: w(heat), s(eahs) 10; 5b(arley), s(eahs) 4. 4

‫ שלום לקוסכהל‬.1 ‫עבוִר ענִי‬ ִ ‫ מן‬.2 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ שס‬.3

10 ‫ִדִו ִח ִס‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִבי‬.4 4 ‫ ש ס‬.5

A9.21-ISAP1930 [formerly 2405] (EN139 [JA113]) Undated Three payments: 7.25 seahs of barley; 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley Body sherd and a small portion of the handle of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 45×77×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, near the joint of the handle to the body, on very uneven surface, and on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Interior: medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin. Exterior: medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

It is unusual to have a chit written on both sides (but see A154.2). The original editors (EN139) had not seen a photo of the convex. The connection between the two sides is not clear. Because the preferred writing

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

421

side of these ostraca was invariably the convex, perhaps it contained the original (discarded) text, and the ostracon was reused by writing on the concave. ¶ This is one of four chits recording the payment of barley “from the grain of Ani” (see also A3.16, 39.6, 41.4). Was he a dealer of some sort? For more payments of barley in this dossier, see A9.1 (where the source is “from the grain of the loan”). Below (A9.24), we also have “from the grain of Ramata.” ¶ Strikingly, a chit above records on 1 Tammuz, [year 43] (June 24, 362) the payment of resh to Qoskahel by a Šalmu (A9.3). Is the similarity of this name to Šallum coincidental or are they variants of each other? Both are hypocoristica of a name with the root ‫שלם‬, “requite”; cf. Biblical Hebrew Shelemiah (Jer 36:14). The Idumean ostraca have the root ‫ שלם‬as a noun (“well-being”) in the nominal sentence names ‫( אבשלם‬A3.4 and A56) and ‫( אחשלם‬A162, ISAP1626). The element ‫אב‬, “(divine) father,” appears in three other nominal sentence personal names: Abenaši/šu (A1.32 and A91), Ab(i)am (A7.41), and Ab(i)ram (A159.1). ¶ For the name Ubaydu, see A1.30, 2.30, and especially the dossier of the same name in A24. cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Q[os. . .] to Qoskahe[l]: 2 [oi]l, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4. 1

[ ‫ לקוסכה]ל‬.]..‫ ק[וס‬.1 4 ‫ ִק‬2 ‫]מש]ח ִס‬ ִ .2

A9.22-ISAP266 [IA11750]) Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (83×55×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/1), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name of the payer is effaced in line 1, except for the first letter. Also the first word in line 2 (‫משח‬ [“oil”]) is very faint. See A1.6 for “oil.”

422

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Payer? Agent?

[On the x] of Elul, year 2, Mar[ṣaat]: 2 [w(heat)/b(arley), s(eahs)], 19; q(abs), 5, 3 [which] Qoskahel [br]ought in. 1

[

].‫ מר‬2 ‫ ]ב ]לאלול שנת‬.1 5 ‫ ִק‬19 ] ‫שס‬/ ‫ ]חס‬.2 ‫הנ]על קוסכהל‬ ִ ‫ ]זי‬.3

A9.23-ISAP726 [YR29] August 26–September 24, 357 Payment of 19 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat/barley Body sherd of closed vessel (cooking pot?), medium-sized (37×51×3–5), roughly rectangular, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), many white and dark grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

The day is missing at the beginning of line 1 and the better part of the name at the end of the line, the product and the samek for seah at the beginning of line 2 (wheat or barley?), and several letters at the beginning of line 3. The restorations here are conjectural. The verb ‫“( הנעל‬brought in”) occurs in some 25 chits, but always at the beginning, describing the act of the payer (e.g., A1.3, 32). What is his relationship here to Marṣaat (see A43), if, indeed that is the correct reading? Here begins a series of 10 or 11 chits in which Qoskahel (and his son Zubaydu [A9.33]) is payer, following twice that number in which he was payee.

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

423

cm

CONVEX [On the 5th] of Sivan, year 7, [Qoska]hel 1bro[ught] 2 from the grain of Rama[ta by the hand of 3Agra] to Maḥoza/the port: [wheat: s(eahs), 16].

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Agent Depository Product

[‫ היִ[תי‬7 ‫ ]לסיון שנת‬5 ‫ ]ב‬.1 [‫רמ[תא עליד‬ ִ ‫עבוִר‬ ִ ‫קוסכ]הל מן‬ ִ ] .2 [? 5 ‫ ק‬16 ‫]למחוזא[ חס‬ ִ ‫ ]אגרא‬.3

A9.24-ISAP1307 (AL53 [M7]) June [8], 352 Payment [of 16 seahs of wheat] Body sherd, small (47×34×8), exterior and interior orange red. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Three chits were written on the same day by the same scribe for nearly identical transactions (restored here as 16 seahs of wheat, with perhaps the addition of 5 qabs (as in A8.38 but not A36.4). For the complete discussion, see A8.38, where the payer is Samitu, who is a partner below in A9.31; for the third text, see A36.4. Only one other chit among the ten with Qoskahel as payer has an agent (A9.29 below).

424

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

[Q]oskahel: pegs (nails) 2thirty three. 3 On the 8th of Tebeth. 1

‫ ]ק]וסכהל ִמ ִס ִמִרן‬.1 ‫לתה‬ ִ ‫ות‬ ִ ‫לתן‬ ִ ‫ ִת‬.2 ‫לט ִב ִת‬ ִ 8 ‫ ב‬.3

A9.25-ISAP727 [YR20] 8 Tebeth Payments of 33 pegs Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (52×41×8), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks.

There are only two more texts in the Idumean corpus for pegs (see A2.17 and 7.17). In our text, the numbers are written out as words and not as numerals, and the date comes at the end.

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

425

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payer

Qoskahel: b(arley), k(ors), 2; 2s(eahs) 12. On the 20th to Palaqo[s]. 1

2 ‫שכ‬ ִ ‫ קוסכהל‬.1 [‫ ִל ִפ ִל ִקִו[ס‬20 ‫ ב‬12 ‫ ס‬.2

A9.26-ISAP816 [IA12199 {GCh 16}] 20 x Payment of 2 kors, 12 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52×56×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/40, almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of five chits for barley, drawn up by five different persons, each of which concludes with the statement ‫ לפלקוס‬20  ‫ב‬, “on the 20th to Palaqos”; see A6.18 for discussion. For more on barley in this dossier, see A9.1.

A9.27-ISAP1531 (AL220 [M246]) Date Missing Payment of 5 seahs, 2.5 qabs of salt/oil (See A2.1 [ss Guru])

426

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer

Qoskahel son of P[N [. . .] . . . . 3 . . . .[. . .] which Qosbarak, 4 On . . . 5 . . . . . 1 2

Date?

...[

].. ‫בר‬ ִ ‫]?[קִו ִס ִכ ִהל‬ ִ ‫ ] [י‬.[ ].‫ ול‬... ִ ‫ ] [זי ִקִו ִס‬.. ... ‫ברך‬ [? ] ‫] ? [ִב‬ .. ....[ ]

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A9.28-ISAP132+135 [IA11844 +11893] Date missing? Illegible IA11844 (ISAP132)  Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59×77×8), roughly rectangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin narrowing to right, right margin obscured, wide bottom margin. IA11893 (ISAP135)  Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (69×57×5–10), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, *medium right margin, *no bottom margin, left margin broken.

Two fragments have been combined, but only two names are legible. The date may have come at the end. Nothing is legible apart from the names (see also A67).

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

427

cm

CONVEX Qoskahel [. . .]ʾ: loads, 3, by the hand of Maš(i)ku.

Payer

1

Product

2

Agent

‫ קוסכהל] [א‬.1 ‫ִד ִמ ִש ִכִו‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬3 ‫ ִמִובלן‬.2

A9.29-ISAP2628 [JA371]) Undated Payment of 3 loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (36×53×50), irregularly shaped, exterior red (10R5/6), interior and ware red (2.5YR5/6), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Top edge broken, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For discussion of loads, see A4.36. The contents of the load appear infrequently, usually wood (e.g., A7.15), but twice ‫( עמיר‬fodder for a lamb or horse [A15.17, 26.5; m. Šabb. 7:4; TAD A6.9:4]) and once ‫( גרגרן‬A2.42 [also for further discussion]). ¶ The name of the payee must have appeared in the effaced letters in line 1. Only a final alef is visible at the end of the line. ¶ There are 16 chits in all for Maš(i)ku (A21), but only here does he appear as agent.

428

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Payer 1 Payee Product 1 Payer 2 Payee Product 2

Qosyad to Abid/Ubayd: 2 log, one; 3 Qoskahel to him: 4 one.

