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English Pages 233 [234] Year 2001
ERRATUM
Please disregard the distortion in the hatching, which indicates red/reddish brown slip in the pottery figures.
IAA Reports, No. 13
Tel Te'0 A Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age Site in the Hula Valley Emanuel Eisenberg, Avi Gopher, Raphael Greenberg
With
contributions by
Yuval Goren, Netta Halperin, Gila Kahila BarGal, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Arlene Miller Rosen, Steven A. Rosen, Shelly Sadeh, and Patricia Smith
ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY JERUSALEM 2001
Publicationsof the Israel Antiquities Authority
י
Cover: Tel Te'o, with the poolof 'En Te'o in the foreground (photo,
Back cover: Pottery Neolithic vessels from Str. IX and X (photo,
T.
E. Eisenberg)
Sagiv and C. Amit)
EditorinChief Ayala Sussmann Series Editor Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz
Typsetting, Layout, Cover Design, and Production: Olga Chertok Graphics: Natalia Zak Printed at Keterpress Enterprises, Jerusalem eISBN 9789654065528 ISBN 9654061422 O ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY 2001 POB 586, Jerusalem 91004
/
Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER
THE DISCOVERY OF THE SITE, THE ENVIRONMENTAL
:
1
SETTING, AND A REVIEW OF REGIONAL RESEARCH
Emanuel Eisenberg, Avi Gopher, and Raphael Greenberg
1
THE EXCAVATION CHAPTER
2:
METHODS OF EXCAVATION AND PHASING
Emanuel Eisenberg, Avi Gopher, and Raphael Greenberg
11
CHAPTER
3:
STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE OF STRATA XIIII
Emanuel Eisenberg, Avi Gopher, and Raphael Greenberg
15
Avi Gopher and Steven A. Rosen
49
Shelley Sadeh and Emanuel Eisenberg
83
MATERIAL CULTURE CHAPTER 4: LITHICS OF STRATA XIIIIII, THE PREPOTTERY
NEOLITHICEARLY BRONZE AGE CHAPTER 5: POTTERY OF STRATA XVIII, THE POTTERY NEOLITHIC PERIOD
CHAPTER 6: POTTERY OF STRATA VIIVI, THE CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD Emanuel Eisenberg
105
Emanuel Eisenberg
117
CHAPTER 7: POTTERY OF STRATA VIV, THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
I
CHAPTER
8:
POTTERY OF STRATUM III, THE EARLY BRONZE AGE II
Raphael Greenberg
133
CHAPTER
9:
GROUNDSTONE ARTIFACTS AND SMALL FINDS
Avi Gopher and Emanuel Eisenberg
139
ANALYTIC STUDIES CHAPTER
10:
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Arlene Miller Rosen
153
CHAPTER
11
POTTERY TECHNOLOGY
Yuval Goren and Netta Halperin
1
Gila Kahila BarGal and Patricia Smith
163
Liora Kolska Horwitz
171
Emanuel Eisenberg, Avi Gopher,
197
:
CHAPTER 12: THE HUMAN REMAINS CHAPTER
13
: THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA
57
CONCLUSION CHAPTER 14:DISCUSSION TEL TE'O IN CONTEXT
and Raphael Greenberg APPENDIX
1:
LIST OF LOCI AND WALLS
REFERENCES
214 220
Acknowledgements The excavations at Tel Te'o were conducted under the auspicesof the former Israel Departmentof Antiquities and Museums (now the Israel Antiquities Authority) and funded by the Public Works Department and the Ministry of Housing. The following persons took part in the excavation and the processing of the finds: Shelley Sadeh, field assistant; Avi Hajian and Michael Feist, surveyors; Elizabeth Belashov and Natalia Zak, redrawing of plans; Fiona Ward, pottery restoration; Nira Kopelioff, drawing of pottery and small finds; Dalia Enoch, flint drawing; Carmen Hersch, plates;
Tsila Sagiv and Clara Amit, studio photography. Field and aerial photograpy were carried out by the excavator. Our thanks to Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz, for weeding out many errors and inconsistencies in what we imagined was a final manuscript (we are, of course, solely responsible for those that remain), and to the
production staff at the Israel Antiquities Authority Publications for their expert work in layout and production.