‫ִד‬ ִ ‫לעבי‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫קוסי‬ ‫גזיר חד‬ ‫קוסכהל לה‬ ‫חד‬

1

.1 .2 .3 .4

CONCAVE (Illegible remains of script; direction unclear)

A9.30-ISAP74 [JA433] Undated Two payments of 1 log each Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (64×63×9–17), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

Perhaps like the previous chit (A9.29), this one also supplies a wood product. The wording is unusual. Unlike A4.36, for example, where three payers supplying 3 loads are listed together at the outset, here each transaction is recorded separately. In the second one, the scribe is elliptical, writing “to him” for “to Abid/ Ubayd,” and simply “one” for “log, one.” ¶ For log (‫ )גזיר‬see A5.13. This is the only chit for logs where the numeral is spelled out as a word (‫)חד‬. ¶ The name Abid/Ubayd (‫ ;עביד‬A65) is a hypocoristicon for one of the many construct-names compounded with ‫עבד‬, “servant” of DN (see A2.22).

A9.31-ISAP1306 (AL205 [M6]) Undated Payment of 3 kors, 28 seahs, 4 qabs of barley (See A8.46 [+ Samitu])

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

429

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qoskahel: grgrn, 27.

27 ‫ קוסכהל גרגרן‬.1

1

A9.32-ISAP1984 (LW14 = W1’) Undated Payment of 27 grgr  n Large dark brown sherd from the wall of a jar (12×94×8). The inscription is perpendicular to the potter’s wheel traces. Wide top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

See A1.28 for grgrn. A son of Qoskahel delivers the same product below (A9.33).

430

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?) cm

CONVEX Zubaydu son of Qoskahel, from Makkedah: grgrn, 33+3 (= 36).

Payer

1

Source

2

Product

‫ זבידו בר קוסכהל‬.1 36 ‫ מן מנקדה גרגרן‬.2

A9.33-ISAP1429 (AL225 [M 37+140]) Undated Payment of 36 grgrn Body sherd of jar (79×61×6), surface brown. Composed of two fragments. Ostracon probably complete. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

This piece was put together from two fragments. ¶ We assume Zubaydu is the actual son of Qoskahel. For the name, see A1.1, 2.19, and A12.¶ Only one other chit associates grgrn with Makkedah: A90.4, which identifies the payer, Šammu, as one “who is from Makkedah.” ¶ The last three digits of the numeral are written supralinearly at the end of the line. For grgrn, see A1.28. Qoskahel himself delivers the same product above (A9.32).

A9.1–34 Qoskahel Dossier (365–351; 319–317?)

431

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Source

Qoslaghath b(arley), k(ors), 2; 2s(eahs), 20 of the horse-ranch of 3Qoskahel. 1

2 ‫ ִקִו ִס ִל ִע ִת שכ‬.1 ‫ ִזִי ִר ִכשת‬20 ‫ ִס‬.2 ‫ ִקִו ִס ִכ ִה ִל‬.3

CONCAVE (3 or 4 illegible lines)

A9.34-ISAP2438 [JA150] Undated (319–317?) Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, possibly of Early Bronze Age, medium-sized (ca. 56×56×12), roughly trapezoid, exterior light red (10R6/6), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), coarse ware, many white and black grits, probably hand-made. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex rough surface. Medium top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin widens downward, narrow left margin.

The name Qoslaghath (‫ )קוסלעת‬is precative, “May Qos help” (see A122). The grain supplied by Qos­ laghath came from the horse-ranch (‫ )רכשת‬of Qoskahel. Two other chits, both dated to the time of Philip (August 23, 319 and December 11, 317 [A47.3, 245.1]) report wheat and barley, respectively, being paid from the horse-ranch (‫ )רכשת‬of an individual. Several payment orders from Arad record the supply of barley to horses (Naveh 1981: Nos. 1, 3, 14, 16, 26, 32 = ISAP2101, 2103, 2114, 2116, 2126, 2132), to 12 colts (‫[ בני רכש‬No. 6 = ISAP2106]), and to horsemen (Nos. 7–8, 11 = ISAP 2107–8, 2111). Another, this one on parchment from Arsames, authorizes payment of fodder (‫ ;עמיר‬on which see A9.29 above) for the horses in the entourage of Nakhtḥor (‫“[ רכשה‬his horses”], traveling to Egypt (TAD A6.9:4). ¶ A payment order authorizes the supply of 1 kor of barley for the rams of Qoskahel (ISAP1710). For barley in this dossier, see A9.1.

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) Eleven documents in this dossier have already appeared in three other dossiers and are here crossreferenced: seven in Baalrim (A10.6, 8–10, 29–31 [A1.7–9, 10a, 23–24a]), three in Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr (A10.38–39, 41 [A7.17–18, 37]), and one in Qoṣi (A10.42 [A3.20]). Saadel appears in four different roles, as payee (A10.1–28), as payer (A10.29–35), as agent (A10.36), and as signatory (A10.38–42). For a full discussion of the position Saadel held in the Idumean community, see Porten-Yardeni 2006: 466–73. Dated List of Texts A10.1 A10.2 A10.3 A10.4 A10.5 A10.6 A10.7 A10.8 A10.9 A10.10 A10.11 A10.12 A10.13 A10.14 A10.15 A10.16 A10.17 A10.18 A10.19 A10.20 A10.21 A10.22 A10.23 A10.24 A10.25 A10.26 A10.27 A10.28 A10.29 A10.30 A10.31 A10.32 A10.33 A10.34 A10.35 A10.36 A10.37 A10.38 A10.39 A10.40 A10.41 A10.42

Payment of 3 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat September 18, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain October 25, 357 Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 5 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 2 roosters 357/356 Payment of [x seahs of wheat ] August 5–September 2, 355 Payment of 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley June 24, 354 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat July 13, 354 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley July 13, 354 Payment unknown Undated Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat 16 Tammuz Payment of 1 kor, 24 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat 26 Elul Payment of 8 seahs, x qabs of wheat Undated Payment of 4 jars September 30, 353 Payment of 1 kor of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 1 seah of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 25 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 10(+?) seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of plaster/coriander Undated Two payments of plaster/coriander : 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2(+?) qabs Undated Payment of 22 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 3 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1.25(+?) qabs of oil Undated Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil Undated Payment of half a log Undated Payment of 6 maahs Undated Payment of 8 seahs of flour Undated Payment of 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs of barley July 10, 356 Payment of 8 kors of barley January 6, 355 Payment of 8 seahs of semolina September 12, 362 Payment of 1 kor of semolina September 12, 362 Payment of 10 x Undated Payment of 15 bales Undated Payment of 8 seahs, 5 qabs of x 18 Tebeth Payment of 1(+?) kor of barley 20 Kislev Payment of 50 pegs (nails) March 30, 361 Payment of 1 bale of chaff August 8, 359 Payment of 1 bale of stalks and 1(+?) bale of chaff August 21, 359 Payment of 5.75 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour September 10, 358 Payment of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley September 7, 342

432

433

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) Table 15.  The Dossier of Saadel at a Glance (362–342 [A10.1–42]) s son of t h to the hand of dm date in the middle No 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20

ISAP 865 =GCh65 >EYH1 =JA451 891 =GCh91 926 =GCh126 >Zd90 =JA490 764 =YR126 921 =GCh121 >Zd85>EYH =JA485 563 =LWo see A1.10a 890 =GCh90 904 =GCh104 see A1.23 914 =GCh114 >Zd79>EYH2? =JA479 see A1.24 879 =GCh79 =JA465 see A1.24a 900 =GCh100 901 =GCh101 873 =JA459 883 =GCh83 >Zd101>EYH2? =JA468 868 =GCh68 >EYH1=JA454 923 =GCh123 >Zd87=JA487 874 =EYH1 =JA460 548 =FCO11 1762 >Zd34 =JA520 911 =GCh111 >Zd77>EYH2 =JA477

o ss of the sons of nd no date e in exchange for Babylonian Date 24 Elul, 2 [+? Artaxerxes III] db 1 Marcheshvan, 2 [Artaxerxes III]    db _____

f ss from the sons of db date at the beginning

Julian Date Payer Sep 18, 357 Uzzi/ Awi/ Ani Oct 25, 357 Ḥori

Payee Saadel

Commodity wheat: 3 seahs, 2.5 qabs

Saadel

crushed/sifted grain: 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs

_____

Ḥori

Saadel

“plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 7 seahs

_____

Ḥori

Saadel

“plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 5 seahs

357/ 356

Bayyun

Saadel [supralinear] b h Ešmuel t h Saadel

to Makkedah:

Saadel

to the storehouse:

July 13, 354 Qosghayr f ss Baalrim July 13, 354 Dikru o ss Baalrim

t h Saadel

to the storehouse:

t h Saadel [supralinear]

to the storehouse:

_____

Dikru [o ss Baalrim]

Saadel

[. . .]

_____

Abenašu

wheat: 3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs

_____

Ḥazira

_____

Amru

Saadel b h Zabdi Saadel b h Zabdi Saadel

wheat: 8 seahs; x qabs

Sep 30, 353

Ḥaṭamu

Saadel

jars: 4

_____

Saadel

_____

Aḥiqam/ Aḥyaqim Aḥiqam/ Aḥyaqim Ab(i)yatha

Saadel

_____

Abdadah

Saadel

_____

Zubaydu/ Zabidu and Baa[l. . .] Malku

Saadel

“plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 1 kor “plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 7 seahs “plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 1 seah “plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 25 seahs “plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 10[+?] seahs

nd ____ year 2 [Artaxerxes III]

nd de

x Ab, 4 [Artaxerxes III]    db 29 Sivan, 5 [Artaxerxes III]    db 18 Tammuz, ⸢5⸣ [Artaxerxes III]    db 18 Tammuz, [5 Artaxerxes III]

Aug 5– Malku o ss Sep 2, 355 Baalrim June 24, 354 Qosḥair

db _____ nd 16 Tammuz 26 Elul _____ 20 Elul, 6 [Artaxerxes III] _____ _____ _____ _____

db db nd

b h by the hand of de date at the end

roosters: 2

to the storehouse:

[wheat: x seahs]

barley: 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs wheat: 5 seahs

wheat: 6 seahs, 1 qab; entry: wheat: 1 seah, 1.5 qabs e barley: 2 seahs, 3 qabs

wheat: 1 kor, 24 seahs, 3 qabs

de nd nd nd nd

_____

_____

nd _____

_____ nd

Saadel

Saadel

“plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 14 seahs, 3 qabs

434

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) Table 15.  The Dossier of Saadel at a Glance (362–342 [A10.1–42])

s son of t h to the hand of dm date in the middle

o ss of the sons of nd no date e in exchange for

10.21 912 =BA4 =GCh112

____

10.22 913 =GCh113 >Zd78>EYH2 =JA478 10.23 866 =GCh66 >EYH1 =JA452 10.24 870 =GCh70 >EYH1 =JA456 10.25 929 =GCh129 >Zd93>EYH =JA491 10.26 546 =FCO9 10.27 1512 =M225 =AL182 10.28 551 =FCO14 10.29 1742 =Zd19 =IA12415 see A1.9 10.30 903 =GCh103 see A1.7 10.31 899 =GCh99 seeA1.8 10.32 920 =GCh120 >Zd84>EYH2? =JA484 10.33 897 =GCh97 =BA2

_____

10.34 1776 =Zd48>EYH2 =JA534 10.35 1413 =M120 =AL234 10.36 859 =GCh59 =IA12452 10.37 1782 =Zd54>EYH2 =JA539 10.38 1828 =EN28 see A7.17 10.39 1802 =EN2 see A7.37

f ss from the sons of db date at the beginning

b h by the hand of de date at the end

_____

1. Qamṣa 2. Ṭobio / Ṭabyu

Saadel

_____

Qosmalak

Saadel

_____

Šaad/rat

Saadel

1. “plaster” (‫[גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 1 seah, 3 qabs 2. “plaster”(‫[גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 4 seahs, 2[+?] qabs “plaster”(‫[ גיר‬gypsum])/ (or: ‫[ גיד‬coriander]): 22 seahs oil: 3 qabs

_____

Nah(a)ri

Saadel

Qosqam oil: 1 seah, 1.25[+?] qabs

_____

Dukayru

Saadel

Qosqam oil: 4.75 qabs,

_____

Qosyad

Saadel

oil: 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs

_____

Qosab

Saadel

logs: 0.5

_____

Qosgʿ

Saadel

6 m (= maah?)

_____

Saadel o ss Baalrim

_____

flour: 8 seahs

July 10, 356 Saadel o ss Baalrim Jan 6, 355 Saadel f ss Baalrim

_____

to the storehouse of Makkedah:

_____

brought to the storehouse of Makkedah:

Sep 12, 362

Saadel

_____

to Makke[dah]:

22 Elul Sep 12, 362 [43 Artaxerxes II] dm _____ _____

Saadel

_____

semolina: 1 kor; in Gath/ at a gt

Saadel

[. . .]

10 x

_____

Saadel

_____

bales:

_____

Uzayzu

b h Saadel

from “the lamb”:

_____

Qosnahar

_____

barley: 1[+?] kor

——

Saadel (payer/signatory?) pegs (nails): 50

nd

nd _____ nd _____ nd _____ nd _____

nd

_____ nd _____

nd

_____ nd 24 Sivan, 3 [Artaxerxes II] 26 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes II]

db

22 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II]

db

barley: 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs barley: 8 kors

de

semolina: 8 seahs

nd _____ 18 Tebeth 20 Kislev

nd db

dm 15 Adar II [43 Mar 30, 361 Ḥal(a)fat Artaxerxes II] archaic alef ?      de 20 Tammuz, 46 Aug 8, 359 Ḥal(a)fat [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef       db

15

x: 8 seahs, 5 qabs

Saadel female camels chaff: 1 bale which are in Makkedah Saadel

435

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) Table 15.  The Dossier of Saadel at a Glance (362–342 [A10.1–42]) s son of t h to the hand of dm date in the middle 10.40 1853 =EN54 =JA4 10.41 1806 =EN6 see A7.18 10.42 1348 =M49 =AL82 see A3.20

o ss of the sons of nd no date e in exchange for 3 Ab, 46 Aug 21, 359 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef    db Sep 10, 358 4 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III] archaic alef    db 27 Ab, 17 Sep 7, 342 [Artaxerxes III] db

f ss from the sons of db date at the beginning Laadiel Ḥal(a)fat Natansidq f ss Qoṣi

female camels which are in Makkedah —— _____

b h by the hand of de date at the end stalks: 1 bale chaff: 1(+?) bale Saadel semolina: 5.75 qabs flour: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Saadel wheat: 13 seahs barley: 3 seahs Saadel calculated

436

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Elul, year 2, Uzzi/Ani/Awi to Saadel: w(heat), s(eahs), 3, 3q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

[?]2 ‫ לאלול שנת‬1[+1+]22 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫זי לשעדאל חס‬/‫ו‬/‫ ענ‬.2 ‫ ִף‬2 ‫ ק‬.3

A10.1-ISAP865 [JA451 {GCh65 >EYH1}] September 18, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat Shoulder of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (45×73×5–7), roughly trapezoid, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), ware light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), medium right margin, wide bottom margin (excluding lower tip of pe), no left margin.

The two strokes for the numeral “2” are written at the very edge of the ostracon, somewhat sublinearly, and there do not appear to be any additional strokes. ¶ The first name in the beginning of line 2 is somewhat smudged, and the medial letter is uncertain. The first and last letters are ayin and yod, respectively; the medial letter may be zayin, nun, or waw, yielding ‫( עזי‬A147), ‫( עני‬A37), or ‫( עוי‬A85). For the last two names, see A1.6, 19. Uzzi appears in a nearly contemporaneous biblical text (Neh 11:22, 12:19) and is probably hypocoristicon for Uzziel (A12.15). For possible readings of Uzzi, see A85.4–5 (= A147.1–2); ISAP2538. Wheat appears six or seven additional times in this dossier (A10.6 [restored], 8–9, 11–13, 42). ¶ For the name Saadel, see A1.7

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

437

cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Marcheshvan, year 2, Ḥori to Saadel: crushed/sifted grain, 3s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer.3

2

Payee Product

2 ‫ למרחשון שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫רקד‬/‫ חורי לשעדאל דקר‬.2 ‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ ס‬.3

A10.2-ISAP891 {GCh91} October 25, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain

Three documents for crushed/sifted grain (spelled defectiva ‫ד‬/‫רקד‬/‫ )ד‬were drawn up in the fall of year 2 by the same scribe: this and another one on the same day (A76.2) and a third one month later on November 25, 357 (A126.1). A fourth one, also by Ḥori, was drawn up in year 2, but with day and month missing (A34.2). Only this one has a payee. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: Figure 3, Table 3: 8–11. ¶ For Ḥori, see A6.3 and A34. For an explanation of the reading of the product, see A1.1.