Chapter
1
The Discovery of the Site, the Environmental Setting, and a review of Regional
Research
EMANUEL EISENBERG, AVI GOPHER, AND RAPHAEL GREENBERG
Tel Te'o is a multicomponent pre and protohistoric site in the Hula Valley, Israel (map ref. 2035/2820; Fig. 1.1). Its stratigraphic sequence begins with the Pre Pottery Neolithic period (PPN, Strata XIIIXI), and continues through the Pottery Neolithic (PN, Strata X
The extentof the mound, between the point where it rises slightly above the valley floor to where it merges with the hillslope to the west, was estimated at approximately 3 ha (Figs. 1.41 .6). It may, however, be
Early//
VIII) and Chalcolithic periods (Strata VIIVI), Bronze Age I (Strata VIV) and Early Bronze Age II )Stratum III). Two strataof medieval and late Ottoman times cap the site. Tel Te'o was discovered by Yosef Stepansky, the regional antiquities inspector, in the course of construction work on the Rosh PinnaQiryat highway. It seems that the site had already been damaged in the 1930s, when the northsouth highway was constructed, but this was not noticed at the When the road was widened and resurfaced in 1985 1986, archaeological remains were uncovered, and salvage excavation initiated. The excavations were conducted from March to September 1986 by Emanuel Eisenberg (IAA Permit 1435) on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (now the Israel Antiquities Authority). They were financed by the Public Works Department and the Ministry of Housing. To enable excavation, a section of the old road was dismantled (Fig. 1.2) and a detour constructed to its west. The area chosen for excavation was in the highest partof the site destined to be covered by the new The initial goal set for the excavation was to confirm the existence of in situ remains, as indicated by the inspector 5s survey (Area A). When it became clear that the site was a multilayered mound, a second stage was initiated, and the excavation area expanded to a total of 625 sq m. The uppermost levels of the mound were further explored in an area of 240 sq m (Area B) excavated to the eastof the major excavation area (Fig.
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66
Te'o is characterized, on the one hand, by relatively
clear architectural phases and, on the other, by poor and muchdisturbed floors with few cultural remains. As a result, the number of sealed or undisturbed loci identified in the excavation is small. The relation of mateiral culture assemblages to the architectural remains was extrapolated from a number of well defined pits and silos; further material assigned to each stratum comes from unsealed fills and earthen floors. In view of these limitations, we have decided to present all the material culture remains typologically,
by principal periods, identifying,
where possible, intrusive or residual artifacts. These are discussed according to their cultural attribution (hence the occasional appearance on one plate of finds from varying stratigraphic origins). In some cases, significant stratified material culture sequences could be identified. They are presented and evaluated in the general discussion (Chapter 14). Plans 2.12.7 present an overview of the stratigraphy. All major features and floors are represented in the simplified plan and sections, which thus serve as a key for the detailed discussion that follows. Elevations are in meters above mean sea
level.
Chapter 3
Stratigraphy and Architecture
of Strata xilll
EMANUEL EISENBERG, AVI GOPHER, AND RAPHAEL GREENBERG
Strata XIIIXI: The PrePottery Neolithic Period
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Locus 757 (Sqs BC4). This2x3 m sounding (Fig. 3.1) revealed an occupation surface (elev. 77.85) comprisedof packed earth, yellowish in color, in which a large boulder was incorporated. This surface yielded only fragments of organic material and, near the large boulder, a patch of ash some 0.8 m in diameter containing bone fragments possibly a hearth. Above the floor, a layerof reddishbrown colluvium contained flints and faunal remains. A small probe beneath the floor, excavated to a depth of 0.4 m, revealed the sediments of an alluvial fan composed of reddish soil and wadi pebbles. It thus seems likely that the Stratum XIII occupation is the earliest at the site.
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Locus 768 (Sqs D67). Withina2x3 m area, an 4 occupation surface comprised of beaten earth was /7^K*>s^/ revealed. Associated with this surface were, in its ^ 757 / Y* northern part, a small ashpit 0.55 m in diameter, and a "^V 77■60 larger pit (L769), possibly a trash pit, cut by W763 of 1 Stratum XII and only partly excavated. These features are assigned to Stratum XIII both on stratigraph1cPlanS.J. PlanofStratum XIII.
grounds and by virtueof the similarityof their finds to L757. The surfaces and pits assigned to Stratum XIII, comprising a total excavated area of only 12 sq m,
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seem to represent unroofed areas. Lithic finds (see Chapter 4) date them to the PrePottery Neolithic period.