438

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥori to Saadel: 2 plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 3 ⟨1+⟩3 (= 7). 1

‫ חורי לשעדאל‬.1 3⟨+1+⟩3 ‫ר ס‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.3-ISAP926 [JA490 {GCh126}] Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (60×68×8), irregularly shaped, exterior brown (7.5YR5/2), interior very pale brown (10YR8/3), ware grayish-brown (10YR5/2), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is the first of ten chits (here, A10.4, 15–22), each conveying a product (‫ גיר‬or ‫ )גיד‬whose identity is uncertain, ranging in number from 1 seah (A10.17) to 1 kor (A10.15). The word occurs nowhere else in our corpus. At first glance, these chits do not show paleographic similarity to one another. The word ‫ גיר‬occurs in y. Šabb. 7, 10b as lime that is sifted and twice in Targum Onkelos with the sense of a plaster coating on a stone or a wall for writing (Deut 27:2; Dan 5:5). The word ‫גיד‬, on the other hand, twice renders ‫גד‬, the word describing the manna (Exod 16:31; Num 11:7), whereas Targum Jonathan renders that word in Num 11:7 as ‫כוסבר‬, the herb coriander. An Akkadian text from 424/23 b.c.e. records, among the many items due as rent in a land-lease, the sum of 1 kor of coriander (BE 9, 86a:22 [translation by Ran Zadok]), just the amount in the following text here (A10.15). In either case, it is not evident why eight different persons (Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim appears twice [A10.15–16], as does Ḥori [also in A10.4 below]) would be supplying Saadel with this product. ¶ The configuration of the second set of numerals is for “4” and not “3,” so we assume a stroke was either missing or has disappeared. For Ḥori, see above (A10.2).

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

439

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥori to Saadel 2 plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 5. 1

‫לש ִעדאל‬ ִ ‫ורי‬ ִ ‫ ִח‬.1 5 ‫ר ס‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.4-ISAP764 [YR126] Undated Payment of 5 seahs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (36×64×5), rectangular, exterior pinkish-gray (5YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. All edges are straight. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

See A10.3 above.

440

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee 1 Product Agent Payee 2 Depository Date Signatory

Bayyun to Saadel: roosters, 2, 2 by the hand of Ešmuel to ʿ ◦◦ ʾ 3 to Makkedah. In year 2. 4 [?] 1

2 ‫ביוןלשעדאלתרנגלן‬ ‫א‬..‫יאל לע‬/‫עליד אשמו‬ 2 ‫למנקדה בשנת‬ [?].‫בנִִו‬. ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A10.5-ISAP921 [JA485] 357/356 Payment of 2 roosters Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×76×9), roughly trapezoid, exterior pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), many white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (encasing supralineal text), wide right margin narrowing downward, *wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

In two ostraca, the name Saadel is written supralinearly by the scribe, as an afterthought or a correction (here and in A10.9, a cross-reference to the Baalrim dossier [A1.24]). ¶ Roosters, between one and three, appear in 7 texts in the Idumean corpus, two dated in the month Sivan (A40.1; ISAP528), one along with semolina+flour in Kislev (A32.4), one with only year date (here), one described as ‫ תרנגל פטים‬or “fattened rooster” (ISAP1108), and two fragmentary ones, the first along with a “load” (A300.4.14) and the second along with the measure for an unknown product (A300.5.27). ¶ Thrice, Saadel sent grain to (the storehouse of) Makkedah, two of the three times in year 3 (A10.30–32). Here, Bayyun sends roosters to Saadel to Makkedah through the agent Ešmuel. The first three letters appear to be the theophorous element ‫אשם‬, “Eshem,” well-known from Elephantine (Porten 1968: 166–79). There we have a deity Ešembethel (TAD C3.15:127); here, we have a personal name meaning something like “(His) name is El,” comparing the biblical name ‫( שמואל‬Samuel [1 Sam 1:1). ¶ For Bayyun, see A95. The name of the second payee is not intelligible.

441

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

A10.6-ISAP563 (LWo) August 5-September 2, 355 Payment of [x seahs of wheat] (See A1.10a [ss Baalrim])

See below for the undated chit by Malku, paying plaster/coriander to Saadel (A10.20).

cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Sivan, year 5, Qosḥair to Saadel to the storehouse: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Depository Product

5 ‫ לסיון שנת‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסחיר לשעדאל למסכנתא‬.2 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ שס‬.3

A10.7-ISAP890 {GCh90} June 24, 354 Payment of 2 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley

This and the next two chits, written a month apart by the same scribe, delivered grain to the storehouse (A10.8–9). The previous chit (A10.6), written less than a year earlier, did likewise, though the product is missing (see also A1.15 and preceding note there on Scribe 7). Saadel may have had an official position in the storehouse. Two years earlier, he himself brought very large amounts of barley to the storehouse (A10.30–31). Barley is also paid in A10.37, 42. See Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 128–35, Table 1:4, 16–17. ¶ The name Qosḥair (‫ )קוסחיר‬is Arabian (“Qos is good”); see A68 and Porten 2005: 112*.

442

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

A10.8-ISAP904 [{GCh104} -> Funahashi] July 13, 354 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat (See A1.23 [ss Baalrim])

A10.9-ISAP914 [JA479 {GCh114}] July 13, 354 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of wheat; Exchange of 1 seah, 1.5 qabs of wheat for 2 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (see A1.24 [ss Baalrim])

A10.10-ISAP879 [JA465 {GCh79}] Undated Payment unknown (see A1.24a [ss Baalrim])

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

443

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Agent

On the 16th of Tammuz, Abenašu 2 to Saadel: w(heat), k(ors), 3; s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3, 3 by the hand of Zabdi. 1

‫ לתמוז אבנשו‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ ס‬3 ‫ לשעדאל חכ‬.2 ‫ עליד זבדי‬.3

A10.11-ISAP900 [{GCh100} -> Funahashi] 16 Tammuz Payment of 3 kors, 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat In addition to this and the chit below (A10.12), Zabdi was the agent in three more chits, two partially dated and one undated (but cf. also A300.2.26): (1) for more than 16 seahs of wheat paid to Baalghayr by Ḥal(a)fat in a partially dated chit (A7.14); (2) for wine in one dated 27 Tammuz ( A121.2); (3) for more than 18 seahs of wheat in an undated one (A14.5). ¶ These large payments of wheat to Saadel may have been made to him in his capacity as storehouse manager (for discussion of the dossier of Saadel, see Porten-Yardeni 2006: 466–73). See A10.1 for more payments of wheat in this dossier. For the name Abenašu, see A1.28, 32.

444

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Agent

On the 26th of Elul, Ḥazira 2 to Saade[l]: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 24, 3q(abs), 3, by the hand of Zabdi. 1

‫ לאלול חזירא‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 24 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ לשעדא[ל] חכ‬.2 ‫ עליד זבדי‬3 ‫ ק‬.3

A10.12-ISAP901 {GCh101} 26 Elul Payment of 1 kor, 24 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Here, and in the chit above (A10.11), a large amount of wheat was delivered to Saadel through the agency of Zabdi, and both were recorded in partially dated chits.

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

445

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Amru to Saadel: 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 8, q(ab), . . .. 1

‫ ִע ִמִרו לשעדאל‬.1 [?]‫ ִק‬8 ‫ חס‬.2

A10.13-ISAP873 [JA459] Undated Payment of 8 seahs, x qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71×72×6), roughly triangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few black grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), medium right margin narrows downward, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

A biblical parallel to the name of the payer is Omri (‫[ עמרי‬1 Kgs 16:16; Zadok 1988: 92–93]). The name also appears in A33.8, 72.2, 167.1, and possibly in ISAP1110.¶ Unlike the two previous partially dated payments of wheat, this one is undated, and the amount more like that in the fully dated chits above (A10.1, 8–9) than in the partially dated ones (A10.11–12).

446

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Ḥaṭamu to Saadel: 2 jars, 4, on the 20th of Elul, 3year [3+]3 (= 6). 1

‫חטמו לשעדאל‬ ִ .1 ‫ לאלול‬20 ‫ ב‬4 ‫ חביה‬.2 [3+]3 ‫ שנת‬.3

A10.14-ISAP883 [JA468] September 30, 353 Payment of 4 jars Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (78×81×8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For jars, see A1.13. ¶ In another chit, also dated at the bottom, two months previously, (16 Tammuz [July 29, 353]), Ḥatamu paid crushed/sifted grain to Ghayru/Aydu/Iyadu (A79.1). Two other chits for Ḥatamu are dated by day or day and month only (A79.3–4).

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

447

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim to Saadel: 2 plaster/coriander, k(or), 1. 1

‫לשעדאל‬ ִ ‫ אחיקם‬.1 1 ‫ר כ‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.15-ISAP868 [JA454] Undated Payment of 1 kor of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57×73×9), roughly triangular, exterior reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), interior reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 55° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Here, Aḥiqam/yaqim paid 1 kor; in the next chit, he delivered 7 seahs (A10.16). Since neither is dated and each was written by a different scribe, there is no way of telling which payment was made first. An Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim appears among the sons of Baalrim (see A1.22 and A57). See also above, A10.3.

448

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim to Saadel: [plaster/coriander], 2s(eahs), 7. 1

[‫ר‬/‫ אחיקם לשעדאל [גיד‬.1 7 ‫ ס‬.2

A10.16-ISAP923 [JA487] Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×72×8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), many tiny white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widens to the left, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, *narrow left margin.

The product appears at the end of line 1 and is virtually effaced. See also above, A10.3, 15.

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

449

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ab(i)yatha to Saadel: 2 plaster/coriander, s(eah), 1. 1

‫ אביתע לשעדאל‬.1 1 ‫ר ִס‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.17-ISAP874 [JA460] Undated Payment of 1 seah of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×83×5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few black grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 65° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The Aramaic name Ab(i)yatha means, “(Divine) father delivered” and appears as both payer (as here and A92) and payee (e.g., A7.40). For a parallel name, Qosyatha (‫)קוסיתע‬, see A1.3. Three different hypocoristic forms are known: ‫( בני יתוע‬C1.4 [ISAP1569]), ‫ ( יתיעו‬A42.2, 50.1, 55.2, 78.2), and ‫( יתעו‬A3.25, 8.22) ¶ One seah is the smallest amount of this product conveyed. See also above, A10.3.

450

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Abdadah to Saadel: 2 coriander/plaster, s(eahs), 25. 1

‫ עבדאדה לשעדאל‬.1 25 ‫ר ִס‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.18-ISAP548 [FCO11 -> Rikkyo2] Undated Payment of 25 seahs of coriander/plaster For the name Abdadah, see A2.16 and A13; see also A10.3, above. Here we have the second largest amount of coriander/plaster conveyed, 25 seahs.

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

451

cm

CONVEX Zubaydu/Zabidu and Baa[l. . .]: plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 10[+?], 3 to Saadel.

Payers

1

Product

2

Payee

‫ובע[ל‬ ִ ‫ זבידו‬.1 [?]10 ‫ר ִס‬/‫ גיד‬.2 [?]‫ לשעדאל‬.3

A10.19-ISAP1762 [JA520] Undated Payment of 10(+?) seahs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (43×43×6–8), trapezoid, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

The word order in this chit differs from that in all the other ‫גיד‬/‫ גיר‬chits above: the name of the payee (Saadel) does not follow immediately that of the payer but comes at the end, following the product. Here alone there are two payers listed jointly making one payment (but cf. A10.21 below, where two payers make separate payments in the same chit). The name of the second payer is cut off at the end of line 1, and line 2 cuts off the amount after the initial numeral “10.” ¶ For Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A2.19 and A12. See also above, A10.3.

452

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Malku to Saadel: 2 plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 14; ⟨q(abs)⟩, 3. 1

‫ מלכו לשעדאל‬.1 3 ⟩‫ ⟨ק‬14 ‫ר ס‬/‫ גיד‬.2

A10.20-ISAP911 [JA477] Undated Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×60×7–9), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6), few brown grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For Malku of the sons of Baalrim/Baalrum, see A1.10a (= A10.6 above) and A23. ¶ The scribe omitted the qof for qab between the last digit of “14” for seah and the group of three digits for qabs. See also above, A10.3.

453

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee 1 Product 1 Payee 2 Product 2

Qamṣa to Saadel: 2 plaster/coriander, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3. 3 Ṭobio / Ṭabyu: plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 2[?]. 1

‫ קמצא לשעדאל‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ר ס‬/‫ גיד‬.2 [?]2 ‫ ק‬4 ‫גיר ס‬/ ‫ טביו גיד‬.3

A10.21-ISAP912 [BA4 {GCh112}] Undated Two payments of plaster/coriander: 1 seah, 3 qabs and 4 seahs, 2(+?) qabs

Meaning “locust,” the names ‫ קמצא‬and ‫ בר קמצא‬received notoriety in Talmudic texts as having caused the destruction of the Second Temple (Jastrow 1386). In a chit above, two payers are presented together as a pair, remitting 10(+?) seahs. Here, each appears separately, with the first paying the smaller amount of 1.5 seahs (cf. the 1 seah of Ab{i}yatha in A1.17). ¶ A Ṭobio / Ṭabyu is filiated to the sons of Baalrim (A1.41; cf. A102). See also above, A10.3.

454

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosmalak to Saadel: plaster/coriander, s(eahs), 22. 1

22 ‫ר ס‬/‫ קוסמלך לשעדאל גיד‬.1

A10.22-ISAP913 [JA478] Undated Payment of 22 seahs of plaster/coriander Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×105×6–8), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Qosmalak (‫ )קוסמלך‬was a very popular name in the Idumean corpus (see A4.11 and A11). See also above, A10.3

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

455

cm

CONCAVE Payer Payee Product Signatory

‫דת לשעדאל‬/‫ ִש ִאר‬.1 3 ‫ משח ק‬.2 ‫ קוסקם‬.3

Šaad/rat to Saadel: 2 oil, q(abs), 3. 3 Qosqam. 1

A10.23-ISAP866 [JA452] Undated Payment of 3 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian period closed vessel, small (41×45×5), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), narrow right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

This and the following three ostraca record payments of oil (A10.23–26; see also A300.5.25). This and the following one are identically formatted and were written by the same scribe, with Qosqam probably serving as signatory (A10.23–24). Saadel is virtually the only person who appears—and four times, at that—as payee among some 70 chits for oil ¶ The name of the payer is smudged. Whether the third letter is dalet or resh, in neither case is the resulting name otherwise known—‫ שארת‬or ‫שאדת‬. ¶ For oil, see A1.6, 4.29. ¶ The name Qosqam (‫“[ קוסקם‬Qos arose”]; cf. A154) has a possible parallel in Aḥiqam/Aḥyaqim (see A1.22 and A10.15–16 above).

456

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Signatory

Nah(a)ri to Saadel: 2 oil, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 1 (and) q(uarter)[. . .]. 3 Qosqam. 1

‫ נִהרי לשעדאל‬.1 [?]‫ ִר‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ משח ס‬.2 ‫ קוסקם‬.3

A10.24-ISAP870 [JA456] Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1.25(+?) qabs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×90×5), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownishgray (10YR6/2), interior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR6/2), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), very wide right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

For the name Nah(a)ri, see A9.19 and A108. Is he the same person as Qosnahar below (A10.37)? ¶ See above chit (A10.23) for further discussion.

457

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONCAVE Dukayru to Saadel: 3 oil, q(abs), 4; 4q(uarters), 3.

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product

‫דכירו‬ ִ ‫לשעדאל‬ 4 ‫משח ק‬ 3‫ר‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A10.25-ISAP929 [JA491] (Lapidary script?) Undated Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (44×41×4–6), roughly rectangular, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. No top margin, no right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

This and the following chit are two of six undated, fragmentary chits, all for oil and all written by the same scribe in a lapidary script (see A1.5). Here, the name of the payee follows immediately that of the payer and comes before the product. In the next chit (A10.26), the name of the payee comes at the end, following the product. ¶ Oil was often measured out in very small amounts, not only in seahs but also in qabs and quarters (see also A71.5), as here, and even in eighths (A1.5). ¶ In the name of the payer, the second letter kaf is barely distinguishable from the dalet and resh, which are virtually identical, but the reading ‫( דכירו‬Dukayru) is validated by its appearance in a fragmentary chit of exchange (A129.1). It is possibly a hypocoristicon of a name such as Qosdakar (‫“[ קוסדכר‬Qos remembered”]; see A54). See above chit (A10.23) for further discussion.

458

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONCAVE Payer Product Payee

Qosyad: oil, 2s(eahs), 2, q(abs), 3, q(uarters), 3, 3 to Saadel. 1

‫ קוסיד משח‬.1 3 ‫ ר‬3 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ ס‬.2 ‫לשעדאל‬ ִ .3

A10.26-ISAP546 (Lj2 [Welch] {FCO9}) (Lapidary script?) Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil A clear brown sherd from the thin surface of a jar, measuring 73×63×5. It is inscribed on the slightly concave, wavy side at about –5° in relation to the potter’s wheel traces [L].

For discussion, see above chit (A10.25). For the name Qosyad, see A1.52 and A44. He paid here three times more oil than Dukayru paid in the previous chit (A10.25). In a chit dated at the bottom to 8 Shebat, Qosyad paid two-thirds this amount of oil (1 seah, 4.5 qabs) to an unnamed party (A44.1).