E. EISENBERG, A.
16
GOPHER, AND
Fig. 3.1. Viewof section throughStrataXIIIVII. At bottom, bedrock is visible, incorporated in a Stratum XIII lfoor. Looking west.
R.
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Stratum XII Stratum XII loci were exposed in two areas above the Stratum XIII deposits (Plan 3.2). Locus 746 (Sqs BC4). This locus overlay L757. It comprised an occupation surface (elev. 78.39) which yielded fragments of organic remains and faunal material. Associated with this surface were a 35 cm layer of packed yellowish marl and a number of cracked burnt stones. These were apparently part of a lined installation used for a firerelated activity.
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Locus 762 contained the only architectural found in Stratum XII: W763 and W764, which form a rightangled southern corner of a room (Fig. 3.2). The walls, 0.5 m wide, are built in two welllaid rows of fieldstones. Two stone courses were preserved, the
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CHAPTER 3: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE OF STRATA Xllll
In summary, the smallscale exposure of Stratum XII1 1b revealed the corner of a room, most probably part of a rectangular building. This is characteristicof the PPN, with contemporary rectangular structures known from nearby sites such as Beisamoun, and from sites further _ afield such as Munhata, Yiftah'eL Jericho, Beidha,79.51 'Ain Ghazal, and others.
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Locus 742, disturbed by Stratum X burials (B9, B13, and B14), was preserved only in its southern bounded by Walls 739, 740, and 741; in its northwestern corner, the remains of a limeplastered floor were revealed curving upwards towards W740 and ending abruptly at the point where it would have abutted the now missing wall, W749. Fragmentary remains of a stone pavement (elev. 79.53) indicate the
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location of the southeastern corner of the room, permitting its dimensions to be reconstructed to very much the same size as Room 734. A human femur (B15) was found beneath the floor (Fig. 3.3). The two rooms may be considered part of a structure comparable to the wellknown PPNB corridor houses of Beidha II and 'Ain Ghazal (see discussion below, Chapter 1 4).
1
E. EISENBERG, A. GOPHER, AND R. GREENBERG
18
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Locus 743 represents the southernmost area in which Stratum XI finds were revealed. No surface was encountered here, only a tilted, 0.8 m deep non anthropogenic deposit, consisting mainly of gravel, soil, and a few bones and flint artifacts. At its deepest point (elev. 78.44), L743 is one meter lower than the L7 18 floor, and it may be understood as alluvial fill in a
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slippedholemouth jar were found in situ. A cylindrical stonelined pit (L727), 0.4 m deep, was sunk into the centerof the locus (Fig. 3.17). Fragments ofa jar were found in this silo. Locus 719 (Sq D5) lacked architectural features; a floor was tentatively identified at elev. 80.90, where ashes and a hearth were found. Slightly below this level there was an infant burial (B8; 80.6280.47), placed between two fragments of a redslipped holemouth jar. Locus 670. The area south of L682, in Sq C5, was disturbed and cut by W600 and two pits (L671 and L530) of Strata VII and VI. No floor was identified; a large stone protruding southwards from W714 may hint at the continuationof building in that direction. Loci 724, 675, 676, and 694. The occupation levels in these four loci, in the southern part of the excavated
area, were some 0.5 m lower than in the northern part. Locus 724 (Sqs D3^) had a compacted light brown clay floor some 8 cm thick (elev. 80.52). The southern part of the floor was absent, apparently eroded prior
to the Stratum VII reoccupation. An empty jar, its neck removed, was interred some 0.2 m below this floor (B10; elev. 80.3380.21; see Fig. 5.5:2). Its similarity to infant jarburials of Strata XVIII suggests that it served the same purpose; the bone of a neonate found in L728, below L724, might have belonged to this jar. A yellowish clay floor in L675, some 6 cm thick, may be the continuationof the floor in L724. Sealed by a wall, W580Of Stratum VI' the lfoor rises towards the westto join the brown earth floor 0fL676, into which a round stonelined silo (L759), resembling thatof L727, was sunk (Fig. 3.18). An earthen floor in L694, at a similar elevation to the other loci (80.50), was disturbed by a Stratum VII silo. The gravelly deposit above the floors of Loci 675676 was either of colluvial origin or an intentional fill related to levelling operations preceding construction of Stratum VII. The absence of walls in all four loci of the southern sector indicates that this area served as an open courtyard. The thickness and varying colorsof the clay floors may indicate the need for frequent maintenance in this erosionprone part of the site. Silo 759 in L676 may hint at the existence of a building in the area, perhaps to the west.