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

459

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosab to Saadel: 2 half a log.

[ ]‫לשע ִד ִא ִל‬ ִ ‫קוסאב‬ ִ .1 ‫ ִפ ִל ִג גזיִִר‬.2

1

A10.27-ISAP1512 (AL182 [M225]) Undated Payment of half a log Body sherd of jar, Iron Age (?) (57×52×12), exterior brown, interior gray, section gray. Written lines at 10° to wheelmarks [AL].

For logs, see A5.13. Out of close to 40 chits for logs, only one other measures “half a log” (A114.3), indicating that logs came in standard sizes. ¶ There is one other chit for Qosab (“Qos is {divine} father”), dated to 6 Tammuz, year 2 (= July 3, 357 [A232.1]).

460

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosgʿ to Saadel: 2 m(aahs), 6.

‫ קוסגע לשעדאל‬.1 6 ‫ מ‬.2

1

A10.28-ISAP551 [FCO14 -> Funahashi] Undated Payment of 6 maahs There are some 20 chits recording payment of maahs, as low as 1 (ISAP1774 [where Saadel appears perhaps as signatory]) and as high as 8 (A7.38 [the price of wine]). Only rarely do maahs appear as a subpayment to shekels (A100.1; ISAP1932). A few times 1 or 2 maahs appear with the addition of ‫“( ף‬h[alf]” [A100.1; ISAP1774, 1932). The name Qosgʿ is otherwise unknown.

A10.29-ISAP1742 [IA12415] Undated Payment of 8 seahs of flour (See A1.9 [ss Baalrim])

A10.30-ISAP903 {GCh103} July 10, 356 Payment of 7 kors, 18 seahs, 2 qabs of barley (See A1.7 [ss Baalrim])

A10.31-ISAP899 {GCh99} January 6, 355 Payment of 8 kors of barley (See A1.8 [ss Baalrim])

461

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product Date

Saadel to Makkedah: 2 semolina, s(eahs), 8, on the 22nd of Elul 1

‫ שעדאל למנקדה‬.1 ‫ לאלול‬22 ‫ ב‬8 ‫ נשיף ס‬.2

A10.32-ISAP920+1769 [JA484 {GCh120}+JA527] September 12, 362 Payment of 8 seahs of semolina Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×52×6), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior gray (7.5YR6/0), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lamed ), narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

Like A4.2 for 6+ seahs of semolina and dates at the bottom six days earlier (16 Elul), we assign this chit to year 43. ¶ For payment of semolina without flour, see A5.1. There are two other chits for only semolina with date at the bottom, both in the month of Elul, and one is by Saadel (A10.33 below), as here (also A4.2). Elsewhere, Saadel signs off on a partially dated payment order for semolina (ISAP933). ¶ This is one of about 15 chits in the Idumean corpus where a product is sent “to Makkedah”; see, for example A10.5 above, where Bayyun sends two roosters to Saadel to Makkedah (Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 146–49). In an undated chit, Saadi sends 14 seahs of wine to Makkedah (A52.6). Might this name be a hypocoristicon for our Saadel? Neither chit has a payee.

462

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Saadel: semolina, k(or), 1, 3 on the 22nd of Elul, in Gath / at a gt.

Payer

1

Products

2

Date Place

‫ שעדאל‬.1 1 ‫ נשיף כ‬.2 ‫ לאלול בגת‬22 ‫ ב‬.3

A10.33-ISAP897 [BA2{GCh97}] September 12, 362 Payment of 1 kor of semolina

This ostracon was very elegantly written, with the name of the payer alone on line 1, the commodity and amount on line 2, and the date and place on line 3. Wide margins surround the text on all sides. One kor is a large amount of semolina: normal measures typically vary between 1 and 21 seahs (A5.1; ISAP1138). Written on the same day as the chit above, also for semolina (A10.32), it seems to have been written by the same scribe. ¶ The last word in line 3 (‫ )בגת‬is enigmatic. Does it refer to the city Gath? The word is otherwise unknown in Aramaic. ¶ See, also, the chit above (A10.32).

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

463

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Saadel to ◦[. . .] 2 . . . [. . .]10 [?]

[ ].‫ ִשעדאל ל‬.1 [?] 10[ ]... .2

1

A10.34-ISAP1776 [JA534 {Zd48 > EYH 2}] Undated Payment of 10 x Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (36×65×5–7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 55° to wheel-marks.

All that remains of this chit is the name of the payer (Saadel), the preposition lamed introducing the name of the payee, and the numeral “10,” which quantified an illegible product.

464

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Saadel: 15.

Payer

1

Product

bales,

[ ? ]15 ‫ שעדאל ִפחלצן‬.1

A10.35-ISAP1413 (AL234 [M120]) Undated Payment of 15 bales Body sherd of jar (85×84×8–11), exterior and interior pink-orange. Chalky deposit on interior. Ostracon possibly complete. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

For bale, see A1.2. The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, and there may be one or more additional strokes. usually appear in small numbers, such as 1 or 2, but a payment-order records 21 bales (ISAP1772), and a terse commodity chit such as the present one reports 16 bales (A63.4). Below, Ḥal(a)fat pays a bale of chaff (A10.39), and Laadiel pays bales of both stalks and chaff, with Saadel serving as signatory (A10.40). bales

465

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX On the 18th of Tebeth, Uzayzu from the lamb: 3 s(eahs), 8, q(abs), 5, 4 by the hand of Saadel [?].

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Agent

‫ לטבת‬18 ‫ב‬ [?] ‫אמרא‬ ִ ‫עזיזו מן‬ 5‫ק‬8‫ס‬ [?]. ‫עליד שעדאל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A10.36-ISAP859 [IA12452 {GCh 59}] 18 Tebeth Payment of 8 seahs, 5 qabs of x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (78×70×7–11), roughly rectangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. Chalky patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface, air bubbles in wall. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge, no clear wheel-marks.

Drawn up on 18 Tebeth, this is a most puzzling chit and may be understood in conjunction with A29.9, drawn up on 13 Tebeth. There, Abdadah “took” (‫ )דבר‬from Uzayzu and Laadiel 1 ram, 2 lambs, and 1 ewe. Judging from line 3, we assume that nothing is missing at the end of lines 1 and 2 and that our chit is elliptical. If correctly read, the word at the end of line 2 is ‫“( אמרא‬the lamb”), followed in line 3 by measures (8 seahs, 5 qabs). But there is no precedent for “lamb” as a source of grain. Alternatively, we might understand ‫ אמרא‬as a place-name, perhaps to be identified with Beit Ummar (coordinate 15981143), 16.5 km northeast of el-Kom (with expressions of gratitude to Yoel Elitzur, Moshe Bar-Asher, and Zeev Erlich for their suggestions). The role of Saadel, who only here appears as agent, is also strange. For the dossier of Uzayzu, see A29.

466

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX Payer/Signatory Date Payer Product

Saadel. On the 20th [of] Ki[slev . . .], 2 Qosnaha[r]: b(arley), k(or), 1[+?]. 1

[ ‫ [ל]ִכ[סלו‬20 ‫שעדאל ב‬ ִ 1. [ ] 1 ‫ִה[ר] שכ‬ ִ ‫ ִקִו ִסנ‬2.

A10.37-ISAP1782 [JA 539 {Zd54 > EYH 2}] 20 Kislev Payment of 1(+?) kor of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian period closed vessel, medium-sized (55×72×6), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 60% of interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

This text is most peculiar. A name (Saadel) appears at the beginning before the date, which appears to be 20 Ki[slev], with the recording of a year either absent altogether or cut off. Preceding the product, at the end of line 2, is the Aramaic name Qosnahar (‫קוסנהר‬, “Qos is light”), apparently the payer. Is he represented by the nickname Nah(a)ri (‫ )נהרי‬in A10.24 above? ¶ Perhaps Saadel appeared already at the beginning in an official capacity. For more payments of barley in this dossier, see A10.7.

A10.38-ISAP1828 (EN28) March 30, 361 Payment of 50 pegs (nails) (See A7.17 [Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr])

A10.39-ISAP1802 (EN2) August 8, 359 Payment of 1 bale of chaff (See A7.37 [Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr])

467

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342) cm

CONVEX On the 3rd of Ab, year [4]6, Laadiel for the female camels which are 3in Makkedah: stalks, bale, 1; 4chaff, ba[les, ?+]1. Saadel. 5 (archaic alef )

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Origin Products Signatory Sealing Sign

6[+40] ‫ לאב שנת‬3 ‫ב‬ ‫לינק ִת ִא זי‬ ִ ‫לעדאל‬ 1 ‫במנקדה עצה פחלץ‬ ‫ שעדאל‬1]+ ‫תבן [פח]ל[צן‬ #

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

A10.40-ISAP1853 (EN54 [JA4]) August 21, 359 Payment of 1 bale of stalks and 1(+?) bale of chaff Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (120×85×12), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior pinkish-gray (5YR7/3), ware dark reddish-gray (5YR4/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 35% of sherd surface and some of writing. Writing on sherd exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 10º to wheel-marks.

See above chit for full commentary (A10.39 = A7.37). In both, chaff is supplied for the female camels in mid-summer and recorded in chits with Saadel as signatory, accompanied by a sealing sign. For stalks, see A1.31. Saadel himself makes a relatively large payment of 15 bales in a chit above (A10.35).

468

A10.1–42 Saadel Dossier (362–342)

A10.41-ISAP1806 (EN6) September 10, 358 Payment of 5.75 seahs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour (See A7.18 [Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr])

A10.42-ISAP1348 (AL82 [M 49]) September 7, 342 Payment of 13 seahs of wheat and 3 seahs of barley (See A3.20 [ss Qoṣi])

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number (A1 – A10) [prepared by Matthew Kletzing]

TAO A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 A1.10 A1.10a A1.11 A1.12 A1.13 A1.14 A1.15 A1.16 A1.17 A1.18 A1.19 A1.20 A1.21 A1.22 A1.23 A1.24 A1.24a A1.25 A1.26 A1.27 A1.28 A1.29 A1.30 A1.31 A1.32 A1.33 A1.34 A1.35 A1.36 A1.37 A1.38 A1.39 A1.40 A1.41 A1.42 A1.43 A1.44 A1.45 A1.46 A1.47 A1.48 A1.49

ISAP 728 1579 5 208 930 1877 903 899 1742 831 563 2499 1880 67 1420 908 893 924 889 928 932 927 1766 904 914 879 543 917 1645 809 1412 62 44 71 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 12 52 1574 731 1223 1058 1244 1739 1945 1765 1023 1069

TAO ISAP A1.50 721 A1.51 1879 A1.52 1721 A1.53 1144 A1.54 867 A1.55 1643 A2.1 1531 A2.2 1275 A2.3 1007 A2.4 807 A2.5 1008 A2.6 2589 A2.7 2436 A2.8 1532 A2.9 1156 A2.10 667 A2.11 2454 A2.12 113 A2.13 114 A2.14 1225 A2.15 1409 A2.16 1121 A2.17 9 A2.18 1863 A2.19 2542 A2.20 2441 A2.21 1478 A2.22 1860 A2.23 1862 A2.24 1861 A2.24a 1986 A2.25 2513 A2.26 202 A2.27 247 A2.28 2591 A2.29 1309 A2.30 2531 A2.31 642 A2.32 1043 A2.33 1411 A2.34 1611 A2.35 2512 A2.36=2.33 602/1411 A2.37 1714 A2.38 104 A2.39 336 A2.40 529 A2.41 1405 A2.42 1740 A2.43 212 A2.44 232

TAO A2.45 A2.46 A2.47 A3.1 A3.1a A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6 A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 A3.10 A3.11 A3.12 A3.13 A3.14 A3.15 A3.16 A3.17 A3.17a A3.18 A3.19 A3.20 A3.21 A3.22 A3.23 A3.24 A3.25 A3.26 A3.27 A3.28 A3.29 A3.30 A3.31 A3.32 A3.33 A3.34 A3.35 A3.36 A3.37 A3.38 A3.39 A3.40 A4.1 A4.2 A4.3 A4.4 A4.5 A4.6

469

ISAP 2510 1059 1178 778 1905 1849 1430 1224 2460 2645 942 825 1390 1028 1888 1910 215 1256 940 1094 1886 566 2493 252 1348 2651 292 1887 2501 1386 238 246 1636 1257 1660 1061 1494 616 948 1957 409 2568 1464 1338 567 1842 1128 403 1841 1868 1869

TAO A4.7 A4.8 A4.9 A4.10 A4.11 A4.12 A4.13 A4.14 A4.15 A4.16 A4.16a A4.17 A4.18 A4.19 A4.20 A4.21 A4.22 A4.23 A4.24 A4.25 A4.26 A4.27 A4.28 A4.29 A4.29a A4.30 A4.31 A4.31a A4.31b A4.32 A4.33 A4.34 A4.35 A4.36 A4.37 A5.1 A5.2 A5.3 A5.4 A5.5 A5.6 A5.7 A5.8 A5.9 A5.10 A5.11 A5.12 A5.13 A5.14 A5.15 A5.16

ISAP 1850 1459 1845 1843 2495 1871 2511 1235 1222 1847 2667 2489 333 1854 233 450 2452 1050 1924 1866 2419 1723 1751 1702 580 1548 249 1060 582 436 1870 1867 1982 1280 801 82 31 1542 1601 1859 2613 111 1604 1875 1586 704 2502 2551 1712 40 63

TAO A5.17 A5.18 A5.19 A5.20 A6.1 A6.2 A6.3 A6.4 A6.5 A6.6 A6.7 A6.8 A6.9 A6.9a A6.10 A6.11 A6.12 A6.13 A6.14 A6.15 A6.16 A6.17 A6.18 A6.19 A6.20 A6.21 A6.22 A6.23 A6.24 A6.25 A6.26 A6.27 A6.28 A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4 A7.5 A7.6 A7.7 A7.8 A7.9 A7.10 A7.11 A7.12 A7.13 A7.14 A7.15 A7.16 A7.17 A7.18

ISAP 1602 1889 1250 1658 1556 415 1238 739 1258 1148 777 1029 1922 292 1053 1194 1899 2472 2504 555 2407 1054 2520 2622 1665 1025 1052 713 1935 426 1432 2627 652/1502 1293 1290 1801 57 1803 1804 1805 1809 1814 1292 1013 59 1818 1366 1825 1821 1828 1806

470 TAO A7.19 A7.20 A7.20a A7.21 A7.22 A7.23 A7.24 A7.25 A7.26 A7.27 A7.28 A7.29 A7.30 A7.31 A7.32 A7.33 A7.34 A7.35 A7.36 A7.37 A7.38 A7.39 A7.40 A7.41 A7.42 A7.43 A7.44 A7.45 A7.46 A7.47 A7.48 A7.49 A7.50 A7.51 A7.52 A7.53 A7.54 A7.55 A7.56 A7.57 A7.58 A7.59 A7.60 A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4 A8.5 A8.6 A8.7 A8.8 A8.9 A8.10 A8.11 A8.12 A8.12a A8.13

Comparative List of Entries Listed by TAO Number ISAP 1807 1808 578 1826 1830 1812 1810 1811 1813 1829 1815 1817 1833 1835 1831 1832 1316 1827 41 1802 1816 1288 1834 1291 1838 1819 1822 1820 1823 1856 1236 1837 1122 823 804 1001 2519 239 206 2443 1824 817 271 2451 804 7 1858 2446 2547 54 1273 2413 2519 1468 203 572 1736

TAO A8.14 A8.15 A8.15a A8.16 A8.17 A8.18 A8.19 A8.20 A8.21 A8.22 A8.23 A8.24 A8.25 A8.26 A8.27 A8.28 A8.29 A8.30 A8.31 A8.32 A8.33 A8.34 A8.35 A8.36 A8.37 A8.38 A8.39 A8.40 A8.41 A8.42 A8.43 A8.44 A8.45 A8.46 A9.1 A9.2 A9.3 A9.4 A9.5 A9.6 A9.7 A9.8 A9.9 A9.10 A9.11 A9.12 A9.13 A9.14 A9.15 A9.16 A9.17 A9.18 A9.19 A9.20 A9.21 A9.22

ISAP 813 1286 581 2571 257 2484 1233 735 862 1033 2441 1630 1089 1634 230 1093 1422 2573 1269 2516 2558 2479 667 1589 2532 1253 1237 2431 1435 803 1613 300 1457 1306 806 823 1497 410 456 1001 1248 706 1944 1419 1433 2561 703 1389 1652 1149 1378 1463 1445 405 1930/ formerly

2405 266

TAO A9.23 A9.24 A9.25 A9.26 A9.27 A9.28 A9.29 A9.30 A9.31 A9.32 A9.33 A9.34 A10.1 A10.2 A10.3 A10.4 A10.5 A10.6 A10.7 A10.8 A10.9 A10.10 A10.11 A10.12 A10.13 A10.14 A10.15 A10.16 A10.17 A10.18 A10.19 A10.20 A10.21 A10.22 A10.23 A10.24 A10.25 A10.26 A10.27 A10.28 A10.29 A10.30 A10.31 A10.32 A10.33 A10.34 A10.35 A10.36 A10.37 A10.38 A10.39 A10.40 A10.41 A10.42