Stratum VIII, the uppermost PN level, shows evidence of prolonged abandonment before the Chalcolithic reoccupation of Stratum VII. This is manifested by the erosive damage sustained by some of the remains. As
CHAPTER
3:
STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE OF STRATA 01111
27
Fig. 3. 18. Silo 759 (at right) in L676. The silo is built into Stratum /X deposits seen in center. Looking south.
noted above, this damage was compounded by the disturbances caused by building activities of the Stratum VII inhabitants, who tended to sink their houses into the ground.
eroded remains of earlier occupations were levelled, and gravel fills were laid down to fill in topographical depressions. Possible occupation remains of this preparatory phase may be the two pits (L715 and L671/ 532) sealed by the walls of a Stratum VII structure (Building 618). These pits have been designated as
StrataVIIVI: The Chalcolithic Period
Phase A of Stratum VII (alternately, Phase A may be construed to include Building 582 as well, with only Building 618 and Room 597 added in the second phase). Although the house plans are clear, Stratum VII floors were badly preserved due to the massive intrusion of Late Ottoman (Stratum I) graves (see Plan 3.10, below, and sections in Chapter 2: Plans 2.22.7). These posed a major impediment to identifying sealed occupation loci from Stratum VII, and indeed from all subsequent strata. Stratum VI represents a major rebuild of the Stratum VII remains; in some cases entirely replacing earlier structures, in others, reusing earlier walls and adding floors or other minor elements. The following description presents the architectural remains of each stratum, beginning with the main
Strata VIIVI represent two consecutive phases of Chalcolithic settlement at Tel Te'o. The most conspicuous feature of the buildings in these strata is the fact that they were built exclusively of stone. Their stateof preservation is thus much better than thatof the earlier PN strata. This is especially trueof the northern part of the excavated area, where two phases of a complex of three houses sharing a central courtyard were exposed (Figs. 3.193.21). Thus, the Chalcolithic remains at Tel Te'o are the first whose finds permit us to address the issues of site planning and spatial organization, and their social implications. The construction of the Stratum VII structures was preceded by considerable preparatory work. The
28
E.
EISENBERG, A. GOPHER, AND
R.
GREENBERG
Fig. 3.19. Aerial viewofStrataVII VI. Looking east.
Fig. 3.20. StrataVIIVI: general view. Looking north.
CHAPTER
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STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE OF STRATA 01111
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structures and their associated installations, followed by the inner and outer courtyards and the outlying remains.
In this stratum (Plan 3.7), the principal structures were Buildings 582 and 618, flanking a central courtyard, L584, on the north and south. The courtyard, approached from the west through a broad entrance, was bounded on its eastern side by the poorly preserved remainsof Building 678. Scattered remnants of further structures occupied the southern sectorof the excavated area.
Building 582 (Fig. 3.22). This rectangular structure (external dimensions 5.2 x 14.5 m) was completely preserved, save for a few disturbances to the topsof the walls caused by Stratum I burials, and damage to W662 caused by a pit of Stratum V or IV. It is a typical broad house, subdivided asymetrically into two rooms (582 and 552). Wall width is not uniform (0.70.9 m) and
the corners do not form true right angles. The walls, built on a level bedding with no foundations, were of fitted fieldstones forming two wall faces. Between the rows there was a fill composed of small stones set in a mudmortar which contained fragments of groundstone implements, animal bones, and flint artifacts. Walls were preserved to a heightof 0.8 m, and stonefall of a similar depth covered the floors. The entrance to the structure, 0.95 m wide, was located in the middleof the southern wallof the house, W551, its threshold (elev. 81.79) built of carefully fitted slabs. A tall stone step led down to the floor of Room 582 (3.7x9 m; elev. 81.26). The lightbrown earthen floor was laid flush with wall bases or slightly lower. Near the northern wall (W567) a paved installation about one meter in diameter was preserved, bordered by two rectangular stones. A cylindrical silo (L653) 0.7 m in diameter and 0.7 m deep, was found near the southwestern corner. A bench, built of large stones, lay between the silo and W601. Nothing was found to indicateif and in what manner Room 582 was roofed.
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