ISAP 726 1307 727 816 1531 132+135 2628 74 1306 1984 1429 2438 865 891 926 764 921 563 890 904 914 879 900 901 873 883 868 923 874 548 1762 911 912 913 866 870 929 546 1512 551 1742 903 899 920+1769 897 1776 1413 859 1782 1828 1802 1853 1806 1348

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number (A1 – A10) [prepared by Matthew Kletzing]

ISAP 5 7 9 12 31 40 41 44 52 54 57 59 62 63 67 71 74 82 104 111 113 114 132+135 202 203 206 208 212 215 230 232 233 238 239 246 247 249 252 257 266 271 292 292 300 333 336 403 405 409 410 415

TAO A1.3 A8.3 A2.17 A1.38 A5.2 A5.15 A7.36 A1.31 A1.39 A8.7 A7.4 A7.12 A1.30 A5.16 A1.13 A1.32 A9.30 A5.1 A2.38 A5.7 A2.12 A2.13 A9.28 A2.26 A8.12 A7.56 A1.4 A2.43 A3.13 A8.27 A2.44 A4.20 A3.26 A7.55 A3.27 A2.27 A4.31 A3.19 A8.17 A9.22 A7.60 A3.22 A6.9a A8.44 A4.18 A2.39 A4.3 A9.20 A3.36 A9.4 A6.2

ISAP TAO 426 A6.25 436 A4.32 450 A4.21 456 A9.5 529 A2.40 543 A1.25 546 A10.26 548 A10.18 551 A10.28 555 A6.15 563 A1.10a 563 A10.6 566 A3.17a 567 A3.40 572 A8.12a 578 A7.20a 580 A4.29a 581 A8.15a 582 A4.31b 602/1411 A2.36=2.33 616 A3.33 642 A2.31 652/1502 A6.28 654 -667 A2.10 667 A8.35 703 A9.13 704 A5.11 706 A9.8 713 A6.23 721 A1.50 726 A9.23 727 A9.25 728 A1.1 731 A1.41 735 A8.20 739 A6.4 764 A10.4 777 A6.7 778 A3.1 801 A4.37 803 A8.42 804 A7.52 804 A8.2 806 A9.1 807 A2.4 809 A1.28 813 A8.14 816 A9.26 817 A7.59 823 A7.51

ISAP 823 825 831 859 862 865 866 867 868 870 873 874 879 879 883 889 890 891 893 897 899 899 900 901 903 903 904 904 908 911 912 913 914 914 917 920 +1769 921 923 924 926 927 928 929 930 932 940 942 948 1001 1001

TAO A9.2 A3.8 A1.10 A10.36 A8.21 A10.1 A10.23 A1.54 A10.15 A10.24 A10.13 A10.17 A1.24a A10.10 A10.14 A1.18 A10.7 A10.2 A1.16 A10.33 A1.8 A10.31 A10.11 A10.12 A1.7 A10.30 A1.23 A10.8 A1.15 A10.20 A10.21 A10.22 A1.24 A10.9 A1.26 A10.32 A10.5 A10.16 A1.17 A10.3 A1.21 A1.19 A10.25 A1.5 A1.20 A3.15 A3.7 A3.34 A7.53 A9.6

471

ISAP 1007 1008 1013 1023 1025 1028 1029 1033 1043 1050 1052 1053 1054 1058 1059 1060 1061 1069 1089 1093 1094 1121 1122 1128 1144 1148 1149 1156 1178 1194 1222 1223 1224 1225 1233 1235 1236 1237 1238 1244 1248 1250 1253 1256 1257 1258 1269 1273 1275 1280 1286

TAO A2.3 A2.5 A7.11 A1.48 A6.21 A3.10 A6.8 A8.22 A2.32 A4.23 A6.22 A6.10 A6.17 A1.43 A2.46 A4.31a A3.31 A1.49 A8.25 A8.28 A3.16 A2.16 A7.50 A4.2 A1.53 A6.6 A9.16 A2.9 A2.47 A6.11 A4.15 A1.42 A3.4 A2.14 A8.19 A4.14 A7.48 A8.39 A6.3 A1.44 A9.7 A5.19 A8.38 A3.14 A3.29 A6.5 A8.31 A8.8 A2.2 A4.36 A8.15

ISAP 1288 1290 1291 1292 1293 1306 1306 1307 1309 1316 1338 1348 1348 1366 1378 1386 1389 1390 1405 1409 1411 1412 1413 1419 1420 1422 1429 1430 1432 1433 1435 1445 1457 1459 1463 1464 1468 1478 1494 1497 1502/652 1512 1531 1531 1532 1542 1548 1556 1574 1579 1586

TAO A7.39 A7.2 A7.41 A7.10 A7.1 A8.46 A9.31 A9.24 A2.29 A7.34 A3.39 A10.42 A3.20 A7.14 A9.17 A3.25 A9.14 A3.9 A2.41 A2.15 A2.33 A1.29 A10.35 A9.10 A1.14 A8.29 A9.33 A3.3 A6.26 A9.11 A8.41 A9.19 A8.45 A4.8 A9.18 A3.38 A8.11 A2.21 A3.32 A9.3 A6.28 A10.27 A2.1 A9.27 A2.8 A5.3 A4.30 A6.1 A1.40 A1.2 A5.10

472 ISAP 1589 1601 1602 1604 1611 1613 1630 1634 1636 1643 1645 1652 1658 1660 1665 1702 1712 1714 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1723 1736 1739 1740 1742 1742 1751 1762 1765 1766 1776 1782 1801 1802 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819

Comparative List of Entries Listed by ISAP Number TAO A8.36 A5.4 A5.17 A5.8 A2.34 A8.43 A8.24 A8.26 A3.28 A1.55 A1.27 A9.15 A5.20 A3.30 A6.20 A4.29 A5.14 A2.37 A1.33 A1.34 A1.35 A1.36 A1.37 A1.52 A4.27 A8.13 A1.45 A2.42 A1.9 A10.29 A4.28 A10.19 A1.47 A1.22 A10.34 A10.37 A7.3 A10.39 A7.37 A7.5 A7.6 A7.7 A10.41 A7.18 A7.19 A7.20 A7.8 A7.24 A7.25 A7.23 A7.26 A7.9 A7.28 A7.38 A7.29 A7.13 A7.43

ISAP 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1837 1838 1841 1842 1843 1845 1847 1849 1850 1853 1854 1856 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1875 1877 1879 1880 1886 1887 1888 1889 1899 1905 1910 1922 1924 1930/ formerly

2405 1935

TAO A7.45 A7.16 A7.44 A7.46 A7.58 A7.15 A7.21 A7.35 A10.38 A7.17 A7.27 A7.22 A7.32 A7.33 A7.30 A7.40 A7.31 A7.49 A7.42 A4.4 A4.1 A4.10 A4.9 A4.16 A3.2 A4.7 A10.40 A4.19 A7.47 A8.4 A5.5 A2.22 A2.24 A2.23 A2.18 A4.25 A4.34 A4.5 A4.6 A4.33 A4.12 A5.9 A1.6 A1.51 A1.12 A3.17 A3.23 A3.11 A5.18 A6.12 A3.1a A3.12 A6.9 A4.24 A9.21 A6.24

ISAP 1944 1945 1957 1982 1984 1986 formerly

2405/1930 2407 2413 2419 2431 2436 2438 2441 2441 2443 2446 2451 2452 2454 2460 2472 2479 2484 2489 2493 2495 2499 2501 2502 2504 2510 2511 2512 2513 2516 2519 2519 2520 2531 2532 2542 2547 2551 2558 2561 2568 2571 2573 2589 2591 2613 2622 2627 2628 2645 2651

TAO A9.9 A1.46 A3.35 A4.35 A9.32 A2.24a A9.21 A6.16 A8.9 A4.26 A8.40 A2.7 A9.34 A2.20 A8.23 A7.57 A8.5 A8.1 A4.22 A2.11 A3.5 A6.13 A8.34 A8.18 A4.17 A3.18 A4.11 A1.11 A3.24 A5.12 A6.14 A2.45 A4.13 A2.35 A2.25 A8.32 A7.54 A8.10 A6.18 A2.30 A8.37 A2.19 A8.6 A5.13 A8.33 A9.12 A3.37 A8.16 A8.30 A2.6 A2.28 A5.6 A6.19 A6.27 A9.29 A3.6 A3.21

ISAP 2667

TAO A4.16a